TNIVrnsITY OF PENNSYLVANIA 
 
 ■uv 
 
 BUDGETS O^ AMILIES AND INDI 
 
 VIDUALS OF Ki^:nsingto:\. 
 
 PTIILADELPHL^ 
 
 Ln 
 
 ESTTir;. LOT iSE LITTLE, A 
 
 AND 
 
 WILLIAM JO^EPii HENRY COTTON, AM 
 
 A Trr ^ 
 
 lESENTED TO THE Fa< HJLTi f i t'B OraDUAT}. SciisJOh IN 
 
 Partial Fulfillment Oi? the Eiui^aiREMExVTs fob the 
 Di \iy,bi OF D'Ki'OR OF Philosophy 
 
 PRESS OP 
 
 1HZ NEW ERA PRINTING COMPANY 
 
 4.ANCASTER, PA. 
 
 P020 
 
EXCHANGE 
 
 J 
 
Digitized by the Internet Archive 
 
 in 2007 with funding from 
 
 IVIicrosoft Corporation 
 
 http://www.archive.org/details/budgetsoffamilieOOIittrich 
 
UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA 
 
 BUDGETS OF FAMILIES AND INDI 
 
 VIDUALS OF KENSINGTON, 
 
 PHILADELPHIA 
 
 BY 
 
 ESTHER LOUISE LITTLE, A.M. 
 
 AND 
 
 WILLIAM JOSEPH HENRY COTTON, A.M. 
 
 A THESIS 
 
 Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School in 
 
 Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the 
 
 Degree of Doctor of Philosophy 
 
 • • • •! - •. 
 
 • •- •',1 ■> 
 
 PRESS OF 
 
 THE NEW ERA PRINTING COMPANY 
 
 LANCASTER, PA. 
 
 1920 
 
■'^^CMAWGE 
 
 
 \ 
 
 / 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 Miss Little and Mr. Cotton, as members of a seminar in Economics 
 (1913-1914) under my direction, were encouraged to make an in- 
 vestigation of the budgets of textile workers of the northeast section 
 of Philadelphia. At the end of the year a dissertation, of which the 
 present work is an extended study, was written by them and ac- 
 cepted by the Faculty of the Graduate School of the University of 
 Pennsylvania in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the 
 degree of Doctor of Philosophy. 
 
 / . Simon N. Patten. 
 
 ^33180 
 
 ui 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 INTRODUCTION 1-9 
 
 Scope and Method of the Study, and Trustworthiness of Data 1-9 
 
 CHAPTER I. Budgets of Selected Families in the Northeast 
 
 Section of Philadelphia 10-132 
 
 Summary of Family Budgets 10-24 
 
 Family Budgets in Detail 25-132 
 
 CHAPTER II. Prevailing Standards of Living Among Textile- 
 Mill Workers' Families in the Northeast Section of Phila- 
 delphia 133-166 
 
 A Suggested Budget, Fair Standard, for a Textile-Mill Worker's Family 
 
 of Five, for One Year, 1913 or 1914 133-145 
 
 Incomes and Their Relation to Standard of Living 145-148 
 
 Variation in Weekly Earnings 148-150 
 
 Wages of Nineteen Representative Men Textile-Mill Workers in the 
 Northeast Section of Philadelphia 150-166 
 
 CHAPTER III. Budgets of Selected Individuals in the Northeast 
 
 Section of Philadelphia 167-229 
 
 Summary of Budgets of Individuals 167-178 
 
 Budgets in Detail, of Individuals 178-229 
 
 CHAPTER IV. Prevailing Standards of Living Among Women 
 Textile-Mill Workers in the Northeast Section of Phila- 
 delphia 230-261 
 
 A Suggested Budget, Fair Standard, for a Woman Textile-Mill Worker 
 With No One Dependent Upon Her for Support, for One Year, 1913 
 
 or 1914 230-238 
 
 Incomes and Their Relation to Standard of Living 238-240 
 
 Variation in Weekly Earnings 240, 241 
 
 Wages of Twenty-seven Representative Women Textile-Mill Workers 
 in the Northeast Section of Philadelphia 242-261 
 
 APPENDIX A. Table Giving Cost of Maintenance for a Year for 
 Individuals of Various Ages for Those Things that Vary with 
 the Size of the Family — Fair Standard, Taken from 61st Con- 
 gress, 2d Session, Senate Document No. 645, Report on Condition 
 of Woman and Child Wage-Earners in the United States, Vol. XVI: 
 Family Budgets of Typical Cotton-Mill Workers, Page 243 262 
 
 v 
 
VI CONTENTS. 
 
 APPENDIX B. Table Giving Average Retail Prices of the Prin- 
 cipal Articles op Food for the City of Philadelphia, Pa., for 
 March 15, 1913, March 15, 1914, March 15, 1915, March 15, 
 <k 19l8, March 15, 1917, and March 15, 1918, Based Upon Retail 
 Prices of the Bureau op Labor Statistics, U. S. Department 
 op Labor 263 
 
 APPENDIX C. Table Giving the Amounts in a Suggested Budget, 
 Fair Standard, for a Textile-Mill Worker's Family of Five, 
 Revised by the Use of Index Numbers to Conform to the Scale 
 op Prices for March, 1918, and March, 1919 264, 265 
 
 APPENDIX D. Table Giving the Amounts in a Suggested Budget, 
 Fair Standard, for a Woman with No One DependenIt Upon 
 Her for Support, Revised by the Use of Index Numbers to 
 Conform to the Scale op Prices for March, 1918, and March, 
 1919 265 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 SCOPE OF THE STUDY. 
 
 Purpose. — The purpose of the investigators in making this study 
 has been : (1) to present in detail the budgets of a number of repre- 
 sentative textile-mill workers of the northeast section of Philadel- 
 phia, known as Kensington; (2) to attempt to ascertain, from an 
 analysis of the data obtained in the investigation, what may be 
 considered a fair standard of living for a textile-mill worker's family 
 of Kensington, and what may be considered a fair standard of living 
 for an unmarried woman textile-mill worker of Kensington; and (3) 
 to discover, in so far as the data obtained might justify the drawing 
 of any general conclusions, what likelihood there is that a man 
 employed in the textile industry of Kensington can earn an income 
 sufficient for the support of a family according to a fair standard 
 of living, and what likelihood there is that a woman employed in 
 the textile industry of Kensington can earn an income sufficient to 
 enable her to support herself according to a fair standard of living. 
 
 Number of Budgets Presented. — Fifty-five persons were asked to 
 keep accounts for this study, and agreed to do so. Of these, all 
 but thirty-four either failed entirely to keep accounts, or kept 
 them for periods too brief to be of use. Twenty-three of the 
 thirty-four accounts that were kept, were those of fariiilies; eight 
 of these were kept for an entire year. The other eleven accounts 
 that were kept, were those of unmarried persons (nine women and 
 two men) ; seven women and one man each furnished data covering 
 a year or more. 
 
 Period of Investigation. — The investigation for this study was 
 begun in March, 1913, and most of the budgets cover a part of the 
 year 1913, and a part of the year 1914; a few extend into 1915. 
 Four of the unmarried women who kept accounts for this study 
 (Individuals No. 1, No. 2, No. 3, and No. 4), and one of the families 
 (Family No. 19), allowed use to be made also of accounts which 
 they had kept prior to the period of the investigation. 
 
 Budgets of Families. — The families whose budgets are presented 
 in this monograph (Chapter I), represent the important types to be 
 found in the Kensington mill district, with the exception that little 
 
 1 
 
2 .\ 1^ i . * .RUJPG^TS OF FAMILIES AND INDIVIDUALS 
 
 emphasis is put upon the class living below the ''poverty line." 
 Owing to the ignorance and the intemperance common among 
 members of the families of this lowest class, it is impossible to get 
 accurate accounts from them for any length of time. 
 
 Budgets of Individuals. — As a rule, the family is the economic 
 unit among the mill workers of Kensington; the father and the 
 other wage-earning members of the family ordinarily turn all of 
 their earnings into a common fund, of which the mother has charge, 
 and out of which she provides for the needs of the family. Where 
 a child does not turn all of his earnings into the family fund, but 
 pays a stated sum to his mother each week, he is saici to ''pay 
 board." The custom of "paying board," however, is the exception 
 in Kensington. The children generally give over all of their earn- 
 ings to their mother until they are grown up, or even longer, — 
 unmarried daughters sometimes giving over their earnings into the 
 family fund until they are middle-aged women. 
 
 This custom of pooling the family earnings, although in many 
 cases it enables the child to enjoy a higher standard of living than 
 would be possible if he were obliged to support himself entirely 
 out of his own earnings, has the disadvantage, from a social point 
 of view, particularly in the case of women, of obscuring the issue 
 of a living wage. Where a daughter gives over her earnings into 
 the family fund, her budget cannot be separated from the family 
 budget, and it is impossible to know what her standard of living 
 would be, if she were obliged to support herself entirely out of her 
 own earnings. 
 
 The great majority of women and girls who are employed in the 
 textile industry of Kensington, are members of textile-mill workers' 
 families of the district, and live at home; and by far the larger 
 number of those who live at home turn over their entire earnings 
 to their mothers. It is, therefore, only from the comparatively 
 small class of women textile-mill workers of Kensington who live 
 independently, boarding with strangers, or who, if they live at 
 home, follow the practice of "paying board," that it is possible to 
 obtain complete personal budgets. Eight of the nine women whose 
 accounts are presented in that part of this monograph (Chapter III) 
 which deals with the budgets of individuals, either lived independ- 
 ently, or else "paid board " at home. The ninth woman (Individual 
 No. 8) lived at home, "paying board" for a part of the period of 
 her account; for the remainder of the period, only her clothing 
 expenditure could be separated from the family expenditures. 
 
OF KENSINGTON, PHILADELPHIA. 3 
 
 The budgets of two unmarried young men are given among the 
 budgets of individuals, in order that the standards of living of 
 these two men with no dependents may be compared with the 
 standards of living of the nine women. As a rule, the problem 
 which is of social interest in connection with the earning power of a 
 man, is not whether the man can earn an income sufficient to 
 enable him to maintain a fair standard of living himself, but whether 
 he can earn enough to enable him to support a family. Except for 
 purposes of comparison, therefore, the budgets of unmarried young 
 men who have no persons dependent upon them for support, have less 
 social significance than have the budgets of self-supporting women. 
 
 ■Supplementary Wage Data Obtained from Pay Rolls. — In addition 
 to the material furnished by the twenty-three families whose 
 budgets are presented in Chapter I, and to that furnished by the 
 eleven individuals whose budgets are presented in Chapter III, 
 data with regard to the wages of nineteen representative men 
 textile-mill workers and twenty-seven representative women textile- 
 mill workers, for the year 1912-1913, or the year 1913, were obtained 
 by the investigators from the pay rolls of three Kensington mills, 
 with the permission of the mill owners. Tables and charts based 
 upon the data obtained from these pay rolls, are presented in 
 Chapter II and Chapter IV. The tables and charts in Chapter II, 
 showing the earnings of nineteen representative men textile-mill 
 workers, if examined in connection with the budgets of the twenty- 
 three families of Chapter I, will give some idea as to the standard 
 of living that can be maintained by the family of a man employed 
 in any one of the lines of textile work represented in these tables 
 and charts. The tables and charts in Chapter IV, showing the 
 earnings of twenty-seven representative women textile-mill workers, 
 if examined in connection with the budgets of the nine unmarried 
 women of Chapter III, will give some idea as to the standard of 
 living 'that can be maintained by a self-supporting woman who is 
 employed in any one of the lines of textile work represented in 
 these tables and charts. 
 
 Fair Standard of Living for Cotton-Mill Workers^ Families of Fall 
 River, According to Report of United States Government. — The authors 
 of the United States government report of 1911, entitled "Family 
 Budgets of Typical Cotton-Mill Workers," ^ attempted, from an 
 
 1 61st Congress, 2d Session, Senate Document No. 645, Report on Condition of 
 Woman and Child Wage-Earners in the United States, Vol. XVI: Family Budgets 
 of Typical Cotton-Mill Workers, 1911. 
 
4 BUDGETS OF FAMILIES AND INDIVIDUALS 
 
 analysis of the budgets of a number of representative families of 
 cotton-mill workers in the South, and in Fall River, Massachusetts, 
 to determine what, according to the customs prevailing in each of 
 thesfe localities, was a fair standard of living. The amounts 
 allowed in that report for the items entering into what its authors 
 determined upon as a fair standard of living for a Fall River family, 
 are frequently referred to in the present monograph, for the purpose 
 of comparison. It should be borne in mind, however, in using these 
 figures for comparison, that the standard of the government report 
 was based upon an investigation made in 1909,^ while the investi- 
 gation for the present study was not begun until 1913; there was, 
 therefore, some change in prices between the periods of the two 
 investigations. 
 
 Fair Standard of Living for Textile-Mill Workers of Kensington, 
 Based upon Present Investigation. — In Chapter II, the investigators 
 have suggested a fair standard budget for a textile-mill worker's 
 family of Kensington, and in Chapter IV they have done the 
 same for an unmarried woman textile-mill worker of Kensington. 
 These suggested budgets are based, for the most part, upon customs 
 and standards prevailing in Kensington, as revealed by the investi- 
 gation for the present study. 
 
 METHOD PURSUED IN THE STUDY. 
 
 Budgets of Families. — The general information with regard to 
 the families whose budgets are presented in this monograph, was ob- 
 tained by questioning the housewives, and by personal observation. 
 Following is the questionnaire used : 
 
 Questionnaire. 
 
 Composition of Family. 
 
 1. Name. 
 
 2. Address. 
 
 3. Members. Age. Sex. 
 
 4. Years in Kensington. 
 
 5. Name of establishment employing member of family. 
 
 6. Occupation. 
 
 7. Age at marriage. 
 Family Income. 
 
 8. Work outside the home. 
 
 9. Home work. 
 
 10. Lodgers. Boarders. 
 
 \ 61st Congress, 2d Session, Senate Document No. 645, Vol. XVI, op. cit., p. 15. 
 
OF KENSINGTON, PHILADELPHIA. 5 
 
 11. Additional income. 
 
 12. Remarks explaining particular conditions of idleness. 
 Housing. 
 
 13. Type of house. 
 
 14. Number of families in house. 
 
 15. Rent or taxes. 
 
 16. Number of rooms. 
 
 17. Bathing and toilet facilities. 
 
 18. How heated. 
 Health. 
 
 19. General physical condition of members. 
 Insurance. 
 
 ■ 20. Life, industrial, or accident . Member. 
 
 21. House. 
 
 22. Furniture. 
 Dues. Contributions. 
 
 23. Paid for whom. Paid to labor unions. 
 
 24. " " " " " societies. 
 
 25. " " '' " " church. 
 
 26. '' " " " '' charity. 
 Reading. 
 
 27. Newspapers and periodicals. 
 SairinQS. 
 
 28. Amount. How invested. 
 Debts. 
 
 29. Amount and character of. 
 General Remarks. 
 
 30. Pocket money, etc. 
 
 Each housewife was then given a blank book in which she was 
 asked to record the family earnings and the family expenditures, 
 putting down the items day by day, just as they occurred. The 
 investigators kept in close touch with the housewives, visiting 
 them frequently, collecting the old account books, leaving new 
 ones in place of the old, and learning as much as possible about 
 the economic affairs of the families. 
 
 After the books were collected, the food items were first picked 
 oi.t and tabulated on large sheets, according to the following scheme: 
 
 Detailed Analysis of Food Expenditures 
 
 1. Meats: 2. Dairy Products: 
 Fresh. Milk. 
 
 Cured. Cream. 
 
 Canned. Butter. 
 
 Fish. Cheese. 
 
 Poultry. Oleomargarine, etc. 
 
BUDGETS OF FAMILIES AND INDIVIDUALS 
 
 3. 
 
 Eggs. 
 
 7. 
 
 Cereals: 
 
 4. 
 
 Staples and Other Materials: 
 
 
 Prepared for use. 
 
 
 Sugar. 
 
 
 Unprepared. 
 
 
 , Flour. 
 
 8. 
 
 Baked goods from bakery: 
 
 
 ' T,ard. 
 
 
 Bread. 
 
 
 Yeast. 
 
 
 Cake. 
 
 
 Baking powder. 
 
 
 Crackers. 
 
 
 Molasses. 
 
 
 Other kinds. 
 
 
 Vinegar. 
 
 9. 
 
 Beverages : 
 
 
 Seasonings. 
 
 
 Tea. 
 
 
 Corn meal. 
 
 
 Coffee. 
 
 
 Corn starch. 
 
 
 Cocoa. 
 
 
 Rice. 
 
 
 AlcohoUc. • 
 
 
 Tapioca. 
 
 
 Soft drinks. 
 
 
 Gelatine. 
 
 
 Other kinds. 
 
 5. 
 
 Vegetables : 
 
 10. 
 
 Miscellaneous: 
 
 
 Potatoes. 
 
 
 Sauce, reUshes. 
 
 
 Truck. 
 
 
 Pickles. 
 
 
 Canned. 
 
 
 Sauer kraut. 
 
 
 Dried. 
 
 
 Peanut butter. 
 
 6. 
 
 Fruits: 
 
 
 Ice cream. 
 
 
 Fresh. 
 
 
 Candy. 
 
 
 Dried. 
 
 
 Ice. 
 
 
 Preserved. 
 
 
 Meals away from home, 
 
 The food summaries and the other items of expenditure, as well 
 as the items of income, were then tabulated by weeks, by means of 
 the card system, according to the following outline : 
 
 Outline for Family Budgets. 
 
 A. General Information. 
 
 B. Income. 
 
 C. Expenditures. 
 
 I. House: 
 
 1. Rent. 
 
 2. Interest on mortgage. 
 
 3. Taxes and water rent. 
 
 4. Improvements and repairs. 
 
 5. Fuel and hght. 
 Food: 
 
 1. 
 2. 
 3. 
 
 4. Staples and other materials. 
 
 5. Vegetables. 
 
 6. Fruits. 
 
 7. Cereals. 
 
 8. Baked goods from bakeries. 
 
 II. 
 
 Meats. 
 
 Dairy products. 
 
OF KENSINGTON, PHILADELPHIA. 7 
 
 9. Beverages. 
 10. Miscellaneous. 
 
 III. Household Expenses: 
 
 1. Furniture. 
 
 2. Furnishings.^ 
 
 3. General supplies .^ 
 
 4. Laundry. 
 
 IV. Personal: 
 
 1. Clothing. 
 
 2. Medical attention. 
 
 3. Insurance.^ 
 
 4. Dues: Lodge and union. 
 
 5. Education. 
 
 6. Reading matter. 
 
 7. Church. 
 
 8. Charity. 
 
 9. Recreation. 
 
 10. Pocket money. 
 
 11. Car fare. 
 
 12. Gifts. 
 
 13. Other items. 
 
 V. Savings and Investments. 
 VI. Debts. 
 
 The expenditure tables were finally reduced to the form in which 
 they appear in this monograph, each column representing a period of 
 four weeks, the four- week period beginning with the date indicated 
 at the top of the column. The income tables were not reduced, the 
 amounts earned appearing in the monograph on a weekly or a bi- 
 weekly basis, according to the frequency of the wage-earner's pay 
 days, the first day of each fourth week being indicated in the date 
 column. 
 
 Since the textile-mill workers of Kensington are always paid 
 at weekly or bi-weekly intervals, a year is taken, in the presentation 
 of the family budgets, and elsewhere throughout this monograph, 
 to consist of fifty-two exact weeks, or 364 days. 
 
 Budgets of Individuals. — The method pursued in gathering the 
 data with regard to the nine unmarried women and the two un- 
 married men whose budgets are presented in Chapter III, was 
 
 1 Household articles that do not need frequent replacement, such as rugs, 
 pictures, curtains, and dishes. 
 
 2 Household and toilet articles that need frequent replacement, such as brooms, 
 kitchen soap, washing powder, matches, starch, bluing, toilet and shaving soap, 
 tooth powder and paste, and shoe pohsh. 
 
 ^ Life, industrial, or accident insurance. House or furniture insurance is 
 entered under Household Expenses. 
 
8 BUDGETS OF FAMILIES AND INDIVIDUALS 
 
 the same as that pursued in the case of the families, with such 
 modifications in the questionnaire and in the outline of tabulation 
 as the circumstances required. The budgets of these unmarried 
 wom'en and men are presented in practically the same way as are 
 the budgets of the families. The date system used for the budgets 
 of the unmarried women and men, is identical with that used for 
 the budgets of the families, and a year, as in the case of the budgets 
 of the families, and elsewhere throughout this monograph, is taken 
 to consist of fifty-two exact weeks, or 364 days. 
 
 TRUSTWORTHINESS OF DATA. * 
 
 The budgets as presented in this monograph, are based, so far as 
 possible, upon the figures actually recorded in the account books. 
 Wherever it has been necessary for the investigators to make 
 estimates, in order to fill out an account for a longer period than 
 that for which it was kept by the person who furnished the data, 
 the estimated account is separated, in the tables, from the actually 
 recorded account. 
 
 As to the accuracy of the records, it should be remembered that 
 they have been kept, in most instances, by women of limited edu- 
 cation, who are wholly unaccustomed to keeping track of their 
 expenditures. The housewives of Kensington, moreover, as a rule 
 buy in small quantities, and consequently have many purchases to 
 record, when they attempt to keep expenditure accounts; it is there- 
 fore to be expected that mistakes should sometimes occur in such 
 accounts. The women and the men, however, who have furnished 
 the budgetary data for this study, have tried to keep their accounts 
 conscientiously, and their records are believed by the investigators 
 to be accurate in all essential points. 
 
 It should here be added that both of the investigators were 
 familiar with the district of Kensington before they undertook this 
 investigation, and that their personal acquaintance with many 
 families of the district enabled them to obtain the budgetary data for 
 this study. One of the investigators, as a worker in a social settle- 
 ment in Kensington, had known the families of many of the mill 
 workers for eight years before this investigation was begun. The 
 other investigator was born and reared in a textile-mill worker's 
 family in Kensington, and worked for seven and one-half years 
 in the carpet industry in that section ; later, he was for three years 
 educational director in the Kensington Young Men's Christian 
 
 mi 
 
OF KENSINGTON, PHILADELPHIA. 9 
 
 Association. Most of the accounts for this study were kept as a 
 favor to one or the other of the investigators, and it is owing to 
 their personal acquaintance with the women and the men who kept 
 the accounts, that the investigators feel justified in asserting that 
 the accounts have been conscientiously kept, that many of them 
 are accurate to a high degree, and that almost all of them are as 
 accurate as the persons who kept them were able to make them. 
 
10 BUDGETS OF FAMILIES AND INDIVIDUALS 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 BUDGETS OF SELECTED FAMILIES IN THE NORTHEAST SECTION 
 OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 SUMMARY OF FAMILY BUDGETS. 
 
 Explanation of Tables. 
 
 In the present section, the sources of income and the chief 
 expenditures of the twenty-three families whose budgets are pre- 
 sented in this study, are brought together in the form of summary 
 tables. In these summary tables, the several families are numbered 
 to correspond with the numbers assigned to them in the detailed 
 presentation of the budgets. Persons residing with a family either 
 as lodgers, or as boarders and lodgers, are included in the summary 
 table for housing conditions. Persons residing with a family either 
 as boarders, or as boarders and lodgers, are included in the summary 
 table for food. Boarders and lodgers are excluded from all other 
 summary tables. Where wage-earning children in a family do not 
 turn all their earnings into the family fund, but ''pay board," 
 they have been treated in the same way as boarders and lodgers 
 who are not members of the family, — being included only in the 
 summary tables for housing conditions and food.^ 
 
 SOURCES OF FAMILY INCOME. 
 
 Five of the twenty-three families of this study were each entirely 
 dependent upon one wage-earner: Family No. 16, consisting of 
 father, mother, and three children, was supported by the father; 
 Family No. 19, consisting of father, mother, and one child, was 
 supported by the father; Family No. 23, consisting of father and 
 six children, was supported by the father; Family No. 2, consisting 
 of husband and wife, was supported by the husband; Family No. 
 13, consisting of husband and wife, was supported by the husband. 
 Two other families, — No. 1, consisting of father, mother, and two 
 children, and No. 5, consisting of father, mother, and two children, — 
 were each supported almost entirely by the father. 
 
 ^ The plan adopted in these summaries is modeled after that of the govern- 
 ment report: 61st Congress, 2d Session, Senate Document No. 645, Vol. XVI, 
 op. dt., pp. 20-36; 176-187. 
 
OF KENSINGTON, PHILADELPHIA. 11 
 
 The following table shows the number of families with the speci- 
 fied number of wage-earners, and the number of families with 
 boarders, or lodgers, or both: 
 
 TABLE 1. 
 
 Number of Families -v^ith Income from Each Specified Number of Wage-Earners. 
 
 Sources of Income. Number of Families. 
 
 1 wage-earner 5 
 
 1 wage-earner and boarders or lodgers or both 7 
 
 2 wage-earners 2 
 
 ■ 2 wage-earners and boarders or lodgers or both 2 
 
 3 wage-earners 3 
 
 3 wage-earners and boarders or lodgers or both 3 
 
 4 wage-earners and boarders or lodgers or both 1 
 
 Total 23 
 
 HOUSING CONDITIONS AND RENT. 
 
 Philadelphia has justly been called 'Hhe city of homes." This 
 term applies to the northeast district, or Kensington, as well as 
 to any other section of the city. Great numbers of seven-room 
 houses, two stories high, with modern conveniences, have been built 
 for occupancy by the textile-mill workers' families. Besides these, 
 there are many houses, two and three stories high, with the number 
 of rooms varying from four to ten. Seldom or never are any of 
 these houses owned by mill companies. Many of the textile-mill 
 workers are members of building and loan associations, and through 
 these they are buying their own homes. Seven of the twenty-three 
 families of this study were buying their homes. 
 
 Certain conditions were common to the homes of all or most of 
 the families studied. Each family lived in a separate house (an 
 apartment, in one instance), which it owned, or rented from an 
 individual owner, — not from an employing corporation. Each 
 house had a back yard, and was supplied with city water. All 
 but one were supplied with gas. All but two had bath tubs. 
 
 The following table gives the total number of rooms occupied 
 by each of the twenty-three families, and the number used for 
 sleeping rooms; it also shows which families had bath tubs in their 
 homes. A study of the table will show the degree of crowding, 
 and the accommodations in the way of different sleeping rooms for 
 those of different sex, twelve years of age and over. The table 
 also gives the amount per month and the amount per year spent 
 for rent by each of the families, and the per cent, of the total 
 2 
 
12 
 
 BUDGETS OF FAMILIES AND INDIVIDUALS 
 
 expenditures which the yearly rent amounted to. The highest per 
 cent, of total expenditures spent for shelter by any of the families 
 whose budgets cover a year, was 27.21; the lowest, 5.38. The 
 ave/age per cent, spent for shelter by the families whose budgets 
 cover a year, was 15.94; the median, 16.98. 
 
 TABLE 2. 
 
 Housing Conditions of 23 Kensington Families, for One Year, 1913-1914. 
 
 
 
 Number of 
 
 Composition and Size of 
 
 
 Rent. 
 
 
 
 Number 
 
 of 
 Rooms, 
 Includ- 
 
 B^th- 
 
 Rooms Used for 
 
 Family 
 
 
 
 
 Family 
 Num- 
 
 Sleep- 
 ing. 
 
 Bath. 
 
 Males. 
 
 Females. 
 
 Per 
 Month. 
 
 • 
 Total per 
 Year.i 
 
 Per Cent. 
 
 ber. 
 
 12 Yrs. 
 and 
 
 Under 
 
 12 Yrs. 
 and 
 Over. 
 
 Under 
 
 of Total 
 Expendi- 
 
 
 rooms. 
 
 
 
 Over. 
 
 12 Yrs. 
 
 12 Yrs. 
 
 
 
 tures. 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 22 
 
 1 
 
 $11.00 
 
 $132.00 
 
 22.04 
 
 2 
 
 7 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 12.00 
 
 144.00 
 
 19.59 
 
 3 
 
 5 
 
 2 
 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 own 
 
 81.27 
 
 13.48 
 
 4 
 
 7 
 
 3 
 
 
 33 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 own 
 
 245.27 
 
 13.50 
 
 5 
 
 7 
 
 2 
 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 17.00 
 
 204.00 
 
 24.93 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 3 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 15.00 
 
 180.00 
 
 12.90 
 
 7« 
 
 7 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 36 
 
 
 
 own 
 
 57.34 
 
 16.67 
 
 8« 
 
 81 
 
 3 
 
 17 
 
 28 
 
 1» 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 13.00 
 
 130.00 
 
 26.16 
 
 9 
 
 7 
 
 3 
 
 
 310 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 own 
 
 269.04 
 
 22.84 
 
 10 
 
 7 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 311 
 
 1 
 
 14.00 
 
 168.00 
 
 7.98 
 
 10« 
 
 7 
 
 3 
 
 ^ 
 
 -3 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 14.00 
 
 112.00 
 
 9.89 
 
 11 
 
 618 
 
 3 
 
 113 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 14.00 
 
 168.00 
 
 9.48 
 
 12 
 
 9 
 
 5 
 
 
 5" 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 own 
 
 91.50 
 
 5.38 
 
 13 
 
 5 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 12.00 
 
 144.00 
 
 27.21 
 
 14 
 
 7 
 
 3 
 
 
 1« 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 13.00 
 
 156.00 
 
 12.08 
 
 15i« 
 
 7 
 
 3 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 3" 
 
 
 
 14.00 
 
 28.00 
 
 16.16 
 
 16 
 
 7 
 
 3 
 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 own 
 
 105.00 
 
 8.31 
 
 17 
 
 7 
 
 3 
 
 
 318 
 
 119 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 own 
 
 235.80 
 
 19.80 
 
 18» 
 
 5 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 14.00 
 
 42.00 
 
 18.69 
 
 19 
 
 7 
 
 2 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 16.00 
 
 192.00 
 
 17.11 
 
 20a 
 
 513 
 
 3 
 
 lis 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 222 
 
 c 
 
 12.00 
 
 30.00 
 
 16.84 
 
 2123 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 8.00 
 
 8.00 
 
 17.78 
 
 22 
 
 413 
 
 2 
 
 113 
 
 22* 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 8.00 
 
 96.00 
 
 17.29 
 
 23 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 11.00 
 
 132.00 
 
 16.98 
 
 1 If the family owned the house, the amount 
 in this column is the expenditure for taxes, 
 water rent, repairs, etc.; if the family rented 
 the house, the amount is the expenditure for 
 rent, during the period of the account. 
 
 2 Including a young woman boarder and 
 lodger of 7 weeks. 
 
 3 Including a son who pays board. 
 
 • Account kept for 33 weeks. 
 
 s Including a daughter who pays board. 
 
 • Account kept for 37 weeks. 
 
 1 1ncluding outside shed which contains a 
 bath tub. 
 
 "i Including a son who pays board and a 
 young man boarder and lodger. 
 
 • Including a child boarder and lodger of 11 
 weeks. 
 
 10 Including first son who paid board for 5 
 months and second son who paid board through- 
 out the year. 
 
 11 Including a young woman boarder and 
 lodger of 50 weeks. 
 
 12 Account kept for 31 weeks of the following 
 year. 
 
 13 Bath tub in one of the sleeping rooms. 
 1* Including 2 sons who pay board. 
 
 16 Including a son who pays board. 
 i« Account kept for 9 weeks. 
 1^ Including 2 young women boarders and 
 lodgers. 
 
 18 Including 2 men boarders and lodgers. 
 i» Including a baby boarder and lodger. 
 
 20 Account kept for 11 weeks. 
 
 21 Account kept for 8 weeks. Description 
 of house and composition of family are given 
 in this table for the first four weeks. 
 
 22 Including a woman boarder and lodger for 
 the first 4 weeks. 
 
 23 Account kept for 4 weeks. 
 
 2< Including a man boarder and lodger. 
 
 FUEL AND LIGHT. 
 
 The houses of seventeen of the twenty-three families were heated 
 by hot air furnaces. In the case of two of the other six, one fire 
 
OF KENSINGTON, PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 13 
 
 in each, served to heat all the rooms; this was the fire in the kitchen 
 range, in one instance, and the fire in a heating stove, in the other. 
 All but two of the houses were supplied with coal ranges for cooking, 
 and all but three, with gas for cooking. The coal used was anthra- 
 cite, and this cost from $5 to $7.50 per ton of 2,240 pounds. A 
 little kindling was purchased for starting the fires. All but one 
 of the houses were lighted with gas. Since gas was used in most 
 instances for both cooking and lighting purposes, and since one 
 rneter registered the total amount of gas consumed, the cost of 
 fuel and the cost of light could not be separated. 
 
 The following table shows the manner of heating and lighting 
 the houses, and the manner of cooking, together with the amount 
 spent for fuel and light, and the per cent, which this was of the total 
 expenditures. The highest per cent, of total expenditures spent for 
 fuel and light by any of the families whose budgets cover a year, 
 was 8.63; the lowest, 1.97. The average per cent, spent for fuel 
 and light by the families whose budgets cover a year, was 5.28; the 
 median, 5.04. 
 
 TABLE 3. 
 
 Expenditure for Fuel and Light of 23 Kensinqton Families, for One Year, 1913-1914. 
 
 
 Num- 
 ber of 
 
 
 
 Ex- 
 
 Per 
 
 Family 
 
 Rooms, 
 
 
 
 pendi- 
 
 Cent. 
 
 Num- 
 ber. 
 
 In- 
 cluding 
 Bath- 
 
 Manner of Heating and Cooking. 
 
 Kind of 
 Light. 
 
 tiu-e for 
 Fuel 
 and 
 
 of Total 
 
 Ex- 
 pendi- 
 
 
 rooms. 
 
 
 
 Light. 
 
 tures. 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 
 Coal range, gas range, heating stove,* and gas 
 
 radiator. 
 Furnace, coal range, and gas range. 
 Coal range, hot-plate, heating stove, and two hot 
 
 Gas. 
 
 $31.02 
 
 5.18 
 
 2 
 
 7 
 
 
 51.92 
 
 7.06 
 
 3 
 
 5 
 
 
 37.87 
 
 6.28 
 
 
 
 water radiators. 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 7 
 
 Furnace, coal range, and gas range. 
 
 
 67.86 
 
 3.74 
 
 5 
 
 7 
 
 Furnace, coal range, and hot-plate. 
 
 
 70.60 
 
 8.63 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 Furnace, coal range, and gas range. 
 
 
 55.00 
 
 3.94 
 
 71 
 
 7 
 
 Furnace, coal range, and gas range. 
 
 
 42.56 
 
 12.38 
 
 82 
 
 83 
 
 Coal range and two heating stoves. 
 
 " 
 
 29.72 
 
 5.98 
 
 9 
 
 7 
 
 l^urnace, coal range, and gas range. 
 
 
 66.50 
 
 5.65 
 
 10 
 
 7 
 
 Furnace, coal range, and gas range. 
 
 
 45.60 
 
 2.16 
 
 10* 
 
 7 
 
 Furnace, coal range, and gas range. 
 
 
 14.00 
 
 1.24 
 
 11 
 
 6 
 
 Furnace and coal range. 
 
 Kerosene 
 lamps. 
 
 34.92 
 
 1.97 
 
 12 
 
 9 
 
 Furnace and coal range. 
 
 Gas. 
 
 106.00 
 
 6.23 
 
 13 
 
 5 
 
 Furnace, coal range, and gas range. 
 
 
 45.00 
 
 8.50 
 
 14 
 
 7 
 
 Furnace, coal range, and gas range. 
 
 
 58.50 
 
 4.53 
 
 156 
 
 7 
 
 Furnace, coal range, and gas range. 
 
 
 1.50 
 
 .87 
 
 16 
 
 7 
 
 Furnace, coal range, and gas range. 
 
 
 54.50 
 
 4.31 
 
 17 
 
 7 
 
 Furnace, coal range, and gas range. 
 
 
 60.00 
 
 5.04 
 
 18« 
 
 5 
 
 Furnace, coal range, and gas range. 
 
 
 3.65 
 
 1.62 
 
 19 
 
 7 
 
 Furnace, coal range, and gas range. 
 
 
 88.00 
 
 7.84 
 
 207 
 
 5 
 
 Furnace, coal range, and gas range. 
 
 
 9.10 
 
 5.11 
 
 21» 
 
 4 
 
 Two heating stoves and a hot-plate. 
 
 •• 
 
 1.00 
 
 2.22 
 
 22 
 
 4 
 
 Heating stove and a hot-plate. 
 
 
 27.00 
 
 4.86 
 
 23 
 
 4 
 
 Coal range and a hot-plate. 
 
 
 30.00 
 
 3.86 
 
 1 Account kept for 33 weeks. 
 
 2 Account kept for 37 weeks. 
 
 ' Including outside 'shed which contains a 
 bath tub. 
 
 * Account kept for 31 weeks of the following 
 
 year. 
 
 * Account kept for 9 weeks. 
 
 * Account kept for 11 weeks. 
 ' Account kept for 8 weeks. 
 
 ' Account kept for 4 weeks. 
 
14 BUDGETS OF FAMILIES AND INDIVIDUALS 
 
 FOOD. 
 
 The menus which are given in the detailed presentation of the 
 family budgets, show the kind of food eaten by the Kensington mill- 
 wqrkers' families. 
 
 For the purpose of ascertaining the comparative cost of food for 
 the different families, — since the quantity of food needed varies 
 with the age and the sex of the individual, — the families were re- 
 duced to a common basis by means of the table of values adopted 
 by the United States Department of Agriculture for its dietary 
 studies. This table of values, in which a man in full vigor at 
 moderate work is taken as the unit, is as follows : ^ • 
 
 Man, period of full vigor: Boy: 
 
 At moderate work 1.0 15 to 16 years old 0.9 
 
 At hard work 1.2 13 to 14 years old 8 
 
 Sedentary occupation 8 12 years old 7 
 
 Woman, period of full vigor: 10 to 11 years old 6 
 
 At moderate work 8 Girl: 
 
 At hard work 1.0 15 to 16 years old 8 
 
 Sedentary occupation 7 13 to 14 years old 7 
 
 Man or woman : 10 to 12 years old 6 
 
 Old age 9 Child: 
 
 Extreme old age 7 to .8 6 to 9 years old 5 
 
 2 to 5 years old 4 
 
 Child under 2 years 3 
 
 Work in the textile mills is considered to be moderate muscular 
 work. A housewife is also considered as employed at moderate 
 muscular work. 
 
 The following table shows the amount spent per week per man 
 unit for food by each of the twenty-three families of this study; 
 also the total amount spent for food by each family, and the per 
 cent, which this was of the total expenditures. The largest amount 
 spent per week per man unit, was $3.85; the smallest, $1.41; the 
 average, $2.16; the median, $2.11. The highest per cent, of total 
 expenditures spent for food by any of the families whose budgets 
 cover a year, was 60.88; the lowest, 22.68. The average per cent, 
 spent for food by those families whose budgets cover a year, was 
 38.42; the median, 38.72. 
 
 Reference to page 137 shows that the cost of the articles in the 
 dietary plan recommended by the Department of Health of the 
 
 1 Yearbook of the U. S. Department of Agriculture, 1907, p. 365. 
 
OF KENSINGTON, PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 15 
 
 City of New York in May, 1916,^ and adopted in the present 
 study as a fair allowance for food for a Kensington mill worker's 
 family at the time of this study, was $2.22 per week per man unit. 
 The following table shows that only eight of the twenty-three 
 families of this study spent per family as much as $2.22 per week 
 per man unit, for food. Two other families each spent within one 
 cent of this amount. 
 
 TABLE 4. 
 
 Expenditure for Food of 23 Kensington Families, for One Year, 1913-1914. 
 
 
 Size of Family. 
 
 Food. 
 
 Fam- 
 
 Size of Family. 
 
 Food. 
 
 Fam- 
 
 
 
 
 Per 
 
 V Ui jA 
 
 
 
 
 Per 
 
 
 ily 
 
 
 
 
 Cent. 
 
 ^§.•3 
 
 ily 
 
 
 
 
 Cent. 
 
 
 Num- 
 
 Mem- 
 
 Man 
 
 of Total 
 
 m 
 
 Num- 
 
 Mem- 
 
 Man 
 
 of Total 
 
 ber. 
 
 bers. 
 
 Units. 
 
 a 
 < 
 
 Ex- 
 
 ber. 
 
 bers. 
 
 Units. 
 
 g 
 
 Ex- 
 
 §S§ 
 
 
 
 
 pendi- 
 tures. 
 
 iM 
 
 
 
 
 <J 
 
 pendi- 
 tiues. 
 
 B^i 
 
 1 
 
 51 
 
 2.6 
 
 $241.75 40.36 
 
 $1.79 
 
 12 
 
 811 
 
 7.3 
 
 $700.00 
 
 41.14 
 
 $1.84 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 1.8 
 
 202.79 
 
 27.59 
 
 2.17 
 
 13 
 
 2 
 
 0.912 
 
 120.00 
 
 22.68 
 
 2.56 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 2.9 
 
 292.79 
 
 48.58 
 
 1.94 
 
 14 
 
 513 
 
 4.2 
 
 500.00 
 
 38.72 
 
 2.29 
 
 4 
 
 52 
 
 4.6 
 
 585.35 
 
 32.23 
 
 2.45 
 
 151* 
 
 415 
 
 3.4 
 
 62.40 
 
 36.01 
 
 2.04 
 
 5 
 
 53 
 
 2.3 
 
 283.34 
 
 34.62 
 
 2.37 
 
 16 
 
 5 
 
 3.7 
 
 475.00 
 
 37.59 
 
 2.47 
 
 6 
 
 5 
 
 4.2 
 
 425.00 
 
 30.46 
 
 1.95 
 
 17 
 
 516 
 
 4.1 
 
 546.00 
 
 45.86 
 
 2.56 
 
 7« 
 
 36 
 
 2.4 
 
 160.07 
 
 46.55 
 
 2.02 
 
 18" 
 
 4 
 
 3.2 
 
 75.84 
 
 33.74 
 
 2.15 
 
 86 
 
 5^ 
 
 3.7 
 
 192.50 
 
 38.74 
 
 1.41 
 
 19 
 
 3 
 
 2.4 
 
 480.00 
 
 42.78 
 
 3.85 
 
 9 
 
 68 
 
 4.3 
 
 495.00 
 
 42.02 
 
 2.21 
 
 2018 
 
 619 
 
 4.6 
 
 73.53 
 
 41.28 
 
 2.00 
 
 10 
 
 8» 
 
 6.5 
 
 696.19 
 
 33.05 
 
 2.06 
 
 2120 
 
 6 
 
 4.0 
 
 27.20 
 
 60.46 
 
 1.70 
 
 1010 
 
 7 
 
 5.7 
 
 391.00 
 
 34.54 
 
 2.21 
 
 22 
 
 621 
 
 4.0 
 
 338.00 
 
 60.88 
 
 1.63 
 
 . 11 
 
 5 
 
 4.2 
 
 610.78 
 
 34.47 
 
 2.80 
 
 23 
 
 7 
 
 4.1 
 
 312.00 
 
 40.14 
 
 1.46 
 
 1 Including a young woman boarder and 
 lodger of 7 weeks. 
 
 - Including a son who pays board. 
 
 3 Including a man boarder of 15 weeks. 
 
 * Account kept for 33 weeks. 
 
 5 Including a daughter who pays board. 
 
 « Account kept for 37 weeks. 
 
 ^ Including a son who pays boaid, a young 
 man boarder and lodger, and a child boarder 
 and lodger of 11 weeks. 
 
 8 Including first son who paid board for 5 
 months, and second son who paid board 
 throughout the year. 
 
 9 Including a young woman boarder and 
 lodger of 50 weeks. 
 
 "•Account kept for 31 weeks of the following 
 year. 
 
 11 Including 2 sons who pay board. 
 
 12 Husband takes meals at home on Sundays 
 only. 
 
 13 Including a son who pays board. 
 " Account kept for 9 weeks 
 
 15 Including 2 young women boarders and 
 lodgers. 
 
 i« Including 2 men boarders and lodgers, 
 and a baby boarder and lodger. 
 
 17 Accoimt kept for 11 weeks. 
 
 18 Account kept for 8 weeks. 
 
 i» Including a woman boarder and lodger for 
 the first 4 weeks, and 2 men boarders and 
 lodgers for the second 4 weeks. 
 
 20 Account kept for 4 weeks. 
 
 21 Including a man boarder and lodger. 
 
 CLOTHING 
 
 An idea of the kind of clothing worn by members of the Kensing- 
 ton textile-mill workers' families, may be had by consulting the 
 tables of articles of clothing bought and prices paid for the same, 
 which appear in the sections dealing in detail with the budgets of 
 families and the budgets of individuals. 
 
 1 Department of Health, City of New York, Press Bulletin No. 444, May 5, 
 1916. 
 
16 
 
 BUDGETS OF FAMILIES AND INDIVIDUALS 
 
 TABLE 5. 
 
 Expenditure fob Clothing of 23 Kensington Families, for One Year, 1913-1914. 
 
 
 Amount Spent for Clothing. 
 
 Family 
 
 
 
 Other Males. 
 
 
 
 Nilrn- 
 
 Father. 
 
 Mother. 
 
 
 
 
 ber. 
 
 17 Years 
 
 15 and 16 
 
 13 and 14 
 
 10 and 11 
 
 6-9 
 
 2-5 
 
 
 
 
 and Over. 
 
 Years. 
 
 Years. 
 
 Years. 
 
 Years. 
 
 Years. 
 
 1 
 
 $29.56 
 
 $16.27 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 $9..59 
 
 2 
 
 23.50 
 
 26.62 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 19.98 
 
 10.86 
 
 
 
 
 $9.06 
 
 $8.45 
 
 
 4 
 
 80.28 
 
 136.47 
 
 $52.75 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 29.75 
 
 8.36 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 18.82 
 
 6 
 
 39.30 
 
 43.86 
 
 62.89 
 
 
 $33.07 
 
 
 
 
 7» 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 8« 
 
 
 2.35 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 38.00 
 
 48.98 
 
 
 
 
 
 23.90 
 
 
 10 
 
 30.00 
 
 90.00 
 
 155.00S 
 
 
 
 50.00 
 
 • 
 
 
 10* 
 
 19.07 
 
 24.29 
 
 48.36» 
 
 
 
 17.63 
 
 
 
 11 
 
 91.216 
 
 172.43* 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 12 
 
 20.00 
 
 30.00 
 
 85.00» 
 
 $70.00 
 
 
 
 
 
 13 
 
 26.43 
 
 45.85 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 14 
 
 
 80.65 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 16» 
 
 
 21.02 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 16 
 
 52.50 
 
 50.00 
 
 
 
 30.00 
 
 
 15.00 
 
 
 17 
 
 40.00 
 
 35.00 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 188 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 19 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 20» 
 
 
 29.04 
 
 3.00 
 
 4.75 
 
 
 
 5.50 
 
 
 2110 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 22 
 
 10.53 
 
 15.10 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 23 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Table S. — Continued. 
 
 Expenditure for Clothing op 23 Kensington Families, for One Year, 
 
 1913-1914.— C<whn«cd. 
 
 Family 
 
 Other Females. 
 
 Children 
 Under 2 
 
 Total 
 
 Per Cent. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 of Total 
 
 Num- 
 
 17 Years 
 
 15 and 16 
 
 12 
 
 10 and 11 
 
 6-9 
 
 Amount. 
 
 Expendi- 
 
 ber. 
 
 and Over. 
 
 Years. 
 
 Years. 
 
 Years. 
 
 Years. 
 
 
 
 tures. 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 $7.69 
 
 $63.11 
 
 10.54 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 50.12 
 
 6.82 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 48.35 
 
 8.02 
 
 4 
 
 
 $107.19 
 
 
 
 
 
 376.69 
 
 20.74 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 6.33 
 
 63.26 
 
 7.73 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 
 $62.22 
 
 
 
 241.34 
 
 17.30 
 
 7» 
 
 $20.76" 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 20.76 
 
 6.04 
 
 82 
 
 19.48 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 21.83 
 
 4.39 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 $28.13 
 
 
 
 
 139.01 
 
 11.80 
 
 10 
 
 150.00 
 
 
 
 
 $40.00 
 
 
 515.00 
 
 24.45 
 
 10* 
 
 45.61 
 
 
 
 
 27.79 
 
 
 185.12 
 
 16.35 
 
 11 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 263.64 
 
 14.88 
 
 12 
 
 62.003 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 267.00 
 
 15.69 
 
 13 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 72.28 
 
 13.66 
 
 14 
 
 229.623 
 
 71.54 
 
 
 
 
 
 381.81 
 
 29.57 
 
 15^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 21.02 
 
 12.13 
 
 16 
 
 
 
 
 35.00 
 
 
 
 182.50 
 
 14.44 
 
 17 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 75.00 
 
 6.30 
 
 188 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 11.53 
 
 5.13 
 
 19 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 130.00 
 
 11.59 
 
 20» 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 42.29 
 
 23.74 
 
 2110 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3.22 
 
 7.16 
 
 22 
 
 
 
 
 
 10.77»2 
 
 
 36.40 
 
 6.56 
 
 23 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 145.00 
 
 18.65 
 
 1 Account kept for 33 weeks. 
 
 2 Account kept for 37 weeks. 
 
 3 Clothing for two. 
 
 ♦ Account kept for 31 weeks of the following 
 year. 
 
 * Clothing for father and son. 
 
 • Clothing for mother and 2 daughters. 
 
 ^ Account kept for 9 weeks. 
 8 Account kept for 11 weeks. 
 » Account kept for 8 weeks. 
 
 10 Account kept for 4 weeks. 
 
 11 Clothing for mother and daughter. 
 
 « Clothing for 3 children, 6 years, 2 years, 
 and 2 months old, respectively. 
 
OF KENSINGTON, PHILADELPHIA. 17 
 
 The opposite table shows the amount spent for clothing for the 
 different members of the families studied, together with the total 
 amount spent for clothing by each family, and the per cent, which 
 this amount was of the total expenditures. Each entry under 
 specified ages is for one individual, unless otherwise indicated. 
 The largest amount spent in one year for clothing by any father 
 in the families studied, was $80.28; the smallest amount, $10.53. 
 The largest amount spent in one year for clothing by any mother, 
 was $136.47; the smallest amount, $8.36. The highest per cent, 
 of total expenditures spent for clothing by any of the families whose 
 budgets cover a year, was 29.57; the lowest, 6.30. The average 
 per cent, spent for clothing by those families whose budgets cover a 
 year, was 14.04; the median, 13.66. 
 
 MEDICAL ATTENTION, INSURANCE, AND LODGE AND 
 UNION DUES. 
 
 The number of families studied was so small that no generaliza- 
 tions could be made as to the health of the Philadelphia textile- 
 mill workers. When a physician was needed, in every case a 
 private one was called, and his prescription was filled at a drug 
 store. In no case was a public dispensary made use of. Each 
 of the families studied made some expenditure under the heading 
 Medical Attention, which here includes medicine, as well as services 
 of phj^sician, dentist, or oculist. The highest per cent, of total 
 expenditures spent for medical attention by any of the families 
 whose budgets cover a year, was 9.52; the lowest, 0.08. The 
 average per cent, spent for medical attention by those families 
 whose budgets cover a year, was 2.17; the median, 0.90. 
 
 The families of this study in almost every case purchased in- 
 dustrial insurance, — usually ten cents per week for each adult, 
 and five cents per week for each child. It is not usual for any 
 members of the Kensington mill workers' families to carry more 
 insurance than is necessary to meet decent burial expenses. The 
 highest per cent, of total expenditures spent for insurance by any 
 of the families whose budgets cover a year, was 8.47; the lowest, 
 zero. The average per cent, spent for insurance by those families 
 whose budgets cover a year, was 3.36; the median, 2.95. 
 
 Lodge dues are primarily a provision against illness. After 
 the lodge member has been ill for a certain length of time, — ^usually 
 two weeks, — ^he receives weekly sick benefits during the remainder 
 of his illness, provided his illness does not extend beyond a certain 
 
18 
 
 BUDGETS OF FAMILIES AND INDIVIDUALS 
 
 maximum period, the length of which is usually thirteen weeks. 
 There is often also a death benefit, the amount of which is fixed 
 according to the nature of the lodge and to the weekly dues paid 
 by the member. Union dues are primarily a provision for strike 
 benefits or for victimized benefits. Usually a member is not entitled 
 to strike benefits for the first two weeks while on an authorized strike. 
 If he is unemployed after the first two weeks, during the con- 
 tinuance of an authorized strike, he receives a weekly income. 
 There are often relief and death benefits connected with labor 
 unions, the amounts of which are fixed according to the monthly 
 dues paid by the member. Ten of the twenty-three families of 
 this study each spent more than fifty cents per week for lodge 
 and union dues. Two of these (Nos. 10 and 11) each spent more 
 than $1 per week. The highest per cent, of total expenditures 
 spent for lodge and union dues by any of the families whose budgets 
 cover a year, was 6.49; the lowest, zero. The average per cent, 
 spent for lodge and union dues by those families whose budgets 
 cover a year, was 2.51 ; the median, 2.55. 
 
 TABLE 6. 
 
 Expenditures for Medical Attention, Insurance, and Lodge and Union Dues, of 23 
 Kensington Families, for One Year, 1913-1914. 
 
 
 Mem- 
 bers. 1 
 
 Medical Attention. 
 
 Insurance. 
 
 Lodge and Union 
 Dues. 
 
 Family 
 Number. 
 
 
 Per Cent. 
 
 Amount 
 
 
 Per Cent. 
 
 
 Per Cent. 
 
 
 
 
 of Total 
 
 per Mem- 
 
 
 of Total 
 
 
 of Total 
 
 
 
 Amount. 
 
 Expendi- 
 tures. 
 
 ber of 
 Family. 
 
 Amount. 
 
 Expendi- 
 tures. 
 
 Amount. 
 
 Expendi- 
 tures. 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 $ 24.60 
 
 4.11 
 
 $ 6.15 
 
 $ 10.00 
 
 1.67 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 70.00 
 
 9.52 
 
 35.00 
 
 
 
 $33.80 
 
 4.60 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 8.50 
 
 1.41 
 
 2.12 
 
 39.50 
 
 6.55 
 
 .35 
 
 .06 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 4.05 
 
 .22 
 
 1.01 
 
 33.80 
 
 1.86 
 
 7.78 
 
 .43 
 
 5 
 
 4 
 
 36.70 
 
 4.48 
 
 9.18 
 
 29.85 
 
 3.65 
 
 45.98 
 
 5.62 
 
 6 
 
 5 
 
 5.00 
 
 .36 
 
 1.00 
 
 47.78 
 
 3.42 
 
 20.92 
 
 1.50 
 
 7» 
 
 2 
 
 11.25 
 
 3.27 
 
 5.62 
 
 20.00 
 
 5.82 
 
 
 
 
 8» 
 
 2 
 
 12.03 
 
 2.42 
 
 6.01 
 
 16.83 
 
 3.39 
 
 13.05 
 
 2.63 
 
 9 
 
 4 
 
 11.50 
 
 .98 
 
 2.88 
 
 12.00 
 
 1.02 
 
 33.70 
 
 2.86 
 
 10 
 
 7 
 
 38.25 
 
 1.82 
 
 5.46 
 
 55.70 
 
 2.64 
 
 92.62 
 
 4.40 
 
 10* 
 
 7 
 
 22.85 
 
 2.02 
 
 3.26 
 
 23.90 
 
 2.11 
 
 39.56 
 
 3.49. 
 
 11 
 
 5 
 
 106.27 
 
 6.00 
 
 21.25 
 
 150.05 
 
 8.47 
 
 72.62 
 
 4.10: 
 
 12 
 
 6 
 
 15.00 
 
 .88 
 
 2.50 
 
 124.78 
 
 7.33 
 
 43.35 
 
 2.55 
 
 13 
 
 2 
 
 2.00 
 
 .38 
 
 1.00 
 
 15.60 
 
 2.95 
 
 34.32 
 
 6.49 
 
 14 
 
 4 
 
 1.00 
 
 .08 
 
 .25 
 
 98.80 
 
 7.65 
 
 
 
 15» 
 
 2 
 
 1.00 
 
 .58 
 
 .50 
 
 6.90 
 
 3.98 
 
 1.50 
 
 .87- 
 
 16 
 
 5 
 
 5.00 
 
 .40 
 
 1.00 
 
 
 
 43.96 
 
 3.48 
 
 17 
 
 2 
 
 3.00 
 
 .25 
 
 1.50 
 
 13.20 
 
 1.11 
 
 48.62 
 
 4.08 
 
 18« 
 
 4 
 
 3.20 
 
 1.42 
 
 .80 
 
 5.50 
 
 2.45 
 
 
 
 19 
 
 3 
 
 49.94 
 
 4.45 
 
 16.65 
 
 6.00 
 
 .53 
 
 28.20 
 
 2.51 
 
 207 
 
 4 
 
 2.85 
 
 1.60 
 
 .71 
 
 3.20 
 
 1.80 
 
 .40 
 
 .22 
 
 218 
 
 6 
 
 1.25 
 
 2.78 
 
 .21 
 
 1.80 
 
 4.00 
 
 .50 
 
 l.U 
 
 22 
 
 5 
 
 5.00 
 
 .90 
 
 1.00 
 
 20.80 
 
 3.75 
 
 
 
 23 
 
 7 
 
 5.00 
 
 .64 
 
 .71 
 
 35.36 
 
 4.55 
 
 
 
 1 Members of family excluding boarders, lodgers, and children who pay board. 
 
 2 Account kept for 33 weeks. * Account kept for 9 weeks. 
 
 » Account kept for 37 weeks. " Account kept for 11 weeks. 
 
 * Accoimt kept for 31 weeks of the following ^ Account kept for 8 weeks. 
 
 year. * Account kept for 4 weeks. 
 
OF KENSINGTON, PHILADELPHIA. 19 
 
 The preceding table shows the amounts spent by each family 
 for medical attention, insurance, and lodge and union dues, and 
 the per cent, which each amount was of the total expenditures. 
 
 READING MATTER, CHURCH AND CHARITY, AND 
 GENERAL SUPPLIES. 
 
 The heading Reading Matter here includes newspapers, maga- 
 zines, books, stationery, postage, and . telephone calls. Almost 
 every one of the twenty-three families takes a daily (including 
 Sunday) newspaper. The cost of this in 1913 and 1914 was about 
 $5.72 per year. Besides the daily paper, some of the families 
 purchase an occasional book or magazine; in a few cases magazines 
 are subscribed for regularly. School books are furnished free of 
 charge to the pupils attending the public schools, and many of the 
 children of Kensington mill workers' families also take advantage of 
 the privileges of the free public library. The highest per cent, of 
 total expenditures spent for reading matter by any of the twenty- 
 three families of this study whose budgets cover a year, was 1.98; 
 the lowest, 0.18. The average per cent, spent for reading matter 
 by those families whose budgets cover a year, was 0.88; the 
 median, 0.78. 
 
 Seventeen of the twenty-three families make contributions to 
 the church. The contribution is nearly always small, — three to 
 ten cents per week for the family. One family (No. 18), consisting 
 of a mother and three grown daughters, gives "one-tenth of its 
 income to the Lord.'' Five other families each give about ten 
 cents per week per member of the family. The highest per cent, 
 of total expenditures spent for church and charity by any of the 
 families whose budgets cover a year, was 2.83; the lowest, zero. 
 The average per cent, spent for church and charity by those families 
 whose budgets cover a year, was 0.82; the median, 0.58. 
 
 Under the heading General Supplies are included household and 
 toilet articles that need frequent replacement, such as brooms, 
 kitchen soap, washing powder, matches, starch, bluing, toilet and 
 shaving soap, tooth powder and paste, and shoe polish. Furniture, 
 and the more durable house furnishings, such as rugs, pictures, 
 curtains, and dishes, are not entered under this heading, but under 
 the headings Furniture and Furnishings. The highest per cent, 
 of total expenditures spent for general supplies by any of the families 
 whose budgets cover a year, was 3.36; the lowest, 0.47. The aver- 
 age per cent, spent for general supplies by the families whose budgets 
 cover a year, was 1.57; the median, 1.49. 
 
20 
 
 BUDGETS OF FAMILIES AND INDIVIDUALS 
 
 The following table shows the amounts spent by each family 
 for reading matter, church and charity, and general supplies, and 
 the per cent, which each amount was of the total expenditures. 
 
 ♦ TABLE 7. 
 
 Expenditures for Reading Matter, Church and Charity, and General Supplies, of 23 
 Kensington Families, for One Year, 1913-1914. 
 
 
 Members.* 
 
 Reading Matter. 
 
 Church and Charity. 
 
 General 
 
 Supplies. 
 
 Family 
 
 
 Per Cent. 
 
 
 Per Cent. 
 
 Per Cent. 
 
 Number. 
 
 
 
 of Total 
 
 
 of Total 
 
 
 of Total 
 
 
 
 Amount. 
 
 Expendi- 
 tiires. 
 
 Amount. 
 
 Expendi- 
 tures. 
 
 Amotmt. 
 
 Expendi- 
 tures. 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 $11.86 
 
 1.98 
 
 $ 1.35 
 
 .23 
 
 $20.14* 
 
 3.36 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 6.13 
 
 .83 
 
 6.17 
 
 .84 
 
 14.54 
 
 1.98 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 8.84 
 
 1.47 
 
 3.75 
 
 .62 
 
 6.78 
 
 1.12 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 8.32 
 
 .46 
 
 24.43 
 
 1.35 
 
 15.93 
 
 .88 
 
 5 
 
 4 
 
 6.47 
 
 .79 
 
 3.50 
 
 .43 
 
 18.66 
 
 2.28 
 
 6 
 
 5 
 
 7.00 
 
 .50 
 
 31.00 
 
 2.22 
 
 17.20 
 
 1.23 
 
 7» 
 
 2 
 
 4.19 
 
 1.22 
 
 4.29 
 
 1.25 
 
 7.89 
 
 2.29 
 
 8» 
 
 2 
 
 6.78 
 
 1.16 
 
 .55 
 
 .11 
 
 3.95 
 
 .79 
 
 9 
 
 4 
 
 9.00 
 
 .76 
 
 2.00 
 
 .17 
 
 12.00 
 
 1.02 
 
 10 
 
 7 
 
 15.00 
 
 .71 
 
 3.96 
 
 .19 
 
 40.15 
 
 1.91 
 
 10* 
 
 7 
 
 9.01 
 
 .80 
 
 5.69 
 
 .50 
 
 7.05 
 
 .62 
 
 11 
 
 5 
 
 14.66 
 
 .83 
 
 29.40 
 
 1.66 
 
 25.43 
 
 1.44 
 
 12 
 
 6 
 
 22.00 
 
 1.29 
 
 36.00 
 
 2.12 
 
 30.00 
 
 1.76 
 
 13 
 
 2 
 
 7.00 
 
 1.32 
 
 15.00 
 
 2.83 
 
 10.00 
 
 1.89 
 
 14 
 
 4 
 
 7.50 
 
 .58 
 
 7.50 
 
 .58 
 
 15.00 
 
 1.16 
 
 15» 
 
 2 
 
 2.24 
 
 1.29 
 
 3.20 
 
 1.85 
 
 4.30 
 
 2.48 
 
 16 
 
 5 
 
 18.00 
 
 1.42 
 
 9.00 
 
 .71 
 
 6.00 
 
 .47 
 
 17 
 
 2 
 
 5.00 
 
 .42 
 
 
 
 10.00 
 
 .84 
 
 18« 
 19 
 208 
 
 4 
 3 
 4 
 
 .75 
 
 .33 
 
 25.73 
 
 11.45 
 
 1.00 
 
 7 
 
 .44 
 
 7 
 
 1.03 
 
 .58 
 
 
 
 1.80 
 
 1.01 
 
 21» 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 
 
 .72 
 
 1.60 
 
 22 
 
 5 
 
 1.00 
 
 .18', 
 
 
 
 12.00 
 
 2.16 
 
 23 
 
 7 
 
 4.00 
 
 .51 
 
 
 
 12.00 
 
 1.54 
 
 1 Members of family excluding boarders, 
 lodgers, and children who pay board. 
 
 2 Account kept for 33 weeks. 
 
 3 Account kept for 37 weeks. 
 
 * Account kept for 31 weeks of the following 
 year. 
 
 * Account kept for 9 weeks. 
 
 • Account kept for 11 weeks. 
 
 ^ Amount not recorded separately under 
 this heading. 
 
 8 Account kept for 8 weeks. 
 » Account kept for 4 weeks. 
 
 RECREATION AND POCKET MONEY. 
 
 The opportunities for amusement and recreation for the families 
 of Kensington are many. Philadelphia offers every variety of 
 theater, dance hall, and park; there are suburban street car lines, 
 and excellent railroad facilities for seashore and other summer 
 resorts. With the workingmen's families, the amusement question 
 is one of means and of personal taste. 
 
 In the various budgets of this study, the heading Recreation covers 
 only the amounts spent for this purpose out of the family funds. 
 It is necessary, in order to form a correct idea of the total amount 
 spent by a family for recreation, also to take into consideration 
 the heading Pocket Money. Almost all the "pocket money '^ 
 received by a wage-earning child is used by him for his own recrea- 
 
OF KENSINGTON, PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 21 
 
 tion, while the father's "pocket money" is often wholly or partly 
 spent for his own recreation and for that of his wife and of his 
 children under sixteen years of age. 
 
 The following table shows in the case of each of the twenty-three 
 families of the study, the number of members sixteen years of age 
 and over, and the number under sixteen, together with the amount 
 spent by each family for recreation, the per cent, which this was of 
 the total expenditures, the amount of ''pocket money" allowed, the 
 per cent, which this was of the total expenditures, the combined 
 amount spent for recreation and allowed as "pocket money," the 
 per cent, which this was of the total expenditures, and the share 
 which this combined amount was per member sixteen years of age 
 or over. The highest per cent of total expenditures spent for 
 recreation and allowed as "pocket money" by any of the families 
 whose budgets cover a year, was 15.42; the lowest, 0.85. The 
 average per cent, spent for recreation and allowed as "pocket 
 
 TABLE 8. 
 
 Expenditure for Recreation and Allowance for Pocket Money of 23 Kensington Fami- 
 lies, FOR One Year, 1913-1914. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Recreation. 
 
 Pocket Money. 
 
 Recreation and Pocket 
 Money. 
 
 
 Mem- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 FamUy 
 
 bers 16 
 
 Yrs. Of 
 
 Age 
 
 and 
 
 Over. 
 
 Mem- 
 bers 
 
 Total 
 
 
 Per 
 
 
 
 
 
 Amoimt 
 
 Num- 
 ber. 
 
 Under 
 16 Yrs. 
 
 Mem- 
 bers.! 
 
 a 
 
 a 
 
 < 
 
 Cent, 
 of Total 
 
 Ex- 
 pendi- 
 tures. 
 
 a 
 
 < 
 
 Per Cent, 
 of Total 
 Expendi- 
 tures. 
 
 i 
 t 
 
 a 
 < 
 
 Per Cent, 
 of Total 
 Expendi- 
 tures. 
 
 per 
 Member 
 
 of 
 Family 
 16 Yrs. 
 or Over. 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 % 1.30 
 
 .22 
 
 $23.47 
 
 3.92 
 
 $24.77 
 
 4.14 
 
 $12.39 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 40.53 
 
 5.51 
 
 65.00 
 
 8.84 
 
 105.53 
 
 14.35 
 
 52.77 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 2.25 
 
 .37 
 
 27.35 
 
 4.54 
 
 29.60 
 
 4.91 
 
 14.80 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 . 
 
 4 
 
 57.45 
 
 3.16 
 
 209.50 
 
 11.53 
 
 266.95 
 
 14.69 
 
 66.74 
 
 5 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 10.70 
 
 1.31 
 
 4.702 
 
 .57 
 
 15.40 
 
 1.88 
 
 7.70 
 
 6 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 5 
 
 25.00 
 
 1.79 
 
 100.00 
 
 7.17 
 
 125.00 
 
 8.96 
 
 41.67 
 
 73 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 .30 
 
 .09 
 
 
 
 .30 
 
 .09 
 
 .15 
 
 84 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 9.45 
 
 1.90 
 
 21.30 
 
 4.29 
 
 30.75 
 
 6.19 
 
 15.38 
 
 9 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 42.50 
 
 3.61 
 
 10.00 
 
 .85 
 
 52.50 
 
 4.46 
 
 26.25 
 
 10 
 
 5 
 
 2 
 
 7 
 
 50.00 
 
 2.37 
 
 275.00 
 
 13.05 
 
 325.00 
 
 15.42 
 
 65.00 
 
 106 
 
 5 
 
 2 
 
 7 
 
 28.14 
 
 2.49 
 
 176.66 
 
 15.61 
 
 204.80 
 
 18.10 
 
 40.96 
 
 11 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 
 26.75 
 
 1.51 
 
 147.87 
 
 8.34 
 
 174.62 
 
 9.85 
 
 43.66 
 
 12 
 
 5 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 60.00 
 
 3.53 
 
 60.00 
 
 3.53 
 
 120.00 
 
 7.06 
 
 24.00 
 
 13 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 4.50 
 
 .85 
 
 
 
 4.50 
 
 .85 
 
 2.25 
 
 14 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 30.00 
 
 2.32 
 
 25.00 
 
 1.94 
 
 55.00 
 
 4.26 
 
 18.33 
 
 16« 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 1.40 
 
 .81 
 
 18.00 
 
 10.39 
 
 19.40 
 
 11.20 
 
 9.70 
 
 16 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 5 
 
 156.00 
 
 , 12.35 
 
 , 
 
 
 156.00 
 
 12.35 
 
 78.00 
 
 17 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 60.00 
 
 5.04 
 
 50.00 
 
 4.20 
 
 110.00 
 
 9.24 
 
 55.00 
 
 187 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 23.59 
 
 10.50 
 
 29.58 
 
 13.16 
 
 53.17 
 
 23.66 
 
 13.29 
 
 19 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 96.00 
 
 8.56 
 
 
 
 
 96.00 
 
 8.56 
 
 48.00 
 
 208 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 .10 
 
 .06 
 
 
 
 .10 
 
 .06 
 
 .03 
 
 21« 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 6 
 
 .40 
 
 .89 
 
 
 
 .40 
 
 .89 
 
 .20 
 
 22 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 5 
 
 4.00 
 
 .72 
 
 1.50 
 
 .27 
 
 5.50 
 
 .99 
 
 2.75 
 
 23 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 12.00 
 
 .1.54 
 
 57.00 
 
 7.33 
 
 69.00 
 
 8.87 
 
 69.00 
 
 1 Members of family excluding boarders, 
 lodgers, and children who pay board. 
 
 'Amount spent by father for tobacco. 
 There is no "pocket money" system in this 
 family. 
 
 3 Account kept for 33 weeks. 
 
 * Account kept for 37 weeks. 
 
 « Accoimt kept for 31 weeks of the following 
 year. 
 
 « Account kept for 9 weeks. 
 
 7 Account kept for 11 weeks. 
 
 8 Account kept for 8 weeks. 
 » Account kept for 4 weeks. 
 
22 
 
 BUDGETS OF FAMILIES AND INDIVIDUALS 
 
 money" by the families whose budgets cover a year, was 7.70; 
 the median, 8.56. 
 
 ALL EXPENDITURES. 
 
 The following table summarizes the expenditures of each of the 
 twenty-three families, giving the amount spent for each item and 
 the per cent, which this amount was of the total expenditures. 
 
 TABLE 9. 
 
 Summary of Expenditubes of Each of the 23 Kensington Families, 
 FOR One Year, 1913-1914. 
 
 
 Family No. 1. 
 (4 Members.)! 
 
 Family No. 2. 
 (2 Members.) 
 
 Family No. 3. 
 (4 Members.) 
 
 Family No. 4. 
 (4 Members.)* 
 
 Item of Expenditiire. 
 
 Mi 
 
 |0^ 
 
 Per Cent, 
 of Total 
 Expendi- 
 tures. 
 
 jjl 
 
 Per Cent, 
 of Total 
 Expendi- 
 tures. 
 
 3 <D J- 
 
 |5| 
 
 Per Cent, 
 of Total 
 Expendi- 
 tures. 
 
 Amount,- 
 One • 
 Year. 
 
 Per Cent, 
 of Total 
 Expendi- 
 tures. 
 
 Rent 
 
 $132.00 
 31.02 
 241.75 
 20.14 
 2.49 
 63.11 
 24.60 
 10.00 
 
 11.86 
 1.35 
 1.30 
 
 23.47 
 6.06 
 
 29.83 
 
 22.04 
 5.18 
 
 40.36 
 
 3.36 
 
 .42 
 
 10.54 
 4.11 
 1.67 
 
 1.98 
 .23 
 .22 
 3.92 
 1.01 
 4.98 
 
 $144.00 
 51.92 
 202.79 
 14.54 
 1.02 
 50.12 
 70.00 
 
 33.80 
 6.13 
 6.17 
 
 40.53 
 
 65.00 
 3.95 
 
 45.04 
 
 19.59 
 7.06 
 
 27.59 
 
 1.98 
 
 .14 
 
 6.82 
 
 9.52 
 
 4.60 
 .83 
 .84 
 
 5.51 
 
 8.84 
 .54 
 
 6.13 
 
 $ 81.27 
 
 37.87 
 
 292.79 
 
 6.78 
 
 48.35 
 
 8.50 
 
 39.50 
 
 .35 
 
 8.84 
 
 3.75 
 
 2.25 
 
 27.35 
 
 16.00 
 
 29.13 
 
 13.48 
 6.28 
 
 48.58 
 1.12 
 
 8.02 
 
 1.41 
 
 6.55 
 
 .06 
 
 1.47 
 
 .62 
 
 .37 
 
 4.54 
 
 2.65 
 
 4.83 
 
 $ 245.27 13.50 
 
 Fuel and light . . 
 
 67 86 3 74 
 
 Food 
 
 585.35 32.2.-? 
 
 General supplies 
 
 15.93 
 
 15.29 
 
 376.69 
 
 4.05 
 
 33.80 
 
 .88 
 
 Laundry 
 
 .84 
 
 
 20.74 
 
 Medical attention 
 
 22 
 
 
 1.86 
 
 Lodge and union 
 
 7.78i .4.'? 
 
 
 8.32 
 24.43 
 57.45 
 
 209.50 
 12.55 
 
 152.03 
 
 .46 
 
 Church and charity 
 
 Recreation 
 
 Pocket money 
 
 Car fare 
 
 1.35 
 
 3.16 
 
 11.53 
 
 .69 
 
 Other items 
 
 8.37 
 
 Total 
 
 $598.98 
 
 100.00 
 
 $735.01 
 
 100.00 
 
 $602.73 
 
 100.00 
 
 $1816.30 
 
 100.00 
 
 1 Excluding a yoimg woman boarder and 
 lodger of 7 weeks. 
 
 Table 9.- 
 
 2 Excluding a son who pays board. 
 ■Cont'nued. 
 
 SuMMART OP Expenditures of Each of the 23 Kensington Families, 
 FOR One Year, 1913-1914. 
 
 
 Family No. 5. 
 (4 Members.)3 
 
 Family No. 6. 
 (5 Members.) 
 
 Family No. 7. 
 (2 Members.)* 
 
 Family No. 8. 
 (2 Members.)* 
 
 Item of Expenditure. 
 
 !« 
 
 llli 
 
 1 05 ^: §3^ m 
 
 o23 « 
 
 
 1 ^ 
 
 
 Rent 
 
 $204.00 
 
 70.60 
 
 283.34 
 
 18.66 
 
 3.54 
 
 63.26 
 
 36.70 
 
 29.85 
 
 45.98 
 
 6.47 
 
 3.50 
 
 10.70 
 
 4.70« 
 
 4.45 
 
 32.58 
 
 24.93 
 
 8.63 
 
 34.62 
 
 2.28 
 
 .43 
 
 7.73 
 
 4.48 
 
 3.65 
 
 5.62 
 
 .79 
 
 .43 
 
 1.31 
 
 .57 
 
 .54 
 
 3.98 
 
 $180.00 
 55.00 
 
 425.00 
 17.20 
 30.00 
 
 241.34 
 5.00 
 47.78 
 20.92 
 7.00 
 31.00 
 25.00 
 
 100.00 
 55.00 
 
 154.90 
 
 12.90 
 3.94 
 
 30.46 
 1.23 
 2.15 
 
 17.30 
 .36 
 3.42 
 1.50 
 .50 
 2.22 
 1.79 
 7.17 
 3.94 
 
 11.10 
 
 $ 57.34 
 
 42.56 
 
 160.07 
 
 7.89 
 
 3.53 
 
 20.76 
 
 11.25 
 
 20.00 
 
 4.19 
 
 4.29 
 
 .30 
 
 .40 
 11.30 
 
 16.67 
 12.38 
 46.55 
 2.29 
 1.03 
 6.04 
 3.27 
 5.82 
 
 1.22 
 
 1.25 
 
 .09 
 
 .12 
 3.29 
 
 $130.00 
 
 29.72 
 
 192.50 
 
 3.95 
 
 6.40 
 21.83 
 12.03 
 16.83 
 13.05 
 
 5.78 
 .55 
 
 9.45 
 21.30 
 
 7.81 
 25.69 
 
 26.16 
 
 Fuel and light 
 
 5.98 
 
 Food 
 
 ■• 38.74 
 
 General supplies 
 
 .79 
 
 
 1.29 
 
 Clothing .i. . . . 
 
 4.39 
 
 Medical attention 
 
 2.42 
 3.39 
 
 Lodge and union .... 
 
 2.63 
 
 Reading matter . 
 
 1.16 
 
 Church and charity 
 
 Recreation 
 
 .11 
 1.90 
 
 
 4.29 
 
 Car fare 
 
 1.57 
 
 Other items 
 
 5.17 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 $818.33 
 
 100.00 
 
 $1395.14 
 
 100.00 
 
 $343.88 
 
 100.00 
 
 $496.89 
 
 100.00 
 
 
 
 3 Excluding a man boatder of 15 weeks. 
 * Excluding a daughter who pays board 
 ' Excluding a son who pays board 
 
 a young 
 
 man boarder and lodger, and a child boarder 
 and lodger of 11 weeks. 
 6 For tobacco. 
 
OF KENSINGTON, PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 23 
 
 The heading Car Fare, both here and in the detailed presentation 
 of budgets, covers all car fare, both business and social, with the 
 exception of that spent for outings, which is classified under Recre- 
 ation. 
 
 Table 9. — Continued. 
 
 Summary of Expenditures of E.vch op the 23 Kensington Families, 
 
 FOR One Year, 1913-1914, 
 
 
 FamUy No. 9. 
 (4 Members.)^ 
 
 Family No. 10. 
 First Period. 
 (7 Members.)" 
 
 Family No. 10. 
 Second Period. 
 (7 Members.) 
 
 Family No. 11. 
 (5 Members.) 
 
 Item of Expenditure. 
 
 |« 
 
 llli 
 
 !« 
 
 llli 
 
 
 
 JJI 
 
 llli 
 
 Rent 
 
 Fuel and light 
 
 Food. . . . 
 
 $ 269.04 
 
 66.50 
 
 495.00 
 
 12.00 
 
 12.00 
 
 139.01 
 
 11.50 
 
 12.00 
 
 33.70 
 
 9.00 
 
 2.00 
 
 42.50 
 
 10.00 
 
 3.50 
 
 60.25 
 
 22.84 
 
 5.65 
 
 42.02 
 
 1.02 
 
 1.02 
 
 11.80 
 
 .98 
 
 1.02 
 
 2.86 
 
 .76 
 
 .17 
 
 3.61 
 
 .85 
 
 .30 
 
 5.11 
 
 $ 168.00 
 45.60 
 
 696.19 
 40.15 
 31.20 
 
 515.00 
 38.25 
 55.70 
 92.62 
 15.00 
 3.96 
 50.00 
 
 275.00 
 15.00 
 64.86 
 
 7.98 
 2.16 
 
 33.05 
 1.91 
 1.48 
 
 24.45 
 1.82 
 2.64 
 4.40 
 .71 
 .19 
 2.37 
 
 13.05 
 
 .71 
 
 3.08 
 
 $ 112.00 
 
 14.00 
 
 391.00 
 
 7.05 
 
 17.80 
 
 185.12 
 
 22.85 
 
 23.90 
 
 39.56 
 
 9.01 
 
 5.69 
 
 28.14 
 
 176.66 
 
 12.66 
 
 86.51 
 
 9.89 
 1.24 
 
 34.54 
 
 .62 
 
 1.57 
 
 16.35 
 2.02 
 2.11 
 3.49 
 .80 
 .50 
 2.49 
 
 15.61 
 1.12 
 7.64 
 
 $ 168.00 
 
 34.92 
 
 610.78 
 
 25.43 
 
 36.09 
 
 263.64 
 
 106.27 
 
 150.05 
 
 72.62 
 
 14.66 
 
 29.40 
 
 26.75 
 
 147.87 
 
 4.10 
 
 81.47 
 
 9.48 
 
 1.97 
 
 34.47 
 
 Geneial supplies 
 
 Laundry 
 
 Clothing 
 
 Medical attention 
 
 Insurance 
 
 Lodge and union 
 
 Reading matter 
 
 Church and charity 
 
 Recreation 
 
 Pocket money 
 
 1.44 
 
 2.04 
 
 14.88 
 
 6.00 
 
 8.47 
 
 4.10 
 
 .83 
 
 1.66 
 
 1.51 
 
 8.34 
 
 .23 
 
 Other items . 
 
 4.60 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 $1178.00 
 
 100.00 
 
 $2106.53 
 
 100.00 
 
 $1131.95 
 
 100.00 
 
 $1772.05 
 
 100.00 
 
 ' Excluding Ist son who paid board for 5 
 months, and 2d son who paid board through- 
 out the year. 
 
 8 Excluding a young woman boarder and 
 lodger of 50 weeks. 
 
 Table 9. — Continued. 
 
 Summary of Expenditures of Each of the 23 Kensington Families, 
 
 FOR One Year, 1913-1914. 
 
 
 Family No. 12. 
 (6 Members.)' 
 
 Family 
 (2 Men 
 
 No. 13. 
 
 ibeis.)!" 
 
 Family No. 14. 
 (4 Members.)" 
 
 FamUy No. 15. 
 
 (2 Members.) 12 
 
 Item ot Expenditure. 
 
 jii 
 
 
 
 nil 
 
 1 i 
 
 n 
 
 ii 
 
 Rent 
 
 $ 91.50 
 
 106.00 
 
 700.00 
 
 30.00 
 
 6.00 
 
 267.00 
 
 15.00 
 
 124.78 
 
 43.35 
 
 22.00 
 
 36.00 
 
 60.00 
 
 60.00 
 
 34.00 
 
 106.00 
 
 5.38 
 6.23 
 
 41.14 
 
 1.76 
 
 .35 
 
 15.69 
 .88 
 7.33 
 2.55 
 1.29 
 2.12 
 3.53 
 3.53 
 2.00 
 6.23 
 
 $144.00 
 
 45.00 
 
 120.00 
 
 10.00 
 
 4.00 
 72.28 
 
 2.00 
 15.60 
 34.32 
 
 7.00 
 15.00 
 
 4.50 
 
 8.00 
 47.50 
 
 27.21 $ 156.00 
 
 12.08 
 4.53 
 
 38.72 
 1.16 
 
 29.57 
 
 .08 
 
 7.65 
 
 .58 
 .58 
 2.32 
 1.94 
 .31 
 .48 
 
 $ 28.00 16.16 
 
 Fuel and light 
 
 8.50 
 
 22.68 
 
 1.89 
 
 .76 
 13.66 
 
 .38 
 2.95 
 6.49 
 1.32 
 2.83 
 
 .85 
 
 1.51 
 
 8.98 
 
 58.50 
 
 500.00 
 
 15.00 
 
 381.81 
 
 1.00 
 
 98.80 
 
 ' 7.50 
 
 7.50 
 
 30.00 
 
 25.00 
 
 4.00 
 
 6.20 
 
 $1291.31 
 
 1.50 
 
 62.40 
 4.30 
 1.50 
 
 21.02 
 1.00 
 6.90 
 1.50 
 2.24 
 3.20 
 1.40 
 
 18.00 
 1.30 
 
 19.01 
 
 .87 
 
 Food 
 
 36.01 
 
 General supplies 
 
 2.48 
 
 
 .87 
 
 Clothing 
 
 12.13 
 
 Medical attention. 
 
 .58 
 
 
 3.98 
 
 Lodge and union 
 
 .87 
 
 
 1.29 
 
 Church and charity 
 
 Recreation .... 
 
 1.85 
 .81 
 
 
 10.39 
 
 Car fare 
 
 .75 
 
 Other items 
 
 10.97 
 
 Total 
 
 $1701.63 
 
 100.00 
 
 $529.20 
 
 100.00 
 
 100.00 
 
 $173.27 
 
 100.00 
 
 
 
 » Excluding 2 sons who pay boaid. 
 1" Husband takes meals at home on Sundays 
 only. 
 
 " Excluding a son who pays board. 
 12 Excluding 2 young women boarders and 
 lodgers. 
 
24 
 
 BUDGETS OF FAMILIES AND INDIVIDUALS 
 
 Table 9. — Continued. 
 
 Summary of Expenditures of Each op the 23 Kensington Families, 
 FOR One Year, 1913-1914. 
 
 Item of Expenditure. 
 
 Kent 
 
 Fuel and light . . . 
 
 Food 
 
 General supplies . 
 Laundry 
 
 Clothing 
 
 Medical attention . 
 
 $ 105.00 
 54.50 
 475.00 
 6.00 
 24.00 
 182.50 
 5.00 
 Insurance 
 
 Lodge and union 43.96 
 
 Reading matter I 18.00 
 
 Church and charity ! 9.00 
 
 Recreation i 156.00 
 
 Pocket money i 
 
 Car fare 15.00 
 
 Other items I 1 69.60 
 
 Total |$1263.56 
 
 Family No. 16. 
 (5 Members.) 
 
 
 
 Family No. 17. 
 (2 Members.) 13 
 
 
 100.00 
 
 235.80 
 
 60.00 
 
 546.00 
 
 10.00 
 
 3.00 
 75.00 
 
 3.00 
 13.20 
 48.62 
 
 5.00 
 
 60.00 
 
 50.00 
 
 6.00 
 
 75.00 
 
 $1190.62 
 
 
 Family No. 18. 
 (4 Members.) 
 
 
 Family No. 19. 
 (3 Members.) 
 
 a)«M X -»^ I 
 
 
 19.80 
 
 $ 42.00 
 
 18.69 , 
 
 5.04 
 
 3.65 
 
 1.62 ; 
 
 45.86 
 
 75.84 
 
 33.74 j 
 
 .84 
 
 1.00 
 
 .44 
 
 .25 
 
 
 
 6.30 
 
 11.53 
 
 5.13 i 
 
 .25 
 
 3.20 
 
 1.42 
 
 1.11 
 
 5.50 
 
 2.45 
 
 4.08 
 
 
 
 .42 
 
 .75 
 
 .33 
 
 
 25.73 
 
 11.45 
 
 5.04 
 
 23.59 
 
 10.50 
 
 4.20 
 
 29.58 
 
 13.16 
 
 .50 
 
 .90 
 
 .40 
 
 6.30 
 
 1.50 
 
 .67 
 
 100.00 
 
 $224.77 
 
 100.00 
 
 $ 192.00 
 
 88.00 
 
 480.00 
 
 96.00 
 
 52.00 
 $1122.14 
 
 8.56 
 
 4.63 
 100.00 
 
 " Excluding 2 men boarders and lodgers 
 and a baby boarder and lodger. 
 
 ing. 
 
 1* Not recorded separately under this head- 
 
 Table 9. — Continued. 
 
 Summary of Expenditures of Each of the 23 Kensington Families, 
 FOR One Year, 1913-1914. 
 
 
 Family No. 20. 
 (4 Members.)" 
 
 FamUy No. 21. 
 (6 Members.) 
 
 FamUy No. 22. 
 (5 Members.) i« 
 
 Family No. 23. 
 (7 Members.) 
 
 Item of Expenditure. 
 
 
 Per Cent, 
 of Total 
 Expendi- 
 tures. 
 
 Amount, 
 4 Weeks. 
 
 Per Cent, 
 ot Total 
 Expendi- 
 tures. 
 
 n fl OS 
 
 Percent, 
 of Total 
 Expendi- 
 tures. 
 
 hi 
 
 Per Cent, 
 of Total 
 Expendi- 
 tures. 
 
 Rent 
 
 $ 30.00 
 
 9.10 
 
 73.53 
 
 1.80 
 
 8.00 
 
 42.29 
 
 2.85 
 
 3.20 
 
 .40 
 
 1.03 
 
 .10 
 
 .94 
 4.90 
 
 16.84 
 5.11 
 
 41.28 
 1.01 
 4.49 
 
 23.74 
 
 1.60 
 
 1.80 
 
 .22 
 
 .58 
 
 .06 
 
 .53 
 2.75 
 
 $ 8.00 
 
 1.00 
 
 27.20 
 
 .72 
 
 3.22 
 
 1.25 
 
 1.80 
 
 .50 
 
 .40 
 
 .40 
 .50 
 
 17.78 
 2.22 
 
 60.46 
 1.60 
 
 7.16 
 2.78 
 4.00 
 
 1... 
 
 .89 
 
 .89 
 1.11 
 
 $ 96.00 17.29 
 
 27.00! 4.86 
 
 338.001 60.88 
 
 12.00 2.16 
 
 $132.00 
 
 30.00 
 
 312.00 
 
 12.00 
 
 28.00 
 
 145.00 
 
 5.00 
 
 35.36 
 
 4.00 
 
 12.00 
 
 57.00 
 
 5.00 
 
 $777:36 
 
 16.98 
 
 Fuel and light 
 
 3.86 
 
 Food 
 
 General supplies 
 
 40.14 
 1.54 
 
 Laundry 
 
 Clothing 
 
 2.50 
 36.40 
 
 5.00 
 20.80 
 
 1.00 
 
 4.00 
 1.50 
 5.00 
 6.00 
 
 .45 
 6..56 
 
 .90 
 3.75 
 
 .18 
 
 .72 
 
 .27 
 
 .90 
 
 1.08 
 
 3.60 
 18.65 
 
 MedicaTattention 
 
 .64 
 
 Insurance 
 
 Lodge and union 
 
 Reading matter 
 
 Church and charity 
 
 Recreation. . . 
 
 4.55 
 
 .51 
 
 1.54 
 
 Pocket money 
 
 Car fare . . . 
 
 7.33 
 .64- 
 
 Other items 
 
 
 Total 
 
 $178.14 
 
 100.00 
 
 $44.99 
 
 100.00 
 
 $555.20 
 
 100.00 
 
 100.00 
 
 "Excluding a woman boarder and lodger 
 for the first 4 weeks, and 2 men boarders and 
 
 lodgers and a man lodger for the second 4 weeks. 
 " Excluding a man boarder and lodger. 
 
OF KENSINGTON, PHILADELPHIA. 25 
 
 FAMILY BUDGETS IN DETAIL. 
 FAMILY NO. 1. 
 Membership and Occupation. 
 
 Member. Age, Years. Occupation. 
 
 Father 40 Cloth weaver. 
 
 Mother 41 Housekeeper. 
 
 Son 3| 
 
 Daughter 14 months. 
 
 Young woman boarder and lodger, 2 meals per day on week days and 
 3 meals per day on Sundays, for 7 weeks. Paid $2.75 per week. 
 
 Type of Family. — Mr. and Mrs. F. are English. They were 
 married in England five years before this study was begun, and 
 came to the United States and settled in Kensington immediately 
 after their marriage. Mrs. F. has an interesting personality. 
 Though she has had to work hard all of her life, having begun to 
 earn her living as a baby's nurse when she was a child, she 
 has spent her spare moments in reading. She is familiar with 
 many of the best English authors, and is able to discuss current 
 social questions intelligently. Though she is a socialist in theory, 
 Mrs. F. does not believe in revolutionary methods. '*I used to be 
 bitter," she says, ^'but I am not so any more. I have hard times, 
 but slices of good luck come too.'' 
 
 With regard to her manner of living and to the disposition of the 
 family income, Mrs. F. follows her own independent ideas, regard- 
 less of the standards of her neighbors. For instance, she prefers a 
 savings account to a ''parlor set." Her aim is to lay aside $100 
 each year, no matter how much she has to deny herself. The year 
 before the account for this study was begun, the family income 
 averaged $13 per week; in addition to regular expenses, the fol- 
 lowing had to be met: 
 
 Dentist's bill $17.50 
 
 Doctor (confinement) 20.00 
 
 Nurse (confinement) 12.00 
 
 Doctor (other illness) 8.00 
 
 Total $57.50 
 
 In spite of these extraordinary expenses, Mrs. F. put $100 into 
 her savings fund. 
 
 The Account. — The account for this study was carefully kept for a 
 year (March 22, 1913-March 20, 1914). 
 
26 BUDGETS OF FAMILIES AND INDIVIDUALS 
 
 Income. — The father's wages averaged $12.28 per week, for the 
 year of the account. The family had practically no source of 
 income other than the father's wages. 
 
 ^ House. — This family occupies a brick house which rents for $11 
 per month. It has two rooms and a shed on the first floor, and two 
 sleeping rooms and a bathroom on the second floor. The toilet is 
 in the yard. The house is heated by the kitchen range, a gas 
 radiator, and a coal stove upstairs. The cooking is done on the coal 
 range and a gas range. The interior of the house is bare and 
 shabby, though an old square piano brought from Mrs. F.'s home 
 in England, and a little homemade shelf with its wosn copies of 
 Shakespeare, Carlyle, and Tennyson, and a few other classics, lend 
 an air of refinement to the place. Some plain wooden chairs and 
 an old dining table, complete the furniture downstairs. There are 
 no carpets or curtains. Upstairs there are just the few necessary 
 articles. 
 
 Food. — The actual food expenditure for the year was $241.75. 
 The year included a two weeks' vacation, however, for Mrs. F. 
 and the children, during which their food cost them nothing. If 
 the whole family had been at home for fifty-two weeks, their total 
 expenditure for food, reckoned on the basis of the expenditure for 
 the weeks in which they were at home, would have been $245.96. 
 The food allowance for the family, according to the ''fair standard " 
 of the government report for the cotton-mill workers' families in 
 Fall River, would be as follows : ^ 
 
 Father $ 94.64 
 
 Mother 75.71 
 
 Son 37.85 
 
 Daughter 28.39 
 
 Young woman boarder (two meals per day on week days, and 
 three meals per day on Sundays, for seven weeks) 7.28 
 
 Total $243.87 
 
 The food expenditure of Mrs. F.'s family was therefore just 
 above the amount required by the ''fair standard" of the govern- 
 ment report, — an amount which is believed to be too low to furnish 
 
 1 6l8t Congress, 2d Session, Senate Document No. 645, Vol. XVI, op. cit., pp. 
 24, 238, 243. The amounts allowed by the authors of the government report 
 for a "fair standard" of food, clothing, etc., for the various members of a Fall 
 River family, according to sex and age, may be found in Appendix A of the 
 present study. 
 
OF KENSINGTON, PHILADELPHIA. 27 
 
 a Kensington family with a fair diet, at the time of this study. (For 
 a suggested fair allowance for food, see pages 134-137 of this study.) 
 
 Clothing. — This family spends little for clothing. For the year 
 of the account, this item came to $63.21. Mrs. F.'s clothing 
 cost but $16.27 for the year. She had a few articles given her. 
 Her mother in England sent her some material for a petticoat and 
 two dresses for the baby. She also had a ooat given her (second- 
 hand), and six dresses for the baby.^ Some secondhand clothing 
 bought at a rummage sale, is recorded in the account. 
 
 Medical Attention. — Doctor's bills added considerably to the 
 expense items for the year. Mrs. F. had to have a slight operation 
 performed upon herself, and there was other illness in the family. 
 The total expenditure for medical attention was $24.60. 
 
 Church. — Mrs. F. attends a small Episcopal church, where she 
 gives only her *'mite'' in the collection. She says she cannot afford 
 to attend a church where regular diies are required, as the standard 
 of contribution in the United States is too high for her. Mr. F. 
 does not attend church. 
 
 Dues. — Mr. F. belongs to a men's club, and Mrs. F., to a 
 mothers' club, both of which are connected with a neighborhood 
 social settlement. The husband's dues are $3 per year; the wife's, 
 $1. Neither Mr. nor Mrs. F. belongs to any other society. Mr. 
 F. is not a member of any labor union. The only entries under the 
 heading Dues, besides those for the settlement clubs, are for the 
 cooperative store. Mrs. F. was a member of the Kensington 
 cooperative enterprise until its failure shortly before the close of 
 this account. The shares of the enterprise were $20 apiece. Mrs. 
 F.'s share was not fully paid for. She was in the habit of buying 
 at the cooperative store, one large order a week, principally staples. 
 All of her meat and other perishable food she bought from near-by 
 dealers in small quantities, because she could not afford to buy 
 sufficient ice to keep them. She bought her coal at the cooperative 
 store, and saved something on that. When the enterprise failed in 
 March, 1914, all the members lost their shares. Mrs. F.'s loss was 
 $9.50. 
 
 Recreation. — The account shows that the family had little recre- 
 ation. The mother and the two children were away for two weeks 
 in July, at a country vacation house which is supported by charity. 
 
 ^ The only assistance that Mrs. F. received during the period of her account, 
 besides these articles of clothing, was that of a gift of groceries and a dinner 
 at Christmas. 
 3 
 
28 
 
 BUDGETS OF FAMILIES AND INDIVIDUALS 
 
 There was no expense in connection with this outing. The father 
 had no vacation. A magazine now and then, and an occasional 
 lecture or entertainment given at the neighborhood settlement 
 hguse, furnish all the recreation that Mr. and Mrs. F. can afford. 
 
 Pocket Money. — This family follows the prevailing Kensington 
 custom of having the mother take charge of the purse and provide 
 for the family needs. Mr. F. gives over his entire earnings to his 
 wife. The only money that he has to spend himself is the *' pocket 
 money'' that his wife allows him, and this varies from week to 
 week according to what Mrs. F. can spare. Mrs. F. also pays for 
 some of her husband's tobacco, in addition to giving hija the small 
 allowance of ''pocket money." Mr. F. uses his "pocket money" 
 for tobacco, for candy for the children, and for car rides for the 
 family. He is not a total abstainer from principle, as his wife is, 
 but — ^to use Mrs. F.'s expression — ''he is a very careful man, and 
 spends practically nothing for (irinks, because he cannot afford it." 
 The two items, — Mr. F.'s "pocket money" and the additional 
 amount spent by Mrs. F. for her husband's tobacco, — came to 
 $23.47 for the year. 
 
 Standard of Living. — The total income for the year was $669.15. 
 In spite of her economy, Mrs. F. had to break her rule, this year, of 
 laying aside $100, — her balance being only $70.17, of which she 
 added but $41.16 to her savings account. This family enjoys 
 little beyond the bare necessaries of life; it has a struggle to keep 
 above the poverty line. 
 
 INCOME. 
 
 Onb Year (52 Weeks or 364 Days), March 22, 1913-Mabch 20, 1914, Actually Recorded 
 
 Income. 
 Amounts are recorded for weekly pay intervals. In date column is indicated the first day of each 
 
 fourth week. 
 
 Father, Wages. 
 
 Father, Wages. 
 
 Father, Wages. 
 
 Father, Wages. 
 
 
 ^J 
 
 
 *; 
 
 
 4»- 
 
 
 *i 
 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 § 
 
 Date. 
 
 
 Date. 
 
 < 
 
 Date. 
 
 < 
 
 Date. 
 
 o 
 
 s 
 
 
 
 
 
 March 22, 1913. 
 
 $12.98 
 
 June 28, 1913. 
 
 $13.26 
 
 Oct. 4, 1913. 
 
 $14.89 
 
 Jan. 10, 1914 . 
 
 1 
 
 
 12.98 
 
 
 6.26 
 
 
 18.83 
 
 
 $16.22 
 
 
 12.98 
 
 July 12 
 
 12.60 
 
 
 13.79 
 
 Jan. 24 
 
 10.00 
 
 
 18.72 
 
 
 1.26 
 
 
 10.54 
 
 
 20.66 
 
 AprU 19 
 
 13.97 
 
 
 14.85 
 
 Nov. 1 
 
 13.68 
 
 
 15.36 
 
 
 12.98 
 
 
 7.80 
 
 
 16.80 
 
 
 9.86 
 
 
 12.98 
 
 Aug. 9 
 
 17.24 
 
 
 11.16 
 
 Feb. 21 
 
 17.86 
 
 
 12.98 
 
 
 13.95 
 
 
 12.83 
 
 
 12.65 
 
 May 17... 
 
 14.98 
 
 
 9.51 
 
 Nov. 29 
 
 17.04 
 
 
 9.40 
 
 
 12.28 
 
 
 18.84 
 
 
 7.52 
 
 
 16.53 
 
 
 7.22 
 
 Sept. 6 
 
 14.06 
 
 
 16.04 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 7.22 
 
 
 7.89 
 
 
 11.44 
 
 
 $638.74 
 
 June 14 
 
 7.22 
 13.26 
 
 
 15.59 
 14.94 
 
 Dec. 27 
 
 4.84 
 
 
 
 1 No work. 
 
OF KENSINGTON, PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 29 
 
 Income from all Sources. 
 
 Father, wages $638.74 
 
 Mother, earnings from sewing 3.25 
 
 Young woman boarder and lodger, 7 weeks @ $2.75 19.25 
 
 Interest on savings 7.91 
 
 Total income, one year, actually recorded $669.15 
 
 FATHER, WAGES. 
 One Year. 
 
 CHART / 
 
 CLOTHING FOR ONE YEAR, MARCH 22, 1913-MARCH 20, 1914. 
 
 Father. 
 
 Suit $18.50 
 
 Tiousers 1.50 
 
 Shoe repairs 3.25 
 
 Shirts 2.89 
 
 Underwear 1.73 
 
 Socks 74 
 
 Sundries 95 
 
 $29.56 
 Mother. 
 
 Dresses (2) $ 1.60 
 
 Hat 1.00 
 
 Dress goods 2.09 
 
 Underwear 3.11 
 
 Petticoat 39 
 
 Corsets (1 pair) 75 
 
 Shoe repairs 1.80 
 
 Stockings 1.51 
 
 Nightgowns 1.18 
 
 Sundries 2.84 
 
 $16.27 
 
 Son. 
 
 Goods for suits $1.90 
 
 Hats 50 
 
 Shoes 4.00 
 
 Shoe repairs 60 
 
 Stockings .51 
 
 Underwear 1.00 
 
 Sundries 1.08 
 
 $9.59 
 
 Daughter. 
 
 Dress goods $ .25 
 
 Cap. ..: 50 
 
 Ribbon 37 
 
 Underwear 84 
 
 Shoes 3.0O 
 
 Shoe repairs 1,70 
 
 Stockings 68 
 
 Sundries 35 
 
 $7.69 
 
30 
 
 BUDGETS OF FAMILIES AND INDIVIDUALS 
 
 y-iOQ U5000>00 
 
 si 
 
 iOON05t0 05t> 
 
 
 §2 
 
 ^^ 
 
 
 1^ 
 
 Sc.- 
 
 O rH O »0 CO 1-1 CO COW<N<N O50CCOC500 o6 
 O >-l lO 05 lO Tl^ (N COt^THO rH (M c«5 t^ O C>^ (NO 
 
 i-HiOiO M» 
 
 §ss?g 
 
 IIOtJ< (NrH, 
 
 (N Tjt r^ Oi t^ •* ■* U3 O 00 1^ to IC <N O •* OS »C lO (N O »0 05 
 
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 lUjTj* rHrH 
 
 »0 CO rH (M CO O 00 00 »0 l^ --H 00 COOOSO 0»00 «00 0» »Ci CO 
 C^ CD i-< •* O O CO O 00 00 CO Tj* COCOrftIN (N Tt* CO CIO (N CO C^ 
 
 <N COi 
 
 O <-! O OS CO t^ CO O •^ "5 OJ "-I COt>.eO CO t>.iC U3 •«*( 1-1 
 
 (N O O CO Tj< r-l rH ,-H OS CO CO »0 (Nl^CO to lO .-H (N Oi OS 
 
 CO lO Tj* f-l CO rH , 
 
 OlMTt<OC005<N 0SOC0»0 ■* (M-^OO C 
 
 oqocoO'-Hco oqicoq-«* .-; 
 
 ! >C CO .-i CO i-< rH ■ 'r-JoO N 
 
 (NO 00 
 
 OCOt^'^t^rJ*© »0'^0S(NO <r5C0C0>O(N»OiO 
 IC r-H (N >0 00 rH Tj< 00 CO CO CO O CD CO t>- O CO OS O 
 
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 UOO "CXN 
 
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 So CO 
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 IC OS CO CO '-< O lO CO O (N lOOS c^>o 
 
 05(Nt>;CO'<i;i-;eo.-<t>co coi-; »o(N 
 
 Tji 1-5 CO i-i r-i 'i-irH '(N "r-t oj i-J 
 
 (N .-H 
 
 O CI 
 
 5g 
 
 •^OOCD'«1<0(N(N05CO iOt^00t>-iOC^t*00 
 
 »c 1-1 CO CO (N q 1-; oq Tj< (n -* -h --^ r^ t>; o co 
 
 loq 
 
 tsl U5 IH CO l-l f-4 1-1 
 
 
 
 » 4> ., 
 
 O 
 
 P. 
 
 3 ^ 
 
 
 M-S flO «^ M 
 
 • • O 
 
 • • « 
 . • o 
 
 . • 03 
 
 ill 
 
 ;l| 
 
 a? a &J5 : M « su «^ M^ >>-§'^ s 
 .s-Mii c-2 >.2 s « fc! S §.g-S sj g ..9 2:3 «.-S g-S^S 
 
 I « 4) C a, 08 (ca o 2 3 « (S-sikH O^Ti ^ "* flj'm^ 53 h t<-« 03 
 
 be 
 
 OT> 
 
 00 OS 
 (3SCO 
 U3CD 
 
 S(N 
 
 «» 
 
 So 
 
 OJ-rt 
 
 as 
 
 5« 
 11 "^ 
 
 Of 
 
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 2^5 
 
 II 
 
 
 O eS 
 
 Qj a;- 
 
 i (C 
 
 « .S' 
 
 S ! 
 
 
 08 X! 
 e3 OS 
 
 ^2 
 
OF KENSINGTON, PHILADELPHIA. 31 
 
 FAMILY NO. 2. 
 Membership and Occupation. 
 
 Member. Age, Years. Occupation. 
 
 Husband 41 Twister and drawer-in in up- 
 holstery and draperies mill. 
 Wife 40 Housekeeper. 
 
 Type of Family. — Mr. and Mrs. A. are English. Mr. A. came to 
 the United States when he was twenty years old. Mrs. A., his 
 then affianced bride, was to follow him shortly, but the death of 
 her father kept her at home for seven years, to help support her 
 mother. At the end of that time she came to America and was 
 married to Mr. A. They have lived in Kensington ever since. 
 During their fourteen years of married life they have had no 
 children until the year of this account. On December 10, 1913, a 
 baby was born to them, dying at birth. 
 
 The Account. — The account for this study was carefully kept for 
 a year (March 16, 1913-March 14, 1914). 
 
 Income. — Mr. A. earns an average of $17 per week. He gives over 
 his earnings to his wife, and she gives him back regularly $1.25 
 per week, for '^ pocket money." Mr. A. uses his "pocket money" 
 for tobacco and incidental expenses. 
 
 House. — Mr. and Mrs. A. occupy a brick house which rents for 
 $12 per month. It has six rooms and a bath, a toilet in the yard, 
 a coal range and a gas range in the kitchen, and a hot air furnace 
 in the cellar. The house is well furnished and is neatly kept. 
 
 Food. — The food expenditure for the year was $202.79. The 
 yearly food expenditure for a man and his wife, on the basis of the 
 ''fair standard" of the government report for Fall River families, 
 would be as follows : ^ 
 
 Husband $ 94.64 
 
 Wife 75.71 
 
 Total ^ $170.35 
 
 The food expenditure of this family was therefore above the 
 amount required by the Fall River standard. Following is the 
 menu for five days in the spring of 1913: 
 
 ^ 61st Congress, 2d Session, Senate Document No. 645, Vol. XVI, op. dt., p. 
 243. 
 
32 BUDGETS OF FAMILIES AND INDIVIDUALS 
 
 Menu for Five Days in the Spring of 1913. 
 Sunday. 
 
 Breakfast : Flitch and eggs, dried peaches, bread and butter, coffee. 
 
 Dinner: Meat and potato pie, strawberry pastry, milk. 
 
 Supper: Rump steak, new potatoes, greens, bread and butter, tea, cake. 
 Monday. 
 
 Breakfast : Boiled eggs, dried peaches, bread and butter, coffee. 
 
 Dinner: Rump steak, new potatoes, greens, pickled onions, mint and currant 
 pastry. 
 
 Supper: Rum>^atea^, radishes, bread and butter, tea, cake. 
 Tuesday. 
 
 Breakfast: Boiled eggs, bread and butter, coffee. 
 
 Dinner: Fried ham, jam, bread and butter, tea. 
 
 Supper: Rhubarb, raisin pastry, tea. 
 Wednesday. 
 
 Breakfast: Eggs, bread and butter, coffee. 
 
 Dinner: Ham and cabbage, new potatoes, rhubarb and raisins, suet pudding 
 with sweet sauce. 
 
 Supper: Boiled ham, salad (lettuce, onion, and mint), bread and butter, 
 tea, cake. 
 Thursday. 
 
 Breakfast: Poached eggs, bread and butter, coffee. 
 
 Dinner: Pork chops, new potatoes, greens, green gages, pastry. 
 
 Supper: Chops, bread and butter, tea, cake. 
 
 Clothing. — Mrs. A. understands dressmaking, and has recently- 
 taken a course in millinery at an evening school; so she is able to 
 make both her dresses and her hats. Though the account shows 
 her clothing expenditure for the year to have been but $26.62, 
 she is always well dressed. Mr. A.'s clothing expenditure for the 
 year was small, being only $23.50. The Fall River ''fair standard " 
 clothing allowance for a man is $45.75.^ Clothing expenditure, 
 however, is an item which it is practically impossible to standardize 
 on a yearly basis, since many articles s rve for more than one 
 season. For instance, the Fall River standard of $45.75 includes $6 
 as half price of an overcoat. Mr. A. did not have to buy an over- 
 coat during the winter of this account He had only one new suit 
 during the year. This cost $17. 
 
 Medical Attention — The account includes the expenses of the 
 baby's birth; the mother was ill for a long time. The total 
 expenditure for physician, nurse, and medicine, for the mother, 
 amounted to $70. 
 
 Standard of Living. — The total income for the year was $757.09; 
 the total expenditures were $735.01, leaving a balance of $22.08. 
 
 ^61st Congress, 2d Session, Senate Document No. 645, Vol. XVI, op. cit., 
 pp. 239, 243. 
 
OF KENSINGTON, PHILADELPHIA 
 
 33 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. A. enjoy, on the whole, a comfortable standard of 
 living, including a moderate amount of recreation. That so high a 
 standard can be maintained on an income of $17 per week, is largely 
 due to Mrs. A.'s ability, and to the fact that she has no children, 
 and therefore has time to make her clothing and to care for her 
 home. Mr. A., as well as his wife, is desirous of maintaining a 
 high standard, and of utilizing his earnings to good advantage. 
 He is temperate in his habits, and is ambitious to advance in his 
 line of work. During the year of the account he was attending 
 an evening textile school. 
 
 INCOME. 
 
 OvE Year (.52 Weeks or 364 Days), March 16, 1913-March 14, 1914, Actually Recorded 
 
 Income. 
 Amoiints are recorded for weekly pay intervals.. In date column is indicated the first day of each 
 
 fourth week. 
 
 Husband, Wages. 
 
 Husband, Wages. 
 
 Husband, Wages. 
 
 Husband, Wages. 
 
 Date. 
 
 c 
 i 
 
 Date. 
 
 1 
 
 o 
 
 1 
 
 Date, 
 
 S 
 
 < 
 
 Date. 
 
 c 
 
 3 
 C 
 
 s 
 
 < 
 
 .Mar. 16, 1913 . 
 
 Apr. 13 
 
 May 11 
 
 $17.00 
 17.00 
 13.91 
 15.45 
 15.45 
 
 1.50 
 
 7.60 
 13.99 
 
 7.73 
 15.45 
 12.36 
 12.36 
 
 9.27 
 
 June 22, 1913. 
 July 6 
 
 Aug. 3 
 
 Aug. 31 
 
 $18.39 
 19.32 
 17.00 
 8.81 
 15.45 
 17.00 
 17.00 
 18.39 
 17.00 
 
 2 
 
 14.912 
 17.00 
 17.00 
 17.00 
 
 Sept. 28, 1913. 
 
 Oct. 26 
 
 Nov. 23 
 
 Dec. 21 ..... . 
 
 $16.00 
 17.00 
 17.00 
 17.00 
 15.38 
 14.76 
 17.00 
 17.00 
 14.73 
 17.00 
 17.00 
 17.00 
 17.00 
 9.33 
 
 Jan. 4,1914. 
 Jan. 18 
 
 Feb. 15 
 
 $ 6.55 
 17.00 
 17.00 
 17.00 
 17.00 
 17.00 
 18.00 
 17.00 
 17.00 
 17.00 
 
 June 8 
 
 $757.09 
 
 No wages on account of strike. 
 
 2 Mr. and Mrs. A. were away on a ten days' vacation , 
 
 HUSBAND, WAGES. 
 One Year. 
 
 CMRT ^ 
 
34 
 
 BUDGETS OF FAMILIES AND INDIVIDUALS 
 
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OF KENSINGTON, PHILADELPHIA. 35 
 
 CLOTHING FOR ONE YEAR, MARCH 16, 1913-MARCH 14, 1914. 
 
 Wife . — Continued. 
 
 Husband. Notions 1.00 
 
 Suit $17.00 Hat shapes 2.08 
 
 Trousers 1.50 Hat trimmings . 3.94 
 
 Shirt 1.00 Neckwear materials 1.27 
 
 Underwear 1.50 Shoes (1 pair) 3.00 
 
 Shoe repairs 1.90 Shoe repairs 1.95 
 
 Sundries 60 Stockings 35 
 
 Apron materials 1.56 
 
 $23.50 Corsets (1 pair) 1.50 
 
 Nightgown 1.38 
 
 Wife. Sundries 80 
 
 Dress goods $ 3.43 Purses 1.50 
 
 Patterns 45 Ring guard 75 
 
 Dress trimmings 1.49 
 
 Belting 17 $26.62 
 
 FAMILY NO. 3. 
 Membership and Occupation. 
 
 Member. Age, Years. Occupation. 
 
 Father 34 Driver and laborer. 
 
 Mother 33 Housekeeper. Does "lace work" 
 
 at home. 
 
 First son 11 In school. 
 
 Second son 6 In school. 
 
 Type of Family. — Mr. M. is a German; he came to America 
 when he was six years old, and has lived in Kensington ever since. 
 Mrs. M. is a Swede; she has lived in Kensington since she was eight 
 years old. Mr. and Mrs. M. have been married for twelve years. 
 
 The Account. — The account for this study was carefully kept for a 
 year (November 10, 1913-November 8, 1914). At the close of the 
 period, Mrs. M. remarked with regard to her account books: 
 ''Everything is down to the half soling of shoes, and I don't think 
 I've forgotten anything. If I have, it wouldn't amount to more 
 than fifty cents' worth in the whole year." 
 
 Income. — Just before this account was started (November 10, 
 1913), Mr. M. left a position which he had held for eight years, as 
 driver for a large stove foundry. After being out of work for one 
 week, he took a position as driver for another establishment, and 
 remained in that position until April 13, 1914. For the next four 
 weeks he was at home, ill. After that he secured a position as 
 laborer with an electric storage battery company, and is still in 
 this position at the close of this account (November, 1914). 
 
 In the position which Mr. M. held prior to the beginning of this 
 account, he was paid $10.50 per week, and ''dinner money," besides 
 "extras" when he had very heavy loads to lift. He gave over to 
 his wife $10 each week for household expenses. With the money 
 
36 BUDGETS OF FAMILIES AND INDIVIDUALS 
 
 that he saved out for himself, he bought his clothing, including 
 shoes and all other articles, except underwear, socks, and working 
 shirts, which Mrs. M. bought out of the household funds. 
 
 Ib his second position as driver (November 17, 1913-April 13, 
 1914), Mr. M. earned $13 per week. He gave his wife $10 per week, 
 as before, but had less left for himself than under the former system 
 of payment with its ''extras." Of the three dollars which he kept, 
 Mr. M. used ninety cents for ''dinner money," sixty cents for car 
 fare, and about fifty cents for feed for pigeons, which he kept for 
 pleasure. He had $1 left for "spending money"; out of this he 
 paid his union dues of fifty cents per month. • 
 
 In his present position Mr. M. earns $9 per week, unless the 
 works are not running full time, when a deduction is made for the 
 time the employes are laid off. Mr. M. gives over all his wages 
 to his wife now, and saves out no car fare and no "dinner money." 
 He carries his luncheons from home. His wife has been able to 
 spare him only twenty-five cents per week for "spending money" 
 since he began to work in his present position. The pigeons had 
 to be sold and the union dues have not been kept up. Though 
 Mr. M.'s wage is at present small, he considers himself fortunate 
 to have had steady work of any kind during this period when so 
 many Kensington workingmen have been idle. 
 
 Mrs. M. adds to the family income by cutting lace which she 
 takes home from a mill near by. Lace edging is turned out in large 
 sheets by the machines in the mills. Women who want part time 
 work then take these sheets home and cut apart the scalloped 
 rows by hand. This work is paid for at the rate of five cents per 
 dozen yards. Mrs. M.'s earnings, as copied from her "mill book," 
 are recorded in the income table. 
 
 House. — Mr. and Mrs. M. have been buying their house for the 
 past two years. At the outset, Mr. M.'s mother paid $1,000 
 toward it with money she had earned by washing. This payment 
 was a gift on her part; she expects nothing in return except to be 
 taken care of when she is too old to work. The remainder of the 
 price, — $550, — Mr. and Mrs. M. are paying to a building and loan 
 association in monthly installments of $5.50, which amount includes 
 interest. 
 
 The house is of brick, and has two rooms and a shed on the first 
 floor, two rooms and a bath on the second floor, and a toilet in the 
 yard. It would rent for $12 per month. The rooms are small, 
 but the house is in good condition. It has a porcelain kitchen sink 
 
OF KENSINGTON, PHILADELPHIA. ' 37 
 
 and a porcelain bath tub. The first floor is heated by the kitchen 
 range and a heating stove; the second floor, by two hot water 
 radiators which are connected with the kitchen range. Besides 
 the coal range, there is a three burner hot-plate for cooking. The 
 home is neat and well kept. The parlor is furnished with a hair 
 cloth set and an organ. The other rooms are simply furnished. 
 
 Food. — The food expenditure for the year was $292.79, making 
 an average of $5.63 per week. The weekly food allowance for this 
 family, on the basis of the ''fair standard" of the government report 
 for Fall River families, would be as follows: ^ 
 
 Father $1.82 
 
 Mother 1.46 
 
 First son ' 1.09 . 
 
 Second son 91 
 
 Total $5.28 
 
 This family's food expenditure was therefore somewhat above the 
 allowance of the Fall River standard. That allowance,, however, 
 as already stated, is believed to be too low for Kensington families 
 at the time of this study. Mrs. M.'s daily record indicates a 
 meager diet. 
 
 Clothing. — Clothing is conspicuously the chief item on which 
 this family economizes. The clothing expenditure for the entire 
 family for the year amounted to but $48.35. The mother makes 
 over the father's underwear for the children, and uses her ingenuity 
 in various ways to keep down clothing expense. 
 
 Medical Attention. — The expenditure for medical attention was 
 $8.50. As stated above, the father was ill for four weeks. The 
 older son is delicate, apparently being predisposed to tuberculosis; 
 most of the expenditure .under this heading was for him. The 
 mother is not strong. The younger son appears to be sturdy. 
 
 Church. — Mrs. M. attends a Methodist church, but is not a 
 member; she gives five cents in the offering when she goes to church. 
 The children go regularly to Sunday school. The older boy is a 
 member of the church, and gives five cents a week in his envelope. 
 Mr. M. does not attend church. 
 
 Recreation. — The expenditure for recreation was $2.25, and was 
 mostly for moving pictures. Mrs. M. had hoped to be able to 
 
 161st Congress, 2d Session, Senate Document No. 645, Vol. XVI, op. dt., 
 pp. 24, 238. 
 
38 
 
 BUDGETS OF FAMILIES AND INDIVIDUALS 
 
 send her delicate son to the country for the summer, but the father's 
 illness of four weeks in April and May, left the family entirely 
 dependent upon the mother's earnings during that time, so that 
 all hopes for a vacation had to be given up. 
 
 Standard of Living. — The total income for the year was $644.64; 
 the total expenditures were $602.73, leaving a balance of $41.91. 
 By careful management Mrs. M. makes ends meet, but her budget 
 shows great economy. Very little beyond what was absolutely 
 essential could be afforded this year. "I'll just have to do with- 
 out papering and lots of things I had intended to get,'' Mrs. M. said 
 to the investigator, after her husband was taken ill. 
 
 INCOME. 
 
 One Year (52 Weeks or 364 Days), November 10, 1913-November 8, 1914, Actually 
 
 Recorded Income. 
 Amounts are recorded for weekly pay intervals. In date column is indicated the first day of each 
 
 foiirth week. 
 
 Father, Wages. 
 
 Mother, Wages. 
 
 Father, Wages. 
 
 Mother, Wages. 
 
 Date. 
 
 4^ 
 a 
 
 Date. 
 
 1 
 < 
 
 Date. 
 
 1 
 
 < 
 
 Date. 
 
 1 
 
 Nov. 10, 1913 . 
 
 Dec. 8 
 
 Jan. 5, 1914 . 
 
 Feb. 2 
 
 Mar. 2 
 
 Mar. 30 
 
 $13.00 
 13.00 
 13.00 
 13.00 
 13.00 
 13.00 
 13.00 
 13.00 
 13.00 
 13.00 
 13.00 
 13.00 
 13.00 
 13.00 
 8.68 
 13.00 
 13.00 
 13.00 
 13.00 
 13.00 
 13.00 
 13.00 
 
 Nov. 10, 1913. 
 
 Dec. 8 
 
 Jan. 5, 1914. 
 
 Feb. 2 
 
 Mar. 2 
 
 Mar. 30 
 
 April 27 
 
 $2.05 
 1.31 
 1.64 
 2.16 
 1.34 
 1.92 
 
 1.88 
 1.55 
 2.11 
 2.00 
 1.40 
 1.30 
 2.10 
 1.00 
 2.10 
 2.85 
 1.70 
 2.77 
 2.24 
 1.37 
 
 1.50 
 3.06 
 4.00 
 2.75 
 4.36 
 
 May 18, 1914. 
 May 25 
 
 June 22 
 
 July 20 
 
 Aug. 17 
 
 Sept. 14 ..'... . 
 
 Oct. 12 
 
 $ 9.00 
 9.00 
 9.00 
 9.00 
 9.00 
 9.00 
 9.00 
 8.50 
 9.00 
 9.00 
 9.00 
 9.00 
 9.00 
 9.00 
 9.00 
 9.00 
 9.00 
 7.40 
 9.00 
 7.25 
 9.00 
 9.00 
 9.00 
 9.00 
 9.00 
 
 May 18, 1914. 
 May 25...... 
 
 June 22 
 
 July 20 
 
 Aug. 17 
 
 Sept. 14 
 
 Oct. 12 
 
 $ 2.50 
 3.68 
 4.23 
 2.82 
 1.30 
 4.20 
 
 4.50 
 4.50 
 
 5.87 
 5.50 
 6.47 
 5.09 
 3.82 
 5.31 
 2.75 
 
 1.80 
 3.26 
 3.76 
 3.84 
 4.75 
 5.20 
 
 April 27 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 4.20 
 
 
 $502.83 
 
 $141.81 
 
 >I11. 
 
 Income from all Sources. 
 
 Father, wages $502.83 
 
 Mother, wages 141.81 
 
 Total income, one year, actually recorded $644.64 
 
OF KENSINGTON, PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 39 
 
 
 
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40 
 
 BUDGETS OF FAMILIES AND INDIVIDUALS 
 
 CLOTHING FOR ONE YEAR, NOVEMBER 10, 1913-NOVEMBER 8, 1914. 
 
 Father. 
 
 Suit $ 8.50 
 
 Trousers 1 .00 
 
 Shirts (5) 2.33 
 
 Underwear 2.70 
 
 Socks 20 
 
 Shoes 3.00 
 
 Shoe repairs 1,95 
 
 Slippers 20 
 
 Handkerchiefs 10 
 
 Rubbers. . . 
 
 M OTHKR— Continued 
 
 35 
 
 
 
 50 
 
 
 
 
 $19.98 
 
 Mother. 
 
 Dress goods $ 1.75 
 
 House dress 49 
 
 Gingham 53 
 
 Nightgowns 85 
 
 Underwear 1.31 
 
 Stockings (5 prs.) 50 
 
 Hat trimmings 1.50 
 
 Aprons 33 
 
 Shoes 1.95 
 
 Shoe repairs 80 
 
 $10.86- 
 FiRST Son. 
 
 Trousers $ .45 
 
 Underwear 99 
 
 Stockings 68 
 
 Shoes 4.39 
 
 Shoe repairs 1.50 
 
 Rubbers 60 
 
 Suspenders 15 
 
 Sundries 30 
 
 $9.06- 
 Second Son. 
 
 Suit $1.97 
 
 Underwear M 18^ 
 
 Stockings 1.00 
 
 Shoes 2.77 
 
 Shoe repairs 1.45 
 
 Rubbers " 1.0& 
 
 $8.45 
 
 FAMILY NO. 4. 
 
 Membership and Occupation. 
 
 .Member. Age, Years. Occupation. 
 
 Father 45 Master weaver and loom fixer. 
 
 Has started an independent 
 business as weaver of cloth for 
 men's suits. 
 
 Mother 45 Housekeeper. 
 
 First son 24 Works with his father at weaving. 
 
 (Pays board.) 
 
 Second son 19 Works with his father at weaving. 
 
 Daughter 16 Apprentice at milhnery trade; left 
 
 it the first of April, 1913, in 
 order to work with her father. 
 
 Type of Family. — This is an English family of hard-working and 
 ambitious type. Because of financial reverses and the impairment 
 of Mr. I.'s health by overstudy, the family moved to the United 
 States twenty years before this study was begun, hoping to make 
 a new start. They had a hard struggle for many years after 
 they came here. "No one,*^ Mrs. I. said to the investigator during 
 the year of this account, "was poorer than myself, eleven years 
 ago, — poorer in money, in health, or in hopes.'' For several years,, 
 however, conditions have steadily improved, and by the time this 
 account was begun, Mr. and Mrs. I. had been able to save enough 
 money to pay the first installments toward buying a house through a 
 building and loan association. 
 
OF KENSINGTON, PHILADELPHIA. 41 
 
 The Account. — The account for this study was carefully kept for a 
 year (March 22, 1913-March 20, 1914). 
 
 Income. — Mr. I. is a highly skilled weaver, having become a 
 certified master weaver and loom fixer in England before he was 
 twenty years old. For a number of years prior to the beginning 
 of this account, he held a position as loom fixer, with twenty looms 
 under his care. His wage for this was $16 per week, at first; $20 
 per week, for the last four years during which he held the position. 
 This work, though it brought a fair income, was hard upon Mr. I.'s 
 health. Both of his sons, also, were doing work that was impairing 
 their health; the older son was losing his sight; the younger son, 
 who was not strong, was obliged to carry heavy loads of cloth up 
 long flights of stairs, and the strain was beginning to tell upon 
 him. 
 
 For the sake of his health and that of his sons, Mr. I. decided 
 in the spring of 1913 to rent looms and start a small, independent 
 business of his own. He placed a second mortgage of $350 upon 
 his house, in order to get the necessary capital; and in the latter 
 part of March, just as this account was begun, he rented ten looms 
 for $50 per month, and with his two sons went into the business 
 of weaving cloth for men's suits. Shortly afterward, the daughter 
 left her position as a milliner's apprentice, and joined her father 
 and brothers. In May, Mr. I. gave up four looms, paying $30 per 
 month for the remaining six. 
 
 During the summer of 1913, the new business hardly held its 
 own. The pending tariff bill made capitalists timid about investing 
 in the textile business, and the small producer, particularly, was in 
 a precarious position. In July, Mrs. I. wrote with regard to her 
 husband's new business : *' I am sorry to say we are nearly down and 
 out for work; there is not much work in sight. We only wish the 
 tariff bill would go through. It is worse waiting for it than what 
 it will be when it is passed, because every one is afraid to invest 
 money in anything belonging to weaving." An added hardship 
 was caused by a New York dealer who took Mr. I.'s cloth to sell, 
 but did not make prompt payment of the proceeds. 
 
 Since there were no profits during the summer, the household 
 expenses had to be met out of capital. Mr. I. could not afford to 
 pay his daughter anything, so in the late summer she went back to 
 the millinery business. She soon returned to her father's looms, 
 however, and from early fall on, her father paid her a small wage. 
 
 Throughout the fall, the outlook was brighter. Mr. I. found a 
 
42 BUDGETS OF FAMILIES AND INDIVIDUALS 
 
 ready market for his product, and in November he moved into 
 better quarters. Conditions have continued favorable through 
 the winter and early spring. At the close of this account (March 
 20, 1914), just one year after starting the experiment, Mr. I. has 
 eight looms on the ground floor and an office on the second floor 
 of a large building. For these he pays a rental of $50 per month. 
 He employs from three to six persons besides his three children. 
 At the time he moved into the present business quarters, Mr. I. 
 was offered $30 per week to become superintendent of a mill, but 
 he felt that he was not strong enough physically to undertake the 
 responsibility of such a position. ^ 
 
 House. — The family lives in a brick dwelling in a newly built 
 section of the mill district. The house has a front porch, a parlor, a 
 dining room, a kitchen, and a shed, on the first floor; three sleeping 
 rooms, and a bathroom well equipped with porcelain fittings and 
 toilet, on the second floor. It is heated by a hot air furnace. The 
 cooking is done on the coal range and a gas range. The house is 
 well kept, and comfortably furnished throughout. The parlor has 
 a good set of furniture, an upright piano, a bright colored rug, and 
 lace curtains. Mr. and Mrs. I. have been buying this home for 
 six years, through a building and loan association. As already 
 stated, an additional mortgage was placed upon it at the time this 
 account was begun; the expenditure table for the year, therefore 
 includes interest payments on two mortgages. 
 
 Food. — The total amount spent during the year for food was 
 $585.35, making a weekly average of $11.45 for five persons, or 
 an expenditure of $2.49 per week per man unit. As compared with 
 the Fall River ''fair standard" food allowance of $1.82 per week 
 per man unit^ this family's allowance is liberal. The following 
 was Mrs. I.'s menu for a Saturday evening meal, and for a Sunday, 
 in April, 1914: 
 
 Menu. 
 Saturday, April 11, 1914. 
 
 Tea, five o'clock: Salmon, "savory ducks,"^ boiled ham, sliced tomatoes, 
 apple cake, jelly cake, bread and butter, tea. 
 
 Sunday, April 12. 
 
 Breakfast: Cereal and milk, bacon, fried eggs, tea, bread and butter, Dutch 
 cake, oranges. 
 
 1 61st Congress, 2d Session, Senate Document No. 645, Vol. XVI, op. cil., 
 p. 238. 
 
 2 An English dish, consisting of small meat cakes. 
 
OF KENSINGTON, PHILADELPHIA. 43 
 
 Luncheon (midday on Sunday) : Boiled rice with cream, boiled ham, canned 
 peas, cold lamb, bread and butter, tea, preserved apricots. 
 
 Dinner (Sunday night): Lamb hashed with potatoes, sliced tomatoes, lady 
 fingers, strawberries, bananas, tea, bread and butter. 
 
 Clothing. — This family maintains a high standard of dress. The 
 father and the second son spent during the year for clothes, $80.28 
 and $52.75, respectively. The Fall River "fair standard " allowance 
 is $45.75 for a father, and $50.50 for a son of seventeen years or over.^ 
 The clothing of Mr. I. and his son represents even a higher standard 
 than the figures of the account indicate, as their suits are made 
 from cloth woven on their own looms, which is of better grade than 
 they could buy for the same price at retail. The son who pays 
 board buys his own clothes. 
 
 The mother's clothing expenditure for the year amounted to 
 $136.47; the daughter's, to $107.19. Their clothing, as well as 
 that of the men of the family, represents a higher standard than the 
 figures show, since they too enjoy the privilege of getting cloth from 
 Mr. I.'s looms at wholesale prices. The ''fair standard" allowance 
 for a Fall River mother is $33.75; for a daughter of sixteen years, 
 $37.2 
 
 Pocket Money and Church. — The "pocket money" item in this 
 budget is noticeable, being $209.50 for the year, for the father, 
 the second son, and the daughter. The father and the two children, 
 however, make their church contributions out of their "pocket 
 money," and their contributions are liberal. All the members of 
 the family attend an Episcopal church. The father gave $31 to 
 the church during the year. The mother's contributions came out 
 of the household fund. She gave $21.45 during the year. 
 
 Standard of Living. — The total income for the year amounted to 
 $1824.82. Practically all of this went to meet current expenses. 
 The family at present enjoys a high standard of living. Its budget 
 is of especial interest at this time, when Mr. I. is passing from the 
 status of employe to that of employer. It must not be supposed 
 that a change of this kind is an exceptional occurrence. There 
 are a considerable number of small manufacturers in Kensington, 
 who were formerly employes; Mr. I. is typical of this group. 
 
 ^ 61st Congress, 2d Session, Senate Document No. 645, Vol. XVI, op. cit., 
 pp. 239, 243. 
 
 - Idem. 
 
 •^ 4 
 
44 
 
 BUDGETS OF FAMILIES AND INDIVIDUALS 
 
 INCOME. 
 
 One Year (52 Weeks or 364 Days), March 22, 1913-March 20, 1914, Actually Recorded 
 
 Income. 
 Amounts are recorded for weekly pay intervals. In date column is indicated the first day of each 
 «. fourth week. 
 
 Second Son, Wages. 
 
 Daughter, Wages. 
 
 Second Son, Wages. 
 
 Daughter, Wages. 
 
 Date. 
 
 4i 
 1 
 
 Date. 
 
 a 
 § 
 S 
 < 
 
 Date. 
 
 < 
 
 Date. 
 
 1 
 < 
 
 Mar. 22, 1913 . 
 
 $ 9.00 
 9.00 
 
 Aug. 30, 1913. 
 
 $2.00 
 
 4.25 
 6.25 
 
 Sept. 27, 1913. 
 Oct. 4 
 
 Nov. 1 
 
 Nov. 29 
 
 Dec. 27 
 
 Jan. 24,1914. 
 
 Feb. 21 
 
 $10.00 
 10.00 
 10.00 
 10.00 
 10.00 
 10.00 
 10.00 
 
 9.00 
 10.00 
 10.00 
 
 9.00 
 10.00 
 10.00 
 10.00 
 
 8.18 
 
 8.18 
 10.00 
 10.00 
 10.00 
 10.00 
 10.00 
 
 8.60 
 10.00 
 
 8.78 
 10.00 
 
 Sept. 27, 1913. 
 
 • 
 Oct. 25 
 
 Nov. 22 
 
 Dec. 20 
 
 Jan. 17, 1914. 
 
 Feb. 14 
 
 Mar. 14 
 
 % 6.25 
 6.25 
 6.25 
 4.00 
 6.25 
 5.00 
 5.50 
 4.50 
 6.25 
 6.25 
 5.00 
 6 25 
 
 Apr. 19 
 
 May 17 
 
 9.00 
 9.00 
 6.35 
 8.50 
 9.00 
 9.00 
 
 
 9.00 
 
 1 
 
 June 14 
 
 July 12 
 
 9.00 
 9.00 
 9.00 
 9.00 
 5.00 
 9.00 
 
 6.25 
 5.00 
 5.00 
 5.00 
 6.25 
 6.25 
 6 25 
 
 Aug. 9 
 
 Sept. 6 
 
 3.00 
 
 8.25 
 8.00 
 
 10.00 
 8.00 
 8.25 
 
 10.00 
 
 6.25 
 6.25 
 5.68 
 6.25 
 6.25 
 5.80 
 
 
 $425.09 
 
 $156.73 
 
 » No woik. 
 
 Income from all Sources. 
 
 Father, salary from business, 
 
 47 weeks @ $20.00 $940.00 
 
 Iweek @ 15.00 15.00 $ 955.00 
 
 First son, board, 48 weeks @ $6.00 288.00 
 
 Second son, wages 425.09 
 
 Daughter, wages 156.73 
 
 Total income, one year, actually recorded $1,824.82 
 
OF KENSINGTON, PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 45 
 
 
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46 
 
 BUDGETS OF FAMILIES AND INDIVIDUALS 
 
 CLOTHING FOR ONE YEAR, MARCH 22, 1913-MARCH 20, 1914. 
 
 Fatheb. 
 
 Suits (3) $33.00 
 
 Overcoat 18.50 
 
 Hats 5.50 
 
 Shc^es 6.00 
 
 Shoe repairs 5.65 
 
 Shirts 2.65 
 
 Underwear 5.00 
 
 Socks 1.37. 
 
 Pajamas 1.00 
 
 Sundries 1.61 
 
 $80.28 
 Mother. 
 
 Suit $ 20.00 
 
 Coat 17.95 
 
 Skirt 5.20 
 
 Dresses 18.67 
 
 Dressmaking 14.50 
 
 Waists 6.68 
 
 Princess slip 1.63 
 
 Lace, velvet, etc 3.14 
 
 Hats (3) 12.00 
 
 Petticoat . 
 Corsets. . . . 
 Underwear . 
 
 Shoes 
 
 Shoe repairs . 
 
 2.00 
 3.00 
 5.76 
 5.00 
 5.03 
 
 Slippers 2.35 
 
 Stockings 2.25 
 
 Gloves 3.09 
 
 VeU 50 
 
 Shawl 2.00 
 
 Hand bag 1.23 
 
 Apron 25 
 
 Nightgown 69 
 
 Cleaning 2,50 
 
 Sundries 1.05 
 
 Second Son. 
 
 Suits (2) $22.50 
 
 Trousers 1.00 
 
 Shoes 9.00 
 
 Shoe repairs 2.05 
 
 Hat 1.50 
 
 Cap 50 
 
 Shirts 4.50 
 
 Underwear 8.00 
 
 Socks 1.13 
 
 Sundries 2.57 
 
 $52.75 
 
 Dattghter. 
 
 Coat $10, 
 
 Cloth skirt 2, 
 
 Dresses (7) 28, 
 
 Cloth ^ 3. 
 
 Dressmaking 11. 
 
 Dress dyeing 2, 
 
 Coat cleaning 1, 
 
 Waist 
 
 Embroidery 4, 
 
 Hats (3) 10, 
 
 Maribou 
 
 Gloves 1, 
 
 Ribbons 
 
 Hand bag 1, 
 
 Underwear 
 
 Corsets (3 prs.) 3, 
 
 Shoes (5 prs.) 14, 
 
 Shoe repairs 2, 
 
 Stockings 3, 
 
 Aprons 
 
 Nightgown 
 
 Safety pins 
 
 Jewelry 2, 
 
 $136.47 
 
 $107.19 
 
 FAMILY NO. 5. 
 
 Member ship and Occupation. 
 
 Member. Age, Years. Occupation. 
 
 Father 24 Bundhar carpet weaver. 
 
 Mother 24 Housekeeper. 
 
 First son 2 
 
 Second son Born December 24, 1913, 9 months 
 
 after the beginning of this account. 
 Man table boarder, noonday meal, 5 days per week for 15 weeks. Paid 
 $1 per week. 
 
 Type of Family. — All of the members of this family were born in 
 the textile district of Philadelphia. Mr. L. is a steady worker, 
 and a man of good habits. At the time of his marriage he was 
 eager to have an attractive home; so he spent all of his savings, — 
 about $400, — in furnishing a four-room house. Mrs. L. is in- 
 dustrious, and takes pride in her home. She does her housework 
 and cares for her two boys, without help. During the early part 
 of the period of this account she had some of the washing done at 
 
OF KENSINGTON, PHILADELPHIA. 47 
 
 the '^wet wash laundry " in order to lighten her work, but she gave 
 up the plan after a few weeks' trial. Mrs. L. has few diversions, 
 and is interested in little besides her home and family. Visiting 
 her parents and a few friends, is about the only recreation she cares 
 for. 
 
 The Account. — The account for this study was carefully kept for a 
 year (March 21, 1913-March 19, 1914). 
 
 Income. — The father's wages averaged $15.59 per week for the 
 year of the account. The family had practically no source of 
 income other than the father's wages. 
 
 House. — The family occupies a brick house on a fairly wide 
 street in the mill district. The rent is $17 per month. The house 
 has a parlor, a dining room, a kitchen, a shed, and an outside toilet, 
 on the first floor; two bed rooms, a sitting room, and a bathroom 
 with toilet, on the second floor. It is heated by a hot air furnace, 
 and has a coal range and a hot-plate for cooking. The visitor is 
 impressed with the neatness and taste of the furnishings of this 
 home. The rooms are not overcrowded, and each article of furni- 
 ture has been selected with care. 
 
 Food. — The food expenditure for the year was $283.34. The 
 Fall River "fair standard" yearly food allowance for this family 
 would be as follows : ^ 
 
 Father $ 94.64 
 
 Mother 75.71 
 
 First son 37.85 
 
 Second son (for three months) 7.10 
 
 Man boarder (one meal per day, five days per week, for fifteen 
 weeks) 6.50 
 
 Total $221.80 
 
 The family was therefore well above the Fall River standard 
 with regard to its food expenditure. The menu which follows 
 shows a plentiful and varied diet. 
 
 Menu for One Week in the Spring of 1913. 
 Sunday. 
 
 Breakfast: Sliced ham, fried eggs, cakes, coffee. 
 
 Dinner: Roast pork, baked beans, mashed potatoes, spinach, celery, bread 
 and butter, coffee. 
 
 ^ 61st Congress, 2d Session, Senate Document No. 645, Vol. XVI, op. dt., 
 pp. 238, 243. 
 
48 BUDGETS OF FAMILIES AND INDIVIDUALS 
 
 Supper: Cold pork, sliced tongue, potato salad, sliced tomatoes, lettuce, 
 pickled onions, cherries, cake, tea. 
 
 Monday. 
 
 Breakfast: Fried eggs and bacon, cakes, coffee. 
 
 Dinner: Broiled steak, fried onions and gravy, potatoes, bread and butter, 
 
 coffee. 
 Supper: Lunch roll, potato salad, lettuce, baked beans, sliced tomatoes, 
 
 bread and butter, tea. 
 
 Tuesday. 
 
 Breakfast: Boiled eggs, cakes, coffee. 
 
 Dinner: Boiled mutton, mashed potatoes, stewed onions, bread and butter, 
 tapioca pudding. 
 
 Supper: Sliced mutton, potato cakes, sUced tomatoes, pickles, take, tea. 
 Wednesday. 
 
 Breakfast: Cakes, coffee. 
 
 Dinner: Pot roast, boiled cabbage, potatoes, bread and butter, custard, 
 coffee. 
 
 Supper: French fried potatoes, sUced beef, lettuce, sliced tomatoes, tea. 
 Thursday. 
 
 Breakfast : Fried eggs, bread and butter, cakes, coffee. 
 
 Dinner: Veal stew, boiled cabbage, bread and butter, custard, coffee. 
 
 Supper: Boiled ham, fried potatoes, sliced tomatoes, bread and butter, tea. 
 Friday. 
 
 Breakfast: Fried eggs and bacon, bread and butter, cakes, coffee. 
 
 Dinner: Bailed shad, mashed potatoes, peas, lettuce, bread and butter, rice 
 pudding, coffee. 
 
 Supper: Lunch roll, sliced tomatoes, peas, bread and butter, tea. 
 
 Saturday. 
 
 Breakfast: Cakes, coffee. 
 
 Dinner: Vegetable soup, bread and butter, coffee. 
 
 Supper: Lunch roll, sliced tomatoes, baked beans, cake, tea. 
 
 Clothing. — For the year of the account, Mr. L.'s clothing cost 
 $29.75; his wife's, $8.36. " Both amounts are below the allowances 
 of the Fall River "fair standard,*' ^ — the wife's being unusually 
 small. It is largely because Mrs. L. seldom goes out, that she 
 needs so little in the way of clothing. The children are well dressed. 
 
 Medical Attention. — The expenditure for medical attention for 
 the year was rather large, on account of Mrs. L.'s confinement at 
 the time of the birth of her second son. She was in poor health 
 from the latter part of the summer until the child's birth on 
 Christmas eve, and was compelled to leave home and go to her 
 mother's for three weeks in the fall. At the time of the birth of 
 the child, Mrs. L.'s mother acted as nurse; so there was no expense 
 
 1 61st Congress, 2d Session, Senate Document No. 645, Vol. XVI, op. cii. 
 pp. 239, 243. 
 
OF KENSINGTON, PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 49 
 
 incurred for nursing. The total expenditure under this heading 
 was $36.70. 
 
 Dues. — Mr. L. spends an unusually large amount for dues. He is 
 ambitious to "go through the chairs" of the lodges of which he 
 is a member, and he gives a great deal of time and attention to 
 lodge activities. 
 
 Church. — Mr. and Mrs. L. had attended an Episcopal church, 
 and had been in the habit of contributing $25 per year. They 
 stopped attending church the month after this account was begun, — 
 their contributions up to that time amounting to $3.50. 
 
 Recreation. — Almost the entire amount under this heading was 
 spent for moving pictures by Mr. L. He generally goes once a 
 week. Mrs. L. does not care to go. 
 
 Pocket Money. — Mr. L. does not receive ''pocket money," as 
 do most of the men in the textile district of Kensington. This 
 family is peculiar in that the father keeps his wages and pays all 
 of the bills. Mrs. L. receives small amounts from time to time, 
 to meet incidental expenses. 
 
 Standard of Living.— The year of the account was a fairly pros- 
 perous one, and the family lived comfortably, coming out with a 
 small balance at the end of the year. Mr. and Mrs. L. have no 
 savings account, and they use practically all of their income each 
 year to meet current needs.; 
 
 INCOME. 
 
 One Year (52 Weeks or 364 Dats), March 21, 1913-March 19, 1914, Actually Recorded 
 
 Income. 
 Amounts are recorded for weekly pay intervals. In date column is indicated the first day of each 
 
 fourth week. 
 
 Father, Wages. 
 
 Father, Wages. 
 
 Father, Wages. 
 
 Father, Wage.s. 
 
 Date. 
 
 1 
 
 <; 
 
 Date. 
 
 < 
 
 Date. 
 
 a 
 
 Date. 
 
 i 
 
 < 
 
 Mar. 21, 1913 . 
 
 Apr. 18 
 
 May 16 
 
 $21.44 
 15.40 
 
 16.71 
 19.68 
 16.00 
 20.63 
 15.90 
 24.57 
 16.55 
 16.71 
 19.32 
 10.31 
 11.92 
 
 June 27, 1913. 
 July 11 
 
 Aug. 8 
 
 Sept. 5 
 
 $20.03 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 14.21 
 
 9.91 
 
 20.69 
 
 14.96 
 
 19.32 
 
 6.46 
 
 8.05 
 
 10.58 
 
 22.41 
 
 17.64 
 
 11.11 
 
 Oct. 3, 1913. 
 
 Oct. 31 
 
 Nov. 28 
 
 Dec. 26 
 
 $18.11 
 16.92 
 17.11 
 27.09 
 21.49 
 20.63 
 16.76 
 10.87 
 11.23 
 4.53 
 11.34 
 17.52 
 16.77 
 10.55 
 
 Jan. 9,1914. 
 Jan. 23 
 
 Feb. 20 
 
 $12.32 
 22.55 
 20.58 
 17.98 
 16.17 
 19.53 
 15.01 
 22.31 
 22.79 
 20.12 
 
 June 13 
 
 $810.79 
 
 1 No work. 
 
50 
 
 BUDGETS OF FAMILIES AND INDIVIDUALS 
 
 Income from all Sources. 
 
 Father, wages $810.79 
 
 Man table boarder, 15 weeks @ $1.00. 15.00 
 
 Christmas gift 2.50 
 
 Total income, one year, actually recorded $828.29 
 
 FATHER, WAGES. 
 One Yeab. 
 
 CLOTHING FOR ONE YEAR, MARCH 21, 1913-MARCH 19, 1914. 
 
 Father. 
 
 Trousers $ 1.50 
 
 Shirts 5.25 
 
 Underwear 3.50 
 
 Straw hat 2.00 
 
 Shoes (5 prs.) 12.70 
 
 Shoe repairs 1 .20 
 
 Socks 1.50 
 
 Collars 75 
 
 Hair cut 1.35 
 
 $29.75 
 
 Mother. 
 
 Gingham $ .46 
 
 Underwear 1.25 
 
 Shoes (2 prs.) 6.00 
 
 Stockings 65 
 
 $8.36 
 First Son. 
 
 Dresses % 3.68 
 
 Gingham 32 
 
 First Son. — Continued. 
 
 Aprons 1.00 
 
 Undershirts 70 
 
 Cloth 40 
 
 Outing flannel .70 
 
 Sweater 1.00 
 
 Caps 2.54 
 
 Shoes (5 prs.) 5.00 
 
 Stockings 2.38 
 
 Leggings 1.00 
 
 Edging 10 
 
 $18.82 
 
 Second Son. 
 
 .$1.75 
 
 Dress goods 1.18 
 
 Cloth 40 
 
 Undershirts 2.00 
 
 Flannel 40 
 
 Cap 50 
 
 Ribbon 10 
 
 $6.33 
 
OF KENSINGTON, PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 51 
 
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52 BUDGETS OF FAMILIES AND INDIVIDUALS 
 
 FAMILY NO. 6. 
 Membership and Occupation. 
 
 Member. Age, Years. Occupation. 
 
 ^ Father 43 Warp dresser in hosierymill. 
 
 Mother 42 Housekeeper. 
 
 First son 17 Pattern boy in stove foundry un- 
 
 ^ til 3 weeks before the close of 
 
 this account, when he left the 
 foundry to become a knitter's 
 helper in the hosiery mill with 
 his brother. 
 
 Second son 14 Knitter's helper in hosiery mill. 
 
 Daughter 11 In school. • 
 
 Type of Family. — This is a Scotch family. Both the father and 
 the mother are industrious and intelligent. The family came over 
 from Scotland seven years before the beginning of this account, 
 and has lived in Kensington ever since. 
 
 The Account. — The account covers one year (June 13, 1913- 
 June 11, 1914). The food expenditure was kept in detail for four 
 weeks only, but since Mrs. Y. always spends about the same amount 
 upon her table, the account for the month furnishes a basis for a 
 yearly estimate. The irregular expenditures were all kept track 
 of throughout the year. With regard to the income table, the 
 average, instead of the actual weekly wages of the different wage- 
 earning members of the family are given for the first fourteen weeks. 
 For the remainder of the year, the actual weekly wages of each 
 wage-earner are given. 
 
 Income. — During the year of the account the father earned an 
 average of $17.54 per week; the first son, an average of $3.85; 
 the second son, an average of $4.91. Both the father and the 
 sons turn over their entire wages to Mrs. Y. 
 
 House. — Until shortly before the account for this study was 
 begun, this family lived on a narrow street, — occupying a brick 
 house of four rooms and a bath, which rented for $12 per month. 
 In the early summer of 1913, the family moved into a new brick 
 house in a newly built section of the district. This house rents for 
 $15 per month. It has a front porch, three rooms, and a shed, on 
 the first floor; three rooms and a bath with toilet, on the second 
 floor. It is heated by a hot air furnace, and has a coal range 
 and a gas range for cooking. The new house is a great improve- 
 ment on the old one, and makes the family a comfortable and well- 
 appearing home. 
 
OF KENSINGTON, PHILADELPHIA. 53 
 
 The following statement shows the expenses incurred in con- 
 nection with moving: 
 
 Hauling of furniture $ 3.00 
 
 Parlor suite 29.75 
 
 Rug 17.75 
 
 Bench for porch 1.00 
 
 Linoleum 7.43 
 
 , Porch screen 1.95 
 
 Garden hose, couplings 3.50 
 
 Washing machine 12.00 
 
 Window shades 2.75 
 
 Curtains 2.08 
 
 Total $81.21 
 
 Withdrawal from bank to help meet this expense, amounted to 
 $67. This withdrawal is gradually being replaced. 
 
 Food. — For the four weeks during which the food account was 
 kept, the average weekly expenditure was $8.14. The Fall River 
 ''fair standard" weekly food allowance for this family would be 
 as follows : ^ 
 
 Father $1,82 
 
 Mother 1.46 
 
 First son 1.82 
 
 Second son 1.46 
 
 Daughter 1.09 
 
 Total $7.65 
 
 The family was therefore well above the Fall River standard 
 with regard to its food expenditure. The menu which is given for a 
 week, shows a varied and wholesome diet. 
 
 Menu for One Week in the Spring of 1913. 
 Saturday. 
 
 Breakfast: Corn flakes and milk, rolls and butter, boiled eggs, tea. 
 
 Dinner: Beefsteak, potatoes, tomatoes, bread and butter, tea. 
 
 Supper: Bread and butter, ham or cheese, cake, jelly, tea. 
 Sunday. 
 
 Breakfast: Ham and eggs, bread and butter, tea. 
 
 Dinner: Mutton, potatoes, peas, cake, peaches, tea. 
 
 Supper: Cold meat, bread and butter, cake, jelly, tea. 
 
 "'■ 61st Congress, 2d Session, Senate Document No. 645, Vol. XVI, op. cit., 
 pp. 24, 238. 
 
54 BUDGETS OF FAMILIES AND INDIVIDUALS 
 
 Monday. 
 
 Breakfast: Poached eggs, corn flakes and milk, rolls and butter, tea. 
 
 Luncheon: Sandwiches, fruit, cocoa. (Father and sons take luncheon 
 with them to the mills five days each week.) 
 V Supper: Meat cakes, potatoes, bread and butter, pie, tea. 
 Tuesday. 
 
 Breakfast: Corn flakes and milk, boiled eggs, rolls and butter, tea. 
 
 Luncheon: Sandwiches, fruit, cocoa. 
 
 Supper: Stewed meat, potatoes, tomatoes, bread and butter, tea. 
 Wednesday. 
 
 Breakfast: Corn flakes and milk, fried eggs, rolls and butter, tea. 
 
 Luncheon: Sandwiches, fruit, cocoa. 
 
 Supper: Vegetable soup, roast beef, bread and butter, tea. • 
 
 Thursday. 
 
 Breakfast: Corn flakes and milk, boiled eggs, rolls and butter, tea. 
 
 Luncheon: Sandwiches, fruit, cocoa. 
 
 Supper: Minced steak, potatoes, mashed turnips, bread pudding, milk, tea. 
 Friday. 
 
 Breakfast: Ham and eggs, rolls and butter, tea. 
 
 Luncheon: Sandwiches, fruit. 
 
 Supper: Fish, potatoes, bread atid butter, ginger cakes. 
 
 Clothing. — The clothing expenditure ^f the family for the year 
 was $241.34. The Fall River "fair standard" clothing allowance 
 for this family would be as follows '} 
 
 Father $ 45.75 
 
 Mother 33.75 
 
 First son 50.50 
 
 Second son 42.45 
 
 Daughter 25.35 
 
 Total $197.80 
 
 Though the family's total clothing expenditure was above the 
 ''fair standard" allowance, the father's and the younger son's 
 shares were below the amounts allowed by that standard. 
 
 Standard of Living. — This family strives to maintain as high a 
 standard as its income will permit. Mr. and Mrs. Y. generally 
 keep a small savings account, but they do not hesitate to draw 
 upon this when an opportunity for bettering their standard of 
 living offers itself. As a rule, they just about live up to the limit 
 of their income. During the year of the account they went a 
 little beyond it (deficit, $27.32). The daughter takes music lessons, 
 
 1 61st Congress, 2d Session, Senate Document No. 645, Vol. XVI, op. dt., 
 pp. 239, 240, 243. 
 
OF KENSINGTON, PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 55 
 
 and all of the family have some recreation. They go to moving 
 pictures, and take trolley trips and short excursions. "I have 
 never had such a good year since I came to Kensington," Mr. Y. 
 said to the investigator at the close of the period of the account, 
 ''but on the other hand, it was a very poor year for the boys." 
 
 INCOME. 
 
 One Year (52 Weeks or 364 Days), June 13, 1913-June 11, 1914, Actxtally Recorded Income. 
 Amounts are recorded for weekly pay intervals. In date column is indicated the first day of each 
 
 fourth week. 
 
 Father, Wages. 
 
 Date. 
 
 Amount. 
 
 First Son, Wages. 
 
 Date. 
 
 Amount. 
 
 Second Son, Wages. 
 
 Date. 
 
 Amount. 
 
 Juue 13, 1913 
 
 July 11 
 
 Aug. 8 
 
 Sept. 5 
 
 Oct. 3 
 
 Oct. 31 
 
 Nov. 28 
 
 Dec. 26 
 
 Jan. 23, 1914 
 
 Feb. 20 
 
 Mar. 20 
 
 Apr. 17 
 
 May 15 
 
 $17,001 
 17.00 
 17.00 
 17.00 
 17.00 
 17.00 
 17.00 
 17.00 
 17.00 
 .17.00 
 17.00 
 17.00 
 17.00 
 17.00 
 20.85 
 15.05 
 17.40 
 18.95 
 18.15 
 15.55 
 19.20 
 17.00 
 19.40 
 18.50 
 19.80 
 15.14 
 20.25 
 20.50 
 19.20 
 18.50 
 18.55 
 15.35 
 15.45 
 17.90 
 16.85 
 11.60 
 15.55 
 17.00 
 17.00 
 19.30 
 19.70 
 19.70 
 17.95 
 18.55 
 19.45 
 19.85 
 12.80 
 14.95 
 17.95 
 17.10 
 19.45 
 18.75 
 
 June 13, 1913 
 
 July 11 
 
 Aug. 8 
 
 Sept. 5 
 
 Oct. 3 
 
 Oct. 31 
 
 Nov. 28 
 
 Dec. 26 
 
 Jan. 23, 1914 
 
 Feb. 20 
 
 Mar. 20 
 
 Apr. 17 
 
 May 15 
 
 $4,171 
 4.17 
 4.17 
 4.17 
 4.17 
 4.17 
 4.17 
 4.17 
 4.17 
 4.17 
 4.17 
 4.17 
 4.17 
 4.17 
 5.00 
 5.00 
 3.33 
 4.27 
 3.33 
 5.00 
 5.00 
 5.00 
 4.17 
 3.33 
 3.33 
 3.33 
 4.17 
 5.00 
 3.33 
 3.33 
 4.17 
 5.00 
 5.00 
 2.50 
 2.50 
 5.00 
 4.17 
 5.00 
 5.00 
 4.17 
 3.33 
 3.33 
 .83 
 5.00 
 4.17 
 .83 
 .83 
 3.33 
 4.17 
 2.50 
 2.50 
 2.50 
 
 June 13, 1913. 
 
 July 11 
 
 Aug. 8 
 
 Sept. 5 
 
 Oct. 3 
 
 Oct. 31 
 
 Nov. 28 
 
 Dec. 20 
 
 Jan. 23, 1914. 
 
 Feb. 20 
 
 Mar. 20 
 
 Apr. 17 
 
 May 15 
 
 $4,501 
 4.50 
 4.50 
 4.50 
 4.50 
 4.50 
 4.50 
 4.50 
 4.50 
 4.50 
 4.50 
 4.50 
 4.50 
 4.50 
 5.00 
 5.00 
 5.00 
 5.00 
 5.00 
 5.00 
 5.00 
 5.00 
 5.00 
 5.00 
 5.00 
 5.00 
 5.00 
 5.00 
 5.50 
 5.50 
 5.50 
 5.50 
 5.50 
 5.50 
 5.50 
 5.50 
 5.50 
 5.50 
 5.50 
 5..50 
 5.50 
 5.50 
 5.50 
 5.50 
 5.50 
 5.00 
 5.00 
 5.00 
 5.00 
 3.00 
 3.00 
 3.00 
 
 $912.19 
 
 $200.13 
 
 $255.50 
 
 ' For the first 14 weeks the average earnings are given. 
 
56 
 
 BUDGETS OF FAMILIES AND INDIVIDUALS 
 
 Income from all Sources. 
 
 Father, wages $ 912.19 
 
 First son, wages 200.13 
 
 V Second son, wages 255.50 
 
 Total income, one year, actually recorded $1,367.82 
 
 EXPENDITURES. 
 FouB Weeks, June 13-July 10, 1913, Actually Recordbd Expenditures. 
 One Year (52 Weeks or 364 Days), June 13, 1913-June 11, 1914, Partly Estimated Ex- 
 penditures. 
 
 Item. 
 
 Amt. 
 
 One Year, 
 Partly Estimated. 
 
 Item. 
 
 Amt. 
 
 One Year, 
 Pirtly Estimated. 
 
 Date. 
 
 June 
 13, 1913 
 
 Total. 
 
 Total. 
 
 Date. 
 
 June 
 13, 1913 
 
 Total. 
 
 Total. 
 
 House: 1 
 
 $180,001 
 
 155.002 
 
 3.001 
 
 172.253 
 51.451 
 17.201 
 30.00 
 
 39.301 
 43.861 
 62.891 
 33.071 
 62.221 
 
 $238,001 
 
 425.00 
 170.90 
 
 241.341 
 5.00 
 
 Insurance 
 
 
 $14,321 
 6.601 
 5.201 
 
 $147.78* 
 
 Rent 
 
 15.00 
 
 Dues: 
 
 Lodge. ... 
 
 
 Fuel and light . . . 
 
 3.00 
 6.68 
 6.67 
 3.23 
 2.76 
 
 .77 
 3.41 
 
 .30 
 5.49 
 
 .50 
 
 2.75 
 
 32.56 
 
 
 Moving furniture. 
 
 Union 
 
 
 Food: Meats 
 
 Dairy products. . . 
 
 Settlement clubs . 
 Education 
 
 26.121 
 il.00» 
 
 Eggs. . . 
 
 Music lessons 
 
 Reading matter .... 
 Church . 
 
 16.001 
 
 Staples 
 
 7.00 
 
 Vegetables 
 
 30.00 
 
 Fniits. . 
 
 Charity 
 
 1 . 
 
 1.00 
 
 Cereals 
 
 
 
 
 25.00 
 
 Baked goods 
 
 Beverages 
 
 Miscellaneous. . . 
 
 Pocket money: 
 
 Father and children 
 Car fare 
 
 100.00 
 55.00 
 
 Food Total 
 
 Gifts 
 
 6.001 
 
 Household Expenses: 
 
 Furniture 
 
 Furnishings 
 
 
 
 
 Total expenditures 
 partly estimated 
 
 Total income, one 
 recorded . 
 
 , one year. 
 
 $1,395.14 
 
 General supplies. . 
 Laundry. 
 
 year, actually 
 
 1,367.82 
 
 Clothing: 
 Father 
 
 Deficit 
 
 $ 27.32 
 
 Mother. . . . 
 
 
 First son 
 
 Second son 
 
 Daughter 
 
 Medical attention . . 
 
 Savings. 
 
 Savings fund society's account for 
 daughter $6.50 
 
 1 Actually recorded. 
 
 2 Gas, $19.50; coal, $32.30; wood, $2.50; oil, $0.70. 
 
 'Parlor suite, $29.75; washing machine, $12; bench, $1; kitchen table, $2.50; iron bed and 
 springs, $8; mirror, $.50; music cabinet, $5; water heater, $13.50. 
 * Family, $.40 per we'ek, plus father's policy, $13.49 semi-yearly, 
 s Night school. 
 
 CLOTHING FOR ONE YEAR, JUNE 13, 1913-JUNE 11, 1914. 
 
 Father. 
 
 Suit $12.50 
 
 Underwear 1.40 
 
 Hat 2.00 
 
 Cap 50 
 
 Shoes (2 iirs.) 8.00 
 
 Shoe repairs 1.66 
 
 Socks 95 
 
 Rubbers 80 
 
 Overalls 50 
 
 Umbrella 1.00 
 
 Ring 10.00 
 
 $39.30 
 
 Mother. 
 
 Suit $10.00 
 
 Dress 4.95 
 
 Waists (2) 2.50 
 
 Cloth 32 
 
 Underwear 12.63 
 
 Corset cover "50 
 
 Sweater 1.10 
 
 Apron 35 
 
 Shoes (3 prs.) 7.25 
 
 Shoe repairs 1.80 
 
 Stockings 11 
 
 Nightdresses. 2.00 
 
 j^agg _10 
 
 Pocketbook. .^ ^ ^ ^ ].. ............... . .25 
 
 $43 86 
 
OF KENSINGTON, PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 57 
 
 First Son. 
 
 Suits (3) -126.00 
 
 Trousers 2.98 
 
 Underwear 1.53 
 
 Shirt 75 
 
 Hats (2) 3.75 
 
 Cap 50 
 
 Shoes (6 prs.) 16.50 
 
 Shoe repairs 3.25 
 
 Socks 62 
 
 Rubbers 80 
 
 Sweater 3.98 
 
 Stick pin 1.38 
 
 Sundries 85 
 
 $62.89 
 Second Son. 
 
 Suit $ 5.00 
 
 Underwear 2,39 
 
 Shirts 2.03 
 
 Hats (2) 2.25 
 
 Caps (2) 75 
 
 Shoes (4 prs.) 3-10 
 
 Shoe repairs 4.00 
 
 Socks 63 
 
 Second Son — Continued. 
 
 Rubbers 80 
 
 Sweater 3.50 
 
 Coat cleaned 1.50 
 
 Stick pin 1.37 
 
 Sundries 75 
 
 $33.07 
 Daughter. 
 
 Dresses (5) $14.10 
 
 Dress goods 25 
 
 Coats (2) 10.79 
 
 Set of furs 2.98 
 
 Underwear 7.15 
 
 Aprons 40 
 
 Shoes (7 prs.) 14.70 
 
 Shoe repairs 3.40 
 
 Stockings 1.00 
 
 Hats (2) 4.05 
 
 Ribbons 90 
 
 Rubbers (3 prs.) 1.75 
 
 Umbrella 75 
 
 $62.22 
 
 FAMILY NO. 7. 
 
 Membership and Occupation. 
 
 ^lember. Age, Years. Occupation. 
 
 Father Deceased. 
 
 Mother 68 Housekeeper (died January, 1914). 
 
 First daughter 40 Necktie finisher. (Paid board.) 
 
 Second daughter 33 Winder in carpet mill. (Paid 
 
 board from September, 1913, 
 till end of period.) 
 
 Type of Family and Income. — Mrs. B. was a German woman 
 who was unusually conscientious in bringing up her children and 
 in caring for her home. She had been in failing health for a long 
 time when this family's account was begun, in April, 1913, and 
 shortly afterward, — in May, — it became necessary for the older 
 daughter to give up her factory position in order to help her mother 
 with the housework. The mother continued to manage the 
 financial end of the housekeeping until September, 1913, when she 
 was obliged to turn over to the older daughter the entire respon- 
 sibility of running the home. 
 
 At the time this family's account was begun, the older daughter 
 was working as a finisher in a downtown necktie factory. A 
 finisher's work is to take the ties after the machine work upon them 
 has been completed, turn them right side out over a long stick, 
 fit the linings, and press the ties. The payment for this work at 
 the time of this study, was twenty-five or thirty cents per dozen, 
 depending upon the quality of the tie. Miss B. generally finished 
 five or six dozen ties per day while she worked in the factory. 
 
58 BUDGETS OF FAMILIES AND INDIVIDUALS 
 
 She paid her mother $5 board per week, and had for her personal 
 needs (clothing, etc.) what she earned above that amount. 
 
 After Miss B. gave up her factory position to help with the 
 housework, she did necktie finishing at home, in her spare moments, 
 getting three dozen ties each day from the factory where she had 
 been employed. What she could earn in this way, she had for her 
 personal needs, — a brother of her mother's providing her with $5 per 
 week with which to keep up her customary payment to her mother 
 for board. 
 
 The second daughter, who was a winder in a large carpet mill of 
 Kensington, earned, at a piecework rate of wages, accor?iing to her 
 own statement, from $9 to $10 per week in good seasons, and 
 from $5 to $6 per week in slack seasons; during the period of her 
 account for this study her highest bi-weekly wage was $16.37. 
 So long as the mother managed the home, this daughter turned 
 over all her wages into the household fund. When the older 
 daughter took over the management, in September, 1913, the 
 second daughter adopted the method of paying board, — paying $4 
 per week when work was good, and $3.50 or $3, when work was 
 ''dull." The home was run entirely upon the income contributed 
 by these two daughters. 
 
 Early in January, 1914, the mother died. In the latter part of 
 the following March the second daughter married, and she and her 
 husband bought the home. The older daughter went back to the 
 necktie factory to work, and since that time she has lived inde- 
 pendently. 
 
 The Accounts. — The tables for this family include: (1) The 
 family's account from April 25, 1913, until the mother's death 
 at the beginning of the year 1914 (income, thirty-six weeks; ex- 
 penditures, thirty-three weeks); (2) the second daughter's ac- 
 count for twenty-five weeks (September 26, 1913-March 19, 1914) 
 during which she kept her wages separate from the family fund, 
 and paid board; (3) the first daughter's account for one year 
 (April 3, 1914-April 1, 1915) since she began to live independently. 
 The first daughter's account is given under the Budgets of Indi- 
 viduals (Individual No. 5, pp. 204-208). 
 
 House. — Mrs. B. owned the house in which the family lived. 
 It was of brick, and had six rooms and a bath, and an outside toilet. 
 It was heated by a hot air furnace, and had a coal range and a gas 
 range for cooking. Taxes were $30 per year; water rent was $9. 
 The house was comfortably furnished, and was kept scrupulously 
 
OF KENSINGTON, PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 59 
 
 clean. The parlor had an upholstered set and an organ; the dining 
 room, an oak table, oak chairs, a sideboard, and a bookcase filled 
 with books. The most attractive room in the house was the spot- 
 less kitchen, with its shining pans and kettles. The older daughter 
 did her best to keep the house and furnishings in good condition. 
 During the period of the account she painted the bathroom, 
 enameled the bath tub, and dyed and made over the parlor curtains. 
 Food. — The total amount spent for food during the thirty-three 
 weeks was $160.07, making an average of $4.85 per week. The 
 weekly food allowance for this family, on the basis of the Fall 
 River ''fair standard," would be as follows: ^ 
 
 Mother $1.46 
 
 First daughter 1.46 
 
 Secbnd daughter 1.46 
 
 Total 
 
 $4.38 
 
 The family was therefore above the Fall River standard with 
 rega^'d to its food expenditure. The investigator was a guest at 
 Mrs. B.'s home one evening, at a well-served supper of fried meat 
 cakes, mashed potatoes, creamed cauliflower, rye bread and butter, 
 junket with homemade peach jelly, and coffee. 
 
 I. FAMILY BUDGET. 
 
 INCOME. 
 
 Thirty-six Weeks, April 25, 1913-January 1, 1914, Actually Recorded Income. 
 
 Amounts are recorded for weekly or bi-weekly pay intervals. In date column is indicated the 
 
 first day of each fourth week. 
 
 First Daughter and 
 Second Daughter, 
 Board and Wages. ^ 
 
 First Daughter and 
 Second Daughter, 
 Board and Wages.i 
 
 First Daughter and 
 Second Daughter, 
 Board and Wages.i 
 
 First Daughter and 
 Second Daughter, 
 Board and Wages. ^ 
 
 Date. i o 
 
 Date. 
 
 < 
 
 Date, 
 
 
 Date. 
 
 S 
 < 
 
 April 25, 1913 . $22.40 
 1 
 
 21.50 
 
 May 23 18.00 
 
 i 17.91 
 
 June 20 1 20.13 
 
 July 4,1913. 
 July 18 
 
 Aug. 15 
 
 $18.69 
 20.26 
 19.24 
 19.78 
 
 2 
 
 19.782 
 9.002 
 
 Sept. 12, 1913. 
 
 Oct. 10 
 
 Nov. 7 
 
 $9.00 
 9.00 
 9.00 
 9.00 
 9.00 
 8.50 
 8.50 
 8.50 
 8.50 
 8.00 
 
 Nov. 21, 1913. 
 Dec. 5 
 
 $ 8.00 
 8.00 
 8.50 
 8.00 
 8.00 
 8.50 
 
 $342.69 
 
 1 Income, April 25, 1913-Sept. 4, 1913: $5 board per week from 1st daughter, and total wages 
 of 2d daughter; income, Sept. 5, 1913-Jan. 1, 1914; $5 board per week from 1st daughter, and 
 $3, $3.50, or $4 board per week from 2d daughter. 
 
 - Expenditures not given for these 3 weeks; see following table, note 1. 
 
 1 61st Congress, 2d Session, Senate Document No. 645, Vol. XVI, op. cit., 
 pp. 24, 238. 
 
60 
 
 BUDGETS OF FAMILIES AND INDIVIDUALS 
 
 Clothing. — The clothing expenditure for the family was small. 
 The older daughter dresses very economically, though her appear- 
 ance is always neat. She makes her own clothes. Neither daughter 
 spent much for clothing during the period of the family account. 
 Most of their materials were given to them as birthday or Christ- 
 mas presents, or were left over from the preceding year. 
 
 Standard of Living. — For the thirty-three-week period of the 
 family account, the income was $313.91; the expenditures were 
 $343.88, leaving a deficit of $29.97. The expenditures, however, 
 included such items as taxes and water rent, which were paid 
 during this period for the whole year. By careful management 
 and hard work, the daughters were able to make ends meet, for 
 the year. 
 
 EXPENDITURES. 
 
 Thibty-threb Weeks, April 25-Atjgust 21, 1913, September 12, 1913-Janxtary 1, 1914, 
 Actually Recorded Expenditures. 
 
 Item. 
 
 Amount. 
 
 Thirty-three 
 
 Weeks, Actually 
 
 Recorded. 
 
 Date (date indicates 
 the first day of a 
 four- week period.). 
 
 1913 
 
 May 
 23 
 
 June 
 20 
 
 July 
 18 
 
 ^"Ix- 
 
 Sept. 
 
 Oct. 
 10 
 
 Nov. 
 7 
 
 Dec. 
 5 
 
 Total. 
 
 Total. 
 
 House: 
 Taxes and water 
 rent 
 
 $1.75 
 
 .11 
 
 5.92 
 
 4.09 
 
 9.01 
 
 1.28 
 
 .08 
 20.38 
 
 .65 
 .10 
 .75 
 
 2.20 
 2.15 
 3.00 
 
 .56 
 .30 
 
 .05 
 
 $1.50 
 3.50 
 5.24 
 3.06 
 
 6.76 
 
 .92 
 
 .75 
 16.73 
 
 1.15 
 .60 
 
 8.01 
 2.00 
 3.00 
 
 .58 
 .45 
 
 .10 
 
 $9.50 
 
 4.73 
 4.43 
 
 .62 
 7.49 
 
 .86 
 1.03 
 
 1.00 
 
 .20 
 
 1.61 
 
 21.97 
 
 .50 
 .45 
 .50 
 
 6.85 
 
 .25 
 
 3.00 
 
 .48 
 .40 
 
 .30 
 
 $0.09 
 
 .10 
 
 4.99 
 
 4.55 
 
 1.45 
 
 5.95 
 
 1.82 
 
 1.28 
 
 .25 
 
 1.23 
 
 .28 
 
 1.75 
 
 23.55 
 
 .75 
 1.61 
 
 1.71 
 1.00 
 3.00 
 
 .50 
 .50 
 
 $30.00 
 
 3.60 
 
 33.40* 
 
 1.25 
 
 .94 
 
 .14 
 
 1.41 
 
 .24 
 
 .35 
 
 .15 
 
 .45 
 4.93 
 
 .10 
 .10 
 
 $9,002 
 2.00 
 1.10 
 4.99 
 3.61 
 1.46 
 3.67 
 1.70 
 1.39 
 
 .79 
 
 .55 
 
 1.50 
 
 19.66 
 
 .86 
 .58 
 .25 
 
 1.20 
 1.40 
 2.00 
 
 .48 
 .40 
 
 $2.00 
 
 4.84 
 
 4.99 
 
 1.24 
 
 3.22 
 
 1.02 
 
 3.15 
 
 .05 
 
 1.46 
 
 .38 
 
 .85 
 
 21.20 
 
 2.85 
 .69 
 .40 
 
 .05 
 1.45 
 2.00 
 
 .54 
 .40 
 .22 
 
 2.00 
 
 $1.80 
 
 6.53 
 
 4.28 
 
 .57 
 
 1.62 
 
 .83 
 
 .69 
 
 .15 
 
 1.11 
 
 1.51 
 
 .66 
 
 17.95 
 
 1.24 
 
 1.73 
 
 .50 
 
 .60 
 
 .50 
 
 2.00 
 
 .76 
 
 1.00 
 
 .02 
 
 .10 
 .30 
 
 $0.55 
 
 4.71 
 
 4.10 
 
 .60 
 
 .67 
 
 .71 
 
 .47 
 
 .15 
 
 1.13 
 
 .76 
 
 .40 
 
 13.70 
 
 .05 
 
 1.48 
 
 .53 
 
 .14 
 2.50 
 2.00 
 
 .29 
 .50 
 
 .15 
 2.10 
 
 $39.00 
 
 18.34 
 
 42.56 
 
 43.20 
 
 34.05 
 
 6.08 
 
 39.80 
 
 7.18 
 
 8.36 
 
 .60 
 
 9.07 
 
 3.68 
 
 8.05 
 
 6.90 
 7.89 
 3.53 
 
 
 
 
 Fuel and light 
 
 Food: Meats 
 
 Dairy products 
 
 Eees 
 
 $99.90 
 
 Staples 
 
 
 Vegetables 
 
 Fruits 
 
 
 Cereals... .... 
 
 
 Baked goods 
 
 
 Miscellaneous 
 
 Food Total 
 
 Household Expenses: 
 
 160.07 
 
 Furnishings 
 
 General supplies. . . 
 
 18.32 
 
 Clothing: Mother and 
 second daughter. . . 
 Medical attrf^ntion . . . 
 Insurance. . . . 
 
 20.76 
 11.25 
 20.00 
 
 Dues 
 
 
 Reading matter 
 
 Chiu-ch 
 
 4.19 
 4.05 
 
 Charity 
 
 .24 
 
 Recreation . . . 
 
 .30 
 
 Pocket money* 
 
 Car fare .... 
 
 .40 
 
 Gifts 
 
 4.40 
 
 
 }s, 33 weeks, actually reco 
 weeks a'»+.iin.llv rftoordftd 
 
 rded 
 
 
 $343.88 
 
 Total income 33 
 
 
 
 313.91 
 
 Deficit .... 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 $ 29.97 
 
 1 One week only. 
 
 2 Water rent. 
 
 3 Includes $29.50 for coal for the year. 
 
 < There was no " pocket money " system in 
 
 this family. The second daughter's expenses 
 were all met out of the household fund so 
 long as she gave over her entire earnings to the 
 family. 
 
OF KENSINGTON, PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 61 
 
 II. BUDGET OF SECOND DAUGHTER. 
 
 INCOME. 
 
 Twenty-five Weeks, September 26, 1913-March 19, 1914, Actually Recorded Income, 
 Amounts are recorded for bi-weekly pay intervals. In date column is indicated the first day of 
 
 ' 
 
 
 each foiuiih week. 
 
 
 
 Wages. 
 
 Wages. 
 
 Wages. 
 
 Date. 
 
 Amount. 
 
 Date. 
 
 Amount. 
 
 Date. 
 
 Amount. 
 
 Sept. 26, 1913 
 
 $ 9.32 
 
 10.23 
 
 13.68 
 
 8.46 
 
 8.19 
 
 Nov. 28, 1913 
 
 Dec. 19 .... . 
 
 $ 8.36 
 
 10.29 
 
 ' . 
 
 3.381 
 
 Jan. 30, 1914 
 
 Feb. 13 
 
 $ 13.55 
 16.37 
 
 
 Mar. 13 
 
 
 Oct. 24 
 
 Jan. 16, 1914 
 
 15.58 
 13.08 
 
 
 Nov. 21 
 
 
 S130.49 
 
 1 Time out on account of mother's illness and death. 
 
 Income from all Sources. 
 
 Wages $130.49 
 
 Extra earnings 50 
 
 Total income, 25 weeks, actually recorded $130.99 
 
 EXPENDITURES. 
 
 Twenty-five Weeks, September 26, 1913-March 19, 1914, Actually Recorded 
 
 Expenditures. 
 
 Item. 
 
 Date (date indicates the first day 
 of a fom-week period). 
 
 Lodging and Food: 
 
 Room rent and board 
 
 Candy, ice cream, and soda water 
 
 Factory "ice fund" 
 
 Limcheons 
 
 Toilet supplies 
 
 Clothing 
 
 Dentist 
 
 Insurance 
 
 Reading matter 
 
 Church 
 
 Recreation 
 
 Car fare 
 
 Gifts 
 
 Amount. 
 
 Sept, 
 26, 
 1913 
 
 16.00 
 .32 
 .15 
 
 Oct 
 24 
 
 16.00 
 .20 
 .05 
 
 .25 
 .07 
 
 .30 
 .09 
 .60 
 .15 
 .25 
 
 Nov 
 21 
 
 14.00 
 ,05 
 
 .35 
 
 .17 
 
 .10 
 14.202 
 
 Dec. 
 19 
 
 7.00 
 
 .10 
 
 .32 
 1.00 
 
 Jan. 
 16, 
 1914 
 
 8.00 
 
 .15 
 
 .05 
 4.25 
 
 .10 
 .35 
 
 Feb. 
 13 
 
 16.00 
 .05 
 .10 
 .15 
 
 .50 
 
 .70 
 
 Mar. 
 131 
 
 8.00 
 .15 
 .05 
 
 .30 
 1.30 
 
 .05 
 
 Twenty-five 
 Weeks, Actu- 
 ally Recorded. 
 
 Total 
 
 Total. 
 
 $85.00 
 
 .77 I 
 .35 
 .30 : 
 
 I 
 
 86.42 
 
 .35 
 
 1.33 
 
 4.25 
 
 3.60 
 
 .68 
 
 5.27 
 
 .15 
 
 .70 
 
 14.20 
 
 Total expenditures, 25 weeks, actually recorded . 
 
 Total income, 25 weeks, actually recorded 
 
 Balance 
 
 $116.95 
 
 130.99 
 
 $ 14.04 
 
 
 Debt. 
 
 
 Debt paid 
 
 1 1 .50| 1 1 II 
 
 .50 
 
 Balance 
 
 $ 13.54 
 
 1 One week only. 
 
 2Bath^robe, $2.50; silver thimbles, $3.25; 
 waist, $.60; pillow material, $.45; vinegar jug, 
 $.50; jabot, $.25; petticoat, $1.00; silk shirt, 
 
 $2.50; kid gloves, $2.00; neck piece, $.25; 
 writing paper, $.25; another gift, $.25; wrap- 
 pings, $.40. 
 
62 BUDGETS OF FAMILIES AND INDIVIDUALS 
 
 FAMILY NO. 8. 
 Membership and Occupation. 
 
 ^ Member. Age, Years. Occupation. 
 
 Father Deceased. 
 
 Mother 50 Housekeeper. Does "lace work" 
 
 at home. 
 
 Son 30 Leather finisher. (Pays board.) 
 
 Daughter 23 Helps her mother with house- 
 
 keeping and with "lace work." 
 
 Young man boarder and lodger. Pays $4.50 per week. 
 
 Child boarder and lodger for 11 weeks. Paid $1 per week. 
 
 • 
 
 Type of Family. — Mrs. U. is a German. She is a hard-working, 
 careworn woman, not strong in health. The daughter is a girl of 
 pleasing personality, and is intelligent and ambitious. She is 
 very delicate, and was ill for a large part of the period of this 
 account. 
 
 The Account. — The account for this study extended from March 
 29, 1913, through April 3, 1914, but had several breaks in it. The 
 daughter was the account keeper, and for parts of the period, she 
 was too ill to keep the record. The income was recorded in detail 
 for forty-three weeks; the expenditures were recorded in full for 
 only thirty-seven weeks. The tables for this family therefore give 
 the actually recorded account for thirty-seven weeks, and the 
 partly estimated account for forty-three weeks. 
 
 Income. — Mrs. U. and her daughter work at home, sometimes 
 sewing, — more often doing ''lace work," that is, .cutting apart the 
 rows of lace which they bring home from a mill (see page 36). 
 The amount earned each week by the mother and her daughter is 
 recorded in the income table. It generally comes to $3 or $4. 
 The son pays $5 board per week, and frequently gives his mother 
 more. Mrs. U.'s sister sometimes sleeps at Mrs. U.'s house, and 
 when she does so, she pays for her room, usually at the rate of $1 
 per week. The earnings from these sources, together with the 
 $4.50 per week paid by the man boarder and lodger, and the $11 
 paid for the child who was with the family for eleven weeks, brought 
 the total income for the forty-three weeks to $549.67, making an 
 average of $12.78 per week. 
 
 House. — The house which the family occupies is one of the older 
 Kensington type. It is set back from the street, and has a porch 
 and a small front yard with a flower bed in which Miss U. takes 
 pride. There is also a good-sized back yard. The rent is $13 per 
 
OF KENSINGTON, PHILADELPHIA. 63 
 
 month. The house is of brick, and has three rooms and a shed on 
 the first floor; three bedrooms on the second floor; and a store- 
 room in the attic. The toilet is in the yard. The house had no 
 bath tub until Mrs. U.'s son built a frame enclosure outside the 
 kitchen, put in a tub, and connected the water. The tub is used 
 only in warm weather. The house is heated by the kitchen range 
 and a small coal stove in the dining room. A still smaller coal stove 
 in the front bedroom on the second floor is used in extremely cold 
 weather. The parlor is closed in winter. The cooking is done 
 entirely on the coal range, though the house has gas for lighting 
 purposes. The parlor is furnished with an upholstered set and a 
 square piano; the rest of the house is very simply furnished. The 
 home is exceedingly neat. 
 
 Food. — The food expenditure as recorded for the thirty-seven 
 weeks, amounted to $192.50, making an average of $5.20 per week. 
 The weekly food allowance for this family, according to the Fall 
 River ''fair standard" of the government report, would be as 
 follows : ^ 
 
 Mother $1.46 
 
 Son 1.82 
 
 Daughter , 1.46 
 
 Man boarder 1.82 
 
 Child boarder (with family for eleven weeks) 73 
 
 Total $7.29 
 
 or $6.56 without child. 
 
 This family's expenditure for food was therefore far below the 
 allowance of the Fall River standard. It should be stated that 
 the family keeps chickens; these furnish some food, and slightly 
 reduce the table expenditure. The daughter makes the following 
 statement in her book (March, 1914): ''We have twenty-four 
 chickens, and kill one every four or five weeks. My brother pays 
 for the feed. We get now, nine or ten eggs a day; all winter, only 
 two or three." Even when the chickens are taken into considera- 
 tion, this family's food expenditure was still below the allowance 
 of the Fall River "fair standard." 
 
 Clothing. — The family spends but little for clothing. The 
 mother's clothing for the year cost $2.35; the daughter's, $19.48. 
 
 ^ eist^ Congress, 2d Session, Senate Document No. 645, Vol. XVI, op. cit., 
 pp. 24, 238. 
 
64 
 
 BUDGETS OF FAMILIES AND INDIVIDUALS 
 
 The daughter states in the account book: "Nothing was spent for 
 clothes except what is down. Very little was spent on dress." 
 The Fall River "fair standard" allowance for a mother's clothing 
 is $33.75 per year; for a grown daughter's, $63.80.^ 
 
 Standard of Living. — The account shows a deficit for the period 
 covered. A glance at the tables shows that this family has a 
 struggle to keep above the poverty line. 
 
 Daughter's Personal Account. — As the income table of this family 
 shows, the daughter's earnings are not kept separate from the 
 mother's; in accordance with the prevailing Kensington custom, 
 
 INCOME. 
 
 FoBTT-THREB Webks, March 29-Jult 4, 1913, July 19-Auau8T 8, 1913 , September 13- 
 
 OCTOBER 3, 1913, October 18, 1913-January 2, 1914, January 10-April 3, 1914, 
 
 Actually Recorded Income. 
 
 Amoiints are recorded for weekly pay intervals. In date column ia indicated the first day of 
 
 each fourth week. 
 
 Son, Board. 
 
 Mother and Daughter, 
 Wages. 
 
 Son, Board. 
 
 Mother and Daughter, 
 Wages. 
 
 Date. 
 
 < 
 
 Date. 
 
 s 
 
 Date. 
 
 1 
 
 Date. 
 
 1 
 
 < 
 
 Mar. 29, 1913 . 
 
 April 26 
 
 May 24 
 
 Juno 21 
 
 July 19 
 
 $ 5.50 
 
 4.00 
 
 5.00 
 
 15.00 
 
 14.00 
 
 14.00 
 5.00 
 
 1 
 
 I 
 
 5.00 
 2.00 
 
 Mar. 29, 1913. 
 
 AprU 26 
 
 May 24 
 
 June 21 
 
 July 19 
 
 Aug. 16 
 
 Sept. 13 
 
 $3.10 
 4.14 
 3.50 
 5.14 
 2.46 
 3.45 
 3.97 
 3.94 
 2.64 
 5.48 
 3.89 
 2.22 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 3.50 
 3.25 
 1.50 
 
 1 
 
 X 
 
 . .1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 2.69 
 3.95 
 3.07 
 
 Oct. 4, 1913 . 
 Oct. 11, 1913 . 
 
 Nov. 8 
 
 Dec. 
 
 Jan. 3, 1914. 
 
 Jan. 31 
 
 Feb. 28 
 
 Mar. 28 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 $ 13.00 
 
 5.00 
 
 1.00 
 9.00 
 1.00 
 1.00 
 
 13.00 
 5.00 
 
 5.00 
 
 10.00 
 3.00 
 5.00 
 3.00 
 
 13.00 
 5.00 
 5.00 
 2.00 
 
 13.00 
 
 Oct. 4, 1913 . 
 Oct. 11, 1913 . 
 
 Nov. 8 
 
 Dec. 6 
 
 Jan. 3,1914. 
 
 Jan. 31 
 
 Feb. 28 
 
 Mar. 28 
 
 $ 3.59 
 2.74 
 8.00 
 1.00 
 2.00 
 2.70 
 
 4.00 
 2.00 
 2.50 
 
 4.50 
 5.20 
 4.25 
 2.50 
 3.00 
 2.50 
 2.50 
 4.50 
 3.00 
 1.05 
 1.00 
 
 Aug. 16 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 Sept. 13 
 
 1.00 
 14.00 
 
 
 $196.50 
 
 $124.42 
 
 » No record. 
 
 all of Miss U.'s earnings go into the family fund, and she has only 
 the " pocket money " that is given back to her, to spend herself. 
 Mrs. U. is very strict with regard to the amount of "pocket 
 
 161st Congress, 2d Session, Senate Document No. 645, Vol. XVI, op. cU., 
 pp. 239, 243. 
 
OF KENSINGTON, PHILADELPHIA. 65 
 
 money" that she allows her daughter, and the daughter has little 
 freedom as to how she disposes of it. For example, Miss U. is 
 given car fare to pay for her ride to church each Sunday, but when- 
 ever the weather permits, she walks, in order to put this money into 
 a savings fund. She does not let her mother know about this fund, 
 ''because," she says, ''if Mother knew I walked, she would not give 
 me the car fare." By the summer of 1913 Miss U. had saved $3. 
 She withdrew this when she took her week's vacation, — which 
 she spent at a country vacation house for working girls, — but after 
 her return she started the savings fund again. The case of this 
 young woman illustrates how little opportunity a Kensington girl 
 has of learning to spend her earnings; yet in spite of her lack of 
 training in handling money, she is expected, as soon as she marries, 
 to take full charge of the family finances. 
 
 Miss U. has given an account of how she spent her "pocket 
 money" for eighteen weeks (November 22, 1913-March 27, 1914). 
 Since all articles bought for her out of the family fund are recorded 
 in the family tables, the two accounts together show in detail all 
 that was spent for her during these weeks. 
 
 Income from all Sources. 
 
 Son, board $196.50 
 
 Mother and daughter, wages 124.42 
 
 Man boarder and lodger: ^ 
 
 38 weeks @ $4.50 $171.00 
 
 2 '' @ $5.00 10.00 
 
 1 week @ $4.00 4.00 
 
 1 " @ $2.00 2.00 187.00 
 
 Child boarder and lodger: 
 
 11 weeks @ $1.00 11.00 
 
 Mrs. U's sister, for lodging: 
 
 16 weeks @ $1.00 |^6.00 
 
 2 " @ $2.00 4.00 
 
 1 week @ $1.50 1.50 
 
 1 " @ $ .75 .75 
 
 1 " @ $ .50 .50 22.75 
 
 Gifts 3.00 
 
 Sick benefits 5.00 
 
 Total income, 43 weeks, actually recorded $549.67 
 
 ^ The man boarder and lodger was away for almost 2 weeks, during which 
 time he was not charged for his board. 
 
66 
 
 BUDGETS OF FAMILIES AND INDIVIDUALS 
 
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 JOMQQOs »0 
 
 icoo->oq oi _ 
 
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OF KENSINGTON, PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 67 
 
 TtJoO'-i'-i 
 
 cow 
 
 2^ 
 
 
 
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 82 
 
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68 BUDGETS OF FAMILIES AND INDIVIDUALS 
 
 PERSONAL ACCOUNT OF DAUGHTER. 
 
 Pocket Money. 
 
 Eighteen Weeks, November 22, 191S-March 27, 1914, Actually Recorded Pocket Money. 
 
 Pocket Money from all Sources. 
 
 Mother $10.75 
 
 Airnt 3.00 
 
 Gifts 3.35 
 
 Teaching music 75 
 
 Total pocket money, eighteen weeks, actually recorded $17.85 
 
 Expenditures. 
 Eighteen Weeks, November 22, 191S-March 27, 1914, Actually Recorded Expenditures. 
 
 Candy, ice cream, etc $ .83 Incidentals 20 
 
 Fruit and pickles 33 
 
 Pictures 86 Total expenditures, 18 weeks, actually 
 
 Towel 25 recorded ^ $ 8.83 
 
 Soap cup 10 Total pocket money, 18 weeks.^ctually 
 
 Cold cream 05 recorded 17.85 
 
 Gloves 29 
 
 Silk and thread 20 Balance $ 9.02 
 
 Bag 10 
 
 Club pin 15 Debt. 
 
 Sheet music 54 Debt paid $1.00 
 
 Singing lesson 10 
 
 Reading matter 80 Balance $8.02 
 
 Writing paper 50 
 
 Postage 49 Loan. 
 
 Game 20 Money loaned $ .15 
 
 Car fare 2.84 
 
 FAMILY NO. 9. 
 
 Membership and Occupation. 
 
 Member. Age, Years. Occupation. 
 
 Father 56 Warper in cloth mill. 
 
 Mother 50 Housekeeper. 
 
 First son 23 Draughtsman. Was married Sep- 
 tember, 1913, and left home. 
 (Paid board.) 
 
 Second son 21 Knitter in hosiery mill. (Pays 
 
 board.) 
 
 Daughter 12 In school. 
 
 Third son 9 In school. 
 
 (There are also several married children, who have their own homes.) 
 
 Type of Family. — Mr. and Mrs. D. are English. Both are in- 
 telligent, and are ambitious to make their standard of living as 
 high as possible. Their family is unusually happy in its domestic 
 life. The father, the mother, and the two children always take 
 their recreation together. They go frequently to moving pictures, 
 and in summer, every other Sunday, all four take their luncheon 
 with them and go to spend the day in one of the parks. The 
 handling of the money in this family is more of a partnership 
 affair than is usually the case in Kensington. The mother does 
 the buying for the family, but the father is not limited to a definite 
 
OF KENSINGTON, PHILADELPHIA. 69 
 
 amount of ''pocket money"; he helps himself, as he says, from the 
 family purse. 
 
 The Account. — The budget of this family covers one year (April 
 21, 1913-April 19, 1914). .The account was kept in detail for the 
 first nine weeks only. Since Mrs. D. is systematic in providing for 
 her table, the nine weeks' account furnishes a basis for an estimate 
 of food expenditure for the year. An itemized account of the 
 other expenditures for the year was made out with great care by 
 Mr. and Mrs. D., from memory, at the end of the year. The tables 
 for this family's budget therefore include the actually recorded 
 account for nine weeks, and a partly estimated account for one 
 year. 
 
 Income, — The father earns $17 per week, when working full 
 time. He has never earned more than that. During the nine 
 weeks of the actually recorded account, he earned the full amount 
 each week. For the year, his total earnings were $814.88, making 
 an average of $15.67 per week. The oldest son paid $6 board per 
 week until September, 1913, when he married and left home. 
 The second son pays $6 board per week; he and the father are the 
 only wage-earners for the family of five since the oldest son's 
 marriage. 
 
 House. — Mr. and Mrs. D., during the year of this account, were 
 buying their house through a building and loan association, paying 
 $8 per month. The payments were to be completed in May, 1914. 
 The house is of brick, and has six rooms, a bath, a shed, and two 
 toilets — one outside and one in the bathroom. It is heated by a 
 hot air furnace, and has a coal range and a gas range for cooking. 
 The house is well furnished and well kept. 
 
 Food. — The food expenditure for the nine weeks was $96.75, or 
 $10.75 per week. The Fall River "fair standard" weekly food 
 allowance for this family would be as follows : ^ 
 
 Father $1.82 
 
 Mother 1.46 
 
 First son 1.82 
 
 Second son 1.82 
 
 Daughter 1.09 
 
 Third son 91 
 
 Total $8.92 
 
 First son was at home during the nine weeks. 
 
 ^ Gist Congress, 2d Session, Senate Document No. 645, Vol. XVI, op. cU.f 
 pp. 24, ^238. 
 
70 BUDGETS OF FAMILIES AND INDIVIDUALS 
 
 This family was therefore well above the Fall River standard 
 with regard to its food expenditure. 
 
 Clothing. — The clothing expenditure for the year was $139.01. 
 (The sons who pay board buy their own clothes.) On the basis of 
 the Fall River ''fair standard," the clothing expenditure for this 
 family would be as follows : ^ 
 
 Father $ 45.75 
 
 Mother 33.75 • 
 
 Daughter 25.35 
 
 Third son 17.45 
 
 Total $122.30 
 
 The total amount spent by the family for clothing, was therefore 
 above the allowance of the Fall River standard. The amount 
 spent for each individual's clothing, except the father's, was also 
 above the sum allowed by that standard. The members of this 
 family are well dressed at a moderate expense. Mrs. D. makes 
 most of her own and her daughter's dresses, with the exception of 
 her own suits. The daughter makes some of her own under- 
 clothes at school. 
 
 Standard of Living. — The members of this household live com- 
 fortably, and have a considerable amount of recreation. During 
 the year of the account they went to Atlantic City for their summer 
 vacation, spending $30 for the trip. As a rule, the family does not 
 quite live up to the limit of its income. Mr. and Mrs. D. each have 
 a small savings account with a downtown department store. 
 
 The year of the account was a good one; work was steady, and 
 there was no illness in the family. Just after the close of the 
 year, however, less fortunate times came on. The investigator 
 called upon Mrs. D. in the latter part of June, 1914, and found 
 that the daughter had just come home from a hospital, where she 
 had been ill for a month with scarlet fever. In talking over the 
 financial situation of the family on this occasion, Mrs. D. said: 
 ''When you were here last, you asked me how much I had spent on 
 doctor's bills, and I told you 'nothing.' Only a little while after you 
 left, my daughter took scarlet fever. Besides, my husband's work 
 has been poor. During the year of the account he had steady work, 
 but now, work is very slack. Last week he brought home only 
 $1.50, and tonight he had to take that to pay his Odd Fellows' 
 
 *61st Congress, 2d Session, Senate Document No. 645, Vol. XVI, op. dl., 
 pp. 239, 240, 243. 
 
OF KENSINGTON, PHILADELPHIA. 71 
 
 dues. When work is steady and health good, we get along grand, 
 but when Mr. D. loses one day out of the week, the cream is taken 
 off. Some weeks now, he has three or four days out. I doubt 
 whether we can get away to the shore this year." 
 
 INCOME. 
 
 Nine Weeks, April 21-June 22, 1913, Actually Recorded Income. 
 Income from all Sources. 
 
 Father, wages $153.00 
 
 First son, board, 9 weeks @ $6.00 54.00 
 
 Second son, board, 9 weeks @ $6.00 : 54.00 
 
 Total income, nine weeks, actually recorded $261.00 
 
 One Year (52 Weeks or 364 Days), April 21, 1913-April 19, 1914, Partly 
 
 Estimated Income. 
 I 
 
 Income from all Sources. 
 
 Father, wages $ 814.88 
 
 First son, board, 20 weeks @ $6.00 120.00 
 
 Second son, board, 52 weeks @ $6.00. . 312.00 
 
 Total income, one year, partly estimated $1,246.88 
 
 CLOTHING FOR ONE YEAR, APRIL 21, 1913-APRIL 19, 1914. 
 
 Father. Daughter. 
 
 Spt ,v ■■■: *16.50 Coat $5.00 
 
 Trousers (2 pis.) 4.00 Dress 3 00 
 
 u'r^i^^ 18S Dress goods: '.'.::'.'.'.'.'.'.:'.:'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.:: 2:00 
 
 Hats (2) 4.00 Hats (2) 6.00 
 
 Lnderwear 5.00 g^oes (4 prs.) 8.00 
 
 Snoes. — - Shoe repairs 1.75 
 
 Shoe repairs 1.25 Stockings 25 
 
 Socks (6 prs ) . . .7o Underwear 1.58 
 
 Suspenders (2 prs ) 1.00 Petticoat goods 1.20 
 
 Collars .50 Ribbon 35 
 
 1 les 1.00 
 
 $28.13 
 
 $38.00 
 a-. Mother. Third Son. 
 
 Suit $15.00 „ -4. • K nn 
 
 Dress 5.00 guit. $5.00 
 
 Hat 2.50 Breeches 1.00 
 
 Hat shape 1.25 gaps (3) . - . 1.50 
 
 Shoes (2 prs.) 5.00 Shoes (6 prs.) 12.00 
 
 Waist. . . . 1.00 g^oe repairs 2.45 
 
 goods 8.25 
 
 Stockings 25 
 
 Dressmaking.;:::::::::::::::::::::: 2:00 underwear 1.20 
 
 Petticoat goods 1.68 
 
 Underwear 1.30 
 
 Cape remade 6.00 
 
 Collars 25 
 
 Tie 25 
 
 $23.90 
 
 $48.98 
 
 DUES FOR ONE YEAR, APRIL 21, 1913-APRIL 19, 1914. 
 
 Per Year. 
 
 Lodge (father) 23.40 
 
 Settlement club (mother) $ 1.00 
 
 Lodge (second son) 7.80 
 
 Girls' club (daughter) 50 
 
 Boys' club (third son) 1.00 
 
 $33.70 
 
72 
 
 BUDGETS OF FAMILIES AND INDIVIDUALS 
 
 EXPENDITURES 
 
 Nine Weeks, April 21-June 22, 1913, Actually Recorded Expenditures. 
 Onk Year, April 21, 1913-April 19, 1914, Partly Estimated Expenditures. 
 
 s» 
 
 Item. 
 
 Amount. 
 
 Nine Weeks, Actu- 
 ally Recorded. 
 
 One Year, 
 Partly Estimated. 
 
 Date (date indicates the first 
 day of a four- week period) . 
 
 April 
 21,1913 
 
 May 
 19 
 
 June 
 161 
 
 Total. 
 
 Total. 
 
 Total. 
 
 Total. 
 
 \House: 
 
 Intel est on mortgage 
 
 $25.38 
 
 4.50* 
 
 6.75 
 
 10.30 
 
 7.60 
 
 14.36 
 
 4.08 
 
 .50 
 
 3.15 
 
 1.30 
 
 1.65 
 
 42.94 
 
 1.00« 
 
 1.46 
 
 .35 
 
 3.00 
 
 6.32 
 .10 
 
 .50 
 
 1.00 
 
 .72 
 
 1.05 
 
 .30 
 
 $9,003 
 
 1.50 
 
 10.24 
 
 7.00 
 
 14.48 
 5.06 
 1.28 
 
 2.71 
 
 .90 
 
 1.35 
 
 43.02 
 
 4.35 
 
 .30 
 
 3.27 
 
 2.94 
 
 1.00 
 
 1.30 
 
 1.00 
 
 .72 
 
 2.80 
 
 .35 
 
 $16.00 
 
 2.54 
 1.80 
 
 3.77 
 .66 
 
 .77 
 
 .65 
 
 .30 
 
 .30 
 
 10.79 
 
 .75 
 
 .77 
 
 1.00 
 3.90 
 
 .36 
 .20 
 
 $16.00 
 
 34.38 
 
 4.50 
 
 8.25 
 
 23.08 
 
 16.40 
 
 32.61 
 9.80 
 2.55 
 
 6.51 
 2.50 
 3.30 
 
 1.00 
 
 5.81 
 
 .65 
 
 7.02 
 
 $63.13 
 
 96.75 
 
 14.48 
 
 10.03 
 .10 
 2.00 
 5.70 
 2.00 
 1.80 
 
 3.85 
 
 .85 
 
 ?197.162 
 34.382 
 37.50 
 66.50 
 
 • 
 
 15.25 
 15.00 
 12.00 
 12.00 
 38.002 
 48.982 
 28.13* 
 23.90* 
 
 
 Taxes and water rent 
 
 
 Fuel and light 
 
 $335.54 
 
 Food: Meats . . . 
 
 
 
 
 Egg?. .. :: 
 
 
 Staples 
 
 
 Vegetables 
 
 
 Fruits.. 
 
 
 Cereals 
 
 
 Baked goods 
 
 
 ' Beverages 
 
 
 / Miscellaneous 
 
 / Food Total 
 
 495.00 
 
 u Household Expenses: 
 
 ^ Furniture 
 
 Furnishings . 
 
 
 
 
 Laundry 
 
 \ Clothing: Father 
 
 54.25 
 
 Mother 
 
 
 Daughter. . 
 
 
 Third son 
 
 
 Clothing Total 
 
 139.01* 
 
 Medical attention 
 
 11.50 
 
 Insurance 
 
 Dues: Lodge 
 
 12.002 
 33.70^ 
 10.00 
 
 Reading matter 
 
 9.00 
 
 Church . . . 
 
 1.00, 
 
 Charity 
 
 Recreation .... 
 
 1.00. 
 42.50^ 
 
 Pocket money: Daughter and 
 
 10.00 
 
 Car fare ... 
 
 3.50 
 
 Gifts 
 
 20.00 
 
 
 ctually r 
 y record 
 
 ecorded 
 ed 
 
 
 
 $200.69 
 261.00 
 
 
 Total income, 9 weeks, actual! 
 
 
 
 
 Balance 
 
 
 
 
 $ 60.31 
 
 
 
 one year 
 3ar, part 
 
 partly < 
 y estima 
 
 »8timatec 
 ted... 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 $1,178.00 
 
 Total income, one y< 
 
 
 
 
 1,246.88 
 
 Balance 
 
 
 
 
 
 $ 68.88 
 
 1 One week only. 
 
 * Actually recorded. 
 ' Water rent. 
 
 * Kitchen papered. 
 
 * Included under dairy products. 
 
 « Furniture insurance. 
 
 ' Vacation trip to Atlantic City for father, 
 mother, and two youngest children, $30; 
 Sunday outings, $10; moving pictures, $2.50. 
 
 FAMILY NO. 10. 
 
 Membership and Occupation. 
 
 Member. Age, Years. 
 
 Father 46 
 
 Mother 45 
 
 First daughter 21 
 
 Occupation. 
 
 Upholstery weaver in tapestry 
 
 works. 
 Housekeeper. 
 Knitter and "topper learner" in 
 
 hosiery mill. 
 
OF KENSINGTON, PHILADELPHIA. 73 
 
 Member. Age, Years. Occupation. 
 
 First son 19 Knitter in hosiery mill. 
 
 Second son 17 Knitter in hosiery mill. 
 
 Third son 11 In school. 
 
 Second daughter 7 In school. 
 
 Young woman boarder and lodger for 50 weeks of the first period of the 
 account. Paid $4 per week. 
 
 Type of Family. — Mr. and Mrs. G. are Scotch. They are 
 earnest, hard-working, and thrifty. Both are Socialists, and are 
 pronounced in their views on social questions. 
 
 The Account. — The budget of this family covers two periods, — 
 one of a ye^r (March 21, 1913-March 19, 1914), and one of thirty- 
 one weeks (February 5-September 9, 1915). 
 
 During the first period Mrs. G. kept her expenditure account 
 as follows: she kept a daily record of all expenditures for the 
 first' eight weeks; for the next four weeks she recorded the total 
 amount spent for food ; for the remainder of the year she gave the 
 food expenditure in round numbers; she kept a record of the total 
 expenditure for clothing for the year, itemizing this for the last 
 six months ; she also kept a record of all extraordinary expenditures 
 for the year. Since the account was not kept in the form of a daily 
 record after the first eight weeks, most of the items of expenditure 
 for this period are entered in the table under yearly totals only. 
 Mrs. G. kept a record in detail of income for the entire year. 
 
 During the second period Mrs. G. kept a careful record of all 
 expenditure items, day by day, and she kept her income record in 
 detail. 
 
 Income. — When this family's account was begun (March 21, 
 1913), Mr. G. was at home, ill. In May he was obliged to go to a 
 hospital to be operated upon, and was unable to return to work 
 until June. From that time he worked steadily — except for a 
 two weeks' vacation in August — until the following February, 
 when a slack season set in. From the time he returned to work 
 after his illness until the end of the first period for which the 
 account was kept, Mr. G.'s average earnings were $11.80 per week. 
 
 At the beginning of the first period, the first son and the second 
 son were knitter's '^ helpers" in a hosiery mill; the first son was 
 earning about $7.50 per week; the second son, about $8.50. Since 
 the early part of August, 1913, these sons have been knitters. 
 From the time they became knitters until the end of the first 
 period, they earned an average of $14.71 per week and $13.38 per 
 week, respectively. The daughter, as a knitter and "topper 
 
74 BUDGETS OF FAMILIES AND INDIVIDUALS 
 
 learner" in a hosiery mill, earned, during the first period, an aver- 
 age of $9.12 per week. 
 
 During the second period the father's wages averaged $11.04 
 pet week; the first son's, $7.46; the second son's, $7.55; and the 
 daughter's, $8.87. 
 
 House. — The family occupies a brick house of six rooms and a 
 bath, with a toilet in the yard. It is heated by a hot air furnace, 
 and has both a coal range and a gas range for cooking. The rent 
 is $14 per month. The house is neat and comfortable, but is plainly 
 furnished. One notes the absence of ornaments and knickknacks, — 
 the kind of thing with which Kensington women have a tendency 
 to overload their homes. 
 
 Food. — The food expenditure for the first period averaged about 
 $13.50 per week, in round numbers, and was well above the weekly 
 allowance of the Fall River "fair standard," which, for this family, 
 would be as follows : ^ 
 
 Father $ 1.82 
 
 Mother '. • 1.46 
 
 First daughter 1.46 
 
 First son 1.82 
 
 Second son 1.82 
 
 Third son 1.09 
 
 Second daughter 91 
 
 Young woman boarder 1.46 
 
 Total $11.84 
 
 In the food account, ''baked goods" make a considerable item. 
 Mrs. G. formerly did her own baking, but has not been able to do much 
 of it of late years. She buys daily from the baker one large loaf of 
 bread for eight cents, and breakfast rolls and cakes fo** fifteen cents. 
 
 For the second period the food expenditure averaged $12.61 
 per week. There was no boarder during this period. 
 
 The following menu for one week of the first period, shows a 
 substantial and well-selected diet. 
 
 Menu for One Week in the Spring of 1913. 
 Saturday. 
 
 Breakfast: Bacon and eggs, rolls, tea, corn flakes and milk. 
 Dinner: Vegetable soup, potatoes, meat from soup, bread, tea. 
 Supper: Potato salad, cold meat, bread, cake, tea. 
 
 1 61st Congress, 2d Session, Senate Document No. 645, Vol. XVI, op. dt., pp. 
 24, 238. 
 
OF KENSINGTON, PHILADELPHIA. 75 
 
 Sunday. 
 
 Breakfast: Half smokes, eggs boiled for those who do not like half smokes, 
 
 bread and butter, tea, coffee. 
 Dinner: Vegetable soup from Saturday, roast shoulder of mutton, fried 
 
 potatoes from Saturday, one can peas, bread and butter, tea. 
 Supper: Cold mutton with sauce, bread, cake, tea. 
 Monday. 
 
 Breakfast: Corn flakes with milk, rolls, boiled eggs, bread, tea. 
 
 Dinner: Stewed beef with peas, bread, milk, tea. 
 
 Supper: Steamed potatoes with onions, beefsteak, eggs, bread and butter, 
 
 jelly, tea. 
 Tuesday. 
 
 Breakfast: Corn flakes, eggs, bread, milk, tea, rolls. 
 
 Dinner: Fried potatoes, stewed apples, herring, bread and butter, milk, tea. 
 Supper: Meat cakes, potatoe? boiled and salad, bread and butter, jelly, tea. 
 Wednesday. 
 
 Breakfast: One-fourth pound bacon, eggs, corn flakes and milk, bread, 
 
 rolls, tea. 
 Dinner: Fried potatoes, rice pudding with milk, bread and butter, tea, milk. 
 Supper: Baked beans with pork, potatoes, stewed apricots, bread and 
 
 butter, jelly, tea. 
 Thursday. 
 
 Breakfast: Com flakes with milk, eggs boiled, bread and butter, rolls, tea. 
 Dinner: Beef Hver fried, rice pudding from Wednesday, bread and butter, 
 
 milk, tea. 
 Supper: Pot roast of beef (2 pounds), boiled cabbage, potatoes mashed, 
 
 bread and butter, jelly, tea. 
 Fnday. 
 
 Breakfast : Corn flakes and milk, rolls, Bologna, bread and butter, tea. 
 Dinner: Stewed tomatoes, fried potatoes, 1 can corn, pie, bread, tea. 
 Supper: Pork chops, potato salad, corn from dinner, bread and butter, 
 
 cheese, tea. 
 
 Clothing. — For the year of the first period of the account, this 
 family spent a total of $515 for clothing, — the mother's share of $90 
 and the first daughter's share of $150 being particularly large. 
 The father's share was only $30, the smallest in the family. The 
 clothing allowance for this family, according to the Fall River "fair 
 standard," would be as follows: ^ 
 
 Father $ 45.75 
 
 Mother 33.75 
 
 First daughter 63.80 
 
 Fu-st son 50.50 
 
 Second son 50.50 
 
 Third son 30.55 
 
 Second daughter 16.85 
 
 Total .$291.70 
 
 161st Congress, 2d Session, Senate Document No. 645, op. cit., pp. 239, 
 240, 24^. 
 
76 BUDGETS OF FAMILIES AND INDIVIDUALS 
 
 Pocket Money. — The sons give over their wages to their mother, 
 and she gives them back ''fifteen cents on the dollar for spending 
 money," besides many "extras," especially on holidays. Mrs. G. 
 s^-ys she is afraid the boys will not want to work unless she gives 
 them plenty of "spending money." The daughter gives over her 
 wages to her mother, and receives seventy-five cents per week for 
 "spending money." Out of this she makes her church contribu- 
 tions and pays for her recreation. Twelve weeks before the close 
 of the first period, Mrs. G. started to give this daughter fifty cents 
 per week toward a savings fund, in addition to the seventy-five 
 cents "spending money" per week. The father's regular "spend- 
 ing money" is $1.50 per week. When not working full time, he 
 receives less. 
 
 Cooperative Association. — When the Kensington cooperative store 
 went out of business in March, 1914, Mrs. G. lost her share of $20. 
 She received no dividends during the year. The only benefit 
 which she had from the association was the privilege of buying her 
 coal at wholesale price. 
 
 Standard of Living. — The family income was sufficient, during 
 the year of the first period, to permit of a comfortable standard, 
 as well as to furnish a surplus to be laid by. Mr. and Mrs. G. 
 started bank accounts in the latter part of August, 1913, each 
 depositing $150. Mrs. G. also made a practice of keeping $50 in 
 the house for cases of emergency. Almost immediately after the 
 close of the first period, hard times came on. Work was very 
 slack in the summer of 1914 and in the following fall and winter. 
 Early in 1915, — ten months after the close of the first period, — 
 Mrs. G. told the investigator that nothing had been added to the 
 bank accounts, and that the $50 which she had kept in the house 
 had been used up long ago. The problem now was to make ends 
 meet during a period of so much enforced idleness. Mr. G., in 
 speaking of the year for which his wife had kept the account, 
 remarked: " That was the best year we ever had ; work was better, 
 and income steadier. We spent more on our table that year, and 
 lived better than we had ever lived before. It is not fair to judge 
 of our way of living by that year alone." It was because of the 
 fact that the first period had been so exceptionally prosperous, that 
 Mrs. G. suggested keeping a record over another period. The 
 tables for the second period of thirty-one weeks follow immediately- 
 after those of the first period of one year. 
 
OF KENSINGTON, PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 77 
 
 ACCOUNT FOR FIRST PERIOD. 
 
 INCOME. 
 
 One Ykar (52 Weeks or 364 Days), March 21, 1913-March 19, 1914, Actually Recorded 
 
 Income. 
 
 Amounts are recorded for bi-weekly pay intervals. In date column is indicated the first day of 
 
 each fourth week. 
 
 Father, Wages. 
 
 First Daughter, 
 
 Wages. 
 
 First Son, Wages. 
 
 Second Son, Wages. 
 
 Date. 
 
 4i 
 1 
 
 < 
 
 Date. 
 
 o 
 
 a 
 < 
 
 Date. 
 
 < 
 
 Date. 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 <! 
 
 Mar. 21, 1913 . 
 
 
 Mar. 21, 1913. 
 
 $6.00 Mar. 21, 1913. 
 
 $13.50 
 
 Mar. 21, 1913. 
 
 $17.00 
 
 
 
 
 13.30 
 
 
 15.00 
 
 
 16.00 
 
 April 18 
 
 
 AprUlS 
 
 20.15 
 
 April 18 
 
 15.00 
 
 April 18 
 
 17.00 
 
 
 
 
 ■ 20.50 
 
 
 15.00 
 
 
 17.00 
 
 May 16 
 
 
 May 16 
 
 20.50 
 16.26 
 
 May 16 
 
 15.00 
 14.50 
 
 May 16 
 
 17.00 
 15.00 
 
 June 13 
 
 $28.00 
 
 June 13 
 
 20.50 
 
 June 13 
 
 15.00 
 
 June 13 
 
 17.00 
 
 
 28.00 
 
 
 20.50 
 
 
 15.00 
 
 
 17.00 
 
 July 11.. ... . 
 
 28.00 
 
 J'-ily 11 
 
 20.50 
 
 July 11 
 
 15.00 
 
 July 11 
 
 17.00 
 
 
 28.00 
 
 
 10.25 
 
 
 15.00 
 
 
 17.00 
 
 Aug. 8 
 
 . 2 
 
 Aug. 8 
 
 20.50 
 
 Aug. 8 
 
 25.00 
 
 Aug. 8 ..... . 
 
 27.00 
 
 
 34.00 
 
 
 15.37 
 
 
 27.50 
 
 • 
 
 27.00 
 
 Sept. 5 
 
 32.00 
 
 Sept. 5 
 
 20.50 
 
 Sept. 5 
 
 28.99 
 
 Sept. 5 
 
 27.16 
 
 
 31.00 
 
 
 20.50 
 
 
 29.85 
 
 
 27.60 
 
 Oct. 3 
 
 28.93 
 
 Oct. 3 
 
 20.50 
 
 Oct. 3 
 
 28.05 
 
 Oct. 3 
 
 27.35 
 
 
 36.00 
 
 
 20.50 
 
 
 31.17 
 
 
 27.40 
 
 Oct. 31 
 
 13.27 
 
 Oct. 31 
 
 15.40 
 
 Oct. 31 
 
 28.15 
 
 Oct. 31 
 
 24.83 
 
 
 27.50 
 
 
 20.50 
 
 
 32.00 
 
 
 26.00 
 
 Nov. 28 
 
 18.60 
 
 Nov. 28 
 
 10.25 
 
 Nov. 28 
 
 24.80 
 
 Nov. 28 
 
 21.75 
 
 
 32.50 
 
 
 20.50 
 
 
 32.67 
 
 
 28.50 
 
 Dec. 26 
 
 29.44 
 
 Dec. 26 
 
 20.50 
 
 Dec. 26 
 
 31.72 
 
 Dec. 26 
 
 25.28 
 
 
 19.41 
 
 
 20.50 
 
 
 31.30 
 
 
 28.55 
 
 Jan. 23, 1914 . 
 
 22.35 
 
 Jan. 23, 1914. 
 
 20.50 
 
 Jan. 23, 1914. 
 
 30.83 
 
 Jan. 23, 1914. 
 
 27.68 
 
 
 4.85 
 
 
 18.80 
 
 
 26.99 
 
 
 25.78 
 
 Feb. 20 
 
 30.25 
 
 Feb. 20 
 
 20.50 
 
 Feb. 20 
 
 31.00 
 
 Feb. 20 
 
 29.55 
 
 
 
 
 20.50 
 
 $474.28 
 
 
 30.67 
 
 
 26.86 
 
 
 $472.10 
 
 $618.69 
 
 $595.29 
 
 1111. 
 
 No work. 
 
 ALL Sources, 
 
 Income from 
 
 Father, wages 
 
 First daughter, wages 
 
 First son, wages 
 
 Second son, wages 
 
 Ydung woman boarder and lodger, 50 weeks @ $4.00 
 
 .$ 472.10 
 474.28 
 618.69 
 595.29 
 200.00 
 
78 
 
 BUDGETS OF FAMILIES AND INDIVIDUALS 
 
 Sick benefits, 10 weeks @ $2.50 25.00 
 
 Labor union: 
 
 2 weeks @ $5.00 $10.00 
 
 , 4 weeks @ $3.50 14.00 24.00 
 
 Total income, one year, actually recorded $2,409.36 
 
 ACCOUNT FOR FIRST PERIOD. 
 
 EXPENDITURES. 
 
 Onb Year (52 Weeks or 364 Days), March 21, 1913-MARcn 19, 1914, Partly Estimated 
 
 EXPEKDITXTRES. 
 
 Item. 
 
 Amount. 
 
 One Year, 
 Partly Estimated. 
 
 Date (date indicates the first day of a four- 
 week period). 
 
 March 
 21, 1913 
 
 April 
 
 May 
 16 
 
 Total. 
 
 Total. 
 
 House: 
 
 Rent 
 
 $1' 
 
 $11.97 
 
 10.44 
 
 2.48 
 
 1.64 
 
 4.70 
 
 4.43 
 
 .50 
 
 8.12 
 
 .40 
 
 2.98 
 
 47.66 
 
 .60 
 2.29 
 
 per mo 
 
 $11.91 
 
 14.52 
 
 2.94 
 
 3.60 
 
 4.47 
 
 6.42 
 
 .60 
 
 9.66 
 
 1.35 
 
 4.26 
 
 59.73 
 
 2.49 
 
 ath 
 $19,602 
 
 48.80S 
 1.84 
 
 $168,001 
 45.60 
 
 24.75 
 29.80 
 40.151 
 31.20 
 
 30.001 
 90.001 
 150.001 
 75.001 
 80.001 
 50.001 
 40.001 
 
 47.321 
 
 45.301 
 
 2.721 
 
 1.201 
 
 
 
 $213.60 
 
 Food: Meats 
 
 
 
 
 Eggs ... 
 
 
 Staples 
 
 
 Vegetables 
 
 
 Fruits . . 
 
 
 Cereals 
 
 
 
 
 Beverages 
 
 
 Miscellaneous 
 
 
 Food Total 
 
 696.19* 
 
 Household Expenses: 
 
 
 
 
 General supplies' 
 
 
 
 125.90 
 
 Clothing: 
 Father.. . 
 
 
 Mother 
 
 
 First daughter 
 
 
 First son. . 
 
 
 
 
 Third son 
 
 
 
 515.001 
 
 Medical attention 
 
 38.251 
 
 Insurance . 
 
 55 701 
 
 Dues: 
 
 
 Union . . .... 
 
 
 
 
 Settlement club 
 
 96 541 
 
 Reading matter. . 
 
 15 00 
 
 Church 
 
 3.60 
 
 Charity 
 
 361 
 
 Recreation . 
 
 50 00 
 
 
 275.00 
 
 Car fare . . j 
 
 15 (K) 
 
 Gifts 
 
 6.39 
 
 Total expenditures, one year, partly estimated 
 Total income, one year, actually recorded .... 
 
 
 
 
 $2,106,53 
 
 
 
 
 2,409.36 
 
 Balance 
 
 $ 302.83 
 
 Savings. 
 
 Savings fund society: 
 Father. . . 
 
 
 
 
 $150.00 
 
 150.00 
 
 6.00 
 
 
 Mother 
 
 
 First daughter 
 
 1 
 
 
 Total 
 
 $306.00 
 
 * Actually recorded. 
 » Four tons pea coal. 
 
 » Food expenditure not itemized for these 4 
 weeks. Father in hospital during this period. 
 
 ♦ Twelve weeks, actually recorded expendi- 
 
 ture, and 40 weeks, estimated at $13.50 per 
 week. 
 
 » The store slips for these were kept through- 
 out the yeai . 
 
OF KENSINGTON, PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 79 
 
 ACCOUNT FOR FIRST PERIOD. 
 CLOTHING FOR TWENTY-SIX WEEKS, SEPTEMBER 19. 1913-MARCH 19, 1914. 
 
 Fathkb. 
 
 Trousers $ 2.00 
 
 Sweater 3.75 
 
 Shoe repairs 50 
 
 suppers 1.00 
 
 Socks 25 
 
 Underwear 6.50 
 
 Suspenders 25 
 
 Handkerchiefs 10 
 
 S14.35 
 
 MOTHEB. 
 
 Dress 
 
 Dress goods 
 
 Waists (4) ^ . . 
 
 Hat 
 
 Shoes (2 prs.) 
 
 Shoe repairs 
 
 Stockings 
 
 Underwear 
 
 Making underwear . 
 
 Underskirt 
 
 Corsets (1 pr.) 
 
 Lace collar 
 
 Tie 
 
 Aprons (4) 
 
 Pocketbook 
 
 Hand bag 
 
 9.50 
 
 2.35 
 
 2.39 
 
 3.00 
 
 6.00 
 
 • .50 
 
 1.13 
 
 5.18 
 
 .75 
 
 .49 
 
 3.50 
 
 .39 
 
 .10 
 
 1.03 
 
 .50 
 
 1.50 
 
 $38.31 
 
 First DAaoHXEB. 
 
 Coat $10.98 
 
 Suit 12.95 
 
 Alteration 25 
 
 Dress 11.10 
 
 Dress goods 1.08 
 
 Making dress 2.35 
 
 Trimming dress 55 
 
 Skirt 3.75 
 
 Skirt, working 1.98 
 
 Waists (8) 9.40 
 
 Hat 4.75 
 
 Hat, working 1.10 
 
 Hat pin 50 
 
 Shoes (2 i)rs.) 7.00 
 
 Shoe repairs 15 
 
 Stockings 1.50 
 
 Rubbers 65 
 
 Underwear 7.01 
 
 Underskirts (2) 2.98 
 
 Apron 50 
 
 Handkerchiefs 1.80 
 
 Pendant and chain 9.00 
 
 Suit 
 
 Cap 
 
 Shoes (2 i>rs.) 
 Shoe repairs . . 
 
 Socks 
 
 Shiit 
 
 Collar 
 
 First Son. 
 
 $11.00 
 . 1.00 
 . 6.50 
 . .95 
 . .38 
 . 1.00 
 .13 
 
 Underwear 2.80 
 
 $23.76 
 Second Son. 
 
 Overcoat $10.00 
 
 Suit 10.50 
 
 Trousers 3.50 
 
 Caps (2) 2.00 
 
 Shoes (2 prs.) 6.00 
 
 Shoe repairs 1.25 
 
 Slippers 75 
 
 Socks 37 
 
 Underwear 3.00 
 
 Collars 25 
 
 Tie 60 
 
 Tie holder 1.00 
 
 Scarf pin 1.75 
 
 $40.87 
 Third Son. 
 
 Suit $ 5.50 
 
 Cap 50 
 
 Shoes (2 prs.) 6.00 
 
 Shoe repairs 1.75 
 
 Stockings 1.00 
 
 Rubbers 75 
 
 Sweater 2.00 
 
 Underwear 1.25 
 
 Suspenders 25 
 
 Collar 25 
 
 Tie 25 
 
 Handkerchief 15 
 
 $91.23 
 
 $18.65 
 Second Daughter. 
 
 Coat $ 5.95 
 
 Spring coat 1.98 
 
 Dresses (3) 5.96 
 
 Guimpes (2) 50 
 
 Hat 1.98 
 
 Shoes (4 prs.) 7.25 
 
 Shoe repairs 2.20 
 
 Slippers 85 
 
 Stockings 1.25 
 
 Underwear 1.05 
 
 Muslin 30 
 
 Ribbon 75 
 
 Gingham 1.00 
 
 Apron goods 30 
 
 $31.32 
 
 Vacations, June-August, 1913. 
 
 Atlantic City — father and mother $ 4.00 
 
 Country (3 days) — first daughter 5.00 
 
 Atlantic City — father, mother, third son, and second daughter . . 5.50 
 New London, Conn. — father, third son, and second daughter . . . 26.00 
 Wilmington, Del. — mother, boat ride 1.00 
 
 Total $41.50 
 
80 
 
 BUDGETS OF FAMILIES AND INDIVIDUALS 
 
 ACCOUNT FOR SECOND PERIOD. 
 
 INCOME. 
 
 TJhiktt-one Weeks, February 5-September 9, 1915, Actually Recorded Income. 
 
 Amounts are recorded for bi-weekly pay intervals. In date column is indicated the first day of 
 
 each fourth week. 
 
 Father, Wages. 
 
 Date. 
 
 First Daughter, Wages 
 
 Date. 
 
 First Son, Wages. 
 
 Date. 
 
 Second Son, Wages. 
 
 Date. 
 
 Feb. 5, 1915» 
 Mar. 5. . . . . 
 
 April 2 
 
 April 30 
 
 May 28 
 
 June 25 
 
 July 23 
 
 Aug. 20 
 
 $ 12.00 
 22.00 
 26.00 
 
 20.00 
 32.00 
 21.00 
 23.50 
 30.40 
 30.25 
 26.00 
 24.50 
 30.50 
 22.00 
 22.10 
 
 Feb. 6, 1915> 
 
 Mar. 5 
 
 April 2 
 
 April 30 
 
 May 28 
 
 June 25 
 
 July 23 
 
 Aug. 20 
 
 $20.41 
 20.80 
 20.50 
 19.50 
 13.30 
 15.40 
 20.00 
 19.70 
 14.80 
 15.35 
 20.00 
 16.90 
 19.26 
 19.50 
 19.50 
 
 Feb. 6, 1915 
 
 Mar. 5 
 
 April 2 
 
 April 30 
 
 May 28 
 
 June 25 
 
 July 23 
 
 Aug. 20 
 
 $ 9.25 
 18.10 
 17.00 
 
 4.00 
 14.25 
 
 6.20 
 15.00 
 12.00 
 19.00 
 17.80 
 21.00 
 19.30 
 18.05 
 
 9.00 
 16.00 
 15.30 
 
 Feb. 5, 
 
 1915 
 
 • 
 
 Mar. 5 
 April 2 
 April 30 
 May 28 
 June 25 
 July 23 
 Aug. 20 
 
 $12.06 
 21.30 
 20.26 
 14.70 
 16.75 
 14.40 
 
 4.50 
 
 3.90 
 18.00 
 14.15 
 12.70 
 16.00 
 24.00 
 25.00 
 16.20 
 
 $342.25 
 
 $274.92 
 
 $231.25 
 
 $233.92 
 
 1 The account was started in a week 
 did not fall. 
 
 in which the pay days of the father and the first daughter 
 
 Income from all Sources. 
 
 Father, wages $ 342.25 
 
 First daughter, wages 274.92 
 
 First son, wages 231.25 
 
 Second son, wages 233.92 
 
 Third son, earnings , , I.OO 
 
 Total income, 31 weeks, actually recorded $1,083.34 
 
OF KENSINGTON, PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 81 
 
 ACCOUNT FOR SECOND PERIOD. 
 
 EXPENDITURES. 
 
 Thirty-one Weeks, February 5-September 9, 1915, Actually Recorded Expenditures. 
 
 Item. 
 
 Amount. 
 
 Thirty-one Weeks, 
 Actually Recorded. 
 
 Date (date indicates the 
 
 first day of a four-week 
 
 period). 
 
 Feb. 
 
 5, 
 1915 
 
 Mar. 
 5 
 
 April 
 
 to"' 
 
 May 
 
 28 
 
 Jime 
 25 
 
 July 
 23 
 
 Aug. 
 201 
 
 Total. 
 
 Total. 
 
 House: 
 
 Rent 
 
 $14 
 
 $1.50 
 
 17.04 
 
 7.41 
 
 9.36 
 5.02 
 
 .10 
 
 6.72 
 
 .78 
 
 1.98 
 
 48.41 
 
 2.89 
 
 .25 
 
 2.26 
 
 11.29 
 .25 
 
 2.77 
 14.65 
 
 1.05 
 .65 
 
 2.69 
 .17 
 .55 
 
 3.12 
 
 3.16 
 
 1.50 
 
 1.00 
 
 .82 
 
 .35 
 
 1.42 
 
 6.50 
 3.50 
 5.96 
 5.70 
 .20 
 .23 
 1.38 
 2.00 
 
 .35 
 
 per mc 
 $0.65 
 
 1.25 
 15.78 
 
 8.50 
 
 9.76 
 4.81 
 
 .30 
 5.96 
 
 .28 
 
 2.01 
 
 47.40 
 
 1.75 
 1.00 
 2.24 
 
 .05 
 
 7.13 
 
 .91 
 5.17 
 10.16 
 
 .60 
 1.85 
 3.12 
 
 6.60 
 3.75 
 
 1.78 
 .85 
 
 1.30 
 
 4.00 
 3.00 
 4.70 
 5.75 
 .23 
 .11 
 1.40 
 
 .19 
 
 )nth 
 
 $2.25 
 15.24 
 9.00 
 
 9.52 
 5.78 
 
 .30 
 8.41 
 
 .56 
 
 2.71 
 
 51.52 
 
 4.56 
 1.50 
 2.26 
 
 1.15 
 7.70 
 7.50 
 4.40 
 
 .27 
 1.60 
 4.41 
 
 .19 
 1.85 
 3.12 
 
 2.05 
 1.00 
 
 .75 
 .56 
 
 .82 
 
 6.25 
 
 2.60 
 
 5.50 
 
 4.75 
 
 .30 
 
 .12 
 
 .95 
 
 .30 
 
 $0.35 
 2.25 
 
 13,73 
 9.90 
 
 7.83 
 7.89 
 
 .20 
 8.60 
 
 1.81 
 49.96 
 
 1.05 
 1.88 
 2.18 
 
 4.00 
 10.87 
 13.48 
 
 14.50 
 4.88 
 3.32 
 .17 
 3.30 
 3.12 
 
 2.05 
 .80 
 
 1.05 
 .49 
 
 .40 
 
 6.00 
 3.00 
 4.75 
 1.30 
 .23 
 .12 
 1.68 
 
 $1.75 
 11.70 
 9.96 
 
 5.65 
 8.98 
 
 8.37 
 
 .35 
 
 2.72 
 
 47.73 
 
 .59 
 
 .37 
 
 2.26 
 
 .13 
 
 .80 
 6.10 
 1.50 
 3.50 
 
 .10 
 3.80 
 
 .12 
 4.80 
 3.12 
 
 8.60 
 2.90 
 
 1.00 
 
 .47 
 
 1.40 
 
 1.40 
 
 10.25 
 
 5.90 
 
 8.30 
 
 1.50 
 
 .20 
 
 .12 
 
 1.80 
 
 .10 
 
 20.00 
 
 $1.75 
 14.20 
 10.51 
 
 5.61 
 10.57 
 
 7.49 
 
 5.63 
 54.01 
 
 2.58 
 
 .77 
 
 2.93 
 
 1.50 
 .80 
 1.85 
 1.53 
 2.68 
 3.93 
 1.30 
 .08 
 4.50 
 3.12 
 
 1.10 
 1.95 
 
 .97 
 
 .32 
 
 .59 
 
 7.95 
 
 11.50 
 4.35 
 7.60 
 2.50 
 .78 
 .37 
 2.50 
 
 10.00 
 
 $1.75 
 13.25 
 10.24 
 
 5.09 
 9.43 
 
 .20 
 9.15 
 
 6.23 
 53.59 
 
 1.70 
 
 .34 
 
 2.05 
 
 .95 
 3.00 
 4.08 
 2.26 
 
 .51 
 1.20 
 
 .70 
 
 .83 
 5.30 
 3.12 
 
 1.50 
 1.00 
 
 1.12 
 .25 
 .13 
 
 8.65 
 
 15.00 
 
 3.00 
 
 8.15 
 
 .05 
 
 .46 
 
 .31 
 
 2.25 
 
 .90 
 
 20.00 
 
 $1.50 
 11.43 
 5.91 
 
 4.63 
 6.52 
 
 6.16 
 
 3.73 
 38.38 
 
 .55 
 
 .94 
 
 1.62 
 
 .87 
 2.70 
 
 .60 
 .10 
 
 1.41 
 .21 
 .70 
 
 2.06 
 
 .50 
 1.10 
 
 1.52 
 .25 
 .03 
 
 6.20 
 
 8.50 
 
 1.55 
 
 6.85 
 
 4.00 
 
 .38 
 
 .24 
 
 .70 
 
 15.00 
 
 $112.00 
 
 1.00 
 
 14.00 
 
 112.37 
 
 71.43 
 
 57.45 
 59.00 
 
 1.10 
 60.86 
 
 1.97 
 26.82 
 
 15.67 
 
 7.05 
 
 17.80 
 
 19.07 
 24.29 
 45.61 
 24.34 
 24.02 
 17.63 
 27.79 
 2.37 
 
 25.56 
 
 14.00 
 
 1.00 
 
 68.00 
 26.90 
 51.81 
 25.55 
 2.78 
 1.62 
 
 
 Repairs ... ... 
 
 
 Fuel and light. .^ 
 
 $127.00 
 
 Dairy products 
 
 Eggs2 
 
 
 Staples^ 
 
 
 Vegetables 
 
 
 Fruits'* 
 
 
 Cereals 
 
 
 Baked goods 
 
 
 Beverages ' 
 
 Miscellaneous 
 
 Food Total 
 
 391.00 
 
 Household Expenses: 
 Furniture. . 
 
 
 
 
 General supplies 
 
 Laundry . . 
 
 40.52 
 
 Clothing: 
 Father. . . . 
 
 
 Mother 
 
 
 First daughter 
 
 
 Second son 
 
 
 Third son 
 
 
 Second daughter 
 
 Notions 
 
 185.12 
 
 Medical attention 
 
 Insurance . . 
 
 22.85 
 23.90 
 
 Dues: 
 Lodge . 
 
 
 
 
 Settlement club 
 
 Reading matter. . . 
 
 40.56 
 9.01 
 
 Church 
 
 3.54 
 
 Charity . . 
 
 2.15 
 
 
 28.14 
 
 Pocket money: 
 
 Father 
 
 
 First daughter 
 
 First son • 
 
 
 Third son . . 
 
 
 Second daughter 
 
 a r fare 
 
 176.66 
 12.66 
 
 Gifts 
 
 3.00 
 
 
 65.00 
 
 S imdries 
 
 .84 
 
 Total expenditures, 3 
 Total income, 31 wee 
 
 1 weeks, actu 
 ks, actii.illv r 
 
 ally recorder 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 $1,131.95 
 
 ecordei 
 
 i ... . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1,083.34 
 
 Deficit 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 • . . . . 
 
 a 
 
 Savings. 
 
 Savings fund society: 
 
 Deposits 
 
 Withdrawals 120.00 
 
 None 
 I 5.00 
 
 25.00 
 
 Total amount withdrawn, 31 weeks. 
 
 None 
 $50.00 
 
 $ 50.00 
 
 1 Three weeks only. 
 
 2 Included under dairy products. 
 
 3 These are groceries. 
 
 * Included under vegetables. 
 
82 
 
 BUDGETS OF FAMILIES AND INDIVIDUALS 
 
 ACCOUNT FOR SECOND PERIOD. 
 CLOTHING FOR THIRTY-ONE WEEKS, FEBRUARY 5-SEPTEMBER 9, 1915. 
 
 First Son. — Continued. 
 
 Father. 
 
 Suit $10.00 
 
 Cap.\ 50 
 
 Shirts (3) 2.00 
 
 Shoes (1 pr.) 3.50 
 
 Shoe repair?* 90 
 
 Socks 13 
 
 Underwear 1.69 
 
 Collars 35 
 
 $19.07 
 Mother. 
 
 Dress $ 1.85 
 
 Dressgoods 2.80 
 
 Making and trimming 3.90 
 
 Ribbon belts 62 
 
 Waist 65 
 
 Waist goods 1.30 
 
 Lace and buttons 17 
 
 Lace and muslin 42 
 
 Underwear 4.55 
 
 Corsets (1 pr.) 3.00 
 
 Shoes (1 pr.) 3.00 
 
 Shoe repairs 60 
 
 Stockings 38 
 
 Gloves 45 
 
 Aprons (2) 50 
 
 Dust cap 10 
 
 $24.29 
 P^ST Dauohtbb. 
 
 Coat. $ 3.98 
 
 Dress goods 4.50 
 
 Trimmings 40 
 
 Lace 71 
 
 Making and trimming 3.50 
 
 Dress goods 25 
 
 Making 2.44 
 
 Skirt 90 
 
 Skirt 2.00 
 
 Waist 1.25 
 
 Waist goods 46 
 
 House dress 59 
 
 Hat 2.00 
 
 Hat 4.00 
 
 Shoes (2 prs.) 5.50 
 
 Shoe repairs 1.40 
 
 Stockings 95 
 
 Gloves (2 prs.) 1.00 
 
 Underwear 6.67 
 
 Underskirts 1.48 
 
 Ribbon . 
 Nightgown , . . . 
 Handkerchiefs . 
 
 Apron 
 
 Side combs 
 
 .25 
 .69 
 .34 
 .25 
 .10 
 
 $45.61 
 First Son. 
 
 Suit $11.00 
 
 Caps (2) 1.50 
 
 Shoes (1 pr.) 3.00 
 
 Shoe repairs 2.60 
 
 Socks , 51 
 
 Shirts 1.44 
 
 Collars 49 
 
 Underwear 2w05 
 
 Tie 25 
 
 Handkerchiefs 25 
 
 Sleeve garter 25 
 
 Sundries I.OO 
 
 $24.34 
 
 Second Son. 
 
 Suit $10, 
 
 Hat 2. 
 
 Cap 1. 
 
 Shoes 3. 
 
 Shoe repairs 2. 
 
 Socks 7. .... . 1. 
 
 Underwear 
 
 Shirts (2) '..'.'.'.'.'.'. 1. 
 
 Collars 
 
 Tie 
 
 Belt '.'.'.'.'.'.'.'. 
 
 Handkerchiefs [[ \ 
 
 Garters 
 
 Umbrella repaired .......'. '. 
 
 *24.02 
 Third Son. 
 
 Suit $ 4.00 
 
 Cap 25 
 
 Shoes (2 prs.) 4.50 
 
 Shoe repairs 2.85 
 
 Stockings ....'. 1.00 
 
 Trousers ' . ] . 1.00 
 
 Shirts (4) 2.00 
 
 Underwear i.jo 
 
 Collars ' ' ' .12 
 
 Ties (2) 
 Belt . . . 
 Elastic 
 
 .20 
 15 
 
 „ , . 06 
 
 Bathmg pants 10 
 
 Hair cuts . 
 
 .30 
 
 $17.63 
 
 Second Daughter. 
 
 Dresses (8) $ 8.32 
 
 Lawn for skirt 36 
 
 Ribbon * 2.55 
 
 Hat 1,98 
 
 Shoes (4 prs.) _ . . 8.00 
 
 Shoe repairs 1.65 
 
 Stockings 2 00 
 
 Belt ; ;. .10 
 
 Sweater ' [[] [75 
 
 Underwear 1,24 
 
 Elastic ,,, .11 
 
 Rubbers 50 
 
 Gingham 08 
 
 Pins ]\ /, .05 
 
 Bathing cap 16 
 
 $27.79 
 Notions $ 2.37 
 
 FAMILY NO. 11. 
 Membership and Occupation. 
 
 Member. Age, Years. Occupation. 
 
 Father 41 Driver of a brewery wagon. 
 
 Mother 37 Housekeeper. 
 
 Son 17 Sorter in tannery. 
 
 First daughter 16 Looper in hosiery mill. 
 
 Second daughter 12 In school. 
 
OF KENSINGTON, PHILADELPHIA. 83 
 
 Type of Family. — Mr. and Mrs. E. were both born in this country, 
 of German parents. They are of the Roman Catholic faith. This 
 family is not of the thrifty type, but, on the contrary, is rather 
 careless with regard to money matters. 
 
 The Account — The account for this study was kept for a year 
 (October 4, 1913-October 2, 1914). 
 
 Income. — The father is employed by a brewing company. He 
 has his own delivery route, and is paid a twenty-five per cent, 
 commission on all the beer that he sells. He gives his wife regularly 
 $14 per week; whatever he earns above this amount, he considers 
 his own. He sometimes makes his wife ''gifts" out of his own 
 money when the household fund is running low. The son earns 
 $7 per week; he gives over his wages to his mother. The older 
 daughter is paid on a piecework scale, and earns, as a rule, from 
 $4 to $5.25 per week. She also gives over her wages to her mother. 
 In this family's account, the earnings of the different members 
 have not been kept separately. 
 
 House. — The family occupies a brick house which rents for $14 
 per month. It has six rooms, a shed, and an outside toilet; there 
 is a bathtub in one of the bedrooms. The house is heated by a 
 hot air furnace. The cooking is done entirely on the coal range; 
 there is no gas, either for cooking or for lighting purposes. The 
 house is dingy, and is badly in need of repairs and papering. Mrs. 
 E. says she cannot get the landlord to make any improvements. 
 Most of the furniture in the house — including the hair cloth set 
 in the parlor — is old. Altogether, this home has not a very 
 cheerful air. During the year of the account Mrs. E. was buying 
 several new articles of furniture. 
 
 Food. — The food expenditure for the year was $610.78, making 
 an average of $11.75 per week. The Fall River ''fair standard" 
 weekly food allowance for this family would be as follows : ^ 
 
 Father $1.82 
 
 Mother 1.46 
 
 Son '. 1.82 
 
 First daughter 1.46 
 
 Second daughter 1.09 
 
 Total $7.65 ^ 
 
 1 61st Congress, 2d Session, Senate Document No. 645, Vol. XVI, op. cit., pp. 
 24, 238. 
 
84 BUDGETS OF FAMILIES AND INDIVIDUALS 
 
 This family was therefore far above the Fall River standard with 
 regard to its food expenditure. 
 
 Clothing. — The clothing expenditure for the year was $263.64. 
 The' Fall River "fair standard" clothing allowance for this family 
 would be as follows : ^ 
 
 Father $ 45.75 
 
 Mother 33.75 
 
 Son 50.50 
 
 First daughter 37.00 
 
 Second daughter 25.35 
 
 Total ; $192.35 
 
 In clothing expenditure, therefore, as well as in food expenditure, 
 this family was far above the Fall River standard. 
 
 Medical Attention. — Mrs. E. was confined to her bed for seven 
 weeks in October and November, 1913, as the result of a fall from a 
 street car. During these weeks she had a physician every day. 
 She was ill again for several weeks in the spring of 1914. Her bills 
 for physician and medicine made up most of the total of $106.27 
 recorded under Medical Attention. As the income table shows, 
 Mrs. E. received some assistance in the way of sick benefits from 
 lodges. 
 
 Pocket Money. — The son and the older daughter receive liberal 
 allowances of ''pocket money." The son's allowance has been $2 
 per week since the beginning of 1914; the older daughter's allow- 
 ance runs fifty cents, seventy-five cents, and $1 per week. The 
 younger daughter is given twenty-five cents each week, besides 
 "extras when she goes anywhere." The total amount of 
 "pocket money" given to the three children during the year was 
 $147.87. 
 
 Standard of Living. — The income for the year was $1,629.70; 
 the expenditures were $1,772.05, leaving a deficit of $142.35. The 
 entire income of this family each year goes to meet current expenses ; 
 Mr. and Mrs. E. do not carry a savings account. Physician's bills 
 made an extra drain upon the income during the year of the account, 
 but these alone were not responsible for the large deficit. This 
 family spends an unusually large amount for food. "I have to 
 give my family good food," Mrs. E. said to the investigator; "they 
 won't stand for anything else; they have to have meat three times 
 
 *61st Congress, 2d Session, Senate Document No. 645, Vol. XVI, op. cit., 
 pp. 239, 240, 243. 
 
OF KENSINGTON, PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 85 
 
 a day, and you know how meat costs." A tendency of Mrs. E.'s 
 to buy things on the installment plan, also helps explain her over- 
 expenditure. During the year of the account she bought a buffet, 
 a brass bed, a rug, a quilt, window curtains, a mesh bag, and many 
 articles of clothing, on the installment plan. The last time the 
 investigator called at this home, Mrs. E. was beginning to be 
 worried over the fact that she was getting so deeply into debt. 
 This family had the largest deficit of any of the families studied. 
 
 INCOME. 
 
 One Year (^2 Weeks or 364 Days), October 4, 1913-October 2, 19 14 ^ Actually Recorded 
 
 Income. 
 
 Amounts are recorded for weekly pay intervals. In date column is indicated the first day of 
 
 each fourth week. 
 
 Father, Son, and First 
 Daughter, Wages. 
 
 Father, Son, and First 
 Daughter, Wages. 
 
 Father, Son, and First 
 Daughter, Wages. 
 
 Father, Son, and First 
 Daughter, Wages. 
 
 Date. 
 
 a 
 
 C 
 
 e 
 < 
 
 Date. 
 
 a 
 
 S 
 
 < 
 
 Date. 
 
 1 
 
 < 
 
 Date. 
 
 Amount. 
 
 Oct. 4, 1913 . 
 
 Nov. 1 
 
 Nov. 29 
 
 $32.00 
 30.00 
 32.00 
 34.00 
 28.00 
 27.00 
 28.00 
 40.00 
 29.00 
 32.00 
 40.00 
 46.00 
 32.00 
 28.00 
 
 Jan. 10, 1914. 
 Jan. 24 
 
 Feb. 21 
 
 Mar. 21 
 
 $22.00 
 30.00 
 27.00 
 29.00 
 39.00 
 28.00 
 32.00 
 35.00 
 27.00 
 29.00 
 31.00 
 21.00 
 38.00 
 36.001 
 
 April 18, 1914. 
 
 May 16 
 
 June 13 
 
 July 11 
 
 $39,002 
 27.00 
 32.00 
 32.00 
 31.00 
 23.00 
 38.50 
 29.30 
 31.35 
 26.00 
 32.75 
 30.00 
 26.00 
 29.00 
 
 July 25, 1914. 
 Aug. 8 
 
 Sept. 5 
 
 $ 21.00 
 26.00 
 31.00 
 29.00 
 27.00 
 20.00 
 32.00 
 30.00 
 27.00 
 29.80 
 
 Dec. 27 
 
 $1,581.70 
 
 1 Includes $11, "gift from husband. 
 
 2 Includes $10, "gift from husband." 
 
 Income from all Sources. 
 
 Father, son, and first daughter, wages $1,581.70 
 
 Sick benefits : 
 
 5 weeks @ $4.00 $20.00 
 
 3 weeks @ $6.00 18.00 38.00 
 
 Gift from grandmother to second daughter 10.00 
 
 Total income, one year, actually recorded $1,629.70 
 
86 
 
 BUDGETS OF FAMILIES AND INDIVIDUALS 
 
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 H 
 
 
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 pCOpt>^pl^ PpoC-^ t>;Tj;piO i-;>Opp f-Hiq o pco 
 
 TjJcopit^TjJpi t^pj'cd pd'eo'T-J Oi-!o6co 'r-! ' i-i* 
 
 lOOOO' 
 
 -a 
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 C(NC 
 
 «eO' 
 
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 -:< LO o (N ■* i« o > 
 
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 f? o 
 
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 §1 
 
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 ^ I 
 
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 o o 
 
 •§ 
 
OF KENSINGTON, PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 87 
 
 CLOTHING FOR ONE YEAR 
 
 Father and Son. 
 
 Coat (Son) $15 
 
 Suit (Son) 15 
 
 Suit (Father) 13 
 
 Suit pressed 
 
 Hats (3) 5 
 
 Shirts (16) 12 
 
 Underwear 4, 
 
 Shoes (4 prs.) 12 
 
 Shoe repairs 2 
 
 Rubbers (1 pr.) 1 
 
 Slippers (2 prs.) 5 
 
 Collars .^ 1 
 
 Ties 2 
 
 Socks (8 prs.) 1 
 
 Nightshirt 
 
 Sundries 
 
 ^ $91 
 
 Mother and Two Daughters. 
 
 Coats (3) $ 27 
 
 Dresses (3) 4 
 
 Dress goods 27 
 
 Trimmings 3 
 
 Lace 1 
 
 OCTOBER 4, 1913-OCTOBER 2, 1914. 
 Mother and two Daughters. — 
 00 Continued. 
 
 .00 Skirts (2) 5.48 
 
 25 Waists (11) 8.63 
 
 40 Hats (3) 8.66 
 
 .00 Dressmaking 4.50 
 
 ,31 Underwear 13.81 
 
 00 Corsets (4 prs.) 4.00 
 
 .00 Corset covers (2) 1.00 
 
 .35 Ribbons 65 
 
 .25 Petticoats (2) 3.00 
 
 ,00 Shoes (8 prs.) 20.50 
 
 ,35 Shoe repairs 2.65 
 
 ,50 Stockings (49 prs.) 6.15 
 
 ,00 Gloves (5 prs.) 2.25 
 
 ,75 Sweaters 4.25 
 
 .05 Scarfs (3) 2.55 
 
 — Rubbers (2 prs.) 1.10 
 
 ,21 Sacks (2) 1.24 
 
 Aprons 49 
 
 Miislin 1.05 
 
 Nightgowns (3) 1.40 
 
 ,91 Notions 2.45 
 
 ,27 Mesh bag 8.25 
 
 81 Jewelry 4.00 
 
 05 
 
 33 $172.43 
 
 FAMILY NO. 12. 
 Membership and Occupation. 
 
 Member. Age, Years. Occupation. 
 
 Father 60 Pattern maker in iron foundr3^ 
 
 Mother 55 Housekeeper. 
 
 First daughter 28 Helps her mother. Sometimes 
 
 does cleaning outside. 
 
 First son 25 Bricklayer. (Pays board.) 
 
 Second son 23 Plumber. (Pays board.) 
 
 Third son 21 Druggist. (Did not contribute 
 
 to family income during period 
 
 of the account.) 
 
 Second daughter 18 "Ticketer" in hosiery mill. 
 
 Fourth son 15 Paper ruler. 
 
 (There is also a married daughter, who has her own home.) 
 
 Type of Family. — Mr. T. was born in Germany; Mrs. T. was 
 born of German parents in Philadelphia. Mrs. T. is an energetic, 
 hard-working woman, and a painstaking housekeeper. She and her 
 older daughter are kept busy most of the time with the cooking, 
 the cleaning, and the laundry work for this large family. 
 
 The Account. — The account for this study was carefully kept for 
 twenty-three weeks (June 28-December 5, 1913). It took so much 
 time to record all of the expenditures for this family, and was such 
 a tax upon the memory, that Mrs. T. gave up the undertaking of 
 keeping a daily record at the end of the twenty-three weeks. She 
 furnished a list of the periodical obligations and she assisted in 
 making an estimate of the other* expenditures of the family for 
 the remainder of the year. The tables for this family therefore 
 
88 BUDGETS OF FAMILIES AND INDIVIDUALS 
 
 give the actually recorded account for twenty-three weeks (June 
 28-December 5, 1913), and a partly estimated account for one 
 year (June 28, 1913-June 26, 1914). 
 
 Tncome. — The contributions of each of the wage-earners to the 
 family income are given in the wage table for the twenty-three 
 weeks. The father earns $15 or $16 per week, and turns all of his 
 wages into the family fund, of which Mrs. T. has charge. The 
 oldest son — the bricklayer — was out of work much of the time 
 during August, September, October, and November, 1913. When 
 he was working, he generally paid $5 board per week during the 
 period of the account. The second son — the plumber-'-was also 
 out of work for a large part of the fall. He belongs to the union, 
 and therefore can take nothing but a "union job." When he has 
 work, he earns $4 per day, or $22 per week, and pays $6 board per 
 week. The third son — the druggist — did not contribute anything 
 toward the household expenses during the period of the account; 
 he used all of his earnings to pay for the course he was taking at 
 the college of pharmacy. The youngest son — the paper ruler — 
 gives over his wages to his mother. He earns $4.50 per week. 
 
 The older daughter works sometimes "on the side," taking care 
 of a physician's office. She keeps the little that she earns in this 
 way, for her own needs. This daughter worked for eleven years in a 
 large lace mill, and gave over to her mother her entire earnings 
 during that period. The younger daughter gives over all of her 
 wages to her mother. She earned $108.78 in the twenty-three weeks. 
 
 House. — Mr. and Mrs. T. own their home — a store and dwelling — 
 which they have occupied for thirty-one years. A son, now dead, 
 who was a real estate agent, used the store as an office. Since his 
 death the family has had no use for the store, and would be glad to 
 sell the home. It cost Mr. and Mrs. T. $4,500; the assessed value is 
 $3,600. The house is of brick, and has, besides the store, three 
 rooms and an outside toilet on the first floor; three bedrooms and a 
 bathroom on the second floor; and two bedrooms on the third 
 floor. It is heated by a hot air furnace. The cooking is done 
 entirely on the coal range, though there is gas in the house for 
 lighting. The store and dwelling would rent for $35 per month. 
 
 Food. — The food expenditure for the twenty-three weeks was 
 $308.59, making an average of $13.42 per week. The weekly food 
 allowance for this family, according to the Fall River "fair stand- 
 ard" of the government report, would be as follows: ^ 
 
 ^61st Congress, 2d Session, Senate Document No. 645, Vol. XVI, op. cit , 
 pp. 24, 238. 
 
OF KENSINGTON, PHILADELPHIA. 89 
 
 Father $ 1.82 
 
 Mother 1.46 
 
 First daughter 1.46 
 
 First son 1.82 
 
 Second son 1.82 
 
 Third son 1.82 
 
 Second daughter 1.46 
 
 Fourth son 1.64 
 
 Total $13.30 
 
 This family was therefore a trifle above the Fall River standard 
 with regai-d to its food expenditure. 
 
 Clothing. — The estimated yearly total spent out of the family 
 fund for clothing, was $267. Although children who ''pay board" 
 ordinarily buy their own clothing, some of the clothing of the first 
 son in this family was paid for out of the family fund during the 
 year of the account. The second son pays for all of his own cloth- 
 ing; the older daughter pays for most of hers out of the money 
 that she earns by cleaning. All of the clothing of the other members 
 of the family is paid for out of the family fund. The estimated 
 amounts spent for the clothing of the father, the mother, and the 
 second daughter, during the year, were below the allowances of 
 the Fall River "fair standard." ^ The amounts spent for the 
 clothing of the third son and the fourth son were above the allow- 
 ances of that standard. 2 
 
 Church and Charity. — The members of this family are Roman 
 Catholics. The following is a list of their regular contributions to 
 church and charity: 
 
 Per Year. 
 
 Mother: 
 
 Orphanage $ 3.00 
 
 As member of Ladies' Aid for same 1.00 
 
 Home for Immigrant Girls 25 
 
 Home No. 1 for Homeless Boys 50 
 
 Home No. 2 for Homeless Boys 25 
 
 Father: 
 
 Two German papers for benefit of orphanage "j '^ 
 
 Father, mother, and two daughters, church 6.00 
 
 (The sons pay their own church dues.) 
 
 Pew rent (two pews) . . 10.00 
 
 Total $24.50 
 
 ^ 61st Congress, 2d Session, Senate Document No. 645, Vol. XVI, op. cil., 
 pp. 239, 243. 
 ' Idem. 
 
90 
 
 BUDGETS OF FAMILIES AND INDIVIDUALS 
 
 Standard of Living. — This family appears to maintain a comfort- 
 able standard of living, although during the year of the account 
 its food expenditure was not high, and the clothing expenditure of 
 some of the members was below the requirement of the Fall River 
 "fair standard" of the government report. The year of the ac- 
 count was an exceptionally poor one, however, owing to the fact 
 that the first son and the second son were out of work much of the 
 time, and paid their board only when they were working, and to the 
 fact that the third son used his earnings to pay for his education, 
 and contributed nothing toward household expenses. 
 
 The mother made a trip to Wisconsin during the y«ar of the 
 account, to see a cousin ordained for the priesthood. She took 
 $45 out of the household fund to help pay for this trip; the re- 
 mainder of the expense of the trip was met from a gift. 
 
 The family carries a savings account with a building and loan 
 association. 
 
 INCOME. 
 
 TwENTT-THREB Weeks, Junb 28-Dbcbmbbr 5, 1913, Actually Recorded Income. 
 Amounts are recorded for weekly pay intervals. In date column is indicated the first day of 
 
 each fourth week. 
 
 Date. 
 
 Father, 
 Wages. 
 
 First Son, 
 Board. 
 
 Second Son, 
 Board. 
 
 Second 
 
 Daughter, 
 
 Wages. 
 
 Fourth Son, 
 Wages. 
 
 
 Amount. 
 
 Amount. 
 
 Amount. 
 
 Amount. 
 
 Amount. 
 
 June 28.1913 
 
 July 26. 
 
 . $ 15.00 
 15.00 
 
 16.00 
 15.00 
 15.00 
 15.00 
 16.00 
 16.00 
 16.00 
 15.00 
 16.00 
 16.00 
 
 $12.50 
 
 5.00 
 5.00 
 5.00 
 5.00 
 5.00 
 5.00 
 
 5.00 
 5.00 
 
 5.00 
 
 5.00 
 5.00 
 
 5.00 
 
 5.00 
 5.00 
 
 $ 6.00 
 6.00 
 6.00 
 6.00 
 6.00 
 6.00 
 6.00 
 6.00 
 6.00 
 
 2.00 
 6.00 
 
 6.00 
 
 $ 10.00 
 8.50 
 
 9.90 
 
 9.20 
 
 9.54 
 3.60 
 8.54 
 
 9.50 
 10.00 
 
 10.00 
 10.00 
 10.00 
 
 $ 4.5() 
 4.50 
 4.50 
 4.50 
 4 50 
 
 Aug. 23.. . ... 
 
 4.50 
 4.50 
 4.00 
 4 50 
 
 Sept. 20 
 
 4.50 
 
 4.00 
 4 50 
 
 Oct. 18... 
 
 16.00 
 16.00 
 16.00 
 16 00 
 
 4.50 
 4.50 
 4.50 
 4 50 
 
 Nov. 15 
 
 16.00 
 16.00 
 16.00 
 16.00 
 16.00 
 16.00 
 
 4.50 
 4.50 
 4.50 
 4 50 
 
 
 4.50 
 4.50 
 
 
 $346.00 
 
 $82.50 
 
 $68.00 
 
 $108.78 
 
 $98.00 
 
 Income prom all Sources. 
 
 Father, wages $346.00 
 
 First son, board 82.50 
 
 Second son, board 68.00 
 
 Second daughter, wages 108.78 
 
 Fourth son, wages 98.00 
 
 Total income, 23 weeks, actually recorded $703.28 
 
OF KENSINGTON, PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 91 
 
 One Year (52 Weeks or 364 Days), June 28, 1913-June 26, 1914, Partly 
 
 Estimated I'ncome. 
 Income from all Sources. 
 Father, second daughter, and fourth son, wages; and first 
 
 son and second son, board $1,650.00 
 
 Gift from son 100.0 
 
 Total income, one year, partly estimated $1,750.00 
 
 EXPENDITURES. 
 
 Twenty-three Weeks, June 28-December 5, 1913, Actually Recorded Expenditures. 
 One Year (52- Weeks or 364 Days), June 28, 1913-June 26, 1914, Partly Estimated Ex- 
 penditures. 
 
 Item. 
 
 Amount. 
 
 Twenty-three 
 Weeks, Actu- 
 ally Recorded. 
 
 One Year, Partly 
 Estimated. 
 
 Date (date indicates 
 the first day of a four- 
 week period) . 
 
 June 
 28, 
 1913 
 
 'fi 
 
 ^2T 
 
 T- 
 
 Oct. 
 18 
 
 Nov. 
 151 
 
 Total. 
 
 Total. 
 
 Total. 
 
 Total. 
 
 House: 
 
 Taxes and water rent 
 
 Repairs 
 
 Fuel and light 
 
 Food: Meats 
 
 $7.00 
 10.13 
 2.40 
 
 1.80 
 .20 
 
 11.90 
 
 12.12 
 38.55 
 
 3.75 
 .54 
 .65 
 
 .75 
 9.57 
 
 4.00 
 3.00 
 6.65 
 3.35 
 5.006 
 4.15 
 2.60 
 2.00 
 .50 
 .50 
 
 45.007 
 
 4.00 
 2.00 
 3.00 
 
 $5.80 
 7.15 
 14.65 
 
 2.77 
 
 7.18 
 1.75 
 
 6.00 
 
 17.77 
 50.12 
 
 1.35 
 .04 
 
 2.00 
 1.50 
 .38 
 3.02 
 4.06 
 3.82 
 3.02 
 
 5.40 
 
 1.85 
 .50 
 
 5.35 
 2.25 
 1.45 
 
 $7.80 
 2.05 
 
 4.25 
 .30 
 
 7.85 
 
 19.20 
 41.45 
 
 18.00 
 
 3.20 
 
 .94 
 
 1.80 
 1.49 
 
 .17 
 37.42 
 
 36.41 
 
 .55 
 
 9.40 
 
 2.75 
 
 1.60 
 
 .50 
 
 2.00 
 
 4.00 
 3.55 
 
 $9.35 
 15.69 
 
 5.15 
 .67 
 
 2.07 
 11.91 
 
 4.66 
 
 8.20 
 
 .45 
 
 16.21 
 
 65.01 
 
 .75 
 .10 
 .59 
 .46 
 
 .60 
 
 1.25 
 
 1.25 
 
 .25 
 
 ,15 
 
 1.25 
 
 6.40 
 7.00 
 
 2.48 
 
 .50 
 
 3.50 
 
 2.88 
 
 5.00 
 3.00 
 
 $21.69 
 
 4.19 
 
 .75 
 
 .81 
 
 11.05 
 
 2.70 
 
 .10 
 
 9.98 
 
 1.70 
 
 12.49 
 
 65.46 
 
 1.90 
 
 .71 
 
 .18 
 
 .18 
 1.39 
 
 2.50 
 
 18.25 
 
 1.25 
 
 6.40 
 7.00 
 
 2.54 
 .50 
 
 2.50 
 .80 
 
 4.00 
 
 2.40 
 
 .89 
 
 $37.10 
 
 12.73 
 
 3.01 
 
 .30 
 
 17.01 
 
 5.96 
 
 1.00 
 
 7.99 
 
 48.00 
 
 2.00 
 .35 
 
 .24 
 
 1.45 
 1.50 
 
 .25 
 
 4.65 
 1.35 
 9.50 
 2.25 
 
 7.75 
 
 6.50 
 4.20 
 
 $5.80 
 60.60 
 82.69 
 19.57 
 
 1.72 
 
 2.88 
 53.20 
 
 9.61 
 
 .10 
 
 49.89 
 
 3.15 
 85.78 
 
 22.65 
 8.75 
 2.82 
 1.53 
 
 4.55 
 14.79 
 4.52 
 8.44 
 47.48 
 28.87 
 45.28 
 
 $66.40 
 
 308.59 
 35.75 
 
 153.93 
 5.55 
 36.40 
 20.70 
 11.50 
 11.22 
 3.00 
 15.75 
 48.68 
 
 28.85 
 
 17.40 
 
 5.34 
 
 2$61.503 
 
 30.00 
 
 106.00 
 
 27.00 
 
 45.00 
 
 30.00 
 
 6.00 
 
 20.00 
 30.00 
 12.00 
 15.00 
 70.00 
 50.00 
 70.00 
 
 $197.50 
 
 Dairy products 
 
 Eggs 
 
 
 Staples 
 
 Vegetables 
 
 
 Fruits 
 
 
 Cereals . . 
 
 
 Baked goods 
 
 Beverages . , 
 
 
 Miscellaneous 
 
 Food Total 
 
 700.00 
 
 Household Expenses: 
 Furniture 
 
 
 Furnishings 
 
 General supplies .... 
 Laundry ... . 
 
 108.00 
 
 Clothing: 
 
 Father 
 
 
 Mother 
 
 
 First daughter* 
 
 First son* 
 
 
 Third son 
 
 
 Second daughter .... 
 Fourth son 
 
 267.00 
 
 Medical attention 
 
 Insurance 
 
 15.00 
 124.782 
 
 
 43.352 
 
 Music lessons 
 
 24.00 
 
 Reading matter 
 
 Church 
 
 22.00 
 16.00 
 
 Charity 
 
 20.00 
 
 
 60.00 
 
 Pocket money: Father, 
 second daughter, and 
 
 60.00 
 
 Car fare 
 
 34.00 
 
 Gifts 
 
 10.00 
 
 Total expenditures, 23 wet 
 Total income, 23 weeks, a< 
 
 sks, actually 
 jtually recon 
 
 record* 
 led .. 
 
 'd 
 
 
 $769.06 
 703.28 
 
 
 
 
 
 Deficit 
 
 
 
 $ 65.78 
 
 
 Total expenditure 
 Total income, on 
 
 js, one year, 
 3 year, nartlv 
 
 partly estima 
 
 ted 
 
 
 $1,701.63 
 1,750.00 
 
 estlm 
 
 ated.. 
 
 
 
 Balan 
 
 ce. . . . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 $ 48.37 
 
 1 Three weeks only. 
 
 2 Actually recorded. 
 
 3 Water rent, $9. 
 
 * Buys most of her own clothes. 
 
 7 
 
 6 Buys most of his own clothes. 
 
 • Dentist. 
 
 '' Mother's trip to Wisconsin. 
 
92 
 
 BUDGETS OF FAMILIES AND INDIVIDUALS 
 
 Savings. 
 
 Building and loan 
 association 
 
 8.00 
 
 8.00 
 
 8.00 
 
 8.00 
 
 8.00 
 
 
 
 $40.00 
 
 
 $96.00 
 
 FAMILY NO. 13. 
 
 Membership and Occupation. 
 
 Member. Age, Years. 
 
 Husband 53 
 
 Wife 43 
 
 Occupation. 
 
 Manager of a restaurant. 
 Housekeeper. 
 
 Type of Family. — Mr. and Mrs. S. were both born in Scotland. 
 Mr. S. has lived in the United States since he wlis twenty-three 
 years old; Mrs. S. has lived here since she was twelve. They have 
 no children. Although Mr. S. is not at present employed in a 
 mill, he has spent the main part of his life in textile work. Mr. and 
 Mrs. S. are earnest Bible students, and both are total abstainers, 
 from principle. Mr. S. often takes an active part in temperance 
 services which are conducted at a mission in the neighborhood. 
 
 The Account. — The budget of this family covers one year (April 
 19, 1913-April 17, 1914). The account was kept in detail for 
 thirty weeks of that period. Mrs. S. furnished a list of periodical 
 obligations and an account of clothing expenditure, for the year. 
 (Clothing expenditure was the same for the year as for the thirty- 
 week period.) The tables for this family therefore give the 
 actually recorded account for thirty weeks, and a partly estimated 
 account for one year. The income is exact for the year. 
 
 Income. — Mr. S. is employed by the proprietor of a large Kensing- 
 ton restaurant to buy the food, plan the meals, and exercise a 
 general supervision over the service. He receives a wage of $11 
 per week, with meals, except on Sundays, when the restaurant is 
 closed. 
 
 House. — Mr. and Mrs. S. occupy a brick house which rents for 
 $12 per month. It has four rooms, a shed, a bath, and an outside 
 toilet. It is heated by a hot air furnace, and has both a coal 
 range and a gas range for cooking. The parlor is furnished with 
 an upholstered set and an organ; the other rooms have just the 
 necessary furniture. The house is very neat and clean. 
 
 Food. — The weekly average spent for food for the thirty weeks 
 was $2.30. Mrs. S. eats alone, except on Sundays. According to 
 the Fall River ''fair standard," the weekly food allowance for this 
 family would be as follows : ^ 
 
 161st Congress, 2d Session, Senate Document No. 645, Vol. XVI, op. cit., 
 pp. 24, 238. 
 
OF KENSINGTON, PHILADELPHIA. 93 
 
 Husband (three meals per week at home) $ .26 
 
 Wife 1.46 
 
 Total $1.72 
 
 This family's food expenditure was therefore above the allowance 
 of the Fall River standard. 
 
 Clothing. — The husband's clothing expenditure for the year 
 amounted to $26.43; the wife's, to $45.85. The Fall River "fair 
 standard" allows a husband $45.75 for clothing; a wife, $33.75.^ 
 
 Dues.— Mr, and Mrs. S. spent $34.32 for lodge dues during the 
 year of the account. This sum was over six per cent, of their 
 total expenditures, — the highest per cent, of total expenditures 
 spent for this item by any of the families studied. Besides the 
 expenditure for lodge dues, Mr. and Mrs. S. spent $7.20 for dues in 
 other clubs of which they were members. 
 
 Standard of Living. — Mr. and Mrs. S. live comfortably, but 
 practically all of their income each year goes to meet current 
 expenses. They have no savings account or provision of any kind 
 
 for old age. 
 
 INCOME. 
 
 Thirty Weeks, April 19-August 1, 1913, September 6-September 12, 1913,. 
 
 October 4-December 5, 1913, February 21-March 13, 1914, March 
 
 21-April 3, 1914, Actually Recorded Income. 
 
 Husband, wages, 30 weeks @ $11.00 $330.00 
 
 One Year (52 Weeks or 364 Days), April 19, 1913-April 17, 1914, Actually 
 
 Recorded Income. 
 Husband, wages, 52 weeks @ $11.00 $572.00 
 
 CLOTHING FOR ONE YEAR, APRIL 19, 1913-APRIL 17, 1914. 
 
 Husband. Wife. 
 
 Suit $15.00 Suit $10.00 
 
 Coat 2.50 Skirt 4.25 
 
 Trousers 2.00 Dress goods 7.33 
 
 Hat 2.00 Hats (3) 8.70- 
 
 Shoes Underwear 2.34 
 
 Shoe repairs 1.25 Corsets (1 pr.) 1.75 
 
 Underwear 2.13 Shoes (2 prs.) 6.00 
 
 Neckties 90 Shoe repairs 1.35 
 
 Collars 60 Gloves (1 pr.) 1.00 
 
 Shoe laces 05 Linen 1.25- 
 
 $26.43 Cuffs : .2a 
 
 Watch and chain 25.00 Ribbons 1.23 
 
 $51.43 
 
 Muslin 20- 
 
 CufFs : .2a 
 
 Ribbons 1.23 
 
 Sundries 25 
 
 $45.85- 
 DUES FOR ONE YEAR, APRIL 19, 1913-APRIL 17, 1914. 
 
 Per Month. 
 
 Settlement beneficial society (husband) $ .50 
 
 Settlement club (husband) 25 
 
 Settlement quoit club (husband) 25 
 
 Other beneficial society (husband) .66 
 
 Lodges (husband and wife) 1.20 
 
 Settlement beneficial society (wife) 50 
 
 Mothers' club (wife) 10 
 
 $3.46 
 
 1 61st Congress, 2d Session, Senate Document No. 645, Vol. XVI, op. cit., 
 pp. 239, 243. 
 
94 
 
 BUDGETS OF FAMILIES AND INDIVIDUALS 
 
 
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 9S 
 
 82 § § ^2 § 
 
 i-IcO * CO 'i-H T-? 
 
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OF KENSINGTON, PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 95 
 
 OS(N 
 
 8" 
 
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 6o^ 
 
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 $2 
 
96 BUDGETS OF FAMILIES AND INDIVIDUALS 
 
 FAMILY NO. 14. 
 Membership and Occupation. 
 
 V Member, Age, Years. Occupation. 
 
 Father Deceased. 
 
 Mother 54 Housekeeper. Sometimes does 
 
 washing and cleaning outside. 
 Son 27 Works with heddles for looms. 
 
 (Pays board.) 
 
 First daughter 22 Looper in hosiery mill. 
 
 Second daughter 19 Looper in hosiery mill. 
 
 Stepgranddaughter .... 15 Looper in hosiery mill. • 
 
 (There are also four married children, who have their own homes.) 
 
 Type of Family. — Mrs. X. is a German. She is a big-hearted, 
 kindly woman, and a hard worker. She has brought up a family 
 of seven children of her own and two stepchildren, and has done 
 washing and cleaning outside throughout her married life. 
 ji The Account. — This family's budget covers one year (August 23, 
 / 1913-August 21, 1914). The daily record was kept only for the 
 first eighteen weeks of the period. The income from each wage- 
 earner was recorded in detail for thirty-eight weeks, and the clothing 
 expenditure for each member was recorded in detail for the entire 
 year. The tables give the actually recorded account for eighteen 
 weeks, and the partly estimated account for one year. 
 
 Income. — The son pays his mother $7 board per week, and she 
 gives him back $1 per week for ''dinner money." In good seasons 
 the older daughter earns $7, $7.50, or $8 per week; the second 
 daughter, $6 or $6.50; and the stepgranddaughter, $4 or $4.50. 
 The daughters and the stepgranddaughter give over their entire 
 earnings to Mrs. X. 
 
 House. — This family occupies a new house in a newly built section 
 of Kensington. They moved there from a congested quarter just 
 before the account for this study was begun. The house which 
 the family now occupies rents for $13 per month, and is of brick, 
 with three rooms and an outside toilet on the first floor, and three 
 bedrooms and a bath on the second floor. It is heated by a hot 
 air furnace, and has both a coal range and ^ gas range for cooking. 
 Most of the cooking is done on the gas range. The home is com- 
 fortable and pleasant. The parlor is furnished with a new uphol- 
 stered ''parlor set" and an organ; the other rooms are furnished 
 plainly, with just the necessary articles. 
 
OF KENSINGTON, PHILADELPHIA. 97 
 
 Food. — The food expenditure for the eighteen weeks was $170.83, 
 making a weekly average of $9.49. This expenditure included the 
 $1 per week which the son spent for outside dinners. The average 
 weekly expenditure for food consumed at home by the family, was 
 therefore $8.49. The Fall River ''fair standard'' weekly food 
 allowance for this family would be as follows : ^ 
 
 Mother $1.46 
 
 Son (sixteen meals per week at home) 1.39 
 
 First daughter 1.46 
 
 Second daughter 1.46 
 
 Stepgranddaughter 1.46 
 
 Total $7.23 
 
 This family was therefore well above the Fall River standard 
 with regard to its food expenditure. 
 
 Clothing. — The clothing expenditure for the year was $381.81. 
 The Fall River ''fair standard" clothing allowance for this family 
 would be as follows : ^ 
 
 Mother $ 33.75 
 
 First daughter 63.80 
 
 Second daughter 63.80 
 
 Stepgranddaughter 37.00 
 
 Total $198.35 
 
 This family was therefore far above the Fall River standard 
 with regard to its clothing expenditure. 
 
 Standard of Living. — Mrs. X., after years of hard work, has 
 reached a point where her family is comfortably situated, and 
 she feels that she has earned a little leisure. She does not do so 
 much outside work as she formerly did, and though she has a 
 family of five to keep house for, she enjoys some recreation, taking 
 little trips now and then and "going out a good deal among her 
 people" (that is, visiting her married daughters and other relatives). 
 The year of the account was a fairly prosperous one; the family 
 lived well and also put by some savings. Just after the close of 
 the period of the account, however, harder times came on. Work 
 became slack in the summer of 1914 and continued so throughout 
 the fall. The investigator called upbn Mrs. X. in December, 1914, 
 and found her discouraged, after trying for four months to keep 
 the home running on a small and irregular income. 
 
 lOlst Congress, 2d Session, Senate Document No. 645, Vol. XVI, op. cit., 
 pp. 24, 238. 2 7^-^,^ pp. 239, 2|3. 
 
98 
 
 BUDGETS OF FAMILIES AND INDIVIDUALS 
 
 INCOME. 
 
 Thirty-eight Weeks, August 23, 1913-May 15, 1914, Actually Recorded Income. 
 Amounts are recorded for bi-weekly pay intervals. In date coliunn is indicated the first day of 
 
 each fourth week. 
 
 First Daughter, Wages. 
 
 Second Daughter, Wages. 
 
 Stepgranddaughter, Wages. 
 
 Date. 
 
 Amount. 
 
 Date. 
 
 Amount. 
 
 Date. 
 
 Amount. 
 
 Aug. 23, 19131.. 
 
 $ 13.00 
 
 Aug. 23, 19131. 
 
 $ 10.00 
 
 Aug. 23, 19131. 
 
 $ 9.00 
 
 Sept. 20 
 
 14.00 
 14.00 
 
 Sept. 20 
 
 9.00 
 14.00 
 
 Sept. 20 
 
 6.00 
 8.00 
 
 Oct. 18 
 
 14.00 
 15.00 
 
 Oct. 18 
 
 13.00 
 13.50 
 
 Oct. 18...... 
 
 1 
 
 9.00 
 10.00 
 
 Nov. 15 
 
 14.50 
 13.50 
 
 Nov. 15 
 
 13.00 
 13.00 
 
 Nov. 15 
 
 9.25 
 10.00 
 
 Dec. 13 
 
 15.00 
 14.01 
 
 Dec. 13 
 
 10.50 
 6.98 
 
 Dec. 13 
 
 8.00 
 11.41 
 
 Jan. 10, 1914 . . 
 
 19.08 
 14.47 
 
 Jan. 10, 1914. 
 
 15.00 
 12.00 
 
 Jan. 10, 1914. 
 
 8.88 
 11.28 
 
 Feb. 7 
 
 20.31 
 16.50 
 
 Feb. 7 
 
 14.00 
 9.50 
 
 Feb. 7 
 
 8.52 
 7.63 
 
 Mar. 7 
 
 19.30 
 17.10 
 
 Mar. 7 
 
 12.50 
 12.00 
 
 Mar. 7 
 
 7.48 
 9.43 
 
 April 4 
 
 8.90 
 12.96 
 
 April 4 
 
 10.75 
 12.46 
 
 April 4 
 
 5.81 
 
 May 2 
 
 19.85 
 21.06 
 
 May 2 
 
 
 May 2 
 
 
 
 $296.54 
 
 $201.19 
 
 $139.69 
 
 1 The account was started in a week in which the pay days of the wage-earners did not fall. 
 
 Income from all Sources. 
 
 Son, board, $7 per week $266.00 
 
 First daughter, wages 296.54 
 
 Second daughter, wages 201.19 
 
 Stepgranddaughter, wages 139.69 
 
 Mother, earnings from washing and cleaning, 16 weeks @ $2 . . . 32.00 
 Total income, 38 weeks, actually recorded $935.42 
 
 One Year (52 Weeks or 364 Days), August 23, 1913-August 21, 1914, Partly 
 
 Estimated Income. 
 Income from all Sources. 
 
 Son, board, $7 per week $ 364.00 
 
 First daughter, wages 415.00 
 
 Second daughter, wages 300.00 
 
 Stepgranddaughter, wages 215.00 
 
 Mother, earnings from washing and cleaning, 26 weeks @ $2 . . 52.00 
 Total income, one year, partly estimated $1,346.00 
 
OF KENSINGTON, PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 99 
 
 EXPENDITURES. 
 
 Eighteen Weeks, August 23-December 26, 1913, Actually Recorded Expenditures. 
 
 One Year, August 23, 1913-Augu8t 21, 1914, Partly Estimated Expenditures. 
 
 Item. 
 
 Amount. 
 
 Eighteen Weeks, 
 Actually Recorded . 
 
 One Year, 
 Partly Estimated. 
 
 Date (date indicates 
 the first day of a four- 
 week period). 
 
 Aug. 
 23, 
 1913 
 
 Sept. 
 
 Oct. 
 
 18 
 
 Nov. 
 15 
 
 Dec. 
 131 
 
 Total. 
 
 Total. 
 
 Total. 
 
 Total. 
 
 House: 
 
 Rent 
 
 $13 
 
 $2.59 
 
 5.11 
 
 4.48 
 
 1.43 
 
 3.81 
 
 2.06 
 
 1.15 
 
 .20 
 
 2.85 
 
 1.75 
 
 7.15 
 
 29.99* 
 
 .20 
 .99 
 
 10.90 
 .05 
 $1.9 
 .10 
 .32 
 .80 
 
 8.50 
 
 .60 
 .40 
 
 per mc 
 
 $4.67 
 
 8.40 
 
 6.59 
 
 1.02 
 
 2.52 
 
 4.31 
 
 3.07 
 
 .20 
 
 3.91 
 
 2.99 
 
 7.35 
 
 40.36 
 
 .25 
 1.95 
 
 18.16 
 .05 
 
 per \ 
 .10 
 .56 
 .40 
 
 .60 
 
 .70 
 .20 
 
 )nth 
 
 $2.85 
 
 10.18 
 6.70 
 2.93 
 3.35 
 2.92 
 2.54 
 .10 
 5.15 
 1.70 
 7.55 
 
 43.12 
 
 .40 
 1.29 
 
 6.96 
 
 veek 
 .10 
 .84 
 .95 
 
 $9.75 
 
 10.42 
 
 4.77 
 
 2.62 
 
 3.94 
 
 2.83 
 
 2.52 
 
 .30 
 
 4.55 
 
 1.72 
 
 7.51 
 
 41.18 
 
 .95 
 .80 
 
 19.25 
 .10 
 
 .10 
 .52 
 .95 
 
 $2.25 
 
 3.59 
 
 1.23 
 
 .78 
 
 1.03 
 
 1.37 
 
 .68 
 
 .10 
 
 2.20 
 
 1.07 
 
 4.13 
 
 16.18 
 
 .25 
 
 1.50 
 
 .37 
 .27 
 
 $65.00 
 22.11 
 37.70 
 23.77 
 
 8.78 
 14.65 
 13.49 
 
 9.96 
 
 .90 
 
 18.66 
 
 9.23 
 33.69» 
 
 1.80 
 5.28 
 
 $87.11 
 
 170.83 
 
 7.08 
 
 56.77 
 
 .20 
 
 34.20 
 
 .40 
 
 2.61 
 
 3.37 
 
 12.45 
 
 9.60 
 1.25 
 
 $156,002 
 58.50 
 
 5.00 
 15.00 
 
 80.652 
 129.442 
 100.182 
 
 71.542 
 
 
 Fuel and light 
 
 Food: Meats 
 
 $214.50 
 
 Dairy products 
 
 Eggs. . 
 
 
 Staples 
 
 
 Vegetables 
 
 
 Fruits 
 
 
 Cereals 
 
 
 Baked goods 
 
 
 Miscellaneous 
 
 Pood Total 
 
 500.00 
 
 Household Expenses: 
 Furniture . 
 
 
 Furnishings 
 
 General supplies .... 
 
 20.00 
 
 Clothing: Mother 
 
 First daughter 
 
 Second daughter. . . . 
 
 Stepgranddaughter. . 
 
 Clothing Total 
 
 Medical attention 
 
 Insurance 
 
 381.812 
 
 1.00 
 
 98.802 
 
 Dues: Settlement club. 
 
 Reading matter 
 
 Church 
 
 1.20* 
 7.50 
 7.50 
 
 Charity 
 
 
 Recreation 
 
 1,25 2.10 
 
 30.00 
 
 Pocket money: 
 
 Daughters and step- 
 granddaughter 
 
 Car fare 
 
 .15 
 .40 
 
 8.15 
 .25 
 
 25.00 
 4.00 
 
 Gifts 
 
 
 Total expenditures, 
 
 18 weeks, actually record 
 
 ed 
 
 
 $385.87 
 436.25 
 
 
 Total income, 18 w 
 
 eeks, actually recorc 
 
 led , . , 
 
 
 
 
 Balance 
 
 
 
 
 $ 50.38 
 
 
 Total exp€ 
 Total inco 
 
 nditures, one year, partly 
 me, one vear. nartiv e.stim 
 
 estima 
 ated 
 
 ted... 
 
 
 
 $1,291.31 
 
 
 
 
 1,346.006 
 
 Balan 
 
 ce . . . . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 $ 54.69 
 
 Savings, 
 
 Savings fund society . . 
 Penny fund 
 
 $8 per month 
 1 per month 
 
 
 $ 40.00 
 4.50 
 
 
 $ 40.00 
 4.50 
 
 Total 
 
 $44.50 1 
 
 $ 44.50 
 
 1 Two weeks only. 
 
 2 Actually recorded. 
 
 ' Includes $1 per week spent by son for 
 outside dinners. 
 
 ♦Family away on trips for part of this 
 period. 
 
 5 Actually recorded income for 38 weeks; 
 estimated income for 14 weeks. 
 
 CLOTHING FOR ONE YEAR, AUGUST 23, 1913-AUGUST 21, 1914. 
 
 Mother. 
 
 Suits (3) $30.00 
 
 Dress goods 12.25 
 
 Hats (3) 7.75 
 
 Underwear 6.00 
 
 Corsets (2 prs.) 5.00 
 
 Petticoat 3.00 
 
 Shoes (3 prs.) 9.00 
 
 Shoe repairs 1.75 
 
 Mother . — Continued. 
 
 Stockings 1.95 
 
 Aprons 1.00 
 
 Handkerchiefs 1.25 
 
 Muslin 75 
 
 Sundries 95 
 
 $80.65 
 
100 
 
 BUDGETS OF FAMILIES AND INDIVIDUALS 
 
 FiKST Daughter. 
 
 Coat S 12.00 
 
 Dress goods 3.50 
 
 Making and trimming 5.50 
 
 Dresses (4) 41.00 
 
 Skirt 1.98 
 
 Hats (3) 8.00 
 
 Plume 5.00 
 
 Underwear 10.25 
 
 Corsets (1 pr.) 1.50 
 
 Petticoats (2) 3.98 
 
 Shoes 17.00 
 
 Shoe repairs 1.50 
 
 Stockings 3.95 
 
 Gloves (3 pts.) 2.85 
 
 Neck pieces 1.50 
 
 Handkerchiefs 1.25 
 
 Waist 98 
 
 Muslin 1.10 
 
 Mesh bag 6.00 
 
 Sundries 60 
 
 $129.44 
 
 Second Daughter. 
 
 Coat $ 10.00 
 
 Dress goods 3.25 
 
 Making and trimming 10.00 
 
 Dresses (3) 25.00 
 
 Hats (3) 8.75 
 
 Underwear 6.40 
 
 Corsets (1 pr.) 1.50 
 
 Petticoats (3.) 3.23 
 
 Shoes 17.25 
 
 Shoe repairs 2.00 
 
 Second Daughter. — Continued. 
 
 Stockings 2.35 
 
 Gloves (3 prs.) 3.60 
 
 Neck pieces 1.50 
 
 Handkerchiefs 1.00 
 
 Waist 79 
 
 Muslin 1.00 
 
 Ribbon 50 
 
 Clothes cleaned 1.60 
 
 Simdries 56 
 
 $100.18 
 
 Stepgranddaughter . 
 
 Coats (2) $17.00 
 
 Suit 8.00 
 
 Dress goods 6.30 
 
 Dresses 11.00 
 
 Hats (2) 4.25 
 
 Hat pressing 1.25 
 
 Underwear 4.00 
 
 Corsets (1 pr.) 9 1.00 
 
 Petticoats (2) 2.30 
 
 Shoes 9.00 
 
 Shoe repairs 1.50 
 
 Stockings 2.26 
 
 Gloves (1 pr.) 75 
 
 Neck pieces 60 
 
 Lace 65 
 
 Handkerchiefs 94 
 
 Ribbon 45 
 
 Sundries 40 
 
 $71.54 
 
 FAMILY NO. 15. 
 
 Membership and Occupation. 
 
 Member. Age, Years. Occupation. 
 
 Husband 66 Foreman in cloth mill. 
 
 Wife 50 Housekeeper. 
 
 Young woman boarder and lodger No. 1 (March 22M3ctober 31, 1913). 
 
 Paid $4 per week. 
 Young woman boarder and lodger No. 2 (March 22-October 31, 1913). 
 
 Paid $4 per week. 
 Man boarder and lodger (September 1-October 12, 1913). Paid $5 
 
 per week. 
 (There are several married children, who have their own homes.) 
 
 Type of Family and Income. — Mr. and Mrs. C. are Scotch. 
 Mrs. C. speaks with pride of the town in Scotland where members 
 of her family have kept a store for three generations. Mr. C. is a 
 cloth finisher by trade. At the time the account for the present 
 study was begun, he had been working for twenty years in one of 
 the large cloth mills of Kensington, having been foreman for the 
 last two years of that time. For the eighteen years before he had 
 become foreman, Mr. C. had earned $15 per week; as foreman, 
 he earned $20 per week; both before and after he became foreman, 
 he gave over all of his wages to his wife, and received back $2 per 
 week for ''spending money." 
 
OF KENSINGTON, PHILADELPatA./, ^ y'.^,'.l(\l 
 
 The Account. — This family was studied for a little over a year 
 (March 22, 1913-April 17, 1914); during that time a complete 
 change occurred in the household economy; the budget of the 
 family therefore falls into two parts. A detailed record was kept 
 by Mrs. C. for a period of nine weeks (March 22-May 23, 1913), 
 and again for a second period of five weeks (March 14- April 17, 
 1914). The tables give the accounts for these two periods. 
 
 First Period. 
 
 House. — During the first period, this family occupied a brick 
 house of six rooms and a bath with toilet. The house was heated 
 by a hot air furnace, and had both a coal range and a gas range 
 for cooking. The rent was $14 per month. The parlor was 
 furnished with a new upholstered ''parlor set," an upright piano, 
 a rug of good quality, lace curtains, and various ornaments and 
 pictures. The other rooms also were well furnished, and the 
 house was neatly kept. 
 
 Regular Expenditures. — The regularly recurring expenditures 
 
 during the first period were as follows : 
 
 • 
 
 Rent $14.00 per month. 
 
 Insurance 85 per week. 
 
 Lodge dues 1.10 per month. 
 
 Newspapers 17 per week. 
 
 Periodicals 25 per month. 
 
 "Spending money" for husband (for tobacco, 
 
 whiskey, etc.) 2.00 per week. 
 
 Investments: 
 
 Building and loan association 4.00 per month. 
 
 Two lotsi 10.00 per month. 
 
 Taxes on lots 2.46 per month. 
 
 Food. — Table expenses for the nine-week period (March 22-May 
 23, 1913) averaged $6.93 per week. The Fall River "fair standard " 
 weekly food allowance for this family would be as follows : ^ 
 
 Husband $1.82 
 
 Wife 1.46 
 
 Young woman boarder no. 1 1.46 
 
 Young woman boarder no. 2 1.46 
 
 Total $6.20 
 
 1 When the payments are completed, the lots will have cost $800, besides $56 
 for water pipe, and $22 for deeds and taxes for five years, or a total of $878. 
 
 2 61st Congress, 2d Session, Senate Document No. 645, Vol. XVT, op. cit., 
 pp. 24, 238. 
 
'.: J^^*: ;*•.*;:: BjjyrpdTS of families and individuals 
 
 This family was therefore above the Fall River standard with 
 regard to its food expenditure. Following is the menu for one 
 week of this period : 
 
 Menu for One Week in the Spring op 1913. 
 ^ Monday. 
 
 Breakfast: Sausage, eggs, buckwheat cakes, water cress, bread and butter, 
 tea. 
 
 Dinner: None. 
 
 Supper: Ham and cabbage, tomatoes, pickles, stewed peaches, bread and 
 butter, tea, cake. 
 Tuesday. 
 
 Breakfast: Ham and eggs, bread and butter, coffee. , 
 
 Dinner: None. 
 
 Supper: Cheese, preserves, bread and butter, tea. 
 Wednesday. 
 
 Breakfast: Boiled eggs, bread and butter, coffee. 
 
 Dinner: None. 
 
 Supper: Pork chops, celery, salad, bread and butter, tea. 
 Thursday. 
 
 Breakfast: Poached eggs, cereal with milk, bread and butter, coffee. 
 
 Dinner: None, 
 . Supper: Beefsteak pie, tomatoes, creamed carrots, marmalade, bread and 
 butter, puddin^g, tea. 
 Friday. 
 
 Breakfast: Cereal, eggs, pancakes, bread and butter, coffee. 
 
 Dinner: None. 
 
 Supper: Meat cakes, potatoes, tomatoes, red cabbage, salad, stewed fruit, 
 cake. 
 Saturday. 
 
 Breakfast: Cereal, scrambled eggs and bacon, bread and butter, coffee. 
 Dinner: None. 
 
 Supper: Oysters, tripe, tomatoes, salad, stewed peaches, bread and butter, 
 tea, cake. 
 Sunday. 
 
 Breakfast: Poached eggs, cereal, bread and butter, coffee. 
 
 Dinner: Stewed veal, potatoes, tomatoes, salad, pickles, bread and butter, 
 
 tea. 
 Supper: Cheese, salad, fruit, bread and butter, tea, cake. 
 
 Second Period. 
 Husband's Loss of Position.— On May 12, 1913,— seven weeks 
 after Mrs. C. had begun to keep the account for this study,— her 
 husband lost his position, without warning. His pay envelope 
 was handed to his son with the explanation that the father was 
 wanted no longer as foreman, on account of his age. The manager 
 added that the firm would be willing to keep Mr. C. if he would 
 
OF KENSINGTON, PHILADELPHIA. 103 
 
 apply for an easier job. Mr. C. was humiliated by such a dis- 
 missal, and would not consider the proposition of asking for 
 another position with this firm. He tried, without success, to find 
 work elsewhere. 
 
 Since her husband's heart had long been set on visiting his old 
 home in Scotland, which he had not seen for forty years, Mrs. C. 
 now decided that this was the time for him to go, and she accord- 
 ingly withdrew $150 from their bank account for his trip. Mr. C. 
 was gone from May 27 until August 17. While her husband was 
 away, Mrs. C. had to begin to retrench, since her only income 
 was from the two young women boarders and lodgers. She 
 dropped one insurance policy of twenty-five cents per week, but 
 kept up the other one of sixty cents per week; she also kept up 
 the lodge dues, and her daughter-in-law paid the building and 
 loan association interest. Mrs. C. took advantage of an oppor- 
 tunity to sell her piano for $100, and loaned the proceeds to one 
 of the young women boarders, who bought a piano for herself with 
 the money and paid the debt to Mrs. C. in monthly installments 
 of $10. 
 
 In addition to the $150 for her husband's trip, Mrs. C. withdrew 
 from their bank account, during the summer, the following amounts : 
 
 For a dress $20.00 
 
 For making dress 4.13 
 
 For trimming for a hat 80 
 
 For trip to New York to meet Mr. C. on his return 5.00 
 
 For one pair shoes for herseK (special arches) 6.00 
 
 For ready-made waist 65 
 
 Total $36.58 
 
 After these withdrawals Mr. and Mrs. C. had a balance of but 
 $10 left in the bank. 
 
 Mr. C, after his return, was again unable to find work; so on 
 September 1, Mrs. C. took a third boarder and lodger — a man — 
 who paid $5 per week, thus bringing the income from boarders and 
 lodgers up to $13 per week. 
 
 New Project for a Livelihood. — Since something more had to be 
 done for a livelihood, and since it was becoming apparent that 
 Mr. C. would not be able to obtain employment in the textile 
 industry, Mrs. C. decided to try to support her husband and 
 herself by running a store. She therefore borrowed money on their 
 lots, at six per cent., and rented a small candy and cigar store with 
 
104 BUDGETS OF FAMILIES AND INDIVIDUALS 
 
 adjoining dwelling for $26 per month. On October 13, the family 
 moved into its new quarters. Mr. C. tried to add to the family 
 income by keeping chickens. The investment in chickens and 
 wood for the coop amounted to $5.50. 
 
 The following expenses were incurred at the time of moving: 
 
 Hauling of furniture (not including boarder's piano) $ 5.00 
 
 New lights 2.50 
 
 Repairing of bell 1.00 
 
 Oil heating stove 2.75 
 
 Linoleum bought of preceding tenant ^ . 2.00 
 
 Shades, bought of same 1.50 
 
 Wash tub, wash basin, double boiler 1.30 
 
 New shade 65 
 
 Total $16.70 
 
 Mrs. C. helped meet these expenses by selling her sideboard 
 for $10. 
 
 When the family moved, Mrs. C. gave up the man boarder, but 
 she intended to keep the young women boarders, and with this end 
 in view she bought a gas range on installments. She soon found it 
 too hard to cook for boarders and to attend to the store; at the 
 end of October, therefore, she let the young women boarders go, 
 and in April, 1914, she sold the gas range at a considerable loss. 
 
 From November on, the food expenditure was for Mr. and Mrs. 
 C. only. This is given in the table for the five-week period (March 
 14- April 17, 1914). The total food expenditure for these five weeks 
 was $17.67; the average per week, $3.53. The Fall River "fair 
 standard '^ weekly food allowance for a man and his wife is $3.28.^ 
 
 There is no income record for the second period, owing to the 
 fact that no attempt was made to keep an accurate account of 
 receipts from the store. All bills, for both the store and the house, 
 were met indiscriminately from funds in the cash drawer. 
 
 The store is not paying well at the close of this account (April 
 17, 1914). The house has been hard to heat and has proved 
 expensive. Mrs. C. had to burn five and one-half tons of coal, 
 costing $41.25, and one hundred gallons of oil, costing $11, between 
 October 13, 1913, and April 17, 1914, and she used twenty-five 
 cents* worth of gas every two days. The project is apparently 
 not turning out successfully, and Mrs. C. is discouraged over the 
 venture. 
 
 ^ 61st Congress, 2d Session, Senate Document No. 645, Vol. XVI, op. cit., 
 pp. 24, 238. 
 
OF KENSINGTON, PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 105 
 
 INCOME. 
 
 First Period: Nine Weeks, March 22-May 23, 1913, Actually 
 
 Recorded Income. 
 
 Income from all Sources. 
 
 Husband, wages, 9 weeks @ $20.00 $180.00 
 
 Young woman boarder and lodger no. 1, 9 weeks @ $4.00 36.00 
 
 Young woman boarder and lodger no. 2, 9 weeks @ $4.00 36.00 
 
 Total income, nine weeks, actually recorded ; $252.00 
 
 EXPENDITURES. 
 First Period: Nine Weeks, March 22-May 23, 1913, Actually Recorded Expenditures. 
 Second Period: Five Weeks, March 14-April 17, 1914, Actually Recorded Expenditures. 
 
 
 • First Period. 
 
 Second Period. 
 
 Item. 
 
 Amount. 
 
 Nine Weeks, 
 Actually 
 Recorded. 
 
 Amoimt. 
 
 Five Weeks, 
 Actually 
 Recorded. 
 
 Date (date indicates the first 
 day of a four-week period). 
 
 Mar. 
 22, 
 1913 
 
 April 
 19 
 
 May 
 171 
 
 Total. 
 
 Total* 
 
 Mar. 
 14, 
 1914 
 
 April 
 111 
 
 Total. 
 
 Total. 
 
 House: 
 
 Rent 
 
 $14 
 
 $7.10 
 2.60 
 2.05 
 2.04 
 2.97 
 3.74 
 .20 
 1.85 
 1.25 
 2.40 
 
 26.202 
 
 1.00 
 1.70 
 1.98 
 
 6.24 
 
 3.40 
 1.10 
 1.11 
 1.60 
 
 .30 
 $2 
 
 .40 
 1.00 
 2.46 
 
 per m 
 
 $8.38 
 4.13 
 2.25 
 1.42 
 3.78 
 2.84 
 .10 
 1.74 
 1.20 
 2.43 
 
 28.272 
 
 9.95 
 
 2.02 
 
 1.50 
 
 14.78 
 
 1.00* 
 
 2.65 
 
 .40 
 
 .81 
 
 1.40 
 
 1.105 
 
 per w 
 .70 
 
 mth 
 
 $2.23 
 2.08 
 .52 
 .45 
 1.28 
 .57 
 .10 
 .55 
 
 .15 
 7.932 
 
 .90 
 .30 
 
 .85 
 
 .32 
 .20 
 
 eek 
 .20 
 
 $28.00 
 
 2.00 
 
 1.50 
 17.71 
 8.81 
 4.82 
 3.91 
 8.03 
 7.15 
 .40 
 4.14 
 2.45 
 4.98 
 
 1.00 
 
 12.55 
 
 4.30 
 
 1.50 
 
 $31.50 
 
 62.40 
 
 19.35 
 21.02 
 1.00 
 6.90 
 1.50 
 2.24 
 3.20 
 
 1.40 
 18.00 
 1.30 
 1.00 
 2.46 
 
 $26 
 
 mo 
 
 (hous 
 
 sto 
 
 $4.29 
 2.83 
 
 .14 
 1.67 
 2.08 
 
 .62 
 
 .30 
 1.37 
 
 .55 
 
 13.85' 
 
 5.00 
 .90 
 
 .13 
 
 .85 
 
 1.80 
 
 .30 
 
 .18 
 
 2.00 
 .60 
 
 per 
 nth 
 e and 
 re) 
 
 $1.32 
 
 .28 
 
 .13 
 
 .24 
 
 1.10 
 
 .10 
 .40 
 .15 
 .10 
 3.823 
 
 1.50 
 .23 
 
 1.25 
 .50 
 
 $26.00 
 
 3.09 
 
 2.50 
 
 5.61 
 
 3.11 
 
 .27 
 
 1.91 
 
 3.18 
 
 .62 
 
 .40 
 
 1.77 
 
 .70 
 
 .10 
 
 6.50 
 1.13 
 
 
 Repairs 
 
 
 Fuel 
 
 
 Light 
 
 $31.59 
 
 Food: Meats 
 
 
 
 
 Eggs. . 
 
 
 Staples 
 
 
 Vegetables 
 
 
 Fruits . 
 
 
 Cereals 
 
 
 Baked goods ... 
 
 
 Beverages 
 
 
 
 
 f<'ood Total .... 
 
 17.67 
 
 Household Expenses: 
 
 Furniture 
 
 Furnishings. . 
 
 
 
 
 Laundry. . . 
 
 7.63 
 
 Clothing: Wife 
 
 1.38 
 
 Medical attention ... 
 
 .85 
 
 Insurance. . 
 
 1.80 
 
 
 .30 
 
 Reading matter 
 
 Church 
 
 .18 
 
 Charity 
 
 
 Recreation 
 
 
 Pocket money: Husband 
 
 Car fare 
 
 2.50 
 .60 
 
 Gifts 
 
 
 Taxes on building lots 
 
 
 Total expenditures, nine weeks 
 Total income, nine weeks, acti 
 
 }, actually rec 
 lally recorded 
 
 orded 
 
 $173.27 
 
 252.00 
 
 $ 78.73 
 
 Total expend 
 
 itures, 
 ;tually 
 
 
 Balance 
 
 
 
 
 
 record 
 
 ed. . . 
 
 $64.50« 
 
 Debt. 
 
 Debt paid 5.00 
 
 Balance 
 
 5.00 
 
 $ 73.73 
 
 1 One week only. 
 
 2 Four persons, 1st period. 
 ' Two persons, 2d period. 
 * Eyeglasses. 
 
 5 One dollar for circus. 
 
 « Income account not kept for 2d period. 
 3 p. 104. 
 
106 
 
 BUDGETS OF FAMILIES AND INDIVIDUALS 
 
 Savings. 
 
 
 15.00 
 4.00 
 
 4.00 
 
 
 
 $ 15.00 
 8.00 
 
 
 
 
 
 Building and loan association 
 
 
 vTotal 
 
 $ 23.00 
 
 
 FAMILY NO. 16. 
 
 Membership and Occupation. 
 
 Member. Age, Years. 
 
 Father 36 
 
 Mother 34 
 
 First son 13 
 
 Daughter 11 
 
 Second son 7 
 
 Occupation. 
 
 Wilton carpet weaver. 
 
 Housekeeper. 
 
 In school. * 
 
 In school. 
 
 In school. 
 
 Type of Family. — This is the family of a highly skilled American 
 textile-mill worker. Mr. W. has the reputation of being one of 
 the best weavers in the carpet trade in Kensington. Mrs. W. has 
 managed the home well, and has helped her husband to put aside 
 considerable savings each year. She told the investigator that 
 until recent years she had done her own and the children's sewing, 
 and that she had ceased doing it only upon her physician's advice. 
 Mr. and Mrs. W. are eager to have their children continue at school, 
 especially since the children themselves seem studious and appre- 
 ciative of their opportunities. The older son has begun to study 
 music in addition to doing his regular school work. 
 
 The Account. — The budget of this family covers a year (November 
 7, 1913-November 5, 1914). The account was kept in detail for 
 eight typical weeks, — four weeks in the fall and four weeks in 
 the spring. The income was recorded in detail for twenty-four 
 weeks, and an account of the important articles of clothing 
 and of the periodical obligations of the family, was given for the 
 year. 
 
 Income; Savings. — Mr. W., owing to his exceptional executive 
 ability, has for some time been a leader among his fellow- workmen 
 in their organizations. By occupying positions of trust and 
 responsibility in these organizations, he has been enabled to add 
 sometimes as much as $200 per year to his regular income. His 
 wages also have been unusually high, as the result of his efficiency 
 as a weaver. 
 
 During their fourteen years of married life, Mr. and Mrs. W. 
 have saved, through a building and loan association, enough 
 money to buy two houses. One, which they rent, is a five-room, 
 
OF KENSINGTON, PHILADELPHIA. 107 
 
 brick house, with bath and shed, valued at $1,400, clear of all 
 encumbrances; the income from the rental of this is $12 per month. 
 The other house — the one in which the family now lives — is a 
 seven-room, brick house, valued at $3,200; it is mortgaged for 
 $1,350. Mr. W. is at present carrying twelve shares in a building 
 and loan association in order eventually to pay off this mortgage; 
 he carried seventeen shares for some time, but at the end of the 
 seventh month of the year of this account he reduced his savings, 
 for, as he says, his children are now growing up, and they need more 
 in the way of necessaries and recreation than they did when they 
 were younger. 
 
 House. — The house in which this family lives has modern con- 
 veniences, and is well, but not expensively, furnished. At the 
 present time Mr. W. is buying a player piano on installments. 
 He is fond of music and likes to have it in his home, where he 
 spends much of his leisure time with his family. 
 
 Food, — The account of the food expenditure, which was carefully 
 kept for four weeks in the fall, and again for four weeks in the 
 spring, furnishes a basis for a yearly estimate, since Mrs. W. spends 
 about the same amount upon her table week after week. The 
 average amount spent per week for the eight weeks of the account 
 was $9.17. The Fall River ''fair standard'' weekly food allowance 
 for this family would be as follows : ^ 
 
 Father $1.82 
 
 Mother 1.46 
 
 First son 1.46 
 
 Daughter 1.09 
 
 Second son 91 
 
 Total $6.74 
 
 This family was therefore far above the Fall River standard 
 with regard to its food expenditure. 
 
 Clothing. — The total clothing expenditure for the year, as based 
 upon Mrs. W.'s record of the large articles of clothing bought, 
 amounted to $182.50. The Fall River "fair standard" clothing 
 allowance for this family would be as follows : ^ 
 
 161st Congress, 2d Session, Senate Document No. 645, Vol. XVI, op. cii., 
 pp. 24, 238.. 
 
 2 Ibid., pp. 239, 240, 243. 
 
108 
 
 BUDGETS OF FAMILIES AND INDIVIDUALS 
 
 Father $ 45.75 
 
 Mother 33.75 
 
 First son 30.55 
 
 - Daughter 25.35 
 
 Second son 17.45 
 
 Total .$152.85 
 
 All the members of this family are well dressed year after year; 
 to show this fact clearly, an account covering several years would 
 be necessary. Mrs. W.'s remarks to the investigator at the close 
 of the year of the account, are significant: ^'Even rich parents 
 would hardly dress a child better than we dress our daughter. My 
 way of doing is to buy good clothing, for it not only looks well, but 
 is cheaper in the end." 
 
 Dues. — Mr. W. spends a considerable amount of his income on 
 lodges. No member of the family carries life insurance, and no 
 member except Mr. W. himself, is insured against illness by mem- 
 bership in a lodge. 
 
 Recreation. — Recreation — including the father's "pocket money" 
 — makes a large item in this budget. Mr. W. feels that he can 
 afford a moderate amount of pleasure for his family and himself, 
 and he does not hesitate to spend his money for this purpose. 
 There is hardly a week during the year in which he does not take 
 his family to a moving picture entertainment, the theater, or a 
 concert; and in the summer they all go frequently to the parks. 
 
 Standard of Living. — This budget shows how well the family of a 
 highly skilled carpet weaver of Kensington can live, when circum- 
 stances are favorable. Four times during the twenty-four weeks 
 (November 7, 1913-April 23, 1914) for which the income of this 
 family is recorded, Mr. W.'s weekly wage passed the $30 mark. 
 The budget shows a high standard of living, as well as some pro- 
 vision for old age. 
 
 INCOME. 
 
 Twenty-four Weeks, November 7, 1913-Aprii. 23, 1914, Actually Recorded Income. 
 Amounts are recorded for weekly pay intervals. In date column is indicated the first day of 
 
 each fourth week. 
 
 Father, Wages. 
 
 Father, Wages. 
 
 Father, Wages. 
 
 Date. 
 
 Amount. 
 
 Date. 
 
 Amount. 
 
 Date. 
 
 Amount. 
 
 Nov. 7, 1913 . . 
 Dec. 5 
 
 $26.95 
 17.51 
 21.45 
 22.07 
 15.09 
 25.90 
 24.58 
 28.88 
 20.20 
 
 Jan. 9,1914. 
 Jan. 30 
 
 Feb. 27 
 
 $25.83 
 30.34 
 22.57 
 27.86 
 32.47 
 30.20 
 28.89 
 20.08 
 16.61 
 
 Mar. 13, 1914. 
 Mar. 27 
 
 $ 20.18 
 33.61 
 17.08 
 12.00 
 15.49 
 23.16 
 
 Jan. 2, 1914 . . 
 
 $559.00 
 
OF KENSINGTON, PHILADELPHIA. 109 
 
 Income from all Sources. 
 
 Father, wages $559.00 
 
 Rent from house, 6 months @ $12.00 72.00 
 
 Total income, 24 weeks, actually recorded $631.00 
 
 One Year (52 Weeks or 364 Days), November 7, 1913-November 5, 1914, 
 Partly Estimated Income. 
 
 Income from all Sources. 
 
 Father, wages $1,156.00 
 
 Father, salaries from club and union 81.00 
 
 Rent from house 102.001 
 
 Total income, one year, partly estimated , $1,339.00 
 
 1 Rent from house, 12 months @ $12 $144.00 
 
 Taxes $18.00 
 
 Water rent 9.00 
 
 Repairs 15.00 42.00 
 
 Net income from rent of house $102.00 
 
110 
 
 BUDGETS OF FAMILIES AND INDIVIDUALS 
 
 EXPENDITURES. 
 
 Eight Weeks, November 7-December 4, 1913, March 27-April 23, 1914, Actdally Recorded 
 
 Expenditures. 
 Onb Year (52 Weeks ob 364 Days), November 7, 1913-Novbmbbr 5, 1914, Partly Estimated 
 
 Expenditures. 
 
 Item. 
 
 Date (date indicates the first day of a 
 four-week period). 
 
 House: 
 
 Interest on mortgage. 
 
 Taxes and water rent . 
 
 Repairs 
 
 Fuel and light 
 
 Food: Meats 
 
 Dairy products 
 
 Eggs 
 
 Staples 
 
 Vegetables 
 
 Fruits 
 
 Cereals 
 
 Baked goods 
 
 Beverages 
 
 Miscellaneous 
 
 Food Total 
 
 Household Expenses: 
 
 Furniture 
 
 Furnishings 
 
 General supplies 
 
 Laundry 
 
 Clothing: Father 
 
 Mother 
 
 First son 
 
 Daughter 
 
 Second son 
 
 Clothing Total 
 
 Medical attention 
 
 Insiu-ance 
 
 Dues: 
 
 Lodge 
 
 Union 
 
 Music lessons 
 
 Reading matter 
 
 Church 
 
 Charity 
 
 Recreation 
 
 Pocket money* 
 
 Car fare 
 
 Gifts 
 
 Amount. 
 
 Nov. 
 
 7, 
 1913 
 
 S 
 
 13.19 
 5.99 
 2.67 
 1.44 
 2.22 
 2.77 
 .42 
 5.16 
 .99 
 1.68 
 
 36.53 
 
 8.00» 
 .85 
 .53 
 
 2.18 
 
 12.94 
 .55 
 
 Mar. 
 27 
 
 .32 
 
 2.40 
 
 1.40 
 2.00 
 
 $9.80 
 6.18 
 3.75 
 .38 
 4.45 
 2.41 
 
 4.81 
 
 .47 
 
 4.57 
 
 36.82 
 
 1.70 
 
 .48 
 
 2.55 
 
 62.97 
 1.87 
 
 .65 
 1.65 
 
 .80 
 
 Total expenditures, 8 weeks, actually recorded . 
 
 Total income, 8 weeks, actually recorded 
 
 Deficit 
 
 Eight Weeks, 
 Actually 
 Recorded. 
 
 Total. 
 
 $22 
 12 
 
 Total. 
 
 $73.35 
 
 16.29 
 
 75.91 
 2.42 
 
 4.05 
 
 2.20 
 2.00 
 
 $177.85 
 155.71 
 
 $ 22.14 
 
 Total expenditures, one year, partly estimated . 
 Total income, one year, partly estimated 
 
 One Year, 
 
 Partly 
 Estimated. 
 
 Total. 
 
 $54001 
 
 i5roo2 
 
 54.50 
 
 il26.60« 
 18.00 
 6.00 
 24.00 
 52.50 
 50.00 
 30.00 
 35.00 
 15.00 
 
 33.56 
 10.40 
 
 Total. 
 
 $159.50 
 
 475.00 
 
 174.60 
 
 182.50 
 5.00 
 
 43.961 
 10.001 
 18.00 
 9.00 
 
 156.005 
 
 15.00 
 15.00 
 
 $1,263.56 
 1,339.00« 
 
 Balance 
 
 
 
 $ 75.44 
 
 
 Savings. 
 
 
 
 
 7 months @ $17.50 
 5 months @ $12.00 
 
 $122.50 
 60.00 
 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 $ 182.50 
 
 1 Actually recorded. 
 
 * Water rent, $12. 
 
 » Player piano on account. 
 
 * Includes $1.60 foi furniture insurance. 
 
 » Father's "pocket money" is included 
 under recreation. 
 
 •Actually recorded income for 24 weeks; 
 estimated income for 28 weeks. 
 
OF KENSINGTON, PHILADELPHIA. Ill 
 
 FAMILY NO. 17. 
 
 Membership and Occupation. 
 
 Member. Age, Years. Occupation. 
 
 Husband 26 Rego carpet weaver. 
 
 Wife 27 Housekeeper. 
 
 Man boarder and lodger No. 1 (39 weeks). Paid $5 per week. 
 Man boarder and lodger No. 2 (39 weeks). Paid $5 per week. 
 Baby boarder and lodger (36 weeks). Paid $3 per week. 
 
 Type of Family. — This young man and his wife are Americans. 
 Both were born and reared in the Kensington mill district. Mr. 
 O. is ambitious and energetic. For the past three years he 
 has attended evening school, in order to learn some phases 
 of applied electricity. This knowledge has proved useful during 
 the present year (1913-1914), for when work in the mill was so 
 slack that Mr. O. could not earn much by weaving, he found 
 work in an automobile repair shop. Mrs. O. is industrious, and 
 adds to the family income by taking boarders and lodgers. 
 
 The Account. — The budget of this family covers one year (May 1, 
 1913- April 29, 1914). The account was kept in detail for the 
 first twenty-one weeks of the period. The tables give the actually 
 recorded account for the twenty-one weeks, and the partly esti- 
 mated account for the year. 
 
 Income. — For the twenty-one weeks of the detailed account, the 
 husband's earnings averaged $13.79 per week. Income from 
 boarders and lodgers helped out the husband's earnings consider- 
 ably during the year of the account. 
 
 House. — The house occupied by this family is situated on one 
 of the main streets in the mill district. It is of brick, and has six 
 rooms, a shed, and a bath with toilet; it is heated by a hot air 
 furnace, and has both a coal range and a gas range for cooking. 
 Mr. 0. is buying this house through a building and loan association. 
 It is valued at $3,360, and is heavily mortgaged. During the year 
 of this account, Mr. O., without much assistance, papered some of 
 the rooms and painted the house both inside and outside. 
 
 Food. — The weekly average spent for food during the twenty- 
 one weeks was $10.44. The Fall River ''fair standard" weekly 
 food allowance for this family would be as follows : ^ 
 
 161st Congress, 2d Session, Senate Document No. 645, Vol. XVI, op. cit.f 
 pp. 24, 238. 
 
112 BUDGETS OF FAMILIES AND INDIVIDUALS 
 
 Husband $1.82 
 
 Wife * 1.46 
 
 Man boarder no. 1 1.82 
 
 Man boarder no. 2 1.82 
 
 *■ Baby boarder 55 
 
 Total $7.47 
 
 Following is the menu of this family, kept for five days in the 
 early summer of 1913: 
 
 Menu for Five Days in the Early Summer of 1913. 
 Sunday. 
 
 Breakfast: Ham and eggs, bread and butter, milk. 
 
 Dinner: Mutton, potatoes, string beans, bread and butter, berries and milk. 
 Supper: Mutton, potatoes, string beans, tomatoes, bread and butter, corn- 
 starch, milk. 
 
 Monday. 
 
 Breakfast: Bacon and eggs, bread and butter, milk. 
 
 Dinner: Meat cakes, potatoes, green peas, bread and butter, pie, milk. 
 
 Supper: Lunch roll, fried potatoes, tomatoes, bread and butter, milk. 
 
 Tuesday. 
 
 Breakfast: Ham and eggs, bread and butter, milk. 
 
 Dinner: Pork chops, potatoes, corn, bread and butter, pineapple, milk. 
 
 Supper: Veal loaf, mutton, bread and butter, milk. 
 
 Wednesday. 
 
 Breakfast: Bacon and eggs, bread and butter, milk. 
 
 Dinner: Mutton chops, potatoes, string beans, bread and butter, milk, 
 
 cake. 
 Supper: Boiled ham, cold mutton, bread and butter, berries, milk. 
 
 Thursday. 
 
 Breakfast: Ham and eggs, bread and butter, milk. 
 
 Dinner: Boiled ham, bread and butter, pie, milk. 
 
 Supper: Mutton chops, potatoes, tomatoes, bread and butter, milk. 
 
 Clothing. — The clothing expenditure (partly estimated) for the 
 year was $75. The Fall River ''fair standard" clothing allowance 
 for a man and his wife is as follows : ^ 
 
 Husband $45.75 
 
 Wife 33.75 
 
 Total $79.50 
 
 1 6l8t Congress, 2d Session, Senate Document No. 645, Vol. XVI, op. cit., 
 pp. 239, 243. 
 
OF KENSINGTON, PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 113 
 
 Dues. — Dues are an important item in this budget. Mr. and 
 Mrs. O. both belong to lodges. Their yearly dues for these amount 
 to $38.22. 
 
 Recreation. — Mr. O. enjoys going to his club, especially on 
 Sunday afternoons. He takes Mrs. O. to the theater from time to 
 time, and they always, upon such occasions, have a light supper at a 
 restaurant after 'Hhe show." 
 
 Standard of Living. — Mr. and Mrs. 0., by working hard, are able 
 to maintain a good standard of living and to lay aside considerable 
 savings. During the year of the account they paid $96 to the 
 building and loan association. They sometimes add between 
 $200 and $300 per year to their savings. 
 
 INCOME. 
 
 Twenty-one Weeks, May 1-September 24, 1913, Actually Recorded Income, 
 Amounts are recorded for weekly pay intervals. In date column is indicated the first day of 
 
 each fourth week. 
 
 Husband, Wages. 
 
 Husband, Wages. 
 
 Husband, Wages. 
 
 Date. 
 
 Amoimt. 
 
 Date. Amount. 
 
 Date. 
 
 Amount. 
 
 May 1, 1913 . . 
 May 29 
 
 $21.95 
 20.43 
 20.25 
 21.68 
 16.20 
 
 June 26. 1913. 
 July 24 
 
 $ 9.37 
 26.09 
 14.971 
 19.971 
 16.731 
 5.781 
 
 Aug. 21,1913. 
 Sept. 18 
 
 $ 19.98 
 15.15 
 22.26 
 20.58 
 18.20 
 
 
 $289.59 
 
 Wages for work in automobile factory. 
 
 Income from all Sources. 
 
 Husband, wages $289.59 
 
 Man boarder and lodger no. 1, 21 weeks @ $5.00 105.00 
 
 Man boarder and lodger no. 2, 21 weeks @ $5.00 105.00 
 
 Baby boarder and lodger, 15 weeks @ $3.00 45.00 
 
 Total income, 21 weeks, actually recorded $544.59 
 
 One Year (52 Weeks or 364 Days), May 1, 1913-April 29, 1914, Partly 
 Estimated Income. 
 Income from all Sources. 
 
 Husband, wages $ 910.00 
 
 ' Man boarder and lodger no. 1, 39 weeks @ $5.00 195.00^ 
 
 Man boarder and lodger no. 2, 39 weeks @ $5.00 195.00^ 
 
 Baby boarder and lodger, 36 weeks @ $3.00 108.00^ 
 
 Total income, one year, partly estimated $1,408.00 
 
 1 Actually recorded. 
 
114 
 
 BUDGETS OF FAMILIES AND INDIVIDUALS 
 
 EXPENDITURES. 
 
 Twenty-one Weeks, May 1-September 24, 1913, Actually Recorded Expenditures. 
 One Year (52 Weeks or 364 Days), May 1, 1913-April 29, 1914, Partly Estimated Expendi- 
 tures. 
 
 Item. 
 
 Amount. 
 
 Twenty-one 
 Weeks, Actu- 
 ally Recorded. 
 
 One Year, Partly 
 Estimated. 
 
 Date (date indicates 
 
 the first day of a f oxxr- 
 
 week period). 
 
 May 
 1913 
 
 May 
 29 
 
 June 
 26 
 
 July 
 24 
 
 ^2T- 
 
 ^If- 
 
 Total. 
 
 .Total. 
 
 Total. 
 
 Total. 
 
 House: 
 
 Interest on first 
 
 mortgage 
 
 Interest on second 
 
 mortgage 
 
 Taxes and water rent 
 Repairs. . . 
 
 $ 
 
 18.49 
 7.21 
 2.93 
 2.49 
 2.41 
 
 2.85 
 
 3.11 
 
 3.98 
 
 43.47 
 
 12.75 
 1.17 
 
 2.94 
 .80 
 
 .35 
 
 3.20 
 
 3.50 
 
 .50 
 
 $0.75 
 
 19.17 
 6.59 
 2.75 
 1.73 
 2.37 
 
 3.87 
 
 2.84 
 
 4.14 
 
 43.46 
 
 .40 
 .49 
 
 2.94 
 .80 
 
 .35 
 
 3.20 
 
 7.17 
 
 .40 
 
 $ 
 
 54.00 
 
 24.40 
 
 5.10 
 15.94 
 4.23 
 2.45 
 2.02 
 2.04 
 
 6.53 
 
 3.38 
 
 6.11 
 
 42.70 
 
 .40 
 1.06 
 
 23.00< 
 
 2.94 
 .80 
 
 20.00 
 
 3.50 
 
 .40 
 
 $ 
 
 13.10 
 7.26 
 3.85 
 1.41 
 2.92 
 
 2.83 
 
 3.11 
 
 4.01 
 
 38.49 
 
 .40 
 
 .87 
 
 2.94 
 .80 
 
 .05 
 
 3.50 
 .30 
 
 $2.50 
 
 14.52 
 5.41 
 2.53 
 1.46 
 1.97 
 
 4.65 
 
 2.84 
 
 3.65 
 
 37.03 
 
 .27 
 
 3.30 
 
 2.94 
 .80 
 
 .20 
 
 3.50 
 .20 
 
 $3.98 
 .88 
 .75 
 .34 
 .22 
 
 3.68 
 
 1.24 
 
 3.03 
 
 14.12 
 
 1.67 
 
 .20 
 
 27.005 
 
 .25 
 
 1.60 
 
 3.50 
 
 .20 
 
 54.00 
 
 24.40 
 
 3.25 
 5.10 
 85.20 
 31.59 
 15.26 
 9.46 
 11.93 
 
 24.40 
 16.51 
 24.92 
 
 13.95 
 3.86 
 
 23.00 
 
 16.37 
 4.20 
 
 $86.75 
 
 219.27 
 
 17.81 
 
 23.00 
 3.30 
 
 20.57 
 
 27.00 
 
 1.20 
 
 28.00 
 
 24.67 
 
 2.00 
 
 $ 
 108.002 
 
 48.802 
 
 2M.003 
 
 §5.00 
 60.00 
 
 18.002 
 
 25.00 
 
 10.00 
 
 3.00 
 
 40.00 
 35.00 
 
 38.222 
 10.402 
 
 
 Fuel and light 
 
 Food: Meats. . . 
 
 $295.80 
 
 Dairy products 
 
 Eggs 
 
 
 Staples. . . 
 
 
 Vegetables 
 
 
 Fruits 
 
 
 Cereals 
 
 
 Baked goods 
 
 Beverages 
 
 
 Miscellaneous 
 
 Food Total 
 
 Household Expenses: 
 Furniture .... 
 
 546.00 
 
 Furnishings 
 
 General supplies .... 
 
 56 00 
 
 Clothing: 
 Huisband. 
 
 
 Wife 
 
 75.00 
 
 Medical attention 
 
 Insurance 
 
 3.00 
 13.202 
 
 Dues: 
 
 Lodge 
 
 
 Union 
 
 48.622 
 
 Education 
 
 27 002 
 
 Reading matter 
 
 Church 
 
 5.00 
 
 Charity . . . 
 
 
 
 60.00 
 
 Pocket money : Husband 
 Car fare 
 
 50.00* 
 6.00 
 
 Gifts 
 
 5.00 
 
 Total expenditures, 21 we< 
 
 jks, actually recordf 
 
 >d 
 
 $453.57 
 544.59 
 
 
 Total income, 21 weeks, a 
 
 ctually record 
 
 led . . . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Deficit 
 
 
 $ 8.98 
 
 
 Total expenditur 
 
 BS, one year, partly 
 e year, uartlv estim 
 
 estima 
 ated. . 
 
 ted 
 
 
 $1,190.62 
 
 Total income, on 
 
 
 
 1,408.00 
 
 Balan 
 
 ce 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 $ 217.38 
 
 Savings. 
 
 Building and loan I 
 
 association | 8.00 
 
 8.00 I 8.00 ! 8.00 
 
 7.83 
 
 $39,831 
 
 $96,002 
 
 1 One week only. 
 ' Actually recorded. 
 » Water rent, $12. 
 * Suit, $20; shoes, $3. 
 
 ' Tuition for technical night school course 
 for husband. 
 
 • One dollar per week of husband's "pocket 
 money" is spent for tobacco. 
 
OF KENSINGTON, PHILADELPHIA. 115 
 
 FAMILY NO. 18. 
 
 Membership and Occupation. 
 
 Member. Age, Years. Occupation. 
 
 Father Deceased. 
 
 Mother 56 Housekeeper. 
 
 First daughter 28 Winder in carpet mill. 
 
 Second daughter 26 Winder in carpet mill. 
 
 Third daughter 24 Bobbin girl in carpet mill. 
 
 Type of Family. -^This is an American family in which the three 
 grown daughters are the only wage-earners. The daughters turn 
 over all of their earnings to their mother, who, through her capable 
 management, keeps up a comfortable home for the family. 
 
 The Account. — A detailed record of the expenditures of this 
 family was kept for eleven weeks (April 25- July 10, 1913); a 
 record of the family income was kept for twelve weeks (April 25- 
 July 17, 1913). 
 
 House. — The house occupied by this family is situated on a wide, 
 clean street in the mill district. It is of brick, and has a parlor, 
 a kitchen (also used as a dining room), and a shed, on the first 
 floor; and two sleeping rooms and a bath with toilet, on the second 
 floor. It is heated by a hot air furnace, and has both a coal range 
 and a gas range for cooking. Upon entering this home, the visitor 
 is impressed by the simplicity of his surroundings. The small par- 
 lor is not overcrowded, and the few articles of furniture have been 
 carefully selected, with appropriateness, and with a regard for 
 economy. Mrs. R. takes pride in her home, and keeps it in excellent 
 order. 
 
 Food. — The weekly average spent for food during the eleven 
 weeks was $6.89. The Fall River ''fair standard" weekly food 
 allowance for this family would be as follows:^ 
 
 Mother $1.46 
 
 First daughter 1.46 
 
 Second daughter 1.46 
 
 Third daughter 1.46 
 
 Total $5.84 
 
 Pocket Money; Recreation; Church. — The average amount of 
 "pocket money" given to the three daughters during the eleven 
 
 ^61st Congress, 2d Session, Senate Document No. 645, Vol. XVI, op. cit., 
 pp. 24, 238. 
 
116 
 
 BUDGETS OF FAMILIES AND INDIVIDUALS 
 
 weeks was $2.69 per week, or ninety cents apiece, per week. This 
 family's recreation fund is interesting, and unusual for a family of 
 textile-mill workers; Mrs. R. and her three daughters go away for a 
 vacation each summer, and in order to prepare in advance for the 
 expense of this vacation, they place a part of each week's income 
 in a special fund. During the eleven weeks a total of $22.84 was 
 added to the vacation fund. 
 
 Mrs. R. and her daughters are active members of the Episcopal 
 church, and much of their social life is connected with church 
 activities. This family's average contribution to the church out 
 of the household fund, for the eleven weeks, was $2.34 per week. 
 The daughters also made contributions to the church f)ut of their 
 *' pocket money." 
 
 Standard of Ldving, — The income contributed by the three 
 daughters, as recorded for the twelve weeks, averaged $20.38 per 
 week, or $6.79 apiece per week. The fact that four adult women 
 are able to live comfortably upon an income of this size, shows the 
 importance of home organization as a factor in the effective utiliza- 
 tion of small incomes. On the whole, this family maintains a good 
 standard of living. The entire income is used each year in main- 
 taining this standard; no savings are laid aside. 
 
 INCOME. 
 
 Twelve Weeks, April 25-July 17, 1913, Actually Recorded Income. 
 Amounts are recorded for weekly pay intervals. In date column is indicated the first day of 
 
 each fourth week. 
 
 Three Daughters, Wages. 
 
 Three Daughters, Wages. 
 
 Three Danp-hters, Wages. 
 
 Date. 
 
 Amount. 
 
 Date. 
 
 Amount. 
 
 Date. 
 
 Amoimt. 
 
 April 25, 1913 . . 
 
 $27.49 
 19.59 
 18.67 
 22.62 
 
 May 23, 1913. 
 
 $20.80 
 23.25 
 18.75 
 22.90 
 
 June 20, 1913. 
 
 $ 21.94 
 20.45 
 14.06 
 14.00 
 
 
 
 $244.52 
 
OF KENSINGTON, PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 117 
 
 EXPENDITURES. 
 
 Eleven Weeks, April 25-July 10, 1913, Actually Recorded Expenditures. 
 
 Item. 
 
 Date (date indicates the first day of a four- 
 week period). 
 
 House: 
 
 Rent 
 
 Fuel and light 
 
 Food: Meats 
 
 Dairy products 
 
 Eggs2 
 
 Staples 
 
 Vegetables 
 
 Fruits .' 
 
 Cereals 
 
 Baked goods 
 
 Beverages^ 
 
 Miscellaneous 
 
 Food Total 
 
 Household Expenses: 
 
 Furniture 
 
 Furnishings 
 
 General supplies 
 
 Laundry 
 
 Clothing 
 
 Medical attention 
 
 Insurance 
 
 Dues 
 
 Reading matter 
 
 Church 
 
 Charity 
 
 Recreation: 
 
 Vacation fund 
 
 Theater and trip 
 
 Pocket money: Three daughters 
 
 Car fare 
 
 Gifts 
 
 Amoimt. 
 
 April 
 25, 1913 
 
 May 
 23 
 
 Jime 
 201 
 
 $14 
 
 Total expenditiu'es, 11 weeks, actually recorded. 
 
 Total income, 11 weeks, actually recorded 
 
 Balance 
 
 per month 
 
 $3.60 
 3.51 
 1.80 
 
 6.64 
 1.98 
 1.49 
 
 3.40 
 
 1.35 
 20,17 
 
 1.41 
 3.003 
 1.50 
 
 $0.05 
 5.60 
 2.48 
 
 $4.71 
 2.48 
 
 11.55 
 
 .97 
 
 2.07 
 
 10.70 
 2.46 
 2.12 
 
 3.39 
 
 3.59 
 
 2.00 
 28.06 
 
 1.55 
 27.61 
 
 .74 
 1.00 
 
 .76 
 
 1.57 
 
 .10 
 
 2.00 
 
 8.55 
 
 .10 
 
 2.00 
 
 A2 
 10.49 
 
 .33 
 9.26 
 
 8.42 
 
 .25 
 
 11.82 
 
 .45 
 
 8.24 
 
 10.78 
 .15 
 
 5.98 
 
 6.18 
 .50 
 
 8.74 
 .30 
 
 Eleven Weeks, Actu- 
 ally Recorded. 
 
 Total. 
 
 $42.00 
 
 3.65 
 
 13.82 
 
 6.76 
 
 28.89 
 5.41 
 5.68 
 
 10.38 
 
 4.90 
 
 1.50 
 1.00 
 
 22.84 
 .75 
 
 Total. 
 
 $45.65 
 
 75.84' 
 
 2.50 ^ 
 
 11.53 ' 
 
 3.20 *" 
 
 5.50 ^ 
 
 .75 
 25.73 
 
 23.59 
 
 29.58 
 
 .90 
 
 $224.77 
 230.52 
 
 $ 5.75 
 
 Three weeks only. 
 
 2 Included under staples. 
 
 » Dentist. 
 
 First Daughter's Personal Account. — The oldest daughter in this 
 family kept for the investigator a record of her wages and of her 
 ''pocket money" for a period of thirty-four weeks (November 18, 
 1913- July 13, 1914); she also kept an account of how she spent 
 her ''pocket money" for seven weeks of this period. This daugh- 
 ter's wages averaged $9.84 per week, and her "pocket money" 
 averaged $1.63 per week, for the thirty-four weeks. 
 
118 
 
 BUDGETS OF FAMILIES AND INDIVIDUALS 
 
 PERSONAL ACCOUNT OF FIRST DAUGHTER; 
 
 Income, 34 Weeks, November 18, 1913-July 13, 1914, Actually Recorded Income. 
 Pocket Money, 34 Weeks, November 18, 1913-July 13, 1914, Actually Recorded Pocket 
 
 Money. 
 Expenditures, 7 Weeks, April 21-Junb 8, 1914, Actually Recorded Expenditures. 
 
 Income. 
 Wages, 34 Weeks. 
 
 Pocket Money, 
 34 Weeks. 
 
 Expenditures, 
 7 Weeks. 
 
 Date. 
 
 Amount. 
 
 Date. 
 
 Amt. 
 
 Date (date indicates 
 the first day of a 
 four-week period). . 
 
 April 
 19141 
 
 May 
 5 
 
 June 
 
 22 
 
 
 Nov. 18, 1913 . 
 
 $9.12 
 
 8.45 
 
 11.66 
 
 10.76 
 
 11.31 
 
 9.15 
 
 9.85 
 
 12.87 
 
 11.69 
 
 13.42 
 
 13.72 
 
 14.25 
 
 12.96 
 
 13.55 
 
 13.00 
 
 11.18 
 
 12.37 
 
 11.82 
 
 10.03 
 
 10.89 
 
 8.40 
 
 9.71 
 
 5.74 
 
 5.34 
 
 7.25 
 
 7.15 
 
 8.64 
 
 6.06 
 
 8.24 
 
 7.72 
 
 7.50 
 
 7.03 
 
 6.00 
 
 7.81 
 
 Nov. 18, 1913. 
 
 Dec. IG 
 
 Jan. 13, 1914. 
 
 Feb. 10 
 
 Mar. 10 
 
 April 7 
 
 May 5 
 
 June 2 
 
 June 30 
 
 $5.17 
 
 6.60 
 
 13.08 
 
 10.91 
 
 6.80 
 
 3.64 
 
 3.66 
 
 3.78 
 1.73> 
 
 
 
 Dry goods 
 
 Church . . . 
 
 $0.75 
 .35 
 .50 
 .10 
 
 $1.50 
 .60 
 .20 
 .20 
 
 ^5 
 
 $0.15 
 .10 
 .10 
 
 $2.25 
 1 10 
 
 Dec. 16 
 
 Ice cream and candy 
 Car fare 
 
 .80 
 .40 
 
 
 Gift 
 
 .85 
 
 Jan. 13, 1914 . 
 
 Total expenditures, 7 weeks, actually 
 
 $5.40 
 
 
 Total pocket money, 7 weeks, actually 
 
 6.06 
 
 Feb. 10 
 
 Balance . . 
 
 $ .66 
 
 
 
 Mar. 10 
 
 April 7 
 
 May 5 
 
 June 2 
 
 June 30 
 
 1 Two weeks only. 
 
 2 One week only. 
 
 Total income, 
 34 weeks, 
 actually 
 recorded .... 
 
 $334.64 
 
 Total pocket 
 money, 34 
 weeks, actu- 
 ally recorded 
 
 $55.37 
 
 
 FAMILY NO. 19. 
 
 Membership and Occupation, 
 
 Member. Age, Years. 
 
 Father 43 
 
 Mother 41 
 
 Son 10 
 
 Occupation. 
 
 Brussels carpet weaver. 
 
 Housekeeper. 
 
 In school. 
 
 Type of Family. — Mr. K. is English. He has lived in America 
 since he was twelve years old. His wife was born in Philadelphia. 
 Mr. and Mrs. K. have been married for seventeen years, and have 
 lived in Kensington for twelve years. Mr. K. is a reader of a serious 
 class of literature, — particularly books on economics and sociology. 
 He is a follower of Karl Marx, and was, until a short time before the 
 present writing (September, 1915), a member of the Socialist party. 
 
OF KENSINGTON, PHILADELPHIA. 119 
 
 The expenditures of this family, — contrary to the common 
 practice in Kensington, — are directed by the father, who method- 
 ically apportions his income among the various items of the budget. 
 Mr. K. says: ''I do not follow any custom of keeping pocket 
 money; what I earn belongs to my family just as much as to me. 
 We pay our bills from our common fund, which comes from my 
 wages. I do not use tobacco or liquors, and may be said to be a 
 total abstainer." 
 
 The Account. — A summary of the expenditures and a statement 
 of the total income are given for this family for each of the years 
 1912, 1913, and 1914, and for the first twenty-six weeks of 1915. 
 The food expenditure is given in detail for one week of the year 
 1915; the clothing expenditure is itemized for the years 1912 and 
 1913; and the income is given by weeks for twenty-six weeks (March 
 19-September 16) of the year 1915. 
 
 Income. — This family is supported entirely by the father. His 
 wages for the year 1914 averaged $22.86 per week. 
 
 House. — This family lives in one of the newly built sections of 
 the mill district. The house which the family occupies is of brick, 
 and has six rooms, a shed, a bath with toilet, and a front porch. 
 It is heated by a hot air furnace, and has both a coal range and a 
 gas range for cooking. The rent is $16 per month. The home is 
 well furnished. 
 
 Food. — Following is the detailed account of this family's food 
 expenditure for one week of the year 1915: 
 
 5 lbs. chuck roast @ $0.18 $0.90 
 
 2 lbs. lamb chops @ .25 .50 
 
 2 lbs. rump steak @ .27 .54 
 
 2 lbs. bacon @ .25 .50 
 
 1 lb. ham @ .28 .28 
 
 2 lbs. lard @ .18 .36 
 
 2 lbs. butter @ 45 .90 
 
 3 doz. eggs @ .36 1.08 
 
 14 qts. milk @ .08 1.12 
 
 Baked goods 70 
 
 Vegetables, fruit, cereals, etc 2.12 
 
 Total $9.00 
 
 With regard to this list of foods Mr. K. says: ''The menu would 
 be changed to suit the changing prices of summer as compared with 
 winter, principally butter and eggs; but the sum total would 
 ilmount to the same, — $9 per week." 
 
120 BUDGETS OF FAMILIES AND INDIVIDUALS 
 
 The following menu for one day is given by Mr. K. as typical 
 of the family diet. ''Of course we have a change of meat and 
 vegetables," he says, ''but the amount is about the same every 
 day in the year." 
 
 Menu for One Day. 
 
 Breakfast: Mush and milk, buttered toast, fruit (choice of apples, oranges, or 
 
 grape fruit), coffee, tea, or milk. 
 Dinner: Roast beef, baked or boiled potatoes, spinach, carrots, bread and butter, 
 
 milk, pudding, apples. 
 Supper: Poached eggs on toast, cereal and milk, fruit, milk. « 
 
 The Fall River "fair standard" yearly food allowance for this 
 family would be as follows : ^ 
 
 Father ■ $ 94.64 
 
 Mother 75.71 
 
 Son 56.78 
 
 Total $227.13 
 
 The total food expenditure of Mr. K.'s family for the year 1914 
 was $480, or more than twice the amount allowed by the Fall 
 River standard. 
 
 Clothing. — Mr. K. aims to keep the annual clothing expenditure 
 of his family down to $130, or below. For the year 1914, the 
 clothing expenditure was exactly $130. For the years 1912 and 
 1913, the articles of clothing bought and the prices paid for the 
 same were as follows: 
 
 Clothing. 
 
 Father: Year 1912. Year 1913. 
 
 Overcoat $ 10.00 $ 15.00 
 
 Suit 20.00 12.00 
 
 Hat, felt 2.00 2.00 
 
 Hat, straw 1.50 
 
 Shirts 3.00 2.00 
 
 Shoes 4.00 8.00 
 
 Shoe repairs 2.50 2.50 
 
 Shppers 1.50 
 
 Underwear, summer 2.00 2.00 
 
 Underwear, winter 2.50 2.50 
 
 Socks, collars, ties, etc 10.40 10.40 
 
 $ 57.90 $ 57.90 
 
 161st Congress, 2d Session, Senate Document No. 645, Vol, XVI, op. ciL, 
 p. 243. 
 
OF KENSINGTON, PHILADELPHIA. 121 
 
 Mother: 
 
 Dresses, underclothing, etc $ 26.00 $ 26.00 
 
 Shoes 3.00 6.00 
 
 Shoe repairs 1.00 1.10 
 
 SUppers 1.50 
 
 % 31.50 $ 33.10 
 Son: 
 
 Suits, underwear, etc % 13.00 $ 13.00 
 
 Shoes 18.00 18.00 
 
 Shoe repairs 6.00 6.00 
 
 $ 37.00 $ 37.00 
 
 Total for family : $126.40 $128.00 
 
 The Fall River "fair standard" yearly clothing allowance for 
 this family would be as follows : ^ 
 
 Father $ 45.75 
 
 Mother 33.75 
 
 Son 30.55 
 
 Total $110.05 
 
 Medical Attention. — During the latter half of 1914 and the first 
 half of 1915, Mr. K.'s bills for medical attention for his wife and 
 child were unusually large. For the first two and one-half years 
 of this family's account, the total amount spent for medical atten- 
 tion (including medicine, and services of physician, dentist, and 
 oculist) was but $58.44, while for the latter half of 1914 and the 
 first half of 1915, the expenditure under the heading Medical 
 Attention amounted to $76.50, the items being as follows : 
 
 Physician's fees $30.00 
 
 Medicine 26.00 
 
 Dentist's fees 9.00 
 
 Oculist's bill 11.50 
 
 Total $76.50 
 
 Lodge and Union Dues. — In 1912 and 1913, Mr. K. spent $46 per 
 year for lodge and union dues. In 1914 he reduced his obligations 
 to lodges by one half, thus bringing his yearly total for lodge and 
 union dues down to $28.20. 
 
 161st Congress, 2d Session, Senate Document No. 645, Vol. XVI, op. cit., 
 pp. 239, 240, 243. 
 
122 
 
 BUDGETS OF FAMILIES AND INDIVIDUALS 
 
 Recreation. — Mr. and Mrs. K. and their son go frequently to 
 moving picture entertainments and to the parks, and they enjoy 
 ^ch other recreations as are inexpensive. The account shows an 
 expenditure of $96 each year under the heading Recreation, which 
 in this family budget includes reading matter, stationery, and 
 car fare, as well as amusements and trips. 
 
 Standard of Living. — This family maintains a high standard of 
 living. Everything is carefully planned beforehand, and the wants 
 that are considered necessary, are looked after first. Mr. K. feels 
 the urgency of the need of saving, and he aims to* add a small 
 amount to his savings account each year. In referring to the 
 importance he places upon saving, he says: "I do not have music 
 in the house. We all want it, but I cannot afford it. I must use 
 my income for the prime material things of life. The fears of the 
 future compel me to save the expense of a piano, to give me some 
 degree of security in the food, clothing, and shelter for tomorrow." 
 Mr. K. reports that it has taken him thirty-three years to lay aside 
 $500. 
 
 INCOME. 
 
 Twenty-six Weeks, March 19-September 16, 1915, i Actually Recorded Income. 
 Amounts are recorded for weekly pay intervals. In date column is indicated the first day of 
 
 each fourth week. 
 
 Father, Wages. 
 
 Father, Wages. 
 
 Father, 
 
 Wages. 
 
 Date, Amount. 
 
 Date. 
 
 Amount. 
 
 Date. 
 
 Amount. 
 
 Mar. 19, 1915 . . 1 $32.27 
 
 May 21, 1915. 
 
 $18.44 
 
 July 23, 1915. 
 
 $ 30.60 
 
 32.69 
 
 
 3.13 
 
 
 31.71 
 
 1 32.36 
 
 
 2 
 
 Aug. 6 
 
 30.32 
 
 i 31.76 
 
 June 11 
 
 
 
 25.00 
 
 April 16 ! 24.84 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 11.19 
 
 ; 31.56 
 
 
 22.85 
 
 
 21.10 
 
 1 31.42 
 
 
 30.25 
 
 Sept. 3 
 
 23.63 
 
 ! 32.27 
 
 July 9 
 
 30.90 
 
 
 13.93 
 
 May 14 I 26.74 
 
 
 25.86 
 
 
 $594.82 
 
 1 These 26 weeks are typical of any 6 
 months during the last 18 months of the 
 account, both as to the amount and as to the 
 irregularity of Mr. K.'s wages. His wages for 
 
 these 18 months averaged $22.86 per week, or 
 $594.36 per half year. 
 
 2 Mill closed during these three weeks, for 
 stocktaking. 
 
 INCOME. 
 
 Three Years (52 Weeks, or 364 Days, Each), 1912, 1913, and 1914, — and First Twenty-six 
 Weeks op 1915, Actually Recorded Income. 
 
 Year. 
 
 1912. 
 
 1913. 
 
 1914.1 
 
 1915.2 
 
 Total income; father, wages $906.17 | $874.50 $1,188.72 | $59 4.36 
 
 1 In the summary tables of family budgets 2 First twenty-six weeks only, 
 
 (pp. 10-24), the figm-es given for this family are 
 tnose of the year 1914. 
 
OF KENSINGTON, PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 123 
 
 EXPENDITURES. 
 
 Three Years (52 Weeks, or 364 Days, Each), 1912, 1913, and 1914, — and First Twenty-six 
 Weeks of 1915, Actually Recorded Expenditures. 
 
 Year. 
 
 
 Summary. 
 
 
 1912. 
 
 1913. 
 
 1914.1 
 
 1915.2 
 
 Rent 
 
 Fuel and light 
 
 $192.00 
 
 76.50 
 
 447.20 
 
 52.00 
 
 126.403 
 
 23.37 
 
 6.00 
 
 35.60 
 10.40 
 96.00 
 
 $192.00 
 
 76.50 
 
 447.20 
 
 52.00 
 
 128.003 
 
 23.38 
 
 6.00 
 
 35.60 
 10.40 
 96.00 
 
 $192.00 
 
 88.00 
 
 480.00 
 
 52.00 
 
 130.00 
 
 49.94 
 
 6.00 
 
 17.80 
 10.40 
 96.00 
 
 $96.00 
 44.00 
 
 Food 
 
 Household expenses 
 
 Clothing 
 
 Medical attention 
 
 240.00 • 
 26.00 
 65.00 " 
 38.25 ' 
 
 Insurance 
 
 Dues: 
 
 Lodge 
 
 Union 
 
 Recreation* 
 
 3.00- 
 
 5.20 
 48.00 ' 
 
 Total expenditures, actually recorded 
 
 Total income, actually recorded . 
 
 $1,065.47 
 906.17 
 
 $1,067.08 
 874.50 
 
 $1,122,14 
 1,188.72 
 
 $565.45 
 594.36 
 
 Deficit 
 
 $159.30 
 
 $192.58 
 
 
 
 Balance 
 
 
 
 $66.58 
 
 $28.91 
 
 1 In the summary tables of family budgets 
 (pp. 10-24), the figures given for this family 
 are those of the year 1914. 
 
 " First twenty-six weeks only. 
 
 3 For details, see pp. 120, 121. 
 
 * This heading here includes reading matter, 
 stationery, and car fare, as well as amusements, 
 trips, etc. 
 
 FAMILY NO. 20. 
 
 Membership and Occupation. 
 
 Member. Age, Years. Occupation. 
 
 Father Deceased. 
 
 Mother 50 Housekeeper and midwife. 
 
 First son 18 Teamster. 
 
 Second son 16 Clerk in textile mill. 
 
 Third son 7 In school. 
 
 Woman boarder and lodger (left family in September, 1913). Paid 
 
 nothing; helped with housework. 
 Man boarder and lodger No. 1 (entered family in June, 1913). Pays $5 
 
 per week. 
 Man boarder and lodger No. 2 (entered family in September, 1913). 
 
 Pays $35 per month. 
 Man lodger (entered family in September, 1913). Pays $1.75 per week. 
 (There is also a married daughter, who has her own home.) 
 
 Type of Family. — Mrs. N. was born in the United States, of Irish 
 parents. Her husband, who was a Kensington textile-mill worker, 
 died two months before this account was begun. The family- 
 had a continuous struggle to get along, even while the father was 
 living. 
 
 The Account. — Mrs. N. kept a record over a period of eight 
 months, beginning in March, 1913. During the period covered by 
 her record, a change in the household economy occurred. Because 
 
 9 
 
124 BUDGETS OF FAMILIES AND INDIVIDUALS 
 
 of several breaks in Mrs. N/s account, due to moving and to other 
 causes, the figures for two typical months only, — one month in 
 the spring of 1913, before the change in the household economy 
 occurred, and one month in the fall of that year, after the change 
 occurred, — are given in the tables for this family. 
 
 Standard of Living. — At the time this account was begun, in 
 March, 1913, the family was living in a small, dingy, badly furnished 
 house, on a dirty, narrow street in Kensington. The father's death 
 had left the chief burden of the support of the family upon the two 
 older sons, whose combined earnings amounted to $14.50 per week. 
 Mrs. N. was adding a little to the income by going outi occasionally 
 as nurse and midwife. An old woman who was living with the 
 family, was assisting with the housework, for her board. 
 
 Not long after this account was begun, a friend of Mrs. N.'s, 
 whose home had been broken up by the death of his mother, offered 
 to take his furniture and go to board with Mrs. N., on condition 
 that she rent a larger house on a better street. In September, 
 1913, this arrangement was carried out. The friend pays $35 per 
 month for his board and lodging, which means a considerable 
 increase in the income of Mrs. N.'s family. The woman who 
 assisted with the housework for her board, left the family in 
 September, and Mrs. N. is now able to hire a woman to help her, 
 two days each week, at $1 per day. At the close of her account 
 (November, 1913), Mrs. N. writes in her account book: ''You will 
 no doubt consider me quite a spendthrift, but the money is coming 
 in better, and I have more to spend, and I can assure you that I 
 feel as if I were about twenty years younger since things took such 
 a good turn for me." 
 
 INCOME. 
 
 Eight Weeks, March 22- April 18, 1913, November 1-28, 1913, Actually 
 
 Recorded Income. 
 Income prom all Sources. 
 
 First son and second son, wages $116.00 
 
 Extra earnings 2.00 
 
 Man boarder and lodger no. 1, 4 weeks @ $5.00 20.00 
 
 Man boarder and lodger no. 2, 1 month @ $35.00 35.00 
 
 Man lodger, 4 weeks @ $1.75 7.00 
 
 Total income, eight weeks, actually recorded $180.00 
 
OF KENSINGTON, PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 125 
 
 EXPENDITURES. 
 
 Eight Weeks, March 22-April 18, 1913, November 1-28, 1913, Actually Recorded 
 
 Expenditures. 
 
 Item. 
 
 Date (date indicates the first day of a four- 
 week period). 
 
 House: 
 
 Rent 
 
 Fuel and light . . . . 
 Food: Meats 
 
 Dairy products . . . 
 
 Eggs 
 
 Staples 
 
 Vegetables 
 
 Fruits 
 
 Cereals 
 
 Baked goods 
 
 Beverages 
 
 Miscellaneous. . . . 
 
 Food Total 
 
 Household Expenses: 
 
 Furniture 
 
 Furnishings ...... 
 
 General supplies . . 
 
 Laundry 
 
 Clothing: 
 
 Mother 
 
 First son 
 
 Second son 
 
 Third son 
 
 Medical attention . . . 
 
 Insurance 
 
 Dues: Lodge 
 
 Reading matter 
 
 Church 
 
 Charity 
 
 Recreation 
 
 Pocket money 
 
 Car fare 
 
 Gifts 
 
 Amount. 
 
 March 
 22, 1913 
 
 $12.00 
 
 .25 
 
 7.02 
 
 6.12 
 
 1.79 
 
 2.21 
 
 3.83 
 
 .44 
 
 .40 
 
 1.50 
 
 1.90 
 
 4.00 
 
 29.212 
 
 4.00 
 
 .60 
 
 1.05 
 
 3.33 
 
 2.85 
 
 1.60 
 
 .40 
 
 .59 
 
 .10 
 
 .94 
 
 November 
 1, 1913 
 
 $18.00 
 
 8.85 
 
 8.79 
 
 2.26 
 
 .84 
 
 .63 
 
 2.73 
 
 .12 
 
 .10 
 
 .40 
 
 28.451 
 44.323 
 
 .30 
 
 .75 
 
 8.00* 
 
 25.71 
 3.006 
 4.757 
 5.508 
 
 1.60 
 .44 
 
 Eight Weeks, 
 Actually Recorded. 
 
 Total. 
 
 $30.00 
 
 9.10 
 
 15.81 
 
 8.38 
 
 2.63 
 
 2.84 
 
 6.56 
 
 .56 
 
 .50 
 
 1.90 
 
 1.90 
 
 32.45 
 
 4.00 
 
 .90 
 
 1.80 
 
 8.00 
 
 29.045 
 3.00 
 4.75 
 5.50 
 
 Total. 
 
 $39.10 
 
 73.53 
 
 14.70 
 
 42.29 
 , 2.85 
 
 3.20 
 .40 
 
 1.03 
 
 .10 
 .94 
 
 Total expenditures. 
 Total income, 8 we< 
 
 8 weeks, 
 2ks, actus 
 
 actually recorded 
 
 
 $178.14 
 
 illy recorded 
 
 
 180.00 
 
 Balance 
 
 
 
 $1.86 
 
 Savings. 
 
 Savings fund society . . . 
 
 
 
 1 .50 1 
 
 2.00 1 
 
 $2.50 
 
 1 Includes $4.70 for meals outside. 
 
 2 Five persons. 
 ' Six persons. 
 
 * Wages to laundress. 
 
 5 Coat, $17; hat, $4; shoes, $2.50; 
 
 shoe 
 
 repairs, $1.95; stockings, $.75; gloves, $1; 
 gingham, $.36; musUu, $1.28; thread, $.20. 
 
 * Underwear. 
 
 '■ Trousers, $1.75; underwear, $3. 
 
 8 Shoes, $1.50; hat, $1; coat, $3. 
 
 FAMILY NO. 21. 
 
 Membership and Occupation. 
 
 Member. Age, Years. Occupation. 
 
 Father 32 Night watchman in coal yard. 
 
 Mother 30 Housekeeper and practical nurse. 
 
 Daughter 14 Doffer in cloth mill. 
 
 First son 11 In school. 
 
 Second son 8 In school. 
 
 Third son 4 
 
126 BUDGETS OF FAMILIES AND INDIVIDUALS 
 
 Type of Family. — Both Mr. and Mrs. Q. were born and reared in 
 Kensington. Mr. Q. was sixteen years old, and Mrs. Q., fourteen, 
 at the time of their marriage. They have had an uphill struggle 
 *throughout their married life. 
 
 The Account. — Mrs. Q. attempted to keep a daily record over a 
 long period, but owing to her lack of education, the account was 
 too incomplete to serve any purpose except that of giving a general 
 idea of the family's standard of living. A summary of the budget 
 for four weeks only (summer of 1913), is given in the table for this 
 family. 
 
 Income. — The father earns $13 per week, the daughter, $5. 
 Both give over their entire earnings to Mrs. Q., who adds to the 
 income when she can, by going out as a nurse. While she is work- 
 ing, the children are cared for at a day nursery. 
 
 House. — The housing conditions of this family are far worse 
 than are those of any other family of this study. The street on 
 which the family lives has been raised since the houses were built, 
 so that half of the lower window panes in Mrs. Q.'s parlor are below 
 the level of the sidewalk, and one has to go down several steps to 
 enter her front door. The house is of brick, and has four rooms 
 and a shed. It is in wretched repair; it is without sanitary plumb- 
 ing; and it has neither kitchen range nor furnace. The cooking 
 is done on a hot-plate, and the house is heated, in winter, by two 
 stoves. The rent is $8 per month. The few articles of furniture 
 in the house are dingy and dilapidated. 
 
 Food. — The average weekly food expenditure for the four weeks 
 was $6.80. The Fall River ''fair standard" weekly food allowance 
 for this family would be as follows : ^ 
 
 Father $1.82 
 
 Mother 1.46 
 
 Daughter 1.27 
 
 First son 1.09 
 
 Second son 91 
 
 Third son 73 
 
 ' Total $7.28 
 
 Standard of Living. — The family did not spend all of its income, 
 during the month of the account. As this was a summer month, 
 
 »61st Congress, 2d Session, Senate Document No. 645, Vol. XVI, op. a7., 
 pp. 24, 238. 
 
OF KENSINGTON, PHILADELPHIA. 127 
 
 there was no expense for heating. The only clothing expendi- 
 ture during the month was $3.22 for shoes and stockings. The 
 family has all it can do to make ends meet. Its housing conditions 
 are without doubt below those of any recognized fair standard, 
 and the same is probably true of its food and clothing. 
 
 INCOME. 
 
 Four Weeks, Summer of 1913, Actually Recorded Income. 
 Income from all Sources. 
 
 Father, wages, 4 weeks @ $13.00 $52.00 
 
 Daughter, wages, 4 weeks @ $5.00 20.00 
 
 Total income, four weeks, actually recorded $72.00 
 
 EXPENDITURES. 
 
 Four Weeks, Summer of 1913, Actually Recorded Expenditures. 
 
 Summary. 
 
 Rent $ 8.00 
 
 Gas 1.00 
 
 Food 27.20 
 
 Furnishings 50 
 
 General supplies 72 
 
 / Clothing 3.22 
 
 Medical attention 1.25 
 
 Insurance 1.80 
 
 Dues: Union 50 
 
 Recreation 40 
 
 Car fare 40 
 
 Total expenditures, four weeks, actually recorded $44.99 
 
 Total income, four weeks, actually recorded 72.00 
 
 Balance $27.01 
 
 FAMILY NO. 22. 
 
 Membership and Occupation. 
 
 Member. Age, Years. Occupation. 
 
 Father 28 Hosiery finisher. 
 
 Mother 26 Housekeeper. Sometimes does 
 
 sewing for others. 
 
 First daughter 6 
 
 Second daughter 2 
 
 Son 2 months. 
 
 Man boarder and lodger. Pays $4.50 per week. 
 
128 BUDGETS OF FAMILIES AND INDIVIDUALS 
 
 Type of Family. — This family has a struggle to get along. Both 
 Mr. and Mrs. H. are Americans. As they are highly respected and 
 enjoy a good reputation for honesty, it is not difficult for them 
 to obtain credit to tide them over hard times. Mrs. H. is a careful 
 manager, and she does her best to keep expenditures within income. 
 She makes her own and the children's clothes, and adds a little to 
 the family income by sewing for others. Mr. H. is an earnest Bible 
 student, and is active in religious work. He often conducts meet- 
 ings at a small mission. 
 
 The Account. — This family's budget covers one year (May 3, 
 1913-May 1, 1914). Mrs. H. kept a detailed record for only 
 eleven weeks of the period. Like most Kensington housewives, 
 she was too proud to keep a record when income and expenditures 
 were very small, owing to hard times. She gave an account of 
 clothing expenditure for the year, and a general idea of the other 
 expenditures for the year. The tables give the actually recorded 
 account for the eleven weeks, and the partly estimated account 
 for the year. 
 
 Income. — Mr. H. seldom earns more than $10 per week; during 
 the year of the account his weekly earnings were usually less than 
 that amount. ''My husband has not been earning anything for 
 about four months," Mrs. H. said to the investigator at the close 
 of the year, "and we have had no income except what was given 
 to us, and the few dollars that I have earned by sewing." 
 
 House. — This family rents the rooms above a store in the mill 
 district, paying $8 per month. The apartment consists of a parlor, 
 a room which is used as a kitchen, and two large sleeping rooms, — 
 one of which has a bath tub. The cooking is done on a two-burner 
 hot-plate, and the rooms are heated by a small coal stove. 
 
 Food. — The average weekly food expenditure for the eleven 
 weeks was $6.20. The Fall River ''fair standard" weekly food 
 allowance for this family would be as follows : ^ 
 
 Father $1.82 
 
 Mother 1.46 
 
 First daughter 91 
 
 Second daughter 73 
 
 Son 55 
 
 Man boarder 1.82 
 
 Total S7.29 
 
 161st Congress, 2d Session, Senate Document No. 645, Vol. XVI, op. ciL, 
 pp. 24, 238. 
 
OF KENSINGTON, PHILADELPHIA. 129 
 
 Clothing. — The clothing expenditure for the year was $36.40. 
 The Fall River *'fair standard" clothing allowance for this family 
 would be as follows : ^ 
 
 Father $ 45.75 
 
 Mother / 33.75 
 
 First daughter ^ 16.85 
 
 Second daughter 6.30 
 
 Son 6.30 
 
 Total $108.95 
 
 Standard of Living. — This family's budget is without doubt below 
 that of any recognized fair standard. In spite of Mrs. H.'s efforts 
 to keep expenditures within income, she did not succeed, during 
 the year of the account, but came out with a small indebtedness 
 at the end of the year. 
 
 INCOME. 
 
 Eleven Weeks, May 3-June 27, 1913, March 21-April 10, 1914, Actually 
 
 Recorded Income. 
 Income from all Sources. 
 
 Father, wages $ 78.00 
 
 Man boarder and lodger, 7 weeks @ $4.50 31.50 
 
 / Total income, 11 weeks, actually recorded $109.50 
 
 One Year (52 Weeks or 364 Days), May 3, 1913-May 1, 1914, Partly Esti- 
 mated Income. 
 Income from all Sources. 
 
 Father, wages $256.00 
 
 Mother, earnings from sewing 30.00 
 
 Man boarder and lodger, 52 weeks @ $4.50 234.00 
 
 Gifts 20.00 
 
 Total income, one year, partly estimated $540.00-^ 
 
 CLOXmNG FOR ONE YEAR, MAY 3, 1913-MAY 1, 1914. 
 
 Father. Mother. — Continued. 
 
 Trousers $ 4.00 Stockings 1.10 
 
 Shirts (2) 2.90 Combs for hair 60 
 
 Shoes 3.00 Apron goods 24 
 
 Socks 13 
 
 Tie and clasp 35 $15.10 
 
 Collar 15 Children. 
 
 Dress goods $ 1.31 
 
 $10.53 Coat goods 2.00 
 
 Mother. Coat linings 45 
 
 Dress $ 1.60 Muslin 70 
 
 Dress goods 2.55 Cap 25 
 
 Trimmings 1.06 Shoes 3.92 
 
 House dress 1.00 Stockings 60 
 
 White underskirt.; 1.00 Lace 34 
 
 Hat 2.45 Hair ribbons 95 
 
 Hat frame 10 Notions 25 
 
 Shoes 2.50 
 
 Shoe repairs 90 • $10.77 
 
 *61st Congress, 2d Session, Senate Document No. 645, Vol. XVI, op. cit., 
 pp. 239, 240, 243. 
 
130 
 
 BUDGETS OF FAMILIES AND INDIVIDUALS 
 
 EXPENDITURES. 
 
 Elsv£X Weeks, May, 3-June 27, 1913, March 21-April 10, 1914, Actually Recorded 
 
 Expenditures. 
 
 One Year (52 Weeks or 364 Days) , May 3, 1913-May 1, 1914, Partly Estimated Expenditures. 
 
 Item. 
 
 Amount. 
 
 Eleven Weeks, 
 Actually 
 Recorded. 
 
 One Year, 
 
 Partly 
 Estimated. 
 
 Date (date indicates the first day of a 
 four-week period). 
 
 May 
 
 3, 
 1913 
 
 May 
 31 
 
 Mar. 
 
 21, 
 
 19141 
 
 Total. 
 
 Total. 
 
 Total. 
 
 Total. 
 
 House: 
 
 Rent 
 
 $8.00 
 .72 
 6.06 
 2.25 
 1.25 
 6.78 
 1.98 
 1.34 
 
 4.48 
 
 1.45 
 
 .73 
 
 26.32 
 
 2.003 
 .10 
 
 2.90 
 .22 
 
 1.80 
 
 .05 
 
 1.70 
 
 .11 
 .40 
 
 $8.00 
 
 3.78 
 
 3.22 
 
 .70 
 
 5.61 
 
 2.48 
 1.69 
 
 2.60 
 
 .85 
 
 .40 
 
 21.33 
 
 2.50 
 
 .30 
 
 1.60 
 
 1.00* 
 .15 
 
 $8.00 
 
 .30 
 
 4.58 
 
 2.82 
 
 1.35 
 
 2.40 
 
 1.44 
 
 1.30 
 
 .47 
 
 4.09 
 
 .59 
 
 1.50 
 
 20.54 
 
 1.64 
 
 12.28 
 
 .55 
 
 1.40 
 
 .02 
 
 .20 
 
 $24.00 
 1.02 
 
 14.42 
 8.29 
 3.30 
 
 14.79 
 
 5.90 
 
 4.33 
 
 .47 
 
 11.17 
 2.89 
 2.63 
 
 2.00 
 .10 
 
 4.54 
 .22 
 
 $25.02 
 
 68.19 
 
 6.86 
 
 16.58 
 
 .90 
 
 4.70 
 
 .02 
 
 1.00 
 .11 
 .75 
 
 $96,002 
 27.00 
 
 ■ 
 
 2.00 
 4.00 
 12.00 
 2.50 
 10.532 
 15.102 
 10.772 
 
 
 Fuel and light 
 
 $123,00 
 
 Food: Meats. . . 
 
 
 Dairy products 
 
 
 Eggs 
 
 
 Staples ... 
 
 
 Vegetables 
 
 
 Fruits 
 
 
 Cereals 
 
 
 Baked goods 
 
 
 Beverages 
 
 
 Miscellaneous 
 
 
 Food Total 
 
 338.00 
 
 Household Expenses: 
 
 Furniture 
 
 
 Furnishings 
 
 
 General supplies 
 
 
 Laundry 
 
 20.50 
 
 Clothing: Father . . 
 
 
 Mother ! 
 
 
 Children... . 
 
 
 Clothing Total 
 
 36.402 
 
 Medical attention 
 
 5.00 
 
 Insurance 
 
 20 802 
 
 Dues 
 
 
 Reading matter .... 
 
 1.00 
 
 Church 
 
 
 Charity 
 
 
 Recreation . . . 
 
 4.00 
 
 Pocket money: Children 
 
 1.50 
 
 Car fare 
 
 5.00 
 
 Gifts 
 
 
 Total expenditures, 11 weeks, actuall 
 
 y recor 
 rded. 
 
 ded 
 
 
 $124.13 
 109.50 
 
 
 Total income, 11 weeks, actually reco 
 
 
 
 
 Deficit 
 
 
 
 $ 14.63 
 
 - 
 
 Total expenditures, one year, partly estimated . 
 Total income, one year, partly estimated . 
 Deficit 
 
 $555.20 
 
 540.00 
 
 $ 15.20 
 
 Debts. 
 
 Debts paid 
 
 1 6.72 1 9.25 1 
 
 1.89 1 
 
 $17.86 
 $32.49 
 
 
 $17.86 
 
 Total deficit 
 
 $33.06 
 
 
 Savings. 
 
 
 
 Children's bank 
 
 1 .301 1 
 
 1 
 
 .30|| 1 .30 
 
 1 Three weeks only. 
 
 2 Actually recorded. 
 
 3 Ice chest. 
 * Picnic. 
 
OF KENSINGTON, PHILADELPHIA. 131 
 
 FAMILY NO. 23. 
 
 Membership and Occupation. 
 
 Member. Age, Years. Occupation. 
 
 Father 37 Stationary engineer. 
 
 Mother Deceased. 
 
 First daughter 14 In school. 
 
 Second daughter 12 In school. 
 
 Third daughter 9 In school. 
 
 Fourth daughter 7 In school. 
 
 First son .^ 5 In day nursery. 
 
 Second son 3 In day nursery. 
 
 Type of Family. — This is an American family. The father has 
 lived in Kensington for the past twenty-five years. The mother 
 died a short time before the study of this family was begun. Since 
 her death Mr. Z. has been sending the younger children to a 
 nursery while he is at work during the day. All of the children take 
 their meals at the nursery, except on Saturday evenings and 
 Sundays, when the oldest daughter cooks the meals for the family 
 at home. 
 
 ' The Account. — Mr, Z. was willing to have his budget made use 
 of by the investigators, but he said it would be useless for him to 
 keep a daily record, because his expenses were practically the same 
 week after week. Out of his wage of $15 per week, he pays the 
 nursery $2 per week for boarding the children; his own meals at 
 a restaurant cost $3 per week; laundry expenditure is fifty cents 
 per week; insurance, sixty-eight cents per week; and clothing, 
 ''just what is necessary." A partly estimated summary of the 
 budget for one year (March 1, 1913-February 28, 1914) is given 
 in the table for this family. 
 
 House. — The house which this family occupies is situated on 
 one of the narrow streets in the mill district. It is of brick, and 
 has four rooms, two of which are used for sleeping. There is a 
 toilet in the yard, but the house has no bath tub. The kitchen has a 
 coal range and a hot-plate. The only method of heating the 
 house is by the kitchen range. The rent is $11 per month. 
 
 Standard of Living. — The children are given sufficient food at the 
 nursery, and the father probably gets sufficient food at the res- 
 taurant. With regard to the items of the budget other than food, 
 and possibly clothing, this family is below any recognized fair 
 standard. 
 
132 BUDGETS OF FAMILIES AND INDIVIDUALS 
 
 INCOME. 
 
 One Year (52 Weeks or 364 Days), March 1, 1913-February 28, 1914, 
 Actually Recorded Income. 
 * Father, wages, 52 weeks @ $15.00 $780.00 
 
 EXPENDITURES. 
 
 One Year (52 Weeks or 364 Days), March 1, 1913-February 28, 1914, 
 
 Partly Estimated Expenditures. 
 
 Summary. 
 
 Rent $132.00' 
 
 Fuel and light ,. 30.00 
 
 Food •. 312.00 
 
 General supplies 12.00 
 
 Laundry 28.00 
 
 Clothing 145.00 
 
 Medical attention 5.00 
 
 Insurance 35.36^ 
 
 Reading matter 4.00 
 
 Recreation 12.00 
 
 Pocket money: 
 
 Father $52.00 
 
 ChUdren 5.00 57.00 
 
 Car fare 5.00 
 
 Total expenditures, one year, partly estimated $777.36 
 
 Total income, one year, actually recorded 780.00 
 
 Balance $ 2.64 
 
 ^ Actually recorded. 
 
OF KENSINGTON, PHILADELPHIA. 133 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 PREVAILING STANDARDS OF LIVING AMONG TEXTILE-MILL 
 
 WORKERS* FAMILIES IN THE NORTHEAST SECTION 
 
 OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 A SUGGESTED BUDGET, FAIR STANDARD, FOR A TEX- 
 TTLE-MILL WORKER'S FAMILY OF FIVE, CONSIST- 
 ING OF A FATHER, A MOTHER, A GIRL OF 10, 
 A BOY OF 6, AND A BOY OF 4,i FOR ONE 
 YEAR, 1913 OR 1914. 
 
 DETERMINATION OF A FAIR STANDARD. 
 
 Whether a standard of living may be considered fair or not, 
 depends, to a great extent, upon the customs and aims of the 
 persons to whom it is applied. In the present attempt to deter- 
 mine what is a fair standard for a Kensington mill worker's family ,^ 
 the various items that enter into the actual budgets of families 
 of the district have been taken into consideration, and an effort has 
 ^been made to include in the standard, for the most part, only 
 those things which the majority of Kensington mill workers' 
 families are striving to attain, and which they consider essential 
 to a fair standard of living. The purpose has not been to impose 
 upon these families an ideal standard. In the case of but two 
 items of the budget, — namely, insurance and savings, has a departure 
 been made from the rule of basing the suggested budget upon the 
 actual budgets of Kensington families. Under the heading which 
 covers these two items the investigators have advocated what 
 they regard, for a workingman's family, as the wisest method of 
 accumulating a savings fund, and of protecting the family income, 
 at the same time. 
 
 Previous writers on workingmen's budgets have dealt at length 
 with the items, such as food, shelter, and clothing, which have to 
 do with the immediate needs of a family; the items, however, which 
 have to do with future needs, — namely, insurance and savings, 
 have received far from adequate attention. The question of 
 
 ^ In order to suggest a concrete budget, it has been necessary to take children 
 of definite age and sex, since the amount needed for the support of individuals 
 varies according to age and sex. 
 
134 BUDGETS OF FAMILIES AND INDIVIDUALS 
 
 making provision for the continuation of the family income, in 
 part, at least, in the event of the wage-earner's disability or death, 
 is believed by the present investigators to be quite as important 
 as ihsit of supplying the family with the food, shelter, and clothing 
 needed in the immediate present. Because of the importance of 
 making provision for the future, particular stress is placed upon 
 the items insurance and savings, in the budget here suggested, 
 and what might otherwise appear to be an undue allotment of 
 space to these items of the budget, is felt to be justified on the 
 ground of their having hitherto received so little attention. 
 
 RENT. 
 
 An expenditure of $15 per month for rent in Kensington, enables^ 
 a family to live in a seven-room, two-story, brick house, with 
 modern conveniences, including a bath. Three of the rooms may 
 be used for sleeping purposes. An allowance of $15 per month, 
 or $180 per year, is therefore suggested for rent, for a fair standard 
 budget for a Kensington mill worker's family consisting of five 
 members. 
 
 FUEL AND LIGHT. 
 
 An expenditure of $2 per month for the three summer months, 
 and an average of $5 per month for the remaining nine months of 
 the year, will probably provide sufficient fuel and light for a family 
 of two adults and three children, in the Kensington district. An 
 allowance of $51 per year is therefore suggested as a fair amount 
 for this heading. 
 
 FOOD. 
 
 In order to determine upon an amount that might be considered 
 a fair allowance for food, it was necessary to ascertain the cost 
 of some dietary which contains all of the food elements needed by 
 the body, in their proper proportions. Following is a list of articles 
 with retail prices thereof, in a dietary plan for a family of two 
 adults and three children, for one week, prescribed by the Depart- 
 ment of Health of the City of New York in a bulletin of May 5, 
 1916,2 the articles embraced in the list having been "selected with 
 great care so as to provide a well balanced diet at a very low cost": 
 
 ^ Throughout the discussion of this suggested budget, the present tense has 
 reference to the years 1913 and 191-4 . 
 
 2 Department of Health, City of New York, Press Bulletin No. 444, May o, 
 1916. This dietary plan was published also in the Weekly Bulletin of the Depart- 
 ment of Health, City of New York, May 13, 1916; it was printed also on card 
 
OF KENSINGTON, PHILADELPHIA. 135 
 
 One Week's Food Supply for a Family of Five. 
 
 1 lb. butter $ .42 
 
 1 bag sugar (31 pounds) 24 
 
 1 lb. rice 08 
 
 1 lb. dried peas 09 
 
 1 lb. beans 09 
 
 1 lb. farina 06 
 
 1 lb. oatmeal 05 
 
 1 box cocoa (i pound) 10 
 
 1 lb. prunes 15 
 
 1 lb. onions 04 
 
 6 lbs. potatoes 22 
 
 1 head of cabbage (medium size) 05 
 
 1 lb. cheese 22 
 
 2 doz. eggs 60 
 
 /[ 2 lbs. of meat daily at 20 cents lb 2.80 
 
 t' 2 loaves of bread daily at 8 cents each 1.12 
 
 2 qts. of milk daily at 7 cents 98 
 
 Total $7.31 
 
 For babies and young children, use only Grade A milk. This costs 
 9 cents a quart. In summer, fresh fruit should be used instead of 
 prunes. 
 
 According to the bulletin, the list of foods in this dietary plan 
 had been tested for about two years by the Social Service Depart- 
 ment of the Beth Israel Hospital, and the nutritional results had 
 indicated that the diet combined all of the food elements needed 
 by the body. ''Calculations made by the Bureau of Public Health 
 Education of the Department of Health," the bulletin states, 
 ''show that the diet provides approximately 9,500 calories a day. 
 On the assumption that the family consists of two adults and three 
 children, this is ample. Moreover, the food supplies 450 grams of 
 protein daily, which means that it contains a sufficient amount of 
 building and repair material. Attention has also been paid to a 
 proper adjustment of acids and bases, and to the provision of 
 those necessary constituents known as vit amines." The Depart- 
 ment of Health suggests that the food be distributed as follows: 
 The head of the family and chief worker to receive 3,000 calories; 
 the mother, 2,500 calories; one child to receive 1,600 calories, and 
 two children to receive approximately 1,200 calories each. 
 
 105 A — 1916, entitled One Week's Food Supply for a Family of Five, Prepared 
 by the Social Service Department of the Beth Israel Hospital, and Published 
 for free distribution by the Bureau of Public Health Education, Department of 
 Health, City of New York. 
 
136 BUDGETS OF FAMILIES AND INDIVIDUALS 
 
 According to Dr. Charles F. Bolduan, who calculated the food 
 value of the proposed diet, it was not necessary that the same foods 
 be consumed week after week. In order to show that a varied diet 
 was possible, the Department of Health issued, along with the 
 above-mentioned bulletin, a list of sample menus which could be 
 served to a family of five, at a cost of $7.30 per week. Some of 
 the menus^ follow : 
 
 "Breakfast — Farina, with milk and sugar, cocoa, toast. 
 Dinner — Scalloped eggs, baked potato, bread and butter. 
 Supper — Macaroni and cheese, bread and butter. 
 
 Breakfast — Oatmeal with milk and sugar, cocoa, toast. 
 Dinner — Baked beans, stewed tomatoes, bread and butter. 
 Supper — Rice and lentils, cocoa, gingerbread. 
 
 Breakfast — Rice and milk, cocoa, toast. 
 
 Dinner — Pot roast, potatoes, baked apple. 
 
 Supper — Cream of tomato soup, milk, bread and butter. 
 
 Breakfast — Cornmeal and milk, cocoa, toast. 
 
 Dinner — Meat pie, spinach, prunes stewed. 
 
 Supper — Baked rice and cheese, milk, bread and butter. 
 
 Breakfast — Stewed apricots, oatmeal with milk and sugar, cocoa, bread and 
 
 butter. 
 Dinner — Lamb and gravy, boiled potatoes, peas, bread, stewed peaches. 
 Supper — Cocoa, cake, bread and butter, bananas with sugar and milk." 
 
 The articles in the foregoing dietary plan having been pronounced 
 by the Department of Health of the City of New York to contain 
 sufficient nutriment for a family of two adults and three children, 
 for one week, they may be taken as a fair standard of diet for a 
 Kensington mill worker's family of that size, for one week. Since 
 there was no appreciable change in food prices between the period 
 for which the budget in the present chapter is computed (1913- 
 1914) and the date of issuance of the bulletin containing the New 
 York dietary plan (May 5, 1916),^ and since retail food prices in 
 
 1 The New York Times, May 7, 1916, Article entitled: "Call $7.50 a Week 
 Enough to Feed Five." 
 
 2 For retail prices of principal articles of food in Philadelphia in March, 1916, 
 as compared with the prices of the same in Philadelphia in March, 1913, and in 
 March, 1914, see Appendix B. For detailed information with regard to move- 
 ments of food prices, and also for comparison between food prices in New York 
 and those in Philadelphia, the reader is referred to the bulletins of the Bureau 
 of Labor Statistics, U. S. Department of Labor, on Retail Prices, especially 
 Bulletin No. 228, Retail Prices 1907 to December, 1916-. 
 
OF KENSINGTON, PHILADELPHIA. 137 
 
 Philadelphia do not differ to any great extent from those in New 
 York, the cost of the New York dietary plan may be adopted in 
 the present budget as a fair expenditure for food, — it being within 
 the limits of accuracy required for the purpose of this budget. An 
 allowance of $7.31 per week, or $380.12 per year, is therefore sug- 
 gested for food, for a fair standard budget for a Kensington mill 
 worker's family consisting of two adults and three children, for the 
 period to which the present budget is intended to be applicable 
 (1913-1914). 
 
 A weekly expenditure of $7.31 for food, for a family consisting 
 of a father, a mother, a girl of ten, a boy of six, and a boy of four, — 
 such a family being equivalent to 3.3 man units,^ — would amount 
 to an expenditure of $2.22 per week per man unit. A comparison 
 of this amount with the amount spent per week per man unit for 
 food by each of the twenty-three families of this study, can be 
 made by means of the table on page 15. From the same table can 
 also be ascertained what the food expenditure of each of the twenty- 
 three families would have been, on the basis of the $2.22 per week 
 per man unit required by the New York dietary plan. 
 
 CLOTHING. 
 
 The amounts allowed in the government report for a fair standard 
 of ^clothing for the different members of a Fall River mill worker's 
 family,^ may be adopted for a Kensington mill worker's family, 
 provided the allowance of $33.75 for the mother, and that of $25.35 
 for a ten year old daughter, be increased to $50 and $30, respectively. 
 The amounts allowed for clothing in the present suggested budget 
 will then be as follows: father, $45.75; mother, $50; daughter 
 ten years old, $30; son six years old, $17.45; son four years old, 
 $14.50; total, $157.70. 
 
 MEDICAL ATTENTION. 
 
 A fair standard budget must allow for medical attention, 
 which here covers dental and optical, as well as medical services, 
 and the filling of prescriptions. Since the amount needed for these 
 items necessarily varies in different families for any one year, and 
 in the same fataily for different years, it is impossible to set a 
 figure for this heading that will meet the requirements in all cases. 
 As a rule, the adult members of the textile-mill workers' families of 
 
 1 See p. 14. 
 
 2 61st Congress, 2d Session, Senate Document No. 645, Vol. XVI, op. cit., 
 pp. 239, 240, 243. See also Appendix A of this study. 
 
138 BUDGETS OF FAMILIES AND INDIVIDUALS 
 
 Kensington belong to lodges, the dues for which entitle the members 
 to sick benefits, and also to the services of the lodge physicians. 
 Inasmuch, therefore, as provision is made in this suggested budget 
 fgr lodge membership for the father and the mother, the con- 
 tingency of prolonged illness on the part of either of them is met, 
 to some extent, by this provision. Lodge assistance will, however, 
 not be available in the event of illness on the part of the children. 
 An expenditure of $27 will, perhaps, when the privileges that go 
 with lodge membership are taken into consideration, cover, in an 
 average year, the cost of dental, optical, and medical services, and 
 the filling of prescriptions, for a family of five, whose naembers are 
 ordinarily in good health. A yearly allowance of $27, therefore, 
 while it will by no means cover all emergencies, is suggested as a 
 fair amount for this heading. 
 
 INSURANCE AND SAVINGS. 
 
 The families of this study in almost every case carried industrial 
 insurance, usually ten cents per week for each adult, and five cents 
 per week for each child. The present investigators agree with the 
 New York Association for Improving the Condition of the Poor, 
 and with the Massachusetts Widows' Pension authorities, in 
 believing that the custom of taking out industrial insurance policies 
 for children, for the purpose of covering burial expenses, should be 
 discouraged, since the price paid for insurance of this kind is alto- 
 gether beyond the economic and social value that it has. For the 
 same reason, — ^its high cost in proportion to its economic and social 
 returns, — industrial insurance is not advocated even for the adults 
 of the family, in the present study. 
 
 A budget that is to be considered fair, however, for a working- 
 man's family that is entirely dependent upon the daily earnings 
 of the father, should make provision for the continuation, in part, 
 at least, of the family income, in the event of the father's disability 
 or death. A savings account with one of the inany excellent 
 savings fund societies or building and loan associations of the city of 
 Philadelphia, might be suggested to fill this need in the Kensington 
 mill worker's budget. The drawback to the method of providing 
 for the future by saving annually a stipulated sum through a savings 
 fund society or a building and loan association, is the uncertainty 
 of the savings period, — the possibility that it may at any time be cut 
 short by the wage-earner's death. The prime requisite in the provi- 
 sion for the future support of dependents, obviously is absolute cer- 
 tainty, Siud this can best be secured by means of a life insurance policy. 
 
OF KENSINGTON, PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 139 
 
 Besides performing the primary function of an insurance policy, — 
 that of partly capitalizing the value of the wage-earner's life, and 
 thus guaranteeing to his family an income in the case of his disability 
 or death, — one type of life insurance policy, — namely, the long 
 term endowment policy, is particularly adapted to perform the 
 additional function of creating a savings fund. The annual prem- 
 ium charged for such a policy, as well as the face of the policy at 
 any given interval, is mathematically resolvable into a savings 
 fund portion and an insurance portion. 
 
 Suppose, for example, that the father in a Kensington family 
 of five, takes out, at the age of thirty-five, a $3,000 thirty-year 
 participating endowment policy. The rate charged by one of 
 the well-established companies for such a policy, is an annual 
 premium of $94.32.^ In order to find what part of this premium 
 
 ^ This is the gross annual premium. The amount allowed for insurance and 
 savings in the present suggested budget, is based upon the gross annual premium, 
 since thifl premium represents the cost of the insurance to the poUcy holder for 
 the first year. For each subsequent year, however, the annual cost of the insur- 
 ance will be materially lessened by the dividends (principally refunds because of 
 redundant premiums charged) which are customarily paid by the insurance 
 companies. Following is the actual record, on a $1,000 basis, of the dividends 
 paid on a thirty-year participating endowment poHcy taken out at age thirty- 
 five, and maturing in 1918, in the company referred to above: 
 
 Age 35, 30-Year Endowment, Yearly Premium $31.44. 
 
 End of Policy Year. 
 
 Dividend. 
 
 End of Policy Year. 
 
 Dividend. 
 
 2d 
 
 $4.74 
 
 17th 
 
 $ 6.99 
 
 3d 
 
 3.82 
 
 18th 
 
 10.98* 
 
 4th 
 
 4.16 
 
 19th 
 
 7.64 
 
 5th 
 
 4.51 
 
 20th 
 
 7.97 
 
 6th 
 
 4.87 
 
 21st 
 
 8.28 
 
 7th 
 
 5.25 
 
 22d 
 
 8.59 
 
 8th 
 
 5.63 
 
 23d 
 
 9.63 
 
 9th 
 
 6.03 
 
 24th 
 
 9.86 
 
 10th 
 
 6.46 
 
 25th 
 
 10.06 
 
 11th 
 
 5.16 
 
 26th 
 
 10.21 
 
 12th 
 
 5.45 
 
 27th 
 
 10.29 
 
 13th 
 
 5.74 
 
 28th 
 
 10.89 
 
 14th 
 
 6.05 
 
 29th 
 
 10.83 
 
 isih 
 
 6.36 
 
 30th 
 
 27.67t 
 
 16th 
 
 6.66 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 $230.78 
 
 
 
 
 
 * Including extra dividend of $3.66* 
 t Including maturing dividend of $17.04. 
 10 
 
140 BUDGETS OF FAMILIES AND INDIVIDUALS 
 
 is the savings fund portion, and what part, the insurance portion, 
 it must be ascertained what sum, payable at the beginning of each 
 year, will accumulate at compound interest to $3,000 in thirty 
 Xears. Based on the assumption of a conservative rate of interest, — 
 three and one-half per cent, is taken in this case, — the amount is 
 found to be $56.16. That amount, therefore, may be considered 
 the savings fund portion, and the difference between that amount 
 and the total premium, may be considered the insurance and 
 expense portion, of the premium. 
 
 The amount corresponding to the savings fund portion of this 
 premium, if deposited annually with a savings fund* institution, 
 would, at the end of ten years, accumulate to $681.78 (compound 
 interest, three and one-half per cent.) ; at the end of twenty years, 
 to $1,643.49; at the end of twenty-five years, to $2,263.80; at the 
 end of thirty years, to $3,000. These figures, therefore, will repre- 
 f ent the savings fund portion of the face of the $3,000 thirty-year 
 endowment policy at corresponding intervals, and the difference 
 between any one of these figures and $3,000, will represent the term 
 insurance portion at that particular interval. The relation between 
 the term insurance portion and the savings fund portion of the face 
 of the poKcy may be illustrated thus : 
 
 Term Insurance + Savings Fund = Face of Policy. 
 At the start, $3,000.00 + $ 00.00 = $3,000.00 (obtained in case of 
 
 premature death). 
 End of 10th year, 2,318.22 + 681.78 = 3,000.00 (obtained in case of 
 
 premature death). 
 End of 20th year, 1,356.51 + 1,643.49 = 3,000.00 (obtained in case of 
 \ premature death). 
 
 End of 25th year, 736.20 + 2,263.80 = 3,000.00 (obtained in case of 
 
 premature death). 
 End of 30th year 00.00 + 3,000.00 = 3,000.00 (obtained on sur- 
 (maturity of contract), vival of 30-year 
 
 period). 
 
 Total premiums • $943.20 
 
 Less dividends 230.78 
 
 Net cost $712.42 
 
 Average net cost per year $23.75 
 
 In case the insurance is purchased on the non-participating stock plan, the 
 initial premium will be considerably smaller than the $94.32 mentioned above, 
 since the company issuing such a policy discounts future dividends which are 
 reasonably certain of being earned, and gives the insured the benefit of the same 
 in advance, in the form of a lower premium. 
 
OF KENSINGTON, PHILADELPHIA. 141 
 
 In addition to guaranteeing an estate at once, life insurance 
 therefore offers a method of saving which is admirably adapted 
 to the putting of small sums of money to prompt and profitable 
 use. This method of saving is absolutely safe, provided the insur- 
 ance is purchased from a well-established company, and it has, 
 moreover, the great advantage of making methodical thrift com- 
 pulsory. 
 
 With the exception of pure term insurance policies, the usual 
 forms of life insurance policies grant cash surrender, policy loan, 
 paid-up policy, or paid-up term policy privileges, — these usually 
 being in force after the premium for the third year has been paid. 
 At any time after these privileges are in force, a policy may be 
 surrendered for its full, or almost full, reserve value at the time of 
 such surrender, or the savings fund portion of the policy may be 
 borrowed from the company almost to its full extent, at a reasonable 
 rate of interest, the policy continuing as before upon the repayment 
 of the loan. 
 
 It is realized by the investigators that the families of wage- 
 earners, such as those with whom this study deals, may at any 
 time be confronted with the urgent necessity for funds. Under 
 such circumstances, the various privileges just enumerated may 
 prove a blessing. Most policy holders among the class of textile- 
 mill /workers would not, in the absence of life insurance, have 
 saved the sums represented by the value of their policies. It is 
 highly desirable, however, to impress wage-earners with the fact 
 that the value of their policies should be utilized only in case of 
 absolute necessity, and that where a loan must be obtained, the 
 policy should be restored to complete standing as soon as possible. 
 The aim should always be to carry the insurance to successful 
 completion, since its underlying purposes are protection against 
 premature death and support for old age. 
 
 It is, moreover, important to provide that the proceeds of a 
 policy, either upon the death of the insured, or upon his survival 
 of the endowment period, be made payable on the continuous 
 installment plan, preferably on the monthly installment plan. 
 By means of the continuous installment plan, absolute cer- 
 tainty of income is assured, while loss of the insurance proceeds 
 through ill-advised expenditure or through unwise investment, is 
 precluded. It is desirable that the policy should also contain an 
 agreement providing for the payment of the insurance in install- 
 ments (preferably on the 'Hen installments certain, continuous 
 
142 BUDGETS OF FAMILIES AND INDIVIDUALS 
 
 income plan"), in the event of the total disability of the insured, 
 to be followed by the maturity of the contract for its full amount, 
 upon the actual death of the disabled insured, again on the install- 
 ment plan.^ 
 
 Because of its many advantageous features, it appears to the 
 investigators that, as a rule, a long term endowment life insurance 
 policy offers the wisest method of saving, for a workingman with 
 dependents, at the same time that it guarantees a continuation of 
 income in the event of his premature death. An allowance of $100 
 per year is suggested to cover insurance and savings, in a fair stand- 
 ard budget for a family of five in the Kensington mill district, and 
 it is advocated that this entire amount be used to purchase a long 
 term endowment policy from a company of good standing. The 
 preceding discussion shows that this amount will buy a thirty-year 
 endowment policy of something around $3,000, if taken out at age 
 thirty-five.2 Where a mill worker's family wishes to purchase a 
 home through a building and loan association, such investment is 
 considered by the investigators to have many desirable features, 
 provided the father also carries term insurance, or some other form 
 of insurance, for the protection of his family. Where, unfortunately, 
 because of disease or unfavorable family history, the father of a 
 family is not insurable, investment of the $100 in approved govern- 
 ment securities, in a savings fund institution, or in a building and 
 loan association, is recommended. 
 
 ^For a discussion of endowment insurance, see Huebner, Solomon S., Life 
 Insurance, Chapter VIII, New York, 1915. All of Part I of Professor Huebner's 
 book deals with the advantages of life insurance. 
 
 2 A man at the age of thirty-five is taken in the present illustration, because 
 of the fact that the family for which the budget in this chapter is suggested, 
 consists of a father, a mother, and three children, the oldest child being ten years 
 of age. It is, however, recommended by the investigators, that any man em- 
 ployed in the textile industry, who is married or who expects to be married, 
 insure his life as early as possible. The earher the age at which a man buys 
 an endowment poUcy of the aforementioned type, the smaller is the absolute 
 monetary outlay required to purchase the policy. It is not the intention of the 
 investigators, moreover, to stipulate that the endowment poUcy should neces- 
 sarily mature at age sixty-five. It is felt, however, that such a poUcy should 
 mature not later than at age sixty-five, since the family is quite likely to need 
 some supplementary income by that time. The earning power of a man em- 
 ployed in the textile industry, is, in the majority of cases, on the decline by the 
 time he reaches age sixty-five, and in many cases it is on the decline by the time 
 he reaches age sixty. 
 
OF KENSINGTON, PHILADELPHIA. 143 
 
 LODGE AND UNION DUES. 
 
 Since it is customary for the adult members of the textile-mill 
 workers' families of Kensington to belong to lodges, provision should 
 be made, in a fair standard budget, for lodge membership for the 
 father and the mother. Inasmuch as one of the primary functions 
 of a lodge is that of providing income in the form of sick benefits 
 for its members, in the event of their illness, it is important that 
 membership should be taken only in lodges that are known to have 
 their premium charges regulated by actuaries of recognized standing. 
 Provision must also be made, in the budget of a textile-mill worker's 
 family, for union membership for the father. An allowance of 
 $26 per year is suggested as a fair amount to cover lodge and union 
 dues, in the budget of a Kensington textile-mill worker's family 
 consisting of two adults and three children. 
 
 READING MATTER. 
 
 A fair standard budget should allow for a week day and a Sunday 
 newspaper, and for a book or a magazine now and then. There 
 should also be provision for postage and stationery, and for occa- 
 sional telephone calls, — all of which items are here included under 
 the Heading Reading Matter. No provision needs to be made 
 out of the family income for school books, since these are furnished 
 by the city, to pupils attending the public schools. An allowance 
 of $10 per year is suggested as a fair amount for this heading, for a 
 Kensington mill worker's family consisting of two adults and three 
 children. 
 
 CHURCH AND CHARITY. 
 
 A fair standard budget should provide for contributions to the 
 church. The families of the Roman Catholic faith are expected to 
 contribute at least ten cents per week for each adult attending 
 church. The active adult members of Protestant churches, among 
 the mill workers of Kensington, also endeavor to contribute at 
 least that amount. An allowance of ten cents per week for each 
 adult member of the family, for church, and of two cents per week 
 for each child, for Bible school, — or a total yearly allowance of 
 $13,52, — is suggested for this heading, for a fair standard budget 
 for a Kensington mill worker's family consisting of two adults and 
 three children. 
 
144 BUDGETS OF FAMILIES AND INDIVIDUALS 
 
 FURNITURE, FURNISHINGS, AND GENERAL SUPPLIES. 
 
 Provision must be made for furniture, furnishings, and general 
 supplies. Besides the occasional expense of articles of furniture, 
 dnd of such furnishings as bedding, cooking utensils, and dishes, 
 there is the more frequent expense of such general supplies as 
 brooms, scrubbing brushes, and soap for laundry, kitchen, and toilet 
 purposes. An allowance of $30 per year is suggested as a fair 
 amount for this heading. 
 
 RECREATION AND POCKET MONEY. 
 
 It is difficult to determine what is a fair allowance for recreation 
 for a textile-mill worker's family living in a large city. The problem 
 is complicated in the case of the Kensington families, because of 
 their custom of allowing to each income producer a certain amount 
 of ''pocket money," or "spending money," which he may spend 
 as he chooses. A father who uses tobacco and liquor, spends his 
 '' pocket money" largely for these items. On the other hand, a 
 father who abstains from the use of tobacco or liquor, or both, 
 generally spends a part, at least, of his "pocket money" for recre- 
 ation for his family and himself. A fair standard budget may 
 allow twenty-five cents per week for the father for tobacco, but 
 nothing for liquor. An additional allowance of twenty-five cents 
 per week for each of the adults, and of ten cents per week for each 
 of the children, may be granted for recreation, making a total 
 yearly allowance of $54.60 for recreation and "pocket money," 
 in the case of a family of two adults and three children. 
 
 UNCLASSIFIED. 
 
 A budget that is to be considered fair by the majority of Kensing- 
 ton mill workers' families, should make some provision for outside 
 laundry, for occasional car fare (though not for regular car fare to 
 and from work, since, as a rule, a Kensington mill worker may 
 secure a suitable home near his place of employment), for gifts to 
 friends, or to relatives who are not of the immediate family, and for 
 a small contingent fund. An allowance of $40 per year is suggested 
 to cover these items in a fair standard budget for a Kensington 
 mill worker's family consisting of two adults and three children. 
 
OF KENSINGTON, PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 145 
 
 RECAPITULATION. 
 
 A Suggested Budget, Fair Standard, for a Textile-Mill Worker's Family 
 
 OP Five, Consisting of a Father, a Mother, a Girl of 10, 
 
 A Boy of 6, and a Boy of 4, for One Year, 1913 or 
 
 1914.1 
 
 Item. 
 
 Amount. 
 
 Per Cent. 
 
 $ 180.00 
 
 16.82 
 
 51.00 
 
 4.77 
 
 380.12 
 
 35.53 
 
 157.70 
 
 14.74 
 
 27.00 
 
 2.52 
 
 100.00 
 
 9.35 
 
 26.00 
 
 2.43 
 
 10.00 
 
 .93 
 
 13.52 
 
 1.26 
 
 30.00 
 
 2.80 
 
 54.60 
 
 5.10 
 
 40.00 
 
 3.74 
 
 Rent , 
 
 Fuel and light 
 
 Food 
 
 Clothing 
 
 Medical attention 
 
 Insurance and savings . . . . 
 
 Lodge and union dues 
 
 Reading matter 
 
 Church and charity 
 
 Furniture, furnishings, and general supplies 
 
 Recreation and pocket money 
 
 Unclassified 
 
 Total 
 
 $1,069.94 
 
 100.00 
 
 The father of a family consisting of himself, his wife, a girl of 
 ten, a /boy of six, and a boy of four, must therefore earn $1,069.94 
 per year, — that is, he must be employed 300 days in a year at an 
 average wage of $3.57 per day, — in order to support his family in 
 accordance with the standard that is here suggested as fair. 
 
 INCOMES AND THEIR RELATION TO STANDARD 
 OF LIVING. 
 
 As a rule, the children in a Kensington mill worker's family 
 become wage-earners as soon as they arrive at the legal working 
 age. Where the children are all under working age, the father's 
 wages are sometimes supplemented by income from boarders or 
 lodgers, or the mother may add to the family earnings by sewing, 
 or by doing other ''home work." The normal family, however, 
 
 } Owing to conditions growing out of the War, there has been a great advance 
 in the cost of living between the period for which this budget was suggested, 
 and the date of publication of this study. Some idea of the extent to which the 
 retail food prices of 1917 and 1918 advanced beyond those of 1913 and 1914, can 
 be had by referring to Appendix B. 
 
 The amounts in the suggested budget for 1914, revised by the use of index 
 numbers to conform to the scale of prices for March, 1918, and March, 1919, may 
 be found in Appendix C. 
 
146 BUDGETS OF FAMILIES AND INDIVIDUALS 
 
 or the family in which the father is the sole income producer so 
 long as the children are under the legal working age, is often found 
 in Kensington; and even where there is some additional source of 
 income, most of the burden of support usually falls upon the father 
 while the children are young. It is the normal type of family, — 
 the type in which the father is the sole income producer, — that 
 must be had in mind in any attempt to determine what is an ade- 
 quate income for a man employed in the textile industry of Phila- 
 delphia. The wage scale cannot be adjusted on the assumption 
 that there are several workers to contribute to the family income. 
 The wages of a man employed in the textile industry ftiust be con- 
 sidered in their relation to the needs of a family; and a family con- 
 sisting of father, mother, and three children under working age, 
 may be counted of fair size for a father to be expected to be able to 
 support. 
 
 Of the twenty-three families whose budgets are presented in 
 Chapter I of this study, the following five were each entirely de- 
 pendent upon one wage-earner: 
 
 Family No. 2, consisting of husband and wife, was supported by 
 the husband. His wages for the year were $757.09. 
 
 Family No. 13, consisting of husband and wife, was supported 
 by the husband. His wages for the year were $572. (The wages 
 in this case were not from the textile industry, but were payment 
 for running a restaurant.) 
 
 Family No. 16, consisting of father, mother, and three children, 
 was supported entirely by the father. Besides his wages as a 
 textile-mill worker, however, the father received a salary as an 
 officer in a club, and a salary as an officer in his union; he also 
 received an income from the investment of his former earnings. 
 For the twenty-four weeks during which the record of this family's 
 income was kept, the father's wages averaged $23.29 per week; 
 his estimated wages for the year were $1,156. 
 
 Family No. 19, consisting of father, mother, and one child, was 
 supported entirely by the father. His wages for the year 1914 were 
 $1,188.72. 
 
 Family No. 23, consisting of father and six children, was sup- 
 ported entirely by the father. His wages for the year were $780. 
 
 Two other families among the twenty-three whose budgets are 
 presented in Chapter I, were each almost entirely dependent upon 
 one wage-earner: 
 
 Family No. 1, consisting of father, mother, and two children. 
 
OF KENSINGTON, PHILADELPHIA. 147 
 
 was supported entirely by the wages of the father, except for 
 the additional income of $19.25 paid by a young woman boarder 
 and lodger of seven weeks, $3.25 earned by the mother by sewing, 
 and $7.91 received as interest on savings. The father's wages for 
 the year were $638.74. 
 
 Family No. 5, consisting of father, mother, and two children, 
 was supported entirely by the wages of the father, except for the 
 additional income of $15 paid by a man who took his noonday meal 
 with the family five days per week for fifteen weeks. The father's 
 wages for the year were $810.79. 
 
 In the case of only two of the twenty-three families of this study, 
 did the father of the family earn, during the year of the account, 
 the $1,069.94 necessary for the maintenance of a family of five on 
 the basis of the standard of living suggested as fair in the present 
 chapter; these families were No. 16, in which the father is a highly 
 skilled Wilton carpet weaver, and No. 19, in which the father is a 
 highly skilled Brussels carpet weaver. The fathers in four other 
 families could each have earned the necessary average of $3.57 per 
 day, had they been employed 300 days, or 2,700 hours, during the 
 year;^ these were the father in Family No. 4, — a loom fixer and 
 master weaver of textile fabrics, the father in Family No. 5, — a 
 Bundhar carpet weaver, the father in Family No. 6, — a warp 
 dresser in a hosiery mill, and the father in Family No. 17, — a Rego 
 carpet weaver. 
 
 In addition to the income figures furnished by the twenty-three 
 families whose budgets are presented in Chapter I, data with 
 regard to the wages of nineteen representative men textile-mill 
 workers were obtained by the investigators from the pay rolls of 
 two Kensington mills, with the permission of the mill owners. 
 Tables giving the weekly or the bi-weekly earnings of these nineteen 
 men textile-mill workers for the year 1912-1913, or the year 1913, 
 appear at the end of this chapter. An examination of these tables 
 shows that with the 1912-1913 scale of piecework wages, a Brussels, 
 a French Wilton, or a Bundhar carpet weaver, if employed 300 days, 
 or 2,700 hours, per year, could easily earn the $1,069.94 necessary 
 for the support of a family of five on the basis of the standard of 
 living suggested as fair in the present chapter. An ingrain carpet 
 weaver would be unable to earn this amount unless he were allowed 
 to operate two looms at a time, or unless he made an effort to 
 turn out the most work of which he was capable. It is an inter- 
 esting fact that having pay day come once a week instead of once 
 
148 BUDGETS OF FAMILIES AND INDIVIDUALS 
 
 in two weeks, as had formerly been the case, resulted in an increase 
 in output in one of the mills studied, by furnishing the weavers 
 with an incentive to make extra efforts, in order to have their 
 rolls of carpet ready for measurement in time for the pay roll of 
 each week. 
 
 Of the other pieceworkers, — namely, dye house workers and 
 finishers, among the nineteen men, the data with regard to whose 
 wages were obtained from the pay rolls of the two mills, none could 
 hope to earn the $1,069.94 required by the suggested standard. 
 As for piecework positions in the textile industry of Kensington, 
 other than those of the types held by the men in the twenty-three 
 families of Chapter I, and by the nineteen men, the data with 
 regard to whose wages were obtained from the pay rolls of the 
 two mills, — these are held, for the most part, by women and girls; 
 a large part of the ingrain carpet weaving is also done by women. 
 
 Only one of the nineteen men workers, the data with regard 
 to whose wages were obtained from the pay rolls of the two mills, 
 is paid otherwise than on a piecework basis; this is Finisher No. 1, 
 who is paid $18 per week, irrespective of the number of hours 
 he is employed. His income of $936 per year is considerably below 
 the amount required by the suggested standard. 
 
 VARIATION IN WEEKLY EARNINGS. 
 
 The income tables and charts which appear in Chapter I, in the 
 detailed presentation of the budgets of the twenty-three families 
 of this study, show, in the case of almost every wage-earner, a 
 great fluctuation in the weekly or the bi-weekly income; this 
 fluctuation was caused, for the most part, by irregularity in hours 
 at work. The income tables and charts in the following section, 
 based upon data obtained from the pay rolls of two Kensington 
 mills, and giving the weekly or the bi-weekly earnings for the 
 year 1912-1913, or the year 1913, of nineteen men employed in 
 these mills, show a similar fluctuation in wages, caused also, for 
 the most part, by irregularity in hours at work. The number of 
 hours at work each week, as well as the wages received, is given 
 in the case of seventeen of the nineteen men, in order to show the 
 parallel relationship between wages earned and time spent at work. 
 (The mill had no record of the hours at work of the other two men.) 
 
 The irregularity in hours at work of the nineteen men, the data 
 with regard to whose wages were obtained from the pay rolls of 
 
OF KENSINGTON, PHILADELPHIA. 149 
 
 the two mills, — and the same is true of the irregularity in hours at 
 work in the case of the wage-earners in the twenty-three families 
 of Chapter I, — was due almost entirely to irregularity of employ- 
 ment in the industry. One of the two mills that furnished the pay 
 roll data is closed for two weeks each summer, in order to take 
 account of stock, clean boilers, etc. The reason for loss of time 
 for a continuous week on the part of any of the nineteen men, is 
 in each case noted in the table. Loss of time for a part of a week 
 was in every case due to irregularity of employment in the in- 
 dustry. Comparatively little time was lost on account of illness, 
 by any of the nineteen workers. 
 
 The condition of irregularity of employment with its consequent 
 fluctuation in wages, which the wage tables and charts in the 
 following section illustrate, is characteristic of textile work in 
 Kensington. These nineteen men were selected by their employers 
 as being representative. The very fact of their being selected by 
 their employers for the purpose of having their wage data used in 
 the present study, would indicate that they were working under as 
 favorable conditions of employment as were existent, at the time, 
 in these two mills. 
 
 It is true that employment in the textile industry was somewhat 
 more irregular than usual, in 1913, on account of the proposed 
 change in the protective tariff schedules. Irregularity of employ- 
 ment is, however, a typical condition of textile work in Philadelphia 
 at all times; and the resulting tendency of wages to fluctuate, 
 which the tables and charts in the following section illustrate, is 
 characteristic, in a greater or a less degree, of any given year. The 
 w^ages of Ingrain Carpet Weaver No. 1 and Ingrain Carpet Weaver 
 No. 2, which are given, in the tables in the following section, for 
 the year beginning in May, 1912, show a fluctuation similar to 
 that of the wages which are given, in those tables, for the calendar 
 year 1913; and the loss of time which resulted in this fluctuation 
 in the wages of these two ingrain carpet weavers, was due entirely 
 to irregularity of employment, no time having been lost by either 
 of these weavers on account of illness, or on account of anything 
 for which they were responsible. 
 
 Clearly, irregularity of employment with its consequent fluctua- 
 tion in wages, is one of the chief factors to be taken into considera- 
 tion, in any attempt to readjust wage conditions in the textile 
 industry of Philadelphia to meet the requirements of a fair standard 
 of living. Whether a man employed as a textile-mill worker can 
 
150 BUDGETS OF FAMILIES AND INDIVIDUALS 
 
 earn an adequate income for the support of a family, is very fre- 
 quently not so much a question of rate of piecework wages, as it 
 is a question of hours of employment. 
 
 WAGES OF NINETEEN REPRESENTATIVE MEN TEX- 
 TILE-MILL WORKERS IN THE NORTHEAST 
 SECTION OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 FIGURES TAKEN FROM THE PAY ROLLS OF TWO TEXTILE MILLS. 
 
 The following tables, based upon data obtained from the pay 
 rolls of two textile mills of Kensington, and showing the wages of 
 nineteen representative men employed in several lines of textile 
 work, are intended to supplement the wage figures given in con- 
 nection with the family budgets which are presented in detail in 
 Chapter I. From these tables some idea can be had as to what 
 likelihood there is, — on the basis of the 1912-1913 scale of piece- 
 work wages, — that a man employed in any one of the lines of 
 textile work here represented, will be able to earn the $1,069.94 
 necessary for the maintenance of a family of two adults and three 
 children in accordance with the standard of living suggested as 
 fair in the present chapter. The tables, with the accompanying 
 charts, also illustrate the characteristic tendency of weekly or bi- 
 weekly wages in these different lines of textile work, to fluctuate, 
 as the result of irregularity in hours of employment. 
 
OF KENSINGTON, PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 151 
 
 Actual Wages (Weekly or Bi-weeklt), Average Wage per Week, and Total Wages per 
 Year, of 19 Men Textile-Mill Workers op the Northeast Section op Phila- 
 delphia, Together with Hours at Work per Week and Total Hours at 
 Work per Year in the Case of 17 of the 19 Workers,^ for the Year 
 1912-1913, OR THE Year 1913. 
 
 Amoxmts are recorded for weekly or bi-weekly pay intervals. In date column is indicated the 
 first day of each fourth week. 
 
 Bundhar Carpet Weaver 
 
 No. 1. 
 
 January 3, 1913-January 1, 
 
 1914. (Chart No. 4.) 
 
 Date. 
 
 Hrs. Amount. 
 
 Bundhar Carpet Weaver 
 
 No. 2. 
 
 January 3, 1913-January 1, 
 
 1914. (Chart No. 5.) 
 
 Date. 
 
 Hrs. Amount. 
 
 French Wilton Carpet Weaver 
 
 No. 1. 
 
 January 3, 1913-January 1, 
 
 1914. (Chart No. 6.) 
 
 Date. 
 
 Hrs. Amount. 
 
 Jan. 3, 1913 
 
 Jan. 31 
 
 Feb. 28 
 
 Mar. 28 '. 
 
 AprU25 
 
 May 23 
 
 June 20 
 
 July 18 
 
 Aug. 15 
 
 Sept. 12 
 
 Oct. 10 
 
 Nov. 7 
 
 Dec. 5 
 
 $24, 
 23, 
 24, 
 28, 
 27. 
 28 
 24 
 21 
 19, 
 26, 
 27. 
 20. 
 24. 
 19, 
 
 7, 
 10, 
 27. 
 26, 
 23, 
 26, 
 19, 
 18, 
 
 5, 
 19, 
 11, 
 
 3, 
 
 Jan. 3,1913 
 
 Jan. 31 
 
 Feb. 28. 
 Mar. 28. 
 April 25 . 
 May 23. 
 June 20. 
 July 18. 
 Aug. 15. 
 Sept. 12. 
 Oct. 10. 
 Nov. 7. 
 Dec. 5 . 
 
 2233 $1,120.79 
 
 Jan. 3, 1913. 
 
 Jan. 31 
 
 Feb. 28 
 
 Mar. 28 
 
 April 25 
 
 May 23 
 
 June 20 
 
 July 18 
 
 Aug. 15 
 
 Sept. 12 . . . . . 
 
 Oct. 10 
 
 Nov. 7 
 
 Dec. 5 
 
 $21.59 
 16.33 
 22.56 
 24.52 
 28.61 
 29.67 
 25.75 
 26.68 
 17.00 
 21.39 
 12.09 
 10.31 
 26.73 
 19.07 
 25.71 
 21.79 
 30.00 
 27.54 
 27.65 
 25.83 
 22.28 
 10.16 
 11.35 
 13.27 
 
 21.61 
 24.44 
 30.94 
 18.39 
 29.04 
 23.12 
 22.34 
 20.00 
 20.00 
 23.74 
 23.35 
 1».38 
 
 8.61 
 12.98 
 28.84 
 23.00 
 
 9.11 
 13.70 
 17.62 
 23.17 
 11.83 
 19.06 
 22.00 
 29.20 
 
 2330 |$1, 173.54 
 
 2060 
 
 $1,012.35 
 
 Average Wage. 
 
 $21.55 
 
 Average Wage 
 
 $22.57 
 
 Average Wage 
 
 $19.47 
 
 * In the case of the other men workers, no 2 Stock taking, 
 
 record of the hours of employment was kept ' No work, 
 
 by the employer. 
 
152 
 
 BUDGETS OF FAMILIES AND INDIVIDUALS 
 
 Actual Wages (Weekly or Bi-weekly), Average Wage per Week, and Total Wages per 
 Year, of 19 Men Textile-Mill Workers of the Northeast Section of Phila- 
 delphia, Together with Hours at Work per Week and Total Hours at 
 Work per Year in the Case of 17 of the 19 Workers,! for the Year 
 ^ 1912-1913, OR the Year 1913. 
 
 Amounts are recorded for weekly or bi-weekly pay intervals. In date column is indicated the 
 first day of each fourth week. 
 
 French Wilton Carpet Weaver 
 
 No. 2. 
 
 January 3, 1913-January 1, 
 
 1914. (Chart No. 7.) 
 
 Brussels Carpet Weaver 
 
 No. 1. 
 
 January 3, 1913-January 1, 
 
 1914. (Chart No. 8.) 
 
 Brussels Carpet Weaver 
 
 No. 2. 
 
 January 3, 1913-January 1, 
 
 1914. (Chart No. 9.) 
 
 Date. 
 
 Hrs. Amount. 
 
 Date. 
 
 Hrs. Amount. I Date. • Hrs. Amount. 
 
 Jan. 3, 1913 . 
 
 Jan. 31 
 
 Feb. 28 
 
 Mar. 28 
 
 April 25 
 
 May 23 
 
 June 20 
 
 July 18 
 
 Aug. 15 
 
 Sept. 12 
 
 Oct. 10 
 
 Nov. 7 
 
 Dec. 5 
 
 $22.19 
 21.47 
 25.85 
 25.00 
 25.92 
 27.60 
 25.85 
 25.54 
 27.90 
 29.90 
 27.42 
 26.76 
 27.33 
 21.58 
 25.37 
 27.05 
 21.06 
 28.42 
 28.42 
 21.79 
 10.25 
 5.14 
 18.00 
 16.43 
 
 20.76 
 17.77 
 27.63 
 20.07 
 26.60 
 14.22 
 18.58 
 14.82 
 17.03 
 17.23 
 20.88 
 20.56 
 17.66 
 12.42 
 30.39 
 25.45 
 20.11 
 21.25 
 22.37 
 19.84 
 11.52 
 13.82 
 25.00 
 20.33 
 
 Jan. 3, 1913. 
 
 Jan. 31. 
 
 Feb. 28. 
 
 14 
 49 
 54 
 44 
 54 
 54 
 39 
 49 
 49 
 49 
 49 
 54 
 54 
 
 I 39 
 
 j 54 
 
 54 
 
 April 25 I 39 
 
 I — ! 
 
 1 27 
 49 
 3 
 
 Mar. 28. 
 
 May 23. 
 
 June 20. 
 
 July 18. 
 
 Aug. 15. 
 
 Sept. 12. 
 
 Oct. 10. 
 
 Nov. 7. 
 
 Dec. 
 
 $9.68 
 20.05 
 25.93 
 19.08 
 25.48 
 24.64 
 15.78 
 20.70 
 20.74 
 20.72 
 20.44 
 25.00 
 24.74 
 15.55 
 25.56 
 25.47 
 14.95 
 
 11.02 
 
 25.30 
 
 1.98 
 
 16.81 
 23.77 
 25.14 
 20.65 
 11.86 
 
 14.00 
 19.98 
 16.09 
 25.33 
 20.63 
 25.17 
 25.06 
 25.18 
 20.24 
 20.38 
 21.12 
 21.47 
 21.96 
 17.13 
 30.97 
 
 Jan. 3, 1913.^ 49 
 49 
 
 Jan. 31 j 
 
 j 
 
 Feb. 28. . . . ' 
 Mar. 28.... 
 
 April 25 
 
 May 23... . 
 
 June 20 
 
 July 18.... 
 Aug. 15. . . . 
 
 Sept. 12 
 
 Oct. 10 
 
 Nov. 7... 
 Dec 5 
 
 $26.84 
 25.13 
 31.11 
 25.00 
 35.47 
 35.52 
 35.63 
 33.06 
 32.18 
 33.00 
 33.60 
 19.53 
 35.77 
 
 17.60 
 14.35 
 16.04 
 28.18 
 28.42 
 19.75 
 14.70 
 21.67 
 7.96 
 23.68 
 23.74 
 15.19 
 
 23.38 
 25.28 
 32.29 
 19.04 
 
 13.05 
 
 24.91 
 
 8.29 
 
 13.23 
 24.54 
 28.88 
 31.64 
 24.26 
 17.31 
 24.19 
 3.26 
 8.40 
 21.73 
 27.00 
 26.82 
 
 '2108 
 
 $1,038.55 
 
 1832 
 
 $844.08 
 
 11798 '$1,030.62 
 
 Average Wage . 
 
 $19.97 
 
 Average Wage $16.23 
 
 Average Wage \ $19.82 
 
 1 In the case of the other two workers, no 2 Stock taking, 
 
 record of the hours of employment was kept by * No work, 
 
 the employer. *I11. 
 
OF KENSINGTON, PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 153 
 
 Actual Wages (Weekly or Bi-weekly), Average Wage per Week, and Total Wages per 
 Year, of 19 Men Textile-Mill Workers op the Northeast Section of Phila- 
 delphia, Together with Hours at Work per Week and Total Hours at 
 Work per Year in the Case of 17 op the 19 Workers,^ for the Year 
 1912-1913, or the Year 1913. 
 
 Amounts are recorded for weekly or bi-weekly pay intervals. In date column is indicated the 
 first day of each fourth week. 
 
 Brussels Carpet Weaver 
 
 No. 3. 
 
 January 3, 1913-January 1, 
 
 1914. (Chart No. 10.) 
 
 Date. 
 
 Hrs. Amount. 
 
 Brussels Carpet Weaver 
 
 No. 4. 
 
 January 3, 1913-January 1 
 
 1914. (Chart No. 11.) 
 
 Date. 
 
 Hrs. Amount. 
 
 Brussels Carpet Weaver 
 
 No. 5. 
 
 January 3, 1913-January 1, 
 
 1914. (Chart No. 12.) 
 
 Date. 
 
 Hrs. Amount. 
 
 Jan. 3, 1913 
 
 Jan. 31 
 
 Feb. 28 
 
 Mar. 28 
 
 April 25 
 
 May 23 
 
 June 20 
 
 July 18 
 
 Aug. 15 
 
 Sept. 12 
 
 Oct. 10 
 
 Nov. 7 
 
 Dec. 5 
 
 49 
 49 
 49 
 54 
 54 
 54 
 54 
 54 
 /54 
 54 
 39 
 20 
 24 
 
 $21.35 
 23.02 
 27.32 
 29.88 
 35.35 
 33.79 
 34.40 
 28.85 
 28.74 
 29.50 
 19.83 
 8.15 
 12.63 
 
 15.72 
 20.49 
 21.33 
 26.38 
 26.80 
 22.09 
 15.31 
 12.33 
 23.50 
 24.92 
 25.72 
 
 22.28 
 22.50 
 24.00 
 20.00 
 17.93 
 20.47 
 2.36 
 13.35 
 18.98 
 
 13.88 
 16.15 
 20.55 
 21.76 
 25.92 
 30.60 
 18.66 
 29.67 
 22.42 
 7.73 
 
 21.86 
 26.14 
 31.31 
 
 Jan. 3, 1913, 
 
 Jan. 31 ; . 
 
 Feb. 28 
 
 Mar. 28 
 
 April 25 
 
 May 23 
 
 June 20 
 
 July 18 
 
 Aug. 15 
 
 Sept. 12 
 
 Oct. 10 
 
 Nov. 7 
 
 Dec. 5 
 
 20- 
 
 $11.16 
 
 54 
 
 25.34 
 
 20 
 
 9.88 
 
 54 
 
 26.00 
 
 24 
 
 14.11 
 
 54 
 
 30.95 
 
 54 
 
 26.69 
 
 54 
 
 25.57 
 
 54 
 
 24.78 
 
 54 
 
 31.26 
 
 54 
 
 25.75 
 
 54 
 
 21.82 
 
 54 
 
 24.64 
 
 54 
 
 26.42 
 
 49 
 
 20.59 
 
 
 A 
 
 54 
 
 25.47 
 
 54 
 
 25.41 
 
 30 
 
 15.48 
 
 15 
 
 8.44 
 
 
 a 
 
 39 
 
 17.72 
 
 10 
 
 4.04 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 5 
 
 2 
 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 10 
 
 5.61 
 
 15 
 
 9.94 
 
 15 
 
 10.52 
 
 30 
 
 16.49 
 
 49 
 
 24.78 
 
 49 
 
 23.95 
 
 49 
 
 22.57 
 
 17 
 
 10.74 
 
 49 
 
 21.48 
 
 15 
 
 8.43 
 
 39 
 
 19.97 
 
 10 
 
 5.91 
 
 49 
 
 20.30 
 
 39 
 
 15.45 
 
 54 
 
 26.00 
 
 54 
 
 25.26 
 
 54 
 
 24.93 
 
 39 
 
 15.48 
 
 54 
 
 26.85 
 
 39 
 
 19.27 
 
 49 
 
 24.02 
 
 49 
 
 21.64 
 
 20 
 
 11.10 
 
 1950 
 
 $1,015.92 
 
 1756 
 
 Average Wage . 
 
 $19.54 
 
 Average Wage 
 
 Jan. 3, 1913. 
 
 Jan. 31 
 
 Feb. 28 
 
 Mar. 28 
 
 April 25 
 
 May 23 
 
 June 20 
 
 July 18 
 
 Aug. 15 
 
 Sept. 12 
 
 Oct. 10 
 
 Nov. 7 
 
 Dec. 5 
 
 15 
 
 $20.26 
 18.80 
 19.87 
 20.40 
 14.44 
 21.15 
 23.56 
 19.68 
 20.23 
 20.14 
 20.76 
 20.09 
 20.52 
 15.31 
 20.38 
 15.43 
 20.37 
 20.08 
 16.46 
 20.27 
 7.74 
 
 9.77 
 
 13.59 
 15.50 
 21.18 
 15.44 
 24.12 
 20.16 
 20.24 
 15.47 
 13.13 
 
 .74 
 22.38 
 24.80 
 20.38 
 20.58 
 19.98 
 20.02 
 26.11 
 15.94 
 19.66 
 20.67 
 29.90 
 15.89 
 19.63 
 
 $852.21 
 
 1881 
 
 $841.22 
 
 $16.39 
 
 Average Wage 
 
 $16.18 
 
 1 In the case of the other two workers, no ^ Stock taking, 
 
 record of the hours of employment was kept by * No woik 
 
 the employer. * III. 
 
154 
 
 BUDGETS OF FAMILIES AND INDIVIDUALS 
 
 Actual Wages (Weekly or Bi-weekly), Average Wage per Week, and Total Wages per 
 Year, of 19 Men Textile-Mill Workers of the Northeast Section op Phila- 
 delphia, Together with Hours at Work per Week and Total Hours at 
 Work per Year in the Case of 17 op the 19 Worker8,i for the Year 
 1912-1913, or the Year 1913. 
 
 Amounts are recorded for weekly or bi-weekly pay intervals. In date column is indicated the 
 first day of each fourth week. 
 
 Brussels Carpet Weaver 
 
 No. 6. 
 
 January 3, 1913-January 1, 
 
 1914. (Chart No. 13.) 
 
 Date. 
 
 Jan. 3, 1913 . 
 
 Jan. 31 
 
 Feb. 28 
 
 Mar. 28 
 
 April 25 
 
 May 23 
 
 June 20 
 
 July 18 
 
 Aug. 15 
 
 Sept. 12 
 
 Oct. 10 
 
 Nov. 7 
 
 Dec. 5 
 
 Hrs. 
 
 Amount. 
 
 $17.13 
 18.38 
 22.00 
 19.49 
 21.46 
 22.62 
 19.30 
 
 5.31 
 21.17 
 
 9.91 
 11.04 
 
 5.07 
 14.50 
 
 2.22 
 
 14.13 
 10.37 
 11.09 
 9.33 
 15.19 
 11.09 
 16.17 
 14.17 
 11.95 
 
 15.47 
 
 19.26 
 
 22.94 
 
 14.00 
 
 20.06 
 
 18.22 
 
 19.12 
 
 14.27 
 
 18.33 
 
 6.00 
 
 11.40 
 
 10.59 
 
 2.41 
 
 8.54 
 
 16.54 
 
 16.76 
 
 14.15 
 
 2.98 
 
 9.05 
 
 10.82 
 
 8.90 
 
 12.70 
 
 17.18 
 
 21.87 
 
 Dye House Worker 
 
 No. 1. 
 
 January 3, 1913-January 1, 
 
 1914. (Chart No. 14.) 
 
 Date. 
 
 Hrs. Amount. 
 
 Jan. 3, 1913 
 
 Jan. 31 
 
 Feb. 28 
 
 Mar. 28 
 
 April 25 
 
 May 23 
 
 June 20 
 
 July 18 
 
 Aug. 15 
 
 Sept. 12 
 
 Oct. 10 
 
 Nov. 7 
 
 Dec. 5 
 
 $11.56 
 
 12.12 
 
 14.87 
 
 14.81 
 
 12.31 
 
 14.93 
 
 14.75 
 
 14.75 
 
 13.62 
 
 11.06 
 
 12.18 
 
 11.06 
 
 9.75 
 
 7.31 
 
 12.18 
 
 12;i8 
 
 12.18 
 
 9.75 
 
 12.18 
 
 12.18 
 
 9.93 
 
 9.75 
 
 7.50 
 
 7.31 
 
 7.68 
 
 7.50 
 
 49 
 
 12.18 
 
 49 
 
 12.18 
 
 49 
 
 12.18 
 
 29 
 
 7.31 
 
 54 
 
 13.50 
 
 54 
 
 13.50 
 
 49 
 
 12.18 
 
 40 
 
 9.93 
 
 39 
 
 9.75 
 
 39 
 
 9.75 
 
 44 
 
 11.06 
 
 39 
 
 9.75 
 
 44 
 
 11.06 
 
 54 
 
 13.50 
 
 54 
 
 13.50 
 
 54 
 
 13.50 
 
 54 
 
 13.50 
 
 48 
 
 12.06 
 
 54 
 
 13.50 
 
 54 
 
 13.50 
 
 49 
 
 12.31 
 
 54 
 
 13.50 
 
 54 
 
 13.50 
 
 54 
 
 13.50 
 
 Dye House Worker 
 
 No. 2. 
 
 January 3, 1913-January 1, 
 
 1914. (Chart No. 15.) 
 
 Date. 
 
 Hrs. 
 
 Jan. 3, 1913. 
 
 Jan. 31 
 
 Feb. 28 
 
 Mar. 28 
 
 April 25 
 
 May 23 
 
 June 20 
 
 July 18 
 
 Aug. 15 
 
 Sept. 12 
 
 Oct. 10 
 
 Nov. 7 
 
 Dec. 5 
 
 Amount. 
 
 $11.56 
 
 12.12 
 
 14.87 
 
 14.81 
 
 14.75 
 
 14.81 
 
 14.75 
 
 14.75 
 
 13.62 
 
 12.18 
 
 12.18 
 
 7.31 
 
 7.31 
 
 9.75 
 
 9.75 
 
 12.18 
 
 12.18 
 
 12.18 
 
 12.18 
 
 12.18 
 
 9.75 
 
 9.75 
 
 6.62 
 
 7.31 
 
 7.31 
 
 4.87 
 
 12.18 
 
 12.18 
 
 12.18 
 
 13.50 
 
 13.50 
 
 13.50 
 
 12.18 
 
 9.75 
 
 9.75 
 
 9.75 
 
 9.75 
 
 9.75 
 
 11.06 
 
 13.50 
 
 13.50 
 
 12.18 
 
 13.50 
 
 12.06 
 
 13.50 
 
 12.18 
 
 7.31 
 
 13.50 
 
 13.50 
 
 13.50 
 
 1562 
 
 $654.65 
 
 2343 I $585.60 
 
 2314 
 
 $578.29 
 
 Average Wage . 
 
 $12.59 
 
 Average Wage 
 
 I $11.26 
 
 Average Wage 
 
 $11.12 
 
 1 In the case of the other two workers, no 2 Stock taking, 
 
 record of the hours of employment was kept by ' No work, 
 
 the employer. 
 
OF KENSINGTON, PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 155 
 
 Actual Wages (Weekly or Bi-weekly), Average Wage per Week, and Total Wages per 
 Year, of 19 Men Textile-Mill Workers op the Northeast Section op Phila- 
 delphia, Together with Hours at Work per Week and Total Hours at 
 Work per Year in the Case of 17 op the 19 Workers,i for the Year 
 1912-1913, OR THE Year 1913. 
 
 Amounts are recorded for weekly or bi-weekly pay intervals. In date column is indicated the 
 first day of each fourth week. 
 
 Dye House Worker 
 No. 3. 
 January 3, 1913-January 
 1914. (Chart No. 16.) 
 
 Date. 
 
 Hrs. 
 
 Amount. 
 
 Dye House Worker 
 
 No. 4. 
 
 January 3, 1913-January 1, 
 
 1914. (Chart No. 17.) 
 
 Date. 
 
 Hrs. I Amount. 
 
 Finisher 
 
 No. 1. 
 
 January 3, 1913-January 1, 
 
 1914. 
 
 Date. 
 
 Hrs. Amount. 
 
 Jan. 3, 1913 
 
 Jan. 31 
 
 Feb. 28 
 
 Mar. 28 
 
 April 25 
 
 May 23 
 
 June 20 
 
 July 18 
 
 Aug. 15 
 
 Sept. 12 
 
 Oct. 10 
 
 Nov. 7 
 
 Dec. 5 
 
 29 
 
 $11.56 
 
 12.12 
 
 14.87 
 
 11.56 
 
 15.37 
 
 14.81 
 
 14.75 
 
 14.75 
 
 13.50 
 
 13.50 
 
 12.18 
 
 9.75 
 
 14.62 
 
 9.75 
 
 12.18 
 
 12.18 
 
 12.18 
 
 12.18 
 
 12.18 
 
 12.18 
 
 9.75 
 
 9.75 
 
 . 7.31 
 
 9.75 
 
 9.75 
 
 7.31 
 
 12.18 
 
 12.18 
 
 12.18 
 
 13.50 
 
 13.50 
 
 862 
 
 12.18 
 
 9.75 
 
 9.75 
 
 9.75 
 
 9.75 
 
 11.06 
 
 11.06 
 
 13.50 
 
 13.50 
 
 12.18 
 
 13.50 
 
 12.06 
 
 13.50 
 
 13.50 
 
 11.06 
 
 13.50 
 
 13.50 
 
 13.50 
 
 Jan. 3, 1913, 
 
 Jan. 31 .. . 
 
 Feb. 28 
 
 Mar. 28 
 
 April 25 
 
 May 23 
 
 June 20 
 
 July 18 
 
 Aug. 15 
 
 Sept. 12 
 
 Oct. 10 
 
 Nov. 7 
 
 Dec. 5 
 
 $11.56 
 
 12.12 
 
 14.87 
 
 14.81 
 
 14.12 
 
 14.81 
 
 14.81 
 
 14.75 
 
 13.62 
 
 13.50 
 
 12.18 
 
 9.75 
 
 9.75 
 
 7.31 
 
 12.18 
 
 12.18 
 
 12.18 
 
 12.18 
 
 12.18 
 
 9.75 
 
 9.75 
 
 7.31 
 
 7.31 
 
 7.31 
 
 7.50 
 
 12.18 
 
 12.18 
 
 12.18 
 
 13.50 
 
 13.50 
 
 13.50 
 
 12.31 
 
 9.75 
 
 9.75 
 
 9.75 
 
 11.06 
 
 9.75 
 
 11.06 
 
 13.50 
 
 13.50 
 
 9.75 
 
 13.50 
 
 12.06 
 
 13.50 
 
 13.50 
 
 7.31 
 
 13.50 
 
 13.68 
 
 13.50 
 
 Jan. 3, 1913. 
 
 Jan. 31 
 
 Feb. 28 
 
 Mar. 28 
 
 April 25 
 
 May 23 
 
 June 20 
 
 July 18 
 
 Aug. 15 
 
 Sept. 12 
 
 Oct. 10 
 
 Nov. 7 
 
 Dec, 5 
 
 2396 
 
 $598.55 
 
 2302 
 
 $575.56 
 
 2578 
 
 $936.00 
 
 Average Wage. 
 
 $11.51 
 
 Average Wage 
 
 $11.07 
 
 Average Wage 
 
 $18.00 
 
 1 In the case of the other two workers, no 
 record of the hours of employment was kept by 
 the employer. 
 
 11 
 
 2 Stock taking. 
 * No work. 
 
156 
 
 BUDGETS OF FAMILIES AND INDIVIDUALS 
 
 Actual Wages (Weekly or Bi-weekly), Average Wage per Week, and Total Wages per 
 Year, of 19 Men Textile-Mill Workers of the Northeast Section op Phila- 
 delphia, Together with Hours at Work per Week and Total Hours at 
 Work per Year in the Case of 17 of the 19 Worker8,i for the Year 
 1912-1913, OR THE Year 1913. 
 
 Amounts are recorded for weekly or bi-weekly pay intervals. In date column is indicated the 
 first day of each fourth week. 
 
 Finisher 
 
 No. 2. 
 
 January 3, 1913-January 1, 1914. 
 
 (Chart No. 18.) 
 
 Date. 
 
 Hours. Amount. 
 
 Finisher 
 
 No. 3. 
 
 January 3, 1913-January 1, 1914. 
 
 (Chart No. 19.) 
 
 Date. 
 
 Hours. Amount. 
 
 Ingrain Carpet Weaver 
 
 No. 1. 
 
 Widower. Age 55. 
 
 Has three married children. 
 
 Rents a room; takes 
 
 his meals outside. 
 
 May 10, 1912-May 8, 1913. 
 
 (Chart No. 20.) 
 
 Dat#. 
 
 Amount. 
 
 Jan. 3, 1913 
 
 Jan. 31 
 
 Feb. 28 
 
 Mar. 28 
 
 April 25 
 
 May 23 
 
 June 20 
 
 July 18 
 
 Aug. 15 
 
 Sept. 12 
 
 Oct. 10 
 
 Nov. 7 
 
 Dec. 5 
 
 48 
 46 
 55 
 59 
 55 
 55 
 55 
 58 
 56 
 55 
 51 
 51 
 54 
 44 
 49 
 49 
 54 
 54 
 49 
 49 
 39 
 39 
 42 
 49 
 39 
 39 
 24 
 
 2 
 
 29 
 39 
 54 
 54 
 54 
 54 
 54 
 44 
 44 
 44 
 44 
 44 
 44 
 49 
 54 
 54 
 54 
 54 
 44 
 44 
 44 
 49 
 54 
 54 
 
 $14.29 
 13.70 
 16.29 
 17.48 
 16.29 
 16.29 
 16.29 
 17.18 
 16.59 
 16.29 
 15.02 
 15.02 
 16.00 
 13.11 
 14.43 
 14.43 
 16.00 
 16.00 
 14.43 
 14.43 
 11.56 
 11.56 
 12.58 
 14.43 
 11.56 
 11.56 
 7.26 
 
 8.67 
 17.00 
 17.00 
 17.00 
 17.00 
 17.00 
 17.00 
 17.00 
 17.00 
 17.00 
 17.00 
 17.00 
 17.00 
 17.00 
 17.00 
 17.00 
 17.00 
 17.00 
 17.00 
 17.00 
 17.00 
 17.00 
 17.00 
 17.00 
 
 Jan. 3, 1913 
 
 Jan. 31 
 
 Feb. 28 
 
 Mar. 28 
 
 April 25 
 
 May 23 
 
 June 20 
 
 July 18 
 
 Aug. 15 
 
 Sept. 12 
 
 Oct. 10 
 
 Nov. 7 
 
 Dec. 5 
 
 44 
 49 
 64 
 59 
 54 
 60 
 63 
 54 
 54 
 54 
 54 
 54 
 54 
 44 
 49 
 54 
 54 
 54 
 54 
 49 
 44 
 44 
 39 
 49 
 39 
 39 
 29 
 
 2 
 
 20 
 39 
 54 
 54 
 54 
 54 
 54 
 49 
 44 
 44 
 44 
 44 
 44 
 44 
 54 
 54 
 54 
 54 
 44 
 44 
 44 
 54 
 54 
 54 
 
 May 10, 1912 
 
 June 7 
 
 July 5 
 
 Aug. 2 
 
 Aug. 30 
 
 Sept. 27 
 
 Oct. 25 
 
 Nov. 22 
 
 Dec. 20 
 
 Jan. 17, 1913 
 
 Feb. 14 
 
 Mar. 14 
 
 AprU 11 
 
 $22.91 
 24.47 
 ■21.17 
 27.13 
 26.49 
 26.45 
 25.43 
 23.88 
 21.42 
 26.V7 
 29.87 
 28.37 
 23.21 
 21.44 
 22.i'4 
 26.47 
 18.23 
 21.32 
 25.66 
 26.83 
 28.21 
 36.6'7 
 24.81 
 23.69 
 27.86 
 27.i'9 
 
 2473 
 
 $789.74 
 
 2510 
 
 $604.93 
 
 $632.83 
 
 Average Wage . 
 
 $15.19 
 
 Average Wage 
 
 $ 1 1 . 63 Average Wage 
 
 $12.17 
 
 1 In the case of the other two workers, no 
 record of the hours of employment was kept 
 by the employer. 
 
 2 Stock taking. 
 
OF KENSINGTON, PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 157 
 
 Actual Wages (Weekly or Bi-weekly), Average Wage per Week, and Total Wages per 
 Year, of 19 Men Textile-Mill Workers of the Northeast Section op Phila- 
 delphia, Together with Hours at Work per Week and Total Hours at 
 Work per Year in the Case of 17 op the 19 Workers,i for the Year 
 1912-1913, OR the Year 1913. 
 
 Amounts are recorded for weekly or bi-weekly pay intervals. In date column is indicated the 
 first day of each fourth week. 
 
 Ingrain Carpet Weaver 
 
 No. 2. 
 
 Married. Age 45, 
 
 Has four children. His wife 
 
 keeps a small candy and 
 
 cigar store. 
 
 May 10, 1912-May 8, 1913. 
 
 (Chart No. 21.) 
 
 Ingrain Carpet Weaver 
 
 No.2. 
 
 Married. Age 45. 
 
 Has four children. His wife 
 
 keeps a small candy and 
 
 cigar store. 
 
 May 10, 1912-May 8, 1913. 
 
 (Chart No. 21.) 
 
 Ingrain Carpet Weaver 
 
 No 2. 
 
 Married. Age 45. 
 
 Has four children. His wife 
 
 keeps a small candy and 
 
 cigar store. 
 
 May 10, 1912-May 8, 1913. 
 
 (Chart No. 21.) 
 
 Date. 
 
 Amount. 
 
 Date. 
 
 Amount. 
 
 Date. 
 
 Amount. 
 
 May 10, 1912 . . 
 
 June 7 
 
 July 5 
 
 Aug. 2 
 
 Aug. 30 
 
 $27.79 
 27.58 
 24.02 
 29.22 
 15.52 
 18.75 
 18.51 
 20.73 
 21.35 
 
 Sept. 13, 1912. 
 Sept. 27 
 
 Oct. 25 
 
 Nov. 22 
 
 Dec. 20 
 
 $12.27 
 29.49 . 
 17.78 
 28.81 
 17.51 
 23.38 
 26.'52 
 22.19 
 
 ie.i's 
 
 Jan. 17, 1913. 
 
 Feb. 14 
 
 Mar. 14 ; 
 
 April 11 
 
 $23.73 
 24.80 
 22.36 
 24.81 
 24.42 
 30.07 
 25.56 
 25.32 
 
 $592.64 
 
 
 
 
 
 Average Wage 
 
 $11.40 
 
 1 In the case of the other two workers, no record of hours of employment was kept by the- 
 employer. 
 
158 
 
 BUDGETS OF FAMILIES AND INDIVIDUALS 
 
 Actual Wages (Weekly or Bi-Weekly), Average Wage per Week, and Total Wages per 
 Year, op 19 Men Textile-Mill Workers of the Northeast Section of Phila- 
 delphia, Together with Hours at Work per Week and Total Hours 
 at Work per Year in the Case of 17 of the 19 Worke^p, 
 FOR THE Year 1912-1913, or the Year 1913. 
 
 BUNDHAR CARPET WEAVER NO. 1. 
 Weekly Wages. 
 
OF KENSINGTON, PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 159 
 
 BUNDHAR CARPET WEAVER NO. 2. 
 
 Weekly Wages. 
 
 yja 
 
 CHART S 
 
 ^=?ss 
 
 sXiMj ^A>vj/ ^£a^ia 'W^.aa >»/*/r^a/*Mr-«»«!*!«^ j'M.r/o Mt/a-yS ^jf/'t.^ ocr/a /vo^rr o^cs" 
 
 FRENCH WILTON CARPET WEAVER NO. 1. 
 Weekly Wages. 
 
 C///7/P7" 6 
 
 -TAA/^ SX4/V.J/ ^eazo Af^jf.jtG /«/wR4r /%tvjt.3 ^t^/rceo j!iM.r/m 'Owat 
 
 SF^r/^acr./a /w^r fieC-S 
 
160 
 
 BUDGETS OF FAMILIES AND INDIVIDUALS 
 
 FRENCH WILTON CARPET WEAVER NO. 2. 
 Weekly Wages. 
 
 CH^RT Z 
 
 
 BRUSSELS CARPET WEAVER NO. 1. 
 Weekly Wages. 
 
 
 CHA/fT Q 
 
 A^i/f.^s/'*Ar,aj •J^i'/ve£o •ri't.y/o ^ifA.fS ^s^^nr/^ oc7-/o /Hvr 0£CS 
 
BRUSSELS CARPET WEAVER NO. 2. 
 Weekly Wages. 
 
 CHART 9 
 
 BRUSSELS CARPET, WEAVER NO. 3. 
 Weekly Wages. 
 
 CHART /O 
 
162 
 
 BUDGETS OF FAMILIES AND INDIVIDUALS 
 
 BRUSSELS CARPET WEAVER NO. 4. 
 
 Weekly Wages. 
 
 J 
 
 ^ 
 
 cm/^T // 
 
 BRUSSELS CARPET WEAVER NO. 5. 
 Weeklt Wages. 
 
OF KENSINGTON, PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 163 
 
 BRUSSELS CARPET WEAVER NO. 6. 
 
 Weekly Wages. 
 
 CHART /J 
 
 DYE HOUSE WORKER NO. 1. 
 Weekly Wages. 
 
 DYE HOUSE WORKER NO. 2. 
 
 Weekly Wages. 
 
164 
 
 BUDGETS OF FAMILIES AND INDIVIDUALS 
 
 DYE HOUSE WORKER NO. 3. 
 Weekly Wages. 
 
 CHfiRT /6 
 
 4 
 
 »- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 w 
 
 ^-^ 
 
 V 
 
 V 
 
 \ 
 
 
 
 r 
 
 \K r 
 
 r^^^\r 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 V 
 
 \ 
 
 
 V ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 w 
 
 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 
 A^y? o^cs 
 
 DYE HOUSE WORKER NO. 4. 
 
 Weeklt Wages. 
 
 cmar /? 
 
 T 
 
 
 \ 
 
 l\ 
 
 \ 
 
 
 
 r 
 
 \ 
 
 .A7 
 
 W 
 
 "\ 
 
 r 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 -\ 
 
 
 
 
 
 \ 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 w 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 FINISHER NO. 2. 
 Weekly Wages. 
 
 4 
 
 ^9 
 
 
 
 CHMRT /S 
 
 
 < 
 
 /S 
 
 r 
 
 
 ■^ . 
 
 V / 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 J 
 
 
 
 w 
 
 ^ 
 
 J\ 
 
 "\ 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 \\ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 \ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 J-AA 
 /S/ 
 
 
 ^£3 S3 y^A^i3 ^*^^iS /^ 
 
 r^sj •^t/^eM'^4/i.irfa ^«vAr -Jie^r^ ccr/a /»*>/' r 
 
 <xfrj- 
 
 
OF KENSINGTON, PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 165 
 
 FINISHER NO. 3. 
 
 Weekly Wages. 
 
 
 CHART f9 
 
 
 /s 
 /<? 
 s 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 /^ 
 
 /\ 
 
 
 \^ 
 
 -\ 
 
 ^y\ 
 
 
 
 
 
 r 
 
 A_ 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 \ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 A 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 V 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 INGRAIN CARPET WEAVER NO. 1. 
 Bi-Weekly Wages. 
 
 
 
 CHART eo 
 
 
 
 
 
 , 
 
 rs" 
 
 
 % 
 
 ■,'•■ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 x^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 '■' 
 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 
 /v^ 
 
 i 
 
 ./ 
 
 \ 
 
 
 
 
 y 
 
 "A 
 
 / 
 
 ■^ 
 
 .es 
 
 
 
 / ^ 
 
 
 / 
 
 \ 
 
 
 
 
 ■^ 
 
 \ 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 A 
 
 
 / 
 
 \ 
 
 / 
 
 .. \ 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 n 
 
 V 
 
 
 
 \ 
 
 
 / 
 
 \ 
 
 / 
 
 
 N^,.^ 
 
 \ 
 
 / 
 
 
 ». 
 
 
 
 
 ^0 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 N 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ' 
 
 \ 
 
 / 
 
 
 r 
 
 
 
 /^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 •f 
 
 ■1 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 u.. 
 
 
 
 
 /O 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 s 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 /Si/. 
 
 
 i /»<'«.oo ■s£/^i7<x^:ZS /vo/^j^ arc^a ^a/*./7 rso-i/ ^^-r^v -H^/in 
 
 
166 
 
 BUDGETS OF FAMILIES AND INDIVIDUALS 
 
 INGRAIN CARPET WEAVER NO. 2. 
 
 Bi-Weekly Wages. 
 
 
 CHART ^/ 
 
 /3/JS 
 
 Jfw// /"itfidyv /^A^/v yv^» 
 
OF KENSINGTON, PHILADELPHIA. 167 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 BUDGETS OF SELECTED INDIVIDUALS IN THE NORTHEAST 
 SECTION OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 SUMMARY OF BUDGETS OF INDIVIDUALS. 
 
 Explanation of Tables. 
 
 In the present section, the chief expenditures of the eleven 
 individuals whose budgets are presented in this chapter, are brought 
 together in the form of summary tables. In these summary tables, 
 the several individuals are numbered to correspond with the 
 numbers assigned to them in the detailed presentation of the 
 budgets. In the case of those individuals whose accounts have 
 been kept for more than one year, the summary tables deal with 
 the expenditures for the year 1913-1914 only. Two of the eleven 
 individuals (Nos. 7 and 11) whose budgets are presented in this 
 chapter, are unmarried young men of the Kensington district; the 
 other nine, are unmarried women of that district. 
 
 LODGING. 
 
 When an individual lodges and boards in the same house, the 
 division of the weekly payment made to the landlady into two 
 parts, — one, the payment for lodging, and the other, the payment 
 for board (table board), — is necessarily quite arbitrary. Moreover, 
 it should be borne in mind in comparing the amounts spent for 
 lodging and board by the different individuals of this chapter, 
 that even the combined sum paid for lodging and board cannot 
 always be relied upon as a criterion by which to judge of the com- 
 forts of the lodging or the quality and the quantity of the food 
 obtained, since in some cases the individuals live with strangers, 
 the prices charged them being determined largely by business 
 considerations or by custom, while in other cases the individuals 
 live at home, where their payments for lodging and board are 
 determined largely by the needs of their families. 
 
 It should also be borne in mind in making comparison between 
 the amounts paid for lodging and board by the different individuals 
 of this chapter, that the price paid to the landlady by a textile- 
 
168 BUDGETS OF FAMILIES AND INDIVIDUALS 
 
 mill worker of Kensington, where the worker has room and board 
 with the same landlady, covers payment not only for room and 
 board, but for laundry service as well, it being customary in 
 Kensington for the landlady to do the washing and the ironing of all 
 the plain articles of clothing of the individual — whether man or 
 woman — who lodges and boards with her, without making an 
 extra charge. Individuals who board at home, also, as a rule, 
 have the main part of their laundry work done, without extra 
 charge, by the member of the family who keeps house. An indi- 
 vidual who does not board with the landlady with whom he lodges, 
 receives no laundry service from her. Of the eleven individuals of 
 this chapter, all but three women (Individuals No. 2, No. 5, and 
 No. 6 for part of the period of her account) paid for lodging and 
 board in one lump sum, and were given laundry service without 
 extra charge. 
 
 The division, in Table 1, of the amount paid for lodging and 
 board by each of those individuals who paid for these two items 
 in one lump sum, into a payment for lodging and a payment for 
 board, is made, wherever possible, according to what the particular 
 individual considered the correct division in his or her case. 
 Where there has been no indication as to what the individual 
 considered the correct division, the investigators have aimed to 
 follow customary Kensington practices, in making the decision 
 as to what part of the total amount paid to the landlady or to 
 the individual's family should be classed as payment for 
 lodging, and what part should be classed as payment for board, 
 although in Kensington, as in any other locality, there is no 
 uniform rule in this matter. 
 
 Table 1 shows the yearly and the weekly room rent paid by 
 each of the eleven individuals whose budgets are presented in this 
 chapter, and the per cent, of the total expenditures which the 
 yearly room rent amounted to. The highest per cent, of total 
 expenditures spent for room rent by any of the individuals whose 
 budgets cover fifty weeks or more, was 21.03; the lowest, 10.97. 
 The average per cent, spent for room rent by the individuals whose 
 budgets cover fifty weeks or more, was 15.32; the median, 14.22. 
 
 FOOD. 
 
 In making comparison between the amounts spent for food by 
 the different individuals whose budgets are presented in this 
 chapter, the following facts should be borne in mind : 
 
OF KENSINGTON, PHILADELPHIA. 169 
 
 1. Two of the eleven individuals (Nos. 2 and 5) bought and 
 prepared their own food, with the exception of a few meals eaten 
 outside; their food expenditure therefore covered, in the main, 
 only the bare cost of the food. The other nine individuals boarded; 
 their food expenditure therefore included payment for preparation 
 and service. 
 
 2. Each of the nine individuals who boarded (except Individual 
 No. 6, for part of the period of her account), had board in the same 
 house in which he or she lodged. These individuals therefore 
 paid for board and lodging in a lump sum. As stated in the pre- 
 ceding discussion of lodging, it is impossible to divide such a lump 
 sum into two parts, — one, the payment for board, and the other, 
 the payment for lodging, — on anything like a scientific, or even a 
 uniform basis. 
 
 3. Even the combined sum paid for board and lodging by any 
 given individual, cannot be wholly relied upon as a criterion 
 by which to judge of the character of either the food or the lodging 
 obtained by that individual, since the amount paid for board and 
 lodging is often determined more by custom or by family relation- 
 ship than by strictly business considerations. Miss D. (Individual 
 No. 3), for example, boards with strangers, and pays $3.75 per 
 week for board and lodging, while Miss G. (Individual No. 9) 
 lives at home, and pays $8 per week; yet the probabilities are that 
 Miss D. has a more plentiful menu served to her than has Miss G. 
 It does not seem likely that Miss D.'s $3.75 per week can much 
 more than cover the cost of her food, and that of the fuel con- 
 sumed in preparing her food and in heating and lighting her 
 room; yet for this weekly payment to her landlady she also 
 receives service, including laundry service, — Miss D.'s expenditure 
 for outside laundry work amounting only to thirty-nine cents for 
 the entire year of her account. The $8 per week paid by Miss G., 
 on the other hand, not only covers the cost of her own food, fuel, 
 etc., but is the chief source of income with which her mother 
 meets the household expenses of a family of three. This $8, there- 
 fore, although classed as payment for board and lodging, is in 
 reality Miss G.'s contribution toward the running of the home, of 
 which she is the main support. 
 
 While the amounts classified as expenditure for food by the 
 different individuals whose budgets are presented in this chapter, 
 have, therefore, for the purpose of comparison, but a limited value, 
 when considered by themselves, — these amounts, nevertheless, when 
 
170 BUDGETS OF FAMILIES AND INDIVIDUALS 
 
 considered in connection with the information given in the detailed 
 presentation of the budgets of these individuals, serve to give a 
 general idea of the character of the food consumed by each of 
 these individuals. The combined amounts spent for board and 
 lodging, moreover, by those individuals who boarded, serve to 
 give an idea of what it actually costs a mill worker to obtain 
 board and lodging in Kensington, as well as what proportion 
 of a mill worker's income is likely to be spent for these items, — 
 the prices paid by the individuals of this chapter being typical in 
 the district. (For menus typical of those served in the better class 
 homes of Kensington mill workers, the reader is referred to pp. 
 32, 47, 48, 53, 54, 74, 75, 102, and 112.) 
 
 For the purpose of ascertaining the comparative cost of food 
 for the different individuals whose budgets are presented in this 
 chapter, the men and the women have been reduced to a common 
 basis by means of the table of values adopted by the United States 
 Department of Agriculture for its dietary studies.^ In this table 
 of values, a man in full vigor at moderate muscular work, is taken as 
 the unit, and a woman under the same circumstances, is taken as 
 eight-tenths of a unit. Work in the textile mills is considered to 
 be moderate muscular work. 
 
 Table 1 shows the amount spent per week per man unit for food 
 by each of the eleven individuals whose budgets are presented 
 in this chapter; also the total amount spent for food by each 
 individual, and the per cent, which this was of the total expendi- 
 tures. The largest amount spent per week per man unit, was 
 $6.59; the smallest, $2.14; the average, $3.94; the median, $3.82. 
 The highest per cent, of total expenditures spent for food by any 
 of the individuals whose budgets cover fifty weeks or more, was 
 53.09; the lowest, 31.57. The average per cent, spent for food 
 by those individuals whose budgets cover fifty weeks or more, was 
 41.76; the median, 41.66. 
 
 CLOTHING. 
 
 An idea of the kind of clothing worn by the women textile-mill 
 workers of Kensington, may be had by referring to the clothing 
 accounts which appear in the detailed presentation of the budgets 
 of the individuals of this chapter, and to the clothing accounts 
 which appear in the detailed presentation of the budgets of those 
 families of Chapter I in which there were young women (Family 
 
 1 Yearbook of the U. S. Department of Agriculture, 1907, p. 365. See p. 14 
 of this study. 
 
OF KENSINGTON, PHILADELPHIA. 171 
 
 No. 4, p. 46; Family No. 10, pp. 79, 82; and Family No. 14, p. 
 100). The clothing account of Miss J. (Individual No. 8, pp. 
 220, 221) gives a good idea of what articles a well-dressed Kensing- 
 ton woman mill worker of twenty-four years selects; the budget 
 of Miss I. (Individual No. 1, pp. 184, 185) shows the articles of 
 clothing purchased by a well-dressed representative Kensington 
 woman mill worker of thirty-two years. The clothing purchased 
 by Miss D. and Miss V. (Individuals No. 3 and No. 4, pp. 198, 
 204) is typical of that worn by a large class of Kensington 
 women mill workers of forty years or thereabouts, who dress neatly 
 but plainly, spending as little as possible upon clothing, in order 
 to save money for investment or for some other purpose. The cloth- 
 ing account of a representative young man of Kensington (Indi- 
 vidual No. 7, p. 214) is also given in the detailed presentation of 
 the budgets of the individuals of this chapter. 
 
 In connection with the clothing expenditure of the women of this 
 study, it should be stated that it is customary for a woman textile- 
 mill worker of Kensington to keep an old cotton dress and a pair of 
 old shoes at the mill, to wear during working hours. This custom 
 results in the saving of a considerable expense in the item of every- 
 day clothing, as compared, for example, with that item in the 
 budget of a saleswoman in a department store. On the other hand, 
 the standard of dress of a Kensington woman textile-mill worker 
 for ordinary street wear, and for Sundays and holidays, is high. 
 
 In comparing the amounts spent for clothing by the different 
 individuals whose budgets are presented in this chapter, it should 
 be borne in mind that some of the women make their own clothes, 
 or have them made at home by some other member of the family, 
 and hence pay for materials only, while others pay a dressmaker for 
 the making, or buy their clothes ready-made. The clothing accounts 
 given under the detailed presentation of the budgets of the indi- 
 viduals of this chapter, show in which cases the expenditure, during 
 the period of the account, was for materials only, and in which cases 
 it included payment for making. 
 
 Clothing expenditure, in so far as it is to be regarded as an 
 index to the standard of dress of the individual, is often mis- 
 leading, even when the account has been kept for an entire year, 
 since many articles serve for more than one season. For a typical 
 clothing account extending over a period of five years, the reader 
 is referred to that of Miss I. (Individual No. 1), on pages 184 
 and 185. 
 12 
 
172 
 
 BUDGETS OF FAMILIES AND INDIVIDUALS 
 
 Table 1 gives the age of each of the elevejti individuals whose 
 budgets are presented in this chapter, and shows the amount spent 
 by each for clothing for the year 1913-1914, or for such part of 
 th'at year as is covered by the individual's budget, and the per cent, 
 which this amount was of the total expenditures. The largest 
 amount spent for clothing by any of the individuals whose budgets 
 cover fifty weeks or more, was $67.86; the smallest amount, $28.68. 
 The highest per cent, of total expenditures spent for clothing by 
 any of the individuals whose budgets cover fifty weeks or more, 
 was 14.21; the lowest, 8.26. The average per cent, spent for 
 clothing by those individuals whose budgets cover fiftj^ weeks or 
 more, was 10.88; the median, 10.19. 
 
 TABLE 1. 
 
 Expenditures fob Lodging, Food, and Clothing, of 11 
 
 Individuals, for One 
 
 Year, 
 
 
 
 
 
 1913-1914. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Lodging. 
 
 Food.i 
 
 Clothing. 
 
 Indi- 
 vidual 
 
 i 
 3 
 
 Per Cent. 
 
 -p 
 
 3 
 
 Per Cent. 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 Per Cent, 
 of Total 
 
 Num- 
 
 of Total 
 
 o « a; 
 
 of Total 
 
 Man 
 
 Amou: 
 
 per We 
 
 perM 
 
 Unit 
 
 
 1 
 
 Ex- 
 pendi- 
 tures. 
 
 ber. 
 
 o 
 6 
 < 
 
 Expendi- 
 tures. 
 
 1^1 
 
 < 
 
 Expendi- 
 tures. 
 
 Units. 
 
 Age. 
 
 1 
 
 <! 
 
 1 
 
 $ 52.00 
 
 10.97 
 
 $1.00 
 
 $213.08 
 
 44.94 
 
 0.8 
 
 $5.12 
 
 32 
 
 $39.17 
 
 8.26 
 
 22 
 
 21.45 
 
 16.79 
 
 1.07 
 
 39.11 
 
 30.61 
 
 0.8 
 
 2.44 
 
 38 
 
 23.11 
 
 18.09 
 
 3 
 
 52.00 
 
 15.07 
 
 1.00 
 
 143.70 
 
 41.66 
 
 0.8 
 
 3.52 
 
 40 
 
 35.16 
 
 10.19 
 
 4 
 
 65.25 
 
 21.03 
 
 1.25 
 
 125.80 
 
 40.55 
 
 0.8 
 
 3.28 
 
 42 
 
 35.15 
 
 11.33 
 
 53 
 
 40.10 
 
 14.22 
 
 .77 
 
 89.01 
 
 31.57 
 
 0.8 
 
 2.14 
 
 40 
 
 28.68 
 
 10.17 
 
 6< 
 
 65.00 
 
 13.61 
 
 1.51 
 
 166.55 
 
 34.87 
 
 0.8 
 
 4.53 
 
 27 
 
 67.86 
 
 14.21 
 
 7 
 
 51.00 
 
 12.20 
 
 1.00 
 
 190.92 
 
 45.66 
 
 1.0 
 
 3.82 
 
 22 
 
 55.20 
 
 13.20 
 
 88 
 
 6.25 
 
 22.76 
 
 1.25 
 
 13.88 
 
 50.55 
 
 0.8 
 
 3.47 
 
 24 
 
 1.046 
 
 3.79 
 
 9 
 
 104.00 
 
 20.15 
 
 2.00 
 
 274.00 
 
 53.09 
 
 0.8 
 
 6.59 
 
 32 
 
 45.25 
 
 8.77 
 
 107 
 
 6.00 
 
 20.48 
 
 1.50 
 
 14.15 
 
 48.29 
 
 0.8 
 
 4.42 
 
 25 
 
 1.15 
 
 3.92 
 
 IV 
 
 8.00 
 
 10.16 
 
 2.00 
 
 16.00 
 
 20.32 
 
 1.0 
 
 4.00 
 
 25 
 
 13.00 
 
 16.51 
 
 1 Individuals No. 2 and No. 5 prepared their 
 own meals. Expenditure for food in all other 
 cases, means expenditure for table board. 
 
 2 Account kept for 20 weeks, January 1- 
 May 20, 1913. 
 
 ' Account kept for one year, April 3, 1914- 
 April 1, 1915. 
 
 * Account kept for 50 weeks. 
 6 Account kept for 5 weeks. 
 
 6 Individual No. 8 also kept a detailed 
 clothing account for one year and 15 weeks; 
 see pp. 220, 221. 
 
 7 Account kept for 4 weeks. 
 
 MEDICAL ATTENTION. 
 
 The expenditure under the heading Medical Attention, which 
 here includes medicine, as well as services of physician, dentist, or 
 oculist, necessarily varies greatly, not only in the case of different 
 individuals in any one year, but also in the case of any one indi- 
 vidual in different years. In the budget of Miss I. (Individual 
 No. 1), for example, which in the detailed presentation of the bud- 
 gets of the individuals of this chapter is given for a period of five 
 years, the expenditure under the heading Medical Attention was 
 $2 for 1909, zero for 1910 and 1911, $73.50 for 1912, $63 for 1913, 
 
OF KENSINGTON, PHILADELPHIA. 173 
 
 and $23.50 for 1914. Table 2 shows the amount spent under 
 this heading by each of the eleven individuals whose budgets are 
 presented in this chapter, and the per cent, which this amount 
 was of the total expenditures. The highest per cent, of total 
 expenditures spent for medical attention by any of the individuals 
 whose budgets cover fifty weeks or more, was 13.29; the lowest, 
 zero. The average per cent, spent for medical attention by those 
 individuals whose budgets cover fifty weeks or more, was 2.95; the 
 median, 0.97. 
 
 READING MATTER. 
 
 This heading covers newspapers, magazines, books (other than 
 text-books, which are entered under Education), stationery, 
 postage, and telephone calls. Table 2 shows the amount spent 
 under this heading — where this amount has been specifically re- 
 corded — by each of the eleven individuals whose budgets are pre- 
 sented in this chapter, and the per cent, which this amount was of 
 the total expenditures. The highest per cent, of total expenditures 
 spent for reading matter by any of the individuals whose budgets 
 cover fifty weeks or more, was 4.09; the lowest, zero. The average 
 per cent, spent for reading matter by those individuals whose 
 budgets cover fifty weeks or more, was 1.79; the median, 1.74. 
 
 CHURCH AND CHARITY. 
 
 Each of the nine women among the eleven individuals whose 
 budgets are presented in this chapter, made contributions to the 
 church; neither of the two young men made contributions. Table 
 2 shows the amount contributed to church and charity by each 
 of the eleven individuals, and the per cent, which this amount 
 was of the total expenditures. The highest per cent, of total 
 expenditures spent for church and charity by any of the individuals 
 whose budgets cover fifty weeks or more, was 11.19; the lowest, 
 zero. The average per cent, spent for church and charity by those 
 individuals whose budgets cover fifty weeks or more, was 5.19; 
 the median, 3.18. 
 
 RECREATION. 
 
 The amounts recorded under this heading, in the case of the 
 women, were chiefly for moving picture entertainments, church 
 socials, and trips to the parks; in some instances the amounts 
 included the cost of vacations spent at the seashore or in the 
 country. In the case of the two young men, the expenditures 
 
174 
 
 BUDGETS OF FAMILIES AND INDIVIDUALS 
 
 under this heading were chiefly for the theater, moving picture 
 entertainments, and baseball and basket-ball games. Table 2 
 gives the age of each of the eleven individuals whose budgets are 
 presented in this chapter, and shows the amount spent by each 
 for recreation, and the per cent, which this amount was of the 
 total expenditures. The highest per cent, of total expenditures 
 spent for recreation by any of the individuals whose budgets 
 cover fifty weeks or more, was 8.54; the lowest, 1.94. The average 
 per cent, spent for recreation by those individuals whose budgets 
 cover fifty weeks or more, was 6.25; the median, 5.85. 
 
 CAR FARE. 
 
 This heading covers all car fare, both business and social, with 
 the exception of that spent for outings, such as trips to the parks, 
 which is classified under the heading Recreation. In the detailed 
 presentation of the budgets of the individuals of this chapter, car 
 fare is divided, wherever the individuals have furnished the data, 
 into "car fare to work," and "car fare, social," the latter including 
 car fare spent for visiting, for shopping, or for any purpose other 
 than that of going to and from work, with the exception, just men- 
 tioned, of that car fare which is classified under the heading Recrea- 
 tion. Table 2 shows the amount spent for car fare by each of the 
 eleven individuals whose budgets are presented in this chapter, and 
 
 TABLE 2. 
 
 EXPEKDITURES FOR MeDICAL ATTENTION, READING MATTER, ChuRCH AND ChARITT, RECREATION, 
 
 AND Car Fare, of 11 I^jdividuals, for One Year, 1913-1914. 
 
 < 
 
 \ Medical 
 Attention. 
 
 Reading ^ 
 Matter. 
 
 7 
 
 Church and 
 Charity. 
 
 H 
 
 Recreation. 
 
 Car Fare. 
 
 Indi- 
 vidual 
 Num- 
 ber. 
 
 
 Per 
 
 
 Per 
 
 
 Per 
 
 
 
 Per 
 
 
 Per 
 
 1 
 
 Cent, of 
 
 ^ 
 
 Cent, of 
 
 3 
 
 Cent, of 
 
 
 1 
 
 Cent, of 
 
 -*^ 
 
 Cent, of 
 
 Total 
 
 Total 
 
 Total 
 
 
 Total 
 
 § 
 
 Total 
 
 s 
 
 Ex- 
 
 a 
 
 Ex- 
 
 <; 
 
 Ex- 
 
 Age. 
 
 S 
 
 Ex- 
 
 1 
 
 Ex- 
 
 
 pendi- 
 
 pendi- 
 
 pendi- 
 
 
 pendi- 
 
 pendi- 
 
 
 
 tures. 
 
 
 tures. 
 
 
 tures. 
 
 
 
 tures. 
 
 
 tures. 
 
 1 
 
 $63.00 
 
 13.29 
 
 
 
 $10.95 
 
 2.31 
 
 32 
 
 $39.10 
 
 8.25 
 
 $43.94 
 
 9.27 
 
 2> 
 
 .70 
 
 .55 
 
 $ 6.28 
 
 4.92 
 
 1.15 
 
 .90 
 
 38 
 
 .20 
 
 .16 
 
 21.39 
 
 16.74 
 
 3 
 
 6.40 
 
 1.86 
 
 5.99 
 
 1.74 
 
 27.16 
 
 7.87 
 
 40 
 
 19.35 
 
 5.61 
 
 6.25 
 
 1.81 
 
 4 
 
 2.50 
 
 .81 
 
 10.34 
 
 3.33 
 
 34.73 
 
 11.19 
 
 42 
 
 17.82 
 
 5.74 
 
 2.68 
 
 .86 
 
 5« 
 
 10.57 
 
 3.75 
 
 5.07 
 
 1.80 
 
 30.36 
 
 10.77 
 
 40 
 
 16.50 
 
 5.85 
 
 30.13 
 
 10.69 
 
 6» 
 
 
 
 19.53 
 
 4.09 
 
 15.17 
 
 3.18 
 
 27 
 
 37.40 
 
 7.83 
 
 18.91 
 
 3.96 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 4.17 
 
 1.00 
 
 
 
 22 
 
 35.70 
 
 8.54 
 
 34.56 
 
 8.27 
 
 8* 
 
 1.60 
 
 5.83 
 
 .35 
 
 1.^7 
 
 1.68 
 
 6.12 
 
 24 
 
 
 
 .91 
 
 3.31 
 
 9 
 
 5.00 
 
 .97 
 
 3.00 
 
 .58 
 
 5.20 
 
 1.01 
 
 32 
 
 10.00 
 
 1.94 
 
 36.00 
 
 6.97 
 
 10» 
 
 5.00 
 
 17.06 
 
 
 
 .70 
 
 2.39 
 
 25 
 
 
 
 2.10 
 
 7.17 
 
 11» 
 
 
 
 .67 
 
 .85 
 
 
 
 25 
 
 1.50 
 
 1.90 
 
 2.61 
 
 3.31 
 
 * Account kept for 20 weeks, January 1- 
 May 20, 1913. 
 
 2 Account kept for one year, April 3, 1914- 
 April 1, 1915. 
 
 ' Account kept for 50 weeks. 
 
 * Account kept for 5 weeks. 
 
 * Account kept for 4 weeks. 
 
OF KENSINGTON, PHILADELPHIA. 175 
 
 the per cent, which this amount was of the total expenditures. 
 The highest per cent, of total expenditures spent for car fare by 
 any of the individuals whose budgets cover fifty weeks or more, was 
 10.69; the lowest, 0.86. The average per cent, spent for car fare 
 by those individuals whose budgets cover fifty weeks or more, was 
 5.98; the median, 6.97. 
 
 ALL EXPENDITURES. 
 
 Table 3 summarizes the expenditures of each of the eleven 
 individuals whose budgets are presented in this chapter, giving the 
 amount spent for each item, and the per cent, which this amount 
 was of the total expenditures. 
 
 The items insurance, lodge and union dues, gifts, laundry, and 
 toilet supplies, which, in addition to those summarized in Tables 1 
 and 2, are included in Table 3, are discussed in the following; 
 paragraphs. 
 
 INSURANCE. 
 
 Three of the nine women whose budgets are presented in this 
 chapter (Individuals No. 5, No. 8, and No. 9), carried industrial 
 insurance during the year covered by the summary tables (1913- 
 1914); each of these paid a premium of ten cents per week. A 
 fourth woman (Individual No. 2) carried industrial insurance at 
 a premium of twenty cents per week during the eight weeks of 
 her account that fell in 1915, but she carried no insurance during 
 the period covered by the summary tables. None of the other 
 women carried any insurance. One of the two young men of this 
 chapter (Individual No. 7) carried industrial insurance; his prem- 
 ium of ten cents per week was paid by his father. The other young 
 man carried no insurance. 
 
 LODGE AND UNION DUES. 
 
 Only one of the nine women whose budgets are presented in this 
 chapter (Individual No. 8), was a lodge member; her lodge dues 
 were twenty-five cents per week. Both of the young men (Indi- 
 viduals No. 7 and No. 11) were lodge members; their dues were 
 fifty cents per month and fifty cents per week, respectively. Four 
 of the nine women (Individuals No. 1, No. 2, No. 9, and No. 10) 
 and one of the two men (Individual No. 11), were union members; 
 Individuals No. 1, No. 2, and No. 10, each paid ten cents per week 
 in union dues; Individual No. 9 paid fifty cents per month; the 
 
176 BUDGETS OF FAMILIES AND INDIVIDUALS 
 
 young man paid twenty-five cents per week. The union to which 
 Individuals No. 1, No. 2, and No. 10, belonged, paid sick benefits; 
 the union to which Individual No. 9 belonged, paid death benefits; 
 tRe union to which the young man belonged, paid both sick and 
 death benefits. 
 
 GIFTS. 
 
 The custom of making gifts to friends and relatives on such 
 occasions as Christmas, birthdays, and weddings, is well established 
 among the textile-mill workers of Kensington. Every one of the 
 eleven individuals of this chapter whose budgets cover^ fifty weeks 
 or more, made some expenditure under this heading. 
 
 LAUNDRY. 
 
 The expenditure for this item is small, in the case of a Kensington 
 textile-mill worker who has board and lodging with the same 
 landlady, it being customary in Kensington for the landlady to do 
 the washing and the ironing of all the plain articles of clothing of 
 the individual — whether man or woman — who lodges and boards 
 with her, without making an extra charge. Individuals who board 
 at home, also, as a rule, have the main part of their laundry work 
 done, without extra charge, by the member of the family who keeps 
 house. A woman textile-mill worker of Kensington who boards, 
 either with strangers or with her own family, often keeps down her 
 laundry expenditure still further by washing and ironing her own 
 fancy articles. Two of the women of this chapter who boarded 
 (Individuals No. 1 and No. 4), made no expenditure whatever for 
 laundry during the year covered by the summary tables. The 
 two women of the chapter who paid their landladies for lodging 
 only, and cooked their own meals (Individuals No. 2 and No. 5), did 
 a large part of their own laundry work. The largest expenditure 
 for laundry made by any of the eleven individuals during the period 
 covered by the summray tables, was that of Miss A. (Individual 
 No. 6), which amounted to $9.47; this entire expense was incurred 
 after Miss A. had left Philadelphia, when she was obliged to pay for 
 all of her laundry work except what she did herself. 
 
 TOILET SUPPLIES. 
 
 The practice of spending money for toilet supplies other than 
 such necessary articles as combs, hair brushes, tooth brushes, soap, 
 and tooth paste or powder, is not followed by the individuals whose 
 
OF KENSINGTON, PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 177 
 
 budgets are presented in this chapter. Kensington textile-mill 
 workers who board at home, in many cases incur little expense for 
 toilet supplies, — such things as soap and tooth paste, or powder, 
 
 TABLE 3. 
 
 Summary op Expenditures of Each of the 11 Individuals, for One Year, 
 
 1913-1914. 
 
 Item of 
 Expenditure. 
 
 Individual No. 1. 
 
 Woman, Age 
 
 32 Years. 
 
 Amount, 
 One 
 Year. 
 
 Per 
 
 Cent, of 
 Total 
 Ex- 
 pendi- 
 tures. 
 
 Individual No. 2. 
 
 Woman, Age 
 
 38 Years. 
 
 Amount, 
 
 20 
 Weeks. 
 
 Per 
 
 Cent, of 
 Total 
 Ex- 
 pendi- 
 tures. 
 
 Individual No. 3. 
 
 Woman, Age 
 
 40 Years. 
 
 Amount, 
 One 
 Year. 
 
 Per 
 
 Cent, of 
 Total 
 Ex- 
 pendi- 
 tures. 
 
 Individual No. 4. 
 
 Woman, Age 
 
 42 Years. 
 
 Amount, 
 One 
 "iear. 
 
 Per 
 
 Cent, of 
 
 Total 
 
 Ex- 
 pendi- 
 tures. 
 
 / Lodging 
 
 ( Food 
 
 A/Clothing 
 
 nMedical attention. . 
 
 . /Insurance 
 
 [ji/~ Lodge and union . . . 
 / /—Reading matter. . . . 
 3 '-Church and charity 
 
 , " Recreation 
 
 j Car fare 
 
 I Gifts 
 
 1 Laundry 
 
 \ Toilet supplies 
 
 \ Other items 
 
 Tot'al 
 
 $ 52.00 
 
 213.08 
 
 39.17 
 
 63.00 
 
 5.20 
 
 10.97 
 
 44.94 
 
 8.26 
 
 13.29 
 
 1.10 
 
 $ 21.45 
 
 39.11 
 
 23.11 
 
 .70 
 
 2.00 
 6.28 
 1.15 
 .20 
 21.39 
 4.92 
 5.00 
 
 2.44 
 
 16.79 
 
 30.61 
 
 18.09 
 
 .55 
 
 1.57 
 
 4.92 
 
 .90 
 
 .16 
 
 16.74 
 
 3.85 
 
 3.91 
 
 1.91 
 
 $ 52.00 
 
 143.70 
 
 35.16 
 
 6.40 
 
 5.99 
 27.16 
 19.35 
 
 6.25 
 
 43.34 
 
 .39 
 
 3.10 
 
 2.12 
 
 15.07 
 
 41.66 
 
 10.19 
 
 1.86 
 
 1.74 
 
 7.87 
 
 5.61 
 
 1.81 
 
 12.56 
 
 .11 
 
 .90 
 
 .61 
 
 11474.15 
 
 100.00 
 
 $127.75 
 
 100.00 
 
 $344.96 
 
 100.00 
 
 $ 65.25 
 
 125.80 
 
 35.15 
 
 2.50 
 
 $310.23 
 
 21.03 
 40.55 
 11.33 
 
 .81 
 
 3.33 
 
 11.19 
 
 5.74 
 
 .86 
 
 4.78 
 
 .23 
 .14 
 
 100.00 
 
 1 Included under recreation. 
 
 2 Includes expenditures for reading matter, 
 toilet supplies, and sundries. 
 
 * Toilet supplies were recorded under general 
 supplies, which in this summary table are 
 included under other items. 
 
 Table 3. — continued. 
 
 Item of 
 Expenditure, 
 
 Individual No. 5. 
 
 Woman, Age 
 
 40 Years. 
 
 Amount, 
 
 One 
 
 >Year 
 
 (1914- 
 
 1915). 
 
 Per 
 
 Cent, of 
 Total 
 Ex- 
 pendi- 
 tures. 
 
 Individual No. 6. 
 
 Woman, Age 
 
 27 Years. 
 
 Amount, 
 
 50 
 Weeks. 
 
 Per 
 
 Cent, of 
 
 Total 
 
 Ex- 
 
 pendi- 
 
 tm-es. 
 
 Individual No. 7. 
 Man, Age 
 22 Years. 
 
 Amount, 
 One 
 Year. 
 
 Per 
 
 Cent, of 
 Total 
 Ex- 
 pendi- 
 tures. 
 
 Individual No. 8. 
 
 Woman, Age 
 
 24 Years. 
 
 Amount, 
 
 5 
 Weeks. 
 
 Per 
 
 Cent, of 
 
 Total 
 
 Ex- 
 pendi- 
 tures. 
 
 Lodging 
 
 Food 
 
 Clothing 
 
 Medical^attention . . , 
 
 Insurance 
 
 Lodge and union 
 
 Reading matter 
 
 Church and^charity . 
 
 Recreation 
 
 Car fare 
 
 Gifts 
 
 Laundry 
 
 Toilet supplies 
 
 Other items 
 
 13.71 
 
 4.86 
 
 $ 65.00 
 
 166.55 
 
 67.86 
 
 19.53 
 15.17 
 37.40 
 18.91 
 42.24 
 9.47 
 5.25 
 30.31 
 
 13.61 
 34.87 
 14.21 
 
 12.20 
 45.66 
 13.20 
 
 1.32 
 1.00 
 
 8.54 
 8.27 
 .80 
 .94 
 2.01 
 6.07 
 
 $ 6.25 
 
 13.88 
 
 1.04* 
 
 1.60, 
 
 .50 
 
 1.25 
 
 .35 
 
 1.68 
 
 .91 
 
 Total I $281.91 
 
 100.00 
 
 $477.6 
 
 100.00 
 
 $418.12 
 
 100.00 
 
 $27.46 
 
 22.76 
 50.55 
 3.79 
 6.83 
 1.82 
 4.55 
 1.27 
 6.12 
 
 3.31 
 
 100.00 
 
 * Expenditure for clothing for one year, 
 $60.94; see p. 220. 
 
 ' Insurance premium was paid by Mr. L.'s 
 father. 
 
 • Toilet supplies were recorded under general 
 supplies, which in this summary table are 
 included under other items. 
 
178 
 
 BUDGETS OF FAMILIES AND INDIVIDUALS 
 
 Table 3. — continued. 
 Summary of Expenditures of Each of the 11 Individuals, for One Year, 
 
 1913-1914. 
 
 « 
 
 Individual No. 9. 
 
 Woman, Age 
 
 32 Years. 
 
 Individual No. 10. 
 
 Woman, Age 
 
 25 Years. 
 
 Individual No. 11. 
 Man, Age 
 25 Years. 
 
 Item of Expenditure. 
 
 Amovmt, 
 One Year. 
 
 Per Cent, 
 of Total 
 Expendi- 
 tures. 
 
 Amount, 
 4 Weeks. 
 
 Per Cent. 
 
 of Total 
 
 Expendi- 
 
 tiu-es. 
 
 Amount, 
 4 Weeks. 
 
 Per Cent, 
 of Total 
 Expendi- 
 tures. 
 
 Lodtdnir 
 
 $104.00 
 
 274.00 
 
 45.25 
 
 5.00 
 
 5.20 
 
 6.00 
 
 3.00 
 
 5.20 
 
 10.00 
 
 36.00 
 
 6.00 
 
 2.00 
 
 6.00 
 
 8.50 
 
 20.15 
 
 53.09 
 
 8.77 
 
 .97 
 1.01 
 1.16 
 
 .58 
 1.01 
 1.94 
 6.97 
 1.16 
 
 .39 
 1.16 
 1.65 
 
 $ 6.00 
 
 14.15 
 
 1.15 
 
 5.00 
 
 .20 
 
 .70 
 
 2.10 
 
 20.48 
 
 48.29 
 
 3.92 
 
 17.06 
 
 .68 
 
 2.39 
 
 7.17 
 
 $ 8.00 
 16.00 
 13.00 
 
 3*1)0 
 .67 
 
 1.50 
 2.61 
 
 33.97 
 
 10 16 
 
 Clothing , 
 
 Medical attention 
 
 20.32 
 16.51 
 
 
 
 Lodge and union. 
 
 3 81 
 
 
 .85 
 
 Church and charity 
 
 Recreation 
 
 1.90 
 
 
 3.31 
 
 Gifts 
 
 
 Toilet supplies 
 
 
 Other items 
 
 43.14 
 
 Total 
 
 $516.15 
 
 100.00 
 
 $29.30 
 
 100.00 
 
 $78.75 
 
 100.00 
 
 being supplied by the mother for all the members of the family, 
 out of the household fund. Only five of the eleven individuals of 
 this chapter (Individuals No. 3, No. 4, No. 6, No. 7, and No. 9), 
 recorded specifically any expenditure for toilet supplies. In the 
 case of the two women who did their own housekeeping (Individuals 
 No. 2 and No. 5), toilet supplies were included under general sup- 
 plies. The four remaining individuals either classified their ex- 
 penditures for toilet supplies under the heading Sundries, or else 
 were at no expense whatever for such articles during the period 
 covered by the summary tables. 
 
 BUDGETS IN DETAIL, OF INDIVIDUALS. 
 INDIVIDUAL NO. 1. 
 
 Type and Occupation. — This is the budget of Miss I., an un- 
 married woman of thirty-two years, whose account has been kept 
 for a period of six years (January 8, 1909-December 31, 1914). 
 Although she has lived at home during all of this period except the 
 last six months, she has kept her earnings separate from the family 
 fund, paying board to her mother ($5 per week), instead of giving 
 over her entire wages. 
 
 Miss I. is the oldest of eight children. The family came to 
 this country from England when she was six years old. Besides 
 this daughter, the members of the family living at home during the 
 period of the account, were the father, the mother, two sons, and 
 another daughter. The father is a carpenter; one son (age 20) is 
 
OF KENSINGTON, PHILADELPHIA. 179 
 
 learning to be a tailor; the other son (age 17) is in the printing 
 business; the younger daughter (age 19) works in a lace mill; and 
 the daughter whose budget is here presented, worked in lace mills 
 in Philadelphia from the time she was thirteen years old until six 
 months before the close of this account, when she gave up mill 
 work altogether. 
 
 Miss I. is a woman of refinement and of pleasing personality. 
 She enjoys diversions of an educational nature, and out-of-door 
 recreations. She frequently attends lectures with her friend Miss 
 N. (Individual No. 2) ; they also take trips to the parks, and often 
 spend Sundays in the woods; for their summer vacations they 
 sometimes camp in the country. Miss I. was a leader among the 
 women with whom she worked, and at the time she gave up mill 
 work, in the summer of 1914, was an officer in a club of the women 
 employed in the mill where she was working. 
 
 During the six years of this account, except for the last six 
 months. Miss I. was employed as an overlocker in one of the large 
 lace mills of Kensington. Overlockers are among the best paid 
 of lace workers, and Miss I. was considered one of the most efficient 
 workers in the factory; only once, however, in the years that she 
 worked in the lace industry, did her yearly wages reach the $500 
 mark. *'I have tried so hard to average $10 a week for a year," 
 she said to the investigator, ''but have been able to do it only 
 once, — in 1910. Then I made a little over $500." Her wages 
 that year amounted to $504.57; as the income table shows, part of 
 this sum was payment for overtime work. 
 
 In the summer of 1914, Miss I. decided to give up mill work. 
 ''Work is terribly dull, barely making expenses," she wrote, in 
 explanation of her decision. "Factory work," she continued, 
 "may be satisfactory to a girl while she is young and looking 
 forward to getting married, or to the possibility of making some 
 change in the near future. But when she gets a little older, she 
 begins to think may be she might not marry after all, or gets near 
 the place where it is not so easy to learn something else and make 
 a change. Then she becomes discontented with the selfish life she 
 is forced into in such work, alniost necessarily selfish because she 
 has time for nothing else but earning the little money which keeps 
 soul and body together. So my almost timid venture into a new 
 world." 
 
 Through the Young Women's Christian Association, Miss I. 
 secured a position as housekeeper in a summer vacation house for 
 
180 
 
 BUDGETS OF FAMILIES AND INDIVIDUALS 
 
 working girls. She remained there from June 20 through September 
 5, 1914. After the closing of the vacation house she was at home 
 for three weeks, and at the end of that time (September 27) she 
 took a position as housekeeper in one of the suburbs of Philadelphia. 
 At the close of this account (December 31, 1914) she is still in that 
 position. 
 
 INCOME. 
 
 Six Years (52 Weeks, or 364 Days, Each), January 8, 1909-December 31, 1914, 
 Actually Recorded Income. 
 
 Amovints are recorded for weekly pay intervals. In date column ia indicated the first day of 
 
 each fourth week. 
 
 January 8, 1909- 
 January 6, 1910, Wages. 
 
 January 7, 1910- 
 January 5, 1911, Wages. 
 
 January 6, 1911- 
 January 4, 1912, Wages. 
 
 Date. 
 
 Amount. 
 
 Date. 
 
 Amount. 
 
 Date. 
 
 Amount. 
 
 Jan. 8, 1909 . . 
 
 Feb. 5 
 
 Mar. 5 
 
 April 2 
 
 April 30 
 
 May 28 
 
 June 25 
 
 July 23 
 
 Aug. 20 
 
 Sept. 17 
 
 Oct. 15 
 
 Nov. 12 
 
 Dec. 10 
 
 7.53 
 
 10.32 
 
 11.17 
 
 4.92 
 
 10.53 
 
 10.31 
 
 8.98 
 
 12.23 
 
 8.08 
 
 7.36 
 
 11.29 
 
 9.85 
 
 11.21 
 
 9.82 
 
 9.71 
 
 8.72 
 
 11.25 
 
 10.62 
 
 9.76 
 12.19 
 10.31 
 6.30 
 9.66 
 11.00 
 11.03 
 11.41 
 2.042 
 5.00 
 11.84 
 10.65 
 11.64 
 11.19 
 1L28 
 
 9.12 
 
 10.96 
 
 12.26 
 
 12.00 
 
 10.07 
 
 10.48 
 
 10.51 
 
 10.44 
 
 11.15 
 
 10.29 
 
 4.57 
 
 11.28 
 
 9.54 
 
 10.14 
 
 7.23 
 
 4.81 
 
 7.74 
 
 Jan. 7, 1910 
 
 Feb. 4 
 
 Mar. 4 
 
 AprU 1 
 
 April 29 
 
 May 27 
 
 June 24 
 
 July 22 
 
 Aug. 19 
 
 Sept. 16 
 
 Oct. 14 
 
 Nov. 11 
 
 Dec. 9 
 
 5.98 
 8.00 
 9.00 
 8.28 
 8.47 
 10.52 
 9.23 
 9.83 
 8.06 
 8.17 
 
 3.16 
 
 10.16 
 
 9.71 
 
 9.76 
 
 9.37 
 
 11.00 
 
 11.25 
 
 10.46 
 
 7.73 
 
 9.68 
 
 7.38 
 
 10.20 
 
 11.03 
 
 11.17 
 
 12.07 
 
 11.10 
 
 13.12S 
 
 13.28 
 
 12.61 
 
 12.94 
 
 13.87 
 
 13.08 
 
 13.06 
 
 11.10 
 
 5.95 
 
 8.20 
 
 12.44 
 
 12.44 
 
 12.68 
 
 12.66 
 
 9.23 
 
 1.80 
 
 11.40 
 
 12.24 
 
 11.50 
 
 9.31 
 
 11.90 
 
 10.17 
 
 10.56 
 
 8.26 
 
 Jan. 6, 1911 
 
 Feb. 3 
 
 Mar, 3 
 
 Mar. 31 
 
 April 28 
 
 May 26 
 
 June 23 
 
 July 21 
 
 Aug. 18 
 
 Sept. 15 
 
 Oct. 13 
 
 Nov. 10 
 
 Dec. 8 
 
 7.21 
 
 9.59 
 
 9.30 
 
 11.37 
 
 7.70 
 
 5.05 
 
 10.22 
 
 11.14 
 
 8.48 
 
 11.06 
 
 11.05 
 
 10.12 
 
 12.47 
 
 11.24 
 
 11.32 
 
 10.67 
 
 9.19 
 
 11.63 
 
 11.30 
 
 6.12 
 
 7.66 
 
 5.20 
 
 9.66 
 
 8.87 
 
 10.57 
 
 9.53 
 
 7.25 
 
 9.51 
 
 5.75 
 
 11.25 
 
 10.40 
 
 7.56 
 
 9.09 
 
 9.50 
 
 10.44 
 
 8.30 
 
 4.58 
 
 8.53 
 
 4.05« 
 
 10.65 
 
 10.37 
 
 9.50 
 
 6.48 
 
 9.39 
 
 8.88 
 
 8.40 
 
 9.51 
 
 8.05 
 
 10.72 
 
 12.31 
 
 10.23 
 
 $481.79 
 
 $504.57 
 
 $468.42 
 
OF KENSINGTON, PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 181 
 
 Six Years (52 Weeks, or 364 Days, Each), January 8, 1909-December 31, 
 Actually Recorded Income. 
 
 1914, 
 
 Amounts are recorded for weekly pay intervals. In date column is indicated the first day of 
 
 each fourth week. 
 
 January 5, 1912- 
 January 2, 1913, Wages. 
 
 Date. 
 
 Amount. 
 
 January 3, 1913- 
 January 1, 1914, Wages. 
 
 January 2, 1914- 
 December 31, 1914, Wages. 
 
 Date. 
 
 Amount. 
 
 Date. 
 
 Amount. 
 
 Jan. 5, 1912 
 
 Feb. 2 . 
 Mar. 1. 
 Mar. 29 . 
 April 26 . 
 May 24 . 
 June 21 . 
 July 19. 
 Aug. 16. 
 Sept. 13 . 
 Oct. 11. 
 Nov. 8. 
 Dec. 6 . 
 
 $9.15 
 
 8.69 
 
 10.06 
 
 10.75 
 
 11.10 
 
 11.19 
 
 10.19 
 
 12.22 
 
 10.55 
 
 11.66 
 
 10.12 
 
 12.38 
 
 12.40 
 
 11.44 
 
 13.067 
 
 11.59 
 
 13.41 
 
 14.05 
 
 12.52 
 
 2.07« 
 
 8.35 
 
 7.29 
 
 5.26 
 
 7.68 
 7.87 
 7.65 
 4.22 
 7.52 
 8.72 
 9.15 
 8.43 
 8.87 
 9.93 
 8.90 
 8.53 
 8.30 
 6.29 
 8.44 
 9.70 
 9.74 
 7.23 
 3.42 
 9.00 
 6.42 
 9.50 
 8.58 
 7.83 
 8.08 
 8.94 
 9.43 
 10.32 
 
 $468.19 
 
 Jan. 3, 1913 
 
 Jan. 31 
 
 Feb. 28 
 
 Mar. 28 
 
 April 25 
 
 May 23 
 
 June 20 
 
 July 18 
 
 Aug. 15 
 
 Sept. 12 
 
 Oct. 10 
 
 Nov. 7 
 
 Dec. 5 
 
 $7.25 
 
 8.41 
 
 12.38 
 
 12.27 
 
 9.83 
 
 lhl4 
 
 8.84 
 
 9.39 
 
 8.32 
 
 9.64 
 
 11.13 
 
 4.67 
 
 10.35 
 
 8.93 
 
 8.64 
 
 10.32 
 
 12.39 
 
 12.35 
 
 12.41 
 
 12.26 
 
 .926 
 
 5.30 
 
 8.82 
 
 10.13 
 
 9.71 
 
 9.81 
 7.45 
 9.02 
 12.27 
 11.66 
 11.17 
 11.68 
 8.77 
 
 4.64 
 5.23 
 5.70 
 6.73 
 5.03 
 8.27 
 6.40 
 5.21 
 3.57 
 10.10 
 9.76 
 8.04 
 .84 
 6.77 
 8.42 
 9.68 
 
 Jan. 2, 1914. 
 
 Jan. 
 
 Feb. 27. 
 Mar. 27. 
 April 24. 
 May 22. 
 June 19. 
 July 17. 
 Aug. 14. 
 Sept. 11. 
 Oct. 9. 
 Nov. 6. 
 Dec. 4. 
 
 $428.98 
 
 $4.70 
 8.08 
 
 10.08 
 8.58 
 9.09 
 9.86 
 5.69 
 
 9.26 
 8.80 
 7.93 
 10.14 
 11.24 
 9.63 
 7.32 
 7.97 
 7.40 
 7.40 
 11.69 
 2.83 
 4.66 
 6.93 
 7.10 
 7.90 
 8.00 
 
 34.00 
 
 39.00 
 
 42.50 
 
 39.00 
 
 $401.28 
 
 1 Time lost on account of stock taking; 
 took 2 extra days off, to finish out a week's 
 stay at the seashore. 
 
 2 Time lost on account of illness. 
 
 3 One week off for vacation. 
 
 * Lost 2 weeks on account of sympathy 
 strike with carmen. 
 
 5 Large wages during the summer were due 
 to overtime work. 
 
 6 Time lost on account of stock taking. 
 (Mill is closed for stock taking every May and 
 October; sometimes a week is lost, sometimes 
 only 2 days.) 
 
 ' "Our union limits us to $12.50 a week. 
 
 When I made more than that amount, I had 
 work marked on my partner's sUp." 
 
 8 No work on account of slack period. 
 
 9 Held position as housekeeper in a summer 
 vacation house for working girls, June 20- 
 Sept. 5, 1914, at a salary of $20 per month, 
 with board and lodging, reckoned at $3.50 
 per week. 
 
 10 Unemployed, Sept. 6-26, 1914. 
 
 " Held position as housekeeper, Sept. 27- 
 Dec. 31, 1914, at a salary of $25 per month, 
 with board and lodging, reckoned at $3.60 
 per week. 
 
182 
 
 BUDGETS OP FAMILIES AND INDIVIDUALS 
 INCOME FROM ALL SOURCES. 
 
 Year. 
 
 % 
 
 January 
 8, 1909- 
 January 
 6, 1910. 
 
 January 
 7, 1910- 
 January 
 6, 1911. 
 
 January 
 6, 1911- 
 January 
 4, 1912. 
 
 January 
 5, 1912- 
 January 
 2, 1913. 
 
 January 
 3, 1913- 
 January 
 1, 1914. 
 
 January 
 2, 1914- 
 Decem- 
 ber31. 
 1914. 
 
 Wages 
 
 $481.79 
 
 $504.57 
 3.35 
 
 2.83 
 
 1.55 
 3.92 
 
 $468.42 
 5.00 
 
 .15 
 
 $468 19 
 
 iAOa Q» 
 
 $401.28 
 
 Earnings from sewing . . 
 
 5 43 ^^^ 7i' 
 
 Payment for services rendered to 
 ijninn , 
 
 3.00 
 
 
 1 25 
 
 Fees from Christmas banks kept 
 for family 
 
 
 Receipts from goods sold' 
 
 Receipts from train tickets sold . . . 
 
 Sick benefits from union 
 
 Earnings from ironing 
 
 Earnings from washing . 
 
 .55 
 
 1 44 
 
 
 
 
 t 
 
 
 Total annual income, six years, 
 actually recorded 
 
 $481.79 
 
 $516.22 
 
 $473.57 $476.62 ^ $447.69 
 
 $404.52 
 
 1 See p. 185, note 1. 
 
 The Account. — The tables for Miss I.'s budget give her income by 
 weeks for six years (January 8, 1909-December 31, 1914), together 
 with a summary of her expenditures for each of the six years, arid a 
 detailed account of her clothing expenditure for the last five of 
 these years. 
 
 Clothing; Medical Attention; Church. — Though she does not 
 spend a large amount for clothing, Miss I. is always dressed well, 
 and in good taste. She understands sewing, and makes most of 
 her own clothes. She also trims many of her hats. 
 
 During the last three years of the account, particularly in 1912 
 and 1913, the expenditure for physician's services was large. 
 Miss I.'s physician attributes her ill health during these years to 
 the strain caused by her many years of continuous machine work. 
 
 Miss I. is a member of the Baptist church. Church contributions 
 are a regular item in her budget. 
 
 WAGES. 
 One Year, 1909-1910. 
 
OF KENSINGTON, PHILADELPHIA. 
 One Year, 1910-1911. 
 
 183 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 OxE Year, 1911 
 
 -1912. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 CHART e^^ 
 
 
 S 
 
 A 
 
 A 
 
 r^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 K h 
 
 
 A 
 
 N 
 
 /\ 
 
 
 — >., 
 
 
 A 
 
 
 r'\ 
 
 ^ 
 
 1 
 
 
 V 
 
 4 
 
 ^v 
 
 ^ 
 
 /^^ 
 
 w 
 
 V 
 
 ^y\ 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 V 
 
 
 
 
 
 V 'V 
 
 
 
 
 
 v.e >rfa.s9 y«»'/9>r,j /^>M--y/ /TP>f..a9 /"ivv^tfe Ji«*rf--*j ^-si^rv/ ^vg./o Jc/r/^ ocr/3 akwa* .Asra 
 
 
 One Year, 1912-1913. 
 
 
 
 CHART e:f , 
 
 
 
 
 s 
 
 o 
 
 
 v\ 
 
 A^ 
 
 v^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 li 
 
 \l 
 
 ~V 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 V 
 
 h- 
 
 y 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 V 
 
 V 
 
 
 
 
 V 
 
 
 
 
 /»*9./ y^^^.Jta /*-*♦.-*« y«»w/V«' ^**^'^.^/ ^<s«r/» ^««^« sS£^r/a OCT.// 
 
 A^ara 
 
 ^tect 
 
 
 One Year, 1913-1914. 
 
 CHART £6 
 
 A 
 
 A, 
 
 /I 
 
 , / 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 r^ 
 
 \ 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 U 
 
 \ 
 
 Vy 
 
 
 /■ 
 
 r 
 
 
 \ 
 
 A 
 
 \j 
 
 \ 
 
 A 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 V 
 
 
 v 
 
 V 
 
 
 ■JA/V3 \7A/r,j/ fea^aa /^^^,im ^^»is /^^r^j <yf/ve^o ^t^ir'e ^t/«.v 'is^r^^ ocr/o ^o^. 7 »*c.4r 
 
184 
 
 BUDGETS OF FAMILIES AND INDIVIDUALS 
 
 EXPENDITURES. 
 
 Six Years (52 Weeks, or 364 Days, Each), January 8, 1909-December 31, 
 Actually Recorded Expenditures. 
 
 1914, 
 
 Summary. 
 
 Year. 
 
 January 
 8, 1909- 
 January 
 6, 1910. 
 
 January 
 7, 1910- 
 January 
 5, 1911. 
 
 January 
 6, 1911- 
 January 
 4, 1912. 
 
 January 
 5, 1912- 
 January 
 2, 1913. 
 
 January 
 3, 1913- 
 January 
 1, 1914.1 
 
 January 
 2, 1914- 
 Decem- 
 ber 31, 
 1914. 
 
 Room rent and boards 
 
 $260.00 
 
 2.74 
 
 57.03 
 
 2.00 
 
 5.20 
 
 10.20 
 
 57.508 
 29.13 
 13.05 
 
 $265.00 
 
 3.92 
 
 64.43 
 
 5.20 
 
 10.20 
 
 47.80» 
 40.66 
 12.92 
 
 $260.00 
 
 3.75 
 
 44.64 
 
 5.20 
 
 10.40 
 
 47.70 
 41.94 
 11.40 
 
 $260.00 
 
 3.99 
 
 56.45 
 
 73.50 
 
 5.20 
 
 10.00 
 
 42.7610 
 39.75 
 13.78 
 20.50 
 
 $260.00 
 
 5.08 
 
 39.17 
 
 63.00 
 
 #.20 
 
 10.95 
 
 39.10 
 
 43.94 
 
 7.71 
 
 $244,183 
 
 Candy. . 
 
 5.27 
 
 
 57.17 
 
 Physician 
 
 23.50* 
 
 
 
 
 3.705 
 
 Reading matter* . . . . 
 
 
 Church 
 
 6.00 
 
 Charity. .... 
 
 
 Recreation^ 
 
 35.86 
 
 Car fare 
 
 30.13 
 
 Gifts, Christmas 
 
 19.24 
 
 Gifts, birthday, etc 
 
 14.06 
 
 Laundry 
 
 
 Toilet suppliese 
 
 
 Total annual expenditures, six 
 years, actually recorded 
 
 Total annual income, six years, 
 actually recorded 
 
 $436.85 
 481.79 
 
 $450.13 
 516.22 
 
 $425.03 
 473.57 
 
 $525.93 
 476.62 
 
 $474.15 
 447.69 
 
 $439.11 
 404.52 
 
 Balance 
 
 $ 44.94 
 
 $ 66.09 
 
 $ 48.54 
 
 
 
 
 Deficit 
 
 
 
 
 $ 49.31 
 
 $ 26.46 
 
 $ 24.59 
 
 1 In the summary tables of the budgets of 
 individuals (pp. 167-178), the figures given for 
 Individual No. 1 are those of this year. 
 
 2 While living at home, Miss I. paid $5 per 
 week for board and lodging. In the summary 
 table on page 172, $1 of this amount has been 
 considered payment for lodging, and $4, pay- 
 ment for table board. 
 
 3 Includes $1 per week sent to parents for 
 rent of room at home, during the 20 weeks in 
 which Miss I. was living elsewhere. Board 
 
 and lodging are reckoned at $3.50 per woek. 
 during the weeks in which Miss I. was paid a 
 salary with board and lodging. 
 
 * Includes dentist's bill of $4. 
 
 s Stopped paying in September. 
 
 « Included under recreation. 
 
 "> Includes reading matter, toilet supplies, 
 and sundries. 
 
 8 Includes $26.90 for vacation. 
 
 » Includes $6.14 for vacation. 
 
 1" Includes $1.50 for vacation. 
 
 CLOTHING FOR ONE YEAR, JANUARY 7, 1910- JANUARY S, 1911. 
 
 Coat $ 5.75 
 
 Dress goods and coat goodsi, and making 
 
 of dress 15.25 
 
 Waist goods' 1.21 
 
 Dress goods 1.24 
 
 Pattern, thread, and sewing silk, for 
 
 dress 38 
 
 Notions 43 
 
 Skirt goods and making 6.50 
 
 Skirt, white, ready-made 1.98 
 
 Hats (2)2 11.25 
 
 Ribbon lor hat 54 
 
 Gloves (3 prs.) 1.88 
 
 Belts (2) 30 
 
 Collars (3) 75 
 
 Undervests 30 
 
 Cambric for underwear 60 
 
 Flannelette for underwear 63 
 
 Longcloth for underwear 1.32 
 
 Lace for underwear 4.17 
 
 Shoes (2 prs.) 4.00 
 
 Shoe repairs and laces 75 
 
 Soles for inside of shoes 10 
 
 Stockings 1.75 
 
 Gaiters (2 prs.) 1.40 
 
 Rubbers (3 prs.) 1.95 
 
 $64.43 
 
 CLOTHING FOR ONE YEAR, JANUARY 6, 1911-JANUARY 4, 1912. 
 
 Dress goods and making' $20.09 
 
 Goods for waists (4) 1.80 
 
 Laces and silks for trimmings 1.08 
 
 Patterns (5) 70 
 
 Notions 1.02 
 
 Hats (3) 8.09 
 
 Gloves and mittens 1.15 
 
 Belts (2) 35 
 
 Undervests (6) 65 
 
 Cambric for underwear 1.97 
 
 Shoes (2 prs.) 3.95 
 
 Shoe repairs, laces, and inner soles 1.90 
 
 Stocking? (1 doz.) 1.35 
 
 Gingham for aprons (2) 54 
 
 $44.64 
 
OF KENSINGTON, PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 185 
 
 CLOTHING FOR ONE YEAR, JANUARY 5, 1912- JANUARY 2, 1913. 
 
 Coat $14.98 
 
 Skirt goods and making 8.10 
 
 Skirt goods ("made it myself") 3.00 
 
 Dress goods ("made it myself") 97 
 
 Laces for trimming 2.05 
 
 Notions 44 
 
 Patterns (2) 25 
 
 Ferris waists (3) 3.25 
 
 Hat (summer) 6.00 
 
 Reblocking winter hat 50 
 
 Wool and silk for crocheting a hat 1.11 
 
 Gloves (3 prs.) 1.50 
 
 Belts (2) 40 
 
 Undervests (4) 50 
 
 Petticoat 3.00 
 
 Cambric for underwear 2.50 
 
 Shoes (1 pr.) 2.00 
 
 Shoe repairs 1.60 
 
 Stockings (9 prs.) 1.95 
 
 Gaiters 1.00 
 
 Rubbers (2 prs.) 1.35 
 
 $56.45 
 
 CLOTHING FOR ONE YEAR, JANUARY 3, 1913-JANUARY 1, 1914. 
 
 Linen dress goods ("made it myself") . .$ 2.00 
 
 Poplin dress goods and skirt 3.00 
 
 Waist goods (3) 2.03 
 
 Lace for trimmings 1.56 
 
 Notions 2.09 
 
 Straw hat shape ("trimmed it myself") . l.OQ 
 
 Straw hat shape (" trimmed it myself ") * . 1 .25 
 
 Winter hat 4.75 
 
 Hat retrimmed (work and trimmings) . . 1.73 
 
 Gloves (3 prs.) 1.85 
 
 Belt 13 
 
 Collars (3) 1.00 
 
 Undervests (4) 50 
 
 Ferris waists (2) 2.00 
 
 Underskirt 2.00 
 
 Sateen for underskirt 50 
 
 Shoes (2 prs.) 5.50 
 
 Shoe repairs 2.15 
 
 Stockings (1 doz.) 2.00 
 
 Rubbers (1 pr.) 
 Gingham for aprons . 
 
 Pattern 
 
 Handkerchiefs 
 
 Hat pins 
 
 Miscellaneous 
 
 .65 
 .64 
 .15 
 .20 
 .10 
 .39 
 
 $39.17 
 
 CLOTHING FOR ONE YEAR, JANUARY 2, 1914-DECEMBER 31, 1914. 
 
 
 ... $ 3.54 
 
 Making and trimming 
 
 9.33 
 
 
 .70 
 
 Lace, ribbon, and velvet 
 
 .46 
 
 Lawn for a dress 
 
 Gingham for a dress 
 
 Percale for a dress 
 
 . . . .75 
 
 96 
 
 . . . .75 
 . . . 3.13 
 
 Lace and pattern 
 
 .43 
 
 Dress goods (received as present) 
 
 86 
 
 Pattern and sewing silk 
 
 Goods for a skirt 
 
 Lawn for a waist 
 
 25 
 
 72 
 
 .38 
 
 Dress patterns (2) . . 
 
 .30 
 
 Camp Fire Girl's dress 
 
 45 
 
 .30 
 
 
 70 
 
 Hat trimmings 
 
 , . . . 2.75 
 
 *"Sold coat goods and some waist goods 
 for $3.92." Bee income table for 1910, p. 182. 
 
 2 "One hat, which cost $10.00, was worn 
 as bought, for two winters, for best; the third 
 winter it was reblocked for $.50, and worn 
 for best; the fourth winter the shape was 
 
 Gloves (1 pr.) 1.00 
 
 Collars 1.00 
 
 Tie and cords 45 
 
 Undervests (4) 48 
 
 Underwear 1.00 
 
 Crgpe for underwear 83 
 
 Ribbon and beading for underwear 24 
 
 Gingham for apron 56 
 
 Shoes (2 prs.) 6.00 
 
 Shoe repairs 1 .20 
 
 Rubber heels on shoes (3 prs.) 1.50 
 
 Shoe laces 20 
 
 Stockings (11 prs.) 2.75 
 
 Rubbers , 60 
 
 Barrette 25 
 
 Miscellaneous 12.35 
 
 $57.17 
 
 worn for work; the plume is still almost as 
 good as new (April, 1914)." 
 
 '"Dress was worn for four seasons (two 
 vears), and still is in good condition (April, 
 1914)." 
 
 * Mourning hat, bought because of brother's 
 death. 
 
 INDIVIDUAL NO. 2. 
 
 Type and Occupation. — This is the budget of Miss N., an un- 
 married American woman of thirty-eight years, who leads an inde- 
 pendent life. Her childhood was spent in Texas; since she has 
 been old enough to support herself, she has lived in several places, 
 and has been employed in a number of occupations ; for the greater 
 part of the past ten years, she has been employed as a lace worker 
 in Kensington. 
 
 By temperament, Miss N. is a student. She enjoys good books 
 
186 BUDGETS OF FAMILIES AND INDIVIDUALS 
 
 and good lectures, and is interested in various movements for 
 the uplift of working women. She is a Camp Fire Guardian, and 
 has held offices in the union to which she belonged and in a club of 
 the women employed in the lace mill where she worked. 
 
 Miss N.'s budget, as given in this study, covers ten years and 
 nine weeks (January 1, 1905-March 2, 1915). During 1905, 1906, 
 1907, and the early part of 1908, she was employed in one of the 
 large lace mills of Kensington. Work was slack in the mill in 1908, 
 and in May, Miss N. was laid off. She spent June in the coun- 
 try, at the home of a friend, earning her board by assisting with 
 the housework. In July she took a position in a garment factory 
 in Kensington, where her work consisted in "overlocking dressing 
 sacks all the way around, for five cents a dozen." In August she 
 went into a garment factory downtown, where she did the same 
 kind of work for a time wage of $10 per week. She remained in 
 this position until March, 1909;" then, at the request of her former 
 employer, she returned to the lace mill, and worked there as an 
 overlocker until May 15, 1911, when she left Philadelphia for 
 Arizona, to engage in a poultry-raising project. The climate in 
 Arizona did not agree with Miss N., and in July she returned to 
 Philadelphia. She was not well enough to take up work again 
 until September; she then returned to the lace mill, as an over- 
 locker, and remained there until August, 1914, when she decided to 
 give up mill work altogether. From August 13 until the beginning 
 of 1915 Miss N. had no regular employment, and drew upon her 
 savings for support, to a large extent, although she worked in the 
 lace mill again for two weeks in October, and during November 
 and December she did some clerical work, and took subscriptions 
 for a publishing house. 
 
 The following is Miss N.'s explanation of her decision to give 
 up mill work (written toward the close of 1914): ''Since about the 
 middle of August I have had very little work, and felt that while 
 there was such a little at the mill, and I had any money on hand, 
 and no one depending on me, I would stand by and see what the 
 world was doing. . . . Now I think I have work, at least for a time, 
 and a chance to advance. I realized that I must learn something 
 new, and that it must be something that means more than a mere 
 existence, and must count in the world for my share in the re- 
 sponsibility of life. I have been to several places, but not to mills, 
 except for two weeks. I want something different, and they are 
 all alike, to a large extent." 
 
OF KENSINGTON, PHILADELPHIA. 187 
 
 For the first three and a half weeks of 1915, Miss N. held a posi- 
 tion with a woman's organization in Philadelphia. After that, 
 she did some work for a Bible House in Philadelphia. As this 
 account closes, she is taking up field-secretarial work with a woman's 
 organization in another city. In this position she is to receive a 
 salary of $50 for the first month, with the promise of an increase, 
 provided her services are satisfactory. 
 
 The Account. — The tables for this budget give Miss N.'s income 
 for ten years and nine weeks: 1905, yearly total; 1906-1912, 
 income by months; 1913, 1914, income by weeks; January and 
 February, 1915, income by weeks. The total yearly expenditures 
 are given for the years 1905-1912, with a detailed account of 
 expenditures for twenty-four weeks in 1912, twenty weeks in 1913, 
 sixteen weeks in 1914, and eight weeks in 1915. 
 
 Lodging and Food. — During the years 1907-1914, Miss N. 
 rented a room in a friend's house, for $1 per week. She did her 
 own cooking in her room, by means of an alcohol lamp and an im- 
 provised fireless cooker, the latter consisting of a kettle wrapped in 
 several layers of newspapers. Besides doing her cooking. Miss N. 
 tried various projects for keeping down food expenditure. In 
 October, 1907, her brother sent her four pullets and a rooster, and 
 she raised forty young chickens, which furnished her with eggs 
 until the spring of 1909, thus "helping out the lean income of 
 1908." In 1910, she worked a garden patch and raised green 
 vegetables for herself. In 1911, she made a large quantity of grape 
 juice; she sold enough of this to pay expenses, and the remainder 
 furnished her with an item of food for the two following years. In 
 the fall of 1912, she bought a peck of wheat and ground it in a 
 coffee mill; this furnished her with cereal food for many months 
 at a trifling cost. It should be remembered, in studying Miss N.'s 
 expenditure account, that what she saves in the monetary cost 
 of food, she pays for in labor; ''I earn my money twice," she said 
 to the investigator, in discussing her budget. 
 
 Standard of Living. — Miss N. dresses very economically, and 
 spends little for recreation or pleasure of any sort. Her endeavor 
 is to add each year to her savings account, rather than to spend 
 more on her living. Toward the close of the period of her account 
 she writes as follows with regard to her standard of living: "I have 
 never gone begging for lack of funds, but I have sometimes neglected 
 my meals from discouragement. I have been careful to save, or 
 would be in a fine plight now. The saving has been mostly on 
 13 
 
188 
 
 BUDGETS OF FAMILIES AND INDIVIDUALS 
 
 clothes, though I have saved on room rent by providing the furni- 
 ture and care of it, and doing my own washing as far as I could, — 
 the small pieces. Not going out much helped in this. I did not 
 make many visiting friends, for I could not return their invitations, 
 and being fond of reading has caused libraries to be a favorite haunt. 
 I have saved too on the food line, by eating the simple nourishing 
 foods in their season, though I have sometimes added a few extras 
 as a treat, to add spice to the joy of preparation, for I like best to 
 shop ancj make my own selections, and then cook them as I like, 
 or not at all, and I eat very little meat." 
 
 In the ten years that Miss N. worked in the lace tnill, though 
 she advanced to as high a position as was open to women in that 
 industry, she was not able to earn an average of $10 per week, for a 
 
 INCOME AND EXPENDITURES. 
 
 Eight Years (52 Weeks, or 364 Days, Each), 1905-1912, Actually Recorded Income and 
 
 Expenditures. 
 Income. 
 Wages: 
 
 Year. 
 
 1905. 
 
 1906. 
 
 1907. 
 
 1908. 
 
 1909. 
 
 1910. 
 
 1911. 
 
 1912. 
 
 Jan. 
 
 Wages 
 for 1905 
 not re- 
 corded 
 by^ 
 months. 
 
 $30.69 
 32.07 
 40.72 
 36.30 
 38.61 
 43.94 
 38.37 
 29.20 
 28.68 
 34.18 
 44.30 
 25.96 
 
 $27.35 
 36.01 
 28.20 
 20.29 
 16.85 
 22.17 
 18.90 
 46.15 
 33.17 
 36.77 
 40.32 
 32.55 
 
 $27.52 
 19.67 
 11.79 
 
 7.87 
 
 2 
 
 16.133 
 38.62 
 41.25 
 50.00 
 40.00 
 40.00 
 
 $46.67 
 40.00 
 22.83 
 39.55 
 30.88 
 38.17 
 45.70 
 44.10 
 30.96 
 51.90 
 33.18 
 39.72 
 
 $26.87 
 29.58 
 13.607 
 35.03 
 38.31 
 37.59 
 55.83 
 49.07 
 50.02 
 45.87 
 29.02 
 44.74 
 
 $36.08 
 34.03 
 50.15 
 40.10 
 21.44 
 
 9 
 10 
 
 40.01 
 33.78 
 31.01 
 48.76 
 
 $37.69 
 
 Feb 
 
 42.06 
 
 Mar 
 
 52.60 
 
 Apr 
 
 47.55 
 
 May 
 
 June 
 
 July 
 
 42.52 
 27.04 
 26.51 
 
 Auk 
 
 44.49 
 
 Sent. 
 
 31.43 
 
 Oct 
 
 28.70 
 
 Nov 
 
 40.69 
 
 Dec 
 
 34.92 
 
 
 
 Total Wages . 
 
 $361.09 
 
 $423.02 
 
 $358.73 
 
 $292.85 
 
 $463.66 
 
 $455.53 
 
 $335.36 
 
 $456.20 
 
 Income from 
 other sources 
 
 
 
 
 $30,004 
 
 
 $12,008 
 
 $46.73" 
 
 
 Total income. 
 
 $361.09 
 
 $423.02 
 
 $358.73 
 
 $322,855 
 
 $463.66 
 
 $467.53 
 
 $382.09 
 
 $456.20 
 
 Total expendi- 
 tures 
 
 $316,541 
 
 $269.54 
 
 $274.35 
 
 $329,236 
 
 $303.43 
 
 $337.53 
 
 $477.5112 
 
 $338.94 
 
 Balance 
 
 $44.55 
 
 $153.48 
 
 $84.38 
 
 
 $160.23 
 
 $130.00 
 
 
 $117.26 
 
 Deficit 
 
 
 
 
 $6,385 
 
 
 1 $95.42 
 
 
 1 Church, $19.67; musical education of a 
 child, $19.36; other expenditures, $277.51. 
 
 2 Laid off on account of slack period at 
 lace mill. 
 
 « Wages for July, 1908-February, 1909, 
 were for work in garment factories. 
 
 * Proceeds from sale of chickens. 
 
 * "As far as saving is concerned, 1908 was a 
 lost year. The chickens helped to make ends 
 meet; used eggs for food. Sold the chickens 
 and the run for $30, — $5 of which I invested 
 in rabbits and a small nm." 
 
 8 Includes feed for chickens and rabbits, 
 and the $5 invested in rabbits, 
 f Time lost on account of strike. 
 *Thi8 amovmt was received from tmion; 
 
 part of it was "strike pay," and part was 
 payment for services rendered to imion. 
 « In Arizona. 
 
 10 Unemployed. 
 
 11 Receipts from poultry-raising project in 
 Arizona. Miss N.'s partners furmshed her 
 with board and lodging, and also supplied 
 chickens and chicken feed. Upon leaving 
 Arizona Miss N. received one-third of the 
 chickens as her share. These she sold for 
 $28.73. The $46.73 represents the proceeds 
 from the sale of chickens, plus board and 
 lodging in Arizona, which were reckoned as 
 the equivalent of an income of $3 per week. 
 
 12 Includes ticket to and from Arizona. 
 
OF KENSINGTON, PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 189 
 
 INCOME. 
 
 Two Years (52 Weeks, ob 364 Days, Each) and Nine Weeks, January 1, 1913- 
 
 March 2, 1915, Actually Recorded Income. 
 
 Amounts are recorded for weekly pay intervals. In date column is indicated the first day of 
 
 each fourth week. 
 
 January 1, 1913- 
 December 30, 1913, Wages. 
 
 Date. 
 
 Amount. 
 
 December 31, 1913- 
 December 29, 1914, Wages. 
 
 December 30, 1914- 
 March 2, 1915, Wages. 
 
 Date. 
 
 Amount. 
 
 Date. 
 
 Amount. 
 
 Jan. 1, 1913 
 
 Jan. 29 
 
 Feb. 26 
 
 Mar. 26 
 
 April 23 
 
 May 21 
 
 June 18 
 
 July 16 
 
 Aug. 13 
 
 Sept. 10 
 
 Oct. 8 
 
 Nov. 5 
 
 Dec. 3 
 
 6.90 
 
 8.18 
 
 11.93 
 
 12.14 
 
 9.76 
 
 11.06 
 
 8.77 
 
 9.25 
 
 8.29 
 
 9.58 
 
 10.51 
 
 10.15 
 
 10.41 
 
 8.82 
 
 8.44 
 
 10.07 
 
 12.13 
 
 12.41 
 
 12.33 
 
 12.55 
 
 .91 
 
 5.00 
 
 8.80 
 
 7.72 
 
 8.75 
 
 .56 
 
 9.75 
 
 7.07 
 
 7.59 
 
 4.90 
 
 8.56 
 5.38 
 4.53 
 5.17 
 5.38 
 6.80 
 4.46 
 7.22 
 6.40 
 4.36 
 5.77 
 10.07 
 8.92 
 7.65 
 .84 
 6.37 
 8.38 
 9.08 
 6.53 
 
 Dec. 31, 1913. 
 Jan. 28,1914, 
 Feb. 25...;.. 
 
 Mar. 25 
 
 April 22 
 
 May 20 
 
 June 17 
 
 July 15 
 
 Aug. 12 
 
 Sept. 9 
 
 Oct. 7 
 
 Nov. 4 
 
 Dec. 2 
 
 4.49* 
 7.01 
 
 3.90« 
 
 4.65 
 
 1.05 
 
 18.22? 
 
 Dec. 30, 1914. 
 
 Jan. 27, 1915. 
 
 $ 9.00» 
 9.00 
 9.00 
 4.50 
 
 12.60") 
 
 Feb. 24. 
 
 Total wages . . 
 Income from 
 other sources. 
 
 $44.10 
 .27" 
 
 Total income 
 
 $44.37 
 
 Total wages . . . . 
 Income from 
 other sources . 
 
 $386.60 
 
 $270.69 
 16.608 
 
 Total income . 
 
 $386.60 
 
 $287.29 
 
 > Vacation, 2 weeks. ^ m. 
 » Left mill Aug. 19, 1914. Unemployed for 
 8 weeks. 
 
 * Returned to mill for 2 weeks. 
 6 Unemployed. 
 
 • Clerical work, 3 weeks. 
 
 "> Commission paid by publishing house for 
 subscriptions. 
 
 'Profit on. jellies. $9.90; gift from father, 
 $2; payment for services rendered to union, 
 $4.70. 
 
 "Work for woman's organization, 3J^ 
 
 10 Work for Bible House. 
 
 " Old car fare e xchange tickets cashed in. 
 
190 
 
 BUDGETS OF FAMILIES AND INDIVIDUALS 
 
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OF KENSINGTON, PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 191 
 
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192 
 
 BUDGETS OF FAMILIES AND INDIVIDUALS 
 
 year. The following is her statement with regard to her savings 
 account, early in 1915: ''Winding up with January, I have in bank 
 now $145, and on hand, $15. Besides this I have $50 out at six 
 pfer cent, interest, which will be due next summer." 
 
 WAGES. 
 One Year, 1913. 
 
 C^ART ^Z 
 
 A 
 
 A 
 
 
 
 — 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 V-s 
 
 /^ 
 
 
 
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 \ 
 
 K 
 
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 %7!^Ar./ ^^Af.t» A^rauae y^^ttft A^/rn A*Ar^/ yr^fAftta ^Mr/t «**Bvj se^rlm «crA /t^atts Arc.^f 
 
 INDIVIDUAL NO. 3. 
 
 Type and Occupation. — This is the budget of Miss D., an un- 
 married woman of forty years. Born in the north of Ireland, she 
 has lived in this country since her childhood. Miss D. boards with 
 strangers, and leads an entirely independent life. She is an active 
 .member of the United Presbyterian church, and her social interests 
 are confined almost exclusively to church activities. Miss D. has 
 been employed as an ingrain carpet weaver in the Kensington mills 
 for twenty-seven years, and has acquired the reputation among 
 manufacturers of being one of the most efficient weavers in the 
 carpet industry in Kensington. 
 
 The Account. — The tables for this budget give Miss D.'s bi-weekly 
 wages for four years (March 24, 1911-March 18, 1915), — the entire 
 time that she has been with the firm that now employs her. Her 
 expenditures are recorded in detail for one year (October 31, 1913- 
 October 29, 1914); in addition, a list of all of her large items of 
 expenditure is given for the five and one-half years preceding the 
 year of the detailed account. 
 
 Income. — Ingrain carpet weaving is paid for on a definite piece- 
 work scale, ranging from three and three-quarters cents to five 
 cents per yard, according to the grade of the carpet woven. Samples 
 are paid for at the rate of six cents per yard. For the four years 
 for which Miss D.'s income is recorded, her average weekly earnings 
 were $8.11, $9.05, $8.39, and $6.78, respectively. Miss D. states 
 
OF KENSINGTON, PHILADELPHIA. 193 
 
 that, owing to slack seasons, her yearly earnings have been con- 
 siderably lower in recent years than they were when she started 
 in as a weaver. ''In the late eighties," she says, " there was seldom 
 a slack season." The first year after she became a weaver, she 
 earned over $500, but she has never earned so much since that year. 
 In addition to slack seasons, a factor which operates at present, to a 
 slight extent, in lowering the wages of women weavers, is the new 
 state law (in effect, November, 1913) reducing the number of their 
 hours of work from sixty to fifty-four and three-quarters, per week. 
 For the last of the four years of this account, Miss D.'s total earnings 
 amounted only to $352.76. 
 
 Clothing. — Miss D. spends an unusually small amount for cloth- 
 ing, though she is always dressed neatly. Her total clothing 
 expenditure for six years (April 1, 1908-March 31, 1914) was only 
 $150.50. She buys her clothes ready-made or else has them made 
 by a dressmaker; she never makes them herself. With regard to her 
 clothing expenditure she says (fall of 1914): "I do not buy many 
 clothes, dress plainly, and am not particular about being in the 
 height of fashion. My underclothing is of the plainest kind, and 
 not expensive, excepting my woolen underwear which I wear in 
 winter, which costs $4 per set. I have bought two sets since 1908. 
 I had a lot of clothing on my return from Ireland (1908), which 
 was not much worn there, and consequently I did not buy much 
 for a year after returning here." 
 
 Church; Gifts. — Church contributions and gifts (principally to 
 relatives) make up a large proportion of Miss D.'s expenditures. 
 Every year she sends money to a sister in Ireland, and she frequently 
 helps other relatives. She brought up a sister's son, paying for his 
 board from his seventh to his seventeenth year. "I wanted to 
 make a scholar of him, — a minister," she said to the investigator, 
 ''but he did not have a taste for study." Miss D. finally appren- 
 ticed him to a jeweler, for $1.50 a week, and he is now a successful 
 manufacturer and repairer of jewelry. Miss D. spent nearly $1,000 
 in bringing up this nephew, — this amount including his expenses 
 on a trip to Ireland which he took with her in his ninth year. 
 
 Savings and Investments. — With regard to saving. Miss D. says: 
 "All the money I have ever handled has been of my own earning, 
 with the exception of a small legacy of $100 left to me by an uncle 
 more than twenty years ago. Since I first started to earn money 
 for myself, I have been more or less connected with some building 
 society. I have taken shares at various times, and withdrew them 
 when I needed money." 
 
194 BUDGETS OF FAMILIES AND INDIVIDUALS 
 
 During the period covered by the account for this study, Miss D. 
 has been paying off the mortgage on a house which she bought 
 through a building and loan association. The following is her 
 statement with regard to this investment (January 1, 1915): ''On 
 November 16, 1903, I took out five shares in a building and loan 
 association. Dues on these shares amounted to $5 per month, 
 or $1 per share per month. This amount I paid on these shares 
 for one year and eleven months, which made $155 I had thus far 
 paid as dues. In October, 1905, I borrowed $1,000 on these five 
 shares, the building association loaning me $200 per share. This 
 $1,000, together with $450 of my own saving, I invests in a small 
 house, the total price of which was $1,450. Beginning with October, 
 1905, 1 have been paying back this loan to the building association 
 in installments of $10 per month. I receive from this investment 
 $13 per month, or $156 per year. This amount I have received for 
 nine years, or a total of $1,404.'* 
 
 The $13 per month which Miss D. receives as rent from this 
 house, has so far just about paid for taxes, water rent, and building 
 association dues. Repairs have had to be paid for out of Miss 
 D.'s wages. The following are the items of expense which she had 
 in connection with this investment during the nine years, October 
 1, 1905-September 30, 1914: 
 
 INVESTMENT ACCOUNT, NINE YEARS, OCTOBER 1, 1905- 
 SEPTEMBER 30, 1914. 
 
 Expenses. 
 
 Taxes, $19.50 per year for nine years % 175.50 
 
 Water rent, $9 per year for nine years 81.00 
 
 Conveyancing at time of making purchase 36.15 
 
 Fire insurance premium 5.00 
 
 Painting house three times 79.00 
 
 Paperhanging 71.00 
 
 Putting on new roof 26.00 
 
 Putting in new range and boiler 65.00 
 
 Plumbing 80.40 
 
 Building back shed 70.00 
 
 Putting on new front door 14.00 
 
 Carpenter's work 11.85 
 
 Total expenses $ 714.90 
 
 Paid on loan to building association during nine years 1,080.00 
 
 Total outlay in connection with investment during nine years . $1,794.90 
 
 Total rent received from investment during nine years 1,404.00 
 
 Balance of expenses paid out of savings during nine years . . . .$ 390.90 
 
OP KENSINGTON, PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 195 
 
 INCOME. 
 
 Four Years (52 Weeks, or 364 Days, Each), March 24, 1911-March 18, 1915, Actually Re- 
 corded Income. 
 
 Amovnts are recorded for bi-weekly pay intervals. In date column is indicated the first day of 
 
 each fourth week. 
 
 March 24, 1911- 
 March 21, 1912, Wages. 
 
 March 22, 1912- 
 March 20, 1913, Wages. 
 
 March 21, 1913- 
 March 19, 1914, Wages. 
 
 March 20, 1914- 
 March 18, 1915, Wages. 
 
 Date. 
 
 a 
 < 
 
 Date. 
 
 1 
 
 < 
 
 Date. 
 
 a 
 
 Date. 
 
 1 
 
 < 
 
 Mar. 24, 1911. 
 
 S 11.59 
 
 Mar. 22, 1912. 
 
 $ 18.85 
 
 Mar. 21, 1913. 
 
 $ 17.55 
 
 Mar. 20, 1914. 
 
 $ 10.50 
 
 
 19.15 
 
 
 28.16 
 
 
 5.54 
 
 
 16.82 
 
 AprU 21 
 
 
 AprU 19 
 
 20.11 
 
 April 18 
 
 11.39 
 
 April 17 
 
 11.20 
 
 
 6.30 
 
 
 21.16 
 
 
 19.46 
 
 
 13.59 
 
 May 19 
 
 6.25 
 
 May 17 
 
 23.33 
 
 May 16 
 
 18.09 
 
 May 15 
 
 18.04 
 
 
 17.50 
 
 
 13.38 
 
 
 23.24 
 
 
 13.82 
 
 June 16 
 
 23.22 
 
 June 14 
 
 23.98 
 
 June 13 
 
 18.98 
 
 June 12 
 
 17.89 
 
 
 23.33 
 
 
 24.02 
 
 
 22.81 
 
 
 21.22 
 
 July 14 
 
 13.73 
 
 July 12 
 
 17.47 
 
 Jub 11 
 
 17.42 
 
 July 10 
 
 16.73 
 
 
 24.29 
 
 
 23.53 
 
 
 25.47 
 
 
 23.04 
 
 Aug. 11 
 
 23.27 
 
 Aug. 9 
 
 18.72 
 
 Aug. 8 
 
 19.98 
 
 Aug. 7 
 
 18.17 
 
 
 20.70 
 
 
 21.85 
 
 
 23.68 
 
 
 23.26 
 
 Sept. 8 
 
 23.21 
 
 Sept. 6 
 
 17.85 
 
 Sept. 5 
 
 16.84 
 
 Sept. 4 
 
 18.90 
 
 % 
 
 12.45 
 
 
 18.82 
 
 
 21.65 
 
 
 
 Oct. 6 
 
 10.78 
 
 Oct. 4 
 
 22.11 
 
 Oct. 3 
 
 15.22 
 
 Oct. 2 
 
 5.7 
 
 
 11.99 
 
 
 2.50 
 
 
 8.89 
 
 
 9.12 
 
 Nov. 3 
 
 14.05 
 
 Nov. 1 
 
 5.22 
 
 Oct. 31 
 
 6.40 
 
 Oct.- 30 
 
 2.93 
 
 
 21.73 
 
 
 4.21 
 
 
 9.19 
 
 
 9.42 
 
 Dec. 1 
 
 17.84 
 
 Nov. 29 
 
 6.95 
 
 Nov. 28 
 
 17.55 
 
 Nov. 27 
 
 5.76 
 
 
 19.05 
 
 
 19.26 
 
 
 23.00 
 
 
 15.28 
 
 Dec. 29 
 
 18.95 
 
 Dec. 27 
 
 18.35 
 
 Dec. 26 
 
 16.83 
 
 Dec. 25 
 
 14.07 
 
 
 18.30 
 
 
 17.66 
 
 
 15.79 
 
 
 11.21 
 
 Jan. 26, 1912. 
 
 18.72 
 
 Jan. 24,1913. 
 
 23.05 
 
 Jan. 23, 1914. 
 
 19.02 
 
 Jan. 22,1915. 
 
 11.21 
 
 
 16.58 
 
 
 23.33 
 
 
 20.55 
 
 
 18.67 
 
 Feb. 23 
 
 11.07 
 
 Feb. 21 
 
 19.22 
 
 Feb. 20 
 
 13.39 
 
 Feb. 19 
 
 12.50 
 
 
 17.71 
 
 
 17.72 
 
 
 8.34 
 
 
 13.65 
 
 
 $421.76 
 
 $470.81 
 
 $436.27 
 
 $352.76 
 
 The final payment on the mortgage against the house was made 
 just before the close of the period of this account. The following 
 is Miss D.'s statement at the close of the period (March 18, 1915), 
 with regard to her investment: "The payments on my house ended 
 
196 
 
 BUDGETS OF FAMILIES AND INDIVIDUALS 
 
 with the payment I made to the building association on the mort- 
 gage, March 15, 1915. My house is now clear. The series of 
 stock in the building association on which my loan was drawn, 
 matured two months sooner than I expected, so the March pay- 
 ment ended my indebtedness to the association. The series I 
 refer to matured in eleven years and five months. Altogether I 
 repaid to the association for the loan of $1,000 on my house, $1,255, 
 which was $255 interest.'' 
 
 WAGES. 
 
 One Year, 1911-1912. 
 
 
 c///7/?r ^s • 
 
 ^ 
 
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 / 
 
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 *^v ^^^at /^ytrra ^ji^Afg/t •^ui.r'y -tt/e// Ssfire OCT& /vok'^3 a£c / £>£c e3 •^'f^^i ^^£0 >eJ 
 
 
 One Year, 1912-1913. 
 
 CHART ^9 
 
 A 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 /^i/6S -je^n OCT 9 /yorf 
 
 /a/s 
 
OF KENSINGTON, PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 197 
 
 Miss D. has no other investment or savings account at present. 
 She says (March 18, 1915): ''I had a bank account of over $400 
 in December, 1908, on my return from Ireland, but I have drawn 
 on this from time to time, and have not been able to renew it. At 
 present I have nothing in the bank, but have about $60 in cash on 
 hand." 
 
 One Year, 1913-1914. 
 
 One Year. 1914-1915. 
 
198 BUDGETS OF FAMILIES AND INDIVIDUALS 
 
 EXPENDITURES: LARGE ITEMS. 
 
 Six Years, April 1, 1908-March 31, 1914, Actually Recorded 
 Expenditures. 
 
 Trip to Ireland, May, 1908 $300.00 
 
 Physician's bills, April 1, 1910-March 31, 1913 125.00 
 
 Special donation to church building fund, April, 1910 20.00 
 
 Dentist's bill, April, 1913 25.00 
 
 Ocuhst's bill, for operation on eye, April, 1913 10.00 
 
 Eyeglasses, April, 1913 12.00 
 
 Sent to sister in Ireland at different times since 1908 160.00 
 
 Clothing, April 1, 1908-March 31, 1914: 
 
 Suit $10.00 * 
 
 Suit 15.00 
 
 Suit 15.00 
 
 Suit 20.00 
 
 Hat 6.00 
 
 Hat 6.00 
 
 Hat 4.50 
 
 Hat 3.50 
 
 Hat made over 3.00 
 
 Shoes, 5 prs. @ $3.50 17.50 
 
 Woolen underwear, 2 sets 8.00 
 
 Underskirts, 2 @ $3.00 6.00 
 
 Clothing not itemized 36.00 150.50 
 
 $802.50 
 
 CLOTHING FOR ONE YEAR, OCTOBER 31, 1913-OCTOBER 29, 1914. 
 
 Hat, homemade $ 1.25 Muslin 15 
 
 Hat (summer) 5.00 Flannel for nightgowns 1.50 
 
 Hat (fall) 5.00 Nightgown 50 
 
 Hat band 10 CoUars (5) 1.25 
 
 Flowers for hat 25 Notions 51 
 
 Shirt waists (4) 5.25 Material for aprons 54 
 
 Coat lining 1.50 Shoes (1 ijr.) 4.00 
 
 Dress lining 27 Shoe repairs 1.15 
 
 Ruching 10 Shoe laces 04 
 
 Underwear 1.50 Stockings (7 prs.) 1.75 
 
 Corsets (1 pr.) 1.00 Rubbers 65 
 
 Corset steel 15 Belt pin 25 
 
 Corset cover 50 
 
 Underskirt 1.00 $35.16 
 
 RECREATION FOR ONE YEAR, OCTOBER 31, 1913-OCTOBER 29, 1914. 
 
 Church socials $ .85 Entertaining fiiends 1.60 
 
 Receptions to pastor (2) 1.50 Moving pictures 10 
 
 Church suppers 1.95 Vacation at Wildwood and Cape IMaj- . . 10.90 
 
 Church fair 1.00 
 
 Church entertainments 75 $19.35 
 
 Sunday _school picnic 70 
 
OF KENSINGTON, PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 199 
 
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200 BUDGETS OF FAMILIES AND INDIVIDUALS 
 
 INDIVIDUAL NO. 4. 
 
 Type and Occupation. — This is the budget of Miss V., an un- 
 married woman of forty-two years, who came to this country from 
 the north of Ireland when she was a young girl. Miss V. boards 
 with a sister. Like Miss D. (Individual No. 3), she is an active 
 member of the United Presbjrterian church, and her social interests 
 are largely confined to church activities. Miss V. has been an 
 ingrain carpet weaver in the Kensington mills for twenty-nine years. 
 
 The Account. — The tables for this budget give Miss V.'s bi-weekly 
 wages for four years (July 14, 1911- July 8, 1915), — th^ entire time 
 that she has been with the firm that now employs her. Her 
 expenditures are recorded in detail for one year (October 3, 1913- 
 October 1, 1914). 
 
 Income. — For the four years for which her income is recorded, 
 Miss V.'s average weekly earnings were $7.42, $6.08, $6.27, and 
 $3.62, respectively. She lost six weeks during the second year, 
 and fourteen weeks during the fourth year, on account of illness. 
 For each of the two years, however, in which she lost no time on 
 account of illness, her yearly wages were below $400. As stated on 
 page 193, slack seasons have been the chief cause of the low yearly 
 earnings of ingrain carpet weavers in recent years. The state law 
 (in effect, November, 1913) reducing the number of the hours of 
 work of women workers from sixty to fifty-four and three-quarters, 
 per week, has also had some effect in lowering the wages of women 
 weavers. 
 
 Clothing. — Miss V.'s clothing expenditure for the year of her 
 expenditure account, was $35.15. She makes most of her own 
 dresses, coats, and underwear, and makes over her hats. 
 
 Church. — Church contributions are the most striking item in this 
 budget. They amounted to $34.73 for the year of the account, 
 and comprised 11.19 per cent, of Miss V.'s total expenditures. 
 
 Savings and Investments. — Miss V. has been careful to save and 
 to invest her money. She owns eighty shares of Union Traction 
 stock, and has over $1,000 out at interest. Her income from 
 investments for the year 1913 was as follows: 
 
 Union Traction stock, 80 shares $240.00 
 
 In bank, $794 @ 3.65 per cent 28.98 
 
 Loan to uncle, $300 @ 6 per cent 18.00 
 
 $286.98 
 
OF KENSINGTON, PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 201 
 
 INCOME. 
 
 Four Years (52 Weeks, or 364 Days, Each), July 14, 1911-July 8,1915, Actually Recorded 
 
 Income. 
 
 Amounts are recorded for bi-weekly pay intervals. In date column is indicated the first day of 
 
 each fourth week. 
 
 July 14, 1911- 
 July 11, 1912, Wages. 
 
 Date. 
 
 July 12, 1912- 
 July 10, 1913, Wages. 
 
 Date. 
 
 July 11, 1913- 
 July 9, 1914, Wages. 
 
 Date. 
 
 July 10, 1914- 
 July 8, 1915, Wages. 
 
 Date. 
 
 July 14,1911. 
 
 Aug. 11 
 
 Sept. 8 
 
 Oct. 6 
 
 Nov. 3 
 
 Dec. 1 
 
 Dec. 29 
 
 Jan. 26, 1912 
 
 Feb.; 23 
 
 Mar. 22 
 
 April 19 
 
 May 17 
 
 June 14 
 
 $11.07 
 
 17.89 
 
 18.60 
 
 23.31 
 
 15.79 
 
 15.32 
 
 6.75 
 
 7.94 
 
 18.82 
 
 11.23 
 
 17.00 
 
 4.931 
 
 12.92 
 
 19.28 
 13.74 
 11.46 
 22.77 
 14.42 
 21.02 
 13.82 
 16.76 
 18.32 
 15.21 
 18.40 
 19.05 
 
 July 12, 1912 
 
 Aug. 9 
 
 Sept. 6 
 
 Oct. 4 
 
 Nov. 1 
 
 Nov. 29 
 
 Dec. 27 
 
 Jan. 24, 1913 
 
 Feb. 21 
 
 Mar. 21 
 
 AprU18 
 
 May 16 
 
 Jime 13 
 
 $13.19 
 
 6.40 
 18.88 
 18.63 
 
 9.58 
 
 5.49 
 
 4.10 
 14.15 
 17.91 
 16.65 
 16.87 
 22.58 
 20.37 
 17.83 
 17.23 
 
 7.03 
 14.51 
 14.91 
 
 5.65 
 17.22 
 20.43 
 16.52 
 
 July 11,1913. 
 
 Aug. 8 
 
 Sept. 5 
 
 Oct. 3 
 
 Oct. 31 
 
 Nov. 28 
 
 Dec. 26 
 
 Jan. 23, 1914 
 
 Feb. 20 
 
 Mar. 20 
 
 April 17 
 
 May 15 
 
 June 12 
 
 $16.34 
 
 20.97 
 
 23.81 
 
 8.274 
 
 11.92 
 
 18.34 
 
 2.50 
 
 5.71 
 
 2.65 
 
 16.82 
 
 16.31 
 
 15.06 
 
 11.42 
 
 18.99 
 
 17.23 
 
 18.18 
 
 6.44 
 
 5.13« 
 
 11.90 
 
 5.75 
 
 12.85 
 
 17.20 
 
 5.90 
 
 19.16 
 
 18.05 
 
 July 10, 1914 
 Aug. 7 
 
 Sept. 4 
 
 • 
 
 Oct. 2 
 
 Oct. 30 
 
 Nov. 27 
 
 Dec. 25 
 
 Jan. 22,1915 
 
 Feb. 19 
 
 Mar. 19 
 
 April 16 
 
 May 14 
 
 Jime 11 
 
 $8,797 
 
 5.628 
 
 18.70 
 
 19.25 
 
 15.27« 
 
 5.53» 
 
 5.62 
 
 7.59 
 
 3.19 
 
 6.01 
 
 5.01 
 
 16.48 
 
 6.13 
 
 8.37 
 
 14.35 
 
 11.07 
 
 16.20 
 
 15.00 
 
 $385.82 
 
 $316.13 
 
 $325.90 
 
 $188.18 
 
 1 On account of death of brother, stayed at 
 home till new year. 
 
 2 111 for 6 weeks. 
 
 ' No work on account of slack season. 
 
 ♦Amount earned before taking vacation; 
 spent 1 week at Ocean Grove. 
 
 5 Spent 2 weeks in the country. 
 
 •Slack work; went to the country for 1 
 week. 
 
 ^Amoimt earned before taking vacation 
 of 2 weeks (July 1-14) at Asbury Park. 
 
 8 Amoimt earned after returning from vaca- 
 tion at Asbury Park. 
 
 » Stock taking and slack work. 
 
 1" 111 for remainder of period. 
 
WAGES. 
 One Year, 1911-1912. 
 
 
 
 
 CHART 3^ 
 
 1 
 
 JO 
 
 
 A 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 A 
 
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 y-nv^.&i ^^Jf./a j^/tr/7 •JT/vs/f 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 One Year, 1912-1913 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^s 
 
 CHART 33 
 
 
 J- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 A 
 
 
 
 
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 ^ 
 
 
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 r/^ ^i>e.a •se^Te acrv yvo^./ ^ym^-^s ctecJ?T >r/jA/.£f^£a.£/ ^i^/fg/ ^f>^^ y^'^>'^i> ■/■ez/^e/s 
 
 One Year, 1913-1914. 
 
OF KENSINGTON, PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 203 
 
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 14 
 
204 BUDGETS OF FAMILIES AND INDIVIDUALS 
 
 CLOTmNG FOR ONE YEAR, OCTOBER 3, 1913-OCTOBER 1, 1914. 
 
 Waist $ .89 Gloves 54 
 
 Skirt materal 1.75 Neckwear and belts 60 
 
 Waist material 1.32 Leggings 69 
 
 Dress material 7.00 Corsets .50 
 
 Coat material 2.50 Apron .20 
 
 Trimmings and linings 2.30 Notions 1.03 
 
 Hat shapes and repairing 1.24 Umbrella 1.50 
 
 Hat trimmings 1.67 Umbrella repaired 40 
 
 Shoes (2 prs.) 5.00 Parasol 69 
 
 Shoe repairs 2.35 Hand bag repaired 10 
 
 Stockings 1.40 
 
 Underwear 1 .24 $35.15 
 
 Underwear material 24 
 
 INDIVIDUAL NO. 5. 
 
 Type and Occupation. — This is the budget of Miss B., the older 
 daughter in the family (Family No. 7) whose budget is given on 
 pages 57-61. The family was broken up by the mother's death 
 in January, 1914. In the latter part of the following March the 
 younger daughter married, and she and her husband bought the 
 home. Miss B. then rented the second story front room of her 
 sister, with the privilege of cooking her meals in the kitchen, and 
 since that time she has lived independently, in her sister's house, 
 supporting herself from her earnings as a necktie finisher in a 
 downtown factory. 
 
 The Account. — The tables for this budget give Miss B.'s income 
 and expenditures for one year (April 3, 1914-April 1, 1915) since 
 she began to live independently. (The account here presented 
 is that designated on page 58 as Account No. 3 of Family No. 7.) 
 
 Cost of Furnishing Room. — At the time of their mother's death 
 the daughters received $290 insurance. They spent $190 of this 
 upon the funeral, and divided the remainder equally between 
 themselves. With her share of $50, Miss B. bought the following 
 articles of furniture, in order to fit up her room to serve as a sitting 
 room, as well as a bedroom: 
 
 Davenport $22.50 
 
 Rug 14.00 . 
 
 Table 10.00 
 
 Cretonne for pillows 1.25 
 
 Framing pictures, etc 2.25 
 
 $50.00 
 
 Income. — Necktie finishers are paid a piecework wage of twenty- 
 five cents or thirty cents per dozen ties finished, according to the 
 quality of the tie. During the year of the account. Miss B. lost 
 much time on account of slack seasons and on account of illness. 
 Even when she works full time, her earnings are small. The 
 
OF KENSINGTON, PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 205 
 
 following is her own explanation of some of the difficulties en- 
 countered in her work during the period of the account: ''My 
 work is very trying this season. The styles of the ties are such 
 that it is almost impossible to get them right, and they must be 
 just so. About three weeks ago I had three dozen ties, a style we 
 do not make, but the girls who do make them had more than they 
 could do; so we had to help out. They were returned three times 
 before I could get them to suit. It took me just fourteen hours to 
 do them, and then I earned seventy-five cents. I didn't mind not 
 making so much, but the awful strain. These are some of the 
 things we come up against." Miss B.'s earnings for the entire year 
 were only $343.20. 
 
 Food; Clothing. — By doing her own cooking. Miss B. keeps down 
 the cost of her food to a low figure. Her food expenditure for the 
 year averaged only $1.71 per week. Miss B. also does her own 
 dressmaking. She spent but $28.68 during the year for clothing. 
 
 INCOME. 
 
 One Year (52 Weeks or 364 Days), April 3, 1914-April 1, 1915, Actually 
 Recorded Income. 
 
 Amounts are recorded for weekly pay intervals. In date column is indicated the first day of 
 
 each fourth week. 
 
 Wages. 
 
 Wages. 
 
 Wages. 
 
 Date. 
 
 Amount. 
 
 Date. 
 
 Amount. 
 
 Date. 
 
 Amount. 
 
 April 3, 1914 
 
 $ 8.52 
 6.80 
 4.65 
 4.60 
 8.55 
 7.10 
 6.23 
 6.23 
 7.44 
 4.00 
 
 1 
 
 4.43 
 4.35 
 
 2 
 
 6.05 
 
 7.12 
 
 12.003 
 
 12.003 
 
 Aug. 7,1914.... 
 Aug. 21 
 
 $11,603 
 10.663 
 9.263 
 3.46* 
 3.70 
 4.85 
 8.81 
 
 11.183 
 10.013 
 
 10.76 
 10.53 
 11.75 
 11.95 
 11.32 
 11.43 
 10.60 
 8.05 
 3.885 
 
 Dec. 11, 1914.... 
 
 Jan. 8, 1915 
 
 Feb. 5 
 
 5 
 
 $2 82 
 
 May 1 
 
 Sept. 18 
 
 .905 
 1.805 
 2.836 
 
 May 29 
 
 Oct. 16 
 
 8.17 
 9.23 
 
 
 Mar 5 
 
 10.103 
 
 7.80 
 
 June 26 
 
 Nov 13 
 
 5.98* 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 3.155 
 8.60 
 
 
 
 7.95 
 
 T 1 O. 
 
 July 24 
 
 $343.20 
 
 
 1 No work on account of slack season. 
 
 2 Vacation. 
 
 3 Includes night work. 
 
 * Slack season. 
 
 5 111. 
 
 Church and Charity; Car Fare; Recreation. — Miss B. is a member 
 of the Church of God denomination. Contributions to church 
 and to charity comprised 10.77 per cent, of her total expenditures 
 during the year. Car fare comprised 10.69 per cent, of her total 
 expenditures, and the expenditures under this heading consisted 
 
206 
 
 BUDGETS OF FAMILIES AND INDIVIDUALS 
 
 largely of ''car fare to church," and ''car fare for visiting the sick." 
 In response to a request for an explanation of the amounts entered 
 as "carfare for visiting the sick," Miss B. says: "I have been on 
 tjie Flower Committee of the Christian Endeavor Society for many 
 years, and when it is too far to walk, or I am too tired, I ride, but 
 I have never asked for one penny toward paying car fare. I love 
 to do it, and so long as I can afford it, I will do it." Even the 
 expenditures entered in Miss B.'s budget under the heading Recre- 
 ation, might almost as well, in many instances, be classed as charity, 
 since such expenditures were frequently for little trips on which 
 Miss B. took convalescents for outings during the sunwner. 
 
 WAGES. 
 One Year, 1914-1915. 
 
 CH^RT sSS 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 ^1 
 
 
 f\y- 
 
 
 \ 
 
 
 
 
 
 \j 
 
 \^ 
 
 \ 
 
 / 
 
 
 \ / 
 
 / 
 
 
 \ 
 
 
 / 
 
 \ 
 
 I 
 
 ^~J 
 
 
 V 
 
 / 
 
 
 w 
 
 
 
 \ 
 
 A, 
 
 J 
 
 \ 
 
 1 
 
 ^>^j /v/«>-/ /~iAf^a '/I'/veajfi.re'^ ^vs^/ •s£/>r/a ocr/e av*'/j oec 
 
 
 CLOTHING FOR ONE YEAR, 
 
 Frame for hat % .45 
 
 Flowers for hat 10 
 
 Ribbon for hats 1.09 
 
 Velvet for hat (1 yd.) 1.25 
 
 Trimming for hat 20 
 
 Lining for hat 20 
 
 Hat shape 95 
 
 Trimming for hat .91 
 
 Waist 50 
 
 Waist material 58 
 
 Lace and buttons 57 
 
 Lace for waist 32 
 
 Ruching 50 
 
 SUk 1.60 
 
 Lace for dresses 1.24 
 
 Velvet and lining 18 
 
 Shields for dresses 50 
 
 Ratine 1.25 
 
 Collars and cuffs 50 
 
 Lace for collars 75 
 
 RECREATION FOR ONE YEAR, APRIL 
 3, 1914-APRIL 1, 1915. 
 
 Trips to Willow Grove and the park $ 2.90 
 
 Trips to near-by places 4.35 
 
 Lawn f6te 50 
 
 Vacation at Asbury Park 8.75 
 
 $16.50 
 
 APRIL 3, 1914-APRIL 1, 1915. 
 
 Coat lining 21 
 
 Notions 95 
 
 Pattern 15 
 
 Dye 10 
 
 Belting 93 
 
 Neckties 50 
 
 Gloves (3 pra.) 1.27 
 
 Veiling 19 
 
 Shoes (3 prs.) 4.90 
 
 Shoe repairs 75 
 
 Stockings . . . : 91 
 
 Corsets (1 pr.) 1.00 
 
 Corset covers 75 
 
 Crgpe for underwear 1.25 
 
 Ribbon 23 
 
 Handkerchiefs 50 
 
 Aprons. 40 
 
 Repairing pin 05 
 
 $28.68 
 
 CHURCH FOR ONE YEAR, APRIL 3, 
 1914-APRIL 1, 191S. 
 
 Offerings, etc $12.30 
 
 Sunday school 3.26 
 
 Missions 3.55 
 
 Donation to pastor 1.00 
 
 Interest fund 2.00 
 
 $22.11 
 
OF KENSINGTON, PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 207 
 
 
 
 aoo 
 
 3<N 
 
 O 
 >. 
 
 ■^ p. 
 
 
 oo»ctoec»ct>.o I eooO'-<eoo<N 
 
 O --H 00 CO iC O t>. 00 (NCOOOO«001^ 
 
 SI 
 
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 g^ 
 
 
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 "i-ico 
 
 OO'-H MM-* 
 
 od rj; 
 
 
 Is - 
 
 ■ o 
 
 w OOJo 
 
 oooo 
 
 6d 
 
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 1l 
 
 .§••11 
 
 s"8 
 
 111 
 
 
 T3 
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 a 3 
 
 O 0) 
 
 ill 
 
 — -< w 
 
 » 
 
208 BUDGETS OF FAMILIES AND INDIVIDUALS 
 
 CHARITY FOR ONE YEAR, APRIL 3, 1914-APRIL 1, 1915. 
 
 For the sick ^ $ .85 Cake for church 25 
 
 Money to the poor 3.57 Eggs for Sunday school picnic 58 
 
 Coal for a poor family 2.75 
 
 Billy Sunday campaign 25 $ 8.25 
 
 • 
 
 GIFTS FOR ONE YEAR, APRIL 3, 1914-APRIL 1, 1915. 
 
 Easter eggs and rabbits $ .89 Toy 10 
 
 Birthday presents 1.19 Silk tie 25 
 
 Candy for children 80 Chiistmas presents 8.40 
 
 Game for children 25 
 
 Toy boat .10 $11.98 
 
 INDIVIDUAL NO. 6. 
 
 Type and Occupation. — This is the budget of Miss %.., a young 
 woman who has succeeded in breaking away from mill work. 
 Miss A. is twenty-seven years old. She was born and reared in 
 Kensington, and worked in a lace mill in that district for two years. 
 
 When the account for this study was begun, in January, 1913, 
 Miss A. was a stenographer for a Philadelphia electrical firm, 
 receiving a salary of $10 per week. Jn the spring of 1913 she was 
 offered the position of stenographer and assistant to the general 
 secretary, with the Young Women's Christian Association in another 
 city, at a salary of $45 per month, with table board, reckoned 
 at $3.50 per week. Miss A. spent her vacation (May 31- June 6) 
 at this Young Women's Christian Association, arid decided to 
 accept the position. She returned to Philadelphia, worked for 
 two weeks more with the electrical firm, then spent a week at home, 
 making preparations for her departure, and on June 28 left the 
 city to enter upon her new work. From June 30 through July 13 
 she was at Silver Bay, attending the Young Women's Christian 
 Association conference, her expenses being paid by the board of 
 directors of the association. On July 14 she took up her secretarial 
 duties, receiving $30 as her salary for the remainder of July. Miss A. 
 is still in this position at the close of the period of the account. 
 Following is her own story of her experiences in the various posi- 
 tions which she has held up to the present time (January, 1914): 
 
 "I started to work when I was very nearly fifteen years old. 
 I had graduated from the grammar school in June of that year, 
 and did not start to work until about November. I did not abso- 
 lutely have to go at that time, although I knew I would, some time 
 later on. At that time I worked in the decorating department 
 of a glass house, running errands, decorating fancy articles with 
 ribbon, etc., — any kind of light work which might come up, that I 
 could do. Later they tried to teach me painting on china, but 
 
OF KENSINGTON, PHILADELPHIA. 209 
 
 somehow or other, I couldn't seem to do it. I stayed here about 
 eight months; then I found work nearer home in a lace curtain 
 mill, at bonnaz operating, at which work I could also earn a great 
 deal more than in the glass house. I think I was rather more than 
 fortunate in both these places, in so far as surroundings and work 
 were concerned, — in both places the surroundings being clean and 
 cheerful, and the work light. Of course, as in every single place 
 where there are a great number of girls employed together, there 
 are bound to be both clean-minded and unclean-minded girls, 
 and while one does not have to associate with the objectionable 
 girls, one cannot help but be 'touched' by them and their morals, 
 be it ever so lightly, or sometimes to a greater degree. In the 
 glass house I earned about $3.50 per week; the work in the lace 
 curtain mill was piecework, and for the first year or so the work 
 was very regular and steady, and I could earn from $7 to $8 per 
 week. At this time (and until I was twenty-one) I gave up all 
 my earnings to my mother, receiving a weekly allowance of about 
 fifty cents pin money. Out of this I bought some of my clothing, 
 besides the little things a girl always needs. 
 
 '^I worked in the lace curtain mill about two years, and then 
 my mother sent me to a business college in the evening (while I 
 was still at the mill). This was not really a college, but just a few 
 scholars in a private house, taught by a man who had formerly 
 conducted a large college somewhere downtown, but on account of 
 failing health had to give it up, and so opened up this small school 
 in his own home. I attended here for six months, and then decided 
 (although I was not quite through my course) that I would be 
 able to secure a position myself, without the aid of the proprietor 
 of the school, who had promised to secure a position for me if I 
 would continue with him for three months longer. This I was 
 not willing to do, so I left the school and tried, by answering 
 advertisements, to secure an office position. After a time I did 
 get a position with a chemical firm in a suburb of Philadelphia. 
 While the man for whom I worked was perfectly all right, and a 
 gentleman, the place had no conveniences for a girl, it being just a 
 temporary office, the firm intending to move further into the city 
 shortly, into permanent quarters; and so, after just about a week 
 there, I left, feeling quite confident that as long as I had secured this 
 position, I would be able to secure another in a little while. 
 
 ''I found out then what a mistake I had made by not staying 
 there longer, until I had at least secured enough experience to be 
 
210 BUDGETS OF FAMILIES AND INDIVIDUALS 
 
 able to more readily take another position, because, though I tried 
 for a very long while, I could get absolutely nothing to do, and I 
 finally gave up trying. I then entered the Bell Telephone school 
 !or the training of their operators, and after four weeks in the school, 
 was placed in an exchange. I did not get along very well at this 
 work, being of too nervous a disposition. After I had been working 
 at this for a time, I was sent to a smaller exchange to take 
 the place of a girl who was ill, and after working here for 
 some weeks, I was asked if I would not take a position as night 
 operator in this same exchange. I was to have charge of the place, 
 having just one other girl working with me. I accepted this posi- 
 tion, earning at this time about $5 or $6 per week. One night each 
 week I had to go out in the suburbs to a very small exchange to 
 relieve the night operator there, at this place being all alone all 
 night. I can't remember just how long I remained in this posi- 
 tion, — perhaps a year or so; then one night in the exchange where 
 I had charge, after the girl who had always been working 
 with me had been discharged for some indiscretion, and a new, 
 young girl was on duty with me, we were badly frightened by a 
 large stone being thrown through one of the windows, — no doubt 
 done by a friend of the discharged girl merely to frighten me, 
 not to harm me otherwise; of that I am sure; but I was so badly 
 frightened that I refused to go back on duty at night again, and so 
 found myself once more without work. 
 
 *'My mother then decided the best thing to do would be to take 
 up my stenography again, and accordingly I went back to the little 
 school, — this time attending the day sessions; and after either 
 two or three months, I forget which, I was given a position with an 
 electrical firm downtown, starting at a salary of $5. The proprietor 
 of the school said I need not take the position if I did not wish, on 
 account of the small salary, but I was anxious to be working again, 
 and so accepted it. I shall never regret having taken it, because I 
 stayed there for six years, getting $10 a week when I left, which was 
 to come up here. I found the proprietor and his son, who owned this 
 electrical business, gentlemen through and through, and the kindest 
 people to work for, although the office itself, my daily environment, 
 was not all that could be desired, — in fact, it left much to be desired; 
 but as I say, I shall never regret having worked there. 
 
 "As to the difference between the above and the work I am 
 doing now, of course there is no comparison. Then I was working 
 for a man who was in business for profit; now, though I am doing 
 
OF KENSINGTON, PHILADELPHIA. 211 
 
 practically the same kind of work, I am working for a 'firm' who 
 is in business to help others, and that makes all the difference in 
 the world. My surroundings are much better now too, and through 
 my position I am meeting a nicer class of people than I had oppor- 
 tunity to do before. I am very much happier here than I have 
 been ever before." 
 
 The Account. — The tables for this budget give Miss A.'s income 
 and expenditures for fifty weeks (January 18, 1913-January 2, 
 1914). 
 
 INCOME. 
 
 Fifty Weeks, January 18, 1913-January 2, 1914, Actually Recorded Income. 
 
 Wages. 
 Electrical firm, January 18- June 20, 1913, 22 weeks @ $10 . . . .$220.00 
 
 Y. W. C. A., July 14-31, 1913 $ 30.00 
 
 August l-December 31, 1913, 
 
 5 months @ $45 225.00 
 
 Board furnished, 25 weeks @ $3.50. . . 87.50 342.50 
 
 $562.50 
 
 CLOXmNG FOR FIFTY WEEKS, JANUARY 18, 1913-JANUARY 2, 1914. 
 
 Dress goods $ 1-23 Muslin 12 
 
 Goods for a skirt 2.50 Gloves (3 prs.) 3.79 
 
 Silk for a waist 1.33 Apron 80 
 
 Waist 1.00 Veil 63 
 
 Coat 5.00 Handkerchiefs 75 
 
 Messaline lor coat 20 Neckwear and belts 2.77 
 
 Trimming 26 Notions 1.32 
 
 Buttons and braid 1.74 Glove cleaner 19 
 
 Flannel for a bath robe 1.25 Canton flannel .16 
 
 Dressmaking 3.45 Stockings 38 
 
 Lace 1.73 Coathangers 10 
 
 Patterns (4) 65 Pressing clothes 08 
 
 Ribbon 2.24 Hallowe'en suit 20 
 
 Hats (3) 5.54 Umbrella 2.98 
 
 Hat made over and wire 3.03 Leather bag 3.50 
 
 Floweis for hats 88 Leather bag repaired 25 
 
 Lining for hat 14 Ban:ette 10 
 
 Ribbon for hats 2.09 Cufif links 50 
 
 Shoes (2 prs.) 7.00 Jewelry repaired 45 
 
 Shoe repairs 2.75 
 
 Shoe laces 80 $67.86 
 
 Underwear 3.98 
 
 RECREATION FOR FIFTY WEEKS, JANUARY 18, 1913-JANUARY 2, 1914. 
 
 Concerts $ 1.95 Trip up the Hudson 1.00 
 
 Trips to near-by places 2.44 Trips to various places in New England. 2.80 
 
 Theatre 1.70 Camp Fire Girls' fair 45 
 
 Orchestra concerts 2.00 Car fares for outing trips 2.60 
 
 Class reunion 50 Visit to Philadelphia and retiurn 10.68 
 
 Tennis club dance 15 
 
 Trip to New England 8.98 $37.40 
 
 Trip to New York City 2.15 
 
212 
 
 BUDGETS OF FAMILIES AND INDIVIDUALS 
 
 
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OF KENSINGTON, PHILADELPHIA. 213 
 
 INDIVIDUAL NO. 7. 
 
 Type and Occupation. — This is the budget of Mr. L., an unmarried 
 man of twenty-two years, who was born in Kensington, of Ameri- 
 can parents. His grandfather, father, and brothers, have all been 
 weavers or foremen in the Kensington mills. Mr. L., however, 
 determined not to cast in his lot with the textile-mill workers, and 
 at the present time has almost completed his apprenticeship in the 
 printing trade. 
 
 When the account for this study was begun, in June, 1913, Mr. L. 
 was working in a non-union printing shop. He gave up his position 
 the following November, in order to enter a union shop. Un- 
 fortunately, work at the latter establishment became slack the 
 week after Mr. L. had entered it, and he was laid off before he 
 had fulfilled the requirements for membership in the union. He 
 was out of work until the middle of December, when he found a 
 place temporarily rushed with orders. He was employed in this 
 establishment for one week, working considerably overtime. 
 Then he was laid off again, and after two weeks was obliged to 
 accept a position in a non-union shop. By this time, after so 
 many discouragements, Mr. L. had made up his mind that if it 
 were necessary for him to accept work in a non-union shop, he 
 would prefer to return to the establishment where he had first 
 been employed. A vacancy occurring in that shop in the middle 
 of February, 1914, Mr. L. returned, and is still there at the close 
 of the period of this account (June, 1914). 
 
 The Account. — The tables for this budget give Mr. L.'s income 
 and expenditures for one year (June 6, 1913- June 4, 1914). 
 
 Standard of Living. — Mr. L. enjoys a good standard of living. 
 He boards and lodges at the home of a married brother on the 
 outskirts of the mill district, paying $4 per week. He has a 
 neat and comfortable room and good food. The account also 
 shows a fair expenditure for clothing, laundry, and toilet supplies. 
 Mr. L. is particular with regard to his personal appearance. 
 
 A total of $34.70 is entered, for the year, under Recreation. 
 This was for such amusements as basket-ball, baseball, the theater, 
 and moving pictures. The items amounting to $12.55, which are 
 entered under the heading Sundries, might also be classed as amuse- 
 ments. These consist principally of payments into baseball "pots.'^ 
 Each w^eek during the baseball season Mr. L. and a number of 
 his companions make up a "pot" by placing in a fund, twenty-five, 
 
214 
 
 BUDGETS OF FAMILIES AND INDIVIDUALS 
 
 fifty, or seventy-five cents, apiece. Then each contributor draws 
 from a hat a slip of paper containing the name of one of the pro- 
 fessional baseball teams. At the end of the week the entire fund 
 goes to the one holding the slip bearing the name of the club that 
 has scored the most runs during that week. Mr. L. spends 
 nothing for alcoholic drinks, as he is a total abstainer. His expen- 
 diture for tobacco is entered separately in the account; it amoun- 
 ted to $12.55 for the year. 
 
 INCOME. 
 
 One Year (52 Weeks or 364 Days), June 6, 1913-JtrNE 4, 1914, i^ctuallt 
 
 Recorded Income. 
 
 Amounts are recorded for weekly pay intervals. In date column is indicated the first day of 
 
 each fourth week. 
 
 Wages. 
 
 Wages. 
 
 Wages. 
 
 Date. 
 
 Amount. 
 
 Date. 
 
 Amount. 
 
 Date. 
 
 Amount. 
 
 June 6, 1913 
 
 $10.00 
 10.00 
 10.00 
 10.00 
 7.16 
 10.00 
 10.00 
 
 9.05 
 10.00 
 10.00 
 
 8.13 
 10.00 
 10.00 
 10.00 
 10.00 
 10.00 
 
 8.13 
 
 Oct. 17, 1913 
 
 Oct. 24 
 
 $10.00 
 10.00 
 10.00 
 10.00 
 10.00 
 12.55 
 
 20.001 
 
 7.00 
 8.00 
 9.00 
 9.00 
 7.41 
 8.30 
 10.00 
 
 Feb. 27, 1914 
 
 Mar. 13 
 
 $ 10.00 
 10.00 
 
 
 Nov. 21 
 
 Dec. 19 
 
 10.00 
 
 July 4 
 
 April 10 
 
 10.00 
 10.00 
 
 
 10.00 
 9.30 
 
 Aug. 1 
 
 May 8 
 
 10.00 
 10.00 
 
 
 10.00 
 
 Aug. 29 
 
 Jan. 16, 1914 
 
 10.00 
 9.05 
 9.05 
 
 
 10.00 
 
 Sept. 26 
 
 Total wages 
 
 Income from 
 other sources. . . 
 
 $441.13 
 12.752 
 
 
 
 
 Total income 
 
 $453.88 
 
 1 Worked overtime. 2 winning baseball "pots," $11; winning baseball bets, $1.75. 
 
 CLOTfflNG FOR ONE YEAR, JUNE 6, 1913-JUNE 4, 1914. 
 
 Suit $18.00 
 
 Overcoat 12.50 
 
 Hat 1.25 
 
 Shoes (2 prs.) 6.00 
 
 Shoe repairs 1.15 
 
 Shirts (4) 5.00 
 
 Underwear 2.25 
 
 Socks 1.00 
 
 Collars and neckties 5.75 
 
 Garters 25 
 
 Handkerchiefs 25 
 
 Overalls 50 
 
 Pressing, cleaning, etc 1.30 
 
 $55.20 
 
 RECREATION FOR ONE YEAR, JUNE 6, 1913-JUNE 4, 1914. 
 
 Baseball games $ 7.00 
 
 Vaudeville shows 4.30 
 
 Vacation at Betterton, Md 9.65 
 
 Trips to amusement parks 1.60 
 
 Trip to Atlantic City 2.70 
 
 Theatre 4.25 
 
 Moving pictures 45 
 
 Basket-ball games 5.75 
 
 $36.70 
 
OF KENSINGTON, PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 215 
 
 
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216 BUDGETS OF FAMILIES AND INDIVIDUALS 
 
 INDIVIDUAL NO. 8. 
 
 Type and Occupation. — This is the budget of Miss J., an un- 
 married woman of twenty-four years, who is employed as a winder 
 in a carpet factory in Kensington. Miss J. has a pleasing per- 
 sonality, and is refined in her tastes. She lives at home with her 
 parents, both of whom are native Americans. Since Miss J. 
 usually turns all of her wages into the family fund, it is impossible 
 to separate her budget entirely from that of her family. For this 
 reason the family's budget for a short time is here given along 
 with the daughter's account. ^ 
 
 The Accounts. — The tables for Miss J.'s budget and that of her 
 family include: (1) The family's account for five weeks (June 23- 
 July 27, 1913); (2) Miss J.'s income by weeks for one year and 
 fifteen weeks (January 3, 1913-April 16, 1914), and her clothing 
 expenditure for the same period (during all of this period except 
 five weeks, Miss J. gave over her wages into the family fund, and 
 her expenses for clothing, as well as for whatever else she had — 
 except the things bought with her " pocket money " — were met out 
 of the family fund); (3) Miss J.'s account for the five weeks (July 
 25-August 28, 1913) in which she kept her wages separate from the 
 family fund, and paid board (during this period all of her expenses 
 were met out of her own earnings). 
 
 I. FAMILY BUDGET. 
 Membership and Occupation. 
 
 Member. Age, Years. Occupation. 
 
 Father 51 Night watchman in carpet store of one 
 
 of the Kensington mills. 
 
 Mother 50 Housekeeper. Occasionally earns 
 
 money by sewing. 
 
 Daughter 24 Winder in carpet factory. 
 
 (There are also several married children, who have their own homes.) 
 
 Income. — The father works from 5.30 p.m. until 6 a.m. every 
 day of the week, including Sunday, and is paid a regular weekly 
 wage of $15. He gives over his earnings to his wife, and receives 
 back seventy-five cents or $1 per week for ''spending money." 
 The daughter is paid on a piecework scale, and earns, in good 
 seasons, $7 or $8 or more, per week. She gives over her wages to 
 her mother, and receives back seventy-five cents per week for 
 
OF KENSINGTON, PHILADELPHIA. 217 
 
 *' spending money" when her wages are good, or fifty cents per 
 week when her wages are low. 
 
 House. — The family occupies a brick house of six rooms, a bath, 
 and an outside toilet. The rent is $13.50 per month. The home is 
 clean and cheerful. The furniture is of good quality, and includes 
 an upright piano which belongs to the daughter. 
 
 Food. — The food expenditure for the five weeks of the family 
 account was $34.21, making an average of $8.25 per week when 
 the six days' vacation is excluded. The weekly food allowance for 
 this family, according to the Fall River ^^fair standard," would b^ 
 as follows : ^ 
 
 Father $1.82 
 
 Mother 1.46 
 
 Daughter 1.46 
 
 Total $4.74 
 
 This family was therefore far above the Fall River standard 
 with regard to its food expenditure. 
 
 Periodical Obligations. — The periodical obligations of the fam- 
 ily, other than rent, at the time the account was kept, were as 
 follows : 
 
 Insurance for all $ 1.86 every two weeks. 
 
 Lodge, father 15.00 per year. 
 
 Lodge, father 17 per week. 
 
 Lodge, father 16 per week. 
 
 Lodge, daughter 25 every two weeks. 
 
 Newspaper 09 per week. 
 
 sine 60 per year. 
 
 Recreation. — The five-week period included the summer vacation 
 of six days, which all three members of the family spent at a New 
 Jersey resort. The daughter also went on three excursions during 
 this period, and the mother had an outing in the park. 
 
 Standard of Living. — The combined earnings of the father and 
 the daughter for the year 1913, were $1,158.69. The family main- 
 tains a comfortable standard, living up to the limit of its income. 
 It has no savings account. 
 
 ^61st Congress, 2d Session, Senate Document No. 645, Vol. XVI, op. cit., 
 pp. 24, 238. 
 
218 
 
 BUDGETS OF FAMILIES AND INDIVIDUALS 
 
 I. FAMILY BUDGET. 
 
 INCOME. 
 
 Five Weeks, June 23-JuLy 27, 1913, Actually Recorded Income. 
 Income from all Sources. 
 
 Father, wages, 5 weeks @ $15 $75.00 
 
 Mother, earnmgs from sewing 5.00 
 
 Daughter, wages 12.98 
 
 Total income, five weeks, actually recorded $92.98 
 
 EXPENDITURES. 
 Five Weeks, June 23-JrLT 27, 1913, Actually Recorded Expenditures. 
 
 Item. 
 
 Amount. 
 
 House: 
 Rent 
 
 $13.50 
 1.75 
 
 12.00 
 4.49 
 3.77 
 4.33 
 1.60 
 2.92 
 
 3.02 
 
 .38 
 
 1.70 
 
 
 Fuel and light 
 
 $15 25 
 
 Food: 
 Meats 
 
 
 Dairy products 
 
 Eggs 
 
 
 Staples 
 
 
 Vegetables . 
 
 
 Fruits 
 
 
 Cereals. . . 
 
 
 Baked goods 
 
 
 Beverages. . . 
 
 
 
 34.21 
 
 Household Expenses: 
 
 Furniture 
 
 
 Furnishings 
 
 
 Item. 
 
 Amoimt. 
 
 Household Expenses: 
 
 General supplies $1.02 
 
 Laundry 
 
 Clothing 
 
 Medical attention 
 
 Insurance 
 
 Dues: Lodge 
 
 Reading matter 
 
 Church 
 
 Charity 
 
 Recreation 
 
 Pocket Money: 
 
 Father 
 
 Daughter 
 
 Car fare 
 
 Gifts 
 
 1.00 
 
 Total expenditures, 5 weeks, actually recorded , 
 
 Total income, 5 weeks, actually recorded 
 
 Balance 
 
 $1.02 
 3.46 
 1.85 
 3.72 
 3.03 
 .68 
 .14 
 
 25.411 
 
 1.002 
 
 2.60 
 
 .30 
 
 $92.67 
 I 92.98 
 ! $ .31 
 
 1 Includes six days' vacation for father, 
 mother, and daughter, at a New Jersey resort, 
 $20.68; this sum coveied railroad fare, car fare, 
 and $10.48 "spending money" for father and 
 daughter; there was no expenditure for board 
 during the vacation, the family being enter- 
 tained at the home of a relative. Besides the 
 expense of this vacation, the total entered under 
 
 recreation includes three excursions for the 
 daughter, $3.98, and an outing for the mother 
 in the park, $.75. 
 
 2 The father's "spending money" was $7; 
 this is recorded \inder recreation, since it was 
 used for vacation. The daughter received 
 $3.48 additional "spending money" for vaca- 
 tion; this also is recorded under recreation. 
 
 II, III. MISS J.'S BUDGET. 
 
 Standard of Living. — During the year and fifteen weeks for which 
 Miss J.'s income is recorded, she lost considerable time on account 
 of slackness in the industry. She was also laid off for three 
 weeks in the summer, for stocktaking. Her wages for the year 
 1913 amounted to $378.69, making an average of $7.28 per week. 
 
 Miss J. enjoys a high standard of living for a woman in her 
 circumstances. The five-week account of her family shows that 
 she has a comfortable home, plenty of good food, and other neces- 
 saries. Her clothing account for one year and fifteen weeks gives 
 a good idea of what a well-dressed Kensington young woman selects 
 in the way of wearing apparel. It will be noticed, however, that 
 
OF KENSINGTON, PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 219 
 
 all of Miss J.'s dresses and hats, and even her suits and coat, 
 were made at home, and that the totals of $60.94 for the year 
 1913, and $15.67 for the fifteen weeks of 1914, covered the cost 
 of materials only. Miss J.'s mother is a capable seamstress, and 
 Miss J. herself took a dressmaking course — which cost $36 — during 
 the year 1913. 
 
 After her five-week experiment in keeping her earnings separate 
 from the family fund, and paying board. Miss J. voluntarily returned 
 to the old system of giving over all of her wages to her mother, 
 her reason being that she thought the latter system was of more 
 help to her mother. On account of the short length of time during 
 which Miss J. followed the system of keeping her earnings separate 
 from the family fund, and paying board, it is not possible to say 
 whether her personal standard of living would be higher or lower 
 than it is, if she were to follow that system permanently. 
 
 II. MISS J.'S BUDGET.i 
 
 INCOME. 
 
 Onb Year (52 Weeks or 364 Days) and Fifteen Weeks, January 3, 1913-April 16, 1914, 
 
 Actually Recorded Income, 
 Amounts are recorded for weekly pay inten^als. In date column is indicated the first day of 
 
 each fovirth week. 
 
 One Year, January 3, 1913-January 1, 1914, Wages. 
 
 Fifteen Weeks, Janviary 2- 
 April 16, 1914, Wages. 
 
 Dat«. 
 
 Amount. 
 
 Date. 
 
 Amount, 
 
 Date. 
 
 Amoimt. 
 
 Jan. 3,1913 
 
 $ 5.88 
 9.12 
 8.28 
 8.36 
 8.79 
 8.11 
 10.07 
 8.65 
 8.43 
 8.48 
 8.91 
 7.49 
 8.37 
 5.18 
 7.44 
 8.83 
 8.85 
 8.52 
 8.99 
 6.91 
 6.32 
 3.53 
 7.05 
 6.87 
 6.60 
 
 , .2 
 
 July 11, 1913 
 
 July 18 
 
 $ 6.47 
 6.90 
 7.50 
 6.85 
 8.74 
 7.98 
 7.64 
 7.00 
 5.70 
 6.72 
 6.87 
 7.17 
 8.01 
 9.37 
 11.23 
 9.27 
 9.23 
 8.73 
 7.79 
 6.47 
 7.90 
 6.38 
 7.24 
 7.50 
 
 Jan. 2,1914..... 
 Jan. 30 
 
 $ 4.95 
 3.71 
 
 Jan 31 
 
 
 6.21 
 7.00 
 6.51 
 
 
 Feb. 27 
 
 7.80 
 
 Feb. 28 
 
 Sept. 12 
 
 9.21 
 8.24 
 9.19 
 
 
 Mar. 27 
 
 9.46 
 
 Mar 28 
 
 Oct. 10 
 
 7.69 
 8.41 
 8.80 
 
 
 
 7.21 
 
 
 Nov. 7 
 
 5.54 
 
 April 25 
 
 $108.93 
 
 
 
 May 23 
 
 Dec 5 
 
 
 
 
 June 20 
 
 
 
 
 $378.69 
 
 
 1 During this period Miss J. turned over 
 ail of her earnings into the family fund. 
 
 15 
 
 ' Stock taking, 3 weeks. 
 
220 
 
 BUDGETS OF FAMILIES AND INDIVIDUALS 
 
 WAGES. 
 
 One Year, 1913. 
 
 CH/^RT 36 
 
 CLOTHING EXPENDITURE. 
 
 One Ybae (52 Weeks or 364 Days), January 3, 1913-January 1, 1914, 
 Actually Recorded Expenditure. 
 
 Item. 
 
 Amount. 
 
 Item. 
 
 Amount. 
 
 Suit: 
 Pattern 
 
 $0.15 
 3.45 
 .62 
 .20 
 .80 
 .95 
 .25 
 .30 
 
 .15 
 
 1.20 
 
 1.25 
 
 .15 
 
 .05 
 
 .15 
 1.33 
 .38 
 .25 
 .10 
 .10 
 
 5.25 
 .75 
 .16 
 
 .80 
 
 .10 
 .97 
 
 $1.75 
 
 $6.72 
 2.80 
 
 2.31 
 
 6.96 
 
 1.07 
 $1.75 
 
 Winter hat; 
 Plush (1 yd.) 
 
 $1.25 
 .30 
 .10 
 
 .25 
 .98 
 
 .73 
 .10 
 
 
 Blue serge (5 yds.) 
 
 Lining (2H yds.) 
 
 Silk trimming (J^ yd.) . . 
 
 Buttons an doz.) 
 
 Coat trimmmg (J^ yd.) . 
 Guimpe 
 
 Feather curled 
 
 $1.65 
 
 Summer hat: 
 
 ^J* 
 
 Blue ribbon (2 yds.) .... 
 Persian ribbon (2^^ 
 yds.) 
 
 CrinoUne (3 yds.) 
 
 Lawn dress: 
 Pattern 
 
 
 Hat frame, wire 
 
 Shoes (3 prs.) 
 
 2.06 
 7.00 
 
 White lawn (6 yds.) 
 
 Lace (16 yds ) 
 
 
 2.75 
 
 Rubber heels. . 
 
 .40 
 
 Buttons (1 doB.) 
 
 Thread 
 
 
 .40 
 
 Stockings (9 pis.) 
 
 Undervests ^3) 
 
 2.27 
 
 Silk dress: 
 
 .37 
 
 Pattern 
 
 Nightgowns (2) 
 
 2.00 
 
 Silk dress goods (7 yds.) 
 
 Lace (1^ yds.) 
 
 Embroidery (J^ yd.) 
 
 Sewing sUk (2 spools) . . . 
 
 Thread (2 spools) 
 
 Coat: 
 
 Petticoat 
 
 1.00 
 
 Silk petticoat 
 
 3.00 
 
 Drawers 
 
 .53 
 
 Corsets (3 prs.) 
 
 3.00 
 
 Apron (3K yds.) 
 
 Feather 
 
 .47 
 .49 
 
 Chinchilla (3 yds.) 
 
 Lining (1 yd ) 
 
 Silk tie 
 
 .50 
 
 Gloves . . 
 
 .59 
 
 Buttons (4) 
 
 Gloves cleaned 
 
 .10 
 
 Pressing and button- 
 holes 
 
 Collar 
 
 .25 
 
 Beads 
 
 .50 
 
 Skirt: 
 
 Raincoat 
 
 10.00 
 
 Pattern 
 
 Total cost of clothing 
 
 Dressmaking course 
 
 
 60.94 
 36.00 
 96.94 
 
 Cloth (21^ yds.) 
 
 Dress: 
 
 Dress goods (7 yds.) . . . 
 
OF KENSINGTON, PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 221 
 
 CLOTHING EXPENDITURE. 
 
 Fifteen Weeks, January 2-April 16, 1914, Actually Recorded Expenditure. 
 
 Item. 
 
 Amoimt. 
 
 Item. 
 
 Amount. 
 
 Dress made over: 
 
 Pattern 
 
 $0.15 
 
 1.25 
 
 .35 
 
 .89 
 
 .15 
 2.50 
 1.13 
 .25 
 .57 
 .30 
 .50 
 .10 
 
 $2.64 
 5.50 
 
 Summer hat: 
 
 Hat 
 
 $1.98 
 .49 
 .59 
 
 .90 
 .49 
 .12 
 .25 
 
 
 
 
 
 Shadow lace 
 
 Ribbon. 
 
 $3 06 
 
 
 White lawn dress made over: 
 
 Lace trimming 
 
 Messaline sash 
 
 Girdle foundation 
 
 Ruching. . . . 
 
 
 Suit: 
 Pattern 
 
 
 Suit material 
 
 
 Lining . . 
 
 1.76 
 
 
 Shoe repairs 
 
 .65 
 
 Trimming 
 
 Stockings 
 
 .25 
 
 
 Girdle foundations (2). . . . 
 
 .22 
 
 
 .40 
 
 Sewing silk . 
 
 Gloves 
 
 .69 
 
 
 Barrette 
 
 .50 
 
 
 
 $15.67 
 
 III. MISS J.'S BUDGET.i 
 
 INCOME. 
 
 Five Weeks, July 25-August 28, 1913, Actually Recorded Income. 
 
 Wages, $37.97. 
 
 EXPENDITURES. 
 
 Five Weeks, July 25-August 28, 1913, Actually Recorded Expenditures. 
 
 Item. Amoimt. 
 
 Room rent and board^ $20.00 
 
 Cakes 13 
 
 Clothing 1.04 
 
 Medical attention 1.60 
 
 Insurance 50 
 
 Dues: Lodge 1.25 
 
 Reading matter 35 
 
 Church 1.68 
 
 Charity — 
 
 Recreation — 
 
 Car fare 91 
 
 Gifts — 
 
 Laundry — 
 
 Toilet supplies — 
 
 Total expenditures, 5 weeks, actually recorded $27.46 
 
 Total income, 5 weeks, actually recorded 37.97 
 
 Balance $10.51 
 
 1 During this period Miss J. kept her earnings separate from the family fund, 
 and paid board. 
 
 2 Payment to mother for board and lodging, $4 per week, of which $1.25 is 
 reckoned as room rent, and $2.75, as table board. 
 
222 BUDGETS OF FAMILIES AND INDIVIDUALS 
 
 INDIVIDUAL NO. 9. 
 
 Type and Occupation. — This is the budget of Miss G., an un- 
 married woman of thirty-two years, who lives at home with her 
 parents. Miss G. is employed as forewoman in a large carpet yarn 
 mill in Kensington. Her wages were raised from $12 to $13 per 
 week, just before her account for this study was begun. Miss G. 
 is active in church and club organizations (she is a member of the 
 Baptist church), and is a leader socially among her friends. She is 
 ambitious in the way of trying to educate herself, and often takes 
 courses at evening school; during the year of her account she was 
 taking an evening school course. 
 
 Miss G. keeps her wages separate from the family fund, and pays 
 board to her mother ($8 per week, when she has full time work). 
 Although the daughter's budget, therefore, in this case, is not bound 
 up with the budget of her family, the family budget nevertheless 
 serves to throw light upon the daughter's standard of living, and 
 for that reason it is given here for a short period, along with the 
 daughter's budget. 
 
 The Accounts. — The tables for Miss G.'s budget and that of her 
 family include: (1) The family's account for four weeks (April 25- 
 May 22, 1913); (2) Miss G.'s actually recorded account for 
 eighteen weeks (April 25-August 28, 1913), and her partly estimated 
 account for one year (March 1, 1913-February 27, 1914). 
 
 I. FAMILY BUDGET. 
 Membership and Occupation. 
 
 Member. Age, Years. Occupation. 
 
 Father 75 Has no employment; was an iron 
 
 worker by trade. 
 
 Mother 73 Housekeeper. 
 
 Daughter 32 Forewoman in carpet yarn mill. 
 
 Man boarder and lodger. Pays $5 per week. 
 
 (There are also three married sons and one married daughter, who 
 have their own homes.) 
 
 Type of Family. — Mr. and Mrs. G. are Welsh. In his native 
 land Mr. G. was employed in rolling mills. Since he came to 
 America, twenty-nine years ago, he has not been able to work at his 
 trade, but has done day laboring or any work that he could get. 
 He has had no employment of any kind for the past eight years. 
 Mrs. G. is active and vigorous in spite of her years. She still does 
 all of the housekeeping and the cooking for the family. 
 
OF KENSINGTON, PHILADELPHIA. 223 
 
 Income. — The burden of responsibility for the support of this 
 family, has for the past eight years fallen chiefly upon Miss G. 
 The married daughter generally sends home $1 per month, and one 
 son sends $1 per month; the other two sons seldom give any 
 assistance. The mother has a sister in Wales ''who sends gifts of 
 money at Easter and at other times; these go for coal and such 
 things, at the start of the season." 
 
 House. — The family occupies a new house of four rooms, a shed, 
 and a bath with toilet. The rent is $13 per month. The house is 
 neatly and comfortably furnished, and is well kept. 
 
 Food. — The total cost of the family's food for the four weeks 
 during which the record was kept, was $24.16, making an average 
 of $6.04 per week. The Fall River ''fair standard" weekly food 
 allowance for this family would be as follows : ^ 
 
 Father $1.82 
 
 Mother 1.46 
 
 Daughter 1.46 
 
 Man boarder 1.82 
 
 Total $6.56 
 
 This family was therefore considerably below the Fall River 
 standard with regard to its food expenditure. In referring to the 
 small amount spent by her for food, Mrs. G. said to the investigator: 
 "You must not think that every family could live on what we do; 
 my daughter-in-law cannot understand how I manage, but I tell 
 her I do it because I have to. We have no luxuries, but I get as 
 good things as I can, and I save a considerable amount by going 
 downtown and buying things in large quantities." This method 
 of buying is not common among Kensington housewives. Mrs. G. 
 bakes her own bread; she does not have cake, "except old-fashioned 
 cake once in a while." She buys "may be twenty cents' worth of 
 baked stuff on a Saturday"; that is all the baked goods that she 
 buys during the week. 
 
 Clothing. — As for clothing, the father has had only two "good 
 suits" in twelve years; one cost $12, the other, $10. His every- 
 day clothes, including trousers, shirts, and underwear, "average $5 
 for three years." His everyday cotton trousers cost seventy-five 
 cents or $1 per pair, and one pair lasts more than two years. The 
 mother has bought only two skirts within eight years. Some of 
 
 ^61st Congress, 2d Session, Senate Document No. 645, Vol. XVI, op. dt., 
 pp. 24, 238. 
 
224 BUDGETS OF FAMILIES AND INDIVIDUALS 
 
 the clothing that she is wearing at present, belonged to a daughter 
 who is dead. Mrs. G. says that her clothes "do not average more 
 than $10 per year.*' She buys "a. bonnet and a coat now and 
 'then," and her children give her ''something at Christmas." 
 
 Standard of Living. — The family lives very economically, and 
 manages to make ends meet. The housing accommodations are 
 sujfficient, when, as is ordinarily the case, there is no outsider with 
 the family. (The lodger who was with the family during the four 
 weeks of the account, was there only temporarily.) In spite, how- 
 ever, of Mrs. G.'s efforts to provide for her table to the best of her 
 ability, it does not seem probable that on so small an outlay 
 she can give her family a sufficient quantity of food to meet the 
 requirements of any fair standard. As for the family's economy 
 in clothing, this is not apparent to the outsider. The mother 
 looks neat in her simple house dresses or in her black street dress 
 and bonnet, and when the father goes out in his "good suit," one 
 would not guess that it had done service for six years. "I don't 
 know how we get along on so little," Miss G. said to the investi- 
 gator, "but we don't owe anybody a penny." 
 
 I. FAMILY BUDGET. 
 
 INCOME. 
 
 Four Weeks, April 25-May 22, 1913, Actually Recorded Income. 
 Income from all Sources. 
 
 Daughter, board $30.00 
 
 Married son, gift 1.00 
 
 Man boarder and lodger, 4 weeks @ $5 20.00 
 
 Total income, four weeks, actually recorded $51.00 
 
 EXPENDITURES. 
 
 Four Weeks, April 25- May 22, 1913, Actually Recorded Expenditures. 
 
 Item. Amount. 
 
 Hotise: 
 
 Rent $13.00 
 
 Repairs 15 
 
 Coal 89 
 
 Gas 1.00 $15.04 
 
 Food: 
 
 Meats 5.80 
 
 Dairy products 1.00 
 
 Groceries 16.31 
 
 Vegetables 15 
 
 Fruits 52 
 
 Baked goods 38 24.16 
 
OF KENSINGTON, PHILADELPHIA. 225 
 
 Item. Amount. 
 
 Household Expenses: 
 
 Furniture — 
 
 Furnishings 50 
 
 General supplies — 
 
 Laundry 39 .89 
 
 Clothing 75 
 
 Medical attention — 
 
 Insurance 2.60 
 
 Dues — 
 
 Reading matter — 
 
 Church — 
 
 Charity — 
 
 Recreation — 
 
 Pocket money: Father 50 
 
 Car fare 65 
 
 Gifts — 
 
 Total expenditures, 4 weeks, actually recorded $44.59 
 
 Total income, 4 weeks, actually recorded 51.00 
 
 Balance S 6.41 
 
 II. MISS G.'S BUDGET. 
 
 Standard of Living. — During the eighteen-week period of Miss 
 G.'s actually recorded account, in the spring and summer of 1913, 
 she lost six entire weeks and parts of four others on account of 
 strikes and holidays, and one week on account of illness. This 
 loss of time made the year a discouraging one from, the point of 
 view of income. Even in the best of years Miss G. has little to 
 spend upon herself over and above what is absolutely necessary, 
 since the support of the family of three falls mainly upon her 
 shoulders. 
 
 Miss G.'s total clothing expenditure for the year of the account 
 amounted to $45.25. Miss G. has taken dressmaking lessons at 
 evening school for five seasons, and she makes most of her own sum- 
 mer dresses, her muslin underwear, and most of her hats. During 
 the year of the account she bought no new suit or heavy dress. 
 Her heavy underwear also had been bought prior to the year of 
 the account. Miss G. buys an average of one pair of shoes per 
 year, and she wears out about ten pairs of stockings per year; 
 some of her stockings are given her as Christmas presents. Her 
 aunt in Wales sends her most of her gloves and neckwear. 
 
226 
 
 BUDGETS OF FAMILIES AND INDIVIDUALS 
 
 For recreation Miss G. goes sometimes to moving picture enter- 
 tainments, and she occasionally attends the Philadelphia Orchestra 
 concerts when these are given in Kensington. She rarely takes a 
 Vacation, since she cannot afford to lose the time from her work. 
 During the summer of the account she took two little trips in the 
 vacation which was forced upon her by strikes. 
 
 II. MISS G.'S BUDGET. 
 
 . INCOME. 
 
 Eighteen Weeks, April 25-Augu8t 28, 1913, Actually Recorded Income. 
 
 Amounts are recorded for weekly pay intervals. In date column is indicat^^ the first day of 
 
 each fourth week. 
 
 Wages. 
 
 Wages. 
 
 Wages. 
 
 Date. 
 
 Amount. 
 
 Date. 
 
 Amount. 
 
 Date. 
 
 Amount. 
 
 April 25, 1913 
 
 $13.00 
 13.00 
 9.46 
 
 June 6,1913 
 
 Jxme 20 
 
 
 
 $13.00 
 13.00 
 13.00 
 
 July 18, 1913 
 
 Aug. 15 
 
 $11.82 
 7 08 
 
 May 23 
 
 
 13.00 
 13.00 
 
 
 10.64 
 
 
 $130.00 
 
 One Year (52 Weeks or 364 Days), March 1, 1913-February 27, 1914, 
 
 Actually Recorded Income. 
 
 Wages. 
 
 18 weeks (see foregoing table) $130.00 
 
 34 weeks @ $13 442.00 
 
 $572.00 
 
OF KENSINGTON, PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 227 
 
 EXPENDITURES. 
 
 Eighteen Weeks, April 25-AtJGU8T 28, 1913, Actu.\lly Recorded Expenditures. 
 One Year (52 Weeks or 364 Days), March 1, 1913-February 27, 1914, Partly Estimated 
 
 Expenditures. 
 
 Item, 
 
 Amount. 
 
 Eightee 
 
 n Weeks, 
 
 One Year, Partly 
 
 Actually Recorded. 
 
 Estimated. 
 
 Date (date indicates 
 the first day of a four- 
 
 Apr. 
 25, 
 
 May 
 
 June 
 
 July 
 
 Aug. 
 
 Total. 
 
 Total. 
 
 Total. 
 
 Total. 
 
 week period). 
 
 1913 
 
 23 
 
 20 
 
 18 
 
 15' 
 
 
 
 
 
 Lodging and Food: 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Room rent and 
 
 $ 
 
 $ 
 
 $ 
 
 % 
 
 $ 
 
 
 
 
 
 board2 
 
 30.00 
 
 16.00 
 
 16.00 
 
 23.00 
 
 16.00 
 
 $101.00 
 
 
 $373. 00» 
 
 
 Ice cream and candy 
 
 .20 
 
 
 
 .40 
 
 .20 
 
 .80 
 
 $101.80 1 
 
 5.00 
 
 $378.00 
 
 Clothing 
 
 4.44 
 
 1.23 
 
 7.59 
 
 
 .30 
 
 
 13.56 I 
 
 
 45.253 
 
 Medical attention 
 
 .50 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .50 
 
 
 5.00 
 
 Insurance 
 
 .30 
 
 
 .40 
 
 .20 
 
 .20 
 
 
 1.10 
 
 
 5.203 
 
 Dues: Union 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 6.003 
 
 Education 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 32.50* 
 
 Reading matter 
 
 .32 
 
 
 
 
 .25 
 
 
 .57 
 
 
 3.00 
 
 Church . 
 
 .90 
 
 
 .40 
 
 
 
 
 1.30 
 
 
 5.20 
 
 Charity 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Recreation 
 
 
 
 
 2.00 
 
 2.00 
 
 
 4.00 
 
 
 10.00 
 
 Car fares 
 
 .95 
 
 .50 
 .31 
 
 .90 
 
 1.28 
 
 1.15 
 
 
 4.78 
 .31 
 
 
 36.00 
 
 Gifts.. 
 
 6.00 
 
 Laundry 
 
 2.00 
 
 Toilet supplies 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 6.00 
 
 Simdries 
 
 .10 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .10 
 $128.02 
 
 
 6.00 
 
 Total expenditures, 18 weeks, actually recorded 
 
 
 
 Total income, 18 weeks, actually recorded 
 
 130.00 
 
 
 
 Balance 
 
 $ 1.98 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 $516.15 
 
 Total income, one year, actually recorded . 
 
 
 
 
 572.00 
 
 Balan 
 
 ce . . . . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 $ 55.85 
 
 Savings. 
 
 Savings fund society . . | 1.00 | | 
 
 .00 
 
 ^ Two weeks only. 
 
 2 Payment to mother for board and lodging, 
 $8 per week, of which $2 is leckoned as room 
 rent, and $6, as table boaid. For the weeks 
 in which Miss G. could not pay the full amount 
 because of loss of time in her work, $2 of what- 
 ever amount she did pay is reckoned as room 
 rent, and the remainder, as table board. 
 
 3 Actually recorded. 
 
 * Text-books for evening school course. 
 
 * Miss G. generally rides to and from her 
 work, spending $.60 per week for this purpose 
 when she has fuUtime work. 
 
 CLOTHING FOR ONE YEAR, MARCH 1, 1913-FEBRUARY 27, 1914. 
 
 Item. 
 
 Amount. 
 
 Item. 
 
 Amount. 
 
 Waist: 
 Silk for shirt waist 
 
 $2.50 
 
 .50 
 
 1.25 
 
 2.50 
 2.00 
 1.00 
 5.00 
 
 .90 
 .35 
 
 
 
 1.25 
 2.00 
 
 1 
 $4.25 
 
 10.50 
 1.25 
 
 3.25 
 
 Summer hat: 
 
 Hat 
 
 $2.00 
 
 2.00 
 3.00 
 
 .60 
 .45 
 
 
 
 "I had my own 
 feathers" 
 
 
 Making 
 
 $2 00 
 
 Dress: 
 
 Dress goods, white 
 
 Shoes: 
 
 
 Lace 
 
 High shoes for winter . . 
 Stockings (6 pairs.). "I 
 get these at cost price 
 from the factory; also 
 had three silk pairs for 
 Christmas" 
 
 5 00 
 
 SUp 
 
 
 Making 
 
 
 Dress: 
 
 Ijniene dress goods 
 
 Buttons and pattern .... 
 
 1 20 
 
 "Made it myself" 
 
 Winter hat . . . 
 
 5 25 
 
 
 Coat 
 
 10 00 
 
 White voile left from 
 
 Underwear: 
 
 Cambric (4 yds.) 
 
 Longcloth (3 yds.) .... 
 Corsets 
 
 
 Lace 
 
 Making 
 
 1.05 
 1 50 
 
 
 $45.25 
 
228 
 
 BUDGETS OF FAMILIES AND INDIVIDUALS 
 
 INDIVIDUAL NO. 10. 
 
 Type and Occupation. — This is the budget of Miss E., an un- 
 married woman of twenty-five years, who is employed in one of 
 the large lace mills of Kensington. Miss E. lives independently, 
 boarding with strangers. 
 
 The Account. — Miss E.'s earnings and expenditures are given 
 for four weeks (November 3-30, 1913). 
 
 INCOME. 
 Four Weeks, November 3-30, 1913, Actually Recorded Income. 
 
 Wages. 
 
 Date. Amount. 
 
 Nov. 3, 1913 S 7.25 
 
 Nov. 10. ... • 2.48 
 
 Nov. 17 5.34 
 
 Nov. 24 53 
 
 Total $15.60 
 
 EXPENDITURES. 
 
 Four Weeks, November 3-30, 1913, Actually Recorded Expenditures. 
 
 Item. 
 
 Amount. 
 
 Item. 
 
 Amount. 
 
 Room rent and board^ 
 
 $20.00 
 
 .15 
 
 1.15 
 
 5.00 
 
 .20 
 
 $ .20 
 .50 
 
 Car fare 
 
 2.10 
 
 Candy 
 
 Gifts 
 
 
 Clothing (wool for knitting) . 
 
 Laundry 
 
 
 Physician 
 
 Toilet suppHes 
 
 — 
 
 Inpuran^e . ... 
 
 Total expenditures, 4 weeks, 
 
 actually recorded 
 
 Total income, 4 weeks, actu- 
 
 
 Dues: Union 
 
 $29.30 
 
 Reading matter 
 
 Church 
 
 15.60 
 $13.70 
 
 Charity (donation to fair) . . . 
 
 Deficit 
 
 Recreation 
 
 
 
 INDIVIDUAL NO. 11. 
 
 Type and Occupation. — This is the budget of Mr. T., an un- 
 married man of twenty-five years, who is employed as a "three 
 shot" Wilton carpet weaver in a Kensington mill. Mr. T. is a 
 steady worker, and is ambitious to get ahead. During the period 
 of the account he was taking a course in a correspondence school. 
 
 The Account. — Mr. T.'s earnings and expenditures are given 
 for four weeks (April 18-May 15, 1913). 
 
 * Payment to landlady for board and lodging, $5 per week, of which $1.50 
 is reckoned as room rent, and $3.50, as table board. 
 
OF KENSINGTON, PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 229 
 
 Standard of Living. — Mr. T. makes fairly good wages and enjoys 
 a comfortable standard of living. Among his friends he has the 
 reputation of being very well dressed. He spends some money 
 for tobacco, but is not a man of intemperate habits. Mr. T. 
 is at present saving systematically, having invested in five shares 
 in a building and loan society which has been organized by the 
 employes of the mill where he works. 
 
 INCOME. 
 
 Four Weeks, April IS-May 15, 1913, Actually Recorded Income. 
 
 Wages. 
 
 Date. Amount. 
 
 April 18, 1913 ; $24.00 
 
 AprU 25 19.42 
 
 May 2 20.23 
 
 May 9 20.47 
 
 Total $84.12 
 
 EXPENDITURES. 
 Four Weeks, April 18-May 15, 1913, Actually Recorded Expenditures. 
 
 Item. 
 
 Amount. 
 
 Item. 
 
 Amount. 
 
 Room rent and board^ 
 
 $24.00 
 13.00 
 
 2.00 
 
 1.002 
 
 30.00' 
 
 .67 
 
 $ 1.50 
 
 Car fare 
 
 2.61 
 
 Clothing 
 
 Gifts 
 
 
 Medical attention 
 
 Laundry 
 
 
 Insurance 
 
 Toilet supplies 
 
 
 Dues: Lodge 
 
 Tobacco . 
 
 1.10 
 
 Dues: Union 
 
 Sundries 
 
 2.87 
 
 Education 
 
 Total expenditures, 4 weeks, 
 actually recorded 
 
 Total income, 4 weeks, actu- 
 ally recorded 
 
 
 Telephone 
 
 Church . .' 
 
 $78.75 
 
 Charity 
 
 84.12 
 
 
 Balance 
 
 
 Recreation (theater) 
 
 $ 5.37 
 
 SAVINGS. 
 
 Building and loan association $5.00 
 
 1 Payment to landlady for board and lodging, $6 per week, of which $2 is 
 reckoned as room rent, and $4, as table board. 
 * The union pays both sick and death benefits. 
 ' Tuition for correspondence school course. 
 
230 BUDGETS OF FAMILIES AND INDIVIDUALS 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 PREVAILING STANDARDS OF LIVING AMONG WOMEN TEXTILE- 
 MILL WORKERS IN THE NORTHEAST SECTION OF 
 PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 A SUGGESTED BUDGET, FAIR STANDARD, FOR A 
 
 WOMAN TEXTILE-MILL WORKER WITH NO ONE 
 
 DEPENDENT UPON HER FOR SUPPORT, FOR 
 
 ONE YEAR, 1913 OR 1914. 
 
 DETERMINATION OF A FAIR STANDARD. 
 
 The present attempt to determine what is a fair standard of 
 living for a woman textile-mill worker of Kensington, is based 
 largely upon a study of the budgets of women workers of that 
 district. In the budget here suggested as fair, only those things 
 are included, for the most part, which the average woman textile- 
 mill worker of Kensington is striving to attain, ' and which she 
 considers essential to a fair standard of living. In the case of but 
 two items of the budget, — namely, insurance and savings, has a 
 departure been made from the rule of basing the suggested budget 
 upon the actual budgets of Kensington women. Under the heading 
 which covers these two items the investigators have advocated 
 what they regard, for a woman textile-mill worker, as the wisest 
 method of making provision for old age. 
 
 Previous writers on working women's budgets have principally 
 emphasized the items, such as food, shelter, and clothing, which 
 have to do with immediate needs. It is felt by the present in- 
 vestigators, however, that the question of making provision for 
 some source of income during old age, in case the woman worker 
 remains unmarried, is quite as important as that of making pro- 
 vision for immediate needs. Because of the importance of making 
 provision for the future, and because of the fact that the items of 
 the budget having to do with future needs, — namely, insurance and 
 savings, have hitherto received insufficient attention, these items 
 are given special stress in the budget here suggested. 
 
OF KENSINGTON, PHILADELPHIA. 231 
 
 LODGING (ROOM RENT). 
 
 A single furnished room that is comfortable, light, and airy, 
 can^ be had in Kensington for $1.25 per week. An allowance of 
 $65 per year is therefore suggested as a fair amount for room rent 
 in the budget of a woman textile-mill worker of Kensington. 
 
 FOOD (TABLE BOARD). 
 
 A woman textile-mill worker should have food equal in quality 
 and quantity to that prescribed by the Department of Health of 
 the City of New York for the mother of the family, in its dietary 
 plan of May 5, 1916.^ Table board, such as that of the menus 
 recommended by the Department of Health, can be had in Kensing- 
 ton for $4 per week. An allowance of $208 per year is therefore 
 suggested to cover the cost of table board in the budget of a woman 
 textile-mill worker of Kensington. 
 
 CLOTHING. 
 
 A fair standard of clothing must make some allowance for the 
 expression of individual taste, and must also provide for Sundays 
 and special occasions. The clothing accounts of Individuals 
 No. 1, No. 3, No. 4, No. 5, No. 6, No. 8, and No. 9, in Chapter III 
 of this study, and also the clothing accounts of the daughter in 
 Family No. 4 (p. 46), the first daughter in Family No. 10 (pp. 
 79, 82), and the two daughters and the stepgranddaughter in 
 Family No. 14 (p. 100), in Chapter I, furnish illustration of the 
 kind of clothing that is bought by the unmarried women textile- 
 mill workers of Kensington. A consideration of these various 
 accounts indicates that $75 per year is none too large a sum to 
 allow for the clothing of a young woman textile-mill worker of 
 Kensington, on the assumption that she buys her clothes ready- 
 made, or pays for having them made. The authors of the govern- 
 ment report allow $63.80 for a fair standard of clothing for a 
 daughter of seventeen years or over in a Fall River cotton-mill 
 worker's family. They state, however, that their standard "will 
 not be considered fair by the English and Irish, since it is lower 
 than the standard that generally prevails among them." ^ It is 
 
 ^ Throughout the discussion of this suggested budget, the present tense has 
 reference to the years 1913 and 1914. 
 
 2 See pp. 134-137. 
 
 3 61st Congress, 2d Session, Senate Document No. 645, Vol. XVI, op. cU.^ 
 pp. 238, 239. 
 
232 BUDGETS OF FAMILIES AND INDIVIDUALS 
 
 believed by the present investigators that the average woman 
 textile-mill worker of Kensington would consider $75 per year a 
 fair allowance for clothing; that amount is therefore suggested to 
 cdver this heading in a fair standard budget. 
 
 MEDICAL ATTENTION. 
 
 Some provision must be made, in a fair standard budget, for 
 this heading, which here covers dental and optical, as well as 
 medical services, and the filling of prescriptions. A yearly allow- 
 ance of $15 is felt to be the smallest amount that could be expected, 
 in the case of a woman who is ordinarily in good health, to cover 
 the cost of these items in an average year. This amount is of 
 course inadequate to provide for any extended illness or for serious 
 trouble with teeth or eyes. The expenses incurred in the event of 
 extended illness, are, however, in a measure provided for in this 
 suggested budget by an allowance for lodge membership, which 
 entitles the member to sick benefits, and also to the services of the 
 lodge physician. An allowance of $15 per year, therefore, while 
 it will by no means cover all emergencies, is suggested as a fair 
 amount for medical attention in the budget of a woman textile- 
 mill worker of Kensington. 
 
 INSURANCE AND SAVINGS. 
 
 It is a common practice for the women textile-mill workers of 
 Kensington to carry industrial insurance for the purpose of covering 
 burial expenses. This practice, however, is not advocated by the 
 present investigators, since the price paid for industrial insurance 
 is believed to be altogether beyond the economic and social value 
 that it has. 
 
 A budget that is to be considered fair, however, for a woman 
 who is entirely dependent upon her own earnings, should make 
 provision through some form of saving; for the continuation, in 
 part, at least, of her income during old age, and for the leaving 
 of a small estate to cover the cost of burial, and other expenses 
 which may be incurred at the time of death. This saving may 
 well be made by placing a definite sum each month with a savings 
 fund institution, or by buying shares in a building and loan asso- 
 ciation. A still better way for a woman textile-mill worker to 
 provide for her old age, it is believed by the present investigators, 
 is through the purchase of a long term endowment insurance policy, 
 — this policy to be exchanged at maturity for an annuity. The 
 
OF KENSINGTON, PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 233 
 
 savings fund feature^ of a long term endowment policy, if the 
 policy is purchased from a well-established company, furnishes a 
 safe and economical method of saving, while the very nature of the 
 endowment policy contract is such that the saving is bound to be 
 systematic, and the exchange, at maturity, of the endowment policy 
 for an annuity, assures a definite yearly income during old age. 
 
 A woman, for example, at the age of twenty-five, may purchase 
 a $3,000 thirty-year participating endowment policy from one 
 of the well-established companies at an annual premium of $85.14.2 
 
 1 See pp. 139-141. 
 
 ^ This is the gross annual premium, and represents the amount which must 
 be paid by the policy holder for the first year. For each subsequent year the 
 annual cost of the insurance will in all' probability be materially lessened by the 
 dividends which are customarily paid by the insurance companies. Following is 
 the actual record, on a $1,000 basis, of the dividends paid on a thirty-year partici- 
 pating endowment pohcy taken out at age twenty-five, and maturing in 1918, 
 in the company referred to above: 
 
 Age 25, 30- Year Endowment, Yearly Premium $28.38. 
 
 End of Policy Year. 
 
 Dividend. 
 
 End of Policy Year. 
 
 Dividend. 
 
 2d 
 
 $4.15 
 
 17th 
 
 $5.81 
 
 3d 
 
 3.27 
 
 18th 
 
 9.11* 
 
 4th 
 
 3.58 
 
 19th 
 
 6.34 
 
 5th 
 
 3.90 
 
 20th 
 
 6.62 
 
 6th 
 
 4.23 
 
 21st 
 
 6.91 
 
 7th 
 
 4.57 
 
 22d 
 
 7.21 
 
 8th 
 
 4.94 
 
 23d 
 
 8.09 
 
 9th 
 
 5.31 
 
 24th 
 
 8.39 
 
 10th 
 
 5.69 
 
 25th 
 
 8.68 
 
 nth 
 
 4.42 
 
 26th 
 
 8.96 
 
 12th 
 
 4.64 
 
 27th 
 
 9.24 
 
 13th 
 
 4.86 
 
 28th 
 
 10.14 
 
 14th 
 
 5.09 
 
 29th 
 
 10.40 
 
 15th 
 
 5.33 
 
 30th 
 
 25.54t 
 
 16th 
 
 5.57 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 $200.99 
 
 
 
 * Including extra dividend of $3.04. 
 
 t Including maturing dividend of $14.91. 
 
 Total premiums $851.40 
 
 Less dividends 200.99 
 
 Net cost $650.31 
 
 Average net cost per year $ 21.68 
 
 In case the insurance is purchased on the non-participating stock plan, the 
 initial premium will be considerably smaller than the $85.14 mentioned above. 
 (See p. 139, Note 1.) 
 
234 BUDGETS OF FAMILIES AND INDIVIDUALS 
 
 The holder of such a policy is thus assured of receiving, upon the 
 maturity of the contract when she has reached the age of fifty- 
 five, the sum of $3,000, which sum, if used at once to purchase an 
 annuity from one of the well-established companies, will bring 
 her an annual income of $223.92, or 7.46 per cent., for the remainder 
 of her life. In case the holder of the endowment policy finds herself 
 confronted with the urgent necessity for funds before the maturity 
 of the contract, she may, at any time after the cash surrender and 
 loan privileges are in force (usually after the premium for the third 
 year has been paid), either utilize the value of her policy, or borrow 
 the savings fund portion of the policy from the company at a 
 reasonable rate of interest, the policy continuing as before upon 
 the repayment of the loan. The aim should always be, however, 
 to carry the insurance to successful completion. 
 
 If a young woman employed in the textile industry were certain 
 of remaining unmarried, it would perhaps be desirable for her to 
 purchase a deferred annuity rather than an endowment policy. 
 In the event of the woman's marriage, however, the deferred 
 annuity would, in all probability, become burdensome, since the 
 premium payments would have to be continued, although the 
 annuity income would be deferred until the distant future, and 
 since family protection would now become essential, while the 
 family income would probably not be sufficient to allow for insur- 
 ance on the life of the husband, as well as for the maintenance of 
 the deferred annuity on the life of the wife. In view of the fact, 
 therefore, that the majority of women textile-mill workers are 
 likely to marry, it is felt by the investigators that the long term 
 endowment policy, if converted at maturity into an annuity, 
 offers advantages over the deferred annuity for the average woman 
 of the class with which this study deals. 
 
 Since a yearly allowance of $86 will enable a woman of twenty- 
 five years to purchase a $3,000 thirty-year endowment policy,^ 
 
 1 It is not the intention of the investigators to stipulate that the endowment 
 policy should necessarily be taken out at age twenty-five, or that it should neces- 
 sarily be of thirty years' duration. The selection, in the present illustration, of 
 a thirty-year endowment policy to be taken out at age twenty-five, is based 
 upon the consideration that a woman textile-mill worker often needs some supple- 
 mentary income by the time she reaches age fifty-five, since her earning power is 
 quite likely to be on the dechne by that time, or even earHer. There is, on the 
 other hand, one advantage in having the endowment pohcy mature later than 
 at age fifty-five, for the higher the age at which an annuity is purchased, the larger 
 will be the income which will be derived from it. The sum of $3,000, for example, 
 
OF KENSINGTON, PHILADELPHIA. 235 
 
 which, if exchanged at maturity for an annuity, will provide her 
 with an annual income of something around S224 for the remainder 
 of her life, that amount is suggested to cover insurance and savings 
 in a fair standard budget for a woman textile-mill worker of Kensing- 
 ton who is entirely dependent upon her own earnings; and in so 
 far as a general plan may be considered applicable to a large number 
 of women, it is advocated that this amount be utilized in the manner 
 just described. It is also deemed highly desirable by the investi- 
 gators that the income from the annuity be made payable on the 
 monthly plan. 
 
 LODGE AND UNION DUES. 
 
 Since it is customary for women textile-mill workers of Kensington 
 to belong to lodges, provision should be made, in a fair standard 
 budget, for lodge membership. Inasmuch as one of the primary 
 functions of a lodge is that of providing income in the form of 
 sick benefits for its members, in the event of their illness, member- 
 ship should be taken only in lodges that are known to have their 
 premium charges regulated by actuaries of recognized standing. 
 Provision must also be made, in the budget of a woman textile-mill 
 worker, for membership in a labor union. A woman's membership 
 dues in a lodge in Kensington generally amount to twenty-five 
 cents per week; a woman's membership dues in a labor union, to 
 ten cents per week. A weekly allowance of thirty-five cents, 
 therefore, or a yearly allowance of $18.20, is suggested to cover 
 both lodge and union dues in the budget of a woman textile-mill 
 worker of Kensington. 
 
 READING MATTER. 
 
 A fair standard budget for a woman textile-mill worker should 
 make some provision for this heading, which here includes news- 
 papers, books, magazines, postage, stationery, and occasional tele- 
 phone calls. A yearly allowance of $10 is suggested as a fair 
 amount to cover these items in the budget of a woman textile-mill 
 worker of Kensington. 
 
 if used to purchase an annuity at age sixty from the company whose annuity 
 returns are quoted above, will bring the annuitant an annual income of $256.71, 
 or 8.55 per cent., as over against the annual income of $223.92, or 7.46 per cent., 
 which the $3,000 annuity purchased at age fifty-five from the same company 
 will bring the annuitant. 
 
 16 
 
236 BUDGETS OF FAMILIES AND INDIVIDUALS 
 
 CHURCH AND CHARITY. 
 
 Provision must be made, in the budget of a woman textile-mill 
 jvorker of Kensington, for contributions to church, or to charity, 
 or to both. Each of the nine women whose budgets are presented in 
 Chapter III of this study, was in the habit of contributing to the 
 church. An allowance of twenty-five cents per week, or $13 per 
 year, is suggested as a fair amount for church and charity. 
 
 RECREATION. 
 
 An allowance should be made, in the budget of a wpman textile- 
 mill worker, for amusements, such as moving picture entertain- 
 ments, lectures, concerts, or the theater, and for outings, such as 
 trips to the parks in summer. Provision should also be made for a 
 vacation in the country or at the seashore, — to be taken, preferably, 
 when the mill is closed for stock taking or on account of a slack 
 season, if it is closed for either purpose. The cost of table board 
 in the place where the vacation is spent will be slightly higher than 
 it is in Kensington, but table board need not be paid for in both 
 places during the vacation, although room rent must be paid in 
 both places if the room in Kensington is to be held. Table board 
 for the entire year at the rate charged in Kensington having already 
 been allowed for in this budget, an additional allowance of $40 per 
 year may be considered a fair amount to cover the cost of a short 
 vacation, and to provide as well, during the remainder of the year, 
 for amusements and outings at home. An allowance of $40 per 
 year is therefore suggested for recreation in the budget of a woman 
 textile-mill worker of Kensington. 
 
 CAR FARE. 
 
 Since a woman who works in the textile industry in Kensington, 
 can obtain suitable board and lodging near her place of employment, 
 it is not necessary to make allowance, in her budget, for regular 
 car fare for riding to and from work. Provision should be made, 
 however, for occasional car fare for riding to and from her work in 
 inclement weather, and for such purposes as shopping, visiting, 
 and going to church. A yearly allowance of $5 is suggested as a 
 fair amount for car fare. 
 
 GIFTS. 
 
 A standard that is to be considered fair by the women textile- 
 mill workers of Kensington, must make some provision for Christ- 
 
OF KENSINGTON, PHILADELPHIA. 237 
 
 mas, birthday, and wedding gifts. An allowance of $10 per year 
 is suggested as a fair amount for this heading. 
 
 LAUNDRY. 
 
 It is customary in Kensington for the landlady to do the washing 
 and the ironing of all the plain articles of clothing of the individual — 
 whether man or woman — who lodges and boards with her, without 
 making an extra charge. Individuals who board at home, also, 
 as a rule, have the main part of their laundry work done, without 
 extra charge, by the member of the family who keeps house. Since 
 the average woman textile-mill worker of Kensington has both board 
 and lodging with her landlady, or else lives at home, no provision 
 needs to be made in her budget for ordinary laundry work. An 
 allowance of $5 per year is suggested to cover the cost of the occa- 
 sional laundering or cleaning of special articles. For the laundry 
 expenses of the woman who is obliged to pay for all of her laundry 
 work, this suggested budget does not make provision, since such a 
 woman is the exception among the mill workers of Kensington. 
 
 TOILET SUPPLIES. 
 
 Provision must be made, in the budget of a woman textile-mill 
 worker, for such toilet articles as combs, hair brushes, tooth brushes, 
 soap, and tooth paste or powder. An allowance of $5 per year is 
 suggested to cover the cost of toilet supplies. 
 
 SUNDRIES. 
 
 A fair standard budget should include a small contingent fund 
 to meet unforeseen emergencies and incidental expenses that 
 are not provided for by any of the foregoing headings. A yearly 
 allowance of $8 is suggested as a fair amount for this heading in 
 the budget of a woman textile-mill worker of Kensington. 
 
238 
 
 BUDGETS OF FAMILIES AND INDIVIDUALS 
 
 RECAPITULATION. 
 
 A Suggested Budget, Fair Standard, for a Woman with No One Dependent 
 Upon Her for Support, for One Year, 1913 or 1914.^ 
 
 Item. 
 
 Amount. 
 
 Per Cent. 
 
 Item. 
 
 Amount. 
 
 Per Cent. 
 
 Lodging (room rent) . . 
 Food (table board) . . . 
 Clothing 
 
 $ 65.00 
 208.00 
 75.00 
 15.00 
 86.00 
 18.20 
 10.00 
 
 11.54 
 
 36.93 
 
 13.32 
 
 2.66 
 
 15.27 
 
 3.23 
 
 1.78 
 
 Church and charity. . 
 Recreation 
 
 $ 13.00 
 
 40.00 
 
 5.00 
 
 10.00 
 
 5.00 
 
 5.00 
 
 • 8.00 
 
 2.31 
 
 7.10 
 
 Car fare 
 
 .89 
 
 Medical attention .... 
 
 Gifts 
 
 1.78 
 
 Insurance and savings 
 Lodge and union dues 
 Reading matter 
 
 Laundry 
 
 .89 
 
 Toilet supplies 
 
 Sundries 
 
 .89 
 1.42 
 
 Total 
 
 $563.20 
 
 100.00 
 
 
 
 A woman textile-mill worker of Kensington must therefore earn 
 $563.20 per year, — that is, she must be employed 300 days in a 
 year at an average wage of $1.88 per day, — in order to maintain 
 the standard of living that is here suggested as fair. 
 
 INCOMES AND THEIR RELATION TO STANDARD 
 OF LIVING. 
 
 None of the nine women whose budgets are presented in Chapter 
 III of this study, earned through work in a textile mill alone, 
 enough to enable her to maintain the standard of living suggested 
 as fair in the present chapter. Individuals No. 1 and No. 2 are 
 examples of the best paid women pieceworkers in the lace mills of 
 Kensington; these two women, as overlockers, held positions that 
 offered opportunities for earning the largest wages which it is 
 possible for women employed in the lace industry of Kensington 
 to earn; yet the yearly earnings of neither of them, during the 
 years covered by their accounts, amounted to $563.20. A study 
 of their weekly wages, however, shows that each of these women 
 could have earned $563.20, had she been employed 300 days, or 
 2,700 hours, in a year. It was practically impossible, with the 
 
 * Owing to conditions growing out of the War, there has been a great advance 
 in the cost of living between the period for which this budget was suggested, 
 and the date of publication of this study. Some idea of the extent to which 
 the retail food prices of 1917 and 1918 advanced beyond those of 1913 and 1914, 
 can be had by referring to Appendix B. 
 
 The amounts in the suggested budget for 1914, revised by the use of index 
 numbers to conform to the scale of prices for March, 1918, and March, 1919, may 
 be found in Appendix D. 
 
OF KENSINGTON, PHILADELPHIA. 239 
 
 1913-1914 scale of piecework wages, and with the hours of em- 
 ployment such as they were in 1913-1914, for a woman employed 
 in the lace industry of Kensington to earn an income sufficient to 
 enable her to live up to the standard suggested as fair in the present 
 chapter. 
 
 Individuals No. 3 and No. 4 are examples of the best paid women 
 pieceworkers in the carpet mills of Kensington. Ingrain carpet 
 weavers and carpet burlers have opportunities for earning the 
 largest wages which it is possible for women pieceworkers in the 
 carpet mills to earn; these two women (Individuals No. 3 and 
 No. 4, — particularly Individual No. 3) are highly efficient ingrain 
 carpet weavers; yet the yearly earnings of neither of them, during 
 the years covered by their accounts, amounted to $563.20. Each 
 of these women, however, could have earned $563.20, had she been 
 employed 300 days, or 2,700 hours, in a year. It was practically 
 impossible, with the 1913-1914 scale of piecework wages, and 
 with the hours of employment such as they were in 1913-1914, 
 for a woman employed as an ingrain carpet weaver or as a carpet 
 burler, to earn an income sufficient to enable her to live up to the 
 standard suggested as fair in the present chapter. 
 
 Individual No. 9 is a forewoman in a carpet yarn mill. In such a 
 position a woman can easily earn $563.20 per year unless times 
 are unusually slack. Forewomen are given employment so long as 
 there is any work whatever to be done in their departments. 
 
 No other woman pieceworker among the eleven individuals of 
 Chapter III, and no woman pieceworker in any of the twenty-three 
 families of Chapter I, earned, during the period of her account, 
 an income sufficient to enable her to live up to the standard sug- 
 gested as fair in the present chapter. It is possible that Indi- 
 vidual No. 8, a winder in a carpet mill (see p. 219), and the first 
 daughter in Family No. 18, also a winder in a carpet mill (see p. 
 118), could each have earned $563.20, had they been employed 
 300 days, or 2,700 hours, in a year. The first daughter in Family 
 No. 10, a knitter and 'Hopper learner" in a hosiery mill (see p. 
 77), might have earned very nearly $563.20, had she been em- 
 ployed 300 days, or 2,700 hours, in a year. 
 
 In addition to the income figures furnished by the eleven indi- 
 viduals whose budgets are presented in Chapter III, data with 
 regard to the wages of twenty-seven representative women textile- 
 mill workers were obtained by the investigators from the pay rolls 
 of three Kensington mills, with the permission of the mill owners. 
 
240 BUDGETS OF FAMILIES AND INDIVIDUALS 
 
 Tables giving the weekly or the bi-weekly earnings of these twenty- 
 seven women textile-mill workers for the year 1912-1913, or the 
 year 1913, appear at the end of this chapter. An examination of 
 ihese tables shows that with the 1912-1913 scale of piecework 
 wages, a carpet burler, an ingrain carpet weaver, a tape weaver, 
 a winder, or a spooler, if employed 300 days, or 2,700 hours, per 
 year, could earn the $563.20 necessary to enable a woman to live 
 up to the standard suggested as fair in the present chapter. Neither 
 of the other two pieceworkers, — ^namely, the bit winder and the 
 twister, among the twenty-seven women, the data with regard to 
 whose wages were obtained from the pay rolls of th^ three mills, 
 could hope to earn the $563.20 required by the suggested standard. 
 
 VARIATION IN WEEKLY EARNINGS. 
 
 The income tables and charts which appear in Chapter III, in 
 the detailed presentation of the budgets of the nine women among 
 the eleven individuals whose budgets are the subject of that chapter, 
 show, in almost every case, a great fluctuation in the weekly or 
 the bi-weekly income; this fluctuation was caused, for the most 
 part, by irregularity in hours at work. The income tables and 
 charts in the following section, based upon data obtained from the 
 pay rolls of three Kensington mills, and giving the weekly or the 
 bi-weekly earnings for the year 1912-1913, or the year 1913, of 
 twenty-seven women employed in these mills, show a similar 
 fluctuation in wages, caused also, for the most part, by irregularity 
 in hours at work. The number of hours at work each week, as 
 well as the wages received, is given in the case of three of the 
 twenty-seven women, in order to show the parallel relationship 
 between wages earned and time spent at work. (The mills had no 
 record of the hours at work of the other twenty-four women.) 
 
 The irregularity in hours at work of the twenty-seven women, 
 the data with regard to whose wages were obtained from the pay 
 rolls of the three mills, was due almost entirely to irregularity of 
 employment in the industry. One of the three mills is closed for 
 two weeks each summer, in order to take account of stock, clean 
 boilers, etc. The reason for loss of time for a continuous week on 
 the part of any of the twenty-seven women, is in each case noted in 
 the table. Loss of time for a part of a week was in every case due 
 to irregularity of employment in the industry. Only two of the 
 twenty-seven women lost any time on account of illness. 
 
OF KENSINGTON, PHILADELPHIA. 241 
 
 The condition of irregularity of employment with its consequent 
 fluctuation in wages, which the wage tables and charts in the 
 following section illustrate, is characteristic of women's work in 
 the textile industry of Kensington. These twenty-seven women 
 were selected by their employers as being representative. The 
 very fact of their being selected by their employers for the pur- 
 pose of having their wage data used in the present study, would 
 indicate that they were working under as favorable conditions 
 of employment as were existent, at the time, in these three 
 mills. 
 
 It is true that employment in the textile industry was somewhat 
 more irregular than usual, in 1913, on account of the proposed 
 change in the protective tariff schedules. Irregularity of employ- 
 ment is, however, a typical condition of textile work in Philadelphia 
 at all times; and the resulting tendency of wages to fluctuate, 
 which the tables and charts in the following section illustrate, is 
 characteristic, in a greater or a less degree, of any given year. 
 One of the three mill owners who furnished the data upon which 
 the tables and charts in the following section are based, chose for 
 the purpose a year beginning in May, 1912, in order that the period 
 for which the data with regard to the wages of his employees were 
 given, might be, to some extent, a normal one, while at the same 
 time it fell partly within 1913, — the year during which most of the 
 accounts for the budgets of this study were begun. Another of 
 the three mill owners chose a year beginning November 1, 1912. 
 The wage figures given for the year beginning in May, 1912, how- 
 ever, and those given for the year beginning November 1, 1912, 
 show throughout, a fluctuation similar to that of the wage figures 
 given for the calendar year 1913. (For additional examples of 
 the fluctuation in women's wages in years prior to 1913, see Indi- 
 vidual No. 1, pp. 180-183; Individual No. 3, pp. 195, 196; 
 Individual No. 4, pp. 201, 202.) 
 
 Clearly, irregularity of employment with its consequent fluctu- 
 ation in wages, is largely responsible for the low yearly earnings of 
 women pieceworkers in the textile industry of Philadelphia, and 
 is one of the chief factors to be taken into consideration, in any 
 attempt to readjust wage conditions in this industry. Whether 
 a woman employed as a textile-mill worker can earn an income 
 sufficient for the maintenance of a fair standard of living, is very 
 frequently not so much a question of rate of piecework wages, as 
 it is a question of hours of employment. 
 
242 BUDGETS OF FAMILIES AND INDIVIDUALS 
 
 WAGES OF TWENTY-SEVEN REPRESENTATIVE WOMEN 
 
 TEXTILE-MILL WORKERS IN THE NORTHEAST 
 
 SECTION OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 FIGURES TAKEN FROM THE PAY ROLLS OF THREE TEXTILE MILLS. 
 
 The following tables, based upon data obtained from the pay- 
 rolls of three textile mills of Kensington, and showing the wages 
 of twenty-seven representative women employed in several lines of 
 textile work, are intended to supplement the wage figures given in 
 connection with the budgets of individuals, in Chapter III. From 
 these tables some idea can be had as to what likelihood there is, — 
 on the basis of the 1912-1913 scale of piecework wages, — ^that 
 a woman employed in any one of the lines of textile work here 
 represented, will be able to earn the $563.20 necessary to enable 
 her to live up to the standard of living suggested as fair in the 
 present chapter. The tables, with the accompanying charts, also 
 illustrate the characteristic tendency of weekly or bi-weekly wages 
 in these different lines of textile work, to fluctuate, as the result 
 of irregularity in hours of employment. 
 
OF KENSINGTON, PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 243 
 
 Actual Wages (Weekly or Bi-weekly), Average Wage per Week, and Total Wages per 
 Year, of 27 Women Textile-Mill Workers of the Northeast Section op Phila- 
 delphia, TOGETHER WITH HOTJRS AT WORK PER WeEK AND ToTAL HOUKS 
 
 AT Work per Year in the Case op 3 op the 27 Workers,^ 
 
 FOR THE Year 1912-1913, or the Year 1913. 
 
 Amounts are recorded for weekly or bi-weekly pay intervals. In date column is indicated the 
 
 first day of each fourth week. 
 
 Date. 
 
 Jan. 3, 1913 
 
 Jan. 31 
 
 Feb. 28 
 
 Mar. 28 
 
 April 25 
 
 May 23 
 
 June 20 
 
 July 18 
 
 Aug. 15 
 
 Sept. 12 
 
 Oct. 10 
 
 Nov. 7 
 
 Dec. 5 
 
 Average wage. 
 
 Burler No. 1. 
 
 January 3, 1913- 
 
 January 1, 1914. 
 
 (Chart No. 37.) 
 
 Hours. 
 
 39 
 44 
 54 
 54 
 54 
 54 
 54 
 54 
 54 
 49 
 49 
 49 
 48 
 39 
 39 
 
 2 
 
 39 
 39 
 49 
 39 
 39 
 39 
 39 
 29 
 39 
 30 
 16 
 
 3 
 
 29 
 39 
 49 
 49 
 54 
 49 
 48 
 39 
 39 
 39 
 39 
 44 
 44 
 49 
 49 
 49 
 54 
 49 
 39 
 44 
 39 
 39 
 49 
 54 
 
 2206 
 
 Amount. 
 
 $6.14 
 
 7.21 
 
 10.25 
 
 12.08 
 
 10.24 
 
 11.76 
 
 10.56 
 
 11.58 
 
 10.06 
 
 10.19 
 
 9.72 
 
 9.95 
 
 9.19 
 
 6.19 
 
 7.71 
 
 2 
 
 6.76 
 6.64 
 9.09 
 5.70 
 6.82 
 5.29 
 5.59 
 3.27 
 6.12 
 4.43 
 2.28 
 
 4.71 
 
 6.94 
 
 10.10 
 
 10.12 
 
 10.65 
 
 10.75 
 
 11.15 
 
 7.64 
 
 4.87 
 
 7.07 
 
 7.14 
 
 7.47 
 
 6.36 
 
 8.45 
 
 10.00 
 
 10.59 
 
 10.18 
 
 9.21 
 
 8.07 
 
 9.53 
 
 6.33 
 
 6.62 
 
 9.39 
 
 11.64 
 
 $409.80 
 
 $7.88 
 
 Burler No. 2. 
 
 January 3, 1913- 
 
 January 1, 1914. 
 
 (Chart No. 38.) 
 
 Hours. 
 
 39 
 44 
 54 
 54 
 54 
 54 
 
 2 
 
 54 
 54 
 49 
 49 
 49 
 49 
 39 
 49 
 49 
 49 
 49 
 49 
 49 
 39 
 39 
 31 
 29 
 39 
 39 
 24 
 
 26 
 39 
 49 
 49 
 54 
 49 
 49 
 39 
 39 
 39 
 39 
 44 
 44 
 49 
 49 
 49 
 54 
 49 
 39 
 44 
 44 
 49 
 54 
 54 
 
 2269 
 
 Amount. 
 
 $8.67 
 9.83 
 12.00 
 12.00 
 12.00 
 12.00 
 
 12.00 
 
 12.00 
 
 10.83 
 
 10.83 
 
 10.83 
 
 10.83 
 
 8.67 
 
 10.83 
 
 10.83 
 
 10.91 
 
 11.59 
 
 10.83 
 
 10.83 
 
 8.67 
 
 8.67 
 
 6.89 
 
 6.50 
 
 8.67 
 
 8.67 
 
 5.44 
 
 6.12 
 
 8.67 
 
 10.83 
 
 10.83 
 
 12.00 
 
 10.83 
 
 10.83 
 
 8.67 
 
 8.67 
 
 8.67 
 
 8.67 
 
 9.82 
 
 9.82 
 
 10.83 
 
 10.83 
 
 10.83 
 
 12.00 
 
 10.83 
 
 8.67 
 
 9.83 
 
 9.83 
 
 10.83 
 
 12.00 
 
 12.00 
 
 $504.73 
 
 $9.71 
 
 Burler No. 3. 
 January 3, 1913- 
 January 1, 1914. 
 (Chart No. 39.) 
 
 Hours. 
 
 39 
 44 
 54 
 54 
 54 
 54 
 54 
 54 
 54 
 49 
 49 
 49 
 49 
 39 
 49 
 
 49 
 49 
 49 
 39 
 39 
 36 
 28 
 39 
 39 
 24 
 
 27 
 39 
 49 
 49 
 54 
 49 
 49 
 39 
 39 
 39 
 39 
 44 
 44 
 49 
 49 
 49 
 54 
 49 
 39 
 44 
 34 
 49 
 54 
 54 
 
 2318 
 
 Amount. 
 
 $8.67 
 
 9.83 
 
 12.00 
 
 12.00 
 
 12.00 
 
 12.00 
 
 12.00 
 
 12.00 
 
 12.00 
 
 10.83 
 
 10.83 
 
 10.83 
 
 10.83 
 
 8.67 
 
 10.83 
 
 10.83 
 
 10.83 
 
 10.83 
 
 10.83 
 
 10.83 
 
 8.67 
 
 8.67 
 
 8.11 
 
 6.33 
 
 8.67 
 
 8.67 
 
 5.44^ 
 
 6.06 
 
 8.67 
 
 10.83 
 
 10.83 
 
 12.00 
 
 10.83 
 
 10.83 
 
 8.67 
 
 8.67 
 
 8.67 
 
 8.67 
 
 9.82 
 
 9.82 
 
 10.83 
 
 10.83 
 
 10.83 
 
 12.00 
 
 10.83 
 
 8.67 
 
 9.83 
 
 7.67 
 
 10.83 
 
 12.00 
 
 12.00 
 
 $514.72 
 
 $9.90 
 
 * In the case of the othex twenty-four 2 No work, 
 
 workers, no record of the hours of employment ' Stock taking. 
 
 was kept by the employers. 
 
Actual Wages (Weekly or Bi-Weekly), Average Wage per Week, and Total Wages per 
 Year, of 27 Women Textile-Mill Workers of the Northeast Section of Phila- 
 delphia, Together with Hours at Work per Week and Total Hours 
 AT Work per Year in the Case of 3 of the 27 Workers,^ 
 FOR the Year 1912-1913, or the Year 1913. 
 Amounts are recorded for weekly or bi-weekly pay intervals. In date column is indicated the 
 first day of each fourth week. 
 
 
 
 
 Ingrain Carpet Weaver 
 
 
 
 Ingrain Carpet Weaver 
 No.l. 
 Married. Age 45. 
 Has no children. She 
 and her husband board. 
 Husband works stead- 
 ily, and earns $35 per 
 
 MlylO. 1912-May8, 
 
 Ingrain Carpet Weaver 
 
 No. 2. 
 Unmarried. Age 46. 
 Boards, paying $4 
 per week for room 
 and board. Parents 
 are dead. 
 
 May 10, 1912-May 8, 
 1913. 
 
 No. 3. 
 
 Married. Age 50. 
 
 Has no children. She 
 and her hii.sband rent 
 rooms and do light 
 housekeeping. Hiis- 
 band works "once in a 
 while." Wife has wid- 
 owed mother in poor- 
 house. 
 
 Ingrain Carpet Weaver 
 
 No. 4. 
 Unmarried. Age 50. 
 Lives with widowed 
 mother. They rent 
 rooms and do light 
 housekeeping. 
 May 10, 1912-May 8, 
 1913. 
 
 1913. 
 (Chart No. 40.) 
 
 (Chart No. 41.) 
 
 May 10, 1912-May 8, 
 1913. 
 
 (Chart No. 43.) 
 
 
 
 
 (Chart No. 42.) 
 
 
 
 Date. 
 
 < 
 
 Date. 
 
 1 
 
 Date. 
 
 
 • 
 Date. 
 
 1 
 
 S 
 
 <! 
 
 May 10, 1912. 
 
 $23.90 
 
 May 10, 1912. 
 
 $18.86 
 
 May 10,1912. 
 
 $18.46 
 
 May 10, 1912. 
 
 $19.23 
 
 
 17.79 
 
 
 18.30 
 
 
 18.64 
 
 
 18.72 
 
 June 7 
 
 18.34 
 
 June 7 
 
 17.37 
 
 June 7 
 
 15.48 
 
 June 7 
 
 12.36 
 
 
 21.99 
 
 
 16.34 
 
 
 19.01 
 
 
 22.37 
 
 July 5 
 
 17.38 
 
 July 5 
 
 21.77 
 
 July 5 
 
 13.76 
 
 July 5 
 
 15.76 
 
 
 21.69 
 
 
 15.84 
 
 
 21.42 
 
 
 2i.'24 
 
 Aug. 2 
 
 20.41 
 
 Aug. 2 
 
 21.08 
 
 Aug. 2 
 
 19.95 
 
 Aug. 2 
 
 16.04 
 
 
 18.93 
 
 
 i7.'84 
 
 
 2i.87 
 
 
 15.78 
 
 Aug. 30 
 
 6.90 
 
 Aug. 30 
 
 15.68 
 
 Aug. 30 
 
 17.35 
 
 Aug. 30 
 
 15.92 
 
 
 4.41 
 
 
 15.76 
 
 
 21.72 
 
 
 15.56 
 
 Sept. 27 
 
 17.51 
 
 Sept. 27 
 
 15.96 
 
 Sept. 27 
 
 2i.l"4 
 
 Sept. 27 
 
 i9.'54 
 
 
 17.96 
 
 
 18.36 
 
 
 26.66 
 
 
 15.80 
 
 Oct. 25 
 
 17.98 
 
 Oct. 25 
 
 26.80 
 
 Oct. 25 
 
 24.23 
 
 Oct. 25 
 
 26.64 
 
 
 16.20 
 
 
 26.00 
 
 
 i6.b'2 
 
 
 15.32 
 
 Nov. 22 
 
 2i.V2 
 
 Nov. 22 
 
 i8.'84 
 
 Nov. 22 
 
 26.99 
 
 Nov. 22 
 
 16.04 
 
 
 13.60 
 
 
 19.45 
 
 
 26.l'2 
 
 
 i5.'76 
 
 Dec. 20 
 
 19.32 
 
 Dec. 20 
 
 16.30 
 
 Dec. 20 
 
 17.72 
 
 Dec. 20 
 
 io.TO 
 
 
 14.17 
 
 
 14.57 
 
 
 26.86 
 
 
 23.36 
 
 Jan. 17, 1913. 
 
 20.73 
 
 Jan. 17, 1913. 
 
 26.V4 
 
 Jan. 17,1913. 
 
 19.21 
 
 Jan. 17,1913. 
 
 21.62 
 
 
 18.72 
 
 
 13.78 
 
 
 21.45 
 
 
 27.38 
 
 Feb. 14 
 
 19.27 
 
 Feb. 14 
 
 16.78 
 
 Feb. 14 
 
 22.89 
 
 Feb. 14 
 
 23.77 
 
 
 20.05 
 
 
 18.66 
 
 
 21. l^ 
 
 
 27.22 
 
 Mar. 14 
 
 20.59 
 
 Mar. 14 
 
 i9."84 
 
 Mar. 14 
 
 22.51 
 
 Mar. 14 
 
 27.7(5 
 
 
 16.67 
 
 
 26.68 
 
 
 27.05 
 
 
 22.24 
 
 April 11 
 
 23.71 
 
 April 11 
 
 19.20 
 
 April 11 
 
 23.57 
 
 April 11 
 
 27.i2'4 
 
 
 21.15 
 
 
 21.28 
 $473.48 
 
 
 24.25 
 
 
 24.86 
 
 
 $470.49 
 
 $531.46 
 
 $512.23 
 
 Average 
 wage 
 
 $9.05 
 
 Average 
 wage 
 
 $9.11 
 
 Average 
 wage 
 
 $10.22 
 
 Average 
 wage 
 
 $9.85 
 
 ' In the case of the other twenty-four workers, no record of the hours of employment was kept 
 
AcTTTAL Wages (Weekly or Bi-Weeklt), Average Wage per Week, and Total Wages psr 
 Year, op 27 Women Textile-Mill Workers of the Northeast Section of Phila- 
 delphia, Together with Hours at Work per Week and Total Hours 
 AT Work per Year in the Case of 3 of the 27 Workers^ 
 for the Year 1912-1913, or the Year 1913. 
 Amounts are recorded for weekly or bi-weekly pay intervals. In date column is indicated thg 
 first day of each fourth week. 
 
 1 In the case of the other twenty-four workers, no record of the hours of employment was kept 
 by the employers. 
 
Actual Wages (Weekly ok Bi- Weekly), Average Wage per Week, and Total Wages per 
 Year, of 27 Women Textile-Mill Workers of the Northeast Section of Phila- 
 delphia. Together with Hours at Work per Week and Total Hours 
 AT Work per Year in the Case of 3 of the 27 Workers,^ 
 for the Year 1912-1913, or the Year 1913. 
 Amounts are recorded for weekly or bi-weekly pay intervals. In date column is indicated the 
 . first day of each fourth week. 
 
 Tape Weaver No. 5. 
 
 Unmarried. 
 Boards. Parents are 
 
 dead. 
 
 November 1, 1912- 
 
 October 30, 1913. 
 
 (Chart No. 48.) 
 
 Date. 
 
 Nov. 1,1912 
 Nov. 29 
 
 Dec. 27. 
 
 Jan. 24, 1913 
 
 Feb. 21, 
 Mar. 21 . 
 AprillS. 
 May 16. 
 June 13. 
 July 11. 
 Aug. 8. 
 Sept. 5. 
 Oct. 3. 
 
 Average 
 wage . . 
 
 $16.20 
 16.96 
 20.56 
 
 ie.s'e 
 
 18.00 
 18.00 
 19.00 
 19.00 
 19.00 
 19.00 
 19.00 
 19.00 
 19.00 
 19.00 
 19.00 
 
 ig.bb 
 
 19.00 
 19.00 
 19.00 
 19.00 
 
 i7.i'9 
 
 19.00 
 19.00 
 19.00 
 19.00 
 19.00 
 
 $484.27 
 $9.31 
 
 Tape Weaver No. 6. 
 
 Unmarried. 
 Boards with sister. 
 
 Mother is dead. 
 
 November 1, 1912- 
 
 October 30, 1913. 
 
 (Chart No. 49.) 
 
 Date. 
 
 Nov. 1,1912 
 
 Nov. 29 
 
 Dec. 27 
 
 Jan. 24, 1913, 
 Feb. 21 
 
 Mar. 21. 
 April 18. 
 May 16. 
 June 13. 
 July 11. 
 Aug. 8. 
 Sept. 5. 
 Oct. 3. 
 
 Average 
 wage. 
 
 $18.51 
 12.35 
 20.60 
 14.39 
 12.35 
 12.35 
 ■4.11 
 '2.93 
 '2.i'6 
 
 i.bi 
 
 10.75 
 18.67 
 
 16.89 
 18.93 
 ii.53 
 13.97 
 19.57 
 13.77 
 25.41 
 20.61 
 20.24 
 22.28 
 
 $314.28 
 
 $6.04 
 
 Tape Weaver No. 7. 
 Unmarried. 
 This woman and her 
 sister support the fam- 
 ily. Father is dead. 
 November 1, 1912- 
 October 30, 1913. 
 (Chart No. 50.) 
 
 Date. 
 
 Nov. 1, 1912. 
 Nov. 29 
 
 Dec. 27. 
 
 Jan. 
 
 24. 1913. 
 
 Feb. 
 
 21 
 
 Mar. 
 
 21..;... 
 
 AprillS 
 
 May 
 
 16 
 
 June 
 
 13 
 
 July 
 
 11 
 
 Aug. 
 
 8 
 
 Sept. 
 
 5 
 
 Oct. 
 
 3 
 
 Average 
 wage . 
 
 $19.54 
 19.54 
 22.V8 
 U.U 
 17.22 
 4.'8b 
 9.93 
 12.50 
 15.41 
 2i.'84 
 i7.'9b 
 13.02 
 24.72 
 26.'6b 
 18.52 
 20.60 
 26.6b 
 2i.V5 
 10.04 
 22.44 
 20.22 
 21.65 
 21.23 
 20.47 
 21.46 
 21.09 
 
 $474.81 
 
 $9.13 
 
 Tape Weaver No. 8. 
 
 Unmarried: 
 
 This woman and her 
 
 mother work. Another 
 
 daughter keeps the 
 
 house. Father is dead. 
 
 November 1, 1912- 
 
 October 30, 1913. 
 
 (Chart No. 51.) 
 
 DaHk. 
 
 Nov. 1, 1912 
 Nov. 29 
 
 Dec. 27. 
 
 Jan. 24, 1913, 
 Feb. 21 
 
 Mar. 21 . 
 AprillS. 
 May 16. 
 Jime 13. 
 July 11. 
 Aug. S. 
 Sept. 5. 
 Oct. 3 . 
 
 Average 
 wage. 
 
 $16.41 
 14.72 
 is.56 
 15.22 
 i6.21 
 9.79 
 15.49 
 13.20 
 
 is.i's 
 
 16.30 
 16.41 
 15.10 
 i7.l'7 
 18.47 
 16.39 
 18.39 
 15.35 
 16.00 
 6.76 
 9.78 
 16.53 
 17.88 
 i6.'64 
 19.24 
 17.68 
 18.96 
 
 $410.78 
 
 $7.90 
 
 *In the case of the other twenty-four workers, no record of the hours of employment was kept 
 by the employers. 
 2 111. 
 
Actual, Wages (Weekly or Bi-Wbekly), Average Wage per Week, and Total Wages per 
 Year, or 27 Women Textile-Mill Workers of the Northeast Section of Phila- 
 delphia, Together with Hours at Work per Week and Total Hours 
 AT Work per Year in the Case of 3 of the 27 Workers,i 
 FOR the Year 1912-1913, or the Year 1913. 
 Amounts are recorded for weekly or bi-weekly pay intervals. In date column is indicated the 
 first day of each fourth week. 
 
 Tape Weaver No. 9. 
 
 iUnmarried. 
 
 Has three brothers 
 
 who also work. Par- 
 
 k^ ents are living. 
 
 I [November 1, 1912- 
 
 October 30, 1913. 
 
 ^(Chart No. 52.) 
 
 Tape Weaver No. 10. 
 
 Married. 
 
 Has one child. 
 
 Husband is ill. 
 
 November 1, 1912- 
 
 October 30, 1913. 
 
 (Chart No. 53.) 
 
 Tape Weaver No. 11. 
 
 Unmarried. 
 
 Boards with cousins. 
 
 Parents are dead. 
 
 November 1, 1912- 
 
 October 30, 1913. 
 
 (Chart No. 54.) 
 
 Tape Weaver No. 12. 
 
 Unmarried. 
 
 Supports the family. 
 
 Sister stays at home 
 
 and keeps house. 
 
 Father is ill. Mother 
 
 is dead. 
 
 November 1, 1912- 
 
 October 30, 1913. 
 
 (Chart No. 55.) 
 
 
 g 
 
 
 d 
 
 
 a 
 
 
 c 
 
 Date. 
 
 <; 
 
 Date. 
 
 < 
 
 Date. 
 
 < 
 
 Date. 
 
 S 
 
 Nov. 1, 1912 . 
 
 $18.84 
 
 Nov. 1,1912. 
 
 $20.60 
 
 Nov. 1, 1912. 
 
 $21.01 
 
 Nov. 1,1912. 
 
 $17.25 
 
 
 21.00 
 
 
 17.04 
 
 
 i8.l'5 
 
 
 26.32 
 
 Nov. 29 
 
 18.96 
 
 Nov. 29 
 
 18.00 
 
 Nov. 29...... 
 
 14.68 
 
 Nov. 29 
 
 is.'s'e 
 
 
 i8.'84 
 
 
 i6.'3b 
 
 
 19.26 
 
 
 14. 'Q5 
 
 Dec. 27 
 
 ie.'sb 
 
 Dec. 27 
 
 15.00 
 
 Dec. 27 
 
 16.63 
 
 Dec. 27 
 
 i2.*4'6 
 
 
 12. 60 
 
 
 i6.02 
 
 
 ■8.85 
 
 
 i4.'2"6 
 
 Jan. 24, 1913 . 
 
 18.84 
 
 Jan. 24, 1913. 
 
 18.46 
 
 Jan. 24,1913. 
 
 22.48 
 
 Jan. 24, 1913. 
 
 i9.'7'5 
 
 
 21.00 
 
 
 15.88 
 
 
 21.67 
 
 
 ie.e's 
 
 Feb. 21 
 
 18.96 
 
 Feb. 21 
 
 15.1*9 
 
 Feb. 21 
 
 26.V4 
 
 Feb. 21 
 
 20.09 
 
 
 20.26 
 
 
 22.10 
 
 
 22.10 
 
 
 ■2.l'6 
 
 Mar. 21 
 
 21. 64 
 
 Mar. 21 
 
 12.34 
 
 Mar. 21 
 
 22.29 
 
 Mar. 21 
 
 ■4.90 
 
 
 21.00 
 
 
 15.88 
 
 
 14.36 
 
 
 19.68 
 
 April 18 
 
 21.00 
 
 April 18 
 
 22.68 
 
 April 18 
 
 i6.i'8 
 
 April 18 
 
 23.70 
 
 
 21.00 
 
 
 20.53 
 
 
 22.V8 
 
 
 21. 24 
 
 May 16 
 
 18.30 
 
 May 16 
 
 ■3.00 
 
 May 16 
 
 22.82 
 
 May 16 
 
 2i.'2'4 
 
 
 21.00 
 
 
 ■7.32 
 
 
 22.24 
 
 
 UAl 
 
 June 13 
 
 18.96 
 
 June 13 
 
 22.74 
 
 June 13 
 
 25.44 
 
 June 13 
 
 i6.'4'4 
 
 
 21.00 
 
 
 20.62 
 
 
 20.56 
 
 
 i9.'24 
 
 July 11 
 
 14.22 
 
 July 11 
 
 ■9.1b 
 
 July 11 
 
 i3.'2b 
 
 July 11 
 
 i5.'22 
 
 
 21.00 
 
 
 18.79 
 
 
 23.62 
 
 
 24.82 
 
 Aug. 8 
 
 21.00 
 
 Aug. 8 
 
 21.07 
 
 Aug. 8 
 
 21.62 
 
 Aug. 8 
 
 2i.'9'4 
 
 
 21.00 
 
 
 9.57 
 
 
 22.35 
 
 
 2b.'5'2 
 
 Sept. 5 
 
 18.96 
 
 Sept. 5 
 
 19.71 
 
 Sept. 5 
 
 16.28 
 
 Sept. 5 
 
 ■7.'5'9 
 
 
 21.22 
 
 
 18.40 
 
 
 19.06 
 
 
 26.05 
 
 Oct. 3 
 
 21.00 
 
 Oct. 3 
 
 17.30 
 
 Oct. 3 
 
 22.67 
 
 Oct. 3 
 
 14.25 
 
 
 21.00 
 
 
 21.28 
 
 
 2i.'64 
 
 
 ■ '.47 
 
 
 $509.40 
 
 
 $428.92 
 
 
 $511.48 
 
 
 $424.69 
 
 Average 
 wage .... 
 
 $9.80 
 
 Average 
 wage 
 
 $8.25 
 
 Average 
 wage 
 
 ■$9.84 
 
 Average 
 wage 
 
 $8.17 
 
 1 In the case of the other twenty-four workers, 
 by the employers. 
 
 no record of the hours of employment was kept 
 
Actual Wages (Weekly or Bi-Weeklt), Average Wage per Week, and Total Wages per 
 Year, op 27 Women Textile-Mill Workers op the Northeast Section op Phila- 
 delphia, Together with Hours at Work per Week and Total Hours 
 at Work per Year in the Case of 3 op the 27 Workersi 
 FOR THE Year 1912-1913, or the Year 1913. 
 Amounts are recorded for weekly or bi-weekly pay intervals. In date column is indicated the 
 first day of each fourth week. 
 
 Tape Weaver No. 13. 
 
 Unmarried. 
 
 Boards with sister. 
 
 Parents are dead. 
 
 November 1, 1912- 
 
 October 30, 1913. 
 
 (Chart No. 56.) 
 
 Tape Weaver No. 14. 
 
 Unmarried. 
 
 Has two sisters who 
 
 also work. Parents 
 
 are living. 
 
 November 1, 1912- 
 
 October 30, 1913. 
 
 (Chart No. 57.) 
 
 Winder No. 1. 
 
 Unmarried. 
 
 Has one sister and 
 
 two brotheis who also 
 
 work. A widowed 
 
 mother stays at home 
 
 to keep house. This 
 
 daughter pays $5 per 
 
 week to mother for 
 
 room and board. 
 
 May 10, 1912- 
 
 May 8, 1913. 
 
 (Chart No. 58.) 
 
 Winder No. 2. 
 
 Widow. Age 45. 
 
 Has no children. 
 
 Parents are dead. Pays 
 
 $4 per week for room 
 
 and board. 
 
 May 10, 1912- 
 
 May 8, 1913. 
 
 (Chart No. 59.) 
 
 • 
 
 Date. 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 Date. 
 
 a 
 § 
 S 
 
 < 
 
 Date. 
 
 1 
 
 Date. 
 
 S 
 <: 
 
 Nov. 1,1912. 
 
 «16.68 
 
 Nov. 1,1912. 
 
 $17.54 
 
 May 10, 1912. 
 
 $20.97 
 
 May 10. 1912. $ 
 
 19.04 
 
 
 16.88 
 
 
 18.62 
 
 
 22.50 
 
 
 14.77 
 
 Nov. 29 
 
 18.94 
 
 Nov. 29 
 
 16.69 
 
 June 7 
 
 16.52 
 
 June 7 ] 
 
 5.89 
 
 
 16.10 
 
 
 15.03 
 
 
 15.18 
 
 
 16.11 
 
 Dec. 27 
 
 14.82 
 
 Dec. 27 
 
 i7.V3 
 
 July 5 
 
 19.98 
 
 July 5 5 
 
 Ji.24 
 
 
 '6.04 
 
 
 ii.43 
 
 
 26.84 
 
 
 5.V2 
 
 Jan. 24, 1913. 
 
 19.02 
 
 Jan. 24, 1913. 
 
 i9.V3 
 
 Aug. 2 
 
 24.08 
 
 Aug. 2 : ] 
 
 L7.84 
 
 
 16.51 
 
 
 18.93 
 
 
 2i.V5 
 
 
 L8.ib 
 
 Feb. 21 
 
 17.82 
 
 Feb. 21 
 
 ii. 29 
 
 Aug. 30 
 
 22.01 
 
 Aug. 30 ] 
 
 L9.i5 
 
 
 19.78 
 
 
 16.86 
 
 
 18.59 
 
 
 L5.25 
 
 Mar. 21 
 
 17.53 
 
 Mar. 21 
 
 20.30 
 
 Sept. 27 
 
 16.29 
 
 Sept. 27 ] 
 
 13.47 
 
 
 17.61 
 
 
 17.31 
 
 
 17.46 
 
 
 4.36 
 
 April 18 
 
 17.45 
 
 April 18 
 
 20.29 
 
 Oct. 25 
 
 17.48 
 
 Oct. 25 1 
 
 5.75 
 
 
 20.58 
 
 
 21.01 
 
 
 18.28 
 
 
 8.27 
 
 May 16 
 
 18.91 
 
 May 16 
 
 26.47 
 
 Nov. 22 
 
 21.29 
 
 Nov. 22 ] 
 
 4.75 
 
 
 19.33 
 
 
 18.45 
 
 
 15.93 
 
 
 5.36 
 
 Jime 13 
 
 16.47 
 
 June 13 
 
 17.16 
 
 Dec. 20 
 
 12.29 
 
 Dec. 20 ] 
 
 3.82 
 
 
 15.69 
 
 
 19.75 
 
 
 i.5.39 
 
 
 2.75 
 
 July 11 
 
 9.39 
 
 July 11 
 
 12.78 
 
 Jan. 17.1913. 
 
 ie.Vo 
 
 Jan. 17, 1913. 1 
 
 2.14 
 
 
 19.80 
 
 
 26.54 
 
 
 18.23 
 
 
 3.51 
 
 Aug. 8 
 
 20.23 
 
 Aug. 8 
 
 21.06 
 
 Feb. 14 
 
 19.95 
 
 Feb. 14 1 
 
 3.24 
 
 
 20.78 
 
 
 26.57 
 
 
 18.55 
 
 
 4.89 
 
 Sept. 5 
 
 i8.'5b 
 
 Sept. 5 
 
 18.53 
 
 Mar. 14 
 
 26.93 
 
 Mar. 14 1 
 
 8.63 
 
 
 19.34 
 
 
 19.92 
 
 
 2i.51 
 
 
 4.92 
 
 Oct. 3 
 
 20.39 
 
 Oct. 3 
 
 21. lb 
 
 Apiilll 
 
 22.V6 
 
 April 11 1 
 
 7.40 
 
 
 18.54 
 
 
 24.58 
 
 
 22.82 
 
 
 9.45 
 
 
 $476.56 
 
 
 
 $453.13 
 
 $497.08 
 
 $41 
 
 5.42 
 
 Average 
 wage .... 
 
 $8.71 
 
 Average 
 wage .... 
 
 $9.16 
 
 Average 
 wage 
 
 $9.56 
 
 Average 
 wage S 
 
 7.99 
 
 1 In the case of the other twenty-four workers, no record of the hours of employment was kept 
 by the employers. 
 
Actual Wages (Weekly or Bi-Weekly), Average Wage per Week, and Total Wages per 
 Year, of 27 Women Textile-Mill Workers op the Northeast Section of Phila- 
 delphia, Together with Hours at Work per Week and Total Hours 
 AT Work per Year in the Case of 3 of the 27 Worker8,i 
 FOR THE Year 1912-1913, or the Year 1913. 
 Amounts are recorded for weekly or bi-weekly pay intervals. In date column is indicated the 
 first day of each fourth week. 
 
 Bit Winder No. 1, 
 January 3, 1913- 
 January 1, 1914. 
 (Chart No. 60.) 
 
 Date. 
 
 Jan. 3,1913. 
 Jan. 31 ... . 
 
 Feb. 28 
 
 Mar. 28 
 
 April 25 ... . 
 
 May 23 
 
 June 20 ... . 
 
 July 18 
 
 Aug. 15. . . . 
 
 Sept. 12 
 
 Oct. 10 
 
 Nov. 7 
 
 Dec. 5 
 
 Average 
 wage. 
 
 $ 5.03 
 7.07 
 8.33 
 8.49 
 7.58 
 8.61 
 7.77 
 8.03 
 8.96 
 8.31 
 6.74 
 8.62 
 8.07 
 5.33 
 8.42 
 6.70 
 6.77 
 7.20 
 8.40 
 7.02 
 
 5.24 
 4.59 
 5.21 
 6.10 
 5.20 
 1.59 
 
 6.45 
 6.18 
 8.70 
 6.07 
 8.80 
 7.77 
 8.31 
 6.56 
 
 6.16 
 6.46 
 5.96 
 5.51 
 6.55 
 6.47 
 7.07 
 6.51 
 5.54 
 5.52 
 5.57 
 4.13 
 5.57 
 7.30 
 7.11 
 
 $329.65 
 
 $6.34 
 
 Spooler No. 1. 
 January 3, 1913- 
 January 1, 1914. 
 
 (Chait No. 61.) 
 
 Date. 
 
 Jan. 3,1913 
 
 Jan. 31 
 
 Feb. 28. . . . 
 Mar. 28.... 
 
 April 25 
 
 May 23.... 
 
 June 20 
 
 July 18.... 
 Aug. 15.... 
 
 Sept. 12 
 
 Oct. 10 
 
 Nov. 7.... 
 Dec. 5 
 
 Average 
 wage. 
 
 $ 8.05 
 8.69 
 10.35 
 11.04 
 10.82 
 10.78 
 10.69 
 7.59 
 8.20 
 9.19 
 7.09 
 5.15 
 5.16 
 5.22 
 5.17 
 4.75 
 5.72 
 5.95 
 7.56 
 5.78 
 4.02 
 8.45 
 2.20 
 5.78 
 3.89 
 5.57 
 
 $360.47 
 
 $6.93 
 
 Spooler No. 2. 
 January 3, 1913- 
 January 1, 1914. 
 (Chart No. 62.) 
 
 Date. 
 
 Jan. 3, 1913. 
 
 Jan. 31 
 
 Feb. 28 
 
 Mar. 28 
 
 April 25 
 
 May 23 
 
 June 20 
 
 July 18 
 
 Aug. 15 
 
 Sept. 12 
 
 Oct. 10 
 
 Nov. 7 
 
 Dec. 5 
 
 Average 
 wage . 
 
 7.12 
 6.54 
 8.54 
 8.68 
 8.00 
 9.09 
 8.03 
 7.96 
 7.00 
 7.69 
 5.90 
 5.81 
 4.45 
 4.35 
 4.72 
 4.16 
 6.51 
 4.30 
 6.02 
 5.67 
 3.00 
 5.69 
 2.34 
 4.40 
 4.81 
 5.75 
 1.37 
 
 $284.61 
 
 $5.47 
 
 Twister No. 1. 
 January 3, 1913- 
 January 1, 1914. 
 
 (Chart No. 63.) 
 
 Date. 
 
 Jan. 3, 1913, 
 
 Jan. 31 
 
 Feb. 28 
 
 Mar. 28 
 
 April 25 
 
 May 23 
 
 June 20 
 
 July 18 
 
 Aug. 15 
 
 Sept. 12 
 
 Oct. 10 
 
 Nov. 7 
 
 Dec. 5 
 
 Average 
 wage. 
 
 5.89 
 5.83 
 2.83 
 8.24 
 8.29 
 8.50 
 7.78 
 7.91 
 4.87 
 7.14 
 5.96 
 4.45 
 4.78 
 3.73 
 4.46 
 3.93 
 4.38 
 5.37 
 6.53 
 4.41 
 3.85 
 4.46 
 1.56 
 4.26 
 4.54 
 2.63 
 
 7.07 
 7.00 
 7.30 
 6.44 
 8.03 
 5.43 
 6.76 
 3.79 
 4.85 
 4.70 
 4.07 
 6.38 
 4.43 
 7.39 
 8.38 
 7.73 
 5.88 
 6.04 
 5.02 
 5.48 
 .79 
 6.37 
 7.51 
 4.05 
 
 $277.47 
 
 $5.34 
 
 1 In the case of the other twenty-four workers, 2 No work, 
 
 no record of the hours of employment was kept ' Stock taking, 
 
 by the employers. * 111. 
 
250 
 
 BUDGETS OF FAMILIES AND INDIVIDUALS 
 
 Actual Wages (Weekly or Bi-Wbbklt), Average Wage per Week, and Total Wages per 
 Year, of 27 Women Textile-Mill Workers of the Northeast Section op Phila- 
 delphia, Together with Hours at Work per Week and Total Hours 
 AT Work per Year in the Case of 3 of the 27 Workers, 
 ^ FOR the Year 1912-1913, or the Year 1913. 
 
 HURLER NO. 1. 
 Weekly Wages. 
 
 HURLER NO. 2. 
 
 Weekly Wages. 
 
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OF KENSINGTON, PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 251 
 
 INGRAIN CARPET WEAVER NO. 1, 
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252 
 
 BUDGETS OF FAMILIES AND INDIVIDUALS 
 
 INGRAIN CARPET WEAVER NO. 
 Bi-Weekly Wages. 
 
 •30 
 
 
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 Bi-Weekly Wages. 
 
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OF KENSINGTON, PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 253 
 
 TAPE WEAVER NO. 1. 
 Bi- Weekly Wages. 
 
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 TAPE WEAVER NO. 2. 
 Bi-Weekly Wages. 
 
 
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254 
 
 BUDGETS OF FAMILIES AND INDIVIDUALS 
 
 TAPE WEAVER NO 3. 
 Bi-Weekly Wages. 
 
 
 CHART ^e 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 . / 
 
 s / 
 
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 TAPE WEAVER NO. 4. 
 Bi-Weekly Wages. 
 
OF KENSINGTON, PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 255 
 
 TAPE WEAVER NO. 5. 
 Bi- Weekly Wages. 
 
 atiART 4-3 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 y 
 
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 TAPE WEAVER NO. 
 Bi- Weekly Wages. 
 
 xS0 
 
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256 
 
 BUDGETS OF FAMILIES AND INDIVIDUALS 
 
 TAPE WEAVER NO. 7. 
 Bi-Weekly Wages. 
 
 v^ CHART 50 
 
 
 /J 
 
 J 
 
 \ 
 
 
 
 A 
 
 / 
 
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 TAPE WEAVER NO. 8. 
 Bi-Weekly Wages. 
 
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 SPOOLER NO. 1. 
 Weekly Wages. 
 
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 Weekly Wages. 
 
 TWISTER NO. 1. 
 Weekly Wages. 
 
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262 
 
 BUDGETS OF FAMILIES AND INDIVIDUALS 
 
 APPENDIX A. 
 
 TABLE GIVING COST OF MAINTENANCE FOR A YEAR FOR INDIVIDUALS 
 VARIOUS AGES FOR THOSE THINGS THAT VARY WITH THE SIZE 
 OF THE FAMILY— FAIR STANDARD.' 
 
 OF 
 
 Sex and Age. 
 
 Food. 
 
 Cloth- 
 ing. 
 
 Doctor 
 and 
 
 Medi- 
 cine. 
 
 Insur- 
 ance. 
 
 Amuse- 
 ments. 
 
 To- 
 bacco. 
 
 Church. 
 
 Total. 
 
 Father 
 
 Mother 
 
 Males: 
 
 17 years and over 
 
 16 years . . . 
 
 $94.64 
 75.71 
 
 94.64 
 86.17 
 86.17 
 75.71 
 75.71 
 66.24 
 56.78 
 47.32 
 37.85 
 
 75.71 
 75.71 
 75.71 
 66.24 
 66.24 
 56.78 
 47.32 
 37.85 
 
 37.85 
 28.39 
 
 $45.75 
 33.75 
 
 50.50 
 42.45 
 42.45 
 42.45 
 30.55 
 30.55 
 30.55 
 17.45 
 14.50 
 
 63.80 
 37.00 
 37.00 
 37.00 
 25.35 
 25.35 
 16.85 
 13.20 
 
 6.30 
 6.30 
 
 $2.33 
 2.33 
 
 2.33 
 2.33 
 2.33 
 2.33 
 2.33 
 2.33 
 2.33 
 2.33 
 2.33 
 
 2.33 
 2.33 
 2.33 
 2.33 
 2.33 
 2.33 
 2.33 
 2.33 
 
 2.33 
 2.33 
 
 $5.20 
 5.20 
 
 2.60 
 2.60 
 2.60 
 2.60 
 2.60 
 2.60 
 2.60 
 2.60 
 2.60 
 
 2.60 
 2.60 
 2.60 
 2.60 
 2.60 
 2.60 
 2.60 
 2.60 
 
 2.60 
 2.60 
 
 $7.80 
 7.80 
 
 7.80 
 7.80 
 
 $5.20 
 
 $5.20 
 5.20 
 
 5.20 
 5.20 
 
 $166.12 
 129.99 
 
 163.07 
 146 55 
 
 15 years 
 
 133 55 
 
 14 years 
 
 
 
 
 123.09 
 
 13 years 
 
 
 
 
 111.19 
 
 12 years 
 
 
 
 
 101 72 
 
 10 and 11 years 
 
 
 
 
 92.26 
 
 6 to 9 years 
 
 
 
 
 69.70 
 
 3 to 5 years 
 
 
 
 
 57 28 
 
 Females: 
 
 17 years and over 
 
 16 years 
 
 7.80 
 7.80 
 
 
 5.20 
 5.20 
 
 157.44 
 130.64 
 117.64 
 
 14 years 
 
 
 
 
 108.17 
 
 13 years 
 
 
 
 
 96.52 
 
 10 to 12 years 
 
 
 
 
 85.96 
 
 6 to 9 years 
 
 
 
 
 69.10 
 
 3 to 5 years 
 
 
 
 
 54.98 
 
 Children: 
 
 2 years 
 
 
 
 
 49 08 
 
 Under 2 years 
 
 
 
 
 39.62 
 
 1 61st Congress, 2d Session, Senate Document No. 645, Report on Condition of Woman and 
 Child Wage-Earners in the United States, Vol. XVI: Family Budgets of Typical Cotton-Mill Workers, 
 p. 243. 
 
OF KENSINGTON, PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 263 
 
 APPENDIX B. 
 
 TABLE GIVING AVERAGE RETAIL PRICES OF THE PRINCIPAL ARTICLES OF FOOD 
 
 FOR THE CITY OF PHILADELPHIA, PA., FOR MARCH 15, 1913, MARCH IS, 1914, 
 
 MARCH 15, 1915, MARCH 15, 1916, MARCH 15, 1917, AND MARCH 15, 1918.i 
 
 Article. 
 
 Unit. 
 
 1913. 1£ 
 
 14. 
 
 1915. 
 
 1916. 
 
 1917. 
 
 Pound 
 
 $0,286 $0 
 
 300 
 
 $0,281 
 
 $0,308 
 
 $0,345 
 
 
 
 235 
 
 257 
 
 .245 
 
 .266 
 
 .309 
 
 
 
 214 
 
 219 
 
 .198 
 
 .220 
 
 .256 
 
 
 
 
 
 178 
 
 .164 
 
 .178 
 
 .215 
 
 
 
 
 
 119 
 
 .118 
 
 .120 
 
 .145 
 
 
 
 203 
 
 215 
 
 .182 
 
 .234 
 
 .294 
 
 
 
 238 
 
 257 
 
 .265 
 
 .274 
 
 .326 
 
 
 
 297 
 
 296 
 
 .291 
 
 .329 
 
 .395 
 
 
 
 150 
 
 152 
 
 .146 
 
 .149 
 
 .235 
 
 
 
 186 
 
 195 
 
 .194 
 
 .226 
 
 .266 
 
 
 
 218 
 
 238 
 
 .233 
 
 .249 
 
 .293 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .181 
 
 .179 
 
 .193 
 
 Dozen 
 
 
 254 
 
 347 
 
 .267 
 
 .309 
 
 .368 
 
 Pound 
 
 
 475 
 
 407 
 
 .416 
 
 .473 
 
 .519 
 
 " 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .239 
 
 .254 
 
 .333 
 
 Quart 
 
 
 080 
 
 080 
 
 .080 
 
 .080 
 
 .090 
 
 16-oz. loaf.2 
 
 
 043 
 
 043 
 
 
 
 .064 
 
 Pound 
 
 
 032 
 
 032 
 
 .044 
 
 .037 
 
 .058 
 
 
 
 028 
 
 028 
 
 .029 
 
 .028 
 
 .037 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .095 
 
 .093 
 
 .097 
 
 
 
 021 
 
 025 
 
 .019 
 
 .030 
 
 .062 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .027 
 
 .039 
 
 .122 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .072 
 
 .090 
 
 .148 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .140 
 
 .136 
 
 .142 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .118 
 
 .118 
 
 .127 
 
 
 
 049 
 
 045 
 
 .061 
 
 .071 
 
 .079 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .295 
 
 .300 
 
 .285 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .560 
 
 .578 
 
 .544 
 
 1918. 
 
 Sirloin steak , 
 
 Round steak , 
 
 Rib roast , 
 
 Chuck roast 
 
 Plate beef 
 
 Pork chops , 
 
 Bacon, sliced , 
 
 Ham, sliced 
 
 Lard , 
 
 Lamb 
 
 Hens 
 
 Salmon, canned. . . 
 Eggs, strictly fresh 
 
 Butter , 
 
 Cheese , 
 
 Milk 
 
 Bread 
 
 Flour 
 
 Corn meal 
 
 Rice 
 
 Potatoes 
 
 Onions 
 
 Beans 
 
 Prunes 
 
 Raisins 
 
 Sugar 
 
 Coffee 
 
 Tea , 
 
 $0,398 
 .374 
 .303 
 .260 
 .190 
 .356 
 .466 
 .489 
 .334 
 .326 
 
 !265 
 .460 
 .592 
 .377 
 .132 
 .071 
 .070 
 .076 
 .131 
 .028 
 .039 
 .184 
 .171 
 .142 
 .088 
 .279 
 .587 
 
 1 Bureau of Labor Statistics, U. S. Department of Labor, Monthly Review, Vol. VI, May, 1918, 
 Number 5, p. 98; also Buieau of Labor Statistics, U. S. Department of Labor, Bulletin Number 
 228, Retail Prices 1907 to December, 1916, pp. 234-243. (The figures here given are average 
 prices charged in a number of Philadelphia stores on the given dates. The averages given for 
 1913, 1914, 1917, and 1918, are those of the Bureau of Labor Statistics; the averages given foi 
 1915 and 1916 have been worked out by the authors of this study from data in the bulletin just 
 referred to, of the Bureau of Labor Statistics.) 
 
 2 16 ounces, weight of dough. 
 
264 
 
 BUDGETS OF FAMILIES AND INDIVIDUALS 
 
 APPENDIX C. 
 
 TABLE GIVING THE AMOUNTS IN A SUGGESTED BUDGET, FAIR STANDARD, 
 
 FOR A TEXTILE-MILL WORKER'S FAMILY OF FIVE, REVISED BY THE 
 
 USE OF INDEX NUMBERS TO CONFORM TO THE SCALE OF 
 
 PRICES FOR MARCH, 1918, AND 
 
 MARCH, 1919. 
 
 Item. 
 
 Amounti 
 
 for 
 
 1914. 
 
 (See p. 
 
 145.) 
 
 Index 
 Nimiber 
 
 for 
 March, 
 
 1918. 
 (March, 
 
 1914 
 = 100.) 
 
 Revised 
 Amount! 
 
 for 
 
 March, 
 
 1918. 
 
 Index 
 Number 
 
 for 
 March, 
 
 1919. 
 (Mafch, 
 
 1914 
 = 100.) 
 
 Revised 
 Amount! 
 
 for 
 
 March, 
 
 1919. 
 
 Rent 
 
 $ 180.00 
 
 51.00 
 
 380.00 
 
 158.00 
 
 1.15 
 1.26 
 1.54 
 2.00 
 
 $ 207.00 
 
 64.00 
 
 585.00 
 
 316.00 
 
 1.15 
 1.48 
 1.75 
 2.00 
 
 $ 207.00 
 
 Fuel and light . . 
 
 75 00 
 
 Food 
 
 665.00 
 
 Clothing 
 
 316 00 
 
 
 
 Total for the four principal items of 
 expenditure 
 
 $ 769.00 
 
 
 $1,172.00 
 
 
 $1,263 00 
 
 
 
 
 $ 27.00 
 
 100.00 
 
 26.00 
 
 10.00 
 
 14.00 
 
 30.00 
 55.00 
 40.00 
 
 1.52 
 1.52 
 1.52 
 1.52 
 1.52 
 
 1.52 
 
 1.002 
 
 1.52 
 
 $ 41.00 
 
 15.2.00 
 
 40.00 
 
 15.00 
 
 21.00 
 
 46.00 
 55.00 
 61.00 
 
 1.64 
 1.64 
 1.64 
 1.64 
 1.64 
 
 1.64 
 
 1.002 
 
 1.64 
 
 $ 44.00 
 
 Insurance and savings .... 
 
 164 00 
 
 
 43.00 
 
 Reading matter 
 
 16 00 
 
 Church and charity . ... 
 
 23 00 
 
 Furniture, furnishings, and general 
 supplies 
 
 49 00 
 
 Recreation and pocket money 
 
 55.00 
 66.00 
 
 
 
 Total ^i.. 
 
 $1,071.00 
 
 
 $1,603.00 1 
 
 $1,723.00 
 
 1 These amounts are stated to the nearest dollar. 
 
 2 Car fare and the price of moving pictures and of other cheap standard forms of amusement 
 cannot be said to have increased. 
 
 Sources of Index Numbers. 
 
 The index number for rent has been calculated from local inquiry 
 and from the tables of the National Industrial Conference Board in 
 Wartime Changes in the Cost of Living, pp. 23-44; the index number 
 for clothing has been calculated from local inquiry and from the 
 tables in Wartime Changes in the Cost of Living, p. 81 ; the index 
 number for food has been based upon the tables of the Bureau 
 of Labor Statistics, U. S. Department of Labor, in the Monthly 
 Review, Vol. VI, May, 1918, Number 5, p. 95, and the Monthly 
 Labor Review, Vol. VIII, May, 1919, Number 5, p. 127; the index 
 number for fuel and light has been based upon the tables of the 
 Bureau of Labor Statistics, U. S. Department of Labor, in the 
 Monthly Review, Vol. VI, March, 1918, Number 3, p. 107, and the 
 Monthly Labor Review, Vol. VIII, March, 1919, Number 3, pp. 
 101, 102. 
 
OP KENSINGTON, PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 265 
 
 The index number taken for each of the remaining items which 
 have increased, is the ratio of the sum of the revised amounts for 
 the four principal items of expenditure and the sum of the same 
 four items for the year 1914: thus the ratio of increase 1172/769 
 = 1.52, index number for March, 1918; and the ratio of increase 
 1263/769 = 1.64, index number for March, 1919. 
 
 APPENDIX D. 
 
 TABLE GIVING THE AMOUNTS IN A SUGGESTED BUDGET, FAIR STANDARD, 
 FOR A WOMAN TEXTILE-MILL WORKER WITH NO ONE DEPENDENT 
 UPON HER FOR SUPPORT, REVISED BY THE USE OF INDEX NUMBERS 
 TO CONFORM TO THE SCALE OF PRICES FOR MARCH, 
 1918. AND MARCH, 1919. 
 
 Item. 
 
 Amounti 
 
 for 
 
 1914. 
 
 (See p. 
 
 238.) 
 
 Index 
 Number 
 
 for 
 March, 
 
 1918. 
 (March, 
 
 1914 
 = 100.) 
 
 Revised 
 Amount^ 
 
 for 
 
 March, 
 
 1918. 
 
 Index 
 
 Number 
 
 for 
 March, 
 
 1919. 
 (March, 
 
 1914 
 = 100.) 
 
 Revised 
 Amount! 
 
 for 
 
 March, 
 
 1919. 
 
 
 $ 65.00 
 
 208.00 
 
 75.00 
 
 1.15 
 1.54 
 2.00 
 
 $ 75.00 
 320.00 
 150.00 
 
 1.15 
 1.75 
 2.00 
 
 $ 75.00 
 
 Food (table board) 
 
 364 00 
 
 Clothing . . 
 
 150 00 
 
 
 
 Total for the three principal items of 
 
 $348.00 
 
 
 $545.00 
 
 
 $589.00 
 
 
 
 Medical attention 
 
 $ 15.00 
 
 86.00 
 
 18.00 
 
 10.00 
 
 13.00 
 
 40.00 
 
 5.00 
 
 10.00 
 
 5.00 
 
 5.00 
 
 8.00 
 
 1.57 
 1.57 
 1.57 
 1.57 
 1.57 
 1.57 
 
 1.002 
 
 1.57 
 1.57 
 1.57 
 1.57 
 
 $ 24.00 
 
 135.00 
 
 28.00 
 
 16.00 
 
 20.00 
 
 63.00 
 
 5.00 
 
 16.00 
 
 8.00 
 
 8.00 
 
 13.00 
 
 1.69 
 1.69 
 1.69 
 1.69 
 1.69 
 1.69 
 
 1.002 
 
 1.69 
 1.69 
 1.69 
 1.69 
 
 $ 25.00 
 
 Insurance and savings 
 
 145.00 
 
 Lodge and union dues . , 
 
 30.00 
 
 
 17.00 
 
 Church and charity 
 
 22.00 
 
 Recreation 
 
 68.00 
 
 Car fare 
 
 5.00 
 
 Gifts 
 
 17.00 
 
 
 8.00 
 
 Toilet supplies 
 
 8.00 
 
 Sundries. . . 
 
 14 00 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 $563.00 
 
 
 $881.00 
 
 
 $948.00 
 
 1 These amounts are stated to the nearest dollar. 
 
 2 Car fare has not increased. 
 
 Sources of Index Numbers. 
 The sources are the same as those referred to under Appendix C. 
 
266 BUDGETS OF FAMILIES AND INDIVIDUALS 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Page. 
 A. 
 
 Accounts, periods covered by, 1, 25, 31, 35, 41, 47, 52, 58, 62, 65, 69, 73, 83, 87, 88, 92, 96, 
 101, 106, 111, 115, 116, 119, 123, 124, 126, 128, 131, 182, 187, 192, 200, 204, 211. 213, 216, 
 
 222, 228 
 Accounts. (See also Budgets.) 
 Age of — 
 
 Individuals studied 57, 178, 185, 192, 200, 208, 213, 216, 222, 228 
 
 Members of families studied, 25, 31, 35, 40, 46, 52, 57, 62, 68, 72, 73, 82, 87, 92,ge6, 100, 
 
 106, 111, 115, 118, 123, 125, 127, 131, 216, 222 
 Amusements. (See Recreation.) 
 
 B. 
 
 Board (table board) — 
 
 Discussion of, in connection with individuals 168-170, 172 
 
 Expenditures for, of individuals, 61, 168-170, 172, 177, 178, 184, 190, 191, 199, 203, 212, 
 
 213, 215, 221, 222, 227, 228, 229 
 Fair standard of expenditure for, for self-supporting women 231, 238 
 
 Board. (See also Food; also Lodging.) 
 
 Boarders and lodgers — 
 
 As sources of income, 11, 25, 29, 46, 50, 62, 65, 73, 77, 100, 103, 104, 105, 111, 113, 123, 124, 
 
 127, 129, 145, 222, 224 
 Method of tabulation of 10 
 
 Books. (See Reading matter.) 
 
 Budget, suggested, fair standard, for — 
 
 A family 133-145 
 
 A self-supporting woman 230-238 
 
 Budgets — 
 
 Accuracy of 8, 9 
 
 Data supplementary to 150-166, 242-261 
 
 Number of, presented 1 
 
 Of families 1,2, 10-132 
 
 Of individuals 2, 3, 167-229 
 
 Periods covered by. (See Accounts, periods covered by.) 
 
 Summary of, of families 10-24 
 
 Summary of, of individuals 167-178 
 
 Building and loan associations, 36, 39, 40, 42, 45, 69,72,90,92, 101, 103, 106, 107, 110, 111, 114, 
 
 138, 142, 193-196, 212, 229, 232 
 
 C. 
 
 Candy, ice cream, soda water, cakes, etc., expenditures for, of individuals, 61, 68, 118, 184, 
 
 190, 191, 199, 203, 207, 212, 215, 221, 227, 228 
 Car fare — 
 
 Discussion of, in connection with individuals 174, 175 
 
 Expenditures for, of families, 22-24, 30, 34, 39, 45, 51, 56, 60, 67, 72, 78, 81, 86, 91, 95, 
 
 99, 105, 110, 114, 117, 123, 125, 127, 130, 132, 218, 225 
 Expenditures for, of individuals, 61, 68, 118, 174, 175, 177, 178, 184, 190, 191, 199, 203, 205, 
 
 206, 207, 212, 215, 221, 227, 228, 229 
 
 Fair standard of expenditure for, for families 144, 145 
 
 Fair standard of expenditure for, for self-supporting women 236, 238 
 
 Cemetery lot, expenditure for 81 
 
 Charity — 
 
 Discussion of, in connection with families 19,20 
 
 Discussion of, in connection with individuals 173, 174 
 
 Expenditures for, of families, 19, 20, 22-24, 30, 34, 39, 45, 51, 56, 60, 66, 72, 78, 81, 86, 
 
 89, 91, 94, 99, 105, 110, 114, 117, 125, 130, 218, 225 
 Expenditures for, of individuals, 173, 174, 177, 178, 184, 190, 191, 199, 203, 205, 206, 
 
 207, 208, 212, 215, 221, 227, 228, 229 
 
 Fair standard of expenditure for, for families 143, 145 
 
 Fair standard of expenditure for, for self-supoorting women 230, 238 
 
 Charts, wage 29, 33. 50, 158-166, 182, 183, 192, 196, 197, 202, 206, 220, 250-261 
 
 Church — 
 
 Discussion of, in connection with families 19, 20 
 
 Discussion of, in connection with individuals 173, 174 
 
 Expenditures for, of families, 19, 20, 22-24, 27, 30, 34, 37, 39, 43, 45, 49, 51, 56, 60, 66, 72, 
 
 78, 81, 86, 89, 91, 94, 99, 105, 110, 114, 115, 116, 117, 125, 130, 218, 225 
 Expenditures for, of individuals, 61, 118, 173, 174, 177, 178, 182, 184, 188, 190, 191, 193, 
 
 198, 199, 200, 203, 205, 206, 207, 212, 215, 221, 227, 228, 229 
 
 Fair standard of expenditure for, for families 143, 145 
 
 Fair standard of expenditure for, for self-supporting women 236, 238 
 
OF KENSINGTON, PHILADELPHIA. 267 
 
 Clothing — 
 
 Discussion of, in connection with families 15-17 
 
 Discussion of, in connection with individuals 170-172 
 
 Expenditures for, of families, 16, 17, 22-24, 27, 29, 30, 32, 34, 35, 37, 39, 40, 43, 45, 46, 48, 
 50, 51, 54, 56, 57, 60, 63, 64, 66, 70, 71, 72, 75, 78, 79, 81, 82, 84, 86, 87, 89, 91, 93, 94, 
 97, 99, 100, 103, 105, 107, 108, 110, 112, 114, 117, 120, 121, 123, 125, 127, 129, 130, 
 
 131, 132, 218, 223, 224, 225 
 Expenditures for, of individuals. 61, 68, 118, 171, 172, 177, 178, 182, 184, 185, 190, 191, 
 
 193, 198, 199, 200, 203, 204, 205, 206, 207, 211, 212, 213, 214, 215, 218, 219, 220, 221, 
 
 225, 227, 228, 229 
 
 Fair standard of expenditure for, for families 137, 145 
 
 Fair standard of expenditure for, for self-supporting women 231, 232, 238 
 
 Coal. (See Fuel and light.) 
 
 Concerts. (See Recreation.) 
 
 Cooperative enterprise 27, 30, 76 
 
 Cost of living. (See Standard of living.) 
 
 Cost. (See also Expenditures.) y 
 
 D. 
 
 Data, budgetary — 
 
 Method of gathering and tabulating 4-8 
 
 Trustworthiness of 8,9 
 
 Data, wage, obtained from pay rolls 3, 147-166, 239-261 
 
 Debts ; 61, 67, 68, 85, 95, 103, 105, 129, 130 
 
 Dental services. (See Medical attention.) 
 
 Dentist. (See Medical attention.) 
 
 Department of Health, City of New York, dietary plan of 14, 15, 134-137, 231 
 
 Dietary plan of Department of Health, City of New York. 14, 15, 134-137, 231 
 
 Dietary values adopted by the U. S. Department of Agriculture 14, 170 
 
 Doctor. (See Medical attention.) 
 
 Dues — 
 
 Discussion of, in connection with families 17-19 
 
 Discussion of, in connection with individuals 175, 176 
 
 Expenditures for. of families, 18, 19, 22-24, 27, 30, 34, 39, 45, 49, 51, 56, 60, 66, 71, 72, 
 78, 81, 86, 91, 93, 94, 99, 101, 103, 105, 108, 110, 113, 114, 117, 121, 123, 125, 
 
 127, 130, 217, 218, 225 
 Expenditures for, of individuals, 175, 176, 177, 178, 184, 190, 191, 199, 203, 207, 212, 215, 
 
 221, 227, 228, 229 
 
 Fair standard of expenditure for, for families 143, 145 
 
 Fair standard of expenditure for, for self-supporting women 235, 238 
 
 E. 
 
 Earnings — 
 
 Family, pooling of 2, 52, 76, 96, 115, 116, 126, 216, 219 
 
 Weekly, variation in, of men textile workers 148-166 
 
 Weekly, variation in, of women textile workers 240-261 
 
 Earnings. (See also Incomes; Family income; Wages.) 
 
 Education — 
 
 Expenditures for, of families 34, 56, 86, 114 
 
 Expenditures for, of individuals 227, 229 
 
 Education. (See also Reading matter.) 
 
 Embroidery materials, expenditures for 67, 68 
 
 Expenditures — 
 
 Summary of, of families studied 22-24 
 
 Summary of, of individuals studied 177, 178 
 
 Tables of, 5-7, 12, 13, 15, 16, 18, 20-24, 29, 30, 34, 35, 39, 40, 45, 46, 50, 51, 56, 57, 60, 
 61, 66, 67, 68, 71, 72, 78, 79, 81, 82, 86, 87, 91, 93, 94, 95, 99, 100, 105, 110, 114, 117, 
 118, 120, 121, 123, 125, 127, 129, 130, 132, 172, 174, 177, 178, 184, 185, 188, 190, 191, 
 
 194, 198, 199, 203, 204, 206, 207, 208, 211, 212, 214, 215, 218, 220, 221, 224, 225, 227, 
 
 228, 229 
 Expenditures. (See also Fair standard of living; also Clothing, Food, Fuel, etc.) 
 Explanation of tables 10, 167 
 
 F. 
 
 Fair standard of living. (See Standard of living, fair.) 
 
 Fall River cotton-mill workers, fair standard of living among, 3, 4, 26, 31, 32, 37, 42, 43, 47, 
 48, 53, 54, 59, 63, 64, 69, 70, 74, 75, 83, 84, 88, 89, 90, 92, 93, 97, 101, 102, 104, 107, 108, 
 
 111, 112, 115, 120, 121, 126, 128, 129, 137, 217, 223, 231, 262 
 Families studied — 
 
 Composition and size of, 12, 15. 25, 31, 35, 40, 46, 52, 57, 62, 68, 72, 73, 82, 87, 92, 96, 
 
 100, 106, 111, 115, 118, 123, 125, 127, 131, 216, 222 
 Incomes of. (See Family income.) 
 Membership of, 25, 31, 35, 40, 46, 52, 57, 62, 68, 72, 73, 82, 87, 92, 96, 100, 106, 111, 115, 
 
 118, 123, 125, 127, 131, 216, 222 
 Occupations of members of, 25, 31, 35, 36, 40, 41, 46, 52, 57, .58, 62, 68, 72, 73, 74, 82, 83, 
 
 87,92, 96, 100, 102, 103, 104, 106, 111, 115, 118, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 131, 216, 222 
 Types of, 1, 2, 25, 31, 35, 40, 46, 47, 52, 57, 58, 62, 68, 69, 73, 83, 87, 92, 96, 100, 106, 
 
 111, 115, 118, 119, 123, 126, 128, 131, 216, 222 
 Family budgets — 
 
 Of Kensington textile workers 1,2, 10-132 
 
 Summary of, of Kensington textile workers 10-24 
 
268 BUDGETS OF FAMILIES AND INDIVIDUALS 
 
 Family earnings, pooling of 2, 52, 76, 96, 115, 116, 126, 216, 219 
 
 Family earnings. {See also Family income.) 
 
 Family fund 2, 20, 36, 43, 58, 60, 64, 65, 83, 89, 90, 116, 119, 178, 216, 219, 221, 222 
 
 Family income — 
 
 Of f^imilies studied, 10, 11, 26, 28. 29, 31, 33, 35, 36, 38, 41, 44, 47, 49, 50, 52, 55, 56, 57, 
 58, 59, 62, 64, 65, 69, 71, 73, 74, 77, 78, 80, 83, 85, 88, 90, 91, 92, 93, 96, 98, 100, 104, 
 105, 106, 108, 109, 111, 113, 116, 119, 122, 124, 126, 127, 128, 129, 131, 132, 216, 217, 218, 
 
 223, 224 
 
 Sources of, of families studied, summarized 10, 11 
 
 Family income. (See also Earnings; Incomes; Wages.) 
 
 Family, normal type of, in Kensington 145-148 
 
 Family, the economic unit 2, 52, 76, 96, 115, 116, 126, 216, 219 
 
 Fluctuation in weekly earnings. (See Variation in weekly earnings.) 
 Food- 
 Allowance for, in dietary plan of Department of Health, City of New York, 14, 15, 134-137, 231 
 
 Discussion of, in connection with families 14, 15 
 
 Discussion of, in connection with individuals 168-170, 172 
 
 Expenditures for, of families, 14, 15, 22-24, 26, 27, 30, 31, 32, 34, 37, 39, 42, 43, 45, 47, 
 48, 51, 53, 54, 56, 59, 60, 63, 66, 69, 70, 72, 74, 75, 78, 81, 83, 84, 86,*88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 
 93, 94, 97, 99, 101, 102, 104, 105, 107, 110, 111, 112, 114, 115, 117, 119, 120, 12t, 125, 
 
 126, 127, 128, 130, 131, 132, 217, 218, 223, 224 
 Expenditures for, of individuals, 61, 68, 118, 168-170, 172, 177, 178, 184, 187, 190, 191, 199, 
 
 203, 205, 207, 212, 213, 215, 221, 222, 227, 228, 229 
 
 Fair standard of expenditure for, for families 134-137, 145 
 
 Fair standard of expenditure for, for self-supporting women 231, 238 
 
 Values adopted for, by the U. S. Department of Agricvilture 14, 170 
 
 Fuel and light — 
 
 Discussion of, in connection with families 12, 13 
 
 Expenditures for, of families, 13, 22-24, 30, 34, 39, 45, 51, 56, 60, 66, 72, 78, 81, 86, 91, 
 
 94, 99, 104, 105, 110, 114, 117, 123, 125, 127, 130, 132, 218, 224 
 
 Expenditures for, of individuals 187, 190, 191, 204, 207 
 
 Fair standard of expenditure for, for families 134, 145 
 
 Fuel and light. (See also Housing conditions of families studied.) 
 
 Funerals, expenditures for 34, 204 
 
 Furnishings — 
 
 Discussion of, in connection with families 7, 19 
 
 Expenditures for, of families, 30, 34, 39, 45, 51, 53, 56, 60, 66, 72, 78, 81, 85, 86, 91, 94, 
 
 99, 104, 105, 110, 114, 117, 125, 127, 130, 218, 225 
 
 Expenditures for, of individuals 204, 207 
 
 Fair standard of expenditure for, for families 144, 145 
 
 Furnishings. (See also Housing conditions of families studied.) 
 Furniture — 
 
 Discussion of, in connection with families 19 
 
 Expenditures for, of families, 30, 34, 39, 45, 51, 53, 56, 60, 66, 72, 78, 81, 85, 86, 91, 94, 99, 
 
 105, 107, 110, 114, 117, 125, 130, 218, 225 
 
 Expenditures for, of individuals 204 
 
 Fair standard of expenditure for, for families 144, 145 
 
 Furniture. (See also Housing conditions of families studied.) 
 
 G. 
 
 Gas. (See Fuel and light.) 
 
 General supplies — 
 
 Discussion of, in connection with families 7, 19, 20 
 
 Expenditures for, of families, 19, 20, 22-24, 30, 34, 39, 45, 51, 56, 60, 66, 72, 78, 81, 86, 91, 
 
 94, 99, 105, 110, 114, 117, 125, 127, 130, 132, 218, 225 
 
 Expenditures for, of individuals 190, 191, 207 
 
 Fair standard of expenditure for, for families 144, 145 
 
 Gifts-7 
 
 Discussion of, in connection with individuals ' 176 
 
 Expenditures for, of families, 30, 34, 39, 45, 51, 56, 60, 67, 72, 78, 81, 86, 91, 95, 99, 105, 
 
 110, 114, 117, 125, 130, 218, 225 
 Expenditures for, of individuals, 61, 118, 184, 190, 191, 193, 198, 199, 203, 207, 208, 212, 
 
 215, 221, 227, 228, 229 
 
 Fair standard of expenditure for, for families 144, 145 
 
 Fair standard of expenditure for, for self-supporting women 236, 237, 238 
 
 H. 
 
 Health. (See Medical attention.) 
 
 Heating, expenditures for. (See Fuel and light.) 
 
 Home work 29, 35, 36, 38, 58, 62, 64, 65, 127, 128, 129, 145, 147, 182 
 
 Hours at work of — 
 
 Seventeen men textile workers 150-156 
 
 Three women textile workers 242, 243 
 
 House. (See Building and loan associations; Housing conditions; Lodging; Mortgage; Rent; 
 Savings and investments.) 
 
 Household expenses, 30, 34, 39, 45, 51, 56, 60, 66, 72, 78, 81, 86, 91, 94, 99, 105, 110, 114, 117, 
 
 123, 125, 130, 218, 225 
 
 Household furnishings. (See Furnishings; also Furniture.) 
 
 Housing conditions of famiUes studied, 11, 12, 26, 31, 36, 37, 42, 47, 52, 58, 59, 62, 63, 69, 74, 
 
 83, 88, 92, 96, 101, 103, 104, 107, 111, 115, 119, 124, 126, 128, 131, 217, 223 
 
 Housing conditions of families studied. (See also Rent.) 
 
 Housing conditions of individuals studied. (See Lodging; also Room rent.) 
 
OF KENSINGTON, PHILADELPHIA. 269 
 
 I. 
 
 Ice cream. (See Candy, ice cream, soda water, cakes, etc.) 
 
 Ice fund, factory, expenditures for 61, 199, 203 
 
 Incidentals. {See Sundries.) 
 
 Income — 
 
 Family, sources of, of families studied 10, 11 
 
 Family, sources of, of families studied. {See also Family income.) 
 
 Income. (See aZso Earnings; Family income; Wages.) 
 
 Income charts. 29, 33, 50, 158-166, 182, 183, 192, 196, 197, 202, 206, 220, 250-261 
 
 Income tables and statements, 28, 29, 33, 38, 44, 49, 50, 55, 56, 59, 61, 64, 65, 71, 77, 78, 80, 85, 
 90, 91, 93, 98, 105, 108, 109, 113, 116, 118, 122, 124, 127, 129, 132, 150-157, 180-182, 
 
 188, 189, 195, 201, 205, 211, 214, 218, 219, 221, 224, 226, 228, 229, 242-249 
 
 Incomes and their relation to standard of living of — 
 
 Kensington textile workers' families 145-148 
 
 Women textile workers of Kensington 238-240 
 
 Incomes of — 
 
 Families studied, 10, 11, 26, 28, 29, 31, 33, 35, 36, 38, 41, 44, 47, 49, 50, 52, 55, 56, 57, 58, 
 59, 62, 64, 65, 69, 71, 73, 74, 77, 78, 80, 83, 85, 88, 90, 91, 92, 93, 96, 98, 100, 104, 105, 
 106, 108, 109, 111, 113, 116, 119, 122, 124, 126, 127, 128, 129, 131, 132, 216, 217, 218, 223. 224 
 Individuals studied, 179, 180-183, 186, 187, 188, 189, 192, 193, 194-197, 200, 201, 202, 204, 
 
 205, 206, 208, 209, 210, 211, 214, 216, 217, 219, 220, 221, 222, 226, 228, 229 
 
 Nineteen men (figures obtained from pay rolls) 150-166 
 
 Twenty-seven women (figures obtained from pay rolls) 242-261 
 
 Incomes. (See aZso Earnings; Family income; Wages.) 
 
 Individuals studied — 
 
 Incomes of. (See Incomes of individuals studied.) 
 
 Occupations of 178-180, 185-187, 192, 200, 204, 208-211, 213, 216, 222, 228 
 
 Types of 2, 3, 178-180, 185-187, 192, 200, 204, 208-211, 213, 216, 222, 228 
 
 Insurance — 
 
 Discussion of, in connection with families 17, 18, 19 
 
 Discussion of, in connection with individuals 175 
 
 Expenditures for, of families, 17, 18, 19, 22-24, 30, 34, 39, 45, 51, 56, 60, 66, 72, 78, 81, 86, 
 
 91, 94, 99, 101, 103, 105, 108, 110, 114, 117, 123, 125, 127, 130, 131, 132, 217, 218, 225 
 Expenditures for, of individuals, 61, 175, 177, 178, 184, 190, 191, 199, 203, 207, 212, 215, 
 
 221, 227, 228, 229 
 
 Fair standard of expenditure for, for families 138-142, 145 
 
 Fair standard of expenditure for, for self-supporting women 232-235, 238 
 
 Insurance, furniture, expenditures for 7, 72, 110 
 
 Investigation — 
 
 Method of 4-8 
 
 Number of families and individuals included in 1 
 
 Period covered by 1 
 
 Purpose of 1 
 
 Questionnaire used in 4, 5 
 
 Investigators, qualifications of 8, 9 
 
 Investments. (See Savings and investments.) 
 
 J. 
 
 Jewelry, expenditures for 56, 57, 95 
 
 L. 
 
 Laundry — 
 
 Discussion of, in connection with individuals 167, 168, 176 
 
 Expenditures for, of families, "22-24, 30, 34, 39, 45, 51, 56, 60, 66, 72, 78, 81, 86, 91, 94, 99, 
 
 105, 110, 114, 117, 125, 130, 131, 132, 218, 225 
 Expenditures for, of individuals, 167, 168, 176, 177, 178, 184, 190, 191, 199, 203, 207, 
 
 212, 213, 215, 221, 227, 228, 229 
 
 Fair standard of expenditure for, for families 144, 145 
 
 Fair standard of expenditure for, for self-supporting women 237, 238 
 
 Light and fuel — 
 
 Discussion of, in connection with families 12,13 
 
 Expenditures for, of families, 13, 22-24, 30, 34, 39, 45, 51, 56, 60, 66, 72, 78, 81, 86, 91, 94, 
 
 99, 104, 105, 110, 114, 117, 123, 125, 127, 130, 132, 218, 224 
 
 Expenditures for, of individuals 187, 190, 191, 204, 207 
 
 Fair standard of expenditure for, for families 134, 145 
 
 Light and fuel. (See also Housing conditions of families studied.) 
 
 Lighting, expenditures for. (See Light and fuel.) 
 
 Liquor 28, 39, 83, 92, 101, 119, 144, 214 
 
 Living, cost of. (See Standard of living.) 
 
 Living, standard of. (See Standard of living.) 
 
 Loans 68, 200, 203 
 
 Lodge and union dues — 
 
 Discussion of, in connection with families 17-19 
 
 Discussion of, in connection with individuals 175, 176 
 
 Expenditures for, of families, 18, 19, 22-24, 27, 34, 39, 45, 49, 51, 56, 66, 71, 72, 78, 81, 
 
 86, 91, 93, 94, 101, 103, 105, 108, 110, 113, 114, 121, 123, 125, 127, 217, 218 
 
 Expenditures for, of individuals 175, 176, 177, 178, 184, 190, 191, 215, 221, 227, 228, 229 
 
 Fair standard of expenditure for, for families 143, 145 
 
 Fair standard of expenditure for, for self-supporting women 235, 238 
 
 Lodgers. (See Boarders and lodgers.) 
 
270 BUDGETS OF FAMILIES AND INDIVIDUALS 
 
 Lodging — 
 
 Discussion of, in connection with individuals 167, 168, 172 
 
 Expenditures for, of individuals, 61, 167, 168, 172, 177, 178, 184, 187, 190, 191, 199, 203, 
 
 207, 212, 213, 215, 221, 222, 227, 228, 229 
 
 Fair standard of expenditure for, for self-supporting women 231, 238 
 
 Of families. (See Building and loan associations; Housing conditions; Mortgage; Rent; 
 Savings and investments.) 
 
 Lost money 207 
 
 Luncheons. (See Food.) 
 
 M. 
 
 Magazines. (See Reading matter.) 
 
 Meals, character of. (See Food; also Menus.) 
 
 Medical attention — 
 
 Discussion of, in connection with families 17, 18, 19 
 
 Discussion of, in connection with individuals 172, 173, 174 
 
 Expenditures for, of families, 17, 18, 19, 22-24, 27, 30, 32, 34, 37, 39, 45, 48, 49, 51, 56, 60, 
 
 66, 70, 72, 78, 81, 84, 86, 91, 94, 99, 105, 110, 114, 117, 121, 123, 125, 127, 130, 132, 218, 225 
 Expenditures for, of individuals, 61, 172, 173, 174, 177, 178, 182, 184, 190, 191, 198, 199, 
 
 203, 207, 212, 215, 221, 22^ 228, 229 
 
 Fair standard of expenditure for, for families 137, 138, 145 
 
 Fair standard of expenditure for, for self-supporting women 232, 238 
 
 Medicine. (See Medical attention.) 
 
 Membership of families studied. (See Families studied, membership of.) 
 
 Menus of — 
 
 Department of Health, City of New York; 136, 231 
 
 Kensington families 32, 42, 43, 47, 48, 53, 54, 59, 74, 75, 102, 112, 119, 120 
 
 Method pursued in the study 4-8 
 
 Mortgage — 
 
 Payments on 36, 39, 42, 45, 69, 72, 107, 110, 111, 114, 194, 195 
 
 Placed on house to obtain capital 41 
 
 Moving, expenditures in connection with 53, 56, 104 
 
 Moving pictures. (See Recreation.) 
 
 Music, earnings from the teaching of 68 
 
 Music lessons and sheet music, expenditures for 30, 54, 56, 66, 68, 72, 91, 110, 188 
 
 N. 
 Newspapers. (See Reading matter.) 
 
 New York City, dietary plan of Department of Health of 14, 15, 134-137, 231 
 
 Normal type of family in Kensington 145-148 
 
 Nutritive value of food in dietary plan of Department of Health, City of New York 134-136 
 
 O. 
 
 Occupations of — 
 
 Individuals studied 178-180. 185-187, 192, 200, 204, 208-211, 213, 216, 222, 228 
 
 Members of families studied, 25, 31, 35, 36, 40, 41, 42, 46, 52, 57, 58, 62, 68, 72, 73, 82, 87. 
 
 92, 96, 100, 102, 103, 104, 106, 111, 115, 118, 123, 125, 127, 131, 216, 222 
 
 Nineteen men whose wage data were obtained from pay rolls 150-157 
 
 Twenty-seven women whose wage data were obtained from pay rolls 242-249 
 
 Oculist. (See Medical attention.) 
 
 Optical services. (See Medical attention.) 
 
 Outline for family budgets 6, 7 
 
 P. 
 
 Pay rolls, wage data obtained from 3, 147-166, 239-261 
 
 Period covered by the investigation 1 
 
 Physician. (See Medical attention.) 
 
 Pocket money — 
 
 Amounts allowed to members of families, 21, 22-24, 28, 30, 31, 34, 36, 39, 43, 45, 49, 51, 56, 
 60, 64, 65, 67, 68, 69, 72, 76, 78, 81, 84, 86, 91, 94, 99, 100, 101, 105, 108, 110, 114, 115, 
 
 116, 117, 118, 119, 125, 130, 132, 216, 217, 218, 225 
 
 Discussion of, in connection with families 20-22 
 
 Expenditures of, by members of families 65, 68, 116, 118 
 
 Fair standard of allowance of, for members of families 144, 145 
 
 Pooling of family earnings 2, 52, 76, 96, 115, 116, 126, 216, 219 
 
 Postage. (See Reading matter.) 
 
 Prices. (See Retail prices of food in Philadelphia.) 
 
 Purpose of the study 1 
 
 Q. 
 
 Qualifications of investigators 8,9 
 
 Questionnaire used in investigation 4, 5 
 
 R. 
 
 Reading matter — 
 
 Discussion of, in connection with families 19, 20 
 
 Discussion of, in connection with individuals 173, 174 
 
 Expenditures for, of families, 19, 20, 22-24, 30, 34, 39, 45, 51, 56, 60, 66, 72, 78, 81, 86, 91, 
 
 94, 99, 101, 105, 110, 114, 117, 123, 125, 130, 132, 217, 218, 225 
 
OF KENSINGTON, PHILADELPHIA. 271 
 
 Expenditures for, of individuals, 61, 68, 173, 174, 177, 178, 184, 190, 191, 199, 203, 207, 
 
 212, 215, 221, 227, 228 
 
 Fair standard of expenditure for, for families 143, 145 
 
 Fair standard of expenditure for, for self-supporting women 235, 238 
 
 Recreation — 
 
 Discussion of, in connection with faniilies 20-22 
 
 Discussion of, in connection with individuals 173, 174 
 
 Expenditures for, of families, 21, 22-24, 27, 28, 30, 33, 34, 37, 38, 39, 45, 49, 51, 55, 56, 60, 
 66, 68, 70, 72, 78, 79, 81, 86, 90, 91, 94, 97, 99, 103, 105, 108, 110, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 
 
 122, 123, 125, 127, 130, 132, 217, 218, 225 
 Expenditures for, of individuals, 61, 173, 174, 177, 178, 179, 184, 190, 191, 198, 199, 203, 
 
 205, 206, 207, 211, 212, 213, 214, 215, 221, 226, 227, 228, 229 
 
 Fair standard of expenditure for, for families 144, 145 
 
 Fair standard of expenditure for, for self-supporting women 236, 238 
 
 Rent- 
 As source of income 109, 194, 199 
 
 Discussion of, in connection with families 11,12 
 
 Expenditures for, of families, 11, 12, 22-24, 26, 30, 31, 34, 47, 51, 52, 56, 62, 63, 66, 74, 78, 
 81, 83, 86, 92, 94, 96, 99, 101, 104, 105, 117, 119, 123, 125, 126, 127, 128, 130, 131, 132, 
 
 217, 218, 223, 224 
 
 Fair standard of expenditure for, for families 134, 145 
 
 Repairs, expenditures for, of families 39, 45, 60, 72, 81, 91, 104, 105, 109, 110, 114, 224 
 
 Retail prices of food in Philadelphia 263 
 
 Room rent — 
 
 Discussion of, in connection with individuals 167, 168, 172 
 
 Expenditures for, of individuals, 61, 167, 168, 172, 177, 178, 184, 187, 190, 191, 199, 203, 
 
 207, 212, 213, 215, 221, 222, 227, 228, 229 
 
 Fair standard of expenditure for, for self-supporting women 231, 238 
 
 Rooms occupied per family and number used for sleeping purposes 12 
 
 S. 
 
 Savings and investments — 
 
 Fair standard of, for families 138-142, 145 
 
 Fair standard of, for self-supporting women 232-235, 238 
 
 Of families studied, 25, 28, 30, 36, 40, 49, 53, 54, 56, 70, 76, 78, 81, 90, 92, 93, 97, 99, 101, 
 
 103, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 113, 114, 116, 122, 125, 130, 217 
 Of individuals studied 65, 188, 193-197, 199, 200, 203, 207, 212, 227, 229 
 
 School. (See Education.) 
 
 School books 19, 143 
 
 Scope of the study 1-4 
 
 Sex of — 
 
 Individuals studied 178, 185, 192, 200, 204, 208, 213, 216, 222, 228 
 
 Members of families studied, 25, 31, 35, 40, 46, 52, 57, 62, 68, 72, 73, 82, 87, 92, 96, 100, 
 
 106, 111, 115, 118, 123, 125, 127, 131, 216, 222 
 
 Sleeping accommodations of families studied 11, 12 
 
 Soda water. (See Candy, ice cream, soda water, cakes, etc.) 
 
 Spending money. (See Pocket money.) 
 
 Standard of living as related to incomes of — 
 
 Kensington textile workers' families 145-148 
 
 Women textile workers of Kensington 238-240 
 
 Standard of living, fair, among Fall River cotton-mill workers, 3, 4, 26, 31, 32, 37, 42, 43, 47, 48, 
 53, 54, 59, 63, 64, 69, 70, 74, 75, 83, 84, 88, 89, 90, 92, 93, 97, 101, 102, 104, 107, 108, 111, 
 
 112, 115, 120, 121, 126, 128, 129, 137, 217, 223, 231, 262 
 
 Standard of living, fair, likelihood of attainment of, by — 
 
 Kensington textile workers' families 145-166 
 
 Women textile workers of Kensington 238-261 
 
 Standard of living, fair, for Kensington textile workers' families 1, 4, 133-145 
 
 Car fare 144 
 
 Charity 143, 145 
 
 Church 143, 145 
 
 Clothing 137, 145 
 
 Contingent fund 144 
 
 Determination of 1,4, 133, 134 
 
 Food 134-137, 145 
 
 Fuel 134, 145 
 
 Furnishings 144, 145 
 
 Furniture 144, 145 
 
 General supplies 144, 145 
 
 Gifts 144 
 
 Insurance 133, 134, 138-142, 145 
 
 Laundry 144 
 
 Light 134, 145 
 
 Lodge dues 137, 138, 143, 145 
 
 Medical attention 137, 138, 145 
 
 Pocket money 144, 145 
 
 Reading matter 143, 145 
 
 Recreation 144, 145 
 
 Rent 134, 145 
 
 Savings 133, 134, 138-142, 145 
 
 Summary of 145 
 
 Tobacco 144 
 
 Union dues 143, 145 
 
272 BUDGETS OF FAMILIES AND INDIVIDUALS 
 
 Standard of living, fair, for Kensington textile workers' families, revised for 1918 and 1919, 264, 265 
 
 Standard of living, fair, for self-supporting women textile workers of Kensington, 1, 4, 230-238 
 
 Carfare 236, 238 
 
 Charity 236, 238 
 
 Church 236, 238 
 
 Clothiixg 231, 232, 238 
 
 Contingent fund 237 
 
 Determination of 1,4, 230 
 
 Food (table board) 231, 238 
 
 Gifts 236, 237, 238 
 
 Insurance 232-235, 238 
 
 Laundry 237, 238 
 
 Lodge dues 235, 238 
 
 Lodging (room rent) 231, 238 
 
 Medical attention 232, 238 
 
 Reading matter 235, 238 
 
 Recreation 236, 238 
 
 Savings 232-235, 238 
 
 Summary of 238 
 
 Sundries 237, 238 
 
 Toilet supplies |37, 238 
 
 Union dues 235, 238 
 
 Standard of living, fair, for self-supporting women textile workers of Kensington, revised for 
 
 1918 and 1919 265 
 
 Standard of living of — 
 
 Kensington families studied, 28, 32, 33, 38, 43, 49, 54, 55, 60, 64, 70, 71, 76, 84, 85, 90, 93, 
 
 97, 108, 113, 116, 122, 124, 126, 127, 129, 131, 217, 224 
 Kensington individuals studied 187, 188, 213, 214, 218, 219, 225, 226, 229 
 
 Stationery. (See Reading matter.) 
 
 Stolen money 45 
 
 Strike assessments 34, 78 
 
 Summary of — 
 
 Budgets of individuals 167-178 
 
 Family budgets 10-24 
 
 Sundries — 
 
 Expenditures for, of families 39, 81 
 
 Expenditures for, of individuals 68, 184, 190, 191, 199, 203, 212, 213, 214, 215, 227, 229 
 
 Fair standard of expenditure for, for self-supporting women 237, 238 
 
 Supplies. (See General supplies; also Toilet supplies.) 
 
 T. 
 
 Table board — 
 
 Discussion of, in connection with individuals 168-170, 172 
 
 Expenditures for, of individuals, 61, 168-170, 172, 177, 178, 184, 190, 191, 199, 203, 212, 
 
 213, 215, 221, 222, 227, 228, 229 
 Fair standard of expenditure for, for self-supporting women 231, 238 
 
 Tariff 41, 149, 241 
 
 Taxes, expenditures for 45, 58, 60, 72, 91, 101, 105, 109, 110, 114, 194 
 
 Telephone calls. (See Reading matter.) 
 
 Theater. (See Recreation.) 
 
 Tobacco — 
 
 Expenditures for 28, 30, 31, 51, 114, 119, 214, 215, 229 
 
 Fair standard of expenditure for 144, 145 
 
 Tobacco. (See also Recreation; also Pocket money.) 
 
 Toilet supplies — 
 
 Discussion of, in connection with individuals 176, 177 
 
 Expenditures for, of individuals, 61, 68, 177, 178, 184, 190, 191, 199, 203, 207, 212, 213, 
 
 215, 221, 227, 228, 229 
 
 Fair standard of expenditure for, for self-supporting women 237, 238 
 
 Of families 7 
 
 Of families. (*Sce also General supplies.) 
 
 Trips. (See Recreation.) 
 
 Trustworthiness of data 8,9 
 
 Types of families studied. (See Families studied, types of.) 
 
 Types of individuals studied. (See Individuals studied, types of.) 
 
 Union dues. (See Lodge and union dues.) 
 
 V. 
 
 Vacations. (See Recreation.) 
 
 Variation in weekly earnings of — 
 
 Men textile workers 148-166 
 
 Women textile workers 240-261 
 
 W. 
 
 Wage-earners — 
 
 Children as 145 
 
 Earnings of. (See Earnings; Family income; Incomes; Wages.) 
 
 Number of, in families studied 10, 11, 145-147 
 
 Number of, in families studied. (See also Occupations of members of families studied.) 
 
OF KENSINGTON, PHILADELPHIA. 273 
 
 Occuptations of, in families studied. {See Occupations of members of families studied.) 
 Variation in weekly earnings of 148-166, 240-261 
 
 Wage data obtained from pay rolls 3, 147-166, 239-261 
 
 Wages of — 
 
 Nineteen men (data obtained from pay rolls) 3, 147-166 
 
 Twenty-seven women (data obtained from pay rolls) 3, 239-261 
 
 Wages. (iSee aZso Earnings; Family income ; Incomes.) 
 
 Water rent, expenditures for, of families 39, 45, 58, 60, 72, 91, 109, 110, 114 
 
 Weekly earnings, variation in — 
 
 Of men textile workers 148-166 
 
 Of women textile workers . 240-261 
 
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