Private Library' UCSB LIBRARY GLOSSARY OF TERMS AND PHRASES GLOSSARY OF TERMS AND PHRASES EDITED BY THE REV. H. PERCY SMITH, M.A. OF BALLIOL COLLEGE, OXFORD, CHAPLAIN OF CHRIST CHURCH, CANNES LONDON KEGAN PAUL, TRENCH & CO., i, PATERNOSTER SQUARE 1883 CONTRIBUTORS. THE REV. H. PERCY SMITH, M.A., late Vicar of Great Barton, Chaplain of Christ Church, Cannes, Editor. ASSISTED BY THE REV. SIR GEORGE W. COX, BART., M.A., Rector of Scraying- ham, author of the " Mythology of the Aryan Nations," etc., and joint-editor of Brande's " Dictionary of Science, Literature, and Art." THE REV. J. F. TWISDEN, M.A., late scholar of Trinity College, Cambridge, Professor of Mathematics in the Royal Staff College. C. A. M. FENNELL, M.A., late Fellow of Jesus College, Cambridge, Editor of Pindar. COLONEL W. PATERSON, late Professor of Military Surveying at the Royal Military College, Sandhurst. THE REV. C. P. MILNER, M.A., Vice-Principal of Liverpool College ; AND OTHERS. PREFACE. THE " Glossary of Terms and Phrases " is intended to bring to- gether such words, expressions, quotations, etc., English or other, as are among the more uncommon in current literature, and require, not for the scientific but for the ordinary reader, explanations, for the want of which the meaning of a sentence or a paragraph, even the drift of an argument, is often missed ; explanations, moreover, not to be obtained without reference to, and perhaps tedious search among, a large and varied number of books, many of them not easily accessible. In short, the editor indulges the hope that this Glossary may supply all the information needed by general readers, who may wish to have a fair understanding of the text of any work in ordinary English literature. Of these terms and expressions some are purely, some are more or less, technical and scientific ; some are simply uncommon ; some contain allusions mythological, historical, geographical ; some fall under a very large class, which must be styled miscellaneous ; some belong to other languages than our own. But in explaining the words themselves, no attempt has been made to enter further than is necessary into the nature of the things named. At the same time, the amount of general added to glossarial information must necessarily be very different in different cases. Words, therefore, arc omitted (i) of whose actual signification there is no doubt this book being a glossary, and not as it were a miniature encyclopedia; (2) which imply a special ?: PREFACE. knowledge of the art or science to which they belong ; (3) which, occurring in writers such as Spenser, Burns, etc., are explained in glossaries attached to them. It is plain, however, that the exact limits of an ordinary reader's needs cannot be defined, and there must be many terms as to the inclusion or rejection of which the editor must exercise his judgment in a Glossary intended as much for the mechanics' institute as for the general reader or the man of education. But his estimate of these needs may, it is hoped, be not very far wrong, while of the real need of some such Glossary experience leaves no doubt whatever. As to the etymological explanations given, it may be well to say that very often the nearest cognate form simply has been set down not as implying, by any means, that in all such cases the word has been necessarily borrowed from the one to the other. The references given to books are made, as far as it was possible to make them, to works not difficult of access. For the explanation of American terms found in the Glossary, the editor begs to express his obligation to the work entitled Mr. John Russell Bartlett's " Dictionary of Americanisms." H, PERCY SMITH. ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THIS WORK. abbrev. = abbreviation. (Eccl. Arch.) Ecclesiastical Architectur act. = active. (Eccl. Hist.) = Ecclesiastical History. adj. = adjective. [Eccl. L.] = Ecclesiastical Latin. adv. ss adverb. [Egypt.] = Egyptian. [Afgh.] = Afghanistan. [Eng.] English. (Agr.) = Agriculture. (Eng. Hist.) English History. (Ale hem. ) = Alchemy. (En to in.) = Entomology. (Algcb.) = Algebra. (Ethn.) = Ethnology. [Amer.] = American. (Ely m.) = Etymology. (Anat.) = Anatomy. fam. = family. (Ant.) = Antiquity. (Farr.) = Farriery. [Ar.] = Arabic. fern. = feminine. (Arc/i.) = Architecture. (Fetid.) = Feudal. (Archccol. ) = Archaeology. fig- = figure. (Arith.) = Arithmetic. [Flem.] Flemish. art. = article. (Fortif.) =s Fortification. [A.S.] ss Anglo-Saxon. [Fr.] = French. (Astrol.) = Astrology. freq. = frequentative. (Astron.) = Astronomy. (Fr.Hist.) = French History. (Bibl.) = Biblical. [Gadh.] = Gadhelic. (Biol.) = Biology. [Gael.] Gaelic. (Bot.) = Botany. [Case.] = Gascon. [Braz.] = Brazilian. gen. = genus. [Bret.] = Breton. (Geog.) ss Geography. (Camb. Univ.) = Cambridge University. (Geol.) =: Geology. [Carib.] = Caribbean. [Ger.] = German. catachr. = catachrestic. [Goth.] Gothic. [Catal.] = Catalan. [Gr.] = Greek. Cels. = Celsus. (Gram.) SS Grammar. [Celt.] = Celtic. [Hayt.] = Haytian. \Chem.) = Chemistry. [Heb.] = Hebrew. [Chin.] = Chinese. (Her.) Heraldry. (Chron.) = Chronology. [Hind.] = Hindu. class. = classical. (Hist.) History. collat. = collateral. [Icel.] Icelandic. (Com.) = Commercial. (Ichth.) = Ichthyology. (Conch.) = Conchology. [Ir.] = Irish. (Conv.) = Convocation. iron. = ironical. corr. = corruption. [It.] = Italian. correl. = correlative. [Jap.] = Japanese. (Crystallog.) = C rystallography . (Jiirisp.) = Jurisprudence. [Cymr.] = Cymric. kingd. = kingdom. d. = died. [L.] = Latin. [D.] ss Dutch. (Lang.) = Language. [Dan.] = Danish. (Leg.) = Legal. deriv. = derivative. [L.G.] = Low German. dim. = diminutive. (Lit.) Literature. (Dipl.) = Diplomatic. Lit. = literally. [Dor.] = Doric. [L.L.] = Low Latin. [Dm.) = Dynamics. (Log.) ss Logic. (Eccl.) = Ecclesiastical. (Mag.) = Magnetism. ABBREVIATIONS. (Mamtf.) _ Manufactures. (Physiol. ) = Physiology. masc. ss masculine. plu. = plural. (Math.) = Mathematics. (Poet.) = Poetry. [M.E.] = Middle English. [Pol.] = Polish. (Mcch.) = Mechanics. [Port.] = Portuguese. (Med.) = Medical. p.p. = past participle. Med. L. = Mediaeval Latin. p. part. = past participle. metaph. = metaphorical. pron. = pronounced. (Meteorol.) = Meteorology. (Pros.) = Prosody. meton. = metonymy. pr. part. = present participle. (Met,:) = Metric, redupl. = reduplicate. (Mil.) B: Military. (Rhet.) = Rhetoric. (Min.) = Mineralogy. (Rom. Hist.) = Roman History. [Mod. Gr.] = Modern Greek. rt. = root. modif. = modification. [PvllSS.] = Russian. (Municip.) = Municipal. [Scand.] = Scandinavian. (Mies.) = Music. (Schol.) = Scholastic. (Myth.) = Mythology. (Scien.) = Science. [N.-Amer.Ind.] = North- American Indian. [Scot.] = Scotch. (Nat. Hist.) = Natural History. (Scot. Law.) = Scotch Law. (Naut.) SB Nautical. [Semit.] = Semitic. neg. =S negative. sing. SB singular. neut. = neuter. [Skt.] = Sanskrit Norm. Fr. = Norman French. [Slav.] = Slavonic. [Norw.] = Norwegian. [Sp.] = Spanish. (JVttmis. ) B= Numismatics. spec. = species. [O.E.] == Old English. (Stockbrok.) = Stockbroking. [O.Fr.] BE Old French. sub-kingd. = sub-kingdom. [O.H.G.] = Old High German. subst. = substantive. [O.N.] = Old Norse. (Surg.) = Surgery. [Onomatop.] 55 Onomatopoeia. [Sw.] = Swedish. ord. = order. syll. =3 syllables. (Ornith.) = Ornithology. [Syr.] = Syriac. [O.S.] = Old Saxon. [Teut.] = Teutonic. [O.Sp.] = Old Spanish. (Theat.) = Theatrical. (Ost.) = Osteology. (Theol.) BS Theological. (Ostr.) ss Ostracology. transl. = translation. (Oxf. Univ.) = Oxford University. [Turk.] = Turkish. P- = participle. typ. = typical. (Par I.) =. Parliamentary. (Univ.) = University. (Path.) =. Pathology. . v.a. = verb active. [Pers.] = Persian. (Vet.) r= Veterinary. (Phil.) =L Philosophy. v.n. BS verb neuter. (Phys.) = Physics. (Zoo!.) = Zoology. GLOSSARY OF TERMS AND PHRASES. ABBE A. With the Romans, usually stood for the prsenomen Aulus ; in inscriptions, often for Au- gustus, A. A. being duo Augusti, A. A. A., tres Augusti ; in epitaphs, for Annus ; upon voting- tablets at the Comitia, for Antiquo, / reject (U.B.) ; in judicial trials, for Absolve, / say " not guilty" as opposed to C., Condemno, I say " guilty" _and to N.L. (f.v.). As a numeral, A is 500, A 5000. A 1. In Lloyd's Register of Shipping (q.v.), indicates, to shippers and insurers, a first-class vessel, thoroughly equipped. A refers to hull, I to anchor, cables, etc. Hence A I, in slang, = first-rate. -a, -ay. Norse suffix. 1. = island in the sea, as in Staff-a, Colons-ay. 2. = river, as in Gret-a, Rattr-ay. [A.S. ea, O.H.G. aha, Goth, ahva, L. aqua, water.} (-ea; ey.) Ab. Eleventh month of civil, fifth of ecclesi- astical, Jewish year ; July August. A.B. (Naut.), i.e. able-bodied ; a first-rate, as distinguished from an ordinary, seaman. Aback. (Naut.) Position of sails when the wind bears on their front. They are Taken or Laid A. by accident or design respectively. Abaoot. A spurious word, given in all dic- tionaries, and said to mean "a cap of State, wrought up into the shape of two crowns, worn formerly by English kings. " But both word and thing are delusions. The true word, Bycooket [O. Fr. bicoquet, the peak of some kind of lady's head-dress}, not uncommon up to and after 1500, after undergoing a series of corruptions, appears in Spelman's Glossdrium (1664) as "Abacot," with the above explanation ; whence it has been copied from one dictionary into another ever since. Its primitive meaning probably sur- vives in the Sp. bicoquin, a cap with two points. As Henry V. on his bassinet at Agincourt, and as Richard on his helmet at Bosworth, wore a gold crown ; so Henry VI. (crowned King of England and of France) wore at Hedgley Moor two crowns upon his bycocket but in no sense as part of it. (See Dr. Murray's Letter to the AthcntBum, February 4, 1882.) Abacus. [L., Gr. fij8o|, &&OKOS, a table, slab.} 1. The tablet on the top of the capital of a column, which supports the entablature. 2. With Greeks and Romans, a wooden tray for arith- metical computation ; divided by parallel lines, and having in the spaces pebbles, representing units, tens, etc. Similarly, 3, a framework with parallel wires, strung with beads, to render cal- culations palpable, used in infant schools ; and by the Chinese, with whom all calculations of weights, measures, etc., are decimal. -abad. [Hind.., dwelling.} Part of names ; as in Hyder-abad, the abode of Hyder ; Murshed- abad, etc. Abaddon. [Heb., the destroyer.} Name for the angel of the bottomless pit, Rev. ix. u ; in Milton, the pit itself. (Apollyon.) Abaft (prefix a, i.e. on, and -baft, i.e. by aft). (Naut.') Behind the object mentioned. Abandon. [Fr.] Freedom from restraint, careless ease of manner. Abandonment. (A 7 aut.) By a written notice, conveys to the underwriters an insured ship, when a "constructive total loss," i.e. so da- maged that repair would cost more than she is worth. A bas le, les. [Fr.] Down with. Ab assuetis non fit injuria [Leg. L., wrong does not arise fro in what one is accustomed to\, i.e. one has no claim at law in respect of a nuisance or damage which has been long borne without complaint. Abatis. [Fr.] (Mil.) An obstacle formed of trees felled [Fr. abattu] ; their stems being placed close together in the ground, with the ends of the branches sharpened and pointed towards an enemy. Abattoir. [Fr. abattre, to knock down.} A public slaughter-house. A battuta. [It., at the beat.} (Mus.) Revert to strict time. Abb. [A.S. ab, and ob.] Yarn of a weaver's warp. Abbasides. (Hist.) Caliphs of Bagdad (749- 1258), claiming descent from Abbas, uncle of Mohammed. To this line belonged Haroun-al- Raschid, contemporary of Charlemagne. Abbe. [Fr.] A word applied not only to the abbots or heads of conventual houses, but to all persons vested with the ecclesiastical habit (Littre). Before the French Revolutfon, many such men rose to eminence in the world of letters and fashion. The A. commendataires, nominated AEBO ABBR by the king, drew one-third of the revenues of their abbeys, as sinecurists. Abbot of Joy. [Fr. Abbe de Liesse, L. Abbas Lattice.} A master of revels, formerly, in some French towns. Abbot of Misrule. In Med. Hist., the master of the revels ; called in Scotland the Abbot of Unreason (see Sir W. Scott's Monastery). (Boy Bishop, The ; Feast of Fools ; Saturnalia.) Abbot of the People. Formerly a chief magistrate among the Genoese. Abbots, Mitred. In Eng. Hist., twenty-four in number, ecclesiastical dignitaries, who held of the king in capite per baroniam, and sat and voted in the House of Lords. Abbreviations, Symbols, etc. [Eccl. L. abbrS- viatio, -nem, a shortening.] jj?, Chr., is an A., 1, for xf n i ff ' r ^ > 'i excellent (Chrestomathy) ; and, later, 2, for XpwrrJs, Christ. LXX., Septuagint; A.U.C., ab urbe condita, in the year from the building of Rome ; S.P.Q.R., senatus popii- lusque Romanus, the senate and people of Rome; S. D. , salutem dicit, sends greeting ; D.D. D. , dono dedit,dicavit,gave, dedicated, as a gift; D.O.M., Deo Optimo Maximo, to God, the Best, the Greatest ; M.S., memoriae sacrum, sacred to the memory of ; H.S.E., hie sepultus (situs) est, here is buried; R.I. P., requiescat in pace, may he rest in peace ; S.T.T.L., sit tibi terra levis, light be the earth upon thee; I.H.C. and I.H.S. are the first three letters, I, H, 2 (I, E, S) which last was at one time written very like our C in the Greek IH2OT2, Jesus; A.S., anno sa- lutis, in the year of our salvation, = anno Do- mini ; B.V.M., beata Virgo Maria, the blessed Virgin Mary; S.J., of the Society of Jesus. Astronomy : 1. Members of the solar system : 0, The Sun ; fl, the Moon ; , Mercury ; ? , Venus ; or J , the Earth ; $ , Mars ; If,, Jupiter; I?, Saturn; $, the Georgian. 2. Signs of the Zodiac : I. T, Aries, o ; 2. & , Taurus, 30 ; 3. n, Gemini, 60 ; 4. 05, Cancer, 90; 5. Si, Leo, 120; 6. TJJi, Virgo, 150; 7. 4, Libra, 180 ; 8. TT|,, Scorpio, 210; 9. $, Sagittarius, 240 ; IO. yf, Capricornus, 270 ; II. ?, Aquarius, 300; 12. >, Pisces, 330. 3. Other symbols are : (J , conjunction ; D , quadrature ; , opposition ; &, ascending node; $3 , descending node. In Bishops' signatures : Cant, or Cantuar. is Cantuariensis, of Canterbury ; Ebor., Ebor- acensis, of Eboracum or Eburacum, York ; Dunelrn., Dunelmensis, of Durham; Winton., Wintoniensis, of Wintonia, Winchester ; Sarum, of New Sarum, i.e. Salisbury; Vigorn., Vigornensis, of Worcester ; Oxon., Oxoniensis, of Oxford ; Exon. , Exoniensis, of Exeter ; Roffen., Roflfensis, of Rochester ; Cicestr., Cicestrensis, of Chichester; Menev., some- times, for Menevensis, of Menevia, now St. David's. Similarly, Cantab., Cantabrigiensis, of Cambridge; Eblan., Eblanensis, of Eblana, Dublin. Ch. Ch. is Christ Church; C.C.C., Corpus Christi College, Oxford; F.T.C.D., Fellow of Trinity College, Dublin. S.P.G., S.P.C.K., C.M.S., A.C.S., are the Societies for Propagation of the Gospel, for Promoting Christian Knowledge, Church Missionary, Additional Curates'; E.C.U., English Church Union; A.P.U.C., Association for Promoting Unity of Christendom. Botany : $ , male ; $ , female ; hermaph. or bisexual ; $ $ $ polygamous ; $ $f , dioecious ; $ - - 3 monoecious ; or Q> annual ; @ or $ , biennial ; 1, perennial ; T?, a tree or shrub ; v.v., visum vivum, seen alive ; v.s., siccum, seen in a dried state ; v.c., cultum, seen cultivated ; v.sp., sporadicum or sponta- neum, seen wild. Chemistry : The chemical symbol for aluminium is Al ; for silver [L. argentum], Ag ; arsenic, As ; gold [L. aurum], Au ; boron, B ; barium, Ba ; bismuth, Bi ; bromine, Br ; carbon, C ; calcium, Ca ; cadmium, Cd ; cerium, Ce ; chlorine, Cl ; cobalt, Co ; chromium, Cr ; caesium, Cs ; copper [L. cuprum], Cu ; didymium, D ; erbium, E ; fluorine, F ; iron [L. ferrum], Fe ; glucinum, Gl ; hydrogen, H ; mercury [L. hydrargyrum], Hg ; iodine, I ; indium, In ; iridium, Ir ; potas- sium [L.L. kalium, from Ar. alkali], K; lan- thanum, La ; lithium, Li ; magnesium, Mg ; manganese, Mn ; molybdenum, Mo ; nitrogen, N ; sodium, Na (Natron) ; niobium, Nb ; nickel, Ni ; oxygen, O ; osmium, Os ; phosphorus, P ; lead [L. plumbum], Pb ; palladium, Pd ; plati- num, Pt ; rubidium, Rb ; rhodium, Rh ; ruthe- nium, Ru ; antimony [L. stibium], Sb ; selenium, Se; silicon, Si ; strontium, Sr ; tin [L. stannum], Sn ; sulphur, S ; tantalum, Ta ; tellurium, Te ; thorium, Th ; titanium, Ti ; thallium, Tl ; ura- nium, U ; vanadium, V ; tungsten, W (Wol- fram) ; yttrium, Y ; zinc, Zn ; zirconium, Zr. Of the principal Codices or MSS. of the New Testament: A. is the Alexandrine, or Codex Alexandrinus, in the British Museum, probably fifth century; B., Codex Vaticanus, in the Vatican, probably fourth century ; C. , Cod. Ephraemi, at Paris, i.e. of Ephraem the Syrian, a palimpsest, probably fifth century ; D., Cod. Cantabrigiensis, or Bezae, at Cambridge, probably end of fifth century or beginning of sixth century ; K, Cod. Sinaiticus, found by Tischen- dorf, 1859, in a monastery on Mount Sinai, probably fourth century. On English Coins are: A.C., A.D., A.T., Arch- Chancellor, -Duke, -Treasurer; D.G., Dei gratia, by the grace of God; F.D., fidei defensor, Defender of the Faith; S.R.I., Sanctum Romanurh Imprium, Holy Roman Empire; M.B.F. et H., Magnae Britannia;, Franciae, et Hibemiae, of Great Britain, France, and Ireland. In Dignities, Degrees, Professions, etc. : H.M., S.M., His or Her 'Majesty, Sa Majeste ; S.A.R., S.A.I., Son Altesse Royale, Imperiale, His or Her Royal, Imperial, Highness; D.N.P.P., Dominus noster Papa Pontifex, our Lord the Pope. K.C.H. is Knight Commander of Hanover; K.G., K.H., K.M., K.P., K.T., K.M.G., are Knights of the Garter, of Han- over, of Malta, of St. Patrick, of the Thistle, of St. Michael and St. George; K.B. not now in use, Knight of the Bath, of which order ABBR ABBR (as of S.I. and M.G.) there are now three classes, viz. G.C.B. Grand Cross, K.C.B. Knight Commander, and C.B. Companion ; C.I.E. is Companion of. the Order of the Indian Empire; C.S.I., K.C.S.I., G.C.S.I., Commander, Knight Commander, Grand Cross, of the Star of India; L.C.J. and L.C.B. are Lord Chief Justice, Baron; P.C., Privy Coun- cillor; H. E.I.C., Honourable East India Com- pany; S.T. P., Sanctse Theologize Professor, is the L. translation of D. D. , Doctor of Divinity ; LL.D., Legum Doctor, Doctor of Laws, the equivalent in Cambridge and Dublin of the Oxford D.C.L., Doctor of Civil Law; A. A. is Associate of Arts ; B. M. , Bachelor of Medicine; S.C.L., B.C.L., Student, Bachelor, of Civil Law ; A.K.C., Associate of King's College ; B. es L. is the French Bachelier es, i.e. en les, Lettres ; F. R. S. , properly Frater- nitatis Regise Socius, has adapted itself to the Eng. translation, Fellow of the Royal Society similarly, F.G.S., F.L.S., F.R.A.S., F.R.G.S. are Fellows of the Royal Geolog., Linnsean Royal Astron. , Royal Geog. , Societies ; R. A. Royal Academy, Royal Academician ; A. R. A. Associate of ditto ; P.R.A., President of ditto A.E.R.A., Associate Engraver of Royal Acad. M.I.C.E., Member of the Institute of Civil En- gineers ; M. R.C. S. is Member of the Royal College of Surgeons; M.R.C.V. S., Member of Veterinary ditto; F. R.I.B.A., Fellow of the Royal Institute of British Architects. R.M., usually Royal Marines, is, in Ireland, Resident Magistrate. D.L., Deputy- Lieutenant of the County ; J.P., Justice of the Peace, i.e. a magis- trate ; W.S., Writer to the Signet, i.e. one of a body of legal practitioners in Edinburgh, cor- responding generally to the highest class of attorneys in London; M.F. H., Master of the Fox-hounds ; M. C. , master of the ceremonies. Amongst Naval A. are : R. N., Royal Navy ; H.M.S., Her Majesty's ship ; A.B., able-bodied seaman; C.G., coastguard; C.P., sent by the civil power; D., in Complete Book, dead or deserted; D.S.Q., discharged to sick quarters; F. G. , on a powder cask, fine grain ; and L. G. , large grain. (For L. , v. L's, Three ; and v. A I.) Amongst Military A. are : F.M., Field- Marshal ; A.D.C., Aide-de-Camp'; Q.M.G., Quarter- Master-General ; R.A., R.E., R.H.A., R.M., are Royal Artillery, Engineers, Horse Artillery, Marines ; C.O., Commanding Officer ; S.C., Staff Corps; S.C., Staff College; R.M.C. and R.M.A-, Royal Military College, Sandhurst, and Academy, Woolwich. In referring to Languages: Sansk., Skr., or Skt., is Sanskrit; A.S., Anglo-Saxon; O.H.G. and M.H.G., Old, and Middle, High German; Pl.D., Platt Deutsch, Low German; O.E., O.F., O.N., O.S., Old English, Old French, Old Norse, Old Saxon; L.L., Low Latin; Prov. , Proven9al ; *J = root of a word. Mathematics : Q. E. D. , quod erat demonstran- dum, which was to be proved ; Q. E. F. , faciendum, to be done. Letters of the alphabet are used to denote numbers or numerical quantities ; but a, b, c, etc., denote constant or known numbers ; u, x, y, z, variable or unknown numbers ; m, n, p, etc., simple numerical coefficients, or exponents : thus, a certain power of a known number (a) would be written a m ; ab is a X b ; T, a -T- b ; a > b means a is greater than b ; a < b, less ; * means a X a X a X a, and the 4 is called an exponent of a ; fj, formerly r, i.e. L. radix, is the sq. root of a number ; but tya or a\, %] a or a\, mean the cube root, the fourth root, of a ; .'. stands for therefore, '.' for because; cos., tan., log., are cosine, tangent, logarithm. When the variations of one quantity (ti) follow those of another quantity (x) the for- mer is said to be a function, f, F, or , / see.] Incorrect term for colour-blind- ness. (Dyschromatopsy.) Ablepsy. (Dipl.) Wrong reading by a scribe of that which he is copying. Abnormal. [L. ab, from, norma, carpenter's rule, a pattern.] Deviating from rule or law, e.g. in the development of living things. Abnormis sapiens. [L.] Wise, but of no sect or school ; naturally shrewd. Horace. Abolitionist. One who is for abolishing slavery immediately and entirely. Abolla. [L., Gr. ave.fioX-1].] A woollen cloak, scarlet or purple, worn by Roman soldiers, opposed to toga, the outer garment worn in time of peace; hence attributed, derisively, to the Stoics, whose philosophy was essentially polemical, controversial. Aboma Epicrates, Cenchria. [Gr. firucpar-fis, one who overmasters, /ceyxpt'as, spotted like millet seeds (/ce-yxpoi).] Boa (J., Ringed B. of Trop. America. Possesses rudimentary hind legs ; it was worshipped by the ancient Alexicans. Fam. Pythomdse. Abomasus. Fourth stomach of a ruminant. A bon chat bon rat. [Fr., to good cat good rat.] The parties are well matched. Aborigines. [L.] Inhabitants ab origine, pre- historic. (Autochthones.) Abortion. [L. abortio, -nem.] 1. An unnatural expulsion of the foetus after the sixth week and before the sixth month. 2. In Law, the crime of producing this by drugs or instruments. Abortive. [L. abortivus, ab-6rior, I fail to rise, miscarry.] (Hot.} Imperfectly formed. A. branches, woody nodules in the bark of some trees, e.g. cedar. Abou-Hannes. Spec, of bird, identified by Cuvier with Ibis Religiosa, Sacred Ibis, of Egypt. Numenius I., gen. NumenTus, fam. Scolopacidae, ord. Grallse. About, To go. (Naut.} To put a ship's head to the wind, and fill on the other tack. Keady about and about ship are orders to go about. Ab ovo usque ad mala. [L.] From the beginning to the end ; lit. from the egg, the first dish, to the apples, the last, in a Roman meal. Abox. (Naut.} (Brace.) Abracadabra. An ancient mystic word of un- known origin ; a charm against fevers, written on paper, folded up, and worn a certain time in the bosom, then thrown into a stream. The word was in the form of an equilateral triangle inverted, each line being shorter by one letter than the preceding, and the letter A only re- maining as the apex. Perhaps Pers. abrasas, a mystical term for Deity, and Heb. dabar, Divine Word ; the C is really the S of the word in its Greek form (Littre). (Abraxas.) Abrahamites. Bohemian deists of the last century, who professed the faith of Abraham before circumcision. Their existence was short. Abraham Man. An impostor, who per- sonated " poor Tom of Bedlam," i.e. the harm- less incurable lunatic, who went about in squalid dress, singing songs and driving a good trade. (See Edgar's account of himself in King Lear.) Shamming Abraham is still slang. Abramis. [Gr. appa^is.] Gen. of fresh- water fish ; Europe," W. Asia, N. America ; as the common bream (Abramis Brama). Fam. CyprTnidse, ord. Physostomi, sub-class Telost6i. Abrancbian, Abranchiate. [Gr. a neg., j3po-vx' a . gate'] Without gills. Among Verte- ABRA ACAN brates reptiles, birds, and mammals ; among Annelids leeches and earthworms. A bras ouverts. [Fr.] With open arms, Abraxas, or Abrasaz Stones. A word first used by the Basilidians, a Gnostic sect, as expressing the number of spirits or deities subject to the supreme deity, 365. The letters which make up the word A. stand in Greek numerals for I, 2, 100, i, 60, I, 200 = 365. [Pers. Abraxas or Abrasas, God.] (Abracadabra.) Stones have been found bearing this name written, together with an emblem, the body of a man, or serpent, or fowL Abrenvoir. [Fr. from L. adblbrare, to give drink."] 1. A drinking-place for cattle, etc. 2. A joint between stones, to be filled in with mortar. Abrogation. [L. abrogatio, -nem.] The repeal of a law by competent authority ; the inversion of the process by which, in the Roman comitia, the votes of the curies or tribes were asked for a measure. Abscissa. (Co-ordinates.) Absentee. One who derives his income from one country, but resides and spends it in another. Absentem laedit cam ebrio qui Htigat. [L.] He injures the absent who quarrels -with a drunken man ; the absence of sense being tantamount to personal absence. Absinthe. An aromatic liqueur prepared from some of the small alpine species of Artemisia. Absintbine. The bitter principle of wormwood [Gr. btylvQiov], Artemisia Absinthium. Absit. [L.., let him be absent."] Written leave to be absent for one night from college, during a term of residence. Absit omen. [L., may the omen be absent."] God forbid I Absolute, Sir Anthony. A character in TJie Rivals of Sheridan ; generous, irritable, over-bear- ing. Captain A., a bold, adroit, determined man. Absolve a doubt or difficult passage, = clear up, explain. [L. absolve, I unloose."] Absolvi animam meam, or Hberavi animam meam. [L.] I have relieved my soul (conscience), especially by an ineffectual protest. Absonous. [L. absonus.] Discordant, con- trary to, not in harmony with. Absorbents. [L. absorbentes, part, of ab- sorbeo, / suck up.~\ A system of delicate vessels, pervading the entire body, whose function is to take up substances and convey them into the mass of the circulating fluid. Of these, the Lacteals [L. lac, milk"] convey the chyle from the stomach and intestines ; the Lymphatics [L. lympha, water] absorb all redundant matter throughout the body (Lymph). A drug which stimulates such vessels is called absorbent, e.g. calomel. Absorbing wells are sunk through retentive ground into permeable ground, to get rid, by in- filtration, of liquids thrown in. Absque imputatione vasti. [Leg. L., without impeachment of waste."] Said of life tenure ; a reservation securing tenant against being sued for (non-malicious) waste. Abstention. In Politics, refraining from the exercise of public rights, especially from voting. Abstersive. [L. abs,from, off, tergeo, / wipe.] Able to wipe away, cleanse. Abstinence, Days of. [L. abstinentia, the holding off from anything."] In the Roman Church, days on which the eating of flesh is for- bidden, as distinguished from days of fasting, when only one meal is allowed during the twenty-four hours. Abstraction. (Predicable.) Abstract number. A number the unit of which denotes no particular thing ; e.g. twelve as distinguished from twelve apples. Abstract of title. {Leg.) Epitome of evidence of ownership. Absurdum, Eeductio ad. (Reductio.) Abudah. In Ridley's Tales of the Genii, a merchant of Bagdad, driven by a little old hag to search for Oromanes' talisman. Abnna. Abyssinian high priest. Ab uno disce omnes. [L., from one (man) know all (his) associates^] Take this as a specimen. A-burton. (Naut.) Spoken of casks stowed athwart ship?. Abuse of process. (Leg.) Obtaining advan- tage by some intentional irregularity in the form of legal proceedings. Abuttal. The boundary of land ; land is said to abut on this road or that river. Academics. (Academy.) Academy figure. A drawing generally made in black and white chalk from a living model, as by students at an Academy of Arts. Academy, Philosophy of, i.e. Platonism. The Academia (called after its supposed owner, the hero Academes), being a garden in the suburbs of Athens, where Socrates discoursed, and Plato taught for nearly half a century. Hence A. = seat of learning. Acadia. Indian name of Nova Scotia. Acajou. 1. Mahogany ; the word originally American, and introduced with the article, eighteenth century. 2. Applied also to the Cashew nut (Anacardium occklentale). Acalephae. [Gr. dxaA^Tj, a nettle.'] Sea- nettles, sea-blubbers, jelly-fish. A class (in Cuvier's system) of Radiata (q.v.), soft and gelatinous, mostly with stinging hairs ; e.g. Medusas. Acanthlon. [Gr. &Kav9a, a thorn."] Gen. of flat-spined porcupine ; two species. India and Islands. Fam. Hystricidse, ord. Rodentia. Acanthophis. [Gr. &Ka.v9a, a thorn, 6dA.os, not-headed.} (Zool.) Bivalve molluscs proper (Lamellibranchlata), as the oyster, clam, and teredo. Acephali. [Gr. a.Kf> 1 g&P e -~\ (Bot.) Small brittle seed-like fruit, e.g. the so- called " seed " of the strawberry. (Indehiscent.) Acheron. [Gr., from a root which has given the names Acheldus, Axius, Exe, Usk, Usque- [baugh], whiskey, and many others denoting water.} A river (i) in Thesprotia, (2) in Italy, (3) in the nether world of Hades, mistakenly supposed in this instance to be so named as flowing with aches, grief, and pains, as if from &X os i ache, pain, and fifu, I flmv. (Lethe ; Phlegethon; Styx.) A cheval. [Fr., on horseback.} (Mil.) Said of troops placed so that a river or road passing through the centre is at right angles with the front. Achievement. [Fr. achever, to bring to a head or end.} Any sign, ensign, of deeds performed ; now corrupted into hatchment. Achilleine. The bitter principle of milfoil, or yarrow, Achillea millefolium, ord. Compositse. Achilles. (Nereids.) Achlamydeous. [Gr. ^Aa/ivy, a cloak.} Plants without calyx or corolla, having no floral enve- lope, e.g. willow. Achne. [Gr. &x vr li a particle on the surface.} Small hard inflamed tubercles on the skin. Often written, incorrectly, acne. Achromatic. [Gr. d neg. , xP^M a > colour.} Not showing colour, as A. lenses, A. telescopes, etc., in which chromatic dispersion is wholly or nearly corrected. Acicular. [L. acicula, a small pin or needle.} (Bot. and Min.) Slender and pointed. Acidimetry. [L. acidus, acid, and Gr. faeTpftv, to measure^} The art of measuring the free acid contained in any liquid. Aciform. [L. acus.] Of the shape of a needle. Acinacifonn. [L. aclnaces.] Of the shape of a. scimitar. Acmifonn. [L. acinus.] Of the shape of a grapestone. Acker, i.e. Eager, or Eagor. (Bore.) ACLI ACTI Aclinic line. [Gr. a neg. , KXivia, 7 make to slant. ~\ The magnetic equator, or line joining all those places on the earth where the magnetic needle has no inclination or dip, i.e. where it is horizontal. Acme. [Gr.] (Rhet.) The extreme height of pathos or sentiment to which the hearer is led by a climax [Gr. /fA/xaf, a ladder] or series of impressions, each more intense than the pre- ceding. Acoemetae. [Gr. focof/xTji-os, sleepless.] An order of nuns of the fourth century ; so called because, in their convents, the offices were said without interruption day and night. In the following century an order of monks was estab- lished at Constantinople, for the like purpose. Acolyte. [Gr. a.ic6\ovf)os,follmver, O. E. colet.~\ One of the minor ecclesiastical orders who attends the priest in the ministry of the altar. Aeon. (JVaui.) A flat-bottomed boat ; Medi- terranean. Aconite. [Gr. a.K6vlrov, L. aconitum.] Monks- hood (Acomtum Napellus), ord. Ranunculacese. A poisonous plant, with long tapering root, di- vided leaves, and tall stems bearing racemes of purple flowers ; cultivated in gardens for orna- ment and for medicinal purposes ; root sometimes mistaken for horse-radish, with fatal results. Acotyledonous. [Gr. a neg., Korv\rfie [Gr. a"neipd] at the end \&Kpov] of the germinating seed, e.g. in barley. Acrostic. [Gr. d.Kp6o-T"ixv> i> the beginningof a verse, 2, an acrostic poem.'] A piece of poetry in which the first letters or, according to modern use of the word A., the first, or the last, or some central one of every line, taken consecutively, make a word or a sentence. Acroterion. [Gr. aKpurripiov, extremity.'] (Arch.) A short pedestal for a statue, at the apex and the extremities of a pediment. Act, Acta. In Rome, records of public pro- ceedings, as A. populi, Senatus, etc., at one time published as a kind of newspaper. Hence, in later times, Philosophical "ir&nsacfiotis," Acts of Parliament, Fr. acte authentique ; and to keep an act, i.e. perform a public exercise, for a degree. Acta Diurna. [L.] The records of the daily acts of the Senate, published by the order of Julius Caesar. Acta Martyrum. [L.] Records of the suffer- ings of the martyrs. St. Augustine speaks of these records as being read to the people on their festival days. Acta Sanctorum. [L.] A title given to the records of the lives of saints, the most celebrated collection being that of the Bollandists. (Sanc- torale.) Actes. [Fr.] In Fr. Law, documents (Act), e.g. A. de deces, de mariage, certificates of death, marriage. Actian Games. (Hist.) Games celebrated at Actium, on the Ambracian Gulf, in honour of Apollo, and renewed with increased splendour by Octavius after his victory over M. Antonius. Actinia. [Gr. cta-rfc, &KTIVOS, a ray of the sun.'] ACTI 10 ADDI Sea-anemone, giving its name to fam. Actmidoe, class Actlnozoa, sub-class Ccelenterata. Actinic rays. [Gr. Htcris, d, I write.] An instrument for registering variations in the in- tensity of the actinic rays. Aetinolite. [Gr. dtcris, \l8os, a stone.'] A crystallized mineral, green ; a prismatic variety of hornblende. Actinometer. [Gr. dxris, utrpov, measure.'} An instrument for measuring the intensity of the sun's radiant heat. Action. [L. actio, -nem.] (Mil.'] An engage- ment of minor proportions to those of a battle. Action of a moving system, or Quantity of Action, is a quantity proportional to the average kinetic energy of the system during a certain time, multiplied by the time. (For Action and Reaction, -vide Eeaction.) Act of God, By the. In Law ; caused by something beyond human control, as a lightning stroke, a hurricane. Actuality. [L. actualis, belonging to an act.] Real existence of some state, quality, or action ; opposed to Potentiality (q.v.), and to that which is Virtual (q.v.}. Actuary. [L. actuarius.] 1. In the Roman courts, an officer who drew up contracts and other instruments in the presence of the magis- trate. 2. The registering clerk of Convocation. 3. A calculator of the value of life interests, annuities, etc. Actum est de. [L.] All is over with. Actus non facit reum, nisi mens sit rea. In Law ; the act does not make a man a criminal, unless the intention be criminal. Aculeate. [L. aculeus, a sting, sharp point. ] (Bot.) Covered with prickles, which are cellular; while thorns or spines grow from the wood, and are stiff shortened branches. Acuminate leaf [L. acumen, a point] has a projecting, tapering point, e.g. the common reed ; Acute being simply pointed. Acupressure. (Med.) The occlusion of an artery by the pressure [L. pressura] of a netdle [acus] in such a way as to arrest the circulation through, or the hemorrhage from it. Acupuncture. (Med.} Pricking [L. punctura] of the affected parts with a needle [acus], for remedial purposes. Acute disease [L. acutus, sharp] is opposed to Chronic; acute sound or accent to grave ; acute angle is less than, obtuse more than, 90. Acuyari (Bot.) The wood of the Icica altissima, a resinous tree of Guiana. Adactyle. [Gr. dneg., SdWCAos, finger, toe.] (Zool.) Without separated toes, as the horse. Adage. [L. adagium.] A proverb. Adagio. [It.] (Mus.) Slowly, leisurely. Adamant. [Gr. dSa/xav, dneg., 5a/ida>, I tame.] 1. With the Greek poets, the hardest metal, it is not certain what. 2. The diamond. Adamas, both in Gr. and in L., has both meanings. Another form of the word is diamond, through Fr. diamant ; and another is Fr. aimant, a load- stone. Adamantine spar. Brown sapphire. (Co- rundum. ) Adamites. A name applied to sects which, in the early Christian centuries, and again in the twelfth and fifteenth, professed to imitate Adam's primitive state of innocence. Adam's apple. The prominence in men's throats, made by the top front angle of the thyroid cartilage of the larynx. (Thyroid. ) Adam's needle. (Yucca.) Adams, Parson. A poor curate and scholar in Fielding's Joseph Andrews; type of a thoroughly simple manly Christian. Adam's Peak. A mountain in Ceylon, associated with the name of Adam and of Buddha, whose supposed foot-print, seen near the summit, attracts yearly thousands of pilgrims. Ad amussim. [L.] Lit. to the carpenter's rule; exactly. Adansonia. (Baobab.) Adar. [Heb., (?) fire, splendour.] Esth. iii., ix. ; sixth month of Jewish civil, twelfth of ecclesiastical year ; February March. Ve-adar, i.e. additional A. intercalary month. Adatis. A fine cotton cloth of India. Adawlut, Sudder. (Sudder.) Ad Calendas Graecas [L., to the Greek Calends], i.e. never. (Calends.) Ad captandum. {L.., for catching.] Addressed to prejudice, fancy, ignorance, rather than to well-informed reason. Ad crumenam, Argnmentum. [L., argument to the purse.] An argument addressed to one's power of or interest in spending. Adda. Small burrowing lizard (Scincus offi- cinalis), supposed to be remedial in leprosy and all cutaneous diseases. Arabia, Egypt, Nubia. Addendum. [L., a thing to be added] In mechanics, the distance by which the teeth of a toothed wheel project beyond the pitch circle. Adder. [A.S. nsedre, an adder, properly nadder, a swimming or water-snake ; some refer it to A.S. attor, poison.] (Bill.} Four Heb. words are in the Authorized Version represented by adder or asp. I. Pethen, the cobra. 2. Shphlphon, the cerastes, or horned viper. 3. Akshub, a species of viper. 4. Tsiphoni, cocka- trice (Isa. xi. 8), perhaps the cerastes. Adder's tongue. (Bot.) Ophioglossum vul- gatum, the type of an order of ferns ; so named from the shape of the spike into which the spore-cases are collected. Addicti. (Nexi.) Addiction. [L. addictio, -nem.] In Rom. Law, the assignment of goods or slaves to another by sale or the legal sentence of the praetor. Addison's disease (described by Dr. Addison, of Guy's Hospital), or Bronzed skin. A state of anaemia, languor, irritable stomach, etc., associated with disease of the supra-renal capsules. Additament. [L. addftus, added.] An addition. Addition. [L. additio, -nem.] (Her.) Any mark of honour added to a coat of arms. ADDL ii ADMI Addled Parliament. A Parliament of 1614; so called because it had passed no Acts before it was dismissed by James I. (Parliament.) Addlings. (Naut.) Savings of pay. In Lin- colnshire phrase, to addle is to earn. Addorsed. [L. ad, to, dorsum, a back.~\ {Her. ) Back to back. Adductor. (Abductor.) Adelantado. [Sp., one who is promoted. ~\ A governor of a province in the Spanish kingdom. Adelphi. A district south of the Strand, close to Charing Cross ; so called from the architects, four Scotch brothers [Gr. d5e\r claw of the tiger. Ad unguem. [L.] To a nicety ; lit. to the nail, with which sculptors tested the smoothness }f surface in their finished works. Adust. [L. adustus, aduro, I scorch."} Burnt up, scorched. Ad valorem. [L.] In Finance, a term denot- ng the market value of commodities imported and liable to a customs rate, varying according o the quality of the article or the measure of its supply. Advanced guard. A detachment preceding the main body of troops on a march, for the purpose of guarding against surprise. Advanced works. Constructed beyond the jlacis of a fortification, but still capable of aeing defended from the body of the place. Advance money. (A r aut. ) Wages advanced to a sailor previous to his embarkation. To work ip the dead horse is to clear off this advance. Advance note. (Naut.) A written promise to pay a part of a sailor's wages ar a given time after iiis sailing. It was negotiable ; but it ceased to be so after August l, 1881, by 43 and 44 Viet., c. 1 6. Adventitious. [L. adventicius, foreign, strange."} 1. Added from without, not inherent in the thing itself ; as the dread of an idol. 2. (Bot.) Appearing in an unusual way, e.g. root fibres from the stems of ivy, banyan. 3. (Med. ) Foreign to the structure or tissue in which it is found. Adventure, Bill of. (Com.) A signed declaration that shipped goods belong to another person who takes the hazard of transport. Adversaria. [L. , i.e. scripta, writings, turned adversus, towards one's self.] A commonplace book ; memoranda lying in front of one. Adversifoliate. [L. adversus, opposite, folium, a leaf."} (Bot.) Having opposite leaves. (Alter- nate.) Advertise. [L. ad, to, verto, / tum.~\ To give notice or information to. Advertisements of Elizabeth. May, 1566. Injunctions, monitions, for attainment of uni- formity in public worship ; having the force of law, according to Ridsdale judgment, May, 1877; but this decision is questioned, and the matter not unlikely to be reconsidered. Advice. [L. ad, to, vlsum, opinion, through O.Fr. a vis, It. avvlso.] Commercial and journalistic notice, information. Ad vivum. [L.] To the quick. Advocate. In Theology. (Paraclete.) Advocate, Lord. Chief Crown lawyer in Scotland. Advocates, Ecclesiastical. (Doctors' Commons.) Advocatus diaboli [L., It. Avvocato del diavolo.] Devil's advocate. One who brings forward every possible objection to a proposed canonization, and is answered by A. Dei ; hence ADVO .ESCU = one who brings a charge in order to give opportunity of vindication. Advowson. [L. advocatio, -nem, the act or relation of adv#catus = pa.tronus.~\ (Eccl.) The right in perpetuity to present to a living ; appen- dant, when annexed to land ; in gross, when it has become separated. A dynamic illness. [Gr. & neg., SiWui?, pmuer.~} (Med.) Illness characterized by want of power. Adytum. [L., Gr. &Svrov, not to be trodden."} The shrine of an ancient temple ; called Secos in the temples of Egypt. Cf. Holy of holies. Adze, Addice. [A.S. adese, an axe ; cf. L. ascia, Gr. a$vf\.~\ Wood too rough, or not con- veniently placed, for planing, is dressed with an A. , a mattock-like instrument, with blade arch- ing inwards, the edge being at right angles to the handle. JEchmalotarch. [Gr. aixufawros, taken -with the spear, &px I rule."} (Hist.) The governor of the captive Jews in Chaldasa and elsewhere, called by the Jews themselves Rosch-galuth or Resch Glutha, chief of the Captivity. .ffidile. [L. sedllis, from sedes, a building.'] A Roman magistrate who had charge of build- ings, public works, theatrical performances, games, and markets, and of the registers of legislative measures. There were first two Plebeian /Ediles ; afterwards two Curule (q.v.) /E. were added. JEgilopS. [Gr. alyi\vi], abode, aydirrj, love.} A fanatical conventual establishment set up near Bridgewater, about 1849, by "Brother Prince," a clergyman, calling himself Witness of the First Resurrection. Agapetae. [Gr. ayairriTos, beloved.} (Eccl. Hist.) In the first centuries, women under vows of virginity, who attended on the clergy. Agar. [Malay word.] Edible seaweed. AGAR AGNO Agaric. [Gr. aya.piK6v, tree fungus.] A large gen. of fungi, with fleshy cap on a stalk, of which A. campestris, common mushroom, may be taken as a type. Agastria. [Gr. d neg., yaff-r^p, a stomach.'} (Physiol.) Devoid of internal digestive cavities. Agate. [L. achates.] 1. (Geol.) Found in R. Achates, Sicily. Chalcedonic nodules and geodes in amygdaloidal lavas. Algerian A. is a calca- reous stalagmite. 2. A small printing type. Agathodaemon. [Gr. ayaBoSai/jLvv.] The good genius or spirit, probably at first only an epithet of Zeus (Jupiter). Agave. [Gr. ayavSs, admirable, .] A gen. of plants ; American ; ord. Amaryllidacese ; e.g. American aloe. Agenda. [L., things to be done.~\ 1. A list of things to be considered at a public meeting. 2. Matters of duty, Credenda being matters of faith. Age of Eeason. The age in which reason is supposed to exclude faith, and which was thought to have been reached by the triumph of the French Revolution. Ager Publicus. [L.] The territory of the Roman state acquired by conquest ; Ager Ro- manus being the original territory. Ages, The four. An old tradition represents the existence of mankind as starting with a Golden Age, in which the earth yielded its fruits of its own accord, and pain and sickness were unknown. This was followed by the Silver Age, the men of which were punished for their impiety to the gods. After which came the Brazen and the Iron Ages, each worse than the preceding. Between these two last the Hesiodic theogony inserted the Heroic Age, or the age of the heroes who fought at Troy. Agger. [L.] 1. In a Roman camp, the earth dug out from the fossa, or trench, and placed on the bank ; on its outer edge was the vallum, or stockade. 2. A mound erected be- fore the walls of a besieged city to sustain the battering engines. Agglomerate. [L. agglomeratus, agglomero, / collect into a body.'} (Geol.) With Lyell = accumulations of angular fragments showered round a volcanic cone or crater. Agglomerative languages. Such as tend to combine many elements into one long aggluti- nated or inflected word, as the dialects of American Indians. Agglutinative languages. The languages of the nomadic Turanian tribes, in which the modi- fying suffixes are glued on to the root. To this family belongs the Basque language of S. France and N. Spain. (Aryan languages. ) Aggregate. [L. aggrgatus, flocked together!} 1. A mass formed of homogeneous particles clustered together, as distinguished from a com- pound. 2. (Bot.) Flower, one of several florets within one calyx or receptacle, e.g. daisy, chry- santhemum. 3. (Geol.) A rock, the components of which can be separated mechanically, as granite. Aggregate corporations. (Corporations.) Aggregations, Various. Apiary of bees [L. apiarium]. Army of rats. Band of robbers, smugglers. Bevy of girls, larks, quails, roes. Brood of chickens. Burrow of conies. Clack of women. Clutch of eggs. Colony of rooks, or rookery. Colutnbary of pigeons [L. colum- barium, a dove-cote}. Corey of partridges [Fr. couvee, brood~}. Crew of sailors, wretches. Cry of falcons. Drove of horses, asses, camels, pigs, geese. Eyry (q.v.) of hawks, eagles. Fall of woodcocks. Flight of geese, wild ducks, wood- cocks, starlings. Flock of sheep, geese, turkeys, pigeons, fieldfares, sparrows. Fry of small young fishes, of children [Fr. frai, spawn}. Gang of workmen, navvies, gipsies, thieves, convicts. Herd of deer, cattle, goats, swine, swans7 Horde of brigands. Kennel of hounds [Fr. canaille]. Mnv (q-v.) of falcons. Muster of peacocks. Nest of wasps, hornets, rabbits. Nide or Nye of pheasants [Fr. nid, L. nidus]. Pack of hounds, wolves, grouse. Plump of spears. Pod of seals, sea-elephants. Pride of lions. Rascall of boys. Rout of wolves. School of whales. Shoal of fish [A. S. scolu]. Siege of herons [Fr. siege, a sitting}. Singular of boars. Skein of wild geese. Skulk of foxes. Slouth of bears. Sounder of wild swine. String of red deer or of horses. Stud of horses, greyhounds. Swarm of insects. Whisp or Walk of snipes. Vaccary of cows [L. vacca, a COT.V}. Vespary of wasps [L. vespa, a wasp\. Warren of rabbits. Yard of poultry. -agh, -auch. [Cf. Erseachadh, field.'} A level place, as in Balbaugh. Agila wood. (Aloes.) Agio. [It.] Generally, the difference between current and standard moneys ; also, the premium paid by one who prefers payment in a metal other than that which he can legally claim. So in France, there is an A. on gold. Agiosimandrum. [Gr. ayiofr^^avrpov.^ In the East, a wooden instrument used in sum- moning the people to the church instead of bells. Agiotage. [Fr.] Manoeuvres for raising or lowering the price of funds. Agistment. [Fr. giste, gite, L. jacita, a lying-place, lodging.} 1. The taking in of cattle to pasture. Tithe of A., tithe upon profit made by A. 2. {Naut. ) An embankment to keep out the sea or a river. Aglet, Aiglet. [L. acus, a needle, dim. acicula, Fr. aiguille, aiguillette.] The tag of a point of the lace or string formerly used for gathering together the different parts of a dress. Agnail, Angnail. Probably two distinct words run into one (?). 1. A swelled gland in the groin [L. inguen, ingumalia, Fr. angonailles]. 2. A sore under the nail [A. S. ang-ncegle, troubled nail}. Agnate. [L. agnatus.] In Rom. Law, re- lated on the father's side. Cognate [cognatus], on the father's or the mother's. Agnition. [L. agnitio, -nem.] An obsolete word for ackncnvledgment. Agnoetse. [Gr. ayvotai, 1 am ignorant of.~\ Heretics : 1. Fourth century, who questioned the omniscience of God. 2. Others, sixth cen- tury, who held that Christ knows not when the day of judgment shall be. AGNO 16 AILU Agnomen. [L.] All Romans of good family bore three names : Prcznomen, of the individual ; Nomen, of the doss, gens ; Cognomen, of the house, or familia ; e.g. Publius Cornelius Scipio. A fourth, Agnomen, was sometimes added on account of some personal distinction, e.g. Afri- canus. Some even had a second A. [Cf. Fr. prenom, a Christian name.] Agnosticism. [Gr. d neg. , yv$oi>, within, ffirepiM, seed]. A substance found in some seeds between the coat and the embryo which it is to nourish ; e.g. flour of com. Alburnum. [L.] Sap-wood, immediately below the bark ; opposed to heart-wood, or duramen [L., hardness]. Albus liber. [L.] Title of an old compila- tion of the laws and customs of the city of London. Albyn, Albin. [Alp, or alb, which seems to be Celtic for high ; ynys, Cymric for island.} The Highlands of Scotland, or Scotland generally. Albany is an old name for Scot- land. Alca. [L.L. auca, goose, i.e. avica, from avis ; so It. oca, Fr. oie.] Auk, gen. of marine web- footed birds ; wings very short, used for swim- ming under water. N. Temp, and Arctic zones. Fam. Alcidae, ord. Anseres. Alcabala. (Hist.) A heavy tax on sales of property, imposed in Spain and the Spanish colonies, and payable as often as the land was sold. Alcaic verse. A metre, consisting of a stanza of four lines attributed to the Greek poet Alcseus. Alcaide, Alcalde. [Sp., Ar. kada, head.] Military governor of a fortress or gaol. (Al- gTiazil.) Alcarraza. [Sp., from Ar. alcurrar, an earthen jar.} A porous earthenware vessel, used for cooling water by evaporation. Alcedinidae. (Alcedo.) Kingfishers. Fam. of birds universally distributed, having only one American gen. Ceryle, ord. Plcarise. Alcedo. [L., kingfisher.'] Alcyon, Halcyon; gen. of Alcedinidae (g.v.). Alces. [From O.G. elch, elhe ; cf. Gr. d\K-fi, an elk, and perhaps d\itii, strength.] Elk, moose ; largest of deer kind, dark brown. N. of Europe, Africa, and America. Gen. and spec. Alces, fam. Cervidse, ord. Ungulata. Alceste. Hero of Moliere's Le Misanthrope ; type of stern unconventional uprightness. Alchemy. [A word compounded of the Ar. defin. art. al, and Gr. x^M' a -] The supposed art of the land of Chemi, or Ham, its object being the production of the precious metals, into which it was thought that the lower metals might be converted. Alcinous. [Gr. 'A\Ktv6os.] In the Odyssey, the King of the Phaacians. Alcluyd. Old name of Dumbarton. [(?) Alt, steep place, cluyd = Clyde; cf. clith, Gaelic, strong."] Alcmanian metres. Those introduced by Alcman of Sparta, lyrist, the earliest Greek poet of love-song, seventh century B.C. ; espe- cially the iambic trimeter brachycatalectic, or iambic of five feet. Alco. A name for some varieties of shepherd's dog. Peru and Mexico. Alcoran. [A.r., the book.~] The Mohammedan scriptures, which are said to have been dictated to Mohammed by the angel Gabriel. Alcornoque bark. An astringent bark, generally cork, used in tanning. Alcove. [Ar. el kauf, a tent, Sp. alcoba.] A recess, in a bedroom, for the bed ; and so, any recess, for books, etc. ; a covered garden seat. Alcyonidae. [Gr. a\Kv6veiov, a zoophyte, like the nest of the kingfisher, a\nvv, -6vos. ] Fam. of Alcyonaria, or Asteroid Polypes, as Alcyoni- um, "Dead men's fingers." Aldehyde, i.e. aivofj.ai, I ap- pear^ A mineral, one of the aluminous silicates, of which clay is another ; the proportion of water large ; pale blue, green, brown ; changed in appearance before the blowpipe. Allotment. (Naul.} That portion of the pay of a sailor, or marine, on foreign service, allotted monthly to his wife and family. AUotropy. [Gr. dAAorpoWw, / am change- able.} (Chem.) The same element sometimes exists, no extraneous substance being added, in various forms, which exhibit different properties. So, ozone is an allotropic form of oxygen. Phosphorus is a remarkable example ; sulphur also. Alloy. A combination of two or more metals, except when one of them is mercury. Originally such debasement of metal as is according to law [Fr. a loi]. Allspice, or Jamaica pepper. The berry of a handsome tree, Pimenta officinalis ; S. America and W. Indies ; ord. Myrtacese. All the Talents. The Fox and Grenville Coalition Ministry, formed on the death of Mr. Pitt, January, 1 806. Ail-to brake. Judg. ix. (To-brake.) Allumette. [Fr. allumer, to kindle.} A match. AUnvion. [L. adluvio, -nem, flood, from ad, to, luo, lavo, I wash.} Land added to an estate by alluvial deposit from sea or stream. Alluvium. [Neut. of L. alluvius, alluvial.} Earth, etc., brought down by rivers and floods, and deposited upon land not permanently sub- merged ; e.g. many river-plains, meadow-lands. Allux. Allex. ('Hallux. i Allworthy, Mr. In Fielding's Tom Jonts ; type of modest worth and benevolence. Allyl. A hypothetical substance, supposed to exist in oil of garlic [L. allium]. Almack's. A suite of rooms, in King Street, St. James's, London ; so called as having been built by a Scotchman named Macall, who trans- posed his name. Balls of a very exclusive character were held in these rooms, which are now known as Willis's. Almagest. [Ar. form of Gr. /iryrroj, greatest.} The Arabic name for Ptolemy's work, The Mathe- matical Construction of the Heavens, which con- tains a complete account of the state of astro- nomy in his time the first half of the second century and from which is drawn a large part of our knowledge of ancient astronomy. Alma Mater. [L.] Fostering mother ; generally applied to one's university or school. Almanac. [Ar. al manack, the diary.} A ALMA ALTO calendar wherein are noted down the days, weeks, and months of the year ; the most remarkable phenomena of the heavenly bodies, etc. In the Nautical A. are given the daily positions of the sun, moon, planets, and certain stars, the lunar distances of certain stars for every third hour of Greenwich mean time, and other information of a like kind very useful to travellers by land and sea. Almanach de Gotha. Published yearly at Gotha since 1764, and giving a large amount of in- formation upon the principal affairs, political and statistical, of every civilized country. Almandine. Red transparent varieties of iron and garnet (q.v.). Alme, Al-mai. [Ar. almet, instructed, alam, to know.} Singing girls of Egypt, who live in bands, and attend marriages, funerals, etc., sing- ing pathetic ballads ; something like the Roman praeficse. (Ambubaiae.) Almery. [Fr. armoire, L. armarium, a cup- board.} An older form of the word ambry (q.v.} or aumbry. Almohades. (Almoravides.) Al molino, ed alia sposa, sempre mancha qualche cosa. [Sp.] A mill and a wife always want something. Almonry, A room in which are kept the alms gathered for the poor. In many monasteries the almonries had special endowments. [Fr. aumone, Gr. \fri/j.or), an alms.} Almoravides. An Arab dynasty of N.W. Africa, founded in the eleventh century. They overthrew the Almohades in Africa and Spain in the following century. Almuce. (Amice.) Almug, I Kings x. ; Algum, 2 Chron. ii. [? A com of Indian name valguka.] Probably red sandal wood (Pterocarpus santalinus). Alnager. [L. ulna, an ell.} (Eng. Hist.} A sworn officer, whose duty it was to examine into the assize of cloth and collect the alnage duty on cloths sold. Alnaschar. A poor delf-seller in the Arabian Nights' Tales, whose dream of wealth vanishes on his smashing a mirror, which is really his basket kicked over in waking. Aloadae. (Mars.) Aloes. The bitter inspissated juice of several species of Aloe, succulent plants with fleshy, prickly margined leaves, and erect spikes of red or yellow flowers. The lign aloes [L. lignum aloe's] of Scripture (Numb. xxiv. ; Ps. xlv.) is the resinous wood of Aquilaria agallocha, a drug once generally valued for use as incense. Alogians. [Gr. a neg., Adyoj, the WORD.] Heretics, second century, who denied the Divine Logos, or Word ; they attributed St. John's Gospel to Cerinthus. Alogon. (Neat.) Alonsine. (Alphonsiue Tables.) Alp. Any lofty mountain, particularly the mountains of Switzerland. Also, a mountain pasture. The word is found in Albion, Albyn, Albania, etc. (Southern Alps.) Alpaca. A stuff made of the wool of the alpaca, mixed with silk or cotton. (Auchenia.) Alpenstock. [Ger.] A staff used by moun- taineers. Alphonsine Tables. Tables of the motions of the sun, moon, and planets, in A.D. 1253 and subsequent years, by Alphonso, King of Castile. Alquifou. [Fr. alquifoux.] A lead ore, used for green varnish on pottery. Al Rakim. In the legend of the Seven Sleepers, a dog who has care of all letters and corre- spondence. Al root. A red dye-stuff used in India. Alsatia. Once a name for Whitefriars, an asylum for debtors and those who had broken the law. Al-sirat. [Ar.] The path, narrow as a sword-edge, over the abyss of hell, to the Mo- hammedan paradise. Altaic. [From Altai Mountains in N. Asia] Generic name for the Tungusic, Mongolic, Turkic, and Samoyedic groups of agglutinative languages. Altarage. [L. obventio altaris.] Profits arising to the parish priest, for services at the altar. (Obvention.) Altar tombs. Tombs in churches, which in shape resemble an altar. Al-taschith. Title of Pss. Ivii., Iviii., lix., and of Ps. Ixxv. , which is similar in spirit, i.e. destroy not ; alluding to David's answer to Abishai (i Sam. xxvi. 9). Alterative. Medicine modifying a morbid condition by gradual change. Alter ego. [L., another /.] A second self. Alter Idem [L.], a second same one ; an intimate, true friend. Alternate. [L. alternatim.] In Bot., placed on opposite sides of an axis, but on different levels, as the leaves of laurel, etc. ; or between other bodies of the same whorl, or of different whorls, as the stamens of an umbellifer, between the petals, and A. with them. A. leaves are distinguished from opposite, which are set on the same level ; e.g. jessamine, which is, therefore, an adversifoliate plant. Alternate angles, etc., lie on opposite sides of the same straight line, as in Euclid, i. 27. Alternate generation. That process of repro- duction in which one impregnation supplies two or more generations, called Nursing generations. Reproduction by impregnation then recurs. Probably it is an internal budding or fission. Most striking in Hydrozoa, but EntSzoa and Molluscoids supply instances. Althaea. [Gr. a\6aia, marsh mallow, &\8w, 1 heal.} (Bot.) A gen. of plants, ord. Malvaceae; including marsh mallow, hollyhock. Altimetry. [L. altus, high, Gr. ^rptta, J measure.} The art of measuring heights by instruments. Altis. [Gr.] The sacred enclosure of Zeus at Olympia. Altitude and azimuth instrument, or Alt- azimuth, instrument. (Azimuth.) Altitude of a heavenly body. [L. altitude, height.} The angular distance of its centre above the horizon measured on a vertical circle. Alto-relievo. (Mezzo-relievo.) ALTR 22 AMBR Altruism. The doing to another [It altrui] as one would be done by ; opposed to egoism. The term for the so-called religious system adopted by Comte. (Comtism; Positivism.) Alula. [L.] Winglet, dim. of ala, wing. (Wing.) Alum. [L. alumen.] Sulphate of alumina, combined with sulphate of potash or some other alkali. Roman A. is extracted from volcanic rocks near Naples. A. ore, an aluminous slate, containing sulphide of iron. AlnmTna. Sesquioxide of aluminium, the chief constituent of clays. Aluminium. [L. alumen, alum.] (Min.) A bluish- white metal obtained from alumina, remarkable for its lightness. A. bronze is a gold-coloured alloy of copper and aluminium. Alumnus. [L.] Pupil, nursling. Alure. [L.L. allorium.] (Arch.} A gang- way or passage. Aluta. [L.] Leather softened by means of alum. Alva-marina. Dried sea-weed [L. alga marina], used for stuffing mattresses. Alveolar. [L. alveolus, dim. of alveus, channel. ] Relating to sounds formed by bring- ing the side and tip of the tongue near or up to the upper gums before articulating the consonant (q.v.) or vowel ( being one nourished at the same breast ; cf. d$f\V.] A kind of pulpit in the choir, from which the choir sang, Epistle and Gospel were read, and sometimes sermons preached. Ambreada. [Fr. ambreade.] Artificial amber. AMBR AMMO Ambrosia. [Gr., immortal] The food of the Olympian gods, which preserves them from death. Called by the Hindus Amrita. (Nectar.) Ambrosian Office. One partly composed, partly compiled, by St. Ambrose, at the end of the fourth century ; it withstood all attempts to sub- stitute the Roman order; confirmed by Alexander VI., 1497- Ambrosin. Early Milanese coin, with figure of St. Ambrose on horseback. Ambrotype. [Gr. &/J.&POTOS, immortal, TUTTO?, type.} A photographic picture on glass, the lights of which are in silver, and the shades formed by a dark background seen through the glass. Ambry, Almery, Aumery, Aumbry. [Fr. ar- moire, L. armarium, a closet for, L. arma, utensils.} 1. A niche or cupboard near an altar, for utensils belonging thereto. 2. A larger closet for charters, vestments, etc. Ambubaiae. [L.] Syrian singing women, who performed in public at Rome. Ambulance. [Fr.] Hospital waggon follow- ing troops in the field. Hospitals attached to an army, with their staff of surgeons, etc. , have lately been called Ambulances. Ambulance classes. Formed in connexion with the Ambulance Department of the Order of St. John of Jerusalem, in England ; to teach so much of anatomy and medicine as may serve to give first aid to the sick and injured the ap- parently drowned, poisoned, hung, suffocated, etc. pending the arrival of a doctor. Amedians. An Italian congregation of the fifteenth century, united by Pius V. with the Cistercians. They are also called Amis de Dieu (Amedieu), Friends of God. Ameer, Amir. (Emir.) Amelia, from which character Fielding's novel is named, = a tender and true wife. Amen. [Heb.] So be it ; verily. Amende honorable. [Fr.] An open, unre- served acknowledgment of error ; formerly, in France, a confession of offences against some laws of order or morality, made by the criminal, kneeling, in open court ; sometimes in his shirt, with torch in hand, and rope round the neck. Amenity. [L. amcenitatem.] Pleasantness ; amenities often ironical for bitter, abusive re- marks. A mensa et thoro. [L., from board and bed.] A legal separation ; husband and wife no longer living together, but the marriage tie remaining. Amentaceae. [L. amentum, a thong.] (Eot.) Catkin-bearing tribe, a nat. ord. ; willow, alder, white birch, etc. , are genera. Amenthes, Amenti. (Osiris.) Amentia. [L., folly, madness.] As now ap- plied, is = congenital imbecility. (Dementia.) Amercement, Amerciament. A fine imposed by a court of justice, the offender being at the mercy [Fr. mercie] of the king or other lord. Merces = penally, or a fine as an alternative punishment, being a mercy. Amerce, to punish by fine (Deut. xxii.). American organ. A musical instrument, the chief characteristic of which is that the air is sucked through the reeds into the bellows, not blown from bellows through reeds as in a harmonium. A merveille. [Fr.] To perfection. Ametabolia. [Gr. a/j.tTa./3o\os, unchangeable.} In wingless insects (Aptera), absence of observ- able metamorphosis (q.v.). Amethyst. [Gr. d,ue'0ui\fta, I love], or Arundo Arenaria. 1. Sea-reed, sand-reed the Marum, Marrum, of English and Scotch laws valuable as fixing shifting sand. 2. (ntom.) Sand-wasps. Amnesty. [Gr. durnffrta, a forgetting] A pardon of political offences, e.g. at the Restora- tion ; or, as part of a treaty, of offences com- mitted in war. Amoeba [Gr. dpoiftSs, interchangeable], or Pro- teus animalcule. Microscopic fresh-water A., consisting of a living, structureless, albuminous substance (sarcode, protoplasm), of no particular shape, but protruding any part as a pseudopodion, to serve as a hand or a foot, and extemporizing any part as a mouth and digestive cavity. Sub- kingd. Protozoa. Amoebean ode. [Gr. a,uoialoy, alternate.] One sung by two persons in alternate strains, e.g. Virgil, Eel. i., iii., etc. Amomnm. [L., Gr. S/tw^ov.] (Bot.) A gen. of plants, ord. Zingiberacese, yielding aromatic seeds, as grains of paradise, cardamom ; mostly tropical. Amorphous rocks and minerals. (Geol.) Those which have not de terminate form [Gr. yuop<^] or structure. AmorphozSa. [Gr. &fj.oppd, a tail}, as frogs. Amphiboly. [Gr. o/xioAj'a, a.fjL(pi^d\\a>, I toss to and fro] Ambiguity. Amphibrachys, Amphibrach. In Prosody, a foot, v - w , having one long syll. and a short [Gr. &paxvs] one on each side of it [dfjL, / look up.} Star- gazer. (Zool.) A gen. of fresh-water fish, about twelve inches long, having eyes with double pupils, and frequently swimming with the head out of water. Trop. America. Fam. Cyprino- dontiadae, ord. Physostomi, sub-class Telostei. Anacanthini. [Gr. dv-dicavdos, without spines.} (Zool.) Ord. of fish without spinous rays to the fins, as the cod and sole. Anacards, or Cashew tribe. (Bot.) An ord. of woody plants, W. Indies and S. America, yield- ing acrid resin, used as varnish ; as sumach, pistachio, mango. Anacharsis, melon. = a traveller. A. a famous Scythian traveller, who visited Athens in the time of Solon ; and the only barbarian who ever received the Athenian franchise (see Herod., iv. 46, 76). (Seven Eisbis.) Anachoretse, Anchorets. [Gr. avaxiep-nrfo, a dweller apart.} Hermits dwelling alone and apart from society ; a Canobite [itoivdfKos] being one who lives in a fraternity [itoiv6s 0ios, life in common}. Anachronism. [Gr. avaxpoviffpSs, from a,t>d, back, xpdvos, time.} A confusion of time, repre- senting things as coexisting which did not co- exist ; e.g. ancients painted in modern costume. (Parachronism.) Auaclastios. (Dioptrics.) Anacoluthon. [Gr. dfaKo\ov6of, not folloiinng. ] In Gram., a term denoting the want of strict sequence in a sentence, the members of which belong to different grammatical constructions. Anaconda, Anacondo, Anacunda. (Zool.} One of the largest snakes, non-venomous, killing its prey by constriction. Trop. America. Fam. Pythonidse. Anacreontic verse. An iambic of three and a half feet, spondees and iambuses, an anapaest being sometimes substituted for the first foot ; that of Anacreon of Teos, an amatory lyric poet, sixth century B.C. Anadem. [Gr. avaSri/na., d^a-Seoi, / bind or tie up.} A fillet, wreath. Anadiplosis. [Gr. dvafiiirXuxris, a redoubling.} The repetition of a word in the last sentence as the starting-point, exegetically, of a new thought, as, "The mouse ran up the clock; the clock struck ; " etc. Anadromous. [Gr. dfaSpo/ji-fi, a running up.} Fish which at certain seasons leave the sea for rivers, as the salmon, are sometimes so termed. Anadyomene. [Gr.] An epithet of Aphrodite, or Venus, as coming up [a.vaSvo/j.fvrf\ from the sea, or springing from its foam. Anaemia. [Gr. dva.ifj.ia., from av neg., aT/xa, blood.} Morbid poverty of blood, and the condition consequent. Anaesthesia. (Pathol.) Insensibility [Gr. dvai- o~Qr]fTia, from a.v neg. , alcrBdvofiai, I feel} ; is opposed to Hypercesthesia [\nr4p, above}, unnaturally acute sensibility. Anagallis. [Gr. dvayaXKis.} (Bot.) A gen. of plants, ord. Primulacese ; of which the type is the pimpernel, or shepherd's weather-glass. Anaglyphic, Anaglyptic. [Gr. avd, up, yKvfytii, I engrave.] Embossed, in relief; sunk work being Diaglyphic [Sid, through}. Ana- glyptography, the art of giving an embossed ap- pearance to engravings. Anagnostes. A reader [Gr. avayvtaar^s, dva.ytyv, a joint, the article.] 1. (Zool.) Without joints, e.g. a mollusc. 2. (Gram.) Without the article, 6, r), r6. Anasarca. [Gr. dva. o-dpica, throughout the flesh.] (Physiol.) A collection of serum in the cellular tissues of the body and limbs ; pop. dropsy. Anastasius, or Afemoirs of a Modern Greek, written at the close of the eighteenth century. The celebrated Oriental romance of Mr. Thos. Hope. Anastatica. [Gr. dvdffr da-is, resurrection.] Rose of Jericho, Resurrection flower, Mary's flower, a small woody annual (A. hidrochuntica), ord. Crucifdrae. Its flower, dried up into a small ball, will, for years after being gathered, ex- pand, if wetted, and close again. Anastatic printing. The printing of en- gravings, etc., which are first steeped in an acid, then pressed on a zinc plate. The acid, eating away the plate where not covered by an oily ink, leaves the engraving in relief. Anastomosis. [Gr., opening as by a mouth.] 1. (Anat.) The junction of blood-vessels, being generally the branches of separate trunks. 2. (Bot.) The growing together of two parts meet- ing from different directions. Anastrophe. (Inversion.) Anathema. [Gr.] Properly a thing dedicated or devoted. Hence = under a ban or curse. (Maranatha; Eaca.) Anathema. [Gr. dVafojjta.] A thing dedicated, in a good sense ; Luke xxi., and class. Anatidae. [L. anatem, duck; cf. O.E. ened, enid, Ger. ente.] (Zool.) Fam. of web-footed birds, as ducks ; cosmopolitan ; ord. Anseres. Anatomy. [Gr. dvarofi-f), dissection.] Formerly, often ( i ) the thing dissected, (2) a skeleton. Anatomy of Melancholy, by Robert Burton (1576-1640). A remarkable work, with a singu- lar charm, professing to analyze and to remedy M. ; quaint, learned, and abounding in quota- tions from authors, medical and other. Anatron. [Ar. al-nitrun, from Gr. virpov, soda.] Glassgall (q.v.). Anbury, Ambury. 1. In horses and cows, a soft, bloody tumour. 2. From the shape, a disease in turnips, Club-root, or ' ' fingers and toes." Anchoret. (Anachoretse.) Anchors. [L. anchora, Gr. &yicvpa, an an- chor.] Bower, the four large equal-sized anchors kept ready for use on board ship. They are : Best, or Starboard B., and Small or Port B., in the bows ; Sheet A. and Spare A., kept to starboard and port, abaft the fore-rigging. Stream A., a third of the size of the B. A. Kedge, smaller than a Stream. Grappling A., or Grapnel, a boat's anchor, with four flukes. The Floating A., a. fourfold piece of canvas, on an iron frame, ANCH AXGE suspended in the water, so as to diminish a ship's drift to leeward. Anchor watch. A portion of the watch con- stantly on deck while a ship is at single anchor, ready to attend to it, let go another, set head- sails, etc., as required. Anchusa [Gr. &yxovSp6s.} (Bot.) The first eleven of the twenty-four (Linnsean) classes into which vegetables are primarily divided, are characterized solely by the number of stamens. Mon-andria = having I stamen; Di-, 2 ; Tri-, 3 ; Tetr-, 4 ; Pent-, 5 ; Hex-, 6 ; Hept-, 7 ; Oct-, 8 ; Enne-, 9 ; Dec-, 10 ;_ Dodec-, 12 to 19. Classes 12 and 13 are Ikos-andria, with 20 [dfjcoiri] or more inserted on the calyx ; and Poly-, 20 or more inserted on the receptacle. Gyn- andria [yvvi], a woman} have a column, i.e. an insertion of stamens on the pistil. Andrceceum. [Gr. dv-np, dv8p6s, a man, olKtiov, neut. adj., domestic.} (Bot.) The male system of a flower. Androgynous. [Gr. avSpoywos.} Having characteristics of both sexes. Anele. [A.S. ele, oil.} To give extreme unction. Anelectric. [Gr. dv neg., and electric.] A body not easily electrified by friction. Anelectrode. [Gr. dvd, up, and electrode (q.v.).} The positive pole of a galvanic battery. Anemia. (Anaemia.) Anemometer. [Gr. &ve/j.os, wind, neTpov, measure] An instrument for ascertaining and registering the pressure of wind. Anemophllous flowers. Those which are fertilized by the action of the wind carrying the pollen from one to another. [Gr. &vep.os, 'wind, , I love.} Anent, Anenst. [A.S. on efen, on even, on even, on a level -with] Over against, close by, concerning. Anenterous. [Gr. a neg., evrepa, bowels.] Having no alimentary canal. Aneroid barometer. [Gr. d neg., v-npos, wet, flSos, form, as not making use of mercury.] A cylindrical metallic box, partially exhausted of air, with a top made to yield very easily under varying external pressure ; the motion of the top is transmitted to a pointer which shows its extent, and therefore the variation in the atmospheric pressure producing it. Anethum. (Anise.) Aneurism. [Gr. avvpv the Passover}. Antepast. A foretaste [L. ante, before, pastus, a feeding}. Antependinm. [L. ante, before, pendeo, to hang.} The frontal or covering of the altar, in churches, usually made of cloth, silk, or velvet, and embroidered. Antepenultimate. [L. ante, before, psene, almost, ultimus, the last.} The last but two ; generally said of a syll. or a letter. Antepilani. [L.] In the Roman legion, the Hastati and Principes, as being drawn up before the Triarii, who were armed with pila, long spears. Anteport. Outward gate or door [L. porta]. Anterides. [Gr., props.} (Arch.) Buttresses. Antero-posterior. Forwards from behind ; e.g. compression of the skull. Antesignani. [L.] In the Roman legion, the Hastati, as standing in front of the standards [ante signa]. Anteversion. [L. anteversio, -nem.] (Afed.) The tilting forwards of a part which is naturally in- ferior. Ketroversion, the backward and downward depression of a part naturally superior. Antevert. [L. antverto, / go before, place before} Prevent. Anthelion. A bright spot, connected with a halo, nearly opposite to the sun [Gr. ai/e^A.ior]. Anthelix. [Gr. di/9eX|.] Antihelix, the curved ridge of the external ear within the helix (q.v.}. Antnelmintic. [Gr. eX/xicj, a worm.} (Med.) Destroying or removing worms. Anthem. (Antiphon.) Anthemis. [Gr. dvdepls, chamomile.} (Bot. ) A gen. .of plants, ord. Composite, of which the Chamomile (q.v.) (A. nobilis) is the type. Anther. [Gr. dv(hip6s, flowery} (Bot.) That part of the stamen which is filled with pollen ; the pollen-case. Antheridia. [Dim. coined from anther. ] (Bot.) Organs of Cryptogamous or flowerless plants, supposed to represent anthers of Phanerogamous or flowering plants. Anthesterion. [Gr. bvOta-riipuav.] Eighth Attic month, beginning 197 days after summer solstice. Antho-. [Gr. HvQos.] Flower. Anthocarpoos. (Bot.) Having flowers [&i>6os] and fruit [/capiros] in one mass, as the pine-apple. AnthSdium [Gr. &vf)$T)s, like flowers}, or ANTII ANTI Capitulum [L., little head}. (Bot.) The head of flowers of a composite plant, as daisy, aster, chamomile. Antholites. [Gr. &v6os, a flower, \i6os, stone.} (Geol.) Fossil inflorescence ; e.g. of the Carboni- ferous period. Anthologium. [Gr. av6o\oyia, a nosegay.} In the Greek Church, a book, in two six-monthly parts, containing the offices sung through the year on special festivals. Anthology. A collection by an editor of Greek epigrams and other short poems ; the first known being that of Meleager, circ. B.C. 100. There are also others, Arabic, Indian, Persian, Chinese, etc. Antholysis. [Gr. &v0os, a flower^ \vffis, a re- solving.} (Bot.} Defined by Dr. Lindley, " the retrograde metamorphosis of a flower ; as when carpels change to stamens, stamens to petals, petals to sepals, and sepals to leaves, more or less completely." Anthorismus. [Gr. avBopiff^s, from tori, against, 6pifa, I define.} (Rhet.) A counter- definition. Anthdzoa. [Gr. avdos, a flcnver, ftaov, an animal.} (Zool.) I.q. Actmozoa (Actinia), corals and sea-anemones, sub-kingd. Cselenterata. Anthracite [Gr. avBpa^, coal, charcoal}, Blind- coal, Glance-coal, A black, light, lustrous sub- stance, burning slowly, without flame, with intense heat ; a natural carbon, formed by pres- sure and heat from coal. Anthracotherium. [Gr. &vdpa, coal, Orjpiov, a wild beast.} (Geol.) An extinct pachyderm, near to swine ; its remains first found in Ligurian brown coal or lignite. Anthrax. [Gr. &vdpa, coal, a carbuncle^ A malignant boil ; a cai'buncle. Anthropography. [Gr. &vQpir6nop.).] Any substance used to remove the excess of chlorine from bleached rags. Antichthones. [Gr. from avri, opposite to, Xfltav, the earth, the ground.} Inhabitants of opposite hemispheres. Anti-civism. A spirit hostile to the rights of felloiv-citizens [L. elves]. Anti-climax. (Climax.) Anticlinal line [Gr.avri, against, x\ivpadcns, a saying.] Loss of memory for the names of things, which things are, nevertheless, in themselves as well understood as before. Aphelion. [Gr. diro, from, ri\ios, the sun.] The point of a planet's orbit most distant from the sun. Aphemia [Gr. d neg., , / breathe.} A suspension of respiration, in real or apparent death. Apocalypse. [Gr. a.TtoKa, things hidden, .] Claiming to be in the canon, but put away ; or as " read not publicly, but in secret " (Preface to A., 1539). Apocrypha of New Testament. The Pseudo- Gospels, or Apocryphal Gospels. (Gospels.) Apode, Apoda. [Gr. &TTOVS, gen. oVoSoj, foot- less.] A term which has been variously used : with Cuvier, = the eel family ; with others, = sand-eels ; with some old authors, the Ophio- morpha, including Caecilias ; with Mr. Darwin, one of the orders of Cirripedia ; with others, again, some worm-like animals linking the worms to Echinoderms. It has also been applied to some intestinal worms, etc. Birds of paradise were so called, when known only by their skins. Apodictic. [Gr. airoSewcTi/crfs, aTro-Sei/ccu/iii, / show forth.] In Aristotle and some moderns, demonstrative, not empirical, judgment. Apodosis. (Protasis.) Apody Cerium. [L., fromGr. cwroSuT^ptoi'.] An undressing-room in Roman baths. Apogee. [Gr. rb 071-070101', from air6, from, 777, the earth.] The point of the moon's orbit furthest from the earth. When the earth is in aphelion, the sun is sometimes said to be in A. Apollinarians. (Eccl.) The followers of Apollinaris, Bishop of Laodicea, who in the fourth century maintained that the Logos sup- plied the place of the human soul in Christ. The doctrine was denounced by the Council of Constantinople, A.D. 381. Apollinaris water. Effervescing mineral water from Apollinarisberg, on the Rhine, near Bonn. Apollo. (Phoebus Apollo.) Apollo Belvidere, i.e. in the Belvidere of the Vatican. A Greek work, found at Antium, 1503. Apollyon. [Gr. &iro\\vw, I destroy.] 7"he destroyer. (Abaddon.) Apologue. [Gr. ait&\oyos.] A fable, gene- rally with special application ; e.g. the belly and the members. Apology for the Bible, etc. = a defence. [Gr. airo\oyia., a defence, speech in defence.] Apologetics, the scientific defence of Christianity ; cf. I Pet. iii. 15. Apomuios Zeus. [Gr. 'Air6/j.vios, from and, from, pvia., a fly.] Averter of flies. (Beelzebub ; Muiagros.) Aponeurosis. [Gr.] (Anat.) Expansion of a muscle into a tendon \ytvpov]. Apopemptic poem. [Gr. a.Troire/j.iiTiK6s, vale- dictory.] Addressed to one about to leave his country on a jonrney ; e.g. Horace, Od. i. 3. Apophthegm. [Gr. a.ir6q>Qtyfi.a..} A terse, sententious saying ; a maxim. Apophyge. [Gr. airov, I strike off or dovun.] A sudden extravasation of blood or serum in the brain, characterized by loss of sensation and voluntary motion. Aposidpesis. [Gr.] A figure in Rhetoric, by which a sentence breaks off abruptly, leaving the hearer or reader to supply the rest, as, " Quos ego Sed " (Virgil). Apostasy. [Gr. airoffraats.] Defection ; fall- ing away from a faith or an allegiance. Aposteme. [Gr. a.Tr6ffrri/j.a, an interval.] A separation of purulent matter, an abscess ; corr. into Apostume and Imposthume. Apostil. A marginal to a book or document. (Fr. apostille, a = ad, and post ilia, sc. verba.J (Postil.) Apostle spoon. Of old silver : the handle ending in the figure of an Apostle ; generally presented at christenings. Apostles. (Ndut.) (Knight-heads.) Apostolical Canons, and (2) Ap. Constitutions. Two collections (?) Antenicene, authorship unknown of rules concerning Christian duty, Church constitution, government, ministry, worship ; the latter ascetic, and exalting the priesthood excessively. Apostolical Majesty, His. A title of the King of Hungary, who is also called Emperor of Austria. Pope Sylvester II. so named St. Stephen, first King of Hungary, after his con- version ; crowned A.D. 1000. Apostolic Fathers, i.e. contemporary with, or living just after, the apostles ; they are five : Clement of Rome, Barnabas, Hermas, Ignatius, Polycarp. Apostolici. (Apotactici.) Apostrophe. [Gr.] 1. (Rhet.) A sudden breaking off from the previous method of an address, in order to address, in the second person, some person or thing absent or present. 2. (Gram.) The mark (') of a letter or letters omitted ; as o'clock. Apotactioi. [Gr. airoriiffffoiMi, I renounce], Apostolici. A sect of the third century, revived in the twelfth century ; they professed to renounce marriage, wealth, etc. Apothecium. [Gr. oTroflrj/o?. a store-house.] APOT 3.5 APSE (Bot.) A flat disc, containing theasci of lichens; often called a Shield. Apotheosis. [Gr.] Deification. Apotome. [Gr.] In Geom., the difference between two lines represented by numbers, one or both of which are quadratic surds. Apozem. [Gr. aw6^ffj.a, from air6, from, off, fe'o>, I boil.} A decoction. Appair, v.a. to impair, and v.n. to become worse. [Fr. a- pire, to worse.] Appalement. [Fr. palir, to grow pale.} De- pression, from fear. Appanage. [L.L. appanagium, an allowance for bread (panis).] (Feud.) An allowance to the younger branches of a sovereign's house from the revenues of the country. A district thus con- ferred was called panagium. Apparel. [Preserving the meaning of prepara- tion in Fr. appareil, appareiller, to make things matched, pared, L.L. pariculus.] (Naut.) Masts, yards, sails, ground gear, etc. Apparelled, fully equipped. Apparent, Heir. Certain heir, in whom, if he live, the succession vests absolutely ; opposed to H. Presumptive, i.e. presumed, in the absence of A., and dependent upon contingencies. Apparent time. (Time.) Apparitor. [L.] 1. An attendant on a Roman magistrate or judge, to receive orders, etc. 2. In ecclesiastical courts, an officer who attends in court, receives the judge's instructions, cites defendants, sees to the production of witnesses (see Canon CXXXVIIL). Appaume. (Apaume.) Appellant. [L. appellantem, appealing."} (Leg.) A party appealing from the judgment of an inferior court. His opposer is Respondent. Appellate jurisdiction. (Leg.) Power of a judicial body or a judge to hear appeals from the decision of inferior courts. In England, the House of Lords has A. J.,but modified by the Judicature Act. Appendiculate. [L. appendix, an addition.} (Bot. ) Added appendage, or appendicle ; accom- panying, but not essentially ; e.g. stipules, ten- drils, hairs, etc. Appends. [Fr., L.L. appendicium.] A shed, pent-house, upon columns, or brackets. Appian Way. Made by Appius Claudius the censor, A.U.C. 442, from the Porta Capena, at Rome, through the Pontine Marshes to Capua ; afterwards extended to Brundusium (Brindisi). Applegath's machine. The first vertical- cylindrical printing-machine ; used for the Times since 1848. Apple, Prairie. (Bread-root.) Apples of Sodom. (Sodom, Vine of. ) Applique. [Fr.] In needlework, a pattern cut out from one foundation, and applied to another. Appoggiatura. [It. appogiare, to lean upon.} (Music.) A note of grace or embellishment, leant upon, and borrowing one-half from the time of the more important note which it precedes, and with which it is now very often written as incor- porated. It differs from the Acciatura [It. acciare, to mince}, which is simply a grace note, without any recognized time. Appraise. [Fr. apprecier, L. pretium, value.} 1. To value goods sold under distress (q.v. ). 2. To praise. Apprecation. [L. apprecor, / worship.} Earnest prayer. Apprehension, Simple. [L. apprehensio, -nem, a seizing on.} (Log.) The notion of objects as received by the mind. It is said to be incomplex when it is of separate objects ; complex when of objects related to each other. Apprentice. [Fr. apprendre, to learn.} (Leg.) Formerly a barrister under sixteen years' stand- ing ; after which he might be a Serjeant-at-law. Appropriation. [L. adpropriatio, -nem, from proprius, proper.} (Eccl.) Perpetual annexa- tion of a benefice to a corporation sole or aggre- gate, i.e. a parson, college, etc. Impropriation [improprius, unsuitable}, the holding by a layman of the profits of ecclesiastical property. Appropriation Clauses, The. An expression common in the discussions in Parliament, 1833- 38, referring to certain proposed methods of dealing with the Irish Church temporalities. Approver. In Law, one who, being arraigned for treason or felony, confesses the indictment, and takes an oath to reveal all treasons or fe- lonies known to him as committed by others. Approximations, Successive. A series of numbers which approach more and more nearly to the actual numerical value of a quantity ; thus, the ratio of the circumference to the diameter of a circle is expressed more and more nearly by the following numbers : 3, f, ?f, etc., and these are S. A. to its actual value. Appui. [Fr., L.L. appodiare, to support, podium, an devoted place, a balcony.} A support. Appurtenances. (Law.) Things belonging or appertaining to another thing as principal. Apres moi (nous) le deluge. [Fr.] After me (us) the flood. A primo. [L.] \JA.from the first. A principle. [L.] From the beginning. A priori [L.] reasoning is from the former, i.e. the known fact, principle, law, intuitive con- ception, to the result ; so from knowledge of astronomy an eclipse is predicted. A posteriori, from the latter fact or event, etc., we reason back to its cause ; as from the fact of an eclipse, to its cause and explanation. Apron, or Stomach-piece. (Naut.) A strength- ening timber, shaped to fit the sides of the bows, scarfed to the fore dead-wood knee (q.v.), slanting upwards, and fitting to the stem above the end of the keel. A propos de bottes. [Fr.] Lit. in reference to boots = having no connexion with the matter. Apsaras. [Skt. apa, L. aqua, wafer.'] The Nymphs of the Rig Veda. Apse, Apsis, or Absis. [Gr. tyis, an arch..} 1. (Arch.) The end of the choir of a church, whether it be circular, polygonal, or even rect- angular. In the early Christian churches, the bishop's throne was placed in the apse behind the altar, and upon the axis of the church. Usually the word is taken to mean any polygonal termi- nation of a building. 2. (Astron.) A point in APSI ARBI a planet's orbit where it moves at right angles to the radius vector ; the apses are the aphelion and perihelion, and the line joining them is the line of apsides. Apsldal. Belonging to an apse. Apsides, Line of. (Apse.) Apteral. [Gr. & neg., irrtpAv, a wing.} (Arch.) A building without lateral columns, and therefore not peripteral (q.v.). Apterous. [Gr. fr-irrepos, un-winged.} Wing- less, as the kiwi, or apteryx of New Zealand, among birds, and the flea among insects. Apteryx. [Gr. d neg., irre'pv|, wing.'} (Zool.) Fam. and gen. of birds, about two feet high, with brown, hair-like plumage, and rudimentary wings. Kiwi, New Zealand. Ord. Struthiones. Aptote. [Gr. &TTTUTOS, not fallen or declined.] In Gram., a noun without distinction of cases ; indeclinable. Apuleius. (Golden ass.) Apyretio. [Gr. a neg., irvperds, fever.} Free from fever. Apyrous. [Gr. &irvpos, from d neg., irvp,fire.} Incombustible, unsmelted. Aquafortis. [L., strong water.} Nitric acid. A. regia, a mixture of one of nitric acid, to two or more of hydrochloric acid ; royal water, because dissolving gold, the king of metals. A. Toffana (prepared by a woman so named), or Aquetta, little water, a celebrated poison used in Rome about the end of the seventeenth century ; (?) a solution of arsenic. Aqua marina. [L., sea-water. } Aquamarine, some blue and sea-green varieties of beryl (q.v.}. Aquam perdere. [L.] To lose time; lit. the water of the water-clock, Clepsydra (q.v.), which regulated the length of speeches. . Aquarius. [L.] The water-bearer ; the eleventh sign of the Zodiac, through which the sun moves in January and February. Also, one of the twelve Zodiacal constellations. Aquatinta. [L. aqua tincta, water-dyed.} A mode of etching on copper, producing imitations of drawings in India ink, bister, and sepia. Aque. [Cf. Aeon,] A Rhine boat with flat sides and bottom. Aqueous humour of the eye occupies the anterior chamber of the eye, i.e. the space between the cornea and the front of the lens. Aqueous rocks. In Geol., rocks derived from the action of water. These include the whole series of fossiliferous rocks in all parts of the world. AquIlaB. [L. for deTtfytara, parts adorned with (Gr. aTo) eagles.} (Arch.) The pediment of a Grecian temple. Aquila non capit musoas. [L.] An eagle does not catch Jlies. AquUegia. [L., water-gatherer, in the hollow of its leaves.] (Sot. ) Columbine, a gen. nearly related to aconite ; ord. Ranunculacese. Aquilo. [L., root ak = sharpness.} The north wind. Aquitaine. Old province of France, S. of Brit- tany and Anjou. -ar. [Indo-Europ.] 1. Name or part name of rivers = flowing (?), e.g. Ar-ar, Ar-ay, Ar-bach, Tam-ar, Aar(?). 2. Celtic = at, on, e.g. Armorici, on (by) the sea, Armagh, on the plain, Aries (Ar-laeth), on the marsh. Arab, Street. A homeless child in a city. Araba. In Turkey, plain rough cart, or box, on four wheels, drawn by bullocks. Arabesque. Properly of an Arabian or Saracenic style, in which the decorations of walls consist of fruits, flowers, and foliage, curiously interlaced. But the term is also ap- plied to styles more or less resembling it, which existed long before the rise of the Saracenic. Arabian Nights' Tales. (Thousand and One Nights.) Arabii. An Arabian sect in Origen's time, who believed the soul to be dissolved with the body by death, but given back at the resurrection. Arab'in. Chief constituent in gum-arabic. Arabo-Tedesco. [It., Arab-German} A term sometimes used to denote Byzantine art, and the combination of Moorish and Gothic art in N. Italy. Araceae, or Aroidece. (Bot.) An ord. of plants, of which arum is the type gen. Araohis. [Gr. dneg., pa-xis, a backbone.} (Hot.) A plant, ord. Legumin., cultivated in warm parts of America, Asia, Africa ; which matures its pea-like, oily, edible fruits underground. American name, Mandubi ; also called Pea-nut or Monkey-nut, Araohne. [Gr., a spider.} A Lydian girl, changed to a spider for vicing with Athena in weaving ; meton., a good weaver. Arachnidae. [Gr. apdxv-n, a spider; cf. L. aranea.] (Zool.) Class of Annulosa or Arthro- poda, including mites, spiders, and scorpions. Arasostyle. [Gr. apcu6o-Tv\os, with columns far apart.} (Arch.} A building, of which the columns are separated from each other by four or five diameters. Araeosystyle. (Arch.} A building in which the columns are arranged in pairs, with space of three diameters and a half between the pairs. Aragonite. (Min.) Prismatic carbonate of lime ; abundant in a ferruginous clay in Aragon. Arak, Arrack, Araki, Raki. [Ar. arak = exudation} A spirit distilled from various sub- stances fruits, rice, palm sugar ; but principally from the juice of the Areca palm. Aramaic languages. The northern branch of the Semitic family of languages, which includes the Chaldee and Syriac dialects. Araneous. [L. araneosus, aranea, a spider ; cf. Gr. dpdxvrj.] Cobweb-like, e.g. the membrane enclosing the crystalline humour of the eye. Arango. [Native name.] A rough carnelian bead, used in trading with Africans. Arare lltus. [L.] Lit. to plough the sea-shore; to labour in vain. Arbalist. [O.Fr. arbaleste, cross-bow, L. arcubalista.] Cross-bow formed of a wooden stock with a bow of steel, and fired by means of a small lever. Arbiter bfbendi. [L.] Master of the drinking- feast. ( Symposiarch. ) Arbiter elegantiarum. [L.] A master of the ceremonies ; an authority on matters of etiquette and taste. ARBO 37 ARCH Arbor. (Shaft.) Arbor Dianae. [L. for tree of Diana, i.e. silver.] Tree-shaped crystals of silver. Similar crystals of lead are called arbor Saturni [L., tree of Saturn]. Arboretum. [L.] A place set apart for the special cultivation of trees [arbores] of different kinds. Arborization. A tree-like appearance ; of blood-vessels, or in minerals, etc. Arbor vitse. [L.] (Bot.) Thuja, a gen. of trees, ord. Comferse, allied to the cypress ; evergreens, with compressed or flattened branchlets. Arbuscular. Like a shrub or small tree [L. arbuscula]. Arbutus. [L.] (Bot.) A gen. of evergreen shrubs, ord. Ericese ; its fruit a rough berry with five many-seeded cells. A. unedo, the straw- berry-tree, is a characteristic feature of the rocks at Killarney. Arc. [L. arcus, a bow.'] A portion of a curved line ; as an arc of a circle. Sometimes called an Arch. Arcades ambo. [L.] Virgil, Eel. vii. 4, both Arcadians ; simple shepherds, both of them ; often used unfavourably, a pair of them. Arcadia, The Countess of Pembroke's. Sir Philip Sidney's romance, published A.D. 1590. Arcadian simplicity, etc. Like that of Arcadia, in Peloponnesus, mountainous and cen- tral, therefore not conquered by the Dorians, nor open to the sea, nor to other states. Arcana. [Neut. plu. of L. arcanus, hidden.} Mysteries (q.v.}. Arcani Discipllna. [L., discipline of the secret. ,] A name given to a supposed system in the primitive Church, by which its most important doctrines were divulged only to a select class ; called also the Economy, or the principle of reserve in the communication of religious doctrine. Arc-boutant. [Fr. bouter, to set, push.] A flying buttress. Arch. [L. arcus, a bow.] In Building, a struc- ture disposed in a bow-like form, the materials of which support each other by their mutual pres- sure. An arch described from a single centre is semicircular. If from two centres, each at the spring of the arch, it is equilateral. If the centres are without the spring, it is an acute-angled A. If they are within it, it is obtuse-angled. Arches of three and four centres are lower than arches described from two centres, and are used chiefly in the Later Continuous or Perpendicular work of this country. The Tudor arches are chiefly of this kind. A segmental A. is one, the curve of which is less than a semicircle. A stilted A. is one which starts from a centre or centres placed above the capital. Foil arches are those which are foliated in outline without a rectilineal A. to cover them. Ogee arches are those which have their sides formed of two con- trasted curves. Arch-. [Gr. &px>> / rule.] First or most prominent. Archseolitbic. (Prehistoric archaeology.) Archaeology. [Gr. apxaios, ancient, \6yos } discourse.] The scientific study of antiquities of art, etc. Archaeopteryx [Gr. apxalos, ancient, 7TTepi;, a wing] macroura [^aKpts, long, ovpd, tail]. (Geol.) A fossil bird, very rare, about the size of a rook, with some twenty free caudal vertebra 1 . Oolite of Solenhofen. Archaism. [Gr. apxaicr/j.6s, imitation of the ancients.'] The employment of antiquated words and phrases. Arch-chancellor. Under the Empire, an officer who presided over the secretaries of the court. Arch-chemic. A name applied by Milton to the sun, as having the greatest chemical power. Arches, Court of Arches. [L. Curia de arciibus.] (Leg. Eccl.) Court of appeal, whose judge (dean) used to sit in the Church of St. Mary-le- Bow (so called from the arcus, arches, bows, on which the steeple was reared). (Court, Christian.) Archetype. [Gr. apxtTinros.] 1. The original idea of the work as it exists in the workman's mind before its execution. With Plato, the cosmos as it existed before creation in the Divine Mind. (Ideas.) 2. In Palaeography, an older MS. to which extant MSS. can be traced, not being the original author's MS. Archil. (Litmus.) Archilochian verse. The dactylic semipenta- meter, - w | - - ~ | - ||, much used by Archilochus of Paros, circ. 700 B.C. ; said to be the earliest Greek lyrist, and to have invented iambic verse ; bitter and satirical ; hence "Archi- lochian bitterness," and " Parian verse " (Horace, Art. Poet., 79). Archimago. [As if from a Gr. word apx'^ayos, meaning chief -wizard] In Spenser's Faery Queen, an impersonation of Hypocrisy and Deceit. Archimandrite. A title of the Greek Church, equivalent to abbot in the Latin ; the word mandra, in the language of the Lower Empire, signifying a monastery. Archimedean screw (said to have been in- vented by Archimedes while in Egypt). A pipe, with one end in water, wound spirally round a cylinder which is held in an inclined position ; when the cylinder is made to turn on its axis water is raised along the pipe. There are several forms of this machine. Arching, or Hogging. (Naut.) The falling of the stem and stern of a vessel when broken- backed. Architectonic. [Gr. apx^fKroviKos.] Like or pertaining to a master builder [apxiTtKraiv]. A. art, or science, one which organizes all that is beneath it. Architrave. (Order.) Architricllnos. (Symposiarch.) Archives. [L. archivum, from Gr. a.pxf'tov, a public building, town hall, etc.] 1. Places for public records. 2. The records themselves. Archivist, a keeper of A. Archivolt. [It. archivolto, vault, arch.] 1. An arched vault. 2. Renaissance term for the ornamented band of mouldings round the vous- soirs (q.v.) of a classical arch ; sometimes the ARCH ARGE mouldings occupying the face and soffits of a mediaeval arch. Arch-lute. A double-stringed theorbo (y.v.), an Italian instrument, with fourteen notes, the lowest being the bass G, for accompanying bass voices ; very powerful ; about five feet long ; em- ployed by Corelli, Handel, etc. Arch-marshal. [Ger. erz-marschall.] Grand- marshal of the empire ; a dignity once attached to the Elector of Saxony. Archons. [Gr., a ruler.] The chief magis- trates in ancient Athens, chosen yearly, nine in number : the first called Eponymos, as giving his name to the year ; the second, Basileus, king, as being the high priest ; the third, Polgmarch, ruler in war, as commanding the army. The other six were called Thesmothetas, setters forth of the law. Archontics. A sect of the second century ; so called from the Gr. &px'> a ruler, as holding strange notions respecting the Deity and the origin of the world. Arcite. In Chaucer's Knighfs Tale, Emily's lover, killed by a fall in the lists just as he had won her hand. Arcograph. [A word made up from L. arcus, a bow, and Gr. ypd chaff.] Aristarchian criticism. Bold and severe, like that of the Alexandrian grammarian, Aristar- chus, circ. 160 B.C. He edited Homer, and obelized numerous verses [Gr. 6/3f\6s, a pointed instrument] ; an horizontal line, , being used to denote a spurious passage ; hence to obelize, to mark something censurable in a book by a dagger t in the margin. Aristocracy. (Oligarchy.) Aristogeiton. (Harmodius.) Aristolochia. [Gr. api- , a joint, irovs, Tro86s, afoot.} (Annulosa.) Arthur, King. The great hero of British tradition, the son of Uther Pendragon, and the husband of Guenevere whose love for Lancelot marred the harmony of the society of knights who feasted at his Round Table. He was slain by his son Mordred, but the story went that he would come forth alive in due time to rescue his country from thraldom. Articles of War. Certain regulations made by the sovereign and confirmed annually by Parlia- ment in the Mutiny Act, for the government of ARTI ASCI all persons subject to military discipline. (Army Discipline and Begnlation Act.) The same rules are applied to the army since 1879, but changed in construction. Articles, Statute of the Six. (Six Articles.) Articulata. [L., jointed, from articulus, dim. of artus, joints, limbs.} (Annulosa.) Articulation. [L. articulus, dim. of artus, a joint.} (Anat.) The joinings of bones. (Sot.) The connexion of the parts of a plant by joints ; e.g. grasses, canes. (Node.) Articuli cleri. [L.L.] Statutes relating to the clergy, passed on their petition. Articulo mortis, In. [L.] At the point of death. Artificial grasses. Green crops, such as clover, sainfoin, lucerne. Artillery. [L. ars, artis, used, like machine Gr. jiijxoH} in the sense of any engine of war.] I Sam. xx. ; instruments, bows and arrows. Artillery, Boyal Marine. Formerly a part of Royal Marine Regiment, now a separate corps. Artiodactyla. [Gr. &pno?, even, OOKTV\OS, finger or toe.} (Zoo/.) Division of Ungulata; having an even number of toes, as the deer. Artis est celare artem. [L.] It is the pro- vince of art to conceal art. (Ars.) Artiste. [Fr.] One who uses knowledge or power of any kind dexterously ; e.g. as of dancing, cooking, etc. Art of war. The efficient arrangement and ordering of troops under every circumstance, and the control of all military appliances. Arundelian marbles. A collection of statues, inscriptions, etc., brought to England from Greece in 1627, by the Earl of Arundel, many of which are now at Oxford. (Parian Chronicle.) Arnndo. [L., reed.} (Sot.) A gen. of grasses ; tall, growing in wet places, and with hard, almost woody, culm. A. dSnajc of S. Europe, the tallest of European grasses ; six to twelve feet high ; with thick, hollow, woody culms, used for reeds of clarionets, fishing-rods, etc. Arusha. (Erotic.) Aruspices, Haruspices. [L.] Roman sooth- sayers, who professed to foretell the future by examining the entrails of sacrificial victims. The last part of the word contains the root spec, to see; the former part may be from haruga, a victim. Aruspicy. The art of prognosticating. (Aru- spices.) Arval Brothers. [L. Fratres Arvales, brothers of the fields] Amongst the ancient Latins, a college of twelve priests, dedicated to the service of Ceres, in whose honour they carried victims round the fields in the festival hence called Ambarvalia. Arvicola. [L. arvum, arable land, colo, 1 inhabit.} (Zool.) Vole, gen. of small rodents, like rats and mice ; allied to the beaver ; as water-rai and short-tailed field-mouse. Fam. Muridse. Arvil supper. A funeral feast in N. of England Aryan. [Skt. arya, nobte.} General name o: the family of nations of Europe and Asia to which the Celts, Teutons, Sclavs, Italians, Greeks, Persians, and Hindus belong ; = Indo European. Aryan languages. The dialects spoken by he various branches of the Aryan family of mankind. They are all inflexional that is, the root and the termination may both be modified or corrupted, in contrast with the Turanian or Agglutinative languages, in which the root must remain unchanged. As. [L.] 1. Roman copper coin weighing lalf a Roman ounce, about 0-487 of an avoirdu- s ounce from B.C. 217 to A.D. 14 about worth about So". 2. A Roman pound, about '7375 of an avoirdupois pound ; also called libra. Asa dulcis. [L., sweet asa.} A drug sold among the ancients for its weight in gold, as tiaving all but miraculous virtues ; from the Thapsia, a gen. of ord. Umbelliferse. Asa foetida, or Assa f. [L. , fetid asa.} A drug, the gum resin of the root of the Narthex or Ferula Asa foetida of Persia, N.W. India, etc. ; ord. Umbelliferae. Asarotos. [Gr.] With the ancients, a room paved in mosaic, so as to look as if unswept [olicos acrdpcaros}, and as if with crumbs, etc., lying about. Asbestos. [Gr., unqutnched, indestructible by fire] A form assumed by some homblendic minerals, as actinolite, tremolite, etc. ; a fibrous mass of parallel capillary crystals ; such as Mountain flax. Ascarides. [Gr. iffKapis, -ioos, a maw-worm.} The common round worms inhabiting the in- testines of man and some other mammals. Ord. Nematoda [vrj/jiar-do^s, thread-like}, class Scole- cida [ a beak, snout.] (Geol.) A gen. of fossil Ganoid fishes ; with long bony covering to the upper jaw ; in the Lias and Oolite. Aspirate. [L. ad, to, spiro, / breathe.] 1. (Etym.) A mute or momentary consonant, with a breath immediately following it, as in Irish tfhoy, for boy. Such consonants are common in Eastern languages. The chief are k'h, g*h, fh, d'/i, p'h, b'/i, ch'h, fh. 2. (Surg.) To evacuate the fluid contents of a cavity, such as an abscess or the pleural cavity of the chest, by a hollow needle, or canula, connected with an exhausted air-chamber. Aspiration. [L. aspiratio, -nem.] (Etym.) The change of an unaspirated consonant to an aspirate (q.v.), as of Se/cojuai to Attic Se'xo/uat (x = kh) ; or the addition of a breath (an h sound) before a word that began with a vowel, as in London and Bucks, e.g. Asplenium. [Gr. &, I class.] Ihe science which treats of the magnitudes, distances, arrangements, and motions of the heavenly bodies ; their constitution and physical condition ; and their mutual actions on each other, so far as can be inferred from observed facts. Physical A . deduces the observed movements of the members of the solar system, from the general laws of dynamics and the special law of universal gravity. Formal, or Plane, or Spherical, A. ASTR 46 ATMO treats of the methods and principles of making and reducing astronomical observations. AstropheL [Gr. &o-Tpov, a star, ia, a wasting away] of :he body ; defective nutrition. Atropism. (Med.) The state induced by con- tinual use of Atropa, i.e. of belladonna. Atropos. [Gr., inflexible.] (Myth.) One of the three Fates (q.v.). Attache. [Fr.] One attached to an embassy. Attachment. [It. attaccare, to fasten.] (Leg.) 1. A writ or precept for apprehension of a person for contempt of court. 2. An order for the securing of a debtor's goods or debts due to him. 3. = Woodmote, the lowest of the three ancient forest courts. Attagen. [L., heath-cock, or perhaps god- wit.] (Frigate-bird.) Attaghan. (Yataghan.) Attainder. [Fr. atteindre, from attingere, to touch.] The status of a criminal condemned to death ; corruption of blood. Attar, Otto, TJttar. [Ar. itr, perfume.'} A strong-smelling essential oil obtained from roses. Attemperate, adj. [L. attempero, I fit, adjust.] Properly adapted, proportionate to. Attenuants. [L. attenuantes, making thin.} (Med. ) Diluent medicines, rendering the humours less dense and viscid. Attestation. [L. attestatio, -nem, testimony.} In the army, a recruit's voluntary oath of alle- giance to the sovereign, taken before a justice of the peace. Attic Bee. (Athenian Bee.) Attic faith, Attike pistis. (Punica fides.) Atticism. [Gr. 'ATTj/rjoytos.] Concise, grace- ful diction. Attic salt. Wit, elegance, like that of the Athenians. Atticus. A name given to Addison, by Pope, after A., the intimate friend and correspondent of Cicero. Attire. [Ger. zier, adornment.} (Her.) The horns (of a stag). Attle. [O.E. adl, ailing.] Mining rubbish, consisting of valueless pieces of rock. Attollent [L. attollo, / lift up] muscles, or Levator muscles [levo, / raise], raise some part ; e.g. upper eyelid. Attorneys. (Solicitors.) Attraction. [L. adtractio, -nem, / draw to- gether. ] The tendency which each of two bodies has to make the other approach it. When the bodies are at sensible distances, there is the A. of gravitation, or in other cases magnetic and electrical A. ; at minute or insensible distances there are cohesive A., capillary A., etc. (Gravity; Magnetism.) Attrahent medicine [L. attraho, / draw towards] draws the fluids to the place where it is applied. Attrap. To put trappings upon. Attribute. [L. attributum, a thing ascribed, a predicate.] 1. In Art, a distinguishing symbol, as a trident, of Neptune ; a gridiron, of St. Giles. 2. (Log.) A quality, furnishing matter for a predicate ; as the justice of Aristldes. Attrition. [L. attritio, -nem, attro, I rub ATYP AUPI against.} 1. A wearing away. 2. (Theol.) Grief for sin, not yet change of heart. Atypic. [Gr. o neg., TV-ITOS, pattern, type.} Having lost its typical character. Atzereth. [Heb.] The name given, in later times, to the Day of Pentecost ; meaning, pro- bably, a closing festival ; and originally applied to the "holy convocation," "the solemn as- sembly, " held on the day after the week of the Feast of Tabernacles. Aubade. [Fr. aube, dawn, L. alba.] 1. Open- air morning concert ; a kind of huntsup (q.v.). 2. Sometimes, rough music. Aubaine, Droit d'. In Fr. Law, the right of the sovereign to succeed to the goods of a deceased foreigner, not naturalized. Aubain, a foreigner, in O.Fr. is said to be alibi natus. Auberge. [Fr.] An inn ; originally herberge, i.e. a military station, from Ger. heriberge. So the Ger. herberg has similarly changed meaning (Littre). Aubin. [Fr., probably from L. ambulare, to walk.} An amble ; Canterbury gallop. Auburn. Oliver Goldsmith's Deserted Village. Auchenia. [Gr. auxeVios, of or belonging to the neck (at>x^")-] (Zool.) Gen. of Camelida;, smaller than true camels. S. America. Two spec, (llama and alpaca) domesticated, the former in- troduced into Australia. Au courant. [Fr.] Lit. keeping up with the stream with what is passing ; acquainted with it. Audentes or Audaces fortuna juvat. [L.] Fortune favours the bold. Audi alteram pattern. [L.] Hear the other side. Audit. [L. auditus, hearing, examination.} \. Periodical investigation of the accounts of a firm or society, by or for them. 2. A banquet in connexion with the above in colleges. Audita querela. [L.] After listening to the complaint. Auditorium. [L., lecture-room, audience.} The part of a theatre or assembly-room designed for the audience. Au fait. [Fr.] Lit to the fact ; conversant with the circumstances, at home in a subject. Au fond. [Fr.] At bottom. Augean. Filthy, like the stables of Augeas, King of Elis, which Hercules cleansed. Augite [Gr. currf, a bright light}, or Py- roxene. (Geol.) A black or green mineral ; one of the principal in many lavas and dolerites ; nearly allied to hornblende. Augment. [L. augmentum.] (Gram.) Syllabic A., a vowel prefixed to past tenses, as ?- g?d-\ (Entom.) 1. Chrysalis ; the gold-coloured pupa of certain Le'pidopte'ra. 2. Spec, of Lucernarida, or Umbrella Hydrozoa (sea-blubbers), sub-kingd. Cselenterata. Aureole. [Fr., L. aureolus, dim. of aureus, golden, from aurum.] 1. A golden halo. 2. The glory round the heads of saints in pictures. (Nimbus.) Au reste. [Fr.] As to what remains to be said ; in L., quod restat. Aureus. [L.] A Roman coin. Au revoir. (A rivedersi.) Auric acid. Sesquioxide of gold [L. aurum]. Its salts are called Aurates. Auricle. [L. auricula, dim. of auris, an ear.] 1. (Anat.) That part of the ear which projects from the head. 2. Auricles, two upper cavities of the heart. 3. (Zool.) Gen. of Pulmoniferous Gasteropoda (G. with lungs, as the snail). Malay and Pacific Islands only ; but fossil in Europe. Fam. Auriculidae, ord. Pulmomfera, class Gasteropoda. Auricled. [L. auricula.] Having ear-like appendages. Auricular confession. (Eccl.} Lit. confession made into the ear [L. auricula] of the priest. One of the seven sacraments of the Latin Church. The need of such confession was formally laid down by the Fourth Council of Lateran, 1215. (Penitence; Penance.) Auriflamme. The ancient royal banner of France. The origin of the word is uncertain ; but some suppose it to be from the L. auri flamma, a golden flame. It was at first the banner of the abbey of St. Denis. By some it is said to have been lost at Agincourt ; others affirm that it was last seen in the reign of Charles yil. Auri pigmentum. (Orpiment.) Auri sacra fames. [L.] Accursed hunger for gold. Aurochs. [Ger. auer-ochs, L. urus, a Celt, word, Caesar ; the wild ox.] The wild Polish and Caucasian Bison, six feet high, grey and brown, with shaggy mane and shoulders. Bos bonassus, fam. Bovidse, ord. Ungulata. Aurora. The Latin goddess of the morning, called by the Greeks Eos. (Eos, Tears of.) Aurora borealis [L., northern dawn], or Northern light. An appearance of streams of light shooting up from the northern horizon ; probably due to an electrical disturbance in the upper regions of the atmosphere ; though most frequent in high latitudes N. or S. It is seen from time to time in all parts of the earth. Aurum musivum. [L.] Mosaic gold, a bi- sulphide of tin. Ausculta fill [L., hearken, my sen], or Greater Bull. Pope Boniface VIII. 's censure of Philip of France, reasserting the claims of the Lesser Bull (q. v.) ; burnt publicly at Paris, January, 1302. Auscultation. [L. auscultatio, -nem, from ausculto, I listen.] The investigation of disease by means of hearing, with or without an instru- ment. Auspices. (Augurs.) Auster. [L.] The hot south wind. Austral, southern. Australasia = S. Asia. (Winds.) Austrian Netherlands. About the middle of the eighteenth century, comprised most of Bel- gium and Luxemburg. Aut Caesar aut nullus. [L.] Lit. either C&sar or nobody ; either supreme success or nothing at all. Authentic [Gr. av6evTii<6s] = authoritative. Bishop Watson distinguishes between an A. work, i.e. containing a true statement of facts ; and a Genuine, i.e. coming from him whose name it bears. But this is not accurate. Arch- bishop Trench (Select Glossary) points out the true opposite to authentic, warranted, viz. oSeV- ITOTOS, not owned, anonymous. (Effendi.) Authentic Doctor, The. Gregory of Rimini, died A.D. 1357. Authentic modes. The earlier existing modes in plain song, on which the Plagal were con- structed. (Greek modes.) Authentics. (Rom. Law.) An anonymous collection of fustinian's novels. Autocephali. [Gr. avroKetyaXoi, from avrAs, self, K((pa\-fi, head.] (Eccl.) (i) Metropolitan bishops not under a patriarch ; also (2) bishops immediately under a P. and having no M. Autochthons. [Gr. avroxOoves.] The Greek name for the aborigines of any country. The Athenians claimed to be such. Autocrat. [Gr. avroKpartap.] (Hist.) An Athenian general, invested with full powers, like the R. Consul with his imperium. Hence any despotic sovereign, as the Czar of Russia. Auto da Fe. [Sp., Act of Faith.] In Spain, Portugal, and their colonies, a solemn delivery of heretics by the Inquisition to the civil power, for punishment. Autogenous. [Gr. av-r6s, self, yevvdca, I generate.] (Anat.) Developed from a distinct centre. Autography. [Gr. avr6s, self, ypd, I write.] A process in lithography, by which the characters on paper are made to inscribe them- selves on the stone. Automatic. [Gr. avr6fj.a.ros, self -moving, self- moved.] Properly, anything which has the power of regulating its own actions. Applied wrongly and unfortunately to things which have not this power. Human actions, as springing from free- will, are the true automatic actions. Automatism. Properly free volition. Wrongly used to denote the modern theory respecting AUTO AVOI actions in which each condition follows on the last by suggestion and without will. Automaton. [Gr.] A puppet, called from its resembling that which is really an automaton, or self-movtd thing. (Automatic.) Automedon. [Gr., self -ruling.] In the Iliad, the charioteer of Achilles. Hence any one skilled in driving. Autonomy. [Gr. avrovofj.(a, from avrds, self, v6fj.os, law.} Self-government of a state. Autopsy. [Gr. avro^la, from avr6s, self, fyu, a seeing.} Personal inspection ; often = post- mortem examination. Autoschediastical. [Gr. avTocrxf8MMm/ev.] 1. An axis. 2. A cylindrical shaft on which a wheel or other body turns, or which turns with the wheel on the bearings. An axis is a geometrical abstrac- tion, an axle its concrete realization. (Shaft.) Axle-box. A peculiarly formed journal-bear- ing, by which the weight of locomotive engines or railway carriages is transmitted to the axles, and within which the axles turn. Axolotl. [Mexican.] Slredon [Gr. SeipTjScoi/, siren, q.v} pisciforme [L. piscis, fish, forma, form]. (Zool.) Tailed Batrachian, retaining or losing its gills according to circumstances. Possibly it is the larval stage of a salamander. It is twelve or fourteen inches long. Mexican lakes. Ayah. An Indian native waiting-maid or nurse. Aye-aye. [Onomatop.] (Zool.) 1. A quad- rumanous animal, somewhat resembling a large squirrel, and with its mammae on the abdomen ; "one of the most extraordinary of the mammalia now inhabiting the globe " (Wallace) ; classed in a fam. by itself. Madagascar. Cheiromys Madagascanensis [Gr. x e 'P> hand, /j.vs, mouse], sub-ord. Lemuroidea, ord. Primates. 2. I.q. Ai (q.v.). Aye, aye, sir (A r attt.) " I understand." As an answer from a boat, it shows that a com- missioned officer is in her. The addition of a ship's name indicates a captain, and of "flag," an admiral. Ayegreen. The houseleek [L. sempervivum (?.).]. Ayrshire Ploughman, The. Robert Burns. Ayuntamiento. [Sp.] The council of a town or village ; also called justicia, concejo, cabildo, regimiento. Azamoglans. Foreign children brought up among the Turks as Mohammedans and soldiers. Azazel. Lev. xvi. 8, 10; transl. scapegoat, but meaning quite uncertain. Azi-dahaka. (Zohak.) Azimuth. [Ar. as-samt, a way or path.] (Astron.) The arc of the horizon intercepted between the meridian and a vertical circle drawn through the centre of a heavenly body ; it may be reckoned from the north point, but in northern latitudes it is most convenient to reckon it from the south point westward from O up to 360. The Magnetic A. is a similar arc measured from the magnetic meridian ; it is, in fact, the bearing of a point from the magnetic south. Azimuth and altitude instrument. An instru- ment consisting of a horizontal circle moving round a vertical axis in fixed supports, and a vertical circle moving round a horizontal axis which is rigidly attached to the former axis. The vertical circle carries a telescope whose axis coincides with a diameter. The altitude and azimuth of a heavenly body can be observed by it when properly adjusted. Azimuth compass. A compass furnished with sights for observing the bearing of points from the magnetic north or south. Azoic rocks. [Gr. d neg., o>^, Hfe-l (Geol.) Non-fossiliferousj destitute of life. This term, and Hypozoic = under [VTT] life, are obsolete as systematic terms. (Neozoic.) Azote. [Gr. a. neg., fa-f], life.}. Nitrogen, which does not support life. Azoth. Paracelsus' panacea, or elixir of life. Azrael. [A Semitic word.] With Jews and Mohammedans, the angel of death, once visible to those whom he took away, now invisible, by reason of Mohammed's prayer. AZTE BACK Aztecs. A dwarfish people of considerable civilization, in the high-land of Anahuac, in S. America ; now extinct. Two children, said to belong to this race, were exhibited in London in 1853 ; but Professor Owen pronounced them to be dwarfs, probably from S. America. Azulejo. An enamelled tile. The Moors in- troduced this kind of work into Spain in the eighth century ; examples of A. of the thirteenth century are found in the Alhambra. ACT line. A coal-tar dye, giving a fine blue colour with a shade of red in it. Azure. [Pers. eazur, blue.} (Her.) The blue colour in coats of arms, represented in engrav- ing by horizontal lines. Azure stone. (Lapis lazuli.) Azurite. 1. (Lapis lazuli.) 2. Blue carbonate of copper. Azygous. [Gr. &vyos, not paired.} (Anat.) Said of muscles, bones, etc. , that are single. Azymite. One who uses unleavened [Gr. &&/JLOS] bread in the Eucharist. So the Latins and others have been termed by the Greek Church. B. B is used as an abbreviation for before, as B.C., before Christ ; or for bachelor, as B.A., Bachelor of Arts. Among the Greeks and Hebrews, B denoted 2 ; among the Romans, 300, with a dash over it, 3000. It is also the name of one of the notes hi the musical scale, answering to the French Si. Baal, Bel. [Heb., lord, master.] The Semitic sun-god, worshipped as the embodiment of mere power. (Moloch.) Baalzebub, Baalzebul. (Muiagros.) Babes or Children in the Wood. Children of the "Norfolk gentleman" of an old favourite ballad. Their guardian uncle hired two ruffians to kill them ; one, relenting, slew the other, and deserted the children, who, dying in the night, were covered with leaves by robin redbreast. (Cf. the "Two Wanderers," in Grimm's House- hold Stories.) Babies in the eyes. Reflexions of one's self in the eyes of another. Babington's Conspiracy (named from one of the number). That of some English gentlemen, with some priests of an English seminary at Rheims ; one John Savage was hired to kill Queen Elizabeth, and an insurrection was to be raised, aided by a Spanish invasion. Fourteen were executed, September, 1586. Babism, Babi. Persian pantheistic heresy from Mohammedanism, founded, A.D. 1843, by Seyud Mohammed AH of Shiraz. Bablah bark. [Pers. babul, a mimosa.] The shell of the fruit of a kind of mimosa, used in dyeing drab. Baboon. [Cf. Fr. babouin, from the same root as Ger. bappe, thick-lipped (Littre).] (Zool.) Gen. of monkey, with dog-like nose, bare (frequently bright-coloured) nasal callosities, generally short tail ; some (as mandrill) very large. Africa. C^nocephalus, fam. Cyiiopi- thecidae, ord. Primates. Baboon, Louis = the French, in Dr. Arbuth- not's John Bull. (Bull, John.) Bacca, or Berry. In Bot, = succulent fruit, having seeds in a pulpy mass ; e.g. gooseberry, grape, potato-berry ; the hawthorn raspberry rose, not having true berries. Adj., Baccate, Baccatcd. Baccalaureat. The first or lower degree in any faculty conferred in universities. Baccarat. A gambling game at cards. Bacchanalia. [L.] A festival to Bacchus, god of wine, at which the celebrants were called bacchanals. Bacchanalian. Relating to Bacchus or Diony- sos, a Semitic deity representing the powers of the Cosmos generally, whose orgiastic worship was introduced into Greece against strong oppo- sition from the people. The name Bacchus, which appears as Bocchus, the title of the Maure- tanian kings, is a corr. of Malchus, Malek, Moloch (Brown, Great Dionysiak Myth, ii. 100). Bacchante. [Fr.] A female worshipper of Bacchus ; hence a termagant. Bacchius. [Gr. 0aKx*d\ri, Scand. hvalo, and Eng. whale.} Whalebone, the horny laminae through which the whale strains its food. Balinger, or Balangha. (Naut.) 1. A small sloop. 2. A barge. 3. A small war-ship with- out forecastle, formerly in use. Baling-strips. Strips of thin iron for binding bales. Balister. A cross-bow. [L.L. balistarius, i.e. arcus. ] (Arcubalist ; Ballista.) Balistraria [L.], Arbalestria [L.], Arbalis- teria [L.]. Narrow apertures in the walls of a fortress, for the discharge of arrows from the cross-bow ; often cruciform ; thirteenth, four- teenth, and fifteenth centuries. Balk. [A.S. basic.] 1. A strip or ridge of land purposely left out in ploughing. 2. Spelt also baulk ; the squared trunk of the fir ; a large beam of timber ; cf. Ger. balken, a beam. [Query : Are these two words or only one with some radical meaning of straightness, whence to balk = (i) to check, disappoint ; (2) to heap up in a ridge ? Cf. a billiard ball "in balk."] Balkers. Watchers on heights for shoals of herring. Ballast. [Of doubtful origin.] (Naut.) Weighty materials, as iron, gravel, casks of water, carried below to keep a vessel's centre of gravity down. A ship in B. = laden with B. only. Shifting of B. is its getting out of its proper position through rolling. Ballatoon. (Naut.) A small Indian schooner without topsails. Ballerina. [It] A female dancer. Ballet. [It. palletta, a little ball.} 1. (Her.) A roundlet or small disc. (Pallet.) 2. A theatrical representation by means of movements and dances accompanied by music. Ball-flower. (Arch.) An ornament shaped like a globular flower, frequently used in build- ings of the Geometrical and Continuous styles of English architecture. Balling process. The process by which salt- cake is converted into ball-soda. The furnace used is called the balling furnace. (Salt-cake ; Black-ash.) Ballista, Balista. [L., from Gr. &d\\w, I throw.} A large military engine, used by the ancients for throwing stones, etc., as the Cdtdpulta, a kind of powerful cross-bow [Gr. Ka.TaTre\Ti)s], was for heavy darts, arrows, etc. Its construction, of which there were several varieties, is not very well known. Ballistics. [From Ballista (q.v.).} The doctrine of the motion of projectiles in a resisting medium, such as the air. Balloen. (Naut.) A Siamese State galley, shaped as a sea-monster, with from 140 to 200 oars. Ball-soda. (Black-ash.) Balluster has been corr. into banister. [It. ba- lestriera, a loop-hole for (he cross-bow (L. balista); afterwards applied to the columns themselves.] Balm, Common. A plant with lemon-scented leaves and stem, which yield oil of B. ; Melissa officmalis, ord. Lab. An infusion of B. is a popular remedy in fevers. Bal masque. [Fr.] Fancy ball. Balneum. [L.] Among the Romans, in the singular, a private bath, as distinguished from the Balneae, or public baths. Balsa. S. American float or raft, resting partly on air-tight skins ; for landing goods through a heavy surf. Balsam. [Gr. /3d\ keep the water in the boilers hot. Banker. (Naut.) A vessel emp oyed on the Newfoundland Bank, i.e. in cod-fi ,ajry. Bank Holidays. Easter Monda -, Monday in Whitsun week, first Monday in August, and December 26. Bank money. (Banco.) Bank rate. The variable rate at which the Bank of England advances money. Bank stock. Shares in the property of a bank, especially Bank of England. Ban lieue. [L.L. banleuca, ban (q.v.), and leuca, Celtic, a league, an indefinite amount of territory] Land outside the walls of a town, but subject to its law. Bannatyne Club. Instituted 1823, by Sir W. Scott ; its object the printing in a uniform manner of rare works of Scottish history, topography, poetry, etc. Geo. B., antiquary, collector of " Ancient Scottish Poems," 1508. Bannerer. In mediaeval times, bore the banner of the city of London in war. BANN BARD Banneret. A feudal lord who led his men to battle under his own banner. The privilege of so leading them was often awarded on the battle-field to those who had there distinguished themselves. Bannering. Beating the bounds [L. L. banna]. Banner ole. (Banderol) Bannlmus. [L.L., we banish. ,] Form of ex- pulsion from Oxford University. Bannock. In Scotland, a home-made cake, generally of pease-meal, or pease and barley mixed, baked on a girdle, i.e. circular iron plate. Banquette. [Fr., a bench, dim. of banque, a bank, from It. banca.] (Fortif.) Low bank of earth, placed on the inside at a suitable height, to enable the defenders to fire over the parapet. Banshie. In Irish Myth., a phantom in female form, supposed to announce the approaching death of living persons, and answering to the Grey spectre or Bodach Glas of Scotland (Scott, Waverley, ch. xxx.). Banstickle. Spec, of stickleback, three-spined. Gastferosteas [Gr. ycurrfip, belly, otrreov, bone], fam. Gastgrosteidae, ord. Acanthopterygii, sub- class Teleostei. (Stickleback.) Bantine Table. [L. Tabula Bantma.] A bronze tablet, with an Oscan inscription of thirty- three lines, found A.D. 1793, near Bantia, in Apulia. Banting. One who diets himself to prevent fatness, or the diet of such, from W. Banting, notorious (A.D. 1863) for having thus become thin. Bantling. [Probably = handling, an infant in swaddling clothes.] A child ; melon., an author's pet work. Banyan tree of India. Ficus IndTca, ord. tirtlcacese ; a native of most parts of India. Baobab, or Adansonia digitata (Adanson, Fr. naturalist). Monkey -Bread, Sour Gourd, an ex- traordinary tree of Trop. Africa, nat. ord. Bom- bacese ; the only spec, known ; in Humboldt's opinion, ' ' the oldest organic monument of our planet." Bapbic. Belonging to dyes or dyeing [Gr. jSo^i]. Baphomet. [Corr. of Mahomet.] Some kind of figure or symbol, which the Templars were accused of using in magical rites. Baptistery. [Gr. PaimffT-fipiov.] 1. A part of a church, or a separate building, for baptism by immersion. 2. A canopied enclosure containing the font. Bar. (JFfer.) An ordinary bounded by two horizontal lines drawn across an escutcheon, so as to contain one-fifth part of it. In popular language, Bar sinister = Baton (q.v.). Bar, Confederation of. An unsuccessful asso- ciation of some Polish nobles, formed at Bar, 1767, for the purpose of freeing their country from foreign influence. Bar, Trial at. Trial before the judges' of the superior court instead of at nisi prius (q.v.), generally before a special jury. Baragouin. [Fr.] Jargon, gibberish ; origin- ally the Bas-Breton language, of which the words bara, bread, and gwin, wine, occurred most frequently in conversations between the Bas- Bretons and the French (Littre, Brachet). Barataria. Sancho Panza's island-city, in Don Quixote. [Sp. barato, cheap.~\ Barb. An Arabian or Barbary horse. Barba. [L., beard.} (Bot.) A sort of down found on the leaves of some plants. Barbate, having a B. Barbados leg. (Elephantiasis.) Barbarian. A word used by the Greeks to designate all who were not Greeks. It represents the Skt. varvara, applied by the Aryan invaders of India to the negro-like aboriginal inhabitants whom they found there. Another Greek form of the word is Belleros. (Bellerophon's letters.) Max Miiller, Chips, vol. ii. Bellerofhon. Barbecue. A beast, especially hog, stuffed and roasted whole. [ (?) Fr. barbe a queue, snout to tail.} Barbed horse. [Fr., L. barba, a beard.} Com- pletely equipped with armour. Barb means a hooked point, armour for horses. Barbel. [O.Fr.. L. barbellus, dim. of barbus, id., from barba, a beard.} Numerous gen. of fish, with four barbules, two at tip of nose, two at corners of mouth. Europe, Asia, Africa ; one spec. British. Barbus, fam. Cyprlnidse, ord. Physostomi, sub-class Teleostei. Barberini vase. (Portland vase.) Barberry. [Ar. barbaris, L.L. berberis vul- garis.] 1. Ord. Berberideae ; a British shrub with racemes of yellow flowers ; the fruit is used as a preserve. 2. Another kind, B. aquifbllum, is the well-known plant of English shrubberies. Barber-surgeons. Corporations with certain privileges, from Edward IV.'s time, 1461, till 1 8 George II. dissolved the connexion. The barber's pole still represents the ribbon wound round the arm before blood-letting. Barbet. [Fr., dim. of barbe, beard.} 1. The poodle dog, especially the small breed. 2. (Bucconidae.) Barbette. [Fr., barbe, beard, parce que le canon fait la barbe, rase 1'epaulement (Littre).] Elevation of earth placed in salient works of a fortification to give guns freer range, by being fired without embrasures. Barbican. Masonry fortification, formerly used to protect the drawbridge leading into a town ; also as a watch-tower. [Fr. barbacane, Ar. barbak-khaneh, a rampart ; introduced, like many other military words, by the Crusaders.] Barbiton. [Gr. frapfKros and -ov.} Some kind of lyre, seven-stringed, used by the ancient Greeks. Barca-longa. [Sp.] 1. A Spanish coasting lugger, undecked and pole-masted, and fitted with sweeps for rowing. 2. A Spanish gun -boat. Barcarolle, Barquerolle. [Fr. barque, a bark.} Song of Venetian gondoliers, or one of the same character. Barcone. A short lighter ; Mediterranean. Bard. [L.L. bardae.] Horse-trapping, armour. Bardesanites. In Eccl. Hist., the followers of Bardesanes, in the second century, who regarded the devil as a self-existent being. (Ahriman.) Bards. .(Minstrels.) BARE 57 BARO Bare-bone. Lean, so that the bones show. Barebone's Parliament, (Hist.) A nickname for the council summoned by Cromwell, 1653, from Praise-God Barebone, one of the members. Bareges [Bareges, H. Pyrenees], or Crepe de Bareges. Mixed tissues for dresses, usually of silk and worsted ; made really at Bagneres. Bare poles, Under. (Naut.) With no sails set. Barge [see Bark; L.L. barga], Captain's, or Admiral's. A man-of-war's boat for the use of those officers. State ., a large boat sumptuously fitted. 7'radtng B. (variously named) is flat-bottomed, and usually fitted with a spritsail and a mast to lower ;-used on rivers and canals. Also an east-country vessel pecu- liarly constructed. Bread-B., the bread or biscuit tray or basket. Bargeboard. Probably = Verge '-board ; the ornamental woodwork carried round under a gable roof. Barguest. [Guest, another form of ghost, Ger. geist.] A horrible goblin, toothed and clawed, in the N. of England ; supposed to shriek at night. Barilla. [Sp.] Impure carbonate of soda, alkali produced by burning salsola (q.v.}. Barium. [Gr. fiapts, aeavy.] A malleable yellowish-white metal, the basis of the alkaline earth baryta. Bark. (Cinchona tree.) Bark, or Barque. (Barque.) Barkantine, or Barquantine. A three-masted vessel, carrying only fore-and-aft sails on her main and mizzen. Bark-bound. Having the bark too firm or close for healthy growth. Barker's mill. An elementary kind of turbine. It is capable of rotation round the axis of a vertical tube having two horizontal tubes or arms at the lower end, the whole being like an inverted T ; there are openings in the horizontal tubes near their ends, but on opposite sides ; water flows down the vertical tube and comes out at these holes in two horizontal jets ; the reactions of the jets form a couple which causes the mill to turn in a direction opposite to the jets. Barking smack. A smack hailing from Barking Creek, in Essex. Barlaam and Josaphat. A very popular me- diaeval religious romance, in which the hermit B. converts the Indian Prince J. Originally Sanskrit, but transl. into many languages. Barlaamites. (Eccl. Hist.) Followers of Barlaam, a Latin monk of fourteenth century ; known chiefly from their controversy with the Quietist monks of Mount Athos (Gibbon, Roman Empire, ch. Ixiii.). Barley. Pot B., of which the husk only has been removed : Pearl B., of which the pellicle also has been removed, and the seed rounded. Barley-corn, John, or Sir J. A humorous personification of malt liquor; from an old tract, The Arraigning and Indicting of Sir J. B., Kt. Barley-mow. A heap of stored barley. (Mow.) Barmecide feast = unreal, imaginary : such as the Barmecide prince first set before the hungry Schacabac in the Arabian Nights' Talcs. Barmote, Barrmote, Barghmote, Berghmote. [A.S. berg, hill, gemote, assembly. \ A Derby- shire court for miners. Barnabee. Popular name for the lady-bird. Barnack stone. (Bath-stone.) Barnacle goose. Spec, of goose, about two feet long, plumage black, white, and grey. Temperate regions. Gen. Barnicla, fain. Anatidse, ord. Anseres (Lepas.) They were supposed to be produced from shells found on certain trees in Scotland and elsewhere. This absurd notion rose from a confusion of the name with that of the cirriped Barnacle, the bird being originally called Hlbernicula, as being found in Hibernia (Ireland), then Bernicula, and lastly Barnacle (Max M tiller, Lectures on Language). Barnacles. 1. [From the likeness to spectacles.] Pincers enclosing the muzzle of a horse, to keep him quiet for any slight operation ; the Twitch (q.v.} is better. 2. Spectacles ; (?) a corr. of binocle, as binnacle also is ; or (?) connected with obsolete bernlein, of the same meaning ; and this with beryllus. Barometer; Aneroid B.; Marine B. ; Mountain B, ; Siphon B. ; Wheel B. [Gr. ySapos, weight, /ueV- pov, measure.} An instrument for measuring the pressure of the atmosphere. It consists of a tube containing mercury, about thirty-four inches long, held in a vertical position, with its open end dipping into a basin of mercury ; the space within the upper part of the tube being a vacuum, the height of the column above the surface of the mercury in the basin is an exact measure of the atmospheric pressure. In the Siphon B. the lower end of the tube is bent up, instead of clipping into a basin of mercury. In the Wheel B. the motion of the mercurial column, due to changes in the atmo- spheric pressure, is communicated to a hand which shows the variations on an enlarged scale. The Marine B. is a barometer hung on gimbals, and otherwise protected from disturbance caused by the ship's motion, firing of guns, etc. The Moun- tain B. is adapted for being carried from place to place by travellers ; from the readings of a barometer at two stations, the vertical height of the one above the other can be inferred, since, all other circumstances being the same, the weight of a column of air of that vertical height equals the difference between the weights of the barometric columns at the two stations. In an Aneroid B. {q.v.} the variations in the pressure of the air are measured by the movements of the elastic top of a small box, which are com- municated to a hand like the hand of a clock. Barometz fern. [Russ. boranez, little la?nb.] Scythian lamb; the prostrate hairy rhizome of the Dicksonia barometz, whose appearance has given rise to many fabulous stories. Baron. (Hist.) Lit. the man of the liege lord or king. This title displaced that of Thane in this country on the full establishment of the Feudal system after the Norman Conquest, the Ceorls and Thralls being now known as Freemen and Villeins. Baron and Feme, or Femme. 1. In Norm. BARO BARY Fr. Law, = man and wife. 2. (Her.) Husband and wife. When one shield bears the husband's arms on the dexter side and the wife's arms on the sinister side, it is said to be parted per pale, baron and feme. Baron of beef. A double sirloin. Barony, in Ireland, = hundred, orwapentake, in England. Baroscope. [Gr. 0dpos, -weight, fficoirew, I be- hold^ An instrument for showing that bodies are supported by the buoyancy of air, in the same manner as they are by that of water, though in a much less degree. Barouche. [F., from L. birota, a two-wheeled carriage."] A four-wheeled carriage, having a top that can be raised, and front and back seats facing each other, each seat holding two persons. Barque, Bark. [A word common to most Aryan languages ; L. barca, through It. or Sp. barca.] Generally any small ship, square-sterned, without headrails ; but especially a two or three masted vessel with only fore-and-aft sails on her mizzen-mast. Bark-rigged, having no square- sails on the mizzen-mast. Barra-boats. Vessels of the Scotch Western Isles, sharp at both ends, and with no floor, so that their transverse section is V-shaped. Barracan. [Ar. barrakan, a coarse gown.] A coarse strong camlet, used for cloaks, etc. Barracoon. Dep6t for slaves newly captured. [Fr. baraque, from It. baracca, barracks; and Gael, barrachad, a hut, barrach, branches of trees (Littre).] Barras. [Fr.] The resin of the Pinus mari- tima ; the base of Burgundy pitch. [Having a barred or streaked appearance when dried, Fr. barre (Littre).] Barrator, Barretor. One guilty of Barratry. Barratry. \_Cf. It. barratrare, L.L. baratare, to cheat, O.Fr. barat, barete, fraud, quarrel.] (Leg.) 1. Exciting others to suits or quarrels. 2. Fraudulent conduct towards owners or insurers of a ship by master or crew. Barrel [Fr. baril] of beer, is thirty-six gallons. Barrel-bulk. (Naut.) A measure of capacity = five cubic feet. Eight barrel-bulk = one ton measurement. Barren flowers bear only stamens without a pistil, as in the cucumber. Barret-cap. [Fr. barrette.] A cap formerly worn by soldiers. Barrier Treaty. (Hist.) A treaty, made 1715, between the Emperor, the King of England, and the States-General of the United Provinces, giving to the latter the right of holding certain fortresses in the Spanish Netherlands. Barring-out. ' ' A savage licence practised in many schools to the end of the last (i.e. seven- teenth) century," " the boys taking possession of the school when the vacation drew near, and bar- ring out the master." (See Johnson's account, in his Life of Addison.) Barrique. [Fr., L.L. barrica, connected with baril (Littre).] A French barrel of wine or brandy, of different capacity in different places. The barrique of Cognac is 45 '22 English gallons, and is divided into 27 veltes. Barris. Spec, of Baboon (q.v.). Barrow. [A.S. beorg, beorh, a hill, mound; cf. burgh, borough, Gr. -irvpyos, a tower.] 1. A burial-mound. [L. tumulus, a mound tomb.] 2. Intrenched hill, for a fenced town. Barrulet. (Her.) A diminutive of the bar, being one-fourth its thickness. Barry. [Fr. barre, barred.] (Her.) Covered with horizontal stripes alternately of two tinc- tures. (Bar.) Barry Cornwall. Properly Barry Peter Corn- wall ; a pseudonym and anagram of Bryan Waller Procter, poet. Barry Lindon. An Irish adventurer and gambler ; hero of Thackeray's tale so named. Bar-shoe. A horseshoe with a complete ring of iron forming a bar across the opening ; dis- tributing the pressure, and relieving a tender part. (See Stonehenge on the Horse, p. 563.) Bar-shot. Used sometimes in naval warfare for destroying masts and rigging ; a bar with a half-ball at each end ; in shape like a dumb-bell. Barter. [O.Fr. bareter, It. barattare ; words meaning both to barter and to deceive. ] Originally, the simple exchange of one commodity for another ; secondarily, = loss of credit. Mr. Huskisson, in 1825, said that the panic placed England within forty-eight hours of B. ; i.e. of such loss of credit that its notes would not have been received, or its coin, except for its intrinsic value as an article of exchange. Bartholomew, St., Massacre of. (fr. Hist.) A terrible massacre of the Huguenots in Paris, August 24, 1572, in which the Admiral Coligny was the first victim. Similar massacres took place at the same time in the larger French towns. Bartizan. A small overhanging turret, a stone closet, projecting from an angle at the top of a tower, or from a parapet, or elsewhere ; as in mediaeval castles. Barton. 1. A grange, courtyard. [A.S. bear = crop, or bere, barley, and tun or ton, en- closure] 2. A certain combination or system of pulleys. Barton, Elizabeth, Holy Maid of Kent, brought forward as a prophetess, denounced the divorce of Henry VIII. and his second marriage, and was executed for high treason, 1534. Barn. A woolly substance from the leaves of Saguerus saccharifer, a sago palm ; used in caulk- ing ships, stuffing cushions. Barwood. A red African wood used for dye- ing and turner's work (imported in short bars). Baryta, Barytes. [Gr. apOT7?s, heaviness] Oxide of barium ; an alkaline earth, grey, poisonous ; the heaviest of known earths. Barytone, Bariton. (?) Of heavy low tone [Gr. J3apvs rovos], as compared with tenor. 1. A voice in compass, and still more in charac- ter, something between tenor and bass. 2. The Viola de bardone, or V. di fagotto of Haydn, now obsolete. 3. In Pros., having the low melodic accent, which is not generally marked. (Oxytone.) 59 BASS Basalt. [L. basaltes, probably an African word, = hard dark marble.} Hard dark-coloured rock, of igneous origin, often columnar and hexa- gonal, from geometric cracks in cooling. (F issur es-of-r etreat . ) Basanite, Touchstone, Lydius lapis, or Lydite. A black siliceous schist, on which pure gold rubbed leaves a certain mark. [Gr. fSaffavos, a touchstone.] Bas bleu. [Fr.] A Blue-stocking. Bas chevalier. A knight of the lowest rank of knighthood. (Bachelor.) Bascinet, Basinet, Basnet. Mediaeval hel- met, light, somewhat basin-shaped, introduced temp. Edward I. [Fr. bassin, a basin.'} Base. [Gr. fidais, a step.] 1. (Her.} (Escutcheon.) 2. (Chem.} A body which unites with acids to form salts ; as silver unites with nitric acid to form the salt called nitrate of silver. 8. (Dyeing.} A substance used as a mordant. Base-ball. The national game of the U.S. of America, somewhat like our rounders ; so called from the four bases, one at each corner of a square, whose side is thirty yards ; the first, second, and third being canvas bags, painted white, filled with some soft material, and the home base marked by a flat plate painted white. (See full account, English Cyclopedia, i. 255-) Base-court. [Fr. basse cour.] 1. The outer court of a feudal mansion, containing the stables, accommodation for servants, etc. 2. (Leg.} An inferior court not of record, as court-baron, court-leet. Base-fee. (Leg.} An inheritable freehold terminated on some special qualifying contin- gency, such as the fall of a certain tree, failure of issue under an entail, the ceasing to be lord or tenant of a certain manor. Base line. 1. In Perspective, the line where the plane of the picture intersects the ground plane. 2. In Surveying, an accurately measured line on which a network of triangles is con- structed, whose angular points are conspicuous places, and whose distances from each other are calculated from the base and measured angles only. Base of operations. The portion of country, sea-coast, river, or the strong towns, either on the flanks or rear of an army in the field, from which its resources are drawn, and to which it can retreat in case of reverse. Bashaw. Pasha = head or master; a Turk- ish title of honour, given to viceroys, provincial governors, generals, etc. : hence a swaggering bully. Bashi-Bazouks. Irregular troops in the Turkish service. Basic. (Chem.) Relating to, or acting as, the base of a salt. Basil. 1. [Fr. basane, from Ar. bithanet.] The skin of a sheep tanned. (Bezel.) 2. [Fr. basile, from base.] The angle to which the edge of a cutting tool is ground. Basil, Liturgy of. (Liturgy.) Basilian Order. (Orders, Religious.) Basilic (Anat., Med.} = most important or excellent ; lit. king-like [Gr. j3aas opposed by Bishop Berkeley. Beestings. (Biestings.) Beetle. 1. [A.S. bytl.] A wooden mallet for driving in wedges, stakes, etc. 2. [A.S. beotan, beotjan, to threaten.] To hang over or forward, as of cliffs or eyebrows. Beetling. [O.E. bytl, a mallet.] The pro- duction of figured fabrics by means of corrugated or indented rollers. Beetrave. Beetroot [from Fr. bette-rave, beta, beet, and rapa, turnip}. Beffana. [Corr. of Epiphania.] An old woman, the fairy of Italian and German children, who puts presents or else ashes into children's stockings on Twelfth Night, while she is look- ing out for the returning Magi, whom she missed as they returned home "another way." Eeffroi. (Belfry.) Before the mast. The working seaman, as distinguished from an officer. Beg, Bey. A Turkish title of State officers, = prince, chief; not very definitely used. Beggar of Bethnal Green, The Blind. Henry de Montfort, in disguise after the battle of Evesham. Percy gives the ballad of Bessie, his daughter. Beggar's Opera, The. A play by John Gay. Beghard. Societies of laymen in Germany, France, and the Netherlands, first appearing in the thirteenth century, subsisting mostly by men- dicancy, and little esteemed ; disappearing in the latter part of the fourteenth century. But the BEGL 64 BELL correct use of the word is uncertain, and their history very obscure. [L.L. beggardus, Flem. beggen, Eng. ^(Littre).] (Orders, Mendicant ; Tertiaries.) Begler-beg = a chief of chiefs, governor- general of a province, next in rank to the Vizier. (Beg.) Beguinages. Societies of women, called Beguines, in Holland, Belgium, and Germany, not bound by vows ; their mode of life, like that of the Beghards (q.v.), neither clerical nor lay. Their principal institution is at Ghent. Beguines. (Beguinages.) Begum. In India, a princess or lady of high rank. Behemoth. Job xl. ; the hippopotamus. [(?) An Egyptian word ; if Heb., = great beast, or beast of beasts. ] Beit. [Ar., i.q. beth, Heb., tent or hut.} Abode or abodes. Beit al may be a temple or town of Belay, To. (Naut.) To fasten a rope by taking several turns round a cleat, belaying-pin, etc. B. there! stop ! Belaying-pins. Wooden pegs or short iron bars. Belcher. A blue handkerchief with white spots ; named after a pugilist. Beldam. [Fr. belle dame.] Originally a term of respect, especially to elders, has come to mean hag. Belemnite. [Gr. &f\(fjivov, a dart.] Popularly Thunderbolts and St. Peter's fingers ; the conical, internal-shell remains of a gen. of extinct Cephalopodous molluscs. Bel esprit. [Fr.] A sprightly, clever writer or conversationalist. Belfry. M.H.G. ber vrit, a watch-tower, became berfredus, berfroi, beffroi, i.e. a mov- able breaching tower used in sieges ; then, from the resemblance, a turret, and more particularly a bell turret ; written belfry, though having nothing really to do with bells. Belial, Sons of. A general name for worth- less persons, as men of recklessness or lawless- ness ; this being the meaning of the Heb. word represented by Belial, which is certainly not a proper name, although the etymology is uncertain. As Beliar (2 Cor. vi.), it is per- sonified, = Satan. Belinda. Pope's name for Arabella Fermor in The Rape of the Lock. Bell. 1. (Arch.) The capital of a. Corinthian or Composite column, without the foliage ; which is like a bell reversed. 2. (A'aut.) Watch. Bell, Acton, Currer, Ellis. Names assumed by Anne, Charlotte, Emily Bronte, authoresses. Belladonna. [It., beautiful lady.] Deadly nightshade, common in hedges ; a spec, of Atropa, ord. Solanaceae. Most spec, are poisonous. Bella, horrida bella. [L.] Wars, dread wars. Bell and Lancaster system, i.e. that of mutual instruction, by aid of the boys them- selves ; first used 1790, by Rev. Dr. B., in E.I.C. Madras schools, there being no qualified ushers ; perfected by L. as the monitorial system, in Eng- land, in the next generation. Bellannine. (Cardinal B., died 1621.) A stoneware jug, big-bellied, with a bearded face on its neck ; sixteenth century ; made in Holland. Bell-bird. (Zoo!.) 1. White bird, about as large as a pigeon, with a black protuberance from its forehead, about three inches long, usually pensile, but erected when the bird utters its note, like the toll of a church bell. Trop. America. Fam. CotingidBe, ord. Passeres. 2. Spec, of Honey-eater, with a note like the tinkling of a small bell. Australia. Fam. Meliphagidse [Gr. fne\i, honey, ipaye'tv, to eat], ord. Passeres. Bell, book, and candle. A mode of excom- munication, chiefly between the seventh and tenth centuries, in the R. C. Church. After sentence read, the book is closed, a lighted candle thrown to the ground, and a bell tolled as for one dead. Bell-crank. A bent lever, with its arms nearly at right angles to each other, for changing the direction of the motion of a link when that motion is of limited extent ; it resembles the crank placed at the corner of a room, where the bell wire goes off at right angles to its first direction. Belle Alliance. [Fr.] A farm, the centre of the French position, at Waterloo. Belle de nuit. [Fr., beauty of the night.] The Marvel of Peru (Mirabilis Jalapa). Belles lettres. [Fr.] Polite literature ; litera- ture of refining, elevating character generally ; not with reference to subject-matter. Bell' eta dell' oro. [It.] The fair age of gold. Belle etage. [Fr.] The best story in a house, the second. Bellerophon's letters. Letters which carry the death-warrant of the bearer ; the Greek story being that Proetus, whose wife had conceived for Bellerophon a passion like that of Potiphar's wife for Joseph, and with the same consequences, sent B. to lobates, King of Lycia, with letters requesting him to put B. to death. (Barbarian.) Bell-flower. Popular name for the cam- panulas. Bellibone. A woman beautiful and good. [A corr. of Fr. belle et bonne.] Bellic, Bellique. Warlike. [L. bellicus, per- taining to war, and, in poetry, warlike] Bellis. [L. bellus, pretty.] (Bot.\ A gen. of plants, ord. Compositae. B. perennis, the com- mon daisy. Bellman. A name applied to watchmen in the streets. Bell-metal. 80 of copper to 20 of tin ; some- times 77 to 23. (Bronze.) Bell of arms. (From the generally round shape.) (Mil.) Separate building for storing the arms of a regiment. Bell-ringing. Changes rung on 3 bells are Rounds; on 4, Changes or Singles; on 5, Doubles or Grandsires ; on 6, Bobs minor; on 7, Triples ; on 8, Bobs major ; on 9, Caters ; on lo, Bobs royal ; on II, Cinques; on 12, Bobs maximus. A bell is set when having the mouth upwards ; at handstroke, when set up so far only as that the tuffing or sallic is held by the ringer ; at backstroke, when rung BELL BENE round so far that the end of the rope is held. Treble is the highest, Tenor the lowest, of a set. Position of rounds, is that of B. struck thus 12345 ; in any other order, they are in changes. 5000 changes are a peal ; any smaller number a touch or flourish, i.e. a practice rather than a performance. A bell is going tip when changing its position from that of treble in rounds towards that of tenor, e.g. the treble in 12345, 2I 435> 2 4 r 3S 5 and down, vice versa. Place-making is striking two blows in succession in any one place, e.g. No. 4 in 15432, 51423. Bob and single, called out by the conductor, produce certain changes in the courses of the B., other than those caused by the fact of the treble leading. In Stedman's method (1640) the prin- ciple is that three B. should go through their changes, one bell coming down from behind to take its part in the changes, and one going up behind to take its part in the dodging. (See Troytes' Change- Ringing} Bellona. [L.] The Latin goddess of war. Bell tent. Conical dwelling of canvas, sup- ported on one pole in the middle. Bell the cat, To. To run a great risk for others, from the fable in which an old mouse proposes that a bell should be hung on the cat's neck that the mice may have warning. Bellua, or Belua, multorum capitum (Horace). The many -headed monster ; the mob. Belluine. Beastly, brutal. [L. bellulnus, bellua, a beast, generally = a monster, brute] Bell-wether. The leader of a flock, which wears a bell ; meton. the leader of a subsequent party. Belly. [A.S. bselg, a pouch.] (Naut.) 1. The swell of a sail. 2. The hollowed part of a shaped timber. To B. a sail is to fill it with wind, with bellying canvas, going free. B. to the breeze, the sails filling with wind. B. to wind- ward, carrying too much sail. Belomancy. [Gr. Pe\o/jiavrta.] Divination \fj.avTfia\ by the flight of arrows \fie\os, an arrow], sometimes differently marked, and taken at random from the quiver. Belong. [Gr., a sharp point.} (Gar-fish.) Belphoebe. A chaste, beautiful huntress in Spenser's Faery Queen ; meant for Queen Eliza- beth as woman. (Gloriana.) Belt. [L. balteus.] A Band. Beltane, Belteine, Bealtine. [Ir.] Said to mean (it can scarcely be doubted, erroneously) fire of Baal, the worship of whom is supposed to have exisited in these islands in the remotest Druidical times ; name of a festival once ob- served in Ireland and the Scotch Highlands. Belted Will. Lord W. Howard, Warden of the Western marches, seventeenth century. Beluga. [Russ. name.] Gen. of whale, white whale. Arctic and Australian seas. Fam. Del- phlmdae, ord. Cetace'ae. Belus. The Grecized form of the Syrian Bel. (Baal.) Belvedere. [It. bello, beautiful, vedere, to see.] A room above the roof of a house, for fresh air and prospect. Belvedere, Apollo. A beautiful statue of Apollo, found towards the end of the fifteenth century, in the ruins of Antium, and placed in the Belvedere of the Vatican (q.v.) at Rome, whence it has its name. Perry, Greek and Roman Sculpture. Bema. [Gr., a step, a place for stepping.] 1. The tribune or pulpit for speakers in a Greek assembly. 2. (Eccl. Ant.} The raised plat- form containing the altar, with the seats of the bishop and clergy. (Apse ; Pnyx.) Bembridge beds. (Geol.) A division of the Upper Eocene, principally developed in the Isle of Wight. The Bembridge limestone is the equivalent of the Montmartre deposits, and yields remains oT some species of palseotherium, etc. i Bemol [Fr.] (Music) is U, a flat note, i.e. the ^-like sign which makes flat [mol]. Ger. mol is minor, from the difference between major and minor thirds ; dur or durum, hard, is in mediaeval music natural, and so major as compared with moll, or L, mollis, soft. Ben-. [Gael., mountain] Part of Highland names, as Ben-more, great mountain. Benbow, John, Admiral, 1650-1702, kept up for four days, off St. Martha, W. Indies, a run- ning fight with a superior French force, when almost deserted by the rest of his squadron, August, 1702. He died of his wounds in November of the same year. Bencher. Senior members of Inn of Court, who have control over students for the bar. Benchmare. [(?) Welsh pwncmawr, big point] The broad arrow. Benchmark. In Surveying, shows the starting- point of a long line of levels, and is affixed to permanent objects, showing exactly where the level was held. Bench warrant. (Leg.) A warrant, signed by a judge or two justices, for the apprehension of one against whom a true bill has been found, or who has committed contempt of court. Bend. (Her.) An ordinary bounded by two parallel lines drawn from the dexter chief to the sinister base. If charged with any device, it occupies one-third part of the shield ; if un- charged, one-fifth. Figures occupying its place are said to be in bend. A bend sinister has the lines drawn from the sinister chief to the dexter base. (Escutcheon.) Bendlet. (Her.) A diminutive of the bend, being one-half its thickness. Bends. (Naut.) (Wales.) Bend, To. (JVaut.) To fasten ropes together, or to an anchor. B. a sail, fasten it to its yard, or stay, ready for setting. Bendy. (Her.} Covered with bands alter- nately of two tinctures, slanting like a bend. Benedick = a confirmed bachelor, who marries after all, as B. marries Beatrice, in Much Ado about Nothing. Bene decessit. [L., he has left satisfactorily] Certificate of good conduct on leaving a college or school. Benedictines. (Eccl. Hist.} An order of monks distinguished for their learning. They follow the rule of St. Benedict, who founded his BENE 66 BERR first house at Subiaco, early in the sixth century. To this order belonged Pope Gregory the Great and the monks whom he sent to England under Augustine, first Archbishop of Canterbury. Milman, Hist, of Latin Christianity^ ,bk. iii. ch. vi. Benediction. [L. benedictlo, -nem, a speaking well of.} 1. Any form of blessing. 2. In the Latin Church, specially the blessing of the people with the reserved sacrament, which is held up by the priest in the monstrance. Benedict medicines = gentle remedies j op- posed to Drastic, heroic. Benefice, popularly a living, is, according to Coke, "a large word," = "any ecclesiastical promotion whatsoever." (Beneficium.) Beneficiary. Holding a dependent, feudatory office ; without independent power. Beneficium. 1. Under the Romans, a grant of land to a veteran soldier. 2. At the beginning of the feudal system, an estate conferred by the sovereign and held under him, which as a hereditary thing became a fief. 3. (Eccl.) A living, preferment ; on the assumption of its being held under the pope as a superior lord. Beneficium invito non datnr. [L.] A benefit is not conferred against one's will. Benefit of clergy. [L. privilegium clencale.] Withdrawal of the clerical order, and eventually of all who could read, from civil to ecclesiastical tribunals in all capital charges except high treason. Not wholly abolished till 7 and 8 George IV. Benefit societies, or Friendly 8. Associations for mutual benefit among the labouring class, a small weekly payment insuring a certain weekly sum during sickness ; in some cases a payment at death ; also in some cases a pension after a certain age. Bene meritus. [L.] Well-deserving. Benet, Herb. [Fr. benoite.] (Aven.) Benevolence. [L. benevolentia, good will.} (Eng. Hist.} A tax levied by the sovereign, under the name of a gratuity. No voluntary aid can now be raised on behalf of the Crown with- out authority of Parliament, the breach of this condition being declared illegal by the Bill of Bights. Bengal-lights. Used during shipwreck, = nitre 6, sulphur 2, tersulphuret of antimony I. Benign, Benignant growths, etc. [L. bdnignus.] (Med.) Local growths, not returning if removed, not destructive of life ; opposed to Malignant [L. malignus], cancerous and destructive of life. Benison. [O.Fr. beneison, benai^on, L. benedictionem.] A blessing ; cf. malison, orison, i.e. maledictionem, orationem. Benitier. [Fr.] A vessel for holy water, as a font ; an aspersorium or sprinkler, or a stoup attached to a wall. Benjamin, Benzoin. [Fr. benjoin, from Ar. loubban djaoni, Japanese incense.] A dry fragrant balsam obtained from the benjamin tree, and used for making incense, etc. Benjamin tree. Corr. of Benzoin (q.v.). Ben, Oil of. A clear sweet oil, much used in chemistry, perfumery, and by watchmakers ; obtained from the seeds of the Moringa pterygosperma, a tree of E. Indies and Arabia. Ben trovato. (Si non e vero.) Bents, or Bent grass. A term of general significance, applied usually to the old stalks of various grasses. Benzoic acid. An aromatic acid prepared from benzoin. Its salts are called benzoates. Benzoin. (Benjamin.) Benzole, Benzine, Benzine collas. (Benzoin.) Bicarburetted hydrogen, a colourless liquid, obtained from coal tar. It dissolves fats, and is a source of aniline. Beowulf. An Anglo-Saxon epic, of great literary and philological value. [Beo or Bewod, with the old Saxons, the harvest month ; pro- bably the name of a god of agriculture (Cham- bers's Encyclopedia}] Berberis. (Barberry.) Berceaunette. [Dim. of Fr. berceau, a cradle.] A wicker basket with a hood over the head, used as a cradle. Berceuse. [Fr., a cradle song, from berceau, a cradle, L.L. bersa, ivickerwork hurdle.] Bereans. An obscure Scottish sect, A.D. 1773, who professed to reject all religion, except credence of the written Word ; claiming to be like B. (Acts xvii. n). Berengarians. Followers of Berengar, Arch- deacon of Angers, eleventh century, who pro- tested against the current doctrine of the Real Presence ; recanted j retracted ; and again re- canted. Bergamot. [Port, bergamota.] (Bot.) 1. A name borne by very many different kinds of pear, not having, however, any common distinctive character ; from Bergamo, Lombardy. 2. Also a garden name for Monarda didyma. Bergamot orange. (Bot.) A fragrant spec. (Bergamia) of Citrus, ord. Aurantiaceae ; its greenish-yellow rind contains an essential oil. Berg-mehl. [Ger.] (Geol.) Mountain meal, Tripoli, Polier schiefer, Kiesel-guhr, Diatoma- ceous earth, etc. Recent and Tertiary deposits of whitish fine powder, almost entirely from the frustules or siliceous cell-walls of Diatomacese ; some varieties are mixed with food, increasing the bulk, and, perhaps, slightly nutritious ; used for polishing metals. Found in Norway, Tripoli, Richmond, U.S., Mull, Dolgelly, Mourne Moun- tains, etc. Bergmote. [A.S. berg, hill, mot, gemot, meeting] Court for decision of matters con- nected with mining. Berlin. A four-wheeled covered carriage, seating two persons (invented at Berlin). Berm. [Fr. berme, pathway on a bank, from Ger. berme.] (Fortif., Mil.) Narrow level space left outside a rampart or parapet, to diminish the pressure of earth on the escarp of the ditch. Bernardines. (Feuillans.) Bernicia, Berneich. The north part of North- umbria in the Saxon period. Berniole goose. (Barnacle goose.) Bernoose. (Bournouse.) Berretta. (Biretta.) Berry. (Bacca.) BERR 67 BIAD -berry, -berie, -bery. [L.L. beria, a large open field.] Part of names, as in Dol-berry, a word made up of two synonyms. (Dol-, Dal-.) Bersaglieri. Sharp-shooters ; riflemen of the Sardinian army, introduced 1848. Berserkers. [Icel.] In Icelandic tradition, wearers of bearskins acks or coats ; noted for their frantic outbursts of rage. (Grettir Saga.) Berth. (Naut.) 1. A sleeping-place on board ship. Hence, 2, the place where a ship lies. 3. A place to which any one is appointed. To give a wide B., to keep well away from anything. Bertholletia. (Brazil nuts.) Beryl. [Gr. fi-f)pv\\os.] (Geol.) A mineral, hexagonal, of various shades of green and blue, found in Primary rocks of O. and N. World ; consists of silica, alumina, and glucina. Amongst its varieties are emerald and precious B., or Aqua- marine. Beshrew tb.ee = be thou syrewe [A.S., sor- rowed, vexed] ; hence = I curse thee, wish thee evil. Besprent. Besprinkled. [A.S. besprengan, to sprinkle over.] Bessemer steel. Steel made by passing a blast of air through molten cast iron, so as to get rid of the carbon and silicon, and then adding enough pure cast iron to supply carbon for the formation of steel. (Named after the inventor.) Bessus. In Beaumont and Fletcher's King and no King, a cowardly captain. Bestead. To be in stead or in place ; and so, 1. To profit ; 2. To be circumstanced "hardly bestead" (Isa. viii. 21). But this should rather be translated = hardened, hardening them- selves (Speaker's Commentary}. Bestiaires. [Fr.] Written books, of the eleventh, twelfth, and thirteenth centuries, de- scribing the animal world, real and fabled, with drawings and symbolical explanations, in prose and in verse, Latin and English. Bestow. Sometimes to bury ; so Felix-stow, burial-place of Bishop Felix. Beteem. 1. To deign, think fit, to suffer. \Cf. A.S. tamian, to tame ; or D. betaemen, to be suitable (Wedgwood).] 2. [A.S. tyman.] To teem ; to bear abundantly. Betel, Piper betel. A spec, of Piper, ord. Pi- peracese, the leaves of which are chewed by the inhabitants of many parts of India with the nuts of the Areca (q.v.} catechu. B. nut. (Areca.) Bete noire. [Lit. black beast.] A bugbear ; something one dreads or shrinks from. Beth-, Bedd-. [Cymr.] 1. Grave, as in Bedd- gelert, grave of St. Kelert. 2. Beth- [Heb.], house, as in Beth-el, house of God. Betise. [Fr.] Stupidity. Beton. The French name for concrete ; but as the mode of preparing it is very different, it is well to retain the use of the two names. Betony. (Bot.) Native plant, Stachys betonica, ord. Labiatae ; formerly much used in medicine ; a popular remedy still for some complaints. Better equity, To have. To be second incum- brancer of an estate with security, if there be a prior incumbrancer without. Betty, sometimes Bess. A thieves' instrument for wrenching doors, drawers, etc. ; a jimmy instruments of all kinds being frequently personi- fied, as spinning-jenny, boot-jack, etc. Betiila. [L.] (Bot.) Gen. of Amentaceous trees, ord. BetulaceEE. B. alba, the common birch. B. papyracea, Canoe B. or Paper B. of N. America, is very valuable, on account of its durable bark, used for boxes, thatching, canoes, etc. Bever. [Fr. breuvage, for bevrage, L. bibe're.] With labourers, a drinking between meals, gene- rally at eleven o'clock, elevens, and at four o'clock, fours. Bevil, Bevel. [Fr. biveau.] A kind of car- penter's square that may be set to any required angle. A B. angle is any angle except a right angle and half a right angle. Bevile. (Bevil.) (Her.} A chief broken or opening like a carpenter's bevel. Bevil-wheels. Two portions of cones on which teeth are cut so as to work together and trans- mit motion from one axis to another intersecting it and inclined to it at any angle. These axes coincide in direction with the axes of the cones ; and the wheels move on each other just as two cones would do if rolling on each other. Bevis of Hampton (Southampton), Sir. A knight of romance (Drayton's Polyolbion,\&.. ii.). Bewpar. (Naut.} (Buntine.) Bewray. [A.S. wregan.] To accuse, to show, to make evident ; cf. Ger. regen, to stir. Bey. (Murza.) Bey, Beg. A Turkish or Tartar title, meaning lord, prince, or chief. Bezan. [Fr.] A white or striped cotton cloth from Bengal. Bezant. 1. A gold coin struck at Byzantium, current in England in the time of Edward III. (Dinar.) 2. (Her.} A golden disc, named from the Byzantine coin so called. Beza's Codex. (Codex.) Bezel, Basil. [Fr. biseau, a slant, bevil.] The slope or angle to which the cutting edge of a tool, e.g. a plane, is ground ; a sloping edge to a frame, or to that which is set in it ; the ledge in a ring which secures the stone. Bezique. A game of cards, generally played by two persons. Bezoar stones. [Pers. pad, relieving, curing, zahr, poison.] Concretions found in the first stomach of some ruminants, especially goats ; of hair, fibre, stony matter ; once thought alexi- pharmic. Bezonian. [It. bisogno, want.] A beggar, low fellow. Bhagavadgita. [Skt., sacred poern] An ex- position of Brahmanic doctrine in a dialogue be- tween Krishna and Arjuna in the Mahabharata. Bhang. (Haschish; Assassin.) Bhisti. [Hind.] (Water-carrier.) Bhowani. (Thugs.) Bi-. [L. bis, bi-.] As a prefix, implies that something is doubled, as a bichloride is a salt con- taining twice as much chlorine as the chloride. Biacuminate. [L. bi-, two, acuminatus, pointed] (Bot.} Having two diverging points. Biadetto. (Bice.) BIAN 68 BIFI Bianchi and Neri. [It., White and Black} Parties or factions in the Florentine Republic in the fourteenth century. Dante belonged to the Bianchi, and, being banished, wrote his great work in exile. Biaurioulate. [L. bi-, two, auricula, ear.] 1. (Anat.) Said of the heart ; having two auricles or cavities. 2. (Bot.) Having a pair of earlike leaflets. Bibasio. [L. bi-, two, and Gr. pdixt, I loose.] Tending to destroy life. Biotaxy. The arrangement [Gr. TO|IS] or classification of animate beings according to their outward organization. Biparietal diameter. [L. paries, -etis, a wall.] (Anat.) The diameter between the parietal bones ; applied to the cranium. Biparous. [L. pario, / bring forth.] Bring- ing forth two at a birth. Bipeltate. [A word made up from L. bi-, two, and Gr. TreArTj, pelton, a shield.] Pro- tected as by a double shield or buckler. Bipinnate. [L. bi-, two, pinna, a feather.] (Bot.) Twice pinnate ; e.g. the frond of bracken. Bipontine editions of classics. Published A.D. 1779, at Deuxponts, or Zweibrucken, a town of Rhemish Bavaria, formerly capital of an in- dependent duchy. [L. bi-, two, pons, pontis, a bridge.] Bipupillate. [L. bi-, two, pupilla, the pupil of the eye.] (Entomb) Applied to a spot with two differently coloured dots, on the wing of a butterfly. Biquadratic. [L. bis, twice, quadratus, squared.] Of or belonging to the fourth power of a number ; in a B. equation, the fourth is the highest power of the unknown quantity ; as x* "jx = 103. Bird-bolt. An arrow broad at the ends, for shooting birds. Bird-cherry. Prunus padus, native tree, with long white racemes of flowers ; ord. Rosacese. Bird-lime. A glutinous substance from the boiled middle bark of the holly ; it may be obtained also from the mistletoe. Bird of paradise. A gen. of birds, Paradi- seidae, fam. Corvidse. The males are character- ized by gorgeous accessory plumes, springing in some spec, from the sides or rumps, in others from the head, bust, or shoulders. The natives usually cut off their legs : hence the notion of their being legless (Butler, Hudibras). New Guinea and neighbouring islands. Bird's-eye. A kind of tobacco, cut so that the sections of the stalk resemble a bird's eye. Bird's-nest. (Nattt.) A look-out place at the masthead. Birds' wings. (Wings.) Bird-witted. Desultory in thought, flighty, having no concentration. Bireme. [L. biremis, bi-, two, remus, an oar.] A vessel with two tiers of oars ; trireme, one with three tiers ; so quadrireme, quinqui- reme, with four, with five tiers. Biretta. [L.L. birretum, a cap.] A square black cap, rounded at the top, worn by priests. Birk, Birken. Birch, birchen. Birmingham system. (Caucus meeting.) Birthwort. (Aristolochia.) Biscuit [Fr., from L. bis coctus, twice cooked ; cf. Ger. zwieback] is, in pottery, somewhat a BISD 7' BLAG misnomer. The first baking, to preserve shape and texture, gives the likeness, in colour and texture, to ship biscuit ; the second firing vitri- fies the glaze, and brings out the metallic colours. Bis dat qui cito dat. [L.] He gives twice who gives promptly. Bise. [Fr.] A cutting N. wind prevalent on the northern shores of the Mediterranean. Bisect. [L. bi-, two, seco, / cut.] To divide into two equal parts. Bisetous. [L. bis, twice, setosus, bristled, seta, a bristle.] Having two bristles. Bishop. As a drink, hot port wine flavoured with lemon and cloves. Bishop Barnaby. The may-bug or lady-bird. Bishopping the teeth of horses. A method of passing off an aged horse for a six -year-old. The nippers are shortened to the required length, and an oval cavity is scooped in the corner nippers, which is then made black by burning. Bishops' Bible. (Bible, English. ) Bishops' Book, or Institution of a Christian Man. A primer of doctrine and instruction, A.D. 1538; the culminating point of the Reformation during the reign of Henry VIII. (Blunt's Preface). Bishops in partibns. (In partibus infidelium.) Bisk, Bisque. [Fr. bisque.] Soup of several kinds of meat boiled together. Bismillah. [Ar. ] A form in use with Moslems ; in the name of God. Bismuth. [Ger. wismuth.] A metal, crystal- line, reddish-white, brittle ; found native in Corn- wall, Germany, Sweden, France, and combined with oxygen, sulphur, arsenic ; useful in the arts and in medicine. Bisoma. [L. bi-, two, Gr. ffZ^a, body.} A sarcophagus, or urn, or coffin, to hold two bodies. Bison. [L. bison, Gr. ffiffiav.] 1. Gen. of Bovidae. 2. Spec. Aurochs (q.v.), and American bison. Bis peccare in bello non licet. [L.] One cannot make more than one mistake in war ; i.e. one mistake is (generally) fatal. Bisque. 1. [Fr.] Unglazed porcelain. 2. [Fr. (?) It. bisca, a gaming-house^ A term differ- ently used in different games, meaning odds, an advantage given to one player over another. Bissextile. Leap year, i.e. L. annus bissextus or bissextllis ; so called because in the Julian calendar the 24th of February (ante-diem sextum Kalendas Martias) was reckoned twice over in the leap year. Bister, Bistre. [Fr., origin unknown.] A pig- ment, warm brown, prepared from soot of wood, especially beechwood. Bistoury. [(?) Pistoia, where they were made.] A small surgical knife. Bisulcate. [L. bi-, two, sulco, I furrow.} 1. Having two furrows. 2. (Zool.) Cloven- footed, with two-hoofed digits. Biting in. Eating away, by an acid, the parts of the plate not covered by the etching ground. (Etching.) Bitter end. (Naut.) The part of a cable abaft the Bitts. Bittern. 1. A bitter compound of quassia, etc., for adulterating beer. 2. The liquor left after salt has been crystallized out from sea- water. Bittern, Bittour. [Etym. unknown ; cf. Fr. butor, L.L. bitorius ; bos taurus seems to be an error (Littre).] Night-feeding gen. of heron tribe, distinguished by greater length of toe, and by being feathered to the tarsus. Cosmopolitan ; three spec, found in Great Britain. Gen. BStaurus, fam. Ardeidae, ord. Grallx. Bitter-sweet. (Bot.) Solanum dulcamara. Ord. Solanacere. A common hedge climber, with potato-like violet flowers and red berries. Bitts. [Dan. bitte, Fr. bitte.] (A T aut.) Two upright pieces of timber in the fore-part of a ship, to which cables are fastened. There are minor B., as the topsail-sheet 13., to which the topsail sheet is fastened. Bitumen. [L.] Includes the liquid mineral substances, naphtha, petroleum, etc., as well as the solid mineral, pitch, asphalt, mineral caoutchouc, etc. (Asphalt.) Bituminous shale. Thin-bedded clays, suffici- ently rich in hydrocarbon to yield paraffin, etc., by distillation. Bivalve. [L. bi, two, valvse, doors.} Possess- ing two valves, or doors ; term applied to shells of certain molluscs, as cockles and small Crus- taceans. Bivouac. [The French form of Ger. beiwache, by-watch] In warfare, the halting of soldiers at night in the open air. Bixa. (Annotta.) Bizarre. [Sp. bizarro, valiant] Capricious, fantastic. Originally, valiant ; then, angry, headlong ; lastly, strange, capricious. Bjelbog. (Tschernibog.) Black Act. A statute passed, 9 George L, against the Waltham Blacks, who infested the forest near Waltham, Hants. The Act was repealed in 1828. Black art. Mediaeval name for necromancy, as if derived from L. niger, black. Black-ash. A mixture of impure carbonate and sulphide of sodium, obtained from salt-cake (q.v.) by roasting it with chalk and coal. Black Assize. A name given to an assize at Oxford in 1577, from a pestilence which broke out while it was held. Black-band. A valuable carbonaceous iron- stone in the coal-measures of Scotland and S. Wales. Black Book of Admiralty. 1. A book of ancient Admiralty statutes and ordinances. 2. A mythical record of offences. Black cap. Assumed by a judge, that he may be in full dress. Black chalk. A kind of shale or clay-slate, containing much carbon ; used for drawing, and ground down for paint ; in Carnarvonshire, Isle oflslay, Spain. Black Country. The district between Bir- mingham and Wolverhampton, full of coal-pits and furnaces. Black Death. (From black spots on the body). The Oriental plague which desolated Asia and Europe in the middle of the fourteenth century. Black dose, or draught. Sulphate of magnesia BLAC 72 BLAT and infusion of senna, with aromatics to render it palatable ; Epsom salts. Black flux. A mixture of charcoal and carbo- nate of potash. (Flux.) Black Friars. A mendicant order, called from their habit, B. F. in England ; in France, Jacobins, as living in Rue St. Jacques ; Preach- ing F., from their office of converting Jews and heretics ; and Dominicans, as founded by St. Dominic, a Spaniard, early in the thirteenth century. Black game. Heath-fowl ; opposed to red game, as grouse. Black-hole. Place of solitary confinement for soldiers. Black Hole of Calcutta. (Hist.) A dungeon in which Suraj-u-Daula, 1756, shut up 146 English prisoners taken in the defence of the city, of whom all but sixteen were stifled to death. Black-lead, Plumbago, properly Graphite, into which no lead enters. A greyish-black mineral, chiefly carbon, but containing alumina, silica, etc. ; used for making pencils. Black-letter. The old English or Gothic letter, generally used in manuscript writing before the introduction of printing, and continued in types to the end of the sixteenth century, and in many instances later. Black-letter saints' days. In the Calendar of the Book of Common Prayer, the commemo- ration days of saints whose names are not rubricated, and for whom no special Collect, Epistle, and Gospel are provided. Black list A list of the insolvent, bankrupt, swindlers, etc., printed for the private use and protection of the trading community. Black mail An impost in the Highlands and bordering Lowlands of Scotland, in the earlier part of the eighteenth century, submitted to as a compromise with robbers. (Mails.) Black Monday. 1. The cold Easter Monday of 1360, April 14 ; when many of Edward III.'s soldiers died before Paris. 2. The first Monday of work after holidays. Black Monks. (Augustines.) Black quarter, Black spald, Quarter eviL An apoplectic disease in cattle, especially young cattle ; caused by rich pasture on stiff und rained soil, by change from poor to rich pasture, etc. Black Eod, Usher of the. Chief gentleman - usher to the sovereign ; summons the House of Commons to the Peers when the royal assent is given to Bills ; takes into custody any peer guilty of breach of privilege. He belongs to the Order of the Garter. Black Rood of Scotland. "A piece of the true cross," in ebony gilt, brought in the eleventh century by the wife of King Malcolm, and left as an heirloom of the Scottish kingdom. It was lost by David II. at Durham, and was placed in the cathedral, whence it disappeared at the Refor- mation. Black rubric, i.e. a statement, not really a rubric or direction. The declaration at the end of the Communion Office, respecting kneeling : in rubricated Prayer-books printed black; in others printed in Roman type, not in italics. Blacks. 1. A kind of ink for copper-plate printing, made by charring the refuse of a wine- press. 2. (Bianchi and Neri.) Black ships. Indian vessels built of teak. Blackstone's Commentaries on the Laws of England. Published 1765-69. Originally lectures at Oxford, by Blackstone, the first Vinerian Professor of Law ; appointed judge, 1770. Black Watch. The 42nd Regiment, into which companies were enrolled, 1737, who had watched the Highlands, dressed in dark tartan. Bladud. In British legend, the father of King Lear. He is said to have built the city of Bath, where he was cured of his leprosy by its medi- cinal waters. Blague. [Fr.] Humbug, brag, intended to mystify ; its earlier meaning, a tobacco-pouch. Littre refers to Gael, blagh, to blow, inflate. Blaize. (Fake.) Blanc coursier. [Fr., white horse.] The herald of the Order of the Bath (from the white horse of Hanover). Blanch-holding. (Scot. Law.) A tenure for a peppercorn duty. Blanching. 1. Whitening metal for coinage. 2. Coating iron plates with tin. Blanching-liquor. A solution of chloride of lime for bleaching. Blanchisseuse. [Fr.] Washerwoman. Blanket [Fr. blanchet.] Woollen cloth to lay inside the tympans in printing. Blanketeers. Were to have marched, taking blankets, etc., with them, to petition for reform, to the Prince Regent in London, March, 1817. (Peterloo.) Blank verse. The unrimed heroic verse of five feet, or ten syllables, each foot being in general either an Iambus or a Spondee. Blarney stone, To have kissed the. To be extremely persuasive, to be an adept at soft sawder. Cormack Macarthy, Lord of Blarney, duped Carew, A.D. 1602. Blase. Satiated, cloyed ; etym. unknown. Littre compares blaser, to burn, blaze, a pro- vincial use of which is = dessecher, to dry up, from excessive use of stimulants. Blast, Blast-pipe. The waste steam from a high-pressure engine is driven through the Blast-pipe into the chimney, and, causing a partial vacuum in the smoke-box, increases the draught through the furnace. Blastema. [Gr.] 1. (Anat.) The albuminous formative element in animal tissue. 2. (ot.) The axis of an embryo. Blast-furnace. A furnace for smelting iron ores, an operation requiring a very high tem- perature, which is obtained by a strong blast of air forced into the furnace from beneath. Blasto-. [Gr. P\affTOs, bud, sprout.] Blastoderm. [Gr. Se'p/io, skin] The germinal membrane of the ovum. Blastogenesis. In plants, multiplication by buds. [Gr. jSAao-TT/ and -TOS, bud, sprout, ytVeiris, origin] Blatant. Onomatop. roaring, bellowing ; BLAT cf. blare, blatter. B. Beast is Rumour or Slander, of "vile tongue" and " hellishe race" (Faery Queen, bk. vi.). Blateroon. [L. blatro, -nem.] A babbler, idle talker. Blatter. [L. blatero, verb.] To prate, talk idly. Blazonry. [Fr. blason, a coat of amis.] The art of painting or describing coats of arms- according to heraldic rules. Bleb, Blab, Blob. Originally a drop of water, a blister ; generally an air-bubble in glass, ice, etc. [Cf. Ger. blahen, to swell.] Blechnum. [Gr. ^A^x 6 ""-] (Bot.) A gen. of plants, ord. Ferns. B. boreale, Hard fern, the only British spec. Common in woods. Blee. [A.S. bleoh, blewan, to blow, bloom.] Complexion, colour. Blench. [Collateral form of blanch, to grow pale] To avoid, elude, start from. Blende. [Ger. blenden, to dazzle.] (Mm.) Zinc B., Garnet B., Black-jack. 1. Properly sulphide of zinc ; in Cornwall, Cumberland, etc., and many parts of Europe and N. America. 2. Popularly applied to many other lustrous minerals. Blenn-. [Gr. jSAecvo, phelgm, mucus] (Med.) Bless [akin to bliss, blithe], from the action of the hand in making -f- , sometimes = to brandish. Blessed thistle . (from its supposed medicinal virtue). Carduus benedictus of old writers and of Med. ; gen. ord. Compositae. Blets. [Fr. blet, overripe] Spots of decay in apples, pears ; the work of a low form of fungus. Bleu du roi [Fr., king's blue.] In china, a deep cobalt blue. Bleu, Oros. [Fr.] The darker variety of B. du roi. Bleyme. In a horse, inflammation between the sole and bone of the foot. [(?) Corr. of Fr. flegme, Gr. \fy^a, inflammation] Blindage. Building of strong beams leaning close together against a wall, or against another set of beams, and covered with fascines and earth, for the protection of troops and stores. Blind-coal. (Anthracite.) Blind-fish. (Hag.) Blind Harry. Scotch minstrel of fifteenth century. Author of the romance of Wallace. Blind hockey. A gambling game with cards. Blindman. At the General Post Office, a decipherer of illegible or misspelt addresses. Blind story. (Eccl. Arch.) A name for the Triforium, or second story above the Pier arches, and below the Clerestory. Blind- worm. Anguis fragilis [L., fragile snake]. Harmless spec, of footless lizard, fre- quently taken for venomous snake. Fam. Scincidoe. Blink, The dazzling whiteness about the horizon, caused by reflexion of light from fields of ice. Blistered steel Steel produced by heating to redness bars of pure iron, surrounded by powdered charcoal, etc., till they have absorbed sufficient carbon. When taken out, the bars are covered with blisters. 73 BLOW Blister-fly. [O.E. blaesan, to blcm< ; cf. Ger. blase, blister, D. bluyster, id.\ Spanish fly, Can- tharis vesicatoria [Gr. Ka.v6a.pis, name of various beetles, L. vesica, a bladder, blister]. A beetle, about one inch long, green, with gold reflexions ; rare in England. Ord. Coleoptera. BlocJL [A Tetit. and Scand. word.] 1. Two or more pulleys or sheaves placed side by side on a common axle in parallel mortices cut in a properly shaped piece of wood. 2. (Naut.) A pulley made in four parts : (i) the shell, or out- side ; (2) the sheave, or wheel ; (3) the pin, or axle ; (4) the strop, a piece of rope or iron by which the block is made fast. Building B., tranverse pieces of timber to support a ship when building, or in a dry dock. Block-house. (Fortif.) Covered fieldwork, composed of trunks of trees, with a shell-proof roof of earth. Block machinery. A system for manufacturing the shells and sheaves of blocks for ship tackle, set up in Portsmouth Dockyard by Sir M. I. Brunei, 1802-8, and at Chatham in 1807. Blomary. The first forge through which iron passes, after it is melted from the ore. (Bloom.) Blonde. [Fr. blond, fair.] A fine kind of lace, made of silk (from its colour). Blood and Iron, The Man of. Prince Bismarck. Blood money. Money earned by giving in- formation or by agreeing to help in bringing a capital charge against another. Blood murmurs. (Med.) Heard in certain portions of the arterial system, especially in cases of anaemia (q.v.). Blood-root of N. America, or Puccoon. (Bot.) Sanguinaria Canadensis, ord. Papaveraceae ; its fleshy root-stalk and its leaf-stalks abound in a red juice ; acrid, narcotic, emetic, purgative ; much used in United States. Blood-stone. (Heliotrope.) Bloodwit. [From A.S. blod, blood, wyte, pity.] A fine for bloodshed. Bloody Assizes. Those held by Judge Jeffreys in 1685, after the suppression of Monmouth's rebellion. Bloom. 1. [A Teut. and Scand. word.] A clouded appearance, like the bloom on fruit, sometimes assumed by the varnish on a painting. 2. [From O.E. bloma, a mass] A mass of crude iron from the puddling furnace, while undergoing its first hammering. Bloomer costume. A dress for females, de- vised in America in 1848, approaching as nearly as possible to that of men. The attempt to introduce it into England was unsuccessful. Blooming. (Shingling.) Blowing lands. (Agi'.) Lands liable to have their surface blown away. Blow-pipe. An instrument which, by driving a blast through a flame, concentrates its heat on any object. The oxy-hydrogen blow-pipe is one in which a mixture of oxygen and hydrogen used for the blast instead of air. Blowsalinda. In Gay's Shepherd's Week, a rustic lass. Blow the gaff, To. (Naut.) To let the cat out of the bag. BLUB 74 BODY Blubber. [Akin to blob, bleb, drop, lump.} 1. A bubble. 2. The oil-bearing fat of whales and other fish. Blue and Green factions. (Factions.) Bluebell (Bot.) Wild hyacinth (Scilla nutans) or Campanula rotundifolia. Blue-book, The, on any subject, is the report or paper published by Parliament ; in blue paper covers. Bluebottle. (Bot.) Of corn-fields, sometimes cultivated for its coloured flower-heads ; Cen- taurea cyanus, ord. Compositse. Blue-gowns in Scot. or King's Bedesmen, i.e. praying for him ; and receiving a small bounty, with a blue gown, and badge " pass and repass ; " and so = privileged mendicants, such as Edie Ochiltree (Walter Scott, Antiquary). None appointed since 1833 ; all have now died out. Blue-John. The blue variety of fluor-spar. Blue Laws. A derisive name for certain regulations in the early government of New Haven plantation, which punished breaches of good manners and morality; "blue" being an epithet applied to the Puritans, after the Restora- tion. Blue Mantle. The second pursuivant (so named by Edward III., from the French coat which he assumed, being blue). Blue-peter. [Origin doubtful.] (Naut.) A blue flag with a white square in the centre. When flown at the foretop masthead, it indicates that the vessel is ready to sail. Blue-pill. (Med.) Pilula hydrargyri ; mercury in the metallic form, very finely subdivided ; mixed with conserve of roses, to form a pill. Blue-stocking. A literary lady, but pedantic, unpractical. About 1781, B. S. Clubs, accord- ing to Boswell, arose, of literary persons of both sexes ; at which Mr. Stillingfleet, gravely dressed and in blue stockings, was one of the most constant. Bluff. The precipitous face presented by a high bank to the sea or to a river. Blunderbuss. 1. A noisy blunderer. 2. A short, wide-mouthed, noisy gun. Boa. [L. boa and bova, a serpent; or a water-snake, said to suck cows.] Name of a non-venomous gen. of serpents, killing its prey by constriction. Trop. America. Fam. Pytho- nidse. Boabdil. (BobadiL) Board, By the. (Naut.) Almost level with the deck. Board and board, side by side, and touch- ing. Board. (Leg.) Boart, Bort, Carbonado. Black diamond, rarely in perfect crystals ; used for boring, etc. (Diamond.) Boast To block out stone into a simple, rough boss-like form, leaving the carving, etc., for future work, the rough projection itself being Boatila. (Naut.) A flat -bottomed narrow- sterned boat. Gulf of Manar, between Ceylon and India. Boatswain. [From boat, and swain = A.S. swan, a lad.] (Naut.) The officer of the first lieutenant ; he gives no orders, but reports de- fects, and has charge of the ship's rigging, anchors, etc. He also pipes hands to their duties. B. captain, nickname for one thoroughly acquainted with his duties. B. 's mate, assistant to B. Bobadil. An Anglicized form of the Ar. Abu Abdallah, or father of Abdallah. Also written Boabdil. (Matamoros.) Bobadil, Captain, In Ben Jonson's Every Man in His Humour, a bragging coward. Bobbin. [Fr. bobine.] A wooden pin or reel for winding thread on. Bobbinet \i.e. bobbin net]. A kind of machine-made lace. Bobibation, (Solinisation.) Bobo'link, Rice troopial, Rice bird, Reed bird, Reed bunting (of U.S.A., not that of Britain). (Ornith.) Butter bird of Jamaica, Skunk bird of Cree Indians. Gen. and spec, of American Hang-nests ; migratory ; length, seven or eight inches ; plumage, black, white, and yellow. Gen. DolTchonyx [Gr. So\"txos, long, ovv\, claw], fam. Icteridse, ord. Passeres. Bobstay. (Stays.) BocaL [Gr. 0avKa\is, a water-cooler.] A cylindrical glass vessel with a wide short neck. Bocardo. The building at Oxford in which Cranmer was imprisoned, by which Ridley and Latimer passed on their way to be burned in the city ditch opposite Balliol College, October 16, I 55S- So named from an impracticable figure in Logic. Bocasine. [O.Fr. boccasin.] A sort of fine buckram. Bocca. [It., mouth] In glass-making, the round hole through which the glass is removed from the furnace. Boccaccio. (Decameron.) Bocedisation. (Solmisation.) Booking. A kind of coarse baize made at Bocking. Bocland. [A.S.] Land held by book, charter, or deed, and so continuing in perpetual inheritance, while the Folc-lands, at the end of a given term, reverted to the community. The only burdens on Bocland were those of the Trin5da Necessitas, that is, the duty of contributing to the costs of war, and the repair of castles and bridges. Bodach Glas. (Banshie.) Bod-, Bos-. A house ; part of Cymric names, as in Bod-min, Bos-cawen. Bode's law. (Astron.) An arithmetical for- mula, expressing approximately the distances of the planets from the sun. Bodleian Library. The L. of the University of Oxford ; so called from Sir Thomas Bodley, 1597, its restorer and benefactor. Body. A term used for the paste as mixed for manufacturing pottery or porcelain. Body colours. Water-colours mixed with white, consistent, opaque ; opposed to trans- parent tints and washes. Body of the place. (Mil.) Enceinte or circuit of a fortress, comprising the interior rampart immediately surrounding the town fortified. [Enceinte is L. incincta, pregnant.] BOED 75 Boedromion. [Gr.] Third Attic month, beginning fifty-nine days after the summer solstice. Boeotian = stupid, dull, foggy-minded, as the inhabitants of Boeotia ' ' crasso are nati " (Horace) were said to be, untruly. Bog-butter. In Ireland, a peculiar substance, seventy-four per cent, carbon, formed by de- composition of peat ; in colour and consistency like butter ; liquid at 124 F. Bogle. (Bogy.) Bogomiles. [Slav. Bog, God, miloric, have mercy.} A Bulgarian sect of the twelfth century, who are said to have been Manicheans. Bog-spavin. (Spavin.) Bog-trotter. One of the lower Irish peasantry, who traverse bogs with singular speed and safety, and often elude justice. Bogue, To. (Naut.) To drop off a wind. Used only of clumsy craft. Bogus. [Amer.] Spurious ; originally of counterfeit coin. Bogy, Bogle. (Myth.) Fairies or super- natural beings, amongst whom are included the Brownies, who answer to the Latin Lares, or household spirits. (Puck.) Bohemian. 1. A gipsy. 2, One of unsettled habits, mentally. [Fr. Bohemien, as coming into France from Bohemia ; cf. gypsy ; i.e. enter- ing Europe by ^Egyptus, a district at the mouth of the Danube.] Bohemian Brethren. A sect which sprang up in Bohemia in the latter part of the fifteenth century. In 1535 they renounced Anabaptism, and were united first with the Lutherans and afterwards with the Zuinglians. The Moravians seem now to be their nearest representatives. (Taborites.) Bohemian glass. 1. A hard, scarcely fusible lass, consisting of silicates of lime and potash. . Ornamental glass, containing in addition silicate of alumina. Boidae. (Boa.) Boiling point. The temperature at which a given substance passes into vapour, and beyond which its temperature cannot be raised under given circumstances of atmospheric pressure, purity of the substance, etc. ; the B. P. of a thermometer is the temperature of steam arising from boiling water under a pressure of 29'9O5 inches of mercury. Bold boat. (Naut.) One that stands a sea well. -bold, -bottle. A house; part of A.S. or Norse names. [A.S. botl, house, bytkan, to build.} Bole. 1. The stem of a tree, from the idea of roundness ; cf. v. to boll, Ger. bollig, bowl, ball, etc. 2. [Gr. 0<\os, a clod, earth.} (Geol.) An earthy mineral, like clay in structure, of silica, alumina, and red oxide of iron ; found amongst basalt and other trap rocks of the O. and N. World. Armenian B. is used in colouring an- chovies. Bolero. (Said to be name of inventor.) .Spanish dance, in triple time, with marked rhythm, representing various phases of love. BOMB Boletus. [L.] An extensive gen. of Fungi, resembling agarics, but having, beneath the cap or pileus, not gills but pores or small tubes ; some are edible. Bolio. [Hind.] Indian river boat, longer and narrower than a budgerow. (Bazaras.) Bollandists. (J. Bolland, 1643.) A succes- sion of associated Jesuits, in Antwerp, who published Acta Sanctorum, 1643-1794 ; the work, more than once interrupted, is now carried on by aid of the Belgian Government. Boiled. Exod. ix. ; generally understood to mean rounded, swollen ; i.e. in the seed-vessel. [D. bol, bolle, a head; cf. ball, bowl, bulla, etc.] Johnson, loc., gives " to rise in a stalk ; " Speaker's Commentary, "in blossom." Bolognese school. A school of painting, the first being founded in the fifteenth century by Marco Troppo, its great master being Francia ; the second, in the sixteenth, by Bagnacarallo ; the third, at the end of the same century, by the Caracci. Bolsover stone. Yellow limestone of B., in Derbyshire, of which the Houses of Parliament are built ; a combination of carbonate of mag- nesia with carbonate of lime. Bolster, i.e. boltster. A smith's tool, used for punching holes and making bolts. Bolter. A kind of sieve, which bolts or sifts coarser from finer parts of meal. [Cf. Ger. beutelen, to shake, to bolt, and L. pulto, I strike, knock.} Bolting, the act of sifting. Bolt-head. A glass globe with a long, straight neck, used by chemists in distilling. Bolt-rope. (Naut.) The rope round the edge of a sail. Bolus. [Gr. fttaXos, clod, lump of earth} A medicinal preparation in a large, soft mass, to be divided into pills. Bomba, King, i.e. the Liar King. Ferdinand, King of the Two Sicilies. B. is the puff of the distended cheek, expressive, in Italy, of disbelief of the thing said. Bombardier. [Fr. bombarder, to bombard.} Non-commissioned officer in the artillery, ranking immediately after a corporal. Bombardier beetle. (Entom.) Brachinus cre- pitans, one of the ground beetles (Carabidae). When handled, it discharges a volatilized acid with an explosion. Common in England. Ord. Coleoptfira. Bombardo. [It.] A wind instrument of former times, large and rude, upon which the modern oboe, clarionet, etc., have been im- provements. Bombardon. A large brass bass wind instru- ment, having a tone somewhat like that of an ophicleide. Bombasin, Bombazine. [L. bombycinus, made of silk or of fine cotton} A fabric, of silk and worsted mixed. Bombast. [Gr. &6fj.&v, silkworm, raw silk.} Padding ; and so turgid language. Bombastes Furioso. The hero of a burlesque opera, by Rhodes, in ridicule of modern tragedy, Bombax. [Gr. &6(j.pv, silk, with which cotton was at first confounded.] (Bot.) A BOMB 76 gen. of plants, B. ceiba, common silk-cotton tree. Bombidae, Bombus. [Onornatop. > c f- similar words in Gr., L., Fr., It. ; Ger. hummel, Eng. humble-bee.] (Zoo/.) Humble-bees, Bumble-bees. Fam. of bees with thick hairy bodies, making nests underground. Ord. Hymenoptera. Bomb-ketch. (Ketch.) Bombolo. [It. bombola, a bottle] A glass globe with a short neck, used in refining camphor. Bombycidae, Bombyx. [Gr. jS^/tof.] (Entom.) Silkworm moths. Sub-fam. of Lpidoptera. Bombycilla, Bombycivora. [Gr. 04u/fo, silk- worm, L. voro, 1 devour.] (Ornith,) Names applied by Brisson and Temninck respectively to a portion of fam. Ampelidae, including Bohe- mian chatterer. (Chatterer, B.) Bombycmous. Silken, in colour like a silk- worm. (Bombasin.) Bona Dea. [L., the good goddess] A Latin goddess, whose rites were celebrated only by women. Bona fide. [L.] With good faith, fair and straightforward. Bonair. Complaisant, yielding. In the espousals of the Sarum Manual, a wife promises to be " bonere and buxum" (Debonair.) Bona notabilia. In Law, goods exceeding ,5 in value, belonging to a person dying in another diocese. Bonassus. [L. bonasus, Gr. &6vaaos.] (Aurochs; Bison.) Bona vacantia. [L.] In Rom. Law, goods lying ownerless ; in Eng. Law, goods in which the king only claims a property : royal fish, shipwreck, treasure trove, etc., personal property of an intestate who leaves no next of kin. Bon avocat, mauvais voisin. [Fr.] A good lawyer is a bad neighbour. Bond. [A.S.] (Arch.) The arrangement of materials in a wall "tied" together in a way which shall show harmony of structure ; known as English and Flemish B. (Stretcher.) Bondager. [A.S. bonda ; cf. Icel. bondi, a husbandman] (Hind.) Bond-stone. One reaching through the whole thickness of a wall, and so binding together its two faces. Bond-timber is worked into a wall longitu- dinally ; to tie the work as it is setting, and permanently. Boneblack. Animal charcoal, made by cal- cining bones in closed vessels. Bone-caves. (Caves.) Bone earth. The ash left when bones are burnt, consisting chiefly of phosphate of lime ; used as manure and for cupels. Boneset. (Comfrey.) Bon Gaultier. Pseudonym of Professor Aytoun, author of Lays of the Scottish Cavaliers, and Theodore Martin, who published a volume of ballads under this name. Bon gre, mal gre. [Fr.] Willing or unwil- ling, L. nolens volens ; gre, accord, being from L. gratum. Bon homme Jacques. [Fr.] A name given to the peasantry of the Jacquerie (^.7'.). Boniface. In Farquhar's Beaux' Stratagem, an ideal innkeeper. Bonito. [Sp.] Two spec, of Tunny fish. (Zoo/.) (i) Thynnus Pelamys. (2) Scomber Rochei, about two feet and a half long, mottled blue back, white belly ; this has four dark lines lengthwise each side of the belly. May be caught with artificial flying-fish. Mediterranean and Atlantic, occasionally British coasts. Fam. Scombridse, ord. Acanthopterygii, sub-class Te- leostei. Bon marche. [Fr., good market, cheapness] Adopted as the name of the vast business of the late Achille Boucicaulti Bonne. [Fr.] Nursemaid, nursery governess. Bonne bouche. [Fr.] A dainty morsel. Bonnet. [Fr. bonnet, cap, L.L. boneta, some kind of cloth.] 1. (Mil.) Small raised work of two faces, placed on the salients in fortification, to increase the height of the parapet. 2. (A not.) Retictilum [L., little net], Honey -comb bag. Second stomach of a ruminant. 3. (Naut.) (Preserving the original idea of Fr. bonnet, stuff; etymology unknown.) A piece of canvas, laced to the bottom of fore-and-aft sails in a light wind. Bonnet laird. Owner of a cottage and an acre or two of land ; who wore, till lately, the old braid bonnet of the Lowland Scottish peasantry, broad, round, blue, with red tuft. Bonnet piece. A beautiful native gold coin of James V. of Scotland ; with bonnet instead of crown . Bonnet rouge. [Fr.] The red cap of Liberty. (Liberty, Cap of.) BonnibeL [Fr. bonne et belle.] A girl fair and good. Bono Johnny. Pigeon English (q.v.) for Eng- lishman. Bon ton. [Fr., good tone.] Good breeding. Bonus. [L., good.] A premium or advan- tage. In Insurance, a share of profits given to policy-holders. Bon vivant. [Fr.] A free liver. Bonze. (Talapoins.) Bonzes. The European name for the priests of the religion of Fo or Buddha in the Chinese, Birman, and Japanese empires. [Skt. bandya, i.e. vandya, deserving praise] Booby-hatch. (Naut.) A smaller companion, lifting off in one piece. Bookland. (Bocland.) Book of Sports. Proclaimed at Greenwich by James I., May, 1618, sanctioning certain amuse- ments for Sunday after service ; revived by Charles I., 1633 ; ordered by Lords and Com- mons, 1643, to be publicly burnt. Boom. 1. (Naut.) [Cf. beam, Ger. baum, a tree or pole] A long spar used to extend the foot of a sail. B. forwards, carry all possible sail. B. off, keep off with spars. To top one's B., start off. Booms of a ship. (Decks.) 2. Any obstacle across a river or harbour, for protection in war, as spars, an iron chain, etc. Boomerang. Bow-shaped Australian missile, of hard wood, for war, sport, or chase, about two inches and a half broad, two feet long ; with one side flat, the other rounded. On failing BOON 77 BOTT to strike its mark it returns in its flight to the thrower. Boon. [Gael, bunach.] The refuse from dressed flax. Boot and saddle. (Mil.) Preparatory trumpet- call for cavalry mounted parade. Bootikin, Boot, Boots. Used judicially in Scotland not after 1690. A case of wood for the leg, into which wedges were driven, to ex- tort confession. Boots. (Cinderella.) Booty. In Ireland, one of nomadic, unsettled life. Borachio. 1. A bottle or cask. [Sp. borracha, a pig-skin bottle.} 2. A drunkard. Borage, Common. A spec. (Officlnalis) of Borago, a gen. of plants, ord. BoragineEe, growing wild in many parts of Europe. Its flowers and leaves are used in flavouring claret- cup. Borassus flabellifonnis, or Fan palm. [L. fla- bellum,. a fan.] (Bot.) The only spec, of the gen. B. or Skt. Tala,or Palmyra, the finest of palms ; the sap yields palm wine, or toddy, and sugar. Borax. [Heb. borak, white.} Biborate of soda, used as a flux arid in soldering. (Boron ; TinoaL) Border justice. Jeddart justice, hanging first and trying afterwards. (Antiphrasis.) Bord-service. Tenure of bordlands, from which is maintained the lord's board or table. Bordnre. [Fr.] (Her.} A border round an escutcheon, containing the fifth part of the field. Bore. [Ger. bor.] (Want.) A tidal wave of great height, confined to certain rivers and inlets of the sea, e.g. Severn. It comes suddenly with a peculiar roar, and returns as suddenly. In the Petticodiac, Bay of Fundy, it is seventy-two feet high. Boreas. [Gr.] The N. wind, or rather N.N.E. ; Aquilo. (Wind.) Borecole, or Sprouts. A variety of Brassica obe'racea, ord. Crucifgrse. [Corr. of broccoli (?).] Boree. An Irish dance. Borel, Borrel. [O.Fr. burel, coarse cloth for peasantry, L. burra.] Rude, illiterate, clownish. Borer-fish. (Hag.) Born alive. In Law, manifesting life after the extrusion of the whole body. Boron. An infusible element of a dark olive colour, resembling carbon in its properties. It was first obtained from boracic acid, its trioxide, the salts of which are called borates. (Borax.) Borough English. A mode of descent in some ancient boroughs and manors, in which the owner's youngest son, or his youngest brother (if he has no issue), is the heir. (Gavelkind.) Borrowing days. Three days of April, which before the change of style were April i, 2, 3, and so seemed more properly to belong to March. Borsholder. [A.S. burh-ealdor.] (Hist.) The elder or chief of a borough or tything. Bort. The smaller fragments removed from diamonds in cutting them. (Boast.) Borten. A narrow wooden staff. Bosa. [Pers. boza.] An Eastern drink made from fermented millet seed. Boscage. Underwood, land covered with thickets. [Fr. bocage, O.Fr. boscage, boscati- cum, from L.L. boscus, wood.} Jlosky, contain- ing thickets, copses. Boshes. [Ger. boschung, slope.} The lower part of a blast furnace, sloping inward to the hearth. Bos in lingua. [L.] An ox is on his tongue, i.e. some weighty reason for silence (or, less pro- bably, a bribe, a coin stamped with an ox) ; cf. f3ovs 7rl y\diffffri (/Eschylus, Again., 36). Bosjesman. The Dutch name for some African tribes, akin to the Hottentot, called by the Eng- li^Ji Bushmen. Bosky. (Boscage.) Boss. [An Amer. word.] 1. A master work- man ; said to be D. baas, master. 2. One who is superior, in any way, to his fellows. Bossage. (Boast.) Bot. [Gael. botus, boiteag, a maggot.} (Entom.) Larva of botfly. CEstrus eijui [Gr. ola-Tpos] deposits its eggs on the horse's hairs ; by his licking the place they are transferred to his intestines, where they are hatched. (E. bovis burrows in the skin of the cow. (E. ovis infests the frontal sinus of sheep. Ord. Diptera. Botanomancy. Divination [Gr. ^avrtia} by means of plants, flowers [ftordvri, herb, grass}, practised by the ancients to discover their loves ; and by Teutonic nations ; e.g. Marguerite and the star-flowers in Faust. Botargo. [Sp. botarga.] A sausage, made with mullet roe, inducing thirst. Bote. [A.S. bot, from betan, to repair^ 1. Necessaries used off an estate for its mainten- ance ; as hay-bote, wood for repairing hedges. 2. Reparation, as in bootless. Botelliferous sponges. Having straight swelled branches. [L. botellus, dim. of botfilus, a sausage.} Bothie. [Gael, bothag, a cottage.} This word has come to mean a house or barrack of lodgings for unmarried labourers in E. and N.E. parts of Scotland. Botree of Ceylon, Peepul of India. Flcus religiosa, somewhat like the banyan ; held sacred by Buddhists, planted near every temple. Botryo'idal. (Bot., Mm.) Having the shape or likeness [Gr. eZSos] of a cluster of grapes \fi6rpvs}. Bottcher ware. (From its discoverer.) A kind of reddish-brown pottery, unglazed, but polished by a lathe, and afterwards covered with a dark varnish and painted or gilded. Bottom. (Naut.) Hull of a ship ; put by Synecdoche (t].v.) for the ship itself; thus, British B. means British ship, Dutch B. Dutch ship, etc. Bottom, Nick. The silly conceited weaver with an ass's head, with whom Titania in Shakespeare's Midsummer Night's Dream fell in love. Bottomry. Hypothecation of a vessel (a bottom) as security for money lent, which is lost to lender if the vessel be totally lost. Bottonny. [Fr. bontonne.J (Her.) Having BOTU BOWC each arm terminated with three semicircular buds [Fr. boutons], arrayed like a trefoil. Botullfonn. [L. bolulus.] Shaped like a sausage. Bouge. [(?) Fr. bouche, a mouth; cf. bonne bouche, a dainty morsel.] Victuals, allowance of food. Bouget [Fr.] {Her.) An ancient vessel for carrying water. Bought, or Bout, of the plough. [A.S. beogan, bigan, bugan, to bend ; cf. bight ; Dan. bagt, a bay, Ger. biegen, to bend.] The course of the plough both up and down the space cultivated. Bought-note. Transcript of a broker's signed entry of a contract given to the seller. Said- note, ditto to the buyer. Bougie. [Fr., a -wax-candle, first made at B., in Algiers.] (Med.) A small rod, metal or other, for distending contracted mucous canals in various parts of the body. Boulder-clay. (Geol.) An important member of the Glacial deposits, Northern drift, Erratics, etc., of the post-Tertiary system. The glacial beds, produced from glaciers, coast -ice, and ice- bergs, differ in the several parts of England. They comprise the Lower B. clay (a sandy clay, with pebbles and boulders of granite, greenstone, grit, etc.), the Middle drift of sands and gravels, and the Great Upper B. clay. Arctic shells occur in some places. In Scotland, the Till, a dark clay with boulders of old hard rocks, is the chief member. Boulders, Erratic blocks. (Geol.) Large an- gular or subangular masses of rock, often striated, which have been carried by ice to great distances from the parent rocks. Boule. [Fr.] Inlaid work in wood, gilt-metal, or tortoiseshell ; so called from a cabinet-maker or ebeniste of the time of Louis XIV., whose name has been corrupted into Buhl. Boulevard. [Fr., O.Fr. boulevart, from Ger. boll-werk, a fortification] Formerly a broad rampart, but now any open promenade in a town. Bouleversement [Fr.] An upsetting, over- turning of one's plans ; bouleverser, to make to turn [L. versare] like a ball [bulla]. Boulimy, Bulimy. [Gr. oi/Aj/Jo, excessive hunger.] Ravenous insatiable appetite ; a disease, lit. ox-hunger [ftovs, an ox] ; so /-rush, 0.r-daisy, Aorse-chestnut, horse-laugh, etc., = on a large scale. (Bucephalus.) Boulogne sore-throat Original name some twenty-five years ago for diphtheria (q.v.). Bounty Board. The trustees, governors, of Queen Anne's Bounty. (Queen Anne's Bounty.) Bounty money. Gratuity given to soldiers after their enlistment. Bouquotin. [Fr.] The ibex (q.v). [(?) Dim. of bouc, buck; or (?) corr. of bouc-estain, the Ger. stein-bok.] Bourd. [Fr. bourde, a falsehood, sham.] A jest. Bourdon. [Fr.] 1. A droning bass sound ; a burden or drone accompaniment, as in a bag- pipe. 2. A stop on an organ, or imitation of it on a harmonium. Bourgeois. 1. [Fr.] Properly, any member of a borough or burg, i.e. a fortified town [Gr. irvpjos, a lofty place, or stronghold] ; hence akin probably to the Teut. berg, a hill. (Bour- geoisie.) 2. (Probably from the inventor.) A kind of type, as London. Bourgeoisie. [Fr.] The class of citizens including the merchants, manufacturers, and master tradesmen. Bourgeon. [Fr. subst. bourgeon, from O.H.G. burjam, to lift, push] (Sot.) To sprout, put forth buds and leaves. Bourn, i.q. Burn. A stream, rivulet. [A.S. byrna ; cf. Ger. brunnen, a well, spring] Bourne. [Fr. borne.] Limit, boundary. Bournouse. [Ar.] 1. A large woollen mantle with hood, N. African. 2. An adaptation of it worn in France and England, after the con- quest of Algeria. Bourree. [Fr.] A jig, in common time ; often employed formerly as one of the movements of a sonata. Bourse. [Fr.] A purse, and so, Exchange. [L. byrsa, Gr. /3upra, a hide] Bouse. (A r aut.) To haul up with pulleys. B. up the jib, to tipple. Bow eTrJ y\u>ffa~r). (Bos in lingua.) Boustrophedon. [Gr., from fiovs, ox, long]. BRAC 80 BRAS Brachygraphy. [Gr. 0poxs, short, jpoipaAeos, warted], i.e. having tubercles. A papilionaceous plant, grown along the Missouri, with tuberous carrot-like farinaceous roots. Breadth. That treatment of the subject painted which shows at once the leading idea, without over-finish of details. Break. A large four-wheeled carriage, with a straight body, seats for four, with calash top, and seats for driver and footmen. Break bulk, To. (A 7 aut.) To open the hold and begin to unlade the ship. Breakers. (Naut.) 1. Waves breaking over reefs, etc., either at or immediately below the surface of the water. 2. Small casks used on board ship. Break-ground. (Mil. ) The opening of the first trench of a siege. Breaking the line. (Naut.) Advancing in column, and cutting the enemy's line in two ; then enveloping one half with the whole fleet ; e.g. Rodney's defeat of the French off Dominica, April, 1782. Break-water. A structure such as a mound, a wall, etc., placed near the mouth of a harbour, to break the force of the waves coming in. Bream, To. (Naut.) To clean a ship's bottom by fire. Breast. [A Teut. and Scand. word.] The curved trough extending from the sluice to the tail-race, within which a breast-wheel turns, and which prevents the escape of water from the buckets until they are over the tail-race. Breastplate of Jewish high priest ; described Exod. xxviii. 15, et seq. Breast-plough. A kind of plough, driven by the breast, for cutting turf. Breast-summer. (Bressumer.) Breast-wheel. (Water-wheel.) Breastwork. Earthen parapet sufficiently low to admit of being fired over from the level of the adjacent ground. Breath figure, Boric figure. A likeness of itself, impressed by a coin, etc., on a plate with which it has been left nearly or quite in contact. An electrical B. F. is formed by passing an electric current from the coin through the plate. Ry breathing on the plate these figures are ren- dered visible. [L. ros, ror-em, dew.] Breccia. [It.] (Geol.) Angular breakings of pre-existing rock, not far distant, cemented into a new rock ; rounded pebbles form Conglomerate. G BRED 82 BRID Breda, Declaration of. (Hist.) . A document sent by Charles II. from Breda, 1660, promising that no man shall be disquieted for differences of opinion in matters of religion which do not dis- turb the peace of the kingdom. Brede. [A.S. bredan.] Another form of braid, to knit together, weave. Breeches Bible, or Geneva B., 1557. Trans- lated there by English divines, in Queen Mary's reign. So called from the word used in the translation of Gen. iii. 7, "made themselves breeches." (Bible, English.) Breeching-rope for gun. (Naut.) A rope, one end fastened to a vessel's side, the other to the breech of a gun ; long enough to allow the gun to be run in and loaded, and to stop ex- cessive recoil. Breech-loader. Firearm, with its barrel open at the stock, through which aperture the charge can be inserted. Breem. [A.S. bremman, to be violent ; (?) cf. Gr. /3pe/j.u>, L. fremo.] Furious, excessive, fierce. Breeze-fly. [Onomatop. ; cf. Ger. bremse, O.E. brimse, briose.] (Entom.) Gad-fly, Cleg, Dipterous insect, with blood-sucking females. Tabanus bovmus [L. bovinus, belonging to oxen], fam. Tabanidse. Bregma. [Gr., from /Spe'xw, f moisten.] The top of the head, because in infancy this part is longest in hardening. Brehon laws. Ancient Irish laws ; so called from a word signifying judges ; some being as old, perhaps, as the first centuries of the Christian era. (Pale.) Breme. To bring forth young abundantly ; to teem. Brentford, The two Kings of, = once rivals, now reconciled ; like the two kings in the Rehearsal, a farce by George Villiers, Duke of Buckingham. Bressumer, Breast-summer. [Fr. sommier, a pack-saddle, a lintel.] (Arch.) A beam or sum- mer, like a lintel, but supporting the whole front, or nearly so, of a wall ; e.g. over a shop-front. Bretage, Bretise. (Brattice.) Bretexed. Embattled. (Brattice.) Brethren, Elder and Younger. (Trinity House.) Bretigny, Peace of. A treaty between France and England, 1360, by which Edward III. renounced his pretensions to the crown of France. (Salio law.) Bretwalda. In O.Eng. Hist., the title of an office which assured a certain supremacy to one of the Anglo-Saxon princes. According to Beda, the first who held this office was Ceaw- lin, the grandson of Cerdic. Breve. [L. brevis, short, as compared with long(q.v.) and with maxim (q.v.).] (Music.) The average whole note of the sixteenth century, as the semibreve is of our own time. "It is certain that a sound lasting four beats may be expressed and has been expressed by six different forms the maxim, the long, the breve, the semibreve, the minim, the crotchet" (Hullah, quoted by plainer and Barrett). Brevet. [Fr., from L.L. brevetum, L. brevis, short.] (Mil.) An honorary rank conferred on officers in the army above that which they hold in their own corps. Brevete. [Fr.] A patentee, from brevet, a patent. Breviarium of Alaric. A collection of laws, Roman and Teutonic, for the Goths in Italy. Breviary. [L. breviarium.] An abstract of various books before used ; a daily office of prayer, praise, and instruction in the Roman Church, made up of: (i) Vespers, at sunset. (2) Compline [completorium], about 9 p.m., a com- pleting of the day's devotion. (3) Nocturns, or Matins, at midnight. (4) Lauds, or Matin Lauds, before break of day. (5) Prime, at sun- rise, or at six o'clock. (6, 7, 8) Tierce, Sex/, None, every third hour afterwards. Recited daily, by all ecclesiastical persons, in public or private, at some time ; at the canonical hours by many religious orders. Breviary of Quignon. A breviary, published at Rome by Cardinal Quignonex, in 1536. It is said to have been used in the compilation of the Book of Common Prayer of the Church of England. Breviate. [L. breviatum, from brevio, I abbre- viate.] An abstract summary abridgment. Brevier. A kind of type, as Inclusive. Breviloquentia. (Brachylogy.) Brevipennate. [L. breves pennse, short wings] (Ornith.) 1. Swimming birds whose wings do not reach to the tip of the tail. 2. With Cuvier, short-winged birds, as the ostrich. Brevis esse laboro, obscurus fio. [L.] / try to be concise, and I become obscure (Horace). Brewer of Ghent. Jacob van Artevelde, popular leader in Flanders, who declared for Edward III. ; murdered in a tumult at Ghent, 1345- Brewis. 1. Pieces of bread, soaked in gravy. 2. Broth, pottage ; from A.S. briw, brewis, A.S. breowan, to brew ; or (?) cf. Welsh briw, broken ; and Eng. bribe, which originally, both in Fr. and in Eng., meant a sop, a hunch of bread. Breziline. (Braziline.) Brezonic, i.q. Armoric. Language of Brit- tany. Briarean. Like the giant Bnareos, Briareus, with his hundred arms. Bric-a-brac. [Fr.] Odds and ends ; old stores, articles of curiosity ; a word formed from de brie et de broc, one -way or another (see Littre, s.v. " Broc"). Brickie. Vessels and graven images (Wisd. xv. 13), easy to break, brittle, as the word is now written. Brick-nogging. (Arch.} Brickwork carried up and filled in between timber framing. Brick tea. Tea made into cakes, with fat, etc. ; used in Thibet. Bride of the Sea. Venice, whose doges every year, on Ascension Day, were married to the Adriatic, throwing a ring into the sea ; on the BRID BROA first occasion, as a privilege, granted by Pope Alexander III., 1177, when the League oJ Lombardy had defeated the Emperor Frederic Barbarossa. Bridewell. A house of correction. B., a palace, built 1522, by Henry VIII. , to receive Charles V. ; given, 1533, to the city as a house of correction. Near the well of St. Bridget, or Bride, between Fleet Street and the Thames. Bridge. (Girder; Skew; Suspension; Tabu- lar.) Bridge of Sighs. (Hist.) The Venetian Porta de Sospiri, leading from the lower part of the ducal palace to a prison, the door of which is now walled up. Bridge water Treatises, " On the Power, Wisdom, and Goodness of God, as manifested in Creation," by eight different authors ; for which ;8ooo was left by Earl of B., 1829. Bridlegoose, Judge. In Rabelais's Pantagruel, Juge Bridoye ; he decides causes by dice. Bridle-port. (Naut.) A port in the bows for taking in Bridles, i.e. the upper part of moor- ings. Briefs [L. brve, a document, epistle} and Bulls [bulla, a boss, the seal of lead]. 1. Pontifical letters : (i) less ample and solemn, more like letters to individuals, or to bodies ; (2) solemn decrees of the pope, as head of the Roman Catholic Church. They differ in many ways (see Hook's Church Dictionary ; English Cyclo- pczdia, i. 365). 2. In Prayer-book, Church Briefs, or Queen's Letters, letters patent, au- thorizing collections for charitable purposes ; now discontinued. Brig [an abbrev. of brigantine} is a two- masted, square-rigged vessel. B. schooner (Her- maphrodite). Brigade. [Fr. brigade, from It. brigata.] 1. Body of troops, composed of from two to four battalions of infantry, with a relative proportion of cavalry and artillery. 2. In the artillery branch alone, B. corresponds with a battalion of infantry. 3. The officer who commands a B. in the English army is called a Brigadier. 4. In the French army, a Brigadier means a corporal. Brigadier. (Brigade.) Brigandine. Jer. xlvi. 4 and li. 3 ; coat of mail, equipment of a brigand ; formerly = a light-armed soldier. [It. and Med.L. briga, strife.} Brigantine. [It. brigantine, akin to brigand, a piratical vessel.} A vessel rigged as a brig, except the mainsail, which is like a schooner's. Bright's disease. A name for several forms of disease of the kidneys ; with urine generally albuminous, and other important signs of structural change. First described by Dr. Bright, of Guy's Hospital. Brigue. To contest, canvass. (Brigandine.) Brilliant diamond. So called from the effect of the facets, 56-64 generally, with upper octa- gonal face, into which it is cut ; only a good stone being thus treated. Rose D., broad in proportion to their depth, have a flat base, with two rows of triangular facets, and six upper- most, uniting in a point. Stones still thinner are cut as Table D. Brills. [(?) Cf. Ger. brille, spectacles.} The hair on the eyelids of a horse. Johnson. Bring-to, To. (A r aut.) To bend or fasten a sail to a yard. B.-to a ship, to stop her way by letting the sails counteract each other. B.-to an anchor, to let go the anchor. To bring up, to come to an anchor. Bring up with a round turn, To. (Naut.) 1. To stop a running rope by taking a turn round a cleat, etc. 2. To do a thing effectually, but suddenly. 3. To bring a man to his senses by a rating. Brioche. [Fr., connected withbroyer, to crush (Littre).] 1. A kind of cake. 2. A circular sofa-cushion. Brisket. The breast-piece of meat ; probably the same word as breast [A.S. brest, or = breast-steak}. Bristol board. A thick, stiff paper, for draw- ing ; first made at B. Bristol Boy. The poet Thomas Chatterton, who died at eighteen, A.D. 1770. Bristol diamonds. Bright crystals of colourless quartz (q.v.), found near B. and elsewhere ; called also Cornish D., Bagshot D., Irish D., Diamants d'Alenfon, etc. Bristol riots. The most prominent of the riots which have occurred at Bristol took place in 1831, during the agitation for reform in Parlia- ment. The city was set on fire, and many houses were burnt. Brisure. [Fr. briser, to break.} (Fortif.) Break in the rampart of a fortress, where the enceinte is withdrawn to form a concave flank. Britannia metal averages, of tin 851 parts, antimony 10^, zinc 3, copper i. British gum. A brown, soluble substance, formed by heating dry starch, and used for stiffening calicoes, etc. It is also called Dextrine, from its power of rotating a polarized ray of light to the right [L. dextra]. British seas. (Quatuor Maria.) British ship. One owned by a British subject, registered, and flying the flag. Britomart. The impersonation of chastity, in Faery Queen, bk. iii. Britzska. [Pol. bryczka, dim. of bryka, freight-waggon} A long, four-wheeled travelling carriage, with a movable hood. Briza. (Bot. ) A gen. of grasses, belonging to the tribe Festucese ; amongst them are the quaking grasses. Broach. [Fr. broche, a spit, L.L. brocca.] The morse or clasp of a cope is sometimes so called. Broach spires. Spires, the junction of which with the tower is not marked by any parapet or other division. Broach-to, To. Unintentionally to let a ship come head to wind. Broad arrow, /Jv [origin quite uncertain], de- notes Crown property ; is used also to mark Ordnance Survey stations, and property under arrest by Customs' officers ; and, in other ways, BROA 84 BRUN by Government officials. It is illegal 9 and 10 William III., 1698 to use, for private owner- ship, the B. A. Said by some to have been suggested by the three nails of the cross. Broad Bottom Administration. That of H. Pelham, 1744 ; a grand coalition of all parties of weight, in which nine dukes were placed. Broadcloth. Fine woollen cloth, over twenty- nine inches broad. Broad gauge. (Gauge of railways.) Broad pennant. (Flag.) Broadpiece. The name of any coin wider than a guinea. Broadside. 1. Any large page printed on one side of a sheet of paper ; and, strictly, not divided into columns. 2. (Naut.) The side of a ship above the water. The simultaneous dis- charge of all the guns from the whole side. Broadsword. Straight, double-edged sword, with a broad blade. Brobdingnagian. Gigantic. (Gulliver's Travels.) Brocade. [Fr. brocher, to prick, to figure.] A thick silk stuff, with a raised pattern. Brocage, Brokage, Brokerage. The business of a broker. Brocard. In Fr. a taunt, jeer; in Eng. a principle, maxim [Brocard, Bishop of Worms, author of Regula Eccles., eleventh century (Littre)]. Brocatel. [Fr. brocatelle.] A kind of imita- tion brocade made of cotton. Brochure. [Fr. brocher, to stitch.} A pamphlet, a short treatise. Brock. [A.S. broc.] The badger, Mles taxus, gen. Melenmse, fam. Mustelidae, ord. Carnivora. Brocken spectre, Brockengespenst. The shadow of objects, magnified, thrown at sunset upon the mists of the Blocksberg, the highest summit of the Harz Mountains. Brocket. [Fr. brocart, id., from broche, spike.} (Deer, Stages of growth of.) A small spec, of deer (Subulo), with horns consisting of a single dag. S. America. Brog. A kind of bradawl. Brogue, Brog. 1. A rude coarse shoe of the early Irish and Scottish Highlanders. 2. By melon. = the pronunciation of the wearer. Brokage, /.i/r).] The only British spec., Dioica, of the gen. Bryonia, ord. Cucurbitacese ; the root purgative, and used for bruises. Bryozoa. [Gr. Ppvov, moss, uoi>, animal.'] (Entom.) An ord. of compound polypes, which incrust foreign bodies like moss, as the Flustra, or sea-mat. Bryum. [Gr. $p$ov.] A gen. of mosses ; abundant in Britain. Bubalus. [L., which .originally, like Gr. &ov/3ii\is and -os, meant a kind of antelope, but came to mean, i.q. urus.] Buffalo. Gen. of hollow-horned ruminant, wild and domesticated. Africa and India (as the Arnaa, q.v.), and S. Europe. Sub-fam. Bovinse, fam. Bovidse, ord. Ungulata. Not to be confounded with Bison. Bubble, South Sea. (South Sea Company.) Bubbles. Financial or commercial projects started to cheat investors. Buccaneers. Associated pirates, mostly Eng- lish and French, of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, in the Caribbean Sea, who attacked Spanish ships and settlements. The Caribbee boucan is a. place for smoke-dried meat ; so B. = meat-preserving W. -Indian settlers. The French called themselves filibuster, i.e. freebooter. Buccina famae. [L.] The trumpet of fame. Buccinator. [L., trumpeter.} Muscles in the substance of the cheek, the contractions of which force out the cheeks when distended with air. BucconldBB. [L. bucca, the puffed cheek ; if there was the It. word buccone, it would mean the big puffed cheek.] (Ornith.) Puff-birds, brabers. Fam. of climbing and fly-catching small birds, like kingfishers, but dull-plumaged. Trop. America. Ord. Picarise. Bucentaur. [Gr. fiovs, an ox, Kevravpos, a centaur.] An imaginary monster, the name being chiefly known as that of the galley of the Venetian doges, in which, by the dropping of a ring into the water, they yearly espoused the sea in the name of the republic. (Bride of the Sea.) Bucephalus. [Gr. flowtyoAoy, bull-headed.] The horse which Alexander the Great broke in, fulfilling, it is said, the condition of the oracle necessary for gaining the Macedonian crown. Buchan. District of Scotland from Saxon to Tudor period, north part of Banffshire and Aberdeenshire. Buchanites. Vicious fanatics in W. Scotland, A.D. 1783, followers of Mrs. or Lucky Buchan, who gave herself out as the woman of Rev. xii. The last is said to have died in 1846. Buck. [Cf. Fr. bouc, Ger. hock.] The male of several animals connected with sport, as fallow deer and ferrets. Buck, To, to soak linen in a solution of wood ashes. [Gael. adj. bog, soft, moist ; but see Wedgwood.] Buck, Complete. (Deer, Stages of growth of.) Bucket. The vessels on the circumferences of an overshot wheel which contain the water by whose descent the wheel is turned. Buck-eye, A. 1. = belonging to Ohio, where the buck-eye, or /Esculus Ohiotensis, American horse-chestnut, is abundant (Webster). 2. In the horse, a too convex cornea, causing indistinct- ness of the image falling upon the retina ; congenital. Bucking. 1. [Ger. bochen, to beat.] Crushing ore by hammering it on a flat plate. 2. (Capriole.) Buckle. [(?) Fr. boucle, the boss of a shield, or (?) A.S. bugan, to bend ; cf. bough.] To bend, shrivel up, as scorched paper ; or become hollow from pressure, as a weakened wall. Buckler. [Fr. boucle, L. bucula, boss of a shield.] Shield of stout leather, worn on the left arm and sometimes studded with metal bosses. Buokra. With negroes, = a white man ; in the language of the Calabar coast, a demon, a powerful and superior being. Webster. Buckram. [Fr. bougran.] A coarse linen cloth, stiffened with glue. Buckwheat [Ger. buchweizen], i.e. Beech- wheat, the seed being like beech-mast ; a plant valuable as food for game, growing on very poor soil. Fagopyrum esculcntum, ord. Poly- gonacese. Bucolics. [Gr. &ovKo\iit6s, pastoral.] Poems which were supposed to be the songs of herds- men, as the Eclogues of Virgil. Bucrania. [Gr. {iovKpavia, from fjpvs, ox, Kpaviov, skull.] (Arch.) Ornaments in the shape of an ox's head, on the walls of buildings. Buddha. (Buddhism.) Buddhism. A religion which numbers a large majority of the whole human race as its ad- herents. The name Buddha (or the enlightened, from the same root with L. videre, and Eng. wit) was given to the traditional founder, Gau- tama, whose system was publicly recognized by Asoka in the third century B.C. Buddhism was expelled from India by the Brahmans, be- tween A.D. 500 and 700. It teaches especially the necessity of separation from the world by prayer and contemplation, in order to exempt the soul after death from renewed imprisonment in matter, and to secure for it Nirvana, i.e. absorption into the divine essence from which it sprang. Budding. In Zool., i.q. gemmation (q.v.). Buddie. [Ger. butteln, to shake.] A large trough for washing ore in. Bude light. A very bright light made by BUDG 86 supplying an argand gas-jet with oxygen (first used at Bude, in Cornwall). Badge. [L. bulga, a leathern bag.} Lamb- skin fur. Budget ow. (Bazar as.) Budget. [Fr. bougette ; and this from Gael, bouge, whence L. bulga, a leathern bag.] 1. A portable bag ; and so, 2, a stock store. 3. The yearly statement of the Chancellor of the Exchequer. Buffa. [It., funny.] Comic ; as aria buffa, opera buffa. Buffalo chips. Dry dung used as fuel. Buffer, Buffing apparatus. A plate or cushion projecting from the frame of a railway carriage. Buffers are placed in pairs at each end of the carriage, and are fastened by rods to a spring of flat steel plates or other material under the framework, to deaden the concussions caused when the velocity of part of the train is checked. The buffers, rods, and springs are sometimes called the Buffing apparatus or Buffing ar- rangement. Buffet. [Fr.] Counter for refreshment. Buffet a billow, To. (Naut.) To go against wind and tide. Buffy coat. (Med.) On blood drawn in a diseased condition, a crust of greyish corpuscles, the red particles sinking. Bug, Bugbear. A spectre or some other frightful appearance ; cf. Welsh bwg. (Puck ; Bogy.) Buggy- A name used in India for a light vehicle, with four wheels and one seat, drawn by one horse. Bugle. [Lit. the horn of a bugle ; L. bucula, a young cow.] Military trumpet without keys, used for sounding the different calls in an infantry regiment. Bugloss. (Anchusa.) Biihlwork, Boulework, Boolwork. (Boule.) Buhr-stone, Burr-stone. (Geol.) A siliceous rock, hard, cellular ; very valuable for millstones ; the best from the Paris basin. Build a chapel, To. (Naut.) Suddenly to turn a ship by careless steering. Bui. [Heb.] I Kings vi. 38 ; month of rain, second of civil, eighth of ecclesiastical, Jewish year ; the post-Babylonian Marchesvan ; October November. Bulb. [L. bulbus, Gr. /SoAfltk.] (Bot.) Pseudo- B. [Gr. tyevSfa, false] e.g. some orchids is an aboveground tuber, the stem being thickened by deposit of bassorine (q.v.). BulbuL [Pers. name for nightingale.] 1. Fam. of birds, Fruit-thrushes, Pycnonotidse [Gr. itvKv6s, thick, vunos, back.] Popularly confounded with the nightingale, Curruca lus- cmia. Africa and the East. 2. With Byron and Moore, the nightingale. Bulimus, properly Bulinus. (Zool.) A very extensive gen. of Pulmoniferous molluscs, most abundant in Trop. S. America. Fam. Helicidse (snails). Bulimy, Bulimia. (Boulimy.) Bulkheads. (Naut.) Wooden or metal par- titions between decks to separate one part from another. Compartment B. , extra strong bulkhead, separating the vessel into water-tight compart- ments. By this means a vessel (although struck and filling) may be kept afloat, the water being unable to get through the compartment bulk- heads to the rest of the vessel. Bull. 1. (Briefs.) 2. A term used for a specu- lator who buys stocks or shares in the hope of selling at a higher figure, thereby taking a cheer- ful view of things ; being the exact opposite of the Bear, who takes a gloomy view of the situation. 3. Irish bull, a sentence expressing ideas which a moment's consideration shows to be incompatible and their conjunction absurd. Bulla. [L.] A boss or stud, mostly of gold, worn by noble Roman youths, till 1 7, and then consecrated to the Lares, at the putting on of the toga virilis. Bullace. [Prunus insititfa, plum, as if = used for grafting (?).] A wild plum. Bull and Mouth. Sign of an inn, i.e. Bou- logne mouth, or harbour. Bullarlum, Bullary. A collection of bulls. (Briefs.) Bull-dog, or Muzzled bull-dog. (Naut.) 1. The great gun in the wardroom cabin. 2. Main- deck guns. Bull-dogs. University proctor's servants, who arrest or summon disorderly persons in the streets, and chase students if they run from a proctor. Bulletin. [It. bulletina.] Originally a gene- ral's despatch ; report of the health of some royal or eminent person ; sometimes a document from a scientific society. Bullet-tree, Bully-tree. (Sot. ) A tree of Guiana, a spec, of Mimusops, ord. Sapotacese ; having very solid heavy wood, and cherry-like delicious fruit. Bullet-wood. (Bullet-tree.) Bullhead, Millers thumb. (Zool.} Large-headed fish, four or five inches long, dark brown, with spotted sides and white belly. Fresh-water streams; Europe. Cottosgobio, fam. Trighidse, ord. Acanthopterygii, sub-class Teleostel. Bullion. [Fr. billon, copper, .] Uncoined gold and silver after smelting, often in bars or ingots. Bull, John, = the English ; from the History of John Butt ; or, Law is a Bottomless Pit, by Dr. Arbuthnot, friend of Swift and Pope ; a political jeu d'esprit, satirizing national quarrels ; Lewis Baboon being the Frenchman, Nick Frog the Dutchman. Bull, Papal. (Briefs.) Bull's-eye. (Naut.) 1. A 'block made with- out a sheave. 2. Hemispherical pieces of ground glass to admit light below. 3. The central point of a target. Bull, Wild. [Heb. to, or t6 ; Isa. li. 20.] (Bibl.) Spec, of large bovine antelope, pro- bably AlcSphalus bubalis. Bulrush, i.e. large rush. If any particular one be meant, it is Scirpus lacustris, ord. Cyperacese ; its root astringent and diuretic, once used in medicine. The name is often applied to Typha latifolia. Bulwark. [Ger. bollwerk, a fortification^ 1. BUMB BURL Any artificial defence to keep off invaders. 2. In a ship's sides, it means the protection raised above the upper deck to keep off the waves. Bum-bailiff. [Bound (?) and L.L. bailivus, porter, lit. walker, errand-runner ; root ba, go.] Sheriff's officer, who serves writs and arrests for debt. Bumboat. A clumsy boat used in traffic between shore hucksters and vessels. Bummaree. 1. In Billingsgate, one who buys from the salesmen and retails bonne maree [Fr.], good fresh fish. 2. In a bad sense, a middle man who makes too much out of both producer and consumer. Bumpkin, Bunking, or Bormkin. (Naut.) 1. A small boom ; one projects over each bow of the ship, to extend the clew of the foresail to windward. 2. Those on the quarters for the blocks of the main brace. 3. A small outrigger over the stern of a boat, on which a mizzen is usually extended. Bungalow. In India, a kind of rural villa or house, generally of one story, but of all sizes and styles. Bunkum, Buncombe. 1. = Constituent body, as distinguished from Congress. A tedious member for Buncombe, U.S., once, as members left the House, continued the speech which " B. expected." Hence, 2, mere speech-making. Bunsen's burner. A tube in which, by means of holes in the side, the gas becomes mixed with air before consumption, so that it gives a non- luminous, smokeless flame. Bunt. 1. (Smut.) 2. Of a sail, the middle part, made slightly baggy (as it were bent) to gather wind. 3. In a furled sail, that part which is furled over the centre of the yard. B .-lines, ropes to turn up the foot of a course, or topsail, forward, and thus diminish the effect of the wind. Bunter. A woman who picks up rags, and so a low woman. Bunts are perhaps bent or broken bits (Richardson). Buntine, Bunting. Thin woollen material, of which ships' flags and signals are made (to bunt being to sift meal ; the loose open cloth used is a bunting-c\ofa. Wedgwood). Buoyancy; Centre of B. [Fr. bouee, origin- ally baje, a buoy ; fastened by a chain or rope, L.L. boja.] The upward pressure of a fluid on a body wholly or partly immersed in it, which equals the weight of the fluid displaced. The centre of gravity of 'the immersed part of the body supposed of uniform density, i.e. of the fluid displaced, is the Centre of B. (Rankine, 122, 123). Bur, Burr, Conurion. [Fr. bourre, hair, [flock.] (Bot.) 1. The rough fruit of the burdock, Arctium lappa, ord. Composite, abundant in waste places throughout Europe. 2. Rough edge left in turning, engraving, etc., metal. 3. The lobe of the ear. 4. The rough annular excrescence at the root of a deer's horn. All these, with similar words, from Gael, root borr = protrude, swell. Wedgwood . Burdelais, Burlace. A sort of grape (Johnson). Burden, or Burthen. (Nattt.) The amount of tons weight which a ship can carry ; rather less than twice her tonnage. Burden. [Fr. bourdon, the drone stop in an organ.] 1. Of a song, the refrain at the end of each stanza. 2. The bass of the bagpipe. Bureaucracy. Government by officials. [Coined from Fr. bureau, a writing-table, an office, and Gr. KpoLTos, porucr, ride.] Burette. [Fr., dim. of O.Fr. bure, a bottle.] 1. A cruet. 2. A graduated glass tube, used by chemists for pouring out measured quantities of liquid. -burg, (-bury.) Burgage holding. Scotch tenure by which lands in royal boroughs are held of the sovereign under service of watch and ward. Burgage tenure. Tenure of old borough lands, site of houses, of a lord for rent ; a kind of free socage. Burgee. (Flag.) Burgeon. (Bourgeon.) Burghbote. An ancient impost for maintain- ing the defences of a city. Burgers ; Anti-burghers. The Session Chamber of Scotland, A.D. 1745, who were for election v. patronage, but divided (1747) as to the lawfulness of the oath taken by burgesses, to which the A. objected. Reunited in 1820, they are now the United Presbyterian Church. Burgh-mails. (Scot. Law.} Yearly payments to Crown, like Eng. fee-farm rents. Burghmote. The old English name for the borough court. Burgomaster, Biirgermeister. [Ger. and D.] Chief magistrate of a municipal town, = mayor. Burgonet, Burganet (Bourgogne), [O.Fr. bourguignote.] Burgundian helmet. Burgoo. With sailors, oatmeal gruel seasoned. Burgrave. [Ger. burg-graf.] Under the Empire, a castellan having the right of private justice and of imposing taxes, etc. Burgundy. (From Burgundi, a tribe of Van- dals.) There were two kingdoms, Upper and Lower B., before A.D. 1032 ; a third, nearly the same as the province of B., from A.D. 880-1361 ; it then became a dukedom. Upper B. became Franche-Comte. B. forms the departments of Yonne, Cote-d'Or, Saone-et-Loire, and Aix in the E. of France. Burgundy pitch. The purified resin of the spruce fir, used for making plasters. Buridan's ass. The ass between two bundles of hay. John Buridan, Schoolman, fourteenth century, propounded the problem that if the bundles be equidistant from the ass, he will starve from indecision, or else of two equal attractions one is greater, or, thirdly, the ass has free-will. Burin. 1. A graver, the principal instrument used in engraving on copper. Used, 2, meton. = a style, a clear B., a soft B. \Cf. bore, L. fbrare, Gr. irdpos, etc.] Burking. A name for the practice of provid- ing subjects for medical dissection, from a man named Burke, who in 1820 obtained some by murder. Hence to burke is to bring anything suddenly or violently to an end, and hush it up. Burl. [Fr. bourre, hair, flock, bourreler, to rack.] To dress cloth, clearing it of the knots. BURL BUTT Burlace. (Burdelais.) Burleigh's nod, Lord. In Sheridan's Critic, Lord B. says nothing, but gives his head a shake, to which Puff gives an absurd amount of meaning. Burletta. A comic operetta. [It. burlare, to jest, from which also burlesque, .} Barling. (Burl.) -burn, -bourne. [A.S. byrna, Ger. brunnen.] Stream ; part of Saxon names, as in Ty-burn, Brox-bourne. Burnet, Common. (Bot.) Sanguisorba offici- nalis, ord. Rosaceae ; a native plant. Poterium sanguisorba is salad B., once grown for salads. Burning-house. The furnace in which tin ore is burnt to remove the sulphur. Burnish. [Fr. brunir, to polish.} To polish ; as a neut. verb, to grow bright. (Varnish.) Burnisher. A tool with smooth hard round surface, generally agate, for rubbing and bright- ening gold leaf. Burnt-ear. In com. (Smut.) Burrel. A pear, the red butter pear. (Bury pear.) Burrock. [A.S. burh, beorh, hill, -ock, dim. suffix.] A small dam or weir for fishing pur- poses. Bursars. [L.L. bursarius, a purser.} 1. In the English universities, the treasurers of col- leges and halls. 2. In the Scottish and foreign universities, persons aided in the costs of their residence by grants from a burse or fund set apart for that purpose. Bursary, in Scotland, the grant or exhibition thus received. Burschenshaft. [Ger.] An association formed in 1815, among students in German universities, for the liberation and union of Germany. Burt. [Cf. Ger. butte, D. bot, aflat-fish.} (Zool.) Fish of turbot kind, fam. Pleuronectidse, ord. Anacanthmse, sub-class Teleostei. -bury, -burg, -burgh, -brough, -borough, -berry. [Goth, baurgi-s, O.S. burg, A.S. byrig, fortified post.} Part of Teutonic names. Often marks site of a camp ; -bury is distinctively Saxon. Bury pear, i.e. Beurre, as if butter pear. Busby. (Mil.) The head-dress worn by hussars, artillerymen, and engineers in the army, and consisting of a fur hat with a bag hanging from the top on the right side. Bush. [A Teut. and Scand. word.] The brass or white metal lining of the bearing of an axle or journal box, with which the revolving piece is actually in contact, and which takes the wear caused by friction. Bushel. [Fr. boisseau, L. buscellus, a vessel for -measuring grain} A measure of eight gallons or 22l8'2 cubic inches ; a Winchester B. was 2 1 50 '4 cubic inches, and a heaped B. one third more. Bushman. (Bosjesman.) Bushranger. One who roams about the woods ; generally in a bad sense, as an escaped criminal. Buslris. In Egypt. Myth., a being of whom the most contradictory accounts are given by ancient writers, some speaking of him as a king, others affirming that the name meant simply the tomb of Osiris. Busk. To prepare, get one's self ready. Buskin. [Gr. K.66opvos, and L. cothurnus.] 1. The high-soled boot, reaching to the middle of the leg, worn by tragic actors. 2. By meton. = tragedy; so soccus, the flat-soled shoe of comedians and slaves, = comedy. [Cf. Flem. brosekin, from which also It. borzacchino, and Fr. brodequin.] Busking. (Naut.) 1. Piratical cruising. 2. Beating to windward along, or standing on and off from, the coast. Buss. 1. A kiss [L. basium]. 2. (Naut.) A two-masted Dutch fishing-boat, from 50 to 70 tons burden. 3. A herring-boat (British), from 10 to 15 tons. Bustard. [L. avis tarda, slow bird, Sp. avutarda or abutarda.] (Ornith.) Fam. of birds. Inhabits open districts in E. hemisphere. Two spec, occasionally visit Great Britain : (i) Otis [Gr. arts, the eared one} tarda, Great bustard, about forty-five inches long ; plumage of male white, pale chestnut, and black. (2) Otis tetrax, Little bustard, about seventeen inches long, black throat, with white collar and gorget. Ord. Grallae. But and ben. A Scotch term, applied to the two rooms of a cottage, kitchen and parlour, opposite to each other ; the speaker considers himself as being in but. Butcher-bird. (Shrike.) Butcher's broom. Formerly used for sweeping blocks ; a native plant, in bushy places and woods, shrubby, evergreen ; Ruscus aculeatus, Butt. 1. Of beer, is 108 gallons. 2. [Fr. butte, rising ground, knoll.} Earthen mound placed behind a target for the purpose of check- ing the further progress of balls. Butte. [Fr.] An isolated high hill ; origin- ally the rising knoll on which the butt or mark stood. Butter and eggs. Popular name for Narcissus incomparabilis of the Mediterranean, common in gardens ; also for the toad-flax (Linaria vulgaris), in allusion to the two shades of yellow in the flowers. Butter-box. (Naut.) 1. A lumpy brig. 2. A Dutchman. Butter of antimony, tin, zinc. (Chem.) The trichloride of antimony, bichloride of tin, chlo- ride of zinc, being semi-fluid buttery substances. Butter tree. Indian B. , the kernels of which yield a firm, white, rich butter, keeping fresh for months. Bassia butyracea, ord. Sapo- tacese. The African B., or Shea, is B. Parkii. Button. The round mass of metal left in a cupel after fusion. Button's. A coffee-house in Russell Street, Covent Garden, where wits assembled in Ad- dison's time. Buttress. [Fr. buttee.] A projection from a wall, giving it greater strength ; so called from its butting or pushing. Flying buttresses, i.e. buttresses connected by an arch either with other buttresses or with the wall of the building, seem first to have been used in the Lancet or Early English style. (Geometrical style.) BUTT 89 CABL Butts. 1. The stoutest part of tanned ox- hides, used for harness, etc. 2. A kind of door- hinges (from being screwed on to the part which butts against the casing). Butyric acid. An acid found in butter [L. butyrum], Buxom. In O.E., bough-some [cf. Ger. biegsam, compliant, obedient, easily bowed, and so flexible, brisk, lively ; but the word may be connected with the Scand. pege, a maiden], (Bonair.) By. In competitions, the position of the odd competitor drawn without a match in a heat or tie. -by. [Norse, abode, village, O.N. by, I dwell, bu, dwelling-place ; cf. A.S. buan, to dwell, Gr. Qv, make to be, become.] Part of names in Danish and Norwegian districts. By-and-by. Mark vi. 25 ; Luke xxi. 9 ; imme- diately. [Gr. ^!auT?}s, eufle'cos.] (Presently.) By-blow. An illegitimate child. By-law, Bye-law. [Cf. Sw. by-lag.] 1. A law for a particular " by," or town ; and so, 2, laws for any special association, as a particular railway, (-by.) By, or Surprise, Plot. A plot, formed in 1603, for seizing James I., and compelling him to grant free exercise of religion ; so called to distinguish it from the Main Plot, formed at the same time by George Brooke and others for placing Arabella Stuart on the throne. Byre. [A.S. bur, a cliainbcr, from buan, to dwell ; cf. bower. ~\ Cow -shed. Byssin. [Gr. /3vvffriTT)p, a blower, /to/cpo/ce- a\os, long- headed}, one of the largest Cetacea, yielding ambergris, as well as spermaceti, but no whalebone. Cachectic. [Gr. Kaxe|fa, a bad state or habit (KO.KT] e|js) of body.} In a state of cachexia. Cache-man. [Fr., hide husband.} Slang for an epergne, or large flower-stand, on a dining-table. Cachepot. [Fr. cacher, to hide, pot, a pot.} An ornamental case to hold a flower-pot. Cachet, Lettres de. [Fr.] In France, before the Revolution, letters under the private seal [cachet] of the king, used at first to interfere with the ordinary course of justice, and after- wards for the illegal detention of citizens. Cachinnation. [L. cachinnatio, -nem, cachinno, / laugh aloud ; cf. Gr. Karyx.aXajia : onomatop.] Loud, excessive laughter. Cachiri. A liquor like perry, made in Cayenne from the manioc root. Cacholong. (Geol.) A beautiful hard white opaque mineral, probably a variety of opal ; from river Cach, Bokhara, cholong, (?) precious stone, in Kalmuc. Faroe Islands, Greenland, etc. Cacholot, or Spermaceti whale. (Cachalot.) Cacique, Carique. [Hayt. word, adopted by the Sp.] A name for chiefs of Indian tribes of Central and S. America. Cacochymy. [Gr. K gills-} (Amphibia.) Caducity. [L. caducus, falling or fallen.} 1. A tendency to fall ; e.g. Bot., in the petals of the cistus. 2. Feebleness. Cadus. [L.] A large jar, especially of earthen- ware, for wine. Caeeuban wine. The choicest Roman wine before the age of Augustus. Caecum. [L. csecus, blind.} A blind sac or bag ; in man, the first portion of the colon. Caedmon. An Old English poet of the seventh century, who sang of the mysteries of creation and redemption in alliterative (q.v.} verse. Cselatura. [L.] The Roman term for work- ing raised, or partly raised, figures in metal. Caen stone. From the quarries of C., Nor- mandy ; a member of the Oolitic group. (Bath- stone.) Caer-. \Cf. Erse cathair, fortress.} Part of Cymric names, as in Caer-marthen. Caesarem vehis, Fortunamque ejus. [L.] Thou carriest C. and his fortune. An apo- strophe spoken to the ship in which C. sailed ; applied to any vessel, carriage, train, etc., carrying some one precious in the eyes of the speaker. Caesarian operation (Pliny's belief being that Caesar was named "a cseso matris utero "). Extraction of the foetus by incision of the ab- domen. The same story is told of Macduff, and of many of the large group of Fatal children. Caesarism. The theory of irresponsible de- spotism. Caesium. An alkaline metal, having a pair of blue [L. caesius] lines in its spectrum. Caestus. [L. caedo, I strike, slay.} A Roman pugilist's leather strap of bull's hide, often weighted with balls of lead or iron, bound round the hands and arms ; a gauntlet. Caesura. [L., a cutting, called also TO/^J and comma, Gr. ic^ujua.] In Pros., a pause or me- trical break near the middle of the line, caused by the separation of the first syllable of a foot, forming the last of a word, from the next syllable, which forms the first of another word ; as in the Latin hexameter, e.g. "Arma virumque cano | Trojae qui primus ab oris." Caetera desunt. [L.] At the end of an in- complete copy of a work : the remainder is wanting. Caeteris paribus. All other things being equal ; e.g. C. P. a preference to natives of , in awarding a scholarship. Caffeine. [Fr. cafeine, from cafe, coffee.} The essential principle of coffee and tea, also called theine [theine, from the, tea}. (Alkaloids.) Caftan, Kaftan. [Turk, gaftan, a robe of honour.} A robe, cloak, presented by the sultan to visitors of distinction, especially to ambassadors. Cage. [Fr. cage, L. cavga.] (Meek.) A piece put over a valve, which, while giving the valve freedom of motion, prevents it from being displaced. Cagliostro. (Balsamo.) Cag-mag. [(?) Onomatop. from the effort of eating.] Coarse, tough meat ; properly a tough old goose. Cagots. Gipsy-like people (? descendants of ancient leper communities ?) in Beam and other parts of Gascony ; once badly treated, and still socially degraded. Similar are the Caqueux in Brittany, and the Colliberts in Poitou, Maine, Anjou. [Ca, Prov. = canis, dog (I. Taylor).] Cahar. [Hind.] Palanquin-bearer. Cahier. In Fr. Hist., a report of certain assemblies and their proceedings ; e.g. of the States-General, clergy, etc. ; lit. a writing-book, of four leaves [L. quaternum]. Caimacan. (Kaimakan.) Cainites. Gnostics of the second century, who held Cain to have been the work of a mighty power, Abel of a weak one ; and that the way to be saved was to make trial of all things, evil as well as good. Cainozoic, Csenozoic. (Neozoic.) Caique, or Kaique. A small vessel of the Levant. The Constantinople skiff, fast but crank, whose traditional wave-line is the same as the one reckoned a triumph of modern marine architecture. C_a ira. [Fr., that will go on, i.e. succeed.} The refrain of the Carillon National, or Revolu- tionary song of 1 790. Caird. [Ir. ceard.] A tinker, vagrant, tramp. Cairn. [Gael, kaern, a heap.} 1. A heap of stones, piled in memory of the dead over stone chests, urns, etc., containing their remains; Keltic. 2. Similar heaps used as marks in trigonometrical surveys ; called in S. Africa a pile. (Tumulus.) Cairngorm stone. (Geol.) A brown or yellow quartz crystal, having a little oxide of iron or manganese ; when brown-black it is called Morion. In C. Mountains of Aberdeen ; near Orleans ; in Brazil. (Quartz.) Caisse. [Fr., L. capsa, a chest, case.} Case, strong box, cashier's office. Livre de C., Compte de C., cash-book, cash account. C. d'amortisse- ment, sinking fund. Caisson. [Fr. caisson, waggon, caisse, a chest, L. capsa.] 1. (Arch.) Sunk panels, lactinaria, of flat or arched ceilings, etc., or of Soffits. 2. A flat-bottomed frame of large timbers, used for laying the foundations of a bridge. 3. Case containing receptacles for shells, when they are buried for explosion. 4. Ammunition-waggon. Cajeput oil. The pungent, aromatic, volatile oil of the Melaleuca C. of the Moluccas; ord. Myrtaceae. Calabar, or Ordeal, bean. The seeds of Physostigma venenosum, a plant resembling our scarlet runner, but with a woody stem ; employed as an ordeal in W. Trop. Africa in the case of persons suspected of witchcraft. Calabar skin. The skin of the Siberian squirrel. Calabash [Sp. calaboza] ; for goblets, cups, etc. 1. The hard shell of the fruit of the Trop. American tree Crescentia, ord. Big- noniacese. 2. Vessel made of a dried gourd. Caladlum. [Gr. Ka\d.0ioi>, basket.} A gen. of plants, ord. Aroideae. W. Indian and S. GALA 92 American. Cultivated in hot-houses for their beautiful spotted leaves, etc. Calamanco. [Sp. calamaco.] A glossy woollen stuff. Calamander wood. (Coromandel wood.) Calamary. [Gr. na.KafiLa.piov, pen-case, /coAo/xos, reed, pen.~\ Not to be confounded with Cala- maria, which is a gen. of dwarf ground-snakes. (Squid.) Calambac. (Eagle-wood.) Calamboor. [Pers. halambak.] A fragrant aloe-wood used by cabinet-makers. Calamiferous plant. Producing a hollow, knotted stem like a reed [L. calamus]. Calamine. [L. calamus, a reed.~\ (Min.) Carbonate of zinc ; adhering in a reed-like form to the base of the furnace when smelted. Electric calamine is native trisilicate of zinc, which is electric when heated. (Cadmia.) Calamint. [Gr. KoAa/A^r/.] (Bot.) A gen. of plants, ord. LamiacSse, to which belong cat-mint, basil, thyme, etc. Calamite. [L. calamus, a reed.'] (Geol.) A frequent and characteristic gen. of fossil plants, found chiefly and abundantly in the coal-mea- sures ; resembling Equiseta. Calamus. [L., reed.} 1. A gen. of grass-like palms, E. Indian mostly, which furnish the rattan canes of commerce. 2. In Exod. xxx. 23 ; Song of Sol. iv. 14 ; Ezek. xxvii. 19 ; the sweet cane ; probably the root-stock of an aro- matic reed, the Acorus [Gr. &Kopos] calamus. Calamus root. Used with oils of cloves, lavender, rosemary, in aromatic vinegar ; the rhizome of Acorus [Gr. &Kopos] calamus, or Sweet flag, ord. Aroidese. Brought from Asia in the fifteenth century ; now naturalized in Europe. Calando. [It. calare, to decrease.] (Music.) Decreasingly, both as to sound and as to time. Calandra. [Gr. Ka\avSpa, a kind of lark.] 1. (Ornith.) A short-billed lark, the largest European spec. (Cuvier). 2. (Entom.) C. grdndrfa [L. granum, grain], C. Sryzce [opvfa, rice], etc., Corn weevil, Rice W., etc. Gen. of weevils, RhyncSphora \p6yx os i snout, la, from K, I bend, L. camurus, crooked.] The rivers Cam ; More-cambe, crooked sea, one of which the coast takes many bends. 2. (Mech. ) A single tooth which either rotates continuously or oscillates, and drives a sliding or turning-piece either constantly or at intervals. Camaieu. [Fr.] A painting executed in different shades of one colour only ; and thus resembling a cameo (g.v.). Camail. [Fr., Prov. capmail ; L. caput, CAMA 95 head, and maille, a mesh, L. macula.] 1. A coat of mail, covering head and shoulders. 2. A clerical short cloak, like in shape, but longer. Camaldulites. Benedictine monks, established at Camaldoli, in the eleventh century. Camaraderie. [Fr.] Good fellowship. Camarilla. [Sp., L. camera, a chamber.] A small room or audience chamber of the king ; and so = his secret cabinet. Cambel and Triamond. Inpersonations of friendship, Spenser's Faery Queen, bk. iv. Camber. [Fr. cambre, arched. ] The con- vexity on the upper side of a beam, to prevent its bending under the weight it has to sustain. Camber, To. [Gr. icd/tima, I bend, L. camurus, crooked.] 1. To curve planks. 2. (Naut.) C. backed keel, one slightly arched, but not enough to constitute actual arching (g.v.). 3. A C., a place for storing and cambering timber. Cambistry. The science of money exchanges. [L. cambiare, to barter, whence Fr. changer.] Cambium. [L. cambio, / exchange.] 1. A viscid secretion in spring, between the bark and alburnum (q.v.), the supposed material of new wood and bark. 2. A (supposed) restorative of bodily wear, residing in the blood. Gamboge. (Gamboge.) Cambrai, League of. An alliance, 1508, between the pope, the emperor, France, and Spain, against Venice. Cambrai, Peace of. A treaty between France and the emperor, 1529. Cambrasine. [Fr. cambresine.] A kind of fine linen, like cambric (Cambrai, the place of manufacture). Cambria. Old name of Wales ; land of Cymry. Cambrian, Cumbrian. Professor Sedgewick's term for some of the oldest known fossiliferous rocks, underlying the true Silurian ; occurring extensively in Wales (Cambria) and in Cumber- land. Cambuscan. The model king in Chaucer's Squire's Tale. (Canace.) Camden Society. (In honour of Wm. Camden, buried at Westminster, 1623.) Publishes early historical and literary remains. Came. Lead cast into thin rods, used for framing the glass of casements. Camel. [Gr. /ccfytijAos, a Semit. word.] 1. (Zool.) A ruminant. The two spec, of this en. are the common camel and the Dromedary. . (Naut.) A wooden case enclosing a ship, to float it over shallows. Camelopard. [Gr. KayurjAo-ircipSaAts, from K6poi.} In Gr. Ant., figures bearing on their heads baskets with the materials for sacrifice. (Caryatides.) Canescent. [L. canesco, / grow white.} Growing white. Cane-sugar. The non-fermenting sweet ele- ment in cane, maple, beet-root, etc. (Glucose; Sucrose.) Cane-trash. The dry splinters, used as fuel, into which sugar-canes are turned after their third compression, in sugar-making ; called also Bagasse, from Sp. bagazo, a residuum. Cangica wood. A yellowish-brown S. -Ameri- can wood, used for cabinet-work, etc. Canicular [L. canicula, belonging to the Dog- star] period; C. year. The C. year was the fixed year of the Egyptians, of 365^- days, reckoned from one heliacal rising of the Dog- star to another, as distinguished from the wandering year of 365 days, by which they regulated their festivals. (For C. period, -vide Sothic period.) Canidia. [L v ] A sorceress in Horace. Canister-shot. Cylindical tin cases containing a number of shot which scatter as they are dis- charged from the gun. Canker. [L. cancer, crab.} 1. In the horse's foot, a fungoid growth between the hoof and the sensitive part. 2. In the dog's ear, inflam- mation of the lining membrane. 3. (Bot.) (Bedeguar.) Canker-worm. [Heb. yeleg.] (Bibl.) Larva of locust. Cannabis sativa. [L., Gr. Kavvaflis.] Common hemp. Cannel-coal, i.e. candle-coal. Coal of a kind not lustrous, nor soiling the fingers ; compact, breaking conchoidally ; burning readily, giving out a clear yellow flame, without melting. Cannibals. Devourers of human flesh, called by the Greeks Anthropophagoi. The origin of the word is uncertain : it may be a corruption of the name Caribbee. Cannon or Shank of a horse's leg. [L. canna, a reed.} The front and largest bone of the three between the knee and the fetlock, the two smaller and hinder bones being splints. Cannon-ball tree. Couroupita Guiancensis. A Trop. American tree. Ord. Myrtaceae ; so called from appearance of fruit. Cannuck, Cunnick, Canuck. [Amer.] Nick- name for a Canadian. Canon. [Gr. KO.V&V, a rule.} 1. Any rule or principle, as the canons of criticism. 2. Laws and ordinances of ecclesiastical Councils : whence the C. law made up of them. 3. The C. of Scrip- ture, the authorized catalogue of the sacred books. 4. In cathedral and collegiate churches, one who performs certain services in the church, and is possessed cf certain revenues connected with them. 5. In Music, a perpetual fugue, the production of harmony by the parts, each of them taking the same melody, but beginning it at separate times. Tallis's Evening Hymn is a C. of two parts. 6. In Printing, a large type, seldom used except in posting-bills. 7. (Math.} A general rule or formula for the solution of mathe- matical questions. 8. A table of the numerical values of sines and tangents of angles was called the Trigonometrical C. 9. The solar table con- structed by Hipparchus to show the place of the sun with respect to the fixed stars was called the C. Canon. [Sp. ; one of very many words meaning a hollow, or tube-like form ; e.g. Gr. Kavva, L. canna, cane.} A deep gorge or ravine between high and steep banks worn by a stream of water. The term is in common use in the territories of the U.S. bordering on Mexico. Canonical hours. The name given to the seven hours for devotion, imposed on the clergy of the Latin Church by Canon law, namely, matins, with lauds, prime, terce, sext, none, vespers, compline. (Breviary.) Canonization [Eccl. L. canon, a list or roll}, which succeeds beatification (q.v.), enrols a de- ceased person among the saints. Canon Law. Regulates the discipline of the Church of Rome ; being made up of various books of Decretals (q.v.), decrees of popes, and Canons of Councils. Cant, Cantle. [Fr. chanteau, L.L. cantellus.] 1. A corner, an edge. 2. The hind bow of a saddle. 3. Verb, (i) to raise, or rise, on the edge or corner, e.g. to decant ; (2) to cut off the angle of a square building ; (3) to edge in, put a border ; cf. Ger. kante, corner, border. Cantab. One who belongs or has belonged to the University of Cambridge [L. Canta- brigiensis]. Cantabit vacuus coram Iatr5ne viator. [L.] A traveller with empty pockets will whistle before the highwayman; poor folks have no fear of thieves, burglars, etc. Cantaliver. (Arch.) A block or bracket sup- porting a balcony or cornice. Cantaloupe, or musk-melon. Cultivated at the papal villa of Cantaluppo. Cantata. [It., L. canto, I sing.} Properly a short lyric drama, with airs, recitatives, choruses ; e.g. Purcell's Mad Bess ; but the word is now used indefinitely. Canteen. [Fr. cantine, from L. quintana, a camp market (Littre).] 1. Sutler's establishment provided in barracks for the use of the soldiers. 2. A vessel for containing food, attached to a soldier's knapsack. 3. A chest for holding the different table requisites of an officer. Cantera. (Naut.) A Spanish fishing-boat. Canterbury. A low wooden stand with divisions for holding music, etc. Canterbury gallop, or Canter. A slow gallop, like that of the pilgrims, ambling to Canterbury. (Canter, if from canterius, a gelding, would have appeared in continental languages.) Canterbury Tales. By Chaucer (died 1400) ; are told, each of them, by some one of a party of pilgrims at the Tabard Inn, Southward, on their way to the shrine of St. Thomas of Canter- bury ; and give various pictures of English life of the time. CANT 98 CAPI Cantharides. [Gr.Kdvctpos,ica.v6apl$os.] (Entom.) A coleopterous insect, of the fam. Cantharidse ; called also Spanish fly. The blister-fly (q.v.) of the apothecary. Canthus. [Gr. Kcu>96s.] The corner of the eye. Canticle. [L. canticulum, dim. of cantkum, a song.] A name used to denote the songs or psalms introduced into the Order for Morning and Evening Prayers in the Prayer-book. The Song of Solomon is sometimes spoken of as Canticles. Canting heraldry. A coat of arms or motto, containing a pun on the name of the bearer ; as the device of a broken spear for Brakspeare, or the motto " Ver non semper viret " for Vernon. Cantire. Gael. = headland. (Can.) Canto fermo. (Cantus firmus.) Canton. [Fr.] (Her.) A square figure, occupying one-third part of the chief, generally on the dexter side. Cantonments. [Fr. canton, a district.] (Mil.) Permanent station, where troops of all arms are massed together away from the native in- habitants. Cantoon. Fustian, with a fine cord visible on one side, and a saling surface of yarns on the other. Cantoris side. [L., of the chanter.] In a cathedral, that of the precentor ; opposed to that of the dean [Decani], who is generally on the south. Cantor Lectures. (Dr. C., died 1861.) Three courses of six each, in connexion with Society of Arts, covering a wide range of subjects. Cantrap. A Scand. word, denoting a spell or incantation ; hence spiteful mischief. Cantred, Cantref. [Welsh.] A district of a hundred [cant] villages [tref, a village]. Cantus firmus [L.J, Canto fermo [It.]. (Music.) 1. In chanting, the chief melody, the air ; which, now taken by the sopranos, was once sung by the tenors. 2. The subject or theme of counterpoint. Cantus planus. (Plain song.) Cantwara. [Cant-, a British tribal name ; wara, Teut., host.] Man of Kent. Caniila. [L. cannula, dim. of canna, a reed.] In Surgery, a metallic tube ; a portion of the surgical instrument trochar and canula. (Aspira- tion.) Canzone. [It., L. cantionem, a singing.] A kind of lyric poem, adopted with alterations from the poetry of the troubadours in Italy, in the thirteenth century ; divided, like the Greek strophic ode, into stanzas. The dim. canzonet, a kind of C. in short verses, a favourite form with the poets of the fifteenth century. Canzonet also means a short song ; sometimes, like the Neapolitan and Sicilian C., a rondeau. Caoutchouc. [Native S.-Amer. name.] India- rubber, gum elastic, a vegetable compound found in all plants with a milky juice, especially in the moraceous, euphorbiaceous, arto-carpaceous, and others. Ficus elastica of India, Siphonia elastica of S. America, yield it largely. Cap. (A r aut.) A strong piece of timber or iron fitted to a masthead (having two holes in it, one round and the other square) to confine an upper mast to a lower. Capability Brown. A successful landscape gardener of last century ; much given to using the word C. Capacity. [L. capacitatem.] The solid contents of a body. The Thermal C. of a substance is the number of units of heat required to raise a unit weight of the substance one degree of tem- perature. Cap-a-pie. [O.Fr. (de) cap a pie, from head to foot.] Said of a man when fully armed. Caparison. [O.Fr. caparason, from Sp. caparazon, L.L. caparo, hood.] A cloth over the saddle of a horse, often richly ornamented. Capax doli. [L.] Capable of deceit. (Callidity.) Capel Court. Where the members of the Stock Exchange meet, is, by meton., often used as = Stock Exchange. Capelmeister, Kapellmeister, Maestro di Capella. [Chapel-master.] Director, often com- poser, of music, and choir-trainer in a royal or ducal chapel ; a post of honour and importance. Palestrina, Handel, Bach, Haydn, Mendelssohn, and other great musicians were C. Capercailzie, Capercali, Caperkally. [Horse of the woods (Pennant).] (Ornith.) Wood-grouse, cock of the wood. Male, three feet long ; wings, from tip to tip, four feet. Female much smaller, and with plainer plumage. N. parts of Europe and Asia. Lately reintroduced into Scotland. Tetrao urogallus, fam. Tetraomdge, ord. Gallinae. Cape, To. (Naut.) To keep a course ; e.g. How does she C. ? i.q. How is her head? [L. caput]. Capias. [L.] You are to seize; writ of arrest for debt. (Mesne process.) Capias ad satisfaciendum, commonly called Ca. sa. A writ of execution taken out by a plaintiff after having recovered judgment against the defendant, whom the sheriff is therein directed to keep and bring on a day named to Westminster, that the plaintiff may have satisfac- tion for his demand ; ' ' issuable now in a very limited class of cases, viz. where imprisonment for debt or final judgment is still permitted " (Brown, Law Dictionary). Capillaire. Syrup of maidenhair fern, pre- pared from Adiantum capillus Ve'ne'ris, and also from the fragrant root-stock of an American spec., Adiantum pedatum ; and flavoured with orange flowers. Capillary [L. capillaris, pertaining to the hair, capillus] action; C. attraction ; C. repulsion; C. tubes. Tubes of very fine bore are called C. tubes. When a C. tube of glass is dipped into water, it is found that the water rises in the tube above the level at which it rests outside ; the force of adhesion of water to the glass being greater than the cohesion of the parts of the water to each other. The like is true of other liquids and tubes, provided the liquid can wet the tube. These are instances of C. attraction. That term is, however, applied more generally to all cases in which the surface of the liquid is raised above its general level where it is in contact with a CAPI 99 CAOU substance which it can wet. If the cohesion of the parts of the liquid to each other exceeds the force of adhesion of the liquid to the solid as in the case of mercury and glass there is de- pression instead of elevation ; and in this case there is said to be C. repulsion. The term C. action is = C. attraction or repulsion. Capillary vessels. 1. (Anat.) A network of minute vessels, connecting the veins and the arteries. 2. C. leaves (Bot.), hair-like ; e.g. fennel. Capita aut navim. [L.] With Roman boys, = head or tail ; lit. heads of the two-faced Janus on one side of the as, or ship on the other. Capital. {Mil.} An imaginary line bisecting the salient angle formed by the two faces of any fortification. Capite censi. [L., reckoned by the head.} Roman citizens, who from poverty paid no taxes. (Proletarians.) Capite, Tenure in. (Leg.) Temtre in chief, of lands held directly from the Crown ; they are now held in common socage. Capitol. [L. capitolium, the head of the city. ] In ancient Rome, the great temple of Jupiter on the Tarpeian Mount. Capitularies. [L. capitula, little chapters; articles of instruction from bishops to their clergy.] A term applied to ordinances issued by the Frankish kings, many of them concerned with the government of the Church. Capitulum. [L., a little head.] (Bot.) The head of flowers in a composite ; e.g. the daisy. Capnomancy. With the ancients, divination [Gr. ftavrela] from the smoke [Kairv6s] of victims. Capoo. Cotton too short and fine to spin, used as cotton wool. Capoch, Capouch. [Fr. capuce.] 1. A monk's hood. 2. The hood of a clerk. Capo di Monte China Manufactory. Formerly near Naples. Articles were made in coloured relief (1736-1821). The moulds and marks are now in use at La Doccia, near Florence. Caponniere. [Fr., from Sp. caponnera, a fattening-coop.] (Mil.) Covered passage pro- tected by stockade work and earth, sunk across the dry ditch of a fortification, which is also utilized for its defence. Capote. [Fr.] A long cloak with a hood. [Dim. of Fr. cape, a cape, cloak ; this being, according to Littre, the Picard pronunciation of chape, It. cappa, L.L. capa, a cope, from capere, as containing the whole body.] Cappadine. The last part of the silk which cannot be wound off the cocoon. Cappagh brown. (Geol.) A bituminous earth, found at Cappagh, near Cork. It contains oxide of manganese and iron, and is used as a pigment in oil-painting. Cap-paper. 1. A coarse brown paper, used for making caps to wrap sugar, etc. 2. Foolscap. Capped hock, or elbow. (Spavin.) Capreolate. [L. capreolus, a tendril.'} (Bot.) Having tendrils, or spiral claspers, for support. Capriccio [It., freak, fancy], or Fantasia. A musical piece, fanciful and unrestrained in subject and treatment. Capricorn. (Zodiac.) Caprification. [L. caprtflcatTo (Pliny).] 1. In the Levant, the maturation of figs, by placing over them branches of the -wild fig, capri- flcus, on which are insects, which, puncturing the fruit, are said to hasten the ripening. 2. The shakings of male flowers from wild dates over the cultivated palm. (01 fertilization, see Herod., i. 193.) Caprifoils. The honeysuckle family, Capn- foliacese, LonicereEe. Caprifole. [O.Fr.] The wild climbing vine. Capriole. [L. capreolus, a wild goat.] A leap of a horse from all fours at once, upwards only, with a kick of the hind legs ; called by Austra- lians, bucking. Capstan, Cabestan, Capstern, etc. [Perhaps from L. capistrum, Sp. cabestro, L. capere, to seize, hold.] (Naut.) A machine for lifting the anchor, usually a flat-headed cylinder revolving on an iron pin, with square holes cut in the side of its head, into which bars are inserted, radiat- ing from the centre, and so giving great leverage. Capsule. [L. capsula, a small box or chest. ,] 1. (Bot.) Any dry, many-seeded fruit opening by valves or pores, as foxglove, poppy. 2. (Physiol.) Any membranous, bag-like expansion, investing a part. 3. (Chcm.) A small saucer, used for melting ores, etc. 4. Metallic covering for the corks of bottles. Captain, Navy. (Bank.) Captain's cloak. The thirty-sixth Article of War ; so called from its sweeping character. Captation. [L. captatio, -nem, a catching at.] The act or the disposition of courting favour or popularity. Caption. [L. captio, -nem, a taking.] (Leg.) That part of an instrument which shows its authority. Capucha. (Capoch.) Capuchin Friars. A seceding order of Fran- ciscans, established by Clement VII. ; when the pointed cowl (Capoch) was added to the F. habit. Capulet. In a horse. (Spavin.) Capulets and Montagues. In Shakespeare's play of Romeo and Juliet, rival houses of nobles of Verona. Caput Jejunii. [L. , head of the fast. ] A name for Ash Wednesday, and sometimes for the Wednesday preceding. Caput mortuum. [L., dead head.] 1. In Hist., this word denotes the residuum of a traditional narrative after all the supernatural or extraordinary incidents have been cast aside. What remains may be possible or likely, but rests on no evidence. (Euemerism.) 2. With the old chemists, the inert residue of the dis- tillation and sublimation of different substances : its symbol being a death's-head sxid. cross bones. Capybara. (Zoot.) Hydrochcerus [Gr. vSdp-lis, watery, xolpos, hog], water-hog, the largest known existing rodent ; three to four feet long ; the water-horse (i.e. D. water-haas, water-hare) of Demarara. Banks of rivers in Trop. S. America. Fam. Cavudae, ord. Rodentia. Caqueux. (Cagots.) CAR CARD Car-. [Cymr., city, fortified post. ,] Part of names, as in Car-lisle. (Caer-.) Carabas, The Marquis of. The title assumed by the young miller in Puss in Boots ; hence any arrogant, pretentious parvenu. Carabine. (Carbine.) Caracal. [Turk., black-ear.] (Zoo/.) Spec, of (or (?) gen. allied to) lynx, as large as a bull terrier ; reddish brown. S. Asia and Africa. Caracal melanStis, fam. Felidse, ord. Carmvora. Caracana. ( Ornith. ) Carrion hawks. Trop. America. Pandion (Cuvier). Gen. Polyborinae [Gr. iro\v&6pos, much-devouring\, fam. Fal- comdae, ord. Accipitres. Carack, Carrak, or Carrick. (Galleon.) Caracol. 1. A half-turn to right or left, of a horseman. 2. A winding staircase. [Sp. caracol means both of these ; also a snail.} Caracoli. An alloy of gold, silver, and copper, used for cheap jewellery. Caracora, or Caracol. (Naut.) Of Borneo and Eastern isles, a kind of prahu (q.v.). Caracteres de civilite. [Fr.] In Printing, the cursive characters used in the sixteenth century, by the printer Granjon, of Lyons. Carafe. [Fr., from It. caraffa, a decanter.] A water-bottle. Caragheen. (Carrageen.) Caraites. A Jewish sect, which adheres to the letter of Scripture, and rejects the rabbinical interpretations and the Cabala. Carambole. [Fr.] A cannon in billiards ; origin unknown. Caramel. [Sp. caramello.] The brown mass which cane-sugar becomes at 420 heat ; used to colour sugar, coffee, malt, spirits, etc. Caramoussal. (A r aut.) A Turkish merchant ship, with pink stern. (Pink.) Carapace. [From Sp. carapacho ; another form of the Catal. carabassa, a calabash.'] (Zoo!.) Upper shell of tortoises and turtles, of lobsters, etc., and of certain infusoria. (Chelonidae.) Carat. [Gr. Kepdnov, a small horn-shaped seed, a carat.] 1. A weight of four grains of barley ; the jeweller's C. at Vienna is O'2o6o85 grammes = 3-19 grains. In London, for diamonds, the ounce troy is divided into 151^ carats, making a C. 3*17 grains. 2. As applied to gold, the ounce is divided into 24 C., and if of the twenty-four parts by weight, two, three, four, etc., parts are alloy, the gold is said to be twenty-two, twenty-one, twenty, etc., carats fine. Caravan. A Persian word, denoting a com- pany of travellers associated for self-defence in crossing deserts or other dangerous regions. Four regular caravans yearly visit Mecca. Caravansary, properly Caravanserai. An unfurnished public building for the lodgment of a caravan on its journey. Caravel, Caravela. (Carvel.) Carbasse, or Karbaty. A Lapland boat. Carbazotic acid. (Carbon and azote.) (Chem.} Picric acid (q.v.). Carbine. [Fr. carabine, from It. carabina.] Short musket used by cavalry and artillerymen. One regiment of English cavalry retains the name Carbiniers, but the term has lost its former acceptation. Carbolic acid. (Chem.) An oily liquid ob- tained from coal-tar, used as a disinfectant. Carbon. [L. carbo, a coal.] (Geol.) A non- metallic element, existing in a pure state as diamond or charcoal. Carbonaceous rocks. ( Geol. ) Containing fossil carbon largely ; e.g. shales of central Devon- shire. Carbonado. [Sp., from L. carbonem, coal, charcoal.] Meat cut across for broiling. Carbonari. [It., from L. carbo, -nem, char- coal.] A secret association first instituted amongst the charcoal-burners of Germany, who found it necessary in the vast forests of that country to aid one another against robbers and enemies by conventional signs known only to themselves, their oath being called " The Faith of Charcoal- burners." In the early part of the present century the association, having spread to France and the Netherlands, was extended into Italy, where its object was the expulsion of the Aus- trians and union of the people of the peninsula into one state, an object which has been attained by the establishment of the Italian kingdom. Carbone notare. [L.] To mark -with charcoal. (Creta notatus.) Carbonic acid. ( Chem. ) Dioxide of carbon ; a suffocating gas. Its salts are called carbonates. Carboniferous [coal-bearing] system (Geol.) = Palaeozoic strata, resting upon the Devonian, and covered by the Permian ; a vast series of beds of sandstone, limestone, shale, and coal. Carboy. A large glass bottle, cased in wicker, for holding vitriol, etc. ; cf. Fr. carafe, Sp. carabba, etc. ; probably an Eastern word. Carburation. The uniting of anything with carbon. (Blistered steel.) Carburet, Carbide. (Chem.) A compound of carbon with another element. Carcanet. [Fr. carcan, an iron collar.] A collar of jewels. Carcass. [Fr. carcasse, from It. carcassa.] (Mil.) Shell filled with a highly inflammable composition, which, on being fired against buildings, speedily ignites them through three holes in the metal. Carcass of a ship. (JVauf.) The keel, stem and stern posts, and the ribs. Carcelage. [L.. career, a prison.] Prison fees. Johnson. Carcel lamp. (From the inventor.) A lamp in which the oil is raised through tubes by clock- work. Carceres. [L. plu. of career, prison.] In Roman race-course [circus], stalls with gates [cancelli], whence the chariots started. Carcinoma. [Gr. KapK(fcafj.a, KapKivos, cancer.] (Med. ) A variety of cancer ; a form of malig- nant disease. Cardamine. [Gr. KdpSa/j.ov, cress.] (Bot.) A gen. of Cruciferae. C. pratensis, the cuckoo flower, or ladies' smock, a common spring meadow flower. Cardamoms. [Gr. KapSd/jna/jiov.] (Bot.) The aromatic capsules and seeds i.f several kinds of CARD CARO amomum, especially of Amomum (or Eleltavia) cardamomum, native of the Malabar coast. Cardiac. [Gr. xapSia, the heart ; the extremity of the stomach, nearest the heart.'} 1. Cordial, invigorating. 2. Relating to the heart. 3. (Meet.) Plexus, a system of ganglia connected with the heart and great blood-vessels. Cardialgia. [Gr. /capSia, heart, &\yos, fain.'] (Med.) Neuralgic affection of heart. Cardinal. [L. cardinalis, from cardmem, a hinge.} (Eccl. Hist.) The title of the seven bishops of Rome, and of the clergy of the twenty-eight principal churches of the city, who composed the College of Cardinals. This college now has generally seventy members. Cardinal bird. (Ornith.) Also called Cardinal grosbeak, a sub-fam. of the Fringillidse. Cardinal numbers ; C. points ; C. signs ; C. winds. The numbers which answer the question, "Howmany?" i.e. one, two, three, etc., are C. numbers. The C. points of the horizon are the N., S., E., and W. points ; the two former are the points in which the meridian cuts the horizon near the north and south poles of the heavens respectively ; the two latter those in which the prime vertical cuts the horizon near the points where the sun rises and sets respectively. The C. signs of the Zodiac are Aries, Libra, Cancer, and Capricorn. The C. winds are those which blow from the C. points of the horizon. Cardinal virtues. Temperance, fortitude, jus- tice, prudence. Carding. [L. carduus, a thistle.'} Combing out wool or flax to prepare them for spinning. Carduus benedictus. (Blessed thistle.) Careen, To. [L. carina, keel.] (Naut.) To incline to one side, so as to show the bottom. Careme. [Fr., O.Fr. Quaresme, L. Quadra- gesima.] The forty days of Lent ; hence Lent. Carent vate sacro. [L.] They are -without a sacred bard (Horace). No poet has sung their praises and made their name live. Carex. [L., sedge.] (Bot.) A gen. of grassy, rush-like plants, of which there are many native spec, in Britain ; ord. Cyperacse. Carfax. As at Oxford, a place where four roads meet [L. quatuor furcas]. Cargason. [Sp. cargazon.] Sometimes used as = cargo. Caribou. [Native name.] An American var. of the reindeer. Tarandus, fam. Cervidse, ord. Ungulata. Caries. [L.] Destructive softening of bone. Carillon. Chimes played by instruments or finger-keys ; properly on four bells [L.L. quad- rilionem]. Carina. [L., a keel.] The union in a keel- like form of the two oblique front petals of a Papilionaceous flower ; e.g. sweet-pea. Carinatse. [L. carina, keel.] (Ornith.) Birds with a keel to their breastbone, flying birds. Cariole, Carriole. [Fr. carriole, L. carrus, a cart.] A small light open carriage. Cark. [A.S. care, care, cearig, anxious, fear- ful.] Anxious care, worry. Carline, Caroline. A silver Italian coin, named from Carlo (Charles) VI. of Naples. Carlines. [Fr. carlingue, It. carlinga.] (Naut.} Small timbers let into the beams, and joining them. On the C. and athwart the vessel are placed ledges, to which the deck planking is nailed. Carline knees ai e what would be beams if a hatchway did not intervene. They support the deck. Carline thistle. (Bot.) Carlma vulgaris, ord. Compositse ; common in chalky parts of Great Britain. (Carolus, i.e. Charlemagne, to whom an angel is said to have shown the root, as a remedy for plague in his army.) Carlisle table, or Table of mortality. (Life assurance.) Carlock. (Charlock.) Carlovingian kings. (Carolingian kings.) Carmagnole. (C., in Piedmont, home of the Savoyard players.) 1. A song and dance, popular in the French Revolution ; hence, 2, a dress worn by the Jacobins. 3. Turgid and fanatical reports of French successes in the field. Carmelites, White Friars. Hermits gathered for safety in the twelfth century to Mount C. Albert, Patriarch of Jerusalem, gave them rules, confirmed by Honorius III., A.D. 1224. They left the Holy Land after peace between Frederick II. and the Saracens. (Orders, Mendicant.) Carminatives. (Med.) Allay, as if by a charm [L. carmen], spasmodic pain in the bowels, and expel flatus. Carmine. [L.L. carmesinus, from Ar. karmesi, the kermes insect.] A red pigment prepared from the cochineal insect, chiefly used in water- colour painting. Carnation. [L. ca.ro, carnis, flesh.] The flesh tint in painting. Carneian Apollo. The name for Apollo as worshipped at Sparta, probably connected with that of Ashtaroth Karnaim, or the horned Astarte, of the Phoenician tribes. Carnelian. (Chalcedony.) Carnify. To make flesh [L. carnem facere] by assimilation of food; L. carmfico being to execute. Carnival, Carnaval. [In Med. L. carnis leva- men, carnelevamen, solace of the flesh.] A feast before the fast of Lent. Carnivora. [L. carnem, flesh, voro, I devour.] Flesh-eaters, an ord. of Mammals comprising Pinmgrada (seals and walruses), PlantTgrada (as bears), and UigitTgrada (as cats and dogs). Carnosity. (Med.) A fleshy overgrowth. Carob. (Algaroba.) Caroche. [Fr. carrosse, It. carrozza.] A carriage, coach. Carol, Carolle, was originally a dance [L. choreola, dim. of chorea] ; then any song of rejoicing, especially a Christmas hymn. Wedg- wood prefers corolla, dim. of corona, = a round dance; quoting a "karole" of stones, i.e. a circuit, from Robert of Brunne. Caroline. (Carline.) Carolingian kings. (Hist.) The dynasty of Frank kings ; so called from Charles the Great (Charlemagne), son of Pepin. Carolus. [L., darling, dim. of cams, dear ; hence Charles.] An old coin worth 235. CARO GARY Caroteel. A large cask, in which dried fruits, etc., are packed. Carotids. [Gr. KaptariSft, from Kap6u, I make drowsy, as compression of C. does.J (Med.) Two great arteries of the neck, which carry blood to the head. Carous. (A'aut.) A kind of gallery in ancient ships, fitted on a pivot, and raised by ropes and ' pulleys, so as to be swung out-board, and to render it easier to board another vessel. Carpal. Pertaining to the wrist [L. carpus]. Carpe diem. [L.] Enjoy the day ; use the present time. Carpel. [Gr. Kapv6$, fruit.'} (Bot.) One of the cells of an ovary. Carpocratians. In Eccl. Hist., the followers of Carpocrates, who is called by Eusebius the father of the Gnostic heresy. His system was based on the assertion that men cannot free themselves from the power of evil except by compliance with evil ; in other words, that the only road to righteousness is through iniquity. Carpolite. [Fr. carpolithe, Gr. itapirfa, fruit, \l8os, stone.} (Geol.) Petrified fruit. Carpology. That part of botany which relates io fruit [Kapir6s], i.e. to the structure of seeds and seed-vessels. Carrageen, Carageen, Irish moss. Chondrus crispus, a seaweed not a moss on the rocky shores of most parts of Europe, and of Eastern N. America ; yielding a nutritious jelly. Ord. Algae. Carrara marble. A white saccharine lime- stone, from Monte Sagro, near Carrara ; about sixty miles S.W. of Modena. Carreau. [Fr.] Heavy .^ware-headed arrow, which, with coeur [heart, i.e. courage], pique [pike], and trefle [trefoil], are the originals of the diamond, heart, spade, and club of playing cards. Carriage, i Sam. xvii. 22, Gr. o-Ktinj in LXX., is baggage ; so Acts xxi. 15, airoo-Kfvao-d.iJi.fvoi, " we took up our carriages." Carrick. [Erse carraig, crag, rock.~\ Part of Gadhelic names, as in Carrick-fergus. Carriere. [Fr ] Career, course. Carronade. (First made at the Carron Iron Works, Scotland.) (Mi!.) Short, light iron gun without trunnions, and having a chamber with slight windage. They are fastened by a loop underneath. Carron oil, Linseed oiL Equal portions of lime-water and of linseed oil, shaken together ; in use for nearly a century for burns, etc. , at the C. Works. Carrousels. [Fr.] A kind of knightly exer- cise, common in all countries of Europe till the beginning of the eighteenth century ; in imitation of the tournament. Carrows. In Ireland, needy strolling gamesters. Carry away, To. (Want.) To break, as "a rope has carried away," i.e. has broken. To carry on, to carry all sail, even if dangerous. Carse. [Cymr. kors, fen.~\ In Scotland, low lands adjoining rivers ; sometimes only the level alluvial land ; sometimes used to include undulations at a greater distance. i Carstone. A hard ferruginous Cretaceous sandstone in the E. counties. Carte, A la. (A la carte.) Carte blanche. [Fr., white card.} 1. A blank paper signed, and given to another to fill up as he likes ; and so, 2, unconditional authority. Carte de visite. [Fr., visiting card.} Com- monly used to denote photographic portraits of the size of a visiting card. Cartel. [Fr. cartel, from It. cartello.] 1. Agree- ment between hostile forces for the exchange of prisoners. 2. A challenge. 3. A ship bearing a flag of truce, or carrying prisoners of war for exchange. Cartesian geometry. (Co-ordinates.) Cartesian philosophy. That of Des Cartes, French philosopher (born 1596, died 1650). Carthamine. (Chem.) The colouring matter of safflower [L.L. carthamus]. Alkalies change it from red to yellow. Carthusians. 1. A very rigid monastic order, founded A.D. 1086, by St. Bruno, at Chartreuse, near Grenoble ; one of their houses being Charterhouse, in London, a corr. of Chartreuse. 2. A Carthusian, one educated at Charterhouse. Cartilage. [L. cartilage.] Gristle, a smooth elastic solid in the body, softer than bone. Cartilaginous fishes. [L. cartilagmosus, gristly.} (Chondropterygii.) Cartoon. [It. cartone, pasteboard, or large paper.} A sketch or drawing for fresco or tapestry. The word is specially applied to the seven well-known compositions of Raphael, at Hampton Court. Cartouch. [Fr. cartouche, from L. carta, paper.} 1. (Aft I.) Wooden case, with holes for the reception of each charge for any firearm. 2. (Arch.) Oval or oblong enclosure in hieroglyphic inscription. (The It. cartoccio, and its deriva- tive Fr. cartouche, have both meanings.) Cartulary, Chartulary. [L. chartiilarium.] A collection of charters belonging to a corporation, civil or eccles., or to a family ; very common in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. Carucate, or Plough-land. [L. carruca, some sort of four-wheeled carriage.] An ancient division of land, not fixed, but as much as would employ a plough and team during the year ; more or less, according to the soil. Where oxen were used, a similar division was an Ox-gang or Bovate [L. bovem, an ox}. Caruncule. [L. caruncula, dim. of caro, flesh.} 1. (Med.) A small fleshy growth, natural or morbid. 2. (Bot.) A wart or protuberance round or near the hilum of a seed. Carvage, Carve. One hundred acres of plough [L.L. carruca] -land. Carvel. A light lateen-rigged vessel, un- decked. Spain and Portugal. C. -?'// ship or boat, one the planks of whose sides do not overlap. Caryatides. [Gr. KapvdnSes.} In Gr. Arch., figures of women employed instead of columns to support entablatures. Male figures so used were called Telamones, and sometimes Persians. (Canephori.) Caryophyllaceous. (Bol.) Anat. ord. of which GARY 103 CAST the type is the common pink (Dianthus caryo- phyllus) : the corolla has five petals, with long narrow claws. [Gr. Ka.p\i6q>v\Xov, lit. nut leaf, the clove tree. ] Caryopsis. (Bat.) A dry, one-seeded fruit, and so far having the appearance [Gr. w|/js] of a nut [KapiJov], with no distinction between seed-coat and pericarp ; e .g. a grain of wheat, barley. Ca. sa. A writ addressed to sheriff, rapias ad jatisfaciendum, you are to seize with a view to satisfaction ; under which a man was imprisoned until he made satisfaction (for debt). Cascabel. Reverse end of a cannon ; that part which lies behind the base ring. Cascarilla. An aromatic bark yielded by more than one species of Croton (q.v.). Case. 1. (Reliquary.) 2. (Natit.) A ship's planking outside ; casing ( i ) the covering of the beams, and (2) a bulkhead round a mast. Casehardening. The process of converting the outer surface of iron goods into steel, by heating them in charcoal. Casein, Caseine. The nitrogenous substance contained in milk and cheese [L. caseus]. (Albumen.) Casemate. [Fr. case-mate, from Sp. casa-mata, casa, a house, mata, to slay.~\ {Mil.} Vaulted masonry chamber made shell-proof under a ram- part for the lodgment of troops and guns. Caserne. [Fr., barracks, from Sp. caserne.] Cashew-nut. [Fr. acajou, name of the tree.] The fruit of a tropical tree, Anacardium occi- dentale, nat. ord. Anacardiacese. Cashier. 1. [Fr. casser, to annul, L. quassare.] (Mil.) To dismiss an officer from the service with disgrace. 2. [Fr. caissier, caisse, a case or chest. ,] A keeper of money. Cashmere, Cachemere. Textile fabric, made of the downy wool at the roots of the hair of the Thibet goat ; first made in the valley of C., in N. India. Cask, i.q. Casque. A helmet [probably L. cadis- cus, dim. of cadus, an earthen vessel]. Caskets. (Naut.) (Gaskets.) Cassandra's prophecies. Prophecies which are iustified by events, but which no one believes when uttered. The story was that Phoebus Apollo sought to win the love of Cassandra, daughter of Priam, and gave her the gift of pro- phecy, but, when she resisted him, laid on her the doom that her predictions should be always verified, but never credited. (Paris, Judgment of.) Cassareep. A condiment made from the juice of the manioc plant. (Cassava.) Cassation. Reversal of judicial sentence [L. cassare in Cod. Just, being = cassum reddgre, to render null and voia]. Cassava, or Manioc. (Bot.) Manihot utilis- sima ; Trop. American plant, ord. Euphorbia. From its large roots, when dried and powdered, a very nourishing food is obtained, of which tapioca is a preparation. Casse paper. [Fr. casser, to break into frag- ments, L. quassare, to shatter.'] In Printing, broken paper, the two outside quires of a ream. Cassia. Exod. xxx. 24 ; an ingredient in the anointing oil, aromatic bark of more than one kind of cinnamomum. Cassimere. [Fr. casimir.] A thin twilled woollen cloth. Cassinette. [Sp. casinete.] A stuff made of cotton warp and woollen woof. Cassiterides. [Gr.] Islands which produce tin. Supposed by some to he the Scilly Islands, by others the Isle of Wight, or the coasts of Cornwall. Cassius, Purple of. (From Cassius, a German of the seventeenth century.) A stannate of gold and tin, used for painting china. Cassolette. [Fr.] A box with a perforated lid to emit perfumes. Cassonade. [Fr., from O.Fr. casson, a large chest. ] Unrefined sugar (imported in chests). Cassowary. [Malay kassuwaris.] An ostrich- like bird of the gen. Casuarius. It is a native of Malacca, Java, and the neighbouring islands. Cast. A tube for conveying metal into a mould. " Castagnac Capt." Said of states in Turkey ; all patched together. Castalian spring. (Parnassus.) Caste. [Sp. and Port, casta, perhaps from L. castus, pure.] A name denoting the heredi- tary classes into which the population of Hin- dustan is divided. According to the book containing the ordinances of Menu, the four castes sprang severally from the mouth, arm, thigh, and foot of Brahma. These are (i) the Brahmans ; (2) the Kshatryas, or warriors ; (3) the Vaisyas, or merchants ; and (4) the Sudras, or tillers of -the soil. But the Sudras were pro- perly outcasts, the Aryan conquerors of India belonging to the three castes only. Castellan, Chatelain. In the Middle Ages, the keeper, warden of a castle [L. castellum, Fr. chateau]. Castellany. The lordship attached to a castle ; its authority and extent of jurisdiction. -caster. [L. castra, fortified camp.} Part of names of towns in England, as in Don-caster. Casteth. The steamy air rising from a shaft cm winter mornings. Cast-horse. One which has been pronounced unfit for further retention in the military service. Castigatory. [L. castigo, / chastise.] (Cuck- ing-stool.) Castile. Old kingdom of Spain, all except Navarre, Aragon, and Granada, afterwards New C., Old C., two provinces. Casting. The warping of wood by weather, etc. Casting accounts. (Naut.) Sea-sickness. Castle of Indolence. A poem by Thomson ; an enchanter entices the unwary into the C. of L, where they lose all strength and good aspira- tions. Cast-offs. Landsmen's clothes. Cast of the lead, To get. (A'aut.) (Heave.) Castor. Beaver ; slang for hat ; made of fur, before the invention of silk hats. Castor and Pollux. [Gr. /cacn-cop and iro\v- StvK'fis.] 1. Mentioned in Acts xxviii. n, under CAST 104 CAT A the title Dioskouroi, or the twin sons of Zeus, as the figure-head of a ship. In the heavens, they reappear as the constellation Gemini. In Gr. Myth., they are brothers of Helen. (Paris, Judgment of.) 2." A pair of electric flames seen on the mastheads of vessels, etc., at sea, as being twin lights. Castor-oil plant. (Bot.) Ricinus communis (ord. Euphorbiacese), much grown lately for its ornamental foliage. The well-known oil is made from the crushed seeds. Castor ware. Roman pottery made near Castor, Northamptonshire ; ornamented with reliefs usually of a different colour from the ground. Castrametation. [L. castra, plu., a camp, me- tatio, a measuring.} (Mil.} The art of laying out an encampment for T troops, on the principle that they may occupy the same frontage as when drawn up in order of battle. Casual poor. Vagrants and travellers wanting casual shelter and relief. Casual suffix. (Gram.} Terminations form- ing cases [L. casus] of nouns. Casuist. [L. casus, a falling, a condition.} (Tkeol.) One charged with the decision of cases of conscience. Casuistry. The science of the treatment of conscience, with its rules and principles in prac- tice. (Cf. Jeremy Taylor, Ductor Dubitantium ; Bishop Sanderson, Cases of Conscience.) Casula. (Chasuble.) Casus belli. [L.] A case for war; a suffi- cient ground for going to war. Casus omissus. [L., omitted case.} (Leg.) Point unprovided for by statute. Cat. (Naut.) A strong vessel of about 600 tons (usually a collier or timber-ship), built on the lines of a Norwegian, but having a deep waist, narrow stern, projecting quarters, and no ornamental figure-head. Catataptists. A word formed on a false analogy [from Gr. Kard, against, and Pavrlfa, I baptize}, and applied to all who deny the neces- sity of baptism, or oppose that of infants. Catachresis. Lit. a misuse [Gr. Kardxpycns]- 1. In Etym., as alegar, Peterloo, in imitation of vinegar, Waterloo ; and oftener, 2, in Rhet., a strained use of words; as in Hamlet, act iii., "or to take arms against a sea of troubles." Cataclysm. [Gr. KaraK\va/j.6s.] An inunda- tion ; a sudden bursting of waters. Catacombs. [L. L. catacumbae ; but the origin of the word is doubtful.] (Arch.) Passages excavated in the soil, with recesses or chambers for graves or bone-houses. At Rome, the cata- combs were also used as places for worship during the times of persecution. Catacoustics. [Coined from Gr. Kara, back, in composition with verbs of motion, a.KovffriK&s, relating to hearing} The science of reflected sounds, a branch of acoustics (q.v.). Catadioptric. [Gr. Kurd, down, and Sioirrpt/c^s, from SioTrrpov, spying-glass.} Relating to the reflexion and refraction of light, as a C. tele- scope, i.e. a reflecting telescope. Catafalque. A decorated temporary structure used in funerals ; originally a place from which to see a show. [L.L. scadafaltum, from which come also echafaud, and its Eng. equivalent scaffold.} (See Brachet, s.v. " Echafaud.") Catalan. Belonging to Catalonia. (Naut.) A Spanish fishing-boat. Catalectic. [Gr. Kara\riKriic6s, deficient.} In Gr. and L. Prosody, a verse wanting one syllable of its proper length ; if wanting two syllables, it was Brachycatalectic. (Acatalectic.) Catalepsy. [Gr. Kcn-oA^is, a seizing, cata- lepsy, a variety of hysteria.] (Med.) A suspen- sion of sensation and volition ; the limbs and body remaining as they are placed ; a condition of the body resembling death. Catallactics. [Gr. Kara\\aKriKOs, from /caroA.- \dffffta, 1 exchange.} The science of exchanges ; political economy. Catalogue raisonne. [Fr.] List of books, with a short account of the character of their contents. Catalysis. [Gr. Ka-rdXvais, from Karri, down, \vetv, to loose.} (Chem.) The influence by which (as some chemists have thought) sub- stances are decomposed and recomposed, by the contact of substances which do not enter into actual composition with the original elements, as in the formation of ether from alcohol through sulphuric acid. Webster. Catamaran. 1. A kind of raft, of three planks lashed together, the middle serving as a keel, used on the Coromandel Coast, Brazil, W. Indies. 2. Bonaparte's floating batteries, for invading England, were so called. 3. An old hag. Cat-a-mountain. [Sp. gato montes.] (Zool.) One of the wild Felidse, not accurately defined ; with Ray, the N. -American lynx. Catanadromous. [Gr. Kara, down, aj/o-SpOyU^, a running up J\ A term which has been applied to fish which descend and ascend rivers to and from the sea, as the salmon. Cataphract. [Gr. Kardtppanros, mailed.} 1. An armed horseman. 2. A coat of mail ; armour. Cataphrygians. (Montanists.) Cataplasm. [Gr. /caTarrAoer/xa.] A poultice. Catapult. [L. catapulta, Gr. Karaire\T7)s.] A kind of huge cross-bow for throwing stones, javelins, etc. (Ballista.) Cataract. [Gr. KarappdKrijs, a fall of water.} In the eye, an opaque condition of the crystalline lens or its capsule. Catarrh. [Gr. Kardppoos, a flowing down, a catarrh.} A cold, with running from the head. Catasterism. [Gr. KaTao-repio-/j.6s, a placing among the stars.} Of Eratosthenes, a list of 475 principal stars according to their constellations ; published about sixty years before the time of Hipparchus. Catastrophe. [Gr., a sudden turn or end.} 1. The change or final event of whatever kind, in a drama or romance. 2. A calamitous change, more or less sudden. Catastrophic changes. ( Geol. ) Those brought about by abrupt, sudden action ; opposed to Uniformitarian, the result of steady, continuous action. CAT A 105 CATH Catastrophist. (Uniformitarian.) Catawba. A light, sparkling wine, made near Cincinnati, U.S., from a native grape. Catch a crab, To. (Naut.) To be knocked backwards by one's oar catching water too much when rowing. Catchpole. A bailiff, to catch, if necessary, the/>> to sound in one's ears.} Instruction by word of mouth, specially by question and answer. In Eccl. Hist., the C. of Nowell, Dean of St. Paul's, taken mainly from that of Poynet, Bishop of Winchester, was approved by Convocation in 1563. Overall's C. added the questions and answers on the sacra- ments. The C. known as the Assembly's Larger C., drawn up by the Westminster divines, was approved by the Church of Scotland in 1648. A snorter form of this C. was prepared at the same time. Catechists. [Gr. /caTijx to " T ^ s KaTrjxrjT^s.] An order of men appointed to catechize candidates for baptism in the primitive Christian Church. The catechetical school of Alexandria, to which Origen belonged, was widely celebrated. Catechu. (Sot.) A watery extract of the bark of Acacia catechu and A. suma, of E. Indies, ord. Legum. containing large quantities of tannin. Catechumen. [Gr. Karr)xov/j.evos, taught by word of mouth. \ 1. One who is being instructed in the rudiments of the faith, before baptism ; a neophyte. 2. A beginner in any kind of knowledge. Categorematio. [Gr. Karrty6ptifj.a, a predicate.} In Logic, any word capable of being employed by itself as a Predicate. Such are all common nouns. (Syncategorematic.) Categorical proposition. In Logic, a propo- sition which affirms or denies absolutely the agreement of the Subject with the Predicate, as distinguished from one which does so condition- ally or hypothetically. Category. [Gr. Karriyopia.] In Logic, a class under which a family of predicables may be ranged. The complete number of categories would thus embrace the whole range of human thought and knowledge. Aristotle framed ten categories which may be reduced to four sub- stance, quality, quantity, relation ; but many other schemes have been put forth, none of which, perhaps, can be regarded as final. Catelectrode. [Gr. KO.T&, down, and electrode.] The negative pole of a galvanic battery. Catena. [L., a chain.] A regular uninter- rupted succession. Catena Patrum [L., a chain of the Fathers], i.e. a series of passages from the F., elucidating some portion of Scripture, as the Catena Aurea of Thomas Aquinas. Catenary curve. (Geom.) The curve formed by a cord hanging between two points of sus- pension not in the same vertical line. Cateran, Caterran [Gael.] = robbers, banditti ; so Loch Katrine, originally Loch Cateran. Cater-cousin. Cousin in the fourth [Fr. quatre] degree. Caterpiller. [Heb. khosil ; i Kings viii. 37, etc.] (Bibl.) Probably locust or its larva. Caterwauling. [Probably onomatop.] To make a noise like cats, or any other offensive or quarrelsome noise. Cates. Provisions, delicacies. [Said to be a corr. of delicates, or dainty meats ; more probably from Fr. acheter, to buy, formerly acater, L. ac-capitare, originally to receive as rent.'] Catfall. (Naut.) A rope used in hoisting the anchor to the cathead. Cat-fish. (Ichth.) Sea-cat, Wolf-fish, Anarrhi- chas lupus ; carnivorous, naked fish living at the bottom of shallow seas and tidal waters. W. Indies. Gen. Anarrhichas, fam. Blennidae, ord. Acanthopterygii, sub-class Teleostel. Catgut is made from the intestines of sheep. [ (?) Corr. of cord-gut, or of gut-cord.] Cathari. [Gr. KaOapoi, pure.'} (Eccl. Hist.) An Eastern sect, probably the same as the Paulicians. (Novatians.) Catharists. [Gr. KaBapifa, I cleanse."] Mani- chaeans (q.v.) who professed especial purity ; holding matter to be the source of evil, renounc- ing marriage, animal food, wine. Cat-harpings. (Naut.) Ropes keeping the top of the shrouds taut. Cathartic [Gr. KadapriKos, from KaQaipv, I cleanse, purge] remedies purge more mildly ; Drastic, more severely [SpaariK6s, effective, drastic]. Cathay. An old name for China ; Cathay or Khitai being the Mongolian and Russian name for North China ; as Chin was the Indian and Portuguese name for South China. Cathead. (Naut.) A curved timber, which passes through the bulwark forward, and from which the anchor is suspended (when being hauled up) clear of the vessel's bows. Cathedrals of the New Foundation. The cathedral churches of sees founded by Henry VIII., from funds obtained by the suppression of the monasteries, the cathedrals of the sees already established being called henceforth the C. of the Old Foundation. The new sees were those of Westminster, Oxford, Peterborough, Bristol, Gloucester, and Chester. Cathedrals of the Old Foundation. (Cathedrals of the New Foundation.) Catherine wheel, or Rose window (q.v.). St. C., an Alexandrian of royal descent, con- fessing Christ at a feast appointed by the Emperor Maximinus, was tortured on a wheel, and put to death, A.D. 307. Catheter. [Gr. Ka0eT^p, Ka6itj/j.i, I send down.} A surgical instrument for emptying the bladder. Cathetometer. [Gr. KdOeros, adj., let down or in, subst. a phimbline, pt-rpov, a measure.} An instrument used for the accurate determination of differences of level, e.g. the height to which a fluid rises in a capillary tube above the ex- terior free surface. It consists of an accurately divided metallic stem which can be made vertical CATH 1 06 CAUT by means of three levelling screws on which the instrument stands. On the stem slides a metallic piece carrying a telescope like the telescope of a theodolite whose axis can be made horizontal by a level. The telescope is first directed to one object, and moved by a delicate screw till a horizontal wire in the focus of the eye-piece coincides with the image of the object ; the stem is then read. The process is repeated for the second object. The difference of the readings is, of course, the difference of the levels of the objects. Cathode. [Gr. tcdOOSos, descent.} The nega- tive pole, or path by which the current leaves a body which is being decomposed by electricity. Catholes. (Naut.) Two holes astern, above the gun-room ports, through which hawsers may be passed. Catholic emancipation removed all civil dis- abilities from Dissenters, 1829. Catholic Majesty, Most. Title of the kings of Spain. Cat-in-pan, (?) To turn. "A cunning which lays that which a man says to another as if another had said it to him " (Bacon, quoted by Johnson) ; to be a turncoat, to change sides unscrupulously. Cation. [Gr. Karluv, going down, from tcard, down, Ifvai, to go.} The element which goes to the negative pole when the substance is decom- posed by electricity. (Cathode.) Catlings. Catgut strings. Catoptrics. [Gr. Ka.Tonrrpin6s, having to do with a mirror, Kdroirrpov.} The part of optics which treats of the formation of images by mirrors and other reflecting surfaces, and of vision by means of them. Cato Street Conspiracy. A conspiracy formed in 1820 by Thistlewood and others, for murdering the ministers, seizing the Bank, and setting fire to London. Catraia. (Naut.) Pilot surf-boats of Lisbon and Oporto, about fifty-six feet long by fifteen feet broad, propelled by sixteen oars. Cat-rig. (Naut. ) Vessels rigged with a large fore-and-aft mainsail only, set on a boom and gaff, and having the mast stepped near the stem. Suitable for light winds only. Catsalt. A fine granulated salt. Cat's-eye. (Min.) A variety of quartz, trans- lucent, yellowish, greenish, and greyish-brown. Found in Malabar, Ceylon, etc. Cats'-paw. A dupe who does perilous work for another, as in the fable the cat's paw was used by the monkey to pull the chestnuts out of the fire. Caucasian races. An incorrect term, = what is now divided into Aryan, or Indo-European, and Semitic ; most of the Caucasian tribes being Turanian (q.v.). Caucus meeting. 1. A general meeting of party. In 1770, a fray between some British soldiers and Boston ropemakers resulted in democratic meetings of ropemakers and caulkers ; called by the Tories caucus meetings. 2. In England now sometimes called the Birmingham system the management of all electioneering business by a representative committee of voters. Caudate. (Sot.) Prolonged into a kind of tail [L. cauda]. Caudle, Mrs. A nagging wife, who delivers Curtain Lectures ; by Douglas Jerrold. Caul. (Perhaps a modification of cowl.) 1. Membrane sometimes covering the face of a child, at birth. 2. The omentum, or fatty net- work in which the bowels are wrapped. 3. Small net for the hair. Caulk, To. [Akin to L. calcare, to ram in with the heel, Gael, calc, to drive, ram.} (Aaut.) 1. To go to sleep in your clothes, lying on deck. 2. To fill in cracks or seams with oakum or other material driven in tight. Caulker. 1. One who caulks, or pays the seams. 2. A morning dram. Caulker's seat, a box slung over the ship's side, in which a caulker sits and works. (Pay.) Caulopteris [Gr. Kav\6s, stem, irrepfc, fern} (Geol.) = fossil tree-fern stems; Carboniferous system. Causa (i) cognoscendi [L.], the cause of our knowing a fact ; (2) essendi, the cause of the fact itself; e.g. (2) "the ground is wet, because it has rained ; " but (i) "it has rained, because the ground is wet," i.e. this is how we know it. Causa latet, vis est notissima. [L.] The cause does not appear, the effect is most evident (Ovid). Cause celebre. [Fr.] An important or inte- resting trial, which has become historical. Causerie. [Fr.] Chat, gossip. Causes. With Aristotle and the logicians, are four : Material, that out of which the effect is produced ; Efficient, that by which, as the agent ; Formal, that according to which, as the regulating idea ; Final, that for which, as the purpose. Thus, of a cup, cause I is the clay ; 2, the maker ; 3, the design intended ; 4, drinking. Causeuse. [Fr. causer, to talk, chat, L. causari, to defend a cause, discuss.} A small sofa. Causeway, Causey. [Fr. chaussee.] A raised pathway or road for crossing wet land. Caustic. [Gr. KavffrlK6s, burning.} 1. In Optics, the curve (or surface) formed by the intersection of consecutive rays reflected from a mirror or other reflecting surface. The bright curve seen by lamplight on the surface of a cup of milk is the caustic formed by the intersection of the rays of light reflected from the inside of the cup. A C. is also formed by the intersection of consecutive rays refracted through a lens or other refracting substance. 2. Lunar. (Lunar caustic.) 3. Any medicament producing an eschar (q.v.). Cautel. [L. cautela.] Caution, proviso. Cautela, Ex abundanti, or pro majore. [L.] In Law, out of greater caution ; to make certainty more certain ; as when, in a legal instrument, some provision is inserted, which the law would itself imply as being just and equitable under the circumstance. Brown's Law Dictionary. Cautery. Searing by hot iron [L. cauterium, Gr. icavr-fipiov, branding-iron}. Cautio. [L.] Security, in law or contracts. Cautionary. Given as a security ; so caution money paid at matriculation. CAVA 107 CEXA Cavalier. [Fr. cavalier, from It. cavaliere.] 1. (Foriif.) A raised work placed in the interior of and corresponding in shape with a bastion. 2. A mounted knight. Cavaliere servente. [It.] A man who dis- plays devotion to a married lady. (Ja va sans dire. [Fr.] That is taken for granted ; lit. that goes without saying. Cavatma. [It., short air.] Properly an air of simple, gentle character, having one move- ment ; sometimes preceded by a recitative. Cavea. [L.] The semicircular space for spectators in a Roman theatre. Caveat emptor. [L.] Let the purchaser beware ; e.g. let him take reasonable care that his purchase is really what he expects. Cave canem. [L.] Beware of the dog ; frequently inscribed on Roman vestibules. Cavendish. Tobacco mixed with molasses and pressed into cakes. Cave ne litteras Bellerophontis adferas. [L.] Take care you do not bring Bellerophon's letters. Cavers. Persons stealing ore from Derbyshire mines. Caves. As spoken of in Geol., are generally excavations made by water along the fissures of limestones ; in France, Switzerland, Bavaria, Belgium, S. Wales, Devon, Derbyshire, York- shire, etc. ; sometimes containing relics of animals and men inhabiting them in long-past ages. Caveson. [Fr. caveson, Sp. cabeza, L.L. capitium.] A kind of bridle or noseband, used in breaking in a horse. Caviar. [Fr. and Port.] Salted roe of sturgeon and other fish ; a Russian luxury. Cavity. (Naut.} The displacement of water caused by a vessel floating in it. Centre of C., Displacement, Immersion, or Buoyancy is the mean centre of such part of a ship as is under water, i.e. considering the whole as homoge- neous. Cavo-relievo. [It.] A kind of carving in relief, where the highest surface is level with the plane of the original stone, giving an effect like the impression of a seal in wax. (Alto-relievo.) Cavy, Cavia, Cobaia. [Brazilian name.] (Zool.) Aperea. Gen. of fam. CaviTdse ; as the guinea- pig, Restless cavy. S. America. Ord. RSdentia. Cawker. (Caulker.) Cazique. (Cacique.) Cecity. Blindness [L. caecitatem]. Cecropian. Anything relating to Cecrops, Kekrops, a mythical king or founder of Athens. Sometimes applied to the bees of Hymettus, with the general meaning of Attic or Athenian. Cecutiency. [L. csecutio, / am blind or nearly blind, ,] A tendency to blindness. Cedant anna togae. [L.] Let arms give way to peace ; the military to the civil. Qedilla [It. zediglia, dim. of zeta] c in Fr. before a, o, u; showing that c is pronounced soft ; as soup c on. Celadon. 1. In Thomson's Summer, lover of Amelia, who is killed in his arms by lightning. 2. Sea-green porcelain. Celandine. [Gr. x^'S^/iov.] 1. (Bot.) Chell- donium majus, the only spec, of the gen. C., ord. Papaveracere ; a glaucous annual, with small yellow flowers and orange-coloured juice ; not uncommon ; its flowering once thought to be connected with the coming of the swallow [xeAiSoS;']. 2. C. of Wordsworth and other poets, as also of Theophrastus, Dioscorldes, and Pliny, is the Ranunculus ficaria or pilewort, allied to buttercup. Celature. [L. cselatiira, carving.] Emboss- ing, or the thing embossed. -cele. [Gr. K-fi\ri, a tumour. \ (Mcd.) Celeres. [L.] In old Roman tradition, a body of cavalry instituted by Romulus, divided into the three centurions of Ramnes, Titienses, and Luceres. Celestial Empire. A name often used in speaking of the Chinese empire. Celestines. An almost extinct order, founded in the thirteenth century by Pietro di Morone afterwards Celestine V. ; a branch of the Bene- dictine. Celibacy. [L. cselebs, unmarried ; probably from ca-, a particle of separation, and the root which has given the Teut. leib, the body, as in Z?/-guards ; similar formations being seen in the L. csecus, codes, blind or one-eyed, from ca- and ac, oc, the root of oculus, Ger. auge, the eye, and in the Eng. ceorl = ca-eorl, churl, halt = ha-lith, deprived of or maimed in a lith or limb, and half = ha-leib, with divided or separated body. The I,, cselebs would therefore closely represent the Eng. half (Bopp, Com- parative Grammar).] (Eccl.) The condition of unmarried life, imposed as a necessary obligation on all the clergy of the Latin Church, and by the Greek Church on all who are not married before receiving holy orders. Cell. [L. cella.] 1. Of an ancient temple, the naos or enclosed space within the walls ; hence a room in a monastery, prison. 2. (Biol. ) A definite portion of sarcode, or protoplasm, con- taining a nucleus [L., a kernel] ; whether or not assuming the form popularly called a cell. Cellarer, Cellarist. In a monastery, i.q. a bursar. Cellulares. (Boi.) The simplest plants, formed of cellulose (q.v.) ; e.g. fungi. Cellular tissue. 1. (Bot.) Coherent cells, not united into continuous tubes or vessels. 2. (Med. ) (Areolar tissue.) Cellulose. (Chem.) 1. A compound of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen C. 24, H. 29, O. 10 ; the basis of vegetable tissue. 2. The colourless material of the woody fibre of young plants, which forms the walls of the cells [L. celliilse]. Celts. Weapons of stone or bronze, wedge- shaped or socketed, used by the early inhabitants of Europe (? connected with the name Celts ; or (?) with a supposed L. celtis or celtes, a chisel ; cf. Welsh cellt, a flint. Evans's Stone Implements'). Cementation. [Eng. cement.] The process of heating a solid body surrounded by the powder of other substances, so that without fusion its nature is changed by chemical combination. (For an instance, vide Blistered steel.) Cenacle. [Fr. ] 1. A guest-chamber [L. CENA 108 CENT ccenaculum]. 2. A picture of the Last Supper ; and, especially, Leonardo da Vinci's is so called. 3. Reunion of literary men, intimate, and with some degree of mutual admiration . Cena, Coena. [L.] The chief meal of the Romans, dinner rather than supper. The fashion- able hour in the Augustan age was from 1.30 to 2.30 p.m. Cenci, Beatrice. Heroine of Shelley's The Cenci, executed at Rome for conspiring against her unnaturally brutal father's life. Cendres, Jour de. [Fr., L. dies cinSrum, day of ashes.} French name of Ash Wednesday. Ce n'est que le premier pas qui coute. [Fr.] Lit. it is but the first step which costs; the first effort, the first outlay, is the chief difficulty. Cenobites. (Coenobites.) Cenotaph. [Gr. KevordQiov.] Lit. an empty tomb [Kfv6f rdos] ; a monument only, the body being elsewhere. Censors. [L. censores.] In Rom. Hist., two magistrates appointed for eighteen months out of each lustrum, or period of five years, for the purpose of taking the register of the citizens. (Lustration.) Cent. 1. A hundred [L. centum], as five per cent., i.e. five in the hundred. 2. A coin used in the U.S., made of copper or copper and nickel = -j-^ of a dollar, or about a halfpenny. Cental. A new English weight = 100 Ibs. avoirdupois. Centaurs. [Gr. KeWovpos, Skt. gandharva.] (Myth.) Beings, half man, half horse, who are said to have lived in Thessaly. Centaury. (Bot.) Erythraa Centaurium ; ord. Gentianaceae. A British plant, with numerous small bright pink flowers, frequent in dry places, and collected for use as a tonic. Centenary. [L. centenarius.] 1. A hundred of anything; as a C. of years. 2. The hundredth anniversary. Centesimation. The picking out of every hundredth [L. centesimus) person ; cf. Deci- mation. Centiare; Centigramme; Centilitre; Centimetre. [Fr.] Measures of the hundredth part of an are, gramme, litre, metre respectively. (Are ; Gramme; Litre; Metre.) Centigrade. (Thermometer.) Centime. The hundredth [L. centesimus] part of a franc (g.v.). Centimetre. The hundredth part of a metre, i.e. of 39^ inches ; about = f of inch, nearly. Centner. 1. In Prussia, 1 10 Ibs. or 220 marks, equal to about H3'4 Ibs. avoirdupois. 2. The Zollverein C. is 50 kilogrammes, or noj Ibs. avoirdupois. Cento. [L., Gr. Kftnfxav, a patchwork cloak."} 1. Patchwork. 2. A collection of verses from one or more poets, so arranged as to form a distinct poem. Central force. An attractive or repulsive force which originates in a determinate point of space, and acts round that point in such a manner that its intensity at any point of space depends on the distance only and not on the direction ; thus, gravity is a C. F. Centre [L. centrum, Gr. Ktvrpov] ; C. of a curve; C. of gravity; C. of gyration; C. of inertia ; C. of a lens ; C. of mass ; C. of oscilla- tion; C. of percussion; C. of position; C. of pressure ; C. of a surface. A term used vaguely to mean the middle point or part of anything. The C. of a curved line or surface is the point (if there be one) which bisects all straight lines that are drawn through it and are terminated at both ends by the line or surface, such as the C. of a circle, ellipse, sphere, spheroid, etc. The C. of gravity is that point of a body through which the force of gravity on the body will act, in whatever position it may be placed ; conse- quently, if that point is supported the body will rest in any position. It must be remembered, however, that this definition presupposes that the forces exerted by gravity on the parts of the body act along parallel lines. The C. of gravity is called also the C. of inertia, and sometimes the C. of mass and the C. of position. The C. of gyration is a point into which, if all the particles of a rotating body were condensed, its moment of inertia, with reference to the axis of rotation, would continue unchanged. The C. of oscillation is that point of an oscillating body at which, if all the particles of the body were condensed, the small oscillations would be performed in the same time as the actual small oscillations of the body. The C. of percussion is the point of a rotating body at which it must strike an obstacle, so that there may be no jar on the axle or hinges. It coincides in position with the C. of oscillation. The C. of pressure of a plane surface immersed in a fluid is the point in which the resultant of the pressures of the fluid meets the surface. This term is sometimes used to denote the metacentre (q.v.). The C. of a lens is a point fixed with reference to the lens having this property : if the part of a ray of light within the lens tends towards the centre, the parts outside of the lens are parallel. In the case of an ordinary double convex lens, the centre is within it. Centrebit. A tool for boring circular holes. Centrifugal force. [L. centrum, centre, fugio, I fly from.} When a body moves in a circle there is a second body, which may be called the guiding body, and whose place is commonly the centre, by whose action the moving body is deflected from its rectilinear course and caused to move in the circle ; the reaction which it exerts against the guiding body is the C. F. of the moving body. When a stone is whirled round in a sling it endeavours to leave the hand that guides it ; and by that endeavour stretches the sling, and stretches it more the faster it moves. The stretching of the sling is due to two forces, the action of the hand and the re- action of the stone ; the latter is the C. F. of the stone. Centring. A temporary wooden support for vaults, arches, etc., while building. Centring, Error of. In astronomical instru- ments it commonly happens that the centre of the divisions of the divided circle is not exactly coincident with the centre on which the circle itself turns although great pains are taken to CENT 109 CERT attain coincidence. This being so, the reading taken at a fixed point past which the divided circle turns will differ from the true reading by the E. of C. When this error is small, its effects are completely avoided by taking the arithmetical mean of two readings made with reference to two fixed points at opposite ends of a diameter. Called also Error of Eccentricity. Centripetal force [L. centrum, centre, peto, 1 seek] is the force by which bodies are every- where drawn, impelled, or at all events tend, towards some point as to a centre. Such a force is gravity, in virtue of which bodies tend towards the centre of the earth ; or the force of magnetism, by which iron is drawn towards a magnet. The term is used by Newton for what is now more commonly called a Central force. Centrobaric. [Gr. KevTpov, L. centrum, centre, fidpos, weight. ,] Appertaining to the centre of gravity. There are cases in which the attraction exerted by a body (A) according to the law of gravity on another body (B) is reducible to a single force in a line which always passes through a point fixed relatively to the second body. In this case the second body (B) is said to be C. relatively to the first (A). When this is the case, the second body (B) is also C. relatively to every attracting mass, and it attracts all matter external to itself as if its own mass were collected in that point. It has been proposed to call this fixed point the Centre of gravity of the body (B), and to distinguish by the name C. of mass or C. of inertia the point which is usually called the C. of gravity. Centroclinal, or Cycloclinal, strata. [L. centrum, a centre, Gr. KVK\OS, a circle, K\lv(a, I make to slant. ,] (Geol.) Strata dipping inward concentrically, like basins one within another ; e.g. Forest of Dean coal-field. Centrolinead. [L. centrum, centre, linea, a line.] An instrument for drawing lines con- verging to a centre which is outside of the paper on which the lines are to be drawn. Centumvir. [L.] Hundred-man ; member of a committee or court of a hundred. Centuriators of Magdeburg. (Magdeburg, Centuriators of.) Centuries. [L. centurise.] In Rom. Hist., the divisions, supposed to be each of 100, in which the people voted in the Comitia, or meet- ing of Centuries. In the Legion the C. was one-half of the Maniple, and the one-thirtieth part of the Legion. Cepaceous. (Bot.) Having the character of an onion [L. csepa] in shape or smell. Cephalalgic remedies are for fain [Gr. &Xyos] of the head [/ca.\4\, a head, cur-iris, a shield.} (Geol.) A fossil fish, with bony body- shield shaped like a cheese-knife ; found by Hugh Miller in the Old Red Sandstone. Cephalic. Relating to the head ; generally medicines for affections of the head. Cephalopoda, Cephalopods. [Gr. /fe^cU^, head, irovs, vo56s,fwt.] (Zool.) Highest class of mol- luscs. They have eight or more arms ranged round the head and provided with suckers ; most are naked, as the cuttlefish, but nautili have shells. Ceramic. [Gr. Kepa/Mxds, of pottery. \ Relating to pottery. Cerastes. [Gr. Ktpdffrris, horned, from Kepas, horn ; cf. L. cornu.] (Zool.) The horned viper, a venomous viperine snake. Egypt and adjacent parts. About two feet long ; greyish colour. Cerberus. [Gr. Kfp0epos.\ (Myth.} The three-headed dog which guards the entrance to the kingdom of Hades, the fellow-monster being Orthros. These two names are found as Carvara and Vritra in the Rig Veda. Cerdonians. The followers of Cerdon [Gr. KepSwp], who in the second century maintained a system of Dualism, combining with it the opinions of the Docetae. (Ahriman.) Cere. [L. cera.] 1. Wax. Cercd, waxed. Cere-cloth, one smeared with wax, or similar matter; unless this is A.S. sore-cloth, a cloth for sores. Cerement \\-,.\i. cerementum], a waxed winding-sheet. 2. (Ornith.} The naked space at the base of the bill of some birds. Cereals. [L. cerealis, relating to Ceres, god- dess of agriculture.] (Bot. } Grasses cultivated for their edible seed : wheat, barley, oats, rye, maize or Indian corn, rice, millet. ^ Cerebel, Cerebellum. [L. dim. of cerebrum, the brain.] The under and posterior portion of the brain. Cerebration, Unconscious. The non-voluntary working out and reproduction of ideas, under certain nerve conditions. Ceres. [L.] (Myth.) The Latin goddess answering to the Greek Demeter. (Eleusinian Mysteries.) Cerevisia. [L., a Gallic word.] In old legal statutes and elsewhere, beer. Corinthians. (Eccl. Hist.) The followers of Cerinthus, who in the first century propounded opinions agreeing essentially with those which were set forth by the Cerdonians in the second. Cerium. A rare greyish-white metal, named after the planet Ceres. Cernuous. [L. cerniius, looking downwards, probably from an old cer = Gr. xdpa, the head (as in cer-vix, the neck, which carries, vehit, the head) and nuo, nutus, nod.~\ (Bot.) Hanging down at the top, drooping ; e.g. a snowdrop. Cerography. [Gr. uripbs, wax, ypdtyeiv, to write.] Engraving on a copper plate coated with wax, from which a stereotype plate is taken. Ceroplastic art. [Gr. K-qpoir\a hair, oSouy, -6vros, tooth, = having rows of bristle-like teeth.] (Ichth.) Gen. of fish, with deep, compressed bodies and strongly marked colouring. The beaked C. catches flies by squirting water at them. Trop. seas. Fam. Squamipennes, ord. Acantho- pterygii, sub-class Teleostei. Chafery. [Fr. chaufferie, from chauffer, to heat.} A forge where iron is wrought into bars. Chafing-dish. [Fr. echauffer, to chafe.} A portable vessel of hot coals, for heating anything. Chafing-gear. (Naut.) Anything put on r igg' n g or spars, to prevent them from being rubbed or worn. Chafron. [Fr. chanfrein, from L. camus, Gr. Krifji6s, a muzzle, and Fr. frein, a bit, curb ; a re- duplication by which a rare word is explained by a commoner one (see Littre, s.v.).} Iron mask, frequently with a spike on the forehead, worn by a war-horse. Chagigah. [Heb., festivity.} A voluntary peace offering made by private individuals, at the Passover, from the flock or the herd. Chain, Gunter's. (Gunter's chain.) Chain-moulding. In the Norman style, a moulding resembling a chain, common on Nor- man window and doorway arches. Chain-pump. A machine for raising water. It consists of an endless chain passing over two wheels, one above and the other below the water, the former being worked by a winch ; to the chain discs or buckets are attached ; the chain with the buckets is made to pass upward through a tube, and thereby brings the water up when the winch is turned. (Chain-wheel.) Chain-rule. A rule in arithmetic for working a sum in compound proportion = double rule of three. Chains, Chain-wales, or Channels. (Naut.) Blocks of wood fastened to the outside of a ship a little aft of the masts, to which the Chain-plates (iron plates, the lower end fastened to the ship's side, the upper provided with fixed dead-eyes) are attached, by which they are kept CHAI CHAM off so as to carry the shrouds clear of the bul- wark. In the chains, stationed between two shrouds to cast the lead. Chain-wheel. A machine the reverse of the chain-pump. In it, the water falling down the tube communicates motion by means of the brackets to the upper wheel, which therefore becomes a prime mover ; in much the same way that a water-wheel, or turbine, is a prime mover. Chalaza. [Gr. x d\ a a , hail.} (Bot.) The point of union, at the base of an ovule, between the nucleus and integuments. . Chalcedony (abundant near Chalcedon, on the Asiatic side of the Bosphorus). (Geol.) A beauti- ful variety of silica, sub-translucent, milk-white or coloured. Agate is laminated C. ; C. red, yellow, white, is Carnelian, called from the red kind [It. carniola, carne, flesh] ; rich red is Sard ; C., in layers, is Onyx. C. of Rev. xxi. 19 = carbuncle ; but includes also Chrysocolla, or Native verdigris, an ore of copper, sometimes called copper emerald. King, Precious Stones. Chalcography. [Gr. -X.O.XK&S, copper, ypaipeij/, to write. .] Engraving on copper. Chaldee language. The language of the Jews after the Babylonish captivity, being a Hebrew dialect, differing little from the Syriac, or old Assyrian. (Aramaic languages.) Chaldee Paraphrases. Running commentaries on the Old Testament, called Targums. (Talmud.) Chaldron, or Chalder. [L. caldarium, a vessel for hot water.} An old dry measure, latterly used as a measure for coals and coke. A chaldron of coals was 36 heaped bushels, or about 27 cwts. Chalet. [Fr.] Summer hut for Swiss herds- men ; also Swiss wooden houses generally. Chalk. [A. S. cealc, L. calx, calcem, lime- stone.} A white earthy limestone, largely com- posed of coccoliths and globigerlna ; the upper- most Secondary formation in England and in France ; 1000 feet thick ; represented in Germany by sandstones, etc. (Foraminifera.) Challenge. Exod. xxii. 9 ; claim. [O.Fr. chalonge, L. calumnia.] Challenge of jurors. An exception or objection against those empannelled ; ( I ) a challenge to the array being against the whole number, on account of partiality, or for some other reason ; (2) a challenge to the polls being against one or more individuals. Challis. A fine twilled woollen fabric. Chalumeau, Chalameau. [Fr., whence Eng. shawm ; L. calamellus, dim. of calamus, a reed.} Pastoral reed-pipe ; the lower notes of the clarionet are said to have a C. tone. Chalybean steel = steel of the best make ; the Chalybes of Asia Minor having been famed as workers in iron. Chalybeate waters. [Gr. xcUvtfr, x^.flos, hardened iron.} Mineral waters in which the iron predominates. Cham. (Khan.) Chama. [Gr. x^A"?> a Cockle, a gaping shell.] (Zool.) Giant clams, fam. of Conchifgra, Bivalve molluscs. Tropics. Chamade. [Fr., It. chiamare, L. clamare, to cry out.} The beat of a drum, or the sound of a trumpet summoning the enemy to a parley. Chamaeleon. (Chameleon.) Chamber. [L. camera.] The cell in a mine or gun, where the powder is deposited. Chamberlain, Lord, or King's C. An officer of very high standing in the royal household (formerly an influential member of the Govern- ment), a member of the Privy Council. He has also to do with the licensing of certain theatres and new plays ; inquires into the status of persons desiring to be presented ; issues the queen's invitations, etc. Chamberlain, The Lord Great. Holds a here- ditary office, very ancient, and once very impor- tant. He has the government of the palace at Westminster, receives upon solemn occasions the keys of W. Hall ; prepares the Hall for coronations, State trials, etc. ; has charge of the House of Lords during the session. Chambers, Judges'. Rooms where judges sit for despatch of business which does not require a court. Chambre ardente. [Fr., burning-chamber.} (Hist.) The court instituted by Francis I. for trying and burning heretics. Chambre des Co*mptes. [Fr.] A French court, before the Revolution, for the registration of edicts, treaties of peace, etc. Chameleon. [Gr. x a ' uc "^ e ' a " / > ground-lion, a lizard which was supposed to change its colour.] 1. (Min.) Manganate of potassium, the solution of which changes colour from green to purple. 2. (Zoo!.) A gen. of saurian reptiles, popularly supposed to live on air, and to change its colour at will. It lives on insects, and the modifica- tions of colour are produced by the varying proportions in the pigments contained under the rete mucosum, or coloured layer of the skin. Chamfer. [Fr. chanfrein.] (Arch.} The edge of any right-angled object cut a-slope or on the bevel. (Chafron.) Chamois. [Heb. zomer.] (Bibl.) Probably Moufflon (q.v.). Chamomile, Camomile. [Gr. ^a.^a.(^-t]\ov, earth- apple.} (Bot.) Anthemis nobilis (ord. Compo- sitse), a herb with finely divided leaves and daisy- like flowers, the latter used in fomentations, etc. Champarty, Champerty. [L. campus, field, partem, part or share.} (Leg.) A bargain be- tween A, a party to a suit, and B, a third party, that B maintain the suit on condition of a share of the object of the suit if A win. Champ clos, Au. [Fr.] Lit. in closed field, = in judicial combat or in tournament. Champ de Mai. [Fr.] (Hist.) The assembly of the Champ de Mars was, under Pepin and some of his successors, held in May, and so called. Champ de Mars. [Fr.] (Hist.) A public assembly of the Franks, held in the open air yearly in March. The name of the open space in Paris of this name was probably suggested by the Campus Martius at Rome. Champignon. [L. campinionem, as growing in the campus, or open field.} (Bot.) A small kind of Agaricus, or mushroom (Agaricus oreades). CHAM CHAR Champion. [Fr., Sp. catnpeon.] (Feud.) One who appeared in the wager of battle to fight in behalf of another. In Eng. coronations the king's champion appeared to defend his right against all assailants. For this service he held the manor of Scrivelsby in grand serjeanty. Champ leve. [Fr., raised field. ~\ A process of cutting down a metal plate, so that the pattern is, left raised, and the interstices afterwards filled with enamel. Chancel. (Arch.} Literally, a place enclosed within cross-bars [L. cancelli]. Hence the sanctuary of a church. Chancellor. [L. cancellarms.] 1. (Hist.) Under the Roman emperors, a notary, or scribe ; so called from the cancelli, or rails, within which he sat. 2. (Eccl.) The principal judge of the consistory court of a diocese. 3. The Lord High C. of England, the highest judicial officer of the kingdom (Seal, Great; Speaker). 4. Anciently, ecclesi-ecdicus, Church lawyer, an ecclesiastical officer, learned in Canon law, who holds courts for the bishop ; advises and assists him in questions of ecclesiastical law. 5. C. of a cathedral, generally a canon, has general care of the litera- ture and schools belonging to it ; sometimes also lectures in theology. 6. C. of university, the supreme authority of a British university, gene- rally a nobleman or statesman. Chance-medley. [Fr. chaude, hot, melee, fray.} (Leg.) A casual affray ; also the slaying an assailant in sudden self-defence, or hasty slay- ing of one committing an unlawful act. Chancery. \Cf. Fr. chancellerie, from chan- celler, chancellor.} Original seat of chancellor, royal chaplain and amanuensis, keeper of the royal conscience. Under Edward I. arose the extraordinary intervention, between private parties, of the king as the sole source of equity. By Lord Selborne^s Judicature Act, 1873, the Court of C. became the C. Division of the Supreme Court of Judicature, while equity rules are to override common law when they are at variance, so that a fusion of law and equity is attempted. (Cancelli.) Chances. (Probability.) Chandoo. An extract of opium, for smoking. Changeling. 1. Something left, especially a child, in the place of another. 2. A fool, sim- pleton. 8. One given to changing sides, want- ing in fixity. Change-ratio, C. -wheels. If A and B are two parallel axes connected by toothed wheels which work with each other, then A's velocity of rotation will bear to B's a ratio depending on the number of teeth in the wheels. Now, if it be required to change this ratio from time to time into some other assigned ratio, this can be done by furnishing the axes A and B with wheels, the sums of whose pitch radii are equal, and on whose circumferences are cut a proper number of teeth ; the wheels are placed on the axles in such a manner that when A is shifted to the right or left on its bearings by one definite distance, one pair of wheels is brought into action ; by shifting it through another distance a second pair of wheels is brought into action, and so on. These wheels are called C. -wheels, and the corresponding ratios of the velocities of rotation of the axles the C. -ratios. Suppose the wheels on A have 60, 36, and 72 teeth respectively, and those on B, 120, 144, and 108 ; when the first pair is brought into play, A's velocity has to B's the ratio of 2 T I ; when the second pair, 411; when the third, 3 : 2. These ratios are the C.-ratios. (/hanks. Conch-shells. Channel-gropers. (A'aut.) Vessels kept on service in the Channel. Applied formerly to those on the look out for smugglers. Chansons. [Fr., song.} Short lyrical com- positions sung by the Troubadours. Chanticleer. The cock [Fr. chante-clair, sing clear}, in Reinecke the Fox (q.v.\ Chantry. [Fr. chanter, L. cantare, to sing.} A chapel or altar, with endowment for a priest to offer Masses for the soul of the founder or others. Chap-books. Various old and now scarce tracts, miscellaneous, of inferior manufacture, sold by chapmen ; at one time the only popular literature ; treating of religion, historical per- sonages, weather, dreams, ghost stories, etc. ; dating from early part of the seventeenth cen- tury, and succeeded by the still inferior Penny C. B., which included stories of humour and roguery. (Cheap-jack.) Chapeau bras. [Fr.] A kind of cocked hat, which could be flattened and carried under the arm [bras] ; worn by regimental officers till about 1812. Chapelle ardente. [Fr.] A chapel, lit with many candles placed round a catafalque, or bier, in the funeral rites of the Latin Church. Chapelle de fer. [Fr., L.L. capa or cappa, a cape.} Close-fitting iron skull-cap; formerly the head-piece for both infantry and light horse. Chapellet. [Fr. chapelet.] A pair of stirrup leathers with stirrups. Chaperon. [Fr. chape, L. cappa, a hooded cloak, whence, by melon., its usual meaning.] 1. A hood. 2. A hood or cap worn by knights of the Garter. Chapiter, Chaptrel. [Fr. chapitre, O.Fr. chapitle, L. capitulum.] The capital of a column, as in Exod. xxxvi. 38 and elsewhere. Chaplet. [Fr. chapelet.] In the Latin Church, a string of Beads on which prayers are counted. (Rosary.) Chapman. [A.S. ceapan, to buy; cf. Ger. kaufmann.] A trafficker, especially a buyer. Chapt. Jer. xiv. 4 ; cracked, gaping open, from the heat ; to chap (probably the same word as chip, chop, etc.) being to cleave, to crack. Chapter. [L. capitulum, from caput, head.} The assembly of the dean and canons, forming the council of the bishop, in a cathedral church ; or of a superior abbot and his monks in conven- tual houses. Chapter House. (Arch.) The room in which the Chapter holds its meetings. Char. [Celt, cear, red.} (Ichth.) Spec, of salmon, about twelve inches long, back brown, belly yellow. European lakes. Salmo salvellnus, S. umbla, Ombre chevalier of Lake of Geneva. CHAR CHAS Char, Chare. 1. [A. S. eyre, a turn.} An oc- casional job or turn at work, a separate employ- ment. 2. To hew, work. Charred stone [Fr. carre, L. quadratus], hewn stone. (See Parker's Glossary of Architecture.} Char-a-bancs. [Fr.] Pleasure-van. Charact, Charect. [Gr. x a P aKr 'hpi stamp, im- press.] 1. Distinctive mark. 2. An inscription. Characteristic of a logarithm. (Index.) Charade. [Fr., Prov. charada, L.L. carrata, cart-load.] An enigma consisting of equivocal descriptions of the idea conveyed by the parts and the whole of a word which is to be guessed. The description may be verbal or dramatic. Charadrudae. [Gr. x/> a fy" bird frequent- ing clefts, 'xa.pi^pa.i, xapaercrejy, cleave.] (Ormth.) Fam. of birds of the plover (Charadrius) kind. Cosmopolitan. Ord. Grallse. Charah. An Afghan knife or sword. Charbon. [Fr., coal, charcoal ; cf. carbuncle, from L. carbunculus.] (Vet. Surg.) A malig- nant pustule. Chard. 1. A kind of white beet. 2. The foot-stalk and midrib of white beet, and some other plants, blanched. Charegites. [Ar., rebel.] A name given to the sect by one of whom the Caliph Ali was murdered, A.D. 66 1. (Assassin.) Charge. 1. (Her.) Any figure borne on an escutcheon. 2. (Eccl.) Bishop's or archdeacon's address to clergy. 3. A vigorous military attack ; the explosive materials in a mine or gun. Charge d'affaires. [Fr.] A foreign minister of the third grade. Charge de Marseille. An old French corn measure, still used ; equal to about 4/4 English bushels. Chariness. [A.S. cearig, chary, careful.] Scrupulous carefulness, circumspectness. Charism, Charisma. [Gr. xap" r M a -] (Eccl.} A special gift or talent, e.g. of healing ; I Cor. xii. 28. Charites. [Gr.] (Graces.) Charity-sloops. The ten-gun brigs built at the beginning of this century. Said to have been intended to give employment to officers ; hence their name. Charivari (?). 1. In France, formerly, a mock serenade, with pans, kettles, etc., rough music. 2. Any uproar expressive of dislike. 3. Satirical political papers, as the C. of Paris. Charlatan. [It, ciarlatano, ciarlare, to prattle.] A quack ; one who pretends to knowledge. Charles's Wain. The constellation of the Greater Bear ; the term is, however, generally limited to the seven stars which are most con- spicuous in that constellation. (Bishis.) Charlock. (Bot.) A wild mustard, Sinapis arvensis, ord. Cruciferse. Charon. [Gr.] (Myth.) The ferryman who rows the dead across the Stygian lake in the under world. (Styx.) Charpie. [Fr., lint, past part, of O.Fr. charpir, L. carpere, to pluck.] A substitute for lint, made of small pieces of old linen. Charpoy. [Hind.] A pallet-bed. Charqui. [L. caro cocta, cooked flesh.] Lean beef dried in the sun ; corr. into Eng. jerked beef. Chart. [L. charta, paper, that which is written upon paper.] There is no clear distinc- tion between a map and a chart. Either is the delineation on a plane surface of the relative positions of a number of points on the surface of the terrestrial or of the celestial globe. Thus we speak of a chart of a coast or of a celestial chart. Chart, or Sea-chart. (Nant.) A sea-map, i.e. a projection of some part of the sea and neighbouring coast, with the harbours, bearings, lights, known depths, currents, and kinds of bottom, etc., carefully marked. The coast-line is shaded seaward in maps, and landward in sea-charts. Charta, Magna. [L.] The Great Charter of the realm, signed by King John, 1215, renewed by Henry III., providing against the unlawful imprisonment of the subject and the imposition of taxes without the consent of the Council of the kingdom. Charta de una parte. [L.] (Leg.) A deed- poll (q.v.). Chartse Libertatum. [L.] Magna Charta and Charta de Foresta, the latter consisting of forest laws confirmed by Edward I. Charte. [Fr.] 1. A document containing a statement of constitutional law ; and especially, 2, that of Louis XVIII., 1814, acknowledging the rights of the nation. Charter, To. (Naut.) To hire a vessel under a Charter-party, i.e. a deed, or written agree- ment. A general ship is one which ships goods from others than charterers. Charterhouse. [Fr. Chartreux.] A college in London, founded by Thomas Sutton ; once a monastery. (Carthusians.) Charter-land. (Bocland.) Charter-party. A written agreement by which a shipowner lets the whole or a part of a ship to a merchant for the conveyance of goods, and the merchant pays an agreed sum by way of freight for their carriage. Chartists. In Mod. Eng. Hist., those who maintain what is called the People's Charter, of six points : universal suffrage, vote by ballot, yearly Parliaments, payment of members, abo- lition of property qualification, and equal electoral districts. Of these the second and the sixth have become law. Chartulary. (Cartulary.) Charybdis. (Scylla; Incidit.) Chase. [Fr. chasse, a reliquary, L. capsa.] An iron frame in which type is wedged, before being placed in the press for printing. Chase-ports. (Naut.) The gun-ports in the bow and stern. Chasidim. (Assideans.) Chasing. [Fr. enchasser.] Working raised figures on metal. Chasse marees. French coasters of the Chan- nel. Bluffly built, and generally lugger-rigged, with two or three masts and a topsail. Chassepot. A rifle introduced into the French army before the Franco-German war. I CHAS 114 CHER Chasseur. [Fr., from chasser, to hunt, L. captare.] Light infantry soldier in the French army ; Chasseur a cheval being the name for light cavalry. Chasuble, Chasfble, Chesible. [L. casula, casu- bula.] (Eccl.) A vestment representing the Roman paenula, which was circular, with a hole to admit the head in the centre. Modern use has left it oblong, so as to expose the arms. It is prescribed as the vestment in the rubric of the first Prayer-book of Edward VI. Chateau. [Fr., L. castellum.] In France, a gentleman's country seat, which in feudal times was generally fortified as a castle. Chateaux en Espagne. [Fr., castles in Spain.} Romance castles, castles in the air. Chatelaine. [Fr.] 1. The mistress of a man- sion. 2. An ornament with chains for hanging useful articles to a lady's waist. Chatelains. (Vavassors.) Chatoyant. [Part, of Fr. chatoyer, to have a play of colours, ,] Having an undulating lustre, like the eye of a cat [Fr. chat]. (Cat's-eye ; Na- creous.) Chats, Chit. Twigs, young shoots. Chatwood, little sticks fit for fuel. Chattah. [Hind.] An umbrella. Chattels. [L.L. catalla, cattle, O.Fr. chaptal, from capita, heads.] (Leg.) Goods not in the nature of freehold or part and parcel thereof. Personal C. belong immediately to the owner's person, as most movable goods. Real C. also appertain to some lands or tenements in which the holder has use or interest, as a box with writings of land or issue out of some immovable thing, as a lease. Chatterer, Bohemian. (Ornith.) Bohemian tuaxwing, European representative of fam. Ampelldae [Gr. &nirf\os, vine] ; about the size of a starling, with chestnut-coloured crest, and horny appendages to the wings, like red sealing- wax. Ord. Passeres. Chatterers. ( Ornith. ) Cotintd, &npiov}. (Geol.) A wild beast, whose hand-like footprints appear on Red Sandstone, probably a Laby- rinthodont reptile [Gr. \a.&vpu>6os, a labyrinth, otiovs, a tooth, from the peculiar internal structure of the teeth]. Chelate. (Nat. Hist.) In shape like a claw [Gr. _ X T)A4]. Chelonia. [Gr. ^\.^vi\, tortoise.'} (Zool.) The fifth ord. of reptiles ; tortoises and turtles. Chelonidae. (Chelonia.) (Zool.) Sea-turtles. Chelone viridis, Green T. (Atlantic), supplies soups, etc. ; Hawk's-bill T. (Indian and Pacific), tortoiseshell. Chelsea china. China ware made at C., 1745- 1784 ; leading marks, anchor or triangle ; moulds transferred to Derby. Chemic. A solution of chloride of lime for bleaching. Chemin des rondes. [Fr.] In old fortifications, a broad pathway concealed by a hedge or wall formed outside the parapet, to enable officers to go their rounds. Cheng. A Chinese musical instrument, a kind of small organ ; a bundle of tubes held in the hand and blown by the mouth. Cher em. (Niddin.) Cheroot. A kind of cigar, made in Manila and elsewhere. Cherry-laurel. (Bot.) Primus laurocerasus. A common shrubbery plant, in no way connected with the true laurel (Lauras nSbilis). Water distilled from the leaves is used in flavouring, and cases of poisoning have resulted from its employment. Chersonesus. [Gr. xfpadvriffos, a land island.} A long peninsula, like the Thracian coast on the N. side of the Hellespont. CHER CHIE Chert (formerly Chertz ; cf. Ger. quarze). ( Gcol. ) A granular siliceous rock ; either of ( I ) pseudo-morphosed granular limestone, as in the Carboniferous limestone ; or (2) cemented sponge- spicules and sand, as in the Upper and Lower Greensands. Cherubic hymn, or Seraphic hymn. (Ter- Sanctus.) Cherubim. [Heb.] 1. An order of angels, with attributes resembling those of the Seraphim. 2. Two symbolical figures placed on the mercy- seat of the ark, in the tabernacle and temple. Chervil. A culinary vegetable, used in soups and as a garnish, especially in some parts of the Continent. Anthriscus cserefblium (Pliny, for Xv\\ov), ord. Umbelliferae. Naturalized in England. Che sara, sara. [It.] What will be, will be. Chesil Bank. (Beaches.) Chess. Plank laid on the platform of a pontoon bridge to form the roadway. Chessel. The wooden vat in which cheese is pressed. Chessom earth = "mere mould, between the two extremes of clay and sand." Bacon, quoted by fohnson. Chess-tree. (Naut.) A piece of oak with a hole in it, or an iron plate with thimble-eyes, fastened to the top sides of a vessel for passing the maintack through, so as to extend the clue of the mainsail to windward. Chester, -Chester, (-cester.) Chest of Chatham. An ancient institution for wounded and injured seamen of Royal Navy. Re-established by Queen Elizabeth in 1590, maintained by a proportioned contribution from the pay of each seaman and apprentice, called Smart money. Chevage, Chiefage. [From Fr. chef, head, L.L. chevagium.] A kind of poll tribute formerly paid by villeins to the lord of the manor. Cheval glass. [Fr. chevalet, an ease!.] A large mirror swinging in a frame. Chevalier, Bas. [Fr.] A knight of the lowest grade, or a young knight, knight bachelor. (Bachelor.) Chevalier d'industrie. [Fr.] One of the swell mob, a swindler. Chevaux de frise. [Fr., first used in de- fensive warfare in Friesland.] Beams of wood transfixed by pointed stakes or sword-blades, as temporary barriers to a passage. Chevelure. [Fr.] Head of hair. Cheveril. [Fr. chevre, a goat.] Kid leather; adj., pliable, yielding, in a bad sense. Chevisance. [O.Fr.] (Leg.) 1. An unlaw- ful bargain or contract. 2. An indirect gain in point of usury. 3. An agreement or composition, especially between debtor and creditor. Chevron. [Fr., L.L. caprionem, a goat.~\ 1. A rafter. 2. Zigzag moulding, Norman, like a pair of rafters. 3. (Her.) An ordinary in the form of a pair of rafters. 4. (Mil.) Dis- tinguishing stripes, denoting rank, on the sleeve of a non-commissioned officer's coat. Chevy Chase. Old ballad founded on the battle of Otterburn, Northumberland, 1388, in which the Earl of Douglas was killed, and Henry Percy (Hotspur), son of the Earl of Northumberland, taken prisoner. Chewing of oakum, or pitch. (A r aut.) Ex- pressive of leakage caused from insufficient caulking. Chi. The Gr. %> a mark used anciently by the Greeks, in reading, to note passages as spurious ; but %> X with points on each side, noted excellent [Gr. xP 7 7 (7T< ^] passages. (Chrestomathy.) Chiaro-scuro. \lt., clear-obscure.] In Painting, the proper disposition of lights and shadows. Chiasm. [Gr. x iacr M^ J j a marking with x-] 1. (Chi.) 2. A crosswise arrangement of words or clauses, as " Begot by butchers, but by bishops bred." Chiasma. [Gr. xiacr^a, the mark of x-} T ne crossing of the fibres of the optic nerve. Chibbal. [Fr. ciboule, L. caepulla.] A kind of small onion. Chibouque. [Turk.] A Turkish pipe. Chic. [Fr.] In Mod. Eng. slang, = style, the correct thing. In Fr. (i) originally sharp- ness in practice ; now (2) a term of the workshop = rapid, easy execution, e.g. in painting. Littre inclines to think (i) an abbrev. of Chicane ; and (2) a distinct word, the Ger. schick, arrangement, despatch. Chica. [Sp.] 1. A popular Spanish and S.- American dance ; said to be Moorish ; hence jig(?}- 2. A fermented liquor made from maize. 3. Red colouring matter, used by the Indians, from the wood of the climbing Bignonia C. of the Orinoco. Chicanery. Sophistry, sharp practice ; origin- ally, dispute over the game of mall [Byz. TU/CC{- vwv] ; then, over lawsuits. Chicard. The harlequin of the modern French carnival. Chiches. [Fr. chiche, L. cicer.] Chick-pease. Chichevache and Bycorne. Two fabled mon- sters, of whom B. feeds on obedient husbands and is very fat, C. on patient wives and is almost starved. Chicks. [Hind.] Venetian blinds in India. Chicory, Succory, Common. (Bot.) Cichorium intybus, ord. Compositae ; a perennial plant, wild in England and most parts of Europe, having long carrot-like roots, for the sake of which it is cultivated. Chief. [Fr. chef, L. caput, head.} (Her.) An ordinary occupying the upper part of an escut- cheon, and containing one-third part of the field. (Escutcheon.) Chief, Examination in. (Leg. ) First question- ing of a witness in the interest of self of the party who calls said witness ; opposed to cross-exami- nation and re-examination. Chief Baron. (Leg.) Presiding judge in Court of Exchequer (y.v.) of Pleas at Westminster. Chief-rents. (Quit-rents.) Chiefrie. A small rent paid to a lord para- mount. Chievanoe. [(?) Fr. achevance, a finishing, bringing to an end, L. caput, O.Fr., chief.] The extortion of unfair discount in a bargain. CHIF 116 CHIR Chiffonier. [Fr.] 1. A collector of rags and odds and ends. 2. A wooden stand, furnished with shelves for odds and ends or bric-a-brac. 3. An ornamental sideboard with drawers. Chignon. [Fr.] The nape of the neck; hence a mass of hair, often chiefly false, worn at the back of the head. Chigoe. (Entom.) Jigger, Sand-flea ; wingless insect breeding under the human skin (Pulex penetrans). Child, Childe. 1. Old title of an eldest son while heir-apparent or while candidate for knight- hood, as Childe Rowland. 2. A young man ; e.g. Song of the Three Children. 3. In Elementary Education Act, 1876, one between five and fourteen. Childermas. [A.S. childa-maesse daeg.] In- nocents' Day, December 28. Child- wife. 1. Formerly, a wife who has borne a child ; now, 2, a very young wife. Chiliad. [Gr. -)(l\ia.s.] A thousand in num- ber ; a cycle of a thousand years. Chiliarch. Commander [Gr. ap\fc] of a thou- sand [x^ to O men. , Chiliasts. [Gr. %i\uufrai, from x' A '' a thousand.] Believers in a millennium, or blissful reign of the saints on the earth for a thousand years after the final judgment. Papias, Bishop of Hierapolis, in the second century, is said to have been the first who held this opinion. Chill; Chilled shot; Chilled wheel. When castings of iron are rapidly cooled, they become extremely hard ; the iron is then said to be chilled, and the mould in which such iron is cast is called a chill. Chilled shot is shot for heavy ordnance, made of chilled iron. A Chilled wheel is a wheel of a railway carriage whose tire is hardened by chilling ; such wheels are exten- sively used in U.S. Chilled. 1. Varnish is said to be chilled, when through dampness a bloom (q.v.} appears on a picture. 2. (Caaehardening.) Chilli [Sp. chili.] The pod of the cayenne pepper. Chiltern Hundreds. A tract extending through part of Bucks, and of Oxford. The steward was an officer appointed by the Crown to preserve order there. A member of Parliament, as he cannot strictly resign, vacates his seat by ac- cepting a nominal office under the Crown, such as this stewardship. The hundreds are Burnham, Desborough, and Stoke, once forest-land infested by robbers. Chimaeridae. [Gr. x^M a 'P a > a monster with a lion's head, a goafs body with second head, and a serpent for a tail ; hence a monster generally.] (Ichth. ) Fam. of shark-like fishes ; N. and S. Temperate latitudes. British spec., Chimsera monstrosa, Rabbit-fish, King of the herrings, Sea-cat ; three feet long, white with golden-brown markings, large head, whip-like tail. Ord. H616- cfcphala, sub-class Chondropterjfgii. Chimera. [Gr. xV7poi/, a thing written with the hand, a bond.] A diplomatic document, in two copies, on one sheet, between which was written chlrogrdphum, or some such word, so that through this word cut lengthwise the parch- ment might be divided into authentic duplicates. Chirographist. [Gr. x e ty> a hand, CHIR 117 CIIOR write.} One who tells fortunes by palmistry, i.e. by inspecting or reading the lines of the palm. Chirology. [Gr. x 1/ P> a hand, \6yos, dis- course.] Deaf-and-dumb language. Chiromancy. [Gr. x t P f J - ai ' r ^ a -] Divinations by the lines of the hand. (Palmistry.) Chiropodist. [Coined from x e ^P> hand, irovs, iroStfe, foot.] One who cuts nails and treats corns, etc. Chiroptera. (Cheiroptera.) Chirurgeon, now abbrev. into Surgeon. [Gr. Xeipovpy6s, working by the hand, a surgeon.} Chisleu. Ninth month of the sacred, the third of the civil, Jewish year; November December. Chit. [Hind., a written document of any kind.] (Naut.) A note. Formerly one given by a divisional officer, authorizing the purser to supply " slops ; " has to be presented to the purser. CMtine. [Gr. x a ^ T7 7> hair, mane.] A sub- stance allied to horn, of which the skeletons of insects and crustaceans are formed ; in insects it forms the elytra also, and some internal organs ; and in some annelids the loco-motor bristles. Chiton. [Gr. -xl-riav. ] A tunic, with or without sleeves, fastened with a girdle or zone [Gr. <6i/ij]. The Ionic C. reached to the feet. Chitonidae. [Gr. x^", tunic.] (Zoo/.) Fam. of gasteropodous molluscs, the only known in- stance of a protecting shell of many portions not valves, but overlapping plates. Chitterling. 1. A short frill. 2. The frill-like small intestines of the hog. Chittim, Xittim. The Island of Cyprus was known to the Phoenicians and Jews by this name. Its chief town, Kition, was a great emporium for the Phoenician slave-traders. Numb. xxiv. 24, and elsewhere. Chitty face. [Fr. chiche-face. ] A mean- faced fellow. Chiun. Amos v. 26 ; generally regarded as the name of an idol. The word may also mean the pedestal or support of an image. Chive, or Give. [L. csepa, an onion.] (Bot.) Allium Schcenoprasum, ord. Liliacese. Chivey. (Naut.) A knife. Chladni's figures. (Nodal figures.) Chlamyphore. [As if Gr. x^a^So^poy, x*- /i5s, mantle, yellowish green, fitrpov, 'measure.] (Chem.) The process of testing the bleaching power of any combination of chlorine. Chlorophyll. [Gr. x^ w P^ s > green, v\\ov, a leaf.} (Chem.) A substance to which green leaves owe their colour ; minute, somewhat waxy granules floating in the fluid of the cells. Chlorosis. [Gr. x^P '^] ! (Bot.] I.q. Etiolation (q.v.). 2. (Aled.) Green sickness, a disease arising from deficiency of red corpuscles in the blood. Chlorous acid. ( Chem. ) An acid containing equal parts of oxygen and chlorine. Chocolate gale. (Naut.) A smart wind from N.W. of Spanish Main and W. Indies. Choir organ. (Organ.) Choke-damp. (Fire-damp.) Choke-pear, Choke-plum. A harsh pear, scarcely eatable ; and so, metaphorically, a silencing, sarcastic speech. Choke the luff. (Naut.) To get the fall of a tackle between the block and the leading part, so as to prevent it from running through the block. Slang for to be silenced, and to get a meal to stay hunger. Choki. [Hind, chaukt, guard-house."] A cus- tom-house or police-station in India ; hence chokl-dar, an officer of customs or police. Cholagogue. [Gr. x^ 0i 'Y ai 7^ s -] (Med.) A medicine which increases the flow of bile. Cholesterine. [Gr. arepfos, solid.} A fatty constituent in bile [XATJ], the basis of biliary calculus. Choliambic. [Gr. x w ^ a f-^ os > a halting iam- bus.] An iambic trimeter, acatalectic verse [senarius] ; the fifth foot always being an iambus, the sixth a spondee. Also called Scazonic (q.v.). Chondro-. [Gr. x6"P os > cartilage.} (Anat.) Chondropterygii. [Gr. x ov ^P os > gristle, irrepv, fin.] (Ichth.) Sub-class of fish, with cartilaginous skeletons, comprising chimseras, sharks, and rays. Chopine. (Chioppine.) Choragic monument. (Gr. Arch.} A monu- ment in which the tripod bestowed on the Choragus who best performed his office was publicly exhibited, as those of Lysicrates and Thrasyllos at Athens. Choragus. [Gr. xP L y s > leader of a chorus.] At Athens, a citizen who defrayed the cost of the public choruses in the great yearly dramatic exhibitions. The office was a Liturgy. Chord. [L. chorda, Gr. xP^i cord.] The straight line joining two points of a curve, as a chord of a circle, of an ellipse, etc. Chorea. [Gr. xP e "*> a dancing.} (Med.) St. Vitus's dance ; a nervous affection characterized by irregular and involuntary muscular move- ments. Chorepiscopus. [Gr. x c p- 7n ' (r ' f0 ' ros > country bishop.] In the early and mediaeval times, most likely = suffragan bishop, having delegated authority only, like present Bishops of Notting- ham or Dover ; but doing the work also now done by archdeacons, rural deans, and vicars-general. Choreus. [Gr. xp" os > i- e - ^ovs, a metrical foot belonging to the chorus.} 1. I.q. trochee. 2. With later metrists, i.q. tribrach. Choriambus. [Gr. xP^ a M0 s - ] (Pros.) A foot, = a trochee + an iambus, - ^ ~ - ; as anxitas, Heligoland. CHOR 118 CHRO Chorion. [Gr. x^P iOV > a caul.] (Physiol.) Outer envelope of the ovum; the membrane enveloping the foetus. Choroid. Like a chorion, in the multiplicity of its vessels ; e.g. the choroid coat, one of the internal tunics of the eye. Chorus. [Gr. X P unguent.] Consecrated oil used at baptism, confirmation, ordination, orders, and extreme unction, in the Roman and Greek Churches. Chrismatory, a small vessel forC. Chrisome. A white vesture, in token of innocence, placed at baptism on the child, to keep the oil [Gr. XP'^M * an unction, New Testament] from running off. Chrisome-child, one shrouded in its C., because dying between its baptism and the churching of the mother ; sometimes incorrectly used to mean one dying before baptism. Christ-cross row. Cris-cross row, the alphabet arranged in the form of a + , with A at the top and Z at the foot ; in old primers. Christians of St. John. (Sabians.) Christmas tree. Among the Teutonic nations, the stem of a tree, generally fir, lit up with candles, and bearing gifts which are tied on to the branches. It represents, in all likelihood, the world -tree Yggdrasil. Christmas rose. Common in gardens, bloom ing in winter and early spring. Helleborus mger, ord. Ranunculaceae. Christology. Discourse respecting the nature and work of Christ ; the doctrine of the Person of Christ. Christopher North. Nom de plume of Jonathan Wilson, Professor of Moral Philosophy at Edin- burgh, 1820, and writer in Blackwood ; author of Noctcs Ambrosiana. Christ's thorn. (Bot. ) Paliurus aculeatus, ord. Rhamnacese ; of S. Europe and W. Asia ; a deciduous thorny shrub. Another Paliurus bears the name of C. T. also, i.e. Zizyphus Splna Christi, used for hedges ; a native of countries bordering on the Mediterranean and of W. Asia. Opinions differ as to the identification of the "thorns" of Matt, xxvii. 29. Chromate. (Chromium.) Chromatic. [Gr. xpiafMTlitds, florid, relating to colour.] 1. Having semi-tonic intervals, other than those of the diatonic scale. C. scale, one of successive semi-tones throughout. 2. In Gr. Music. (Diatonic.) Chromatic dispersion. (Dispersion of light.) Chromatrope. [Gr. XP^M ) colour, rpoirfi, a turning.] An optical toy, consisting of a revolv- ing disc, painted with circles of various colours. Chromatype. [Gr. xP^M a ) a colour, TVTTOS, type.] A photographic process in which the picture is obtained on paper treated with bichro- mate of potash. Chrome (i.e. Chromium) green. Oxide of chromium. C. orange and yellow are chromates of lead. C. red is generally made of red lead. Chromium, Chrome. [Gr. XP^A""> colour. ~\ A whitish brittle metal, very difficult to fuse ; pro- ducing many compounds, from which colours are obtained. Chromic acid is derived from it, the salts of which are called Chromates. Chromo-lithograph. [Gr. xPMa, colour, Ai'flos, a stone, ypdtyu, I draw.] Reproduction of pictures by the use of coloured inks in lithography. Chronic disease. [Gr. xP OI '" f< k> relating to time.] One of continuance, of permanent recurrence ; as opposed to Acute, i.e. more severe, rapid in progress, and short in duration. Chroniclers, Bhyming, more properly Biming. A series of early English verse writers, which became conspicuous at the end of the thirteenth century. Chronogram. [Gr. xp*^ 05 ) time, ypdfj./j.a, writing, from ypd, I write.] An inscription of which such letters as are Roman numerals, if added, make up a specific date ; as on a medal of Gustavus Adolphus, struck 1632 : " Christ Vs DVX ; ergo trIVMphVs ; " whereof the capitals make MDCXVVVVIL, i.e. MDCXXXII. Chronograph. [Gr. xpdvos, time, ypdeiv, to write.] A watch so contrived that the second hand marks the dial when required, as at the beginning or end of a race. Chronograph, Electro-chronograph. [Gr. Xp&'oy, time, ypdw, 1 write.] An instrument for showing instants and intervals of time graphically. It consists of an electro-magnetic recording apparatus put into communication with the pendulum of an astronomical clock in such a manner that the circuit is broken at a certain point of each oscillation, and in con- sequence the seconds' beats of the pendulum are indicated by a series of equidistant breaks or points in a continuous line described on a roll of paper to which a uniform motion is given by CHRO 119 CIDA machinery. The instant of the occurrence of a phenomenon such as the passage of a star across one of the wires of a transit instrument can then be indicated by a dot made by similar means amongst the equidistant dots which denote the seconds. There are other Electro- chronographs or Chronoscopes used in researches on the velocities of shot, etc. Chronometer. [Gr. xp^ vos > time, fierpov, measure.} A very accurate portable time-keeper. A ship's C. is a large C. hung on gimbals, and designed to show the Greenwich mean time wherever the ship may be. Chrononhotonthologos. A pompous character in H. Carey's burlesque of the same name. Chronoscope. [Gr. XP^ VOS > time, aKoitelv, to observe.] 1. An instrument to measure the duration of luminous impressions on the retina. 2. An instrument for determining with great accuracy short intervals of time. The chrono- graph is also called a C. Chrysaor. (Pegasus.) Chryselephantine. Made of gold [Gr. xpv ff 6s] and ivory [eXe'^cw] ; like the celebrated statue of Zeus at Olympia by Pheidias. Chrysoberyl. [Gr. xP C(r gold, &-ftpv\\os, beryl.} (Min.) A hard green or yellowish-green semi-transparent gem, of which nearly 80 per cent, is alumina, and nearly 20 per cent, is the rare earth glucina. Found in Ireland, Brazil, Ceylon, etc. Chrysolite. Gold-stone [Gr. xpv ffos \iOos.] (Geol.) A name applied to the paler and more transparent crystalline variety of olivine, silicate of magnesia and iron. In volcanic rocks, Au- vergne, Vesuvius, Mexico, Egypt, etc. (Topaz.) Chrysology. [Gr. xpv ff ds, gold, \6-yos, reckoning.} Branch of political economy which concerns the production of wealth and money. Chrysolyte of Rev. xxi. 20 [Gr. x.pvff6\Wos] is probably the Oriental topaz, a yellow variety of the true sapphire. King, Precious Stones, etc. (Topaz.) Chrysoprase, Chrysoprasus [Gr. xp^ffos, gold, trp&aov, a leek}, i.e. yellowish-leek-green or apple-green variety of Chalcedony. In Lower Silesia and Vermont. C. of the ancients, un- certain. C. of Rev. xxi. '20 is probably the Indian chrysolite (q.v.). King, Precious Stones. Chrysotype. [Gr. xpv ff & s i gold) TVTTOS, type.] A photograph taken on paper prepared with chloride of gold. Chuck. The piece fixed to the mandrel of a turning-lathe for holding the material that is to be shaped in the lathe ; there are fork chucks, eccentric chucks, oval chucks, etc. Chuett, Chewett. Pie or pudding made of small pieces of meat ; to chew = to compress, to crush, to break up. Chuff. A coarse clown. Chuffy, blunt, surly. Chukra. Iron quoit with sharp edge, six or eight 'inches in diameter, used as a weapon of offence in India. Chunam. The Indian name for lime. Chupkun. [Hind.] A native's vest in India. Church-ales. Annual festivals formerly held in churchyards or near a church, on the anniversary of its dedication, or at Easter, or Whitsuntide ; as Easter-ales, Whitsun-ales, Churchwardens' brewed ale ; the profits were appropriated to church repairs. Church-ales grew into fairs, often noisy and riotous. Long discontinued, they are now represented by village fairs, wakes, etc. Churchdom. Institution, government of a church. Churches, Bobbers of. Acts xix. 37 [Gr. lfpoffv\ovs] ; retains an earlier use of the word church as applied to any kind of temple. Churl. (Earl.) Chyle. [Gr. x A< k> juice, chyle.'} (Med.) A milky fluid into which chyme is converted, and which is absorbed into the lacteals. Adj., Chylaceous. Chylo-poietic organs, those which have to do with making [Gr. iroirjTiK^s-] chyle. Chyme. [Gr. x^M^i juice, chyme, or chyle.] (Med.) The pulpy mass into which food is con- verted by the action of the stomach. Cibormm [Gr. /a/SaJpioi/, a cup], corr. into Severey. (Arch.} 1. A bay or compartment of a vaulted ceiling. 2. A vaulted canopy over an altar. Cicada. [L.,td.] (Entom.) Tree cricket. Gen. of Hemipterous insects ; of which the male has a remarkable musical apparatus at the base of the abdomen. Hot countries mostly. Sub-ord. Homoptera. Cicala, i.q. Cicada. Cicatrice. [L. cicatrix, -cem.] (Med.} A. scar. Clcatricula. [L., a little scar.] 1. The point of germination in an egg. 2. The same as the scar, in a seed. Cicerone. (From the orator Cicero.) So called from his garrulity, a guide to art treasures in Italy ; and, generally, a guide of the same kind anywhere. Cichorium. [L., Gr. /cixopa, succory.] (Bot.) A gen. of Composite, including the chicory and endive ; having ligulate florets and a milky juice. Cicisbeo. [It.] A term applied to a knot of ribbons attached to a fan or a sw T ord-hilt ; and so to a cavaliere servente, one of a class of per- sons who dangled at the side of married ladies with the devotion of lovers. The practice, sup- posed to be drawn from ages of chivalry, is now nearly extinct. Ciconla. [L., stork.} (Ornith.) A widely spread gen. of the stork family, to which it gives the name of CTconrTdse. Two spec., the Black S. (C. nigra) and the White S. (C. alba) occasionally visit Britain. Ord. Grallas. Cicurate. [L. ciciiro, I make tame.] To tame an animal, to render harmless, e.g. something poisonous. Clcuta. [L.] (Bot.) A deadly gen. of Um- belliferce ; C. virosa, the Cowfane, or Water hemlock, dangerously poisonous, occasionally found wild in England by the side of ditches and ponds. Cid, Romance of the. A Spanish epic poem, relating the exploits of Cid [Ar. seid, a lord] Roderigo, or Ruy Diaz, known also as El Cam- peador, the Champion, in the eleventh century. Cidaris. [Gr. KtSapis.] 1. A Persian head- CIDE CIRC dress, or turban. 2. The mitre of bishops. 3. The triple tiara of the pope. -cide = slayer, as in regicide, parricide [L. cxdo, I slay ; in comp. -cldo]. Cider originally meant strong liquor, i.q. Gr. fftxtpa, in LXX. and New Testament ; so trans- lated by Wiclif in Luke i. 15. [Grecized from Heb. shakar, to be intoxicated.] Ci-devant. [Fr.] Hitherto, formerly ; ci being ici, here, and devant, before [L. de abante]. Cilia. [L. cilium, an eyelash.} (Dot. and Zool.) Hairs, hair-like, fringe-like processes. Ciliary motion. [L. cilia, eyelashes.} (Zool.) A rapid, vibratile motion of a multitude of minute hair-like processes of the epithelium, even when detached, in all animals, except the Articulata. Its mechanism and source unknown ; independent both of the vascular and the nervous systems. Cilioious. Of cilicium [L.], i.e. cloth made of the soft under-hair of the Cilician goat, or of similar material. (Tentmakers.) Cimmerian darkness. Like that of the fabled Cimmerii, who lived beyond the ocean in per- petual gloom, "enveloped in mist and cloud" (Odyssey, xi. 14). Another mythical tribe of Cim- merii dwelt in caves between Baiae and Cumse. Cf. Cymry, Cimbri, Cumbri. Cinchona tree. (Bot.) Of S. America, ord. Rubiacese ; an important gen., native of the tropical valleys of the Andes, and now much cultivated in India ; yielding the medicinal bark known as Peruvian bark, Jesuits' B., Quin- quina, etc. Cinohonine. An alkaloid obtained from Cin- chona bark. Cincture. [L. cinctura, a girdle.} 1. (Eccl.) A band or cord by which the Alb of the priest is tied round the body. 2. (Arch.) The fillet which separates the shaft of a column from the capital or the base. Cinderella. In popular stories, the girl who, like Boots, sits among the ashes, but is the future bride of the king. Cinematics. (Kinematics.) Cinereous, Cineritions. [L. cinereus, cing- ricius.] Resembling ashes in form or in colour. Cingalese. Of or belonging to Ceylon. Cinnabar. [Gr. Kiivi&api, some red vegetable dye.] The native red sulphide of mercury, from which the pigment vermilion is obtained. Cinnamon-stone. A variety of lime-garnet ; the finer specimens valuable. In Scotland, Ire- land, Ceylon, N. America, etc. (Garnet.) Cinque-cento. [It. for five hundred.] The style of art which arose in Italy after the year 1500. Cinque-pace. [Fr.] A lively dance, i.q. galliard. Cinque ports. Sandwich, Dover, Hythe, Romney, Hastings, to which afterwards, before the reign of Henry III., were added Winchelsea and Rye ; a separate jurisdiction in some respects from the counties of Kent and Sussex ; originally after the battle of Hastings, erected into a kind of county palatine, under a Warden at Dover Castle. Cion, i.q. Scion. [Fr. scion, from scier, to saw, L. secare.] Cipango, Zipangri. A marvellous island in the Eastern seas, described by Marco Polo ; sought for by Columbus, etc. Cipherhood. [Ar. sifr, empty; cf. ciffro, L. zephyrus, a gentle -wind] The condition of a cipher, worthlessness. Ciphering. The continued sounding of an organ pipe when no note is down, from derange- ment of the mechanism. Cippus. [L.] A small low pillar, used as a milestone, landmark, or gravestone. Circean. Belonging to Circe, one of the moon-goddesses of the Odyssey, who can turn men into swine. She is thus the magician or sorceress. Circensian games. (Circus.) Circinate. [L. circinatus.] In Bot., rolled together downward, as in the foliation of ferns. Circle ; Antarctic C. ; Arctic C. ; C. of declina- tion ; Galactic C. ; Great C. ; Horary C. ; Hour C. ; Meridian C. ; Mural C. ; Reflecting C. ; Repeat- ing C. ; Small C ; Transit C. ; Vertical C. 1. The line traced out by a point moving in one plane at a constant distance from a fixed point. 2. The figure enclosed by this line. Of circles on a sphere those whose planes pass through the centre of the sphere are Great C. ; those whose planes do not pass through the centre are Small C. The Arctic and Antarctic C. are parallels of latitude as distant from the north and south poles respectively as the tropics are from the equator, i.e. about 23 28'. Vertical C. are great circles passing through the zenith and nadir ; they are therefore at right angles to the horizon. Hour C., or, C. of declination, are circles on the great sphere passing through the poles of the heavens. The Galactic C. is the great circle of the heavens to which the course of the Milky [Gr. ya\oKTtKos] Way most nearly conforms. A Meridian C., or Transit C., is a metal circle with its circumference or limb divided into degrees, minutes, etc., fastened to an astronomical telescope whose axis coincides with one of its diameters. It is adjusted so as to move round its axle in the plane of the meri- dian. It serves for the simultaneous deter- mination of the right ascensions and polar distances of heavenly bodies. A Mural C. (q.v.) [L. muralis, belonging to a wall] resembles a transit circle, but is mounted in such a manner as to serve only for the determination of the polar distances of heavenly bodies. A Reflect- ing C. is an instrument constructed on the same principle and destined for the same uses as a sextant, but it is more complete, as the graduated circle is entire and the divisions are carried all round it. A Repeating C. is an instrument designed for the accurate measurement of angles. By a certain mechanical contrivance the obser- vation of the angle is repeated many (say ten) times, and then the arc that is read off is ten times the required angle. The errors in the final result are of two kinds : (i) errors of observation, these tend to neutralize each other when the observations are numerous ; (2) the error in the final reading, this is divided by the number of observations, i.e. by 10 in the case supposed. It might, therefore, be expected that CIRC CIVI an angle would be determined by this instrument with extreme accuracy ; but practically the repeating circle has not been found to answer the expectation that was formed of it. The Horary C., or Hour C., on a sun-dial, are the lines which show the hours. Circle of TJlloa. (Ulloa.) Circuit. [L. circuitus, agoing round.] The continuous path of an electrical current. Circuits. [L. circuitus, from circum, about, eo, I go.} (Leg.) Eight districts visited by judges twice or thrice a year for assize, by commissions of the peace, of oyer and terminer, of general gaol delivery, and of nisi prius. The C. are the Northern, Home, Western, Oxford, Midland, Norfolk, North Wales, South Wales. The Scotch C. are Southern, Western, Northern. Circular argument. In Logic, an argument which arrives at a conclusion stated or involved in the major premiss of the syllogism. Circular notes. Drafts issued by bankers to an intending traveller, and accompanied by a printed letter of indication, bearing his signature and introducing him to certain foreign bankers who will cash a C. N. if signed in their presence and upon production of the letter. Circular poets. (Cyclic poets. ) Circum-. [L., around, about.'} Often used as prefix. Circumambient. [L. circum, around, ambio, / encompass.] Encompassing on all sides ; as e.g. air. Circumcelliones. [L., from circum, around, cella, hut, cottage.] Donatist Christians of the fourth century, fanatics who went from town to town, professing to reform manners, redress grievances, liberate slaves. Given to violence, and, in desire of martyrdom, to self-destruction. Circumcursation. [L. circumcurso, / run about.] A running about ; a rambling, inco- herent method. Circumferentor. [L. circumfero, / carry round.] A particular form of surveyor's compass. Circumforaneous. [L. circumforaneus.] Stroll- ing about in the market-place [L. forum] ; attend- ing fairs, etc. Circumgyration. [L. circumgyro, / turn round, gyrus, a circle.] The act of turning round and round. Circumlocution Office. In Dickens's Little Dorrit, a fictitious public office ; a satire upon the delays and roundabout ways of Red tape (q.v.). Circumstantial evidence. (Leg.) Evidence not of the fact to be proved, but of circumstances from which, when proved, the fact may be more or less satisfactorily inferred or presumed. Ciroumvallation. [L. circumvallo, I surround with a wall.] In ancient sieges, an earthen embankment thrown up round a town to prevent succour from without. An inner bank, or Con- travallation, was also raised to guard against sorties -from the place. Circus. [L.] (Arch.} A long building at Rome, semicircular at one end, in which the races, called Ludi Circenses, were held. By the Greeks such buildings were termed Hippodromes. Cirque [Fr.], i.q. Circus. Cirripedia, Cirripeds, Cirropoda. [L. cirrus, a filament, pedem, afoot.} (Zoo/.) Filament- footed; the lowest class of Crustaceans, as the barnacle. Cirrus. [L. cirrus, a curl.] Long streaks of white cloud, spreading in all directions. Cirro- cumulus and cirro-stratus are combinations of this cloud with cumulus and stratus (qq.v.}. Cisalpine Republic, A.D. 1797 to 1802. A state formed in N. Italy west of the Apen- nines, under the protection of Napoleon 1. It merged into the Italian Rep., which in A.D. 1805 become Napoleon's Kingdom of Italy. Ciselure. [Fr.] The chasing of metals. Cist. [Gr. Kto-rtj.] Mystic chest. Like the baskets carried in the Eleusinian Mysteries. Cistercians. A monastic order, founded at Citeaux (Cistercium), in Burgundy, towards the end of the eleventh century, as a reformed and stricter branch of the Benedictines. Cistus. (Rock-rose.) Cital, i.q. Recital. Citation. [L. citiltio, -nem, a calling out.] 1. Summons to appear at a court of visitation of clergy. 2. Quotation of something said or written. Cithara. [L.] Ancient lute, something like a guitar, which is the same word. Citharista. [L.] played the cithara only; Cttharcedus sang while playing. Cithern, Cittern. [Gr. KW&pa, a kind of lyre.] A kind of guitar with eight wires. Cities of the Plain. Sodom, Gomorrah, Admah, Zeboim, and Bela or Zoar. Citizen-King. Louis Philippe, elected, A.D. 1830, constitutional monarch of France. Citric, Citrine. [Gr. x'npov, citron.} Belong- ing to lemons, limes, etc. Citric acid. [L. citrus, the citron tree.] An acid formed from lemon or lime-juice. 'City. [Fr. cite, L.L. citatem, i.q. civitatem.] A town incorporated, which is or has been the see of a bishop ; as London, Bath, Westminster. City of the Sun, transl. of the Syrian name, Baal-bee. A ruined city in Ccele-Syria : with the Greeks and Romans, Heliopolis, which also means City of the Sun. Ciudad. [Sp., i.q. It. civita.] Gives, i.q. Chives. Civet. [Pers. zabad.] The brown, musky secretion of the civet cat. Civet cat. (Zool.) A long-tailed African carnivore (not a cat), black and white, three feet and a half long, secreting "civet" in a pouch beneath the arms. Viverra civetta, fam. Viver- ridae. Other spec, secrete a similar scent. Civic crown. [L. corona clvica.] Of oak leaves, for saving a Roma* citizen's life ; called also quercus civllis. Civil Bill Court. (Leg.) In Ireland, analogous to County Court. Civil death. The being dead in lain was the result once of entrance into a monastery, or of abjuration of the realm ; now, of outlawry for treason, or felony, or other cause. Hence the use, in conveyance, of the term natural death. Civilian. 1. Properly, one learned in the civil CIVI CLEA or Roman law. Hence a member of the College of Doctors of Law in the English Ecclesiastical and Admiralty Courts. 2. Popularly, one not belonging to the army or the navy. Civil law. 1. The law of particular states or cities, municipal law. 2. Lq. Roman law, especially as consolidated by Justinian. (Corpus Juris Civilis.) Civil list. Annual sum of .385,000, granted by Parliament at the sovereign's accession, for maintenance of royal household and establish- ment, together with ^1200 per annum for pen- sions to such as have a special claim on the country, as men distinguished in literature and science, or their relations. The sovereign, on accession, surrenders the hereditary revenues of the Crown, and is freed from all obligations in reference to expenses for war or the civil ad- ministration of the country. Civil Service is = all duties performed for and by the State, not being naval or military. C. S. estimates are all State expenses not in the Army and Navy E. Civism. Citizenship ; citizen-like conduct. Clack-valve. (Valve.) Clairvoyance. [Fr., from clair, clear, voir, to tee.] An extraordinary power of sight, said to exist in the mesmerized, in other parts of the body than the eye. Clam, Clem. In the dialect of Lancashire, hungry. Clamp. [D. klampen, to fasten together. ,] A mass of bricks heaped up for burning, or of ore for smelting, etc. Clamp, Clamping-screw. (Ash-on.) To clamp is to fasten the movable arm of an astronomical instrument ; this is done by pressing a piece of metal against the fixed part of the instrument by means of a clamping-screw. It is usual to set the instrument very nearly in the position it is finally to take, and then to clamp it ; the final adjustment is given by means of the tangent, or small motion screw, which generally forms part of the clamping apparatus. Clancular. [L. clancularius.] Conducted with secrecy fclam, secretly]. Clapboard. A stave for making casks. Clapdish. A wooden bowl or dish, with noisy lid, used by beggars to attract attention. Clapper. [Fr. clapier.] A burrow for rabbits. Clapperclaw. To scold [from clap and claw]. Claque. [Fr. claquer, to clap.] Preconcerted applause to gain success for a public performance. In Paris, claqueurs have been organized and trained for the last fifty years. Clarence. (Called after the Duke of Clarence.) A close four-wheeled carriage with a single seat. Clarencieux. (Originally herald to the Duke of Clarence.) The second king-at-arms in the Heralds' College. Clarendon, Constitutions of. A statement of the relations between the civil and the temporal powers, subscribed at Clarendon, near Salisbury, by the bishops, 1164; Becket, the Archbishop of Canterbury, alone refusing. Clarendon Press. The printing-press of the University of Oxford. Clare, St., Order of. An order of women in- stituted by St. Francis, in 1213, and so called from the first abbess, Clara of Assisi. The nuns are called Minoresses and Poor Clares. Clarichord. (?) A corr. of clavichord (q.v.) ; or (?) some kind of harp. Clarum et venerablle nomen gentlbus. [L.] A renowned name, and one reverenced by (distant) peoples. Clary water. A cordial made with flowers of Clary (Sal via sclarea), a plant of the same gen. with sage ; a native of S. Europe. Clasper. (Bot.) A tendril. Claudication. [L. claudico, / limp.] Lame- ness ; inequality of muscular power in the two legs. Claustral. Relating to a Cloister. Clausum fregit. [L., he broke the close.] In Law, = he committed a trespass ; he made, in whatever way, an unwarrantable entry on another's soil. Clavam Hercule extorquere. [L.] To wrest the club from Hercules ; to attempt impossibilities. Clavate. (Clovate.) Clavated. [L. clava, a club.] Club-shaped ; growing thicker towards the top. Clave9in. [Fr.] A harpsichord. Clave9inist, a performer on it. C. is clam-cimbalo, or keyed dulcimer ; cimbalo (denoting, perhaps, a cymbal- like ring) having once in It. been = dulcimer. Clavichord. [L. clavis, a key for tuning ; chorda, a siring.] A musical keyed instrument, mediaeval, used till middle of the eighteenth century, soft-toned, with muffled strings pressed by brass pins projecting from the keys ; the origin of the spinet. Clavicle. [L. clavicula, a small key.] (Anat. ) The collar-bone, somewhat like an ancient key. Clavier. [L.L. claviarius, clavis, a key.] (Music. ) A key-board, whether manual or pedal. Claviform, Clavate. Shaped like a club [L. clava]. Clavigerous. [L. claviger.] Bearing a dub [clava] or a key [clavis]. Clavus hystericus. [L.] (Med.) An acute pain of the head, as if a nail [L. clavus] were being driven in. Claw. (Bot.) The narrow end of a petal. Claw, or Claw off. (Naut. ) To beat slowly and with difficulty off a lee shore to avoid ship- wreck. Claymore. [Gael, glai-mor, great sword ; cf. L. gladius major.] Long, straight, double-edged sword with a basket-hilt ; at one time much used by the Highlanders of Scotland ; about three feet and a half long, and weighing six or seven pounds. Clean ship. (Nawt.) A whaler without either fish or oil. Clearance. (A r aut.) The written permit of the custom-house to allow a vessel to clear out, or sail. Clearers. Spectacles whose glasses are weak convex lenses. Clearing House, City. The place (at corner of Post Office Court, Lombard Street) where CLEA 123 CLIN each London banker (for himself or as corre- spondent of country banks) sends daily bills and drafts drawn on other bankers. The C. clerks strike balances at the end of each day, make out each banker's account, and settle differences by transfer to and from accounts kept for the purpose by C. and bankers with the Bank of England. Thus transactions amounting to millions are settled without employing money. Clearing House, Eailway. The place where railway companies, which do business in common, have their shares of expenses and receipts ad- justed on the principle of the City C. (g.v.). Clear-story. (Clerestory.) Cleats, Gleets. (Naut.) Pieces of wood to which ropes are fastened. Fixed pegs or pieces of wood, to fasten ropes upon, or prevent their slipping. Cleavage. (Geol.) Planes of natural division, (i) in minerals, due to original constitution ; (2) in slate, to a superinduced structure, lateral pres- sure having squeezed all the unmixed particles into parallel position (Sorby). Schist has im- perfect cleavage. Cleavage-plane. (Geol.) Crystals have a tendency to separate along certain planes whose directions are determinate ; any one of these planes drawn through an assigned point is a Cleavage-plane. Cleavers. [Ger. klebkraut.] (Bot.) Goose- grass, catchweed. Cleche. [Fr. cleche.] (Her.) A cross voided. Clef. [L. clavis, a key.} A sign giving the name and pitch of the notes, as, G or treble clef, C or tenor, F or bass. Cleg. A common name, in some parts, for horse-fly. Cleishbotham, Jedediah. Sir W. Scott's ficti- tious editor of Tales of My Landlord, the flogging schoolmaster. Cleistogamous flowers. [Gr. K\eurr6s, closed, ydfios, marriage.} Those which do not open, and are consequently necessarily self-fertilized. Clematis. [Gr. /cA.7j^aT(y, dim. of K\?i/j.a, a twig.} (Bot.) Common Traveller's joy, Old man's beard, a native climbing hedge shrub, with sweet white flowers. C. vitalba, ord. Ranun- culaceae. Clementines. A collection of Decretals (q.v.) and Constitutions published by Pope Clement V. , in the Council of Vienna, A. D. 1308, followed in 1317 by the Extravagantes of John XXII. Clepsydra. [Gr. from /cAe'irreo, / steal, vScop, water.} A water-clock, the principle being that of the hour-glass of sand ; used to time speakers in law courts. Cleptomania. [Gr. KAeVrw, / steal, pavta, madness.] A mania for stealing, without motive or purpose. Clerestory, perhaps Clear-story. (Arch.) The range of windows in Gothic churches or build- ings, interposed between the main roof and the roof of the aisles. Clergy, Benefit of. (Benefit of clergy.) Clerical error. A mistake in copying. Clericis laicos. [L.] Title of the famous bull of Pope Boniface VIII., 1295 > severing Church property from all secular obligation, and de- claring himself .the one trustee of all the property held by clergy, by monastic bodies, and by universities. Milman's Hist, of Latin Chris- tianity, vii. 60. Clerks to the Signet. (Signet.) Cleromancy. [Gr. Khrjpos, a lot, ^avreia., divina- tion.} Divination by throwing dice and seeing how they turn up. Clevy. A cross-piece at the end of the tongue of a waggon, etc. Clew. (Naut.) Of a sail. (Clue.) Cliche. [Fr., stereotype ; clicher being another form of cliquer ; cf. Ger. klinke, latchet.} 1. The impression of a die in melted metal. 2. Stereotype. Click. 1. (Eatchet.) 2. Consonants occurring in African languages, as Hottentot and Zulu, formed by separating the articulatory organs after or with sucking in of breath, all other consonants involving emission of breath. The varieties are guttural, palatal, and dental, of which the two last sound not very unlike English tch. Client. (Patron.) Clientele. [Fr.] 1. The condition of a client. 2. The body of clients with whom a lawyer, banker, broker, etc., have to do. Clifford, Paul. Hero of Lytton's novel, P. C., a romantic highwayman, who marries a lady and reforms. Climacteric. [Gr. K\lfj.a.KTT]piK6s, having to do with a critical time, from KAiyua/cT^p, the round of a ladder, a climacteric.} 1. A critical time in life, supposed to be every seventh year ; the sixty-third year being the Grand C. 2. The period of cessation of menstrual life. Climatology. The science which deals with the conditions determining climate. Climature. An obsolete word for climate. Climax. [Gr., a ladder.} (Rhet.) The placing of a series of propositions before a nearer in such an order that the impression shall increase in intensity, until it reaches the Acme. The opposite process is called Anti-climax. (Bathos.) Clinch. [Cf. Ger. klinke, latch, from a Teut. word comes Fr. clinche. ] Lit. a holdfast; metaph. a pun or double entendre. Clincher, or Clinker built. A ship or boat, the planks of whose sides overlap. Iron ships thus built are called lap-jointed. Clinic, Clinical. [Gr. K\iv"iic6s, pertaining to abed (K\(vt\).} 1. (Eccl.) Of baptism, adminis- tered to one on a sick-bed. 2. (Med. ) Confined to the bed by illness ; of lectures, delivered at patients' bedsides. Clinker, Humphry. Hero of Smollett's novel of the same name. Clinkers. [Ger. klinker.] 1. Bricks run to- gether and glazed by great heat. 2. Lumps of slag. Clinkstone (i.e. ringing musically when struck), or Phonolite. [Gr. Qvrfi, sound, \(6os, a stone.} A compact fissile ock of the trachyte family, usually bluish -grey or brownish ; composed almost entirely of felspar. Clinometer. [Gr. K\(V, I make to slant, CLIO 124 CLYD fitrpov, measure.] An instrument for measuring the dip of mineral strata. Clio. [Gr. K\f(u.] (Myth.) The Muse of history. Clip. To fly or move more rapidly ; a term in falconry. Clipper. A fast sailer. C.-built, i.e. on the model of the sharp-built, low-lying, rakish (g.v.) American schooner. Clique. [Fr.] A knot of exclusive persons, a small party. Cloaca. [L., a sewer.] 1. C. Maxima, ascribed to Tarquinius Priscus, the most famous of many Roman drains and sewers, which carried rain and foul water into the Tiber. 2. (Zool.) In birds, reptiles, many fishes, and some mammals, a pouch for the excretions of the intestinal canal and of the generative and urinary organs. Clock. [A word common to Teut. and Scand. dialects.] 1. The C. in ordinary use, supposed to be perfectly adjusted, shows local mean time ; the astronomical C., used in observatories, shows local sidereal time. (Time.) 2. In a stocking, figured work at the ankle. 3. Proper name for beetle. Clockard. (Belfry.) Clock-calm. (Naut.) Dead calm. Clog almanack, Him stock, or Prime staff. A primitive kind of calendar ; a square piece of wood, containing three months on each of the four edges ; the days are shown by notches, every seventh large sized ; certain marks and symbols denote the golden number or the cycle of the moon ; saints' days are marked by symbols of the several saints. Used till end of the seven- teenth century ; some perfect, as at Oxford. [(?) A.S. ge-logian, to place, regulate.} Cloisonne. [Fr., partitioned, L.L. closionem, a partition.] Enamel inlaid between narrow partitions of metal. Cloister. [L. claustrum, from claudo, I shut.] A covered walk in conventual or other buildings. The members of monastic houses are said to be cloistered. Clonio. [Gr. K\6vos, disturbance.] (Med.) Having a quick, convulsive motion. Close. (Her.) Having the wings folded or closed. Closed works. (Mil.) Those in field Fortif., which are entirely surrounded by earthworks, affording an equal cover in all directions from the fire of artillery. Close harmony. (Open harmony.) Close-hauled. (Naut.) Sailing as nearly as possible in the direction from which the wind blows. To do this, the sails are C., i.e. brought nearly in a line with the ship's course. Called also on a taut bowline, and on a wind. Close-reefed. (Naut.) With all the reefs of the sails, which are set, taken in. Close time. A portion of the year during which it is forbidden to kill game or fish, while breeding. Closet. (Her.) A diminutive of the bar, being one-half its size. Closet play. A drama to be read, not per- formed. Closh. [Fr. clocher.] Skittles or ninepins. Cloth in the wind. (Naut.) 1. Sailing so near the wind that the sails shake. 2. Tipsy. Clot-poll, Clod-poll. A blockhead. Cloture. [Fr. , from an assumed L. clausitura, an enclosing.] With other meanings, has that of summary termination, definite closing of a subject ; especially the termination of discussion by enforced silence, by shutting up an obnoxious speaker. Cloud, Palace of St. Built in 1572, by Jerome de Gondy ; purchased by Louis XIV., 1058; purchased again from the Orleans family by Louis XVI., 1782, as a residence for Marie Antoinette. Clough, Claugh, Cleugh. [Cf. A.S. cleofan, to cleave, cleft, O.N. kljufa, Gr. y\d(f>o>, L. glubo, scalpo, sculpo, 2 hollow out ; cf. D. kloof, narrow valley.] 1. Part of A.S. names, as in Claugh-ton, Buc-cleugh. 2. A sluice for letting water gently off warped lands. (Warp.) 3. A hollow in a hill-side. Clout. [O.E. clut, a little cloth.] An iron guard-plate on an axle-tree. Clout, Colin. 1. Spenser's name for himself. 2. Character in Gay's Pastorals. Clovate. Like a clove or nail [L. clavus] in shape ; of a shell. Clove. Of wool, half a stone, or seven pounds. Cloy. (Spike.) Cluhbing. (Naut.) Drifting down a current with an anchor out, so as to be able to steer. C. a fleet, manoeuvring it so as to get the first division to windward. Club-haul, To. (Naut.) In tacking, as soon as the wind is out of the sails, to let go the lee anchor, which brings the vessel's head to the wind ; then, as she pays off on the other tack, the cable is cut, and the sails trimmed for that tack : done only in extreme cases, and when otherwise the ship is expected to miss stays. Club law. Law of force majeure (q.v.). Club-moss. (Lycopodium.) Cluck. (Click.) Clue. [A Teut. and Scand. word, akin perhaps to L. globus and glomus.] (Naut.) The lower corner of a squaresail. C. garnets, C. lines, tackle for hauling up the C. to the yards in lower and upper sails respectively. From C. to earing, i.e. from one extremity to the other ; thoroughly. Clugniacs. A reformed order of Benedictines ; so called from the Abbey of Clugny, on the Saone. Milman, Hist, of Latin Christianity, bk. viii. ch. 4. Clunch. Popularly, stiff indurated clay ; more strictly, the harder chalk, such as is used for stonework in chimney-places, in the inside of churches, etc. Clutch. 1. In machinery, a projecting piece, whereby one shaft can be rapidly connected or dis- connected at pleasure with another shaft. 2. The number of eggs for a hen to hatch at a time. Clyde, Clwyd, Cloyd, Clydach. [Celt.] River names ; cf. Gael, clith, strong. Clydesdale. Old name of Lanark County, from the Norman to the Stuart period. CLYP 125 COCK Clypeate. (Bot.) Like a round shield [L. clypeus]. Clyster. [Gr. KKwr-fip.} A liquid injected into the lower intestines. Co-. 1. (Math.) Frequently an abbrev. of Complement (q.v.), as in co-sine, co-latitude. 2. [L., together.} Frequent prefix to words, espe- cially of L. origin. Coacervate. [L. coacervatus, heaped up, from con-, together, acervus, a heap.} 1. To pile, to heap. 2. Piled, heaped. Coadjutor. [L. co-, and adjutor, a helper.} (Eccl.) The assistant of a bishop or prelate. In the Latin Church, such assistants are generally bishops of sees in partibus infidelium. (Titular bishops.) Coagulum. [L.] A curd, a clot. Coak. The round piece forming the middle of a wheel. Coal-whipper. Labourer who unloads coal from the hold of a ship. Coamings, or Combings, of hatches. A raised wooden ledge, preventing water on deck from getting into the hold. Coan of Cos. Fine and transparent like the ancient textures woven in Cos (Kos). Coarctation. [L. coarctati5, -nem, from coarcto, / confine, from co- (q.v.), arctus, close, narrow.} 1. Contraction of the dimensions of anything. 2. Restraint of liberty. 3. (Physiol.) The encasing and complete concealing of parts. Coat-card. Playing-card with a coated figure on it, king, queen, or knave ; corr. into Court-card. Cob. [A.S. cop, cob, Ger. kopf, head ; borrowed from Celt. ; cf. Cymr. cop, cob, top.} 1. A lump. 2. Clay and straw for making walls. 3. A stout, short-legged weight-carrying horse. 4. [Amer.] The receptacle on which the grains of maize grow. 5. The spider cobweb = spider's web Cobalt. [Ger. kobalt.] (Mm.) A brittle, reddish-grey metal. Cobalt bloom is the native arsenate. Cobalt glance, the sulpharsenate. Co- balt blue is a pigment compounded of alumina and cobalt. Cobalt green is a pigment contain- ing iron and cobalt. Cobb, Cobble. [A.S. cuople, Ger. kiibel, tub.} A fishing-boat. Cobbing. (Naut.) Beating with a flat piece of wood, called \hecobbing-board; an old punish- ment. Cobbles. Large pebbles or round stones, used for paving. Cobcal. A sandal worn by ladies in the East. Cob-loaf. (Cob.) A loaf rounded at the top, not baked in a tin. Cob-rake. An instrument used in washing crushed lead-ore from mud. Cob-wall. Wall made of clay and straw. Coca. (Bot.) The dried leaf of a wild Peru- vian tree, Erythroxylon (red wood). Coca, a stimulating narcotic, very pernicious to mind and body. Its cultivation extensive and very lucrative. Cocagne. [Fr.] Pays de C., Country of Cockayne, an imaginary place or condition, in which every one has an abundance for eating and drinking, without the trouble of getting it. [L. coquere, to cook ; Picard. couque, a kitchen.} Cooculus Indicus. [L., little Indian berry.} (Bot.) The black, kidney-shaped, intoxicating, poisonous berry of a climbing shrub, gen. Ana- mirta, otd. Menispermacese, used in adulterating beer. Cochineal. [Fr. chounille, Sp. cochinilla, dim. from L. coccus, scarlet.} A scarlet dye- stuff, consisting of the dried bodies of insects found on several kinds of cactus in Mexico. Cochin leg. One affected with elephantiasis ; common at Cochin, Malabar Coast. Cochlea. [L., a snail, snail's shell.} (Anat.) Spiral structure in the bones of the ear. Cochleariform. Of the shape of a spoon [L. cochlear], pointed at one end for drawing out the snail [cochlea], and bowl-shaped at the other. Cochleary, Cochleated. Screw-shaped. Cochleate. (Bot.) Like the bowl of a spoon [L. cochlear] ; e.g. pods of Medicago maculata. Cochon de lait. [Fr.] Sucking-pig; man of a pink-and-white complexion. Cock-and-bull story. A highly exaggerated account of a trifle, or a long story invented merely to suggest an idea ; so called from a particular tale of the kind. Cockatrice. Isa. xi. 8, and elsewhere ; crested serpent, basilisk. Imaginary ; a device in Heraldry. Cockayne. (Cocagne.) Cock-bill. (Naut.) Anchors perpendicular to the cat-head, cables hanging perpendicular, and yards set slantwise to the deck (a sign of mourn- ing) are a-cock-bill. Cook-boat, or Cogge. (Naut.} A small river or in-shore boat. A yawl. Cocker. [(?) Akin to cook, as coddle, origin- ally parboil.} To fondle, coddle. Cocker, According to. Edward C., arithme- tician of the time of Charles II. Cockets, or Coquets. [From quo quietus, words of the old L. form.] (Naut.) 1. A custom- house warrant, allowing shipment of certain goods. 2. Slang name for fictitious ship's papers. Cocket-bread, i.q. Sea-biscuit. Cook-feather. Of an arrow, the F. at right angles to the direction of the notch. Cock Lane ghost. (C. L., Smithfield.) The work of "a naughty girl of eleven," to which Dr. Johnson was " weak enough to pay serious attention," going " with some friends at one in the morning to St. John's Church, Clerkenwell, in the hope of receiving a communication from the perturbed spirit." Macaulay's Biography. Cockle. 1. A stove for drying hops. 2. [A.S. coccel.] Popular name for Lychnis githago. 3. In Job xxxi. 40, Bao shah, translated "wild grapes" in Isa. v. 2; some foetid weed, perhaps some kind of arum. Cockney. This name for a citizen of London is as old as the twelfth century, being found in some verses attributed to Hugh Bagot, Earl of Norfolk, in the reign of Henry II. (Cocagne.) C. school, a nickname which J. G. Lockhart hoped to give to a school of writers, including Shelley, Keats, Hazlitt, and Leigh Hunt, whom he thought vulgar. Cockpit. (Naut.) The part of a man-of-war COCK 126 COEX inhabited by the midshipmen, under the lower gun-deck, and near the after hatchway. Fore C., where, in large ships and during war, the boat- swain and carpenter have their cabins leading to their storerooms and the magazine. Cocktail. 1. An American kind of drink, chiefly spirit or wine. 2. (?) For cocked tail, like a sorry nag ; poor, worthless. Cock to .ffisculapius, To sacrifice a. The dying Socrates bade a pupil do this on his behalf, pro- bably to signify his belief in the continuance of life after death, the cock being the bird of the morning, and ^Esculapius being the great healer. Cocoa. (Cacao.) Cocoon. [Fr. cocon, id., from coque = L. concha, a shell.} 1. The silky covering of the pupa of many insects, and of the eggs of spiders. 2. The chitinous capsules containing the eggs of leeches and earthworms. (CMtine.) Cooote. [Fr.] Fast woman. Cocoa-wood. The wood of the cocoa, palm. Cocytus. [Gr. KtaKvrds, lamentation.} (Myth.) One of the rivers of the infernal regions, denot- ing deep and clamorous grief. Coda. [It., tail.} 1. The tail of a note. 2. A few chords or bars added to show the conclu- sion of a piece, generally of contrapuntal ; of music. Dim. Codetta. Codeine. [Gr. KuStia, a poppy head. } One of the alkaline substances found in opium. Codez. [L.] 1. A manuscript, originally as being written on the bark of a tree ; cf. L. liber, Eng. book = beech. The most ancient MSS. containing parts of the Old and the New Testa- ments are : The C. Alexandrinus, sent to Charles I. by Cyrillus Lucaris, Patriarch of Constantinople, and now in the British Museum ; the Vatican MS. ; both belonging probably to the fifth cen- tury. The C. Sinaftlcus, discovered by Tischen- dorf, in 1844, in the library of St. Catherine's Monastery on Mount Sinai, may, perhaps, be somewhat older, if its genuineness, which there seems no reason to doubt, may be admitted. The C. Cottonidnus, also in the British Museum, and containing portions of the first and the fourth Gospels, may belong to the end of the fourth century. The C. Bezce, in the University Library at Cambridge, has been supposed by some to be the oldest of all known MSS. of the New Testament, and contains the Gospels and Acts with some omissions. (Abbreviations.) 2. (Leg.} A code of laws, as the C. Gregorianus, Theodosianus, Justinianus. (Corpus Juris Civilis.) Codez Alexandrinus. (Codez.) Codex Argenteus. [L., Silver Volume.} The MS. containing the Gothic translation of the Gospels by Ulphilas. Formerly at Stockholm, now at Upsala. Codez Aureus. [L., Golden Volume.'} An important Latin MS. of the Gospels, in the Town Library at Treves ; (?) eighth century. Codez Bezae. (Codez.) Codez Cottonianus. (Codez.) Codez Sinaiticus. (Codez.) Codez Vaticanus. (Codez.) Codices of New Testament. (Abbreviations.) Codicil [L. codicilli, small tablets, short writing; dim. of codex.] A supplement to a will, adding to, explaining, or revoking its pro- visions. Codilla. [L. caudicula, a little tail.} The coarsest part of flax. Coefficient, Literal; Numerical C. [L. con-, together; efficio, effect.} The number prefixed to an algebraical symbol to show how many times the number denoted by that symbol is to be taken. Thus, if x denotes any number, known or unknown, lox signifies a number that is ten times x, and 10 is said to be the coefficient of x in the expression icxr. A coefficient is not necessarily a whole number ; it may be a frac- tional or incommensurable number, or even a number which is a combination of algebraical symbols, so that there are literal coefficients as well as numerical coefficients. Coehorn. 1. Distinguished Dutch engineer, contemporary of Vauban, 1632 to 1704 A.D. 2. Small mortar invented by him, throwing an eight-pound shell. Ccelatura. [L., chasing.} The Roman term for working raised or half-raised figures in metal. Ccelenterata. [Gr. /coIXos, hollow, evrepa, the bowels.} (Zool.) Sub-kingd. of Invertebrates, comprising part of Cuvier's Radiata, as corals and sea-anemones. In C. the mouth opens into the body-cavity, which may, perhaps, be con- sidered as an intestinal canal. Cffillae, Celiac. [Gr. KoiAio/c<5s.] Pertaining to the cavity of the belly. Ccelum, non ammum. mutant qul trans mare currant. [L.] They change their climate not their mind who wend across the sea (Horace). Coemption. [L. coemtio, -nem, from coemo, / buy up. } Purchase of an entire estate or quan- tity of goods. Ccenaculum. [L.] Dining-room, usually an upper chamber among Romans. (Cenacle.) Coena Domini, In. [L. , in the Supper of the Lord.} (Eccl. Hist.} The name of a papal bull, setting forth the rights claimed by the popes over icings and their subjects, and anathematiz- ing all who impugn them. It was so called as being read annually on Holy Thursday. Ccenaesthesis. [Gr. KOIV-TI aXo-Qijffis.] Lit. com- mon feeling. Coenobites, Cenobites. [Gr. Koiv60ioi, living in common.} Persons living under rule in a community, as opposed to solitaries, Anchorets, or hermits. Coercive, Cgercitive, force. [L. coercere, to compel.} The force which renders a body slow to acquire and part with magnetism. Coercion Act. Of Lord Grey, 1833, gave the Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland power to suppress any meeting or association which he thought dangerous to peace, to declare any district dis- turbed, and to suspend the Habeas Corpus Act, with other powers. A Coercion Act was passed in the session of 1881. Coeval. [L. cosevus, from con-, with, sevum, age.} Of the same age. Coexistent vibrations. The simple harmonic vibrations of different periods, by whose coexist- COFE 127 COLL ence any complex vibratory motion of a body can be represented. Cofering. [D. koffer, a box.] Putting a ridge of clay round a mining shaft to keep out water. Coffer. [Fr. coffre.J (Arch.) A sunk panel in vaults or domes. Cofferdam. [D. koffer, a box, dam, a drain.~\ A water-tight enclosure formed of timber erected on the bed of a river; from the space thus enclosed the water is pumped out, leaving it clear for the erection of a pier, an abutment, a wharf, or other such work. Coffin-bone. [L. os pedis, bone of the foot.] In a horse, a small spongy bone in the middle of the hoof, very liable to disease. Coffle. [Ar. kafala, caravan.] A gang of slaves on the way to market. Cog; Cog-wheel. [Welsh cog, a short piece of wood.] 1. When the teeth of wheels are sepa- rate pieces let into mortises, they are called Cogs; and the wheels are Cog-wheels. 2. A rough square pillar left to support the roof of a mine. Cog a die. To cheat [Welsh coeglaw, to deceive] with dice. Cogge, Coggle, or Cog. (Cock-boat.) Cogito, ergo sum. [L.] / think, therefore I exist ; Descartes's famous reason for asserting the fact of self-existence. Cognate. (Agnate.) Cognition. [L. cogmtio, -nem, the becoming acquainted with.] In Moral Phil., one of the three phenomena of Consciousness, and = the faculties of knowledge ; the others being Feeling = capacities of pleasure and pain ; and Desiring and Willing = effort in action ; according to Kant, and, after him, Sir W. Hamilton. Cognizance, Cognisance. [O.Fr., from L. cognoscentia, knowledge.] (Leg.) 1. The judicial hearing of a cause, judicial knowledge. 2. acknowledgment of a fine. 3. The pleading of bailiff or agent as defendant in Replevin. 4. (Her. ) An heraldic badge, worn by a retainer (whereby his lord was known). Cognizee, Cognisee. [L. cognosce, / acknow- ledge ; cf. connoiseur.] (Leg.) One to whom a fine of land is acknowledged, the acknowledger thereof being the cognizor. Cognizor, Cognisor. (Cognizee.) Cognomen. (Fraenomen.) Cognoscenti. [It.] Well-informed (plu.); knowing ones. Cognovit. [Leg.L. C. actionem, he hath admitted (the justice of) the action.] A defend- ant's written confession that he has no available defence. Cohobate. [L.L. cohobare, cohobatum.] To distil over again. Cohorts. (Centuries; Legion.) Coif. [Fr. coiffe, L.L. cofea, cuphia, kuppa, kuppha, mitre ; cf. A.S. cop, top, head.] A kind of cap, the badge of serjeants-at-law. Coign, Coigne, Coin, Quoin. [Cf. L. cungus, wedge.] A jutting point, an external angle. Coin. (Mil.) Wedge [L. cunus] used for elevating or depressing heavy guns. Coir. The fibrous covering of the cocoa-nut. Coistril. [O.Fr. coustillier, groom, lad.] 1. An esquire's attendant. 2. A young fellow. Col. [Fr.] Lit. neck ; a high pass over a shoulder of a mountain or between two ridges. Colander. [L. colo, / strain.] A strainer, often a tin vessel with the bottom and lower part of the sides perforated. Colbertine. (Named after M. Colbert.) A kind of net lace. Colcothar. (Word invented by Paracelsus.) Sesquioxide of iron, used as jewellers' rouge. Colder. (Agr.) Short broken ears or pieces of straw thrown ofifin threshing ; eaten by cattle. Coldshort. Brittle when cold. Coleoptera. [Gr. Ko\e6-n-Tfpos, sheath-winged.] (Entom.) Beetles ; ord. of insects with many thousand spec. ; four-winged, the first pair con- verted into elytra, and the second, when not in use, folded crosswise under the first. They are divided into four sections, according to the num- ber of joints in the so-called tarsus, heel Tri- mera, Tetramera, Pentamera, and Heteromera ; as ladybirds, weevils, cockchafers, and blister- beetles, respectively. Coleraine Co., i.q. Londonderry. Coliseum. [L. Colosseum, from Gr. Ko\oo-ff6s, a huge figure ; cf. col, hill.] The Amphitheatre of Vespasian, at Rome. Collaborateur, fern, -trice. [Fr.] Fellow- worker, assistant. Collar. [L. collum, the neck.] 1. (Arch.) A horizontal piece of timber connecting two rafters. 2. In machinery, a circular projection on a shaft, made to give it a bearing, so that it may not be shifted by a force applied in the direction of its length. Collate. [L. collatus, part, of confero, 7 compare.] 7b compare, especially diplomatically to set down the various readings of different MSS. Collation. [L. collatio, -nem.] (Eccl.) Ap- pointment to a benefice by a bishop as patron or by lapse. (Institution.) Collectanea. [L. collectaneus, belonging to a collection.] A collection of excerpts, an an- thology, miscellany. Collects. [L.L. collecta, from colligere, to bring together.] Short and comprehensive prayers, found in the Liturgies of all Churches. College. [L. collegium.] (Hist.) Any so- ciety bound by the same laws or customs. In Europ. Hist., the term is applied especially to societies of persons belonging to universities. These are generally independent foundations, under the superintendence of a visitor. College of Cardinals. (Cardinal.) College of Electors. The society of princes who had a. voice in the election of the emperor. (Electors.) College of Heralds. A society dating from the time of Edward III., and consisting of three kings-at-arms, Garter, Clarencieux, and Norroy ; six heralds, and four pursuivants. Collegiates. (Meunonites.) Collet. [Fr.] That part of a ring in which the stone is set. Colletic. Of the nature of glue [Gr. K6\\a]. Collibert. (Cagots.) COLL 128 COLU Collimating eye-piece; Collimation, Error of; Line of C. ; Collimator. The Line of collima- tion is the imaginary line joining the optical centre of the object-glass to the intersection of the wires in the field of view of an astro- nomical telescope. When the axis on which the telescope turns is not exactly at right angles to the line of collimation, the defect from the right angle is called the Error of C. This error is corrected by viewing a distant object, first when the telescope is in a certain position, and again when the axis of rotation has been reversed on its bearings. It may also be cor- rected by means of an eye-piece so constructed that the observer can see at the same time the wires in the field of view, and their image formed by reflexion in a basin of mercury ; this is called a Collimating eye-piece. The error can also be corrected by the use of a small telescope floated on mercury, the wires in whose field of view serve as a distant object ; this instrument is called a Collimator. (Collimation should have been written from the first, Collineation ; a false reading of colli mare, in a passage of Cicero, for collitieare con, together, lina, a line having caused the error. See Littre, s.v.) Collodion. [Gr. toA.Ac68ijj, glue-like.} A solution of gun-cotton in a mixture of ether and alcohol. It is used in photography. Colloid. [Gr. Ko\\a, glue, eTSoj, form.} Any substance which in its solid form is not crystal- line ; as gelatine, glass, etc. Colluvies. [L.] Refuse, filth. Collyridians. [Gr. Ko\\vpis, a roll of bread.] \Eccl. Hist.) A sect of the fourth century, in Arabia and Thrace ; so called from their offering cakes in honour of the Virgin. Collyrium. [L., Gr. /coAAupa, a kind of pastry.} Eye-salve, eye-lotion. -coin. [L. colonia, a Roman colony.} Part of names, as in Lin-coin, Coln-ey Hatch, Col(n)- chester. Colocynth. [Gr. KoAo/cucflr?, a gourd.} (Med.) A purgative ; dried powdered pulp of the C. gourd, Bitter apple, or Coloquintida. Common in Asia, Africa, Spain. Gen. Cucumis, ord. Cucur- bitaceae. Cologne, Three Kings of. The three Magi, whose bodies were said to have been taken to Constantinople ;. thence to Milan; thence, A.D. 1164, to Cologne ; and who are popularly known as Caspar, Balthasar, and Melchior. Cologne earth. (From Cologne, in Germany. ) A violet-brown bituminous earth, used as a water- colour. Colon. [Gr. K6\ov, misspelt KU\OV.] 1. Part of the great intestine, from the coecum to the rectum. 2. A stop in punctuation, marked thus [ :] ; showing a pause longer than the semicolon, marked [;], and shorter than the period, or full stop, marked [.]. Colony. Acts xvi. 12 ; a colonia [L.] ; a foreign town, to which had been granted the rights and privileges of Roman citizenship. Colophon. [Gr., top, finishing stroke.} In MSS. and old books, usually at the end, the scribe's or publisher's notice of the title of a work, his own name, date, and place of issue ; now given on the title-page. Colophony. (From Colophon, a town in Ionia.) The dark resin obtained by distilling turpentine. Colossus. [Gr. KoAooWs ; cf. col, hill.} A statue larger than life. In Hist., the most celebrated of these statues were the Colossus at Rhodes, absurdly supposed to have bestridden the harbour ; and the Colossus of the Sun, set up at Rome by Nero before the Golden House. The Flavian Amphitheatre, known as the Colosseum, is said to have been so called, as being built on the site where this figure had stood. Colostrum. [L.] First milk secreted after confinement. Colour ; Colour-blindness ; Colours, Comple- mentary ; C. of thin plates ; Primary C. ; Scale of C. The sensations produced by dif- erent kinds of light are Colours. The Primary C. are red, green, and violet (or blue). Sometimes red, yellow, and blue are (erro- neously) called the three primary colours ; and sometimes there are said to be seven primary colours, but in that case certain compound colours are called primary. When any two colours mixed in proper proportions produce white, they are Complementary ; as, red and green, or blue and yellow. Colour-blindness is insensibility to one or more of the primary colours. The commonest form is " red-blind- ness," or insensibility to red, whether as a separate colour or as mixed with others. To a person who is red-blind, all colours are blue or green, or combinations of them. The C. of thin plates are produced by the interference of light reflected from the upper and under surfaces of the plate ; such are those seen in soap-bubbles. Newton's scale of colours is the succession of colours due to successive variations in the thickness of these plates, and is exhibited in the coloured rings formed when two lenses are pressed together. Colourable. [L. color, colour; in Rhet.,/r^- text, a plea which prim& facie implies some right in an opposite party.] Specious, evasive. Colportage. [Fr.] Hawking; distribution by colporteurs, hawkers especially of religious pub- lications. Colstaffi, [Fr. col, the neck.} A staff for carrying burdens on the shoulders of two persons. Colt's-foot. (From the shape of the leaves.) (Sot.) A native plant, in clayey and moist chalky places throughout Europe. TussTlago farfara ; ord. Compositse [L. tussis, a cough, the leaves being used to relieve asthma and cough, either by smoking or by decoction]. Columbse. [L.] (Ornith.) Ord. of birds, com- prising the pigeons and doves (Columbidae) and the three spec, of dodo (DIdidse), all of which latter are extinct. Some authorities class the Columbae and Gallinae together, under the name of Rasores, Scratchers. Columbarium. [L., lit pigeon-cote.} 1. A dovecote. 2. A tomb, with niches in the sides for sepulchral urns. Columbary. (Columbarium.) Columbia, Federal Republic of. Name some- COLU 129 COMM times applied to the United States of America ; from Columbia, the district containing Wash- ington. Columbier. Drawing-paper thirty-four and a half inches by twenty-three and a half. Columbine. (Aquilegia.) Columbium, Tantalum. First found in N. America. Column. [L. columna, a pillar. } 1. (Bot.) The combined stamens and styles forming a solid central body, as in orchids. 2. (Mil.) Massed formation of troops, showing a small front. 3. (Order.) Colure. [Gr. at it6\ovpoi, i.e. ypafj./jiat, the colures, the docked, truncated, lines.] The decli- nation circles on the great sphere which pass through the equinoctial and solstitial points are called the equinoctial colure and the solstitial colure ; they divide both the celestial equator and the ecliptic into four equal parts. Colymbidse. [Gr. KoXvpfris, a sea-bird, diver.} (Ornith.) Divers ; fam. and gen. of sea-birds. Northern regions. Ord. Anseres. Colza. [Sp.] A kind of cabbage whose seeds yield oil for lamps. Colza oil. (Colza.) Coma. 1. [Gr. KOfiy, hair.} The luminous, nebulous substance surrounding the nucleus of a comet. The nucleus, with the coma, forms the head of the comet. 2. [Gr. KUfj.a, sleep, lethargy.} A profound insensibility, resulting from cerebral compression, or some narcotics, as opium. Comatose. More or less in a state of Coma. Comatula rosacea. [L. comatulus, having the hair delicately curled, rosaceus, rose fashion.} (Sot.) Feather star. A small and very beau- tiful, and the only British spec, of the fam. of Crinoids [Gr. Kpivov, a lily, elSos, appearance}. Radiated Echinodermata ; free when mature ; stalked when young, in which state it has been described as an independent spec., Pentacrinus Europseus [irevre, five, Kpivov, a lily}. Comazants. St. Elmo's fires. Comb. A toothed instrument for separating and cleansing flax, etc. Combe, Comb, Coombe. [Cf. Welsh cym, hollow, ravine.} A dry ravine or gully at the head of a valley. Combers, Grass. (Naut.) Farm labourers who have volunteered as seamen. Combination. In Crystallog. , a figure bounded by the faces of any number of forms. Combination-room. The common room in which the fellows of a college meet. Combinations. (Math.) Of different things, are the different collections that can be made of them without reference to the order in which they are arranged. If there were ten balls marked i, 2, etc., it would be possible to select three of them (e.g. 2, 7, 8 ; 5, 4, 9, etc.) in 120 different ways ; there are, therefore, 120 combi- nations of ten things taken three and three together. Combings. (Coamings.) Combing sea. A rolling wave ready to turn over. Combining weight. (Atomic theory.) Comessation. [L. L. comessatio, L. comissatio, -nem, Gr. K a muscle-shell, form.] Shell-shaped. Concha. (Naut.) The wreckers of the Bahama reefs. Conch-shell. [L. concha, Gr. K^XTJ, Skt. gankha, shell- fish.} (Zool.) Sea-trumpet (Triton variegatus) ; twelve inches or more long ; white, mottled with brown and yellow ; inside, white, streaked with black. Used as trumpet by South Sea Islanders and Australians, who bore a hole about one-fourth the distance from the tip, and blow it as a flute. Warm seas. Fam. Muricidse, ord. Prosobranchiata, class Gasteropoda. Conciator. [It. conciatore.J The person who dispenses and mixes the materials in glass-making. Concierge. (Ostiarius.) ' Conciliation Act. Lord North's, 1777, after Burgoyne's surrender at Saratoga, granted all American demands short of independence. Concilium Regionale. [L.] A district court. Concinnity. [L. concinnitas, from concinnus, neat, well-arranged, from con-, with, cinnus, lock of hair.} Internal harmony, proper adjustment and proportion of parts. Concision. [L. conclsio, -nem.] Phil. iii. 2 [Gr. KoroTtyc^], amputation, mere cutting off, not the true Circumcision [irepiroyu^]. Conolamatum est. [L.] Lit. the (dead man 1 s} name has been called ; as the Romans did when a death was ascertained ; all is over. Conclave. [L., from con-, with, and clavis, a key.] (Eccl. Hist.) The name given to the College of Cardinals, especially when shut up in the Vatican for the purpose of electing a pope. (Cardinal.) Conclusion. [L. conclusio, -nem.] (Log.) The proposition inferred from two former pro- positions, termed the premisses of the argument, or Syllogism. Concordat. [L. concordare, to "agree together. } An agreement ( I ) originally as to mutual rights of bishops, abbots, priors, etc. ; (2) between the pope and some temporal sovereign, regulating things ecclesiastical in the dominions of the latter. Concordia discors. [L.] A discordant concord ' ; harmony between things naturally at variance. Concrete. [L. concretus, solidified. } A mixture of lime, sand, and gravel, which dries into a solid mass. Concrete number. [L. concretus, grown to- gether, hardened.} Numbers are said to be con- crete when the units of which they are com- posed have a particular name ; as seventeen men, twenty-five apples, etc. Concrete term. (Log. ) A term used when the notion of a quality is regarded in conjunction with the object that furnished the notion, as wise. The quality regarded in itself is denoted by an Abstract term, as wisdom. Condensation ; Condense ; Condenser. [L. con- densatio, -nem, from densus, thick, close.} To con- dense, (i) to make (or become) closer or more compact ; as when we speak of condensed air. In this sense, Condensation is opposed to Rare- faction. But (2) frequently it implies that the substance condensed undergoes a change of state, as when gases or vapours are condensed into the liquid or solid form. The Condenser of a steam-engine is the vessel into which the steam is withdrawn from the cylinder, and in which it is condensed by the injection of cold water. Condenser. 1. An instrument for reducing an elastic fluid into a smaller volume. 2. An instru- ment for concentrating electricity. Condensing engine. (Steam-engine.) Conder. (Balcar.) Condictio. In Rom. Law, a personal action ; Vindicatio being a real action. Condignity. [L. con-, with, dignus, worthy.} (Theol.) A scholastic term of the Thomists, denoting that men by divine grace may become worthy of eternal life as a reward for their holiness. (Congruity.) Conditional proposition. (Log.) A pro- position asserting the dependence of one cate- gorical or positive statement on another, the former statement being called the antecedent, the resulting proposition the consequent. Conditioned, The philosophy of the. Sir W. Hamilton's expression in reference to the inability of the mind to apprehend or to reason about the abstract and the infinite. Condottieri. [It., leaders. } In It. Hist., mercenary adventurers of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, who commanded bands, or even small armies, whose services they sold. Conduct. 1. As at Eton, etc., a chaplain; as being, 2, an imperfect member of a corporate body [L. conductus, i.e. hired, salaried}, for certain services, but not taking part in the general management. Conduction of heat. The flow of heat from the hotter to the colder parts of a body, or from the hotter to the colder of two bodies in contact. Conductivity, Thermal. The quantity of heat which passes in a unit of time through a unit of area of a wall of a given substance ; the wall being a unit thick, and its opposite sides having temperatures which differ by a unit. As thus defined, the T. C. of silver is about four times that of brass, and ten times that of iron. Conductor. [L.] 1. (Mil.) Warrant officer of the Army Service Corps. 2. (Phys. ) A sub- stance that transmits heat, electricity, etc. Conduit. [Fr., from L. conductus, part, of conduce, I lead together.} (Arch.} Properly a passage giving secret communication between apartments. Also a pipe or passage for dis- tributing water. Condyle. [Gr. KdvSvkos, the knuckle, or similar knob of any joint] (Anat.) The rounded head of a bone. Condy's fluid. (From inventor.) A mixture of manganate and permanganate of potash. Cone [Gr. KWVOS, math, cone, a fir-cone} ; Conical surface. 1. (Math.) (i) The solid generated by the revolution of a right-angled triangle round its perpendicular ; (2) more generally, a solid whose surface is generated by a straight line which moves so as always to CONE 134 CON I pass through a fixed point, and to conform to some other condition, such as to pass through a given curve whose plane does not contain the point. The surfaces of these solids are often called Cones, though, strictly speaking, they are Conical surfaces. 2. (Bot.) A dense spike of female flowers, -covered with woody scales ; e.g. fir. Coney. [O.Fr. conil, L. cunlculus ; said to be originally Sp.] (Zoo!.) 1. The rabbit (Ldpus cunlculus). 2. In the Bible, the Shaphan, or Aschkoko (Hjfrax Syriacus) ; gregarious pachy- derm, like the marmot in appearance and size ; spec, of a single gen. forming fam. Hyracoidga ; in some points apparently resembling the gen. Rhinoceros. Syria and Africa. Confarreation. [L. confarreatio, -nem.] An ancient solemn form of marriage with the Romans, bread [far] being sacrificially offered in the presence of the Pontlfex Maxlmus, or Flamen Dialis, and ten witnesses ; its dissolution being Diffarredtio. Confederation, Germanic. (Hist. ) An alliance of German states, formed at the Congress of Vienna, 1815, and designed to supply the want of the ancient imperial government dissolved in 1806. Confederation of the Rhine. A league of several German states, formed in 1806, by Napoleon, who made them declare themselves separated for ever from Germany, and united by offensive and defensive alliance with France. Dissolved in 1813. Conference, (fftst.) A name applied some- times to meetings for theological discussion, as the Hampton Court Conference, 1604 ; the Savoy Conference, 1660. Confervas, Confervaceae. [L. conferva, a water- plant supposed to have healing power.] (Bot.) Simple tubular jointed spec, of algae, inhabiting fresh water. Confession, Auricular. (Auricular confession.) Confession and Avoidance. In Law, an ad- mission of the truth of the allegation, in part at least ; followed by reasons against drawing the legal consequence drawn by the opposite side. Confession of Faith. (Eccl. Hist. ) A formu- lary setting forth the opinions of a religious com- munity, as the Nicene Creed. The word is applied especially to the Lutheran and other Protestant expositions of belief, as the Augsburg Confession, 1530; the General Confession of the Scotch Church, 1581 ; the Westminster Con- fession, 1643. Confessor. [Eccl. L.] 1. One persecuted, and ready to lay down his life for the gospel, but not actually martyred. 2. One authorized to hear confessions. Confirmation of a bishop. The election of a B. by congl efelire having been certified to the king, the royal assent goes to the archbishop, with direction to confirm and consecrate. He subscribes fiat confirmatio ; and the vicar- general then cites to Bow Church all opposers ; and thus, after certain details, the election is ratified. Confluence ; Confluent. [L. confluens, flowing into another river ; hence, Coblenz = con- fluentes.] The point of junction where two rivers meet ; the smaller is then a confluent of the larger river. Conformable strata ( Geol. ) = lying one upon another in parallel order. Unconf arm able = over- lying another set at a different angle ; the latter condition indicating lapse of time. Conformity, Declaration of, z>. to the Liturgy of the Church of England. Required of all persons who are to be licensed or instituted to an ecclesiastical charge. Confrere. [Fr.] Fellmu-member of a fra- ternity ; intimate associate. Confucianism. The system of the Chinese philosopher, Kong-fu-tzee, Confucius (about B.C. 550). It was confined to Ethics, to the exclusion of all religion. (Taouism. ) Conge. [Fr., leave.] Permission, leave of absence, discharge, your de C., holiday. [L. commeatus, authorization, permission.] Conge d'elire, or eslire. [Fr.] Leave to choose, especially the sovereign's licence to a dean and chapter to elect a bishop to a vacant see. Congener. [L. , from con-, with, genus, generis, kind. ] One of the same genus or kind. Congenital. [L. congenttus, born -with.] Be- longing to a person from birth. Congeries. [L. , from con-, together, gero, / carry.] A collection into one mass, a heap. Congestion. [L. congestio, -nem, a crowding.'} An undue determination of blood, or other fluid, to an organ. Congiary. [L. congiarium.] A present of corn made by Roman emperors to the people, measured by the gallon [congius]. Conglomerate . ( Breccia. ) Congou. [Chin, kung-foo.] A superior black tea, having large leaves. Congregation. [L. congregatio, -nem, from con-, and grex, a flock.] 1. At Oxford and Cam- bridge, the assembly of masters and doctors, for transacting the ordinary business of the uni- versity ; and at which degrees are given. 2. In the Latin Church, any company of religious persons forming subdivisions of monastic orders ; a committee of cardinals for transaction of the business of the see of Rome. Congregationalists differ little from Inde- pendents, except in admitting a communion of Churches. Congress. [L. congressus, a stepping to- gether.] (Hist.) 1. A meeting of the sovereigns of states, or their representatives, to arrange international matters. 2. The title of the national legislature of the United States of America. Congruity. [L. congruita, -tern, agreement.] ( Theol. ) A term used by the Scotists to denote the necessary bestowal of divine grace on those who so live in their natural state as to be fit re- cipients of it. (Condignity.) Conic sections. The curves formed by the in- tersection of a cone with a plane. They are of three kinds Ellipses, Hyperbolas, and Para- bolas, according to the direction of the cutting plane. A point traces out a conic section when CONI 135 coxs it moves in such a manner that its distance from a fixed point bears a constant ratio to its per- pendicular distance from a fixed line. The fixed point is called the focus, the fixed line the directrix of the conic section. Conicoid. [Gr. KwvlKds, conical, eTSos, form.~\ A surface of the second degree, i.e. one of the class of surfaces which correspond to the conic sections in plane geometry. Conine. [Gr. Kwt>ewi/, hemlock.] An alkaloid obtained from hemlock. Conirostrals, Conirostres. [L. conus, cone, rostrum, bill.'} (Ornith.) Conical-billed birds. A large tribe or fam. of Passeres, or Insessores, in those systems which characterize birds by the form of their bills. It includes larks, crows, starlings, hornbills. Conistra. [Gr. Kovlffrpa, a place covered with dust (KOV(S).] An arena, the pit of a theatre. Coninm. [Gr. K&veiov.] (Hot.) A gen. of plants, ord. Umbelliferse, of which C. maciilatum (spotted in stem) is common hemlock. Found in Britain and in Europe generally, in waste places, by the sides of ditches, etc. Conjee. (Naut. ) Rice-gruel. Conjugate; C. diameters; C. foci. [L. con- jiigatus, joined together in pairs, jugum, a pair.] 1. (Math, and Phys.) When points, lines, planes, etc., in pairs, are related in such a manner that the first stands to the second in a relation precisely similar to that in which the second stands to the first, they are often said to be Conjugate. C. foci of a lens are two points such that light diverging from the first is concentrated by the lens at the second ; they are conjugate, because light diverging from the second will be concentrated by the lens at the first. If there be two diameters to an ellipse or hyperbola such that the first is parallel to the tangents drawn through the extremities of the second, then it follows that the second will be parallel to the tangents drawn through the extremities of the first, and the diameters are called C. diameters. 2. (Bot.) Growing in pairs. Conjunction ; Inferior C. ; Superior C. [L. con- junctio, -nem, a joining together.] 1. (Astron.) When two planets have the same heliocentric longitude, they are in Conjunction ; but when the earth is one of the planets, the other planet is said to be in C. when it passes behind the sun, i.e. when its geocentric longitude equals that of the sun. If, however, the planet is an inferior planet (Venus or Mercury), this conjunc- tion is distinguished as a Superior C. ; and when either of these planets passes between the sun and the earth, they are at Inferior C. 2. ( Gram. ) A part of speech expressing the relation of pro- positions to each other. Conjunctiva [L.], i.e. membrana. The mucous membrane which, lining the eyelids, is continued over the eyeball. Conjunctive mood. (Gram.) The modification of the verb which expresses the dependence of the event intended on certain conditions. Conn, Con, or Cun, To. (Naut.) To direct the steersman. Cannings are reckonings. Connate leaves. [L. connatus, born at the same time with.] (Rot.) United at the base by adhesion, c.ff. the leaves of the yellow-wort (Chlora perfoliata), the stalk of which is there- fore perfoliate (y.v.). Connecting-rod. (Crank.) Connivent. [L. connlveo, / close together, wink.] 1. Inattentive. 2. (Anat. and Bot.) Lying close together, converging ; e.g. the anthers of a borage blossom C. around the style. Connoisseur. [Fr.] A person thoroughly ac- quainted with a subject, especially with an art ; a skilled critic. Connusance, Conusance. [Fr. connoissance.] 1. (Leg.) Cognizance. 2. (Cognizance.) Conoid; Conoidal surface. [Gr. Kcoi/oeiSr/s, cone-shaped.] 1. The surface generated by a straight line which passes at right angles through a fixed straight line, and is guided in its motion by a given curve is a C. surface or a Conoid. 2. Formerly, any one of the surfaces formed by the revolution of the conic sections round a principal axis, i.e. round a line drawn through the focus at right angles to the directrix. (Conic sections.) Conquistador. [Sp.] One of the Spanish conquerors of Peru and Mexico. Conscia mens recti. [L.] A mind conscious of rectitude ; a good conscience. Conscience clause. A clause introduced into the Revised Code for national education in 1860, for parishes where only one school is needed. It provided for the admission of Dissenters, and exempted them from the religious teaching of the school. Conscript. [L. conscriptus, enrolled.] (Mil.) One taken by lot to serve in the army under a Conscription. Conscript Fathers. [L. Patres Conscript!.] (Hist. ) The senators of ancient Rome. Conscription. [L. conscriptio, -nem, a written list.] (Hist.) Compulsory enrolment for mili- tary service by land or sea. In ancient Rome the conscription was made by the will of the consuls, who selected as they pleased. In France it is determined by lot. Consectary. [L. consectarius.] Consequent deducible, to be inferred. Consecutive intervals. (Music.) Similar inter- vals in sequence, as C. fifths, octaves ; forbidden generally when between the same two parts. Consecutive symptoms, or Sequelae, occur after or during the decline of a disease without being directly connected with it. (Sequela.) Conseil d'Etat. [Fr., Council of State.] The French House of Commons. Consenescence. [L. consgnesco, I grow old.] Growing old, decay from age. Consensual. [L. consensus, consent.] Resting on mutual consent as a C. contract ; e.g. marriage. Consensual actions. Instinctive reflex actions of animals, the result of impressions made on the sensory ganglia, as distinguished from the cerebrum. Carpenter's Afent. Phys., p. 81. Consentes, Dii. [L.] The name by which the Romans spoke of their twelve great deities Juno, Minerva, Ceres, Vesta, Diana, Mars, Venus, CONS 136 CONS Mercury, Neptune, Vulcan, Apollo, and Jupiter the father of all. Also called Dii complices. Consequent. ( Condit: onal proposition ; Eatio. ) Conservancy. [L. conserve, / take care of.] A board which takes care of a river and regulates the traffic. Conservation of areas; C. of energy; C. of force; C. of momentum; C. of motion of centre of gravity; C. of motion of rotation; C. of mo- tion of translation; C. of vis viva. It is a fundamental principle of Physics that the total energy of any body or system of bodies is a quantity which can neither be increased nor diminished by any mutual action of these bodies, though it may be transformed into any of the forms of which energy is susceptible. Thus some of the mechanical or kinetic energy of the system may disappear, to be replaced by an exact equivalent of heat. This principle is termed that of the C. of energy. The term C. of force is sometimes used as equivalent to the C. of momentum ; but more commonly it is used (though inaccurately) as equivalent to the C. of energy. The term C. is used in several con- nexions in the science of dynamics. Thus it is proved that, in the case of a body acted on by any forces, the motion of the centre of gravity is the same as if all the mass were collected at the centre of gravity and all the forces applied to it unchanged in magnitude and direction, while the motion of rotation round the centre of gravity is the same as if that point were fixed and the forces unchanged. These theorems are called the principles of the C. of the motion of the centre of gravity, and of the motion of rotation. The C. of momenttim is the theorem that, if the particles of a system are acted on only by their mutual attractions and repulsions, the sum of the momenta estimated in a given direction is con- stant. The C. of areas is the theorem that, in the last case, if the mass of each particle is mul- tiplied by the area (referred to any given plane) which it describes round a fixed point, the sum of these products will be proportional to the time of description. Kepler's second law is a par- ticular case of the C. of areas. The term C. of vis viva is also used. Conservatoire. [Fr.] A school especially of music, a museum. Consignee. [Fr. consigne, L. consignatus, signed.] One to whom goods (a consignment) are sent, the sender being the consignor, who consigns or delivers them on trust to the carrier. Consistentes. [L.] In the ancient Church, the last order of penitents, standing with the faithful after dismissal of the rest, joining in common prayer, and seeing the oblation offered, but not offering nor communicating. Consistory Courts. (Court, Christian.) Consolato del mare. [Sp.] A code of mari- time laws compiled for the old kings of Aragon. Console. [Fr.J (Arch.) C. table, a table or slab supported by brackets. Consols. Stock in the English Funds, con- sisting of different kinds of annuities severally consolidated into capital, bearing interest at three and three and a half per cent, for ever. Consomme. [Fr.] Gravy or jelly-soup. Consonant. [L. consonantes, from con-, with, sono, / sound.] (Gram.) A sound in speech produced by an opening action of the articulatory organs, and which must be sounded with a vowel (q.v.). As adj., in harmony with, agreeing with. Constable. [Fr. connetable, from L. conies stabuli, count of the stable.] (Hist.) A title which is supposed to have originated in the Lower Empire. The Constable of ranee was the first dignitary under the Crown. In Eng- land, the permanent office of Lord High Con- stable was forfeited by the attainder of the Duke of Buckingham, in 1522. Constable of the Tower. Governor of the Tower of London, who is one of the senior generals in the army ; the appointment having been anciently one of high importance and trust. Constans, Type of. (Type of Constans.) Constant. [L. constan, -tem, part, of con- stare, to stand together.] In Math., a quantity or number whose value in regard to any question or class of questions is fixed. Con- stants generally serve to define the relations ex- isting between variable magnitudes. Thus, if s denotes the number of feet through which a body will fall in / seconds, it is known that s = l6/ 2 (approximately) ; here the constants, 16 and 2, serve to define the relation existing between the variable magnitudes s and t. Constantia. A red wine made at the place so called, near Capetown. Constantino, Donation of. An alleged gift to the pope by the Emperor Constantine after his conversion, conveying to him the city of Rome and the whole Western Empire. The document is supposed to be a forgery of the eighth century. Milman, Hist, of Latin Christianity, bk. i. ch. 2. Constellation. [L. constellatio, -nem.] (As- tron. ) A group of stars. The division of stars into constellations is purely arbitrary. The large stars within the group are distinguished as a, , etc. ; as, a Leonis, J3 Aquilse, S Ursse Majoris, etc. Constituent Assembly. In Fr. Hist., the first of the national assemblies of the Revolution. Dissolved in 1791. (Assembly.) Constrictive. [L. constrictlvus, constringo, / draw together. ,] Able to bind together, astrin- gent. Construct ; Construction. [L. constructus, part, of construdre, to put together.] To draw by geometrical rules ; as " to construct a figure similar to a given rectilineal figure." Mathe- matical problems are in many cases solved by algebraical processes ; but it frequently happens that the steps of the process correspond to the drawing of certain lines on paper, by means of which a line or other magnitude can be deter- mined which serves as a solution of the problem. Under these circumstances the problem is said to be solved by C. Constructive. (Marine Instir.) Taken for certain. A constructive total loss is reckoned when salvage is highly improbable, and, on abandonment of all claim to salvage, owners recover against underwriters as for total loss. CONS 137 CONT It also occurs when it would cost more than a ship's value to repair her. (Abandonment.) Consualia. (Ludi circenses.) Consubstantial. [L. con-, with, substantia, substance.} (Theol.) This word translates the Greek homoiousios, used in the Nicene Creed to denote the oneness of substance between the Father and the Son. (Homoiousian.) Consubstantiation. ( Theol. ) The name given to the Lutheran doctrine that, while the bread and wine in the Eucharist retain their natural substance, the body and blood of Christ are at the same time transfused into them, and thus that both substances are partaken of together. (Transubstantiation.) Consul. [L.] 1. The two supreme magis- trates of Rome after the expulsion of the kings were called Consuls. They held office for one year. (Autocrat.) 2. In France, the title was conferred in 1 799 on the persons entrusted with the provisional government of the country after the dissolution of the Directory. 3. It is also given generally to public officers who act on behalf of foreign states partly in a diplomatic and partly in a commercial character. Consulars. [L. consulates.] Roman citizens were so called after having served as consuls. Consultation, Writ of. In Law, a writ by which a cause, removed into the King's Court by Prohibition out of the ecclesiastical court, is returned thither again. Contadino. [It.] Peasant, countryman. Contagium animatum, or vivum. A living disease germ ; a mediaeval expression, antici- patory of the modern germ-theory of contagion. Contango. (Stockbrok.) The commission charged to bulls for carrying over a bargain from one settling day to the next, if stock has fallen in price since he bought. (Continuations.) Contemporanea expositio est optima et for- tissima in lege. [L.] An exposition delivered at or near the date (of a law or deed) is the best and most powerful in law. Contents. (Naut.) A document containing a merchantman's destination, cargo, etc., which must be delivered to the custom-house before sailing. Conterminous. [L. contermlnus, from con-, together, terminus, boundary.} Having the same bounds, bordering upon, contiguous. Contestation. [L. contestatio, -nem, a calling to witness.} 1. A contesting, a controversy. 2. Attestation. Continental system. (Hist.) The name given to the plan of the first Napoleon Bonaparte, for excluding English merchandise from all parts of the Continent. Contingent. [L. contingens, -tem, part, of contingere, to concern.} (Mil.) 1. Allowance made to captains for repair of arms, pay of clerk, purchase of documents, the keeping each soldier efficient in kit, and as compensation for risk of taking charge of public money. 2. Establish- ment of troops organized, equipped, and kept in efficiency, at the disposal of a neighbouring superior state. Continual proportion. If there are any mag- nitudes such that the first bears to the second the same ratio that the second bears to the third, and the second to the third the same ratio that the third bears to the fourth, and so on, the magnitudes are said to be in a Continual m Con- tinued P. Continuations. (Stockbrok.) The carrying over of a time bargain from one fortnightly settling day to another, for which a commission is charged, called contango if a buyer defer set- tlement, backwardation if a seller defer Continued fever. Abating, but never entirely intermitted. (Intermittent fever.) Continued fraction. A fraction whose nume- rator is unity and denominator a whole number plus a fraction ; this fraction has for its numerator unity and its denominator a whole number plus a second fraction of the same form as the preceding, and so on ; as 7 + - which equals ^L I 183' Continued product of three or more numbers is obtained by multiplying the first by the second, their product by the third, and so on. Thus the continued product of 7, 12, and 15, is 1260. Continuity ; Equation of C. ; Law of C. ; Con- tinuous. A variable magnitude is said to change continuously when it passes from, one assigned value to another without breaks or jumps. If we suppose the magnitude to be always on the increase or decrease between the assigned values, it changes continuously when it passes succes- sively through every intermediate value. The Law of C. is the doctrine that no change in a natural phenomenon takes place with per- fect suddenness or abruptness ; thus the gaseous and liquid states of matter may be made to pass one into the other without any interruption or breach of Continuity. The Equation of C. in hydro-dynamics is an algebraical or symbolical statement of the fact that at any point of a fluid in motion the rate of diminution of the density bears to the density the same ratio that the rate of increase of the volume of an infinitely small portion bears to the volume of the portion at the same instant. Continuous lines. (Mil. ) Any series of field works without break or interval. Continuous style. (Arch.) More commonly called Perpendicular. (Geometrical style.) Contorted. [L. contortus, part, of contorqueo, I whirl rottnd.} (Bot.) Twisted so that all the parts have a similar direction ; as the segments of an oleander flower. Contour line. [Fr. contour, contour.} 1. (Geog.) A line on a map showing all those points on the surface of the ground which are at an assigned height (say 100 feet or 200 feet) above the sea- level. 2. (Mil.) Represents the intersection of a horizontal plane with the surface of a hill. Contra audentior ito. (Ne cede mails.) Contraband. [L. contra, against, bannum, public prohibition.} Goods, such as munitions of war, belligerents' property, which neutrals are CONT 138 COOR prohibited from importing or exporting to or from a belligerent's ports. Contra bonos mores. [L.] Against good con- duct, against morality. Contradictory propositions. (Log.) Propositions which have the same term differing in quantity and quality, Contrary propositions being two universals with the same terms the one negative, the other affirmative. Contranitency. [L. contra, against, nltor, 7 strive.] Resistance to force employed. Contrary motion. (Music.) (Motion.) Contrary propositions. (Contradictory pro- positions.) Contrate-wheel. A Crown-wheel. Contr avail at ion. (Circumvallation.) Contrectatio rei alienee ammo furandi est furtum. [L.] The touching of another's property with intention of stealing is theft. Contredanse. [Fr., corr. into country-dance.] An English dance ; the performers being in two lines opposite to [L. contra] each other. Contretemps. [Fr.] Lit. against time; an unexpected accident. Control. [Fr. controle, O.Fr. contre-role, a counter-roll, a duplicate, for verification.] (Mil.) Department having entire charge of all payments, stores, quarters, and equipage of an army. Contumacy. [L. contumacia.] Obstinate dis- obedience to the rules and orders of a court, or neglect of a legal summons. Contusion. [L. contusfo, -nem, from contundo, / bruise, crush.] (Med.) An injury without apparent wound, caused by a fall, blunt weapon, etc. Conundrum. A kind of riddle involving an ab- surd comparison, by means of a punning answer, between unlike things. Conusee. (Cognizee.) Convection; Convective. [L. convectio, a bringing together.] When a heated body is placed in or near a fluid, the neighbouring part of the fluid has its density diminished, and, as- cending, is replaced by some of the colder part of the fluid, which in its turn grows warm and ascends ; a current is thus set up which is called a C. current, and the heat is said to be diffused by C. C. currents may be set up by other means, as when electricity is the thing carried, e.g. when a conductor ending in a fine point is strongly electrified, the particles of air near the point will be charged with electricity, and then carried to- wards any surface oppositely electrified. This constitutes a Convective discharge of electricity. Convener. [L. con-, together, vgnio, / come.] A Scotch county official. Conventicle Act, First, 1664, made liable to fine and imprisonment any over sixteen years of age present at any exercise of religion not allowed by the Church of England, where there were five persons more than the household. C. A., Second, 1670, modified these penalties, but gave part of the fine to informers. (Declaration of Indul- gence.) Convention. [L. conventio, -nem, a coming together.] (Hist.) 1. An assembly of national representatives meeting under extraordinary circumstances, without being convoked by legal authority. Such was the Parliament which re- stored Charles II. in 1661, and the Parliament which, in 1688, declared that James II. had ab- dicated the crown. 2. In Fr. Hist., the as- sembly which proclaimed the republic in 1792. (Assembly.) Convergent series. [L. con-, together, vergo, / incline.] A series such that the sum of its first n terms cannot be made to exceed a certain assigned number, however large n may be ; e.g. I +a + ? + B + TS + etc - > cannot be made to ex- ceed 2, however many terms may be taken. Conversazione. [It.] A social gathering for conversation, especially one at which experts and amateurs in literature, art, or science meet. Convex, Double ; Convexo-concave ; Convexo- plane. (Lens.) Conveyance. [L. convSho, / convey.] (Leg.) An .instrument which assumes the transfer of property to a living person. Conveyancing. (Leg. ) The art or science of the alienation of property. Convocation. [L. convocatio, -nem, a calling together.] (Eccl. Hist.) The Council of the Church, consisting of the clergy of a province summoned by the archbishop. Edward I. first summoned convocations in England for the pur- pose of obtaining subsidies from them. The power of taxing their own body was taken from them in 1664, when the clergy were allowed to vote in elections of knights of the shire. The House of Convocation in the University of Oxford is the assembly which ratifies decrees and statutes. Convoy. [Fr. convoi, L.L. conviare, to escort. ,] 1. (Mil.) Guard accompanying stores and baggage for their protection. 2. (Naut.) A merchant fleet under the protection of armed vessels. 3. The armed vessels themselves. 4. A drag to check carriage-wheels in descending a hill. Convulsionists, Convulsionaires. [Fr.] Fana- tical Jansenists, in France, early in the eigh- teenth century, exhibiting contortions resembling the movements of all kinds of animals. (Dancing mania.) Coolies, Coulies. Originally the name of one of the hill tribes of Hindustan ; many of these being employed as labourers and porters in Bom- bay, etc. The word C. became = porter ; but it is used now to denote emigrant labourers from India and China to other countries. Coom. [Ger. kahm, mildew.] Soot or coal- dust. Coomb. [(?) Cf. L. cumulus, a heap.] A dry measure of four bushels, or half a quarter. Coomings. (Coamings.) Cob'ptation. [L. cooptatio, -nem, from con-, together, opto, / choose.] Election of fresh members to a board or college by the existing members. Co-ordinate axes; C. geometry; C. planes. Co-ordinates ; Origin of C. ; Oblique C. ; Eectan- gular C. ; Spherical C. If a point in a plane is taken and through it are drawn two lines or axes which are then produced indefinitely both ways, COOR 139 CORA the plane is evidently divided into four portions. Suppose a point taken anywhere in the plane, its position relatively to the two straight lines or axes can be defined thus : Through the point draw a line parallel to the one axis to cut the other ; the line thus drawn is called the ordinate, and the intercept the abscissa. If the lengths of the abscissa and ordinate are known, the position of the point is known, provided it be known in which of the four portions of the plane it is situated. If, however, the signs + or pre- fixed to the abscissa indicate that it is measured to the right or left of the fixed point, and the same signs prefixed to the ordinate indicate that it is to be measured up or down, it is plain that, the signs and magnitudes of the ordinate and abscissa being known, the position of the point is determined without ambiguity relatively to the axes. The ordinate and abscissa are called the C. of the point, the axes or lines of reference are called C. axes, and the point through which they both pass is called the Origin of C. ; when the axes are at right angles to each other the C. are rectangular, when otherwise the C. are oblique. The position of a point in space may be defined by an extension of the same method with reference to three C. planes. The position of a point on the surface of a sphere may be similarly defined by arcs of two great circles which are called its Spherical C. , e.g. the latitude and longitude of a place on the earth's surface (as commonly defined) are the spherical co- ordinates which fix its position. C. geometry is an application of algebra to geometry, based on the determination of the position of a point by means of its co-ordinates. It is sometimes called Cartesian geometry, from the name of its inven- tor, Des Cartes. (For Polar co-ordinates, vide Radius-Vector.) Co-ordinating power of the brain brings mus- cular movements into harmony; it is absent, e.g. , in intoxication. Copaiba, Copaiva, Capivi. [Braz. cupauba.] An oleo-resin from a Brazilian tree of this name. It is used medicinally and in oil-painting. Copal. An Indian resin (Mexican, copalli), much used for artists' varnish. Coparcenary. [L. co-, with, O.Fr. par$on- nere, from L. partior, I share.} (Leg.) Joint- ownership of an inheritable estate without par- tition, by two or more persons possessing equal title, their several claims descending to their respective heirs. C. differs from joint-tenancy (q.v.) and tenancy in common (q.v. ), inter alia, in origin, kind of seising, and methods of dissolu- tion ; also from joint-tenancy in not involving benefit of survivorship (jus accrescendi). Coparcener. Co-tenant by descent. Cope. [L.L. cappa, a cape.] 1. (Eccl.) A semicircular vestment worn by the clergy in processions. The rubric of the first Prayer-book of Edward VI. enjoins its use by priests adminis- tering the Holy Communion as an alternative with the vestment. 2. The top of a founder's flask. Copeck. (Rouble.) Cophetua, King. A legendary king in Africa, in Percy's Reliques, who married a beggar-maid. Coping of a wall. (Arch.) The covering course, often sloping on the upper surface to throw off water. Coppel. (Cupel.) Copperas. [It. copparosa, from L. cupri rosa, rose of copper.} Sulphate of copper, iron, or zinc, accordingly as its colour is blue, green, or white, respectively. Coppice, Copse. [O.Fr. coupeiz, from couper, to cut.] Wood grown to be cut every few years. Coprolite. [Gr. itdirpos, dung, XiQos, stone.} Fossilized excrements, chiefly of saurians and sauroids ; popularly misapplied to all the phos- phatic nodules dug up for artificial manures. Copts. Properly the people from whom the country of Egypt received its name. More par- ticularly the Monophysite or Jacobite Christians of Egypt, who use the Liturgies of Basil, Cyril, and Gregory. Copula. [L., a battd.] (Log.) The part of a proposition which affirms or denies the predicate of the subject. In strictness, the only copula is the present tense of the verb to be, with or with- out the negative sign. Copy. Paper twenty inches by sixteen. In Printing, a technical term for an author's manu- script. Copyhold. (Leg.) A lease tenure nominally at the lord's will but really free by custom. C. is a parcel of a manor which has a court, and must have been demisable by copy of court-roll from time immemorial. The manor court as relating to copyholders is a customary court. Coq-a-1'ane. [Fr. , a cock on an ass.} A story without any connected transition ; d'un sujet a un attire (Littre) ; probably the original meaning of cock-and-bull story. Coquecigrue. [Fr.] As explained by Littre, an imaginary animal, sometimes C. de mer ; the word being variously used : e.g. the coming of the C. (Rabelais) is = never ; He is a C. = one who romances ; It is a C. = nonsense, false- hood ; originally meaning a kind of rest-harrow, a sticky troublesome weed. Coquilla nut. [Sp. coquillo, dim. of coco, a cocoa-nut.} A Brazilian fruit, with a hard brown shell used in ornamental turning. Coracle. [Welsh corwgh, from cwrwg, round body.} A very light boat of leather or oil-cloth stretched over wicker-work ; used by a single person. Coracoid bone. [Gr. /copa/cu-eiSrjs, crow-like, as resembling a crow's bill.] A bone in birds, answering to the coracoid process of the scSpiila in mammals. Coracora. (Koracora.) Coralan. (Naut. ) A small open boat of the Mediterranean, used for coral-fishing. Coral wood. (From the colour.) A fine red wood, used in cabinet-making. Coram non judice. [L.] Before one who is not a judge ; i.e. in a court not having juris- diction. Coram populo. [L.] Before the people. Coran. (Alcoran.) CORA 140 CORO Cor Anglais, English horn. [L. cornu, a horn.] (Music.') 1. The tenor hautboy. 2. A reed-stop in an organ. Coranto. [It. correre, to run, Fr. courante, courir.] 1. A kind of country-dance, quick, in triple time ; Italian. 2. In Handel's and other lessons for the harpsichord, a courante is gene- rally introduced as one of the movements. Corban. [Heb., an offering or gift.} Among the Jews, anything offered to God, especially in fulfilment of a vow. Any one might thus inter- dict himself from assisting any one, even parents in distress (Matt. xv. 5). Corbel. [Fr. corbeau.] (Arch.) A projecting bracket, supporting a superincumbent object, or receiving the spring of an arch. A corbel- table is a parapet or cornice resting on a series of corbels. Corbel-table. (Corbel.) Corbie steps. (Arch.) Small battlements running up the sides of gables. Cord. A pile of wood eight feet long, four high, and four broad, containing 128 cubic feet. (From the cord with which it is measured.) Cordate. (Bot. ) Shaped like a heart [L. cor, cordis] ; e.g. leaf of violet. Cordeliers. The Friars Minor, or Minorites, of the order of St. Francis ; so called from the cord tied round the waist. The name was also assumed by a Parisian revolutionary club, of which Danton and Marat were prominent members. Cordon. [Fr., from corde, a string, L. chorda.] (Mil.) 1. Line of troops spread out for obser- vation. 2. A band of stonework placed along the top of a revetement. 3. Ribbon, twist. Cordon bleu. [Fr.] Lit. blue ribbon, a first- rate cook. Cordovan. Goatskin leather from Cordova, in Spain. Corduroy. [(?) Fr., corde du roi, king's cord.} A thick cotton stuff with corded or ribbed surface. Cordwainer. [Fr. cordonnier.] A shoemaker, originally a worker in Cordovan leather. Cores. Baked earth placed in the centre of a mould to form a cavity in the casting. Corf. [Ger. korb, (?) L. corbis, large basket.} A large basket used for coals in mines. Coriaceous. Like skin or leather [L. corium] in texture. Coriander. [Gr. Kopiawov.} (Bot.) Exod. xvi. 31 ; Coriandrum sativum, ord. Umbelliferse ; yielding round aromatic fruits ; wild in Egypt and Palestine ; but much cultivated also. Corinne. Heroine of Mad. de StaeTs novel Corinne, who pines away on being deserted by her lover. Corium. [L., skin, leather.} (Physiol.) The part of a mucous membrane which is below the Epithelium. Conn. (Bot. ) A fleshy underground stem, re- sembling a Bulb, but not scaly ; e.g. crocus. Cormontaigne. French engineer who invented a system of fortification at the beginning of the eighteenth century. Cornbrash. (Geol. ) A coarse shelly limestone, Oolitic ; a brash [cf. breccia], i.e rock broken up by frost, etc., and good for corn-fields. Cornea. [L.] (Anat.) The transparent disc forming the anterior of the eye, set in the scle- rotic ; somewhat horny [corneus] in texture. Cornel, or Dogwood. (Bot. ) A bushy shrub in hedges and thickets (Cornus sangumea) ; type of ord. Corneae. Corner. [L.L. cornerium, from L. cornu, a horn, an end. } (Stockbrok. ) A combination of speculators with a view to influencing prices by getting all available supply of a stock or com- modity into a few hands. Cornet. [L. cornu, a horn.} 1. A kind of horn or trumpet with keys, formerly much used in Church service ; in the King's Chapel especially, and in several cathedrals. 2. (Mil.) Formerly, a commissioned officer of the cavalry, who carried the standard. Cornice. (Order.) Corniche, The [Fr.], or Cor niche Road. From Genoa to Nice, along the Riviera di Ponente ; narrow, like a ledge or cornice ; very beautiful, and, in places, 1600 feet above the sea. Corniculated. [L. corniculum, a little horn, dim. of cornu.] 1. (Anat.) Having processes like small horns. 2. (Bot. ) Shaped like a small horn. Coring. The process of forming gunpowder into grains. Comings. [Eng. corn.} The small shoots in malt. Cornish, or China stone. ( Geol. ) Disintegrated rock, consisting of quartz, felspar, and a talcose mineral. Cornish, or China clay, artificially pre- pared kaolin (q.v.) from Cornwall. (Peh- tun-tze.) Corn laws. Laws for the supposed protec- tion (?) of British agriculturists, prohibiting im- portation of foreign corn for home use unless prices rose above a fixed rate ; abol. 1846. (Anti-Corn-Law League. ) Cornopean, or Cornet-a-piston. A small brass instrument, modern, like a trumpet, but shorter, with valves or pistons, to produce a complete chromatic scale. Comstones. ( Geol. ) Calcareous concretions in the Old Red Sandstone of Herefordshire and Scotland, often containing fossil fishes (pteri- chthys, etc.), and yielding lime for agriculture; hence the name. Cornucopias, incorrectly Cornucopia. [L., horn of plenty.} A representation of a horn full of fruit and flowers, an emblem of abundance. Cornwall, Barry. Nom de plume of Bryan Waller Procter, poet, of whose name Barry Peter Cornwall is an anagram. Cornwall, Duchy of. Hereditary title and estate of the eldest son of the reigning sovereign of the British empire. Corody, Corrody. [L.L. corrodium, corredium, It. corredare, to fit out, furnish.} (Eccl.) 1. A defalcation from a salary, for some other than the original purpose ; e.g. an allowance given to a servant by the king, from a monastery which he had founded ; and generally, 2, allowance of food, clothing, lodging. CORO 141 CORS Corolla. [L. , a small wreath, or crown, dim. of corona.] (Bot.) The inner whorl or envelope (composed of petals) surrounding the organs of fructification ; popularly called the flower. Coromandel wood. A red, hazel-brown varie- gated wood, from the Coromandel or eastern coast of India, used for making furniture. Corona. [L., a wreath, crown.] 1. A lumi- nous appearance of concentric coloured rings sometimes seen round the sun and moon ; pro- bably caused by diffraction of light due to the moisture in the atmosphere. 2. The circle of light which appears to surround the dark body of the moon during a total eclipse of the sun. 8. An aurora borealis in the form of a circle round the magnetic pole. Corona castrensis, or vallaris. [L.] Crown given to the first sealer of the rampart [vallum] of a foe's camp [castra]. Coronach, Cronach. [Gael. , akin to Eng. croon, etc.] Funeral dirge among the Irish and Scottish Celts. CorSnse, Os. [L.] (Anat.) Bone of the shape of a coronet, in the horse ; one of the phalangeal bones of the foot ; below the os suffragmis (q. v. ). Coronal. [L. coronalis, from corona, crown.} 1. A crown, wreath. 2. Adj., pertaining to a crown. Coronary substance. In a horse, a fibro- cartilaginous band between the skin of the leg and the hoof, liberally supplied with blood ; necessary to the formation of horn ; attached to the upper part of the coffin-bone. Coroner. [L. coronator.] (Hist.) The title of an office established before the Norman Con- quest, the holder, as his name shows, being especially the officer of the Crown. His functions, which extended to property generally as affected by the rights of the Crown, are now practically confined to the holding of inquests on those who die or are supposed to die a violent death. He is also the sheriff's substitute when the sheriff is interested in a suit. Coronet. In a horse. (Coronse, Os.) Corozo. Nut of a kind of palm, whose con- tents harden into a white, close-grained substance known as vegetable ivory. Corporal. [L. corporalis, relating to the body.] 1. (Eccl.) A linen cloth used for covering the consecrated element of bread after com- munion. 2. (Mil.) A non-commissioned officer, the lowest whose rank is defined, and distin- guished by two stripes on the sleeve above the elbow. A soldier acting as C. has one stripe, and is called a Lance-C. Corporation. [L. corpus, a body.} (Hist.) A body of persons capable of receiving and granting for themselves and their successors. Corporations may be either sole, as a king, a bishop, a parson ; or aggregate, as colleges in the universities, the municipalities of towns, etc. Corporation Acts. 1. Acts regulating munici- pal corporations. The Corporation and Test Act, passed 1661, was repealed 1828. 2. The popular name of the statute 25 Charles II., c. 2, which ordained that all persons holding any office, military or civil, should have taken the oath of allegiance, and should in the previous year have received the Eucharist according to the rites of the Church of England. Corporeal hereditament. Any subject or item of real property. Corposant, or Compsant. [It. corps santo, holy body.] (Naut.) (Castor and Pollux. ) Corps. [Fr., L. corpus, a body.} (Mil.) A body of troops ; is now used as = an army com- plete in itself, under separate commander, an army C. Corps diplomatique. [Fr., diplomatic body.] The assemblage of ambassadors and diplomatic persons at a court. Corpse. (Naut.) Slang for a party of marines on board ship. Corpse candle. A light seen in churchyards, etc., caused by gas evolved from the decaying bodies. Corpus Christi. [L. , the Body of Christ.] (Eccl.) In the Latin Church, a festival in honour of the Eucharist, instituted by Urban IV., in 1264, and celebrated on the first Sunday after Trinity Sunday. Corpuscle; Corpuscular. [L. corpusciilum, a little body.} The ultimate particles by the aggre- gation of which the ordinary forms of matter are supposed to be composed are called Corpuscles. The mutual forces which the corpuscles exert on each other and to which their aggregation is due are called Corpuscular forces. Corpus delicti. [L. , the body of the crime.] The subject of a crime which forms an essential part of the proof of most crimes. Corpus Juris Civllis. [L.] The imperial or civil Roman law consolidated by Justinian. Its four parts are Institutiones, Digesta or Pandecta, Codex Repetitse Prselectionis (nine books, together with Jus Publicum, three books), and Novelloe. Corral. [Sp.] In S. America and colonies, a yard or stockade for cattle. Correi. [Scot.] A hollow on a hillside. Correlation. [L. con-, with, relatio, relation.] Reciprocal relation. Correlative terms, in Logic, are such naturally and expressly, as parent off- spring. Such terms as white and black are relative only. Corrigendum, plu. corrigenda. [L.] A thing or things to be corrected. Corrosive sublimate. (Sublimate.) Corrugated. [L. corrugatus, wrinkled.] Bent into parallel furrows and ridges. Corruption of blood. An immediate conse- quence of attainder, both upward and down- ward ; so that neither inheritance nor transmis- sion of land was any longer possible. By 3 and 4 William IV. abolished as to all descents hap- pening after January I, 1834. Brown's Law Dictionary. Corruptio optimi pessima. [L.] The cor- ruption of that which is best is the worst of all corruption ; the greater the height, the lower the fall. Corsair. [L.L. corsarius, from L. currere, cursum, to run.} (Naut.) A pirate, especially of Barbary. CORS 142 COTT Corsnedd. [A.S.] The morsel of execration, a form of ordeal among the English before the Norman Conquest. A piece of bread or cheese was supposed to cause convulsions to the guilty who tried to swallow it. (Cf. the story told of the death of Earl Godwine, father of King Harold.) Cortege. [Fr.] A train of attendants, a pro- cession. Cortes. [Sp.] (Hist.) The old assembly of the states in Leon, Aragon, Castile, and Por- tugal ; the Spanish Parliament. Cortical. 1. Having the nature of bark [L. corticem]. 2. Acting as an external covering, as the C. layer of the cerebrum. Cortile. [L.L.] (Arch.) A quadrangular area, open or covered, surrounded by domestic buildings or offices. Corundum. [Hind, korund.] (Min.) Some- times termed Adamantine spar; a mineral, cry- stallized or massive, of alumina, nearly pure ; the hardest known substance next to the diamond. Tinted varieties of precious C. are sapphire and ruby. China, India, America, etc. Coruscation. [L. coruscatio, -nem.] A flash, a flashing. Corvee. [Fr.] (Hist.) The obligation of the inhabitants of a district to perform certain ser- vices, as the repairing of roads, etc. , for the sove- reign or the feudal lord. (Trinoda neoessitas.) Corvette. (Naut.) A flush-decked war-ship with one tier of guns. Corybantes. (Cybele.) Corydon. [Gr. Kopvbtav.] Name of a cowherd in Theocritus' fourth idyll, borrowed by Virgil, representing a rustic swain generally. Corymb. [Gr. K&pv^os, a highest point, a cluster of flowers.] (Bot.) An inflorescence, of which the axis develops lateral pedicels, elon- gated so as to make the flowers level, or nearly so ; e.g. centaury. Compound C., if the pedi- cels are branched. (Cyme.) Coryphaeus. [Gr. Kopvtyaios.] A leader in the dance, or a conductor of a chorus. Coryza. [Gr. K6pva.] A cold in the head [icdpvs], with running at the nose ; e.g. catarrh. Cosas de Espaua. [Sp.] Customs or -ways of Spain, e.g. a bull-fight. The phrase has not the meaning of the French Chateaux en Espagne. Coscinomancy. [Gr. Koemvo - fiavrfla, sieve- divination. The practice of divination by ob- serving the rest or motion of a suspended sieve. Cosecant; Cosine; Cotangent. (Trigonometrical function.) Cosmical. [Gr. K0ff/juic6s, from K^O-^OS, universe, order.] Pertaining to the universe, or to the solar system as a whole. Cosmical rising and setting. (Aoronychal.) Cosmogony. [Gr. Koffpoyovia, creation or origin of the world.] The science of the origin of the universe. Cosmography. [Gr. KdcrpoypaQla, universe- description.] The science of describing the constitution of the universe and the mutual relation of its parts, or a description of the universe. Cosmopolitan. [Gr. K6o-/j.o-iro\trris, world- citizen.] Pertaining to a citizen of the world, free from ties or prejudices due to a special home or country. Cosmorama. [Gr. n6fffj.os, world, opa/j.a, sight, spectacle.] An exhibition through lenses of scenes in various parts of the world, with arrangements for making the pictures look natural. Cosmos. [Gr. /cdoytos, order, harmony, used by Pythagoreans first for the universe.] The universe, or the essential principle of order in the system of the universe. Cossack. Tartar irregular horseman. Cosset. [A.S. cote, house, sittan, to sit.] 1. A lamb reared by hand in the house. 2. A pet. 3. To C., to pet, to fondle. Costa. [L.,arib.] (Bot.) The midrib of a leaf. Costal. [L. costa, a rib.] Pertaining to the ribs. Costeaning. [Cornish cottas stean, dropped tin.] The discovery of lodes by sinking pits in their vicinity transversely to their supposed direction. Costermonger. [Costard, a kind of apple, for O.Fr. custard, custard ; cf. Welsh caws, curd, and A.S. mangere, dealer, from mangian, to trade ; cf. L. mango, dealer, slave-dealer.] Huck- ster of fruit. Costrel. [Welsh costrel, L.L. costrellus, (?) from costa, side, or canistra, basket.} An earthen or wooden bottle with ears for slinging it at the side. Coterie. [Fr.] A set of persons connected by common interests, who often enjoy each other's society, and are more or less exclusive. Cothurnus. [L., for Gr. ic68opvos.] The high- soled boot laced up the front, worn by Greek tragic actors ; originally a hunting-boot, a buskin. Coticular. [L. coticula, small whetstone (cos, cotis).] Belonging to or fit for whetstones. Co-tidal lines. Lines drawn across a map of the ocean, to show at what places the times of high tide are the same. Cotillon. [Fr. cotte, cotille, a petticoat.} A lively dance, something like a country-dance ; name and special character given to it in France. Cotswold. [A.S. cote, mud hut, weald, forest.} A range of low hills, mostly in Glouces- ter, in which the Thames rises ; noted for a breed of sheep. Cottabos. [Gr.] A Greek game, in which liquid was tossed out of a cup into a metal dish so as to make a peculiar sound. Cotter. A wedge used for connecting certain parts of machinery. If a shaft have one end enlarged and formed into a socket which the end of a second shaft fits, the two may be firmly held together by a wedge driven into a properly formed hole passing through both, and then they will act as a single shaft. The wedge is a C. Cottier. [Leg. L. cotarms, from A. S. cote or a like Teut. word.] A cottager who holds in free socage (q.v. ) for a certain rent and occasional personal service [metayer] ; the rent is often a fixed proportion of the yield of the land. \ COTT 143 Cottise. [Fr. cote, a rib, L. costa.] (Her.) A diminutive of the bend, being one-fourth its size. A bend between two cottises is said to be cottised. Cottonade. A stout, thick cotton fabric. Cotton Famine. The cessation of work in the mills of Lancashire ; no cotton arriving whilst the American ports were closed, 1861-65. Cotton-gin. A machine for separating the cotton fibre from the seed. Cottonian Library. The remains of the library, containing records, charters, and other MSS., founded by Sir Robert Bruce Cotton (1570-1631), given to the nation 1 700, placed in the British Museum 1757. Cotyla. [L., for Gr. KOT^ATJ.] Originally a cup, then a liquid measure = half a pint nearly. Cotyledon. [Gr. Korv\r)$iev, a cuplike hollow.] (Bot.) The seed-leaves or seed-lobes of the embryo. Cotyliform. [Gr. KOTI^ATJ, cup, L. forma, form.] Hollowed like a cup, as the thigh-bone socket. Couac. [Onomatop.] The quack of inartistic blowing of the clarionet or hautboy. Couch. 1. A preliminary layer of size, etc., in painting or gilding. 2. A layer of barley for malting, when spread out after steeping. Couchant. [Fr.] (Her.} Lying down with the head erect. Couching. [Fr. coucher, to put to bed.] (Med.) Pushing downwards, by a needle, of the cataractous lens into the vitreous humour. Couguar. Puma, or American lion, not a lion (Felis concolor) ; the " painter," i.e. panther of N.-American farmers. Coulisse. [Fr.] A side scene in a theatre, a space between the side scenes. Coulter. [O.E. culter, a knife, from L., id.] Knife-like iron of the plough, cutting the soil in a vertical plane. Coumarin. (Bot. ) A camphor-like sweet sub- stance, the cause of perfume in the tonquin-bean of perfumers, the Coumarou of French Guiana, the woodruff, the sweet vernal grass, and other plants. Council, Privy. The chief council of the Eng- lish sovereign. Its jurisdiction is mainly appel- late, appeals from all parts of the empire being made to it in the last resort. The Star Chamber and the Court of Requests were formerly com- mittees of the P. C. Counsels of perfection. ( Theol. ) In the Latin Church, counsels of holiness not applicable to all, but binding on those who undertake to follow them. These are poverty, chastity, and obedience. Count. [L. comes, a companion.] (Hist.) In most of the European states, a title corresponding to that of the British earl. Under the Byzan- tine empire, the ten highest of the forty-three duces, dukes, or great military commanders, were called comites, counts, or companions of the emperor. Counter-approach. (Mil.) Trench made by the garrison of a besieged place beyond their fortifications, to check advance of the besiegers. Counter-battery. (Mil.) Guns employed by besiegers to silence the guns of a fortress. Counter-drawing. [Fr. centre, over against.] Copying by means of transparent paper. Counterfort. (Mil.) Buttress of masonry placed behind a revetement as a support. Counter-guard. (Fortif.) Work constructed in front of and parallel to a bastion or ravelin, covering its faces. Counter of ship. (Naut. ) That part abaft the stern-post. Counterparts. (Original.) Counterpoint. [It. contrappunto.] The art of composing music in parts. Counter-proof. An impression of an engraving obtained by pressing plain paper on a freshly printed proof, so as to give a reversed copy. Counterscarp. (Mil.) Outer side of the ditch of a fortification. (Escarp.) Countersign. (Mil.) Secret word or sentence entrusted to sentries for preventing any but au- thorized persons passing their posts. (Parole, 2.) Countersink. A bit for widening the upper part of a hole, so as to receive the head of a screw. Countervail. [L. contra valeo, I am worth on the other hand.] Esth. vii. 4 ; to compensate for. Count of the Saxon shore. [L. comes littoris Saxonici.] During the Roman occupation of Britain, an officer whose jurisdiction extended from what are now the coasts of Norfolk to those of Sussex. According to some, he had to guard the country from the invasion of Saxons ; others hold that he had the government of Teu- tonic inhabitants already settled in this country. Count Palatine (Hist.) represents the comes palatii of the empire, who originally held office in the court, but afterwards obtained within his own district the jurisdiction which the comes palatii had in the palace. Hence the German title pfahgraf, English palsgrave, (Paladins.) Count-wheel. The wheel which causes a clock to strike the hours correctly. Coup. [Fr., blow, stroke.] C. de bonheur, a piece of good luck ; C. du del, a special provi- dence ; C. d'essai, a first attempt ; C. d'ltat, a stroke of policy, an unexpected State measure more or less violent ; C. de grace, stroke of mercy, finishing stroke ; C. de main, bold sudden stroke or surprise ; C. cTceil, glance, prospect ; C. de theatre, an unexpected sensational event, something done for effect ; C. de pied de Cane, the kick of the ass, given to the dying lion, a contemptible insulting of fallen greatness ; C. de vent, sudden squall. [Coup is L. colpus, a later form of colapus, or colSphus, a blow with the fist, a box on the ear, Gr. Kd\a olSa into eyifiSa., rb dvo^a into rovfo/j-a, rb avrb into ravrb. (Synaeresis. ) 2. Temperature, constitution, as if a result of a mixing of various properties. Crassamentum. [L. crassus, thick. ] The thick, red, clotty part of blood, from which the thin watery part, serum [L., whey] separates during coagulation. Crassa Minerva. (Minerva. ) Crassa negllgentia. [L.] Gross, criminal negligence. Crassulaceae. [L. crassus, thick, fat ; the leaves CRAT 146 CRES being fleshy.] (Bot.) Houseleeks, a nat. ord. of polypetalous exogens ; succulent, growing in very hot, dry, open places of temperate regions ; many cultivated for their beautiful flowers. Crataegus. [Gr. Kptircuyos.] (Bot.} C. oxyacantha ; hawthorn, may bush. Ord. Rosaceze. ['O{yy, sharp, &Kavda, thorn.] Cratch-cradle, Caf s-cradle. [Cratch = crib, manger; cf. Fr. creche, fromTeut. kripya, crib.] A game played by two persons holding an endless string symmetrically in the fingers of the two hands, and taking it off each other's hands so as at once to form a new pattern. Crater. [L., fromGr. KparTjp, a mixing-bowl.'} 1. A large kind of antique bowl. 2. The mouth of a volcano. Crateriform. (Bot.} Shaped like a bowl [Gr. Kpar-fip] ; e.g. flower of cowslip. Cynthi- form, more contracted at the orifice, like a cup [tcvaQos] used in drawing wine from the Kpar-fjp : e.g. flower of buttercup. Crau. Between Aries and Marseilles, a singularly stony plain, " Campus lapideus " of the ancients, of 30,000 acres, covered with rolled boulders and pebbles, once deposited by the Rhone, Durance, etc. ; partly barren, partly irrigated by the Canal de Craponne, and very productive. Cravat. [Fr. cravate, Croatian.] A neck- cloth. The French took this piece of dress (1636) from the regiment le Royal Cravate, which was dressed in the Croat fashion. The Croats (Cravates) are a Sclavonic people in the south- east of Austria. Craw. [Ger. kragen, neck.] Crop. Crawl. [Cf. D. kraal, an enclosure.] An enclosure of hurdles or stakes in shallow water for fish. Crawling off. (Naut.} Slowly working off a lee shore. Cream of lime. The scum of lime-water. Cream of tartar is purified tartar (from its rising to the top like cream). Cream ware. Pottery of that colour made by Wedgwood and others. Queen Charlotte gave to Wedgwood's the name of Queen's ware. Creance. [Fr. creance, credence.] A small line tied to an untrained hawk when lured. Creatine. [Gr. Kpeas, -OTOS, flesh.] A crystal- lized substance obtained from the flesh of animals. Creazes. The tin in the middle part of the buddle. Creche. [Fr., Prov. crepcha, O.Sax. cribbia.] Lit. a crib, manger ; a public nursery for children. Credat Judseus. [L.] Let a Jew believe if; an expression of incredulity, Jews being thought very superstitious by Romans. Credence table, or Credential. [Perhaps from It. credenzare, to taste meats or drinks before they are offered to another.] (Eccl.) A table or shelf on one side of the altar, for receiving the utensils needed in the celebration of the Eucharist. Credit foncier. [Fr.] Credit on land, in France ; a company for lending money on security of landed property. Cree. A tribe of Indians in Canada, north- west of Lake Winnipeg. Creed of Pius IV. A creed put forth in 1564, summing up the doctrines laid down by the Canons of the Council of Trent. Creel. [Gael, craidhleag, basket; cf. Gr. KaA.a0o?, L. corbis, from root kar, bend.] Osier basket for carrying fish in Scotland. Creeper. (Naut. ) A small grapnel for getting things up from the bottom of rivers, harbours, etc. Creese. Dagger with a wavy blade, used as a weapon by the Malays. Cremaillere line. [Fr. cremaillere, a pot- hook, the O.Fr. cremaille being L. cramaculus (Brachet).] (Mil.) Intrenchment composed of alternate long and short faces, to give a certain amount of flanking defence. Cremation. [L. crematio, -nem, from crmo, / burn.] Burning ; especially the disposal of dead bodies by fire. Cremona. Meton. for violin. (Amati.) Crenate. [L. crena, a notch.] (Bot.) Raving- rounded notches, as the margin of the leaf of ground ivy. Serrate [serratus, serra, a saw], saw-edged, as a rose leaf. Dentate [dentatus, dens, a tooth], having pointed notches, and con- cave spaces between them, as the leaves of speedwell. Creneau. [Fr., from L. crena, a notch, dim. crenellum.] Narrow slit made for firing through in old castle walls. Crenellate. [Fr. creneau.] (Arch.} To furnish a building with battlements ; hence to fortify. In the twelfth century, licences to crenellate were permissions to build a castle. Crenelle. Properly the embrasure of a battle- ment. Hence the battlement itself. Crenelled. In Nat. Hist., having notches. (Crenate.) Creole. [Sp. criollo.] In S. America and W. Indies, generally an individual born in the country, but of a race not native ; more particu- larly one born in the country, of pure European blood ; not an emigrant ; not the offspring of mixed blood, such as a Mulatto (white father and negro mother) or a Mestizo (white father and Indian mother). Creosote. [Gr. Kpe'as, flesh, aw&iv, to pre- serve.] An antiseptic fluid, obtained from the oil of distilled wood tar. Crepitus. [L.] In Surg., the grating or crackling of ends of bone against each other, in a case of fracture. Crepuscular. [L. crepusculum, twilight, early dawn] 1. Like to or characterized by the half-light of late evening or early dawn. 2. (Nat. Hist.} Flying only at those times. Crescent. (Her.} A waxing [L. crescens] moon, with its horns turned upwards. It is borne (l) as a charge, (2) as the difference in the second son's escutcheon. Crescit amor nummi quantum ipsa pecunia crescit. [L.] The love of the shilling grows as much as the growing hoard of money. CRES 147 Crescive. [L. cresco, / grow.} Possessing the active power to grow or increase. Cresselle. [Fr. crecelle, a rattle.} (Eccl.) A wooden instrument used in the Latin Church instead of bells before Church services during Passion Week ; a temporary return, probably, to primitive custom. Cresset. [Fr. croisette, little cross, with which tombs were once adorned.] An open burner on a pole to serve as a torch or beacon. Cresting. (Arch.) An ornamental bordering in stone or metal work, running along the ridge of a roof or a canopy, etc. Cretaceous system. [L. cretaceus, chalk-like, creta, chalk.~\ (Geol.) The uppermost of the Secondary group ; consisting, in England, of the gault, greensand, and chalk. Creta notatus. [L.] Marked with chalk ; of a lucky or well-omened day ; the unlucky day being marked with charcoal [carbo]. Hence the phrase of Horace, " Creta an carbone notandus." Creticus. [Gr. KprjrtKos.] In Metre, a foot, - w , as diliges, nightingale. (Amphimacer.) . Cretin. In Switzerland and other mountainous countries, one in a state of idiocy or semi-idiocy, with more or less of deformity, often goitre. C., probably another form of chretien, as if = innocent. So Fr. benet, benedictus, silly, which again is Ger. selig, blessed. Cretonne. (From the first maker.) A kind of chintz for covering furniture, etc. Creux. [Fr. for a hollow.} An intaglio (q.-v.}. Crevet. [Fr.] A goldsmith's crucible. Crewel-work. [Crewel is for clewel, from clew; cf. Ger. kleuel.] Coarse embroidery worked with worsted. Cribbage. A game at cards, in which the score is marked on a board, and its four great points are to make fifteens, flushes, flush sequences, and pairs. Cribble. [Fr. cribbler, to sift, crible, sieve, from L.L. criblus, from L. cribrum, sieve.] To sieve, to sift. Cribration. [L. cribro, I sift.} A sifting. Cribriform. Like a sieve [L. cribrum], per- forated. Crichton, The Admirable. James C., a Scotch gentleman of rare learning, wit, beauty, and accomplishments in the sixteenth century. He took the degree of M.A. at Paris when fourteen years old, and was murdered in his twenty-third year. Cricoid. (Anat.) Ring-shaped [Gr. Kptieos, a ring}, lowest cartilage of the larynx ; its lower margin parallel to the first ring of the trachea. Crimen laesse majestatis. [L.] Lese-majesty ; the crime of injured majesty; high treason. Criminal letters (Scot. Law) answer to English indictment by a private prosecutor. Criminate. [L. criminor, I accuse.} To accuse, to prove guilty. Crimp. {Cf. .Ger. krimmen, to seize with the claws or beak.} One who entrapped persons for impressment into the British navy. The word is also applied to those who get hold of seamen on landing, ply them with liquor, get all they can out of them, and ship them off again penniless. Crimson. [Kermes, the cochineal insect, Hub. tola, a worm ; Isa. i. 18. ] (/>'/<>/.) Cochineal. Homopterous insect, from which the dye is obtained. Crined. [L. crinis, hair.} (Her.) Having hair different in colour from the body. Cringle. [A Tent, and Scand. word.] A short piece of rope containing a thimble worked into the bolt-rope. Criniere. [Fr. , from crin, horsehair, L. crinis.] Plate armour worn on the neck of a war-horse. Crinoid. Shaped like a lily [Gr. Kpivov}. Crinoidea. [Gr. Kplvov, a lily, elSos, form.} Fossil echinoderms, with lily-shaped radiated disc on a jointed stem (encrinite, pentacrinite, etc. ). Crispin, St. The patron saint of shoemakers. Criss-cross (Christ-cross). 1. A mark like t . 2. A game played on slate or paper with the figure 4-F a ls called Noughts and crosses. Criss-cross row. (Christ-cross row.) Cristate. Having a tuft or crest [L. crista]. Crith. The weight of a litre of hydrogen. Crithomanoy. [Gr. Kpl9o-fj.avTeia, from Kpld-f}, barley, /navTeia, divination.} Divination by inspecting barley cakes or barley meal sprinkled on a sacrificial victim. Critical angle of a transparent medium, one whose sine equals the reciprocal of the .refractive index. Thus the refractive index of water is *, and the angle whose sine is f is about 48 36' ; this is therefore the critical angle for water. If a ray of light moving in water makes an angle with the vertical exceeding this angle, it cannot get out of the water into air, but is totally re- flected internally at the surface. The like is true of all transparent media. Grizzle, [Ger. grieselig, speckled.} A rough- ness on the surface of glass which clouds its transparency. Croat. (Cravat.) Crochet. [Fr.] A fancy fabric made by loop- ing wool or thread with a small hook (crochet). Crockets. {Arch.} Ornaments resembling foliage, running up along the edge of a gable or pinnacle. The word is probably connected with crook, a curve. Crocking. Blackening with soot or crock. Crocodile's tears. Hypocritical, forced ex- pressions of grief. Crocus of antimony. ( Chcm. ) Oxysulphide of antimony, of the colour of saffron [L. crocus]. Crocus of Mars is sesquioxide of iron, known also as jewellers' rouge (Colcothar). Croft. [L. crypta, Gr. Kpvrnrj, crypt.} 1. A covered way, an underground chamber. 2. A small enclosed field. Croissant, Cross. (Her.) A cross the ends of which terminate in crescents [Fr. croissants]. Crome, Groom. A crook, a hooked staff. Cromlech. (Archccol.) A horizontal slab resting on two or three or more rude upright stones, once called " Druidical altars," now admitted to be places of sepulture ; surrounded by a circle of rough upright stones, and formerly often covered with earth. Found in Britain ; in CRON 148 CROW France, especially in Brittany, and there called Dolmhis [Gael, daul, table, maen, stone}, and elsewhere in Europe ; in N. and S. America ; Hindustan, etc. [Welsh cromlech, an inclined, an incumbent flagstone (Skeat).] Crone. [Celt, crion, to wither.} (Sheep, Stages of growth of.) Croodle. To cower down, to lie close. Crook-rafter. (Knee-rafter.) Croon. [Scot.] To hum or murmur in a low tone [ff. Eng. groan}. (Coronach.) Crop. 1. Ore of the best quality when prepared for smelting. 2. [A.S. crop; cf. Gael, crap, a knob.} The receptacle which opens put of a bird's gullet, and in which its food is softened. Croquet. [Fr.] 1. An almond biscuit, a small portion of some meat encased in a biscuit- like crust. 2. An outdoor game in which wooden balls are knocked through hoops with a wooden mallet on a smooth lawn. Crore. [Hind.] Ten millions of rupees. Cross. [L. crux, Ger. kreuz.] 1. (Eccl.) Among the many forms assumed by the cross, the most important are: (i) The Greek cross, with equal limbs. (2) The Latin, with a transverse beam one-third shorter than the vertical. (3) the Maltese, or eight-pointed cross. (4) Cross of lona, or Irish cross, a Latin cross with a ring over a part of the vertical and transverse limbs. (5) Cross fleitry, having fleur-de-lis at the three upper extreme ends. (6) Cross fitcJie, crossletted on the three upper ends, and pointed at the bottom, representing, it was said, the Crusader's sword. (7) St. Andrew''* cross, or the Cross saltire, shaped like the letter X. (8) St. Anthony's, or the Tau crass, shaped like the letter T. (Crux simplex.) 2. (Her.) An ordinary consisting of two broad stripes, one horizontal, the other vertical, crossing each other in the centre of the escutcheon. Cross-birth. (Med.) A delivery when the child's head is not first presented. Cross-bow. Short bow fixed horizontally in a stock for shooting arrows. Used as late as the time of Elizabeth by some of the English army. Cross division. This logical error is when the members into which a class is divided do not exclude each other. Man is divisible, according to race, into Caucasian, Mongolian, Ethiopian ; according to religion, into Christian, Moham- medan, Jew, and Pagan ; but a division into Christian, Jew, Mongolian, /Ethiopian even if, as a fact, every man could be ranged under one only of these four classes would be a C. D., because not dividing " man " upon one principle of division only, whether of religion, race, or any other. Crosse, La, or Lacrosse. A Canadian game, learnt from the N.- American Indians; played with a crosse, or battledore, five or six feet long (across which strips of deer-skin are stretched, but not tightly), and an indiarubber ball, eight or nine inches in circumference ; the object be- ing to drive the ball (which is not handled, but picked up by the bent end of the battledore), through a goal, like that used in football. Crossettes. [Fr.] (Arch.) Small projecting pieces in the stones of an arch, which hang upon the adjacent stones. Cross-examination. (Leg.) Examination of a witness by or for the side which did not call him or her, generally but not necessarily after examination-in-chief (Voir dire), to make the witness alter or amend or throw discredit on his own evidence or give evidence in favour of the other side. In C. E. leading questions are allowed. Cross-fertilization. (Fertilization of flowers.) Cross-fire. In which the range of any firearm sweeps across a space already grazed by fire. Cross-hatching. [Fr. hacher, to cut.} Draw- ing a series of lines across each other at regular angles so as to increase the depth of shadow in engraving. Cross-head. The piece which connects the piston-rod and the connecting-rod of a steam- engine. It consists of a socket to which the piston-rod is keyed, and a journal or two journals on which the connecting-rod works. The cross- head is connected with the guiding apparatus which maintains the rectilineal motion of the piston-rod. Crossjack-yard. (Naut. ) Pronounced crojeck- yard. (Yards.) Crosslet. [Dim. of cross.] (Her.) Having its arms terminated with small crosses. Cross-trees. {Naut. ) The timber laid across the upper ends of the lower and top masts, the former supporting the top, and the latter ex- tending the top-gallant shrouds. Croton. [Gr.] (Bot.) A gen. of plants, ord. Euphorbiacece ; many having important medical properties. C. tiglium, a small tree of the Moluccas, Ceylon, and other parts of E. Indies ; very actively and dangerously drastic, yielding C. oil. Crouch ware. Salt-glazed stoneware, made at Burslem and elsewhere, 1690-1780. Some- times called Elizabethan. Crouds, Shrouds. (Arch.) An old name for the crypt of a building, as in Old St. Paul's. Croupier. [Yr., partner.} At a gaming-table, the dealer or dealer's assistant. Croupiere. [Fr., from croupe, crupper.'} De- fensive armour covering the haunches of a horse down to the hocks. Crowdie. (Naut.) Cold meal and milk mixed, or a mixture of oatmeal and boiled water with treacle, or sugar and butter. Crowfoot tribe. (Bot.) I.q. Ranunculacese. Crown or Demesne lands. (Hist.) Lands, estates, or other real property belonging to the sovereign or the Crown, acquired by purchase, succession, forfeiture, or in other ways. The practice of granting Crown land to subjects in perpetuity was abolished by Parliament, 1702. Crowner. (Coroner.) Crown-glass. Glass composed of silicates of soda and lime ; made by blowing a large bubble and twirling it when reheated till it becomes a flat disc. Crown-paper. (From the original water-mark. ) Paper twenty inches by fifteen. Double crcnvn is thirty inches by twenty. CROW 149 CRYS Crown-saw. A saw formed by cutting teeth on the edge of a hollow cylinder. Crown-wheeL A wheel with teeth set at right angles to its plane, and therefore parallel to the axis of rotation. Crown- work. (Mil.) Large outwork placed beyond the enceinte of a fortress, consisting of two fronts with long branches enclosing the ground in rear. It may broadly be considered as a double hornwork (tj.v.). Crow-quill. A nomt de plume of Alfred H. Forrester, the humourist ; born 1805. Crow's-foot. (Mil.) The Roman tribulus or caltrop ; an obstacle against cavalry, a small block of wood with four iron spikes inserted, one always projecting upwards as it lies on the ground. Crow's-nest. (Naut.) A shelter for the look- out man at the top-gallant masthead. Crucet-house. "A chest short and narrow," and not deep, "with sharp stones," in which a man was placed and crushed. (See Mrs. Armi- tage's Childhood of the English Nation: Horrors of Stephen's Reign.) Crucible. [L. L. crucibulum, as being formerly marked with a "f ; or (?) from criicio, / torture, metals having been formerly spoken of as tor- tured to yield up their virtues.] A vessel for heating and fusing glass, metallic ores, etc. Crucifers, or Cabbage tribe, Cruciferse (i.e. bearing flowers like a Maltese cross), Cruciatae, Brasslcaceae [L. brasslca, cabbage}. (Bot.) A very extensive nat. ord. of plants, including mustard, turnip, cabbage, wall-flower, stock, etc., of some 2000 spec. ; absent from parts excessively cold or tropical. Crude form, ( Gram. ) Professor Key's name for the Stem of an inflected word. Crural. [L. crus, cruris, a leg.'] Pertaining to or like the thigh or leg. Crusades. [Fr. croisade, from L. crux, crueis, a cross.] (Hist.) Expeditions undertaken by men who bore on their arms the symbol of the cross, under a vow to wrest the Holy Sepulchre from the unbelievers. Cruse. [Cf. kroes, akin to crock, Ger. krug, pitcher. ,] A small vase or bottle. Cruset. [Fr. creuset.] A goldsmith's crucible. Crushroom. A hall in a theatre where the occupiers of boxes or stalls can wait for their carriages. Crustacea. [L. crustata, id. , crusta, a crust or shell.'} (Zool.) Class of Arthropoda (Annulosa), with external skeleton of chitine, breathing by gills or surface, possessing more than eight legs ; as the crab. (Chitine.) Crutched Friars (or Crouched Friars) = Crossed Friars. [Crouch ; cf. O.E. cross, is akin to crotch and crutch, It. croce, L. crux, gen. crucis. ] Part of a street in the City of London, near Mark Lane. Cruth, Crwth, Crotta, corr. into Crowd. A kind of harp or violin, six-stringed, anciently introduced into Ireland and thence into Wales. C. or some such instrument was used by the Druids in accompaniment ; hence Crowther, CrowJer, = a fiddler. Crux simplex. A single upright piece, without transom. JJcciiss