THE LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES B, v. r>AK.tt LAWtEK EAULA! THE MODERN STENOGRAPHER. A COMPLETE SYSTEM OF LIGHT-LINE PHONOGRAPHY, BEING A PLAIN AND PRACTICAL METHOD FOR ACQUIRING A PERFECT KNOWLEDGE OF THE PRINCIPLES OF THE BEST PHONETIC SHORT-HAND. BY GEORGE H. THORNTON, PRESIDENT OF THE NEW YORK 8TATK STENOGRAPHERS' ASSOCIATION, STENOGRAPHER OF THE SUPREME COURT, EIGHTH JUDICIAL DISTRICT, AND OF THE COUNTY AND SURROGATE COURTS OF NIAGARA, GENK8EE, AND WYOMING COUNTIES. NEW YORK : CINCINNATI -: CHICAGO AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY. FROM THK n:i:ss OK D. APPLETON & COMPANY. COPYRIGHT BY D. APPLETON AND COMPANY, 1882. TO THE HON. ALBERT HAIGHT, JUSTICE OF THE SUPREME COURT, 2IGIITH JUDICIAL DISTRICT, OF NEW YORK. THIS WORK IS RESPECTFULLY INSCRIBED, WITH THE HIGH ESTEEM OP THE AUTHOR. CONTENTS. INTRODUCTION CHAPTER I. EXPLANATION'S AND DIRECTIONS ............................. 13 Consonants, 14 ; Vowels, 15 ; Diphthongs, 15. II. MANNER OF WRITING CONSONANTS ......................... 16 Reading Exercise I, 17 ; Writing Exercise I, 17 ; Reading Exer- cise II, 18 ; Writing Exercise II, 19 ; Reading Exercise III, 19 ; Writing Exercise III, 19. III. VOCALIZATION ........................................... 20 Reading Exercise IV, 21 ; Writing Exercise IV, 22 ; Position of Consonant Outlines, -2-2 ; Upward R, 23 ; Uses of AT, 24; Ray, 24 ; R between other Stems, 24. IV. CIRCLES FOR S AND Z .................................... 25 The Circle between Stems, 25 ; Circle not used in certain cases, 26 ; Reading Exercise V, 26 ; Writing Exercise V, 27 ; Large Circle, 27 ; Reading Exercise VI, 28 ; Writing Exercise VI, 28 ; Loops, 28 ; Reading Exercise VII, 29 ; Writing Exercise VII, 29 ; Reading Exercise VIII, 29 ; Writing Exercise VIII, 29 ; Circles added to Loops and Large Circles, 30 ; Reading Exer- cise IX, 30 ; Writing Exercise IX, 30 ; Brief Way and Yay Scries. !') : Additional Signs for the Aspirate, 31. V. CONSONANT STROKES MODIFIED BY HOOKS .................... 32 L Hook, 32 ; R Hook, 32 ; Reading Exercise X, 32 ; Writing Exercise X, 33 ; F and VII'... ks, B8; X Il-i-k, 3"; Y Hook, 34 ; W Hook, 34 ; Shun Hook, 34 ; Ter Hook, 34 ; Reading Exercise XI, 35 ; Writing Exercise XI, 35. VI. ADDITIONAL HOOKS ....... , .............................. 36 Vocalization of Stems with Hooks, 36 ; Large Circles and Loops with Hooks, 38 ; Reading Exercise XII, 33 ; Writing Exercise XII, 38 ; Reading Exercise XIII, 39 ; Writing Exercise XIII, 39 ; Initial Curved Tick for N, 39 ; Final Tick for Eshon, 40; Reading Exercise, XIV, 40 -, Writing Exercise XIV, 40. 448299 6 CONTENTS. CHAPTER PAGE VII. SHORTENING AND LENGTHENING PRINCIPLES 41 Shortening, 41 ; Heading Exercise XV, 42 ; Writing Exercise XV, 42 ; Lengthening, 42 ; Beading Exercise XVI, 43 ; Writ- ing Exercise XVI, 43. VIII. WORD-SIGNS 44 IX. PREFIXES AND SUFFIXES. 52 X. PHRASING 55 S Circle, 56 ; Small Loop, 57 ; L Hook, 57 ; R Hook, 57 ; W Hook, 57 ; Y Hook, 57 ; F. Hook, 57 ; N Hook, 58 ; Ter Hook and Lengthening, 58 ; Shortening, 58 ; Not, 58 ; I and The, 58 ; A, An, or And, 59 ; Of, 59 ; To, 59 ; Or, 59 ; Ray in Phrases, 59 ; Any tiling, 60 ; lie in Phrases, 60 ; Stems not Shaded, 60 ; Outlines not Vocalized, 61. XI. How TO PRACTICE 62 XII. PHRASING 64 XIII. READING PHONOGRAPHY 74 Reporting as a Mental Exercise, 77 ; Reporting at Chautauqua, 83 ; Imaginary Testimony introducing most of the important Word-Signs, 89 ; Portion of a Charge to the Jury delivered by Hon. Charles Daniels, Justice of the Supreme Court, 113 ; Su- preme Court, 121. THE MODERN STENOGRAPHER. INTRODUCTION. IN presenting a new or modified system of phonog- raphy for public favor, it is, perhaps, fitting that some statement should be made as to its believed necessity. There have been so many systems heretofore published, and there are so many now in use, that, unless a sys- tem possesses especial advantages over those already before the public, it would be useless to add another to the list. The system presented in these pages has for many years been in actual use, not only by the author, but by other stenographers thoroughly competent to test its value. It has been exhaustively tried in all the varied branches of stenographic work, and has been shown to possess unequaled advantages in every particular. It has been found to meet all the demands of verbatim reporting, both in point of speed and legibility. Phonography has now been long before the public. It has been not only a theoretical exposition of a sys- tem of brief writing, but a system that has become recognized as practically fitted for reporting the most 8 THE MODERN STENOGRAPHER. rapid utterances. It has been widely practiced through- out the English-speaking world. In our country the class of men engaged in stenographic work is one of which any profession might well feel proud. They are, for the most part, men of intellect and education. They are men who have taken up stenography with an active intelligence, as great as is required for achieving suc- cess in any other business or professional pursuit. They have qualified themselves not only by a practical educa- tion, by a keen insight into the needs of their profes- sion, and by a long training for the attainment of the utmost possible skill, but also by the most thorough analysis of stenographic principles. ^Xow, phonography being practiced by men of such broad culture, and being largely a progressive art, it would be strange, indeed, if there were not many valuable suggestions made for its improvement. We find, accordingly, that such suggestions have been made, and many of them of great importance in their character. And for these rea- sons, if for no other, a system which embraces the really valuable features, the real improvements which have grown up as the result of an intelligent experience, and which discards the weak elements by a sort of special law of natural selection, certainly needs no apology. It has been the aim of the author to embody in this work, together with his own improvements on the system, all the modifications which practical experience has shown to be advantageous. INTRODUCTION. 9 It may be well to state briefly some of the new and valuable features which have brought about important changes in the theory and practice of the art. There has been a tendency of late years among stenographers to simplify : to make a rule, when once laid down, as far as practically possible a universal rule, so general as to rid it of all exceptions which could without disad- vantage be discarded. The benefit to be derived from this system of generalizing can not be too highly com- mended. Every exception introduced into a phono- graphic system causes a writer just so much embarrass- ment. Long practice may enable him to rid himself to a certain extent of its disagreeable effects ; but, un- less there are great counterbalancing advantages arising from such exceptional feature, the character can never be written with the same rapidity as would result if the exception were not introduced. Another tendency observable among the more effi- cient stenographers, is to lessen the number of brief arbitrary contractions. It has been observed that there is nothing which throws more doubt upon a system of writing than the introduction of a few scores of words, not of the most frequent occurrence, which, from their excessively abbreviated outlines, are not entirely legible. To rid the system of such questionable characters has been one of the aims of the author in the selection of the word-forms herein presented. This leads directly to another important feature 10 THE MODERN STENOGRAPHER. which has never as yet been recognized by any work upon phonography, and that is, a general discarding of the distinction between light and shaded stems. In the practical application of this principle there has been such an arrangement of the various word- signs for frequently occurring words, and the use of such principles in forming the consonant outlines for other words in general, as will make the forms legible, and readily so, irrespective of the shading of the con- sonant stems, securing by this means manifest advan- tages. The principle on which this improvement is based can be briefly stated. The system of phonography invented by Isaac Pit- man, is founded upon the principle of a separate repre- sentation of the vowels and consonants. The conso- nant sounds were represented by simple straight and curved stem-signs joined together, the vowels by dots and dashes, to be written to the consonant outline after it was finished. This was done upon the theory that the consonant outlines in different positions would, when framed together, form sufficiently distinctive outlines for legibility without the use of the vowel signs, except in case of unusual or peculiar words. The whole system was constructed upon the idea that the consonant out- lines were all that were required for legibility. The next point is an important one to be observed. It is this : that the consonant stems were ingeniously ar- ranged in pairs of light and shaded strokes; the light INTRODUCTION. 11 stem in this arrangement represents the plain conso- nant, while the shaded stem represents the same conso- nant, but with the sub-vocal element attached. This being the fact, it is but carrying Mr. Pitman's idea a single step further to eliminate the sub-vocal along with the vocal elements. This, though it involves important modifications in the details of the system, is simply the effect of discarding the shading. In the few in- stances where the stems are not paired off thus, one or the other of the stem-signs is provided with a differ- ent mode of representation, so that the effect is gener- ally preserved. The sound theory of this method being thus so plainly established, it only remains to see whether it can be practically carried into effect. And, as to this point, it may be observed that the real reading feature of any phonographic word is the general shape of the consonant outline. The shading or lack of shading no more determines its. legibility than the vocalization or non-vocalization. This is so essentially the case that it has finally become the experience of the most expert stenographers that outlines which depend upon shading for their legibility are in general unsafe outlines to adopt. Now, it has been found in actual practice that the distinction between these light and shaded stems may be substantially done away with in all ordinary report- ing; not but that a few outlines may need shading, as 12 THE MODERN STENOGRAPHER. certain other outlines need vocalization, but in no other way. The great bulk of the words in no way require this distinction to be made. If, as experience has taught, this shading of the outlines can be done away with, it is useless to tell a practical stenographer of the immense advantage in point of speed to be gained thereby. As to legibility in general, it is not only not lessened, but greatly enhanced ; for the doubtful char- acter of outlines which depend upon shading for legi- bility is recognized, and new forms, instead of similar forms with the addition of shaded stems, are provided, the increased legibility of which is apparent at a glance. The essence of this principle is recognized by Mr. Munson in his " Complete Phonographer," a book in most respects well worthy of admiration ; for he there says that increase of speed is attended with decrease of t/ .1 force, and, therefore, that all stems should be written as light as consistent with legibility. If this is true, the converse of the proposition most naturally follows, that the increase of force necessarily required in the shading of outlines must be attended with decrease of speed. It is so apparent that a plain system can be written with a greatly increased rapidity, that it is hard- ly worth while to demonstrate it. It is a positive fact which can not be controverted. In conclusion, we intrust our work to the public, asking simply a fair and unprejudiced examination of it at their hands. CHAPTER I. EXPLANATIONS AND DIRECTIONS. 1. IN the phonographic alphabet the consonants are represented by straight and curved strokes or stems. The vowel sounds are represented by dots and dashes. The diphthongs are represented by small caret-shaped marks, written in different directions. It is essential that the consonants should be thor- oughly memorized at the outset. To accomplish this, it will be found of advantage to write each of the con- sonants repeatedly, naming the character as it is written. 2. The signs should be traced slowly and carefully at first, and until the student is able to form them with accuracy. It can not be too thoroughly impressed upon the mind of the learner that it is familiarity with the outlines which will enable him to form them with ra- pidity. He will find little difficulty in writing them quickly when this familiarity is attained. The real aim of the learner should be to write with accuracy ; otherwise he can never hope to attain a plain and legi- ble style, which is, of course, a matter of vital impor- tance. 14: THE MODERN STENOGRAPHER. 3. After committing to memory the consonant signs, the student should next thoroughly memorize the vow- els and diphthongs. a. To write a word phonographically, its several sounds must first be ascertained, and then the phono- graphic letters which represent them should be written. The spelling of a word by the common alphabet is often no guide as to its phonographic representation. 4. A table of consonants, vowels, and diphthongs is here given, with the name of each character and the sound it represents. CONSONANTS. WAME. rwMHJ pee. ... jBAfii. BUI. ^ . .p in pay. ef \ LTH. BOUW l>. . f in for. bee.... ^ \ . . b in bay. vee. ... V . . v in ever. tee .... . .t in time. ith ( . .th in think dee.. . . . . d in do. thee. . . V . . th in thy. chay. . x . . ch in which. es / . s in sav. ,7 + jay.... > ' . .j in join. zee .... / . . z in zero. kay . . . . . k in make. kli ) OM 1 T"l C M Q ll JoU .... ^ . . oil III bllall. gay---- _ _ ..gin go. zhee. . . s . . z in azure. EXPLANATIONS AND DIRECTIONS. 15 WAME. PHON el OORAPH. SOUND. f . . 1 in lie. f . .y in you. / . . r in run. i . . w in we. VOTS SW. BOUND. N.VMK. I- HO em .... en NOGBAFH. SOUND. ^-^ . . m in may. ^-^ . . n in no. ^^ . . ng in sing. 6 . .h in have. IN. SOUND. jay.... ar, ray. ^ way . . . NAME. 81 ing.... hay r ELS. NAME. SIC e .... e in we. 1 . . . . i in tin. a .... a in age. e e in net. ah - aw .... .... a in par. .... aw in paw. . . . . o in go. a o ii .... o in got. ... .u in but. 00 _ .... o in to. 06 _ .... oo in rook. NAME. SIGN. DIPHTHONGS. SOUHD. NAME. SIGN. i . . . . i in time. . . oi in toil. ow . . . . A .... ow in cow. ew . . . . > .... ew in new. NOTE. The vowels and diphthongs are written alongside of the stroke for t, in order to denote the position they occupy relative to the consonant signs. OHAPTEK II. MANNER OF WRITING CONSONANTS. 5. Horizontal letters are written from left to right. Perpendicular and inclined letters are written down- ward, except ../ lay and ..._ g ala > fuss y> zan y- POSITION OF CONSONANT OUTLINES. 13. Outlines are written in three different positions in reference to the line of writing, depending upon the accented vowel of the word represented by the outline. If the accented vowel is a first-place vowel, the outline should be written in the first position ; if it is a second-place vowel, in the second position ; and if it is a third-place vowel, in the third position. a. The three positions for horizontal stems are : first, VOCALIZATION. 23 above the line ; second, upon the line ; third, below the line. b. For perpendicular or inclined stems, the three positions are : first, above the line ; second, upon the line; third, through the line. c. Where the outline consists of more than one stem, the first perpendicular or inclined stroke, if there is one, is written in the required position, viz. : First, second, or third, depending upon the accented vowel, and the remainder of the outline follows the direction of the stems which compose it, wherever they may terminate. If there is no perpendicular or inclined stroke, the outline should be written in accordance with note a. d. The position of the outline is an important feature in the legibility of writing. The student should early accustom himself to ascertain the accented vowels of words, and write the consonant outlines in the posi- tion which that vowel denotes. UPWARD R. 14. An additional stem-sign is provided for the con- sonant r, for the sake of convenience and speed in writing. This sign, _./..._., is called ray, and is always written upward to distinguish it from chat/, which is always written downward. The distinction, when standing alone, may be ob- served by writing ray at a greater angle from the per- 24: THE MODERN STENOGRAPHER. pendicular. The distinction is made naturally by the hand in forming the upward and downward strokes. USES OF AB. 15. The downward stroke __L, ar, is generally used when r is the first consonant stem in an outline pre- ceded by a vowel, or is the last consonant of an out- line not followed by a vowel. It is likewise generally used when followed by m, whether a vowel precedes it or not : _x .. ark, _^_... Arab, ream. RAY. 16. The upward stroke, .^...., ray, is used when r is the first consonant of a word not preceded by a vowel, or is the last consonant stem in an outline fol- lowed by a vowel. It is generally used when followed by ith, ihee, chay, and jay, whether a vowel precedes it or not : ..^/U.. rate, ._.^r^... merry, _Jal. earth. R BETWEEN OTHER STEMS. 17. In the middle of words, whichever form is found the more convenient may be used : ^...^^......^^ alarm, \y _ bark, \ form, _ ^f _ march. ~~ Ray should generally have the preference, on ac- count of the greater ease with which it can be made. and because it forms, usually, better junctions with pre- ceding and following strokes. CHAPTER IT. CIRCLES FOR S AND Z. 18. S and 2, on account of their frequent occurrence, are provided with an additional character, much more easily made than the stem signs. This character is a small circle. 19. The circle is written on the right-hand side of perpendicular and downward inclined straight stems, and on the upper side of horizontal and upward in- clined straight stems : \ sp, / scA, _g sk, I f / b ___ ts, _r^rL. ks, ..JL_ st, _/__.. rs. This is called, for convenience, the circle side of straight stems. The circle is written on the concave side of curved stems : ...(T^._ sm, ...^.. sf. THE CIRCLE BETWEEN STEMS. 20. Between two stems which form an angle, the circle is written on the outside of the angle : ___ l^L tsl, .. msl, _^/_ ______ rsk; ...?T7T.._. psk, _..p>e.... fsl, etc. a. If this results in an awkward turning of a circle 26 THE MODERN STENOGRAPHER. on the back of a curve, it is better to write it inside of the angle: .Ac/.-./*/ 1 , /_ mscli. CIRCLE NOT USED IN CERTAIN CASES. 21. The circle should not be used for s or z when either of these letters is the h'rst consonant of a word beginning with a vowel, or the last consonant of a word ending with a vowel : .\ ask, _^i_J_ racy. a. The circle is not used to represent z when it is the first consonant of a word. The stroke must always V be used in such case: zero, O_ zany. 5. The initial circle is always read before the stroke to which it is attached. It is the first thing to be read in a consonant outline. c. A final circle is always read after the stroke to which it is written. It is the last thing to be read in a consonant outline. READING EXERCISE V. r f _ ^ t *-& c* ^ > 6 'Vp q ~LA CIRCLES FOR S AND Z. 27 lls -i "^ ^ WRITING EXERCISE V. Seek, stay, sung, song, sum, sale, safe, such, says, save, sash, sway, sad, sag, gaze, its, nice, rice, mass, less, fuss, chess, ages, face, ashes, ways, goes, seeks, stays, songs, sums, sons, sails, safes. sieves ; sashes, sways, sacks, ruse, Jews, muse, fuse, skip, skips, skate, exceeds, succeeds, mistakes, missing, unseen, excels, excites, tasks, risks, missile, listen, dozen, poison, moisten, fasten, rising, resume, sailing, music, musing, induce, rousing, bounc- ing, slashing, gashes, sagacious, sunset, beseech, subside, sincere, specify, insensate, extensive, discussing, dispos- ing. LARGE CIRCLE. 22. The circle may be enlarged to represent the \ ^ : _J>._ p*s, ^ #5p> Z- sound of or z repeated 28 THE MODERN STENOGRAPHER. a. The large circle is attached to stems in the same manner as the small circle. It may be vocalized by writing the vowel inside the circle : .Ne>~ faces, ^- decisive. READING EXERCISE VI. A^s. X, 6, P \ <^K t^v^ WRITING EXERCISE VI. Bosses, basis, faces, thesis, chooses, loses, muses, noises, pauses, paces, causes, gazes, accuses, exist, races, roses, tosses, cases, access, uses, houses, possessed, neces- sity, incisive, excessive, resist, desist, possessor, decisive, system, basest, Mississippi, choicest, reposes, imposes. LOOPS. 23. The circle may be made into a small loop to \ P : __\_. s, __! represent st: ___. sty, __!_ #,_^L-to 3 ^^ mst, etc. CIRCLES FOR S AND Z. 29 READING EXERCISE VII. f ^ ^ f S \ / _ ^ ^-. Ir f> -> WRITING EXERCISE VII. State, steep, steel, store, study, story, boast, chest, cast, mist, just, rust, waste, last, dust, cost, assessed, ghost, lost, tossed, fast, must, jest, used, mused, adduced, infused. 24:. The circle may be made into a large loop to represent s^ : __Al_ ^>s^, _^^_ rasfr-, j^^2- mnstr. READING EXERCISE VHI. tr / WRITING EXERCISE VIII. Poster, duster, jester, muster, luster, castor, minister, roadster, Rochester, pilaster, Axminster, yesterday, balus- ter, paymaster. 30 THE MODERN STENOGRAPHER. 25. The loops are used in the same manner as the circle, both initially and terminally, and the same rules should be observed in reading them. a. It is seldom of advantage to use the large loop initially to represent sir. It is generally represented by another combination of principles which will be ex- plained hereafter, and which will be found more con- venient in practice. CIRCLES ADDED TO LOOPS AND LARGE CIRCLES. 26. An additional circle may be added to the loops and to the large circle, by carrying the circle or loop to the opposite side of the stem, to represent an addi- tional s or z : v___ tsss, ..__^_ pste, JJ. jstrs. READING EXERCISE IX. / WRITING EXERCISE IX. Posts, posters, rests, dusters, coasts, coasters, empha- sizes, possesses. BRIEF WAY AND YAY SERIES. 27. W and y are provided, in addition to the stem or stroke forms, with brief signs to represent them when they come into combination with a vowel immediately CIRCLES FOR S AND Z. 31 following them, lu such cases the w or y, together with the vowel which succeeds it, is written with a single we. sign, thus : wa, wah, waw, ye, o -, yaw wo, ya, w ^ yo, woo, yah, _y_.?_. yoo. a. The brief sign for w and y may often be advan- tageously joined to a consonant stroke which follows, ^-~*' thus : M=E:-. yoke, weak, .^4-^_ young, wing, etc. b. On account of the similarity between the sound of the diphthong _> . , and that represented by the brief yay signs _H-G., these two latter characters may be used in vocalizing and joined to the consonant stems in place of the sign ..>... For example, _1_ dew, _\- few, r\ ^~^i ^ cue, etc. ADDITIONAL SIGNS FOR THE ASPIRATE. 28. When more convenient than the hay stroke, the aspirate may be represented by a small dot written alongside of the vowel sign, thus : __L had, \-. have, etc. 29. The aspirate may also often be represented by a small tick, attached to the succeeding stem, thus : X her, _-^f^_ home. a. When hay occurs after another stem, it may often be formed by writing the * circle in place of the hook. This will not conflict with the ordinary use of the s circle in such places, and will be found of great convenience, from the greater ease with which it can be formed. CHAPTER Y. CONSONANT STROKES MODIFIED BY HOOKS. L HOOK. 30. A SMALL initial hook on the s circle side of straight stems, and a large initial hook on curved steins, represent an added I: #, A pi, S^^ nl, -L.Jlj c rr-rr. &l, a. Hooks on curved stems are always written on the concave side. R HOOK. 31. A small initial hook on the side opposite the circle side of straight stems, and a small initial hook on curved stems, represent an added r: _\.jpr, L /', READING EXERCISE X. T 1- ^ \ ~ ^ LZ. CONSONANT STROKES MODIFIED BY HOOKS. 33 v\ WRITING EXERCISE X. Tree, tray, plea, play, grow, clay, cloy, clew, claw, fly, flee, fry, free, ugly, agree, able, dream, tribe, trim, apply, ripple, pearly, nearly, prime, price, brew, brake, brick, brace, claim, clear, clip, creep, grape, growth, grotto, crisp, grasp, keeper, caper, copper, paper, reaper, lover, weaver, waiver, legal, regal, uncle, angle, angry, table, staple, title, chopper, dagger. F AND V HOOKS. 32. A small terminal hook on the s circle side of straight stems, and a long, narrow terminal hook on curved stems, represent an added f or v : \L.lf, JL ckf, vJ2 nf, j^> mf. N HOOK. 33. A small terminal hook on the side opposite the circle side of straight stems, and a small terminal hook 34: THE MODERN STENOGRAPHER on curved stems, represent an added n : jL tn, ___\. bn, ^s X 1 !Ti- m?i, _ o_ ww, ->^.. nw, ./ ..... rn. Y HOOK. 34. A large initial hook on the r hook side of O straight steins, and a long, narrow initial hook on curved stems, represent an added y : _ d- j y,__^. r-y, ,CZ7.. Tc-y. W HOOK. 35. A large initial hook on the I hook side of straight stems represents an added w : __\. b-w, ..^ . k-w. SRUN HOOK. 36. A large terminal hook on the f hook side of straight stems, and a large terminal hook on curved stems, represent an added shun : _U_. d-shn, ~ ~^. Jc-shn, .>^?. n-shn, etc. TER HOOK. 37. A large terminal hook on the n hook side of straight stems represents an added ter, der, or iher : (J _ */) d-t/-, IP_ k-tr, _/. ..... r-tr, etc. a. This hook may also occasionally be used to ad- vantage to represent the frequently occurring termina- tions tor and ture, care being taken to make the hook plain and distinct. CONSONANT STROKES MODIFIED BY HOOKS. 35 READING EXERCI3E XL J 1 I- ^ / I I I \\\{-;\ J> JA ^L A WRITING EXERCISE XI. Tone, tough, congh, rotigli, tune, town, down, pain, bone, pen, deaf, rove, puff, pane, cough, drive, proof, brief, blown, bluff, gruff, cliff, reef, rough, wife, knife, wine, wane, vine, motion, nation, station. CHAPTEK VI. ADDITIONAL HOOKS. 38. A SMALL hook inside the shun hook addsv: _: k-shn-v, JJL d-shn-v. a. This hook is only used in phrasing. 39. A small hook inside an f hook on curves, or a ter hook on straight stems, represents an added n : ___.. b-tr-n,-V d-tr-n. a. This hook is mainly used for phrasing, though a few single words may be advantageously written on this principle. VOCALIZATION OF STEMS WITH HOOKS. 40. Where a stem has an initial hook, and it is desired to indicate a vowel between the stem and the hook, it may be done in the following manner : I. A small circle before the stem is written for a V .r short dot vowel, till, -L tell, and after the stem for \ fo a long dot vowel, ' appear, _JL_ their, etc. ADDITIONAL HOOKS. 37 II. Diphthongs and dash vowels are struck through the stein, unless the vowel or diphthong would inter- fere with the hook, in which event it may be written just before the commencement of the stem: oork, __________ ->- empire, J^. term. a. It will be found convenient to make a distinction between the vowels o and u when struck through the stem by making the angle of the dash for a more oblique ; JL door, .<>_ more. 41. Circles may be added to all hooks. These cir- P < *\ cles are written inside of the hook : JL stl, ... ~. ski, _X. spl, -^- svl, ^==L kfs, .jzrrrL Jcshns, _/_ rtrs, ._ ..... . / / \ Tens, -/ rns, A \ J 1 3- -^ / \ J' ^o. ^ A ex. WRITING EXERCISE XIII. Occasion, editor, evasion, allusion, actor, gather, daughter, better, bitter, writer, rather, glitter, equator, towns, bounce, canes, queens, coins, brains, tones, drains, against, chanced, bounced, tenses, dances, glances, chances, quinces, expenses, punster, spinster. INITIAL CURVED TICK FOR N. 46. A curved tick written initially before the a circle on curves, and the spr, skr, etc., series on \ 1 straight stems, represents n : . ^ . nspr, _!_ nstr, 3^r. nskr, ^ nsl, *I^i- nsm. a. This tick is not used in the middle of words. b. It should be noticed that this valuable expedient is an entirely independent abbreviation, and should be read before the circle. It does not partake of the 40 THE MODERN STENOGRAPHER. nature of hooks, which are always read after the stems to which they are attached. FINAL TICK FOR E.SHOX. 47. A curved tick written terminally after the s circle represents eshon: _^, _\>_ ^fe, , _I_ splnfe, ^_ spmts, S&- fnts, _L ^, ../!. c/iZ^, A.. s^, ..?_ M/ 1 ^. . It will be observed that the shortening takes effect after every other modification of the stem ex- cepting final circles and loops. Thus, JL can not be written for pltn it represents pint, and can represent nothing else. 5. Final t or d can not be represented by shorten- ing when followed by a vowel. The stem-sign must iv : I- be used in such case : _l_ tidy, . giddy. c. The three positions for half - length consonant 42 THE MODERN STENOGRAPHER. stems are : 1, above the line ; 2, upon the line ; 3, be- low the line. READING EXERCISE XV. .1- . mtrs, _. fltr, ___ J_ wntr, _A_ blndr, ./.-. rndrs. \j a. This principle takes effect after every other modi- fication of a stem except final circles or loops. SHORTENING AND LENGTHENING PRINCIPLES. 43 5. On straight stems the ter hook is generally pre- ferred to the lengthening principle, in order to distinguish the character from a repeated letter. The lengthening principle is chiefly used on straight stems when there is a final hook attached to the stem, and occasionally in writing phrases. c. A diphthong occurring before a final r of a lengthened stem may be represented by striking it through the stem, thus : entire, endure, etc. d. The rule for the position of outlines composed wholly of, or beginning with, double-length strokes, is that the double-length stroke should commence at the same point with reference to the line that it would commence if it were a single-length stem. READING EXERCISE XVI. WRITING EXERCISE XVI. Mother, father, enter, shutter, Easter, oyster, matter, sweeter, softer, shorter, mortar, falter, center, fender, wonder, remainder, blunder, render, tender, enchanter, encounter, rejoinder, engender. CHAPTER VIII. WORD-SIGNS. 50. THOUGH a comparatively small number of rules have thus far been given, they will doubtless be all that is necessary to enable the student to acquire a knowledge of the principles which are requisite to his success. It has been the aim of the author to present these rules in the simplest manner possible, and yet to omit nothing which will assist the student to a clear comprehension of the various modifications of consonant stems. If properly presented, the rules are not so com- plicated but that they may be learned in a short space of time, M T ith reasonably diligent application. It would be well for the learner not to proceed beyond this point until he has a thorough comprehension of the preced- ing sections. It will even be well worth while to take a review at this point of the work thus far done, as the most difficult part of the theoretical work will have been accomplished when a satisfactory knowledge of what has already been written has been acquired. Tin's is true, not because there is no hard work remaining to be done, but because that which follows will not be difficult of comprehension, and will only require pa- WORD-SIGNS. 45 tience from the student in memorizing the word- and phrase-signs and phrasing principles. So large a bulk of the language is made up of a comparatively small number of words, oft repeated, that no system of stenography could be devised to meet all necessary requirements, which did not make provision for a brief representation of these frequently occurring words. In a system which does not rely for legibility to any degree upon shading, these word-signs should be carefully selected, and a great amount of careful study has been devoted to the following list. Although some few of the outlines may be found to be longer than the corresponding outlines in some other systems, yet the effect in point of speed will be more than counter- balanced by generally ridding the system of shaded strokes, and by the great facility which the syttem affords of brief representation, even when the outlines are written in full, and also the ease with which prac- tically valuable phrase-signs can be made. Beyond this, a degree of legibility is attained which can not but prove invaluable. The student will discover by ex- perience that nothing gives a stenographer an ability to write an outline with ease and rapidity like a knowl- edge, at the time of writing it, that it will be readily legible. The following is a list of the word-signs used in this system. The student should make himself familiar with the entire list before conducting his studies further : THE MODERN STENOGRAPHER. a, an, or and. . . .^r. company according ^Tcounsel "7 acknowledge. . Lconnect advantage / - > connection advertise __1.. all ._. danger J ^ .December any. . I/ defendant another v. / r deliver among: . . . . i s did anything. . cliff 6 rent are __/.._.. as -do o about 1 "V bef ore \ ...I during ... disadvantage P between WORD-SIGNS. 47 behind bankruptcy. . . but \ can capable children circumstance. . circumstantial. for frequent from . government. . . * c N ) < \ \ .._.y/-...< -^ ^ , s 1 i I "N } I i ...A x^ . -^- i 7 c/ 1 o i ^~,- '--J-- ^_j ^^.^ r ^ ./^_1 establish exchange experience fact familiar family irregular --new or kne\v THE MODERN STENOGRAPHER. governor ^ / large had 1 has -.0^. manufacture memorandum o have ( . he.. , ...O memoranda Mr. o his vJ^> never home /^ v. nevertheless how. . New York A here ^-s no or know -h immediately . . ' L..... notwithstanding important now i TYI ~nrrH" f) TI PP i oh or owe indispensable . "H .. object p on influential . . ... .opinion WORD-SIGNS. 49 'X opportunity . . ^-^ / recollect other -- our or hour . . ~N .__/_ refer -x . ..remark V-^ remember own \---responsible part __iy__. party. . \ ..SJ^TTrr San Francisco o .vnrh. September significant \ pretty -- siffniticance peculiar \ o - shall perform ....~L~ performance \ .--J should similar phonography ^ ..<75_ ... somewhat plaintiff A_- Tvrinp.inal IP . . ...^ swear ? ...A snbiect 50 THE MODERN + probable, property. \ STENOGRAPHER. \ (\ probability . \v 6 " J6C , or ^that profit ( \ - the public . . . --\ - - thev practical \ f _5 there or their practicable \ thinar quantity .... these regular . . . / think time / which truthfulness / who truthful ...will United States \^9 c with was .. without well C. ~T~ world were or where. . .../.... .. vear WORD-SIGNS. 51 :> \vllclt yet \ve ..... j f vou to . . \ T > \ whfin up. . , \ V 7 knowledge could \ purpose represent / \ >' (/ general / in V I H detprmine themselves vD J x ^ ^member CHAPTER IX, PREFIXES AND SUFFIXES. 51. MANY words may be conveniently abbreviated by providing a special contracted form for the initial or final syllable ; or by omitting one or more of the indistinct or unimportant consonants. a. The stem for k, attached to the remainder of an outline, or a dot written close to the remainder of the outline, may be used to express the prefixes con, com, _ a . ~c cog, or cum, thus : - d connection, __ convenient, _! _ L conciliatory. This prefix may often be omitted without endanger- ing legibility. "When these syllables occur in the middle of an outline, they may be expressed by disjoining the part of the outline preceding the syllable, thus : X_JL recom- pense, etc. b. Accom may be expressed by the stem for Jc dis- joined : iseL accompany, etc. PKEFIXES AND SUFFIXES. 53 c. The final syllable self may be expressed by A. s-lay, joined to the preceding part of the word, and v.li'i* by the same sign with the s circle attached: f.. yourself,.... myself, ^y^- ourselves, . {.. yourselves. O d. Ble or bly, by the stem for b, joined to the pre- ^ ceding part of the outline, thus : . ^_ indispensdble-y. When the syllable can be expressed by bl, it will be generally found the preferable form : ____ possible. e. Hieness may be expressed by bs disjoined : ^-v V invincibleness. f. Ever, by the/ 5 hook, or stern for v: /\^wherever, whatever, -U. whenever. g. Ful, by the f hook, or by fl: _c ^ careful, etc. h. Fulness, by /* detached : _!__. truthfulness. Vo *'. Ing, by a dot at the end of the stem, or by the ng stroke :__ putting, _. .v/'/^v/V/, etc. Ings by a V dash at the end of the stem, thus: _ buildings. j. Nottdl, mentality, by mnt disjoined : _L-L instru- mentality/. / k. Ology, by j disjoined : ..../.. theolog-y. 54 THE MODERN STENOGRAPHER. I. /Ship, by ish joined or disjoined : 4- worship, etc. in. Soever, by #y joined : .:./ whosoever, -Zx. where- soever, etc. ?i. jT<56? or <&^, by ^ joined or disjoined, as most convenient : ,A\ t represented, etc. CHAPTER X. PHRASING. 52. IT may be stated, as a general rule, that each lifting of the pen or pencil that can conveniently be dispensed with will be attended with a gain in speed. Therefore, when words can be written together without loss of legibility, an apparent advantage will result. With this view, a system of phrase writing has been invented in reference to writing phonography, by which, in some cases, words are joined together by continuing the second word right on from the end of a preceding word without raising the pen or pencil, and in other cases by the representation of words by hooks, circles, loops, the lengthening and shortening principles, and other devices. It will be found that the use of a judicious selection of phrase-signs will not be a detri- ment to, but rather tend to enhance the legibility of, writing. The principle should not be carried to the extent of making long and cumbersome outlines ; and in general it will be found useless to write those outlines which would be unnatural from the style of the matter to be written, or which will be awkward for the hand to form 56 THE MODERN STENOGRAPHER. with rapidity. AVhen a pause intervenes between two words, they should not be joined, or where there is a lack of clear connection in the sense. Neither should words be joined in one phrase-sign, which would result in carrying the outline to an inconvenient distance above or below the line. Aside from these general observa- tions, it may be said that it is, to a great degree, a mat- ter of individual preference as to the extent to which phrase writing shall be carried. Many very excellent stenographers are in the habit of phrasing to an ex- ceedingly limited extent ; but it is more common among the better class of stenographers to strike a fair medium, with the belief that a reasonable amount of phrase writing will conduce both to speed and legibility. In the ordinary reporting of testimony of witnesses, phras- ing may be adopted to a greater extent than in other kinds of reporting, on account of the very frequent occurrence of the union of certain classes of words. But in speech reporting it can not be so generally, nor so advantageously, employed. The following is a list of the words added by the various modifica- tions of stems, which it is believed may be safely written : S CIRCLE. a. As, has, or is. may he added by the s circle: _ as far as, _$_ it has. or // PHRASING. 57 SMALL LOOP. 5. First may be added to certain words by the st loop : A. at first, __ JL when you first. L HOOK. c. Will may be added to certain words by the I hook : ._!_. it will, Y~L you will. R HOOK. d. Were, and occasionally or, may be added by the r hook : A . they were, ^2. you were, s 4 one or two. w HOOK. e. We or what may be added by the use of the w / f hook : _C/_ where we, J_ do we, -C=. can we, etc. Y HOOK. f. You or your may be added to stems by the y / hook : __L do you, .__ were you, ~. can you, etc. F HOOK. g. Have or of may be added by the f hook : you have, we have, .Al_ they have, _^_2. &rara> of, <^~2 some of, =^. occasion of, condition of. 58 THE MODERN STENOGRAPHER. N HOOK. h. Than or been may be added by the n hook : \ ^ more than, .&. better than, we have been. TER HOOK AND LENGTHENING. i. Their, there, or other, may be added by the ter hook or by lengthening: ...I had there, ^ ~~^ some other, /) f .7. gave their, ./.. were there, ./.. ..... you have been there, -^7^5^.. may have been there, u..we have been there. SHORTENING. /. It or the may be added by halving: . at the, ^ 1 during the, \>. before the, of it, etc. NOT. Tc. Not may be added by shortening a stem and attaching the n hook. In the case of signs modified by the y hook for phrasing, it may be added by the n J "q hook alone : __ did not, -TT?. can not, JL do you not, <~ can you not. I AND THE. 1. I initially, and the initially, or finally, may be represented by a small tick inclined in the direction PHRASING. 9 f of p or chay : ... I think,*=-~I can, ^-^ 'the next, J3L the first, in the, ....from the. A, AN, OB AND. m. A, an, or and, may be expressed by a tick written horizontally or perpendicularly : ..... with a or an, for a. OF. n. Of may be indicated, when occurring between two words, by writing them near together, and occa- sionally by joining them : . Q 7j > . second day of May. \ X TO. o. To may often be expressed by writing the word which follows it below the line: _ to be, to take. OR. p. Or may be expressed by writing the word which follows it under the word which precedes it : .rrr-^.. May or June. In writing figures according to this rule, it will not be necessary to repeat those which are not changed : // ' . eleven or twelve. / RAY IX PHRASES. q. Ray in phrases represents were. It may be vocalized to represent are. 60 THE MODERN STENOGRAPHER. ANYTHING. r. It will be found very convenient to ornit the angle between n and ing in this word in phrase-signs : anything about. HE IN PHRASES. s. It will be found convenient to write he in phrases by the stem for hay, written in accordance with note a, paragraph 29, thus : did he, ...V . when he, . /. that he, etc. STEMS NOT SHADED. When the student has had sufficient practice in writ- ing, so that he is tolerably familiar with the appearance of the different word-forms, he may adopt the custom of discarding the use of shading the different stem-signs. This should be done in such a manner as will not inter- fere with his ability to read his phonography easily ; and to accomplish this, the following plan is recom- mended : Let him begin by discarding the shading from word-signs. Afterward he may drop the shading from those words, the outlines of which he has become famil- iar with from having written them often, and thus gradually he will accustom himself to being able with advantage to dispense with shading as a rule, making the shaded stems the exception. The student will find, with very little practice, that this can be accomplished, PHRASING. 61 and an impetus will be given to his capacity to write rapidly, without detriment to legibility. OUTLINES NOT VOCALIZED. In the same manner the student can gradually dis- pense with vocalization as a rule. Where the consonant outlines are sufficiently distinct in themselves, it will be found that vocalization is no aid to legibility. Experi- ence will enable the writer to determine in what out- lines the vocalization and shading can safely be omitted. CHAPTEK XI. HOW TO PRACTICE. WHEN the student has mastered the phonographic principles as laid down in the foregoing rules, and com- mitted to memory the word-signs contained in the list, he will have at his command a system of short-hand writing sufficiently brief to report the most rapid speak- ers he will encounter. Yet simply this knowledge will no more enable him to report, verbatim, the words of a rapid speaker than a rudimentary knowledge of the notes in music would enable a person to execute per- fectly upon the piano one of the difficult compositions of Liszt or Mozart. Not that the student of phonog- raphy has anything like so long and so difficult a task before him, but an element which is just as necessary to him as to the amateur pianist must enter into his work before the wished-for end can be reached. That element is practice. He has the task before him of making himself so familiar with the outlines of all the ordinary words which he will write, that they will come to his mind without the least perceptible hesitation. In addition to this, he has the task of training his hand to HOW TO PRACTICE. 63 trace the characters with rapidity and accuracy. To accomplish these two needed results, a thorough course of practice is absolutely essential. The best kind of practice is obtained by writing from the dictation of another person. This will be found far better than copying from a book, and even better, at the outset, than reporting speeches or court proceedings, because the reader will accommodate his speed of dictation to the speed of the writer, and thus he will be able to accomplish a great deal more in any given space of time, and he will not be so apt to force himself into an illegible style of writing, in his en- deavors to keep pace with a rapid speaker, lie will thus, if he has taken sufficient pains in learning to form the characters accurately, acquire a habit of writing a plain and readily legible short-hand a habit, it is need- less to say, which will prove invaluable when he comes to put his phonography to practical use. After the student has had a fair amount of practice of this kind, he should try his hand at actual reporting, combining both methods in his practice. In fact, he should avail himself of all the opportunities at his command for putting his phonography into use, but he should con- tinue for a long time the practice of writing from dictation. CHAPTER XII. PHRASING. THE following is a list of most of the frequently used phrase-signs. The larger portion of them are more especially designed for court reporting, but when famil- iarized they may often be employed to advantage in general reporting. The common recurrence of certain forms of expression in the examination of witnesses renders a rather free use of phrasing more important than in the reporting of speeches or other stenographic work. Some few expedients for taking testimony are most always employed by skillful stenographers. A few may here be suggested. The writing of a long up- ward stroke to indicate an answer, and the joining of the first word or phrase of the answer to it, will be found of great value in reporting rapid testimony. It is well to write the name of the witness in full when he is first sworn, for the sake of accuracy and ease of reference ; the cross-examination may be indicated by writing Or., with the initial of the counsel who con- ducts the examination ; the redirect examination may be indicated by writing fid., and the recross examina- PHEAS1NG. 65 tion by R C f r., with the initial of the counsel as before. Objections may be noted by writing Obp for objected to by plaintiffs counsel, and Obd for objected to by defendant's counsel. Where a word or phrase, the outline of which is inconveniently long, or difficult to form with rapidity, is likely to occur frequently, a special contraction may be made after it has once been written in full. Care should be taken to make the special contraction as distinctive as possible, by adopting such a form as will not be mistaken for some ordinary word or phrase. Thus, "The New York Central & Hudson River R. R,. Co." may be written by the stem- sign for n, and the yay stem, with the s circle attached, struck through it ; " The New York, Lake Erie & Western R. R.," by the stem n, and the stem I struck through, etc. The following list is mainly for reference. It is not essential to learn them by rote, but it will be well to practice upon them until the student is familiar with them, as valuable phrase-signs will thus be at his com- mand when an opportunity occurs for their use. The outlines in the following printed list are indi- cated by the ordinary printed alphabet. Each consonant stem is represented by the letter or letters of the alpha- bet which most resemble the sound represented by the stem. When sh and I are to be written upward, they are printed in italics; otherwise they are printed in Ro- man type. To distinguish between the downward and 66 THE MODERN STENOGRAPHER. upward r, the same method is adopted, the upward r being printed in italics, the downward r in Roman. The stem-signs are represented by capital letters ; the circles, hooks, loops, and curved ticks are represented by small letters. The brief way and yay signs are distinguished from the stem-signs by printing the brief signs in italics. The position of the first stem of an outline is indicated by a figure placed after that stem with its modifications. The ticks are designated as p tick, cli tick, r tick, k tick, or t tick, depending upon the direction in which the tick is to be written. Upon the Pn 1 (p tick). Upon which Pn 1 CH. Upon that Pn 1 THt. Upon you Pn 1 Y. Upon that subject Pn 1 THt sB J. Upon that question Pn 1 THt Kws Tn. Upon the ground Pn 1 (p tick) Grnt. Plaintiffs case Pits* Ks. Plaintiff's counsel Pits 2 Ks L. The plaintiff (p tick) Pint 2 . The plaintiff here rested (p tick) Pint 3 R Rs Tt. Part of Prf 3 . Part of the Prft 3 . Part of their Prfthr 3 . Can be K 2 B. Can you Ky 2 . Can you not Kyn 2 . Can you say Ky 2 S. Can you not say, or, can't you say Kyn 2 S. Can you tell Ky 2 T 1. Can you not tell Kyn 2 T L. Can you recollect Ky 2 R K. Can you remember Ky 2 R M. Can you not remember Kyn* RM. Can you give Ky* Gv. Can you not give Kyn 2 Gv. Can not Knt 2 . Can not be Knt* B. I can not (ch tick) Knt 4 . I can not say (ch tick) Knt 2 S. I can not tell (ch tick) Kiit 2 TL. I can not give (ch tick) Knt" Gv. I can not remember (ch tick) Knt 2 R M. PHRASING. 67 r can not recollect (ch tick) Knt' R K. Could you Ky s [similar phrases as are formed with can]. Give you Gyl 1 . Give me Gl 1 M. Give his Gfs 1 . Give their Gfthr 1 . Give us Gf 1 S. If you Fy 1 . If you have Fy 1 V. If you have been Fy 1 V Bn. If not F 1 Nt. If any F 1 N. If anything F 1 N NG. If there Fthr 1 . If there is (or has) not Fthrs 1 Nt. If there has been Fthrs 1 Bn. If there has not been Fthrs 1 N't Bn. If there was Fthr 1 Z. If there is anything Fthrs 1 N NG. If you were Fy 1 B. If you were not Fy 1 .ffnt. Have not Vnt 3 . Have not been Vnt 8 Bn. Have you been Vy 3 Bn. Have you not been Vyn s Bn. Have you been there Vy 3 Bnthr. Have you not been there Vyn 3 Bnthr. Of you (or your) Vy 1 . Of it Vt 1 . Of your own Vy 1 N". Of the V^c&tick). Of their Vthr 1 . Of their own Vthr 1 X. For the purpose of Kt 1 Pa V. For that E 1 THt For the sake Rts 1 K. For the sake of Rts 1 Kf. For the plaintiff Rt l Pint. For the defendant R 1 (r tick) Dft. For what R 1 w. For what was R 1 w Z. As a matter of law sMter 3 L. As a matter of fact sMter 3 FK. I had (r tick) D 3 . I had not (or hadn't) (r tick) Dnt 3 . I had been (r tick) D 3 Bn. I had not been (r tick) Dnt 3 Bn. I had been there (r tick) D 3 Bnthr. I had not been there (r tick) Dnt 3 Bnthr. Had you Dy 3 . Had you not Dyn 3 . Had you been Dy 3 Bn. Had you not been Dyn 3 Bn. Had you been there Dy 3 Bnthr. Had you not been there Dyn 3 Bnthr. Had you ever been Dyv 3 Bn. Had you ever been there Dyv 3 Bnthr. Had you received Dy 3 Ss Vd. Had he D 3 H. Had he said D 3 Hs D. Had he been D 3 H Bn. Had he been there D 3 H Bnthr. 68 THE MODERN STENOGRAPHER. Had be ever D 3 II V. Had he not D 3 H Nt. Had he not been there D 3 U Nt Bnthr. Had there Dthr 3 . Had there been Dthrn 8 . During the Drt 3 . During the time Drt 3 M. During that Dr 3 Tilt. During that time Dr 3 THt M. During the latter part of the Drt 3 Lter Prvt. During the year Drt 3 Y. During the same time Drt 3 sMt M. During the time of bis Drt 3 Mvs. During the time of their Drt 3 Mvthr. The defendant (r tick) Dft 2 . The defendant's counsel (r tick) Ds 2 Ks L. The defendant here rested (r tick) Dft 2 R tfstd. It was T 1 Z. It was done T 1 Z Dn. It was said T 1 Z sD. It was not T 1 Z Nt. It is (or has) Ts 1 . It is not Ts 1 Nt. It has not been Ts 1 Nt Bn. It has been Ts 1 Bn. It will Tl 1 . It will not Tint 1 . It will be Tl 1 B. It will not be Tint 1 B. Between the Twn 1 (cJi tick). Between that Twn 1 THt. Between you Twn 1 Y. Between their Twnthr 1 . At that time T 3 THt M. At this time T 3 THs T M". At the Tt 3 . At the time Tt s M. At the time of Tt 3 Mv. At the time of his Tt 3 Mrs. At the time of their Tt 3 Mvthr. At the same place Tts 3 M Pis. At the same time Tts 3 Mt M. Out of TF. Out of the (or it) Tft 3 . Out of their Tfther 3 . By what Bw 1 . By you By 1 . By their Bther 1 . By the B (eh tick) 1 . By that B 1 Tilt. By that time B 1 THt M. By this time B 1 Tils T M. But you By 2 . But what Bw 2 . Before you Byf 2 . Before we Bwf s . Before there Bfther 2 . Before there was Bfther 2 Z. Before he Bf 2 H. Before she Bf 2 SH. Before it Bft 2 . Before a (an, or and) Bf (7t tick) 2 . Before and after Bf (k tic-!;) 2 Fter. Before or after Bf 2 R Fter. Before you were Byf 2 R. Before we were Bwf 2 R. Before you say Byf 2 S. PHRASING. 69 Before you went Byf 2 Wnt. Before his Bfs". About what B (ow) w 3 . About what time B (ow) w 3 M. About how long B (r tick) 3 NG. About how long before B 3 (r tick) NG Bf. About how long after B 3 (r tick) NG Fter. About how long before or after B 3 (r tick) NG Bf S Fter. Do you Dy 2 . Do we Dw a . Do you not Dyn 2 . Do you know Dy 2 N. Do you not know Dyn 2 N. Do you know the plaintiff Dy 2 N (p tick) Pint. Do you know the defendant Dy 2 N Dft. Do you know of Dy 2 Nv. Do you know of his Dy 2 Nvs. Do you know of their Dy 2 Nvther. Do you know whether Dy 2 N Wthr. Do you not know whether Dyn 2 N Wthr. Do you know of Dy 3 Nv. Do you not know of his Dyn 2 Nvs. Do you not know of their Dyn 2 Nvthr. Do you see Dy 2 S. Do you not see Dyn 2 S. Do you see anything Dy 2 S N NG. Do you know anything about Dy 2 N N NG B (ow). Do yon think Dy 2 TH. Do you think of Dy 3 THv. Do you think of anything Dy* THv N NG. Do you recollect Dy 2 R K. Do you recollect of his Dy 2 R Kvs. Do you recollect of their Dy 2 ^Kfthr. Do you not recollect Dyn 2 R K. Do you remember Dy 2 R M. Do you not remember Dyn 2 B M. Do you remember of Dy 2 R Mv. Do you remember of his Dy 3 R Mvs. Do you remember of their Dy a R Mfthr. Do you have Dyf 2 . Do you have any Dyf 5 N. Do you have anything Dyf N NG. Do you tell Dy 2 XL Do you state Dy 2 sTt. Do you pretend Dy 2 Pr Tnd. I do (r tick) D 2 . I do not (or don't) (r tick) Dnt 2 . I do not know (r tick) Dnt 2 N. I do not know whether (r tick) Dnt 2 N Wtbr. I don't know whether he (r tick) Dnt 2 N Wthr H. Did you (similar phrases as with do) Dy 1 . I think (r tick) TH 1 . I think of (r tick) TIK 1 . 70 THE MODERN STENOGRAPHER. I think of nothing (r tick) THf 1 N TH NG. I think not (r tick) TH 1 Nt. I think of no (r tick) THf 1 N. I think of nobody (r tick) THf 1 NBd. 1 think so (r tick) TH 1 S. I think it was (r tick) TH 1 T Z. I think it was not (r tick) TH 1 T Z Nt. I think it has (or is) (r tick) TH 1 Ts. I think it has not (r tick) TH 1 TsNt. I think it has not been (r tick) TffTs MBn. I think there (r tick) THthr 1 . I think there has (r tick) THthrs 1 . I think there lias not (r tick) THthrs 1 Nt. I think there has not been (r tick) THthrs 1 Nt Bn. I think there is nothing (r tick) Tllthrs 1 N TH NG. They are TH 2 S. They were THr 3 . They have THf. They have been THfn a . They have beenthere Tllfnthr 2 . They have not been there THf 2 Nt Bnthr. There were THr 2 R. There were not THr 2 Rnt. There was THr 2 Z. There was not THr 8 Z Nt. Was not Z 2 Nt. Was he Z 2 H. Was he not Z 2 H Nt. Was he there Z 2 Hthr. Was not done Z 2 Nt Dn. Was there Zthr 2 . Was there not Zthr 2 Nt. Was there any Zthr 3 N. Was there anything Zthr 2 N NG. Was there anything said Ztlir 2 N NG sD. Was there anything done Zthr 2 N^GDn. Was t .ere anybody ZthrN Bd. Was there anyone Zthr 3 N Wn. Tliat is Tilts 3 . That is not THts 3 Nt. That you Tlly 3 . That you were THy R. That you were not THy 3 7?nt. That you say THy 3 S. That you can THy 3 K. That you can not THy 3 Knt. That the plaintiff THt 3 Pint. That the defendant THt 3 Dft. That the plaintiff in this action -THt 3 Pint N THs Kshn. That the defendant in this action THt 3 Dft N THs Kshn. We have Wv 1 . We have not Wv 1 Nt. We have no Wv 1 N. We have been Wvn 1 . We have been there Wvnthr 1 . We were W 1 R. We were not W 1 .ffnt. We say W 1 S. We can W 1 K. We can not W Knt. PHRASING. We can not say W 1 Knt S. When you Wy 2 . When you were Wy 2 ft. When you were there Wy a Wlien you were not Wy 2 Rnt. When you first Wyst 2 . When you next Wy 2 Nst. When you say Wy 2 S. When you can Wy 2 K. When you can not Wy 2 Knt. When you told Wy 2 Tld. When you said Wy 2 sD. When you came Wy 2 K M. When \vas-W 2 Z. When was it W 2 Zt. When was the first W a Ztst. When was your W 2 Zy. Would not Wnt 3 . Would not be Wnt 3 B. Would you Wy 3 . Would you not Wyn*. Would have Wv 3 . Would have been Wvn 3 . Would have been there Wvnthr". I would (ch tick) W 3 . I would not (ch tick) Wnt 3 . I would have (ch tick) Wv 8 . I would have been (ch tick) Wvn 3 . I would have been there (ch tick) Wvnthr 3 . I would not be (ch tick) Wnt 3 B. I would not be certain (ch tick) Wnt 3 Bs Rt X. I would not be positive (eAtick) Wnt 3 B Ps TV. I would not be sure (ch tick) Wnt 3 B SHr. Or not Ait 1 . Were not .#nt 2 . Were you not fly" Nt. Were you there .ffythr 2 . Were there ffthr 2 . Were not nt\ Were you acquainted with Ry* Kwnt. Where did you go R* Dy G. Were you acquainted with the plaintiff 5y 2 Kwnt (p tick) Pint. Were you acquainted with the defendant 7?y 2 Kwnt Dft. Where was R* Z. Where do you R* Dy. Where do you live R* Dy L V. Where did you see Z? 2 Dy S. Where \ve, or were we -ffw 2 . Where did you have R 3 Dyv. He has, or he is Hs 1 . He has not Hs 1 Xt. He has been Hs 1 Bn. He has not been Hs 1 Nt Bn. He says H 1 sS. He said H 1 sD. He says he was Hs 1 S H Z. He says he was not Hs 1 S H Z Nt. He said he was Hs 1 D H Z. He says he was there Hs 1 S H Zthr. He says he has not been Hs 1 S Hs Nt Bn. He says he has not been there Hs 1 S Hs Nt Bnthr. THE MODERN STENOGRAPHER. On the (; tick, ch tick 1 ). On a (? tick, A- tick 1 ). On the part (r tick, ch tick) Prt 1 . On the part of the (? tick, ch tick) Prft 1 . On the part of their (r tick, ch tick) Prithr 1 . On the part of the plaintiff (r tick, ch tick) Prt Pint 1 . On the part of the defendant (? tick, ch tick) Prft 1 Dft. On the one hand (r tick, ch tick) Wn 1 Xd. On the other hand (r tick) THthr 1 Xd. On the ground (r tick, ch tick) Grnd 1 . On that subject (r tick) THt 1 sB J. On that question (r tick) THt 1 K\vs Tn. On to the (r tick) T 1 (r tick). In favor of N 1 Fv Jiv. In the evening Nt 1 Vn XG. In the morning X 1 (ch tick) MnNG. In the afternoon Xt 1 Ftr Xn. In the spring nsPr 2 NG. In the summer nsM 2 R. In the fall Xt 1 F L. In the winter N 1 (ch tick) Wntr. Time of Mv 1 . Time of payment Mv 1 P Mnt. Time of day Mv 1 D. From time to time M 1 M M. What is ws 1 . What is your business ws, 1 Bs. What is done ws 1 Dn. What is it ws 1 T. What kind w l Knd. What kind of w 1 Knd V. What was said w l Zs D. What was done w 1 Z Dn. What was there w l Zthr. What was said there w 1 ZsDthr. What would w W 3 . What would be w W' B. What was ic Z*. What was he w Z 2 H. What did he w Dd 1 H. After you Fytr 3 . Whether you Wythr 2 . Great extent Grts 2 Tnt. Some extent sMs 2 Tnt. Greater or less than Grt a Ls Tlln. More or less than Mr 2 Ls THn. Ought to be (Tc tick) Tt B 1 . Ought to have been (k tick) Tf 1 Bn. Ought not to be (k tick) Tnt 1 B. At all Tl 3 . At all events Tlf 3 Xts. At one Twn 3 . At once Twns 3 . At one time Twn 3 T M. At any time T 3 X M. Long time L X G M. How r long a time (r tick) XG 9 M. Said something sDs 2 M XG. Best of your recollection Bs 2 Y R Kshn. Best of my recollection Bs 2 M R Kshn. PHRASING. 73 Best recollection Bs s S Kshn. Best of your judgment Bs" Y J J Mnt. Best judgment Bs Q J J Mnt. Best of my belief Bs> M Blf. Went there Wnthr". Around there Rndthr\ Lived there L 1 Vthr. Moved there M Vthr 3 . Arrived there Rftr 1 . The next (r tick) STst*. The next time (r tick) Ns a M. Tlie next day (r tick) Ns* D. The next morning (r tick) Ns 5 Mn XG. In pursuance of N 1 Pf (struck through the N). In accordance with N 1 Krd w. In connection with N 1 K w. I understand you (r tick) Ns 9 Y. I understood you (rtick) Ns 3 Y. I understand you to say (r tick) Ns 9 Y S. " I understood you to say (r tick) Ns 1 Y S. I know of (r tick) Nf . I know of his (r tick) Nfs 9 . I know of their (r tick) Xfthr 2 . Objection overruled B 1 Jshn V Md. Exception taken Ks a Pshn Kn. Sustained and exception taken ssTds 2 Pshn Kn. Overruled and exception taken Vr fllds Pshn Kn. Received and exception taken Rs 1 Yds Pshn Kn. Excluded and exception taken Ks 9 Kl Dds Pshn Kn. Gentlemen of the jury Jnt s J. If the court please Ft 1 Krt Pis. Your honor Y 3 Nr. Mr. Chairman Mr 1 CHr Mn. Ladies and gentlemen ZDs 2 Gnt Will yon state Zys 1 Tt. Will you swear Zys 1 W. Will you say Zy 1 S. Judgment roll J J Mt SI. Once or twice Wns 2 Ts. Once in a while Wns 2 N Wl. One or both W" Nr B TH. One or two W 2 Nr T. With reference TH 1 Sf. In reference Xr 1 F. With relation TH 1 fflshn. In relation N 1 .fflshn. With regard TH 1 R Grd. In regard Nr 1 Grd. With respect TH 1 #s P Kt. In respect Nrs 1 P Kt. CHAPTER XIII. READING PHONOGRAPHY. NOTWITHSTANDING the great brevity of phonography, and the exceeding rapidity with which it can be written, it is, if properly executed, entirely legibls to the skilled stenographer. Indeed, a court stenographer is expected to be called upon, again and again, to refer to his min- utes, and read, at once, the testimony of witnesses which he may have taken some days before, and often the evidence will be that of expert witnesses on difficult technical matter, which has been delivered with rapidity. Sometimes, even, a jury will come into court for in- struction on the evidence, and the stenographer will be required to read over all the testimony given in a case. We know many stenographers who have had this ex- perience. It is an old saying among court reporters, that if there is anything peculiarly difficult in the testi- mony, or any that has come with unusual rapidity, that is the part they will be called upon to read. The reason of this is, that such testimony is apt to be given with less distinctness, and consequently the opposing attor- neys are liable to get into a dispute as to what the READING PHONOGRAPHY. 75 witness said, or the court or jury may wish to have it read for their own enlightenment. Now, however much an attorney may stumble, and blunder, and hesitate, in reading exhibits and documents written in the common long hand, it is expected of the stenographer that he will read his stenographic 'notes accurately and with fluency. To accomplish this result, and enable the stenographer to read his notes thus readily, something more must be done than merely attaining the capacity to write. A separate course of training must be under- gone. The course which we shall suggest, if persever- ingly followed, will, we believe, give the student great assistance toward the desired result. He should in all his practice make it a rule to read over everything which he writes. This may be slow work at first ; but, however irksome it may be, he should perseveringly continue this throughout his practice. He should read over care- fully the exercises given in this work, until he can tell the words at a glance. He may then commence read- ing the phonographic matter contained in the subsequent pages, not contenting himself with going once over the ground, but he may with profit read all of the printed phonography in these pages many times, and he will thus familiarize himself witli proper forms for the con- sonant outlines. If the course here laid down is pur- sued, the student will find that his short-hand notes, if written with a fair degree of accuracy, and according to the system herein given, will be plain and legible. 76 THE MODERN STENOGRAPHER. > 1 t j 1 \ V \ I <" -1 U x L . . \ , Z READING PHONOGRAPHY. 77 NOTE. A few pages of phonographic exercises with shaded outlines are given as a sort of stepping-stone to the practice of reading unshaded phonography. A very little practice will enable the student to read the unshaded quite as well as the shaded exercises, but it may be well for the student to accustom himself to the former at the outset, as a sort of intro- ductory method, and in order that he may be able to shade strokes in his writing if it should at any time be found necessary so to do. Care should be taken in writing proper names. REPORTING AS A MENTAL EXERCISE. IF we consider the mechanical operations which are carried on during the act of taking down a speaker's words in short-hand, we shall not be surprised that long and diligent practice is needed for the acquisition of the art of verbatim reporting; our wonder will rather be that still greater labor and skill are not necessary to the carrying on of a process so rapid and yet so complicated. Let us suppose that a speaker commences his address. He utters a few words slowly and deliberately ; they fall on the reporter's ear, and are thence communicated to the brain as the organ of the mind ; the writer must then call to his memory the sign for each word he has heard ; the proper symbol being present to his mind, a com- munication is made from the brain to the fingers, which, obedient to a cerebral impulse, and trained perhaps to the 78 THE MODERN STENOGRAPHER. \ T V ( . X r* r \ A V ' \ . / / -3 V. -1 V } *= n V^ READING PHONOGRAPHY. 79 nicest accuracy of delineation, rapidly trace the mystic lines on the paper. Some portion of time is, of course, required after the words have been spoken for each of these operations to be performed ; yet see ! the writer appears to stop precisely at the same time as the speaker. The orator continues his deliberate utterance, and the writer is able to stenograph each word before the next is articulated. Now, however, the speaker warms with his subject, and changes his measured pace for one more rapid ; the writer increases his speed accordingly, and, notwithstanding the many operations at work in his mind, scarcely is the last word of the sentence uttered before he lifts his pen from the paper, as if for a mo- ment's rest, not a syllable having escaped him. This surely is a laborious task ; still more so that which fol- lows. The speaker has finished his exordium, is in the midst of his discourse, and has begun his flights of oratory. Listen to his next sentence. He begins in a low tone and with measured pace ; after a few 80 THE MODERN STENOGRAPHER. v -f e '- c UA, / L_ V X ' \ . \ ^=^ 4-V ^^r \ " -\ X c V 1 BEADING PHONOGRAPHY. 81 words he makes a sudden pause ; and then, as if in- spired by a sudden influx of thoughts, and fearful lest they should escape before he can give them utterance, he dashes along with an impetuosity which is never diminished till he is out of breath with exertion. In this rapid delivery he has gamed ground to the extent of six or eight words on the writer, whom, it may be, he has taken by surprise. The latter has had to listen to the words which were in advance of him, recall the proper sign for each, send it from the brain to the fin- gers, and trace it on his note-book, while at the same time he has had to attend to the words which follow, so as to be able to dispose of them in the same way when their turn arrives. In this manner his mental and bodily powers are occupied for an hour, or per- haps many hours together. As a mental exercise, then, reporting may be re- garded as of great utility. THOMAS ALLEN REED. 82 THE MODERN STENOGRAPHER. > v -p v l| / a ^ c 3. -P r vv T \. I M y c 7 READING PHONOGRAPHY. 83 REPORTING AT CHAUTAUQUA. THE fan.e of Chautauqua has become world -wide. Situated on the beautiful shores of a romantic lake, with a lofty geographical elevation above its physical sur- roundings, typical of its present spiritual eminence, where less than ten years ago there was little more than a wilderness, there has sprung up a complex civilization, whose far-reaching influence bids fair to become uni- versal in its high endeavor to ennoble mankind. A modest Methodist camp meeting was the tiny seed planted in Chautauqua's fertile soil, which has so rapidly budded out into a sturdy tree, richly laden with the blossoms of universal culture, and which promise in the near future to ripen into golden fruits. The Chautauqua idea is the outcome of a grand conception. Its vital and characteristic feature is to develop the manifold phases of human nature ; and to accomplish this, its beneficent purpose, it has recourse to all the means and appliances which our age of progress so bountifully furnishes. Foremost THE MODERN STENOGRAPHER. J^L A \ _V^ \ v \ V \ 7 6 \ r X READING PHONOGRAPHY. 85 among these is the Assembly, held each year during the summer months. At these gatherings, the benefits to be derived from personal contact with great minds is sought to be realized ; and to attain this, an elaborate programme is annually prepared, consisting of normal class exercises in Sunday-school work, temperance meet- ings, missionary conferences, addresses and lectures by distinguished speakers on religion, science, art, literature, and all other kindred subjects pertaining to general culture. The valuable thoughts which here have incep- tion must necessarily, for the most part, be well worthy of being preserved. To accomplish this, daily and monthly journals are published under the auspices of the Assembly authorities, whose aim it is to present full and accurate reports of everything pertaining to this stupendous project. The aid of a large corps of stenographers, therefore, becomes indispensable. No stenographer can get an adequate idea of Chau- tauqua reporting from a mere description of it. It differs from almost every other kind of stenographic work. There is, it is true, a great variety in the 86 THE MODERN STENOGRAPHER. I ~L ^ - x /\y > r-n ^ r/ v^- . L iz \ J\ ^ o u_, c/ -u c X ^ . \ \ ^. READING PHONOGRAPHY. 87 character of the reporting. Sometimes it is easy, some- times it is moderate, sometimes it is exceedingly difficult. 'Some work it is necessary to report with the utmost accuracy the stenographer can bestow upon it ; other work has to be condensed until little of the original speech remains. The stenographer is often required to narrow down into a single column what is intended to be a verbatim report of a sermon or address, which would make eight or ten columns if published as de- livered. Five hundred folios of Chautauqua scenes and inci- dents might be given. The work, in general, is very difficult ; far more so than court reporting, and often becomes the most wearisome drudgery. Yet there are many things to relieve the disagreeable features of the situation. The pleasant moonlight boat-rides, the weird and fascinating melodies of the Jubilee Singers and the inspiring anthems of the grand Chautauqua choirs, the crowds of happy people, delightful ex- cursions upon the lake these, and many other diversions, ameliorate the hard experience of the reporter's life at Chautauqua. We are invariably 88 THE MODERN STENOGRAPHER. 7 ( s^~~^ ~\ ^ p; r L- - \ V 1 V b v. - (7 1^. READING PHONOGRAPHY. 89 glad when it is all over. Yet many are the pleasant memories that we carry -away with us memories that come back to us after the season's close ; and, how- soever much we may resolve never again to visit Chautauqua's romantic groves, a year rolling away leaves in our minds a sort of a twilight picture of the old days and pleasant times we have enjoyed, and the summer finds us ready again to accept the bitter for the sake of the sweet, the disagreeable features for the sake of the many charming ones, and spend a summer month in that place, where more than all others the lights and shades of life are brought out in bold relief : that strangest of all, but most delightful resort, Chau- tauqua..^Part of a paper read by the author before the New York State Stenographers' Association. IMAGINARY TESTIMONY INTRODUCING MOST OF THE IMPORTANT WORD-SIGNS. JOHN DOE, sworn for the plaintiff, and examined by Mr. Smith, testified as follows: Q. Where do you reside 2 A. In New York. 90 THE MODERN STENOGRAPHER. / ^> ^ V /^^_x * ^-^ X > \ A-A \ READING PHONOGRAPHY. 91 Q. What is your occupation ? A. I am a carpenter. Q. Do you know the plaintiff in this action? A. Yes, sir, I do know him. Q. How long have you known him ? A. I think it was in the latter part of November, two years ago, that I became acquainted with him. Q. At the time of this accident spoken of and set forth in the complaint in this action, were you present, and did you see the defendant at that time ? A. I was there about the time of the accident, and knew that he was injured. I saw him a short time before, and he said he was on the way to the village. Q. Will you state whether or not he said anything about stopping there, or anything on that subject ? Objected to by defendant's counsel as immaterial, and not bearing upon the issues in the case, and on the ground that it is not the best evidence. Objection overruled, and exception taken. Q. Will you be kind enough to give us something more in detail as to what was said, and what was done on that occasion, on the part of the plaintiff? A. Well, as near as I can recollect, I will tell you in substance what I remember on that question. I went there in order that I might be able to learn at what time the first railroad train left, and for the purpose of ascertaining whether or not it was possible to ship freight on that train. About the time I got there, I remember of seeing the plaintiff come there with a horse and wagon. I asked him 92 THE MODERN STENOGRAPHER. / S_ J 1 r p f~v \ / c A .<. V \_ READING PHONOGRAPHY. 93 why he was there. He said he was there in reference to some matters connected with a bond and mortgage upon his house and lot. Q. Can you not give us some other circumstances about the accident ? A. I should be glad to tell you all that was done there, but I think of nothing other than what I told you ; but I believe there was something said further about the mortgage, though I won't be positive as far as that is concerned. Q. Was there any one else present that you recollect of ? A.I remember of some other persons being there, but who they were I don't remember. Q. When you first arrived there, where was your horse and buggy? Objected to by defendant's counsel. Received, and exception taken. A. I had been to the county clerk's office before that to find if there was a judgment roll filed in a case in which I was a party ; I had been there some time in pursuance of a previous arrangement, and left my horse and buggy on the other side of the street. Q. Do you know whether or not there was a prom- issory note spoken of; do you recollect of their saying anything about that at that time ? A. I never remem- ber of hearing of any such thing. Q. Did you learn, during the time you were there, of there having been some difficulty, and, if so, THE MODERN STENOGRAPHER. A. c Q \Q D 6 ^ READING PHONOGRAPHY. 95 can you state what it was, and whether it was before or after you arrived there? A. It may have been be- fore or after ; I won't be certain, but at all events it lasted some time. Q. As a matter of fact, had he not been there before he came there at this time ? A. That I can not tell you. Q. Do you know anything about this matter of your own personal knowledge? A. No further than I have been informed. Defendant's counsel moved to strike out this evi- dence upon the ground that it is irrelevant, and is not in any way pertinent to this case. Motion denied, and exception taken by defendant's counsel. FEED GAY, by Guardian, vs. THE NEW YORK, LAKE ERIE & WESTER x RAILROAD COMPANY. WARSAW, N. Y., December 14, 1881. Before Hon. ALBERT HAIGHT, Justice, and a jury. Counsel for plaintiff, Messrs. BARTLETT & BARTLETT, and I. SAM JOHNSON, Esq. Counsel for defendant, Messrs. SPRAGUE, MILBURN & SPRAGUE, and Hon. GROVER CLEVELAND. 96 THE MODERN STENOGRAPHER. 2 C A c c \ s / v. C /x n READING PHONOGRAPHY. 97 JAMES O. McCLURE, sworn on behalf of the plaintiff, and examined by Mr. M. Bartlett, testified as follows: Q. Where do you reside? A. Warsaw. Q. What is your business or profession? A. Civil engineer. Q. How long have you practiced that profession ? A. Thirty years. Q. Do you know the place known as Brainard's Crossing of the Erie Railway? A. I do. [It is very convenient and safe to omit the " I " in this and many other similar cases.] Q. Did you at any time make a map of that cross- ing, and the track west of the crossing? A. I did. Q. Did you examine the location of the ground to the north and west of the crossing? A. I did. Q. Is this the map that you made of that locality? (Counsel presents map to witness.) A. Yes, sir. Plaintiff's counsel offered in evidence the map re- ferred to. Received in evidence, and marked Exhibit "A." Q. Will you state the condition of the crossing at the time you made this map ? A. The railway at that time consisted of one track. A second 98 THE MODERN STENOGRAPHER. 4=r c - 1 v.. -i. /C <: / READING PHONOGRAPHY. 99 track was then being graded. The railway crossed the highway nearly at grade. Q. Did you observe the condition of the track east of the highway? A. I did. Q. Was there a high snow fence on the north side of the track, east of the highway? Defendant's counsel objected to the question as leading, and upon the further ground that the condition of the premises to the east is not ma- terial, for the reason that it is not claimed the engine which caused the injury complained of was approaching from that direction. The Court held that the evidence was competent, because it was the duty of a traveler when ap- proaching a crossing to look both ways, and the evidence was proper, as showing what attention was required from the traveler in looking to the east. The Court ruled that the form of the question was improper. Q. What, if anything, did you observe east of the highway and on the north side of the track ? A. There was a high snow fence there. Cross-examined by Mr. Milburn : Q. Do you know what time of year it was when this accident happened ? A. I 100 THE MODERN STENOGRAPHER. AA V i \ n ' c . |. i X >, V \ 1 . \ \ READING PHONOGRAPHY. 101 only know by hearsay. I understood it was in the summer of 1878. Q. How long was it after that time that you made this survey? A. I think it was the next year after. Q. At whose request did you make that survey ? A. At the request of the counsel. Q. Was the little boy who was in the wagon at the time of the accident with you? A. Yes, sir. Q. Do you remember who called your attention spe- cially to this willow-tree, the ascertaining of its exact location, and the putting of it rather prominently on your map ? A. I don't remember any conversation about it. Q. How long was it after your survey that you made the map ? A. My impression is that I made it within a day or two afterward. Q. When you placed it on that map, did you have any recollection then of the tree being an existing fact at that particular place where you represented it, or were you going purely by your memorandum ? A. I went by my memoranda, which an engineer always depends upon in making a map. Q. Do you know how far away the woods that you have located on your map 102 THE MODERN STENOGRAPHER. \o ^- v - a GO t A^._,/( / X READING PHONOGRAPHY. 103 are east of the highway ? A. About one thousand feet. Q. Going down from a point sixty feet from the track to the crossing, a train, or some part of it, would be constantly in view from the time it emerged from the woods ? A. Yes, sir ; that is my recollection of it. FEED GAY, sworn on behalf of the plaintiff, and examined by Mr. Bartlett, testified as follows: Q. How old are you ? A. Eleven last October. Q. Where do you live now? A. At my uncle Orlando Gay's. Q. Do you remember when your father was killed ? A. Yes, sir. Q. Do you know what day of the week it was? A. It was Friday, I think. Q. Where was it he was killed ? A. Upon the crossing near Attica. Q. Were you with him ? A. Yes, sir, and my brother. Q. What were you riding in ? A. It was a light wagon what they call a democrat wagon, I think. Q. Were you driving fast or slow? A. Slow. Q. Do you remember of hearing music playing ? A. Yes, sir. Q. Where was that ? A. That was at the fair- ground. We stopped there. 104 THE MODERN STENOGRAPHER. / I .4. V r -T7 \ -o- /L C\A- v \ \- 1 . ' A C V X READING PHONOGRAPHY. 105 Q. When you got there, were you asleep ? A. Yes, sir; and papa woke me up to hear the band play. Q. After hearing the music, what did you do ? A. Went on towards home. Q. How far did you go ? A. To the railroad track. Q. Before you got to the track did you do anything ? A. Yes, sir ; we looked to see if we could see and hear the cars. Q. Which way did you look? A. Both ways. Q. Did your father look also? A. Yes, sir. Q. Did you see or hear them? A. ^To, sir. Q. How far did you get before you saw or heard them? A. Eight on to the track. Q. Then what did you see ? A. I saw the engine just a little way off. Q. And what occurred then? A. I think papa put me down at the front end of the buggy. Q. Then what did you do what happened then ? A. I don't remember. Q. Did the engine strike the buggy ? A. Yes, sir. 106 THE MODEEN STENOGEAPHER. -X^r \ C T; READING PHONOGRAPHY. 107 Q. Where did you go ? A. I went kind of south- west, I think, from the crossing. Q. Where were you when you found yourself ? A. Lying on the grass at Uncle Arch's, and then they took me in the house, and put me in the bed. Q. Did your leg or side pain you any ? A. Yes, sir, I was sore and lame. Q. How long were you lame? A. Three or four weeks. Q. Where did you go from your Uncle Arch's? A. I went to the funeral, and then went down to Uncle Orlando's. Q. Were your father and little brother buried at the same time ? A. Yes, sir. Q. After the funeral, tell the jury whether you suf- fered any from pain and sickness? A. I would have the headaches and some pains. I could not sleep on my right side, because I had the pains in it. O. B. ADAMS, M. D., sworn on behalf of the plaintiff, and examined by Mr. M. Bartlett, testified as follows : Q. Are you a practicing physician and surgeon ? A. I am. Q. Do you know the plaintiff, Fred Gay ? A. Yes, sir; he was brought into my office for a prescription some two years ago. 108 THE MODERN STENOGRAPHER. r n . (x S- "i C 1 S ) K / 1 V-x /} // V ) Co <^\ ' :21 3 . ^ C V READING PHONOGRAPHY. 109 Q. Tell the jury what kind of an examination you made. A. I made a pretty thorough examination of the boy. He gave me a little history of the injury he had sustained, and a little history of his condition. I wanted to get at whether the sickness for which I was prescribing was dependent upon some remote cause, or whether it was some simple indisposition. I found a slight abnormity on one side. Just what the character of that was I can not now tell. I think there was a dis- placement ; whether it was a dislocation of the rib, or fracture of the rib, I do not remember. He was suffer- ing from pain in the side. Q. Now, assuming that this boy was eleven years old last October ; that prior to the 2d day of August, 1878, he had been a healthy child ; that on that day, while crossing the railway, the vehicle in which he was being conveyed collided with a train, and he was thrown from the vehicle several feet out upon the ground ; that he was found crying, and on examination it was discovered that his side presented the appear- ance of ecchymosis for a considerable space ; that while 10 110 THE MODERN STENOGRAPHER. x./ \ . yL L VI Vo ^i \ 1 A V \ 3 z\ N . c/ A \ V READING PHONOGRAPHY. HI in school, standing in his class, he would become very pale, and would be taken with severe headaches; that from that time until the present he is subject to fre- quent headaches and nausea ; that when passing near a railroad track, and seeing the cars, he would become nervous and nearly frantic ; to what would you attribute that condition ? A. Well, if he had this pain superven- ing immediately upon receiving the injury, of course I would attribute it to the injury, if he never had it be- fore. The fact of his being nervous near the cars would be attributable to his having received the injury by that cause. Q. From the examination you have made, and as- suming the facts I have stated, what would you say as to whether the injuries he has received will be likely to be permanent in their character? A. I think they will be permanent. The plaintiff here rested. Defendant's counsel moved for a non-suit, on the ground of the contributory negligence of the plaintiff and his father. Also upon the ground that no negligence is shown on the part of the defendant. 112 THE MODERN STENOGRAPHER. r> \v C < \? . 7 , , c \ \ 7 1. \ , L 7 7 "1 1 "V V v_> (n ^ r \ V Y N a . .c ( READING PHONOGRAPHY. 113 PORTION OF A CHARGE TO THE JURY DELIVERED BY HON. CHARLES DANIELS, JUSTICE OF THE SUPREME COURT. GENTLEHEX OF THE JURY: The indictment in this case charges the defendant with the crime of bribery. It is alleged in substance that in the early part of the year 1871, after he had been elected a member of the Legislature, and had entered upon his duties as such officer, he entered into an agreement with Mr. Hand, and with Mr. Bennett, representing Mr. Hand, by which it was agreed and understood that an applica- tion should be made on behalf of Mr. Hand, as a con- tractor, for extra compensation for work done for the State of Xew York under three contracts that had been awarded to him, and that the defendant in this action should be interested in the extra compensation that might be procured, and should have a portion of the amount that might possibly be awarded upon such an application, and that he should interest himself in pro- curing the passage of a law by which this allowance might be secured by the contractors. This, gentlemen, is the substance of the allegation as to the agreement which it is averred was made between these persons and the defendant ; and then the affirmation is fol- lowed by other allegations, stating that the defendant did thereupon procure the passage of the law, and THE MODERN STENOGRAPHER. ^ n ' _; _., 7 "T V 7 X 3 P / J \ X, \ < (/ \ A-^. - V _ p \ r d ) V * (.^ s ' READING PHONOGRAPHY, H5 by that law the Canal Commissioners were authorized to investigate the claim which it was contemplated these persons should make, and that they did investi- gate the claim, and made awards in favor of the claimants, and that the claimants and the defendant in this case participated in a division of the proceeds. That is substantially the case as it is presented by the indictment, and it is claimed on behalf of the people that this case has been established by the evidence ; and if it has, then, of course, the defendant in this case is guilty of the charge alleged against him in this in- dictment. It is, however, for you to determine whether this charge has been sustained by the evidence. If it has not been sustained to your satisfaction to such an extent as to remove all reasonable doubt upon the sub- ject, then the prosecution has failed, and the defendant in the case would necessarily be entitled to a ver- dict. There are many important facts bearing upon the case as it is presented by the prosecution, which are substantially conceded, or at least were proved by evi- dence of so satisfactory and complete a character as to leave no substantial room for controversy as to their existence. Among these facts is the circumstance that 116 THE MODERN STENOGRAPHER 1870 f J x> / "1 -^ * C c tr ^, T BEADING PHONOGRAPHY. H7 the contract was let to John Hand, in the year 1868 and the year 1869 or 1870 ; at all events, the evidence shows beyond all dispute that John Hand was awarded by the Canal Department of the State three contracts one for dredging out the Erie Basin, another for the Ohio Basin^ and another for clearing Black Rock Har- bor. These were the contracts under which the work was performed, and on which it was contemplated that a claim for extra compensation should be made against the State. There is no substantial controversy as to the fact that these persons went on under these contracts, and performed the work which they were bound to perform, for the purpose of completing the contracts, and entitling themselves to the extra compensation that the State agreed to pay for the performance of these services. Neither, gentlemen, is there any controversy in the case, as the evidence now stands, but that the defendant was elected to the Legislature of 1871, at the election which was held in the year 1870. He was elected as one of the members to represent the county of Monroe, and, according to the oath that was taken, which has been produced and read in your hearing, he took his oath of office on the third day of January, 1 871, 118 THE MODERN STENOGRAPHER. 4 C S \ // ; ) (A A ^ s 1 > tr C V X. . rr x \r READING PHONOGRAPHY. 119 and entered upon his duties as a member of the Assem- bly, and continued to discharge those duties, according to the evidence that has been given here, from that time down to the period when the Assembly adjourned. During the intervening period, the law in controversy in this case, and concerning which so much has been said, was introduced for the action of the Assembly. On the 8th day of March, 1871, it came to a vote in the Assembly, and on that occasion the vote was favor- able to the bill, it receiving the majority required by the Constitution in order to pass it as the act of the House. It appears, further, in this case, that the defendant was one of the persons who voted for the passage of thie bill ; and it is claimed that this vote on his part was the result of the agreement, or understanding, that is claimed to have been had between himself and Ben- nett, acting on behalf of this firm, for the purpose of influencing his conduct officially by means of improper motives. The Constitution contemplates, when persons are elected to the Legislature, that they will act in fidelity to the public interests, having a just regard for the interests of individuals, but at the same time to stand substantially impartial between individuals and the pub- lic, whose interests they are called upon to control. THE MODERX STENOGRAPHER. -IDst ( S/i /" ^l ;& p READING PHONOGRAPHY. 121 SUPREME COURT. THE GOLDEN GATE MINING Co. 99. THE BuTTERFIELD OVERLAND DESPATCH. BUFFALO, N. Y , February 6, 1882. Before Hon. GEORGE BARKER, Justice, and a jury. Counsel for the plaintiff, Messrs. GREENE, McMiLLAN & GLIVK. Counsel for the defendant, Messrs. LEWIS, MOOT & LEWIS. Plaintiff's counsel offered in evidence bills of lading, dated Atchison, Kansas, September 28, 1865. Received and read in evidence, marked Exhibit " A." JOHN M. TRIVET, sworn on behalf of the plaintiff, and examined by Mr. Greene, testified as follows : Q. Where do you reside ? A. In Ripley Township, Chautauqua County. Q. Are you the person named as a contracting party in that contract ? A. Yes, sir one of them ; I con- tracted with these defendants. Q. Is the contract offered in evidence the contract that you made with them ? A. Yes, sir. 11 122 THE MODERN STENOGRAPHER. <2 3. 9 7 / / /I READING PHONOGRAPHY. 123 Q. Under that contract did you take the freight ? A. I did. Q. About what date did you start for Atchison ? A. Somewhere from the 28th to the 30th of September, 1865. 1 signed the bill of lading on the 28th. I was some two weeks in loading the freight. Q. At what time did you arrive at Bannock ? A. I arrived at Bannock on the 9th of August, '66. Q. Where did you winter in 1865 and 1866? A. I wintered at the base of the Rocky Mountains, a little northwest of Denver, Colorado. Q. When did you make delivery of the freight at Bannock ? A. On the 10th of August, '66. Q. To whom did you deliver? A. To the con- signees named in the bill of lading. Q. Do you remember the names? A. One consign- ment was to K. E. Wood ; the freight was marked " N. E. W." Q. That freight was delivered at Bannock ? A. Tes, sir. Q. What freight did you take to Virginia City? How marked ? A. It was marked " G. G." Q. Meaning the Golden Gate Mining Company ? A. Yes, sir. Q. Were you there? A. Yes, sir; I delivered it personally. 124 THE MODERN STENOGRAPHER. I ' 7 / XL \ r \ f \ *LS N I ) r c w . \ i V READING PHONOGRAPHY. 125 Q. To whom was that delivered ? A. That was delivered to one Wilber F. Saunders. Q. Was he a member of the Golden Gate Mining Company ? A. No, sir. Q. Do you know the Golden Gate Mining Company ? A. Yes, sir. Q. Was this delivered to the company? A. They had authorized him to receive it. Q. Do you know that this went into the possession of the Golden Gate Mining Company ? A. I do, sir. Q. This freight marked "J. K.," what was that? Was that destined for Bannock? A. "J. K." denotes John Kaiser, President of the Bullion Mining Com- pany. Q. To whom was it delivered ? A. To John Kaiser. Q. Did you see personally to the delivery of all this freight? A. I did. Q. When was the delivery of this freight at Virginia City ? A. It was on the 13th day of August, 1866. Q. Was there any one there at either of these places to represent the Butterfield Overland Despatch ? A. No, sir ; not that I saw. Q. How many days did you remain at Bannock before there was a delivery of the freight ? A. I was at Bannock with my freight before I commenced de- livery. Q. And how long did you stop at Virginia City ? A. Well, my train arrived at Bannock 126 'HIE MODERN STENOGRAPHER. ""N. J 3 C A 7 1 kM U l. V 7> C / READING PHONOGRAPHY. 127 tirst. I unloaded that freight, and went from there to Virginia City ; and when I got to Virginia City myself, I found that portion of the train there ready to unload, and the next day we unloaded the freight. Q. You were there personally to see to it ? A. Yes, sir. Q. How much have you received on that contract ? A. I received a check or draft for $10,000 at the time I took the contract, and I gave a receipt for $10,700 ; that was a condition they imposed upon me. THE KM i. PENMANSHIP. 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