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MAP 
 
 SPillNGFIELO 
 
 AND VICINITY. 
 
THE 
 
 BIRDS OF SPRINGFIELD 
 
 AND VICINITY 
 
 BY 
 ROBERT O. MORRIS 
 
 Springfield, Mass. 
 
 PUBLISHED BY HENRY R. JOHNSON 
 I90I 
 
 LIBRARY 
 UNIVERWTY OF CALIFORMIA. 
 

 PRESS OF C. R. KAPI.INGER, 
 SPRINGFIKLD, MASS. 
 
The Birds of Springfield and Vicinity. 
 
 The Hydrographic valley of the Connecticut at Spring- 
 field is about sixty miles wide, and the river here is somewhat 
 east of the center of the basin. The State of Connecticut lies 
 three and a half miles south of Springfield, the town of Long- 
 meadow interv-ening. Thirteen miles to the west, a mountain 
 range rises abruptly from the level land at Westfield, continuing 
 be3'ond to the Housatonic Valley, forming a portion of the so- 
 called Berkshire hills, and running north until it joins the 
 Green mountains in Vermont. The highest point of this range 
 in Hampden County is "Round Top" in Chester, which 
 reaches an altitude of 1800 feet. About ten miles to the east 
 of Sprirgfield lies a range of considerably less height, which is 
 locally called the " Wilbraham^ Hills," and extends north to 
 New Hampshire, where it merges into the White mountain 
 range. Five miles to the west of Springfield is a series of 
 Hills, 400 to 900 feet in height, of trap rock formation, 
 which continues up the valley and crosses the river, south of 
 the greater part of Northampton. Here the hills are higher, 
 Mount Tom and Nonotuck on the west side, and Holyoke on 
 the east, reaching an altitude of about 1200 feet. 
 
 The Connecticut River at Springfield is but forty feet 
 above tide water, and except in time of freshet, is a sluggish 
 stream, averaging about 1200 feet in width. The important 
 branches in this vicinity are the Chicopee, Mill and Scantic 
 Rivers, that enter from the east, and Westfield and Farmington 
 Rivers, that come from the west, and the largest natural land- 
 locked body of water is Lake Congamond in South wick, which 
 covers about 410 acres. In nearly all the towns there are 
 small ponds, both natural and artificial. 
 
 The land of the river towns is sparsely timbered, being 
 mostly under cultivation. The mountain regions east and west 
 of the river are heavily timbered, chiefly with deciduous trees, 
 consisting principally of chestnut, white oak, gray birch, 
 sugar maple, with a sprinkling of white pines and hem- 
 
4 THE BIRDS OF SPRINGFIELD AND VICINITY. 
 
 locks, and on the east side the pitch pines are quite numerous. 
 Along the streams may be seen the willows, elms, red and 
 w^hite maples, river poplars, alders, pin oaks, and button- 
 woods. In Russell and Montgomery there is quite a growth of 
 tulip trees ; on the trap rock range the red cedars are common, 
 and here and there in the valley can be found black and red 
 oak, sassafras, black and paper birch, and many other kinds 
 not generally common ; on the hills to the west of Westfield 
 there is an immense growth of mountain laurel, and considerable 
 is found on the Wilbraham hills, and a little in the river towns. 
 One of the great attractions to bird life near Springfield in 
 late Summer and Autumn, particularly to the water birds, lies 
 in the wild rice, Zizania aquatica, that grows so profusely along 
 the banks of the Connecticut river. About twenty years ago 
 many bushels of the seed of this plant was brought from Wis- 
 consin and Canada and scattered along the shores of the Con- 
 necticut, and in some of the ponds ; in all the latter the attempt 
 to introduce proved a failure ; whether the large quantity that 
 now grows along the banks and in the river is due to the seed 
 that was so distributed, it is pretty hard to say. Prior to I878 
 there was quite a little growing here, as had always been the 
 case down the river towards the Sound ; about that time the 
 dam across the Connecticut at Enfield, ten miles below Spring- 
 field, was raised, which decidedly slackened the current above, 
 making the conditions much more favorable for wald rice to 
 thrive ; very likely the rapidly increasing growth here, that 
 began just about that time, w^as owing to that fact rather than 
 to the planting of the seed; anyway, it then seemed to appear on 
 the river in every suitable place, whether seeded by man or in 
 other ways. Wild celer>% vallisneria spiralis, the root of which 
 is a favorite food of some of the duck family, is common here, 
 both in the river and ponds. In order to attract some of the 
 water birds, roots and seeds of this plant were brought here 
 from the West about eighteen years ago and planted in the 
 river, and it was successfully propagated in both ways; which 
 was an unnecessary step, as there was plenty of it here before. 
 Kotweed, Polygonum Amphibium, arrow head, Sagittaria 
 variabilis, button bush, Cephalanthus Occidentalism ground 
 
THE BIRDS OF SPRINGFIEIvD AND VICINITY. 5 
 
 nut, Apios tiiberosa^ and several kinds of wild grass, all grow 
 along the river, furnishing food for various kinds of surface 
 feeding ducks. 
 
 With all the reliable text books on New England birds, a 
 local list may seem to many uncalled for, but we sometimes 
 find bird life different in short distances. For instance, less than 
 fifty miles to the south and west of Springfield, there is a de- 
 cided change in Summer residents, in the latter direction 
 undoubtedly accounted for by reason of variation in altitude, 
 but in the former the reason is not so apparent, at least why 
 the difference should be so marked in so short a distance and 
 with practically the same flora, temperature, and altitude. 
 
 To well know the bird fauna of any particular section of the 
 country, observations must extend over a series of years, and 
 this is particularly true of the water birds ; man}' of them are 
 ver}' irregular in their appearance, and their visits here are 
 often short, owing to the absence of their favorite food, and in 
 late years to the persistent manner in which they are driven 
 away. An obvServ^er near a river like the Connecticut, and 
 above tide water, by the latter part of Summer, can make 
 some reliable calculations as to the probabilities of the presence 
 of surface feeding ducks in the river, a month qr two later. If 
 the rainfall has been heavy during the Summer, and the river 
 high, the vegetation along the shore wall be destroyed, 
 or only have a stunted growth; thus their food supply 
 being scarce, if they stop here on their way South, they soon 
 pass on. When the Connecticut river is high and roily during 
 the time of their migration, none of the sea ducks make any 
 lengthy stay, it being so hard for them to find their food; and 
 few, if any, of the so-called shore birds stop here w^hen such 
 conditions prevail. In this list I have indicated the authority 
 for the occurrence of a bird here, if it is otherwise than from my 
 observation, and have only made a record when the evidence 
 was conclusive. I do not treat towns more than tw^enty-five 
 miles distant as being within the vicinity of Springfield. The 
 numbers prefixed to the names of the birds correspond wnth 
 those used in the check list adopted by the American Ornithol- 
 ogist Union, and with very few exceptions are those found in 
 Chapman's Hand-book of the Birds of Eastern North America. 
 
6 THE BIRDS OK SPRINGFIELD AND VICINITY. 
 
 2. Colymbusholboellii (Reinh.). Holboell's Grebe. 
 Chiefly an uncommon winter visitor, but Dr. J. A. .Allen 
 records its capture in Springfield, the third week in May, in 
 full breeding plumage. The specimen in the Science building, 
 Springfield, was taken alive in Otis a few winters ago and sent 
 to Forest Park, w^here it soon died. Two have been taken at 
 Belchertown. (See Birds of Amherst, page 45. j 
 
 3. Colytnbus auritus I^inn. Horned Grebe. Some 
 autumns the young of this species are quite common and I 
 have seen them in small flocks; the adults are rarely here. 
 Their food usually consists of frogs, small fish and aquatic 
 insects, but some years ago, while attracting wild ducks by 
 baiting with corn, I found that one of these grebes had devel- 
 oped a decided taste for this grain, and when taken its craw 
 was filled wdth it. A pair w^ere killed here in full breeding 
 plumage about June i. (See Catalogue of the Birds Found 
 at Springfield.) 
 
 6. Podilymbus podiceps (I/inn.). Pied-billed 
 Grebe. A rare summer resident and a common spring and 
 autumn visitor. 
 
 7. Gavia imber (Gunn.). Loon. A not uncommon 
 spring and fall visitor; Dr. J. A. Allen reports it as breeding 
 here occasionally, but that was nearly forty years ago. I have 
 not known of its presence here in summer for a long time. 
 
 II. Gavia lumme (Gunn.). Red-throated Loon. 
 Rare spring and fall visitor. 
 
 31. TJria lomvia (I/inn.). Brunnich's Murre. For 
 some unknown cause, during the last five or six years, repre- 
 sentatives of tiiis species have paid us a number of visits; 
 previous to that time there appears to be no record of its 
 capture here, and now it is far from being common. I took 
 one November 30, 1899, and the same day one was shot in 
 Berkshire county. (See Birds of Berkshire County, page 53.) 
 
THE BIRDS OF SPRINGFIELD AND VICINITY. 7 
 
 34. Alle alle (Xinn.). Dovekie. Accidental winter 
 visitor, but has been taken here on several occasions, supposed 
 to have been driven from the coast by a storm. In the Cata- 
 logue of the Birds of Springfield, Dr. J. A. Allen reports its 
 capture at Greenfield, and in his revised list of birds of Mas- 
 sachusetts, at Springfield. (For report of its occurrence at 
 Belchertown, see Birds of Amherst, page 45.) In the Bulletin 
 of Massachusetts Natural History, published at Amherst for 
 June and July, 1884, it is stated that: "In 1872 a large number 
 of these birds were secured in and about Belchertown pond, not 
 far from here, %vhere they were cast by a severe coavSt storm." 
 
 51. I/arus argentatus Brunn. Herring Gull. Com- 
 mon winter visitant; when the Connecticut is free from ice, a 
 few usually fly slowly up the river during the forenoon, search- 
 ing for food, and there is a return flight in the afternoon. On 
 several occasions, during open . winters, I have found them 
 quite numerous here. 
 
 60. I/arus Philadelphia (Ord). Bonaparte's Gull. 
 Rare visitor; July 31, 1893, three appeared on the river near 
 Springfield, one of which was captured. Dr. J. A. Allen stated 
 that they were occasionally- observed here. 
 
 70. Sterna hirundo ly inn. Common Tern. Very rare; 
 one was taken in Longmeadow, September, 1878, the only 
 instance that I have known of its presence here. 
 
 80. Rynchops nigra lyinn. Black Skimmer. Acci- 
 dental visitor; after a very severe gale that prevailed the last of 
 August, 1893, one w-as taken in West Springfield. 
 
 106. Oceanodroma leucorhoa (VieilL). Leach's 
 Petrel. Very rare visitor; in late years, I have known of its 
 capture here but three times; Dr. J. A. Allen stated that it had 
 been taken here in a few^ instances. In an address delivered at 
 Springfield, on the occasion of the opening of the railroad to 
 Boston, a little over sixty years ago. Gov. Edward Everett, on 
 
8 THE BIRDS OF SPRINGFlKIvD AND VICINITY. 
 
 the authority of Rev. W. B. O. Peabody, referred to a recent 
 visit of this " Httle sea bird " to this region, which he regarded 
 as a good omen. The specimen in the Science building, 
 Springfield, w^as caught by a cat, in a meadow close by the 
 Connecticut river, in Agawam, September 20, 1900. 
 
 120. Phalacrocorax dilophus (Swain.). Double- 
 CRKSTED Cormorant. During the years 1887 and 1888, a 
 number were seen here in small flocks, and several were taken, 
 but with the exception of these two years it has appeared here 
 only as a rare visitor. 
 
 129. Merganser americanus (Cass.). American 
 Merganser. On the Connecticut river and its tributaries 
 this is the most abundant of the duck family, from November 
 15 until May i ; occa.sionally it is found on the large ponds, and 
 I have observed it here repeatedly in mid-summer, but have no 
 further evidence of its breeding. One summer, I saw one here 
 in company with a blue-winged teal. During the very cold 
 winters, these mergansers assemble in large numbers on the 
 Connecticut, in the rapid water jUvSt below the Enfield dam. 
 
 130. Merganser serrator (I/inn. ). Red-breasted 
 Merganser. Mr. K. O. Damon has taken one specimen in 
 Northampton, and I have done the same near Springfield; with 
 these exceptions, I have never knowm of its presence here. 
 
 131. I/Ophodytes cucullatus (I/inn.). Hooded Mer- 
 ganser. A common late autumn migrant; I have not observed 
 it here at other seasons, but it undoubtedly may be found 
 occasionally in early spring. 
 
 132. Anas Boschas I/inn. Mallard. Rather common 
 autumn visitor, arriving about the first of November; I have 
 taken it here in the spring, but it is rare at that season. 
 Usually it may be found associating with Aiias obscura, but 
 one year wathin my experience the mallards appeared in larger 
 numbers than the black ducks, and they then flocked by them- 
 
THE BIRDS OF SPRINGFIELD AND VICINITY. 9 
 
 vSelves. They are apparently very fond of corn, and when 
 " baited " on that grain, are loth to proceed on their journey. 
 
 133. Anas Obscura Gmel. Black Duck. Abundant 
 in spring and autumn; a few spend the winter with us, and 
 can usually be found in the vicinity of the south branch of 
 Mill river, in Hampden and Wilbraham, from December until 
 March. As the ice closes the ponds and forms along the banks 
 of the Connecticut river, the great body retire, and, even if the 
 winter is open, do not return until vSpring. A few breed regu- 
 larly in the ponds in the western part of this section and rarely 
 in the river towns. In July of 1898, a brood nearly grown 
 appeared in Forest Park in Springfield, and associated and fed 
 with the domestic ducks there, and becoming quite tame they 
 were finally captured alive and taken into winter quarters; a 
 few of them still remain in the park. 
 
 135. Chaulelasmus strepera (I/inn.). Gadwall. 
 
 Accidental visitor; there are two specimens in the Museum in 
 Springfield, that were taken here many years ago. (See Cata- 
 logue of the Birds Found in Springfield.) 
 
 137. Mareca americana (Gmel.). Baldpate. A 
 not very common, but regular spring and fall visitant; in the 
 autumn of 1884, they were fairly abundant here. 
 
 139. Nettion carolinensis (Gmel.). Green-winged 
 
 Teal. A not uncommon spring and autumn migrant, but less 
 numerous than the Blue- winged Teal. 
 
 140. Querquedula discors (Xinn.). Blue- winged 
 Teal. A common autumn but a rare spring visitor; in the 
 fall of 1885, it was abundant. I have seen it here repeat- 
 edly in mid-summer, and once I observed a flock in the river 
 about the twentieth of August. One of the specimens in the 
 Museum at Springfield was taken here the last day of May; I 
 have no further evidence of their breeding here, but there is no 
 doubt that at one time they did. 
 
10 THE BIRDS OF SPRINGFIET.D AND VICINITY. 
 
 142. Spatula clypeata (nyinn.). Shoveller. An 
 accidental visitant; the specimen in the Museum in Spring- 
 field was captured by William C. Pease, in Longmeadow. It 
 has been taken once or twice near Northampton. (See Birds 
 in Amherst, page 46.) 
 
 143. Dafila acuta (I/inn.). Pintail. A common 
 autumn visitant but rare in spring. This is the second migrant 
 of the ducks to appear in the autunni, coming about two weeks 
 later than the Blue-winged Teal; I have taken it here as early 
 as the seventeenth of September. For a few weeks in 1S91 it 
 was abundant on the river. 
 
 144. Aix sponsa (I/inn.). Wood Duck. Common 
 summer resident; until within a few years, one or two pairs 
 bred regularly in Forest Park. 
 
 146. Aythya americana (^yt. ). Red-head. Rare 
 autumn visitor and probably here occasionally in the spring. 
 I have seen them on the river in large flocks, but that is 
 unusual. 
 
 148. Aythya mar ila (I/inn.). American Scaup Duck. 
 Uncommon autumn visitor; I have never known of their being 
 here in any great numbers. 
 
 149. Aythya affinis (Kyt.). Lesser Scaup Duck. 
 Rare spring and common autumn visitor, arriving here about 
 the middle of October. There are plenty of pond snails 
 Limncea Megastoma here, which appear to be their favorite food, 
 and when the Connecticut river is not high and roily they can 
 obtain all they want without much exertion. I have seen five 
 hundred of them on the river at once; they would make us 
 long visits but for the practice of shooters of chasing them with 
 boats, which very soon results in their being driven from this 
 vicinity. The late Dr. Wood of East Windsor Hill has taken 
 them there in the spring, but they are rare at that season. 
 
 150. Aythya coUaris (Donov.). Ring-necked Duck. 
 A rare autumn visitor. 
 
THK BIRDS OF SPRINGFIRI^D AND VICINITY. 11 
 
 151. Clangula clangula americana Bonap. Ameri- 
 can Golden-eye. Abundant spring and autumn visitor and 
 occasionally here during open winters. 
 
 153. Charitonetta albeola (I/inn.). Buffle-head. 
 Not uncommon in early spring and late autumn. Once in 
 September I found a flock of ten or a dozen on the river, near 
 Springfield, that were evidently young; they permitted a boat 
 to be rowed within easy shooting distance, and after being fired 
 at once, when several were killed, they only flew a short dis- 
 tance and then waited until the boat again approached, when 
 a number more were shot. 
 
 154. Hareldahyemalis (I/inn.). Old Squaw. Rather 
 rare spring and autumn visitor. I have seen small flocks here. 
 
 165. Oidemia deglandi Bonap. White- Winged 
 Scoter; Rare; Dr. William Wood captured two at. East 
 Windsor Hill. (See Dr. J. A. Allen's Catalogue of the Birds 
 of Springfield.) 
 
 166. Oidemia perspicillata (I/inn.). Surf Scoter. 
 October 23, 1886, I captured one on the river in Longmeadow, 
 which is the only occasion that I have known an individual of 
 this kind to visit us; but my impression is that this species, as 
 well as all the other sea ducks so common on Long Island 
 Sound, are occasionally represented here. 
 
 167. Brismatura jamaicensis (Gmel.). Ruddy 
 Duck. During the autumn of 1885, this duck was common 
 on the waters in the vicinity of Springfield, but with the ex- 
 ception of this season, it has been during the past twenty years 
 a rare spring and fall visitor. 
 
 169. (a) Chen hyperborea nivalis (Forst. ). Greater 
 Snow Goo.se. Rare or accidental visitor ; one was wounded 
 and captured near Springfield a number of \'ears ago, and 
 turned loose with a flock of domestic geese in South wick, with 
 
12 THE BIRDS OF SPRINGFlEIvD AND VICINITY. 
 
 which it remained for several years. In the spring of 1887, I 
 saw one in Longmeadow\ 
 
 172. Branta canadensis (I/inn.). Canada Goose. 
 Common spring and autumn migrant. 
 
 173. Branta bernicla (I/inn.). Brant. One was 
 shot on the Connecticut river above Hartford, in the spring of 
 1876. (See Merriam's Birds of Connecticut, page 121.) Dr 
 Allen, in the Catalogue of the Birds of Springfield, gives it as 
 " not common." 
 
 190. Botaurus lentiginosus (Montag.). Ameri- 
 can Bittern. Common summer resident. 
 
 191. Ardetta exilis (Gmel.). Least Bittern. Rare; 
 Dr. J. A. Allen reports the taking of one by C. W. Bennett ; 
 E. O. Damon shot one at Northampton, and I captured one in 
 Longmeadow September i, 1895. As to its presence in Suf- 
 field, see Merriam's Birds of Connecticut, page 113. 
 
 194. Ardea herodias I/inn. Great Blue Heron. 
 Transient visitor from April until November, except that it is 
 generally absent during the months of June and July ; it may 
 breed here occasionally. 
 
 196. Ardea egretta Gmel. American Egret. Rare 
 visitor from the South ; one was seen in Forest Park, Spring- 
 field, on several occasions during the summer of 1897. A 
 vSpecimen was taken in North Hadley, in AugUvSt, 1883, (see 
 Birds of Amhenst, page 46,) and it has been reported as having 
 been seen by various reliable observers, within twenty miles of 
 Springfield, but not during the past fifteen years. 
 
 197. Ardea candidissima Gmel. Snow Heron. Ac- 
 cidental visitor ; the specimen in the Museum of Natural His- 
 tory, Springfield, was taken by Mr. E. O. Damon at 
 Northampton, and this is the only instance known to me of its 
 presence here. 
 
THE BIRDS OF SPRINGFIEI.D AND VICINITY. 13 
 
 201. Ardea virescens I/inn. Green Heron. Abund- 
 ant summer resident. 
 
 202. Nycticorax nycticorax naevius (Bodd.). 
 
 Black-Crowned Night Heron. Common summer resident. 
 
 208. Rallus elegans Aud. King Rail. Accidental 
 visitor; a specimen was taken by William C. Pease in Long- 
 meadow, October 19, 1895 ; this is the only record of its 
 occurrence here. (See The Auk, vol. 13, page 86.) 
 
 211. Rallus crepitans Gmel. Clapper Rail. Ac- 
 cidental vi.sitor ; one was taken in the Hadley Meadows, and 
 Mr. E. O. Damon captured one at Northampton. 
 
 212. Rallus virginianus I/inn. Virginia Rail. A 
 common summer resident ; this and the following species are 
 more numerous here in summer than is generally believed. I 
 know of a man who used to tie up his dog, that was trained to 
 hunt rails, to prevent his catching the young birds that he 
 could find in any suitable breeding place. 
 
 214. Peruana Carolina (I/inn.). Sora. A common 
 summer resident, often becoming abundant during early 
 autumn . 
 
 215. Peruana noveboracensis (Gmel.). Yellow 
 Rail. Rare visitor. I captured one in Longmeadow, Octo- 
 ber 16, 1894 ; it has also been taken at Northampton (see 
 Birds of Amherst, page 47). 
 
 216. Por^jana jamaicensis (Gmel.). Black Rail. 
 A number of j^ears ago, Mr. J. H. Batty, who formerly lived 
 in Springfield, found this bird breeding in Hazardville, En- 
 field ; this is the only record of its appearance here (see 
 Merriam's Birds of Connecticut, page 119). 
 
 219. Gallinula Galeata (lyicht.). Florida Gal- 
 LiNULE. Rare summer resident ; I have taken half a dozen 
 
14 THE BIRD.S OF SPRINGFIFJ^D AND VICINITY. 
 
 Specimens here during the past twenty years. Although I 
 have no positive evidence, still I have little doubt that it 
 occasionally breeds here. 
 
 221. Fulica americana Gmel. American Coot. A 
 common autumn visitor, but rare in' the spring. 
 
 22 2. Crymophilus fulicarius (I^inn.). Red Phal- 
 AROPE. Accidental visitor; on the 30th of September, 1893, 
 William H. Lee captured two out of a flock of a dozen near 
 Chicopee ; these are the specimens in the Museum of Natural 
 History. 
 
 223. Phalaropus lobatus (I/inn.). Northern 
 Phalarope. Accidental visitor ; one w^as taken in Ware, 
 October 13, 1875. (See Bulletin Nutthall Ornithological 
 Club, Vol. 5, page 122.) 
 
 228. Philohela minor (Gmel.). American Wood- 
 cock. Regular spring and autumn visitor, and a tolerably 
 common summer resident. Fifteen years ago, w^oodcock bred 
 regularly and abundantly, but about 1887 they almost ceased 
 to do so, and only occasionally could a brood be found here ; 
 this condition continued for about a decade, but during the 
 last three years they have again been more numerous as sum- 
 mer residents. 
 
 230. Gallinago delicata (Ord.). Wilson's Snipe. 
 Common spring and autumn visitor, and I have known of 
 its being here both in midsummer and midwinter. 
 
 231. Macrorhamphus griseus (Gmel.). Dowitcher. 
 Rare spring and autumn migrant, not as common as formerly. 
 
 234. Tringa canutus I/inn. Knot. Accidental visitor; 
 a number of years ago I captured one the last of August, 
 which is the only instance known to me of its presence here. 
 
THE BIRDS OF SPRINGFIELD AND VICINITY. 16 
 
 235. Tringa maritima Brunn. Purple Sandpiper. 
 Accidental visitor. I shot one in November, 1883, but know 
 of no other record. 
 
 239. Tringa maculata Vieill. Pectoral Sandpiper. 
 Tolerably common autumn visitor. It formerly made us 
 quite long visits at this season, but now this and all shore 
 birds are killed or driven away very soon after their arrival; at 
 least it is so with those that have selected the vicinity of the 
 river for their feeding ground. 
 
 240. Tringa fuscicollis Vieill. White-rumped Sand- 
 piper. Common autumn migrant ; occasionally large flocks 
 stop here. 
 
 242. Tringa minutilla Vieill. Least Sandpiper. 
 Common spring and autumn visitor. 
 
 243. {a) Tringa alpina pacifca (Coues). Red- 
 backed Sandpiper. Tolerably common autumn visitor, and 
 I have found it here on one occasion in the spring, but it is rare 
 at that season. 
 
 248. Calidris arenaria (I<inn.). Sanderling. Rare 
 autumn visitor ; it probably occurs here in the spring, but 
 I know of no instance of its being seen then. 
 
 254. Totanus melanoleucus (Gmel.). Greater 
 Yellow-legs. A common spring and autumn visitor ; several 
 years I have found it abundant here in May. When decoying 
 for ducks, I have heard far up in the distance, the faint 
 whistle of this bird, and by a rude imitation of its note, have 
 called it down until it would circle close around the wooden 
 imitation of ducks. 
 
 255. Totanus flavipes (Gmel.). Yellow-legs. A 
 rare spring and autumn visitor. 
 
 256. Helodromas solitarius (Wils.). Solitary 
 Sandpiper. A common early autumn and late spring visitor. 
 
16 THK BIRDS OF SPRINGFlEIvD AND VICINITY. 
 
 258. Symphemia semipalmata (Gmel.). Willet. 
 Rare spring and autumn visitor ; I captured one September 8, 
 1900. 
 
 261. Bartramia longicauda (Bechst. ). Bartra- 
 MiAN 'Sandpiper. Rather rare summer resident, breeding in 
 Russell, Blandford and some of the other mountain towns. 
 Formerly, it was abundant in the river towns during August, 
 but now only a few individuals visit us. 
 
 262. Tryngites subruficollis (Vieill.). Buff-breasted 
 Sandpiper. Given by Dr. J. A. Allen as a rare spring 
 and autumn vivsitor, and recorded in Merriam's Birds of Con- 
 necticut, as having been taken near Hartford. There is one 
 example in the Science building in Springfield that was 
 captured at Northampton by K. O. Damon. 
 
 263. Actitis macularia (I/inn.). Spotted Sand- 
 piper. Abundant summer resident. 
 
 265. Numenius hudsonicus I<ath. Hudsonicus 
 Curlew. A rare migrant ; it has been killed in the vicinity of 
 Hartford (see Merriam's Birds of Connecticut, page 109). I 
 have seen a Curlew in Longmeadow, probably one of this 
 specie ; the specimen in the Science building in Springfield, 
 was taken by K. O. Damon at Northampton. 
 
 270. Squatarola squatarola (I/inn.). Black- 
 bellied Plover. Accidental visitor ; some years ago, about 
 the first of June, I found one on the bank of the Connecticut 
 river so tame that it permitted me to row within fifteen feet of 
 it and watch it feed. 
 
 272. Charadrius dominicus Miill. American Golden 
 Plover. Rare autumn visitor. 
 
 273. Aegialitis vocifera (I/inn.). Killdeer. . A 
 rare summer resident ; formally, common locally when a great 
 
THE BIRDS OF SPRINGFIELD AND VICINITY. 17 
 
 maii}^ bred in the lower part of Agawani and in Suffield. In 
 August, 1898, an unusually large number appeared here. 
 
 274. Aegialitis semipalmata Bonap. Semipalmated 
 Plover. Recorded by Dr. J. A. Allen as a not rare autumn 
 visitor. I have taken but one specimen, and I think it now 
 occurs here only as a accidental visitor. 
 
 277. Aegialitis meloda (Ord.). Piping Plover. 
 Accidental visitor. One record only. (See Birds of Amherst, 
 page 47.) 
 
 283 Arenaria interpres (I/inn.). Turnstone. Rare 
 autumn visitor. 
 
 289. Colinus virginianus (I/inn. ) . B o b - w h i r e . 
 Common resident, but sometimes, during winters when the 
 ground is covered by deep snow for a long period, it is nearly 
 exterminated. On the 17th of September, 1898, I found a 
 brood just hatched. 
 
 300. Bonasa umbellus (I/inn.). Ruffed Grouse. 
 A common resident, well protected by law, and a growing 
 sentiment in favor of its enforcement. This bird has other 
 enemies besides man ; a species of wood tick often destroys 
 whole broods, some winters the goshawk comes down from the 
 north and persistently follows this grouse, which is its favorite 
 food, and the house cat is responsible for the destruction 
 of great numbers of the very young. 
 
 315. Bctopistes migratorius (I/inn.). Passenger 
 Pigeon. In 1876, hundreds of thousands of pigeons appeared 
 here, apparently as numerous as in previous years. From then 
 until 1879 or 1880, a few small flocks only were observed each 
 season. In the spring of 1884, I saw in Southwick the last 
 pigeon that I have known to have visited this vicinity. 
 
18 THE BIRDS OF SPRINGFIEIvD AND VICINITY. 
 
 316. ^enaidura macroura (I/inn.). Mourning 
 Dove. A coninion suniiner, and a very rare winter, resident. 
 
 325. Cathartes aura (lyinn.). Turkey Vulture. 
 Accidental visitor. Dr. Wood notes the presence of one in 
 East Windsor, which is. the only record. (See Merriani'S Birds 
 of Connecticut, page 92. ) 
 
 331. Circus hudsonius (I/iiin.V MAiRsti Hawk. A 
 common spring and autumn visitor, and. a rare summer' resi- 
 dent. 
 
 332. Accipiter velox (Wils.). Sharp-shunned 
 Hawk. A common spring and autumn visitor, occasionally 
 breeds here, and is often seen in winter. This is the boldest 
 of our birds of prey. Some years ago while decoying ducks, I 
 saw one of these little hawks ' like a flash fasten itself to the 
 back of a wood duck that was fluttering oyer the decoys ; 
 what would have been the result of this encounter I cannot 
 say, as both were shot w^hile in this position. Once, while 
 w^atching a flock of j uncos in a large oak tree, I saw one 
 of these haw^ks suddenly make a dart for them, and, selecting 
 its victim, chase the bird back and forth and round about 
 the branches of the tree until the poor juiico fell to the ground 
 in a collapse from fright, as it had not been touched by the 
 hawk. 
 
 333. Accipiter cooperii (Bonap.). Cooper's Hawk. 
 Tolerably common summer resident, but much more numerous 
 during migration ; rare in winter. . This is the hawk that is so 
 destructive to poultry in Western Massachusetts, and for 
 its sins many other useful kinds are made to suffer. 
 
 334. Accipiter atricapillus (Wils. ) . American 
 Goshawk. Irregular winter visitor from the north, not 
 generally common. As the flesh of the ruffed grouse is its 
 favorite food, a large visitation of this hawk is not desirable. 
 
THE BIRDS OF SPRINGKIKIJ) AND VICINITY. 19 
 
 337. Buteo borealis (Gmel.). Red-tailed Hawk. 
 An abundant migrant both in the spring and in the autumn, 
 sometimes passing through the Connecticut valley in vSmall 
 flocks; also a tolerably common summer and rare winter 
 resident. 
 
 339. Buteo lineatus (Gmel.)- Red-shouldered 
 Hawk. Very connnon summer but rare winter rCvSident; I 
 think this hawk breed;; here in greater numbers than all other 
 kinds put together. 
 
 343. Buteo latissimus (Wils.). Broad-winged 
 Hawk. Breeds regularly and commonly in the mountains 
 west of Westfield; rare in the river towns during the spring 
 and autumn. 
 
 347. a Archibuteo lagopus sancti-johannis (Gmel.). 
 
 American Rough-legged Hawk. A common winter visitor, 
 but not so numerous as ten years ago. While here it feeds 
 entirely on mice and other rodents; if the ground is covered 
 with snow to a great depth, the difficulty of obtaining food 
 causes it to move further south, but it always returns soon 
 after the snow melts and a substantial portion of the ground is 
 uncovered. 
 
 349. Aquila chrysaetos (I<inn.). Golden Eagle. 
 There are no late records of the appearance of the Golden Eagle 
 in this vicinity; one was taken in Monson, in November, 1864, 
 and two were captured in Westfield, two years later. (See 
 Allen's Rarer Birds of Massachusetts.) 
 
 352. Haliaeetus leucocephalus (I/inn.). Bald 
 Eagle. Rather uncommon transient visitor in the spring, 
 summer and autumn, and rare in the winter. Dr. J. A. Allen 
 reported it as sometimes breeding. Occasionally it is quite 
 numerous near the river in late summer, feeding on the dead 
 fish that are often to be found in large numbers at that season. 
 On Mt. Tom, once, I saw a Duck Hawk make a savage attack 
 on a Bald Eagle and drive it from the mountain. 
 
20 THE BIRDS OF SPRINGFIBXD AND VICINITY. 
 
 354. a Falco rusticolus gyrfalco (I/inn.). Gyr- 
 FALCON. Accidental visitor; Mr. E. O. Damon captured one 
 in Northampton, February, 1879, which is the specimen in the 
 Science building. 
 
 356. Falco peregrinus anatum (Bonap.). Duck 
 Hawk. A rare summer resident, breeding on several of the 
 mountain tops in this vicinity, including Mt. Tom, where for 
 years its nests have been constantly robbed. Notwithstanding 
 this, and the fact that a hotel has been built on the summit, 
 wath electric cars running to it, the Duck Hawk still persists 
 in making this mountain its summer home. 
 
 357. Falco columbarius I^inn. Pigkon Hawk. Rare 
 spring and autumn visitor. Dr. William Wood was quite sure 
 that it bred in East Windsor, but he had no positive evidence 
 of that fact. 
 
 360. Falco sparverius lyinn. American Sparrow 
 Hawk. Common summer resident, not uncommon in winter 
 and more numerous at all seasons than formerly. In 1894, a 
 pair built their nest on a platform under the cornice of the 
 six-story building of the Morgan Envelope Company, on Har- 
 rison avenue, Springfield, where their young were successfully 
 raised, and nearly every year since I have seen a pair through 
 the breeding season, near the business center of Springfield; 
 one year they adopted the steeple of the First church as their 
 home, where they could be seen every day. Two or three 
 winters ago, a large bag of oats was broken open and the con- 
 tents scattered in the yard of my unused barn at Tatham, in 
 W^est Springfield, and to feed on this grain, mice gathered in 
 such great numbers that the barn was overrun with them. 
 In March, a pair of Sparrow^ Hawks, finding their food supply 
 so abundant, drove out a pair of doves, that were breeding in 
 an apartment of a cote attached to the barn, and there laid their 
 eggs. Though the male was killed, the female persisted, and 
 at the end of thirty-four days the young were hatched and 
 successfully raivSed. During the time of incubation and the 
 raising of the young, none of the wild birds in the vicinity 
 
THE BIRDS OF SPRINGFIELD AND VICINITY. 21 
 
 were interfered with by the mother hawk, and even the doves 
 that had been driven out were permitted to nest within a few 
 feet of their former home. The hawks nearly, if not quite, 
 exterminated the mice that at first w^ere so numerous. 
 
 364. Pandion haliaetus carolinensis (GmeL). 
 
 American Osprey. Common during both, the spring and 
 autumn migration; often seen here near the Connecticut river, 
 during the summer, but I have no knowledge of its breeding 
 in the vicinity of Springfield. Once while on one of the 
 meadows bordering the river, on a foggy day in April, I saw 
 an Osprey that had been shot fall to the ground slightly 
 wounded, and there uttered the most piteous screams that I 
 ever heard come from a bird. Immediately, there appeared, 
 out of the fog above, a dozen other Osprey s, who for a long 
 time circled around their injured relative w4th cries of 
 sympathy. 
 
 365. Strix pratincola Bonap. American Barn Owl. 
 Accidental visitor from the South; one w^as taken in Spring- 
 field, in May, 1868, which is one of the few Massachusetts 
 records. (See Allen's Rarer Birds of Massachusetts.) 
 
 366. Asio wilsonianus (I^ess.). American • Long- 
 eared Owl. Tolerably common resident. 
 
 367. Asio accipitrinus (Pall.). Short-eared Owl. 
 A common spring and autumn visitor. During open winters a 
 number stay with us, and I have seen it here in January, when 
 the snow was very deep; it occasionally breeds, but at no 
 season now is it as numerous as fifteen years ago, when it was 
 often found in colonies. Mr. E. O. Damon stated that he once 
 saw a hundred of these birds together on the Northampton 
 meadows. 
 
 368. Syrnium nebulosum (Forst.). Barred-Owl. 
 A rather uncommon resident, but occasionally quite numerous 
 in late autumn. Mr. William Street of Easthampton has 
 twice found the nest of this owl. (See Baird, Brewster & 
 Ridway's North American Birds, Vol. Ill, page 37.) 
 
22 THE BIRDS OF SPRINGFIELD AND VICINITY. 
 
 370. Scotiapatex cinerea (Gmel.). Oreat Gray 
 Owl. Accidental winter visitor. Many years ago one was 
 taken at Westfield; on February 25, 1883, one was taken in 
 Agawani, another in Blandford, March 4, 1896, and Mr. E. O. 
 Damon has taken one at Northampton. The.se are the only 
 records of its appearance here known to me. 
 
 371. Nyctala tengmalmi richardsoni (Bonap.). 
 
 Richardson's Owl. A very rare winter visitor. There are 
 only old records of its appearance in this vicinity; Dr. J. A. 
 Allen obtained one in December, 1859, (see Catalogue of the 
 Birds of Springfield, ) and about the same time one was captured 
 by hand at East Windsor. (See Merriam's Birds of Connecticut, 
 page 73.) 
 
 372. Nyctala acadica (Gmel.). Saw- whet Owl. 
 A rather uncommon winter vi.sitor ; probably breeds here occa- 
 sionally. 
 
 373. Megascops asio (I/inn.). Screech Owl. Abund- 
 ant resident, often breeding in the residential portion of Spring- 
 field. 
 
 375. Bubo virginianus (Gmel.). Great Horned 
 Owl. a common resident. 
 
 376. Nyctea nyctea (I/inn. ). Snow^y Owl. Rare 
 winter visitor ; occasionally a number will be seen here, but 
 most seasons it is entirely absent. Dr. William Wood of 
 Somers, Ct., told me that very early one morning, a number of 
 years ago, he saw one fly over Main street, Springfield, near 
 the old railroad station. 
 
 377 a Surnia ulula caparoch (Mull.). American 
 Hawk Owl. Very rare winter resident ; Mr. E. O. Damon 
 has taken one at Northampton, and tw^o were captured at 
 Hadley in March, 1884. (See Birds of Amherst, page 48.) 
 
THE BIRDS OF SPRINGFIEI.D AND VICINITY. 23 
 
 387. Coccy^us americanus (Xinn.). Yellow- 
 BiLLED Ci'CKOO. Irregular summer resident ; some years it 
 is rather common, and in others there are few, if any, here, ' 
 
 388. CoccyztiS erythrophthalmus (Wils.). Black- 
 billed Cuckoo. Common and regular summer resident. 
 
 390. Ceryle alcyon (I^inn.j. Belted Kingfisher. 
 Common summer and rare winter resident. 
 
 :^93. Dryobates villosus (lyinn. ). Hairy Wood- 
 pecker. A rather uncommon summer and winter resident ; 
 in late autumn I have occasionally found them quite numer- 
 ous. 
 
 394 r Dryobates pubescens medianus (Swains.). 
 
 Downy Woodpecker. A common winter and summer resi- 
 dent. 
 
 400. Picoides arcticus (Swains.). Arctic Three- 
 toed Woodpecker. A rare winter resident. It has been 
 taken at East Windsor and Simsbury, Ct., (see Merriam's 
 Birds of Connecticut, page 64,) a pair at Westfield, (see 
 Allen's Rarer Birds of Massachusetts,) and also on Mt. 
 Nonotuck by Mr. William Street. 
 
 402. Sphyrapicus varius (I<inn.). Yellow-bellied 
 Sapsucker. Tolerably common during its migration, both in 
 the spring and in the autumn ; in April, 1898, it was unusualh' 
 numerous. Dr. J. A. Allen reported it as an accidental sum- 
 mer visitor. 
 
 405 a Ceophloeus pileatus abieticola Bangs. 
 
 Northern Pileated Woodpecker. A rare resident, found 
 in the well-wooded portion of the extreme western part of 
 Hampden county. Dr. J. A. Allen, in his "Rarer Birds of 
 Massachusetts," says that Mr. J. G. Scott informed him that 
 he had taken three specimens near Westfield, and that Dr. 
 Wood writes that one was killed at East Windsor about 1859. 
 
24 THK BIRDS OF SPRINGFIELD AND VICINITY. 
 
 406. Malanerpes erythrocephalus (I/inn.). Red- 
 headed Woodpecker. Sixty years ago this bird was com- 
 mon here, it is now an irregular and rather rare visitor, more 
 often seen in early autumn ; I have known of an instance of 
 one wintering here. In the summer of 1889, a pair bred in the 
 western part of Agawam, and in September, 1894, a flock 
 of about fifty made a visit to Forest Park, Springfield, where 
 they remained for several days. 
 
 409. Melanerpes carolinus (I<inn.). Red-Bellied 
 Woodpecker. Accidental visitor. Dr. J. A. Allen observed 
 one here, and one had been taken in Suffield. (See Merriam's 
 Birds of Connecticut, page 65.) 
 
 412. a Colaptes auratus lutens Bangs. North- 
 ern Flicker. Abundant summer resident, a few remaining 
 during the winter. 
 
 417. Antrostomus vociferus (Wils.). Whip-poor- 
 will. A common summer resident. 
 
 420. Chordeiles virginianus (Gmel.). Night- 
 hawk. Very common summer resident ; during recent years 
 often breeding on the roofs of blocks in the business center of 
 Springfield. 
 
 423 Chaetura pelagica (I/inn.). Chimney Swift. 
 Abundant summer resident. 
 
 428. Trochilus colubris I/inn. Ruby-throated Hum- 
 ming BIRD. Common summer resident. 
 
 444. Tyrannus tyrannus (lyinn.). Kingbird. Abund- 
 ant summer resident. 
 
 452. Myiarchus crinitus (I/inn.). CrEvSTed Fly- 
 catcher. Not generally common, but locally a regular sum- 
 mer resident. 
 
 LU M- 
 > - 
 
 — Iv 
 
THE BIRDS OF SPRINGFIELD AND VICINITY. 2S 
 
 456. Sayornis Phcebe (I^ath.). Phcebe. Common 
 summer resident. 
 
 459. Contopus borealis (Swains.). Olive-sided 
 Flycatcher. A rather rare summer resident ; breeds regu- 
 larly at Tatham, in West Springfield. For several successive 
 seasons a pair made their home in the Peabody cemetery, 
 Springfield, but they abandoned that place some five or six 
 years ago. 
 
 461. Contopus virens (I^inn.). Wood Pk wee. Com- 
 mon summer resident. 
 
 463. Bttipidonax flaviventris Baird. Yellow- 
 bellied Flycatcher. Tolerably common spring and autumn 
 visitor. Once a specimen of this kind was brought to me with 
 a broken wing, and evidently in a half -starved condition ; I 
 forced a fly down its throat, and in a few minutes it took them 
 in this unusual way without resistance, and in half an hour it 
 would come across the cage in which it was confined, and 
 eagerl}^ snap a fly from my hand. This was the quickest tam- 
 ing of a wild bird that I have ever known. 
 
 465. Bmpidonax virescens (Vieill.). Green- 
 crested Flycatcher. Accidental visitor ; it has been taken 
 at Suffield. (See Merriam's Birds of Connecticut, page 58.) 
 
 466. a Empidonax traillii alnorum Brewst. Alder 
 Flycatcher. A rare summer resident ; found in the ex- 
 treme western part of Hampden and Hampshire counties. 
 
 467. Bmpidonax minimus Baird. Least Fly- 
 catcher. Common summer resident. 
 
 474. Otocoris alpestris (I^inn.). Horned Lark. A 
 rare spring and autumn vivsitor. 
 
 474. b Otocoris alpestris praticola Hensh. Prairie 
 Horned Lark. There is an old specimen in the Science 
 
26 THE BIRDvS OF SPRINGFIELD AND VICINITY. 
 
 building that must have been captured here twenty years ago. 
 A flock of twenty-five or more spent the winter of 1896-7 in 
 Longmeadow. 
 
 477. Cyanocitta cristata (I/inn.). BlukJay. Com- 
 mon resident ; more numerous in the spring and autumn. 
 
 486. a Corvus corax principalis Ridgw. North- 
 ern Raven. Accidental visitor. Dr. J. A. Allen records the 
 capture of one here in 1859, and Mr. B. O. Damon has taken 
 one at Northampton. 
 
 488. Corvus americanus Aud. American Crow. 
 Abundant resident. 
 
 490. Corvus OSSifragus Wils. Fish Crow. Rare 
 summer visitor. On June 9, 1896, while a number of men 
 were at a shooting match in the suburbs of Springfield, a 
 fish crow flying over the party was shot and captured. This 
 specimen is in the possession of Mr. William Brewster of Cam- 
 bridge. I think I have seen and heard the fish crow here on 
 one or two occasions, but except in the instance above men- 
 tioned, I know of no positive evidence of its occurrence here. 
 
 494. Dolichonyx ory^ivorus (I/inn.). Bobolink. 
 Abundant summer resident. 
 
 495. Molothrus ater (Bodd.). Cowbird. Rather 
 common summer resident. 
 
 498. Agelaius Phoeniceus (I/inn.). Red-winged 
 Blackbird. Abundant summer resident. In 1896-7, a 
 small flock wintered in a clump of willows close to the Con- 
 necticut river in Longmeadow ; in January one or two were 
 shot and killed, but the rest remained until March. 
 
 501. Sturnella magna (I<inn.). Meadowlark. 
 Common summer and rather rare winter resident. 
 
THE BIRDS OF SPRINGFIEIyD AND VICINITY. 27 
 
 506. Icterus spurius (lyinn.). Orchard Oriole. 
 A not uncommon summer resident in the river towns ; it w^as 
 unusually numerous in 1893. 
 
 507. Icterus galbula (I/inn.). Baltimore Oriole. 
 Abundant summer resident. Individuals of this kiiid are in- 
 clined to vary in their song ; I know of one whose notes, to the 
 most casual listener, suggested the tune of Yankee Doodle, 
 and the residents in the vicinity of the oriole's nest gave it the 
 name of the " Yankee Doodle bird." 
 
 509. Scolecophagus carolinus (Mull.). Rusty 
 Blackbird. Common spring and autumn vivsitor. 
 
 511. b Quiscalus quiscula aeneus (Ridgw.). 
 
 Bronzed Grackle. Common* summer resident; often seen 
 here in August and September in enormous flocks. A small 
 flock passed a large portion of the winter 1906-01 in Long- 
 meadow. Its near relative, the Purple Grackle, may oc- 
 casionally occur here, but I have no proof of that fact. 
 
 514. Coccotliraustes vespertinus (Coop.). Even- 
 ing Grosbeak. With the exception of the winter of 1889-90, 
 this bird was never known to appear in this vicinity or else- 
 where in New England. At that time there was a large 
 incursion from the northwest into the eastern states, and 
 specimens were taken at Agawam, Brimfield and Amherst. 
 (See The Auk, vol. 7, pages 210-289.) 
 
 515. Pinicola enucleator canadensis. (Cab.). Pine 
 
 Grosbeak. Irregular winter visitor ; absent some seasons, 
 common others, and rarely abundant. In 1874-5, they were 
 as numerous in the streets of Springfield as the English spar- 
 rows are now. 
 
 517. Carpodacus purpureus (Gmel.). Purple Finch. 
 Tolerably common summer resident, more numerous during 
 migration ; occasionally here during winter. 
 
28 THE BIRDS OP SPRINGFIELD AND VICINITY. 
 
 521. I/Oxia curvirostra minor (Brehm). American 
 CrossbiIvIv. Irregular winter visitor ; it may occasionally 
 breed here. In 1900, a pair stayed at Tatham, in West Spring- 
 field, through the latter part of the month of May. 
 
 522. I/Oxia leucoptera Gmel. White-winged Cross- 
 BiLi,. Irregular winter visitor, appearing not as frequently as 
 the preceding species. It was more numerous here in the 
 winter of 1899- 1900 than I ever knew it to be before. 
 
 528. Acanthis linaria (I/inn.). Redpoi.1.. Irregu- 
 lar winter visitor, being quite common some seasons. I pre- 
 sume the Greater Redpoll occasionally occurs here. 
 
 529. Astragalinus tristis (I/inn.). American Gold- 
 finch. Common permanent resident. 
 
 533. Spinus pinus (Wils.)- Pine Siskin. Irregular 
 winter visitor, not usually common. 
 
 534. Passerina nivalis (I/inn.). Snowflake. Com- 
 mon winter visitor, but not as numerous as it was 20 years ago. 
 
 536. Calcarius lapponicus (I<inn.). Lapland IvOng- 
 SPUR. One specimen was taken here November 27, 1895, 
 which is the only record of its occurrence here. 
 
 540. Poocaetes gramineus (Gmel.). Vesper Spar- 
 row. Common summer resident. 
 
 542. a Ammodramus sandwichensis savanna 
 
 (Wils.)' Savanna Sparrow. Common spring and autumn 
 visitor, and a rare summer resident. In 1895-6, one indi- 
 vidual wintered in Longmeadow, on the banks of the Con- 
 necticut river, where large masses of soil and turf had been 
 undermined by the high water and broken off from the main 
 bank, leaving little irregular valleys between, which were well 
 protected from the weather ; here this little sparrow could any 
 day be flushed. I believe this is as far north as the Savanna 
 sparrow has ever been known to winter. 
 
THE BIRDS OF SPRINGFIELD AND VICINITY. 29 
 
 546. Ammodramus savannarum passerinus ( Wils. ) . 
 
 Grasshopper Sparrow. Common summer resident. 
 
 547. Ammodramus henslowii (Aud.). Henslow's 
 Sparrow. Dr. J. A. Allen reports the capture of one in 
 Springfield, and Mr. William Brewster states that it breeds 
 quite numerously near Amherst. (See foot note, page 200, 
 Minot's Land Birds and Game Birds of New England, 2d 
 edition.) 
 
 554. ^onotrichia leucophrys (Forst.). White- 
 crowned Sparrow. Rare spring and autumn visitor. 
 
 558. 5/onotrichia albicoUis (Gmel.)- White- 
 throated Sparrow. Very common spring and autumn 
 visitor ; breeds occasionally in Granville, Blandford, and I 
 presume in Chester. The late Mr. R. B. Hildreth was con- 
 fident that a pair once bred in Ingersoll dell in Springfield. 
 Under date of August 13, 1867, he wrote that he had seen and 
 heard a pair there more than forty times during the summer, 
 always near the same spot, and though he did not find the 
 nest, he believed it to be at no great distance. 
 
 559. Spi^jella monticola (Gmel.). Tree Sparrow. 
 Common winter resident, and abundant in spring and autumn. 
 
 560. Spi^ella socialis (Wils.). Chipping Sparrow. 
 
 Abundant summer resident. 
 
 563. Spi^ella pusilla (Wils.). Field Sparrow. 
 Common summer resident. 
 
 567. Junco hyemalis (I/inn.). Slate-colored Junco. 
 An abundant migrant, both in the spring and the autumn, and 
 a few winter here ; it occasionally breeds on the mountain 
 tops, including Holyoke, Nonotuck, and Tom. A pair were 
 seen near the pavilion on Mt. Tom the 21st of June, 1900. 
 
 581. Melospiija fasciata (Gmel.). Song Sparrow. 
 Abundant summer resident, and often winters here ; it is more 
 common during the latter season than is generally supposed. 
 
30 THE BIRDS OE SPRINGFIELD AND VICINITY. 
 
 583. Melospi^a lincolni (Aud.). Lincoln's Spar- 
 row. Dr. J. A. Allen took three specimens at Springfield ; 
 Mr. Edwin I. Shores took several at Suffield, and did not con- 
 sider it rare there. (See N. E. Bird Life, Vol. i, page 252.) 
 
 584. Melospi^a georgiana (lyath.). Swamp Spar- 
 row. Rather uncommon summer resident. 
 
 585. Passerella iliaca (Merr.). Fox Sparrow. 
 Common spring and autumn migrant ; sometimes abundant. 
 
 587. Pipilo erythrophthalmus (I/inn.). Towhee. 
 Common summer resident.^ 
 
 593. Cardinalis cardinalis (lyinn.). Cardinal. 
 Accidental visitor. ( For records of its appearance at Springfield, 
 Belchertown, and Southampton, see G. A. Allen's Rarer Birds 
 of Massachusetts. ) 
 
 595. ^amelodia ludoviciana (I/inn.). Rose- 
 BREASTED GROSBEAK. Common summer resident, occurring 
 in increasing numbers during the past ten years. 
 
 598. Cyanospi^a cyanea (I/inn.). Indigo Bunting. 
 Common summer resident. 
 
 604. Spi^a americana (GmeL). Dickcissel. Ac- 
 cidental visitor. Sixty years ago it was considered a common 
 bird in Massachusetts ; it was captured in Holyoke in May, 
 1866, by Mr. C. W. Bennett. (See J. A. Allen's Rarer Birds of 
 Massachusetts. ) 
 
 608. Piranga erythromelas Vieill. Scarlet Tana- 
 GER. Common summer resident. 
 
 611. Progne subis (I/inn.). Purple Martin. Rare 
 summer resident ; at one time it was a common bird here, but 
 now only a few colonies are to be seen. 
 
THE BIRDS OF SPRINGFIELD AND VICINITY. 81 
 
 6x2. Petrochelidon lunifrons (Say). Cliff Swal- 
 low. Rather common summer resident, but not as numerous 
 as formerly. In a diary of the late R. B. Hildreth, it is stated 
 that a colony of these birds took up their residence under the 
 eaves of a barn at the homestead of Festus Stebbins on North 
 Main street in Springfield, about 1835, when the land west 
 of this place was an open space running back perhaps a thou- 
 sand feet to the river, and down until about 1870 they per- 
 sisted in occupying it as their home, notwithstanding Springfield 
 changed from a town to a city, and in this open space were 
 built a portion of a railroad and numerous buildings. 
 
 613. Chelidon erythrogastra (Bodd.). Barn Swal- 
 low. Abundant summer resident. 
 
 614. Tachycineta bicolor (Vieill.). Tree Swal- 
 low. Only a few breed here, but the latter part of the sum- 
 mer they become very numerous, especially along the river, 
 where I have seen towards evening immense flocks alight on 
 the wild rice, which grows profusely along the bank. 
 
 616. Clivicola riparia (I/inn.). Bank Swallow. 
 Common summer resident. 
 
 617. Stelgidopteryx serripennis (Aud.). Rough- 
 winged Swallow. There are only three records of its ap- 
 pearance in this vicinty. At Sufiield, June 6, 1874 (see 
 Nuttall Ornith. Bulletin, Vol. 2, page 211); at Easthamp- 
 ton May, 1851 (see Birds of Amherst, page 49), and at East 
 Hartford (see J. A. Allen's Revised List of Birds of Massa- 
 chusetts). 
 
 618. Ampelis garrulus I/inn. Bohemian Waxwing. 
 It has been taken by the late Dr. William Wood of East Wind- 
 sor (see Merriam's Birds of Connecticut, page 579). This is the 
 only instance known to me. 
 
 619. Ampelis cedrorum (Vieill.). Cedar Waxwing. 
 Generally a common summer resident, often seen in the last 
 
32 THK BIRDS OF SPRINGFIELD AND VICINITY. 
 
 part of winter in flocks, but irregular in its appearance at all 
 times. It was more numerous here in September, 1900, than 
 at any time for years. 
 
 621. I/anius borealis Vieill. Northern Shrike. 
 Common winter visitor. 
 
 622. a I^anius ludovicianus excubitorides (Swains.) 
 
 White-rumped Shrike. Has been taken in Amherst. (See 
 Birds of Amherst, page 49.) 
 
 624. Vireo olivaceus (I/inn.). Red-eyed Vireo. 
 Abundant summer resident. 
 
 627. Vireo gilvus (Vieill.). Warbi^ing Vireo. Com- 
 mon summer resident. 
 
 628. Vireo flavifrons Vieill. YelIvOw-t h r o a t e d 
 Vireo. Common summer resident ; much more numerous 
 than ten years ago ; it has a decided preference for the shade 
 trees along the streets of the cities and towns, and in the resi- 
 dential portions of Springfield it is as common as any of the 
 vireo. 
 
 629. Vireo solitarius (Wils.). Blue-headed Vireo. 
 Common spring and autumn visitor, and now a rare summer 
 resident. For the four years previous to 1895 this bird was 
 breeding here in increasing numbers ; one season three pair 
 nested in the immediate vicinity of the Peabody cemetery in 
 Springfield ; since that year I have seen but one pair here in 
 summer. This condition is undoubtedly accounted for by the 
 exceptional cold at the South in the winter of 1894-5, which 
 destroyed so many birds. 
 
 631. Vireo noveboracensis (Gmel.). White-eyed 
 Vireo. Very rare at Springfield and up the river, although 
 almost abundant in the lower Connecticut valley, and even to 
 the Massachusetts line it is hardly uncommon. Dr. William 
 Wood found several nests at East Windsor, and K. I. Shores of 
 
THE BIRDS OF SPRINGFIELD AND VICINITY. 33 
 
 Suffield considered it common there, but for some unknown 
 reason it will not cross the line from Connecticut into Massa- 
 chusetts except as a very rare visitor. Dr. J. A. Allen knew 
 of but one instance of its occurrence near Springfield, and 
 in this state. (See Rarer Birds of Massachusetts.) I found 
 one in Hampden, which is the only .time I have seen one in the 
 valley above the Connecticut line. 
 
 636. Mniotilta varia (I<inn.). Black and White 
 Warbler. Common summer resident. 
 
 637. Protonotaria citrea (Bodd.). Prothonotary 
 Warbler. A rare visitor from the South ; three were taken 
 at Northampton in May, 1883 ; one of these is in the collection 
 at the Science building in Springfield. 
 
 639. Helmitherus vermivorus (Gmel.). Worm- 
 EATing Warbler. A rare visitor from the South. E. I. 
 Shores took one in Suffield, August 22, 1874, and one was 
 seen in Easthampton. (See Part i New England Bird I^ife, 
 page III.) 
 
 641. Helminthophila pinus (I/inn.). Blue- winged 
 Warbler. I do not know of any instance of its occurrence in 
 this vicinity, but there is one record of the capture at Sufiield 
 of the Brewster warbler, which by many is considered to be 
 one of this kind, in different color phase. (See Bui. Nuttall 
 Ornith. Club, Vol. 11 1, page 199.) 
 
 642. Helminthophila chrysoptera (I/inn.). Golden- 
 winged Warbler. Very rare summer resident. It has been 
 observed in summer by Mr. Allen in Springfield, and by Mr. 
 Bennett in Holyoke (see Baird, Brewer and Ridgway's North 
 American Birds) ; and W. A. Steams has seen specimens taken 
 in Amherst (see Birds of Amherst); E. I. Shores has taken 
 several at Suffield (see Merriam's Birds of Connecticut) . J. H . 
 Sage says this bird is a common summer resident at Portland, 
 40 miles down the Connecticut valley from Springfield ; he also 
 
34 THE BIRDS OF SPRINGFIELD AND VICINITY. 
 
 states that the Brewster blue-winged w^arbler is a regular sum- 
 mer resident there. (See The Auk, 1893, page 208. ) 
 
 645. Helminthophila rubricapilla (Wils.). Nash- 
 viivLE WarbIvER. Very common spring and autumn migrant, 
 and rather uncommon summer resident. 
 
 646. Helminthophila celata (Say.). Orangk- 
 CROWNED Warbler. Accidental visitor ; the only record of 
 its appearance here, and one of the very few in MaSvSachusetts, 
 is by Dr. J. A. Allen, w^ho shot one from quite a number that 
 he found in an orchard on May 15, 1863. 
 
 647. Helminthophila peregrina (Wils.). Ten- 
 nessee Warbler. Rare spring and autumn migrant. Dr. 
 Allen, in the Rarer Birds of Massachusetts, states that he had 
 taken it repeatedly at Springfield ; at Suffield it was captured 
 as late as June 8 (see Birds of Connecticut, page 14); there is 
 no other evidence of its breeding than finding it here at so 
 late a date. This bird so closely resembles the Nashville 
 warbler that it is well to have it in hand to positively 
 identify it. 
 
 648. a Compsothlypis americana usneae Brewster. 
 
 Northern Parula Warbler. A common spring and 
 autumn migrant, and rather rare summer resident ; breeding 
 only near where Usnea "moss" is found, of which material 
 its nest is always constructed. 
 
 650. Dendroica tigrina (Gmel.). Cape May 
 Warbler. Rare spring and autumn migrant, 
 
 652. Dendroica aestiva (Gmel.). Yellow Warbler. 
 Common summer resident. 
 
 654. Dendroica caerulescens (Gmel.). Black- 
 throated Blue Warbler. A common spring and autumn 
 migrant ; it is an abundant summer resident on the slope of the 
 mountains just west of Westfield, in the towns of Russell and 
 
THE BIRDS OF SPRINGFIELD AND VICINITY. 35 
 
 Granville, in heavy woods composed mostly of deciduous trees, 
 chestnut predominating, with an occasional tulip, rock maple, 
 birch and oak, and a few white pine and hemlocks, always 
 with a thick undergrowth of mountain laurel ; here I have 
 regularly found it for the last six summers the most abundant 
 warbler in that region, excepting perhaps the oven bird. 
 
 655. Dendroica coronata (I/inn.). Myrtle 
 Warbler. An abundant spring and autumn migrant. A 
 person in whose accuracy in such matters I have great faith, 
 informed me that in the pine woods near the main entrance to 
 Forest park in Springfield, in the summer of 1900, for nearly 
 half an hour he watched a pair feeding their newly-fledged 
 young. Except on high elevations this is considerably south 
 of their usual breeding range. 
 
 657. Dendroica maculosa (Gmel.). Magnolia 
 Warbler. A common spring and autumn migrant, and I 
 presume it occasionally breeds in the west part of Blandford 
 and Chester. 
 
 658. Dendroica rara (Wils.). Cerulean Warbler. 
 A very rare visitor from the West ; taken at Sufiield June 12, 
 1875 (Bull. Nutt. Club 2, page 21). W. A. Steams reported 
 the capture of three in Amherst, May 19, 1884 ; all females, 
 he says, ' ' they were taken in a thicket back of the college 
 buildings and near a grove of mixed shrubbery." 
 
 659. Dendroica pensylvanica (I<inn.). Chestnut- 
 sided Warbler. Abundant summer resident. 
 
 660. Dendroica castanea (Wils.)- Bay-breasted 
 Warbler. Usually rather rare spring and autumn migrant ; 
 occasionally common ; in May, 1900, for a few days it was 
 actually abundant. They then came into the very center of 
 the city of Springfield in great numbers ; nearly every tree in 
 and around Court square contained one or more, and at Tat- 
 ham, in West Springfield, after an unusually cold night, I found 
 them feeding on the ground in my garden in a small flock. 
 
36 THE BIRDS OF SPRINGFIKI^D AND VICINITY. 
 
 According to Dr. J. A. Allen, in the Catalogue of the Birds of 
 Springfield, one was taken in Springfield July 2, 1862, by B. 
 Hosford. 
 
 661. Dendroica striata (Forst.). Black -poiviy 
 Warblkr. Common spring and autumn migrant. 
 
 662. Dendroica blackbumiae (Gmel.). Black- 
 BURNiAN WarblKR. Rather common spring and autumn 
 migrant; in May, 1900, it was abundant. In J. A. Allen's 
 Rarer Birds of Massachusetts there is a record of its breeding 
 in Holyoke. I have seen it in Chester in summer, and I pre- 
 sume it breeds there, as it does a short distance west. 
 
 663. Dendroica dominica (I/inn.). Yellow-throatkd 
 WarblkR. a very rare visitor from the South. Dr. David 
 Crary states that during fifteen years of collecting he vSecured 
 several specimens near Hartford (see Merriam's Birds of Con- 
 necticut, page 17). In May, 1892, the late William W. Col- 
 burn observed one in Springfield about where Ridgewood terrace 
 has since been located. 
 
 667. Dendroica virens (Gmel.). Black-throated 
 Green Warbler. Abundant migrant, and not a very com- 
 mon summer resident. 
 
 671. Dendroica vigorsii (And.). Pine Warbler. 
 Common summer resident. 
 
 672. Dendroica palmarum (Gmel.). Palm Warbler. 
 A rare autumn visitor. 
 
 672. a Dendroica palmarum hypochrysea Ridgw. 
 
 Yellow Palm WARBtER. Common spring and autumn 
 migrant. 
 
 673. Dendroica discolor (Vieill.). Prairie Warbler. 
 Rather uncommon migrant and rare summer resident. Dr. J. 
 A. Allen stated that it was common here in May one year. 
 
THE BIRDS OF SPRINGFIRI^D AND VICINITY. 37 
 
 E. I. Shaw did not consider it rare at Suffield (see Merriam's 
 Birds of Connecticut). 
 
 674. Seiunis aurocapillus (I<inn.). Oven Bird. 
 Abundant summer resident. 
 
 675. Seiurus noveboracensis (Gmel.). Water 
 Thrush. Common migrant in spring and autumn. Dr. J. A. 
 Allen said that apparently a few breed here, as he had seen 
 them in each of the summer months. 
 
 676. Seiurus motacilla (Vieill.). Louisiana Water 
 Thrush. A rare visitor from the South. On the 28th of 
 July, 1895, one was found dead on the piazza of a house on 
 Crescent hill in Springfield ; * two instances are mentioned in 
 the "Birds of Amherst" and in the "Rarer Birds of Massachu- 
 setts". Dr. J. A. Allen states that he captured one on Mount 
 Tom. 
 
 677. Geothlypis formosa (Wils.)- Kentucky 
 Warbler. One was taken at Suffield, August 16, 1876. 
 (See Merriam's Birds of Connecticut, page 22.) This is the 
 only instance known to me of its appearance in this vicinity. 
 
 678. Geothlypis agilis (Wils.)- Connecticut 
 Warbler. A rare spring and common autumn migrant ; 
 during the latter season sometimes quite numerous. 
 
 679. Geothlypis Philadelphia (Wils.). Mourning 
 Warbler. . Rare spring and autumn migrant. 
 
 681. Geothlypis trichas (I/inn.). Maryland Yel- 
 low Throat. Abundant summer resident. 
 
 683. Icteria virens (I/inn.). Yellow-breasted 
 Chat. Rare but regular summer resident ; it is more often 
 observed here now than formerly. 
 
38 THE BIRDS OF SPRINGFIELD AND VICINITY. 
 
 684. Wilsonia mitrata (Gmel.). Hooded Warbler. 
 Accidental visitor ; it has been taken by K. I. Shores at Suf- 
 field. At the lower end of the Connecticut valley it is a com- 
 mon summer resident. 
 
 685. Wilsonia pusilla (Wils.). Wilson's Warbler. 
 Rare spring and autumn migrant. 
 
 686. Wilsonia canadensis (I/inn.). Canadian 
 Warbler. A common spring and autumn migrant ; a few 
 may breed in Blandford and Chester, but I have seen none in 
 summer east of Becket. 
 
 687. Setophaga ruticilla (I/inn.). American Red- 
 start. Common summer resident. 
 
 697. Anthus pensilvanicus (I^ath.). American 
 Pipit. Common autumn and rather rare spring visitor. 
 
 703. Mimus polyglottos (I/inn.). Mockingbird. 
 Rare summer resident. Dr. J. A. Allen in the catalogue of 
 the Birds found at Springfield, states that it had been known 
 to breed in Springfield several times within five years, and that 
 in i860 two pair nested here. In recent years a pair spent 
 three successive summers in Tatham and bred there. I have 
 repeatedly known of the presence of individuals in this 
 vicinity. 
 
 704. Galeoscoptes carolinensis (I/inn.). Catbird. 
 Common summer resident. 
 
 705. Harporhynchus rufus (I/inn.). Brown 
 
 Thrasher. Common summer resident. 
 
 718. Thryothorus ludovicianus (I/ath.). Carolina 
 Wren. Accidental visitor ; taken at East Hartford (see Auk. 
 Vol. 3, page 489). 
 
 721. Troglodytes aedon Vieill. House Wren. 
 
THE BIRDS OF SPRINGFlETyD AND VICINITY. 39 
 
 Rather uncommon summer resident ; not as numerous as 
 formerly. 
 
 722: Anorthura hiemalis (Vieill.). Winter Wren. 
 Uncommon spring and autumn visitor, and rare winter resident. 
 
 724. Cistothorus stellaris (lyicht.). Short-bilIvEd 
 Marsh Wren. Rather rare summer resident ; not uncom- 
 mon in autumn ; in the latter season it frequents the w^ild rice 
 along the banks of the Connecticut river. 
 
 725. Cistothorus palustris (Wils.)- Long-bii.i.ed 
 Marsh Wren. Rather rare summer resident. 
 
 726. Certhia familiaris fusca Barton. Brown 
 Creeper. Common spring and autumn migrant and winter 
 resident. Dr. J. A. Allen records a nest being found in Court 
 square, Springfield ; that is the only known instance of its 
 breeding here. 
 
 727. Sitta carolinensis I^ath. White-breasted 
 Nuthatch. Common resident ; more numerous during mi- 
 gration. 
 
 728. Sitta canadensis I/inn. Red-breasted 
 Nuthatch. Rather common in migration, and an irregular 
 winter visitor ; some years being entirely absent, and others 
 common. In the winter of 1899 and 1900, they were more 
 numerous than they had been for a great many years. 
 
 731. Parus bicolor I/inn. Tufted Titmouse. Ac- 
 cidental visitor. It has been taken at Hartford. (See Mer- 
 riam's Birds of Connecticut, page 9.) 
 
 735. Parus atricapillus I/inn. Chickadee. Com- 
 mon resident. 
 
 748. Regulus satrapa I^icht. Golden-crowned 
 Kinglet. Common spring and autumn visitor, and rare win- 
 ter resident. 
 
40 THE BIRDS OF SPRINGFIEIvD AND VICINITY. 
 
 749. Regulus calendula (I/inn.). Ruby-crownkd 
 Kinglet. Common spring and autumn migrant. 
 
 751. Polioptila caerulea (I/inn.). Bluk-gray 
 Gnatcatcher. Accidental visitor ; one was taken at East 
 Hartford, September 21, 1885 (see Auk. Vol. 3, page 487). 
 
 755. Hylocichla mustelinus Gmel. Wood Thrush. 
 Common summer resident. 
 
 756. Hylocichla fuscescens Steph. Wilson's 
 Thrush. Common summer resident. 
 
 757. Hylocichla aliciae (Baird). Gray-cheeked 
 Thrush. Rare late spring and early autumn migrant. I pre- 
 sume the Bicknell's Thrush occasionally occurs here during 
 its migration, but I have no proof of that fact. 
 
 758. ^ Hylocichla ustulatus swainsonii (Cab.). 
 Olive-backed Thrush. Common migrant ; no doubt that it 
 occasionally, but rarely, breeds in some of the mountain towns 
 in the extreme western portion of Hampshire county, as it 
 does just beyond in Berkshire. 
 
 759. b Hylocichla aonalaschkae pallasii (Cab.). 
 Hermit Thrush. Common migrant and rare summer resi- 
 dent in Chester, Middlefield and Worthington, but at no 
 season as numerous as it was previous to 1895, when so many 
 were destroyed by the severe cold at the South. 
 
 761. Merula migratoria (I/inn.). American Robin. 
 Abundant summer resident, occasionally winters. 
 
 766. Sialia sialis (I/inn.). Bluebird. Abundant 
 summer resident ; I have seen it here every month in the year 
 but January. Rev. William B. O. Peabody, in the report of 
 the Ornithology of Massachusetts, which he wrote at his home 
 in Springfield, spoke of the appearance of the bluebird in 
 January, 1838 ; whether he meant here or elsewhere in Massa- 
 chusetts, I cannot say. 
 
THE BIRDS OF SPR1NGFIEI.D AND VICINITY. 41 
 
 Species not included in tlie list for reason of insufficient evidence, 
 but of likely occurrence here. 
 
 47. Icarus marinus I/inn. Great Black-backed 
 Gull. I think I have seen representatives of this species on 
 the Connecticut river here, but know of none being captured. 
 
 58. Icarus atricilla I/inn. Laughing Gull. A num- 
 ber of years ago I shot a gull which I supposed was one of this 
 kind, but the skin was not preserved, and now having some 
 doubts as to its being a correct identification, I leave it off the 
 list. 
 
 77. Hydrochelidon nigra surinamensis (Gmel.). 
 Black Tern. After a severe gale the 28th of August, 1893, 
 a large flock of terns, answering the description of this kind, 
 appeared near the Connecticut river in Longmeadow. About 
 the same time black terns were observed in two places in Con- 
 necticut. (See The Auk. Vol. 11, page 74.) 
 
 160. Somateria dresseri Sharpe. American Eider. 
 A few years ago I observed on the Connecticut river in lyong- 
 meadow, in company with a flock of anas obscura, a duck nearly 
 white, and to all appearances an eider ; it was about one hun- 
 dred yards from me, and I watched it through field glasses for 
 a long time. It finally separated from the black ducks and 
 then disappeared. 
 
 Among the other species that are probably occasionally rep- 
 resented here may be mentioned kittiwake, canvas-back, 
 Ipswich sparrow. Nelson sparrow and Philadelphia vireo. 
 
 Introduced Species. 
 
 Coturnix coturnix. European Quail. A little more 
 than twenty years ago, for two or three successive years many 
 of these birds were liberated in the vicinity of Springfield. I 
 hardly think any bred here, although statements to the con- 
 trary appeared in the newspapers of that day ; some were kept 
 
42 THE BIRDS OF SPRINGFIEI.D AND VICINITY. 
 
 in captivity from summer until early the following spring, 
 when they were let go ; many stayed near here for some 
 months after they were released, but none remained during the 
 following winter after being let loose. 
 
 305. Tympanuchus americanus (Reich). Prairie 
 Hkn. January 28,. 1893, nearly ninety of this kind were 
 let go in different places about Springfield, all of which soon 
 disappeared. 
 
 308. b Pediocaetes phasianellus campestris Ridgw. 
 Prairie Sharp-tailed Grouse. January 14, 1892, about 
 twenty of these birds were liberated near Springfield, and 
 early the following spring two or three more ; one at least 
 survived the summer and was shot the next autumn at East 
 Windsor, some twenty miles from the place where they were 
 released. It was apparent from the first that the experiment 
 of naturalizing them here would prove a failure, as they were 
 altogether too tame for so thickly settled country as this, 
 alighting on barns and approaching farmhouses in the most 
 reckless manner. 
 
 493. Sturnus vulgaris I<inn. Starling. In the 
 spring of 1897, about one hundred were liberated in Forest 
 park in Springfield. Three of these were alive and well early 
 the following spring, but since then I have not seen or heard 
 of any of them. 
 
 Passer domesticus. English Sparrow. I cannot 
 name the exact year the mistake was made of introducing 
 English sparrows here, but think it was either 1866 or '67. In 
 1868 boxes were provided for them in Court square, Spring- 
 field. These birds are responsible in a measure for the great 
 increase of injurious insects in the cities and large towns, as 
 wherever the English sparrows are abundant there the native 
 birds, the natural enemies of these iUvSects, are rare, and in the 
 remote and smaller towns, where English sparrows are not 
 numerous, there the native birds are plentiful, and in the lat- 
 ter place any observer will find less evidence of the bad work 
 
THE BIRDS OF SPRINGFlEIyD AND VICINITY. 43 
 
 of insects than in the former, notwithstanding the thousands 
 of gallons of poison washes that are poured over vegetation in 
 and around the large centers. 
 
 A number of pheasants of different varieties have been 
 turned out in this vicinity during the last three years, and 
 a few valley quail from California. The former could un- 
 doubtedly be made permanent residents here if protected in 
 fact as well as in name. 
 
 Extirpated Species. 
 
 306. Tympanuchus cupido (I/inn.). Heath Hen. 
 This bird probably was not common at the time this valley was 
 first occupied by the English. Except along the streams the 
 country was heavily wooded, mostly with massive white pines 
 and white oaks, while this bird prefers a home among dry 
 tracts of scrub oaks or other small grow^th. Few of the old 
 people here seem to have heard much of the heath hen, but one 
 man in West Springfield belonging to a family of quite famous 
 hunters in old times, pointed out the spot in that town where 
 his uncle had shot one, which must have been before 1820, and 
 in this family it was considered a remarkable occurrence, as a 
 bird of this kind was so rare. Nuttall, writing in 1832, spoke 
 of their being still met with in Westford, Ct. , which is a tow^n 
 about thirty miles southeast of Springfield. Mr. S. T. Ham- 
 mond says that a great many years ago while in Killingly, Ct. , 
 tw^o old hunters pointed out the place where they said the last 
 heath hen in that state was killed. In 181 8, when the first 
 statute w^as passed in this state protecting the so-called game 
 birds, this species was not included, and not until thirteen years 
 later was it made unlawful to kill a heath hen in Massachu- 
 setts. 
 
 310. a Meleagris gallopavo fera (VieilL). Wild 
 
 Turkey. Probably common at the time the Puritans came to 
 this valley in 1636, but I fail to find any reference to wild 
 turkeys in any of the records or local histories of the early 
 settlements here ; some of the writers of early times elsewhere 
 
44 THE BIRDS OF SPRINGFIELD AND VICINITY. 
 
 in the state describe them as abundant. A few years ago I in- 
 terviewed a number of the old residents of some of the towns 
 in this vicinity to ascertain as nearly as possible the time of the 
 disappearance of the wild turkey, and according to their story 
 there seems to have been in about every place one old turkey 
 that survived all others by reason of its alertness ; organized 
 bands of hunters would go out and try to surround it, and 
 finally after many fruitless attempts the end would come in its 
 capture. Nearly all had been exterminated before 1835 except 
 on Mt. Tom range, where one was taken in 1847, the skin of 
 which is now preserved in the museum in Yale college. A 
 man who was present at the capture of this bird, says that 
 there were others left on the range when this one was killed. 
 Mr. William Street, who lived on Mt. Nonotuck for many 
 years, wrote me that he well remembers hearing wild turkeys 
 near the south end of Mt. Tom in 1848 or '49, and that his 
 brothers saw the last one on Mt. Tom in the winter of 1850-51, 
 and a short time afterwards it was shot by a man from Hol- 
 yoke. The late Mr. H. B. Lewis of Westfield, stated that 
 in 1852 a wild turkey was seen on this range, and a party of 
 half a dozen had an unsuccessful hunt for it. Mr. S. T. Ham- 
 mond said that while living in Holyoke in 1853 ^^ was told 
 that a wild turkey had been shot on Mt. Tom the year before, 
 and his informer believed others were still there. 
 
BIBWOGRAPHY. 
 
 1833. Emmons, Ebenezkr. Catalogue of the animals and 
 plants in Massachusetts, published in Amherst. In 
 Hitchcock's Report Geol., Min., Bot. and Zool. of 
 Massachusetts. 
 
 1840. Peabody, W1LI.1AM B. O. A report on the Orni- 
 thology of Massachusetts made to the Legislature. 
 Mr. Peabody was a minister residing in Springfield, 
 and frequently delivered lectures on the subject of 
 Ornithology. The grounds around his house were 
 laid out with a view of attracting birds. 
 
 1 861. Wood, William. Birds of Connecticut; a vSeries of 
 articles written at East Windsor and published in 
 the Hartford Times. 
 
 1864. Allen, J. A. Catalogue of the birds found at Spring- 
 field, together with a list of those birds found in the 
 State not observed at Springfield. In Proc. Essex 
 Inst. IV. 
 
 1867. Allen, J. A. Winter notes of an Ornithologist. In 
 American Nat. i, 1867. 
 
 1867. Allen, J. A. Ornithological calendar. In American 
 Nat. I, 1867. 
 
 1867. Allen, J. A. The birds of spring. In American 
 Nat. I, 1867. 
 
 1876. Keyes, F. H. May songsters at Springfield, Massa- 
 
 chusetts, In Forest and Stream VI, June 20, 1876. 
 
 1877. Merriam, C. Hart. A review of the birds of Con- 
 
 necticut. In Trans. Conn. Acad. 10, also separate 
 vol.. New Haven, 1877; with many references to 
 birds observed at East Windsor and Suffield. 
 
46 THE BIRDS OF SPRINGFIEI.D AND VICINITY. 
 
 1887. Clark, Herbert h. The birds of Amherst and 
 vicinity, pubHshed in Amherst, 1887. 
 
 1 89 1. C01.BURN, WiLiviAM W. AND R. O. Morris. Birds of 
 the Connecticut river valley in Massachusetts. 
 
 1893. Waters, Edward S. Birds of Holyoke. 
 
 1900. Faxon, Walter, and Ralph Hoffman. Birds of 
 Berkshire county. 
 
BRRATA. 
 
 Page 12, No. 197. First line. Substitute Snowy for Snow. 
 
 Page 16, No. 262. Tryngites subruficollis. Under this head, so much 
 
 as refers to an example in the Science building 
 
 should be stricken from the list, as this specimen 
 
 was not correctly identified. 
 Page 16, No. 265. First line, last word. Substitute Hudsonian for 
 
 Hudsonicus. 
 Page 22, No. 370. First line. Substitute Scotiaptex for Scotiapatex, 
 Page 24, No. 406. First line. Substitute Melanerpes for Malanerpes. 
 Page 30, No. 583. F'irst line. Substitute lincolnii for lincolni. 
 
INDBX. 
 
 ACANTHis linaria, 28. 
 Accipiter atricapillus, 18. 
 
 cooperii, 18. 
 
 velox, 18. 
 Actitis macularia, 16. 
 JSgialitis meloda, 17. 
 
 semipalinata, 17. 
 
 vocifera, 16. 
 Agelaius phoeniceus, 26. 
 Aix sponsa, 10. 
 Alle alle, 7. 
 Ammodramus henslowii, 29. 
 
 sandwichensis savanna, 28. 
 
 savannarum passerinus, 29. 
 Ampelis cedrorum, 31. 
 
 garrulus, 31. 
 Anas boschas, 8. 
 
 obscura, 9. 
 x\northura hiemalis, 39. 
 Anthus pensilvanicus, 38. 
 Antrostonius vociferus, 24. 
 Aquila chrysaGtos, 19. 
 Archibuteo lagopus sancti-johan- 
 
 nis, 19. 
 Ardea candidissima, 12. 
 
 egretta, 12. 
 
 herodias, 12. 
 
 viresceus, 13. 
 Ardetta exilis, 12. 
 Arenaria interpres, 17. 
 Asio accipitrinus, 21. 
 
 wilsonianus. 21. 
 Astragalinus tristis, 28. 
 Aythya affinis, 10. 
 
 americana, 10. 
 
 collaris, 10. 
 
 marila, 10. 
 
 Baldpate, 9. 
 
 Bartramia longicauda, 16. 
 
 Bittern, American, 12. 
 
 Least, 12. 
 Blackbird, Red-winged, 26. 
 
 Rusty, 27. 
 Bluebird, 40. «• 
 
 Bobolink, 26. 
 Bob-white, 17. 
 Bonasa umbellus, 17. 
 Botaurus lentiginosus, 12. 
 Brant, 12. 
 
 Branta bernicla, 12. 
 
 canadensis, 12. 
 Bubo virginianus, 22. 
 Buffle-head, 11. 
 Bunting, Indigo, 30. 
 Buteo borealis, 19. 
 
 latissimus, 19. 
 
 lineatus, 19. 
 
 Cai^carius lapponicus, 28. 
 Calidris arenaria, 15. 
 Cardinal, 30. 
 Cardinalis cardinalis, 30. 
 Carpodacus purpureus, 27. 
 Catbird, 38. 
 Cathartes aura, 18. 
 Ceophloeus pileatusabieticola, 23. 
 Certhia familiaris fusca, 39. 
 Ceryle alcyon, 23. 
 ChcEtura pelagica, 24. 
 Charadrius dominicus, 16. 
 Charitonetta albeola, 11. 
 Chat, Yellow-breasted, 37. 
 Chaulelasmus strepera, 9. 
 Chelidon erythrogastra, 31. 
 Chen hyperborea nivalis, 11. 
 Chickadee, 39. 
 Chordeiles virginianus, 24. 
 Circus hudsonius, 18. 
 Cistothorus palustris, 39. 
 
 stellaris, 39. 
 Clangula clangula americana, 11. 
 Clivicola riparia, 31. 
 Coccothraustes vespertinus, 27. 
 Coccyzus americanus, 23. 
 
 erythrophthalmus, 23. 
 Colaptes auratus lutens, 24. 
 Colinus virginianus, 17. 
 Colymbus auritus,6. 
 
 holboellii, 6. 
 Compsothlypis americana usneae, 
 
 34. 
 Contopus borealis, 25. 
 
 virens, 25. 
 Coot, American, 14. 
 Cormorant, Double-crested, 8. 
 Corvus americanus, 26. 
 
 corax principalis, 26. 
 
 ossifragus, 26. 
 Coturni-x coturnix, 41. 
 
50 
 
 THK BIRDS OF SPRINGFIEI.D AND VICINITY. 
 
 Cowbird, 26. 
 Creeper, Brown, 39. 
 Crossbill, American, 28. 
 
 White-winged, 28. 
 Crow, American, 26. 
 
 Fish, 26. 
 Crymophilus fulicarius, 14. 
 Cuckoo, Black-billed, 23. 
 
 Yellow-billed, 23. 
 Curlew, Hudsonian, 16. 
 Cyanocitta cristata, 26. 
 Cyanospiza cyauea, 30. 
 
 Fai^co columbarius, 20. 
 
 peregrinus anatum, 20. 
 
 rusticolus gyrfalco, 20. 
 
 sparverius, 20. 
 Finch, Purple, 27. 
 Flicker, Northern, 24. 
 Flycatcher, Alder, 25. 
 
 Crested, 24. 
 
 Green-crested, 25. 
 
 Least, 25. 
 
 Olive-sided, 25. 
 
 Yellow-bellied, 25. 
 Fulica americana, 14. 
 
 DAF11.A acuta, 10. 
 Dendroica aestiva, 34. 
 
 blackburnise, 36. 
 
 caerulescens, 34. 
 
 castanea, 35. 
 
 coronata, 35. 
 
 discolor, 36. 
 Dendroica dominica, 36. 
 
 maculosa, 35. 
 
 palmarum, 36. 
 
 palmarum hypochrysea, 36. 
 
 pensylvanica, 35. 
 
 rara, 35. 
 
 striata, 36. 
 
 tigrina, 34. 
 
 vigorsii, 36. 
 
 virens, 36. 
 Dickcissel, 30. 
 Dolichonyx oryzivorus, 26. 
 Dove, Mourning, 18. 
 Dovekie, 7. 
 Dowitcher, 14. 
 Dryobates pubescens medianus, 
 
 23- 
 villosus, 23. 
 Duck, American Scaup, 10. 
 Black, 9. 
 
 Lesser Scaup, 10. 
 Ring-necked, 10. 
 Ruddy, II. 
 Wood, 10. 
 
 GADWAI.L, 9. 
 
 Galeoscoptes carolinensis, 38. 
 Gallinago delicata, 14. 
 Gallinula galeata, 13. 
 Gallinule, Florida, 13. 
 Gavia imber, 6. 
 
 lumme, 6. 
 Geothlypis agilis, 37. 
 
 formosa, 37. 
 
 Philadelphia, 37. 
 
 trichas, 37, 
 Gnatcatcher, Blue-gray, 40. 
 Golden-eye, American, 11. 
 Goldfinch, American, 28. 
 Goose, Canada, 12. 
 
 Greater Snow, 11. 
 Goshawk, American, 18. 
 Grackle, Bronzed, 27. 
 Grebe, Holboell's, 6. 
 
 Horned, 6. 
 
 Pied-billed, 6. 
 Grosbeak, Evening, 27, 
 
 Pine, 27. 
 
 Rose-breasted, 30. 
 Grouse, Prairie Sharp-tailed, 42, 
 
 Ruffed, 17. 
 Gull, Bonaparte's, 7. 
 
 Great Black-backed, 41. 
 
 Herring, 7. 
 
 Laughing, 41. 
 Gyrfalcon, 20. 
 
 EAGI.E, Bald, 19. 
 
 Golden, 19. 
 Ectopistes migratorius, 17. 
 Egret, American, 12. 
 Eider. American, 41. 
 Empidonax flaviventris, 25. 
 
 minimus, 25. 
 
 traillii alnorum, 25. 
 
 virescens, 25. 
 Erismatura jamaicensis, 11: 
 
 Hai^i^ETus leucocephalus, 19. 
 Harelda hyemalis, 11. 
 Harporhynchus rufus, 38. 
 Hawk, American Rough-legged, 
 
 19- 
 American Sparrow, 20. 
 Broad-winged, 19. 
 Cooper's, 18. 
 Duck, 20. 
 Marsh, 18. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 51 
 
 Hawk, Pigeon, 20. 
 
 Red-shouldered, 19. 
 
 Red-tailed, 19. 
 
 Sharp-shinned, 18. 
 Helminthophila celata, 34. 
 
 chrysoptera, 33. 
 
 leucobronchialis, 33. 
 
 peregrina, 34. 
 
 pinus, 33. 
 
 rubricapilla, 34. 
 Helmitherus vermivorus, 33. 
 Helodromas solitarius, 15. 
 Hen, Heath, 43. 
 
 Prairie, 42. 
 Heron, Black-crowned Night, 13. 
 
 Great Blue, 12. 
 
 Green, 13. 
 
 Snowy, 12. 
 Hummingbird, Ruby-throated, 24. 
 Hydrochelidou nigra surinamen- 
 
 sis, 41. 
 Hylocichla alicise, 40. 
 
 aonalaschkse pallasii, 40. 
 
 fuscescens, 40. 
 
 mustelinus, 40. 
 
 ustulatus swainsonii, 40. 
 
 ICTKRIA virens, 37. 
 Icterus galbula, 27. 
 spurius, 27. 
 
 Jay, Blue, 26. 
 Junco hyemalis, 29. 
 Junco, Slate-colored, 29. 
 
 KiivivDEER, 16. 
 Kingbird, 24. 
 Kingfisher, Belted, 23. 
 Kinglet, Golden-crowned, 39. 
 
 Ruby-crowned, 40. 
 Knot, 14. 
 
 lyANius borealis, 32. 
 
 ludovicianus excubitorides, 
 32. 
 Lark, Horned, 25. 
 
 Prairie Horned, 25. 
 Larus argentatus, 7. 
 
 atricilla, 41. 
 
 marinus, 41. 
 
 Philadelphia, 7. 
 Longspur, Lapland, 28. 
 Loon, 6. 
 
 Red-throated, 6. 
 Lophodytes cucullatus, 8. 
 
 Loxia curvirostra minor, 28. 
 leucoptera, 28. 
 
 Macrorhamphus griseus, 14. 
 Mallard, 8. 
 Mareca americana, 9. 
 Martin, Purple, 30. 
 Meadowlark, 26. 
 Megascops asio, 22. 
 Melanerpes carolinus, 24. 
 
 erythrocephalus, 24. 
 Meleagris gallopavo fera, 43. 
 Melospiza fasciata, 29. 
 
 georgiana, 30. 
 
 lincolnii, 30. 
 Merganser, American, 8- 
 
 Hooded, 8. 
 
 Red-breasted, 8. 
 Merganser americanus, 8. 
 
 serrator, 8. 
 Merula migratoria, 40. 
 Mimus polyglottos, 38. 
 Mniotilta varia, 33. 
 Mockingbird, 38. 
 Molothrus ater, 26. 
 Murre, Briinnich's, 6. 
 Myiarchus crinitus, 24. 
 
 Nettion carolinensis, 9. 
 Nighthawk, 24. 
 Numenius hudsonicus, 16. 
 Nuthatch, Red-breasted, 39. 
 
 White-breasted, 39. 
 Nyctala acadica, 22. 
 
 tengmalmi richardsoni, 22. 
 Nyctea nyctea, 22. 
 Nycticorax nycticorax nsevius, 13. 
 
 Oceanodroma leucorhoa, 7. 
 Oidemia deglandi, 11. 
 
 perspicillata, 11. 
 Old-squaw, 11. 
 Oriole, Baltimore, 27. 
 
 Orchard, 27. 
 Osprey, American, 21. 
 Otocoris alpestris, 25. 
 
 alpestris praticola, 25. 
 Oven-bird, 37. 
 Owl, American Barn, 21. 
 
 American Hawk, 22. 
 
 American Long-eared, 21. 
 
 Barred, 21. 
 
 Great Gray, 22. 
 
 Great Horned, 22. 
 
 Richardson's, 22. 
 
52 
 
 THE BIRDS OF SPRINGFlEIyD AND VICINITY. 
 
 Owl, Saw-whet, 22. 
 Screech, 22. 
 Short-eared, 21. 
 Snowy, 22. 
 
 Pandion haliac^tus caroliuensis, 
 
 21. 
 Parus atricapillus, 39. 
 
 bicolor, 39. 
 Passer domesticus, 42. 
 Passerella iliaca, 30. 
 Passerina nivalis, 28. 
 Pediocsetes phasianellus cam- 
 
 pestris, 42, 
 Petrel, Leach's, 7. 
 Petrochelidon lunifrons, 31. 
 Pewee, Wood, 25. 
 Phalacrocorax dilophus, 8. 
 Phalarope, Northern, 14. 
 
 Red, 14. 
 Phalaropus lobatus, 14. 
 Philohela minor, 14. 
 Phoebe, 25. 
 Picoides arcticus, 23. 
 Pigeon, Passenger, 17. 
 Pinicola enucleator canadensis, 
 
 27. 
 Pintail, 10. 
 
 Pipilo erythrophthalmus, 30. 
 Pipit, American, 38. 
 Piranga erythromelas, 30. 
 Plover, American Golden, 16. 
 
 Black-bellied, j6. 
 
 Piping, 17. 
 
 Semipalmated, 17. 
 Podilymbus podiceps, 6, 
 Polioptila caerulea, 40. 
 Poocaetes gramineus, 28. 
 Porzana Carolina, 13. 
 
 jamaicensis, 13. 
 
 noveboracensis, 13. 
 Progne subis, 30- 
 Protonotaria citrea, 33. 
 
 QuAiiv, European, 41. 
 Querquedula discors, 9. 
 Quiscalus quiscula seneus, 27. 
 
 Rail, Black, 13. 
 
 Clapper, 13. 
 
 King, 13. 
 
 Virginia, 13. 
 
 Yellow, 13. 
 Rallus crepitans, 13. 
 
 elegans, 13. 
 
 virginianus, 13. 
 
 Raven, Northern, 26. 
 Redhead, 10. 
 Redpoll, 28. 
 Redstart, American, 38. 
 Regulus calendula, 40. 
 
 satrapa, 39. 
 Robin, American, 40. 
 Rynchops nigra, 7. 
 
 Sandf,ri,ing, 15. 
 Sandpiper, Bartramian, 16, 
 
 Buff-breasted, 16, 
 
 Least, 15. 
 
 Pectoral, 15. 
 
 Purple, 15. 
 
 Red-backed, 15. 
 
 Solitary, 15. 
 
 Spotted, 16. 
 
 White-rumped, 15. 
 Sapsucker, Yellow-bellied, 23. 
 Sayornis phoebe, 25. 
 Scolecophagus carolinus, 27. 
 Scoter, Surf, 11. 
 
 White-winged, 11. 
 Scotiaptex cinerea, 22. 
 Seiurus aurocapillus, 37. 
 
 motacilla, 37. 
 
 noveboracensis, 37. 
 Setophaga ruticilla, 38. 
 Shoveller, 10. 
 Shrike, Northern, 32. 
 
 White-rumped, 32. 
 Sialia sialis, 40. 
 Siskin, Pine, 28, 
 Sitta canadensis, 39. 
 
 caroliuensis, 39. 
 Skimmer, Black, 7. 
 Snipe, Wilson's, 14. 
 Snowflake, 28. 
 Somateria dresseri, 41. 
 Sora, 13. 
 Sparrow, Chipping, 29. 
 
 English, 42. 
 
 Field, 29. 
 
 Fox, 30. 
 
 Grasshopper, 29. 
 
 Henslow's, 29. 
 
 Lincoln's, 30. 
 
 Savanna, 28. 
 
 Song, 29. 
 
 Swamp, 30. 
 
 Tree, 29, 
 
 Vesper, 28. 
 
 White-crowned, 29. 
 
 White-throated, 29. 
 Spatula clypeata, 10. 
 Sphyrapicus varius, 23. 
 
INDBX. 
 
 53 
 
 Spinus pinus, 28. 
 Spiza americana, 30. 
 Spizella monticola, 29. 
 
 pusilla, 29. 
 
 socialis, 29. 
 Squatarola squatarola, 16. 
 Starling, 42. 
 
 Stelgidopteryx serripennis, 31. 
 Sterna hirundo, 7. 
 Strix pratincola, 21. 
 Sturnella magna, 26. 
 Sturnus vulgaris, 42. 
 Surnia ulula caparoch, 22. 
 Swallow, Bank, 31. 
 
 Barn, 31. 
 
 Cliff, 31. 
 
 Rough-winged, 31. 
 
 Tree, 31. 
 Swift, Chimney, 24. 
 Symphemia semipalmata, 16. 
 Syrnium nebulosum, 21. 
 
 Tachycineta bicolor, 31. 
 Tauager, Scarlet, 30. 
 Teal, Blue-winged, 9. 
 
 Green-winged, 9. 
 Tern, Black, 41. 
 
 Common, 7. 
 Thrasher, Brown, 38. 
 Thrush, Gray-cheeked, 40. 
 
 Hermit, 40. 
 
 Olive-backed, 40. 
 
 Wilson's, 40, 
 
 Wood, 40. 
 Thryothorus ludovicianus, 38, 
 Titmouse, Tufted, 39. 
 Totanus flavipes, 15. 
 
 melanoleucus, 15. 
 Towhee, 30. 
 Tringa alpina pacifica, 15. 
 
 canutus, 14. 
 
 fuscicollis, 15. 
 
 maculata, 15. 
 
 maritima, 15. 
 
 minutilla, 15. 
 Trochilus colubris, 24, 
 Troglodytes a6don, 38. 
 Tryngites subruficoUis, 16. 
 Turkey, Wild, 43. 
 Turnstone, 17. 
 Tympanuchus americanus, 42. 
 
 cupido, 43. 
 Tyrannus tyrannus, 24. 
 
 Uria lomvia, 6. 
 
 ViREO, Blue-headed, 32. 
 
 Red-eyed, 32. 
 
 Warbling, 32. 
 
 White-eyed, 32. 
 
 Yellow-throated, 32. 
 Vireo flavifrons, 32. 
 
 gilvus, 32. 
 
 noveboracensis, 32. 
 
 olivaceus, 32. 
 
 solitarius, 32. 
 Vulture, Turkey, 18. 
 
 Warbler, Bay-breasted, 35. 
 
 Black and White, 33. 
 
 Blackburnian, 36. 
 
 Black-poll, 36. 
 
 Black-throated Blue, 34. 
 
 Black-throated Green, 36. 
 
 Blue-winged, 33. 
 
 Brewster's, 33. 
 
 Canadian, 38. 
 
 Cape May, 34. 
 
 Cerulean, 35. 
 
 Chestnut-sided, 35. 
 
 Connecticut, 37. 
 
 Golden-winged, 33. 
 
 Hooded, 38. 
 
 Kentucky, 37. 
 
 Magnolia, 35. 
 
 Mourning, 37. 
 
 Myrtle, 35. 
 
 Nashville, 34. 
 
 Northern Parula, 34. 
 
 Orange-crowned, 34. 
 
 Palm, 36. 
 
 Pine, 36. 
 
 Prairie, 36. 
 
 Prothonotary, 33. 
 
 Tennessee, 34. 
 
 Wilson's, 38. 
 
 Worm-eating, 33. 
 
 Yellow, 34. 
 
 Yellow Palm, 36. 
 
 Yellow-throated, 36. 
 Water-Thrush, 37. 
 
 Louisiana, 37. 
 Waxwing. Bohemian, 31. 
 
 Cedar, 31. 
 Whip-poor-will, 24. 
 Willet, 16. 
 Wilsonia canadensis, 38. 
 
 mitrata, 38. 
 
 pusilla, 38. 
 Woodcock, American, 14. 
 Woodpecker, Arctic Three-toed, 
 23. 
 
54 
 
 THE BIRDS OF SPRINGFIKI/D AND VICINITY. 
 
 Woodpecker, Downy, 23. 
 
 Hairy, 23. 
 
 Northern Pileated, 23, 
 
 Red-bellied, 24. 
 
 Red-headed, 24. 
 Wren, Carolina, 38. 
 
 House, 38. 
 
 Long-billed Marsh, 39. 
 
 Short-billed Marsh, 39. 
 
 Wren, Winter, 39. 
 
 YEI.1.OW-1.EGS, 15. 
 Greater, 15. 
 Yellow-throat, Maryland, 37. 
 
 ZameIvOdia ludoviciana, 30. 
 Zenaidura macroura, 18. 
 Zonotrichia albicollis, 29. 
 leucophrys, 29. 
 
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 LIBRARY, UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA DAVIS 
 
 Book S1M1- .0)- '<,'66(G5530s4)45i 
 
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 ALtfORNtA 
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 Morris, R.O. QL68h 
 
 Birds of Springfield M3 
 and vicinity, M6 
 
 LIBRARY 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 DAVIS