» *.»• i^:-M I".;. 1 THE LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES ■ ** - r ^ .* ■ ■--■ - .^'-V- '■^^ >yi^uv: .,5-^>, • ■'. *,.. "■'\ - " -v, ( - '• * , V . »;;>, . ,-. •,■ '.r ■■■■■ . . • ; -iK -■ . '<. ."».-'{>' •>>cs,';. i''? ;^B IfiRkt ■■>,■:> 4^' VJ OLD CORNISH CROSSES PRINTED BY SPOTTISWOODE AND CO., NEW-STREET SQUARE LONDON o o t^ OLD CORNISH CROSSES BY ARTHUR G. LANGDON WITH AN ARTICLE ON THEIR ORNAMENT BY J. ROMILLY ALLEN, F.S.A. (Scot.) TRURO JOSEPH POLLARD, 5 ST NICHOLAS STREET 1896 cc C8L2. PREFACE When, with ever-increasing interest, I was led, some twelve years ago, to commence making measured drawings of the Ancient Crosses of my native county, I had no intention of producing a book on the subject. I was already well acquainted with Mr. J. T. Blight's ' Ancient Crosses and Antiquities of Cornwall,' and my original idea was to draw only those which he had omitted. My difficulties, however, soon commenced. In the first place, it was necessary to re-draw all the ornate examples, since, practically, none of the ornament upon them had been shown. Then there were the numerous districts unexplored by Mr. Blight ; and, lastly, many crosses had been dis- covered subsequent to the publication of his book. An entirely new work, therefore, seemed necessary, and one which should be systematically arranged, with the specimens classi- fied and the whole of the ornament accurately delineated. I have endeavoured to complete this work by making and classi- fying a series of drawings of all the different examples in Cornwall, in such a manner as to enable a comparison to be made with similar examples in other localities ; feeling that, unless this were done, no satisfactory conclusion could be formed regarding them. My object also has been to place on record trustworthy descrip- 8373P^ r . 310 Black Cross . . . St. Coliimb Majo - 206 (cross-base) „ . . . 422 „ Rock (defaced) „ (missing) 219 228 Cajiada (missing) . . . 2^0 Crowan . . . Cardynham, No i . Cardynham ■ 173 Blisland Blisland . . . 175 „ No. 2 (cross- shaft) „ . . . 226 Boconnoc, No. i . . Boconnoc . . 51 „ No. 3 . . . „ • 354 No. 2 . . J) 167 „ near Holy Well No. 3 . . )) 2gi (cross-base) „ • 422 -Bodervvennack . . St. Wendron 247 Cargelly (cross-base). St. Breward . . 422 „ (cross-base) )) 423 Carlankan .... St. Paul . . . . 202 Bodilly ._ . . . . i» • 315 Carminnow .... Bodmin . • 311 Bodmin, No. i . . Bodmin . . . 46 Carnmenellis . . Carnmenellis . . 280 „ No. 2 . . . ,, ... • 57 Carracavvn .... St. Germans . 201 „ No. 3 . . )) ... • 74 Cattebedron Cross • 227 (missing) Gwinear . . . 22S Bodriggy (defaced) . Phillack . . . . 221 „ (cross-base) „ • 423 Bodwannick . . Lanivet . . . . 62 Chapel Rock (cross- St. Michael's Boscathnoe . . . Madron . . . • 3'3 base) Mount . . . 423 Bosent Cross . . St. Pinnock . . • 214 Chigwidden (missing St. Levan . . . 229 Boskenna, No. r . St. Buryan . . ■ 59 ; Chywoone Cross . St. Buryan . . 210 XVI OLD CORNISH CROSSES PLACE PARISH Cleer Common, St. . St. Cleer deer's Well, St. . . Clement's, St. . . . St. Clement's Clether.St. (see Basil) St. Clether . Clowance, No. i . . Crowan . . „ No. 2 . . „ „ No. 3 . . „ . . Colquite Columb Major, St. . Columb Minor, St. (cross-base) . . . Connor Down . . . Constantine . . . Coombe, North . . . „ „ (cross-base) „ Copperhouse . . . Phillack . Corran St. Ewe St. Mabyn . St. Columb Major St. Cokmib Minor Gwinear . . Constantine . Linkinhorne . Crafthole . . . Cross Close. . )» )» • • „ Gates „ and Hand „ Hill . . „ Park . . „ Street . Crowlas . . . Crowz-an-wra . Cubert, St. . . Cury .... . Sheviocke . St. Columb Minor . Madron . . St. Clether . St. Wenn. . St. Mabyn . Blisland . . Helston . . Ludg\-an . . St. Buryan . St. Cubert . Cury . . Deaconstow . . . St. Breward . „ (cross-base) „ Dennis, St St. Dennis . Deviock, Higher . . Cardynham Drift, Lower .... Sancreed . . Druids' Hill . . . Boconnoc . Eastbourne, Sussex from Kenwyn Kastcot (partly buried) . . . .St. Dominick Egloshayle, No. i . . Egloshayle „ Na 2 . Enodoc, St St. Minver Enys St. Gluvias . Erth, St, No. I . . . St. Erth . „ No. 2 . . „ No. 3 . . Escalls Sennen . . Fenton Pits. Peock, St. . Lanivet . St. Fcotk PAGE 20S 6 157 130 •31 328 66 395 422 306 47 Sg 422 242 80 204 39 3'3 159 94 48 215 261 269 318 96 267 243 423 293 293 36 167 303 223 60 86 75 47 'S' 191 402 39 52 '53 PLACE PARISH Flushing Flushing . . Forrabury .... Forrabury . ' Four- holed Cross' . St. Neot . . Fraddon (partly buried) St. Enodor . Ga.mm Bridge (mis sing) .... Gamm Bridge (cross base) . . . Gerrans .... Godolphin . . Gulval .... Gunwalloe . . „ (cross-base) Gwennap, No. i No. 2 , Gwinear, No. i „ No. 2 . Gwythian . . . St. Breward Gerrans . Godolphin Gulval . Gunwalloe )) Gwennap . Gwinear Gwythian Halsetown . . . Halsetown Halwyn St. Paul . Hea Moor ... Madron . Helland Mabe . . Helston, No. i . . Helston . No. 2 . . . No. 3 • • >, Higher Deviock . . Cardynham Highertown . . . Lansallos Hilary, St St. Hilary Hilltown St. Neot HoUoway Cross . . Lewannick Holy Well, near (cross-base) . . . Cardynham PA<>F. 287 60 3S6 229 422 263 2 C2 372 69 423 148 403 48 134 168 III 203 66 323 104 261 331 293 257 27S 255 166 . 422 Illogan Illogan .... 96 Ingonger, St. . . . Lanivet .... 52 Juliot, St., No. I . . St. Juliot .... 86 No. 2 . „ • • • '62 Just-in-Pcnwith, St. . St. Just-in-Pen- with No. I „ . . 241 No. 2 „ . . 270 No. 3 „ . . 404 Kea (shaft and base) Kea 225 Kenidjack, No. i . St. Just-in Pen- wilh. ioi INDEX OB CROSSES PLACE PARISJi PAGE Kenidjack, No. 2 . . St. -• just-in-Pen- * with . . . .Ill Keyne, St St. Keyne . . . 213 Kill-Boy Cross (mis- sing) Broadoak . . . 228 Lambrenny . Laneast Down Lanherne . . Lanhydrock . Lanivet, No. i „ No. 2 Davidstow . . . 206 Laneast .... 163 Mawgan-in-Pyder 357 Lanhydrock Lanivet . . „ No. 3 (coped- stone) . . )) ■ „ No. 4 (early cross-slab) „ Lanke, No. i . . .St. Breward . . „ No. 2 . . . „ . . . „ near (cross-base) „ . . Lanteglos-by-Camel- Lanteglos-by- ford Camelford No. I . . . „ . . . No. 2 . . . „ No. 3 . . . „ . . . Lavethan, No. i . . Blisland. . . . No. 2 . . „ . . . . „ No. 3 . . „ . . . . „ No. 4 . . „ . . . . Lelant, No. i . . . Lelant . . . . ,, No. 2 . . . „ „ No. 3 . . . „ . . . . „ No. 4 (defaced) „ „ No. 5 partly buried) „ . . . . „ Lane. ... „ Lesnewth .... Lesnewth . . , Leswidden (shaft and St. Just-in-Pen- base) with Levan, St., No. i . .St. Levan . . , „ No. 2 . . „ ... Liskeard (cross-shaft) Liskeard . . Lizard Town .... Landewednack . . 382 ■ 295 • 383 . 412 ■ 419 • 58 • 75 . 422 63 163 169 205 238 239 254 97 143 144 220 223 213 165 225 89 298 226 276 London 230 Long Stone . . . . St. Cleer .... 301 Lower Drift . . . Sancreed ... 36 Lower Town (partly buried) St. Allen .... 222 Lower Youlton . . Warbstow ... 51 Ludgvan, No. i . . Ludgvan . . . . 114 „ No. 2 . . „ ... 207 Luxulyan Luxulyan ... 64 PLACE Mabe Mabyn, St Madron Manhay-vean . . . Market-place . . . Mawgan Cross . . . Mawnan Menabilly Merryn, St. (cross- base) Merthen Merther Uny . . . „ „ Cross . Methrose . . . . Michael, St Michael's Mount, St. Michaelstow . . . Middle Moor . . . Minver, St Moor Lane (cross base Mylor PARISH Mabe . . St. Mabyn . Madron . . St. Wendron Penzance . Mawgan-in- Pyder . . Mawnan Tywardreath St. Merryn . Constantine . St. Wendron Luxulyan . St. Minver . Michaelstow St. Breward St. Minver . St. Breward Mylor . . XVII PAGE 106 65 278 250 308 21 I 90 300 423 262 346 264 65 385 150 186 239 201 422 342 Budock ... ,, ... Constantine . St. Just-in-Pen with . . St. Neot . . Nangitha .... „ (cross-base) Nanjarrow .... Nanquidno .... Neot, St., No. I . . No. 2 . . No. 3 . . „ No. 4 . . No. 5 . . „ (cross-base) Newlyn Newlyn (Penzance) New Park Newtown . . North Coombe St. Clether . St. Neot . . Linkinhome (cross- base) . Nun-Careg St. Buryan , Padstow, No. I . . Padstow „ No. 2 (missing) „ „ No. 3 . . . „ No. 4 . . . Parc-an-growze (de- faced) MadroR 84 422 321 1 12 201 254 255 258 405 423 212 170 247 89 422 319 . 196 . 229 • 396 • 407 XVIU OLD CORNISH CROSSES St. Ives . Egloshayle Camborne PLACE PARISH Paul Down, St. . . St. Paul . Paul, St., No. I . . . „ „ No. 2 . . „ „ (cross-base) Penbeagle . . Pencarrow . . Pendar\es, No. „ No. 2 . „ Pendeen Pendeen Pendry (cross-base) . St. Buryan Penhallow (cross- base) St. Columb Minor Penrose (cross-base) . „ „ „ „ . Gunwalloe . Penrj'n St. Gluvias . Penvorder (defaced) . St. Breward Penwine St. Mab>Ti . Penzance (Market- place) Penzance Perran Sands . . . Perranzabuloe Perranzabuloe ... „ Pevereirs Cross . . Blisland . Phillack, No. I . . Phillack . . „ No. 2 . . . „ No. 3 (defaced) „ . . „ No. 4 (defaced) „ „ No. 5 ... . ., No. 6 . . . „ „ Coped stone „ Pinchla Cardynham Piran's Well, St. (de- faced) Perranzabuloe Polrode Mill . . .St. Kew . . Porthilly St. Minver . Pradannack Cross . Mullyon . . Pratt's Well, St. . . Blisland . . Praze-an-beeble . . Crowan . . Prideaux Place . . Padstow. . QUETHIOCK . Quethiock PAGE 203 103 192 248 194 '36 116 422 422 422 423 219 308 180 180 172 135 161 221 222 242 389 418 200 77 385 283 171 129 396 398 Redgate No. I . .St. Cleer . . • 377 No. 2 . . . . 401 Re-Perry Cross (mis- sing) Lanhydrock . ■ 227 ,. „ (cross-base) „ • • 423 Rapper's Mill . . . Stythians . . • 145 Roche, No. \ . . . Roche . . . . . 78 ,, No. 2 . . . „ ... • 344 PLaCK Rosemorran . . . Rosepletha . . . .' Rose Farm, West (cross-base) . . . Row (cross-base) . . Rumon's Cross, St. . Sancreed, No. I „ No. 2 No. 3 No. 4 Sawah .... Scorrier, No. i . No. 2 . Sea Lane . . . Sellan (cross-base) Sennen, No. i No. 2 . „ Green Sheviocke . . Southill (missing) South Trekeive . Spemon Cross . Stephen's-in-Brannell St. ' Stump Cross ' . . Sturfs Comer (cross- base) Stythians .... Sussex (Eastbourne) PARISH Gulval . . . St. Levan . St. Breward . J) Ruan Minor. Sancreed St. Levan St. Day Lelant . Sancreed Sennen Sheviocke Southill St. Cleer Godolphin , St. Stephen's Brannell . Linkinhome Stythians PAGE . 142 • 43 . 422 . 422 • 91 49 70 360 362 81 141 332 114 423 92 107 105 214 229 260 207 82 215 423 117 303 36: Tarret Bridge . . St. Clether Teath, St St. Teath „ (cross-base) „ Temple, No. i . . . Temple . „ No. 2 . . „ No. 3 . . . „ „ No. 4 • • ,, • No. 5 . . . „ No. 6 . . „ „ (early cross- slabs — 2) .... „ Thomas-the- Apostle, St St. Thomas Three-hole Cross . Egloshayle Tintagel (shaft and base) Tintagel. , Tolcam (cross-base) . St. Columb Minor „ (defaced) . St. Allen 159 391 423 205 256 256 257 320 321 420 93 180 225 422 218 INDEX OF CROSSES PLACE PARISH Towednack (early cross-slab) .... Towednack Trebartha .... Northill . . Trebehor St. Levan . Tredinnick Cross (cross-base) . . . Lanhydrock . Tredorwin .... Towednack Treffry Cross (de- faced) Lanhydrock . Trefronick . . . .St. Allen . Tregaddick .... Blisland . . Tregaminion, No. i . Tywardreath No. 2 . Treganhoe (cross- base) Sancreed . Tregawn Gate (cross- base) Michaelstow Tregenhorne (de- faced) St. Erth Tregoodwell .... Lanteglos-by- Camelford Tregullow, No. i . .St. Day . . No. 2 . . Tregurnow Down . St. Buryan . Trekennick .... Altarnon . Trelanvean .... St. Keverne Trelaske Lewannick . Trelissick .... St. Feock . Trelowarren (de- Mawgan-in- faced) Meneage . Tremathick .... Madron . . Trematon .... St. Stephen's Saltash Trembath Cross . . Madron . . Tremoor Cross . . . Lanivet . . Trenethick .... St. Wendron Trengwainton Cairn . Madron Treniffle Lawhitton . Trenuggo Hill . . . Sancreed. . „ „ (cross-base) „ . . Trereiffe Madron . . Trescowe (cross- shaft) Egloshayle Tresillian Merther . . Tresinney .... Advent Treslea Cross . . . Cardynham Down Cross . „ Treslothan (missing) Treslothan . Tresmeake .... Altarnon Tresmeer Tresmeer Trevalga Trevalga Trevahs, No. l . . . Stythians. by 207, 421 259 139 423 118 183 218 2C2 83 273 423 423 219 104 176 272 37 156 112 185 277 220 207 214 325 71 285 49 186 241 423 , 212 226 82 55 174 79 138, 229 290 209 50 339 PL.A.CE PARISH Trevalis, No. 2 . . . Stythians . . . Trevalsa (defaced) . St. Allen . . Trevane St. Stephen's-by Saltash . . . Trevean St. Erth . . . Trevease Constantine . . Trevellan Luxulyan . . ,, Lane End (cross-base) ... „ ... Trevemper, near (cross-base) . . . Crantock . . Trevena Tintagel . . . „ Cross . . . St. Breage . . Trevenning, No. i . Michaelstow No. 2 . . „ No. 3 . „ (cross-base) „ . . „ Cross . . St. Tudy . . Trevia, No. i . . . Lanteglos-by- Camelford „ No. 2 . . . Trevilley Sennen . . Trevivian Davidstow Trevorgans . . . .St. Buryan . Trevorgy (missing) . St. Cleer . Trevorrian . . . .St. Buryan . „ (cross-base) . „ Trevu, No. i . . . Camborne . No '> Trewalder Cross . . Lanteglos-by Camelford Blisland . Constantine St. Hilary . Altarnon . Sithney . . Trewardale, No. i . „ No. 2 Trewardre\a .... Trewhela Lane Trewint (cross-base) Truthall (cross-base) Tudy, St St. Tudy „ (coped stone) „ Two Gates .... Altamon Veep, St. (cross-base) St. Veep . . Vellansajer . . . . St. Buryan . \"incent's Mine, St., near Altarnon PAGE 340 218 214 335 147 81 423 422 366 100 67 243 249 423 184 63 297 289 160 128 228 38 422 lOI 286 53 45 56 281 61 422 423 184 414 43 423 266 VVarleggon . . . Warleggon . . . 108 Washaway . . . . Egloshayle . . • 337 Waterlake Cross . St. Winnow . . . 68 Waterpit Down . . Minster . . . • 374 OLD CORNISH CROSSES PLACE PARISH PAGE PLACE PARISH PACK Wendron, St. . . . St. Wendron . 188 Wiccas, near (cross- „ (early cross-slab) )j . 421 base) Zennor . . . 423 Wenmouth (cross- Withiel, No. I . . . Withiel . . . 54 base) St. Neot . . ■ 423 No. 2 . . . „ ... 72 Westcot (shaft and „ (cross-base) » ... 423 base) St. Dominick • 224 Woodley Cross . . Lanivet . . . 87 Westminster Bridge Road, London (2, YOULTON, Lower . . Warbstow . . SI missing) .... . 230 West Rose Farm (cross-base) . . . St. Breward . . 422 Zennor, No. I . . Zennor . . . 105 White Cross .... St. Breock . . • 57 No. 2 . . . i> ... 135 )» » ... Ludgvan . . • 139 „ No. 3 . . „ ... 146 LIST OF CROSSES ARRANGED IN PARISHES Including Coped Stones, Early Cross-slabs, and Cross-bases Note i. — Parishes and Churchtowns. — Some explanation is necessary regarding the names of parishes and churchtowns in Corn- wall. With scarcely an exception, the chief village or town of a parish bears the same name as the parish itself, the former being called in distinction the ' churchtown ' because it contains the church. When a parish is spoken of, it is simply called by its name, as Altarnon or St. Buryan ; whereas the village in which the church stands would be called Altarnon churchtown or St. Buryan churchtown. Thus, for example, a person may be in Altarnon parish, and yet be three or four miles from Altarnon churchtown. Here is a case which happened to myself on the way to this place. Meeting a man, I inquired, ' How far is it to Altarnon ? ' ' Youm ' (you are) ' in Altarnon.' 'Yes, but to the churchtown?' 'Oh! iss ; well, I s'pose 'tis about a dree mile ! ' It will be seen from this that a knowledge of this distinction is somewhat necessary. Note 2. — Ancient and Modern Parishes. — It should be briefly explained what is meant by a ' modern parish.' In the year 1848 there were 209 ^ parishes in Cornwall ; but some time afterwards it was found necessary, for better administration, to create others, by taking portions from one or more of the original or ' mother parishes,' as they are called, and forming a new parish, variously called 'an ecclesiastical parish,' ' ecclesiastical district,' or ' modern parish.' The last of these three names has been adopted in this work. The names of the mother parish or parishes out of which the modern parishes have been formed are in each case added in parentheses. ' The Cprmcmll Register, 1848, p. 5. OLD CORNISH CROSSES Note 3. — Coped stones, early cross-slabs, and cross-bases are given in parentheses, to distinguish them from the crosses. Note 4. — The number following the name of a place indicates the number of crosses at that place. Note 5. — The names of the saints to whom the old, or ' mother ' parish churches are dedicated are added after the name of the parish, and are taken from Dr. G. Oliver's ' Monasticon Exoniensis.' He does not, however, give them all, as many are unknown. Note 6. — To make this list complete, all the parishes in Cornwall are included, whether there are crosses in them or not. Advent (St. Adwen). Tressiney. Agnes, St. (St. Agnes). In churchyard. Allen, St. (St. Alunus, or St. Elwinus). Lower Town (partly buried). Tolcam (defaced). Trefronick „ Trevalsa „ Altamon (St. Nonna). In churchyard. In vicarage garden. Trekennick. Tresmeake Bridge. Two Gates. St. Vincent's Mine, near. Anthony (St. James). Anthony-in-Meneage, St. (often called St. Antoninus the Martyr). Anthony-in-Roseland, St. (St. Anthony). Austell, St. (St. Austolus). In churchyard. Baldhu (out of Kea and Kenwyn). Blazey, St. (St. Blaze). Biscovey. Blisland (St. Protasius, M.). Cross Park. In village. St. Pratt's Well. Lavethan (4). Peverell's Cross. Tregaddick. Trewardale (2). Boconnoc (unknown). In churchyard. On Druids' Hill. Boconnoc {continued) — Boconnoc Park. Bodmin (St. Petrock). Berry Tower. Outside gaol. In a field. Callywith. Carminnow. By roadside (missing). Bolventor (out of Altarnon, St. Neot, and Cardynham). Botus Fleming. Boyton. Breage, St. (St. Breaca). In churchyard. Trevena Cross. Breock-in-Pyder, St. (St. Briocus). White Cross. Breward, St. (St. Bruerdus). In cemetery. Deaconstow. Middlemoor. Lanke. In Mr. Collins's garden (2). Penvorder (defaced). Cargelly (cross-base). Gamm Bridge „ Lanke, near „ Moor Lane, near „ Row „ West Rose Fanii „ Gamm Bridge (missing). Broadoak, or Bradock (St. Mary). ' Killboy Cross ' (missing). Bude (out of Stratton). Budock (St. Budocus). In churchyard (2). Nangitha. LIST OF CROSSES ARRANGED IN PARISHES xxiii Buryan, St. (St. Buriana). In churchyard. In churchyard (portion of coped stone). In churchtovvn. Boskenna Boskenna Cross. Boskenna Gate Cross. Chyoone Cross. Crowz-an-wra. Nun Careg. Tregurnow Down. Trevorgans. Trevorrian. Trevorrian, near (cross-base). Vellansajer. Pendry (cross-base). Callington (St. Mary). Calstock (St. Andrew). Camborne (St. Meriadocus). In church wall. Institute (outside). Pendarves (2). Treslothan (missing). Trevu (2). In churchyard (cross-base). Cardynham (St. Meubredus). In churchyard (2). By churchyard wall (cross-shaft). Higher Deviock. Pinchla. Treslea Cross. Treslea Down Cross. Holy Well (cross-base). Carnmenellis (out of St. Wendron). In churchyard. Chacewater (out of Kea and Kenwyn). Charlestown (out of St. Austell). Cleer, St. (St. Clarus). St. deer's Common. St. Cleer's Well. Redgate (2). Trevorgy, near (missing). Clement's, St. (St. Clement). In vicarage garden. Clether, St. (St. Clederus). On Basil Barton, 4, viz. : No. I. By the Inney Bank. No. 2. Near Basil Farmhouse. No. 3. Cross Gates. No. 4. Tarret Bridge. New Park. Colan (St. Colanus). Columb Major, St. (St. Columba). In churchyard. In churchyard. Black Cross. Black Rock (defaced). Columb Minor, St. (St. Columba). Cross Close. In village (cross-base). Penhallow „ Penrose „ Tolcarn „ Constantine (St. Constantinus). In churchyard. Bosvathick. Merthen. Nanjarrow. Trevease. Trewardreva. Comelly (St. Cornelius). Crantock (St. Carantocus). Trevemper (cross-base). Creed (St. Crida). Crowan (St. Crewena). Clowance (3). Praze-an-beeble. Black Rock (missing). Cubert, St. (St. Cuthbert). Against church wall. Cuby (St. Keby). Cury (St. Corentinus). In churchyard. Davidstow (St. David de Treglast). Lambrenny Farm. Trevivian. Day or Dye, St. (out of Gwennap). Scorrier (2). Tregiillow (2). Dennis, St. (St. Dennis). In churchyard. Devoran (out of St. Feock). Dominick, St. (St. Dominica). Eastcot (partly buried). Westcot (part of shaft in base). Duloe (St. Keby). Bosent Cross. Eastbourne, Sussex. Manor-house grounds (from Kenwyn) XXIV OLD CORNISH CROSSES Egloshayle. In churchyard (2). Pencarrow. Trescowe (cross-shaft). Three-hole-Cross. Washaway. Egloskerry (St. Ide and St. Lydy). Ehvyn, St. (out of Phillack). Endehon, St. (St. EndeUenta). Enodor, St. (St. Ennodorus). Fraddon, near (partly buried). Ernie, St. (St. Hermes). Erth, St. (St. Ercus). Battery Mill. In churchyard (2). In churchtown. Tregenhorne (defaced). Trevean. Ervan, St. (St. Hermes). Eval, St. (St. Uvelus). Ewe, St. (St. Ewa or St. Eustachius). Corran. Falmouth (per nomen Caroli regii at Martyris). Feock, St. (St. Feoca). In churchyard. Trelissick. Flushing (out of Mylor). In churchyard. Forrabury (St. S>Tnphorianus). Outside churchyard. Fowey (St. Nicholas). Gennys, St. (St. Genesius). Germans, St. (St. Germanus). Carracawn. Germoe (St. Germocus). Gerrans (St. Gerendus). In churchyard. Gluvias, St. (St. Gluviacus, M.). Enys. Penryn. Godolphin (out of St. Breage). In churchyard. Spernon Cross. Golant (see St. Sampson). Gorran (St. Goronus). Grade (The Holy Cross and St. Gradus). Gulval (St. Gudwal). In churchyard. Rosemorran. Gunwalloe (St. Winwolaus). In churchyard. In churchyard (cross-base). Penrose „ Gwennap (St. Weneppa). In vicarage garden. Gwinear (St. Winnierus). In churchyard (2). On Connor Down. Cattebedron (missing). Gwythian (St. Gothianus). In churchyard. H.4LSET0WN (out of St. Ives). In village. Helland (St. Helena). Helston (St. Michael). Cross Street. In Mr. Baddeley's garden (2). Herodsfoot (out of Duloe, Lanreath, and St Pinnock). Hessingford (out of St. Germans). Hilary, St. (St. Hilary). In churchyard. Trewhela Lane. Illogan (St. Ylloganus, St. Euluganus). In churchyard. Issey, St. (St. Filius). Ive, St. (St. Ivo). Ives, St. (St. Hya, la, or Ya). Penbeagle. Jacobstow (St. James). John's, St. (St. John the Baptist). Juliet, St. (St. Julitta). In churchyard (2). Just-in-Penwith, St. (St. Justus). In church. In rectory garden (2). Kenidjack (2). Leswidden. Nanquidno. Just-in-Roseland, St. (St. Justus). Kea. In churchyard (shaft and base). Kenwyn. LIST OF CROSSES ARRANGED IN PARISHES xxv Keverne, St. (St. Keveran or Kieran). Trelanvean. Kew, St. Polrode Mill. Keyne, St. (St. Keyna). In churchyard. Kilkhampton (St. James). Ladock (St. Ladoca). Lamorran. Landewednack (St. Winwolaus). Lizard Town. Landrake (St. Peter). Landulph Laneast (SS. Welvela and Sativola). Laneast Down. Lanhydrock. In churchyard. Treffry Cross. Tredinnick Cross (cross-base). Re-Perry „ Re-Perry (missing). Lanivet. In churchyard (2). In churchyard (coped stone). In churchyard (early cross-slab). Bodwannick. Fenton Pits. St. Ingonger. Tremoor Cross. Woodley Cross. Lanlivery (SS. Manaccus and Dunstan). Lannarth (out of Gwennap). Lanreath (St. Sancredus ; also SS. Manaccus and Dunstan). Lansallos (St. lldiema). Highertown. Lanteglos-by-Camelford (St. Julitta). In rectory grounds (3). Tregoodwell. Trevia (2). Trewalder. Lanteglos-by- Fowey. Launcells (St. Andrew). Lawhitton. Treniffle. Lelant (St. Ewinas). In churchyard. In cemetery (2). In churchtown (defaced). Near church (partly buried). Brunian Cairn. Lelant (continued) — Lelant Lane. Sea Lane. Lesnewth (St. Michael). In churchyard. Levan, St. (St. Livinus). In churchyard. On churchyard wall. Rosepletha. Sawah. Trebehor. Chigwidden (missing). Lewannick (St. Martin). Holloway Cross. Trelaske. Lezant (St. Briocus). Linkinhorne (St. Milorus). North Coombe. Sturt's Corner (cross-base). Liskeard (St. Martin). Near Cricket-field (cross-shaft). Looe, West (St. Mary). Looe (out of Talland). Lostwithiel (St. Bartholomew). Ludgvan (St. Ludowanus). In churchyard (2). Crowlas. White Cross. Luxulyan (St. Cyricus and St. Julitta). In churchyard. Methrose. Trevellan. Trevellan Lane end (cross-base). Mabe. In vicarage garden. Helland. Mabyn, St. (St. Mabena). In churchyard. Colquite. Cross Hill. Penwine. Madron (St. Madernus or St. Paternus). In churchyard. Boscathnoe. Boswarthen. Hea Moor. Parc-an-Growze (defaced). Trembath Cross. Tremethick, or Trereiffe. Trengwainton Carn. Maker (St. Julien). b XXVI OLD CORNISH CROSSES Manaccan (St. Antoninus). Marhamchurch (St. Morwenna). Martin-by-Looe, St. (St. Martin). Martin-in-Meneage, St. (St. Martin). Mar>' Magdalene, St. (Launceston). Badash (cross-base). Mawgan-in-Meneage (St. Mauganus). Trelowarren (defaced). Mawgan-in-Pyder (St. Mauganus). Lanherne. IMawgan Cross. Mawnan (SS. Maunanus and Stephen). In church wall. .Mellion, St. (St. Melanus). Menheniot (St. Antoninus). Merryn, St. In churchyard (cross-base). Merther (St. Coanus). Tresillian. Mevagissey (St. Mewa, St. Ida). Mewan, St. (St. Mewanus). Michael Carhayes, St. (St. Michael). Michael's Mount, St. West side. Chapel Rock (cross-base). Michael Penkivel, St. (St. Michael). Michaelstow (St. Michael). In churchyard. Trevenning (3). Trevenning (cross-base). Millbrook (out of Maker). Minster (St. Merthiana). Waterpit Down. Minver, St. (St. Menefrida). In churchyard. In St. Enodoc churchyard In St. Michael's churchyard. Mithian (out of Kea, Kenwyn, and Per- ranzabuloe). Morvah. Morval (St. Wenna). Morwenstow (St. Morwenna). Mount Hawke (out of St. Agnes and lllogan). Mullyon (St. Melanus). Pradannack Cross. Mylor (St. Milorus or Melorus). In churchyard. Neot, St. (St. Neotus). In churchyard. In vicarage garden (3). Neot, St. {continued') — In village. Hilltown. Newtown. Four-hole-Cross. In churchyard (cross-base). Wenmouth „ „ Newlyn, Penzance (out of Madron and St Paul). Near church. Newlyn, Truro. Northill. Trebartha. Otterham (St. Denis). PadSTOW (St. Petrocus). In churchyard. In churchyard (missing). In old rectory garden. Prideaux Place. Par (out of St. Blazey and Tywardreath) Paul, St. (St. Paulinus). On churchyard wall. In vicarage hedge. Carlankan. Halwyn. Paul Down. In hedge (cross-base). Pelynt (St. Mary). Pencoys (out of St. Wendron). Pendeen (out of St. Just-in-Penwith). In vicarage garden. Penponds (out of Camborne). Penwerris (out of St. Budock). Penzance, St. John the Baptist (out of Madron). Penzance, St. Mary (out of Madron). In Market-place. Penzance, St. Paul (out of Madron). Perran Arworthal (St. Pieran). Perran Uthnoe (St. Pieran). Perranzabuloe (St. Pieran). Near St. Piran's Well (defaced). On Perran Sands. Petherick, Little (St. Petrocus). Phillack (St. Felicitas, Virgin and Martyr) In churchyard (2). „ „ (coped stone). In a field. In rectory garden (defaced). LIST OF CROSSES ARRANGED IN PARISHES xxvii Phillack {continued) — Bodriggy (defaced). Copperhouse. Philleigh (St. Filius de Eglosros). Pillaton. Pinnock, St. (St. Pynocus). Porthleven (out of Sithney). Poughill (St. Olave). Poundstock (St. Neot). Probus (St. Probus). QUETHIOCK (St. Hugh). In churchyard. Rame (St. Germanus). Redruth (St. Euinus or Erminus). Roche (St. Geomandus or Conandus). In churchyard. In rectory meadow. Ruan Lanihome (St. Rumonus). Ruan Major (St. Rumonus). Ruan Minor (St. Rumonus). St. Rumon's Cross. Sampson, St., and Golant (St. Sampson). Sancreed (St. Sancredus). In churchyard (2). On churchyard wall. In churchyard wall. Anjarden. Brane. Lower Drift. Trenuggo Hill. Trenuggo Hill (cross-base). Sellan „ Treganhoe „ Sennen (St. Senara). On churchyard wall. In cemetery. Escalls. Sennen Green. Trevilley. Sheviocke (SS. Peter and Paul). At four cross-roads. Crafthole. Sithney (St. Siduinus or Sithuinus). Truthall (cross-base). Southill (St. Sampson). In rectory garden (missing). South Petherwin (St. Paternus). Stephen's-in-Brannell, St. (St. Stephen). In churchyard. Stephen's-by-Launceston, St. (St. Stephen). Stephen's-by-Saltash, St. (St. Stephen). Trematon. Stoke Climsland. Stratton(St. Andrew). Stythians (St. Stedianus). In vicarage garden. Repper^s Mill. Trevalis (2). Talland (St. Tallanus). Teath, St. (St. Tetha). In cemetery. In churchyard (cross-base). Temple (St. Catherine). In churchyard (6). In churchyard (2 cross-slabs). Thomas the Apostle, by Launceston, St. (St. Thomas the Apostle). In churchyard. Tideford (out of St. Germans). Tintagel (St. Marcelliana or Materiana) Bossiney Cross. Trevena. In churchyard (part of shaft and base). Torpoint (out of E. Anthony). Towednack. In church porch (early cross-slab). Tredorwin. Tregony (St. Jacobus). Treleigh (out of Redruth). Tremaine. Treneglos (St. Gregory, sometimes .St. George). Treslothan (out of Camborne). From village (missing). Tresmeer (St. Winwolaus). In churchyard. Trevalga (St. Petrocus). In churchyard. Treverbyn (out of St. Austell). Trewen. Truro, St. Mary. „ St. George (out of Kenwyn). St. John „ „ „ „ St. Paul (out of St. Clement's). Tuckingmill (out of Camborne and Illogan). Tudy, St. (St. Uda, St. Tudius). In churchyard (coped stone). XXVIU OLD CORNISH CROSSES Tudy, St. {continued) — Trexenning Cross. Trevenning Cross (cross-base). Tywardreath (St. Andrew). Menabilly. Tregaminion (2). Veep, St. (St. Vepus). In vicarage garden (cross-base). Veryan, St. (St. Symphorianus). \Varb.stow (St. Werburgha). Lower Youlton. Warleggon (St. Bartholomew). In churchyard. Week St. Mary (St. Mary). Wendron, St. (St. Wendrona). In church (early cross-slab). In churchyard. Boderwennack. Wendron, St. {continued) — Boderwennack (cross-base). Bodilly. Manhay-vean. Merther Uny Cross. Merther Uny, in old churchyard. Trenethick. Wenn, St. (St. Wenna). Cross and Hand. Whitstone (St. Nicholas). Winnows (St. Winnocus). Waterlake Cross. Withiel (St. Clement). In rectory garden. By roadside. In path near church (cross-base). Zennor (St. Senara). In churchyard (2). In vicarage garden. Wiccas, near (cross-base). Old Cornish Crosses INTRODUCTORY REMARKS Cornwall possesses a larger and more varied number of early ^ Christian monuments than any other county in the British Isles. So plentiful are they in this district of the West of England, that it may occasion surprise to many readers, unacquainted with the subject, when they learn that Cornwall contains over 300 crosses alone, besides other kinds of monuments, given in the following summary : — Inscribed Stones of all kitids, incbiding : Inscribed pillar-stones 22 „ crosses 15 „ slabs ......... 2 „ Saxon stele ........ i — 40 Erect crosses (not including the 15 inscribed crosses) . . . 313 Coped stones .......... 4 Recumbent cross-slabs ......... 3 Total .... 360 There is evidence of their even greater frequency in former times than at present, as attested by the existence of some thirty or forty cross-bases, representing all that now remains of the original monu- ments. The crosses once belonging to them have long since dis- ' In addition to the early crosses, there are a great number of Gothic crosses, both erect and recumbent. But beyond giving a classified list of them in 'Class C. : Miscellaneous Monuments,' and the reasons for doing so, they are not further dealt with in this work. B 2 OLD CORNISH CROSSES appeared, having probably been used as gateposts, or applied to some other utilitarian purpose, and, alas ! in many cases entirely destroyed. Early Christianity in Cornwall In conducting the present inquiry it will be necessary to glance briefly at such scanty materials as we possess of Cornwall in early Christian times, and see how far it was in communication with neigh- bouring countries, and to what extent its monuments were influenced by that intercourse. The exact period when Christianity was first introduced into Cornwall will probably never be satisfactorily determined. No structures, monuments, objects, or other remains have been dis- covered in this part of Britain to prove that the inhabitants were anything but Pagan during the period of the Roman occupation ; and history throws little or no light on the matter as early as the fourth century. Then the British bishops who, it is stated, were represented at the Council of Aries in a.d. 315 came from places remote from Cornwall, and probably knew little or nothing about the religious and social condition of West Wales. We must come, therefore, for certain and dependable information to the mission of St. Germanus of Auxerre and St. Lupus of Troyes, for the suppression of the Pelagian heresy, in a.d. 429. It is at this period that the history of Christianity in Britain is associated with the names of ecclesiastics known in the records of other countries. Several of the Cornish churches are dedicated to Gallican saints, as, for example, St. Germanus of Auxerre, at St. Germans, and Rame, both near the eastern boundary of the county ; St. Hilary of Troyes, at St. Hilar)% near Penzance ; St. Martin of Tours, at Lewannick, Liskeard, St. Martin- by- Looe, and St. Martin-in-Meneage ; thus indicating that in all probability Christianity was introduced into Cornwall from Gaul as early as the beginning of the fifth century, during the lifetime of these saints. Again, the connection between Cornwall and Brittany at this EARLY LHRISTIAXJTY IX CORXWALl. 3 period is shown by the dedication of two churches to St. Brioc, the founder of Treguier and St. Brieuc, before a.d. 500, at St Breock and Lezant ; to St. Winwolus, abbot and founder of Landeveneck, before a.d. 504, at Landewednack, Gunwalloe and Tresmere ; to St. Ninnoca or Non, the mother of St. David, and foundress of Lan Ninnoc, at Altarnon ; to St. Samson and St. Budoc, bishops of Dol, at St. Sampson, Southill, and Budock ; to St. Patern of Vannes, and St. Pol de L^on, who Hved in the sixth century, at Madron and South Petherwin, and at Paul and Sheviocke. Welsh saints, such as St. Cybi of Llangybi, in Cardiganshire, and St. Carranog of Llancrannog, in the same county, are asso- ciated also with Cuby and Crantoc, in Cornwall ; while dedications to St. Petrock, St. David, and St. Govan, are found both in Pem- brokeshire and Cornwall. Irish saints are also represented, as St. Columba, at St. Columb Major and St. Columb Minor; St. Colan, at Colan ; St. Hya or St. Hia, at St. Ives and St. Ive ; St. Kieran at St. Keverne ; and St. Senara or Senan, at Sennen. Finally, we have Saxon or Danish saints in the names of St. Cuthbert, at St. Cubert ; St. Dunstan, at Lanlivery ; St. Werburgh, at Warbstow ; St. Menefrida, at St. Minver ; and St. Olave, at Poughill. Many other saints might be mentioned, but the few names given will be sufficient to establish the relationship existing between Cornwall and the adjoining countries. The British Church in Cornwall became subject to the See of Canterbury in the time of King Athelstan, a.d. 925-940. It would appear, therefore, from the historical evidence which has been brought forward, that none of the Christian monuments in Corn- wall are older than the fifth century, and that those showing Saxon influence are probably of the tenth and eleventh centuries. But it must not be forgotten that the fixing of dates always involves, event- ually, a direct or indirect reference to history, and that the age of a monument cannot possibly be determined by any purely archaeological process, unaided by history. 4 OLD CORNISH CROSSES The dedications of the churches seem to prove that Cornwall was more intimately connected with Brittany and South Wales than with Ireland, a fact which is fully borne out by the character of the inscrip- tions on the early rude pillar-stones, and the style of ornament on the later sculptured crosses. It was in Ireland and North Britain that the peculiar Celtic patterns were most highly developed ; and, gene- rally speaking, the decoration of the Christian monuments (a.d. 700- 1 100) found in the South and West of England ' is of an inferior quality. The Celtic patterns on the Cornish crosses are more akin to those occurring in Wales than to those in Ireland, Scotland, or Northumbria. There are a few Christian inscribed stones in Brittany that have points in common with those of Cornwall, but as a rule there is an entire absence of interlaced work or other ornament. Relation of the Earlier Inscribed Stones to the Crosses Although this work nominally only deals with the crosses, it is absolutely necessary to make some allusion to the inscribed stones, as being the earliest form of Christian monuments, and to show their connection with the crosses. It is extremely difficult, in fact well-nigh impossible, to separate the inscribed rude pillar-stones from the inscribed crosses, since the same character of lettering, in some cases, occurs on both. One class, therefore, assists the other in arriving at some idea of the approximate date of each, while a comparison of the two enables us to trace the crosses to their earliest source. Mr. J. Romilly Allen, F.S.A. (Scot.), and I, have recently given catalogues of the ' Inscribed Stones in Cornwall,'" briefly compiled, and illustrating nearly all the examples, a reference to which will ' The crosses at Ramsbury and Colerne, in Wiltshire, at Gloucester, and one or two locali- ties in Hants, Somerset, and Devon, all belong to the same school, and are much superior to the average class of work in the .Southern, Eastern, and Midland counties of England. See ' Notes on the Ornamentation of the Early Christian Monuments of Wiltshire/ by J. Romilly Allen, F.S.A. (Scot.) (Wills Arch, and N. H. Mag., xxvii. 50-65). ' Journal Arch. Camb., Fifth Series, 1895. pp. 50-60. RELATION OF INSCRIBED STONES TO CROSSES S much assist the reader in studying this portion of the subject. The Rev. W. lago, of Bodmin, contemplates an exhaustive treatise on these stones, so that enough only need be said here to show the con- nection between them and the crosses. The oldest and most interesting of the inscribed stones are those bearing the Chi Rho monogram,^ formed, as is well known, by the first two letters of the Greek word XPIXTOX. Although it is common in Italy and Gaul, examples are very rare in Great Britain, as will presently be seen. The earliest instance of its occurrence at Rome belongs to the year a.d. 323, and its use in Gaul, as shown by dated examples, extended from a.d. T)']'j to a.d. 493, at which time it preceded the use of the cross as a symbol of our Lord ; and since it died out in Gaul at the end of the fifth century, we shall not be far wrong in allowing, say, a hundred years for its disappearance in Great Britain. For as this country was more removed from Rome than Gaul, the monogram may have survived here, perhaps, a century later, which would make their date in Cornwall not later than the seventh century. Its presence, therefore, on the Cornish stones is evidence, not only of their great age, but also tends to show that Christianity must have been introduced into Cornwall at a very early period. Of the ten examples at present known to exist, or to have existed (for one or two are now missing), in Great Britain, Cornwall can proudly boast of the possession of half this number. The earliest form of the monogram is that in which the diagonal strokes of the X cut the lower part of the P, as on the stone at Phillack, and that from St. Helen's Chapel, Cape Cornwall, thus : Sj/* ; while in the remaining three instances, viz. Southill >Ju> St. Just-in-Penwith •-j-', and Doydon r)=|L_y), the X 's represented by a horizontal stroke across the tail of the p. ' Journal Arch. Cainb., Fifth Series, 1893, pp. 99-108. See also Monumental History of the Early British Church, by J. Rotnilly Allen, F.S.A. (Scot.), 1889, p. 30. 6 OLD CORNISH CROSSES The partial disappearance of the loop of the p in the examples from St. Just and Doydon shows them to be of a later date than the others, a fact which is confirmed in the latter specimen by the Saxon character of the name and the letters in the inscription on the stone. Considering the hundreds of monuments in Cornwall having crosses in relief upon them, it is not surprising to find a similar treat- ment of the emblem upon some of the inscribed rude pillar-stones. On the back of the stone at Castledor, e.g., is a Tau cross, and at Doydon is one almost equal limbed CT \D '• while a third, CZ p ; whil similar to the last, but with a much longer shaft, once existed on the now-defaced inscribed stone at Treveneage, St. Hilary. Lastly, the rude pillar-stone at St. Clement's, near Truro, has at the top a rude cross in a circle, and the inscribed slab in St. Columb Major churchyard has a cross of peculiar shape on both front and back. Others, again, have incised crosses, as at Boslow, St. Just, similar to those occurring on many of the crosses. On either side of the inscriptions on the Trevena stone are long incised crosses ; and the symbol is often introduced either before or after the name of a person commemorated in an inscription. Another point of similarity is to be seen in the mortice on the top of some of the rude pillar-stones, suggesting that they were once surmounted by a cross. Instances occur at Castledor and Doydon, corresponding to those on ornamented cross-shafts, such as Biscovey, Waterpit Down, &c. Finally, the rude pillar-stone at Mawgan-in- Meneage, called ' Mawgan Cross,' has distinct remains of a tenon worked on the top, evidently for the same purpose as the mortice in other cases. It will thus be seen that certain characteristics are common to both the inscribed stones and the crosses ; and, bearing in mind their intimate connection, it would be useless to attempt to draw a hard- and-fast line between the two kinds of monuments, since one is PROBABLE OBJECT OF ERECTION OF CROSSES 7 merely a later form of the other, gradually developed according to the improved taste and culture of succeeding periods. Probable Object of the Erection of the Crosses By far the greater number of the monuments are dotted about on the bleak moors, and must have been, when erected originally, far from any habitation, and the questions naturally arise : For what purpose were they erected ? and. Why do we find them in these out- of-the-way places ? In the first instance, there can be no doubt that, like the churchyard crosses, they were also erected for devotional purposes, or for praying-stations, a fact which is borne out by the following extracts. In ' Dives et Pauper,' a ' worke emprynted by Wyken de Worde ' in 1496, there is the following quaint assertion : ' For thys reason ben crosses by ye waye than whan folke passyinge see ye croysses, they shoulde thynke on Hym that deyed on ye croysse, and worshippe Hym above al thynge.' The Rev. W. Haslam, in the 'Archaeological Journal,' vol. iv. 1847, p. 313, after quoting the passage already given from ' Dives et Pauper,' adds his own valuable remarks to those of Wyken de Worde which we have just quoted : — This may have been the reason in de Worde's time, and perhaps was partly so even in the early days when these crosses were erected ; but the alleged reason in the old writers, and object of the wayside crosses, was to 'guard and guide the way to the church.' With respect to the former of these objects, I can attest that very many of these crosses evidently still answer this purpose, to which they were originally appointed. In several parishes there are ' church paths,' still kept up by the parish, along which crosses, or bases of crosses, yet remain, and generally it will be found that tiiey point toward the church. Where the path has been— as inmost cases — obliterated and lost, the crosses in some instances still remain, not facing the west according to the invariable rule regarding church crosses, but pointing and guiding in the direction of the church. As to the allegation that they 'guard the way to the church,' there can be little doubt that in those early, and, it may be, ' superstitious ' times, such was regarded to be the efficacy of the holy sign. Again, the first clause in the will of D. Reginald Mertherderwa, 8 OLD CORNISH CROSSES principal of Bull Hall, in Oxford, and rector of Creed, Cornwall, dated February 1 1, 1447, sets forth that ' New stone crosses [are] to be put up, cf the usual kind, in those parts of Cornwall from Kayar Beslasek to Camborne Church where dead bodies are rested on their way to burial, that prayers may be made, and the bearers take some rest.' The foregoing gives a very late date to some of the monu- ments ; at any rate, it proves that even in medireval times it was the custom to erect crosses. We must remember, nevertheless, that in those days Cornwall was far removed from centres of advance- ment, and it is, therefore, highly probable that its crosses, like its architecture, were of a later date than those in other and more civilised localities. As no particular kind of cross is mentioned in the will, we may assume from its date that Latin crosses were implied, since some of this type belong in all likelihood to that period, and were, as will be shown, the latest form adopted. In reply to the second question, there can be no doubt that many of the crosses were erected in certain positions to act also as guides or landmarks across the county in the old days when the Cornish land was an almost trackless waste. The traveller or pilgrim, journey- ing then to some distant chapel or holy well, had little besides these stones to guide him on his way over the moors ' from cross to cross,' just as we see the Stations of the Cross in Catholic countries leading up to a Calvary. Even at the present time many of these monu- ments are to be found in situ by the roadside, thus showing that from time immemorial the old cross tracks have been preserved, and the now accepted term of ' wayside cross ' has been applied to those which are thus situated. In several cases, however, the paths ' worn by the feet that are now silent ' have long since disappeared. Several monuments are to be seen at the intersections of roads, and although in many instances the crosses have been removed from the positions they must have originally occupied — i.e. in the middle of the crossing — the intersection is still called such-and-such a cross. Some stand by the sides of streams, and others are now placed on the tops of hedges, where they have been removed, partly for safety, but chiefly, perhaps, to be out of the way. There is an old tradition GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF DIFFERENT TYPES 9 relating to the wayside, or moorland crosses, which is worth record- ing, to the effect that it was a custom amongst the richer pilgrims to leave alms on the crosses for the benefit of the poorer brethren who followed them. Geographical Distribution of the different Types of Crosses in Cornwall Generally speaking, the crosses as a whole are more numerous in the western portion of the county, and, like the inscribed stones, gradually diminish numerically towards the eastern end, the north- east part of the county being practically devoid of them. The rudest kind of cross found in Cornwall consists of an upright slab, roughly squared or shaped, and having a Latin cross in relief on both front and back. There are only about half a dozen examples of this type, but they are too scattered to be confined to any particular locality. Three of them, however, are pretty close to each other in the Land's End district, viz. two in the parish of St. Buryan, and one in Sancreed. Wheel Crosses, locally called ' round-headed crosses,' come next in simplicity, and are met with in far greater numbers than any other kind. Their distribution is fairly even throughout the county, but they are proportionately more numerous as the west is approached. It has been quite impossible to place this, the largest class, all together, as, amongst other reasons, many of them are ornamented. The most primitive examples — i.e. i. Those having equal-limbed crosses on both the front and back of the head ; 2. Those having Latin crosses, or varieties of this form, upon them ; and 3. Having the figure of our Lord in place of one of the crosses — are first dealt with ; whilst all which are ornamented are placed amongst the ornamented crosses, because the enrichment upon them is considered of more importance than the shape of the stone itself, and because they thus show a more advanced state of development. Such elaborate examples as the North Cross in Lanivet churchyard, the cross at Eastbourne, and many others, are all wheel crosses, but contain certain characteristics lo OLD CORNISH CROSSES necessitating their separation from the unornamented specimens for convenience of grouping, as stated in tlie notes on ' Method of Classification.' Holed Crosses. — After passing through the different stages of the unornamented wheel crosses, holed crosses appear to be the next development, the different varieties of which are all described in their proper place. There are, altogether, twenty-se\-en examples of this type, of which twenty-five are ' four-holed.' Two have three holes pierced in them, viz. ' Three Holes Cross,' and that on Perran Sands ; while in the churchyard cross at Phillack only the two upper holes of the four are pierced. A marked peculiarity, which only occurs in Cornwall, is the cusp- ingof the four holes. At present six examples have been discovered, the best, perhaps, being that in St. Columb Major churchyard. There are a few which are unornamented ; yet it will be seen that in course of time this type becomes the most highly developed form of cross, enriched with bosses, or the figure of our Lord in relief, or ornamented with interlaced work. Most of the holed crosses are found in and about the middle and western portions of Cornwall. Latin Crosses. — This type is distributed locally much the same as the others, the largest group numerically being in the Land's End district, in the parish of St. Paul, or Paul, as it is now called. The Or7ia77tetited Crosses, which form the second portion, or ' Class B,' of this work, are principally found in the churchyard.s. The majority of these monuments were the old churchyard crosses, erected for devotional purposes, except in a few instances, where the inscriptions upon them show that they are commemorative. Some have only been brought to light in comparatively recent years, by being found built into the church walls, and were only discovered during the restoration or rebuilding of the fabrics. Why they should have been thus used is not known ; but it is really most probable that, after the disappearance of the Celtic Church, they ceased to be venerated, and when new styles of Gothic architec- ture were introduced, their beauty failed to please ; so, lying uncared for in the churchyards, they were simply used as building-material. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF DIFFERENT TYPES ii Local tradition on questions of this kind is seldom silent, and often amusing, as the following instance illustrates. The old lady who looks after the church at Cardynham, where a very fine cross was taken out of the wall, told me, in explanation of its having been there, that ' 'e ' {i.e. the cross) ' was hided away in the church walls by the Catholics so as 'e shouldn't be scat up ! ' adding that ' when 'e was tooked out, the blacksmith wanted to 'ave 'un to bind his wheels 'pon, but 'e wasn't 'ardly big enough ! ' Method of Classification Having collected drawings of the crosses, it became absolutely necessary to adopt some systematic method of classification whereby the different types of crosses could be divided, and to arrange them in such a manner that the chief characteristics of each kind should be kept together as much as possible. The importance of such a classification is clearly demonstrated by the following extract : — ' Dr. Joseph Anderson, in his " Scotland in Early Christian Times," ably explains that the archaeological method of dealing with specimens consists — ( I ) I n arranging them in groups possessing certain character- istics ; (2) in determining the special types of which these groups are composed ; (3) in determining the geographical range of each special type ; (4) in determining its relations to other types within or beyond its own special area ; and (5) in determining the sequence of the types existing within the geographical area which is the field of study.' Acting as far as possible on this advice, and after mature delibera- tion, I determined to classify the monuments in what seemed the simplest and most direct manner, based on the following principles : — I. To arrange them as far as possible in an order corresponding to their architectural development, beginning with the rudest or plainest forms, and proceeding step by step until the most elaborate examples are reached, being guided throughout by the architectural features of the crosses and the amount and kind of ornament upon them. 13 OLD CORNISH CROSSES 2. To divide the monuments broadly into three classes, viz. : Class A. Unornamented crosses. Class B. Ornamented crosses. Class C. Miscellaneous monuments. 3. To further divide the three classes into the following groups Class A (i.) Upright slabs and pillars with crosses in relief. (2 (3 (4 (5 (6 ) Wheel crosses. ) Wheel crosses with projections at the neck and on the head. ) Holed crosses. ) Latin crosses. ) Miscellaneous mutilated examples, not illustrated. Class B (i.) Incised crosses and ornament (2.) Sunk crosses and ornament. (3.) Miscellaneous ornament. (4.) Celtic or Hiberno-Saxon ornament. Class C (i.) Coped stones. (2.) Early cross-slabs. (3.) Cross-bases. (4.) Gothic crosses. 4. To sub-divide the groups as variety in detail demands. 5. To form a sub-division only when more than one instance exists which has sufficient similarity to one or more examples. Where single examples occur which are all unlike each other, they are placed at the end of their respective sub-divisions, and are called ' Miscellaneous.' 6. To deal with Class B (the Ornamented Crosses), as far as possible, in the same order as Class A (the Unornamented Crosses), i.e. by commencing with the wheel crosses having the smallest amount of ornament upon them, and working up to those of this kind having METHOD OF CLASSIFICATION 13 the greatest amount upon them ; and so on through all the different types. 7. To give a definition, followed by a geographical list, of each type of cross before describing the examples separately, and thus prevent constant repetition. By adopting this system a plain and intelligible classification is established, which can easily be followed by all, the object being to arrange the crosses in a methodical and continuous series, as best calculated to assist our investigation. But it must be distinctly understood at the outset that the mere fact of placing one particular type of cross before another does not by any means imply that on this account it is older than that by which it is followed. The ' Probable Age of the Crosses ' will be con- sidered in a subsequent article under this head. Method Employed in dealing with each Cross The particulars relating to each cross are given in the following order : — 1. Name of cross. 2. Locality : {a) Place. {b) Parish. (c) Deanery. {d) Nearest large town. {e) Nearest railway-station. 3. Present position. 4. Historical notes (if any) relating to — {a) Original site ; {b) Circumstances attending discovery. 5. Type and material. 6. Architectural features. 7. Dimensions. 8. Description of cross on monument .or 14 OLD CORNISH CROSSES Description of ornament on all four sides, and comparison (if any) with other examples in or out of Great Britain. 9. Remarks (if any) on the stones by previous authors. The following are the principal reasons which have made me give what, perhaps, might be considered more than necessary — full descriptions in regard to the localities of some of the crosses, and detailed accounts of the ornament upon them. In the first place, I have often had very great difficulty in finding the crosses, and for this reason alone I have attempted throughout to give such clear directions of their positions as will enable them to be easily found. This has been a somewhat difficult task, as it is so much easier to give verbal instructions than to print them. For instance, a verbal description of the position of the cross at Drift from, say, Penzance, would be something of this kind : — ' Well, you go along the St. Buryan road for a couple of miles, and then you come to a little sort of village-place called Drift, at four cross-roads. Turn to the right, past some cottages on the road to Sancreed, and about three or four fields on you come to an iron gate on your right, leading into a field. Well, climb over that — because it's locked — and walk straight down the hill — the field slopes a good deal — and bear just a trifle to the right ; go nearly down to the bottom, where a little stream runs, and you'll find the cross standing up amongst a lot of bracken. There are several other stones lying about, but you can't miss the cross.' This, although clear, does not look pretty in print. Another reason is, that very often the natives do not know of the existence of crosses on their own farms. An instance of this I experienced in the eastern part of the county, and will give. I knew there was a cross standing in a field of a certain farm, so called at the house, and asked the farmer to be kind enough to tell me where it was. He replied : ' No sich thing yere, sir ; I've bin yere nigh 'pon twenty yeares, an' I've never zeed 'un ; 'e idden yere, yew may depend.' 'Well,' said I, 'have you got a "moor stone postis" stuck up in the corner of one of your fields.'"' ' Oh ! iss,' he replied, METHOD EMPLOYED IN DEALING WITH EACH CROSS 15 I'll shaw 'e that waun, but there isn't no cross 'pon 'un.' Presently we came to the stone, a tall round-headed monolith. ' There,' I said, ' there's a cross on the front, and here's another on the back. ! ' To which he replied : ' To be sure there is ! Well now, I nevej'l That's a curious thing, sure 'nough. I never noticed 'un before. Of course I knawed there was a stone yere, but yew called 'un a ct^oss. Yew zee, they come out yere when them batin' the bounds ; ' they skat 'un weth sticks and thraw 'erth 'pon top of 'un ; ef it 'adden a bin for that, don't suppose I should ever 'ave noticed 'un 'tall ! ' Next with regard to the rather full descriptions of the ornament on some of the monuments. A great deal has already disappeared, owing to the disintegration of the granite. Indeed, some of it is now extremely difficult to trace, and in course of time is likely to disappear altogether, especially as so many of the crosses occupy such exposed positions, not only from the weather, but also from the fact that some are still used as gateposts, &c., thus subjecting them to mutilation which they would otherwise escape, if proper care were only taken of them. It is, therefore, most important to show as much as can now be traced, and to confirm the illustrations by a written description, so that no doubt can be entertained that at the time this book appeared the ornament shown was actually in existence. Material. — Except where otherwise stated, the Cornish crosses are all made of moorland granite, locally called ' surface granite.' In the opinion of the local stonemasons, this kind of granite is much more durable than that which is quarried. It is not, however, nearly so well adapted for monuments as other kinds of stone in the county. The large crystals of felspar it contains are, no doubt, the chief cause of its rapid disintegration. Grey or white ' elvan ' ^ has proved to be infinitely better material than granite, as can be seen by the wonderful state of pre- servation in which we find, for example, the inscribed and orna- mented cross at Trevena, TintageJ. An opportunity of testing the relative durability of the two materials almost side by side occurs at ' Many crosses are used as parish or borough boundaries. See p. 24. ' Elvan is the local Cornish name for trap dykes. 1 6 OLD CORNISH CROSSES Lewannick. At this place there are two ogam inscribed stones, one of granite standing in the churchyard, and the other of grey elvan lately taken from the outside wall of the church-porch, and now preserved in the church. It will at once be seen that the ogam characters on the latter are all perfectly plain and distinct, whereas in the other case they are by no means easy to read. Elvan is a surface stone, and is only found in comparatively small blocks. That of which the second stone at Lewannick is com- posed was originally about 5 ft. long by about 18 in. wide, and is considered to be a very large piece. Another reason which accounts for the fine preservation of the monuments made of this material is, that the original face of the stone was quite smooth, so that no tooling of this portion was required ; the letters or ornament were therefore cut on the natural face, already weathered and hardened after centuries of exposure. Pentewan is another stone which lasts better than granite, as in the case of the beautiful cross at Lanherne, which is made of this material, and has retained its ornament in almost as perfect a con- dition as when first cut. Sandstone is used in one case only — the cross in St. Breage churchyard. Slate has also been employed in a few instances, as in the cross near Tarret ]3ridge, St. Clether. The Forms of the Crosses on the Monuments Considering the very large number of crosses in Cornwall, it is not surprising to find a great variety in the shape of the crosses in relief upon them. The most common form is that in which they have equal limbs, expanded at the ends. Others have curved sides to all the limbs ; while some have only their outer sides curved. The rarest form is that in which the limbs, or arms, are of equal length and width. These might be called Greek crosses, a term which, I venture to think, is not applicable to the other forms described above. The term ' Latin cross ' is used in this work to mean a cross PROBABLE AGE OF SOME OF THE CROSSES 17 having limbs of approximately equal width, and a shaft, or lower limb, which is much longer than the upper and transverse limbs. When there is any variety in the detail of a Latin cross, it is described, for example, as ' a Latin cross with expanded limbs.' Probable Age of some of the Crosses Let us now turn our attention for a few moments to the con- sideration of the probable periods when the Cornish crosses were erected, and show on what grounds the statements here made con- cerning them are based. The first task, of forming a classification of the Cornish monu- ments, having been accomplished, it now remains to complete Dr. Anderson's suggestions by applying them to the monuments under consideration. In the absence of dated specimens in Cornwall itself, the only course by which we can hope to derive reliable information regard- ing their age is by comparing them with examples of known age in other parts of Great Britain. As might be expected in a remote corner of what is now England, but was, previous to the time of King Athelstan, part of Wales, there are few, if any, historical documents to help us in arriving at an approximate date when these monuments were raised. Architectural mouldings — which are certain guides for deter- mining the dates of structures — are almost entirely absent on the crosses, and consequently the age of the rudest specimens must in many cases remain doubtful ; where, however, ornamental detail is introduced a clue is at once supplied for arriving at an approximate date. Thus, some of the more elaborate wheel crosses, with Celtic ornament or figure sculpture upon them, would be of about the eighth century, or probably rather later, since the MSS. of that period contain ornament of a similar nature ; while it is clear that the type survived to the twelfth century, as some have foliated sculpture or crosses upon them similar to the slabs of that time. c 1 8 OLD CORNISH CROSSES As an instance of the survival of a particular shape or form, it may be pointed out that many of the fonts belonging to the Decorated or Perpendicular styles are obviously Norman in outline, the only difference regarding their age depending on the style of ornament applied to them. Again, the foliated scroll-work so common in Cornwall resembles to such an extent the ornament of a similar kind in thirteenth-century work, that it seems to be almost out of place when found on the same stone with interlaced work or key patterns ; at the same time, it gives a most interesting example of the combination and transition of the two different styles of ornament. Next, with regard to the plain or unornamented wheel crosses. It would be somewhat difficult to determine the period to which they belong, were it not that some of them have the figure of our Lord sculptured on the front of the circular head, and a cross on the back. It therefore seems reasonable to suppose that this type of monument is contemporary with those which have crosses of the same shape on both the front and back. The different ways of representing our Lord upon the Cross from Byzantine to mediaeval times have been very carefully worked out by Mr. J. Romilly Allen, F.S.A. (Scot.), in his ' Early Christian Symbolism' (pp. 138-144). It will not, however, be necessary here to give more information beyond that immediately connected with our subject. On page 139 he says: 'The method of repre- senting the Crucifixion at the present time has been arrived at by a gradual process of development, as has been the case with most other Christian symbols ' ; and he goes on to explain how, in the fifth and sixth centuries, the Saviour was represented only by the Agnus Dei, and further on remarks : ' The next step was to substitute the actual figure of the Saviour for the symbolical Lamb. This change was effected by the Quinisext Council, held at Constantinople in a.d. 683,' which decreed as follows: "We pronounce that the form of Him Who taketh away the sin of the world, the Lamb of Christ, Our ' Other authorities give different dates ; e.g. Smith's Dictionary 0/ Classical Antiquities, A.D. 6S0 ; Dictionary of Doctrinal ami Historical Theology (Blount), A.D. 691. PROBABLE AGE OF SOME OF THE CROSSES 19 Lord, be set up in human shape on images henceforth, instead of the Lamb formerly used." ' From this time up to the twelfth century our Lord was shown alive upon the cross, according to the Byzantine fashion, clothed in a tunic, the limbs being ' extended perfectly straight along the three arms of the cross, whilst the head rests, unbent, against the fourth.' With scarcely any exceptions, the Saviour is thus depicted on all the early Cornish crosses, while in the later, or Gothic crosses — e.g. in the churchyards of Launceston and Lostwithiel — the dead Christ is represented with bent head and crossed legs. We are thus enabled, through Mr. Allen's researches, to throw some light on a branch of our subject which is somewhat obscure, and which, so far as I am aware, has not hitherto been seriously considered. And although it is impossible to assign any- thing like an exact date for these crosses, it is, I think, safe to suggest that their period would range, perhaps, from the eighth or ninth to the twelfth century. This would allow a fair margin for the late appearance or disappearance of a particular style in a part of England so remote as Cornwall. Of crosses with projections at the neck, little can be said regarding their age. Some — indeed, most of them — have crosses in relief similar to those of the type just described, whilst the remainder have Latin crosses. But the projections seem to point to an advance in style, and, if this be the case, it would suggest that they are later than the plain examples. The unornamented ' holed crosses ' now come under considera- tion. There are a great many varieties, which, however, need not be enlarged upon at present. Some are ornamented with interlaced work, and they may therefore be classed with those of that type. The plainer examples are, in all probability, the early forms of the style, while those with cusps in the holes or openings between the cross and the ring, being more ornate, are likely to be the latest of all ; but their general characteristics will be more fully described when this part of the subject is dealt with. Latin crosses appear to have been in use from first to last, the later examples being easily determined by their chamfered 20 OLD CORNISH CROSSES edges, which gradually brought them to an octagonal section, till by desfrees we find the shaft with a lantern-head and figures in the recesses of the regular Gothic type. No particular date can, there- fore, be ascribed to the Latin crosses considered as a whole. The Different Purposes for which the Cornish Crosses ' have been re-used The present opportunity is one not to be lost for again publicly calling attention to the deplorable desecration of many of our ancient monuments. And though it may be said that this is an unnecessary digression, I nevertheless feel sure that the preservation of our priceless relics demands a vigorous attempt, not only to prevent further havoc amongst them, but also to effect the rescue of those which are still applied to purposes for which they were never intended. It is well known that these crosses, scattered about, as they are, in such profusion throughout Cornwall, are amongst the most inte- resting and characteristic features of the county. On this account only it might be supposed that they would be of general interest to all, and, as such, should receive that care for their preservation to which they are so much entitled. A glance, however, at the subjoined ' List of Different Purposes' — which I am aware is far from complete — will best illustrate the very utilitarian purposes to which the monuments are applied, and will show, alas ! that there is, unfortunately, only too much occasion for these few lines of appeal. Can nothing be done to overcome such disastrous apathy, and to rescue these relics while there is yet time } or are they to be gradually destroyed in our very sight where they stand ? Within the last few years only an inscribed stone at Tre- veneage, in the parish of St. Hilary, was trimmed down for a gate- post, thereby utterly obliterating the inscription on the front and a lono Latin cross on the back. Even in this decade the ancient base of the cross in St. Erth churchtown has been terribly disfigured by a ' As the subject is of great importance, other monuments besides early crosses h.ivebeen inserted in the list. PURPOSES FOR WHICH CROSSES HAVE BEEN RE- US ED 21 lengthy Inscription, executed in the most modern style by the inser- tion of /ead letters ! If some of the influential landowners would only take the matter up heartily, much good might be done, and the necessary expense involved in the preservation of these monuments on their own pro- perties would not be very considerable. Public-spirited persons have set a good example in this way ; amongst whom may be mentioned the late Colonel S. G. Bake, of Camelford, who, at his own expense, restored the beautiful inscribed and ornamented cross-shaft to its old base on Waterpit Down ; while Mr. F. H. Nicholls, who found the second ogam inscribed stone at Lewannick, has taken the two pieces composing it out of the walls of the north porch, provided new stones in their places, and cemented and fixed the others in the church, also at his own expense.' If others would but follow their example and continue the work of rescue, they will find ample material at their service, as the number of stones in the list marked by an asterisk will show. Even as far back as 1805 a protest was entered by the contributor of the plate of crosses in the ' Gentleman's Magazine.' "^ After stating where the crosses are, ' Viator Cornubiensis ' concludes by saying : ' Some crosses are said to have been taken away to make gateposts of. This practice, it is to be hoped, will be prevented in future by the lords of the manors, and other holders of land ; and should any of them happen to fall clown, it is wished they would cause them to be re-erected as near their former places as possible.' Writing on this subject of preservation, Mr. J. R. Allen, whom I have so often cjuoted, makes the following observations on the way in which we allow our monuments to be treated. He says : — It may be worth while remarking, that no other nation possesses such a wonderful series of monuments illustrating the history of Christian art at one of its most obscure periods, and probably no other nation would have treated them with such scorn, or allowed them to be so ruthlessly destroyed. Many of these priceless treasures have been lost altogether, others have been damaged by persons ignorant of their real value, and the whole are perishing miserably from exposure to the weather. Casts, or at least ■ Other names in connection with the restoration of crosses will be found in the descrip- tions. - Vol. Ixxv. Part II, p. 1201. 22 OLD CORNISH CROSSES photographs, should be taken before every trace of the sculpture has disappeared. This is the more important as many fragments which have been preserved for centuries by being built into the walls of churches are being brought to light from time to time in the course of modern restorations and alterations ; and these are now also, in many cases, exposed to the weather. A gallery of casts of Celtic sculptured stones would be in- valuable for purposes of archseological research, and might be the means of reviving the national taste for the art of sculpture, in which our own countrymen at one time attained so high a standard of excellence.' A List of the Different Purposes for which the Cornish Crosses HAVE BEEN RE-USED An asterisk denotes that the stone is still put to the use specified Use Class of Monument Place Parish I. Agricultural Purposes Gatepost Inscribed Stone Treveneage* . St. Hilary j» Cross In rectory garden . St. Clements >j i» )) Trevena . Tintagel »» Ornamented ,, Connor Down' Gwinear n » ») Clowance, No. 3 C rowan » J) )» Scorrier, No. 2 St. Day ») )» )» In churchyard. Quethiock )» >» »» Trenethick St. Wendron )» j> » Trevia, No. 2* Lanteglos-by- Camel- ford »» ii 11 Eastbourne, Sussex ») „ Cross-shaft Biscovey* St. Blazey )» Cross Bodxvannick* . Lanivet j» )» In churchyard. St. Colunib Major »» ?» 11 St. Juliot >» )) Newtown* ! St. Neot >i »» Scorrier, No. I 1 St. Day N.B. — Dozens of others have the holes made in them for the hinj^es, but only a few of the best examples are given above. Pigs'-trough Cross-head In churchyard. Lesnewth ») 11 In vicarage garden . Altarnon j» „ (Gothic) 1 Trewavas i St. Breage N. B. — In each case one side has been hollowed out. Prop to a barn Saxon Inscribed In rectory garden . ', Lanteglos-by-Camel- Stone I ford Rubbing -posts set Some are still thus used, having been specially removed for this up in fields purpose. ' Early Christian Symbolism, p. 82. PURPOSES FOR WHICH CROSSES HAVE BEEN RE-USED 2^ Use Class of Monument Place Parish I. Agricultural Purposes (continued) Stand for a beehive Cross Praze . 1 Crowan Pivot for a threshing- Inscribed and Orna- Waterpit Down . | Minster | machine mented Cross-shaft » 51 Cross In churchyard Flushing N.B. — In each case the brass bearing for the iron shaft remains in the stone. 2. Building Purposes Built into a bridge ' Cross (broken up) Gam Bridge* St. Breward Built into hedges Cross Manhay-vean St. Wendron )J 31 )) Merthen . Constantine ?) >) Cross-head In churchyard St. Mabyn [ford n J3 )» Trevia, No. 2 Lanteglos by-Camel- )' »» )> Trefifry . Lanhydrock Built into a house Cross Tredorwin Towednack i» )> Cross (broken up) Black Rock- . 1 Crowan jj )» Inscribed Stone In churchyard . 1 Lanivet 'T " )J T» Rialton* . . i St. Columb Minor Built into a barn Cross-head Treniffle . . ■ Lawhitton Built into a church Inscribed Stone In west wall* Cuby wall » Jl » » In west wa tower* 1 of \ St. Cubert 1 tJ fi » » In gable of porch* south Phillack >> )» „ Ogam Stone In church Lewannick }) )) Ornamented Cross- On inside of north St. Just-in-Penwith shaft wall* )» )) »> i» In east chancel (concealed) wall* Gwennap )) » i» n In churchyard Cardynham )) »J Cross-head In east wall* Camborne 1» JJ »» Mawnan Built into a garden 1) Old vicarage gar- Padstow wall den* Coping for a wall Ornamented Cross- shaft In churchyard Quethiock » » )j » In cemetery . St. Teath j» )» Cross In churchyard Gerrans Prop for church wall )) )» Mylor Floor-paving » )» Zennor, No. 2 J) )) Trenethick St. Wendron Step to a doorway )) Colquite . . St. Mabyn » ») )» North Coombe * . Linkinhorne )) »i n Trefronick* . St. Allen J) 1) Early Cross-slab In church* St. Wendron »» >» »> »> 11 St. Columb Major A step (one of a flight) In stepping-stiles Shaft of Cross In churchyard Michaelstow Cross No Man's Lan d* . Lanlivery )> » )) Near Fraddon ' . St. Enodor 5) » )i In a garden Helston, No. i Template Ornamented Cross- shaft In churchyard Sancreed, No. 2 Lych-stone Cross 11 . St. Agnes ' An old man told Mr. J. R. Collins, of Bodmin, that he ' scat up the cross, and built 'un into Gam Bridge.' The base out of which it was taken still lies near the bridge. 24 OLD CORNISH CROSSES Use Class of Monument Place Parish 3. MiscellMseous Purposes Credence table Inscribed Stone In church* St. Just-in-Penwith Cover for a well Cross In a field* Bodmin, No. 3 Footbridges over Inscribed Stone Bleu Bridge . Gulval leats or streams jj )j Ornamented Cross- shaft In cemetery . St. Teath )) « Cross Lower Youlton* Warbstow )> » )) In cemetery . Sennen »> )) J) Polrode Mill* . St. Kew )) 5) )> Tregaminion, No. 2 Tywardreath For forming iron j» In rectory garden . Lanteglos-by-Camel- wheel-ties upon ford. No. 2 Forming part of a J) » » Crowan, No. 2 watercourse " *' „ Tarret Bridge . St. Clether Pivot for a gate Cross-head In cemetery . St. Teath Stand for a sundial Inscribed and Orna- mented Slab Pendarves* Camborne A seat Incised Cross In porch . Towednack As boundary-stones Cross Carminnow* . Bodmin (and duly beaten) j> » )» Callywith* Bodmin »» >i »i Respiyn* St. Winnow As boundary-stones Ornamented Cross Temple Moor'. St. Neot of private pro- perty, and dis- figured by initials )) »i Cross Penbeagle* St. Ives )> )i ,, Peverill's Cross* Blisland T' jj Hewn Pillar-stone Bodilly* . St. Wendron As bench-marks by Inscribed Stone Castledor* Tywardreath Ordnance Survey- ors » ») Ornamented Cross Temple Moor*. St. Neot » » Cross Bossincy' Tintagel )» »> n Merther Uny* . St. Wendron )» » It Trembath* Madron N.B — Many others are disfigured by the broad-a ■row. A directing-post Cross Perran Well (near) . Perranzabuloe Appropriated by pri- Gothic Cross-head In churchyard* St. Mary Magdalen, vate persons as Launceston memorials to their relatives J* >» »i )» • 11 Lostwithiel Broken up for road There are cases on record in which crosses \ lave shared this fate. metal No. 2 cross at Trewardale had a narrow e by referring to the account of this monum scape, as will be seen ent. The foregoing list contains the names of some very fine monu- ments ; but, unfortunately, amongst those which are still in use must be mentioned Biscovey, Pendarves, St. Just-in-Pcnwith, Gwennap, PURPOSES FOR WHICH CROSSES HAVE BEEN RE-USED 25 and Connor Down. It is satisfactory, however, to notice that a great number have already been rescued, though a great deal remains yet to be done. The custom of removing the crosses and erecting them in private gardens cannot, of course, be recommended, although it has, no doubt, been the means, to a great extent, of preserving some of them. On the other hand, I am of opinion that the churchyard is the most suit- able place in which to erect them, provided that there is nothing to show that they have been moved unnecessarily from in situ positions. In the churchyard they would at least be safe, easily found, and accessible to all. The adoption of this suggestion would also be effectual in preventing crosses being taken from one parish and placed in another — a by no means uncommon occurrence, and one which to me always seems a great mistake, as they at once lose their original identity and much of their ancient association. In the case of inscribed or sculptured stones, however, these should be placed within the churches, as has just been done in the case of the recently discovered ogam inscribed stone at Lewannick. This plan has been satisfactorily carried out in other counties, so that now the monuments thus preserved are protected from the weather, as well as from running any risk from external damage. The Supposed Symbolism of the Ornament on the Crosses We will now touch briefly on certain architectural or ornamental features of the crosses which are associated by some people with symbolism. My own opinion is that they are simply what I have just described them to be, and that, when they were designed, no symbolism whatever was intended. In the first place, there are no ancient books or manuscripts which have any bearing on the particular points in question, consequently we are without historical evidence regarding them. Secondly, the position of these features on the crosses themselves seems to me to be opposed to the theory that they are symbolic. 26 OLD CORNISH CROSSES Let us proceed, then, to examine separately some of the details ascribed as mystic signs. I. The Circle or Ring of a Cross, as a symbol of Eternity. — ■ It has been shown that the cross was developed out of the Chi Rho monogram ' enclosed in a circle. A study of the following dia- grams - will make this clear. D There is, however, no evidence to show that the circle was intended to represent eternity. The sign No. 2 was in very general use in the East as a kind of seal, carved on the lintels of the doors, and is also to be found on a number of sarcophagi. Again, what is now called the circle of a four-holed cross is not in reality a circle at all — though it is ^.survival of it — and is, in nearly all cases, composed of four quadrants. A true circle, combined with a cross, and divided by its limbs, always looks very flat, and is noticeable in modern reproductions, as much as the absence of entasis, or swell- ing of the shaft. Finally, the additions of the quadrants to a cross, besides enhancing the beauty of the monument, serve to strengthen the limbs considerably, and, by keeping them within their e.xtremities, a better effect is produced, and the cross itself stands out as it should — the main feature. The ^ ? Triquetra Knot f\^ \' '^^ ^ symbol of the Trinity. — There are many e.xamples in Great Britain of very unevenly shaped stones which are covered with beautiful interlaced work. I now refer more particularly to cross-bases, several of which, by the way, are much wider at the bottom than at the top. On these the elabo- rate ornament is so arranged that it fills up the whole of the irregular ' Early Christian Symbolism, p. 94. J. Romilly .-Mien, F.S.A. (Scot.), 1887. ••' Ibid. SUPPOSED SYMBOLISM OF THE ORNAMENT 27 space, irrespective of geometrical form. Cornwall supplies two marked examples in which the ornament is worked into and fills uneven spaces. One is on the north-east front of the Lanherne cross, and the other is on the coped stone in St. Tudy churchyard. In the former case the interlaced work is carried up on each side of the boss on the lower limb, and fills what would otherwise have been two empty corners had the ornament been terminated straight across in the usual manner. On the St. Tudy coped stone, which tapers considerably in its length, the plait on the north slope not only widens to suit the space, but is also worked right into the sloping corner. Thus we see that the shape of the space was of no importance, and that the patterns were simply adapted to meet their requirements. In designing the decoration for a cross-head there were awkward portions on the limbs which required to be filled in, and it appears to me that it was most natural for these competent masters of their art to design a special knot to suit a special space. The triquetra knot was therefore designed for this purpose, as is clearly shown by the way its form is varied according to circumstances. An examina- tion of the different shapes of this knot on the Ornamented Crosses, and the spaces they occupy, will make this apparent. This system is still more clearly proved by the form of the knot sometimes found on the lower limb of a cross. It has been pointed out, in the definition of ' four-holed crosses,' that, as a rule, this limb is much larger than the others, and being also nearly square, or oblong, a triquetra knot was obviously not the right shape ; consequently two interlaced oval rings were introduced, and placed crosswise in such a manner as to fill up the whole space. Examples of this are seen on the crosses in Quethiock and St. Columb Major churchyards. In the latter this adaptability is again displayed by the form of the interlaced knots on the horizontal limbs, which are much narrower than the others, and so require to be treated differently. On the back of this cross the inner loops of the triquetra knots are worked to a curve concentric with that of the boss, so that nearly the entire space is occupied. 3. A Central Boss, as a symbol of the Godhead. — The middle of the cross-head is the most important point, around which, in the orna- 28 OLD CORNISH CROSSES mented crosses, the decoration centres. To emphasise this still more a boss was probably introduced. Its occurrence on what are other- wise plain crosses of the ordinary type is very rare, and in a few cases a sinking is used in place of a boss, but for the same reason, viz. to make this portion of the stone more significant. 4. Five Bosses, symbolic of the Five Wounds. — There are nine crosses in Cornwall which have five bosses on the head. Their presence may, I think, be accounted for in this way : that, having adopted the central boss, the simplest and most effective treatment of the less ornate examples was the introduction of one more boss on each limb of the cross ; or, in those examples where the crosses are decorated with interlaced work, and have the five bosses on the head, the workmen may not have been competent to execute in coarse- grained granite the more delicate ornament requisite for so small a space. The attempts to discover symbolism where there is not the slightest evidence to prove either its intention or existence seem to be an innovation of comparatively modern times. It has, indeed, been carried to such an extent that I was seriously told on one occa- sion that the four holes of a cross represented the four Evangelists ! This, it will be admitted, is going a little too far, as nothing else but four holes could be the result of a cross and ring combined. Another instance has recently come under my notice in which two young men made a great discovery. At Phillack there \s part of a coped stone, and along the top of the ridge is a rude cable moulding. It is hardly credible, but these two gentlemen counted the remaining notches forming the cable, and, finding they came to thirty-tivo, decided at once that they represented our Lord's age. They were quite certain, because they had counted them tivice ! On the whole, then, I am inclined to think that a system of sym- bolism has been developed out of the ornament, and not that the ornament was originally founded on symbolism. BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE MONUMENTS 29 Bibliography of the Monuments The study of early Christian sepulchral monuments has only become perfected by degrees, as may be seen by taking a retro- spective glance at what has already been written about those in Cornwall. Leland, in his 'Itinerary' (1530-37), notices the inscribed pillar- stone at Castledor. Carew, in the ' Survey of Cornwall' (1602), p. 129, gives a quaint little drawing of the inscribed stone at Redgate, St. Cleer — the only one in the volume. Camden's ' Magna Britannia.' — The following editions of this work have been published: first, 1586; second, 1587; third, 1590; fourth, 1594. Also 1600, 1607, 1610, 1637. Gibson's 'Additions to Camden' number four editions, viz. : first, 1695 ! second, 1722 ; third, 1753; and fourth, 1772. Cough's 'Additions to Camden,' two editions : first, 1789; second, 1806. Originally printed in Latin, the first edition in English was published in 1610, on the title-page of which it is stated, 'Translated newly into English by Philemon Holland.' The inscribed stone at Redgate, in the parish of St. Cleer, is illustrated in most of the editions ; but, as a rule, it is differently represented in each case, not only in the outline of the stone, but also in the shape of the letters in the inscription ; and all are quite unlike that given by Carew. In the 1 6 10 and 1789 editions, however, the plates of this stone are identical. In addition to an encrravins; of the St. Cleer stone, the edition of 1722 notices the cross on St. Cleer Common called the ' Long- stone.' Gibson's ' Additions to Camden' (1772), vol. i., gives illustrti- tions of five inscribed stones (pp. 149, 150, 151), viz. Gulval (Bleu Bridge), Mawgan Cross, St. Blazey, and Castledor; and, on p. 152, Redgate (St. Cleer). On p. 153 a few lines are devoted to the 30 OLD CORNISH CROSSES mention of the cross on St. Cleer Common, which are quoted in my description of that stone. On p. viii. of the Preface a tribute is paid to Edward Lhwyd, keeper of the Ashmolean Museum, a writer of tlie seventeenth century, to whom most authors are indebted for first having given satisfactory readings and translations of the inscriptions. The author says : ' And although the learned Mr. Lhwyd (to whom the "Britannia" stands indebted for those most useful additions in Wales) is since dead, to the great detriment of natural history and antiquities, yet it fell out, providentially for this work, that before his death he had revised the whole Principality in order to this new impression.' In Cough's 'Additions to Camden' (17S9) quite a different series of illustrations is given in vol. i. (Plate xii) of the inscribed stones given by Gibson, with the addition of the Camborne altar- slab. Borlase, in his ' Observations on the Antiquities of Cornwall ' (1754), is the first author who describes and illustrates any consider- able number of monuments. He devotes the twelfth chapter of his book to the ' Inscribed Monuments before the Conquest,' accom- panied by two plates illustrating eleven of these stone.s. None of the crosses, however, appear to have been illustrated in old works until Samuel Lysons, in his 'Magna Britannia' (1814), gave four of the sculptured crosses not before drawn, and three of the rude pillar-stones already made public by Borlase. In the 'Gentleman's Magazine for 1805 (vol. l.x.xv. p. 1201) is a curious little plate illustrating eleven 'Ancient Crosses in Cornwall.' The drawings are, however, very poor, and not much like the originals, but the brief descriptive letterpress accompanying them is good and quaintly written, as will be noticed from a portion quoted in the section relating to ' The Different Purposes for which the Cornish Crosses have been re- used,' on p. 21. The 'Catholic Mi-scellany ' of February 1827, with the omission of one e.xample, reproduces practically the .same plate. Of those illustrated in the.se two magazines, four have since disappeared. BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE MONUMENTS 31 Mr. J. T. Blight's ' Crosses and Antiquities of Cornwall' is, so far as it goes, the most complete work on the subject. The first edition was published in 1856, and the second, and last, in 1872.^ But the stones are not arranged in any methodical manner, and follow on each other more in a sketch-book form. He illustrates 107 early crosses, and mentions the existence of some sixty others. A large number have been discovered since his work appeared, includ- ing most of the ornamented crosses. Not the least valuable portion of his book lies in the information which shows the position of several of the stones in his time which, from one cause or another, have since been moved. Sir John Maclean, in his ' Deanery of Trigg Minor' (1868-79), gives very good illustrations of the crosses and inscribed stones in this division of the county. The drawings, with the interesting particulars connected with them, were, I believe, mainly supplied by the Rev. W. lago, of Bodmin. It should be mentioned that when the See of Truro was con- stituted, in 1877, the new Deanery of Bodmin was formed out of parishes taken from the deaneries of Trigg Minor, West, Pyder, and Powder. This accounts for certain parishes being included in the above work which have since been transferred as stated. Professor J^. Hubner, of Berlin, in his ' Inscriptiones Christlanae Britannise ' (1876), had, up to that date, dealt more fully with the inscribed stones of Cornwall than any other author, and had cata- logued twenty-two examples of the pre-Norman period. Since the appearance of his book, however, several other stones have been found with early inscriptions on them, and have been included in a paper, the reference to which will be found under ' Archaeologia Cambrensis ' on the following page. Since about the year 1845 several important papers on the inscribed stones and crosses of Cornwall have appeared in the trans- actions of the various archaeological societies throughout England and Wales, amongst which the following may be mentioned : — ' The West Cornwall volume was published in 1.S56, and when the East was issued, in 1858, the two were bound together. The second edition of the two appeared in 1872. 32 OLD CORNISH CROSSES Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries, London Second series, vol. v. p. 4S1. ' Report on Archseology in Cornwall.' W. lago, B.A. Second series, vol. xiv. p. 214. 'Report of An Ogam Inscription found in Corn- wall.' W. lago, B.A. Second series, vol. xv. p. 279. 'A Second Ogam Inscribed Stone at Lewannick, Cornwall.' A. G. Langdon. ArchiTolcgia Cambrensis Third series, vol. iv. p. 281. 'Inscribed Stone, Phillack.' ' Third series, vol. ix. p. 288. ' Inscribed Stone, Bleu Bridge.' Third series, vol. ix. p. 288. ' Inscribed Stone, St. Clements.' Rev. H. Longue- ville Jones. Third series, vol. xii. p. 420. ' Inscribed Stone, Cuby.' C. Barham, M.D. Fifth series, vol. vi. p. 356. ' Inscribed Altar Slab, Camborne.' A. G. Langdon. Fifth series, vol. ix. p. 251. 'An Ogam Inscribed Stone at Lewannick, Cornwall.' A. G. Langdon. Fifth series, vol. x. p. 97. ' The Chi Rho Monogram upon Early Christian Monu- ments in Cornwall.' A. G. Langdon. Fifth series, vol. xi. p. 308. 'The Inscribed and Ornamented Cross-Shaft at St. Blazey, Cornwall.' A. G. Langdon. Fifth series, vol. xiL p. 50. ' Catalogue of the Early Christian Inscribed Monuments in Cornwall.' A. G. Langdon and J. Romilly Allen, F.S.A. (Scot.). Archieological Journal Vol. ii. p. 77- ' Inscribed Stone a Few Miles from Padstow.'^ Thomas Kent. Vol. ii. p. 78. ' Inscribed Stone, St. Clements.' W. Haslam. Vol. ii. p. 328. ' Inscribed Stone, Castledor.' W. Haslam. Vol. iv. p. 302. ' An Account of Some Monumental and Wayside Crosses still remaining in Cornwall.' W. Haslam. Vol. X. p. 323. 'Stone Cross in the Churchyard, St. Columb [Major].' E. W. Godwin. Journal of the British Archixological Association Vol. xliv. p. 301. 'The Early Christian Monuments of Cornwall.' A. G. Langdon and J. Romilly Allen, F.S.A. (Scot.). Vol. xlv. p. 318. 'Celtic Ornament on the Crosses of Cornwall' A. G. Langdon. Vol. xlvii. p. 301. 'The Padstow Crosses.' A. G. Langdon. Vol. xlviii. p. 336. ' An Ogam Stone at Lewannick.' A. G. Langdon. Vol. xlix. p. 274. 'Coped Stones in Cornwall.' A. G. Langdon. ' Standing in the churchyard. - I.e. at Xanscow, St. Breock. BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE MONUMENTS n Journal of ilie Royal Institution of Cornwall. ' Thirty-first Annual Report (1849), p. 58, Plate IV. 'Notice of an Ancient Cross (formerly near Penryn).'^ R. Thomas, C.E. Thirty-second Annual Report (1850), p. 34, Plate III. 'Cross between Redgate and St. Cleer.' A. H. Tomkins. Vol. ii. p. 55. 'Inscribed Stone, St. Cubert.' C. Barham, M.D. Vol. ii. p. 58. ' Inscribed Stone, Tregony.' C. Barham, M.D. Vol. iii. p. 99. ' The Prior's Cross.' Thomas Q. Couch. Vol. iii. p. 162. ' Mylor Church, its Crosses, Frescoes, &c.' W. lago, B.A. Vol. iii. p. xxxix. 'Notice of an Inscribed Stone at A\'orthyvale Minster.' Illus- tration by W. lago, B.A. Vol. iv. p. 59. ' Notes on some Inscribed Stones in Cornwall' W. lago, B.A. Vol. V. p. 53. 'Nangitha Cross, Budock.' J. lago, F.R.S. Vol. V. p. 363. ' Crosses in the Churchyard, Cardynham.' W. lago, B.A. Vol. V. p. 364, Plate IV. 'Inscribed Stone, Welltown, Cardynham.' W. lago, B.A. Vol. V. p. 366. ' Inscribed Stone, St. Hilary.' C. Barham, M.D. Vol. vi. p. 398. ' The Lanhadron Inscribed Stone.' W. lago, B.A. Vol. vii. p. 139. ' Quethiock Cross.' N. Hare. Vol. viii. p. 276. ' Mawgan Cross.' W. lago, B.A. Vol. viii. p. 366. ' The Inscribed Stone, Bleu Bridge.' W. lago, B.A. Vol. X. pp. 33, 96. 'The Ornament on the Early Crosses of Cornwall.' A. G. Langdon. Vol. X. p. 262. 'The Pendarves "Altar Slab" (a reading oO-' W. lago, B.A. Vol. xi. p. 293. ' An Ogam Stone at Lewannick,' Cornwall.' A. G. Langdon. Tratisactions of the Exeter Diocesan Airhitectural Society. Vol. iii. Plate XXXII. ' Cornish Wayside Crosses.' Charles Spence. Vol. iii. Plate XXXII. ' The Redgate Stones.' Charies Spence. Vol. iii. p. 205. ' Iter Cornubiense.' Charles Spence. Vol. vi. Plate (not numbered). J. P. Savory. Sussex Archaological Collections. Vol. xxxviii. p. 33. ' An Ancient Cornish Cross in Sussex.' A. G. Langdon. ' At the time of writing only a few numbers of this journal were available at the British Museum. I had, therefore, to apply to Mr. R. A. Gregg, of the Royal Institution of Cornwall, to whom my thanks are due for kindly supplying many wanting references. - See Scorrier, No. 2, in this work. 34 OLD CORNISH CROSSES Miscellaneous Publications. The Spring Gardens Sketching Club. Vol. viii. Plates XXXVII. and XXXVIII. ' Cornish Crosses ' (33 examples). A. G. Langdon. 'A History of Temple Church, near Bodmin, Cornwall.' J. R. Brown. (Eight crosses, &c., illustrated by W. lago.) The Antiquarian Magazine. August, 1883. 'Two Cornish Crosses ' (St. Teath and Quethiock). A Week at the Land's End. J. T. Blight. (1861.) P. 67. Trembath Cross, Madron. P. 168. Cross in St. Buryan Churchyard. P. 179. Inscribed Stone with Chi Rho Monogram (formerly at St. Helen's Oratory). The Builder. March 30, i88g, two plates. 'Six Ornamented Crosses.' A. G. Langdon. March 21, 1891, two plates. 'Coped Stones in Cornwall.' A. G. Langdon. June 6, 1891. 'The Padstow Crosses.' A. G. Langdon. Having concluded the Introductory portion of the work, I will now proceed to describe the monuments separately. CLASS A UNORNAMENTED CROSSES UPRIGHT SLABS AND PILLARS WITH CROSSES IN RELIEF This type of monument is dealt with first because it is the rudest and simplest ; the stones on which the crosses are sculptured, although sometimes roughly squared, are not given any definite architectural form, as in the case of the more highly developed free- standing crosses. They thus take a lower place in the scale of development than those in which the contour of the stone has been considered. Like the crosses, no two of these monuments are exactly similar in all respects, but the differences which may be noticed in the general details are not sufficiently important to justify further sub-divisions. Judging from their rudeness, it might at first be supposed that they were the earliest known examples ; but there is no evidence to support such a theory. Indeed, the fact of the crosses upon them being in relief, instead of being incised, seems to suggest an opposite conclusion. The first example, at Drift, is merely a rough stone with crosses in relief on the front and back ; and although it is doubtless one of the earliest instances of this kind of monument, it is probably of a much later date than those which have incised crosses upon them. Next of this class in order of development come those which have only been partially tooled, thus forming them into slabs, or, as in the exceptional case of Cross Close, in St. Columb Minor parish, into a rude cylinder. When we consider the very great amount of labour expended in 36 OLD CORNISH CROSSES sinking both faces of the stone sufficiently deep to bring the crosses into reHef, it seems somewhat remarkable that further labour was not bestowed in shaping the monuments into some distinct form. There are five examples of this type, which will be found at the following places : — Buryan, St. Columb Minor, .St. Sancreed Sennen . Tregurnow Down. Trevorrian. Cross Close. Lower Drift. Escalls. It may here be stated that another stone, very similar to that at Drift, is said by Mr. J. T. Blight to have been in his time in the rectory garden at .Southill, but at the present time no trace of it can be found. Lower Drift, Sancreed Sancreed, formerly San Creed, or .Sancreet, in the Deanery of Pcnwith, is situated four miles west of Penzance. Drift is a small village which stands about a mile and a half south- east of Sancreed churchtown, at a point where the road from Penzance to St. Buryan intersects that from Paul to Sancreed. The fourth field on the right-hand side of the road from Drift to San- creed belongs to Lower Drift Farm, now in the occupation of Mr. North. It forms part of the side of a steep hill, sloping from the road down to a little stream which flows into the sea at Newlyn. Amongst the bracken in this field, and near the bank of the stream, stands the stone. I was told by an old man named Rawlings, living at St. Levan, that the stone was found, about the year 1850. by his father, who was employed with him in clearing this field. It was then King on <0 UNORNAMENTED CROSSES 37 the ground, and on being moved it rolled a short distance down the hill. The crosses upon it were then noticed, but as the stone was too heavy for them to replace, they fixed it upright for preservation on the spot it now occupies. In plan the stone may be described as three-sided, inasmuch as it tapers to a rounded end from one side to the other. It is, as just mentioned, a very rude form of monument, and appears to be a rough piece of granite utilised in its natural condition. Dimensions. — Height, 4 ft. ; width : at the top 2 ft., at the bottom 2 ft. 9 in. ; thickness at the bottom of the wider side, 15 in. Close to the top of the stone, on both front and back, is sculptured a Latin cross in relief ; that on the front has an inclination to the left, while that on the back is upright. Tregurnow Down, St. Buryan St. Buryan, in the Deanery of Penwith, is situated six miles south-west of Penzance. The spot on which this cross-slab stands on Tregurnow Down is about two miles south-east of St. Bur- yan churchtown, not far — and in the same direction — from Dawns Men. The slab is doubtless in siht. This monolith is a roughly hewn gra- nite slab, and is in a very good state of preservation. Diiuensions. — Height, 4 ft. 4 in. ; aver- age width of shaft, i ft. 10 in. ; thickness at the bottom, %\ in., tapering to 6 J in. at the top. On both the front and back is a Latin cross in relief the limbs in each case being carried to the extremities of the stone. Rudeness in execution is apparent in the shaft, which is irregularly curved about halfway down, and in the varying width of the arms. ^,^M^:r^K fl 4it4|f|*«w%ifiw.^ 38 OLD CORNISH CROSSES Trevorrian, St. Buryan For locality of St. Buryan, see last. Trevorrian Farm is situated about three-quarters of a mile north- east of St. Buryan churchtown. About half a mile from the churchtown, on the left-hand side of the road to Newlyn, is a circular cross-base, built on its side into the hedge. Just beyond this is a stile, forming the entrance to a footpath leading across some three or four fields into Trevorrian Lane. The slab will be found loosely fixed on top of the hedge, by the left- hand side of the stile, next the lane.' It is not /;/ situ, and has, apparently, only been recently placed where it now stands for preservation. The monument consists of a flat slab of worked granite, the upper corners of which are now broken off. It should be stated that the base above mentioned cannot belong to it, as, amongst other reasons, the mortice does not correspond in sha]:)e with the bottom of the slab, and it is only referred to for purposes of identification. Dimensions. — Height, 2 ft. 10 in. ; width, 14 in. : thickness, 5 in. On both the front and back is a cross, cut in relief on the upper portion of the stone, the three upper limbs of each being carried to the eclge of the slab. These crosses are formed by sinking the four flat and square spaces between the limbs, so that in each case the face of the cross is in the same plane as the lower or unsunk portion of the -■^tone. ' Since the above was written the slalj has been taken down from the hedge, and mounted on a small granite base in the corner of the field, next the lane, a few feet from its j)rcvious position. UNORNAMENl'ED CROSSES 39 Escalls, Sennen Sennen, or St. Sennen, in the Deanery of Penwith, is situated one mile from the Land's End and ten miles south-west of Penzance. Escalls Farm is one mile north-east of Sennen churchtown. This slab is built into a hedge in one of the fields. It is formed of a rough granite slab, and is somewhat mutilated. Diviensions. — Height, 3 ft. 2 in. ; width across the limbs, i ft. 10 in. Only one face is visible ; on it is cut a Latin cross in relief; the bottom of the shaft has either been mutilated or so worn away that it is now uncertain how far it originally extended. \ 'm 'mi Cross Close, St. Columb Minor St. Columb Minor, in the Deanery of Pyder, is situated twelve miles north of Truro, and about two and a half miles north of Newquay railway-station. About two miles from Newquay, on the left-hand side of the St. Columb road, is a stile which forms the entrance to a pathway leading across the fields to St. Columb Minor churchtown. The slab stands by the right-hand side of this path, in the first field. Probably it is m situ, since the word ' close,' as used in Cornwall, means a field; hence 'Cross Close,' or 'Cross Field.' It is very roughly hewn, and appears to be almost circular in plan, an extremely rare form in this county. I ascertained personally that, at a depth of seven or eight inches below the surface, the monument is packed tightly round with stones — a possible substitute for a base. Dimensions. — Height, 3 ft. 2 in. ; average width, 15 in.; average thickness, \2\ in. 40 OLD CORNISH CROSSES On the front is a rudely executed Latin cross, in high reHef, projecting i^ in. beyond the face of the stone, excepting at the ends of the limbs, where they are rounded down. The three upper limbs are carried to the outline of the stone, when standing exactly in front of the cross. On the back, however, the sculpture is not clear. The lumpy remains near the top may indicate that a cross similar to that on the front originally existed, but sufficient does not now remain to identify them with any particular form of cross or ornamental device. WHEEL CROSSES Under this heading are placed all those monuments which have approximately circular heads of a greater diameter than the width of the shaft. They are by far the most common in Cornwall, and there exists a great variety among them, chiefly as regards (i) the shape of the head, (2) the form of cross in relief upon it, and (3) certain archi- tectural features. In the first place, the heads in many instances are not actually round, being in some cases elliptical, and in others having straight sides ; but such differences in detail as these would hardly justify the adoption of a separate sub-division for each kind, since they evidently all belong to the same type. No two examples are absolutely identical, there being slight variations in the shapes of the different parts. Where these variations become very marked the monuments have been placed in different sub-divisions, which, for convenience of reference, have been arranged in the following groups, and will be dealt with in this order : — (i.) With equal-limbed crosses in relief on the front and back of the head. (2.) Similar to (i), but with the addition of sundry architectural features. (3.) With Latin crosses in relief on either one or both faces. (4.) With the figure of our Lord in relief on the front, and a cross on the Ijack. UNORNAMENTED CROSSES 41 A list of examples in each group and sub-division will be given before proceeding to describe the different varieties. Ornamented wheel crosses will be found in ' Class B.' WHEEL CROSSES WITH EQUAL-LIMBED CROSSES IN RELIEF ON THE HEAD Geographical Dhtyibutioti Advent. Tresinney. Agnes, St. In churchyard. Altarnon. In churchyard. In vicarage garden. Two-gates. Blisland. Lavethan.' Trewardale (2). Boconnoc. In churchyard. Bodmin. Berry Tower. Outside the Gaol. In a field. Callywith. Breock, St. White Cross. Brezuard, St. Lanke (2). Budock. Nangitha. Buryan, St. Boskenna, in a field. Cttinbonte. In church wall. Cardynliaui. Treslea Down. Constantino. In churchyard. Egloshayle. In churchyard (2). Eive, St. Corran. Forrabury. Outside churchyard. Glnvias, St. Enys. Gunzvalloe. In churchyard. Gzviiiear. In churchyard. Hilary, St. Trewhela Lane. Jnliot, St. In churchyard. Kczu, St. Polrode Mill. Lanivet. Bodwannick. Fenton Pits. St. Ingonger. Tremoor Cross. Wood ley Cross. Lanteglos-by- Came/ford. In rectory grounds. Trewalder. Trevia. Lcvan, St. On churchyard wall. Sawah. Rosepletha. ' -See footnotes, p. 44. 42 OLD CORNISH CROSSES Linkinhornc. North Coombe. Luxulyan. In churchyard. Methrose. Trevellan. Mabyn, St. In churchyard. Colquite. Cross Hill. Madron. Hea Moor. Trengwainton Cairn. Mazvnan. In church wall. Merthcr. Tresillian. Michaelstow. Trevenning. Mtnver, St. St. Enodoc. Roche. In rectory garden. Riian Minor, St. St. Rumon's Cross. Sancreed. On churchj-ard wall. In churchyard wall. Anjarden. Seyinen. On churchyard wall. Stephen' s-in-Bramiell, St. In churchyard. Thomas the Apostle, St., Launceston. In churchj-ard. Trevalga. In churchyard. TyivardreatJi. Tregaminion. Warbstoiv. Lower Youlton. Wenn, St. Cross and Hand. Winnow, St. Waterlake. Withie/. By roadside. In rectory garden. Wheel Crosses with Crosses having expanded Limbs NOT CARRIED TO THE EDGE OF THE StONE There are three examples of this type, which will be found at the following places : — Altarnon, No. i . .In churchyard. „ ■. . Two-gates. Levan, St. . . . Rosepletha. Altarnon, No. i. In the Churchyard Altarnon, in the Deanery of Trigg Major, is situated eight miles south-west of Launceston. The cross stands on the south side of the church. UNORNAMENTED CROSSES 43 .•:SS^ What remains of the cross itself consists of a mutilated head loosely placed over the socket of a round base. It is probable that the two pieces were once part of the same monument, the missing shaft having most likely been utilised for some purpose. Dimensions. — Height of head, 2 ft. ; width of head, 2 ft. The base is 3 ft. 5 in. in diameter and 7 in. thick. The crosses on front and back are alike. Two-gates, Altarnon H. For locality of Altarnon, see last. Two-gates is situated on the right-hand side of the road which passes the east end of the church, about half a mile north of the building. This name is given to a portion of the road which sets back, and gives an entrance to two fields. The stone is locally called ' Short Cross,' and is probably part of a taller monument. It stands immediately round the corner of the recess, on the right, near the first gate, but as it is placed against the hedge, only the front is visible. Dimensions. — Height, 2 ft. i in. ; width of head, I ft. 7i in. ; width of shaft, i 2 in. The head can hardly be called rounded, though the lower angles are roughly so ; the sides being almost perpendi- cular. The upper portion has been broken straight across the top, and a piece is chipped off one of the top corners. .'S-^ w "•n, Rosepletha, St. Levan St. Levan, in the Deanery of Penwith, is situated eight miles south-west of Penzance. Rosepletha is a farm, part of which adjoins the churchyard. 44 OLD CORNISH CROSSES Outside the eastern exit from St. Levan churchyard is a path- way leading in a north-east direction to Rosepletlia farmhouse The massive and rudely executed cross stands in situ in the second field from the church, by the left- hand side of the path. When this drawing was made the base was covered with soil, but it has since been exposed. Ditneiisions. — Height, 4 ft. 6 in. ; width of head, 2 ft. ; width of shaft : at the neck 130- in., at the bottom \\\ in. The cross is of a uniform thickness of i i in. The base is about 3 ft. 4 in. square. The crosses on front and back are alike, both havinsf a slight inclination to the right. Wheel Crosses similar to those just described, but with the UrPER Limbs c.vrkied to the edge of the Head There are eleven ' examples of this type, which will be found at the following j)laces : — Blisland Bodmin, No. i Camborne, No. i Constantine . Ciluvias, St. . Gwinear, No. i Mabyn, St. . Madron Trewardale, No. i. Berry Tower In church wall In churchyard Enys In churchyard. Cross Hill Trengwainton Cairn o ' J. T. Blight {Crosses and Antiquities of Cornwall) illustrates on p. 5 anotlipr cross of this type at Lavethan, Blisland, and adds : 'This cross originally stood on Blisland Moor ; removed for preservation.' I have, however, been unable to identify it with cither of the four crosses standing in these grounds. Sir John Maclean {Deanery 0/ Trig^^ Minor, vol. i. p. 25) also illustrates this cross, and says: 'It is believed that its original site was by the roadside, near Checsewring at Carbilly, from where, a few years ago, a cross was removed.' UNORNAMENTED CROSSES 45 Sancreed, Trevalofa Warbstow No. I . On churchyard wall In churchyard Lower Youlton MM Trewardale No. i, Blisland Blisland, in the Deanery of Bodmin, is five miles north-east of Bodmin. Trewardale, the residence of Mrs. Edward Collins, is situated about a mile south of Blisland churchtown. Sir John Maclean ' gives the following particulars regarding this cross : 'It originally stood at the intersection of the road leading from Blisland to Bodmin with that from Tresarret Bridge to Cardynham. This cross has from time immemorial been known as " White -e- Cross," (White Cross), and was removed a few years ago by Captain Collins, R.N., then the proprie- tor of Trewardale.' The cross was brought in first, and placed on a hedge in Trewardale ; the base, which was built into a hedge, was not added until some years afterwards. They are now properly erected in the garden near the house. Dimensions. — Height, 4 ft. 7 in. ; width of head, i ft. 9 in. ; width of shaft, 14!^ in. ; thickness, 7 in. The cross on the front of the head is very clear and sharp, and appears to have been recut, while very little remains of that on the back. ' Sir John Maclean, Deanery of Trigg Mitwr, vol. i. p. 25. 46 OLD CORNISH CROSSES Bodmin, No. i. Near Berry Tower Bodmin, in the Deanery of Bodmin, is situated near the centre of the county. Berry Tower stands on the north side of Bodmin, and is all that remains of an ancient chapel, built a.d. 1501, and dedicated to the Holy Cross. The land surrounding it has been enclosed and formed into a cemetery. The cross ' originally stood where three ways meet, near the ancient building now used as a barn at Berry, and was removed a few years ago to its present position.' ^ It is somewhat mutilated, and the head leans considerably over to one side. The only great difference between this and the examples just described consists in the beaded angles of the shaft, which are worked also on the sides, and are stopped at the head. Dimensions. — Height, 4 ft. ; width of head, i ft. 8^ in. ; width of shaft, I2in. ; thickness, 1 1 in. The limbs of the crosses are slightly curved, and the extremity of the lower one is almost the whole width of the shaft. On the front the emblem has a very great inclination to the right, while on the back it is nearly perpendicular, and has in the middle a small circular hole. Camborne, No. i. In the Church Wall ,6a^^ •f^-. Camborne, in the Deanery of Carnmarth, is situated twelve miles south-west of Truro. This cross-head is now built into the outside east wall of the chancel. Dimensions. — Height, i ft. 7 in. ; width of head, I ft. ']\ in. it will be noticed that the upper limb of the cross does not ' Sir John Maclean, Deanery of Trigg Minor, vol. i. p. 1 17. w. UNORNAMENTED CROSSES 47 Si' follow the outline of the head at its extremity, like the others, but is concave — a unique feature. Constantine. In the Churchyard Constantine, in the Deanery of Kerrier, is six miles east of Helston and seven south-west of Falmouth. There is a railway-station at both places. The cross is fixed in the ground, at the edge of the footpath, near the north-east angle of the church. Dmiensions. — Height, i ft. 9 in. ; width of head, i ft. 8 in. ; thickness, 7 in. The front and back are alike, but the cross on the latter is almost worn away. Enys, St. Gluvias St. Gluvias is in the Deanery of Carnmarth. This parish adjoins the town of Penryn, and is two miles north-west of Falmouth. Enys, the seat of Francis Gilbert Enys, Esq., J. P., is situated about a mile and a quarter north of Penryn. Mr. John D. Enys, brother of the above, has kindly sent me the following particulars regarding this monument ; ' The cross came from Sancreed, and was sent to Enys by the Rev. Henry Comyn, of that place. My father had sent down a cart with some things for Mr. Comyn, and the cross was sent back as a present, and put up at Enys on June 13, 1848.' It has been fixed in a modern base, and now stands in a rockery, the back is convex. ■<^>3. ;;' ['&■'<: Its front surface is fiat, while 48 OLD CORNISH CROSSES Dimensions. — Height, 4 ft. 2 in. ; width of head, i ft. 8 in. ; width of shaft : at the neck 13 in., at the bottom 12 in. ; thickness, 8 in. On both the front and back of the head is a cross, the lower hml) in each case being a httle longer than the others. Gwinear, No. i. In the Churchyard Gwinear, in the Deanery of Penwith, is situated three miles east of Hayleand one mile north-east from Gwinear Road railway-station. The cross- head is fi.xed on a small, and probably modern, base, and stands on the south side of the churchyard. Dimensions. — Height, i ft. 4 in. ; width of head, i ft. 7,jin. ; thickness, 5 in. The crosses on front and back appear to have been re-cut, for, although in very low relief, they are remark- ably distinct. Each line of the limbs is slightly concave. Cross Hill, St. Mabyn St. Mabyn, in the Deanery of Bodmin, is situated five miles north-west of Bodmin town. The cross stands in situ- in a field, just inside the gate, at a place called ' Cross Hill,' on the left-hand side of the road leading from St. Mabyn churchtown to Dinham's Bridge and Littlewood. Dimensions. — Height, 2 ft. 9 in. ; width of head, i ft. 5 in. ; shaft, i 1 in. wide ; thickness, 9 in. This monum(;nt is mnsidernd one of the earliest examples of this type. UNORXA MEN TED CROSSES 49 Trengwainton Cairn, Madron Madron, in the Deanery of Penwith, is situated about one and a half miles north of Penzance. Trengwainton Cairn is about one mile south-west of Madron churchtown. . . .. -;:^^^^:,_ J The shaft and lower portion of the head are missing. The somewhat pointed head is fixed into the mortice of its roughly hewn and original base, which stands in sihi. Ditnciisions. — Present height of head, i ft. 1 1 in. ; width of head, i ft. 1 1^ in. ; thickness, 7^ in. The base is 4 ft. wide and 12 in. thick The crosses are alike on both front and back. Sancreed, No. i. On the Churchyard Wall Sancreed, in the Deanery of Penwith, is situated four miles west of Penzance. The Rev. R. Basset Rogers, vicar of Sancreed, has kindly supplied me with the following details regarding the recovery of this cross. Writing from the vicarage in October 1887 'iG says: 'I found the cross recently in a ditch, on an estate called Trannack, about half a mile from here. I had heard of a cross in existence there, and searched about the spot indicated several times, but without success. At last, one afternoon I stumbled upon it lying flat in a ditch, and two days afterwards, on going there again, found it had been removed by the occupier of the 'if SI 50 OLD CORNISH CROSSES farm, to be worked into his garden hedge. He, however, let me have it quite willingly, and we placed it in the old earth socket on the west wall of the churchyard, where the head of the cross now by the vicarage gate [Sancreed No. 2] used to be.' The shaft and base are still missing. Dimensions. — Height, i ft. 10 in.; width, 2 ft. i in. ; thickness, 9 in. The crosses on front and back are alike. Trevalga. In the Churchyard Trevalga, in the Deanery of Trigg Minor, is situated six miles north-west of Camelford railway-station and twenty miles from Bodmin and Launceston. The monolith stands on the south side of the church, near the porch. Judging from its general appearance, it seems to be a very early example. The head is elliptical, and the entasis on the shaft occurs on the south side only. Dimensions. — Height, 5 ft. 9 in. ; width of head, i ft. Sin. ; width of shaft : at the neck 13.1 in., at the bottom 15^ in. ; thickness, \o\ in. The crosses on the head are very remarkable. That on the east front is not quite upright, and the vertical limbs arc not central, being placed considerably to the left. All are verv slightly expanded and of different lengths, the upper and right being the longest. The cross on the west front has limbs of nearly equal length, but the ends are not exjianded. This is a very rare UNORNAMENTED CROSSES 51 form in Cornwall, and, like the other cross, is also placed towards the north side, to which it has a marked inclination. Lower Youlton, Warbstow Warbstow, in the Deanery of Trigg Major, is situated eight miles north-east of Camelford. Lower Youlton Farm is about three-quarters of a mile south-west of Warbstow church. The original site of this cross is unknown. It now forms the footbridge over a little brook that runs in the valley between Lower Youlton and Trewonnard. The cross on the upper surface has been almost obliterated by the feet of persons using the footbridge. The cross on the under side is, however, much more distinct, and is similar to that on the upper side, here illustrated. Dhnensions. — Length, 4 ft. 4 in. ; width of head, 2 ft. ; width of shaft, i ft. 6 in. ; thickness, 8 in, "!i,^jJmi2iM, Wheel Crosses simil.\r to those described on p. 42, but with THE Lower Limb expanded to the full width of the Shaft. There are five examples of this type, which will be found at the following places : — Boconnoc, No. i Lanivet . Lanteglos-by-Camelford Withiel, No. I In churchyard. Fenton Pits. St. Ingonger. Trewalder. By roadside. Boconnoc, No. i. In the Churchyard Boconnoc, in the West Deanery, is situated seven miles north of Fowey, and three miles north-east of Lostwithiel railway-station. 52 OLD CORNISH CROSSES This cross is somewhat mutilated. It was found in 1886, when building a new organ-chamber to the church. It now stands in the churchyard, near the entrance from Boconnoc House. Diniensions. — Height, 2 ft. 7 in. ; width of head, I ft. 7 in. ; width of shaft at the top, 13 in. ; thick- ness, ']\ in. The crosses on front and back are similar, and , \'^kt'\''''-k'^i/A^ each has a little hole in the centre. Fenton Pits, Lanivet Lanivet, in the Deanery of Bodmin, is situated three miles south- west of Bodmin. Fenton Pits is a small villaofe about two miles south-west of Lanivet churchtown. This cross has been broken off at the base, and now stands in the ground, by the side of the road. The base, containing the lower portion of the shaft in its mortice, is built into a hedge close by. The top of the cross is very much chipped. Dimensions. — Height, 3 ft. 2 in. ; width of head, 1 ft, 11 in. ; width of shaft, 12 in. The only variation between this and the fore- going examples is that there is a bead worked on the edge of the head, between the ends of the limbs. "u^^ St. Ingonger, Lanivet For locality of Lanivet, see last. St. Ingonger, Gunger, or Gonger as it is locally called, is a farm situated about midway between Lanivet and Lanhydrock, near which point the road to Bodmin turns off in a northerly direction. ' St. Gonger Cros.s,' as the monument is named, formerly stood UNORN AMEN TED CROSSES 53 MM^^ on the grass at the junction of the roads, but is now fixed against the right-hand angle of the roads. It has been broken at the neck, but is other- wise in a good state of preservation. Dimensions. — Height, 5 ft. 5 in. ; width oi head, i ft. 10 in. ; width of shaft, 12 in. The only noticeable feature is the extreme narrowness of the limbs at their intersection. Trewalder Cross, Lanteglos-by Camelford Lanteglos-by-Camelford, in the Deanery of Trigg Minor, is situated a mile and a half south- west of Camelford. Trewalder Farm is one and a quarter miles west of Lanteglos. The cross stands on top of a hedge ' at the junction of three roads near Trewalder. It formerly stood in the hedge at the corner of the field called "Great Bovetown." When the hed^e at tl le ■^^4-^XM^ corner of this field was taken down, a few years ago, to widen the road, the cross and base were removed to the hedge opposite.' ' Diviensiofis. — Height, 2 ft. 5 in. ; width of head, i ft. gin. ; width ' Sir John Maclean, Deanery nf Trigg Mi/ior, vol. ii. p. 282. 54 OLD CORXISII CROSSES of shaft, 12 in. ; thickness, 12 in. The base is 3 ft. 10 in. square and 10 in. thick. The crosses on front and back are aHke, and each has a small hole in the centre. Withiel, No. i. By Roadside Withiel, in the Deanery of Bodmin, is situated three miles west of Bodmin. About one mile south of Withiel churchtovvn the road to Roche is intersected by that from St. Columb Minor to Bodmin. The cross will be found on the left- / J \ hand side of the former, about a hundred yards beyond the four cross-roads. No doubt the monolith is i)i situ, and it is said to be deeply buried in the ground. Di)ucnsions. — Height out of the ground, 3 ft. 4 in. ; width of head, 2 ft. i \ in. ; width of shaft, 15I in. ; thickness, 9 in. The crosses on front and back are alike ; their projection is very slight, each being just sufficiently in advance of the shaft to show a line. J^-vl^^Sii-k^ Wheel Cros.ses having a Bead on the edge of the Head, SURROUNDING THE CrOSS, E.XCEPT WHERE IT JOINS THE ShAFT. There are nineteen examples of this type, which will be found at the following places : — Advent ..... Tresinney. Blisland . Bodmin, No. 2 Breock, St. Breward, St. . Buryan, St. Egloshayle, No. 1 Forrabury Hilary .St. Trewardale, No. 2. Outside the gaol. White Cross. Lanke, No. i. Boskenna, No. i. In churchyard. Outside churchyard. Trewhcla Lane. UNORNAMENTED CROSSES 55 Lanivet . . > . . Lanteglos-by-Camelford, No. i. Luxulyan >j Mabyn, St. Madron . Michaelstow Winnow, St. Bodwannick. In rectory grounds. Trevia, No. i. In churchyard. Methrose. In churchyard. Colqulte. Hea Moor. Trevenning, No. i. Waterlake Cross, Tresinney, Advent Advent, in the Deanery of Trjo-CT Minor, is situated one and a half miles south of Camelford and nine and a half north of Bodmin. This cross stands in its roughly hewn base, in situ, ' in the open field on the west side of the jiarish church [on the Tresinney estate]. The ancient road, which has been deviated, passed close by it, and was intersected here by the church path.' ' It is a tall, elegant monolith, and one of the highest of its type in the country. It is somewhat chipped, one piece having been knocked out of the ' Sir John Maclean, Deanery of Trigg Minor, vol. ii. p. 282. 56 OLD CORNISH CROSSES shaft near the bottom. The head is slightly elliptical, and the shaft, for a monument of this height, is very slender. The entasis is more noticeable on the left side than on the right. Di7nensions. — Height, 8 ft. 6 in. ; width of head, i ft. lo}, in. ; width of shaft: at the bottom 15 in., at the neck 11.} in. ; thick- ness : at the bottom 9 in., at the neck 6^- in. The base is 4 ft. 6 in. wide. On the head is a cross of the usual shape, which has a consider- able inclination to the right. There is a similar cross on the back. Trewardale No. 2, Blisland Blisland, in the Deanery of Bodmin, is situated five miles north of Bodmin. Trewardale, the residence of Mrs. Edward Collins, is about a mile south of Blisland churchtown. This cross-head now lies by the base of No. i cross, already de- scribed on p. 45. Sir John Maclean' gives the following interesting account of this fragment : — ' This cross formerly stood b)- the wayside between Lower Lanke , ,.^ and Penpont (in the parish of St. Breward). The ■•^p^,. . jKk-\ . . . ..... /■Jf!^$ .' ' wft \ base, with its central socket, still remains in its original position. The cross had been thrown down and \-Wi^ ,^,W ,/ broken at the neck, and the head was found a few '•^ -'-**""■ years ago, by the Rev. Charles M. Edward Collins, of Trewardale, on a heap of stones which were being broken for repairing the roads. He caused it to be removed to Trewardale.' Dimensions. — Height, 1 ft. Sin. ; width, i ft. gin. ; thickness, 7 in. On both the front and back is a cross ; that on the back has a small round hole at the intersection of the limbs. ' Deanery of Trigg Minor, vol. i. p. 354. UNORNAME.YTED CROSSES 57 Bodmin, No. 2. Outside the Gaol Bodmin, in the Deanery of Bodmin, is situated near the centre of the county. The cross is supposed to have originally stood at the meeting of the three roads opposite the gaol. Some years ago it was taken down, and for a considerable time lay amongst a heap of stones. When this building was enlarged, and through the inHuence of the late Captain Norway, R. N., then governor of the gaol, permission was obtained from the committee for its erection. A base was accord- ingly provided by them, upon which the monu- ment was placed where it now stands. It is a very fine monolith, and is in a good state of preservation. The head is beaded ; the shaft is very narrow at the neck, and has a remarkable entasis. Dimensions. — Height, 7 ft. 8 in. ; width of head, 2 ft. 4 in. ; width of shaft : at the neck 13 in., at the bottom 18 in. ; and of a uniform thickness of 9. J in. The cross on the front is inclined to the right, while that on the back is upright, and has a small circular hole in the centre. e?- White Cross, St. Breock St. Breock, in the Deanery of Pyder, is situated about one mile west of Wadebridge railway-station. White Cross is a small village or hamlet situated about one mile west of St. Breock, and, like White Cross, Ludgvan, takes its name from the cross. Unfortunatelv, the monument has been l^mken across the shaft, S8 OLD CORNISH CROSSES and the ends of the fracture are chipped. The parts have, however, been securely fixed together by the village blacksmith, by means of a substantial iron cramp on front and back. The inhabitants are very proud of their relic, ''^M''^^^ '^"'^ ^^*^ most particular to keep the crosses on the head whitewashed. A similar custom is in vogue at White Cross, Ludgvan, where, however, the whole monument is whitewashed. Dimensions. — Height, 3 ft. 9 in. ; width of head, 1 ft. 8 in. ; width of shaft : at the neck 12 in., at the bottom 13.7 in. ; thickness at the bottom, \o\ in., tapering to 5 in. at the top. i^i^. The cross on the front (shown on the drawing) is a little inclined to the riirht, while that on the back is upright. Midway between the fracture and the ground is a horizontal incised line. Lanke No. i, St. Breward St. Breward, in the Deanery of Trigg Minor, is situated five miles south of Camelford. Lanke is about one and a half miles south of St. Breward churchtown. The cross formerly stood at Fenton Pits, in the parish of Lanivet, near the entrance to Lesquite Farm. About the year 1885 it was removed by the late Mr. Collins to his garden at Lanke, where it now stands. Probably this is the same cross as that illustrated by Blight,' and there stated to be 7 ft. 4 in. high from the base. It is a very fine and massive monolith, but is somewhat chipped in places. Dimensions. — Height, 6 ft. 3 in. ; width of head, 2 ft. i in. ; width of shaft : at the top 15 in., in the middle 16 in., and at the bottom 15 in. ; thickness: at the bottom 12 in., at the neck 11 in. The head varies somewhat from those already described, as the ' J. T. Blight, Crosses and Antiquities of Cornwall^ p. i. UNORNAMENTED CROSSES 59 beads on its edges are confined only to those portions between the hmbs, and do not surround the head, as in other cases. The Hmbs are very wide at the ends, and very narrow at the intersection, the spaces between them being deeply sunk. The cross on the front has a small central hole, and beneath the bottom of the lower limbs is an incised line about 8 in. long. On the back the cross is very rudely ""'?i^. I' J executed, and is curious in many ways, an idea of which will, however, be better gained by an inspection of the drawing than by any description. Attention should be called to the three grooves, one of which is on the left side of the up[)er limb, and the others, one on either side of the lower. Boskenna No. i, St. Buryan St. Buryan, in the Deanery of Penwith, is situated si.\ miles south- west of Penzance. Boskenna estate is about two and a half miles north of St. Buryan churchtown. Co OLD CORNISH CROSSES This is a small cross-head of horseshoe shape, and is now mounted on a plain granite shaft about four feet high. It stands by a gateway in the field-pathway which /l-^'.'ife:; runs from Boskenna to St. Buryan. !■' *'%'|^^i^i4 Dimensions. — Height, i ft. b\ in. ; width, i ft. 8 in. ; '*^»i'^~- ^^ ^"*^ 72 in- thick. ""'"■'""' There is a cross on the front only ; the back of the stone is quite plain, and retains no indications of ever having had a cross cut upon it. Egloshayle, No. i. In the Churchyard Egloshayle, in the Deanery of Bodmin, is situated about half a mile south-east of Wadebridge. There are two crosses in this churchyard, one on either side of ^_ the northern entrance. <^i'^^k i^o- I cross is said to have been brought from \^i.>^')'k Dunmere Wood, Pencarrow. It has evidently been ^ used as a gatepost at some time or other, as is shown by the hole near the right side. Dimensions. — Height, 3 ft. 4 in. ; width of head, 13I in. ; width of shaft, 10 in. ; thickness, 8 in. A curious feature in the cross on the front is the manner in which the lower portion of the upper limb is finished, by being brought down to a point in the centre, slie'htlv in relief of the rest of the emblem. '& Forrabury. Outside the Churchyard Forrabury, in the Deanery t)f Trigg Minor, is situated si.\ miles north-west of Camelford. The cross now stands on a waste piece of ground on the south side of the churchyard. In his notice of this cross .Sir John Maclean ' savs : ' It is not in ' Deanery of Trig^ Minor, vol. i. p. 5S5. UNORNAMENTED CROSSES 6i its original site, and has at some time been used as a gatepost, as shown by the holes at the back. . . . Near its present position, however, there is a field called " Cross Park," . . . numbered 74 in the tithe map. It is likely that this cross formerly stood by the ancient way near to the field from which it has de- rived its name.' Dunensions. — Height, 5 ft. 7g in. ; width of head, I ft. 6 in. ; width of shaft : at the top 13 in., at the bottom 15 in. The crosses on front and back of the head appear to be similar, but both are much worn. ,?4*^-,.-^-*^,,^ ■^^*»;S"r^ -^^-: Trewhela Lane, St. Hilary St. Hilary, in the Deanery of Penwith, is situated six miles east of Penzance and two and a half east of Marazion Road railway-station. Trewhela Lane lies about a mile to the north-east of St. Hilary churchtown. It branches off to the left, in a north-west direction, from the highway between St. Hilary and Camborne. At the top of the lane, and opposite to the point where it turns to the right towards Enys, is a footpath which diverges to the left across the fields to Pemberthy Copse. ^ This path is approached by a 'trim tram,' 'near the right of ' Copse = a wood. - A 'trim tram ' is, I believe, a Cornish specialty, being a substitute for a gate or stile. It is constructed of some half-dozen or more pieces of rough-hewn granite about 5 ft. long, 62 OLD CORNISH CROSSES which Is the cross ; it is not fixed in a base, but stands loosely in the ground. The stone is in a most dilapidated condition ; the upper and left sides of the head are broken away, and there is barely sufficient detail remaining to enable its class to be determined. Dimeiisio7is. — Height, 2 ft. 7 in. ; present width of head, about 2 ft. ; width of shaft, 14^ in. ; thickness, 12 in. Bodwannick, Lanivet Lanivet, in the Deanery of Bodmin, is situated three miles south- west of Bodmin town and three and a half miles from Bodmin railway-station. Bodwannick Farm is one mile north of Lanivet, ^N and is in the occupation of Mr. Richard Knight. "' The cross is fixed head downwards in the ground, and is used as a gatepost in the gateway between the fields named 'Under Lanes' and 'Green Hill.' The existing hinges are shown. Mr. Knight most kindly unearthed and laid the cross on the ground for me, thus enabling a thorough examination of it to be made. He has known of its existence for twenty years, and informed me that I was the only person who had ever asked to see it in all that time. This fact is only mentioned as evidencing how little interest is taken in Cornwall concerning these monuments. The monolith, with its tenon intact, is in a good state of preservation, and is a fine example of a On the front of the shaft (here illustrated) there is wheel cross. an incised border-line on each side, which is returned across the top 12 in. deep, and 7 in. or S in. thick. These are placed on edge transversely, from 12 in. to 14 in. apart, their upper surface being level with that of the ground, whilst the intervening spaces between them are sometimes as much as 18 in. deep. The object of these peculiar structures is to exclude cattle, for which purpose they are very eiTective, though perfectly easy for pedestrians to pass over. This accounts, perhaps, for their being most commonly used at the entrances to churchyards. UNORNAMENTED CROSSES 63 just below the head. These hnes are omitted on the back of the stone. Dimensions. — Total height, 6 ft. 2 in. ; width of head, i ft. 10 in. ; width of shaft : at the neck i ft., at the bottom i ft. 4 in. Thickness : at the bottom of the shaft 10 in., at the neck 9 in., at the top ']\ in. The front and back of the head are alike, each cross having a small hole in the centre. Lanteglos-by-Camelford, No. i. In the Rectory Grounds Lanteglos-by-Camelford, in the Deanery of Trigg Minor, is situ- ated one and a half miles south-west of Camelford. This cross was removed from the highway some years ago to its present position for preservation. It now :";W''S^^ stands in a field adjoining the rectory garden, M:'- '''%M and has at some time been utilised for a gate- post, as is clearly shown by the hole in the shaft, which is much broken at the edges. The right side of the shaft has an entasis, but on the left side this has been omitted. Ditnensions. — Height, 5 ft. 6 in. ; width of head, i ft. 8 in. ; width of shaft at the neck, 1 4 in., diminishing slightly towards the bottom ; thickness, 9 in. The crosses on the head are a good deal worn ; that on the front is inclined to the right, and that on the back is upright. Trevia No. i, Lanteglos-by-Camelford For locality of Lanteglos-by Camelford, see last. Trevia is a hamlet situated near the junction of three roads about one and a half miles north of Camelford. I am indebted to Mr. J. R. Collins, of Bodmin, for supplying me with particulars, accompanied by a sketch and dimensions, of this 64 OLD CORNISH CROSSES recently discovered cross, which I have not had an opportunity of visiting. It was found in August 1894, about 300 yards west of Camelford Workhouse, and had been removed from a hedge close by. The cross is now in front of the house occupied by Mr. Nathaniel Stephens at Trevia. Dimensions. — The head is circular, and is i ft. 9 in. in diameter ; only 3 in. of the shaft remain. Comparing his sketch with other specimens, it appears to approach more nearly the type of wheel cross dealt with in this section (see p. 54) than any other, and has, accordingly, been so classified. tJ Luxulyan. In the Churchyard. Luxulyan, in the Deanery of Bodmin, is situated five miles north of St. Austell and about half a mile from Luxulyan railway-station. The cross has been recently erected in the church- yard. Prior to this it lay for some years, neglected, on top of a rockery in the vicarage garden. Formerly it stood, so I was informed, at ' Three Stiles,' near Consence, on the road to Bodmin, where the base still remains, built into a hedge near its original site. Although the cross has been used for a gate- post, it is, nevertheless, in a very good state of pre- servation. The two holes for receiving the lugs or irons used in supporting the gate may be seen, one over the left arm of the cross, and the other near the bottom of the shaft. The tenon is intact. Dimensions. — Length, including tenon, 4 ft. io|in. ; width of head, i ft. i i| in. ; width of shaft, 15 in. ; thickness, 8|in. UNORNAMENTED CROSSES 65 Methrose,' Luxulyan For locality of Luxulyan, see last. Methrose, Medrose, or ' Meadows ' as it is locally named, is a farm about one and a half miles south of Luxulyan. The cross and base are built into the hedge of a field called ' Broom Park,' and only a portion of the front is visible. Dimensions. — Height of cross. I ft. \o\ in. ; width of head, i ft. 5.7 in. ; width of shaft, 9^ in. ; thickness, 5^ in. The base is about 2 ft. square. St. Mabyn. In the Churchyard St. Mabyn, in the Dean- ery of Bodmin, is situated five miles north-west of Bod- min. This cross was formerly built into a rough wall ' on the left-hand side of the road leading from St. Mabyn churchtown to Longstone, about 200 yards from lane end.' ^ It has since been re- covered, and is now mounted on an old stop-chamfered shaft taken from the schools, and fixed into a modern base. This somewhat incongruous monument was erected in ' In 1890 this cross was removed by Mr. Rashleigli to Menabilly, and mounted on a plain granite shaft. " Sir John Maclean, Deanery of 7>/i,',i,' Mtiu>r, vol. ii. p. 452. F 66 OLD CORNISH CROSSES the churchyard, about 1885, opposite the east end of the church. The original site of the cross is unknown, and I am unable to say if the piece of stone upon which it rested in the wall is a fragment of the old shaft. Dimensiofts. — Total height of the monument, 6 ft. 10 in. ; height of head, i ft. 9 in. ; width, 2 ft. ; thickness, 6 in. The head is beaded, but the crosses upon it are so much worn that they are barely traceable ; that on the west is inclined a good deal to the right. '& Colquite, St. Mabyn For locality of St. Mabyn, see last. Colquite, the residence of Mrs. Glencross, is situated about two miles south of St. Mabyn. The original site of this little cross is not known. For many years it formed the threshold of a doorway to a cowhouse or stable at Boconnion, in the parish of Helland. Mr. Pye gave it to the Rev. J. H. Glencross, late rector of Helland, who placed it in his garden. After his death Mrs. Glencross removed to Colquite, and, taking the cro.ss with her, erected it in the garden where it now stands. It was probably once much longer, but all that now remains is the head and some six inches of the shaft. Dimensions. — Height, 2 ft. ; width of head, i ft. 7 in. ; width of shaft, ii^^in. ; thickness at the bottom, 6| in., tapering to about 4 in. at the top. The crosses on front and back are alike ; in the centre of each is a small round hole. Hea Moor, Madron Madron, in the Deanery of Penwith, is situated a mile and a half north of Penzance. U NORN A MEN TED CROSSES 67 Hea Moor (pronounced Hay) is an estate situated about three- quarters of a mile south-east of Madron church- town. The cross rests on a large stone b hedge on the ricjht-hand side of the road ,....w..f-.. «»™; vmm^i Hea Moor to Penzance. The head is elliptical, 'i.^*^:' Ira )uilt into a <^f ;■','_, civ SUffl lad throuQ-h '^^ i^m--' "^''^smiM and retains a few inches of the shaft, the whole being much chipped. Dimensions. — Height, 2 ft. 5 in. ; width of head, i ft. 10 in. Only the front is visible ; the cross upon it has splayed edges, and the background is very deeply sunk. ^-^, Trevenning No. i, Michaelstow Michaelstow, in the Deanery of Trigg Minor, is situated three miles south of Camelford. Trevenning is a hamlet situated about a quarter of a mile south of Michaelstow churchtown. There are three crosses in Mr. Bastard's garden at Trevenning. Nos. I and 2 were brought by him, from the moors near Rough Tor, in the spring of 1888, and placed in their present position for preservation. Both were found by the head of Reedy Marsh, in the parish of St. Breward, about three or four gunshots eastward of ' Middle Moor Post,' and some 300 yards from the edge of the marsh. No. 3 has been in this garden for many years. No. I only will be dealt with here, and Nos. 2 and 3, being of a different character, will be found under the head of ' Crosses with Incised Ornament.' This cross is roughly executed and much injured, the most noticeable feature being the rebates on the edges of the shaft, in place of the usual bead. The base on which it is mounted, although not belonging to it, was, I believe, also brought in from near Rough Tor about the same time as the cross. 68 OLD CORNISH CROSSES Dimensions. — Height, 2 ft. 6 in. ; width of head, i ft. 10 in. ; width of shaft, I ft. 5 in. ; thickness, 7^ in. The base is 3 ft. 4 in. x 2 ft. 8 in. X 6 in. thick. The cross on the head is most irregular, each of the Hmbs being different in size and shape. Waterlake Cross, St. Winnow St. Winnow, in the Deanery of Bodmin, is twelve miles south- west of Liskeard and two miles south of Lostwithiel railway station. Waterlake is a hamlet near Bodmin Road railway-station. ^^'- The cross stands in a cottage-garden occupying a piece of ground at the bifurcation of the road. This ground may possibly have been enclosed, in which case the monolith is likely to be /« sihi. A grass mound 2 ft. 6 in. high has been raised round it, which covers up rather more than half the shaft, the bottom of which is fixed in the ground. It has been wrought from a block of granite unevenly cleft, the result being that, viewed from the front, the head slopes back. lyimcnsions. — Height from top of mound, 4 ft. 6 in. ; width of UNORNAMENTED CROSSES 6g head, 2 ft. 2 In. ; width of shaft at the neck, i ft. 4 in., but widening towards the bottom ; thickness, 10 in. The crosses on front and back are so remarkable that they must be described separately. Front. — This is one of the rare examples of a plain equal-limbed cross ; it has an inclination to the left, and at the intersection of the limbs there is a circular hole. Back. — The limbs are all of uneven width ; the two usually placed horizontally are curved upwards, and the lower and upper are sloped from right to left, the former being widely expanded at the bottom. Wheel Crosses similar to those just described, but with the Bead carried a short Distance down the Shaft, forming A Pear-shaped ' Recess within There are two examples of this type, which will be found at the following places : — Gunwalloe . .In churchyard. Sancreed, No. 2 . In churchyard wall. Gunwalloe. In the Churchyard Gunwalloe, in the Deanery of Kerrier, is three and a half miles south of Helston. The church of Gunwalloe is situated on the coast, just inside a little cove, and is said to have been erected as a votive offering by one who here had escaped from shipwreck. So near is the sea that at times the church is washed by the spray, and the waves have frequently broken away the walls of the churchyard."'' Regarding the recovery of this cross the Rev. A. H. Cummings ^ says : ' If we may conjecture its position, it was probably by the side of the pathway which led the wayfarer across the little stream that ' A description of this particular form is given in the section which deals with crosses having the figure of our Lord sculptured in relief upon them. ' Churches of West Cornwall^ by J. T. Blight, p. 51. ' Churches and Antiquities of Cury and Giinivalloc^T^. 131. Truro, 1S75. 70 OLD COR-iV/SH CROSSES -:'■'■' ' here meanders through the sandbanks. At any rate, somewhere near the church there formerly stood a stone cross, which is mentioned by several writers as being of very early workmanship. It was thrown down long since, and was said, a year or two ago, to be lying at the bottom of the stream, which emjDties itself into the sea. After diligent in- quiry, however, the writer found that a stone cross and base had been in bygone years taken from Gunwalloe to Penrose, the seat of J. J. Rogers, Esq., for safety ; and this cross has now been placed in the angle of the south-east corner of the churchyard — not by any means its original position, but, at any rate, where for the future it may be safe from mutilation or destruction.' Dimensions. — Height, 2 ft. i in. ; width of head, i ft. 6^ in. ; width of shaft, 1 2 in. The front and back of the head are alike, and the crosses upon them have splayed edges. Sancreed, No. 2. In the Churchyard Wall Sancreed, in the Deanery of Penwith, is situated four miles west of Penzance. This cross was brought, many years ago, from Sellan, an estate in this parish. ,/^4^^";^; ^, Adjoining the east wall of the churchyard is a 'm^< . .^'^^1 piece of ground, belonging to the vicarage, called ''■%im^---''^p'f') the Nursery. The cross is built into this wall, a few feet from the right-hand side of the gateway. It is very similar to that just described, but has I-;' '••''■ 5\ been broken at the place where the bead stops on the shaft. Dimensions. — Height, 2 ft. 6 in. ; width of head, i ft. 11 in. ; thick- ness, 8 in. Only the front is visible, on which is a short Latin cross in relief, the upper limb only extended to the inside line of the bead. UNORNAMENTED CROSSES 71 Wheel Crosses similar to those defined on P. 54, but with THE Bead continued down each Side of the Shaft There are two examples of this type, which will be found at the following places : — Lanivet . . Tremoor Cross. Withiel, No. 2 . In rectory garden. Tremoor Cross, Lanivet Lanivet, in the Deanery of Bodmin, is situated three miles south- west of Bodmin town. 72 OLD CORNISH CROSSES The monument stands in its base, on a hedge, at four cross-roads near Tremoor, about one and a half miles west of Lanivet. It is in a very good state of preservation, all the angles being very clear and sharp. The position it now occupies is very curious. There is an opening in the hedge, the sides of which are built up in rough stone- work, and form an outlet for a spring of water from the field beyond. Across this space, and about midway up the hedge, is placed the cross, the base spanning the opening and resting on the sides. Another curious feature is that the mortice goes right through the base, and the shaft of the cross is let into it the whole depth, so that originally the bottom of the cross was resting on the (ground. Dimensions. — Height, 3 ft. 4 in. ; width ot heati, 2 ft. 2 in. ; width of shaft, 15 in. The base is about 3 ft. 6 in. wide and 12 in. thick. The crosses on front and back are alike. Withiel, No. 2. In the Rectory Garden Withiel, in the Deanery of Bodmin, is situated five miles west of Bodmin town. The cross, which is in a very good state of preservation, formerly stood in the road, immediately outside the rectory entrance-gate. It was removed to the garden c. i860, and erected on a modern base of two steps. Di7nensions. — Height, 7 ft. 5 in. ; width of head, i ft. 1 1 in. ; width of shaft, ijin. ; thickness: at the neck 8|in., at the bottom lo|^ in. Front. — The lower limb of the cross on this face is much wider than the others, being expanded almost to the inside line of the bead on the edge. Back. — The cross on the head leans slightly to the left, and the upper limbs extend to the edge of the stone. The three upper limbs UNORNAMENTED CROSSES 71 are carried to the edge of the head, and the bead is stopped three inches below the neck. ^«i ^V.y'.^yi Wheel Crosses similar to those defined on P. 54, but with THE Bead carried completely round the Head, slightly in advance of the Shaft There are four examples of this type, which will be found at the following places : — Bodmin . . . Callywith. ,, No. 3 . . . In a field. Breward, St. . . . Lanke, No. 2. Minver, St. ... St. Enodoc. 74 OLD CORNISH CROSSES CallyTvith, Bodmin Bodmin, in the Deanery of Bodmin, is situated near the middle of the county. Callyvvith Farm is rather over one mile north-east of Bodmin. The cross, which is not considered to be i>i situ, stands by the hedge in the corner of a field marked i 1 30 on the parish map, and now forms a boundary-mark between the parishes of Bodmin and Cardynham. This no doubt accounts for the battered condition of the monolith, consequent upon the time- honoured custom of ' beating the bounds.' There is, however, just sufficient indication of its character remaining to show that it belongs to this subdivision. The shaft has an entasis on one side only, and is brought in and suddenly narrowed at the neck. Dimensions. — Height, 5 ft. 6 in. ; width of head, i ft. 8 in. ; width of shaft, i 5.1 in. ; thickness, 9 in. The crosses on front and back of the head are barel)' traceable. In the centre of each is a small circular hole. ;SS'^i»^^ Bodmin, No. 3. In a Field For locality of Bodmin, see last. Maclean states that the monolith ' formerly stood by the way- side, at the top of Castle Street Hill, close to the corner of the enclosure marked 1096 on the parish map ; but when the fence of the more modern enclosure was built, about forty years ago, the cross was removed, and laid over a well in the adjoining meadow, where it still remains.'^ In a footnote he adds: 'This Deanery of Tris^g Minor, vol. i. p. i iS. UNORNAMENTED CROSSES 75 information was obtained from Stephen Roseveare, aged eighty- two, who resided in one of the cottages adjoining the meadow. He remembered the removal of the cross, and faUhouoh blind] pointed out to the author its original site.' The left side of the head is cut off in a line with the shaft, and the top is a little broken. The uneven fracture at the extreme end suo-crests that it may have been snapped off from its base. Dimensions. — Length, 6 ft. 3 in. ; width of head, 2 ft. ; width of shaft at the neck, 16 in., and an inch less at the bottom ; thickness, 10 in. The cross on the head is in low relief, and inclines to the left. Lanke No. 2, St. Breward St. Breward, in the Deanery of Trigg Minor, is situated five miles south of Camelford. The cross stands on a rockery in Mr. Collins's garden. It is a well-proportioned and beautiful little specimen. The head is elliptical, but only a small portion of the shaft remains. Dimensions. — Total height, i ft. 9 in. ; height of head, i ft. 6 in. ; width of same, i ft. 5 in. The shaft is 13 in. wide. The crosses on front and back are alike, but that on the latter is not quite so distinct as the one here illustrated. St. Enodoc, St. Minver St. Minver, in the Deanery of Bodmin, is situated three miles north-east of Padstow and six miles north-west of Wadebridge. St. Enodoc is two and a half miles west of St. Minver. The cross stands in the churchyard, near the south porch, and has been considerably mutilated. The head, attached to the upper portion of the shaft, was found built into the old churchyard wall when the church was restored in 1863. It was refixed by the late OLD CORNISH CROSSES F. J. Hext, Esq., J. P., D.L.., of Tredethy. The head is elliptical, Its longer diameter being horizontal. Beneath that portion of the bead on the edge which passes over the shaft is a rounded groove. The shaft is straight on the south side, but there is a very marked entasis on the north, and a large piece near the bottom of this side is gone. Dimensions. — Height, 4 ft. 9 in. ; width of head, i ft. 10 in. ; height of same, i ft. 7 in. ; width of shaft : at the neck 10 in., at the bottom about 14 in. ; thickness: at the bottom 6^ in., at the neck 5 in. The base in plan is a rhomboid. The right side is 2 ft. m. ung-, and the left 2 ft. 4 in. : and the thickness, 7 in. The crosses on the head are similar in shape ; that facing east inclines to the north, that on the west, to the south. Wheel Crosses having Quadrants of a Circle filling in the Angles at the intersection of the Limbs ^ There are three examples of this type, which will be found at the following places : — Agnes, St. . . .In churchyard. Kew, St. . . . Polrode Mill. Roche, No. i . .In rectory garden. ' An example of this peculiarity will be found on part of a cross-head at Woodchurch. illustrated in the Transactions of the Historic Society of Lancashire and Cheshire (vol. ix. New Series, Plate XV.). Another instance occurs on part of a cross-head in Adel Museum, near Leeds. .See also the cross in Lesnewth churchyard, p. 165. UNORNAMENTED CROSSES 77 ?S^: St. Agnes. In the Churchyard St. Agnes (pronounced by its inhabitants St. Anne's, in order to distinguish it from St. Agnes, one of the Scilly Isles) is situated in the Deanery of Powder, and is eight miles north-west of Truro and four miles north-west of Chacewater railway station. This massive cross now stands by the wall on the south side of the churchyard. According to Blight, it was formerly used as a lych-stone, to rest coffins upon previous to their being taken into the church. The projecting portion of the head, on the left side, has been cut off in a line with the shaft ; and the upper part, straight across the top. The shape of the head is very peculiar : it is widest at the bottom, and curves outwards, and then inwards, the chamfer on the edge being carried down the shaft. On the left side the chamfer is gone. Dimensions. — Height, 5 ft. 4 in. ; present width of head, i ft. 5 in. (originally it was about i ft. 10 in.) ; width of shaft: at the top 15 in., at the bottom isin. ; thickness at the bottom, I I in., increasing upwards to \2\ in. at the neck. Front. — The cross on the head seems to have been re-cut, as the edges are quite clean and sharp. Back. — This is similar to the front, but not nearly so distinct. Polrode Mill, St. Kew St. Kew, in the Deanery of Bodmin, is situated four miles north of Wadebridge. Polrode Mill is situated about halfway between St. Kew highway and St. Teath, on the right-hand side of the road. 7S OLD CORNISH CROSSES This cross, the original site of which is not known, was once, no doubt, a very fine example, though now much injured. At the present time it forms one of the granite slabs which cover a small watercourse runninsf under the road lead- ing from the highway to Polrode Mill. It is placed at the extreme end, on the left-hand side, where, fortunately, it is out of the way of traffic. Like the cross which is laid over a well at Bodmin, the side of the head has been cut off in a line with the shaft, presumably, in this case, to make it fit close to the adjoining stone. The top is much broken, and there is probably a piece missing from the bottom of the shaft ; but the remainder is in an excellent state of preservation. When entire, the head was originally encircled on both sides by a bold bead, into the lower portion of which run the beads on the angles of the shaft. In both cases they are worked round the angles, and show on the sides of the stone. Dimensions. — Length, 5 ft. 8 in. ; width of head, 2 ft. 5 in. ; width of shaft, I ft. b\ in. ; thickness, gin. N.B. — The first two dimen- sions are taken to the dotted lines, as if the cross were complete. An inspection of the under side shows that the crosses on front and back of the head are alike, each having a small hole in the centre. Roche, No. i. In the Rectory Garden Roche, in the Deanery of St. Austell, is situated six miles north of St. Austell and one mile south of \^Ictoria railway -station. The cross stands in a meadow facing the rectory, a short distance south of the church, and is said to be in sitit. It Is much chipped, especially round the upper portion of the head. The angles of the shaft are beaded on the front and back, but not UNORNAMENTED CROSSES 79 on the sides, as in the case of the cross at Polrode Mil The base consists of an irregu- lar block of granite, roughly wrought. Difuensions. — Height, 4 ft. I in. ; width of head, i ft. 10 in. ; width of shaft, i4in. ; thickness at the bottom, to the neck, 9 in., tapering to 7 in. at the top. The sinkings in the head on front and back, which form the background of the crosses, are very deep, and in the middle of each cross is a circular hole. St. Kew. Wheel Crosses in which the Background of the Cross is formed by four triangular sinkings having rounded sides There are seven examples of this type, which will be found at the following places : — Cardynham Ewe, St. . Levan, St. . Luxulyan Merther . Stephen's-in-Brannell, St. Tywardreath Treslea Down. Corran. Sawah. Trevellan. Tresillian. In churchyard. Tregaminion, No. i. Treslea Down Cross, Cardynham Cardynham, in the Deanery of Bodmin, is situated four miles north-east of Bodmin town. Treslea Down is situated about three-quarters of a mile east of Cardynham churchtown, and the cross is near the eastern boundary of the down. Altogether, this is a very quaint and curious example. The head 8o OLD CORNISH CROSSES is almost square, is considerably chipped at the top, and the shaft is very short. The base is formed of a rough triangular block of granite, which in course of time has sunk on one side, so that the whole monument is now tilted over. Dimensions. — Height of cross, i ft. gin.; width of head, i ft. 5 in. ; width of shaft, \o\ in. ; ■ ■■ ■^'''' ■ thickness, 9I in. The longest side of the base is 4 ft. The crosses on the head are very peculiar : their backgrounds are each formed by four sinkings having deeply splayed sides, but instead of being diagonal, like others, they are placed horizontally and vertically. They are rounded on the outside, and pointed where nearest the centre. That on the front is verv clear, but that on the back is much defaced. j".-i Corran, St. Ewe St. Ewe, in the Deanery of St. Austell, is situated si.x miles south of St. Austell churchtown, at which place is the nearest railway-station. Corran is an estate situated about one mile east of St. Ewe. The monument stands near the cross-roads, about halfway between the Croswin Almshouses and St. Ewe churchtown, and about half a mile east of the latter. It will be found on the left- hand side of the road to Lanuah, on the top of that portion of the hedge which, by reason of the sudden narrowing of the road, projects at this part. In the inner angle is a stile forming the approach to a path leading to Kestle. The cross is much mutilated, especially on one side of the head. Dimcnsioiis. — Height, 3 ft. 4 in. ; width of head, 1 ft. 7 in. ; width UNORNAMENTED CROSSES 8i of shaft: at the neck 12 in., at the bottom 14 in. ; thickness at the bottom and top, 7 in., and at the neck, 8 in. The crosses are alike on front and back, the sunk portions being placed in the same positions as on the cross at Treslea Down. Cardynham, described on p. So. Sawah, St. Levan St. Levan, in the Deanery of Penwith, is situated eight south-west of Penzance. Sawah is a farm situated about a mile north-west of St. church. The cross and base stand in a hedge on the right-hand side of the path leading from St. Levan church to Sawah. Dimensions. — Height of cross, 2 ft. I in. ; width of head, i ft. 8 in. ; width of shaft at the bottom, 1 1 in. ; thickness, 9 in. The base is about 2 ft. 8 in. wide and 14 in, thick. miles Levan Trevellan, Luxulyan Luxulyan, in the Deanery of Bodmin, is situated five miles north of St. Austell and about half a mile from Luxulyan railway-station. Trevellan Farm is about two and a half mile;^ north of Luxulyan. G 82 OLD CORNISH CROSSES The cross has for some years formed part of a bank near the road by the entrance to Trevellan Farm. This is a very rude specimen, and is chamfered on one side only. Large pieces have been broken off from either end, and the stone generally is much injured. Dinicjisions. — Length, 6ft. 2 in. ; width of head, i ft. gin. The shaft varies in width from 15 in. to 17 in. Only the front, side, and one end are visible. The cross on the head was originally surrounded by a bead. Tresillian, Merther Merther, in the Deanery of Powder, is five miles east of Truro. Tresillian is a scattered village situated partly in Merther, Probus, and St. Erme parishes, and is about three ^."J"" ^ "^ miles north-east of Truro. The cross stands on top of Tresillian church t ' M wall, adjoining the road, and is mounted on half \\^ JW , 'W^ '^^4 °^ ^ large cross-base. ■" Z^'\^' "',1 yy The cross was placed in its present position \^''-?fMM^ by Captain W. S. C. Pinwill, of Trehane, Probus In 1863 it was brought by his father from the Chapel Field at Tregellas, a kwrn situated about one and a half miles north-east of Probus. Dimensio7ts. — Height, 2 ft. 6 in. ; width of head, 2 ft. 2 in. ; width of shaft, 16 in. ; thickness, 11 in. at the bottom, tapering slightly to the top. St. Stephen's-in-Brannell. In the Churchyard St. Stephen's-in-Brannell, in the Deanery of St. Austell, is situ- ated five miles west of St. Austell churchtown and three miles north- east of Grampound Road railway-station. Mr. Doney, of Messrs. Doney & Evans, of St. Austell and Bodmin, has kindly furnished me with a sketch, dimensions, and particulars of this cross, which is one of the few I have not seen. ' It was taken from a field at Treneague, in this parish, and now UNORNAMENTED CROSSES 83 lies in the churchyard. The front and back are ahke, and the shaft and base are missing.' Dimensions. — Height, including one or two inches of the shaft, I ft. 4 in. ; width of head, i ft. 6 in. The thickness varies a good deal ; at the bottom it is 8 in., at one side 7 in., at the other 4 in. Comparing the sketch with other specimens, it appears to be most like those at Sawah and Merther, on pp. 81 and 82, and has, accordingly, been placed with them. Tregaminion No. i, Tywardreath Tywardreath, in the Deanery of St. Austell, is situated about three and a half miles north-west of Fowey and one mile east of Par railway-station. Tregaminion is two miles south of Tywardreath church- town, and the same distance due west of Fowey. At Tregaminion is a private chapel belonging to Mr. J. Rash- leigh, of Menabilly. This much- dilapidated cross has been mounted on an old millstone, and now stands near the north-west angle of the chapel. Dimensions. — Height, 2 ft. 3 height of same, i ft. 4 in. ; width of shaft, 13 in. ; thickness, 7 in. m. wi idth of head, i ft. 9 in. Miscellaneous Examples, of which only one Specimen of each EXISTS There are thirteen unclassified examples, which will be found at the following places : — Altarnon, No. 2 . .In vicarage garden. Budock .... Nangitha. Egloshayle, No. 2. . .In churchyard. G 2 S4 OLD CORNISH CROSSES Juliot, St., No. I Lanivet . Levari, St., No. Linkinhorne Mawnan . Riian Minor Sancreed Sennen, No. i Thomas the Apostle, St. Wenn, St. In churchyard. Woodley Cross. On churchyard wall. North Coombe. In church wall. St. Rumon's Cross. Anjarden. On churchyard wall. In churchyard. ' Cross and Hand.' Altarnon, No. 2. In the Vicarage Garden Altarnon, in the Deanery of Trigg Major, is situated eight miles south-west of Launceston. This cross-head now stands in the vicaragfe garden. It was found on a farm in this parish, doing duty as a pigs'- trough, for which purpose the back had been hollowed out. It is of horseshoe form, and has a bead on the edge. Within, but separated from this bead by a flat surface, are four deep triangular sinkings, which form the background of the cross. They have splayed edges, and the lower two are rather longer than those abov-e. Dimensio)is. — Height, 2 ft. 10 in. ; width of shaft, 8 in. ; thickness, 10 in. With the exception of the absence of projections at the neck, this cro.ss-head is very similar in shape to that in Lesnewth churchyard,* on p. 165. Nangitha, Budock Budock, or St. Budock, in the Deanery of Carnmarth, is situated two miles west of Fahnouih. ' By a strange coincidence this stone h.is been utilised for the s.-ime purpose as that mentioned above. VNORNAMENTED CROSSES 85 Nansfitha Farm is about half a mile west of Budock. The remahis of this monument will be found on the right-hand side of a cart-road called Nangitha Lane, a short distance above the farm. All that is now left of it is a fine circular base, having a slightly convex top and a curious rounded portion on one side of the mortice. In this mortice, which is pierced right through the stone, is the remnant of the cross-head. Dr. JamesIago,F.R..S., gives an interesting ac- count, with an illustration, of this cross ' and its sur- roundings. On visiting it in August 1 89 1, I found the portion of the cross still in the mortice, where at least it appeared to be safe, as it was tightly jammed in. Dimensions. — Diameter of base, 5 ft. 2 in. ; thickness, 1 1 in. ; length of the portion of cross, 2 ft. ; width of same, i ft. 2 in. ; thickness, 9 in. The remaining piece of the cross is very curious, and opens up a wide field for speculation, especially in regard to its original position on the shaft. It seems probable, however, that when entire the head of the cross was circular. Jounui!^ Royal Ins/. CoriiWitll. vol. \. p. 53. 86 OLD CORNISH CROSSES Egloshayle, No. 2. In the Churchyard Egloshayle, in the Deanery of Bodmin, is situated half a mile south-east of Wadebridge. This cross now stands by the west entrance to the churchyard, and is opposite to No. i cross, already described on p. 60. I am not in possession of any particulars relating to its former site or history. Dimensions. — Height, 3 ft. 6 in. ; width of head, I ft. 4 in. ; width of shaft, 1 1 in. The crosses on front and back seem to be alike. That on the front (shown on the drawing) is very distinct, but on the back only parts of the cross remain. I failed to find anything like a fleur-de-lis upon it, as ■-'i''(fVTO®(WP!W^-> given in Maclean.^ St. Juliot, No. I. In the Churchyard St. Juliot, in the Deanery of Trigg Minor, is situated seven miles north-east of Camelford. The cross stands on the eastern side of the churchyard, close to the entrance. Information regarding its history is sup- plied by Maclean,^ who tells us that it for- merly stood by Anderton Mill, in the parish of Lesnewth, and that in 1852, for the purpose of preservation, it was set up in St. juliot churchyard by the then perpetual curate, the Rev. G. W. Manning. Of its use as a gatepost ample evidence still remains in the e.xistence of two strong lugs, or iron hooks, leaded into the shaft, for the purpose of hanging a gate. In addition to these two holes, a third has been sunk near the lower lug, showing that the stone has been used on more than one occasion for this purpose. ' Deanery of Trigg Minor, vol. i. p. 407. - Ibid. vol. ii. p. 400. UNORNAMENTED CROSSES 87 Perhaps the most interesting feature of this monument is its shape, which, however, makes it somewhat difficult to classify. Obviously it does not belong to the first class of monument, described on p. 35, since it possesses architectural features not present in that particular type. On the other hand, the shape of the head hardly seems sufficiently pronounced to justify the name of ' wheel cross ' being applied to it. It may, therefore, I think, be considered either as transitional, or as a very early form of the round-headed, or wheel crosses, since the head is only just indicated by a slight depression, about an inch deep, on each side, but is otherwise of the same width as the portion of the shaft adjoining. The upper part of the stone is outlined by a bead, which is now considerably mutilated, a matter of small surprise after what it has undergone. The bead appears to die off just below the head, but it is now impossible to say where it originally terminated. Dimensions. — Height, 5 ft. 5 in. ; width across the upper portion, or head, 2 ft. ; greatest width of shaft, 2 ft., and at the bottom, i ft. 10 in. ; thickness at the bottom and neck, 9^ in., tapering to 7^^ in. at the top. On both front and back of the head is a cross. The three upper limbs in each case extend to the bead, whilst the lower limb, or shaft, is carried a short distance below the depressions representing the neck, and is a little longer than the others. Woodley Cross, Lanivet Lanivet, in the Deanery of Bodmin, is situated three miles south- west of Bodmin. Woodley Farm is situated on a hill above the valley of Lanivet, and is about half a mile west of the church. The cross and portion of its base now lie, one on either side of a very rough, stony road, which is apparently only used by the farm- people as an access to some of the fields. The presence of the cross here seems to indicate that this was an ancient road-track, since it leads directly down to the church. The present sites of the cross and base preserve their relative 88 OLD CORNISH CROSSES positions same as in the illustration, except that they are much farther apart, the distance between the head of the cross and portion of the base opposite being 5 ft. 6 in. The cross was probably knocked out of the base, as it is roughly fractured at the bottom, and was then simply moved to where it still lies, neglected by the side of the hedge. It will also be noticed that a large piece of the base — nearly half — is broken off, and has disappeared, but the remaining portion is probably in situ. ;i- V ' -i jiV.'i'-'-' /ijS,.' > \ As might be supposed from the foregoing, the cross is very much mutilated, and forming, as it now does, a sort of paving-stone in the road, has in consequence become much worn and chipped by the passage of carts, &c. Dimensions. — Length of cross, 4 ft. 9 in. ; width of head, 2 ft. ; width of shaft, I3lin. ; thickness : at the bottom 10 in., at the top 6 in. The base when entire was 4 ft. 6 in. long and probably 3 ft. wide. UNORNAMENTED CROSSES 89 On the exposed side of the head are four triangular sinkings having rounded sides and angles ; they are raised in the centre, their upper surfaces being flush with that of the stone. St. Levan, No. i. On the Churchyard Wall St. Levan, in the Deanery of Penwith, is situated eight miles south-west of Penzance. The cross stands on the east wall of the churchyard, on the left- hand side of the entrance. It is very clearly cut, and seems to be rather a late example. The chamfers on the angfles of the shaft die off gradually on to the lower portion of the head. Dimensions. — Height, 2 ft. 8 in. ; width of head, i ft. 9 in. ; width of shaft, 15 in. ; thickness, 9 in. The crosses on front and back of the head are alike, and are similar to those on the cross in this church- yard, and on that at St. Michael, St. Minver, the only difference in detail being that the lower limb of the cross in question is without the expanded termination corresponding to those on the others. North Coombe, Linkinhorne Linkinhorne, in the East Deanery, is situated four miles north- west of Callington and eight miles south-west of Launceston rail- way-stations. North Coombe Farm, in the occupation of Mr. John Trehane, is situated two miles north-west of Linkinhorne churchtown. The Rev. Norman L. Bicknell, has kindly forwarded me a sketch, dimensions, and particulars relating to this cross. It is now used as the step of a gateway leading into an old 90 OLD CORNISH CROSSES cottasfe which stands close to the farmhouse and is known to have been built over a hundred and fifty years ago. Neither the present farmer nor his old uncle, who is now nearly ninety, remember this stone as having been in any other position than that which it now occupies. The late vicar, the Rev. W. H. Poland, had noticed this stone, and attempted to recover it, but without avail. In a list of ' Things to be done in the Parish ' which he left was the following entry : ' To recover the old cross at Coombe.' This cross has been much mutilated. One side of the head has been cut off, as well as a portion of the side of the shaft, and, apparently to make it fit better, another inch has been cut out of the side of the head. There are also two deep sinkings on the shaft ; the upper hole is square, and the lower is round, which seems to show that it was previously used for some other purpose, probably as a gatepost. The base of the cross formerly lay near the gateway, but two or three years ago it was broken up. Two large pieces, however, remain, and show the size of the socket. Dimensions. — Height, 3 ft. 3 in. ; width of head when entire, i ft. 9 in. ; width of shaft, 1 1 in. ; thickness, %\ in. On the exposed side of the head is an equal-limbed cross with expanded ends and curved sides. The upper limbs are not carried to the edge of the stone.' Mawnan. In Church Wall Mawnan, in the Deanery of Kerrier, is situated four and a half miles south-west of Falmouth. This portion of a cross-head was dug up near the front entrance to the churchyard ■il'i /l^^'T^p-- when the new gateway was erected during ^m.-<--M^':'''ir7^^:W--- the restoration of the church in 1881. ^,,,- It is now built into the west wall of the north aisle, immediately below the window-sill. ' Not knowing what maybe at the back, its classification is uncertain. It has, therefore, been placed in this sub-division, though apjarently it belongs to the type defined on p. 42. UNORNAMENTED CROSSES 91 Dimensions. — Height, i ft. 2 in. ; width of head, i ft. 8 in. Only one face is visible, on which is carved a cross of irregular shape. The left arm is much longer than the others, and is tilted upwards, like those on the crosses at ' Cross and Hand,' St. Wenn, and at Waterlake, St. Winnow. St. Rumon's Cross, Ruan Minor Ruan Minor, in the Deanery of Kerrier, is situated ten miles south-east of Helston. The late Mr. S. J. Wills, of St. Wendron, sent me a cutting from a local paper of April, 1892, which contained a sketch and notes of this cross. After saying that the cross stands in a field still called the Chapel Field, in which once stood the oratory of St. Rumon, he describes the cross as ' a rude pillar of hornblende, on which a simple cross is still faintly visible. Nothing like it appears anywhere else in Cornwall, so rude and unshapely are its outlines. . . . Indeed, if the traditions still current in the neighbourhood did not confirm the evi- dence of the " oldest inhabitant," I should have hesitated before ad- mitting that this stone is really a Christian memorial. But its situa- tion, coupled with the local tradition and the statement of an old man whose recollection of it extends over a period of sixty years, that his ancestors called it St. Rumon's Cross, give it an importance that it mio^ht not otherwise be able to claim.' Dimensions. — Height, 2 ft. 10 in. ; width of head, i ft. 4 in. ; width of shaft : at the bottom 10 in., at the neck 1 1 1 in. Anjarden, Sancreed Sancreed, in the Deanery of Penwith, is situated four miles west of Penzance. Anjarden Manor is a short distance south of the church. The cross stands on top of a hedge about a quarter of a mile south of the church, and on the left hand side of the parish road leading from Sancreed to Tregonebris. 92 OLD CORNISH CROSSES Dimensions. — Height, 2 ft. 2 in. ; width of head, i ft. \o\ in. ; width of shaft, ii|in. ; thicknes.s, 5 in. This Httle cross is chiefly interesting since it combines the two methods most commonly employed in forming the crosses on the stones. The upper portion of the emblem is produced by sinking the two triangular spaces and enclosing them on the outer side, while in the lower portion the whole of the background is sunk, a method most generally adopted. On the back is a cross similarly executed. Sennen, No. i. On Churchyard Wall .Sennen, or St. Sennen, in the Deanery of Penwith, is situated ten miles south-west of Penzance. This cross-head is now fi.Ked on ^.o\^ of the eastern pier of the south entrance to the churchyard. It was shown to me by Mr. J. Uren, of Sennen, in July 1884, at which time it was near the 'Giant's Stone.'' This stone will be found by following the church path from the north-east corner of Sennen i^\|5i churchyard in an easterly direction. The cross-head was then built into a hedge a few feet from the left-hand side of the last stile crossed before reaching the ' Giant's Stone ' ; the lower portion rested on the ground, but the back was concealed. The accompanying drawing was made when it was in this position. It will be noticed that a piece is broken off the bottom. Dimensions. — Height, 2 ft. ; width of head, 2 ft. 6 in. ; thickness, about 7 in. The crosses on front and back are alike, and are formed of four ' The ' Giant's Stone ' is a huge block of granite in which some deep holes arc cut. It is said to have been a sacrificial stone, and that the holes were made to receive the blood of the victims I UNORNAMENTED CROSSES 93 beaded triangles so arranged that they form a cross with expanded Hmbs between them. Their sides are concave, the outer ones being concentric with outHne of the head, and 5^ in. within it. St. Thomas the Apostle. In the Churchyard St. Thomas the Apostle, in the Deanery of Trigg Major, is situ- ated in the valley between the parishes of St. Mary Magdalene and St. Stephen's, Launceston. The church stands close to the river Kensey, and is near both the railway-stations. The cross will be found near the north-east angle of the church, amongst some architectural fragments found in ,-- the Old Priory during excavations made in the '■^li'^iMW recent formation of the railway-cutting and en- largement of the gasworks. It was found when the church was rebuilt in 1869-70. When the chancel wall was taken down, the cross was discovered built into the lower portion. It formed one of the plinth stones, which may probably account for the chamfer along one side. It will be seen that the stone is very much mutilated. A large piece is missing from the top, and the sides of the head have been cut off even with the shaft, showing that it has been utilised for some other purpose. This is the greater pity since it is a more elaborate example of this type than is usually found. In its complete state the head was surrounded by a second bead — as shown by the dotted lines — a feature which is very unusual. After being brought in below the head, it is sloped outwards, and then downwards, its outer line running into that forming the bead on the angles of the shaft, and is then returned across the bottom. The partial continuation of this outer bead, to indicate the narrowing of the neck between the head and shaft, is also peculiar. 94 OLD CORNISH CROSSES Dimensions. — Height, 3 ft. 6 in. ; probable width of head when complete, i ft. 7 in. ; width of shaft, 1 5 in. ; thickness, 6 in. Within the inner bead of the head on front and back is an equal- limbed cross. 'Cross and Hand,' St. Wenn St. Wenn, in the Deanery of Pyder, is situated four miles east of St. Columb Major and three miles from Victoria railway-station. ' Cross and Hand ' Ss in the valley near the foot of Castle-an- Dinas, on the top of which is an ancient earthwork. The cross stands in the extreme north-west corner of the parish. Between it and the hedge is a small rivulet, and at a point at right ' I have been unable to ascertain the origin of this name, and cannot find the place on maps or in books of reference. UNORNAMENTED CROSSES 95 angles to the cross this hedge is intersected by another, their junction being the meeting-point of three parishes, viz. St. Wenn, St. Columb Major, and Roche. Some years ago the cross became detached from its base, but has recently been refixed, so insecurely, however, that it leans forward two feet. In addition to its having been roughly executed originally, it is now considerably mutilated. The entasis on the shaft is very marked, and the stone is thickest in the middle. The base is sup- posed to be 171 siiu. Dimensions. — Height, 6 ft. i in. ; width of head, i ft. 11 in. ; width of shaft : at the neck 15 in., at the bottom 17 in. ; thickness : at the bottom 8^ in., in the middle 10 in., and at the neck 2,^m. Front. — On the head is a cross of very irregular shape, having a recessed background, the face of the cross being flush with that of the stone. The upper and horizontal limbs are carried to the edge of the rounded head. That on the right is canted up, and the upper one inclines considerably to the left, while the left limb slopes slightly downwards, and is expanded at the lower end. Back. — On the head is a cross similar to that on the front. WHEEL CROSSES WITH THE ADDITION OF SUNDRY ARCHITECTURAL FEATURES Cifhert, St. In churchyard. Illogan. In churchyard. Geographical Distribution Lelant. In churchj'ard. Tintagel. Bossiney. With a central Sinking There are two examples of this type, which will be found at the following places : — Cubert, St. . .In churchyard. Illogan . . .In churchyard 96 OLD CORXISH CROSSES St. Cubert, St. Cubert. In the Churchyard in the Deanery of Pyder, is situated ten miles north- west of Truro and five miles south-west of Newquay railway-station. The cross now stands against the west wall of the north transept of the church. It was brought up from Ellenglaze Lane somewhere about the year i860. The shaft on which the cross is mounted formerly stood outside the churchyard, but what purpose it served does not appear to be known. Dimensions. — Height of cross, i ft. 10 in. ; width of head, I2|in. ; width of shaft, 8| in. ; thickness, 6 in. On the head is an irregularly shaped cross with wide limbs. In the middle is a large square sinking having rounded angles. In its present position the back is not visible Illogan. In the Churchyard Illogan, in the Deanery of Carnmarth, is situated two and a half miles north of Redruth. The cross stands on the south side of the church, and is sup- posed to be in situ. It is most probably very deeply buried, as the sexton informed me that when digging a grave by the side of it he uncovered the lower portion of the shaft to a depth of 5 feet without finding the bottom. Dimensions. — Height, 5 ft. 10 in. ; width of head, i ft. 2>\ in. The shaft is a uniform width of 15 in. The head is beaded, and the angles of the shaft are chamfered. Except that the head is somewhat chipped, the cross is in a very good state of preservation. VNORKAMENTED CROSSES 97 On both front and back of the head is across. That on the front is inch'ned to the left, and has very widely expanded limbs and a *i^* circular sinking in the centre. On the back is a cross having limbs of approximately equal length and width, and an inclination to the right. In the centre is a large square sinking with rounded angles. With a Central Boss There are two examples of this type, which will be found at the following places : — Lelant, No. i. . .In churchyard. Tintagel . . . Bossiney. Lelant, No. i. In the Churchyard Lelant, or Uny Lelant, in the Deanery of Penwith, is situated six miles north-east of Penzance. The church stands about one mile west of Lelant railway-station. H 98 OLD CORNISH CROSSES The cross stands on the south side of the church, and is supposed to be i)i situ. It is in a very good state of preser- vation, and is an interesting example, owing to the peculiar form of the crosses on front and back of the head, with their central bosses. The shaft has an entasis, is contracted at the neck, and its angles are chamfered. Dimensions. — Height, 6 ft. lo in. ; width of head, i ft. 4^ in. ; width of shaft: at the neck 13 in., at the bottom 1 6 in. The stone is of a uniform thick- ness of 1 1 in. The crosses above mentioned are formed by four triangular sinkings so placed as to form what is termed a St. Andrew's cross between them. That on the front is very much more evenly exe- cuted than the one here shown. The only other cross at all resembling this particular form is on Connor Down, Gwinear. Bossiney Cross, Tintagel Tintagel, in the Deanery of Trigg Minor, is situated six miles north of Camelford. Bossiney is a village one and a half miles north-east of Tintagel church. About half a mile north of Bossiney, near Pentaly, the ancient road from Bossiney to Waterpit Down is intersected by the highway from Camelford to Boscastle. The monolith stands near the angle of the road leading to Boscastle. It is very much chipped round the head. The only part of the UNORNAMENTED CROSSES 99 bead now remaining, and by which it was once surrounded, is seen passing over, and slighdy in advance of, the shaft, the entasis on the latter being very marked. Dimensions. — Height, 5 ft. ; width of head at present, about i ft. 10 in. ; width of shaft, i ft. 5 in. ; thickness, 7 in. The head is ahke on front and back, the cross on each being formed by four deep and clear triangular sinkings having splayed edges. The crosses have e.xpanded limbs, all of which are, however, of different widths at the extremities, the lower in each case being by far the largest. In the middle of each cross is a boss in bold relief. WHEEL CROSSES WITH A L.'^TIN CROSS OR CROSSES IN RELIEF UPON THEM, THE UPPER LIMBS CONTAINED IN THE HEAD Like the examples already described, many crosses with this form of the emblem upon them have some other characteristic on the front — such as the figure of our Lord, &c. — which places them in other groups. Only those, therefore, which come imder the above head will be dealt with here. Where the Latin cross does not occur on the back also there is an equal-limbed cros.s. Breage, St. Geographical Distribtition Trcvcna. Buryan, St. Boskenna Gate Cro.ss. Crtviborne. Trevu. Halsetoivn. In villafjc. Hclstoii. In a garden. Jiist-in-Pemvitli, St. Kenidjack (2). Nanquidno. H 2 lOO Keverne, St. Trelanvean. L anteglos-by- Camelford. Tregoodwell. Lelant (2). Brunian Cairn. Sea Lane. Liidgvan. In church\-ard. Mabe. In vicarage garden. Madron. Boswarthen. Paul, St. In vicarage hedge. OLD CORNISH CROSSES Pendeen. In vicarage garden. Sennen. In cemetery. Sennen Green. Stytltians. In vicarage garden. Towednack. Tredorwin. Warleggon. In churchyard. Zennor. In vicarage garden. With the Lower, but not the Upper, Limbs carried TO THE EDGE OF THE StONE There are five examples of this type, which will be found at the following places : — Breage, St. ..... Trevena Cross. Camborne .... Trevu, No. i. Just-in-Penwith, St. . . Kenidjack, No. 1. Lelant ..... Brunian Cairn. Paul, St., No. I . . • Jn vicarage hedge. Trevena ' Cross, St. Breage St. Breage, or Breage, in the Deanery of Kerrier, is situated three miles west of Helston. This little cross stands in its base at the junction of three roads about half a mile north of St. Breage churchtown. A large piece has been broken off the top, carrying with it the ' Pronounced Trevenna, and sometimes thus spelt. UNORNAMENTED CROSSES loi upper limb of the cross. The base is very large for a cross of this size, but is now covered with turf to the depth of about two or three inches. Dimensions. — Height, i ft. 9 in. ; width of head, 14 i in. ; width of shaft, 10 in. ; thickness, b\ in. The base is 3 ft. 2 in. square. The crosses on front and back are alike. Trevu No. 1, Camborne Camborne, in the Deanery of Carnmarth, is situated twelve miles south-west of Truro. Trevu is the property and late residence of George J. Smith, Esq., J. P., and is close to the railway-station. ' This cross formerly stood near the railway-station, Camborne.' ' It is now mounted on a modern base in the garden of the above-named residence. .•;.'.-. \'i.i'?> The projection of the head beyond the shaft is extremely slight, and on one side has been broken off. Dimensions. — Heiq;ht, 2 ft. 7 in. ; !, yW^"^ width of head, i ft. 6 in. ; width of shaft, M^Mi\h\^m\mZM^^''.^¥ On the front is a Latin cross having '^Mfexit^i^iB?^*i^^*"^^ an inclination to one side. In the centre of the cross on the back here illustrated is a small circular hole. Kenidjack No. i, St. Just-in-Penwith St. Just-in-Penwith, in the Deanery of Penwith, is situated seven miles west of Penzance. Kenidjack estate is about half a mile north of St. Just. The cross stands in the garden belonging to Alma Villa, the residence of Mrs. James. There are two crosses in this garden. The first to be noticed ' J. T. Blight, Crosses and Aiiliquities of Cornwall, p. 23. I02 OLD CORNISH CROSSES stands just inside the boundary-wall, next to the road, from which it can be seen. It formerly stood at Maen, in the parish of Sennen, and was removed to its present position many years ago. It is a massive little monument, and has upright sides to the head, which are rounded at the top and bottom. Apparently it was once used as a gatepost, as there is a hole in the side of the shaft, just below the neck. Dimensions. — Height, 2 ft. 9 in. ; width of head, 1 ft. 6 in. ; width of shaft, 1 2 in. ; thickness on the side, 13 in., and, including the projection of the crosses, 15!^ in. On both front and back is a wide-limbed cross in high relief, each having a projection of ij inches. The cross on the front is upright, while that on the back has a considerable inclination from right to left. Brunian ' Cairn, Lelant Lelant, or Uny Lelant, in the Deanery of Penwith, is situated six miles north-east of Penzance. Brunian Cairn is a small village some two and a half miles west of Lelant, and about half a mile from the larger village of Brunian. I am indebted to Mr. G. H. Grenfell, of Penzance, for some very good sketches, dimensions, and particulars regarding this cross. It stands in the village, on a piece of ground which was formerly the site of a pond, now drained. The cross was, therefore, at one time surrounded by water. It appears to be in a very fair state of preservation. The angles of the shaft are beaded on front and back, and die off gradually on to the lower portion of the head. Dimensions. — Height, 5 ft. ; width of head, i ft. 11 in. ; width of shaft, I ft. 5 in. The crosses on front and back are similar, except that the limbs of one are much wider than those of the other. ' Also spelt Brunnion and Brunion. UNORNAMENTED CROSSES 103 St. Paul, No. I. In Vicarage Hedge. Paul, or St. Paul, in the Deanery of Penwith, is situated two and a half miles south of Penzance. The cross stands against the vicarage hedge, a short distance beyond the church, and on the left-hand side of the road leading to Mousehole. The base is built into the hedge on end, nearly opposite to the cross. An old man employed in repairing the roads and hedges informed me that he found the cross, about the year 1878, buried in the hedge, near the spot where the base now stands. It is much chipped about the head, and varies slightly from others of this kind by the easy curve connecting the head to -^^--^s* the shaft. Dimensions. — Height, 2 ft. 9 in. ; width of head, i ft. \o\ in. ; width of shaft at bottom, i ft. The base is 3 ft. x 2 ft. x 10 in. thick, with a mortice in the middle 14 in. x 10 in. x 5 in. deep. Only one face of the stone is visible. The two horizontal limbs of the cross upon it are of equal width ; the upper one is expanded at the top, and the shaft is gradually contracted by the sloping together of its sides. With each Limb carried to the edge of the Stone There are four examples of this type, which will be found at the following places : — Helston, No. i . . . In a garden. Lanteglos-by-Camelford . . Tregoodwell. Sennen ..... Sennen Green. Zennor, No. i . . .In vicarage garden. I04 OLD CORNISH CROSSES Helston, No. i. In a Garden Helston, in the Deanery of Kerrier, is situated ten miles south of Camborne ; its railway-station is one mile from the town. The cross now stands in Mr. Baddeley's garden, Cross Street. Blight says : ' This cross was removed from W'm^^i Tresprison [St. Wendron], near Helston, where ■■"^''■'' it served as a stepping-stile.' A large piece has been broken off the top. The sides of the shaft are chamfered, and die into the under side of the head. The outline of the head is continued to the inside line of the chamfer on both the front and back of the shaft. DiJiiciisions. — Height, 2 ft. 3 in. ; width of head, i ft. 4|in. ; width of shaft, 12 in. ; thickness, 9 in. The crosses on front and back are alike, both being in very low relief. The horizontal limbs are so much below the centre of the head that they are almost down to the neck. Tregoodwell, Lanteglos-by-Camelford Camelford, in the Deanery of Trigg Minor and parish of Lante- glos, is situated twelve miles north of Bodmin. Camelford railway- station is not far from the town. Tregoodwell Farm adjoins the town of Camelford. For the following particulars regarding the recent discovery of this cross I am indebted to Mr. T. B. Burns, of Camelford. He informed me that the cross was dug out of a hedge, in June 1891, while the owner of the farm was taking down a portion of it, in order to make an opening for a gateway. Fortunately, he preserved the stone, instead of again using it for building purposes, as is customary in the majority of instances. It now r^sts on the top of one of the ' J. T. Bliglit, Aiicit:nt Crosses and Antiquities oj Cornwall, p. 58. UNORNAMENTED CROSSES 105 boundary-stones of Camelford borough, close to the spot where it was found, near the junction of two lanes. It is very roughly hewn, and is now rather chipped. Only about two inches of the shaft remain. Dimensions. — Height, i ft. 5 in. ; width of head, 16 in. ; width of shaft, 9 in. ; thickness, 4^ in. On both front and back is the upper portion of what appears in each case to have originally been a Latin cross. That on the back slopes slightly to the left. Sennen Green, Sennen Sennen, In the Deanery of Penwith, is situated ten miles south- west of Penzance. The cross stands near a stile on the left-hand side of the pathway leading across the fields from Sennen church to Sennen Green. It is placed against the hedge, so that only the front is visible. The head is quite round, and the shaft is of uniform width and without entasis. Dimensions. — Height, 3 ft. 2 in. ; width of head, i8|in. ; width of shaft, \i\\Vi. On the front is a wide-limbed cross in high relief, having slightly splayed edges and a pro- jection of an inch. The upper limb is very short, and the right is much wider than the others. ^m Zennor, No. i. In the Vicarage Garden Zennor, in the Deanery of Penwith, is situated seven miles north- west of Penzance. The cross stands on the grass in front of the /.M%'k%^i, vicarage. f!ft!^. '%^ It was found in a hedge of the vicarage garden, ^'JvJ^^.'^ |^ mm. by the present vicar, in the spring of 1890. It is somewhat mutilated at the top and bottom, ^Si'^ssKs^^*-- and was probably once much higher. io6 OLD CORNISH CROSSES Dimensions. — Height, i ft. gin. ; width of head, i ft. 6 in. ; width of shaft, 12 in. ; thickness, 8|in. The cross on the back is similar to that on the front (here illus- trated), but its shaft is not carried tc the bottom of the stone. With expanded Limls,' none of which are carried to the EDGE OF THE StONE There are three examples of this type, which will be found at the following places : — Mabe . . .In vicarage garden. Sennen, No. 2 . . In cemetery. Warleggon . .In churchyard. Mabe. In the Vicarage Garden Mabe, or St. Mabe, in the Deanery of Carnmarth, is situated five miles west of Falmouth. The cross stands against the front wall of the vicarage. Instead of a bead on the edge of the head there is a rebate,^ and the entasis on the shaft is very marked. Dimensions. — Height, 3ft. 3 in. ; widtli of head, i5in. ; width of shaft: at the top and bottom \\\ in., in the middle \2\ in. ; thickness. Sin. The crosses on the front and back are not alike. That on the front has a much longer shaft than the cross on the back, and the limbs are very slightly expanded at the ends. From the sharp appearance of the cross on the back, as well as the re-dressed portion on the upper part of the stone, the whole seems to have been recut in modern times. ' A cross of this for?ii will be found in the .Vdcl Museum, near Leeds. • The occunence of a rebate, or L-shaped sinking, is very rare ; the only other two instances will be found on No. i cross, Trevenniny, Michaelstow, and on a Latin cross in lhc\illage of .St. Xcot. UNORNAMENTED CROSSES 107 Sennen, No. 2. In the Cemetery Sennen, or St. Sennen, in the Deanery of Penwith, is situated ten miles south-west of Penzance and one mile from the Land's End. Sennen churchtown proper consists only of the church and a few houses. The rest of the village is called Treave, after a farm of that tm name, and appears to have sprung up around the farm instead of around the church. This splendid monolith has at last found a resting-place in the middle of the recently formed cemetery adjoining the churchyard. For some years it formed a footbridge over a small stream which runs below Trevear Farmhouse, situated about a mile and a half north-east of Sennen church. This farm is in the occupation of Mr. loS OLD CORNISH CROSSES Harvey, to whom I am indebted for the following history connected with the recovery of this cross : — About the year 187S the Rev. R. J. Roe, rector of Sennen, with the permission and co-operation of Air. Harvey, decided on the removal of the cross to a place of safety. A long search was then made for the base, which, report said, was somewhere in the vicinity of the cross ; but for some time it could not be found. Ultimately, an old man in the village, who was referred to, said he remembered its exact situation, and pointed it out. After considerable labour the base was dug out from a depth of four feet below the surface. The monument was then erected by the side of the road, immediately opposite the west end of the church, and was in that position when this drawing of it was made ; but the base was then covered. About the year 1890 it was removed to the new cemetery. Dimensiotis. — Height, 7 ft. 2 in. ; vyidth of head, 2 ft. 2 in. ; width of shaft : at the neck 18 in., at the bottom 20J in. ; thickness, 13 in. Front. — On this face is a cross with e.xpanded limbs, the hori- zontal and upper limbs not being carried to the edge of the head. The upper limb has an inclination to the left, and the shaft is carried to about 18 inches below the neck, where it is terminated by a very widely expanded end, or step. Back. — The cross on this face is similar to that on the front, but the upper limbs run out to the edge of the head, and the horizontal ones are below its centre. The shaft, however, is very much longer than the other, and is carried some three feet below the neck, and gradually widens towards the bottom. Warleggon. In the Churchyard Warleggon, in the Deanery of Bodmin, is situated si.x miles east of Bodmin and five miles north-east of Bodmin Road railway- station. The cross now stands in the churchyard, opposite the south porch. Its original site is not known, but it was removed to the church- UNORNA MEN TED CR OSSES 109 yard from Carborrow, near Treveddow, where it was last used as a gatepost. There are no less than six holes in this monolith, made at different times for receiving the iron lugs to which the gates were hung, as follows : on the front, near the top, _^ is a hole, the making of which broke away a large portion of the face, as well as the upper limb of the cross ; on the east, one hole ; on the north, another, below the cross ; and on the west, three. The severe jarring to which the stone must have been sub- jected during the period of its utilisation no doubt accounts for the large pieces which have been broken off the edges of the holes. Dimensions. — Height, 5 ft. 7 in. ; width of head, i ft. loiin. ; width of shaft, 15^ in. ; thickness, io| in. Front. — The cross here is neither central nor upright, and slopes from left to right. The upper limb, as above stated, has been broken off and the horizontal limbs, of uneven length, are very low down on the cross-head. The shaft is carried about halfway down the stone, and is terminated by an expanded end. Back. — This is in a still more dilapidated condition. Little of the cross remains except the upper limb ; but the emblem seems to have originally been similar to that on the front. Miscellaneous Examples, some with a Bead on the edge of THE Head, or other slight Variation in Detail, including the addition of sundry Architectural Features There are eleven unclassified examples, which will be found at the following places : — • Buryan, St. . . . Boskenna Gate Cross. Halsetown . . . In village. Just-in-Penwith, St. . Kenidjack, No. 2. I lO OLD CORNISH CROSSES Just-in-Penwiih, St. Keverne, St. Lelant . Ludgvan, No. i Madron Pendeen Stythians Towednack . Nanquidno. Trelanvean. Sea Lane. In churchyard. Bosvvarthen. In vicarage garden. In vicarage garden. Tredorwin. Boskenna Gate Cross, St. Buryan St. Buryan, in the Deanery of Penwith, is situated si.K miles south-west of Penzance. Boskenna lies about two miles south-east of St. Burvan The monument stands in its circular base opposite Boskenna Gate, and has been broken in two below the head. UNORNAMENTED CROSSES iir Dinmisions. — Height, 5 ft. ; width of head, 2 ft. ; width of shaft, i5jin. ; thickness, 12 in. ; diameter of base, 5 ft. The crosses on front and back are aHke, and extend from beneath the bead at the top of the head to the bottom of the stone, their shafts being gradually widened towards the bottom. That on the front is not central, but is placed considerably to the left. Most of the corresponding portion of the cross on the back, below the frac- ture, has disappeared. Halsetown. In the Village Halsetown, in the Deanery of Penwith, is a modern parish formed out of St. Ives, but its boundary is not shown on the map in the ' Truro Diocesan Kalendar.' It is situated one mile south of St. Ives railway-station. I am indebted to Mr. G. H. Grenfell, of Penzance, for a sketch and information regarding this cross. He has known of its exist- ence since 1889 It is now used as the capstone for a gatepost, and will be found about halfway between the modern church and the Halsetown Hotel. One side of the head has been cut off in a line with the shaft, and the rest of the stone is much mutilated. Dimensions. — Height, i ft. 9 in. ; width, i ft. 2 in. On the front is a cross, which is now very indistinct ; the upper limb is very short, and is not carried to the top. The others appear to die off before reaching the outline of the stone. The back is plain. Kenidjack No. 2, St. Just-in-Penwith St. Just-in-Penwith, in the Deanery of Penwith, is situated seven miles west of Penzance. With the exception of one or two minor differences in detail, this cross is very similar to No. i in this garden, already described on pp. loi, 102. A piece is chipped off the top, and the monument has been broken across the shaft. The sides of the head are slightly rounded, and slope inwards towards the. top. I 12 OLD CORNISH CROSSES Dimensions. — Height, 3 ft. 6 in. ; width of head, i5.|in. ; width of shaft: at the top lo.jin., at the bottom 12 in ; thickness, loj in. On both the front and back is a cross in high relief having splayed edges ; the horizontal limbs extend to the outline of the head, the .shafts in each case being carried to within six inches of the bottom, where they rest on what might be called a square step, the full width of the stone, the surface of which is flush with that of the cross. Nanquidno, St. Justin-Penwith For locality of St. Just-in-Penwith, see last. Nanquidno is a farm situated a mile and a half south of -St. Just churchtown. Mr. G. H. Grenfell, of Penzance, has kindly supplied me with sketches and particulars of this little cross. It was found in the spring of 1894, on the site of an ancient baptistery, by the side of a stream which divides the parishes of St. Just and Sennen. Dimensions. — Height, i ft. 8 in. ; width of head, i ft. 4 in. F^'ont. — The cross on the front is much worn, and the upper limbs do not appear to have been carried to the edge of the head. In the middle of each of the upper spaces between the limbs of the cross and outline of the head is a small boss, the only instance of the kind occurring in the county. Back. — The cross on this face is similar to that on the front, but the limbs are much wider, and the two little bosses are omitted. Trelanvean, St. Keverne St. Keverne, in the Deanery of Kerrier, is situated twelve miles south-east of Helston. Trelanvean Farm is about three miles west of St. Keverne churchtown, on the left-hand side of the highway to Helston. The UNORNAMENTED CROSSES 113 cross stands near the farther and right-hand corner of the second field after passing through the farm. At the present time the bottom of the shaft is buried two feet in the ground, and it was not until I had cleared away the earth that I discovered the stopped chamfers. The monolith is not fixed in a base, and has no tenon, which seems to show that it is not now in situ. The penannular ring forming the bead on the head projects beyond the face of the stone, the ends being stopped against the cross-shafts on front and back. The shaft has chamfered angles, with a shallow, hollow moulding between them on the sides. At the bottom of the latter is a distinctly Gothic stop ; this, together with the hollow moulding^, seems to indicate a very late date. Dimensions. — Total height, width of shaft: at the neck 13 in., at the bottom i ft. 6| in. The shaft is of a uniform thickness of 7 in., and the head 9 in. On both front and back is a cross in relief, formed by two beads side by side. The crosses extend from beneath the bead on the head nearly to the bottom of the stone. A short distance from this point they appear to have been worn away, as the shaft is not traceable to the extreme end. ft. 5 in. ; width of head, i ft. 6 in. 114 OLD CORNISH CROSSES Sea Lane, Lelant Lelant, in the Deanery of Penwith, is situated three and a half miles south-east of St. Ives, and has a railway station. Sea Lane is a turning on the left-hand side of the main road which leads from the churchtown to the railway- station. The cross stands against the hedge, at the corner formed by the road and lane. The chamfered angles on the shaft are stopped against the lower side of the head, the outline of the latter being carried to the inside line of the chamfer on the shaft. Dimensions. — Height, 2 ft. 9 in. ; width of head, i ft. 7 in. ; width of shaft, 13^ in. Only the front is visible, on which is a wide-limbed cross in relief, having a small round hole in the centre. Ludgvan, No. i. In the Churchyard Ludgvan, in the Deanery of Penwith, is three and a half miles N.E. of Penzance, and one mile from Marazion Road railway-station. This slender mono- lith stands in its circular base near the south- east angle of the churchyard, and is pro- bably in situ. E.xcept that the eastern side of the head is considerably broken away, the cross is otherwise in a fair state of pres<^rvation. UNORNAMENTED CROSSES US Dimensions. — Height, 5 ft. o.^ in. ; width of head, 17 in. ; width of shaft, 13111. ; thickness at the bottom, 7 in., tapering upwards to 5^ in. at the neck. The base is about 3 ft. 3 in. in diameter. Front. — A cross in relief, the shaft of which is carried some distance below the neck. Back. — On the head is a cross, with limbs of uneven length, rest- ing on a rounded, projecting band at the neck. The latter is an interesting detail, especially as it is not part of a surrounding bead, so often found, but is quite a separate architectural feature. Boswarthen ' Cross, Madron Madron, in the Deanery of Penwith, is situated one and a half miles north of Penzance. Boswarthen is a hamlet situated one mile north-west of Madron churchtown. The monument stands in situ in its circular base by the right- hand side of the road leading; from Madron to Boswarthen. Dimensions.— W&\<^\., 3 ft. 3 in. ; width of head, i ft. i 1 in. ; width of shaft, 14 in. ; diameter of base, 3 ft. 9 in. The cross has been broken across the shaft. The head is beaded, ' Boswarthen is also spelt Boswhaiton. I 2 ii6 OLD CORNISH CROSSES and the crosses on both front and back, being rather curious, require separate descriptions. Front. — Within the bead on the head is the upper portion of the cross. It is equal Hmbed, and extends to the neck. At this level the lower portion of the shaft is suddenly cur\-ed inwards, and, thus narrowed, is carried to the bottom of the stone. Back. — The upper portion of this cross is in a similar position to that on the front, but has expanded limbs and a small round hole in the centre. The angles at the extremity of the lower limb are rounded, then curved inwards, and again rounded outwards on to the lower and narrower portion of the shaft. s^Avu ■ »> '.iiw^,: building-stone. .<^^j|^'K^ ^(J^<*:f^, Mr. Baker was able to secure this cross, and erected it in his garden, where it now stands. It is the only one of this class in which the upper limbs are carried to the edge of the stone and the shaft is not. UNORNAMENTED CROSSES 119 Di)uensions. — Height, 3 ft. 6 in. ; width of head, 15^ in. ; width of shaft, 1 2 in. ; thickness, 9 in. The cross on the back is similar to that on the front shown on the drawing, but the shaft is not quite so long. WHEEL CROSSES WITH THE FIGURE OF OUR LORD IN RELIEF ON THE FRONT AND A CROSS ON THE BACK GeograpJiical Distribittion Bury an, St., No. i. In churchtovvn. Boskenna Cross. Trevorgans. Camborne. Pendarves. Cotistantme. Trevease. Crowan. Clovvance, Nos. i and 2. Praze-an-beeble. Day, St. Scorrier, No. i. Ertk, St., No. I. In churchtovvn. Battery Mill. Feock, St. In churchyard. Gulval. Rosemorran. Gwennap, No. i. In vicarage garden. Givinear, No. 2. In churchyard. Lelant, Nos. 2 and 3. In cemetery. Leva II, St. Trebehor. Ludgvan. White Cross. MichaeVs Mount, St. On west side. Phillack, No. i. In churchyard. Stythians. Repper's Mill. Treslotlian. Near village (missing). Zejmor, Nos. 2 and 3. In churchyard. In addition to the foregoing, the following crosses, also with the figure of our Lord upon them, will be described in due course under the different headings to which they belong. The object of their insertion here is to enable this branch of figure-sculpture to be dealt with as a whole, independent of the type of cross on which the figure is found. I20 OLD CORNISH CROSSES Crosses with the Figure of Our Lord upon them, but differing IN Detail from those already given Note. — On those marked with an asterisk the figure is incised in outhne instead of being in rehef. On Wheel Crosses. C'iiitbonic, No. 2. Outside the Institute. Trevu,* No. 2. Ertk, St. Trevean. Feock, St. Trelissick. Flushing. In churchyard.* Just-in-Penwith, St., No. 2. In vicarage garden. Levan, St., No. 2. In churchyard. Madron, St. In churchyard. Senncn. Trevilley.* Stythians. TrevaHs (2). On Unornanicntcd Holed Crosses. Buryan, St., No. 2. In churchyard. Erth, St., No. 2. In churchyard. Paul, St., No. 2. On churchyard wall. On Latin Crosses. Buryan, St. Chyoone. M azvgan-in-Pyder. Mawgan Cross. Neivlyn (Penzance). Near church. On Ornamented Crosses. Erth, St., No. 3. In churchyard. Maivgan-in-Pyder. Lanherne. Phillack, No. 6. In churchyard. Sancreed, Nos. 3 and 4. In churchyard. The two lists combined give a total of forty- seven examples, and include the whole of those occurring on all the different types of crosses in Cornwall. The Figure ' The representations of our Lord's figure on the Cornish crosses are of the rudest and most grotesque description. They are ' Other observations on the figure will be found on pp. 18, 19. UNORNAMENTED CROSSES 121 executed in low relief, rarely having a projection exceeding an inch. They are found on all the different types of crosses, and are treated in a variety of ways, both as regards the pose of the body and the arrangement of the limbs, and are generally shown in the rigid Byzantine fashion described on p. 19. Except in the isolated instance on the cross at St. Michael's Mount, where it occurs on the shaft, the figure is always sculptured on the upper portion of the monument, the greater part of it being on the head ; while the legs, in most cases, are carried a short distance down the shaft. When the entire figure had to be fitted into the circular recess of the head, it became so compressed that its proportions ' were spoilt and a grotesque effect was the result. This, no doubt, accounts for the incomplete and stumpy repre- sentations of the figure so often found. The frequent omission of the feet, legs, and, in some examples, half of the body, was due to the want of the necessary space in which to complete the figure, and these portions were consequently omitted, in order to avoid the necessity of impairing the proportions of the parts depicted. Some of the different ways in which the figure is represented may be classified as follows : — I. Clothed in a Ttmic. — In the unbent figures our Lord is some- times shown clothed in a tunic, after the Byzantine fashion of depicting Him alive upon the cross. The sleeves are widened at the ends like the expanded arms of a cross, but the hands are con- cealed ; the bottom of the garment is well defined, and appears to hang loosely round the legs. There are fourteen examples of this kind (four of which are in the parish of St. Buryan), viz. : — Buryan, St. In churchyard. In churchtovvn. Boskenna Gate. Trevorsrans. Ertit, St., Nos. 2 and 3. In churchyard. Gulval. Rosemorran. ' E.g. see Clowance No. i, Crowan, p. 131. 122 OLD CORNISH CROSSES Jitst-iii-Peinvith, St., No. 2. In vicarage garden. Levari, St., No. 2. In churchyard. Madron. In churchyard. Matvgan - in -Pj'der. Lanherne. Pant, St., No. 2. In churchyard. Phillack, No. 6. In churchyard. Sancreed, Nos. 3 and 4. In churchyard. Probably most of the figures were originally intended to be thus represented ; but some were carelessly executed, and in others there is not sufficient detail remaining whereby any of the vestment can now be identified. 2. With a Band round the Waist. — Only one example : Sancreed, No. 4, in the churchyard. 3. The Figure on a Cross. — It is remarkable that there are only two examples on wheel crosses in which the figure is shown on a cross, which is carved on the head of the monolith, thus giving the appearance of the Crucifixion ; but the figures are of the general unbent form. One e.xample is at Trevilley, Sennen, and the other is in St. Just-in-Penwith, No. 2. A still nearer approximation to the true crucifix occurs on three Latin crosses, viz. at Chyoone, Mawgan Cross, and Newlyn. Possibly these five instances may be intended to represent the dead Christ upon the cross, similar to the mediaeval manner, which was introduced in the twelfth century and became common in the thirteenth. 4. The Figure incised instead of being in I'elief. — This method of e.xecution is very uncommon, only three examples being at present known, viz. Flushing, Trevu No. 2, and Trevilley ; full descriptions of each will be found under ' Incised Ornament.' Other variations in the treatment of the figure will be better understood by considering the different parts of the body sepa- rately. The Head. — In most cases the head is perpendicular, but there are ten examples in which it is inclined to the right, viz. ; — UNORNAMENTED CROSSES 123 Constantine. Trevease. Crozvan. Clowance, No. i. Day, St. Scorrier, No. i. Erth, St. Trevean. Gulval. Rosemorran. Lelant, Nos. 2 and 3. In cemetery. Ludgvan. White Cross. Sennen. Trevilley (incised). Zen nor, No. 3. In churchyard. Two are inclined to the left, viz. Chyoone, St. Buryan, and Phillack, No. i. Three are shown with what is probably intended for a nimbus, viz. those in the churchyards of St. Buryan, St. Paul, and Sancreed No. 4. The features remain on three only, viz. Sancreed No. 3, Pen- darves No. i, and Gwennap No. i. The Body. — In some cases the body seems to be naked, in others it is shown very full, like the plump body of a child, while in a few instances it is very thin. In some examples the figure is contracted at the waist and has hips like a female figure ; as, e.g., Trevalis, No. i, Stythians ; Lelant cemetery (2); Trebehor, St. Levan ; and White Cross, Ludgvan. The Arms. — The arms are perhaps more freely treated than any other member. In many cases they are both slightly elevated ; and more so than usual on the crosses at St. Feock ; St. Michael's Mount ; Lelant cemetery, No. 2; Rosemorran, Gulval; and Mawgan Cross. Occasionally only one of the arms is raised, as at Scorrier, No. i, where the right arm is bent almost at right angles, and at Lelant cemetery. No. i, slightly. The left arm only is raised on the crosses at Phillack No. i, Lelant cemetery, and Trevean. The Legs. — As a rule the legs are quite straight and close together. There are, however, four exceptions to this rule, two of which occur in the parish of Camborne, viz. at Pendarves, No. i, and outside the Institute ; also on the cross formerly at Treslothan, 124 OLD CORNISH CROSSES and that on St. Michael's Mount. At Trebehor, St. Levan, the legs are only slightly separated. In the three former the spread of the legs is exaggerated to an unnatural extent. At Trevean they are close together, but curved to the right. These members are omitted altogether in the following examples : Clowance, No. 2 ; Phillack, No. i ; St. Erth church- yard, No. 2 ; and Zennor, No. i. In the three last-named crosses the background of the figure is sunk, and the body terminates, flush with the face of the stone, at the lowest part of the sinking, making it evident that this was all of the figure which it was intended to show. The Feet. — Curiously enough, these members are often omitted, apparently, in many cases, for want of room, as already pointed out. Where they do exist they are very long and out of all proportion to the figure, and as a rule are turned outwards at right angles. It is a noteworthy circumstance that the five examples best illustrating this treatment all occur in the parish of St. Buryan, and in each case the figure is clothed in a tunic, viz. in the churchyard, in the churchtown, Boskenna Cross, Trevorgans, and Chyoone. The feet are best pro- portioned on the crosses at Phillack, No. 6, and Sancreed, No. 4, and are omitted on the following crosses : Pendarves, and outside the Institute, in the parish of Camborne ; Treslothan, Rosemorran, Trevease, and St. Feock. Occasionally the feet rest on a projection, or, rather, the bottom of the legs disappear in it, as at St. Levan, No. 2, St. Michael's Mount, and Sancreed churchyard. No. 3. At Rolling Mill they are continued into and form part of the surround- ing bead of the head ; at Trevalis they are merged in a heart, at Trevease in the top of a cross in relief, and at Gwennap in the surrounding bead. The monuments included in the first list, on p. i 19, will now be described. /5 > o '■X. o a D X u a H O < =i-v.=^-'-«.- . X'- '^ UNORNAMENTED CROSSES 125 Having no Bead on the Edge of the Head There are four examples of this type, which will be found at the following places : — • Buryan, St., No. 1 . .In the churchtown. ,, ... Boskenna Cross. ,, ... Trevorgans. Crowan . . . Praze-an-beeble. St. Buryan, No. i. In the Churchtown St. Buryan, or Burian, in the Deanery of Penwith, is situated six miles south-west of Penzance railway-station. This monument stands in the middle of the meeting of three roads a few yards south of the churchyard. Particulars relating to its history, both as regards the original site of the cross itself and the date when the base on which it is mounted was built, would be interesting, since the two parts are obviously not of the same date. The only information I have been able to obtain is from an old resident, Mr. J. H. Johns, of the 'King's Arms,' St. Buryan. In reply to my inquiries as to Mr. Blight's statement, that ' The cross stood originally within the limits of the churchyard,' ' Mr. Johns says : ' Long ago they buried round the cross, but we do not think that it ever stood on the portion of ground now enclosed within the churchyard wall, but was probably in part of the original burying-ground, which was larger than the existing one.' Evidently there is an old and well-established tradition to the effect that its present site was once part of the churchyard, in which the cross stood originally. Perhaps when the churchyard was enclosed, in comparatively recent times, its area was curtailed, the cross being, we may assume, on one of the portions excluded. Under these circumstances there seems sufficient ground for hazarding the suggestion that the cross probably stood in its original base on the same spot it now occupies, but at a lower level ; and that for its ' J. T. lilight. Ancient Crosses and Aniiquities of Cornivali, p. 9. 126 OLD CORNISH CROSSES proper preservation it was elevated on the present massive substruc- ture, this showing, at any rate, that it must then have been held in high veneration. With regard to this base, Mr. Johns states that old men still living in the village remember repairs having been done to it from time to time by the lord of the manor, the Rev. John Tonkin, as well as by his late father. The cross is much chipped at the top. It is fixed into an octagonal stone with sloping sides placed on top of the built-up base just mentioned. Dimensions. — Height of cross, 2 ft. 7^ in. ; width of head, i ft. 6.2^ in. ; width of shaft, 12^ in. ; thickness, 8^ in. The base is 11 ft. 6 in. square. Front. — Placed low down on the head, and passing below the neck, is sculptured one of the straight, unbent figures of our Lord, emphasised by a gradually recessed outline which is deepest round the figure. He is shown clothed in a tunic ; the arms are slightly ex- panded at the ends, and the large feet are turned outwards at right angles. The whole representation is very similar to the example at Trevorgans, in this parish. Back. — On the head is an equal-limbed cro.ss, flush with the surface of the stone. The method employed in its execution is somewhat remarkable. The background of the upper portion is formed by two triangular sinkings in the usual manner, while the lower limbs are indicated by two incised quadrants. Boskenna Cross, St. Buryan For locality of St. Buryan, see last. This cross now stands at the meeting of three roads, about a mile and a half south-east of St. Buryan churchtown, at a point where the road from the churchtown intersects that from Pjoliet to Trevedran. Mr. J. H. Johns, landlord of the ' King's Arms,' St. Buryan, informed me of the circumstances connected with the discovery UNORNAMENTED CROSSES 127 of this cross. It appears that formerly one of the angles at the intersection of these roads was so sharp and awkward for traffic that, in 1869, the local authorities decided to ease this corner by rounding off the hedge, which was then about ten feet thick. Mr. Johns' father was one of the men employed on this work, and shortly after commencing he found the cross buried in the hedge. By the advice of His Honour Charles Dacres Bevan, County Court Judge of Cornwall, and then residing at Boskenna Mansion House, the cross was erected on the triangular piece of grass in the middle of the roads, a spot on which it is extremely likely it originally stood. Dimensions. — Total height of the monument, 6 ft. 10 in. ; height of the cross, 2 ft. 4 in. ; width of head, i ft. 8 in. ; width of shaft, 12^ in. 128 OLD CORNISH CROSSES The only ancient part of the monument is the httle cross at the top, which is mounted on a base made up of an extraordinary collection of apparently disused circular granite stones. Immediately beneath the cross is a cylindrical piece, the upper edge of which is roughly rounded off Beneath this comes a short drum, about two inches wider than the piece above and nine inches deep. The next two stones are much wider but not so deep as the last, the bottom one consisting of the lower portion of an old cider-press, with its surrounding channel and lip ! There is a good deal to admire in the feeling which prompted this effort to once and for all preserve so ancient a relic, and the care bestowed in the erection of this curious substructure goes far to remove its incongruity. Front. — The figure of our Lord here sculptured is quite the best example in which He is represented wearing the tunic ; the expanded sleeves are especially apparent, as well as the outline of the garment above the knees. The feet are very large, and turn outwards at right angles. Back. — On the head is a cross with expanded limbs, flush with the surface of the stone. The four triangular sinkings, or recesses, which form the background are not of uniform size, the lower being considerably larger than those above, thus making the lower limb the longest. The inner portion of each sinking is raised, forming bosses in low relief. Trevorgans, St. Buryan For locality of St. Buryan, see p. 125. Trevorgans, or Trevorgance, is an estate consisting of three farms situated about half a mile west of the churchtown. The cross now stands against the hedge on the left-hand side of the road to St. Just, about half a mile north-west of St. Buryan churchtown. Mr. Charles Jenkin, formerly of Trevorgans, but now of Tregadg- with, informed me that the cross formerly stood close to its present UNORNAMENTED CROSSES 129 site, on top of a hedge enclosing a field then in his occupation. I n this exposed position the monument was, unfortunately, a tempting object for boys to throw stones at, an opportunity of which they took full advantage. Finding that it was thus getting considerably damaged, he had it taken down and placed for better preservation where it now stands. The original site of this monument is not known ; at any rate, it could not reasonably be supposed to have been in situ in such a position as that from which it was removed. Dimensions. — Height, 3 ft. 9 in. : width of head, i ft. gin. ; width of shaft, 13 in. ; thickness, 6iin. Front. — Like the examples in the churchtown, St. Buryan, and at Madron, the figure is sculptured lower down on the stone than usual, and in general appearance resembles that in the churchtown, St. Buryan (pp. 125, 126). Back. — This surface is not visible, as the cross is placed close against the hedge. Praze-an-beeble, Crowan Crowan, in the Deanery of Kerrier, is situated four miles south of Camborne. Praze-an-beeble, or Praze, as it is called, is a village about three- quarters of a mile north-west of Crowan. Praze railway-station is on the branch line from Gwinear Road to Helston. This little cross-head is now in the garden of Mr. William Carah, diocesan surveyor. In reply to my inquiries respecting it, he kindly sent me the following particulars : ' It seems a mystery where the cross we have originally came from. A friend of mine, living abroad at present, saw it, I think, at a farm-place, being used as a bottom for a beehive. He asked the people for it, intending to fix it s.imewherc. At any K I30 OLD CORNISH CROSSES rate, when he left England he had not done so, and at my request they gave the cross to me.' From the chipped state of the edges, it has evidently received some very rough treatment. Dimensions. — Height, i ft. 6 in. ; width, i ft. 8 in. ; thickness : at the bottom 65^ in., at the top 5^ in. Front. — Part of a small conventional fiQ^ure of Christ, extending- to the knees, at which point the fracture occurred which separated the head from the shaft. Back. — The remains of a mutilated Latin cross in relief. ^^'ITH A Bead on the edce of the Head and an equal- limbed Cross on the Back There are six examples of this type, which will be found at the following places : — Crowan Erth, St. Gwinear, No. 2 Phillack, No. I Zennor, No. 2 Clowance, Nos. i nnd 2. Battery Mill. In churchyard. In churchyard. In churchyard. Clowance No. i, Crowan Crowan, in the Deanery of Kerrler, is situated four miles south of Camborne. Clowance is the seat of the Rev. St. A. H. Molesworth St. Aubyn, M.A., J. P., and is only a few minutes' walk from Praze rail- way-station, on the branch line from Gwinear Road to Helston. The cross now stands near the edge of an island in a pond in these grounds. The late Mr. S.J. Wills, of St. Wendron, of whom I made inquiries respecting the original site of this cross, informed me that it once stood at Bold Gate, on Clowance Down, situated at the meeting of four cross-roads, and at the north-west angle of Clowance Park. Mr. John D. Enyp, of Enys, Penryn, whom I subsequently consulted. UNORNAMENTED CROSSES 131 w idth agreed with Mr. Wills, and thought it was removed to its present site about the year 1850. The cross is in a very fair state of preservation. The head is beaded on the front only, and the surface surrounding the figure is gradually recessed from the inside line of the bead to the outline of the figure, in a similar manner to that on the cross in Gwen- nap vicarage garden. Dimensions. — Height, 3 ft. 6 in. ; width of head, i ft. 9 in. of shaft : at the top 15^ in., at the bottom 14^ in. ; thickness, 8 in. Front. — Within the bead on the head is a grotesque and stunted little figure of our Lord. The large head is slightly inclined to the right, and the wide arms are at different levels. When it is noticed that the distance from the bottom of the feet to the under side of the arms is less than the remainder of the figure, comment on its proportion is needless. Immediately beneath the circular recess containing the figure, and following the curve, are si.x: little round holes. Back. — On the head is an equal-limbed cross with expanded ends. Clowance No. 2, Crowan For locality of Clowance, see last. This monument stands near the northern boundary of Clowance grounds, adjoining the railway. Within the memory of elderly people it formerly stood at Binnerton ' Cross, the meeting of four roads near the entrance to the farm of that name, where the road from Helston to Hayle is inter- sected — between Trewheal and Leedstown — by that from Binnerton ' Locally called ' Rinner.' 132 OLD CORNISH CROSSES Farm to Binnerton jNIiiie. The cross, when discovered by the Rev. St. A. H. M. St. Aubyn, formed part of a watercourse in connection with the mine. The portion of a base through which the bottom of the shaft passes belonged originally to a cross that once stood at Cattebedron, in Gwinear parish ; but the latter disappeared many years ago, and no person in the neigh- bourhood has any re- collection of its exist- ence. Previous to its re- moval the base formed part of a stepping-stile near Cattebedron. This cross and base were taken to Clowance for preservation about the same time as No. 3 cross in these grounds, i.e. c. 1883. In shape the head resembles an elongated horseshoe, and the ~^ beads around it are The base is broken across one side of the mortice, leaving the bottom of the shaft exposed. Dimensions. — Total length of cross, 7 ft. 8 in. ; width of head, ] ft. 9 in. The shaft is of a uniform width of 14 in. Thickness : at the bottom 14 in., at the neck 12 in. The base is 3 ft. 6 in. wide and 8 in. deep. Front. — Within the horseshoe-shaped recess on the head is a rude and incomplete representation of Christ, in very shallow relief, consisting of the upper portion of the figure, extending to about the knees. The arms are very short and wide ; and the remainder of ;, fi.-f'% wide, flat, and uneven. UNORNAMENTED CROSSES 133 the figure below is merely an oblong, without any attempt at sym- metry, a vertical incision alone indicating the short legs. Back. — Within the elliptical recess on the head is a wide and unequal-limbed cross, also in low relief, having expanded ends. Battery Mill,' St. Erth St. Erth, in the Deanery of Penwith, is situated two miles south of Hayle and one mile south-east of St. Erth railway-station. Battery Mill, in the occupation of Mr. Gilbert, lies about half a mile west of St. Erth church, on the other side of the river Hayle. This cross was removed some thirty years ago {c. i860), by Mr. Gilbert's sons, from a spot not far from its present position, and was by them built into a wall of their garden for preservation. A pear-tree has since been planted in front of it, which has now grown sufficiently to almost conceal the cross. Dimensions. — Height, 2 ft. 10 in. ; width of head, i ft. 8 in of shaft, I2jin. ; thickness, 7 in. Front. — The manner in which the feet of the rudely executed figure of our Lord are worked into the bead of the head, and are carried right round, is very remarkable. Back. — The back- of the cross, being placed against the wall, is not visible. ' Since the above was written this cross has been taken out of the wall and placed as a tombstone over the Gilbert grave, on the north side of St. Erth churchyard. - The back of the head proves to be rather mutilated, especially at one side of the shaft, which has a large piece broken off. The head is surrounded by a bead, but is not, however, of quite the same shape as the front. On it is a cross in relief having a considerable incli- nation to the left, the shaft of which is only slightly longer than the other limbs. WK Ith 134 OLD CORNISH CROSSES Gwinear, No. 2. In the Churchyard Gwinear, in the Deanery of Penwith, is situated three miles east of Hayle and one mile from Gwinear Road railway-station. This monolith now stands in the churchyard near the south porch. Originally it stood at the junc- tion of the roads from Lanyon and Carnhell Green, which intersect about a quarter of a mile east of Gwinear churchtown, the church itself being about half a mile west of the village. The cross was removed many years ago {c. i860) by the then vicar, the Rev. H. T. Rodd, and placed in the churchyard, near the north-east angle of the building,' where it remained until some time between 1870 and 1880, when it was again moved, and placed in its present position. In plan the stone is an irregular parallelogram, the four sides being of uneven width ; apparently, it has at some time been used as a gatepost, since there are two deeply sunk holes in the front, to receive the iron lugs to which the gate was hung. The head is beaded, and a slight entasis is noticeable on the right side of the shaft. Each surface of the stone is very smooth, and the angles are nearly square. Its previous usage probably accounts for the top of the stone being in such a mutilated condition, while the sculpture on the front and back is almost obliterated. Dimensions. — Height, 5 ft. 6 in. ; width of head, i ft. 8J in. ; width of shaft, 14 in. ; thickness : at the neck 1 1 in., at the bottom \2\ in. Front. — On the head is the figure, of our Lord, but so much worn that it is barely traceable. Back. — On the head is an equal-limbed cross having expanded ends. ' The l.ile Mr. -S. J. Wills, of .St. Wendion, remembers the cross being^ in this position in 1865, and supplied me with the above particulars. UNORNAMENTED CROSSES 135 Phillack, No. i.' In the Churchyard Phillack, in the Deanery of Penwith, is situated six miles south- west of Camborne and one mile north of Hayle railway-station. Regarding the discovery of this cross, the Rev. Canon Hockin, of Phillack, says : ' This mutilated cross I dug out with my own hands from the churchyard wall to the westward of the church, where it had been inserted as a mere building-stone.' It is in a most mutilated condition, but there is sufficient still left to show part of a very rude repre- sentation of our Lord's figure, extending only to the waist. The head is considerably inclined, and j^_^-^^M rests on the left arm. The back of the cross is quite plain, and bears no indications of ever having been worked. Diniensions. — Height, 2 ft. loin. ; width of head, I3in. ; width of shaft, 9 in. Zennor, No. 2. In the Churchyard Zennor, in the Deanery of Penwith, is situated on the north coast, seven miles north-west of Penzance, and four miles west of St. Ives railway-station. There are two little crosses in this churchyard, which are now fixed, one at either end, on top of a large flat tombstone erected to the memory of the Rev. William Borlase, M.A., late Vicar of Zennor, who died in 1888. It is needless to add that this combination of ancient and modern work is not a success. The Rev. S. H. Farwell Roe, the present vicar, has, after some trouble, kindly ascertained for me particulars regarding the three crosses in this parish. ' This is the only monument of its kind which is without a cross on the back, and is included here to avoid a separate sub-division. i3'5 OLD CORNISH CROSSES That now under consideration was found by Mrs. Borlase, of Castle Horneck, who is niece by marriage to the late vicar. It was in the hedgfe of a field situated about half a mile north-east of the' church, and close to Tregarthen. On removal to the vicarage garden it was placed on a rockery, where it remained until again moved and fixed on the west end of the above-mentioned tombstone. It is only a very small cross-head, the shaft of which is missing, and is in a very fair state of preservation. A bead surrounds the head on front and back, and on the latter it is gradually increased in width towards the bottom. Dimensions. — Height, i ft. Sin.; width of head, i ft. gin.; thick- ness, g\ in. Front. — Part of a rude representation of the Saviour, abruptly terminated just below the hips, where the commencement of the legs rests on the inside edge of the surrounding bead. In this instance the neck is omitted, so that the head rests directly on the shoulders. Both arms are raised somewhat higher than is usual. Back. — An equal-limbed cross in relief, with widely expanded limbs, very similar to that on the cross at the other end of the tombstone (p. 146). Similar to those last de.scribed, but with a L.-vtin Cross ON THE Back There are four e.xamples of this type, which will be found at the following places : — Camborne .... Pendarves, No. i. Treslothan . . . Near village. Levan, St. . ■ . . Trebehor Ludgvan .... White Cross Pendarves No. i, Camborne Camborne, in the Deanery of Carnmarth, is situated twelve miles south-west of Truro, and has a railway -station on the main line. UNORNAMENTED CROSSES 137 Pendarves, the seat of William Cole Pendarves, Esq.. J. P., D.L., is situated about a mile and a half south of Camborne. Mr. Pendarves informed me that this cross was found in a ditch on his estate, and that he had it removed for preservation, and mounted, near the house, on a granite base of two steps. It is in so well preserved a condition that it bears the appearance of having been re-cut. The manner in which the head of the cross is gently curved on to the small and diminishing shaft is very singular, the latter being wider at the top than at the bottom. As will be seen by the dimensions, the same peculiarity exists in the thickness of the stone. A bold bead of variable width is carried round the edge of the head, on the front, and is stopped above the ends of the legs of the figure ; but on the back the bead is omitted. Dimensions. — Height, 2 ft. 7 in. ; width of head, i ft. 7 in. ; width of shaft at the bottom, 8| in. ; thickness: at the bottom 5|in., at the top 7 in. The sculpture on front and back is in high relief, and is as follows : — Front. — On the head is the figure of our Lord, the features being quite distinct. Both arms are slightly raised ; the legs are wide apart, and reach to the edge of the stone, but no attempt to show the feet has been made. Back. — On this face is a wide-limbed Latin cross which has splayed edges and projects an inch, the upper portion of the emblem 138 OLD CORNISH CROSSES being much wider than the lower. The upper hmbs are carried to the edge of the head, and the shaft to within a few inches of the bottom. Treslothan.' Near the Village Treslothan is a modern parish formed out of Camborne. It is situated in the Deanery of Carnmarth, and is one and a half miles south of Camborne town. A cross which once existed at Treslothan has now disajapeared. Its history is somewhat conflicting, but, so far as I have been able to gather, the late Mr. Nicholas Hare, of Liskeard, appeared to know more about it than anyone else. A few years ago he contributed an article to ' Illustrations' entitled 'Ancient Cornish Crosses,' and, amongst others, gave a sketch of the cross at Treslothan, then on top of a wall, showing the front of the stone, with the figure upon it, and some few inches of its shaft. On making inquiries in the neighbourhood, I was told it was at a place called Killavose, but there is no cross there. Others said it had been taken to Pendarves. This is also incorrect, as will be seen by referring to the cross there just described. I communicated these reports to Mr. Hare, and sent him a sketch of the Pendarves stone. Replying in December 1889, he enclosed a sketch, and after saying that he had visited the spot in the previous year, only to find that the cross was gone, says : 'It originally stood at a three-lane end on the road from Camborne to Treslothan, on top of a stone wall. On the reverse was a cross, the lower limb of the sanie length as the others. I first sketched it in 1856.' The late Mr. S. J. Wills, of St. Wendron, in reply to my inquiries, said : ' I remember seeing it on the wall when a boy, but have not been there for years.' Certainly the figure is very like that at Pendarves ; but Mr. Hare's assertion regarding the cross on the back, and Mr. Pendarves's state- ' To assist the reference it has been considered best to place the account of this stone next to that with which it has been confused, instead of with those defined on p. 130, to which sub-division it belongs. UNORNAMENTED CROSSES 139 l'« ment as to where the one at his place was found, clearly show that they cannot be the same. At any rate, we have the evidence of two well-known antiquaries that a cross such as that described did once exist in this neighbour- hood. Trebehor, St. Levan St. Levan, in the Deanery of Penwith, is situated eight miles south-west of Penzance. Trebehor is a small hamlet situated about a mile and a half north of St. Levan church. The cross now stands on top ^^^^^ f%i'i^M'4 of the boundary-hedge of a W^^'^-^ ^'il.iu cottage-garden in the tenancy of ^^^^ /J v!'#"' ■'l?1 Mr. Albert Davey. A bead is carried round the edge of both head and shaft on "*■■ the front ; but on the back it is omitted. Dimensions. — Height, 2 ft. 2 in. ; width of head, i ft. 6 in. ; width of shaft, ii^^in. ; thickness, i i in. Front. — On the head, and extending some way below the neck, is one of the most curious little representations of our Lord's figure in the county. The head is very small, and both arms are curved slightly downwards — a unique treatment ; the hips are very wide, and the legs are of uneven length, the right, which is vertical, being the longer, whilst the left slopes a little outwards. Back. — A Latin cross in relief, nearly the full height of the monument. White Cross, Ludgvan Ludgvan, in the Deanery of Penwith, is situated three and a half miles north-east of Penzance, and one mile north of Marazion Road railway-station. What is left of this monument stands on the left-hand side of the road, about midway between Ludgvan churchtown and St. Erth railway-station, and one mile from the latter. I40 OLD CORXISH CROSSES Like that at White Cross, St. Breock, this cross also is kept white- washed, and the small village near it, consisting of a few cottages, receives the name of ' White Cross ' from the monument. This is a wayside cross, and as such is likely to be in situ. The shaft is missing and the head is now fixed crookedly in the rough old base. The head is not circular, but of uneven horseshoe shape, and is surrounded on the front by a very wide, flat bead, and on the back by one still wider, while the recesses containing the sculp- ture are very deeply sunk. Dimensions. — Height of head, 2 ft. 2 in. ; width, 2 ft. 4I in. ; thickness, \o\ in. The base is about 4 ft. 6 in. long. Front (facing the hedge). — Another very curious figure of our Lord is here found and, like many others, is incomplete, since it only extends a short distance below the hips, where it rests on the edge of the bead surrounding it. The head has a marked inclination to the right, and the neck is unusually thick. Both arms are raised and curve upwards, the right being the higher, and the curves of the body are unusually developed. Back (fiicing the road). — A Latin cross in relief, the surface of which is flush with the w^ide surrounding bead, on the bottom of which the lower limb of the cross rests. Having the Figure and Cross contained in a Pear-shaped Recess similar to those on Pp. 69 and 70 The architectural peculiarity of this class consists in the form of the sinkincj on the head, which contains the figure on the front, or UNORNAMENTED CROSSES 141 cross on the back, in relief. Instead of tlie usual round or horse- shoe background, the lower portion of the recess is continued, and contracted for a short distance below the neck, and finished square at the bottom, giving it a pear-shaped appearance. The bead on the edge of the head follows this line, and is stopped on the bottom of the sinking. By this method of treatment a larger area is made available for the sculpture. There are six examjDles of this particular variety, which will be found at the following places : — Day, St. Gulval . Lelant, Nos. 2 and 3 Stythians Zennor, No. 3 Scorrier, No. i. Rosemorran. In cemetery. Repper's Mill. In churchyard. Scorrier No. i, St. Day St. Day, or St. Dye, is a modern parish formed out of Gwennap. It is situated in the Deanery of Carnmarth, and is two miles east of Redruth. Scorrier House is the seat of George Williams, Esq., J. P., D.L., and is situated about a quarter of a mile from Scorrier Gate railway- station. It is supposed that this cross was removed to these grounds for preservation many years ago, but all inquiries have failed to elicit any particulars regarding its previous site or history. Evidence of its use as a gatepost is supplied by the hole in the front of the head, in spite of which, however, it is in a very good state of preservation, though slightly chipped in places. The angles of the shaft are chamfered, and die off on to the head. This is usually considered a sign of late work. Dimensions. — Height, 4 ft. 11 in.; width of head, i ft. Sin.; width of shaft : at the neck 12 in., at the bottom 13 in. ; thickness : at the bottom 10.^ in., at the neck 9.} in. 142 OLD CORNISH CROSSES Front. — On the upper portion is a very remarkable representation of the figure of Christ. The head inclines considerably to the right, and is supported by the right hand, the arm being bent at right angles ; the left arm is straight, and slightly raised. The body and >Xr^VrfJ^(«»V^j(K, legs are upright, the latter being terminated with indications of feet, brought down to a point just below the lower line of the recess. Back. — In a similar position to that occupied by the figure is a wide-limbed Latin cross in relief. Rosemorran, Gulval Gulval, in the Deanery of Penwith, is situated one mile north- east of Penzance railway-station. Rosemorran Farm is about one mile north-west of Gulval. The cross stands on the top of a high hedge on the left-hand side of the road, a little above the farm. The cross is roughly and irregularly executed throughout. Dimensions. — Height, 3 ft. 3 in. ; width of head, i ft. 7 in. ; width of shaft, I 2 in. ; thickness, 9 in. Front. — On the head is a rude representation of our Lord's UNORNAMENTED CROSSES 143 figure. Both arms are slightly raised. The head is very large, and out of all proportion to the small body and still smaller legs which, without feet, rest on the bottom edge of the sinking containing the figure. Back. — On the head is a cross of very curious form. The larger and upper portion consists of an equal-limbed cross having widely '^iL, =*; expanded arms ; flush with, and much narrower than, the lower limb is the short shaft, resting on the lowest edge of the sinking. The only other instance of a cross of this shape occurs on a monument in Lelant cemetery, which is the next to be described. Lelant, No. 2. In Cemetery Lelant, in the Deanery of Penwith, is situated three and a half miles south- east of St. Ives. Lelant railway- station is on the branch line from St. Erth to St. Ives. The monolith formerly stood in its base outside the churchyard wall, but some years ago it was remo\-ed. |ftr| !44 OLD CORNISH CROSSES and placed in the cemetery/ near the western entrance, probably at the same time as No. 3, described below. The base is now concealed. Dimensions. — Height, 4 ft. 2 in. ; width of head, i ft. 5 in. ; width of shaft, 1 1 in. ; thickness : at the bottom 10 in., at the top 9 in. Front. — On the head is the figure of our Lord, but it is incom- plete, being terminated a short distance below the body. The head is slightly inclined to the right, and the body in outline is like that of a draped female. Back. — On the head is a cross exactly like that on the stone at Rosemorran, last described. Lelant, No. 3. In Cemetery For locality of Lelant, see last. This very fine monolith originally stood in Lelant Lane, between the churchtown and St. Ives. It now stands in the t<'f PiW-'F^'' middle of the cemetery, l.T-- .v.V',r/ which is opposite the church. A circle of willows planted round the cross have grown so much that the monolith is now almost concealed. It is rather chipped in places, especially at the top, and the workmanship generally is decidedly rude. The head, instead of being round, is very much flat- tened, and the bead on the edge varies consider- On the back the bead is carried down the angles ' I have been unable to ascertain when this cross and that which follows were removed to the cemetery. ably in width. UNORNAMENTED CROSSES MS of the shaft to the bottom, in the same manner as on the crosses in Withiel rectory garden and Penzance market-place. The entasis on the shaft shows on the back only. Dif/iensions. — Height, 6 ft. gin.; width of head, 2 ft. 2J in. ; width of shaft, i6| in. ; thickness : at the bottom 9 in., at the neck 10 in., and at the top 12 in. Front. — On the head, and carried .some distance down the shaft, is an extraordinary figure of our Lord in relief 2 ft. 9 in. high, the space surrounding it being deeply sunk. This is by far the largest example of a figure which occurs on any of the wheel crosses. The head has a great inclination to the right, and both arms are slightly raised. But the most curious features are the distended shape of the upper portion of the body and the narrow hips. The legs are very thick, and the immense feet turn outwards and slope slightly downwards. Back. — A Latin cross in relief the shaft of which extends some way below the neck. Repper's Mill,' Stythians Stythians, or Sti- thians.in the Deanery of Carnmarth, is situ- ated four miles south- east of Redruth and three miles south-west of Perran railway- station. Repper's Mill is about half a mile east of Stythians church. ' The more correct name of this mill is Sewrah Moor Corn Mill. Sewrah Moor is a valley on Sewrah estate ; but as a man named Repper was formerly the miller, the place obtained the local appellation of 'Repper's Mill,' which it still retains. 146 OLD CORNISH CROSSES The cross stands in the garden, near the stream. It is a very good example of the variety under consideration, and is in an excellent state of preservation. The spaces within the beads on both front and back are sunk a full inch, and the shaft is remarkable for the absence of entasis. Dimensions. — Height, 6 ft. i in. ; width of head, i ft. ill in. ; width of shaft, 1 5 in. ; thickness, 1 2 in. Within the recesses on the front and back of the head is the following sculpture : — Front. — A very fair representation of our Lord's figure in relief, which is, perhaps, chiefly remarkable for being the only one in which any successful attempt has been made in the proportion of the feet. It will be noticed that additional care has been taken to indicate them by cutting away a small piece of the stone beyond the toes. Back. — A wide-limbed Latin cross in relief. Zennor, No. 3. In the Churchyard For locality of Zennor, see p. 135, where, in the account of No. 2 cross at this place, further particulars relating to this one will be found. This cross is now fixed on the east end of a large flat tombstone erected to the memory of the Rev. William Borlase, RI.A., late vicar of Zennor, who died in 1888. When discovered it formed part of the stone flooring in a room at Bridge Cottage, Zennor, then inhabited by a man named Boase. About forty years ago {c. 1S50) the late vicar caused it to be taken up and placed in his garden, where it remained until moved and fixed on his tombstone in 1888. Unfortunately, a large piece has been chipped off one side, and no doubt the greater part of the shaft is missing. Ditnensions. — Height, 2 ft. 4I in. ; present width of head, i ft. 7 in.; width of shaft, i 3 in. ; thickness, 13 in. UNORNAMENTED CROSSES 147 Front. — On the head is sculptured a curious little figure of our Lord in relief. The head has a considerable inclination to the right, and both arms are slightly raised, though the right springs from an unnatural position on the body, and at a lower level than the left, giving a deformed appearance to the figure. The short legs rest on the bottom of the recess, but the feet are omitted. Back. — Unlike the front, the recess is circular, and contains a cross having equal and widely expanded limbs. With a Cross in relief on the Shaft, beneath the Figure There are three examples of this type, which will be found at the following places : — Constantine . . . Trevease. Gwennap, No. i . .In vicarage garden. St. Michael's Mount . On west side. Trevease, Constantine Constantine, in the Deanery of Kerrier, is situated six miles east of Helston and seven miles south-west of Falmouth. There is a railway-station at each of the last-named places. Trevease Farm is about two and a half miles north of Constan- tine churchtown. The cross, which is in a very good state of preservation, stands in its roughly circular base, in situ, by the side of a small and name- less tributary of the Hel, which runs just below Trevease farmhouse. Particular interest is attached to it, owing to the unique form of the cross on the front, a description of which will be found on the next page. The surrounding bead of the head gradually disappears at the neck, and the shaft has entasis on th^ left side only. Dimensions. — Height, 5 ft. 5 in. ; width of head, i ft. 8 in. ; width of shaft: at the top 14 in., at the bottom i5in. ; thickness: at the bottom 7J in., at the neck 6 1 in. The base is about 3 ft. 6 in. in diameter, but is now covered. 1.2 148 OLD CORNISH CROSSES Front. — On the front is the figure of our Lord. The outstretched arms, although in a Hne, are not horizontal, the left being slightly raised and the right lowered ; while the head and general pose of the body incline to the right. The legs, without feet, rest on the top of a cross of which kind only one other similar instance is at present known to exist in Cornwall. It is of the form known as ' patriarchal,' ' having two cross bars, but in this case is without the top limb, which may, however, be concealed by, or merged in, the feet of the figure. The shaft of the cross is slightly curved, and carried to within a few inches of the bottom, where it is rather wider than at the top. Back. — On the back is a Latin cross in relief the upper limbs contained within the head, its shaft being similarly treated to that on the front. Gwennap, No. i. In the Vicarage Garden Gwennap, in the Deanery of Carnmarth, is situated three miles south-east of Redruth town and railway-station. ' The late Mr. S.J. Wills, of St. Wendron, suggested that, as the adjoining lands formed a portion of the endowment of St. John's Hospital, established for the entertainment of wounded Crusaders, this cross was erected in connection with that Order ; and he thus accounted for the special shape both of this cross and of an incised example in the churchyard of Temple, near Bodmin. UNORNAMENTED CROSSES 149 Writing in September 1890, Canon Rogers, vicar of Gwennap, informed me that this cross was removed to his garden, nearly fifty years ago, by the late Canon Phillpotts, then vicar, ff-om a corner of the glebe, near the site of a former chapel which has given its name to a field still called ' Chapel Moor.' The cross consists of the upper part of what was probably a much taller monument, and is a very interesting example. On the front the head is completely sur- rounded by a bead, with part of the lower portion of its outer | ip '! circumference cut horizontally vV^b^^'5 t"l across the shaft. The bead on the back of the head is carried straight down the angles of the shaft in the same manner as on the crosses at Tremoor, Trebehor, and Withiel. The clever way in which the bold relief of the figure is managed should be noticed. This effect is obtained by sinking the space surrounding the figure gradually from the bead on the head inwards, causing the main portion, or body, to appear in high relief, whereas the front of the body and enclosing bead are on the same level. The two lower corners of the shaft have evidently been purposely cut off, but for what reason is not apparent. Dimensions. — Height, 3 ft. i in. ; width of head, i ft. 9 in. ; width of shaft, 12^ in. ; thickness, 7I in., diminishing at the top of the head. Front. — On the head is a very curious figure of our Lord, the head of which, as in many other cases, is very large. The grotesque features are quite distinct, and the neck and feet are omitted, the lower portion of the legs dying into the bead. On the shaft, imme- diately beneath this bead, is a Latin cross, the shaft of which is carried to the bottom of the stone. Back. — On this face is a hardly perceptible, broad-limbed Latin cross, the upper limbs contained in, and occupying nearly the whole surface of, the head, while its shaft is the full width of the stone be- tween the beads on the angles. !--,:> OLD CORNISH CiiOSSES St. Michael's Mount St. Michael's Mount, in the Deanery of Penwith, is situated three miles east of Penzance and one mile south-east of Marazion railway- station. The cross stands in its circular base on the western side of the island. It is a well-preserved monument, and is interesting alike from the fact of its having three crosses in relief upon it, as well as for the singular position occupied by the smallest repre- sentation of our Lord's figure on any of the Cornish stones. The head of the cross is cir- cular, and the tapering shaft is widest at the bottom. Dimensions. — Height, 6 ft. 2 in. ; width of head, I ft. loi in. ; width of shaft : at the neck 14^ in., at the bottom 17 in. The base is 4 ft. 6 in. in dia- meter. Front. — Within the bead on the head is an equal-limbed cross, the left arm of which is tilted slightly upwards. On the shaft, im- mediately beneath, is an elliptical sinking, in which is the small figure just mentioned. Both arms are raised higher than usual ; the legs, without feet, are spread widely apart, and rest on a rounded projec- tion formed beyond the line of the sinking. Below the figure is a »~wJeC?^3i UNORNAMENTED CROSSES 151 Latin cross extending to the bottom of the stone, the horizontal limbs being the full width of the shaft. Back. — A wide-limbed Latin cross, the upper limbs contained within the head, and the shaft carried to the bottom of the stone. Transitional Monuments of semi-Gothic^ character Both of the crosses about to be described are excellent examples of this type, and although really more Gothic than early, are given here, first, to illustrate the transition, and secondly, to show the diffi- culty of attempting to draw a distinctive line between the two styles. Both figures on these crosses are of the early, rigid form, and the shape of the St. Feock monument is also of an equally early style. On the other hand, the St. Erth cross is obviously a rude form of the ornate lantern crosses, and has also a Gothic base ; while the cross on the back of the St. Feock stone is exactly like those found on thirteenth-century slabs. The two examples of this type will be found at the following places : — Erth, St., No. I . .In churchtown. Feock, St. . . .In churchyard. St. Erth, No. I. In the Churchtown St. Erth, in the Deanery of Penwith, is situated two miles south of Hayle and about one mile south-east of St. Erth railway- station. The monolith stands near the centre of the churchtown, and is supposed to be in situ. It was, until recently, enclosed by a wall within the grounds of the Wesleyan meeting-house, in which position the base and some twelve inches of the shaft were buried beneath a mound of earth. Lately, however, the boundary-wall of the above building has been set back and the mound removed, so ' .See footnote, p. i. 152 OLD CORNISH CROSSES that the entire cross and base are now exposed, the work having been carried out without disturbing the position of the monument. After these alterations had been effected the cross was, on November 2nd, 1 89 1, with some ceremony, handed over by Lord St. Levan to the care of the good folk of St. Erth. This cross is entirely different from any other in the county, owing principally to the remarkable shape of the head, which for explanatory purposes might be described as an oblong wider at the top than at the bottom, and with the upper angles rounded. In general appearance it resembles a rude lantern cross. On the front the head slightly overhangs the shaft, its lower line sloping down- wards from right to left ; while on the back its surface is Hush with UNORNAMENTED CROSSES 153 that of the shaft. The angles of the shaft are chamfered on the front only. Ditueusions. — Height of cross, 7 ft. gin. ; width of head : at the top \'^\ in., at the bottom 17 in. ; width of shaft, 15 in. ; thickness of shaft, 1 1 in. ; thickness of head, 13I in. The base is 3 ft. 9 in. x 3 ft. I in., and 15 in. thick. Front. — The head is bordered by a wide flat bead, and within the recess is sculptured a small figure of our Lord. The neck is omitted, both arms are slightly raised, and the legs are very short. The feet are scarcely indicated, and rest on the splayed edge which forms the bottom of the recess. Back. — The cross from this point of view appears like a wedge- shaped shaft, since the lower outline of the head is barely indicated. On the upper portion are four deep rectangular sinkings having splayed edges. The lower two are much longer than those above, and thus form between them a Latin cross having slightly expanded limbs. St. Feock. In the Churchyard St. Feock, or Feock, in the Deanery of Powder, is situated four miles and a half south of Truro. The cross stands near the south porch, and is mounted on a modern base. The foliated cross and mouldings upon it prove that this is a Gothic monument of, probably, the thirteenth century, to which period it must be assigned. It has, however, other characteristics, such as its shape and the rigid pose of the figure, which belong to the earlier forms, and show that it is an interesting example of the transition between the earlier crosses and those which are entirely Gothic. The angles of the head and shaft are beaded, the latter being moulded on the front and back, as shown in the plan. Dimensions. — Height, 4 ft. ; width of head, 1 ft. 6iin. ; width of shaft, ii^in. ; thickness, 10^ in. Front. — On the head is a crowned figure of our Lord, extending 1 54 OLD CORNISH CROSSES a short distance down the shaft ; unfortunately, the diadem is now much mutilated, though enough still remains to enable it to be traced. Both arms are considerably elevated ; the legs appear to terminate at the knees, on a wide central fillet between the inner beads on the shaft. The face of this fillet bears some undistinguishable markings, as if it had once been decorated. Htfdcrn bgse^ fe'.j.:i:\'{j Back. — On the head, within the bead, is a foliated Gothic cross of beautiful design and careful execution. The mouldings of the shaft consist of a bead on both edges and an ogee on either side of a central fillet ; the three inner members are stopped at the top against the lower limb of the cross, but at the bottom they run out to the extremity of the stone. UNORNAMENTED CROSSES 155 WHEEL CROSSES WITH PROJECTIONS AT THE NECK OR ON THE HEAD WHEEL CROSSES WITH PROJECTIONS AT THE NECK This type of cross exhibits the first development in the introduc- tion of an architectural feature to a plain wheel cross, whereby the form of its outline is changed. The projections consist of a bold bead running from front to back of the stone on either side of the neck, i.e. the junction of the head and shaft. It is a quaint and curious characteristic, and, being peculiar to the county, a monument so enriched may be called par excellence ' the Cornish Cross.' There are altogether twenty-eight examples of this type, an inclusive list of which is given below. Some of them, however, possess certain additional characteristics which place them in other groups, and to distinguish these from those now under notice they have been marked with an asterisk. Geograph ical Distribution Altanwn. Trekennick. Boconnoc, No. 2. Druids' Hill. Bodmin.* Carminnow Cross. Camborne, No. 2.* Outside the Institute. Cleer, St.* Longstone. Clether, St. On Basil Barton 4, viz. — By Inney bank ; Near Basil farmhouse ; Cross-Gates. Near Tarret Bridge. Davidstoiv. Trevivian. Day, St.* Scorrier, No. 2, in grounds. Eastbourne (Sussex).* In Manor House grounds. Egloshayle.* ' Three-hole Cross.' Gwinear.* On Connor Down. Gzvythian. In churchyard, Juliot, St, No. 2. In churchyard. Laneast. On Laneast Down. Lanteglos-by-Camelford, Nos. 2 and 3. In rectory garden Lesnewtli. In churchyard. Lezvannick. Holloway Cross. Trelaske.* My lor* In churchyard. 156 OLD CORNISH CROSSES Penzance* In Market-place. Perranzabuloe* On Perran Sands. Phillack, No. 2. In a field. Roche, No. 2.* In churchyard. Wendron, St.* In Mcrthcr \2wy old church- yard. Those crosses contained in the foregoing Hst which will now be dealt with have, for purposes of classification, been arranged in three sub-divisions. With a Bead on the edge of the Head and an equal-limbed Cross in relief with expanded Ends on the Head There are seven examples of this type, which will be found at the following places : — Altarnon . . . Trekennick. Clether, St. . . . On Basil Barton 4, viz. — No. I, by Inney bank. No. 2, near Basil farmhouse. No. 3, Cross-Gates. No. 4, near Tarret Bridge. Trevivian. In a field. Davidstow . Phillack, No. 2 Trekennick, Altarnon Altarnon, in the Deanery of Trigg Major, is situated eight miles south-west of Launceston, and five miles south-west of Egloskerry railway-station. Trekennick is a farm situated about one mile west of Altarnon church. The cross-head is built into the foot of a hedge by the roadside ; the field adjoin- _ ing belongs to Trekennick Farm. Only a small portion of this monu- ment now remains, consisting of the head and one of the projections at the neck. UNORNAMENTED CROSSES 157 Dimensions. — Height, 2 ft. 4 in. ; width of head, 2 ft. 3 in. Within a deep recess of the head, and surrounded by a bold bead, is a cross, the upper Umb of which is rather longer than the others. Crosses on the Barton of Basil, St. Clether St. Clether, in the Deanery of Trigg Minor, is situated on the banks of the river Inney, and is nine miles west of Launceston and three miles south-west of Tresmeer railway-station. The Barton of Basil, or Trebasil, is about a quarter of a mile south of St. Clether church, and in the valley between them runs the river Inney. There are four crosses on this Barton, all of which are very similar in design. Basil, No. I. By the Inney Bank This cross stands on sloping ground near the right bank of the river, and immediately below the farm. It is no doubt in situ, and appears to be deeply sunk in the ground. The most noticeable feature is the position of the projections, usually placed at the neck ; in this instance they are much below it, and are somewhat larger than generally found. Dimensions. — Height, 7 ft. ; width of head, 2 ft. \\ in. ; width of shaft : at the neck I ft. 5 in., at the bottom i ft. ■]\ in. ; thickness: at the bottom 8|in., at the neck 6 in., tapering to the top of the head. The crosses on front and back of the head are alike. That on the front slopes slightly to the left, while that on the back inclines considerably to the right, and its lower limb is widely expanded. T58 OLD CORNISH CROSSES Basil, No. 2. Near Basil Farmhouse '"'"teg This cross stands on top of a hedge about a quarter of a mile west of Basil farm- house, on the right-hand side of the road leadino; to Trevellian's Gate. It is rather chipped, especially on one side of the head. The projections at the neck are small, and that on the right side is rudely pointed. Dimensions. — Height, 4 ft. loin. : width of head, 2 ft. ; width of shaft : at the neck 18 in., at the bottom igin. ; thickness: at the bottom 9 in., at the neck 7^ in. The crosses on front and back of the head are alike. ■ti Basil, No. 3. Cross-Gates About a mile and a quarter, in a westerly direction, beyond No. 2 cross, last described, the road is intersected at Cross-Gates by that from Altarnon to Hallworthy. The cross stands on a hedgfe on the right-hand side, just before turning to the right. The projections at the neck are slightly recessed from the face of the stone, and there seems to be an accidental entasis on the left side, while the right side is slightly concave. Dimensions. — Height, 5 ft. 10 in. ; width of head, 2 ft. 2 in. ; width of shaft, i8in. ; thickness, 7 in. The crosses on front and back are alike. UNORNAMENTED CROSSES 159 mwmi ;-y« Basil, No. 4. Near Tarret Bridge This cross is now built horizontally into a rough stone wall which forms an artificial bank on the right side of the river Inney, about a gunshot below the bridge. With the assistance of Mr. E. J. K. Venning, of Basil, who showed me this cross, and of a friend who accompanied me, we were able to move the cross outwards, and the water in the stream being low, an inspection was comparatively easy. The cross proved to be a slate monolith nearly 10 ft. long. Some of the stone has shaled off, and a piece is broken off one of the lower corners. Mr. Venning, as well as others in the parish, has been aware of its existence for some years, but how long it has served its present purpose is not known. All agree, however, in thinking that it must have occupied its present position for a consider- able time. Steps are soon to be taken for its erection near the spot where it now lies. Dimensions. — Length, 9ft. 1 1 in.; width of head, i ft. 8 in. ; width of shaft at the neck, 14 in., increasing to about 18 in. near the bottom. It is of a uniform thickness of about 6iin. The upper face of the monolith as it now lies has part of a cross in relief on the head, the upper portion of which has been split off and is missing. i6o OLD CORNISH CROSSES On the lower face, or back of the head, there is a curious curved sinlcing, and on either side of the lower end is a small hole about an inch deep, and just large enough to admit an ordinary drawing- pencil. It may be suggested that possibly the sinking and holes were made to secure a metal plate of some kind which has now dis- appeared. This portion of the stone is quite smooth, which seems to indicate that something was fixed against it, instead of a cross being cut upon it in the usual manner. N.B. — Since the above was written Mr. Venning has informed me that, with the help of his brother and one of the farm-hands, he has taken the cross out of the bank and erected it in the field near the spot from which it was taken. Owing to the length of the stone the work was rather formidable, but was successfully accomplished in the spring of 1893. But for Mr. Venning's laudable energy in effecting the recovery of the cross, it might in time have been lost sight of in its out-of-the-way position. Trevivian,' Davidstow Davidstow, in the Deanery of Trigg Minor, is situated thirteen miles west of Launceston, and one and a half miles south of Otterham railway-station. The Rev. Richard Parker, vicar of Davidstow, kindly communi- cated with me regarding this cross-head, as I was previously unaware its existence. It faces north-west and south- east, and stands on a piece of waste ground about two hundred yards from Trevivian village, on the north side of a cross-road running east and west from Trevivian to Davidstow Moor. Only the head of the cross now remains, and this is loosely inserted in the socket of its large oblong base. Owing to the loss of ^^^mk ' This is the only instance in uhirli the bead on the head is omitted, and it is classified here because llie crosses u])on it are similar to those in this sub-division. UNORNAMENTED CROSSES i6i the greater part of one of the projections at the neck, the head leans sh'ghtly over. Judging from the size of the base, the cross when entire was probably a tall example. Dimensions. — Height, and width of head, i ft. 1 1 in. Thickness : at the bottom 8 in., at the top 5 in. The base is 5 ft. 2 in. long and 3 ft. 5 in. wide. On both front and back of the head is a cross in relief with expanded limbs. That on the front slopes slightly to the right, while the inclination of that on the back is much greater. Phillack, No. 2. In a Field Phillack, in the Deanery of Penwith, is situated six miles south- west of Camborne and one mile north of Hayle railway station. This cross lay for some time in the schoolyard. The following account of it has been given me by the Rev. Canon Hockin, rector of Phillack :— ' The one which I showed you in the yard was originally a wayside cross, and until twenty years ago stood in the middle of a field belong- ing to me about quarter of a mile to the west of the church. It was necessary to remove it, and I intended re-erecting it on the north side of the church, so as to bring it as near as possible into the same line of route as it was before, viz. in a line between Gwythian church, and Lelant ferry, and Lelant church. Near the latter churchyard there was another way- side cross, not facing west as usual, but north- west, pointing towards another on the high-road to St. Ives.' The Canon has since written to say that the cross has been fixed against a rough stone hedge forming one of the boundaries of the same field from which it was taken. The cross is made of Pentewan stone. The head is of horseshoe form, and beaded, but is rather chipped at the top. The entasis on M '' '& m l62 OLD CORNISH CROSSES the shaft is very marked on the right side, but appears to have been chipped off on the left, as it is somewhat broken at the angle. Dimensions. — Height, 4 ft. 9 in. ; width of head, i ft. 5 in. ; width of shaft ' at the neck and bottom 13 in., in the middle about 15 in. ; thickness, 8^ in. In the centre of the cross, on the front, is a small circular hole, rather above the middle. The back is quite plain. MlSCELL.\NEOUS EXAMPLES HAVING DIFFERENT FoRMS OF CROSSES UPON THEM TO THOSE ALREADV DESCRIBED There are five examples of these varieties, which will be found at the following places : — Juliot, St., No. 2 . . .In churchyard. Laneast ..... On Laneast Down. L^mteglos-by-Camelford, No. 2 In rectory garden. Lesnewth . . . .In churchyard. Lewannick .... HoUoway Cross. St. Juliot, No. 2. In the Churchyard pi. -^ St. Juliot, in the Deanery of Trigg Minor, is situated seven miles north of Camelford, and two and a half miles north- west of Otterham railway station. The cross stands by the south-west entrance to the churchyard, and is considered to be in situ. Not only is the cross in a splendid state of preservation, but it is also the most care- fully executed and well-proportioned ex- ample of the type it represents. The head is slightly pointed at the top ; the shaft has an entasis on the right side only, the left being slightly concave ; and, as will be seen below, the stone is thickest at the top. UNORNAMENTED CROSSES 163 Dimensions. — Height, 6 ft. ; width of head, i ft. g\m. ; width of shaft, 16 in. ; thickness ; at the bottom 7 in., at the neck 8|- in., and at the top 10 in. Within the circular recess of the head, on both front and back, is an equal-limbed cross in high relief and of unique shape, its surface projecting beyond that of the shaft and head. The limbs consist of four triangles, the outer sides of which are concentric with the bead on the head, and the points of the interior angles do not quite touch in the centre. Laneast Down Laneast, in the Deanery of Trigg Major, is situated seven miles west of Launceston, and three miles south of Tresmeer railway-station. This cross stands in an exposed position on the Down near High Hall, and is probably in situ. It is remarkable for being made of Poly- phant stone instead of granite. Another peculiarity is the shape of the head, which is elliptical, its longer diameter being vertical. A bead is carried round the head, the outside line of which passes over the unusually square projections at the neck, and forms the inside line of the bead on the ano-le of the shaft, down which it is, however, only carried about halfway. Dimensions. — Height, 6 ft. 6 in. ; width of head, i ft. 11 in. ; width of shaft, i ft. 9 in. ; thickness, Sin. Within the elliptical recess on both the front and back of the head is a Latin cross. Lanteglos-by-Camelford, No. 2. In the Rectory Garden Lanteglos-by-Camelford, in the Deanery of Trigg Minor, is situated one and a half miles south-west of Camelford. M 2 164 OLD CORNISH CROSSES ' It is probable, says Maclean ^ of this cross, ' that its original site was at the cross-roads at a place called " Valley Truckle," about half a mile west of Camelford. It was found set in the ground, with its head downwards, at a smith's shop immediately contiguous to the supposed site. It had been in this position for years, and had been used for the purpose of binding the ties of wheels, for which pur- pose a part of the shaft had been rounded off' Two holes were also pierced right through at this part, and a large portion broken out. The monolith is rudely executed, and is remarkable for the great size of the head, as well as for the large projections at the neck ; and the shaft is much wider at the top than at the bottom. The head is surrounded on front and back by an exceptionally wide bead, and the circular space within is recessed. Dimensions. — Total height when found, 7 ft. 6 in. It now stands 6 ft. 2 in. above the ground. Width of head, 2 ft. 6 in. ; width of shaft : at the neck i ft. 7 in., at the ground-line 1 ft. 5 in. ; thickness : at bottom 8 in., at head 6 in. On both the front and back of the head is an equal-limbed cross, each being inclined considerably to the right. This form of cross with limbs of equal width is very uncommon in Cornwall. The drawing of the lower portion of the back of the cross is given to show the mutilation effected to make the stone suitable for the purpose to which it was put. ' Deanery of Trigg Minor, vol. ii. p. 282. UNORNA MEN TED CR OSSES 165 Lesnewth. In the Churchyard Lesnewth, in the Deanery of Trigg Minor, is situated fifteen miles west of Launceston, and two miles west of Otterham railway-station. The cross-head has been mounted on a modern shaft and base raised on a mound of earth on the south side of the church. Maclean ' considers this to be the missing cross-head belonging to the Waterpit Down shaft. My reasons for disagreeing with him on this point are stated in my description of that monument. Like the cross-head in the vicarage garden, Altarnon (p. 84), this one has been hollowed out at the back, and previous to its recovery was used as a pigs'- t rough. Dimensions. — Heiofht of monument, 7 ft. 5 in. ; height of head, 2 ft. 5 in. ; width of head, 2 ft. 2^ in. ; thickness : at the top 7 in., at the bottom 8 in. The head has a double bead round it, and the cross within is similar'- to those defined on p. 76. It is inclined a good deal to the right, and the horizontal arms are carried over the inside bead, which stops against them. The top of the upper limb is missing ; at any rate, its absence is remarkable, since there seems no particular reason for its omission or removal afterwards. ' Deanery of Tfigg Minor, vol. ii. p. 400. ' A cross-head having a similar cross upon it is preserved in the .\del Museum, near Leeds. 1 66 OLD CORNISH CROSSES Holloway Cross, Lewannick Lewannick, in the Deanery of Trigg Major, is five miles south- west of Launceston. Holloway Cross is situated at the junction of three roads, about a mile and a half north of Lewannick churchtown, on the Launceston road. This interesting example stands in a cottage-garden at the fork of the roads above mentioned, and is now in a similar position to that occupied by the Waterlake cross, St. Winnow. It is said to have been found in the hedge nearly opposite to its present site, where it was removed for safety many years ago by, I believe, the late Colonel Archer, of Trelaske. The projections usually at the neck are here kept rather below it, and are larger than those generally found, and the bead on the angles of the shaft is stopped beneath them. Dimensions. — Height, 3 ft. 7 in. ; width of head, i ft. 10 in. ; width of shaft, 15!^ in. ; thick- ness : at the bottom io| in., at the neck 9I in., at the top 6 in. On both the front and back is a very peculiar cross in relief The upper portions are upon the rounded head of the stone, and in each case have an inclination to the right, and consist of an equal-limbed cross with concave and widely expanded limbs, the outer sides of all, except those at the bottom, being concentric with the outline of the head. From the square end of the lower limb the cross- shaft is carried to the bottom of the stone, and, being narrower than the extremity of the limb above, leaves a projecting shoulder on either side. .Iiiiii UNORNAMENTED CROSSES 167 With a Boss or Bosses There are three examples of this type, which will be found at the following places : — Boconnoc, No. 2 . . . On Druids' Hill. Gwythian . . . .In churchyard. Lanteglos-by-Camelford, No 3. In rectory garden. Boconnoc, No. 2. On Druids' Hill Boconnoc, in the West Deanery, is situated seven miles north of Fowey and three miles north-east of Lostwithiel railway-station. Druids' Hill is situated about one mile north-east of Boconnoc church. The original portion ' of this cross was removed from Lanlivery in 1846, and erected on a modern shaft and massive pedestal raised on three steps. It is known in the neighbourhood as ' The Monu- ment.' On the pedestal is the following inscription : — ON THIS HILL ONCE THE SITE OF DRUID IDOLATRY AND IN LATER TIMES THE SCENE OF CIVIL BLOODSHED THIS ANCIENT SYMBOL OF THE HOLY RELIGION OF THE REDEEMER IS ERECTED IN GRATEFUL ACKNOWLEDGMENT OF THE BLESSINGS OF A PURE FAITH AND OF A PEACEFUL COUNTRY MDCCCXLVI Judging by the size of the head, this cross must originally have formed part of a very fine monolith. The head is outlined by a bead ; the inside line or incision form- ing it is carried completely round, and the projections are of a curious shape, being in this example kept rather above the neck, especially on the left side. ' The ancient part only of this monument has, for distinction, been hatched in the draw- ings, the modern portion being left in outline. The larger drawing of the ancient part is to the same scale as all the other crosses. The smaller-scale drawing is only given to show the whole monument, in which, however, by an oversight, the central boss has been omitted. i68 OLD CORNISH CROSSES Dimensions. — The total heicjht of the monument is about iSft. The ancient portion is 4 ft. 7 in. high. Width of head, 2 ft. 6 in. ; width of shaft, i ft. 6 in. The crosses on front and back are aHke, except that the former has a central boss and the latter a conical hole. 1 he limbs are slightly expanded at the ends, and the two lower limbs, in each case, are much larger than those above. Gwythian. In the Churchyard Gwythian, in the Deanery of Penwith, is situated three miles north-east of Hayle railway-station. UNORNAMENTED CROSSES 169 The cross stands on the south side of the churchyard, and is said to be in siiu. It is in a very good state of preservation. The angles of the shaft are almost square, and the projections at the neck are very small. Dimensions. — Height, 4 ft. 8 in. ; width of head, i ft. J^ in. ; width of shaft, 12 in. ; thickness : at the bottom 10 in., at the neck 7|in., at the top 5I in. On both the front and back of the head, and extending to the bead on the edge, is an equal- limbed cross — a form most uncommon in Cornwall. Lanteglos-by-Camelford, No. 3. In the Rectory Garden Lanteglos-by-Camelford, in the Deanery of Trigg Minor, is situ- ated one and a half miles south-west of Camelford. For a longtime this cross-head, with its remnant of shaft, ' crowned a little rocky island of a fishpond ' in this garden, but about the year 1877 it was fixed in its present incongru- ous position, on top of the Sa.xon inscribed stone which stands a few yards from the pond. The bead surrounding the head does not cut through the ends of the limbs, and is curiously curved inwards just above the neck projections. Dimensions. — Height, 2 ft. ; width of head, 2 ft. 1 5 in. ; thickness, 6 in. On both the front and back of the head is an equal-limbed cross with expanded ends, having in the centre a small boss. Instead of the other four bosses being on the limbs, they are placed in the triangular recesses between the limbs and the bead, a remarkable departure from the usual custom. The only other instance in which the bosses are thus distributed is on the inscribed and ornamented width of shaft, 170 OLD CORNISH CROSSES cross at Trevena, Tintagel. It may be pointed out that where five bosses occur the crosses are ' four-holed.' SIMILAR TO THOSE LAST DESCRIBED, BUT WITH A ANGULAR PROJECTION ON TOP OF THE HEAD RECT- There is only one specimen of this type, which is a very interest- ing example, since it seems to form a connecting-link or transition between the last-described and following styles. New Park, St. Clether St. Clether, in the Deanery of Trigg Minor, is situated nine miles west of Launceston, and three miles south-west of Tresmeer railway-station. This cross-head now stands on the waste piece of ground at the bifurcation of the road at New Park, near Trevellian's Gate. I remember seeing it, some years ago, lying at the foot of Rough Tor. About the year 1885 it was brought in from the moors and placed in its present position. No doubt this was originally a wayside cross, forming one of the guides or landmarks over the moors. A bold bead surrounds the head, and the projections at the neck are placed somewhat higher than is usual. The most remarkable feature is the single projection at the top. There are no remains whatever of any projections on the sides, the stone being smoothly worked at these places. Dimensions. — Height, 2 ft. 11 in. ; width of head, 2 ft. 7 in. ; width of shaft, i ft. gin. ; thickness, 10 in. Within the deep recess on both the front and back of the head is an equal-limbed cross having expanded ends and slightly splayed edges. UNORNAMENTED CROSSES 171 WHEEL CROSSES WITH CRUCIAL PROJECTIONS The distinctive feature of this type of monument consists in the addition of three rectangular, or, as they may be called, ' crucial ' pro- jections extending beyond the rounded head of the ordinary wheel cross, viz. one on either side of and in a line with the horizontal limbs of the cross within, and a third at the top. A cross of this type, and probably of the same period, exists at Penmon, Anglesea ; while some of the West Highland crosses, of which, perhaps, Maclean's Cross, lona, and that at Kilchoman, Islay, are the finest examples, although similar in outline, have no crosses sculptured within the circle of the heads. These latter are evidently of a later date, as they are enriched on all sides with late foliated sculpture of probably the fourteenth or fifteenth century. It is remarkable that the four specimens which represent this type in Cornwall are all more or less different from each other, and are confined to two adjoining parishes, as follows : — Blisland . . . .St. Pratt's Well. ,, . . . . Peverell's Cross. Cardynham, No. i . .In churchyard. ,, ... Treslea Cross. St. Pratt's Well, Blisland Blisland, in the Deanery of Bodmin, is situated five miles north- east of Bodmin town. St. Pratt's Well stands about a quarter of a mile east of Blisland village, on the left-hand side of the road to Bodmin. 'The cross formerly stood over the Holy Well of St. Prothus (Pratt), but having been wantonly thrown down about thirty years ago {c. 1840), was, for safety, sunk in the earth nearly to the neck a few yards from its original site. The total height was between 4 ft. 172 OLD CORXISH CROSSES and 5 ft.' ' The foregoing will probably account for the mutilated condition of the stone, which was no doubt damaged whilst in that ..'-v^v position. The crucial projection on the right side of the %^ head is very much longer than the others. Dunensions. — Present height, 2 ft. o^ in. ; width of head, i ft. 11 in. ; width of shaft, 14 in. ; thickness, 8 in. Within the surrounding bead of the head, on both front and back, is an equal-limbed cross having expanded ends and a slight inclination in both cases to the right. Peverell's Cross, Blisland For locality of Blisland, see last. ' Peverell's Cross, so called with reference, probably, to some member of the distinguished family of that name which for a long time was seated at Park, Egloshayle,' is situated' on Trehudreth Down, near the intersection of the great road through the county and the ancient track between Warleggon and Blisland. It is believed to be in sihi, and within a recent period, by the enclosure of the common, has been walled into the stone hedge. . . . From exposure in a very bleak situation ... it is very much abraded, and as it stood on the boundary separating the manors of Trehudreth and Barlandew, it was used as a landmark, and has been defaced by the letter G [for Gilbert] being cut on the lower limb of the cross.' '' ' Sir John Maclean, Deanery of Trigg Mino7\ vol i. p. 25. ' J. T. Blight, in Ancient Crosses and Antiquities of Cornivall, p. 25, describes the locality of this cross as being ' near Pounds Cause.' ' Sir John Maclean, Deanery of Trigg Minor, vol. i. p. 25. UNORNAMENTED CROSSES 173 Little need be added to the above interesting account, except that the monument, as will be seen, differs considerably from others of this type, principally on account of the absence of a recess and a bead on the head, which was the cause of so much additional labour in the formation of a cross, as already pointed out on pp. 35, 36. Dunensions. — Height, 6 ft. ; width of head, 2 ft. 2 in. ; width of shaft, I5in. ; thickness, 12 in. On the head is an equal-limbed cross with e.xpanded ends. The back of the cross, being against the hedge, is not visible. Cardynham, No. i. In the Churchyard Cardynham, in the Deanery of Bodmin, is situated four miles north-east of Bodmin town. This cross now stands on the west side of the south porch, and, like the other cross in this churchyard, was also built into the east wall of the chancel. The particulars relating to its removal will be found in the y'lJi^^-'- description of No. 2 cross in Cardynham '"^/'iiwi^Wi'^^ia churchyard. '^'•'!M»i»? isLJ*'^ It is the best-preserved example of its v^^^!..,,.^;^'' type, and the projections are much longer '^^^i^^i^^^^m^^A than those found on other examples. Judging ra*^K^^^iP from the absence of the shaft common to ""'"^^^f^^^^^ffll^^. all other crosses there can be little doubt "" that this is a gravestone, the place of the shaft being taken by a rectano-ular foot of the same thickness as, but much wider than, the head itself, and projecting two inches farther on one side than on the other. At the junction of the head with the lower portion are two curious little rounded props, as it were, worked on the stone and slightly recessed, which were evidently intended to strengthen the monument at its weakest part. Dimensions. — Height, 2 ft. 10 in. ; width of head, 2 ft. 3 in. ; dia- meter of head, i ft. 10 in. ; width of shaft, 2 ft. ; thickness, 9 in. Within the deep recess on both the front and back of the head is an equal-limbed cross with expanded ends and splayed edges. 174 OLD CORNISH CROSSES Treslea Cross, Cardynham For locality of Cardynham, see last. Treslea, sometimes spelt Treslay, is a small village about half a mile east of Cardynham churchtown. This is a well-proportioned and effective monument, but is now rather mutilated, owing, no doubt, to its having at some period been used as a gatepost, evidence of which can be seen in the hole at the back for receiving one of the hooks to which the gate was hung, the chipped condition of the stone sur- rounding the hi)le being caused by the jarring. /dimensions. — Height, 5 ft. ; width of head, i ft. 10 in. ; diameter of head, i ft. 7 in. ; width of shaft: at the neck 15 in., at the bottom iSin. ; thickness from the bottom to the neck, 9 in., and at the top. Sin. The principal difference between this and the other examples of this type is the manner in which the crosses on front and back are executed. The circular portion of the head is in relief as compared with the crucial projections, and has a narrow stem on the shaft, also in relief ; not, however, quite central, but placed rather to the left, and in both cases carried to the bottom of the stone, where it is rather wider than at the top. On the head are four triangular sinkings, an inch deep, with curved sides. UNORNAMENTED CROSSES I7S MISCELLANEOUS FORMS OF UNORNAMENTED CROSSES It will be seen that the three specimens contained in this division are wholly unlike any other crosses which are dealt with in Class A. They all possess certain architectural features which are absent in those already described, consisting either of projecting bands, bosses, or portions of beads. There are three unclassified examples, which will be found at the following places : — Blisland, No. i . .In village. Day, St. . . . . Tregullow, No. i. Gluvias, St. . . . Penryn. Blisland, No. i. In the Village Blisland, in the Deanery of Bodmin, is situated five miles north- east of Bodmin town. The cross stands on the village green, close to the junction of the roads from Tregenna and Tresarret, and is said to be m situ. This is a most curious little cross, its outline being entirely different from that of any other in the county. It consists of a wedge-shaped stone wider at the top than at the bottom. The upper portion, or head, might be described as an oblong with sloping sides and an elliptical top, and within, on both front and back, is a deep recess. It is bordered by a bold bead, which projects before the face of the shaft. This bead is much wider at the top, and overhangs the sides, where it is terminated by a rounded edge. Dimensions. — Height, 3 ft. 6 in. ; width of shaft : at the bottom II in., at the top 13^ in. In each recess is a cross, the upper and lower limbs being longer than the transverse ; but all are of equal width. 176 OLD CORNISH CROSSES Tregullow No. i, St. Day St. Day. or St. Dye, in the Deanery of Carnmarth, is a modern parish formed out of Gwennap. It is situated two miles east of Redruth, and about a mile and a half south-west of Scorrier Gate railway-station. Tregullow is the seat of Sir William R. Williams, Bart., and is situated between the railway and St. Day churchtown. The original site of this cross is not known. The head is much broken at the top, and just beneath it, on either side of the chamfered shaft, are two little bosses. One boss is sometimes found in this position, but this is the only instance in which there are two. Perhaps the most notice- able feature is the wide projecting and chamfered band surrounding the shaft, near the bottom. Two other instances of a band occur, but not in the same position. At St. Dennis it is placed at the neck, and at St. Blazey, round the middle of the shaft. Dimensions. — Height, 5 ft. 9 in. ; width of head, i ft. 8 in. ; width of shaft, I5in. ; thickness: at the bottom 12 in., and at the neck, \o\ in. Front. — On the front is a wide-limbed Latin cross, the bottom of its shaft resting on the projecting band just mentioned. Back. — On the back is a Latin cross in high relief with expanded limbs, the shaft of which is terminated about six inches below the neck. UNORNAMENTED CROSSES 177 Penryn, St. Gluvias Penryn is a tdwn and borough situated on an arm of Falmouth harbour. It is in the Deanery of Carnmarth, and inckitles parts of other parishes besides St. Gluvias, in which the cross stands. Penryn railway-station is two miles north-west of Falmouth, on the branch line from that place to Truro. Inquiries have failed to elicit any information as to where this little cross-head originally came from. For many years it could be seen built into the old fish-market at Penryn, which has recently been pulled down. It was then in the middle ,*!^?i-,.^,f*4 of the low wall which supported the slate stall on which the fish were placed. Mr. John D. Enys, of Enys, Penryn, has supplied me with particulars relating to the steps which have been taken for its future preservation. He says : ' The corporation having taken down the fish-market, the cross which was built into it was removed. I came forward and offered to 8:ive a pedestal, and to erect the cross in a safe place. The corporation accepted this offer, and in April [1895], the granite pedestal having been provided, the cross was mounted upon it and placed near the east end of the Town Hall, on the north side of the portico, where it shows down the street and is out of the way of traffic' What little remains of this cross is a portion of the head, which has a semicircular top and upright sides ; but it is quite impossible to give any idea of its original form or purpose. Across the low(;r portion is a wide projecting bead, a feature not found on any other stone. Dimensions. — Height, 1 ft. 4 in. ; width, 12! in. ; thickness, about 6 in. On the front is a cross with expanded limbs, but there is nothing worked at the back. 178 OLD CORNISH CROSSES HOLED CROSSES By Holed Crosses is meant those which have holes pierced through the stone between the arms on the head, instead of the cross being brought into relief by mere sinkings. The number of holes varies in the different instances, being either two, three, or four. With the exception, however, of the crosses at Egloshayle and Perranzabuloe, which both have three holes, and the cross at Phillack (No. 6), which has only two holes, all have four holes, and are locally called ' Four-hole Crosses.' There are altogether twenty-seven examples ; and, following the method previously adopted, the holed crosses will be divided into those without ornament and those with ornament. The following is a complete list of all the holed crosses in Cornwall. Those without ornament will be described here, but those with ornament are included in ' Class B,' which deals with the ' Ornamented Crosses.' Unornamexted Hci.ei) Crosses Geographical Distribution Biiiyan, St., N, four-holed cross built into a hedge -."' '"-^t^:^^ 'j/i^ at the spot above mentioned. ^^ M^'^'~^^ This being the only four-holed jj |^-=^.^'"5;H ,i\. ';,, cross of which I had not secured a ;^p?-^%^'t>^S<:J^^^^^?^^^ drawing, Mr. lago readily volunteered to assist me in having it unearthed. He accordingly applied to Lord Robartes — on whose property the cross stands — for permission to search for it. His Lordship at once consented, and also sent a man to perform the necessary digging. Mr. lago superintended the work, and, having pointed out the exact spot in the hedge, the cross was found almost immediately. The result, however, was somewhat disappointing, as the monu- ment proved to be but a small and mutilated fragment of what was once a very large cross. It now consists of a little more than half of the upper portion of the head. There was no ornament of any kind, but some markings — or fractures — at the sides have the appear- ance of beads. Dimensions. — Height of the fragment, i ft. Sin. ; width, 2 ft. Sin.; thickness : at the bottom 9 in., at the top 7 in. ' Since the above was written Lord Robartes has had the cross-head completed, under Mr. lago's supervision, by the addition of the missing lower portion, and it is now mounted on a tall granite shaft erected in an elevated portion of Lanhydrock Park. 1 84 OLD CORNISH CROSSES Trevenning Cross, St. Tudy St. Tudy, in the. Deanery of Bodmin, is situated seven miles north of Bodmin town and two and a haU" miles north-east of St. Kew Highway railway-station. The cross stands by the roadside, about one and a half miles north-east of St. Tudy churchtown, on the left-hand side of the highway from Bodmin to St. Teath, and opposite the junction of the road to Camelford. To Mr. J. R. Collins, of Bodmin, the preservation of this ancient relic is due. It was, I believe, found in the hedge immediately „ ., behind its present position. Mr. Collins informs me /' . \ ,4-;^'*^. trance to the churchyard, the path from which joined s^^^^f^f that on the east side of the church at a point nearly al^l opposite to the north-east angle of the chancel. By s^'x^fe * ^in Order of Council about thirtv years ago, and \",0^M during the incumbency of the Rev. G. B. Boraston, '^^' some parts of the churchyard were levelled. While this work was in progress the cross was discovered, buried beneath the surface, near the south angle of the junction formed by the two paths already mentioned.' The damage to this stone appears to be more the result of deliberate mischief than that which might have been caused by time or weather. A piece has been broken off one side, with the result that one of the bosses on the front and one on the back have been removed, and those on the back are much chipped. The four holes are circular — an unusual feature — and the bosses have a very bold projection. Instead of having a tenon worked at the bottom of the shaft, a socket five inches deep is sunk in it. ' The cross at Lanteglos-by-Camelford, \o. 3, as well as the Carminnow Cross, have five bosses on the front and back, but the monuments are not four-holed. These, with the above, arc the only examples which are thus treated. UNORNAMENTED CROSSES 189 Dimensions. — Height, 2 ft. 7|in. ; width of shaft, 13^11. ; thick- ness, 8 in. This is the only four-holed cross of this type which has, or rather had, five bosses on both front and back of the head. Four-holed Crosses with the Figure of Our Lord on the P'ront and Five Bosses on the Back There are altogether five examples of this type ; those now under consideration will be found at the following places : — Buryan, St., No. 2 . . .In churchyard. Erth, St., No. 2 . . .In churchyard. Paul, .St., No. 2 . . . On churchyard wall. The remaininQ- two are ornamented crosses, viz. : — Mawgan-in-Pyder . . . Lanherne Phillack, No. 6 . . .In church vard St. Buryan, No. 2. In the Churchyard St. Buryan, or Burian, in the Deanery of Penwith, is situated six miles south-west of Penzance. The monument stands on the south side of the church, near the porch, and is doubtless the churchyard cross. It consists of a fine four-holed head in a very good state of pre- servation, the shaft of which when entire was probably much longer, since it is extremely unlikely that so large a base would have been erected for so short a cross as that which now remains. The limbs of the cross and ang-les of the rina^ are beaded on all external faces, and the small portions between them are deeply splayed inwards, and then pierced by a small circular hole. The base on plan is almost square, and is built of large pieces of roughly wrought granite, forming a flight of five steps, which, owing to their unevenness, are in some places wedged up with small stones. In the top step is the mortice ; it is not central, but is sunk some five I90 OLD CORNISH CROSSES inches to the southward ; and though formerly it received the tenon of the shaft, it is now just large enough to take the present remnant of the shaft itself. Dimensioiis. — The total height of the monument is 7 ft. 5 in. ; height of the cross, 2 ft. 8 in. ; width of head, 2 ft. 2 in. ; width of shaft, 12 in. ; thickness: at the bottom 10 in., and at the top Bin. The lowest platform of the base is 14 ft. 6 in. x 14 ft. 3 in., and the top one is about 3 ft. 8 in. square. Height of the stepped base, 4 ft. 9 in. The cross faces east and west. West Front. — The method of finishing: the lower limb of the head is rather curious. Instead of carrying it round in the usual manner, as on the east front, its outline is sloped downwards and inwards from the external angles, in a similar manner to the cross on the churchyard wall at St. Paul, and is then taken horizontally across. By this treatment more depth is secured for the completion of the legs and feet of the figure, members which are so often curtailed for want of sufficient space. The bead on the outline of the cross is abruptly stopped at the bottom of the lower limb, and a second bead adjoining it is commenced below the arms of the figure, and carried completely round the lower portion. On the head is the figure of our Lord, represented with a nimbus; the only other instances of this occur on the crosses in the churchyards of Sancreed and St. Paul. The arms are very long, and are expanded at the ends, illustrating the sleeves of the tunic, the bottom of which is terminated above the knees ; and the much-exaggerated feet are turned outwards at right angles. East Front. — The lower limb of the cross is convex at the end. A double bead is carried right round the outline, and five bosses boldly project from the face in their usual position.s. North and South Sides. — The ends of the arms are beaded, and the ring has a bead on both edges. Note. — Mr. Byam Shaw has very kindly drawn the figures on the Plate of this cross for me. By their insertion an idea of the size of this monument is sfiven. UNORNAMENTED CROSSES 191 St. Erth, No. 2. In the Churchyard St. Erth, in the Deanery of Penwith, is situated two miles south of Hayle, and about one mile south-east of St. Erth railway-station. The cross-head is mounted on a deep and rounded base, and stands on the south side of the churchyard, by the right-hand side of a short flight of steps leading from the lower to the higher part of the churchyard.' I have been unable to ascertain any particulars re- garding its previous history," beyond the fact of its having been where it is now for a great number of years. This may once have ^iX'^ Mw A?^:a«5j been the churchyard cross, but all that now remains is the four-holed head, with about three inches of the shaft, and perhaps the base. It has suffered very considerably from the ravages of time, as well as from mutilation. No remains of the usual beads on the head now exist, and the sides are quite plain. It is, in fact, one of the most abraded monuments in Cornwall. ' This churchyard, by the way, is most heautifLilly kept, and has more the appearance of a well-ordered garden, possessing as it does an abundance of flowers and shrubs — a pleasure to behold, and reflecting the greatest credit upon the responsible authorities. - The old lady who looks after the church was good enough to inform me that the monu- ment was a ' Grick cross, cum from (irick.' .Someone, I suppose, had told her that it was a (Ireek cross, so she was able to locate it— on her own account. 192 OLD CORNISH CROSSES Dimensions. — Height, 2 ft. 3 in. ; width of head, 2 ft. 4 in. ; width of shaft, 15 in. ; thickness, gin. Front. — On the head is an e.xtraordinary representation of the upper {)ortion of our Lord's figure, extending to about the waist. From the manner in which it is stopped, and from the fact that the e.xtreme outhne of the lower limb of the cross is distinctly shown, it is evident that an entire representation of the figure was not contemplated. The neck is remarkable for its length and thickness ; both arms are slightly raised, and expanded at the ends, suggesting the sleeves of the tunic. Back. — On the head are five bosses, which project about half their diameter ; they are all arranged at different distances from each other, and of the upper one very little remains. St. Paul, No. 2. On the Churchyard Wall St. Paul, or Paul as it is now called, is in the Deanery of Penwith, and is situated two and a half miles south of Penzance. This cross-head is now cemented on to the top of a large piece of granite which forms a portion of the boundary-wall between the churchyard and the road. All that now remains of this monument is a fine four-holed head. It is a most curious e.\ample, and possesses the following remarkable features, to which attention should be called : (i) The unusual width of the limbs, which reduces the intervening spaces to such an extent that very little room is left for the connecting-ring ; (2) the four UNORNAMENTED CROSSES 193 holes of the head are smaller than will be found on any other monu- ment of this class ; and (3) the manner in which the beads are worked on the lower limb of the cross on the front. Dijuensions. — Height, 2 ft. 3 in. ; width, 1 ft. 11^ in. ; thickness, 7 in. Front. — The lower limb of the cross on the head, instead of having a segmental termination like the others, and like the corre- sponding one on the back, is here brought down almost to a point from the angles at its extreme width, the legs of the figure filling the inter- vening space between the beads on the edge. A single bead is carried round the outline of the upper portion of the head, and stops abruptly at the bottom of the horizontal limbs. The bead which completes the outline of the lower portion starts from beneath the arms of the figure, and inside the one just described, so that on this portion the beading is double. The figure consists of a rude repre- sentation of the Saviour. The head is very large, and has some remains of the features. Like the examples in the churchyards of St. Buryan and Sancreed, the head is surrounded by a nimbus. Both arms are slightly raised ; the legs are short, and there are no feet. Back. — The limbs of the cross are double-beaded, and five boldly projecting bosses appear in their usual positions. That in the centre has indications of an encircling bead at its base, and from that on the right arm a large piece has been broken off. Four-holed Crosses with Cusps in the Openings Crosses thus enriched differ from others of the four-holed class in having the additional architectural feature of three cusps, if they may be so called, in each of the four holes in the cross-head, present- ing the appearance of trefoils. These cusps are formed by rounded rolls or beads, running from front to back of the stone, and projecting, one from either limb, and one from the ring. In no cases are the cusps ever pointed like those in Gothic architecture, although they are often erroneously so shown in illustrating the Cornish examples. o 194 OLD CORNISH CROSSES This treatment of the holes is another pecuHarity confined to Cornwall. On some of the Irish crosses, as at Monasterboice, a single rounded projection is found on the inside of the ring, but those on the limbs themselves are always omitted. There are altogether six examples of this type. Those now under consideration will be found at the following places : — Egloshayle . . . Pencarrow. Padstow, No. I . . .In old vicarage garden. The remaining four are ornamented crosses, viz. : — B reward, St. . . .In cemetery. Columb Major, St., No. i . In churchyard. Padstow, No. 3 . . . Prideaux Place. Ouethiock . . .In churchyard. Pencarrow, Egloshayle Egloshayle, in the Deanery of Bodmin, is situated on the north side of the river Camel. It is six and a half miles north-west of Bodmin, and about half a mile south-east of Wadebridge railway- station. Pencarrow, lately the residence of Lady Molesworth, is situated about two miles east of Egloshayle and about four miles north-west of Bodmin. This cross, w^hich is the largest specimen of its type, is mounted on a large block of rough granite, and stands at the fork of two paths in a rockery near the house. Mr. Richard Oliver, of Trescowe, Bodmin, has kindly supplied me with the following particulars relating to its discovery. Writing in February 1890, he says : — ' About twenty years ago a labourer was repairing a fence adjoin- ing one of the fields in my occupation w^hich was formerly a part of the Pencarrow Deer-park, when I noticed a piece of granite in the centre of the hedge, and told the man to dig farther, and see what it was. W^e soon found it was a cross, and I had it taken out. By UNORNAMENTED CROSSES 195 request of the late Lady Molesworth it was afterwards removed to the grounds of Pencarrow and set up on a large rock. Unfortunately, we have not been able to find the shaft of the cross. It is supposed that originally the cross was placed to mark the boundary of a large manor, formerly held by the Peverells, of which Pencarrow was a part, and I believe there are other Peverell crosses in the district. The hedge in which the cross was found is a very high and wide one, o 2 196 OLD CORNISH CROSSES built with stone and earth in the old Cornish style, to keep in the deer.' Dimensions. — Height, 3 ft. 5 in. ; width of head, 2 ft. \o\ in. ; dia- meter of ring, 2 ft. 7 in. ; thickness at the bottom, gin., tapering to 6 in. at the top. The cross has a bead on the edge of the head, and the ring is left square at the angles. On both the front and back is a large central boss ; that on the latter is encircled by a bead at its base. Padstow, No. I. In the Old Vicarage Garden Padstow, anciently Petrocstow, in the Deanery of Pyder, is situated eleven^ miles north-west of Bodmin, and eight miles north- west of Wadebridge railway-station. The garden in which the cross stands adjoins the eastern boundary of the churchyard, and occupies the site of the old vicar- ^____^^ — age. It is now rented by Dr. Marley, ^,J__r^^S^^^^^^ througfh whom I am able to gfive the follow- ?^~^^^aJ|^^^^^ '"& particulars regarding the cross. Writing X—^'lTv^^t^^^^^S: '" February 1888, he says: — 'The Rev. cbiz~^^'^pA$?^— -5^ Richard Tyacke has been vicar of Padstow ^"T!Zr^^^™~z:^^^ ^°'' fifty-one years, and having made in- IL-n '/^i^_^^^^^c:?>^==~", quiries about the cross, he told me it was _ ^ ^^ ~ -^^^--- ^^^ there when he came, and imamnes that Mr. Rawlings, the former vicar, had it placed where it now is for preservation. It was supposed to have been taken from the churchyard.' Another old inhabitant to whom I applied said that he was just able to remember the old vicarage, and corroborates the above statements. The cross is built into the boundary-wall " on the south side of the garden, about three feet from the ground, so that the front only is visible. It was evidently used as a mere building-stone in the con- • This distance is as the crow flies ; local directories state it to be sixteen miles. '' In this wall there are also two little Gothic gable crosses, both of which, as far as I can recollect, are on the north side of that now being described. UNORNAMENTED CROSSES 197 struction of this wall, since the four holes are filled up with small stones, bits of brick, and mortar. It is made of grey elvan,' and is the smallest four-holed cross in Cornwall. The shaft, of which only some three inches remain, has part of a bead on the right edge, but all that on the left has been broken off Dimensions. — Height, i ft. 11 in. ; width across the arms, i ft. 8^ in. ; diameter of ring, i ft. 7 in. ; thickness (ascertained by the removal of an adjoining stone), 10 in. On the exposed face is a central boss, with an encircling bead at its base. The limbs of the cross are outlined by a bead, and adjoin- ing the portions at each end is a double-beaded concentric arc, similar to, and a continuation of, those on the four quadrants of the ring, which in this instance is circular. Although there is now no ornament distinguishable on the exposed face, it is not unlikely that when the cross is taken out of the wall the back may prove to be ornamented with interlaced knots on the arms, similar to so many others of this type. The careful manner in which the cross has been executed, and the elaborate beadwork upon it, have suggested this theory. LATIN CROSSES Latin crosses are more numerous in Cornwall than in any other part of Great Britain. A few are to be met with in the west of Ireland, and a few also in Scotland, but, as a rule, their occurrence elsewhere is rare. With regard to the Cornish examples, it is interesting to follow their gradual development from the plain, and probably earliest, form to the later and elaborate Gothic styles. Of course it is very difficult to say where one style ends and the other begins, or, in other words, to determine which are Gothic and ' See p. 15. 198 OLD CORNISH CROSSES which are not. The reason, therefore, for giving certain specimens of the later types at the end of this section is merely to illustrate this gradual change of style ; it should, however, be mentioned that all the Latin crosses known to me in Cornwall, except those with incised crosses^ or ornament, are included in the subjoined list, with the omission of several very small examples which are in all likelihood only gable crosses. The chief characteristics of the plain Latin crosses are: — (i) In most instances the upper limbs are slightly tapered towards their extremities ; (2) in some the horizontal arms are tilted upwards, and (3) in others they are narrower than the upper one — peculiarities which, I believe, are confined to Cornwall. As soon as any de- parture from this type takes place the tendency towards Gothic is apparent. The first innovation seems to be the chamfered ^ angle, which was gradually increased in width until the section of the stone became octagonal. In the next stage the octagonal limbs were slightly expanded at the ends. Then apparently followed, first, the addition of cusps between the limbs, as at Tresallan, St. Merryn ; and afterwards a still more ornate treatment, as on the cross in Lamorran churchyard. Thus, step by step they evolved, until the elaborate Gothic lantern crosses were reached, ' with their cut bases and tapering, octagonal shafts, crowned by a canopied head having its four sides filled with sculptured figures. Some of the simpler Gothic crosses of Latin shape have a hollow moulding on the angles instead of a chamfer, instances of which will be found on a cross in Mousehole Lane, and on one recently found at Kerris, both places being in the parish of St. Paul. The Latin crosses of obviously early form will first be described ; the other examples follow, for the reasons already given. But the object of the present work only requires that the Latin crosses should be dealt with as far as the last example (at Cross Park, Blisland) which has chamfered and expanded limbs. ' See p. 251. " Attention has already been called to the occurrence of a chamfer on the shafts of some of the wheel crosses previously described. ^ See list of Gothic Crosses at end of Class C. UNORNAMENTED CROSSES 199 Geographical Distribution Altarnon. Near St. Vincent's Mine. Blisland. Lavethan, No. i. Cross Park. Buryan, St. Chyoone Cross. Cardynliani. Pinchla. Cleer, St. St. Cleer's Well. Columb Major, St. Black Cross. Davidstow. Lambrenny. Germans, St. Carracawn. Godolpliin. Spernon Cross. Keyne, St. In churchyard. Lelant. Lelant Lane. Ludgvan, No. 2. In churchyard. Madron. Tremathick or Trereiffe Cross. Mawgan-in-Pydcr. Mawgan Cross. Minver, St. In churchyard. Neot, St., No. I. In vicarage garden. Neivlyn (^Penzance). Near church. Paul, St. Carlankan. Halwyn. Paul Down. Pinnock, St. Bosent Cross. Sheviocke. Crafthole. At four cross-roads. Stephen' s-by-Saltash, St. Trematon. Temple, No. li In churchyard. Tresmeer. In churchyard. Plain Latin Crosses There are ten examples of this type, which will be found at the following places : — Near St. Vincent's Mine. Pinchla. Carracawn. In churchyard. In vicarage garden. Altarnon . Cardynham Germans, St. Minver, St. Neot, St., No. I 200 OLD CORNISH CROSSES Paul, St. Sheviocke . Temple, No. i Carlankan. Halwyn. Paul Down. Crafthole. In churchyard. Altarnon. Near St. Vincent's Mine Altarnon, in the Deanery of Trigg Major, is situated eight miles south-west of Launceston, and five miles south-west of Egloskerry railway-station. The cross stands on top of a hedge about a (1'^'^ ^^^ ^""^ ^ ^^^ ^''""^ ^'^^^ Lanes, on the left- hand side of the road to Bodmin, nearly opposite W J:? iy\ to St. Vincent's Mine. ' '""" " It is of the usual Cornish form ; the hori- zontal limbs slope upwards, and the upper one is tapered. Dimensions. — Height, 2 ft. 4 in. ; width,' i ft. 1 1 in. ; width of shaft, 12\ in. ; thickness, 9 in. Pinchla, Cardynham Cardynham, in the Deanery of Bodmin, is situated four miles north-east of Bodmin town. Pinchla Park is one and a half miles south-west of Cardynham churchtown. It was formerly a deer-park. All that now remains of this cross stands in its base on the hedge by the left side of the Pinchla Lodge entrance. With the exception of some three inches the shaft is missing, as well as the upper limb. Dimensions. — Height, i ft. 4 in. ; width, 2 ft. 4 in. ; thickness, 5.J in. ' In all Latin crosses the width is taken across the horizontal arms. UNORNAMENTED CROSSES 20 1 Carracawn, St. Germans St. Germans, in the East Deanery, is situated eight miles south-west of Saltash, and has a railway-station on the main line. The cross stands on a hedge near Carra- cawn turnpike-gate, about two and a half miles west of St. Germans. It is chiefly remarkable for the narrow- ness of its arms, and for being contracted at the neck. Dimensions. — Height, 4 ft. 6 in. ; width, 2 ft. 7 in. ; thickness : at the bottom 9 in., at the top 5^ in. •■"!\5Fa?S St. Minver. In the Churchyard St. Minver, in the Deanery of Bodmin, is situated ten north-west of Bodmin town, and four and a half miles north-west of Wadebridge railway-station. The cross stands on the south side of the church. It was removed, some years ago, from Treelines Farm, situated about a mile and a half north-west of the churchtown. Difiiensions. — Height, 3 ft. ; width, i ft. 7 in. ; thickness at the bottom, (y\ in., and tapering slightly to the top. miles St. Neot, No. I. In the Vicarage Garden St. Neot, in the West Deanery, is situated si.x miles north-west of Liskeard and three miles north-west of Doublebois railway-station. There are three Latin crosses in this garden, all near each other, two of which will be described under ' Incised Work.' 202 OLD CORNISH CROSSES The original site of this cross does not appear to be known, but one very similar to it formerly stood by the Crow's Pound,' on Gonzion Down, about three-quarters of a mile west of the churchtown, an illustration of which will be found in the Gentleman s Maga- zine and Catholic Miscellany, referred to on p. 30. It is not improbable that this is the same cross. It is a rather massive example, and the limbs are much wider than is usual. Diinensioiis. — Height, 3 ft. 4 in. ; width, 2 ft. 5 in. ^^mm^ Carlankan, St. Paul St. Paul, or Paul, in the Deanery of Pen- with, is situated two and a half miles south of Penzance. Carlankan estate adjoins that of Kerrls, and is situated one and a half miles west of St. Paul. The cross lies on a waste piece of land at the bottom of the hill, on the left-hand side, before commencing the ascent towards Kerris.^ It is fractured across the shaft just beneath the horizontal limbs, and has in some way ' The legend accounting for the name given to an ancient earthwork situated on Gonzion Down, about a mile west of the churchtown, has been sent me by Mr. Charles Cawrse, of St. Neot. It appears that St. Neot had remonstrated with the farmers for their irregular attendance a:t church on Sundays. They excused themselves by stating that the crows committed such depredations on their corn-fields whenever they were absent that continual watching and driving them away was the only means of saving their crops. St. Neot was equal to the occasion, and directed his parishioners to attend church as usual, and to enable them to do so he impounded all the crows in the earthwork during the services. " Since the above was written the cross has been removed and fixed up in Kerris village. UNORNA MEN TED CR OSSES 203 become much chipped at the bottom. The shaft tapers more than usual, and its whole length seems to be greater than many- others, except, perhaps, that on Paul Down. Dimensions — Length, 6 ft. 9 in. ; width, 2 ft. ; width of shaft : at the neck iiiin., at the bottom iSin. ; thickness: at the bottom 12 in., at the neck 8 in., at the top 6 in. Halwyn, St. Paul For locality of St. Paul, see last. Halwyn Farm is situated about half a mile south of St. Paul churchtown. The cross is built into a hedge a little north of the farm. When making inquiries of Mr. Tregenza as to the position of the cross on St. Paul Down, he told me he had seen another one on the previous day, and, although in the habit of passing the place constantly, he had never noticed it before. It now forms part of a rubble stone hedge, in which it is slightly recessed from the surroundingf masonry. The lower portion is buried, so it is not possible with- out removing the stones and e.xcavating to give the dimensions ; but the width across the arms is about 2 ft. 5 in., which is greater than is usual in monuments of this type, and shows that the cross was originally a large one. St. Paul Down, St. Paul For locality of St. Paul, see p. 202. The cross stands against the hedge of a narrow lane which 204 OLD CORNISH CROSSES traverses the Down ^ and is intersected near the cross by a footpath. Some part of the lower portion is buried, but apart from this it is one of the tallest examples of this type. Dimensions. — Height, 6 ft. ; width, i ft. 1 1 in. Crafthole, Sheviocke Sheviocke, in the East Deanery, is situated three and a half miles south of St. Germans railway-station. Crafthole is about one mile south of the churchtown. The cross is mounted on a modern circu- lar base of two steps. The upper limb has been knocked off Dimensions. — Height, 3 ft. ; width, i ft. 9 in. ■^^J^fss*. -a..'*k' ■ Paul Down is the name of an extensive and once open tract of land, but in recent years a great portion of it has been enclosed by the neighbouring farmers. UNORNAMENTED CROSSES 20S Temple, No. i. In the Churchyard Temple, in the Deanery of Bodmin, is situated six miles nortli- east of Bodmin town. Tliere are no less than eight little crosses in this churchyard, all being more or less mutilated. Most of them are ranged against the south wall, and are probably gravestones of a very early date. All are illustrated by the Rev. W. lago in a small pamphlet ' published in 1883. Seven have incised or sunk crosses upon them, and will there- fore be found under Class B. The one now under notice is a very small example, and has lost its upper limb. Dimensions. — Height, i ft. 9 in. ; width, i ft. 2 in. ; thickness, 3 in. Latin Crosses slightly varied in Form from those LAST described There are six examples of this type, which will be found at the following places : — Blisland Columb Major, St. Davidstow . Godolphin . Ludgvan, No. 2 . Madron Lavethan, No. i. Black Cross. Lambrenny. Spernon Cross. In churchyard. Tremathick or Trereiffe Cross. Lavethan No. i, BHsland Blisland, in the Deanery of Bodmin, is situ- ated five miles north-east of Bodmin town. Lavethan is the seat of Capt. W. Moorshead, J. P., and is only a few minutes' walk in a westerly direction from Blisland churchtown. The cross stands on top of a hedge in these ^^v^s^^^PI^^. grounds. ' History of Temple Church, near Bodmin, Cornivall (built by the Knights Templars), by the Rev. J. R. Brown, rector of Helhuul 206 OLD CORNISH CROSSES It differs from the foregoing examples in having the upper Hmb expanded. Dwtensions. — Height, 2 ft. ; width, i ft. 11 in. ; thickness, 6 in. Black Cross, St. Columb Major St. Columb Major, in the Deanery of Pyder, is situated sixteen miles north-east of Truro, eight south-west of Wadebridge, and two and a half north of -St. Columb Road railway-station. Black Cross is a small village three-quarters of a mile north of the railway-station, on the road to St. Columb churchtown. This little cross is built into a boundary-wall of one of the cottages on the right-hand side of the road. It is painted black, and the village or hamlet takes its name from the stone. Dimensions. — Height, i ft. 4 in. ; width, i 2 in. The cross is very irregularly shaped, all the limbs being of different widths. Lambrenny, Davidstow Davidstow, in the Deanery of Trigg Minor, is situated thirteen miles west of Launceston, and one and a half miles south of Otter- ham railway-station. Lambrenny Farm is about two miles west of Davidstow church. The cross faces south-east by east, and is probably in situ. It stands on a waste piece of ground situated about halfway between Lambrenny and Trelay, at the side of the old church jjath through the fields. The Rev. R. G. Parker informs me that this spot has been used as a place for private prayer within the memory of people who are now living, and also that it is along this path a corpse is carried from Lambrenny to the church. Dimensions. — Height, 5 ft. 6 in. ; width, 13 in. ; width of shaft : at the top gin., at the .?t;^^ bott om 14^ m. UNORNAMENTED CROSSES 207 The head is much worn and chipped, and the shaft, which is almost circular in plan, tapers considerably. Spernon Cross, Godolphin Godolphin is a modern parish formed out of St. Breage. It is situated in the Deanery of Kerrier, and is four and a half miles north-west of Helston, and two miles south of Nancegollan railway- station. Spernon Is about one mile south-west of Godolphin, and is rather less than halfway between the last-named place and St. Breage. This cross is built into a rubble stone fence, and has lost its upper limb. Dimensions. — Height, i ft. 9 in. ; width, i ft. 6 in. Ludgvan, No. 2. In the Churchyard Ludgvan, in the Deanery of Penwith, is situated three and a half miles north-east of Penzance. The cross stands just inside the south gateway K%, \\ of the churchyard, on the west side. 0^^'^!^ It is very irregularly executed, the left arm being ^^i^0'-, -^f^ considerably higher than the right, and the angle ' formed at its junction with the upper limb appears to be unfinished. On the top of the stone there is a sinking of very curious shape, a sketch of which is given. Dimensions. — Height, 3 ft. ; width, i ft. 6 J in. ; thickness, 10 in. Trereiffe or Tremathick Cross, Madron Madron, in the Deanery of Penwith, is one and a half miles north-west of Penzance. Trereiffe Cross is synonymous with Tremathick Cross. It is generally known as Tremathick Cross, because it is near the village of that name, where there is a road-crossing ; but it is on the 208 OLD CORNISH CROSSES Trereiffe estate. A person living in the locality told me it was known by either of these names. ' The cross stands on an artificial mound by the wayside from Penzance to St. Just. It was removed from Rose-an-Beagle, in the parish of St. Piiul.'^ Some say this mound is a tumulus. It is situated a mile and a half east of Penzance, and about the same distance south of Madron churchtown. The cross has a granite base, but only a small portion is visible, the rest being overgrown by the surrounding turf. Dimensions. — Height, 5 ft. 4 in. ; width, i ft. io| in. ; thickness, 14 in. Latin Crosses with a Cross or Crosses in relief on both Front and Back There are two examples of this type, which will be found at the following places : — Cleer, St. Tresmeer St. Cleer's Well. In church vard. St. Cleer's Well, St. Cleer St. Cleer, St. Clere, or St. Clare, in the West Deanery, is situated two and a half miles north of Liskcard, where there is a railway- station. St. Cleer's Well stands on the outskirts of the village. This very fine monolith stands in its base close to the Well, and is in situ. In detail it is quite different from any other of its kind. Dimensions. — Height, 7 ft. 2 in. ; width, 2 ft. 6 in. ; thickness : at the bottom 12 in., at the neck 8Hn., at the toji 7 in. The base is about 3 ft. square and cS in. thick. ' J. T. Blight, Ancient Crosses and Antiquities of Cornwall, p. 45. UNORNAMENTED CROSSES 209 I, -i^'i"^, J, The front and back of the stone are alike, each face having upon it two crosses in relief, one within the other. The outer cross is the same shape as the outline of the stone ; and the inner consists of an approxi- mately equal-limbed cross with a narrowed stem ; the stems in each case being carried to the bottom of the stone. Tresmeer. In the Churchyard Tresmeer, or Tresmere, in the Deanery of Trigg Major, is situated six and a half miles west of Launceston, and has a railway-station. Some years ago there was a -^M^^^^^^k^^^Q^s^^^^ cross in Laneast churchyard. I, as well as many others, remember its existence as late, indeed, as 1886. On revisiting the churchyard in 1890 I found it gone, no one knew whither. So little, in fact, had it ever been noticed, that some declared there never was one in the churchyard ! Visiting Tresmeer a short time since, I noticed a cross, now at the head of the grave of a late vicar, who was buried just outside the chancel wall. In my opinion, this is the cross missing from Laneast ; it has an ancient appearance, and bears out my recollection of that monument. Moreover, it cor- responds very fairly with a cross illustrated by Blight,' who says, ' This cross, which appears to be deeply buried, is near the site of the old parsonage house,' Laneast. ' ]. T. Blight, Ancient Crosses and Antiquiti,;s nf Corntvall, p. 54. c. P ..-»« 2IO OLD CORNISH CROSSES Dimensions. — Height, about 2 ft. ; width, i ft. 9 in. ; width of shaft, 8 1 in. ; thickness, 6 in. The front and back are ahke, each having a Latin cross in reUef with very slightly expanded limbs. Latin Crosses with the Figure of Our Lord in Relief There are three examples of this type, which will be found at the following places : — Buryan, St. . . . Chyoone Cross. Mawgan-in-Pyder . . Mawgan Cross. Newlyn, Penzance . . Near church. The only one upon which the figure is at all perfect Is at Chyoone. Chyoone ' Cross, St. Buryan St. Buryan, in the Deanery of Penwith, is situated six miles south-west of Penzance. The monument is considered to be in situ, and stands transversely on the left-hand side of the road leading from St. Buryan churchtown to Boskenna, and about a mile south-west of the former place. Judging from the massive base and size of the head — which is the largest of its type in the county — it is very probable that the cross was at one time much higher. The ends of the limbs are rounded, and the upper limb tapers considerably. A small piece is broken off the lower angle of the right limb. • This name is variously spelt Chijn, Chyoone, Chywoon, or Chywoone. The Cornish derivation is chy-an-oon = the house on the down. ^"5»?f"^-5^ UNORNAMENTED CROSSES 211 Dimensions. — Height, 2 ft. 6 in. ; width, 2 ft. 7 in. ; thickness, io\ in. The base is about 4 ft. square and 12 in. thick. Front. — On the head is sculptured a grotesque little figure of our Lord, and it is difficult to imagine one that could be more primitive and severe in execution. The little round head inclines slightly to th.e left — an unusual direction ; the arms are long, thin, and perfectly straight ; while the hips are more like those of a female. The legs are very short in proportion, and are terminated with immense feet, which turn outward at right angles. Back. — On the head is a small Latin cross in relief, having an inclination to the right. Mawgan Cross, Mawgan-in-Pyder Mawgan-in-Pyder, in the Deanery of Pyder, is situated three miles north-west of St. Columb Major, and five and a half miles from St. Columb Road railway-station, on _ the branch line from Par to Newquay. ^.-_ _"J~^^^ - Mawgan Cross is a small hamlet which, like White Cross, Ludgvan, and others in the county, takes its name from the adjacent monument. It is situated about a mile south of Maw- gan church, on the road to St. Columb Minor, which is here intersected by that from St. Columb Major to Tre- vorrian. This little cross stands in its base on top of a hedge at the north- east angle of the four cross-roads. It is very much worn, and may at one time have been higher. Dimensions. — Height, i5in. ; width, i2|in. On the front is rudely sculptured part of the figure of our Lord, extending to about the waist, and both arms are slightly elevated. 212 OLD CORNISH CROSSES 1 1\^'^-'''" •'^^' Newlyn, Penzance. Near the Church Newlyn is a modern parish formed out of Madron and St. Paul ; it is in the Deanery of Penwith, and is situated one mile south- west of Penzance. The Rev. W. S. Lach-Szyrma, vicar of Newlyn, told me that the cross was dug up, some twenty years ago [c. 1870), from a field on the Trereiffe estate, owned m to by the late C. D. N. Le Grice, Esq., J. P., who re- moved it to his grounds, where it remained for some considerable time. Ulti- mately he gave it to the vicar of Newlyn, to be placed in the church, churchyard, or grounds. Mr. Lach-Szyrma fixed it on a rock over a cave which is situated by the side of the road that runs past the south side of the church, and to which the cave is nearly opposite. Blight' illustrates a cross 'in the garden at Trereiffe,' and men- tions that it was ' removed there for preservation.' Acting on this information, the late Mr. S. J. Wills, of St. Wendron, and I visited Trereiffe in search of this stone, but were unable to find it. Mr. Wills afterwards suggested that in all probability it was the identical cross we had previously seen at Newlyn. Taking into consideration the facts above mentioned, and also that an ultimate reference to Blight's drawing showed that his measurements and those taken by us of the cross at Newlyn practically corresponded, there can be no doubt but that this theory is correct, and that in Blight's probably hasty sketch the figure was overlooked, owing, perhaps, to the cross being in such a position that it could not be seen. The cross is unevenly worked and very crude, while its great thickness is remarkable. Dimensions. — Height, i ft. 6 in. ; width, i ft. ; thickness at widest part, 14 in. ' J. T. Blight, Ancient Crosses and Antiquities of Cornwall, p. 40. UNORNAMENTED CROSSES 213 Front. — Part of the figure of our Lord, extending to the lower portion of the body. The head is inclined considerably to the right, and both arms are raised. Back. — On this face is a Latin cross, the ends of the limbs of which are slightly rounded. The lower portion of the stone is cut back about two inches, terminating the bottom limb in a seg- mental end. Latin Crosses of semi-Gothic Character with Chamfered Angles There are five examples of this type, which will be found at the following places : — Keyne, St. Lelant Pinnock, St. Sheviocke Stephen's-by-Saltash, St. In churchyard. Lelant Lane. Bosent Cross. At four cross-roads. Trematon. St. Keyne. In the Churchyard St. Keyne, in the West Deanery, is situated three miles south of Liskeard. The stone is figured in Blight,' who says : ' This cross stands near the southern entrance to the churchyard. Height, 4 ft. 6 in.' Lelant Lane, Lelant Lelant, in the Deanery of Penwith, is situated three and a half miles south-east of St. Ives. This litde cross is built into a hedge immediately round a corner on the right-hand side of the road from Lelant to St. Ives, and about a mile from the former place. ' J. T. Blight, Ancient Crosses and Antiquities of Cornwall, p. 50. 214 OLD CORNISH CROSSES Most of the upper limb is broken off; the angles at the inter- section are rounded, and the edges chamfered. Dimensions. — Height, 2 ft. ; width, i ft. 6 in. Bosent Cross, St. Pinnock St. Pinnock, in the West Deanery, is situated five miles west of Liskeard. About a mile and a half east of St. Pinnock churchtown, and near the two farms called North and South Bosent, the road from St. Pinnock to Liskeard is crossed by that from Duloe to St. Neot. The cross stands at the south-east angle of the intersection. This is probably the same cross as that illustrated by Blight,^ and called ' Persent Cross, Duloe,' but no dimensions are given. Sheviocke. At Four Cross-roads Sheviocke, in the East Deanery, is situated three and a half miles south of St. Germans railway-station. J. T. Blight, Andent Crosses and Antiquities of Corn'uiaH, p. 51. UNORNAMENTED CROSSES 215 The cross stands on a mound at the junction of four roads between the churchtown and Crafthole. Blight^ says it is ' known by the name of " Stump Cross." ' Like the last monument described, this one is almost octagonal in section. But for a piece chipped out of the left arm it is in a very good state of preservation. Dimensions. — Height, 5 ft. 9 in. ; width, 2 ft. 7 in. Trematon,2 St. Stephen's-by-Saltash St. Stephen's-by-Saltash, in the East Deanery, is situated one and a quarter miles south-west of Saltash railway-station. The cross stands at a junction of roads be- tween Trematon village and castle. It is almost octagonal in section. Dimensions. — Height, 2 ft. 5 in. ; width, 15 in. A L.\TiN Cross of semi-Gothic Character with Chamfered Angles and expanded Limbs The example taken to illustrate this type is at Cross Park, Blisland Blisland, in the Deanery of Bodmin, is situated five miles north of Bodmin town. Sir John Maclean'^ says : ' This cross, although of more modern date than those already described, possesses no less interest, it having been the village cross. Its head is now set up on a common rubbing- post in one of the meadows of the glebe, which from it has derived ' J. T. Blight, Ancient Crosses atid Antiquities of Cornwall, p. 49. ^ Sometimes called Trevane Cross. ' Sir John Maclean, Deanery of Trigg Minor, vol. i. p. 25. 2l6 OLD CORNISH CROSSES the name of " The Cross Park." The shaft of this cross, of the same octagonal form in section, and made of the same material, until within a ^ery few years remained standing in the centre of the beautiful village green, which is one of the most picturesque in the county. It was raised on a base of three steps, and was known as "the dial," probably in consequence of a sun-dial having been set up on it after the head had been removed. It was found, about seventy or eighty years ago, when digging for the foundations of a barn at the parsonage. The monument was probably thrown down by the Puritans in the seventeenth century.' Dimensions. — The height of the cross-head is 2 ft. 4 in., and its width, 2 ft. I in. MISCELLANEOUS MUTILATED AND OTHER EXAMPLES, NOT ILLUSTRATED In addition to the crosses already illustrated, there are several others which are so defaced that the sculpture once upon them has now entirely disappeared, nothing more than plain stones being left, which are ident'fied as crosses of some kind merely by their shape. Others, again, are partially buried, either with their heads down- wards — and in this position are in use as gateposts — or built hori- zontally across openings in hedges, and form parts of stepping-stiles. Besides the crosses, there are a few instances of cross-bases having parts of their shafts remaining in them, as well as some separate cross-shafts in use for different purposes ; but there is not sufficient detail on these stones to enable them to be classified. UNORNAMENTED CROSSES 217 Lastly, several crosses have entirely disappeared, having been either broken up and used as building material, or altogether lost. Since, however, there should be some notice of their existence, the present opportunity of placing them on record has been embraced. All, therefore, that can be done in connection with the greater number of the monuments in this section is simply to mention their locality and give any available particulars regarding them. By drawing attention to those of whose existence we are certain, there is some hope that one day they may be rescued from their present ignominious positions, and, should anything be found upon them here- after by which their type can be determined, they may then be added to the different sub-divisions to which they belong. It is proposed to arrange these Miscellaneous Monuments in the following order : — 1. Defaced or mutilated crosses. 2. Partly buried crosses. 3. Parts of cross-shafts in bases. 4. Cross-shafts. 5. Missing crosses. DEFACED OR MUTILATED CROSSES Geographical Allen, St. Breward, St. . Columb Major, St Erth, St. Lelant, No. 4 Madron . Mawgan-in-Meneag Perranzabuloe Phillack, No. 3 No. 4 Distrihition Tolcarn. Trefronick. Trevalsa. Penvorder. Black Rock. Tregenhorne. In churchtown. Parc-an-Growze. Trelowarren. St. Piran's Well. Bodriggy. In rectory- garden. 2i8 OLD CORNISH CROSSES Tolcarn Cross, St. Allen Mr. Thomas Clark, of Truro, gives the following description of this cross : — ' It was a plain cross of Pentewan stone — shaft, arms, and head. The shaft . . . served for many years as a gatepost, and afterwards was cut in two to make door-sills for piggeries, but we found the said doorways so deeply embedded in manure as to prevent our approach- ing them. The arms of this cross were some years ago used as quoins in building a house at Tolcarn, but this house has been burnt down since my last visit, and all trace of them is lost. Two of the corner-stones of the base were used in a building at Trefronick, near Tolcarn ; but a part of the wall has been taken down, and one of the stones removed, no one knows whither ; but the other we found in the north-east corner of the dwelling-house, in a good state of pre- servation, about three feet from the ground. Another part of the base is serving as a doorstep to the mill at Lanner.' ^ Trefronick, St. Allen Mr. Thomas Clark, of Truro, says : ' At [the farmhouse] Tre- fronick is a granite cross serving as a step at the back entrance.' ^ Trevalsa, St. Allen Trevalsa is about one mile north of St. Allen. The above-named author notices a third cross, and says: ' In a meadow at Trevalsa, near Trerice-water, a granite cross is being used as a gatepost.' ^ It is to be hoped that these three crosses will soon be placed in St. Allen churchyard for preservation. ' Journal, Royal Institution of Cornwall, vol. x. (1890), p. 301. ' J bid. vol. X. p. 301. » Ibid. vol. x. p. 301. UNORNAMENTED CROSSES 219 Penvorder, St. Breward Mr. J. R. Collins, of Bodmin, has communicated with me regard- ing this cross. Penvorder is situated about a mile south of St. Breward. The cross stands in a lane, by the side of a hedge, and is near a cottage. It has been ' trimmed ' for a gatepost, and the sides of the head have been chipped off to make it more suitable for this purpose. It is much mutilated, and appears from Mr. Collins's rough sketch to have an equal-limbed cross in relief with expanded limbs similar to those described on p. 54. Black Rock, St. Columb Major Mr. J. R. Collins, of Bodmin, informs me that there is the round head of a cross built into a hedge near this place. Tregenhorne, St. Erth Tregenhorne is a farm situated one mile east of St. Erth. Canon Hockin, rector of Phillack, has kindly procured for me excellent sketches, by his son-in-law, of this cross, and of two others at Phillack, described in this section on pp. 221, 222, all of which were new to me. Careful dimensions and historical particulars relat- ing to the stones were also sent, enabling me to record three more crosses hitherto unnoticed. The Tregenhorne cross is built into a stone fence, and only one surface is visible. One side and the top of the head have been knocked off, and the remaining side is upright. This portion appears to have been hollowed out, and a round hole is pierced in the middle, which seems to suggest that it has been used as a gatepost at some time or another. Dimensions. — Height, 3 ft. ; present width of head, 9|^in. ; width of shaft : at the top 7 in., at the bottom gf in. 220 OLD CORNISH CROSSES Lelant, No. 4. In the Churchtown This little cross-head, attached to a few inches of its shaft, stands in its base in a recess of the hedge opposite to the ' Praed Arms Inn.' Dimensions. — Height, i ft. 9^ in. ; width of head, i ft. 9 in. ; width of shaft, 1 2 in. ; thickness, 1 1 in. The base is 3 ft. square and 1 1 in. thick. Parc-an-Growze, Madron This cross stands against a hedge by the right-hand side of the pathway leading from Parc-an-Growze farmhouse to the St. Just road. The exposed face is plain, and I am told by people in the neigh- bourhood that there is nothina: on the back. Dimensions. — Height, 2 ft. 11 in. ; width of head, i ft. 8 in. ; width of shaft : at the top 13 in., at the bottom 10 in. The head of the cross is somewhat similar to that at St. Piran's Well, described below. Trelowarren, Mawgan-in-Meneage The late Mr. S. J. Wills, of St. Wendron, sent me a sketch of a cross-head which is now fixed over one of the entrances to Trelo- warren grounds. It is somewhat mutilated, but has a fairly distinct cross in relief of the usual kind. St. Piran's Well, Perranzabuloe Mr. Thomas Clark, of Truro, has kindly sent me a sketch of this cross, with dimensions, as well as particulars relating to it. ' The cross stands near St. Piran's Well, in the parish of Perran- zabuloe, and is situated on the boundary of the manor called Nans- UNORNAMENTED CROSSES 221 meelyn. It is now used as a boundary-stone of this manor, and under the western shoulder are the letters NANS MEE LYN There are remains of other letters on the northern face, but not in sufficient preservation for me to distinguish what they are.' Dimensions. — Height, 4 ft. 6 in. ; greatest width of head, 2 ft. 3 in. ; width of shaft : at the top i ft. gin., at the bottom i ft. 2 in. The stone is of a very peculiar shape : the head is pointed at the top, and its rounded sides are curved suddenly inwards at the neck. The shaft is also very curious, both sides being concave. Phillack No. 3, Bodriggy Bodriggy estate has long been the property of the Hockin family. It is situated between Hayle railway-station and Copperhouse. 'The cross,' says Canon Hockin, ' was formerly used as a gate- post at the entrance to the farmyard at Bodriggy. It now stands as a doorpost at the entrance to the schoolroom-yard in Phillack churchtown. About half a dozen years ago, having occasion to alter the entrance into the farmyard, I took down the gateposts, and let them lie in the lane for two or three years. Wanting a doorpost at the entrance to our schoolyard, I sent for one of the posts, but not until some months after it had been fixed did I discover what it was.' Dimensions. — Height above ground, 7 ft. 2 in. (its total length is about 9 ft.). The shaft is 14^ in. wide at the bottom, and rather less at the top ; it is 12 in. thick at the bottom and 9 in. at the top. As will be seen from the dimensions, this was once a very fine monument, but is now much mutilated. It has, of course, two or three holes in it, with the irons for hanging the gates remaining. The head appears to be about the same width as the shaft, and has upon it very distinct remains of a cross in relief with expanded limbs. 222 OLD CORNISH CROSSES Phillack, No. 4. In Rectory Garden This fragment of a small circular cross-head is in a most dilapi- dated condition. Canon Hockin tells me he found it ' near by, used as a stepping-stone over a stile leading on to the common, about 250 yards from the rectory house.' There now only remain faint indications of a cross with expanded limbs on both front and back. Dimensions. — Height, i ft. 3^ in. ; width, i ft. 3 in. ; thickness, 6| in. to 7|^in. PARTLY BURIED CROSSES Geographical Distribution Allen, St. . . . . Lower Town. Dominick, St. . . . Eastcot. Enodor, St. . . . Near Fraddon. Lelant, No. 5 . . • . Near the church. Lower Town, St. Allen Lower Town is a farm situated near Zelah. This cross is now used as a gatepost in the gateway leading from the road into a field called ' Twelve-o'Clock Meadow.' It is buried, head downwards, to a depth of about half its height. Mr. Thomas Clark, of Truro, informed me of its existence, and afterwards very kindly had it excavated for me, and with sketches and dimensions supplied by Mr. R. A. Gregg, also of Truro, I am able to give the following information regarding this stone. The upper hanging of the gate has been effected by an iron pin arranged in a peculiar manner. A hole was drilled in the front of the cross about twelve inches from the upper end of the stone, in its inverted position, and the lower end of the iron bent into it ; the iron was then carried up and bent over the top, the end being turned upwards to form the hook for hanging the gate. In spite of the stone being a cross, the idea was certainly ingenious, as it would otherwise be too short for the purpose to which it has been put. UNORNAMENTED CROSSES 223 The monument had projections at the neck/ only one of which now remains. The shaft has a very pronounced entasis, and is wider at the top than at the bottom, and there is a tenon worked at its extremity. A large portion of the head on one side has been chipped off, but on the still intact side is the bead on the edge. Dimensions. — ^Total height, 4 ft. 7 in. The original width of the head appears to have been about 18 in. The width of the shaft is, at the top, 10 in., and about an inch more in the middle. Froiit. — On the front is a Latin cross in relief of somewhat peculiar and very irregular shape, the shaft of which is carried nearly to the bottom of the stone. Back. — On the head is a cross in relief, its surface being flush with the face of the stone and the background recessed. The upper limb is the shortest and the lower is the longest ; in the centre is a small circular hole. Eastcot, St. Dominick Eastcot is about two and a half miles south-east of Callington. The stone will be found on the left-hand side of the lane leading through Ashland to St. Dominick. It is used as a gatepost, the head being buried in the ground and the tenon uppermost. The shaft is tapered, and stands about five feet above the ground. Near Fraddon, St. Enodor ' By the side of the high-road leading from the churchtown to Fraddon, and near the former place, is a wayside cross, its head fixed in the ground, and its basement standing on its edge by the side of it.' 2 Lelant, No. 5. Near the Church This cross will be found by following the hedge on the west side of the churchyard in a southerly direction. I came upon it quite • See p. I 55 for description of monuments of this type. " A Cojiiplete Parochial History of the County of Cormuall, by Polsue, 1867, vol. i. p. 343. 224 OLD CORNISH CROSSES accidentally. It is built sideways into the hedge a short distance down the lane which is contiguous to the road. A large piece is broken off the top, and there is a hole in the side of the head, showing that the cross was probably used as a gatepost at some time. Dimensions. — Height, 3 ft. gin. ; thickness, 10 in. By getting my hand between the stones and feeling I found rounded, projecting surfaces on the head of the stone, which may possibly be parts of a figure similar to so many in this district. The adjoining stones were too close to the other face of the cross to allow of any inspection whatever. PARTS OF CROSS-SHAFTS IN RASES Geographical Distribution Dominick, St. ... Westcot. Just-in-Penwith, St. . . Leswidden. Kea . . . . .In churchyard. Tintagel . . . .In churchyard. Westcot, St. Dominick Westcot estate is two miles west of St. Dominick, and one and a half miles south-west of Callington, on the road to St. Mellion. The monument stands on the right-hand side of the road above mentioned. It consists of the stump of a cross-shaft fixed in its base, the whole being slightly above the level of the road. The back of the base is built into the hedge. Dimensiofis. — Height of cross-stump, about i ft. 7 in. ; width of same, i^\ in. ; thickness, 6 in. The base is about 3 ft. 6 in. square and 12 in. thick. The surface of the shaft, facing the road, is smooth, but on the back there are some deep and wide depressions, the meaning of which is not apparent. UNORNAMENTED CROSSES Leswidden, St. Just-in-Penwith Leswidden is about two miles east of St. Just. About twenty yards from the entrance to Leswidden Farm is a curious stone which may be the stump of a cross. It is much larger at the top than at the bottom, and is most rudely shaped. On the top is an incised cross, but for what purpose it was cut is not known. The Rev. R. Basset Rogers, vicar of Sancreed, says the stone stands between the three manors or estates of Leswidden, Bartinney, and Carnglaze, about halfway between St. Just and Sancreed, and may be a boundary-stone between the three manors. Kea. In the Churchyard The only portion of the old church at Kea which remains stand- ing is the now-dilapidated tower. A small modern church has been erected in the churchyard, and opposite the south door is the monument. It consists of a cylindrical shaft about five feet high, with a marked entasis, firmly fixed in its massive and square granite base. Tintagel. In the Churchyard What appears to be the stump of a cross is still standing near the north-west angle of the church, and seems to be fixed in a base.' CROSS-SHAFTS Geographical Disti-ibution Cardynham, No. 2 . -By churchyard-wall. Egloshayle . . . Trescowe. Liskeard .... Near Cricket-field. ' There is another base in this churchyard, nearly opposite the south door. It is about twelve inches high, and is built of small stones, and has a slate top about 4 ft. 8 in. square, in which is cut a square hole. It was probably the stand for a sun-dial, which has now disappeared. 226 OLD CORNISH CROSSES Cardynham, No. 2. By Churchyard-wall What appears to be a cross-shaft is now leaning against the churchyard-wall, near the south-east corner. It consists of a massive piece of granite, which has been wrought and worked to a taper on all faces. The narrow end rests. on the roadway, and a large piece has been broken off the side. The angles at the wider end are rounded, but there does not seem to be any remains of a tenon. « Dimensions. — Length, lo ft. 7 in. ; width at the bottom, i ft. 8 in., which from the inclination of the sides would give i ft. i in. at the top ; thickness at the bottom, 18 in., and at the top, 13 in. Trescowe, Egloshayle Trescowe Farm is three miles east of Egloshayle. Mr. Richard Oliver, of Trescowe Farm, informs me that there is now the shaft of a cross standing in one of his fields which was probably the boundary of the manor, but the head is gone. Liskeard. Near Cricket-field The Rev. W. lago, of Bodmin, informs me that he had noticed a cross-shaft at this place, in use as a gatepost, with the tenon upper- most. It is on the right-hand side of the road from Liskeard to Southill, and is opposite to the cricket-field. It appears to be 5 or 6 feet high. MISSING CROSSES Under this unsatisfactory heading are noticed certain crosses which from one cause or another have disappeared ; my information has consequently been derived either from books or communications from friends. This will account for the stones being described indiscriminately, instead of in the usual alphabetical order, as it is advisable to keep the authorities as much together as possible. UNORNAMENTED CROSSES 227 Geographical Distribution By roadside. Kill-Boy Cross. Gamm Bridge. Near Trevorgy. Black Rock. Cattebedron. Re- Perry Cross. Chigwidden. In churchyard. In rectory garden. Near the village. In the Westminster Bridge Road, London. A Cornish cross in Canada. Bodmin, No. 4 Bradock Breward, St. Cleer, St. . Crowan Gwinear . Lanhydrock Levan, St. Padstow, No. 2 Southill Treslothan The four following crosses are noted, among others, with a plate of illustrations, in the ' Gentleman's Magazine,' already men- tioned.' These notes, with their accompanying numbers on the plate, are here given first. Bodmin, No. 4. By Roadside ' No. 2. — About one mile from Bodmin, on the road from that place to Launceston. Height, 3 ft.' The drawing shows a round-headed stone, with an equal-limbed cross in relief on the head which has a considerable inclination from right to left. Possibly this may be the same cross as that (now lying over a well) illustrated and described on pp. 74-75, since its original position as there described appro.ximates to that given above. No. Re-Perry Cross, Lanhydrock called Re- Perry Cross, stands by the roadside between Lanhydrock and Lanhivet {sic). Height, 3 ft. 11 in.' ' See p. 30. These crosses are also given in the Catholic Miscellany. 228 OLD CORNISH CROSSES The drawing shows a round-headed stone, with an equal-limbed cross in relief on the head having expanded ends. The base of this cross remains in situ. Near Trevorgy, St. Cleer ' No. 5 is near Trevorgy, in the lane leading from that place to Tredinnic, in the parish of St. Cleare. Height, i ft. 6 in.' The drawing shows a round-headed stone with an incised Latin cross upon it. It is not surprising that so sm^dl a cross should have been lost. Kill-Boy Cross, Bradock (or Broadoak) ' No. 8, called Kill-Boy Cross, on Bradoc Down, near the church. This cross is now broken down. Height (before the accident), 4 ft. 6 in.' The drawing shows a Latin cross, the upper limb of which is missing. On the stone is what appears to be an incised Latin cross. After referring to this cross, John Britton, F.S.A.,^ says : ' Its name seems to imply the cause of its erection.' The late Mr. S. J. Wills, of St. Wendron, supplied me with notes regarding the three following crosses : — Black Rock, Crowan Writing me in 1889, Mr. Wills says : ' A cross found near Black Rock recently was broken up, and used in the building of a house.' Cattebedron Cross, Gwinear 'The Cattebedron Cross, near Carnhell Green,- is lost. It has not stood there within the memory of man. The base only is now at Clowance,^ near the railway.' ^ The Architectural Antiquities of Great Britain : Essay on ' Ancient Stone Crosses.' A^ol. i. p. II. ' Also mentioned by Blight, Ancient Crosses and Antiquities of Cornwall, p. 57. ' See Clowance, No. 2, p. 132. UNORNAMENTED CROSSES 229 Chigwidden, St. Levan Mr. Wills told me that he remembered seeing a cross at this place many years ago. As far as I recollect, he said that it was broken in two, and was used as the threshold of a cottage-door. The Rev. Paul D'O. Silvester, vicar of St. Levan, in reply to my inquiries about the stone, says : ' I have inquired of two old inhabitants, and they agree in stating that the cross at Chig- widden was broken up many years ago'' Blight ^ also mentions the existence of this cross. Gamm Bridge, St. Breward A footnote relating to this cross will be found on p. 23. Sir John Maclean says there is a cross-base ' on the side of the road leading from Gamm Bridge to Swallock.'^ Padstow, No. 2. In the Churchyard It is locally asserted that when an old woman named Molly Waters was buried, some years ago, the coffin when lowered rested on the head of a cross, which it was not then considered worth while to rescue. The grave is close to the spot where No. 4 cross in this churchyard was found. Southill. In the Rectory Garden A note relating to this cross will be found on p. 36. Treslothan. Near the Village An account of this cross has been already given on p. 138. ' Ancient Crosses and Antiquities of Cornwall, p. 58. ° Deanery of Trigg Minor, vol. i. p. 25. OLD CORNISH CROSSES In the Westminster Bridge Road, London I have been told, on very good authority, that up to about twenty years ago there were two Cornish crosses in the garden of a house in the Westminster Bridge Road. My informant added that on going along the road a short time afterwards he noticed that they were gone. What part of Cornwall they came from, or where they are now, must remain a mystery, unless this brief note may be seen by 'one who knows.' A Cornish Cross in Canada In the ' Western Antiquary ' of May, 1887, there was published under this heading some correspondence, of which I give the follow- ing extracts. The first writer says : — Some years ago the Rev. F. L. Osier was driving by a farm in the parish of St. Michael Penkivel, near Truro, when a granite font and cross were pointed out to him lying dirty and neglected on the ground. As no one on the spot seemed to set much value on them, he purchased them and sent them to Canada, where they were placed in the church at Dundas, Ontario, of which he was then rector. It appears that on the farm there was a field called Chapel Meadow. Possibly a chapel once existed there, and the font and cross may have come from that building. The second writer states that the font and cross belonged to a friend of Mr. Osier's, who gave them to him, and that they are really both in the church of West Fambro', near Hamilton, which, however, until some eight years or so ago, was part of Dundas parish, but has since then been a parish of itself. The cross is about two feet high, and is morticed into a base of Canadian stone. Thus the present Canadian and the ancient English Church, are, as it were, pleasantly connected. In addition to the missing crosses just noticed, it must not be forgotten that there exist about thirty cross-bases which are all that now remain of the original monuments. A list of these ' cross- bases ' will be found in Class C. : ' Miscellaneous Monuments.' This concludes Class A, in which has been given all that I have UNORNAMENTED CROSSES 231 been able to ascertain regarding the crosses which have so far been illustrated and described. There are still a few others which I have been unable to visit, and, not knowing what they are like, I have been compelled ' to omit any mention of them. Should particulars arrive in time for publication, it is possible I may give some notes upon them in an Appendix to this work. CLASS B ORNAMENTED CROSSES T}iE Ornamented Crosses may be classified, according to the style and method by which the decoration is executed, as follows : — 1. Monuments with Incised Crosses or with Incised Ornament. 2. Monuments with Sunli Crosses or with Sunk Ornament. 3. Monuments with Miscellaneous Ornament different in character from that of div'isions i, 2, 4, and consisting chiefly of Beadwork or Emblems in relief. 4. Monuments with Celtic or Hiberno-Saxon ornament. In many cases, however, more than one method of execution and style of ornament is used upon the same monument. Thus, incised work and sunk work are found together upon the crosses at Clowance (No. 3), Helston (No. 3), Scorrier (No. 2), and many others. Incised and miscellaneous ornament are also found together, e.g. on the cross in the old churchyard at Merther Uny, in the parish of St. Wen- dron. Incised work is used in combination with Celtic ornament on No. 3 cross in Sancreed churchyard. This monument has incised work on three sides, while on the fourth there is a Celtic key pattern exactly like that found on No. 4 cross in the same church- yard, which is decorated on all four sides with Celtic ornament. Lastly, incised, sunk, and miscellaneous work occur on the cross at Trembath. It will thus be seen that incised work occurs on some of the same stones on which other styles of decoration arc employed. ORNAMENTED CROSSES 233 By far the greater number of the stones, however, have incised work only upon them, and being, therefore, the only examples which are capable of separation on account of their style, it is proposed to deal with them first, under the heading of ' Monuments with Incised Crosses or with Incised Ornament.' In all cases the various forms of crosses on the stones will be first described. MONUMENTS WITH INCISED CROSSES OR WITH INCISED ORNAMENT The simplest method by which it is possible to execute carved patterns is by means of incised or scratched lines on a smooth surface, and is, naturally, the first that would occur to man. This is seen in specimens of prehistoric art, as well as in the rude designs on weapons and pottery of the earliest period. In Cornwall, however, where incised work is so very common, the patterns are, with very few exceptions, most roughly executed, the hard and intractable nature of the stone being, perhaps, some excuse for the unsatisfactory results attained. The simplest forms of incised work in this county consist of straight lines, zigzags, curved lines, rude scrollwork, and the like. Straight lines are employed in some cases to indicate the shafts of crosses the upper portions of which are in relief, or they are used for enclosing panels which, in many cases, have no ornament upon them. The kinds of figures of which these are examples are not exactly patterns, but seem rather to be representations of objects, the most common being a parallelogram or a square, with diagonal lines from corner to corner. A figure more closely resembling an hour- glass than anything else is also found. Incised circles and other simple devices are also of frequent occurrence, but they are quite dissimilar to those found in other localities. By far the best example of incised work may be seen on No. 3 cross in Sancreed churchyard, which has on the front a design consisting of a lily 234 OLD CORNISH CROSSES in a vessel, full particulars of which are given in the description of that monument. Of all the different devices which are employed in Cornwall to decorate a surface, the most common, and at the same time most curious, consists of a number of little conical holes, or dots. These being, I believe, peculiar to this county, deserve special notice. They are placed either in horizontal or diagonal rows, or are indis- criminately distributed over the surface, but are always close to- gether. As a rule they measure rather less than an inch in diameter, and are from half to three-quarters of an inch deep, and from an inch and a half to three inches from centre to centre. Two crosses are entirely decorated with these little holes ; one is on Connor Down, Gwinear, and the other is in the Market Place, Penzance. On Connor Down the holes are best described as being placed ' any- how,' while at Penzance they are arranged in regular rows in panels. The effect produced by these little holes, occurring, as they do, in such close proximity to each other, is really very rich, and their use as a background is in many cases most effective. Dots are used" for the same purpose in illuminated MSS., from which it is more than probable the idea of applying a similar treatment to stones was borrowed. Up to the present I have found three examples in which the figure of Christ is incised, viz. Flushing, Trevilley, and Trevu No. 2. The only other example of an incised human figure of any kind occurs on No. i cross in Lanivet churchyard. This monument, it may be stated, is more richly decorated with incised work than any other, and is described on pp. 295, 296, and 297. ORNAMENTED CROSSES 23s Geographical Distribution of Momiments with Incised Crosses or with Incised Ornament, but no other Class of Decoration On Wheel Crosses Altarnon. Tresmeake Bridge. Blisland. Lavethan, Nos. 2 and 3. Boconnoc, No. 3. In Boconnoc Park. Breward, St. Middle Moor. Deaconstow. Budock, Nos. I and 2. In churchyard. Buryan, St. Vellansajer. Camborne. Pendarves, No. 2. Trevu, No. 2. Cardynliaui. Higher Deviock. Carnnienellis. In churchyard. Constantine. Bosvathick. Merthen. Trevvardreva. Cury. In churchyard. Day, St. Tregullow, No. 2. Dennis, St. In churchyard. Feock. Trelissick. Flushing. In churchyard. Gerrans. In churchyard. Helston, No. 2. Cross Street. Hilary, St. In churchyard. Ives, St. Penbeagle. Just-in-Pemvit/i, St., Nos. i and 2. In vicarage garden. Landcivednack. Lizard Town. Lanivet, No. i. In churchyard. Lantcglos-by-Cantelford. Trevia, No. 2. Levan, St., No. 2. In church)-ard. Ludgvan. Crowlas. Madron. In churchyard. Michaelstozv. Trevenning, Nos. 2 and 3. Mullyon. Pradannack. Neot, St. Newtown. Phillack, No. 5. Copperhouse. Sancrecd. Brane. Trenuggo Hill. Sennen. Trevilley. Tyivardreath. Menabilly. Tregaminion, No. 2. Wendron, St. Boderwennack. Manhay-vean. Merther Uny Cross. Trenethick. 236 OLD CORNISH CROSSES On Wheel Crosses with Projections at the Neck Camborne, No. 2. Outside the Institute. Cher, St. On St. Cleer Common. Eastbourne (Sussex). In Manor House grounds. Gwinear. On Connor Down. Penzance. In Market Place. On a Four-holed Cross Bodmin . . . Carminnow. On Latin Crosses Austell, St. In churchyard. Blisland. Lavethan, No. 4. Tregaddick. Godolphin. In churchyard. Lansallos. Higher town. Madron. Boscathnoe. Neat, St. In vicarage garden, Nos. 2 and 3. Hilltown. In the village, No. 4. NorthilL Trebartha. Temple, Nos. 2, 3 and 4. In the churchyard. On a Cross-shaft Cleer, St. . . ■ South Trckeive. Geographical Distribution of Crosses also having Incised Work, hit in combination with either Stmk Crosses or Sunk Ornament, Miscellaneous Ornament, or Celtic or Hiber no-Saxon Ornament Breage, St. In churchyard. Buryan, St. Nun Careg. Cleer, St. Redgate, No. 2. Cotistantine. Nanjarrow. Crotvan. Clowance, No. 3. Day, St. Scorrier, No. 2. Helston, No. 2. In a garden. Mabe. Helland. Madron. Trembath. ORNAMENTED CROSSES 237 Mylor. In churchyard. Neot, St. ' Four-hole Cross.' Roche, No. 2. In churchyard. Saner eed, No. 3. In churchyard. Stythians. Trevalis, No. 2. Tintagel. Trevena. Wendron, St. In Merther Uny old church- yard. The foregoing lists include all the monuments in Cornwall hav- ing incised work upon them, whether mixed with other kinds of ornament or not. The monuments with incised crosses or incised ornament only upon them are described in this section ; but where incised work is mixed with sunk, miscellaneous, or Celtic ornament, the examples are included in the sections dealing with those classes of decoration. INCISED CROSSES The different types of monuments having incised crosses of various forms, either alone or with their upper limbs surrounded by a circle, will now be described. EQUAL-LIMBED CROSSES AND LATIN CROSSES ON WHEEL CROSSES Geographical Distribution Blisland. Lavethan, Nos. 2 and 3. Bretvard, St. Middle Moor. Deaconstow. Budock, Nos. I and 2. In churchyard. Camborne. Pendarves, No. 2. Ives, St. Penbeagle. Jnst-in-Penzvith, St., No. i. In vicarage garden. Micliaelstoiv. Trevenning, Nos. 2 and 3. Ncot, St. Newtown. Phillack, No. 5. Copperhouse. Saner eed. Trenuggo Hill. Wendron, St. Boderwennack. Manhay-vean. 238 OLD CORNISH CROSSES As will be seen, there is a great variety in the forms of the incised crosses, and, with the exception of those in the first sub-division, given below, very few of them resemble one another. Equal-limbed Crosses formed by Two Incised Lines There are five examples of this type, which will be found at the following places : — Blisland Breward, St. . Just-in-Penwith, St., No. i Sancreed Lavethan, Nos. 2 and 3. Middle Moor. In vicarage garden. Trenugfofo Hill. Lavethan No. 2, Blisland Blisland, in the Deanery of Bodmin, is situated five miles north of Bodmin town. Lavethan, the property of Captain Morshead, R.N., is only a few minutes' walk in a westerly direction from Blisland churchtown. All that is known ' of this monument is, that it was removed ' Sir John Maclean, Deanery of Trigg Minor ^ vol. i. p. 25. ORNAMENTED CROSSES 239 many years ago from Blisland Moors, and placed for preservation over a well in Lavethan grounds. It consists of a small cross-head having upright sides and rounded angles. It is set in a base, which, however, does not appear to have belonged to the original cross. Diinensions. — Height, i ft. 3^ in.; width, i ft. 5 in.; thickness, 7 in. On both front and back is a widely incised cross. The limbs of that on the back are approximately the same length, while the lower one of that on the front (shown in the drawing) is longer than the others. Lavethan No. 3, Blisland For locality of Lavethan, see last. This little cross stands in a field adjoining the garden at Lavethan, about ten yards from the plain Latin cross in these grounds described on p. 205. Dimensions. — Height, 2 ft. 2 in. ; width of head, i ft. 4 in. ; width of shaft, i i in. ; thickness, 7 in. On both the front and back of the head is a widely incised cross, the limbs being of approxi- .,_>«'!l'|^*^^^ mately equal length. On the front the upper limbs are carried to the edge of the stone ; on the back they are kept within it. Middle Moor, St. Breward St. Breward, or Simonward,' in the Deanery of Trigg Minor, is situated seven miles north of Bodmin, and four miles east of St. Kew Highway railway-station. Sir John Maclean illustrates this cross, and describes it as being ' beside the ancient track or road leading through Swallock to Rough Tor' and Brown Willy, which are the highest points in ' Locally called ' Semmenward.' 240 OLD CORNISH CROSSES Cornwall. He adds : " Like many, if not most others, it probably served as a guide-post in crossing the moors.' ^ The stone is locally known as ' Mid Moor Post.' For many years it lay on the ground beside its base, which is merely a rough piece of moorland granite in situ. Some time ago the cross was re-erected. There is a tradition accounting for the fall of this cross which is still believed in by the children of the neighbourhood. It is to the effect that v.^henever the cross heard the bells of ' Semmen- ' Deajtcry of Trigg Minor, vol. i. p. 354. ORNAMENTED CROSSES 241 ward ' ring it turned round, and did this so often that at last it tumbled down ! It is evidently a very old example, and is most rudely executed and somewhat mutilated. One side of the head is upright, and the other slopes slightly inwards towards the top. The shaft is of variable width, and is widest in the middle and narrowest at about a foot from the bottom, where the sides are contracted. Dimensions. — Height, 5 ft. 5 in. ; width of head, i ft. 8 in. ; width of shaft: at the top 15 in., in the middle 17^ in., at the bottom 20 in. ; thickness at the bottom, 8^ in., with a slight taper towards the top. The base is 4 ft. 7 in. long and 3 ft. 10 in. wide. On both the front and back is a widely incised and equal-limbed cross, that on the back being rather smaller than the one here illustrated. St. Just-in-Penwith, No. i. In the Vicarage Garden St. Just-in-Penwith, in the Deanery of Penwith, is situated seven miles west of Penzance. There is no information obtainable regarding the original site of this cross ; it has been in this ,?:Cvife''E.tBJXi garden for a great many years. Dimensions. — Height, 2 ft. ; width of head, ''"' 2 ft. On both front and back is a wide-limbed Latin cross in relief, having in the middle an incised cross. On the front both crosses are upright, and on the back they are both inclined to the right. Trenuggo Hill, Sancreed Sancreed, in the Deanery of Penwith, is situated four miles west of Penzance. The cross stands against the hedge by the right-hand side 242 OLD CORNISH CROSSES and near the summit, of Trenuggo Hill, on the high-road from Penzance to St. Buryan. It is in a very good state of preservation, and is probably an early example. As will be seen, the head is not over the centre of the shaft but leans considerably to the left ; it is, con- sequently, lower at the neck on this side than on the other. Dimensions. — Height, 2 ft. 11 in. ; width of head, i ft. 9|in. ; width of shaft, i3in. ; thick- ness, 10 in. On the exposed side is an incised and equal- limbed cross, having a very considerable inclination to the left. An equal-limbed Cross with two Horizontal Cross-bars Phillack No. 5, Copperhouse Phillack, in the Deanery of Penwith, is situated six miles south- west of Camborne, and one mile north of Hayle railway-station. Copperhouse adjoins Hayle. Canon Hockin, of Phillack, kindly sent me a sketch and the following particulars relating to the discovery of this example. He says :' In 1855 I dug this cross-head, p7-opriis inanibns, out of the wall of an old outhouse, where it was used as a building-stone, in the rear of a house on the opposite side of the parish which I occupied forty years ago. I preserved it, and have now inserted it over the porch of a chapel-of-ease which I am building near the place where it was found. I enclose a sketch. Note the second transverse line. It was placed over the arch of the porch of St. John's Chapel, Copperhouse, in 1895.' Dijuensions, — Height, i ft. 9 in. ; width, i ft. 6 in. On the exposed face is a very remarkable cross having a second horizontal cross-bar. The example at present is unique. ORNAMENTED CROSSES 243 An equal-limbed Cross with the Lines cut diagonally Deaconstow, St. Breward St. Breward, in the Deanery of Trigg Minor, is situated seven miles north of Bodmin, and three miles east of St. Kew Highway railway-station. Mr. J. R. Collins, of Bodmin, has kindly reported the discovery of another little cross-head, which came to light in the autumn of 1894. He has been told that this monument was standing intact within the last seventy years. For the time being, as well as for preserva- tion, he has had the cross-head removed to Mr. W. Miller's farm- yard at Deaconstow, which is close to where the base lies. The base of the cross is on the south side of the road between Lank and Penpont, and close to fields called the ' Cross Parks.' The shaft is missing, and Mr. Collins thinks that it has been cut up and built into a barn at Great Lank. Dimensions. — The diameter of the head is 18 in., and the thick- ness 8 in. On both the front and back is a cross cut diagonally ; the lines which form them run out to the edge of the head. They are of the shape commonly called a St. Andrew's cross, and both are most rudely executed. Up to the present this is the only instance of an incised cross of this kind in Cornwall. An equal-limbed Cross with expanded Limbs Trevenning No. 2, Michaelstow Michaelstow, in the Deanery of Trigg Minor, is situated three miles south of Camelford, and three miles east of Port Isaac Road railway-station. 244 OLD CORNISH CROSSES Trevenning is a quarter of a mile south of Michaelstow church- town. This cross is doubtless a very early example, and is the stone already referred to, on p. 67, as having been brought in from Rough Tor by Mr. Bastard, of Trevenning ; further particulars relating to its recovery vi^ill be found on that page. Dimensions. — Height, 2 ft. ; width of head, I ft. 6 in. ; width of shaft, 11 in. ; thickness, 7-|in. On both the front and back of the head is a widely incised, equal-limbed cross, slightly expanded at the ends, and having an inclination to the left. ■^:^^Mk An equal-limbed Cross surrounded by a Circle Pendarves No. 2, Camborne Camborne, in the Deanery of Carnmarth, is situated twelve miles south-west of Truro, and has a railway-station on the main line. Pendarves, the seat of William Cole Pendarves, Esq., J. P., D.L., is situated about one and a half miles south of Camborne. In 1887, while one of Mr. Pendarves's men was turning up the soil in the kitchen-garden, he dis- covered this curious little cross-head. It is very similar to No. 3 cross at Trevenning, Michaelstow,' inasmuch as its shaft is extremely narrow and the back of the stone quite plain. There is a bead on the edge, but unfortunately the shaft is missing. Dimensions. — Height, i ft. 8 in. ; width of head, i ft. gin. ; pro- bable width of shaft, i' ;•„■■■ f, n- ill Godolphin. In the Churchyard Godolphin is a modern parish formed out of St. Breage. It is in the Deanery of Kerrier ; the churchtown is situated four and a half miles north-west of Helston. The Rev. S. Rundle, vicar of Godolphin, informs me that this cross was formerly used as a gatepost on the Chytodden estate, but, by providing another stone in its place, he was allowed on March 2, 1886, to remove it to the churchyard for preservation. ' The foot of the shaft is squared, as if for insertion in a socket, of which there was no trace.' The cross is most irregularly executed, and in section is nearly circular — a very uncommon shape. ORNAMENTED CROSSES 253 Dimensions. — Height, 6 ft. 6 in. ; width, i ft. 11^ in. The width of the shaft varies considerably, but at the top it is 13 in., and at the bottom about 1 2 in. On the upper portion of the stone is a small incised cross having limbs of about equal length. An equal-limbed Cross with expanded Limbs St. Austell. In the Churchyard St. Austell, in the Deanery of St. Austell, is situated fourteen miles north-east of Truro, and has a railway-station on the main line. I am indebted to the Rev. W. lago, of Bodmin, for the follow- ing historical particulars regarding this cross. The cross is now fixed in a modern base, and stands near the eastern end of the church. 'It was J/'A'*?/' found by Mr. Edward Geach near the boundary-line 'i ■■■?^^^4 \ ,,.' "^ ■-'- of St. Austell and Luxulyan parishes, on the manor of \'"; .,, ,™ Treverbyn, in the parish of St. Austell. The said k v4^\^ spot is in a straight line from the site of the priory at ^. ,""""' Tywardreath and the ancient chapel at Treverbyn. i; It was about eighteen inches below the surface, and ~ stood erect, facing east and west, and at the bottom was surrounded by a quantity of small stones.' Dimensions. — Height, 2 ft. ']\ in. ; width, i ft. 3 in. ; width of shaft, average, io| in. ; thickness, 7^ in. On the base is inscribed : — FOUND, 1879, ON THE MANOR OF TREVERBYN, WAS ERECTED HERE 1 89 I The manor of Treverbyn is situated three miles north-east of St. Austell. 254 OLD CORNISH CROSSES Incised Latin Crosses The only variety in these crosses is the extent to which the limbs are carried on the stones themselves. In some cases the shafts of the crosses are carried to the bottom of the stone, and in others they are stopped above it. There are seven examples of this type, which will be found at the following places : — Blisland ..... Lavethan, No. 4. Neot, St., Nos. 2 and 3 . .In vicarage garden. ,,..... Hilltown. Temple, Nos. 2, 3, and 4 . .In churchyard. Lavethan No. 4, Blisland Blisland, in the Deanery of Bodmin, is situated five miles north- east of Bodmin town. Lavethan, the property of Captain Morshead, R.N., is only a few minutes' walk in a westerly direction from Blisland churchtown. This cross is said to have been removed from Blisland Moors for preservation.^ The stone is broken across near the bottom. Dimensions. — Height, 2 ft. 3 in. ; width, 14 in. ; width of shaft, 9 in. On both the front and back is an incised Latin cross, the shaft in each case not being carried to the bottom of the stone. St. Neot, No. 2. In the Vicarage Garden St. Neot, in the West Deanery, is situated six miles north-west of Liskeard, and three miles north-west of Doublebois railway- station. ' .Sir John Maclean, Deanery of Triirg Minor, vol. i. p. 25. ORNAMENTED CROSSES 255 /f;rt;.a^ W'-Wi'-'-i Like most of the Latin crosses in Cornwall, this one is very irregularly executed. It will be seen that the left limb is much wider than the right, and that the upper one has been broken off; while the shaft is rather chipped in places. Dimensions. — Height, 2 ft. 5 in. ; width, 2 ft. 7 in. ; thickness, 8 in. On both the front and back is a cross ; the upper limbs of each appear to be the same length, and are rather longer than usual, and the shafts are carried to the bottom of the stone. St. Neot, No. 3. In the Vicarage Garden For locality of St. Neot, see last. In this case the horizontal limbs are much narrower than the others, and the upper one is rather chipped at the top. Dimensions. — Height, 4ft. gin.; width, 2 ft. 3 in. ; width of shaft : at the neck 13^ in., at the bottom i4^in. ; thickness: at the bottom 1 1 in., at the neck 8 in., at the top 6 in. On both the front and back is an in- cised cross. The upper limbs are very short, and the shaft is carried to the bottom of the stone. Hilltown, St. Neot For locality of St. Neot, see p. 254. Hilltown Farm is situated about half a mile west-north-west of St. Neot churchtown. The cross stands on top of a high, rough stone hedge on the 256 OLD CORNISH CROSSES north side of the farm-buildings, and was brought to my notice by the late Mr. Nicholas Hare, of Liskeard. It is irregularly executed and somewhat chipped. Diynensions. — Height. 2 ft. 6 in. ; width, i ft. 9^^ in. ; width of shaft, 13 in. ; thickness : at the bottom 9 in., at the top 8 in. On both the front and back is an incised cross, the limbs of which appear to have origin- ally extended to the edges of the stone. Each cross has a marked inclination to the right. MI3# Temple, No. 2. In the Churchyard Temple, in the Deaner)^ of Bodmin, is situated six miles north- C'g-^^ east of Bodmin town. As already mentioned, on p. 205, there are several crosses in this churchyard, No. 2 being the smallest. Dimensions. — Height, 18 in.; width, 12^^ in. •-J!^?ss^-««- On both the front and back is a cross, the upper limbs of each being rather longer in proportion to those usually found. Temple. No. 3. In the Churchyard For locality of Temple, see last. This cross is somewhat similar to the one just described. The upper limb is lost, and the shaft is much wider ^ at the top than at the bottom. Dimensions. — Height, i ft. 9 in. ; width, i ft. 7 in. : width of shaft : at the top 9 J in., at the bottom 7 in. On the upper portion is an incised Latin cross. ORNAMENTED CROSSES 257 Temple, No. 4. In the Churchyard For locality of Temple, see p. 256. This cross is very similar to that last described, but is much smaller, and has also lost its upper limb. Dimensions. — Height, 11 in.; width, 13 in.; width of shaft, 7 in. The cross upon it, however, is much larger ; the horizontal limbs are carried almost to the ends of the arms, and the shaft runs out to the bottom of the stone, which is here unevenly fractured. Miscellaneous Latin Crosses with the addition of sundry Architectural Features, but having incised Latin Crosses UPON THEM similar TO THOSE ALREADY DESCRIBED There are three unclassified examples, which will be found at the following places : — Lansallos . . . Highertown. Neot, St., No. 4 . .In the village. Northill .... Trebartha. Highertown, Lansallos Lansallos, in the West Deanery, is situ- ated seven miles south-west of Looe, and thirteen miles south-west of Liskeard rail- way-station. Highertown is a farm adjoining the western end of the churchyard. The cross will be found just beyond the gateway, near the north-west end of the hedge which separates the first two fields on the west side of the churchyard. It is now lying on the ground, and has evidently 258 OLD CORNISH CROSSES been in this position for a number of years, as its upper surface is now almost level with that of the ground. This stone is in a very good state of preservation and is of unique shape ; but as its description in detail would occupy too much space, the reader is referred to the illustration. Dimensions. — Total length, 5 ft. ; width across the arms, 2 ft. 6 in.; width of shaft, 1 1 in. ; thickness, 8 in. On the upper, or e.xposed surface, is the largest incised Latin cross at present discovered in Cornwall. The horizontal limbs are very long, and slope slightly downwards. St. Neot, No. 4. In the Village St. Neot, in the West Deanery, is situated si.\ miles north of Liskeard, and three miles north by west of Doublebois railway- station. I am indebted to the late Mr. Nicholas Hare, of Liskeard, for communicating with me regarding this cross, as well as those at Hill- town and Newtown (described on pp. 255 and 247), both of which were, I believe, found by him. This cross is now used as a gatepost, and will be found by crossing over the bridge in St. Neot village, and turning almost immedi- ately to the left. The gateway is the second on the left-hand side of the lane leading to Lampen. In addition to the two holes in the right side of the cross, containing the hooks to which the gate is now hung, there is a third hole, just above the lower hook. The right, and also the upper limb of the cross, have been knocked off, and on the top of the stone a wide notch has been cut, as if it had been utilised for a support of some kind previous to its present use. ORNAMENTED CROSSES 259 Dimensions. — Height, 5 ft. ^ in. ; width of shaft : at the top 13^ in., at the bottom i5^in. ; thickness: at the bottom loin., at the neck 9^ in. A pecuhar feature is the shallow flat sinking, or rebate, which forms a border round the edge of the stone. It is one and a half inches wide, and about three-eighths of an inch deep. To illustrate this more distinctly a plan of the stone is given. Another border of this kind will be found on No. i cross at Trevenning, Michaelstow (p. 67). On both the front and back is an incised cross, the shaft of each being carried to the bottom of the stone. Trebartha, Northill Northill, in the Deanery of Trigg Major, is situated seven miles south-west of Launceston. Trebartha Hall, the seat of Francis Rashleigh Rodd, Esq., J. P., D. L., is about one mile north-west of Northill churchtown. This cross is now placed over a well in Trebartha grounds, near the house. Mr. Rodd tells me that he found the cross built into the gable of an . old cottage near Trebartha. iV''- . ,,„, The stone has widely chamfered .,-^j!.,?>^Ji'fc%ii^ edges, and is rather chipped at the bottom ; it is now mounted on a round base, which appears to be a ' kep.' 1 Dimensions. — Height, 2 ft. 2 in. ; width across the arms, i ft. 7 in. ; thickness : at the bottom 8 in., at the top 7 in. On both the front and back is an incised cross with expanded limbs. That on the front resembles a Latin cross, and has a curious termination to the lower limb. That on the back is equal limbed, measuring ten inches either way. ' ' Keps and posses,' probably a corruption of 'caps and posts,' are the Cornish names for the stones used in keeping a rick above the ground. s 2 26o OLD CORNISH CROSSES South Trekeive, St. Cleer St. Cleer, in the West Deanery, is situated two and a half miles north of Liskeard. South Trekeive estate is about one and a half miles north-west of St. Cleer. The monument stands in sitit, by the right-hand side of a moor- land road leading from South Trekeive to Tregarrick, and near the turning to Crylla Farm. Of the cross itself only the shaft remains, the head having been knocked off long before the memory of anyone now living. Some years ago, when a gatepost was required in the neighbourhood, it was sought to use the shaft for this purpose. Attempts were accord- ingly made, by means of a horse and chains, to drag it out of the base, but so firmly was it fixed that, fortunately, all efforts proved abortive. Except in one place, the base is overgrown with turf, so that without digging it was impossible to ascertain its size. Dimensions. — Height of shaft, 5 ft. ; average width of same, 14 in. ; thickness : at the bottom \o\ in., at the top 7^ in. In the middle of the shaft, on both front and back, is a widely incised line, running from the top to the bottom. This line was probably the shaft of an incised cross, the upper portion of which is missing, with the head. CROSSES IN OUTLINE Geographical Distribjition N.B. — All these examples occur on wheel crosses. Biirymi, St. Vellansajer. Constantine. Bosvathick. Mcrthen. Ciiry. In churchyard. Gerrans. In churclnard. Helston, No. 2. Cross Street. Just-in-Penwith, St., No. 2. In vicarage garden. Ltidgvan. Crowlas. Saticreed. Brane. Wcndron, St. Mcrther Uny Cross ORNAMENTED CROSSES 261 An equal-limbed Cross Helston, No. 2. Cross Street Helston, in the Deanery of Kerrier, is situated ten miles soutli- west of Penryn, and has a railway-station about a mile from the town. This cross-head stands on the pavement, against ^f<^'*/"'\ the boundary-wall of a sfarden in Cross Street. ,%^ 1*^''^ J It is a very small specimen, and somewhat ^^^^.^'-%-^ injured, especially the lower portion. Dimensions. — Height, i ft. 4^ in. ; width, i ft. 6 in. ; thickness, 6 in. Only the front is visible, on which is incised an irregular cross having expanded limbs approximately of the same length. In the centre is a small conical hole. Incised Latin Crosses in Outline There are four examples of this type, which will be found at the following places : — Constantine .... Bosvathick. ,, ... Merthen. Gerrans . . . .In churchyard. Wendron, St. . . . Merther Uny Cross. Bosvathick, Constantine Constantine, in the Deanery of Kerrier, is situated six miles east of Helston. Bosvathick, the residence of T. M. A. Horsford, Esq., J. P., is one and a half miles south of Constantine churchtown. The cross stands in a round base on the left-hand side of the 262 OLD CORNISH CROSSES drive entering from the lodge. It was, when this drawing was made, thickly covered with ivy, especially on the back. Dimensions. — Height, 3 ft. 6 in. ; width of head, 2 ft. I in. ; width of shaft : at the neck 18 in., at the bottom 1 6 in. ; thickness. Sin. The base is 2 ft. 10 in. in diameter and 8 in. thick. Front. — The front (here shown) faces the drive, and has upon it an irregularly executed Latin cross in low relief Back. — On the back is an incised Latin cross similar in outline to, but more regular than, that on the front, but the thickness of the ivy prevented a drawing of it being made. ^.rf© ^.^^S Merthen, Constantine For locality of Constantine, .see last. Merthen, the residence of John Tyacke, Esq., is situated about a mile and a half south of Constantine churchtown. Mr. Tyacke informed me that the cross was dug out of a hedge at Brilleigh, or Brill, about a mile and a half from Merthen. Both sides of the stone are alike, the bead on the head being carried down the angles of the shaft, like those on the crosses at Withiel, Trebehor, and Tremoor. Dimensions. — Height, 2 ft. 8 in. ; width of head, i ft. 10 in. ; width of shaft, i ft. 2 in. On both the front and back is an incised Latin cross in outline, which, with the e.xception of the thickness of the bead at the top, is the full height of the stone. ORNAMENTED CROSSES 263 Gerrans. In the Churchyard Gerrans, in the Deanery of Powder, is situated nine miles south of Truro. This cross was formerly used as one of the coping-stones of the churchyard wall, but is now mounted on a modern base near the south porch. It is a very fine monolith, but is much worn, and seems to have suffered from its previous usage. On the right side the outline of 264 OLD CORNISH CROSSES the head joins that of the shaft somewhat suddenly, while on the left it runs on to it by an easy curve, but at a lower level. The entasis on the south side of the shaft is very marked. Di?nensions. — Height, 6 ft. 9 in. ; width of head, 2 ft. i in. ; width of shaft: at the neck 13^ in., at the bottom 16 in. ; thickness: at the bottom io|in., at the neck 11 in. There are very few instances in which the crosses on the head are so indistinct as those on the front and back of this cross, though in some lights they can be traced, and are perfectly distinct on a rubbing. Merther Uny Cross, St. Wendron St. Wendron, in the Deanery of Kerricr, is situated two and a half miles north of Helston. Merther Uny is two miles south-east of St. Wendron church- town. 1 am indebted to the late Mr. .S. J. Wills, of St. Wendron, for the historical particulars in connection with this monument. The cross stands in silii on the Merther Uny estate, on Polglaze Hill, by the left-hand side of the road from St. W^endron to Constan- tine. Formerly there was a road leading down to Merther Uny old churchvard, the entrance to which was close to the cross ; but all traces of this road have now disappeared. A tradition is still believed in the neicrhbourhood that a man lies buried beneath the cross. The monolith is locally known as ' Meruny Cross,' and the visitor will save much time by inquiring for it under that name. It was damaged by some harvesters carelessly driving their waggon through the now filled-up gatew^ay just referred to ; the wheels passed over the base, and broke a large portion out of the north-east angle, as well as a piece off the side of the shaft, near the bottom. This is one of the monuments which have been decorated by the broad arrow, or Ordnance Survey mark. The cross generally is much worn, antl the surfaces are very rough. The head is almost circular, and the shaft, which shows an entasis on ORNAMENTED CROSSES 265 one side only, has chamfered angles. On the front they are stopped at the neck, but on the back they are carried round the head. Dimensions. — Height, 6 ft. 2 in. ; width of head, i ft. loin. ; width of shaft: at the top 13 in., at the bottom 15^ in. ; thickness: at the bottom 13 in., at the neck 1 1 in. Front. — On the front is a Latin cross, the shaft of which is con- tinued to within a few inches of the base. At the bottom it is widely ''■(."■aft' "*■•'. J- v'v > expanded, forming a kind of foot, or stand. Parallel to the upper limbs, and contained in the head, are incised lines carried nearly to the outline of the head ; and in the middle of the cross a small circular hole is sunk. Back. — With the exception of the expanded foot on the shaft and the incised lines in the spandrels, the cross on the back is similar to that on the front, and its shaft is curved, as if to follow the line of the entasis. The broad arrow is cut on this face, near the bottom of the shaft. 266 OLD CORNISH CROSSES Miscellaneous Forms of Latin Crosses There are four unclassified examples, which will be found at the following places : — Buryan, St. . . . Vellansajer. Cury . . . .In churchyard. Ludgvan .... Crowlas. Sancreed .... Brane. Vellansajer, St. Buryan St. Buryan, or Burian, in the Deanery of Penwith, is situated si.\ miles south-west of Penzance. Vellansajer, or Vellansager, is a small village situated about a mile and a quarter east of St. Buryan churchtown, on the road to Newlyn. The cross stands in its circular base on the left-hand side of the road, against the outside boundary- wall of a cottage, and faces the road. It is much worn. The bead round the head disappears as it joins the shaft, so that it is impos- sible to say where it originiilly terminated. Dimensions. — Height, 3 ft. 6 in. ; width of head, i ft. 9 in. ; width of shaft, 14 in. ; thickness, Sin. On the front is an incised Latin cross in outline, extending from beneath the bead at the top of the head to the bottom of the stone. The three upper limbs are upon the head, and have expanded ends and curved sides, and the shaft is gradually widened towards the bottom. It will be noticed that the triangular portions between the ORNAMENTED CROSSES 267 limbs of the cross are wrought in a similar manner to those on the cross in Penzance Market-place. Only a very small portion of the upper part of the back is visible, and this only by removing a few generations of snail-shells, &c., the accommodation for which is just sufficient between the cross and the wall. It appears to be similar to the front. Cury. In the Churchyard Cury, in the Deanery of Kerrier, is situated five miles south-east of Helston. With reo-ard to the restoration of this monument, which is said to be the old churchyard cross, the following particulars, sent me by Canon Rogers, of Gwennap, will be of interest. It appears that for many years the cross lay in a ditch, detached from its base, which then lay near it. The ditch in question was formed by the sloping angle of the churchyard and the boundary-hedge. On May 16, 1849, the two portions were placed in their present position at a guess (the original site being unknown, though it may be assumed to have been somewhere near), the Rev. William Broadley (the then incumbent), Mr. J. D. Enys and his father and mother, and others, being present at the time. The bottom of the cross fitted the socket so well that there can be no doubt of their being parts of the same monument. With the exception of the north cross in Lanivet churchyard, this is one of the tallest wheel crosses in Cornwall. The entasis is very marked on the shaft, which is widest in the middle. *• Diinensioiis. — Height, 9 ft. 2 in. ; width of head, i ft. 8 in. ; width of shaft : at the bottom 11 in., at the neck 12^ in. The thickness is not the same on both sides. East side : 1 2 in. at the neck, and 15 in. at the bottom ; west side : io\ in. at the neck, and 16 in. at the bottom. On the front is an incised Latin cross of curious form, which extends about two-thirds of the whole height. It is not placed in the middle, but towards the right side. The upper portion is cut on the head of the stone, and is composed of an equal-limbed cross with 268 OLD CORNISH CROSSES concave and expanded limbs ; but the lines which usually enclose the ends are omitted, except in the case of the lower one, where they are cut horizontally inwards for a short distance, at different levels. From the inner ends of these lines the narrowed shaft descends ; it is formed of two incised lines, slightly curved to the right, and termi- nated by a widely expanded triangular end, which forms a kind of foot or base to the cross. ORNAMENTED CROSSES 269 Crowlas, Ludgvan Ludgvan, in the Deanery of Penwith, is situated three and a half miles north-east of Penzance. Crowlas is a hamlet half a mile east of Ludgv^an, on the road from Penzance to Redruth. The cross is built into a hedge on the left-hand side of the road from Ludgvan to St. Erth, and will be found on the northern side of a gateway leading into one of the fields, and close to one of the gate- posts. Dimensions. — Total height, 3 ft. ; width of head, i ft. 9 in. ; width of shaft, i ft. 3 in. ; thickness, 1 1 in. On the exposed side is an incised Latin cross in outline, the shaft of which runs down to the bottom of the stone. Owing to the dilapidated condition of the head, portions of the upper limbs are now missing. The back being embedded in the hedge, makes an inspection impossible without excavation. . MU^ mm Brane, Sancreed Sancreed, in the Deanery of Penwith, is situated four miles west of Penzance. Brane, or Brahane, is an estate situated about one and a half miles south-west of Sancreed church. The cross now forms a boundary-stone between the Brane and Boswarthen estates, the latter being between Brane and Sancreed. It stands at the angle of the hedge formed by an ancient and very rough road and the short pathway, approached by a stile, which leads up to Burnt House, a farm-building in the occupation of Mr. Boase. 270 OLD CORNISH CROSSES The head of this monument has been considerably mutilated. Dimensions. — Height, 5 ft. 4 in. ; width of head, i ft. 10 in. ; width of shaft : at the top 14^ in., at the bottom 18 in. ; thickness throughout, 9 in. Front. — On this face is an incised Latin cross in outline having slightly ex- panded limbs. As a result of the mutilation, the ends of the upper limbs have dis- appeared, so it is now im- possible to say how or where they terminated. Back. — On the back is a Latin cross in relief having expanded ends and splayed edges, the upper limbs being carried to the outline of the head. A Latin Cross h.-wing the Figure of Our Lord in relief UPON IT St. Just-in-Penwith, No. 2. In the Vicarage Garden St. Just-in-Penwith, in the Deanery of Penwith, is situated seven miles west of Penzance. The cross now stands in a little rockery in this garden.' It formerly stood in its base near the south-west entrance to the churchyard, where the latter still remains in situ. This is pro- bably part of the cross represented by another author as having a much longer shaft, thus showing that when roughly displaced it must have been broken, and the lower portion of the shaft since lost. The Rev. J. Andrewes Reeve has given me the following inter- ' Since the above was written this cross has been remQ\ed to the new cemetery, and erected on a base of three steps. ORNAMENTED CROSSES 271 esting notes on this cross: 'Old men remember it in its original position at the south-west corner of the churchyard, and they tell me that after service on Sunday mornings the sexton used to mount the steps on which it stood and give out notices of sales, &c. It was removed into the vicarage garden by the Rev. J. Duller, and was afterwards thrown down the well by the famous (!) Mr. Gorham. There I found it, covered with mud, and the crucifixion downwards.' Mr. Reeve has since informed me that another cross ' was thrown down this well at the same time ; but his efforts to obtain it were unsuccessful, as the water could not be lowered sufficiently for the purpose. Dimensions. — Height, 2 ft. 4 in. ; width of head, i ft. 9|in. ; width of shaft, 10 in. ; thickness, 9 in. The base is 3 ft. long by 2 ft. 4 in. wide. In the middle is an oval mortice, the longer diameter of which is 14 in., and the shorter, 1 1 in. Front. — On the edge of the head and shaft is a continuous bead in low relief; and within is an incised Latin cross, the shaft of which is carried down the stone, and is indicated by the incised line of the bead. On this cross is sculptured in relief a most curious figure of Christ. The arms are expanded at the ends, showing the sleeves of the tunic, and the hips are much exaggerated. The fracture of the shaft occurs six inches below the cross-head, so that the lower portion of the legs and feet is missing. Back. — On the head, but placed low down on the right side, is a wide-limbed Latin cross incised in outline. Judging from its position on the stone, it was either cut at some later period, or the large piece at the top and side was broken off before the work was completed. ' A small Latin gable cross, inscribed with the Chi Rho monogram, was brought to .St. Just church from St. Helen's chapel, Cape Cornwall. This has been missing for many years and it is just possible it may still be in the well. An engraving of this cross will be found in Blight (p. 61) ; see also Archccologia Cainbrcnsis, 5th series, vol. x. p. 97. 2/2 OLD CORNISH CROSSES Day, St. Tregullovv, No. 2 Hilary, St. In churchyard. CROSSES PARTIALLY IN OUTLINE Geographical Distribution Landezvednack. Lizard. Tywardreath. Tregaminion, No. 2. With an equ.\l-limbed Cross in relief on the He.a.d and THE Shaft indicated in Outline by an incised Line There are two examples of this type, which will be found at the following places : — Day, St. . . . Tregullow, No. 2. Tywardreath . . . Tregaminion, No. 2. Tregullow No 2, St. Day St. Day, or St. Dye, is a modern parish formed out of Gwennap. It is in the Deanery of Carnmarth, and is situated about two miles east of Redruth, and one and three-quarter miles south of Scorrier Gate railway- station. Tregullow is the pro- perty and late residence of Sir William Robert Williams, Bart. The cross now stands, on the opposite side of the path, in these grounds, facing No. i cross, already described. Mr. John D. Enys, of Enys, Penryn, has been able to supply me with the following interesting particulars relating to the history of this ORNAMENTED CROSSES 273 stone. It is supposed to have originally stood at the four cross- roads situated between Ponsanooth and Pengreep. Mr. J. D. Enys says his mother remembers it while in use as a gatepost. The cross was then a little below the cross-roads, on the left-hand side, near the top of the hill, on the Redruth side of Ponsanooth, and not far from the old turnpike which once stood here, but is now demolished. Blight mentions the cross ; and I have somewhere seen a rough sketch of a cross at Ponsanooth which is sufficiently like the Tregullow stone to be identified with it. It has been, used as a gatepost, as is apparent by the two holes cut in the back of the shaft to take the lugs for supporting the gate- hinges. The stone has been mutilated to a great extent. The left side of the head is gone, and the beads formerly on all the angles of the shaft now only remain on the right side. Those on the left appear to have been deliberately cut off Dimensions. — Height, 5ft. Sin. ; width of head, originally, about 18 in. ; width of shaft at the top and bottom, i4in., and in the middle, 15 in. ; thickness : at the bottom \2\ in., at the neck 1 1 in. Front. — A cross in which are combined two different methods of execution, the head being in relief and the shaft incised in outline. The upper part of the cross is upon the rounded head of the stone, and has equal limbs with expanded ends ; whilst the long shaft, with its marked entasis, is widened out at the bottom into an irregularly formed foot, or base. Back. — Only some indistinct markings, which may have been intended for an incised cross of some kind, remain on this face ; but they are now too much worn to be identified. Tregaminion No. 2, Tywardreath Tywardreath, in the Deanery of St. Austell, is situated four miles south of Lostwithiel and one mile east of Par railway-station. The private chapel at Tregaminion is attached to Menabilly, from which it is distant about half a mile north. This cross is very similar to that last described. It was found, T 274 OLD CORNISH CROSSES in the summer of 1889, forming part of a footbridge across a small brook at Milltown, Lostvvithiei. It is in a most dilapidated con- dition : one side of the head has been knocked off, and the shaft is considerably chipped. Within a fortnight of its discovery it was bought for 5/. by the monks of Buckfastleigh, Devon, and taken thither. Mr. Rashleigh, the land- lord of the property on which the cross was found, claimed it, and after a short time it was returned, and erected by him in the above chapel-yard, on its present curious base. What this base was originally is not known. It was found at Pridmouth, where it was used as the pivot-stone for some mill ma- chinery. In the centre was a round mortice, which was further enlarged to receive the bottom of the cross. The stone is octagonal, and is ornamented on all sides by a rudely executed incised pattern, con- sisting of a zigzag line which roughly divides each side into three triangles, the latter being enriched by conical holes varying in number from one to six. On one of the sides not shown in the drawing is what is generally known as a St. Andrew's cross, and in each of the triangles thus formed is a single conical hole. Dinieiisions. — Height, 6 ft. ; present width of head, about 15 in. ; width of shaft generally, 1 1| in. ; thickness : at the bottom 1 1 in., at the neck ']\ in., tapering to the top. The base is 2 ft. 9 in. wide and 9 in. deep. Front. — On the head is an irregularly formed cross in relief, the limbs of which are widely expanded and carried to the edge of the stone, the lower being much larger than the others. From the ..*,t^»:^;f^X=^:; ORNAMENTED CROSSES 275 middle of, and flush with it, descends the long shaft, in very low relief, the bottom being slightly expanded and rounded ; and its whole outline is emphasised by an incised line. The wearing away of the shaft is probably due to the traffic upon it during its use as a foot- bridge ; but as the head was covered with turf when found, it was to a certain extent preserved, although its lower extremity appears now to have been worn down level with the surface of the stone. Back. — On the head are the remains of a cross similar to that on the front, but without a shaft. With a Latin Cross in relief, the Lower Portion of the Shaft being indicated by two Incised Lines There are two examples of this type, which will be found at the following places: — Hilary, St. Landewednack . In churchyard. Lizard town. St. Hilary. In the Churchyard St. Hilary, in the Deanery of Penwith, is situated six miles east of Penzance, and two and a half miles east of Marazion Road railway-station. The cross stands at an angle of the path, near the south porch. It is a well-proportioned and interesting little cross. The head is outlined by a wide, flat bead, and, except that it is somewhat chipped in places, especially on the back, is in a fair state of preservation. Dimensions. — Height, 3 ft. 3 in.; width of head, I ft. 7 in. ; width of shaft, 1 1 in. ; thickness, 4 in. The front and back are alike. On each is a Latin cross the surface of which is flush with that of the stone. The upper portion is in relief, and has a deeply sunk background. The lower portion of T 2 2/6 OLD CORNISH CROSSES the shaft is indicated by two deeply incised lines, which are carried a short distance down the stone, leaving a margin on the edge of the same width as the bead on the head. Lizard Town, Landewednack Landewednack, in the Deanery of Kerrier, is situated twelve miles south-east of Helston. Lizard Town is situated a short distance west of Landewednack churchtown. The cross stands on the right-hand side of the road leading from Lizard town to the sea. The edge of the stone is outlined by a bead, and there is an entasis on the left side only of the shaft, the right being slightly concave. Ditnensions. — Height, 4 ft. 11 in. ; width of head, i ft. 11 in. ; width of shaft, i ft. 4 in. Front. — On the front is a Latin cross, nearly the full height of the stone, formed in a similar manner to that on the cross at Pradannack, Mullyon (p. 283). Within the bead on the head is the upper portion of the cross ; it is equal-limbed, and extends to the neck. At this level the bottom of the lower limb is suddenly narrowed, and for the remainder of the distance is indicated by two widely incised lines. Between these lines and the bead on the angles are two plain surfaces, the upper ends of which, where they terminate at the neck, are rudely shaped to the narrowed parts of the shaft. Back. — On the head is an equal-limbed cross in relief having widely expanded ends. •safSi ORNAMENTED CROSSES 277 Similar to those described on Page 272, but with the Figure of Our Lord in relief on the Front There are two examples of this type, which will be found at the following places : — Feock, St. . . . Trelissick. Madron . . .In churchyard. Trelissick, St. Feock St. Feock, or Feock, in the Deanery of Carnmarth, is situated four and a half miles south of Truro. Trelissick, the seat of Carew Davies Gilbert, Esq., J. P., D.L., is situated about a mile and a half north-east of St. Feock, on the right bank of the Truro river, close to King Harry Passage. Mr. John D. Enys, of Enys, Penryn, has supplied me with the following particulars relating to this cross, which, after numerous inquiries of different people, he was ultimately able to procure from an old servant of his uncle's, who has since died. Mr. Enys says : ' The cross was re- moved by my uncle, Mr. John Davies Gilbert, from Tredrea, in St. Erth parish. It formerly stood in the higher corner of the orchard there, and must, I expect, have been re- moved to Trelissick about 1844 or 1845, but of this I am not quite certain.' For some reason not apparent one side of the head has been hewn off in a line with the shaft, and the stone is also rather chipped on this side. Dimensions. — Height, 3 ft. 7^ in. ; width of head, i ft. 4^ in. ; width of shaft, 11^ in. to 12 in. ; thickness : at the bottom 10 in., at the neck S^ in., at the top 6Jin. 278 OLD CORNISH CROSSES Front. — On the front is a figure of our Lord in high relief exactly similar to those of the St. Buryan type, having the large feet. The right arm is slightly raised and bent. Back. — On the back are what appear to be the remains of a long-shafted cross, incised in outline, but only portions of the lines indicating the shaft are now distinct. Some faint markings which might be taken as the upper limbs are, however, too much obliterated to follow with any certainty ; but the cross when intact may possibly have been like that in the churchyard at Madron, shown below. Madron. In the Churchyard Madron, St. Madron, or Maddern, as it was formerly called, is situated in the Deanery of Penwith, and is about a mile and a half north of Penzance. Blight says : ' This cross is built into the hedge near the eastern entrance to the churchyard ' ' ; but since this was written it has -«'T:^?' m'( been fi.xed in a base at the west end of the churchyard, close to the boundary-wall. Its original site is not, however, known. The head is beaded only on the back, the right side of which is Ancienf Crosses and Antiquities of Coniwa/l, p. 23. ORNAMENTED CROSSES 279 much broken. About the level of the junction of the head and shaft is a deep, round hole, tending to show that the cross has been used as a gatepost at some forgotten period. The base into which it is now fixed consists of two or three rough pieces of granite, in which numerous holes have been sunk.^ Dimensions. — Height, 3 ft. 7 in. ; width of head, 2 ft. 2\ in. ; width of shaft, 18 in. ; thickness, 10 in. Front, — The figure of Christ here sculptured is much larger than is usually found on a cross of this size, and, like the Trevorgans ' and St. Buryan'' churchtown examples, is kept very low down on the stone, the arms being only a short distance above the neck of the cross. The arms are very much widened at the ends, and provide an excel- lent example showing the full sleeves of the tunic, although the body of the vestment does not appear to be indicated ; the legs are short in proportion, and the feet are missing. There is so much resemblance in this figure to those on the crosses just named, that it does not appear likely that the feet were intentionally omitted, as is so often the case where there is no room to include them. Back. — On the head is an equal-limbed cross in relief having slightly expanded ends. From the extremity of the lower limb, and extending to the bottom of the stone, are two incised lines, about three inches apart, forming a shaft to the cross above. > An explanation of their presence may be interesting, especially as there are many such examples scattered about in different parts of the county, several of which may be seen near the blacksmith's shop at the village of Sheffield, near St. Paul churchtown. On making inquiries, I was informed that it was the custom for lads, previous to entering upon their work at the quarries, to practise drilling holes in granite, or 'jumping,' as it is termed. The operation is performed by a 'jumper,' which consists of a long iron bar weighted in the middle. Then competitions take place amongst the boys for the best and most rapid work. The holes are, of course, very much larger than those so commonly used in the decoration of the crosses, and must not in any way be connected with them. Another of these stones stands outside a blacksmith's shop at Tywardreath. In this case the man told me he had made the holes himself. ^ See p. 129. ^ See p. 125. 28o OLD CORNISH CROSSES Incised Crosses of different Kinds appearing in Combination WITH SIMPLE Forms of Incised Enrichment consisting of Lines or Rectangular Figures There are four examples of this type, which will be found at the following places : — Carnmenellis . . .In churchyard. Constantine . . . Trevvardreva. Mullyon .... Pradannack. Wendron, St. . . . Trenethick. Carnmenellis. In the Churchyard Carnmenellis is a modern parish formed out of St. Wendron. It is in the Deanery of Kerrier, and is situated four and a half miles south of Redruth. The nearest railway-station is Praze. The late Mr. S. J. Wills, of St. Wendron, informed me that the cross was found by some tinners whilst clearing a stream in the valley below Tolcarn Wartha Mill. The Rev. F. Caudwell was enabled to secure it, and placed it for preservation in the churchyard, just outside the south wall of the modern church. Pro- bably it was once much longer, as the bottom of the stone is very unevenly fractured. The shaft is much chipped at the edges, but the head does not seem to have suffered so much. Dimensions. — Height, 2 ft. 5in. ; width of head, i ft. 6 in. ; width of shaft, 12 in. ; thickness : at the bottom 8|in., at the top 7 in. Front. — On the head is a circle containing the upper limbs of a Latin cross slightly expanded at the ends, which are kept within the circumference of the circle ; while its shaft is carried to the bottom of the stone. On each side of this shaft, and about midway between S5Sa^ ■^■^^ ORNAMENTED CROSSES 281 it and the edge of the stone, is a vertical Hne running into the lower portion of the circle. Back. — On the head is a wide surrounding bead, and within this an equal-limbed cross in relief, with expanded ends, and having an inclination to the right. On the shaft are three vertical incised lines similar to those just described, the outer two being stopped short of the circular recess containing the cross. Trewardreva, Constantine Constantine, in the Deanery of Kerrier, is situated six miles east of Helston. Trewardreva estate is about a mile north of Constantine church- town. The monolith stands by the hedge on the right-hand side of the road leading from Constantine to Mabe, about one mile south-west of Constantine church, and on the ascent of the hill, just after cross- ing the stream. The road divides the estates of Trewardreva and Retallack. While making a drawing of this cross in May, 1889, I was fortu- nate enough to meet with a man who was able to give me some information regarding its history. He said that for many years it lay on the ground, and that about thirty years ago (c. 1865) he assisted his father in re-erecting it close to, but not exactly on, the spot where it had so long lain neglected. Although no base was found, we may assume that it is still somewhere near the site, and is probably buried. Dimensions. — Height, 7 ft. 9 in. ; width of head, 2 ft. ; width of shaft: at the bottom i ft. 6 in., at the neck i ft. 5 in. N.B. — These are the measurements of the front ; but the stone is not square, the back being 2 in. wider. Thickness, 1 2 in. all the way. The stone is in a very good state of preservation. In plan it is almost a square, the front face being rather wider than the back, causing a slight slope in the sides. This squareness, combined with a marked entasis, gives the stone a massive appearance. 282 OLD CORNISH CROSSES Some curious incised ornament is here used ; but it is difficult to attach any meaning to the combinations, which must be left to a study of the drawing rather than to any elaborate description. Front. — On the head, within a circle, is an equal-limbed cross having a considerable inclination to the right. On the shaft is an oblong figure, rectangular at the bottom, and its upper sides curved outwards into the lower portion of the circle. In the upper portion of this figure is an X-shaped, or St. Andrew's Cross. Below is a Latin cross ; and where its shaft passes through the lower line of the figure there is a point of similarity between this cross and that at Pradannack, shown on the opposite page. Back. — On the head are six radiating lines, not carried to the ORNAMENTED CROSSES 283 edge of the stone. The lowest two are connected by a curved line, from the ends of which two other lines of unequal length are dropped ; and there is also a still shorter line between them. It will be noticed that there are represented on the front of this stone the three most common forms of crosses, viz. Equal-limbed, St. Andrew's, and Latin. Pradannack Cross, Mullyon Mullyon, in the Deanery of Kerrier, is situated seven miles south- east of Helston. Pradannack is a hamlet two miles south of Mullyon. I am indebted to the late Mr. S. J. Wills, of St. Wendron, for the historical notes in connection with this monument. The cross stands in its base in the south-east corner of a field, 284 OLD CORNISH CROSSES and close to the left-hand side of the church path leading from Mullyon to Pradannack, about midway between the two ancient chapels of Trenance and Pradannack. In 1852 accident or wanton hands displaced the cross from its socket, and, after being missed for a short time, it was discovered lying in a neighbouring ditch. Some of the local people thereupon formed a party of volunteers, and, furnished with levers and ropes, hauled the relic from this position, and set it upright in the base, fixing it securely in its socket with metal wedges. The monolith, in spite of this treatment, is in a very good state of preservation. It is outlined on front and back by a bead, which on the front is returned across the bottom, and on the back is run out, and abuts against the base ; but the beads are not indicated on the sides of the stone. The oblong base consists of a rough piece of granite rudely shaped. Dimensions. — Height, 5 ft. 6 in. ; width of head, 2 ft. ijin. ; width of shaft : at the bottom, 16 in., slightly narrowed towards the neck; thickness, 10 in. The base is 4 ft. 6 in. long, 3 ft. 2 in. wide, and about 1 2 in. thick. Front. — On this face is a cross formed in a manner somewhat similar to that on the monument at Lizard town, Landewednack, described on p. 276, the chief difference being that in this case the limbs of the cross on the head are expanded, and the shaft of the cross is stopped twelve inches from the bottom. Some of the incised work on the lower portion of the stone resembles that on the cross at Trewardreva, Constantine (p. 282). Back. — On this face is an incised Latin cross combined with a circle. The latter is cut concentrically within the bead of the head, and some two inches from it, the lower portion being curved gently on to the incised shaft, which is carried to the bottom of the stone. The upper limbs of the cross are enclosed by this circle, into which they run. The arms, which are usually horizontal, are in this case sloped slightly downwards from right to left, in a similar manner to No. 3 cross, Trevenning (p. 249). ORNAMENTED CROSSES 285 Trenethick, St. Wendron St. Wendron, in the Deanery of Kerrier, is situated two and a half miles north of Helston. Trenethick Farm is one and a half miles south of St. Wendron churchtown. This monolith was discovered, in 1886, forming one of the paving-stones in the farm stable. Mr. T. Roskruge, the tenant, had it removed, and erected it in the garden in front of Trenethick House, where it now stands. AhvU It is a massive cross, and somewhat chipped in places. This is not surprising, seeing that previous to its discovery in the stable it had been used for a gatepost on more than one occasion, since there are no less than four holes pierced in different parts of the stone to receive the lugs, or supports, for the gate hinges. The angles of the stone are beaded on the front, but on the back the bead only appears on the upper portion of the head. Dimensions. — Height, 4 ft. 3 in. ; width of head, i ft. 9 in. ; width of shaft, 15^ in. ; thickness, 11 in. all the way. Front. — On the head is an incised circle, within which are the 286 OLD CORNISH CROSSES upper limbs of an incised Latin cross having slightly expanded ends, and its shaft carried to the bottom of the stone. About one-third of the way down the shaft, and cutting the incised line of the cross- shaft transversely, are two arcs of a circle, a short distance apart, their convex sides facing each other. Back. — On the head are the upper limbs of a Latin cross in relief having splayed edges ; its shaft is carried to the bottom of the stone. With the Figure of Our Lord incised on the Front OF THE Cross There are three examples of this type, which will be found at the following places : — Camborne . . . Trevu, No. 2. Flushing . . .In the churchyard. Sennen .... Trevilley. Trevu No. 2, Camborne Camborne, in the Deanery of Carnmarth, is situated twelve miles south-west of Truro, and has a railway-station on the main line. Trevu, the property of G. J. Smith, Esq., is situated on the north side of the town, near the rail- way-station. Mr. \V. Roberts, gardener at Trevu, told me that, as well as he could recollect, he found the cross in 1883. It was in a hedge of the old Roman road from Penzance to London, which runs at the back of these grounds. At Mr. Smith's request he moved it for preservation into the garden.^ ^•■•^ ' Mr. Roberts stated that on taking the cross out of the hedge he found a small bronze image behind it ; it was about three inches high, and consisted of a woman with a child on ORNAMENTED CROSSES 287 Dimensions. — Height, 2 ft. 2 in. ; width of head, i ft. 5|^in. ; width of shaft, 15 in. ; thickness, gin. Front. — On the head, and extending a short distance below it, is a very curious little figure of our Lord. The head is very large and the outstretched arms are very short, while the legs are abruptly terminated a short distance below the body. Back. — On the head is a recess of horseshoe shape, square across the bottom. Within is a cross, the surface of which is flush with the face of the stone ; it is of rather a peculiar form : the three upper limbs, of nearly equal length, are expanded at the ends, while the lower is the shortest, and has parallel sides. Flushing. In the Churchyard Flushing is a modern parish formed out of Mylor. It is in the Deanery of Carnmarth, and is situated two miles east of Penryn. The Rev. F. Forbes Savage has kindly furnished me with the following account of the discovery of this cross at the end of October, 1891. Having stated that he had reasons for supposing there was such a monument in the district, for which he had made many inquiries from farm-labourers and others, he goes on to say : ' At last a man in my employ told me of an old stone among the build- ings on the farm of Porloe, which is Lord Clinton's property, on the road between here and Mylor. On inquiring of Mr. Dunstan, the tenant-farmer, I received confirmation of my suspicion that the object of my search was on his farm. Going one day through his farm-buildings with him, he drew my attention to a fine large, black sow in one of his pigsties, or pig-houses, as they call them. My attention was immediately withdrawn from that interesting animal to the stone its fore-feet were resting on, and a little scraping showed me that this stone was a cross. At my request, he most kindly at once consented to my having it, on condition (a condition which I her lap, but the head of the former was, unfortunately, gone. The figures were probably intended to represent the Virgin and Child. The bronze is, I believe, now in the possession of Mr. G. J. Smith. 288 OLD CORNISH CROSSES proposed) that I should refill the hole its removal would cause. It had previously been used as the base of a threshing-machine, and into it was let a square brass socket. The side uppermost was the one with the cross carved upon it. In due time, and with some difficulty, on account of its weight, I got it home safely, and on cleaning it discovered the figure of our Lord on the other side. It now stands in my courtyard, but I propose placing it by the gate of my churchyard. It is in excellent condition, of rough granite, and, if it is only the head of a cross, is remarkable for the clean- ness of the break. The figure appears to ho. footless, and the robe, I should imagine, is intended for the seamless coat.' This is certainly a very peculiar example, and is doubtless of early date ; but, notwithstanding its age, it is in a remarkably good state of preservation. The chief point of interest is the nature of the incised work upon it. Dimensions. — Height, 3 ft. 4 in. ; width of head, 2 ft. 2 in. ; width of shaft : at the top i ft. 7 in., at the bottom i ft. 8 in. ; thickness ; at the bottom 12 in., at the neck 1 1 in., at the top 10 in. Front. — On this face is an incised figure of our Lord, the lower portion of which is terminated near the bottom of the stone by a curved line. The extended arms of the figure are slightly above the junction of the head and shaft of the cross, and their extremities are connected by an incised line carried round the head. The effect of the whole — though obviously unintentional — seems to suggest a girl skipping rather than a representation of our Lord. The length of the neck, the fulness of the bottom of the tunic, with its extraordinary tri- angular corners, and the omission of the feet and legs, are character- istics to which attention should be called. Back. — The head is surrounded by a broad, flat bead of irregular ORNAMENTED CROSSES 289 width, within which is a Latin cross sculptured in relief. The lower part of the shaft of this cross is formed by two deeply incised lines/ extending to the bottom of the stone. About midway down is a horizontal groove, which may or may not be accidental. It will also be noticed that a piece has been cut out of the left side of the stone, immediately over the neck, though for what purpose is not clear ; but it is probably the result of mutilation. Four inches below the arms of the cross is still to be seen the brass pivot, or bearing for the iron shaft of the threshing-machine, to which reference has already been made. Trevilley Cross, Sennen Sennen, or St. Sennen, in the Deanery of Penwith, is situated ten miles south-west of Penzance. This cross stands on the left-hand side of the footpath be- tween the villages of Trevilley and Tre- . ..;="»»i.«j, vescan, about a mile and a quarter south of Sennen church- town. It is chiefly in- teresting as being one of the two instances in which the figure is shown on a cross carved on the face of the stone.""^ The other example will be found on No. 2 cross in the rectory garden, St. Just-in-Penwith.'^ The head is cemented on to a shaft which has chamfered angles, but it is doubtful whether this shaft is the original. y-sS^ ' Similar to those described on p. 275. '^ For fuller particulars on this subject, see p. 122. See p. 27r. 290 OLD CORNISH CROSSES Dimensions. — Height of monument, 5 ft. 7 in. ; height of cross- head, I ft. 9 in. ; width, i ft. 5 in. ; thickness, 7 in. ; width of shaft, 12 in. Front. — On the head is a wide-limbed Latin cross, in reHef, which projects three-quarters of an inch from the face of the stone, and on which is incised a quaint Httle figure of our Lord. The head has an inclination to the right, and the arms are extended straight along the arms of the cross. The curves forming the body are very curious, and the hips are remarkably wide. Both legs are quite straight, but there do not appear to have been any feet. Back. — On the head is an equal and very wide limbed cross in relief INCISED ORNAMENT On Wheel Crosses There are eight crosses thus ornamented, which will be found at the following places : — Altarnon .... Tresmeake Bridge. Boconnoc, No. 3 . Cardynham . Dennis, St. . Lanivet, No. i Lanteglos-by-Camelford Levan, St., No. 2 . Tywardreath In Boconnoc Park. Higher Deviock. In churchyard. In churchyard. Trevia, No. 2. In churchyard. Menabilly. Tresmeake Bridge, Altarnon Altarnon, in the Deanery of Trigg Major, is situated eight miles south-west of Launceston, and four and a half miles south-west of Egloskerry railway-station. Tresmeake Bridge crosses a small river about one mile west of Altarnon church. The cross stands on the left-hand side of the road, about a quarter ORNAMENTED CROSSES 2gi of a mile beyond the bridge. It is close against, and partially buried in, the hedge, leading one to suppose that it is in sifii. The cross is considerably out of the perpendicular, which is due to the pressure of the hedwe. The base consists of a rough piece of moorland granite. Dimensions. — Height, 5 ft. 5 in. ; width of head, i ft. 10 in. ; width of shaft : at the top 1 5 in., at the bottom 1 3 in. The base is about 3 ft. gin. long and 10 in. thick. The head of the stone appears to be alike on front and back ; on each is a cross in relief, carried to the edge of the head, and having limbs of equal width, but varying length. Adjoining the limbs, on the upper portion of the head, is a bead in relief, the small spandrils beyond being sunk. The treatment below is not the same ; but this can best be seen by an examination of the drawing. About one-third of the way down the shaft is an incised figure resembling the letter D. Boconnoc, No. 3. In Boconnoc Park Boconnoc, in the West Deanery, is situated .seven miles north of Fowey, and three miles east of Lostwithiel railway-station. Boconnoc Park is the property of C. D. Fortescue, Esq. Blight says : — ' This cross was removed from Lanlivery, and placed on a double hexagonal pedestal, by the Hon. S. M. Fortescue.' * ' Ancient Crosses and Antiqiiilies of Cornvjall, p. 1 1. U 2 292 OLD CORNISH CROSSES This is an extremely fine monolith, and is remarkable not only on account of its shape, but also for the curious incised ornament upon it. The shaft is wider at the top than at the bottom — a feature still more noticeable on the sides, which also gradually increase in thick- ness towards the top, giving the stone a wedge-like appearance. The head is only slightly wider than the shaft, on to which it is gently curved, and its entire circular form is preserved by its lower portion being kept slightly in advance of the shaft. Around the upper stone of the base is the following inscription, cut upon it when the cross was erected in these grounds : — ■ THIS RELICK OF A RUDE BUT PIOUS AGE WAS PLACED HERE, AND INSCRIBED WITH THE LOVED AND HONOURED NAME OF WM. WYNDAM. LORD GRENVILLE, BY HIS GRATEFUL NEPHEW, G. M. F., MDCCCXL. Dimensions. — Height of cross, 7 ft. i^in. ; width of head, 2 ft. 7 in. ; width of shaft : at the neck 2 ft., at the bottom i ft. 9 in. ; thickness : at the bottom g\ in., at the neck 12 in., increasing to the top of the stone. Of the incised designs on the front and back of the shaft I am unable to give any explanation, since the devices do not lend them- selves to anything descriptive of their meaning. Front. — On the head, and some five inches within its outline, are four triangular sinkings, having splayed sides, and so arranged as to form between them a nearly equal-limbed cross, with expanded ends, and having an inclination to the right. Just below the outline of the head, and at different levels, are two figures, facing each other, and resembling trefijils, the foils being placed in the same position as in a quatrefoil, where the fourth, or inner foil, is omitted. Beneath them is a device consisting of an equal-limbed cross between two figures, reversed and facing each other, each resembling the letter C in its square form : thus — C Back. — On the head is a cross similar to that on the front, but having an inclination to the left. On the shaft, from the lowest por- tion of the head to the bottom of the stone, is a wide and rounded bead, emphasised on both sides by an incised line. This feature appears to form a shaft for the cross above. In a corresponding position to those on the front are two rectangular incised figures, an # **»^%fef*«;R'=»**'**' J^Jfcil »- i' ^ ->iVt/ C5- - Wi -^ iA*^**' -^ * o o 2 >; o ^'p^ omitted, this is similar to the front. St. Levan, No. 2. In the Churchyard St. Levan, in the Deanery of Penwith, is situated eight miles south-west of Penzance. The cross stands in its roughly hewn base on the south side of the church, near the porch, and is probably in situ. It is one of the most elegant and well-proportioned wheel crosses to be found throughout Cornwall. The head is almost circular, and the angles of the stone are beaded, the front and back having a second bead adjoining the outer one ; on the back the bead is carried round the head also. Dimensions. — Height, 6 ft. 1 1 in. ; width of head, i ft. iS| in. ; width of shaft : at the neck 14 in., at the bottom i ft. 10 in. ; The stone is of a uniform thickness of 10 in. The base is 4 ft. 6 in. Q < > o D a O a" > H ORNAMENTED CROSSES 299 wide, and about 18 in. thick in the middle, but much thinner at the edges. The front and both sides are ornamented with incised worlv. Front. — On the head, and extending some way below the neck, is a rudely sculptured figure of our Lord in bold relief, the head being slightly inclined to the right. The arms are straight, and expanded at the ends, illustrating the sleeves of the tunic, and the lower portion of the garment is very full. The bottom of the legs, apparently without feet, rest on a rounded projection. On the shaft beneath are three panels ; the upper two have diagonal lines from corner to corner ; the third is similar, but the diagonal lines are double. Left Side.— On the shaft is an angular twist, or lattice-work, carried about two-thirds of the way upwards ; the ends of the line are then continued almost to the top, where they bend slightly over to the right. Back. —On the back is a cross in relief, of beautiful design, which extends from beneath the outer bead on the head to within nine inches of the base. The upper portion is formed by an equal-limbed cross, which may thus be described : — Commencing from the centre, the limbs are of the same width to about half their distance outwards. At this point they are suddenly widened by being curved outwards, and then continue parallel as far as the bead on the edge of the head. From the bottom of the lower limb, and flush with its surface, though much narrower, is the long shaft, which is rather wider at the bottom than at the top. The only other instances of crosses of this kind will be found on the front and back of the crosses in the churchyards of St. Levan (No. i, p. 89) and St. Michael, in the parish of St. Minver, but in each case the long shaft is omitted. Right Side. — On the shaft, at the top, is a curious figure some- what resembling a cross in outline with the arms raised ; below is zigzag work. 300 OLD CORNISH CROSSES Menabilly, Tywardreath Tywardreath, in the Deanery of St. Austell, is situated four miles south of Lostwithiel, and one mile east of Par railway-station. Menabilly, the seat of Jonathan Rashleigh, Esq., J. P., is situated about two and a half miles south of Tywardreath churchtown, and is one and three-quarter miles west of Fowey. -_ ^ This cross formerly -.—' J^ "'^ -^ stood in situ at Milltown, where in process of time it was used to mark the boundary between the parishes of Lanlivery and Golant. Its original site is marked by a square block _-' :~FJ: '^- of granite, placed there by V-i Mr. William Rashleigh when the cross was re- moved many years ago. It is now mounted on a circular base. The head is beaded, and the stone appears to be part of a much taller monolith, width of head, 2 ft. 2^in. ; ft m. Fhe base is 3 ft. 10 in. in Dimensions. — H eieht, width of shaft, i ft. 6 in. ; thickness, 9 in diameter and 9 in. thick. Within the bead, and occupying nearly all the space enclosed by it, is a cross having equal and widely expanded limbs with concave sides ; in the centre is a small conical hole. On the front of the shaft is a device which seems to be incomplete, as it is abruptly stopped at the bottom, and is probably only the upper portion of some more elaborate design, the lower part of which has dis- ORNAMENTED CROSSES 301 appeared. What remains, however, resembles an incised Tau cross, the shaft of which has two Hnes. The bacl< of the stone is similar to the front, but is without the fio-ure on the shaft. On Wheel Crosses with Projections at the Neck There are four ornamented crosses of this type, which will be found at the following jMaces : — Cleer, St. . . . On St. Cleer Common. Eastbourne (Susse.x) (from St. Erth) . In Manor-House grounds. Gwinear . . . On Connor Down. Penzance . . .In Market-place. St. Cleer Common, St. Cleer St. Cleer, in the West Deanery, is situated two and a half miles north of Liskeard. The Longstone,^ or ' Long Tom,' as the cross is locally named, stands /;/ situ near the roadside, and not far from a stone circle called ' The Hurlers,' but on the opposite side of the way. In point of size this is a very fine monolith, though e.xtremely rude, and roughly wrought. The back of the head slopes sharply back, so that the top of the stone is very thin. Dimensions. — Height, 9 ft. 6 in. ; width of head, 2 ft. 4 in. ; width ' Gibson, in his Additions to Camden (1772), vol. i. p. 153, gives the following note of this cross, accompanied by 'a quaint figure of it ' : — ' And that also called the Longstone, standing in the downs about half a mile from The Hurlers (above two yards and a half high, with a cross on both sides), was doubtless a funeral monument.' In The Architectural Antiquities of Great Britain (John Britton, F.S.A.) is another notice of this stone, taken from an Essay on Ancient Stone Crosses {yo\. i. p. 11): — ' In Plate A, fig. 3, I have given a view of one of these pillars. It is situated on Carraton Down, north of St. Cleer, and is within half a mile of a Druidical temple called The Hurlers. This peculiarity of situation, and its distance from any Catholic foundation, induce me to believe that it was originally a Pagan pillar, converted into a Christian symbol when the first mission- aries were propagating their tenets in this remote county.' 302 OLD CORNISH CROSSES of shaft: at the top i ft. loin., at the bottom 2 ft. i in. ; thickness: at the bottom 12 in., at the neck g\m. The crosses on front and back of the head are aHke. That on the front is inclined to the left, and that on the back to the right ; / -< m ■■ i 'Ji^^S-?, k the latter, being carved on the slope of the stone above mentioned, leans backward considerably. On the front of the shaft, beneath the head, is a plain oblong panel formed by incised lines. The panel is upright, and the two side-lines forming it terminate on the edge of the circular recess containing the cross on the head. ORNAMENTED CROSSES 303 Eastbourne, Sussex. In the Manor-house Grounds The Manor-house is now owned by the Gilbert family, and by tracing their history we find that at the close of the last century an only child and heiress, named Mary Ann Gilbert, married Davics Giddy, whose family resided at Tredrea, in the parish of St. Erth, near Hayle, Cornwall. Adopting the name of Gilbert, he settled at Eastbourne, and, being a distinguished man of science, was at one time President of the Royal Society ; and, amongst other works, he compiled ' The Parochial History of Cornwall,' 4 vols., 1838. Since my notice of this cross appeared in vol. xxxviii. of the Sussex Archaeological Society's Collections, Mr. John D. Enys, of Enys, Penryn, has kindly supplied me with the following correct and interesting particulars regarding its removal from Cornwall to Sussex. The notes are taken from the pocket-book of his grandfather, Mr. Davies Gilbert, and are especially valuable as being those actually made at the time. 1817. The cross put up in its place by means of the Ordnance Tackle. December loth. The cross. — I had observed a cross near Truro, on the road to Redruth, degraded to the situation of a gatepost, and for many years I thought of rescuing it and removing the relic to Tredrea, but since my connection with East Bourne I determined in getting it there. Mr. John Giddy obtained it for me on the easy condition of providing a common gatepost in its room. It was shipped at Truro for London, from whence it came to Hastings by sea, and from thence here by land. It was this day fixed in its place over the archway, under which the footpath used to pass till I turned it. We used the Artillery Triangle Fall Block kindly lent me by Col. Ellicombe. The whole was effected without injury to the cross itself or any Person or thing. Mr. Davies Gilbert is said to have been of a rather humorous turn of mind, a fact which is supported by the following anecdote, related to me by his personal friend, the Rev. Canon Hockin, of Phillack. On being asked one day why he had carried off a cross from Cornwall and put it up in his place at Eastbourne, Mr. Gilbert replied that ' it was in order to show the poor, ignorant folk there that there was something bigger in the world than a Jlini ! ' ' And thus,' adds the Canon, ' are we robbed ! ' 304 OLD CORNISH CROSSES A small brass-plate on the back of the cross is inscribed — REMOVED FROM CORNWALL MDCCCXVII But to one accustomed to these monuments no plate is necessary to associate it with the county whence it came, since it is a typical example of a Cornish cross, both as regards its shape and ornamenta- tion. Moreover, the material used is grey elvan,' an extremely hard Cornish stone, in texture resembling a very fine granite. The cross is now mounted on a substructure consisting of three steps. The top one is very small, and was presumably only intended to fonn a sort of base to steady the monolith, which passes through it, and rests on the second step. The portion of the ornament thus concealed has been completed on the Plate by dotted lines, as half of it is visible, and the same designs occur on other panels of the stone, and are also those most commonly found in Cornwall. The stone is in a very fair state of preservation, though somewhat chipped in places; while the curious depression on the head may be due to an uneven cleft made in quarrying. The head is not circular, but slightly oval, its horizontal diameter being rather greater than the vertical. It is surrounded by a bead which is carried down the angles of the shaft, the entasis on which is very unevenly executed. Dimensions. — Height (from top of second step), 8 ft. 2 in. ; width of head, 2 ft. 8 in. ; width of shaft : at the top i ft. 8 in., at the bottom 2 ft. I in. ; thickness at the bottom, 17^ in., tapering to \o\ in. at the neck, and to about 5 in. at the top. Each face of the shaft is divided into panels by incised lines. The ornament comprising the decoration is executed in incised work of the roughest description, as follows : — Rtght Side. — The shaft is divided into seven panels. Every alter- nate panel, commencing from the top, contains little holes in regular rows, the intermediate panels being plain. Front. — On the head, but situated rather below the centre, is a boss, surrounded at its base by an incised line. Arranged round the ' See p. 15. 2 'A or. Z D O CQ f- < ^#1 ]•'•"■'. .S'-:-: #%v T*- — »^-';'-»«r?r<'^ 1^ .■1 /-\ i>; ■"'^•M^f^A^^f^iij^,^^ 4^' ^-V^-^t^TS*!' ;.^.^ -^ hi asucj ii.i,(po^4 I' B p ORNAMENTED CROSSES 305 boss, at nearly equal distances from each other, are three triangles, with convex sicdes and rounded angles, similar in form to the spaces between the limbs and ring of a four-holed cross. One of these triangles is directly over the boss, and the other two are placed one on either side of and slightly below it. On each side of the upper triangle, and midway between it and those below is a T-shaped figure, or Tau cross, the vertical stroke or shaft of each radiating to the centre of the boss. Between the top of the shaft and the central boss on the head is an isosceles triangle, the two equal sides of which are formed by radial lines extending to the angle of the out- lining bead at the neck, and the third side by the upper line, which encloses the top panel on the shaft. The projections at the neck are very small, especially for a cross of this size, and in each is a small round sinking. The shaft is divided into nine panels of about equal depth. At the top is a square panel the full width of the shaft. The remainder of the shaft is divided vertically by an incised line down the centre, thus giving four pairs of elongated panels. The square panel mentioned is unornamented, and the pair beneath are filled with little holes in regular rows. Next are a plain pair, followed by another pair containing little holes as before. The two bottom panels are partly hidden in the top step : that on the right hand appears to contain the common pattern of diagonal lines from corner to corner ; that on the left has an incised device, consisting of four straight lines radiating from the circumference of an incised circle to the corners of the panel, its diameter being about one-third of the width of the panel. Left Side. — This Is divided into eight panels. Commencing at . the top with a plain one, the alternate panels are filled with little holes in regular rows, until the seventh is reached. This contains enrichment similar to that in the right and lowest panel on the front, except that the lines do not intersect, and are increased in width towards the centre. The eighth or bottom panel is unoriianicntc