? G 
 
 2111 
 
 F8 
 
 MAIN 
 
 
 UC-NRLF 
 
 II r RPRI^ci rv I igpii 
 
 B M D41 En 
 
 : i .1^ J-J Xt KJ XJ X/ 
 
 i 
 
 SSIAN GRAMMAR 
 
 FOR THE USE 
 
 OF 
 
 TAFf-OFFICERS AND OTHERS 
 
 BY 
 
 F. FREETH. B. A. 
 
 Ilassical Scholar of Emmanuel College, Cambridge) 
 
 •*»*- 
 
 LONDON: 
 
 TEUBNEE, & Co., Ludgate Hill. 
 1886. 
 
toaS) 
 
 A CONDENSED 
 
 RUSSIAN GRAMMAR 
 
 FOE THE USE 
 
 OF 
 
 STAFF-OFFICERS AND OTHERS 
 
 BY 
 
 F. FREETH. B. a. 
 
 (late Classical Scholar of Emmanuel College, Cambridge) 
 
 »*«- 
 
 LONDON: 
 
 TEUBNER & Co., Ludgate Hill. 
 
 1886. 
 
I 
 
PRESEftVirrtON 
 
 COPY .U)OED f^(L ±1 \] 
 
 OR!G^^^^^ 10 BE 
 RETAu.LO 
 
 (^ARti 31335 
 
 FV 
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 This is not intended as a grammar for young 
 schoolboys. It presupposes a general knowledge 
 of the grammar of some one other language. The 
 explanation of grammatical terms has therefore 
 been omitted as a work of supererogation, since 
 it is not likely that Russian, although perhaps the 
 most methodical of modern languages, will ever 
 be the first language an English man or woman 
 will wish to study. 
 
 I haye not gone into the pronunciation at any 
 length, because I hold it to be utterly impossible 
 to conyey on paper any thing like approximately 
 the true pronunciation of Russian words. It is 
 only to be learnt directly by oral tuition. And 
 I would recommend any student of the language 
 not to be deluded into the idea that this can be 
 self taught, but to begin by taking half-a-dozen 
 lessons at least in reading; or he will find that 
 his pronunciation, as gathered from grammars 
 alone, is peculiar to himself and unintelligible in 
 the country of the Tsar, 
 
 920' 
 
IV PREFACE. 
 
 My object lias been to present to the public 
 the Russian grammar in as brief and simple a 
 form as possible. I do not claim for my little 
 work any thing like completeness, as I have pur- 
 posely omitted rare irregularities, which I regard 
 as a vexation to beginners — these are to be ac- 
 quired afterwards by practice and reading, when 
 one is more or less conversant with the fund- 
 amental forms of the language. 
 
 Exercises have not been inserted for two reas- 
 ons: — First, they would have made the little 
 volume two bulkv. — Secondlv, I found mvself unable 
 to improve upon those given in Mr. Eiola's "How 
 to learn Russian". — Their only fault is copious- 
 ness—a fault easily counteracted by employing the 
 principle of selection. The student can work out 
 some of these with great benefit, while he is 
 making progress in the grammar. 
 
 F. F. 
 
 DUSSELDOEF. 
 
EUSSIAN ALPHABET. 
 
 The Russian alphabet consists of the following 
 36 letters: 
 
 Printed 
 
 CAPITAL SMALL 
 
 Written 
 
 CAPITAL SMALL 
 
 1 
 
 Name 
 
 Sound 
 
 A 
 
 a 
 
 tJy^- (.^(3 y<zy 
 
 a 
 
 a e and o 
 
 B 
 
 6 
 
 "^J^^rc/ 
 
 6e 
 
 b p 
 
 B 
 
 r 
 
 B 
 
 r 
 
 
 Be 
 re 
 
 V f 
 g h kh V 
 
 A 
 
 A 
 
 ^^^ 
 
 46 
 
 d t 
 
 E 
 
 e 
 
 C/ 0.-<^ 
 
 e 
 
 ya, a yo, o 
 
 }K 
 
 m 
 
 cy/L^s^ ^ 
 
 Hce 
 
 zsli sh 
 
 3 
 11 
 
 3 
 
 11 
 
 
 36 
 H 
 
 z s 
 
 ee 3-66 
 
 I 
 
 K 
 
 • 
 
 1 
 
 K 
 
 
 • 
 
 1 
 
 Ka 
 
 ee, i (in yyin) 
 
 i 
 k 
 
 A 
 
 A 
 
 t^ty <^^c^ 
 
 3.1b 
 
 1 
 
 M 
 
 M 
 
 .^ ^c- 
 
 aM^ 
 
 m 
 
 H 
 
 H 
 
 jrL-/i^ 
 
 3H1> 
 
 n 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^^^ 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 n 
 
 P 
 
 n 
 P 
 
 ^6 /o 72 77^ 
 
 ne 
 
 3pT, 
 
 P 
 
 r 
 
2 
 
 
 RUSSIAN GRAMMAR. 
 
 
 . 
 
 Printed 
 
 CAPITAL SMALL 
 
 Written 
 
 CAPITAL SMALL 
 
 Name 
 
 Sound 
 
 C 
 
 C 
 
 • 
 
 U 1$ c- 
 
 aci 
 
 s z 
 
 T 
 
 Tm 
 
 ty/C //C'^i ^/^i 
 
 xe 
 
 t 
 
 y 
 
 X 
 
 y 
 
 X 
 
 A, ^^^a: 
 
 y 
 
 3*T> 
 
 xa 
 
 00 
 
 f 
 kh 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 ^e 
 qe 
 
 ts 
 
 ch sh 
 
 m 
 
 m 
 
 uZc^-^i^c 06^ 
 
 ma 
 
 sh 
 
 m 
 
 m 
 
 U^c^SZ^l^ 
 
 ma 
 
 stch sch 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 T> 
 
 i> 
 
 ^ 
 
 ■fipi 
 
 e ynide \ 
 
 i 
 
 LI 
 
 bi 
 
 ^^6^ 
 
 ■Bpibl 
 
 e tliick 
 
 L 
 
 h 
 
 ./^^ 
 
 ■Bpb 
 
 y mute 
 
 1 
 
 % 
 
 c::^(ySf€>rh 
 
 aib 
 
 [ 
 ya, ye, yo | 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 ^ . 
 
 3 
 
 e ai 
 
 K) 
 
 K) 
 
 J^:j^.. 
 
 K) 
 
 you 
 
 fl 
 
 e 
 
 • 
 
 V 
 
 g 
 
 fl 
 6 
 V 
 
 -y ^ 
 
 fl 
 
 eiiia 
 
 HHdiua 
 H CT> KpaiKoii 
 
 ya ya 
 
 f 
 
 ee 
 
 y mute 
 
Chapter I:— THE LETTEES. 
 
 1. Thus there are 
 
 a) 12 vowels:— a, e, ii, i, o, y, bi, t, a, lo, a, r; 
 ?;) 21 consonants: — 6, b, r, ji, tk, 3, k, .i, m, h, 
 n, p; c, T, o, X, n, % ui, m, e; 
 c) 3 semivowels: — % l, ii. 
 
 2. The vowels may be divided into hard and 
 soft. For each hard vowel there is a corresponding 
 soft one ; viz : hard a a o y bi 
 
 so/j^ a e, "£ e lo ii i. 
 
 KB. V is rarely used (only in Avords of greek origin). 
 
 3. The consonants may be divided into: 
 
 a) gutturals, pronounced in the throat:— r, k, x; 
 h) palatals, uttered by the palate:— Ji, h, p; 
 
 c) dentals, uttered by the aid of the teeth:— 
 
 /^, T, 3, c, }K, m, m;, ^, ^; 
 
 d) labials, uttered by the lips :— 6, b, m, n, o. 
 
 NB. The consonant e is rarely used (only in words of 
 greek origin). 
 
 4. The semi-vowels are only half uttered vowels, 
 -B being half of o, and b or li half of n. The two 
 first are placed after consonants, the last after 
 vowels. The hard semi-vowel gives a strong and 
 harsh sound to the consonant that precedes it; — 
 
RUSSIAN GRAMMAR. 
 
 e. g. CTo.i'B, a table; o6t> from are pronounced 
 stoll, opi). 
 
 The soft semi-vowel t has a liquefying effect: — 
 CTOJib, so much; 06h^ the Ohi, are pronounced stohl\ 
 Ohh\ 
 
 The semi-vowel ii forms a diphthong with the 
 vowel that precedes it: — thus ;taii, give; Moii, my^ are 
 pronounced die, mo^. 
 
 5. In forming syllables the following rules must 
 be observed; — viz: 
 
 a) after r, k, x, jk, ^, m, m the vowels a, y, ii 
 (never n, lo, li) must housed;— e.^. KHMni, hooJiS; 
 pyKii; hands; Bii^Ky, / see; 
 
 h) after ii; use a and y (instead of a and lo); — 
 e. g. Kypima^/ott/"?; Jiimy, to the face; 
 
 c) after r, k, x use !> instead of h\ — e.g, Bor-L, 
 Ood; JiyxTi, odour. 
 
 6. Notice the following vowel changes at the 
 terminations of words: 
 
 a) t changes into ii after i; — e. g. o MHimii, 
 about the oinnion, is written instead of MHtHit; 
 
 b) in prepositions !> becomes o when the next 
 word begins with two consonants, which render 
 the pronunciation difficult; — e. g. npe^o mhuio, 
 before me; co BciMii, with all, instead of npe^t 
 
 MHOK) and CL BCfeMII. 
 
 7. Notice also the following consonantal changes : 
 
 a) Ji is inserted before lo after 6, b, m, n, o; 
 
 b) r, j!t, 3 are softened into Ht 
 
 K, T, U ,, „ )} " 
 
 Xj C ,) )j ;; m. 
 
 CK, CT ;; „ „ m 
 

 THE 
 
 LETTERS 
 
 '• 
 
 Instances: HOJKKa 
 
 from 
 
 Hora, 
 
 the foot 
 
 Bii/Ky 
 
 >5 
 
 BlU-BTb, 
 
 I see. 
 
 BflJKy 
 
 » 
 
 easaxb, 
 
 I bind. 
 
 cyieKT> 
 
 J1 
 
 cyKT>. 
 
 the little branch. 
 
 n.iaiiy 
 
 35 
 
 n.iaiiiib, 
 
 I pay. 
 
 oie^ecKiu 
 
 )5 
 
 oieuT), 
 
 fatherly. 
 
 MviiiKa 
 
 )5 
 
 Myxa, 
 
 a little fly. 
 
 Homy 
 
 » 
 
 HOCHTb, 
 
 I carry. 
 
 umy 
 
 » 
 
 ncKaib, 
 
 I seek. 
 
 ryme 
 
 » 
 
 rycToil, 
 
 closer. 
 
 HINTS TO PEONUXCIATION. 
 
 8. The difficulty in pronouncing the Russian 
 
 anguage lies chiefly in determining the position 
 
 of the accent. On this account I have accentuated 
 
 the proper syllables, though accents are no longer 
 
 printed in Russian books. 
 
 The following peculiarities are further to be 
 remembered: 
 
 1) a after ;k, ^, m, m when unaccented (6631) 
 yjiapeHia) is sounded almost like e;— e. g. in nacbi, 
 a watch; sca-iiio, I regret; .i6ma;tb, a horse: ma;tiiTB, 
 to spare; 
 
 2) similarly R unaccented at the beginning or 
 in the middle of a word ; — e. g. aMui,iiK'Lj a driver ; 
 rjiajKy, I regard; 
 
 3) e at the beginning or end of a word is 
 pronounced ye; — e. g. ejHHt, one; jKe.iaHie, wish; 
 
 4) when e is accented^ it is generally pro- 
 nounced go and is frequently printed and written 
 6*', as I have done for ease; — e. g. ejiK3L,Jir; Jiejiii, 
 ice; Moe, mg; 
 
RUSSIAN GRAMMAK. 
 
 5) similarly in a few words ib is pronounced 
 yo;—e.g. sb-bsaw, stars; rHia^a, nests; 
 
 6) 0, when unaccented, takes the sound of a;- 
 e. g. xopoiuo, well; KOJioKO.fia, hells; 
 
 7) 2 in a few words is pronounced as h; — 
 e.g. BoT-h, God; TocnoAb, Lord; 
 
 8) the 2 of the genitive termination zo is pro- 
 nounced as v;—e. g. nero, whose; Bcero, of all; 
 Koro, whose; dio and oio accented are pronounced 
 ova^ when unaccented ava;—e. g. HiiKaKoro, of 
 none: 6o.iBmaro, of a hig; xopomaro, of a good; 
 
 9) u before h and in the word Hmo, ivhat, is 
 pronounced lu; — e. g. KOiieHHO, of course; nojt- 
 cB'B^HiiK'L, a candlestick; 
 
 10) in derived words the accent is generally 
 on the stem-syllable; — e. g. from M,ijio, a deed; 
 jlijibuhim, ^t-BJiaTt, A^JiLue; from yMi,, intelligence, 
 yMHBifi, yMHiiK'B, yMHH^axB, yMCTBeHHBin; 
 
 11) the accent is frequently thrown back from 
 a noun to the preceding preposition: — na ropy, 
 on the mountain; n6Ai> Benepx, towards evening; 
 
 12) certain words though written alike have 
 different meanings according to the accent; — e. g. 
 
 saMOK'L, castle; saMOK-L, a lock; 
 
 n.iaqy, I cry; lua^y, 1 'pay ; 
 
 c^oBa, of a loord; cjioea, words; 
 
 CToamiu, costing; CTO/iiuiu, standing. 
 
THE SUBSTANTIVE. 
 
 Chapter 11:— THE SUBSTANTIVE. 
 
 9. The properties of substantives in the Russian 
 language are the gender (po^t), as'pect (Bii^tj, 
 number (qiic.io) and case (na^eiK'L). 
 
 10. Gekdees. Generally speaking, the genders 
 of nouns are known in the case of animate beings 
 by their signification, in the case of inanimate by 
 their termination. 
 
 The masculine gender (My^KecKifi ipojiii) ends in i>,% h. 
 The feminine „ (HceHCKiri poAt) „ „ a, h, h. 
 The neuter „ (cpe^Hiii po^T.) „ „o,e, mh. 
 
 NB. a) To distinguish between the genders of substan- 
 tives ending in h, one must find out the genitive case. — 
 Wlien the genitive has the termination /i, they are mas- 
 culine, when it has U they are feminine, with the exception 
 of nyib, the wag, nyiii and n.iaMeHt, the fame, n.iaaieHH 
 which are masculine. 
 
 b) Substantives ending in CTb, mh, Hh, lUb, mb and 3Hb 
 are always feminine, with the exception of rocTb, a guest and 
 lecTb, a father-in-laiv. 
 
 c) Foreign Avords in ii, y and K) are masculine, when 
 they signify an animate object; — neuter, when they signify 
 an inanimate. 
 
 11. Aspects. Objects may present themselves 
 under different aspects; — e. g. greater or less, pret- 
 tier or uglier. — In Russian these aspects are ex- 
 pressed by inflections. 
 
 1) Augmentative nouns, which present the ob- 
 ject in a magnified form with the idea of ugliness, 
 have the terminations -iime, -ima, -iin^a; — e, g. 
 
8 
 
 RUSSIAN GRAMMAR. 
 
 ^lOMume and ^toMiiiia, a hig ugly house; .lantima, 
 a hig paw. 
 
 2) Diminutive nouns express : 
 
 a) merely smallness, ending in imi,, OKh, eKt, 
 em>, flK-L, Ka, ima, ko, ue; — e. g. ctojiik'l (from 
 CTO.ii.), a little table; ppjKa (from pyKa), a little 
 hand; ;iepeBu6 (from ^epeBo), a little tree; 
 
 h) tenderness or affection, ending in ymKa, lomKa 
 and CHLKa; — e.g. 6aTiomKa, dear father; MaxymKa, 
 dear mother; MaMCHtKa, dear mama; 
 
 c) contempt, ending in iimKO, iimKa and OHKa; — 
 e. g. j^OMi'imKa, a miserable little house; jioma/ieHKa, 
 a wretched horse, 
 
 12. Numbers. In Russian there are two numbers: — 
 singidar (eytiiHCTBGHHoe hiic.io) and plural (mho- 
 }KecTBeHHoe micjio). 
 
 13. Cases. The cases indicate the mutual re- 
 lation of objects. — For this purpose the Russian 
 language has seven cases. In addition to the or- 
 dinary cases: nominative (iiMeHiiTe.iLiiBiii naite^CL), 
 genitive (poMxeJEHBiii), dative (^aTOJiLHMn), accu- 
 sative (BiiHHTe.itHBiii) and vocative (sBaTe.ibiitiii), 
 there are the instrumental (TBopiixe.iLHBiii), which 
 designates the means or cause and the prepositional 
 (npe;tj6>KiiBiii), which is always accompanied by a 
 preposition. 
 
 \ 
 
/ 
 
 THE SUBSTANTIVE. ^ 
 
 DECLENSION OF SUBSTANTIVES. 
 
 14. The following table shows the declension 
 of regular substantives: 
 
 E^HHCTBCHHoe micjio (Singula)'). 
 
 N. 
 
 G. 
 
 D. 
 
 A. 
 
 V. 
 
 I. 
 
 P. 
 
 T. 
 
 
 
 II. 
 
 
 III. 
 
 !> b 
 
 H 
 
 a 
 
 A 
 
 
 
 e 
 
 a fl 
 
 a 
 
 bi 
 
 H 
 
 a 
 
 a 
 
 y K> 
 
 K) 
 
 ■B 
 
 ■£ 
 
 y 
 
 H) 
 
 like N. 
 
 or G. 
 
 y 
 
 W 
 
 
 
 e 
 
 IV. 
 
 V. 
 
 Ma 
 Menu 
 
 MeHH 
 
 Ma 
 
 like the nominative 
 OMT. eMT> eMT> OH) (oft) eio (efi) omt> eMi. iio (bio) | MeneMi. 
 
 -B -B t ^ % I ■£ -B I H I Menu 
 
 MHoatecTBGHHoe ^iiciio (Plural). 
 
 N. 
 
 LI 
 
 II 
 
 II 
 
 bl 11 
 
 
 a a 
 
 11 
 
 Mena 
 
 G. 
 
 OBt 
 
 efi 
 
 eBT. 
 
 T> I. 
 
 
 T, efi 
 
 eil 
 
 Men-B 
 
 D. 
 
 aMT. 
 
 aMT, 
 
 aMT> 
 
 aMT> flMT. 
 
 
 aM-B aMT> 
 
 flMT, 
 
 MenaMT. 
 
 A. 
 
 
 like 
 
 Nom 
 
 . or Gen. 
 
 
 a a 
 
 N.orG. 
 
 Mena 
 
 V. 
 
 
 
 
 like the 
 
 nominative 
 
 
 I. 
 
 aMH 
 
 flMH 
 
 flMH 
 
 aMii flMii 
 
 aMH aMH 
 
 aMH ' MenaMH 
 
 P. 
 
 axT> 
 
 axT> 
 
 flXT> 
 
 axT> axT. 
 
 
 ax-L axT> 
 
 ax-B 
 
 MenaxT, 
 
 Remarks. 1. The vowel bi of the gen. sing, and nom. pi. 
 (as has been noted § 5) becomes ii after r, k, X; m, i, m, m. 
 
 2. The vowel 0, when unaccented, of the instr. sing, and 
 gen. pi. is changed into e after ii, jk, ^, m, m. 
 
 3. The vowel 'B of the dat. and prep. sing, is changed 
 into II after i. 
 
 4. In 2nd and 3rd declension the forms of gen. sing, and 
 nom. pi. are ahke; the difference lies in the accent;— e. g. 
 Honi, of the foot; Honi, the feet; KO.ibua, of the ring; Ko.iBua, 
 the rings; no.ia, of the field: no.ia, the fields. 
 
 5. The accu.sative sing, and pi. of the first and the ace. 
 pi. of the seco7id and fourth declensions is like the nomi- 
 native, when the substantive designates an inanimate or ab- 
 
10 
 
 RUSSIAN GRAMMAR. 
 
 stract object, and like the genitive when it designates an 
 animate being. 
 
 6. The voc. is always like the nom., with the exception 
 of B6/Ke (Bon>), God; FucnoAn (FocnoAb), O Lord ; Incyce, 
 Jesus; Xpucie, Christ, and Oiie (oieuT)), father. 
 
 15. 
 
 FIRST DECLENSION. 
 
 MASCULINE NOUNS. 
 
 N. & V. J\'^Xi>, a grandfather. 
 G. /\%Adi, of a „ 
 D. 4iiy, to a „ 
 A. Jl,i,ji,di, a grandfather. 
 I. ^iAOMTj, by or ivith 
 
 a grandfather. 
 P. 4'BA'B, about a 
 
 grandfather. 
 
 Singular. 
 
 rB034b, a nail. IIokoh, a room.* 
 
 rB034a, of a nail. HoKoa, of a room. 
 
 rB034H), to a nail. Hokok), to a room. 
 
 rB034i>, a nail. IIokoh, a room. 
 
 Ym'ijijiWh^hyovwith noKoeMi, hy or 
 
 a nail through a rootn. 
 
 rB034'B, about a Bt. doko-b, in a 
 
 nail. room. 
 
 
 Plural. 
 
 
 N. &V. 4i4W 
 
 rB634H 
 
 IIokoh 
 
 G. /I,'^40BT> 
 
 rB034eii 
 
 noKoeBT. 
 
 D. 4'^AaMT> 
 
 Fbosahmt. 
 
 noKoaMt 
 
 A. 4'^40BT> 
 
 reoSAii 
 
 llOKOH 
 
 I. ^-BaaMH 
 
 rB03AaMIl 
 
 IIOKOaMlI 
 
 p. A'BAaX'L 
 
 rB034Jixi> 
 
 Bi noK6axT> 
 
 16. SECOND AND FOURTH DECLENSIONS. 
 
 FEMININE NOUNS. 
 
 
 
 Singular. 
 
 
 N. &V. 
 
 KopoBa, a cow. 
 
 He4'ii.ia, the week. 
 
 KocTb, a bone 
 
 G. 
 
 KopoBbi 
 
 HeAii.iii 
 
 KoCTIl 
 
 D. 
 
 K()p('»BIi 
 
 HeAwr> 
 
 KOCTH 
 
 A. 
 
 KopoBy 
 
 He4i.iro 
 
 KoCTb 
 
 I. 
 
 KopoBOio (oiij 
 
 lleA'b.ieio (eu) 
 
 KocTbio 
 
 P. 
 
 KOpOB-B 
 
 Bl lieAB.lB 
 
 Bb KOCTli 
 
THE SUBSTANTIVE. 
 
 11 
 
 
 
 Plural. 
 
 
 
 N. &V. 
 
 KopoBbi, cows. 
 
 Heai.iii, u 
 
 •eeks. 
 
 KuCTii, bones. 
 
 G. 
 
 Kop6BT> 
 
 Heji.ib 
 
 
 KocTeit 
 
 D. 
 
 KopoBaMi) 
 
 Hej-B.IHMT, 
 
 
 KoCTflMTj 
 
 A. 
 
 KopOBTj 
 
 He4-B.iii 
 
 
 Kdcxn 
 
 I. 
 
 KopoBaMii 
 
 Hejii.iaMii 
 
 
 KociaMii 
 
 P. 
 
 KopoeaxT. 
 
 Hej'B.iflX'L 
 
 
 KocT/ixT. 
 
 17. 
 
 THIRD AND FIFTH DECLENSIONS. 
 
 N. & V. Ce.io, a village. 
 
 NEUTEE NOUKS. 
 
 Smgular. 
 
 Mope, the sea. 
 
 Mopa 
 
 MopH) 
 
 Mope 
 
 M6peMT> 
 
 Ilpn Mop-B 
 
 Flural. 
 
 Mopa, seas. 
 
 Mopeii 
 
 3IopaMT> 
 
 Mopa 
 
 INIopaMii 
 
 ripu MopaxT. 
 
 18. In declining the regular nouns certain rules 
 must be observed, some of which are general, others 
 special. 
 
 19. Gekeeal eules. 1) Many nouns elide in 
 the other cases (except in inst. sing, of fern, nouns 
 in l) the o and e of the nominative termination; 
 e. g. MaTOKT,, gen. n.iaxKa, a Imnd'kercluef ; oTeit^L, 
 gen. oma, a father. 
 
 NB. After a the e is changed into h and into ii after a vowel; 
 e. g. jeBT), g. .iLBa, a lion, and doeuT>, g. dofiua, a wrestler. 
 
 G. 
 
 Ce.ia 
 
 D. 
 
 Ce.iy 
 
 A. 
 
 Ce.io 
 
 I. 
 
 Ce.ioMT. 
 
 P. 
 
 Bi ce.\-i 
 
 N. &Y. 
 
 Ce.ia, villages. 
 
 G. 
 
 Ce.n. 
 
 D. 
 
 Ce.iaMT> 
 
 A. 
 
 Ce.ia 
 
 I. 
 
 Ce.iaMii 
 
 P. 
 
 Bt> ce.iaxT) 
 
 BpeMa, the time. 
 
 BpeMemi 
 
 BpeMenii 
 
 BpeMa 
 
 BpeMeHeMT> 
 
 BpeMenu 
 
 BpeMena, tunes. 
 
 BpeMeHTj 
 
 BpeMenaMi 
 
 BpeMena 
 
 BpeMenaMH 
 
 BpeMenaxt 
 
12 RUSSIAN GRAMMAR. 
 
 2) Nouns ending in a, a, and o, with two con- 
 sonants preceding insert o or e in the gen. pi. 
 between the two consonants. — Also e is substituted 
 for the semivowels l and li; — e. g. 
 
 jaBKa, a shop, gen. pi. .iaBOKT>. 
 4epeBHa, a village, gen. pi. AepeeeHb. 
 cieoo, glass, gen. pi. CTeKO.n>, 
 Coma, a slaughter-house, gen. pi. 66eHb. 
 KO.ibqo, a ring, gen. pi. KO.ieu'L. 
 
 3) The gen. pi. has some particular inflections: 
 a) Words ending in jk-l, ^-l, mt, nx^, have the 
 
 termination eri instead of obi,; — e. g. hoscl, a 
 knife, gen. pi. ho-zKCh; Kiipni'i^'L, a brick, gen. pi. 
 KiipniiHeii; KapaH/iam'L, a pencil, gen. pi. Kapan- 
 iiauieii; n.mwh, a mantle, gen. pi. njiameri. 
 
 h) Most words ending in Hta, na, ma, ma 
 preceded by another consonant, also in m, sa, 
 jfl, pa, also those in La, when the accent is on 
 the last syllable, take efi instead of -l and l; — 
 e. g. B03>Ka, a hidle, gen. pi. Boaaceii; Ka.ianna, a 
 helfrg, gen. pi. Kajiaimeii; Beiaua, a squirrel, gen. 
 pi. BCKmeM; poma, a grove, gen. pi. pomen; JiAjin, 
 an tmcle, gen. pi. jinjieii; ciesa, ct footpcitli, gen. 
 pi. cieaeii; nyiaa, a lock of hair, gen. pi. nyK.ieii; 
 II03APH, a nostril, gen. pi. HOSApen; cbiiiilh, a pig, 
 gen. pi. CBiiiiefi. 
 
 (*) Words ending in ne and nj,o have the ter- 
 mination 1, instead of eii; — v. g. .iime, face, gen. 
 pi. jniuT,; yHii.iiime, a school, gen. pi. y^i'iJiimi'L. 
 
 d) AVords ending in ie, in and (generally) 
 unaccented La have the gen. pi. in m; — e. g. 
 yjiy^meiiiG; iuiprovementf gen. pi. y.iy'imeiiiii; aj)Mia, 
 
THE SUBSTANTIVE. lo 
 
 an army, gen. pi. apMiii; Ke.ibfl, a cell, gen. pi. 
 
 Kejiifi. 
 
 4) Names of animals ending in eii and of people 
 in ill weaken the e and i into h in all their cases; 
 e.g. coJioBeii, niglitingale, gen. sing.co.iOBta; Bacii.iiii, 
 dat. sing. BacH.itK). 
 
 20. Special eules. 1) Nouns ending in enoKt, 
 singnifying young animals change their terminations 
 to flia and aia in the plural and become neuter ;—e.r/, 
 
 le.ieHOKT), a calf, pi. xe.iaia. 
 MeAB'BHieHOKT,, rt hcav's cuh, pi. Me^B-BJKaxa. 
 
 NB. Some of these nouns have the regular form eHKU 
 as well;— e. g. menoKi,, a pup, pi. menaia and meHKii. 
 
 2) Nouns ending in fimiwh and amm'L have 
 peculiar inflexions in the pi.;— e. g. the plurals of 
 MtmaHiiH'L, a citizen; and ^BopaHiiHi,, a noUeman, 
 are as follows: 
 
 N. &V. M^mane /iBopHHe 
 
 G. MSmaH'b ABOpflHTj 
 
 D. M^maHaMT) ^BopanaMT) 
 
 A. M'BmaHT) ABOpaHT) 
 
 L M-BmanaMii ABopanaMH 
 
 P. M-BmaHaxT. 4BopaHaxT> 
 
 • 3) The following contractions take place in in- 
 strumental sing, and pi.:— oio into oii, eio into eii, 
 iio into LK, and amii into lmii; — e. g. 
 
 pyKOK) or pYKOu, with the hand. 
 aeivLieio or aeM.iefi, hy the earth. 
 .JiodoBbH), with love. 
 jouiaabMii, hy horses. 
 
 4) The gen. sing, of masculine nouns in x, b 
 
14 
 
 RUSSIAN GRAMMAR. 
 
 and li signifying divisible matter generally ends 
 in y and /o instead of a and fi;—e. g. 
 
 li'iiuKa ^aio, a cup of tea. 
 KycdKT> caxapy, a piece of sugar. 
 
 5) Many ordinary words in !> and h form the 
 prepositional in y and lo instead of li after the pre- 
 positions wh and Ha and are distinguished • from 
 the gen. and dat. by the accent: — e. g. 
 
 \\3Ty. i-icy, out of tJieivood. bi .I'Bcy, in the ivoocl. 
 
 Ma.io ciiiry, a little snow. .le/Kaib bt> cn'Bry, to lie in the snow. 
 
 CT> KpaH), from the end. na Kpaib, 07i the brink. 
 
 21. Irregular nouns L e. those that take in 
 some cases an irregular inflection or such as form 
 their plural in a particular manner. 
 
 1) Several nouns in -l and l take the term- 
 ination a, a in the nom. pi., the other cases re- 
 maining regular. The following are the common 
 words of this class: 
 
 Beperij, the shore, 
 BoKT>, the side, 
 BeqepT>, the evening, 
 r6.iocT., the voice, 
 FopoA'B, the town, 
 46KTop'i., a doctor, 
 K6.iOKO.il., a hell, 
 Kyqepii, a coachman, 
 .Hch, a forest, 
 .lyn>, a meadow, 
 O'cxpoBTj, an island, 
 IloBap^, a cook, 
 PynaBi, a sleeve, 
 Xo.iOA^, the cold, 
 .It'Kapb, a stirgeon, 
 
 PI. 
 
 6epera. 
 
 » 
 
 6oKa. 
 
 » 
 
 Beq:epa. 
 
 » 
 
 ro.ioca. 
 
 » 
 
 ropo4a. 
 
 n 
 
 40KT0pa. 
 
 n 
 
 KO.lOKO.ia 
 
 » 
 
 Kyiepa. 
 
 » 
 
 .i-Bca. 
 
 J5 
 
 ryra. 
 
 » 
 
 ocipoBa. 
 
 H 
 
 noBapa. 
 
 n 
 
 pynaBa. 
 
 n 
 
 xo.io^a. 
 
 H 
 
 .lenapM. 
 
THE SUBSTANTIVE. 
 
 15 
 
 BeKce.ib, a hill of exchange, pi. BeKce.ia. 
 Ilncapb, a writer, ,: micapa. 
 
 fl'Kopb, an ancJior, „ anopa. 
 
 2) Some nouns in !>, h, and o form their plural 
 
 in nom. bH, gen. bees, dat. b/iM5 &c., changing the 
 
 gutturals r and k before h into }K and n;—e. g. 
 
 plurals of opai-B, a hrother, and nepo, a feather, 
 
 pen, are declined thus: 
 
 N.&V. 6paTi>a nepta 
 
 G-. SpaiLeBT, nepbeBt 
 
 D. fipaibaMT) nepbaMT) 
 
 A. 6paTbeBT> nepba 
 
 I. OpaibaMii nepbaMii 
 
 P. Spaibax-b nepbaxT. 
 
 Similarly are declined: 
 
 BpyoT>, a beam, PI. opycba. 
 K.iOKT,, a lock, „ K.i6^ba. 
 
 IlpyTT,, a twig, ,, npyiba. 
 
 n6.io3T>, a slide, ,, no.iosba. 
 
 3BeH6, a link, „ SBenba 
 
 Kpbuo, a wing, „ Kpb'i.iba. 
 
 NB. 4pyn>, a friend, and KHa3b, a prince, make the 
 gen. pi. in efl; — e. g. 
 
 PI. nom. 4py3ba (not jpyiKba), gen. jpyseil. 
 „ „ KHRSba „ KHasefl. 
 
 3) Some nouns in t, have the gen. pi. like the 
 nom. sing., instead of in 065;— e. g. 
 ApmiiHT,, an ell, gen. pi. apmiiHT.. 
 TpeHaaepi., a grenadier, gen. pi. rpeHa4epT>. 
 J,paryHT,, a dragoon, gen. pi. Aparym,. 
 nyAT>, a pood, gen. pi. ny^i. (also nyAOBT>). 
 Pa3'b, a time, gen. pi. pasi.. 
 Canon>, a hoot, gen. pi. canon.. 
 Co.uaTT>, a soldier, gen. pi. co.uaTT.. 
 UbiraHT,, a gipsy, gen. pi. ubiram.. 
 ^v.iOK^, a stocking, gen. pi. ^ly.ioKT*. 
 
16 
 
 RUSSIAN GRAMMAR. 
 
 4. The following are more or less irregular 
 in the plural. 
 
 N. PI. r.iasa, eyes. Bo^ioca, liair. 
 
 G. rja3T> Bo^oct 
 
 D. r.iasaMTj Bo^ocaMT> 
 
 I. r.iasaMii Bo.iocaMii 
 
 P. rjasaxt Bojocaxij. 
 
 N. PI. Bapa, lords. FocnoAa, gentlemen. Taxapa, Tartars. 
 
 G . & A. dapT> FocnoAt Taxapa 
 
 D. 6apaMT> rocnoAaMT> TaiapaMi. 
 
 'I. 6apaMii FocnoAaMii Taxapaiviii 
 
 P. dapaxTj Focn04axT> TaxapaxT>. 
 
 Similarly from xosaiiH'L, master of a lioiise, pi. 
 xosaeBa, gen. xosHCBt &c. 
 
 CfciHi>, a son, inserts oe in the plural and is 
 declined thus (also KyM^, a godfather) : 
 
 N. PL cbiHOBba, S071S 
 G, & A. cbiHOBeii 
 
 D. CblHOBbaMT> 
 
 I. CblHOBefi 
 
 P. CblHOBbHX'b. 
 
 The words nepTi,, tJie devil; coci^tt; a neigh- 
 hour; KOJioni,^ a slave; jijojit^^ i^eople, are declined 
 hard in the sing, and soft in the pi.: — e. g. 
 
 N. PI. 
 
 qepxii 
 
 COCiAH 
 
 J lb All 
 
 G.&A, 
 
 . qepxeil 
 
 cnc'B4('fi 
 
 .iiOAeii 
 
 D. 
 
 ^epxHiM-b 
 
 cociAaMT> 
 
 .llOAaM^ 
 
 I. 
 
 qepxHMii 
 
 COCBAflMll 
 
 .IWAbMll 
 
 P. 
 
 qepxHXTj 
 
 COCBAaXT, 
 
 .iiuAaxi. 
 
 HepKOBL, a church, is declined in the plural: 
 
 N. & A. uepKBii, gen. ucpKBeii, dat. uepKBaMT,, iiist. ucpK- 
 BaMH, prep. LiepKBaxb. 
 
THE SUBSTANTIVE. 17 
 
 The neuters co.iime, the sun; oo.iaKO, a cloud; 
 o^KO, aimnt; yiuKO, a handle^ take the masc. term, 
 in pi. LI or II, — GBt — aMT): as co.ihiih, gen. 
 cojiHneB'L; 65.iaKii, gen. o6.iaK6B'L (also o6.iaKa, 
 gen. ooJiaK-L); oqKii,geno o^kob-l; yniKii, gen. yuiKOB'L. 
 
 B-BKO, the eyelid and h5.ioko, an apple^ form 
 their pi. in ii, x, aM-L &c. 
 
 X. PL BSKU, eyelids ad.iOKii, apples 
 
 Gr. PI. BSKT) AdAOKh (also /l6.I0K0BT>). 
 
 He6o, heaven and hv^o, a tvonder, form their 
 plurals thus: 
 
 N. PI. He6eca, heavens Tiy4eca, wonders 
 
 G. PI. He6ecT> &c. qy^eci) &c. 
 
 KB. ¥^do, ^Yhen it means a monster is regular. 
 O'ko, f7?e e^e and yxo, the ear, have the old 
 Slavonic dual form for the pi., changing the con- 
 sonant, as: 
 
 N. & A. PL 6^[i, eyes ymii, ears 
 
 Gr. o^eii ymeii 
 
 D. oqaMT) vuiaMt 
 
 &c. kc. 
 
 /lumA, a child, is declined very irregularly. 
 
 Sing. Xom. & Ace. awtA, gen. dat. and prep, ^iithth 
 
 Instr. AiiTHTeio. 
 Plur. Kom. 4'BTn, gen. and ace. AtTeii, dat. 4-bthmt> 
 
 Instr. A'£TLMii, prep. 4'BTHXT>. 
 
 22. § 5. Some nouns have a double inflection 
 in the plural, one regular, one irregular. 
 
 a) The following have two inflections in nom. 
 
 only: 
 
 BtKT>, an age pL siKii and b^ke. 
 ro4T>, a year „ rojbi „ roja. 
 
 40MT>, a 7iO?(.S6 ,, 40MM „ AOMa. 
 
 2 
 
1 8 RUSSIAN GRAMMAR. 
 
 KopnycB, hody pi. Kopnycw and Kopnyca 
 McAt, honey „ mg^h „ Me/ia 
 
 O'KopoKT), a ham „ OKopoKii „ OKopoKa 
 Pon>, a horn „ porn „ pora 
 
 CH-Bn>, snoiv ,, cnirn „ ciitra 
 
 Kpaii, the brink „ Kpaa „ Kpaa. 
 
 h) The following have two inflexions through 
 all the cases: the irregular inflection having a col- 
 lective force: 
 
 Baion., a stick pi. daioni -obt, and daTOJKLa -/KteBi. 
 
 BnyKT., a grandson „ BHyKii -kobt, „ BHyqaia, BHyian, 
 
 GyKT,, a branch „ cyKii -kobt> „ cyita -qLCBT, 
 
 KaMeHB, a stotie „ KaMHii -Heii „ KaMeHba -HLeBT> 
 
 KopeHb, a root „ Kopmi -Hefi „ KopeHta -HbeBt 
 
 y'ro.ib, charcoal „ yr.^n -Aeii „ yroAbn -.ibeBi, 
 
 4epeB0, a tree „ Aepesa -pes^ „ AepeBba -BbeBT> 
 
 4bipa, a hole „ Awpw, Awp^ ,, Awpta -pbeBT>. 
 
 c) The following have two inflections with differ- 
 ent meanings: 
 
 Regular Fl. Irregular Fl. 
 
 JIiiCTT), a leaf (of paper) JiiCTb'i -OB-b (of a tree) .iiiCTba -TbeBT> 
 3y6T., a tooth 3y(5bi -obt, 3y6ba -dbeBi,, 
 
 teeth of a saw 
 MyjKT., <i man Mywii -efi, men My/Kba -eft, 
 
 husbands 
 M-BXT., a /wr Mtxii -6bt>, belloivs Mbxa -obi, 
 
 O'dpaST), /orm odpasbi -obt>, forms odpaaa -6bt>, 
 
 CyAHO, a vessel (utensil) cyAUbi -Aein> cyAa -obt,, 
 
 vessels (ships) 
 
 XjI-bSt,, bread x.^iSbi -obt,, ^oat'es x.J'bCa -ob^. 
 
 kinds of corn 
 
 l^B-BTT,, a foiver, colour uRtibi -obt>, flowers UB-bia -obi, 
 
THE ADJECTIVE. 19 
 
 Ko.ifbHO has three inflexions: 
 
 When it means a tribe pi. KO.iina -.ish'b 
 
 a knee „ KO.iiHii -.liHefl 
 
 a joint (of a chain) koj-bkbh -Hbeei). 
 
 d) Mamb, mother and doHb, claiigltter, are de- 
 clined throughout as if the nom. were Maiept and 
 ^tonepL. 
 
 e) nymb, the luay and n.iaMeHL, flame are ir- 
 regular in the sing, and declined alike; — e. g. nom. 
 and ace. nyxt, gen. and dat. nyiH, inst. nyieM-L, 
 prep, nyiii. 
 
 THE ADJECTIYE. 
 
 23. Adjectives (npH.iaraie.ibHLia iiMeHa) in Russian 
 are generally divided thus: 
 
 1) Qualifying (Ka^ecTBenHtia) i. e. those that 
 express the quality of an object; as, ji66iphiE. Majit- 
 HiiKi., a good hoy ; seJieHaa ipasa, green grass. 
 
 2) Circumstantial (oScToaieJitCTBeHHLia) which 
 are formed from adverbs and nouns, containing 
 the idea of time or ]place, generally with the weak 
 termination nin (fern, naa, neut. nee); — e. g. B^e- 
 paiuHiil ;i;eHL, yesterday; TaMoniaaa n.epKOB'B, the 
 church there. 
 
 3) Possessive (ycBoiiTe.iLHBia), which mark (a) the 
 relation of an object to an individual or (b) to 
 all the individuals of the same species or (c) in- 
 dicate the material of which a thing is made; 
 as {a) omeBTi cbiex, the father^ s son, (h) nTiWfce 
 rH'£3;i;6, a bird's nest, (c) ao.ioToii KapaH^amt, a 
 gold pencil. 
 
 2* 
 
20 
 
 RUSSIAN GRAMMAR. 
 
 ATTRIBUTIVE AXD PREDICATIVE FORMS OF THE ADJECTIVE. 
 
 24. The Adjective lias two terminations, one 
 full (nojiHoe), another ai)ocox%ited or shortened (ycfe- 
 
 HeiiHoe). — The full termination is used attributively 
 i, e. when the adjective qualifies the noun; as 
 HOBan uiMna, a neiv hat; the shortened one is 
 used predicatively ; as m.iana HOBa, the hat is new. 
 
 25. These two terminations are as follows: 
 
 Si7igular. 
 
 Masc. 
 
 Hard: 
 
 Soft: 
 
 Examples ; 
 
 
 Masc. 
 
 
 Fem. 
 
 Neut. 
 
 
 FULL 
 
 Bin 
 
 (oil) 
 
 aa 
 
 oe 
 
 
 APOC. 
 
 ■L 
 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Phiral. 
 
 
 
 FULL 
 
 we 
 
 
 Lia 
 
 Lia 
 
 
 APOC. 
 
 hi 
 
 
 ti 
 
 bi 
 
 
 
 
 Singular, 
 
 
 
 FULL 
 
 III 
 
 
 aa 
 
 ee 
 
 
 APOC. 
 
 h 
 
 
 a 
 
 e 
 
 
 
 
 Phiral. 
 
 
 
 FULL 
 
 ie 
 
 
 ia 
 
 ia 
 
 
 APOC. 
 
 II 
 
 
 H 
 
 u 
 
 
 lard 
 
 I UOBhlU 
 l,HOBT> 
 
 , new 
 
 Hoeaa 
 
 HOBa 
 
 HOBOe ^ 
 HOBO / 
 
 Singular 
 
 
 1 HOBWe 
 
 \h6bbi 
 
 
 HOBbia 
 HOBbI 
 
 uoBbiai 
 
 V, 
 
 HOBbI J 
 
 Phiral 
 
 Mt 
 
 rciiniu, 
 
 LCIIHB 
 
 blue 
 
 ciiiiaa 
 
 CHHa 
 
 cuHee "1 
 
 CIIHO / 
 
 Singular 
 
 
 r ciiiiie 
 
 LClIHli 
 
 
 cuHia 
 
 CHHli 
 
 ciiiiia^ 
 ciimi f 
 
 Plural 
 
 NB. In forming- the masculine of the ai30copated form 
 e or is often inserted to facilitate the pronunciation — also 
 h and il become, e: as 
 
 Masc. Fem. Neut, 
 
 FULL CBiT.ibiii, bright 66.ibH0ii, ill cnoKoiiiibiu, quiet 
 APOC. cBiie.i'b 66.ieii'b cnoKoenx. 
 
THE ADJECTIVE. 
 
 21 
 
 26. DIMINUTIVE AND AUGMENTATIVE TERMINATIONS. 
 
 1) The Diminutive (yMeHLuiHiejiLHafl cieneHt) 
 is formed by adding OHbKiii, eHbhiil or oedmbiu, 
 eedmbiu to the stem (cf. fr. atre — rougeatre and 
 germ, lich — weisslich, engl. ish) : as 6tJie\ihKm 
 and 6tJioBSiT:biii, ivhiteisli; cimeBaxBiii, hlueish. 
 
 NB. OHbKifl and eHbKifi generally convey an idea of 7ieat- 
 ness or prettmess. 
 
 2) Augmentative (yBe.iimiiTe.ibHaa cxenenL) is 
 formed by adding oxoHLKiii and exoHtKiii or emeHfc- 
 Kin: as 6'£.iexoHLKiii, snow-2vJiite, ciiHexoHtKiii, quite 
 Hue. 
 
 Simple Form. Dim. Augm. 
 
 miCTbiu, clean micjeuhhui incTexOHLKift 
 rjynbifl, stupid r.iyneHbKiii r.iynexoHLKiil 
 
 pOBHblll, level pOBHeHbKiil pOBHeXOHbKill. 
 
 DECLENSION OF ADJECTIVES. 
 
 27. The attributive form of the adjective is 
 declined in three ways, according as it has a hard, 
 soft or mixed termination. 
 
 
 
 TABLE 
 
 FOR HARD TERMINATION. 
 
 
 
 Singular. 
 
 
 1 
 
 Flural. 
 
 
 
 Masc. 
 
 Fem. 
 
 
 Xeut. 
 
 Masc. Fem. 
 
 Neut. 
 
 N. 
 
 Y. bin (oil) 
 
 aa 
 
 
 oe 
 
 bie bia 
 
 bia 
 
 G. 
 
 arc 
 
 OH 
 
 
 aro 
 
 blXT), throughout 
 
 
 D. 
 
 OMy 
 
 oil 
 
 
 OMy 
 
 LIMT. „ 
 
 
 A. 
 
 like N.orG. 
 
 yro 
 
 
 oe 
 
 like Nom. or 
 
 Gen. 
 
 I. 
 
 bIMT) 
 
 OH) (oil) 
 
 bIMT> 
 
 ] 
 
 blMII, throughout 
 
 
 P. 
 
 GMT) 
 
 oil 
 
 
 OMT> : 
 
 blXT. „ 
 
 
22 RUSSIAN GRAMMAR. 
 
 TABLE FOR SOFT TERMINATION. 
 
 Singular. 
 
 Plural. 
 
 Masc. rem. Neut. 
 
 ie ia ia 
 
 HXTj, throughout 
 IIMT. „ 
 
 like Nom. or Gren. 
 IIMH, throughout 
 HX-B „ 
 
 NB. The mixed declension occurs, when the termination 
 follows the consonants r, k, x, jk, q, m and m,. 
 
 28. 
 
 
 Masc. 
 
 Fern 
 
 
 Neut. 
 
 N.V. 
 
 ifl (oft) 
 
 aa 
 
 
 ee 
 
 G. 
 
 nro 
 
 eft 
 
 
 aro 
 
 D. 
 
 eMy 
 
 eft 
 
 
 eiviy 
 
 A. 
 
 like N. or G. 
 
 K)H) 
 
 
 ee 
 
 I. 
 
 HMT. 
 
 ero 
 
 (eft) 
 
 HMT, 
 
 P. 
 
 eMT> 
 
 eft 
 
 
 eMT> 
 
 
 EXAMPLES OF THE 
 
 DECLENSION OF ADJECTIVES 
 
 
 Singular (e^nHCTBeHHoe iiiic.io). 
 
 
 Masculine. 
 
 N.V. A. orpoMHbift 
 
 Kopa6.iL, the big ship 
 
 G. 
 
 orpoMHaro 
 
 Kopa6.ia 
 
 D. 
 
 orpoMHOMy 
 
 Kopadib 
 
 I. 
 
 OrpOMUfclMt 
 
 KopaSjcM-b 
 
 P. 
 
 OrpOMHOM'b 
 
 KopaS.ii. 
 
 
 Plural (MH6H{ecTBeHiioe iiic.io). 
 
 N. A. y. orpoMULie 
 
 Kopad.in, big ships 
 
 G. 
 
 orpoMHLixt 
 
 Kopa6.ieft 
 
 D. 
 
 OrpoMHLIMT, 
 
 Kopa6jaMT> 
 
 I. 
 
 OrpOMIISIMII 
 
 KopaCiaMii 
 
 P. 
 
 OrpOMHblXl 
 
 Kopad.iaxT,. 
 
 Singular. 
 
 Ferainine. 
 
 N. V. dbicipaa p-BKa, a swift river 
 G. 6bICTpOH p^Kii 
 
 D. db'iCTpoft p-BK'B 
 
 A. dbicipyro ptKy 
 
 J. 6blCTpOI0 (oft) p-BKOK) (oil) 
 
 p. Cb'lCipOft ptKB. 
 
THE ADJECTIVE. 
 
 23 
 
 KV. A. 
 
 G. 
 
 D. 
 
 I. 
 
 P. 
 
 K A. V. 
 
 G. 
 
 D. 
 
 I. 
 
 P. 
 
 N. A. V. 
 
 G. 
 
 D. 
 
 I. 
 
 P. 
 
 Plural. 
 
 Feminine. 
 
 6b'iCTpbm piKii, swift rivers 
 
 dblCipblXt pSKT) 
 dblCiptlMT) p-BKa,MT> 
 
 dbicipbiMii p^KaMii 
 
 6b'lCTpblXT> ptKaXT}. 
 
 Singular. 
 
 Neuter. 
 
 noc.ii4Hee ptmeHie, Ji7ial decision 
 p^iueHia 
 pBuiemio 
 p^menieM'b 
 psmeidii. 
 
 Flm'al. 
 
 noc.ii4Hia psinenia, filial decisions 
 noc.iijHiiXTj ptmeHiii 
 
 nOC.liAHIIMT. p'BIlieHiHMT) 
 
 noc.iiaHiiMii p^meHiaMii 
 noc^i^Hiixi p:BmeHiaxT). 
 
 noc.iijHaro 
 noc.iijHeMy 
 noc.iij.HiiM'b 
 noc.ii4HeMT> 
 
 THE COMPAEATIVE. 
 
 29. The comparative (cTenenb cpaBmiTe.iLHaa) is 
 formed in four different ways: viz 
 
 1) By changing the termination of the positive 
 preceded by any consonant except a guttural into 
 Tbuiuid for the full and into we for the apocopated 
 termination; — e. g. 
 
 Positive. 
 
 Full Comp. 
 
 Apoc. Comp. 
 
 6-B.ibifi, icMte 
 
 S-B.iiiiuiiii 
 
 fi'B.iie 
 
 no.iHbiii, full 
 
 no-iHiiJiniii 
 
 no.mie 
 
 c.iaSbifi, weak 
 
 ciadiiiiniit 
 
 c.iaoie. 
 
 Exceptions: Some nouns form the apoc. comp. 
 in e changing the preceding consonant; — e.g. 
 
24 
 
 RUSSIAN GRAMMAR. 
 
 Positive . 
 
 6oraTbiii, rich 
 4emeB.ibiii, cheap 
 rycTOil, thick 
 npocToii, simple 
 TBep4biri, firm 
 niiCTbiil, pure 
 
 Apoc. Comp. 
 
 6oraqe 
 
 4eiiieB.ie 
 
 ryiue 
 
 npome 
 
 TBepyKe 
 
 2) By changing the termination of the positive 
 preceded by a guttural (i. e. v, k, x) into ai'imid 
 for the full, and e for the apoc. term, with a 
 change of consonant; — e. g. 
 
 Positive. 
 
 KpinKifi, strong 
 .lerKiii, light 
 CTporift, strict 
 
 Full Comp. 
 
 Kpxniauuiiil 
 
 .lernaiimiil 
 
 CTpO/KaumiH 
 
 Apoc. Comp. 
 
 Kpin^e 
 .lerie 
 
 CTpOHJe. 
 
 Excei^tions: Most adjectives in ziU, Kiii and xiii 
 have not the full term, of the comparative: while 
 the following common words form their compara- 
 tives in different ways: 
 
 Positive. 
 
 4a.ieKiii, far 
 Ao.iriil, long 
 4opor6i1, dear 
 (D.niaKiii, near 
 r.iyfioKiii, deep 
 r('>pbKiii, hitter 
 KopoThiii, short 
 pbAKiii, rare 
 c.u'uKiii, sweet 
 T('>iiKiu, tliin 
 mupuKiu, broad 
 
 Full Comp. 
 
 Aa.ibHiumiii 
 
 40.i?Kafimiii 
 
 /ipajKariuiiii 
 
 O.niiKaiiujiri 
 
 r.iyooiaiuuiri 
 
 ropqaiimiil 
 
 KpaTiatimiri 
 
 ps/iquiiiiiiii 
 
 c.iai'iaiiiiiiii 
 
 TOHiaiiiiiiii 
 
 miipu'iauiuiii 
 
 Apoc. Comp. 
 
 4a.ibme 
 
 AOOLuie 
 
 4op6H\e 
 
 6.111 Hve 
 
 r.iyojKe 
 
 r<ip^e 
 
 Kopoie 
 
 pBH{e 
 
 c.iaiue 
 
 TonLuie 
 
 miipe. 
 
 3) The following change the termination into 
 
 miii and have other irregularities: 
 
THE ADJECTIVE. 
 
 25 
 
 Positive. Full Comp. Apoc. Comp. 
 
 Be.niKiil (So.ibuioii), great doAhmm So^itme 
 
 BticoKiif, high Bbicmiii Bt'iuie 
 
 MajLiil (MeHbiLiou), small MeHLiuiii MeHbiue 
 
 MO.iOAoil, young M.ia4miH MO.iojKe 
 
 HiiSKhl, loio miamiil Hiiace 
 
 ciapbiil, old ciapmiit ciapme 
 
 xopomiil, good jyqmiii Jiyime 
 
 xvAoil, had xyAuiiit xyme. 
 
 4) By placing the adverb 66]i%Q before the 
 positive ; — as 
 
 paAT., pleased Comp. So^-bc pajt, more xjleased 
 
 .lOBKiil, clever „ 66At>e .lOBKift, cleverer. 
 
 NB. The apoc. term, of the comp. often has the Prep. 
 
 no prefixed:— e. g. nod-E.iie, a little tvhiter; no.iyime, rather 
 
 better. 
 
 THE SUPERLATIVE. 
 
 30. a) The superlative (cieneHB npeeocxoAHaa) 
 of the attributive adjective is formed in three ways: 
 
 1) by placing caMbm canaa caMoe before the 
 positive; — e. g. caMLiii ;^66pi)iri, kindest. 
 
 2) by using the comparative form in aiimiii and 
 -feiimiii; — e. g. 4o6p'BiimiH. 
 
 3) by prefixing ece or npe to the positive and 
 Huu to the comparative; — e. g. npe/tooptiii, very 
 kind; BcenoKopHtiH; very humUe; HaiiiiyHuiiii, the 
 very best. 
 
 h) The predicative or apocopated adjective forms 
 its superlative by adding ecezo or ecjbXd to the 
 comparative; — e. g. aTon, jioui, Aynme ecruxd, this 
 house is the best; oiii, cnoEoiiiite BC'fcx'L, he is the 
 quietest; qecit AopoiKe Bcero^ honour is dearest 
 of all. 
 
26 
 
 RUSSIAN GRAMMAR. 
 
 POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES. 
 
 31. Possessive adjectives may be broadly divided 
 into individual (jiiiqiiLia) and generic (po^toBbia). 
 
 Individual are formed from the names of the 
 objects in question: — 1) When the gen. sing, of 
 the noun ends in 6r, the adjective takes the term- 
 ination obtj, OBa, OBo; — e. //. from IlBana, adj. 
 IlBanoB-L; from Xpiicxa we have XpiiCTOBO BOCKpe- 
 ceHie, the resurrection of Christ. — 2) When the 
 gen. sing, ends in /?, the adjective takes the term- 
 ination GBT), eBa, eBO ; — e. g. from IXapn we have 
 IlapeBO ciOBO, the king's word. — 3) When the gen. 
 sing, ends in hi and u, the adjective takes the 
 form iiH-L, una, imo; — e. g, from A^m we have 
 ;ta;tiiHa miiR, the uncle's uill. 
 
 Exceptions : 
 
 TocnoAfuHh 
 
 -4Ha 
 
 -4He 
 
 from rocno4b 
 
 
 HKOB.ieB'L 
 
 -eBa 
 
 -eeo 
 
 from ilKOBT, 
 
 
 BpaTHIIHt 
 
 -ima 
 
 -UHO 
 
 from BpaiT), a brother 
 
 
 MyH{HIlHT. 
 
 -ima 
 
 -IIIIO 
 
 from jMyjKi., a husband 
 
 32. The following is a table of the declension 
 of the individual ])ossessive adjective. 
 
 
 
 Singular. 
 
 
 
 Plural 
 
 
 Masc. 
 
 
 Fem. 
 
 Neut. 
 
 
 All genders. 
 
 N.V. 
 
 1> 
 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 
 LI 
 
 G. 
 
 a 
 
 
 Oil 
 
 a 
 
 
 LIXTj 
 
 D. 
 
 y 
 
 
 Ofl 
 
 y 
 
 
 LIMT> 
 
 A. 
 
 like N. 
 
 orG. 
 
 y 
 
 
 
 
 like N. or G 
 
 L 
 
 LIMI 
 
 
 OH) (Ofij 
 
 blMT, 
 
 
 LIMU 
 
 P. 
 
 OMT, 
 
 (s) 
 
 oil 
 
 0MT> 
 
 i:^) 
 
 blX^ 
 

 THE ADJECTIVE. 
 
 
 Singular number. 
 
 N. 
 
 Etapi'mbiHt 
 
 AjT-h, the queen's meadoio. 
 
 G. 
 
 -Ha 
 
 -ra, 
 
 D. 
 
 -HY 
 
 -ry, 
 
 A. 
 
 -HT> 
 
 -rt, 
 
 I. 
 
 -HLIilt 
 
 -rOMT), 
 
 P. 
 
 -HOMT. 
 
 -ry. 
 
 Flural. 
 
 N. 
 
 Uapi'mwHbi 
 
 jiyra, the queen's meadows. 
 
 G. 
 
 -HblX-L 
 
 -OBT), 
 
 D. 
 
 -HblMl. 
 
 -aMT>, 
 
 A. 
 
 -HBI 
 
 -a. 
 
 I. 
 
 -HblMU 
 
 -aMii, 
 
 P. 
 
 -HblXt 
 
 -axT>, 
 
 27 
 
 33. Generic possessive adjectives are formed 
 1) by adding HBiii, naa, Hoe to the stem of the 
 noun and changing the consonant, where necessary: 
 e. g. pyHHaa (from pyKa) EHiira; handbook; 
 
 2) by adding aHHtiii, anoii, or obbiii to the 
 stem of nouns signifying material; e. g. 
 
 from Aepeeo, tcood adj. AepeBHHHbifi. 
 from KOCTB, a bone adj. KOCiaHoil. 
 from ine.iKT>, silk adj. me.iKOBtiii. 
 
 3) by adding eilHtiii or eilcKiii to the stem of 
 nouns ending in ie, lb, ia, fca> e. g. 
 
 from HinTbe, life adj. HCHTeucKiii. 
 from niiTbe, dri7ik adj. niiTeiiHbm. 
 
 4) by adding nKiil and CKiii to the stem of 
 nouns, which are names of towns, countries, rivers, 
 inhabitants &c.; e. g. 
 
 from A'Hr.iia, England adj. AHr.iiilCKifi. 
 from HiMem>, a German adj. H'BMe^KiII. 
 
28 
 
 RUSSIAN GRAMMAR. 
 
 5) by adding iiiiLiii, iiiiafl; imoe to the stem of 
 names of birds; e, g. 
 
 from rycL, a goose adj. ryciiiiLiu. 
 
 from Bopodeil, a sparroto adj. BopodbUHtiii. 
 from opi'.!!), an eagle adj. op.niHLiil. 
 
 6) by adding the termination iti, lh, Be to the 
 names of animals and changing the final consonant 
 of the stem, where necessary; e. (j. 
 
 from BOJKt, a wolf adj. Bo.iqm. 
 from MeABi4b5 <^ l)ear adj. Me4Bi>Kifl. 
 
 These adjectives are declined as follows: 
 
 
 
 Singular. 
 
 
 Plural. 
 
 
 Masc. 
 
 
 Fern. 
 
 Neut. 
 
 All genders- 
 
 N. 
 
 III 
 
 
 ba 
 
 be 
 
 bU 
 
 G. 
 
 taro 
 
 
 beil 
 
 baro 
 
 bllXT) 
 
 D. 
 
 LGMy 
 
 
 Left 
 
 bCMy 
 
 bIIMT> 
 
 A. 
 
 like N. or 
 
 G. 
 
 bH) 
 
 be 
 
 like N. or G. 
 
 I. 
 
 bUM1> 
 
 
 bCK) (befi) 
 
 bllMT. 
 
 bllMII 
 
 P. 
 
 bCMT. 
 
 
 beil 
 
 bSMT. 
 
 bHXT> 
 
 
 
 
 PEONOUNS. 
 
 
 34. Pronouns (MtCTOiiMeHifl) in Russian are of 
 eight kinds: — Personal, Possessive, Demonstrative^ 
 Relative, Interrogative, Determinative, Indefinite and 
 Reflexive. 
 
 a) The personal (jiriiiLm) pronouns are: Istpers. 
 fl = J, pi. MM = we; 2nd pers. th = tliou^ pi. bh 
 = you; 3rd pers. oin. = lie (fem. oiia = she, neut. 
 Olio = it) pi. oiii'i = they (fem. oiii.). They are 
 declined thus: 
 
PRONOUNS. 
 
 29 
 
 Singular 
 
 N. H, I. 
 
 G. MeHH, of me. 
 
 D. MHS, to me. 
 
 A. MeHH, me. 
 
 I. MHOK), 6^ me. 
 
 P. MHt, rt&owf me. 
 
 TLI, f/«OM. 
 
 xeSfl, o/ thee. 
 Tedi, fo f/«ee. 
 xedn, thee. 
 TodoK), 6^ f/^ee. 
 no ledi, a/fer f/^ee. 
 
 Plural. 
 
 K. 
 
 MW, tve. 
 
 G. 
 
 HaCL, o/ ?(S. 
 
 D. 
 
 HaMi., us. 
 
 A. 
 
 HaCT>, «s. 
 
 I. 
 
 HaMH, &?/ us. 
 
 p. Haci), a&oit^ us. 
 
 BLI, ^0«. 
 BaCT>, o/ f/OU. 
 BaMT), fo //OH. 
 BaCT>, 7/OU. 
 
 BaMn, Z)^ ^oif. 
 
 BacT), rt6oM^ ^or«. 
 
 Singular. 
 
 N. OHT), /ie, and Neut. oho ona, she. 
 
 G. ero ea or eu 
 
 D. GMy eii 
 
 A. ero ee 
 
 I. mvh eio or eii 
 
 P. npn myvh o neu 
 
 Plural. 
 OHii, they. Fern. oni. 
 
 IIXT. 
 DMT. 
 IlXT) 
 
 liMii 
 
 HUXT> 
 
 InB. When a preposition precedes the oblique cases of 
 the pers. pron. OHt, OHa, oho, then H is prefixed to the pro- 
 noun; — e. g. 
 
 a roBopij.n> npo hbzo, I spoke of him. 
 a He ObWh y Hea, I icas not with her. 
 
 But when ero, ea, DXt are used as possessive pronouns they 
 remain unaltered; — as 3T0 cjymiocb bi> ezd ^oMt, this took 
 place at Ms house. 
 
 h) The possessive (ycBOiiTe.ifcHtia) pronouns are 
 Moii = my, TBoii = thy, nani'L = ow, Bani'L = 
 your and cBOii = his. 
 
30 
 
 RUSSIAN GRAMMAR. 
 
 N. 
 
 G. 
 D. 
 A. 
 I. 
 P. 
 
 Masc. 
 MO 11 
 
 Moero 
 MoeMy 
 
 like N. or G. 
 MOliMT> 
 MOeMT> 
 
 Singular. 
 
 Fem. 
 MOH 
 
 Moeil 
 Moefi 
 
 MOW 
 
 Neut. 
 
 MOe 
 
 Moero 
 
 MoeMy 
 
 MOe 
 
 Plural. 
 
 All genders. 
 MOli 
 MOliXT) 
 MOUMT) 
 
 like N. or G. 
 
 MOliMlI 
 MOliXT) 
 
 MOeK) (eil) MOIlMt j 
 MOefl MOeMT> ' 
 
 TBOii and cboh are declined in the same way 
 (also Hami. and Bdcaih, with the exception of the 
 nom. sing, which is naui'L, naina, name 
 
 Baini), Bania, Bauie. 
 They have also the accent on the first syllable 
 throughout). 
 
 NB. Ceou is the reflexive jjossessive pronoun for all 
 persons and means my, thy, Ids, our &c. 
 
 c) The demonstrative (yKaaaieJifcHBifl) pronouns 
 
 are: ceii^ 
 
 cia, cie 
 
 ; 3X011,, 
 
 -a, -0 and 
 
 L oHLiii, -aa, 
 
 — this; 
 
 TOT-L, 
 
 Ta, TO = 
 
 that; laKOH, aa, 6e i 
 
 TaKOBOH, 
 
 an, -06 
 
 — such. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Singular. 
 
 
 Flural. 
 
 
 Masc. 
 
 
 Fem. 
 
 Neut. 
 
 All genders. 
 
 N. 
 
 cefl 
 
 
 cia 
 
 cie 
 
 ciii 
 
 G. 
 
 cero 
 
 
 cefi 
 
 cero 
 
 cnxT> 
 
 D. 
 
 ceMy 
 
 
 cefi 
 
 ceMy 
 
 CIIMT> 
 
 A. like N. or 
 
 G 
 
 ciib 
 
 cie 
 
 like N. or G. 
 
 I. 
 
 CIlMt 
 
 
 ceio 
 
 CIIM^ 
 
 CIJMII 
 
 P. 
 
 CeMT> 
 
 
 ceil 
 
 Singular. 
 
 CeM-b 
 
 CIIXT> 
 
 Flural 
 
 
 Masc. 
 
 
 Fern. 
 
 Neut. 
 
 All genders 
 
 N. 
 
 3T0T1, 
 
 
 3Ta 
 
 3'tO 
 
 3TII 
 
 G. 
 
 3T0r0 
 
 
 STOll 
 
 3Toro 
 
 OTUXt 
 
 D. 
 
 axoMy 
 
 
 STOll 
 
 3'TOMy 
 
 DTIIMT. 
 
 A. like N. or 
 
 G. 
 
 3Ty 
 
 OTO 
 
 like N. or G. 
 
 I. 
 
 ;tTIlMT> 
 
 
 DTOIO 
 
 3'tIIMT> 
 
 aiiiMH 
 
 P. 
 
 3T0MT> 
 
 
 oToii 
 
 3T0MT. 
 
 3TnXT> 
 

 
 PRONOUNS. 
 
 
 
 
 Singular. 
 
 
 Phiral. 
 
 
 Masc. 
 
 Fern. 
 
 Neut. 
 
 All genders. 
 
 K. 
 
 TOTT. 
 
 la 
 
 TO 
 
 T-B 
 
 G. 
 
 Toro 
 
 Toil 
 
 Toro 
 
 TtXT. 
 
 D. 
 
 TOMy 
 
 Toii 
 
 TOMy 
 
 TtMTj 
 
 A. 
 
 like N. or 
 
 G. Ty 
 
 TO 
 
 Uke N. or G. 
 
 I. 
 
 TSMl. 
 
 TOK) 
 
 T^MT) 
 
 TiMII 
 
 P. 
 
 TOMt 
 
 TOU 
 
 TOM-L 
 
 T-BXT> 
 
 31 
 
 d) The relative (oTHOCiixe.iBHLm) pronouns are: 
 KOTopLiii, -aa, -6e (rare form Koii, Kaa, Koe) = lulio 
 or ivlucli; kto = iclio or 7ie i(^7zo; hto = ivMch or 
 t/^a^ ivhich; KaKoii, -aa, -6e and KaKOBoii, -aa, -6e = 
 o/" wliicli Mnd. 
 
 Singular and Flural. 
 
 All genders. 
 
 N. 
 G. 
 D. 
 A. 
 
 I. 
 
 P. 
 
 KTO, ivho. 
 
 Koro 
 
 KOMy 
 
 Koro 
 
 K^MT. 
 K0MT> 
 
 ^TO, which. 
 qero 
 qeMy 
 qTO 
 
 e) The interrogative (BonpociiTe.iMLia) pronouns 
 are the same as the relative with the addition of 
 ^^Qii = tuliose, which is declined: 
 
 N. 
 G. 
 D. 
 
 A. 
 
 I. 
 
 P. 
 
 NB. Even ^eu is used sometimes as a relative e. g. 
 3T0 BLi, BT> H6uxri pyKaxT, MOH cvAb^a = it is you, in icliose 
 hands my fate is. 
 
 
 Si 
 
 ngular. 
 
 
 Flural. 
 
 Masc. 
 
 
 Fem. 
 
 Neut. 
 
 All genders 
 
 ^e\^ 
 
 
 qbfl 
 
 ^be 
 
 ilbll 
 
 ^tero 
 
 
 ^teil 
 
 qbero 
 
 TlbllX-b 
 
 qteMv 
 
 •1 
 
 
 qbeil 
 
 ^beMy 
 
 ilbllMT, 
 
 like N. or G. 
 
 
 TIbH) 
 
 qbe 
 
 like N. or G. 
 
 qLIIMT> 
 
 
 qbeio 
 
 ^bllM'b 
 
 TIbliMH 
 
 ^beMi. 
 
 
 Tibeu 
 
 ^beMT> 
 
 TlbllXT) 
 
32 
 
 RUSSIAN GRAMMAR. 
 
 /) The determinative (onpeAt.inTO.itHLia) pro- 
 nouns are: — caMtiii, -an, oe and caMi), -a, -6 = 
 self; BGCL, BCfl, Bce = a??; nksiijihm, -an, -oe and 
 BCHKiii, -an, -oe = eacli; o/iji'ihi,, o^na, oji\i6 = one 
 and one only. 
 
 Masc. 
 
 N. Becb 
 
 G. Bcero 
 
 D. Bceaiy 
 
 A. like N. or Gr. 
 
 I. BCtMl) 
 
 p. BCeMt 
 
 Singular. 
 
 Fern. 
 BCa 
 
 Bcefl 
 Bceil 
 
 BCK) 
 
 Bceio 
 Bcefl 
 
 BCe 
 
 Bcero 
 Bceaiy 
 Bce 
 
 BCBMl 
 BCeMT. 
 
 Plural. 
 
 All genders. 
 
 BCt 
 BC-BXT. 
 BCtM^ 
 like N. or G. 
 
 BCi^lII 
 BC'BX'B 
 
 JNIasc. 
 
 N. OAliHT> 
 
 G. 04Hor6 
 
 D. 04H0My 
 
 A. like N. or G. 
 
 I. 04HIIMT> 
 
 P. OAUOMT. 
 
 Siyigiilar. 
 
 ■ rem. 
 
 04Ha 
 OAHOll 
 OAHOfl 
 04Hy 
 
 04h6io 
 
 OAHOft 
 
 Neut. 
 04H6 
 
 04Hor6 
 
 OAHOMy 
 
 04h6 
 
 O^HIlMt 
 OAHOMT. 
 
 Plural. 
 
 Masc. & Neut. Fern. 
 
 OAHli OAH-B 
 
 OAHliXT> OAHiXt 
 OAHliMT> OAH-BMT) 
 
 like N. or G. 
 
 OAHliMII OAHiMU 
 
 OAHiixt OAiiixi. 
 
 g) The indefinite (HeonpeitLieHiiLw) pronouns 
 are: — hskto = some one; HiiHTO = sometliing ; iiiikto 
 = no one; mrnxo = notJiing; KaKOii-TO = a certain 
 one; kt6-to = some one; »it6to = sometliing; 
 jipyroii; mioii, npoqiii = other; kto-.tiioo and kto- 
 iiii5yAb = some one; iiT6-iiii6y;tL and mt6-.iii6o = 
 something &c. 
 
 h) The reflexive (B03BpaTiioo 41'i'iiioe) pronoun 
 is ce6H, self — which is contracted into ch and cb 
 at the end of verbs; e. g. jiS)Wh CTpuiixca = the house 
 is being huilt; n moiocb = I ivasJi myself. It is 
 declined: — 
 
THE NUMERALS. 33 
 
 Singular and Plural. 
 
 All genders. 
 
 N. wanting A. ce6fl 
 
 G. ce6a T. co66k) 
 
 D. ceSi P. cefii 
 
 OBSERVATIONS ON THE USE OF THE PKONOUNS. 
 
 35. 1) When hiikto, mmTo, HiiKOTopHii, HiiKaKoii 
 and iin ojiim-h are used with a preposition^ the 
 preposition is placed between the mi and the 
 pronoun; e.g. mi y KOio, to nobody; mi btj o/ihom'l 
 ^lOMli, in no house. 
 
 2) A contracted form me for meow and m/i for 
 meoM is frequently used, especially in conversation: 
 as eonw me paso, there you have; a me ^taM-L, I 
 will yive you &c. 
 
 3) 3to and to are added to nouns, pronouns 
 and adverbs as emphasizing or strengthening part- 
 icles: — as KYJii dmo bbi iiAeie, tuhere, pray^ are 
 you going? 
 
 THE NUjVIERALS. 
 
 36. The numerals (iiMena ^iic.iiiTe.iLHLia) are 
 of two kinds: — Cardinal (KO.iiiHeBTBeHHLiaj and 
 Ordinal (nopH^OHHtia). 
 
 37. Cardinal. 
 
 1 
 
 OJliHT. 
 
 7 
 
 ceMb 
 
 2 
 
 4Ba 
 
 8 
 
 BOCeMB 
 
 3 
 
 Tpil 
 
 9 
 
 AeBflTb 
 
 4 
 
 qeitipe 
 
 10 
 
 AeCflTB 
 
 5 
 
 nait 
 
 11 
 
 04iiHHa4iiaTt 
 
 6 
 
 mecTb 
 
 12 
 
 AB'BHa^uaTb 
 
34 
 
 RUSSIAN GRAMMAR. 
 
 13 
 
 TpiiHajuaib 
 
 14 
 
 ^eTt'ipHajqaTb 
 
 15 
 
 naTiici4uaTL 
 
 '16 
 
 mecTHa4UaTi> 
 
 17 
 
 ce^inajuaTL 
 
 18 
 
 BOceMiuijuaTb 
 
 19 
 
 4eBaTHa4i4aTi> 
 
 20 
 
 4Ba4uaTb 
 
 2-1 
 
 4Ba4uaTb oji'iH^ 
 
 30 
 
 TpiUuaib 
 
 40 
 
 CdpOK'b 
 
 50 
 
 naTb4ecHTTj 
 
 60 
 
 mecTb4ecHTT> 
 
 70 
 
 ceMb4ecaTT) 
 
 80 
 
 B6ceMb4ecflTT> 
 
 90 
 
 4eBaH6cTO 
 
 100 
 
 CTO 
 
 200 
 
 4BiCTIl 
 
 300 
 
 Tpiicia 
 
 400 
 
 ^eibipecTa 
 
 500 
 
 naib coTT. 
 
 600 
 
 UieCTb COT-b 
 
 . 700 
 
 ceMb cdTT> 
 
 800 
 
 BoceMb c6tt> 
 
 900 
 
 4eBaTb c6tt> 
 
 1000 
 
 ibicn^a. 
 
 2000 
 
 4BTi Tb'lCHHII 
 
 3000 
 
 xpii Tb'lCaiH 
 
 4000 
 
 iiexbipe Tbicaiii 
 
 5000 
 
 naib Tbicaii 
 
 6000 
 
 mecTb Tbicaqi, 
 
 10 000 
 
 4ecaTb TbicaiT, 
 
 20 000 
 
 4Ba4qaTb ibicai^ 
 
 . 000 000 
 
 MII4.li6HT> 
 
 Observations. — 1) In fonriing numbers the same order 
 is kept as in English, Avithout the copula; e. ff. 894 = BOCeMb 
 coTT) 4eBaH6cT0 qeibipe. 
 
 2) All the numerals, with the exception of 04FiH'b, -na, -uO; 
 4Ba, 4B'B; ipii; ^eibipe; c6poKT>; cto; 4eBaH6cT0; ib'icaqa and 
 MiLLiioiiTj are declined like fern, nouns in b. 
 
 3' 4Ba, Tpii and ^leibipe are declmed thus: 
 
 N. 
 
 4Ba m. c^' n. 4Bib fern. 
 
 xpii 
 
 lexbipe 
 
 G. 
 
 ABYX-b 
 
 TpexT> 
 
 qexbipexT> 
 
 D. 
 
 4ByMT> 
 
 TpeM^ 
 
 qexbipeMT. 
 
 A. 
 
 like N. or G. 
 
 like N. or G. 
 
 like N. or G 
 
 I. 
 
 4ByM>i 
 
 xpeMJi 
 
 qexbipbMH 
 
 P. 
 
 AByXT, 
 
 xpex-b 
 
 HeTbipeXT> 
 
 4) GopoKT>, 4eBaH0CX0 and cxo take the tennination a in 
 all cases: e. g. 
 
 I13T, cxa copoKci qe.iOBiKT> = out of 140 men. 
 K'b copOKii py6.iaMTj == to 40 roubles. 
 
 Xb'icana and Mii.i.iioiib are used like substantives. 
 
 5) With aggregate numbers each one is declined, as: 
 
THE NUMERALS. 
 
 35 
 
 X. Tpiicia naTL4ecaTT> 4Ba cojaaxa = 352 soldiers. 
 
 G. TpexT> COTT, naTi'uecaTii jByxT> co.uai^ 
 
 D. TpeMT> ciaMT. naiiUecaTii AByMT> co^uaiaMX • 
 
 A. Tpiicia naTbaecaT-L 4ByxT> co.uaT-B 
 I. ipeMa ciaMii naTLWjecaTfcK) jBVMa co.ij,aTaMii 
 
 P. ipexb cTaxT> naTiUecaTii jByxT> ccuaiaxTj. 
 6) 4Ba, ooa (both), ipii, ^eibipe (and their compounds as 
 c6poKT> JBB, CTO ^eibipe) ^vhen used in the nom. or ace. 
 require the noun following to be put in the gen. sing., while 
 ooa and dea agree in gender with it. If there is an adjective 
 it is put in nom. or gen. pi. as :— 4BB KpaciJBbia or KpaciiBbixi. 
 cecipbi = two pretty sisters. 
 
 After the nom. and ace. of the other numerals, both 
 noun and adj. are put in the gen. pi., as:— mectb hobbixTj 
 Kopa6.ieii = six new ships. 
 
 38. Ordinals. 
 
 1st 
 
 nepBbiii, -aa, -oe 
 
 40th 
 
 COpOKOBOfl . 
 
 2nd 
 
 BTopoil, -aa, -oe 
 
 oOth 
 
 naTuaecHTbiu 
 
 3rd 
 
 Tpeiiu, La, -Be 
 
 60th 
 
 uiecTUAecaTLifi 
 
 4th 
 
 ^eiBepTbiii, -aa, -oe 
 
 70th 
 
 ceMnaecaTbiii 
 
 5th 
 
 naTbiii 
 
 80th 
 
 ocLMiuecaTbiii 
 
 6th 
 
 mecToii 
 
 90th 
 
 ^eBaHOCTbiil 
 
 7th 
 
 ce^bMoil 
 
 100th 
 
 COTblU 
 
 8th 
 
 BOCbMOli (OCbMOfl) 
 
 102nd 
 
 CTO BTOpOll 
 
 9th 
 
 ^eBHTblfl 
 
 200th 
 
 AByXT)-c6TbIll 
 
 10th 
 
 AecHTbiil 
 
 300th 
 
 Tpext-coTLiii 
 
 11th 
 
 OAUHHa^uaTbiu 
 
 400th 
 
 TieTbipeXT>-COTbm 
 
 12th 
 
 AB-BHajuaibiii 
 
 500th 
 
 naTiicoTbiii 
 
 13th 
 
 TpiiHciauaTbiii 
 
 600th 
 
 mecTncoTbiil 
 
 14th 
 
 TieTbipHajuaTbiii 
 
 700th 
 
 CeMIICOTblU • 
 
 15th 
 
 naTHajuaTbiii 
 
 800th 
 
 OCbMIICOTblil 
 
 16th 
 
 inecTHaAitaTbiii 
 
 900th 
 
 4eBaTiic6Tbm 
 
 17th 
 
 ceMHajuaxbiii 
 
 1000th 
 
 TblCH^HblU 
 
 18th 
 
 BOceMHaAuaibiii 
 
 2000th 
 
 JByXTj-Tb'lTaTIHblU 
 
 19th 
 
 jeBaTHajuaTbiu 
 
 5000th 
 
 naTiiTbicaiiHbiit 
 
 20th 
 
 ^BaAuaxbiii 
 
 30 000th 
 
 TpiuuaTii Tb'icaiiHbm 
 
 21st 
 
 4Ba4uaTb nepBLiu 
 
 100 000th 
 
 CTOTbica^Hbiii 
 
 30th 
 
 Tpiuaaibifi 
 
 1 000 000th 
 
 MII.LliOHHblil 
 3* 
 
36 RUSSIAN GRAMMAR. 
 
 Observation. — In compound ordinal numerals, only the 
 last number takes the ordmal ending: as 
 N. Tb'ica^a BOceMLCOTT> ^OEHHOcTtm rOAT) = 1890th ?/ear. 
 
 G. 
 
 c-h 
 
 5> 
 
 J> 
 
 AeBaiiocTaro ro^a 
 
 D. 
 
 Kl 
 
 » 
 
 JJ 
 
 AeBflHocTOiMy ro^y 
 
 A. 
 
 Ha 
 
 » 
 
 5) 
 
 AeBflHocTbiii roAi> 
 
 I. 
 
 no4'i> 
 
 » 
 
 55 
 
 AeBHHOCTBIMT. r640MT> 
 
 P. 
 
 Bl> 
 
 J) 
 
 5) 
 
 AeBflHocTOM-L roAy 
 
 39. Collective numerals (co6iipaTe.iBHi>m) i. e. 
 those that signify a collection of things have 
 mostly a substantival form: — as napa, a pair; 
 TpoHKH; a three-horse carriage; jisnowh^ five pieces ; 
 ;^H)iKHHa, a dozen; cothh, the hundred, &c. The 
 following have an adjectival form, 65a, hoth; itBoe, 
 two together; ipoe^ tliree together; HeiBepo, naiepo, 
 inecxepo, ceMepo, BOctMepo, ^teBHiepo and ;iecHTepo; 
 and are declined thus: 
 
 N. 
 
 66a m. & n 
 
 66'£ fem. 
 
 Tp6e 
 
 ^eiBepo 
 
 G. 
 
 o66iix'L 
 
 o6iiiXT. 
 
 TpoiixT> 
 
 qeiBepbixi 
 
 D. 
 
 OdOHMt 
 
 06ilIMT> 
 
 TpOliMT> 
 
 ^eTBepb'iMT. 
 
 A. 
 
 like Nom. 
 
 or Genitive 
 
 like N. or G. 
 
 like N. or G. 
 
 1. 
 
 06611MH 
 
 06x11^111 
 
 TpOl'lMII 
 
 leiBepbiMii 
 
 P. 
 
 06611x1. 
 
 o6inxT> 
 
 TpOllXt 
 
 ieTBepb'ixT> 
 
 Observations. — 1) The adjectival forms of the collective 
 numerals agree with their nouns in case, except in the nom. 
 and ace, when the gen. case follows, as: — Tp6e caneil, three 
 sledges together ; kt> naTepbiMT> CbiiioBbjiMT., to the five sons. 
 
 2) 4B6e, Tp6e, qeiBepo are used with the names of animate 
 beings of the masc. and neuter genders, and with substantives 
 that have no singular, as: — AB6e CbiHOBefi, tico sons; naiepo 
 HOHiiiHUT), five pairs of scissors; ^eiBCpo A%TQ%four children. 
 
 3) ABOH, Tp6ii, qcTBOpbi &c. are used with the names of 
 inanimate objects only in the nom. and ace. plural, as: — 
 ipoH qacb'i, three watches. 
 
THE VERBS. 
 
 37 
 
 40. The distributive (pacnpe^tt.inTe.ibHBifl) num- 
 erals are formed by using no with the dative of 
 the cardinal, with the exception of ^Ba, ipii, HOTbipe, 
 which are put in the accusative, as: 
 
 no 04H0My, o)ie a-piece. 
 
 no ABa, two a-piece. 
 
 no Tpii, three a-jnece. 
 
 no naiii, five a-piece. 
 
 no copOKa or no copoKV, forty a piece. 
 
 41. NUMERAL ADVERBS. 
 
 ■ Cardinal. Ordinal 
 
 04Ha>K4H, once. bo nepBMXT>, firstly. 
 
 4Ba?K4H, tivice. bo BTopbixi,, secondly. 
 
 Tpii}K4bi, thrice. bt, TpextHXT,, thirdly. 
 
 qeibipeHiau, four times. bt. 4ecaTBixT>, tenthly. 
 
 nflXbK), five times. &c. &c. 
 
 uiecTBK), six times. 
 04iiHHa4uaTb pa3T>, 11 times. 
 CTO pasT), 100 times. 
 &c. &c. 
 
 XB. From Tpii/Kjbi — aecaibK) this form is only used in 
 multiplication as:— 3 times 4 = TpH/K4bi ^leTbipe. In all other 
 cases Tpu pasa, ^eib'ipe pasa, naib pa3T> (ice. are used:— as a BaMi. 
 roBop[i.n. naib paa-b = I have told you 5 times. 
 
 THE VERBS. 
 
 42. The verbs (r.iaro.iti) are divided into two 
 principal and four inferior classes (aa.iorii), viz: 
 
 \) Active (ittiicTBHTe.iLHbie);— as.iK)6HTB, to love; 
 
 ^ijiaiL, to do. 
 
 2) Neuter (cpeAnie) .•— as cnaiL, to sleep; CToaTt, 
 to stand. To this class belong the incJioative (HaHima- 
 Te.iLHbiej:— as 6'fe.iiTb, to groiv wJiite; Kpacnixb, to 
 groiv red; and the auxiliaries (BcnoMoraie.ibHbie) 
 obiTb, to he, and cxaib, to become. 
 
38 RUSSIAN GRAMMAR. 
 
 From the active are derived the four inferior 
 classes, viz: 
 
 a) Reflexive (BosBpaxHwe) : — MbiiBCH^ to tcasli 
 oneself; samiMaTLCH, to occui^y oneself. 
 
 h) Reciprocal (BsaiiMiiBie): — cpaH^aTLCfl, to quar- 
 rel; o6HiiMaTLCH, to embrace each other. 
 
 e) Common (66m,ie): — as 6oiiTLCfl, to fear; 
 omiioaibca, to err. 
 
 d) Passive (cTpa^iaTejLHLie) : — as olitl .110611- 
 MBiMT), to he loved. 
 
 NB. The reflexive verb is often used in the passive 
 sense, as: — aomi cipoiiTca, the Jwuse is heing hiiilt. 
 
 43. Verbal inflections. — The principal are 
 asi^ect (BiiAt), tense (BpeMa), and mood (HaK.ioHeHie): 
 the secondary are person (.iime)^ mimher (hiic.iu), 
 and gender (po/ti.). 
 
 44. Aspects. — Russian verbs have certain in- 
 flections to indicate duration, habit, repetition, ac- 
 com])lishment Sind other circumstances accompanj'ing 
 the action, which are called aspects. — These varieties 
 of meaning are expressed either: — 1) bfj a change of 
 termination or 2) by means of a preposition prefixed. 
 
 The aspects are the imperfect (iiecoBepmeimbiii), 
 perfect (coBcpmemiLiii), and iterative {mioioi{\)ki\\hm). 
 
 45. 1) The imperfect aspect indicates that the 
 action isleing, has been or will he performed, icithout 
 intimating ivhether it is or tuiJl he finished; e. g. 
 a A'B.iaiO; I am making ; a ,/t'Liaji'L, 1 was malnng; 
 a 6y4y AB-iaTt, / shall be mah'ing. 
 
 It is also subdivided into definite and indefinite. 
 
 a) The definite (onpeA'tJieiiiiLiii) imperfect aspect 
 
 indicates that the action is being performed at a 
 
THE VERBS. 39 
 
 given ?jwment; e. (j, nii'ma .leuiT'L, tlie bird is flying 
 note; saemj 6t.;KiiT'L, tlit hare is running noiv. 
 
 h) The indefinite (iieonpe^'fijreiiHLiH) exp'esses 
 the action in an indeterminate manner, uithoiit 
 reference to the time tchen it is performed and also 
 indicates that the agent is accustomed to perform 
 or has the poiver of informing the action; e. g. 
 nii'mLi jieTaioT'L, birds fly (or can fly) \ safiiibi 6i- 
 raiOTi), liares run (or are accustomed to run). 
 
 2) The perfect aspect indicates that the action 
 has been or ivill be entirely finislied and is generally 
 formed bg prefixing a preposition to imperfect form : 
 
 e. g. a c;i;i.ia.i'L, I have made, i. e. finished making; 
 a CAi-Taio, / shall finish making. 
 
 It is subdivided into aspects of duration and 
 unity. 
 
 a) The perfect aspect of r??(rc(^io;? (;t.iiiTe.iBHLm) 
 indicates that the action has been or ivill be performed 
 by many movements or in course of time; e. y. nii'mw 
 BBiK.ieBajiii eMY ijiasa, the birds have pecked aivay (by 
 repeated action) his eyes; a nponoH) nicHE), I shall sing 
 over this air (an operation which will last some time). 
 
 b) The perfect aspect of unity (o^tHOEpaTHBiii) in- 
 dicates that the action has been or will be performed 
 only once and has lasted only a moment; e. g. kt6-to 
 CTyKHy.i'L, some oneknocked once; a cBnciiy;!! tli 6'ferii, 
 as soon as Iivhistle (a momentary action), do you run. 
 
 3) The iterative aspect indicates that the action 
 has been performed repeatedly in times lony past 
 and at intervals. Consequently the form is only 
 used in infinitive and past tenses, as: — mli }KiiBa.iii 
 II B-L cTOJi'mt, there ivere times ivhen tve lived often 
 
40 
 
 RUSSIAN GRAMMAR. 
 
 i}( the cwpdal; owh xaHaiBa.nj ii ko Miit, lie used 
 often to visit me too. 
 
 46. Remarks on the aspects. — They are never all found 
 in a single verb. The imperfect, perfect of unity and iterative 
 aspects are found in the smjp/e verbs ; tlia perfect of duration 
 generally in ^^t^^positional verbs. 
 
 a) The definite imperfect aspect is found in verbs of 
 movement, as: — ii4y, I am going noiv ; d-Bry, I run or am 
 running noiv. 
 
 b) The perfect of unity aspect is found in verbs signi- 
 fying a pliysical action and end in nyiL; as: — Kpi'iKHyxt, to 
 cry Old once (from KpHqaxfc) marHyTt, to take a step. 
 
 c) The iterative aspect generally has the infin. term. 
 tiBaib or iiBait, as: — ^i^LiBaib, to do often; roBapiiBa.n>, lie 
 said often on different occasions. 
 
 d) The iJrepositional verb generally denotes completion, 
 as: — nociaBuib (from ciaBiiib), to have placed or to finish 
 placing; Haniicaib, to finish writing, to have ivritten. 
 
 47. Tenses. — There are three tenses. Present 
 or HacTOflm,ee BpeMH; Past or npome;tuiee BpeMH; 
 Patiire or 6y;i;yiij,ee BpeMa. 
 
 48. Moods. — Indicative or iis'LflBiiTe.iLHoe na- 
 K.ionenie, Conjimctive or cociaraxeiiLHoe, Imperative 
 or noBe.ii'iTG.iLHoe, Infinitive or iieonpeAt-iemioe, Par- 
 ticiple or npii^acxie, Verbal adjective or npii.iara- 
 le.iLiioe oxr.iarojiLHoe, and Gei iind or ^itenpiiHacxie. 
 
 CONJUGATION OF AUXILIARY VERB dbiib, to he. 
 
 49. present. 
 
 Singular. Plural. 
 
 1st pers. a ecMb*, / am. 
 2nd ,, Tbi ecii*. thou art. 
 
 1st pers. Mbi ecMb'i*, ive are. 
 2nd „ Bbi ocTe*, you are. 
 
 3rd ,, OUT, ecTb, he is. , 3rd „ oini cyib, they are. 
 
 * Obsolete forms not used. NB. When ecTb is used with 
 He, it is written ntn. and has the meaning no or there is not. 
 
THE VERBS. 
 PAST. 
 
 Singular. 
 
 Fern. Neut. 
 
 1st pers. fl fibi.iT), -a, -o, I was. 
 2nd ,, TBI 6Li.n>, -a, -o, tJiou loast. 
 3rd „ OHT. dhi.Yh, -a, -o, he was. 
 
 Plural. 
 
 1st pers. Mbi Sti.iii, we icere. 
 2nd „ BBi 6buu, you ivere. 
 3rd ,, OHii dbi.iii, f/«e?/ ?6*e>'e. 
 
 ^ FUTURE. 
 
 Singular. 
 1st pers. a 6yjy, J s/««// 5e. 
 2nd „ TBI SyjeuiT), fAott ^i-<7f he. 
 3rd „ OHT) dyAexi., he ivill he. 
 
 Plural. 
 
 1st pers. MLi 6y4eMT>, ?t"e s7««Z^ he. 
 2nd ;, Bti 6y4eTe, you ivill he. 
 3rd ,, uHii dyAyTi>, they loill he. 
 
 IMPERATIVE. 
 
 Singular. 
 2nd pers. 6y4b, he thou. 
 3rd „ nycTb out dVvieTT,, let him he. 
 
 Plural. 
 
 1st pers. 6y4eMT), Zef ms he. 
 
 2nd ,, 6y4bTe, 6e ye. 
 
 3rd „ nycTb omi dy^yxi, Ze^ f/iewi 6e. 
 
 CONJUNCTIVE. 
 
 Singular. 
 
 Fem. Neut. 
 
 1st pers. H 6bLn> [-a, -o] dsi, I should he. 
 2nd „ Tbi 6bi.n> [-a, -o] 6bi, &c. 
 
 f0HT> dbl.lT. 6bi &c. 
 
 3rd „ < oua dbi.ia 6u 
 
 l^OHO 6b'i.io 6bi 
 
 41 
 
42 RUSSIAN GRAaniAR. 
 
 Plural. 
 
 1st pers. MM 6tLiH 6li, we should be. 
 2nd „ Bbi 6b'Liii 6bi &c. 
 
 o 1 roHii 6buii (5h &c. 
 
 3rd „ i 
 
 infinitive: 6i>iti>, to he. 
 
 PRESENT participle: cyiniil, cyman, cymee. being. 
 
 PAST participle : 6LiBiiiifi, 6b'iBiiiaa, Ob'iBiiiee, having been. 
 
 VERBAL ADJECTIVE. 
 
 present: cymifi, -aa, -ee, the present. 
 
 past: 6bi.i6ii, -aa, -6e, the past. 
 future: dyAymiri, -aa, -ee, the future. 
 
 GERUND. 
 
 present: 6y4yin, &ei"?2^, ?t7«z/e &e/??^. 
 past: 6biBT> or 6biBmn, having been. 
 
 50. CONJUGATION OF ITERATIVE FORM ObiBaib, 
 
 to be wont to be. 
 
 PRESENT indicative. 
 
 Singular. 
 
 1st pers. a obiBaio, I am wont to be. 
 2nd „ Tbi dbiBcieim, 
 3rd „ OHT> ObiBaeiT, 
 
 Fhi7-al. 
 
 1st pers. Mbi dbiBaeMT, 
 2nd ,, Bbi ObiBaeie 
 3rd „ Oiiil OblBaiOTT. 
 
 PAST indicative. 
 
 Singular. 
 
 1st pers. a ObiBii.n., I used to be. 
 2nd ,, Tbi ObiBa.iT, 
 3rd „ 011^ 6biBa.n> 
 
THE VERBS. 
 
 43 
 
 Plural. 
 
 1st pers. jSIBi dbiBa.in, ice used to he. 
 2nd „ BLi (5LiBa.iu 
 3rd „ OHii 6biBLm 
 
 FUTURE. ^Vanting. 
 
 CONJUNCTIVE. 
 
 Singular. 
 1st pers. a 6biBa.n, 6hJ, I sJioidd be in the Jtahit of being. 
 2nd „ TM dwBa.iT) 6bi 
 3rd ,, oiiTj iDLiBa.i^ 6bi 
 
 1st pers. MBi 6BiBa.ffl dw 
 2nd „ BLI 6wBa.iii 6bi 
 3rd „ OHii dtiBliii 6hi 
 
 IMPERATIVE. 
 
 2nd pers. dbiBail 
 
 3rd „ nycTL ohTj SuBaeii. 
 
 Plural. 
 
 2nd pers. dtiBaiiie 
 
 3rd „ nycTL ohii dLiBaiOTT) 
 
 INFINITIVE. 
 
 SbiBaib, fo be icont to be. 
 
 PARTICIPLES. 
 
 present: dLieaiomiil, maa, mee 
 past: 6tiBaBiiiiu, maa, mee 
 
 gerund. 
 
 present: 6siBaa 
 
 past: SbiBaei) or 6biBaBmu 
 
44 RUSSIAN GRAMMAR. 
 
 CONJUGATION OF THE ACTIVE VOICE. 
 
 PRESENT INDICATIVE. 
 
 51. The present indicative, which is always 
 formed from the aspect of duration^ has two sets 
 of inflections : 
 
 A. B. 
 
 Sing. 
 
 PL 
 
 1st pers. 
 
 y or 
 
 H) 
 
 
 y or K) 
 
 2nd „ 
 
 euib 
 
 
 
 UUIb 
 
 3rd „ 
 
 en> 
 
 
 
 IITT) 
 
 1st „ 
 
 eMT> 
 
 
 
 HMt 
 
 2nd „ 
 
 eie 
 
 
 
 me 
 
 3rd „ 
 
 yiT, 
 
 or 
 
 K)TT> 
 
 aiT. or an> 
 
 The A inflections are the commonest. 
 The B inflections are used for 
 
 1) all verbs ending iitb; 
 
 2) those verbs ending in jKaifc, Hait, maifc, 
 
 m,aTi>, and tiL, which drop the three last letters 
 
 of the infinitive in the formation of the present. 
 
 NB. It is only Avith verbs in aib and ■£Tb, that it is 
 impossible to determine Avith certainty whether they drop 
 the two or three last letters. 
 
 52. In cases where the tltree last letters are 
 dropped before the present inflections and generally 
 with verbs in axL, iitb, and tiL, consonantal changes 
 take place in forming the present:— with verbs in 
 aib in all persons; with verbs in iitb, and tTL in 
 the first person only. 
 
 53. Verhs in nmb: 
 
 a) when the stem of these verbs ends in a con- 
 sonant the pres. ind. drops only the two last 
 letters tl. 
 
THE VERBS. 
 
 45 
 
 h) when it ends in a vowel the tliree last htl, as: 
 
 lepflTt, to lose, PREs. ixd. lepa-io, -eiiib &c. 
 
 rv.iflTb, to tcalk, „ „ ry.ia-w, -eiiib &c. 
 
 .laaib, to bark, „ „ ^a-io, -emb &c. 
 
 qvHTb, to mark, „ „ ^y-io, -eiiib a:c. 
 
 54. Fer65 ?"?? amb form their present in three icays: 
 a) the two last letters of infin. are changed 
 
 into K), euiB, eTi> &c., as: 
 
 padoTaib, to work, pres. ind. paOoiaio, -aeuib &c. 
 ciuTaib, fo count, „ ,, cmnkw, -aemb &c. 
 
 6) the three last letters are changed into y, 
 
 eniB &c., and the mutable stem-consonant altered, as: 
 
 n.iaKaib, to iceep, pres. ind. n.ia^y, n.ia^euib .Si:c. 
 
 Baaaib, to hind, „ „ bh-jkv, -jKeiiib kc. 
 
 n.iacaib, to dance, ,, „ nja-my, -meiub kc. 
 
 naxaib. to plough, „ „ namy, -meuib &c. 
 
 c) when the stem-consonant is a labial^ .i is 
 inserted before the lo, emB &c., as: 
 
 K0.ie6aTb, to shake, pres. ind. KO.ied.iw, -6.ieuib &c. 
 
 Sbidaib, to leave, „ „ 3bi6.iK), Sbid.iemb kc. 
 
 4peMaTb, to slumber, „ „ jp^M.iK), -.leuib &c. 
 
 miinaib, to pinch, „ „ imin.iib, -.leuib kc 
 
 55. Verbs in wmb form their pres. ind. in tlireeivays: 
 
 a) by changing the final tl of the inf into lo, 
 emt &c., as: 
 
 3ptTb, to ripen, pres. ind. 3pi-io, -enib kc. 
 
 CMSTb, to dare, „ „ CMi-io, -eiub kc. 
 
 ds.iiib, to grow white, „ ,, Ss.ii-io, -erab &c. 
 
 b) by changing the tTB into y or lo, iimB, ht^b &c., 
 with the change of stem-consonant, where ne- 
 cessary, as: 
 
 3psTb, to see, pres. ind. 3pH), 3pamb &c. 
 
 BiiA'BTb, to see, „ „ Bii/Ky, Bii^Hinb kc. 
 
46 
 
 RUSSIAN GRAMMAR. 
 
 c) by inserting ji before the lo of the first pers. 
 sing., as: 
 
 xepniTL, to suffer, pres. ind. Tepn.iw, Tepniiiiit &c. 
 Kiinixb, to boil, „ „ Kiin.iib, Kiiniiiub &c. 
 
 Exceptions : peeiit, to hum, pres. ind. pesy, -euib, -yii 
 mib, to sing, „ „ noib, noeuit, nown, 
 
 56. Verbs in umb ahvays change these three 
 letters of infin. into y or lo, iinib, iiti, &c., with 
 change of stem-consonant where necessary, as: 
 
 KpOl'lTL, to cut, PRES. IND. KpOlO, KpOUIUb &C. 
 
 B04iiTb, to lead, „ „ BOJKy, BOAUuib &c. 
 
 BiciiTb, to iveigh. „ „ Biuiy, Biciiuib &c. 
 
 A}o6nTb,to love, „ „ ak)6aio, m6nmh &c. 
 
 NB. An irregular stem change takes place in: 
 Mb'ic.iuTb, to think, pres. ind. Mb'iiu.iK), -m.iiimb. 
 MepiBiiTb, to kill, „ „ MepmB.iib. 
 
 57. Verbs in oim change these three letters 
 
 into 10, eniB, exi*, gmx, exe, iot'l, as: 
 
 6op6Tb, to vanquish, pres. ind. dop-ib, 66p-euib &c. 
 no.ioTb, to iveed, „ „ no.itb, uoAQmh 
 
 NB. Observe the change of accent in second pers. sing, 
 and the following persons. 
 
 58. Verbs in nymb form the present in ny, iiemb, 
 HGT'L, HyTTj^ as: 
 
 rpaiiyib, to thunder, pres. rpany, -Heuib &c. 
 Mcpsiiyxb, to freeze, „ Mepany, -iieuib &c. 
 
 59. Verbs in epenib. There are only three of 
 this class and they form their presents thus: 
 
 lepeTb, to rub, pres. xpy, Tptiiub — oiu'i ipyxi). 
 
 Mppexb, to die, „ wpy, Mpeiiib — Mpyxt. 
 
 nepexb, to press, „ npy, npeiut — npyxi. 
 
 60. Verbs in bimb are few in number and mono- 
 
THE VERBS. '* ' 
 
 syllabic (in their simple form). They, change bitb 
 into 010, oeuiL, oei'L — oiot-b. 
 
 MbiTb, to wash, PRES. MOH), Moemb - m6k)ti>. 
 
 KpwrB, to cover, „ npoio, Kpoeiiib — kp6k)tt>. 
 
 61. Verhs in cmb or emu form the present either 
 in Ay, JieniB — ^yTt or in ly, leuib — xyn,, ac- 
 cording to the stem-consonant, as: 
 
 npacTb, to spin, pees. npa-AY, npa-Aeiub — 4yTT,. 
 
 BecTii, to drive, „ bb-ay -^c. 
 
 UB-BCTii, to flower, „ ue-Biy &c. 
 
 XB. To this class belongs UTTii, fo (/o, — PR. mf, I go- 
 
 Exceptions: necTii, to carry, pr. necy, Hecemb — Hecyxi,. 
 nacTii, to pasture, „ nacy &c. 
 ipacTii, to shake, „ ipacy &c. 
 
 'feCTB, to eat, is very irregular and makes present 
 
 thus : 
 
 %m>, Tiiub, TiCTt, ^BAiiMT., -B^iiie, ■B/iaTT.. 
 
 62. Yerhs in 3mb and 3mu are only four and 
 form their present in ay, 3emL, -syT-L. 
 
 rpbi3Tb, to gnaw, pres. rpbisy, -seuib &c. 
 
 j-B3Tb, to climb, „ .i^3y> -3emb &c. 
 
 eesTii, to carry, „ seay, -seuib &c. 
 
 no.i3Tii, to craid, „ no.i3y, -seuib &c. 
 
 63. Verbs in ub change into ry, acenib, a^eT-B, 
 
 — rvT-B or Ky, neuih, ^eT^^ — htt-b because the 
 
 stem-consonant is really r or k and changed by 
 
 its surroundings, as: 
 
 MO^b, to be able, , pres. Mory, MOHieiub — Moryn,. 
 ne^b, to bake, „ neny, neieuib — neKyn.. 
 
 Exceptions: >Keqb, to burn, and TO-io^ib, to pound. 
 
 PRES. }Kry, /KHveiiib, HOKeii,, ffiKeMb, ai/Keie, /Kryxi,. 
 
 TO.lKy, TOjllelllb «ic. <S:C. T0.1KyTT>. 
 
48 RUSSIAN GRAMMAR. 
 
 64. The following contracted forms of second 
 person sing, of the present are commonly used: 
 
 limb and Biiuib for BiiAiiuiB, you see. 
 xouiL for xo^euib, you ivish. 
 
 6ttuib for 6aemb, yoii speak. 
 
 CAhimh for c.ib'iiudiiib, you hear. 
 
 PAST INDICATIVE. 
 
 65. The past indicative is formed in two ways: 
 a) most commonly by changing the tl of the 
 infinitive into jvh (fem. ja, neut. Jio) for the sing- 
 ular and .111 for the plural (all genders), as: 
 
 from CH/tixb, to sit. 
 PAST iND, SING. cn4'B.iT> (ja, .10), J, tJiou, or he sat 
 PL. ciiAi.in, we, you or they sat. 
 
 h) by 1, (fem. Jia, neut. .ao) for sing, and .111 for 
 plural. This form appears 
 
 1) in the inchoative verbs in iiymb, when this 
 
 termination is ijreceded hy a consonant, as: 
 
 MepSHyib, to freeze, past MepST. (.la, .10) PI. .m. 
 coxHyib, to dry, „ coxb [A'd, ao) „ .111. 
 
 2) in verbs in epemb, as: 
 
 y.Mepeib, to he dead, past yMepT>, yMep.ia, piep.io. 
 nepexb, to 2'>ress, „ nepT>, nep.ia, nep.io. 
 
 3) in verbs in emu, 3mb, mii and ub, and is added 
 to the stem of the first pers. sing, present, as: 
 
 rpecTb, to row (pr. rpedy), past rpeOb, rpeC.ia, rpe6.i6. 
 
 rpbi3Tb, to ynaw ( „ rpusy), „ rpuaij, rpbi3.ia, rpb'is.io. 
 
 iiecTii, to carry ( „ Hecy), „ ni'Ci, necja, iiec.io. 
 
 MO^b, to he ahle ( „ Mory), „ Mort, Mor.ia, MOr.io. 
 
 NB. Verbs in cib and CTii that form the present in AY 
 and Ty change the T and 4 into .\ in the past, as: 
 
THE VERBS. 49 
 
 K.iacTfc, to place (pe. K.ia4y), past K.5ajT>, K.ia.ia, kjIio. 
 i^B'BCTii, to fioicer ( „ UBSiy), „ i^B'B.n,, KB'B.ia, ubs.io. 
 
 Exceptions : 
 
 ■BCTb, to eat ('BMx), PAST s.i-L, i.ia, ■B.io; i.m. 
 
 c-ECTb, to sit doicn, 
 
 Ae^b, to He cloiv7i, 
 
 me^h, to burn (/Kry), 
 
 HTTii, to go (H4y), 
 
 pocTii, to grow Cpociy), 
 
 K.iacTi), to curse (Kjany), 
 
 CBJl, C-BAdL, C-B.IO; Ci.III. 
 
 H{en>, mvAa. &c. 
 me.n>, iiua &c. 
 pocT>, pocia, poc.id. 
 K.ia.n>, KJH.ia kc. 
 
 4) In the definite aspect form of prepositional 
 verbs sometimes, as: 
 
 ymnoiiib, to contuse (ymiidaib). past ymndi) &c. 
 omiidiiibca, to err. „ omiidca, oiniio.iacb &c. 
 
 66. The use of the past tense must be care- 
 fully observed. Each verb has two forms of 
 the past — one taken from the aspect of duration 
 form, which is used to signify repeated or custom- 
 ary acts, the other from the aspect of completion, 
 used to signify a single act. For instance: 
 
 a np04aBa.n> dvMary, means I used to sell imper^ i. e. my 
 
 business was to sell paper, 
 a npoAa.iT) dynary, means I sold all my paper once and 
 
 for all. 
 
 CONJUNCTIVE MOOD. 
 
 67. The conjunctive mood has only one form 
 and is formed by using 6bi along with the past 
 indicative, as: 
 
 OHT. BUA'B.n) 6hi, he loould see or he icoidd have seen. 
 Bbi HauiJii dbi, you icoidd find or icould have found. 
 Mbi paAOBa.iHCb 6bi, ive should have been pleased. 
 
 4 
 
50 RUSSIAN GRAMMAR. 
 
 FUTURE TENSE. 
 
 68. The future has no particular inflection. 
 In the imperfect aspect (either definite or in- 
 definite) it is formed by the help of the auxiliaries 
 6y;i;y and ciaHy (ciaTL), as: 
 
 fl 6yaY npnr.iamaTb, I loill invite (generally). 
 In the perfect aspect it has the same form as 
 the present, as: 
 
 fl npnr.iamy, I loill invite (on a particular occasion). 
 
 Irregular future forms. 
 4aTb, to give, put. a. AaMT>, tm /tauiB, OHt ^acTi,. 
 
 Mtl AajIIMT), BLI 43411X6, OHli ASAyTT.. 
 
 Haiaifc, to begin, „ Haqny, iiaqHemt &c. 
 
 Compound verbs in Rinb lu'tth a preceding ii 
 inserted form the future in iiMy or iiMy, as: 
 
 nOAHHTb, to lift up, FUT. HOAHIIMy. 
 
 npuHaib, to receive, „ npiuMy or npiiMy. 
 
 noHaib, to understand, „ nofiMy. 
 
 THE IMPERATIVE MOOD. 
 
 69. There are two imperative forms — perfect 
 and imperfect 
 
 The 1st person sing, resembles the 1st person 
 
 sing, of the future with this difference that a (= /) 
 
 is placed after 6y;ty, as: 
 
 dyAY H aainiMaibCfl, let me occupy myself 
 and caAy h 3a CTO.n>, let me sit at the table. 
 
 TJie 1st person pliir. is formed similarly, only 
 Mbi is omitted: 6yAeM'L ciu-ettj and nociuibi'L, let 
 us sit. 
 
THE VERBS. 51 
 
 The 2nd ])erson sing, and pliir. imperative 
 are formed from the 2nd person sing, present or 
 future, by changing emL and iiuil into: 
 1. ii in Sinff. and flie in PI. 
 
 JJ >5 
 
 2. n „ „ „ nie 
 
 o. h 5, J, „ LTG ,, ,, 
 
 IMPER. 
 
 nninii, nnmiiTe 
 
 ;j 
 
 jOBii, .lOBiiie. 
 
 !} 
 
 KHHb, KUHbie. 
 
 a) when a vowel precedes the emt or iimt, the 
 imperative 2nd person sing, and plur. always ends 
 in n and iiie: 
 
 K.iaHaiBca, to greet (K.iaHHemLCH), imper. K.iaHaiicH, KjaHHilTecL. 
 rpsTb, to u'cirm (rpieuib), „ rpsft, rpiiiie. 
 
 MbiTB, to wash (Moemb), „ moii, Moflie. 
 
 Ij) when the accent rests on the last syllable 
 of polysyllablic verbs in tb, then emt and iiniL 
 become n and me; when it does not, t and tie, as: 
 
 nucaib, to icrite (niimeuib), 
 .lOBiiTb, to catch (jOBiiinb), 
 Kimyib, to throw (KiiHeuib), 
 
 ExceiDtions : 
 
 ixaib, to drive (iaeuib), imper. nO'bSiKau, -jKaiiie. 
 
 d-BHcaxb, to rim (o^Hviimb), ,, Ssrii, -niie. 
 
 c) monosyllabic verbs always change emL and 
 iimL into II and nie, as: 
 
 maib, to live (aaiBemb), 
 Apaib, to tear (Aepeinb), 
 rnaib, to drive (romimb), 
 
 XB. /laib (to give) (aamb) makes ^afl ^aiiTe 
 
 ciaib {to become) (ciaHemb) „ ciaHb ciaHbie. 
 
 d) verbs ending in ctl, stb, tii and ^b. change 
 
 the y of 1st person sing. pres. into ii and me, as: 
 
 necTii (necy), imperat. Hecii, Heciiie. 
 KjacTb (K.W4y), ., K.iaaii, K.ia4iiTe. 
 
 IMPER. 
 
 THUBU, 
 
 -BHie. 
 
 » 
 
 AepH, 
 
 -piiie 
 
 j> 
 
 rOHH, 
 
 -Hiiie, 
 
 4 
 
 * 
 
52 RUSSIAN GRAMMAR. 
 
 BesTii (Be3y), imperat. eeaii, Beaiiie. 
 depeqt (6epery), „ depeni, depeniie. 
 
 Exceptions : 
 ■BCTB, to eat (■BMt), imperat. -Buib, iuiLTe. 
 
 CtCTL, to sit (CHAy), „ CflAb, CHAfcXe. 
 
 je^b, to lie (ARry), „ •'ari., .lane. 
 
 .j-BSTb, fo cZmw& Cii3y), „ rno.i-B3au, -aailie.^ 
 
 UtSb, ^isbie. J 
 nouTii, fo ^0 ait?a?/ (noil^y), „ rnofiAii, nofiAiiTe. ") 
 
 i^noAii, noAiiie. j 
 
 Tlie 3rd person imijerative both singular and 
 
 2)htral are tlie same as indicative present with the 
 
 addition of nycTL, nycKafi or jia, as: 
 
 nycTb OHT. niimeTT>, let him write. 
 nycTb OHii no40JK4yTT>, let them icait. 
 
 NB. The accusative ero, ee and iiXT. are often used in- 
 stead of the nominative, as: 
 
 nycTb ero cniiib, let him sleep. 
 
 nycTb ee ciiAHTb AOMa, let her stop at home. 
 
 PARTICIPLES (active). 
 
 70. Participles are formed from both aspects 
 of the verb and have two tenses: present and jja6?f. 
 They have gender, number and case and agree 
 with their substantive Hke adjectives. 
 
 71. Present particijjle is formed from the 3rd 
 
 person plur. of the pres. ind. by changing ti> into 
 
 miii (fem. man, neut. n^ee), as: 
 
 from A'B-^aTb, to make (3rd pers. PL A'B^aiOTi), pr. p. Ai.iaiomiu. 
 CAymiTb, to serve ( „ „ „ c.jyH<aTT>), „ ,, c.iyHvauUu. 
 ne^b, to bake ( „ „ „ noKyn.), ,, „ neKymiii. 
 
 NB. The pres. part, of the neuter verb is formed by- 
 adding Cfl to the active termination, as: 
 
 from Mb'iTbCfl, to wash oneself, pr. r. MoiomhlCfl. 
 
THE VERBS. 
 
 53 
 
 72. Past participle is formed from the past 
 indie, by changing ,Th, .la, jio into Bmiii (fern. Bmaa, 
 neut. Bmee) and -l, jo, jib. into miii, inaa, mee, as: 
 
 from 4'B.iaTb, 
 4yMaTb, 
 
 p. I^'D. j'E.ia.i'L, 
 „ „ Apia.it, 
 
 PAST PAET. AX.iaBmni. 
 „ „ 4yMaBiniii. 
 PERFECT ASPECT. no4VMaBiiiiii. 
 
 depe^B, 5, „ 6eperi., 
 lepeib, „ „ TepT>, 
 
 Principal exceptions : 
 
 BecTii, to lead, past ind. Be.n> 
 iiTTii, to go, 
 nacTE, to fall, 
 
 
 )) 
 
 n 
 
 
 mej[T>, 
 na.n., 
 
 iIB'BCTii, to flower, 
 n.iecTii, to plait, 
 
 J? 
 
 57 
 
 )5 
 
 UBs.rB. 
 
 11.16.11), 
 
 5> 
 
 depermiii. 
 Tepmifl. 
 
 5J 
 
 PAST PART. Beamifi. 
 
 iiieAiniu. 
 f najmiii. ^, 
 
 < or > 
 
 ^ naBuiiii. J 
 UBtimin. 
 ELieTUiiii. 
 
 J? 
 
 
 PARTICIPLES (passive). 
 
 73. The 2Mrticiple prese72t passive is formed from 
 
 the 1st person plur. pres. indie, act. by changing 
 
 UTi into MLiii, Maa, Moe, as : 
 
 from .iH)6iiTb (Istpr. Pl.Pres..iH)dnMT)), pr. prt. pss. .iK)6iiMbm. 
 Ai.iaib ( „ „ „ „ ^i-iaeMT)), „ „ ,, 4'B.iaeMbiH. 
 
 Verbs in ctl, stl, tii and hl add the term- 
 ination OMBiii (aH, oe) to the stem of the 1st person 
 sing. pres. ind. act., as: 
 
 from HecTii, to carry (a necy), pr. part. pass. HecoMbiu. 
 6epe^b (oepery), ., „ „ CeperoMbifl. 
 
 ExcejDtions : 
 
 HCKaib, to seek (mw limeMi)), pr. part. pass. ncKOMbitt. 
 ^Biiraib, to move {„ jBUHceMi)), „ „ „ aBii>KnMbm. 
 dopoib, to conquer ( „ SopeMi)), „ „ „ dopuMbiii. 
 
 •BCTb, to eat („ ^^liMT)), „ „ „ S^OMblll. 
 
54 
 
 RUSSIAN GRAMMAR. 
 
 74. Fartici2)le past imssive is formed. 
 
 In imhjsyUahUc verbs from past indie, act: 
 
 1) by changing a.Th into amiBiii 
 
 flil'L „ flHHLlii 
 
 t.i'L ,, -fcHHBiii, as: 
 
 Ai.iaHHLiii from ^iASLA-b, made. 
 
 nOTepHHHbiil ,, noTepH.iT,. lost. 
 
 Biu'BHHbiii „ BiiA^-iTj, seen. 
 
 2) by changing iijrb into eHHtiii, the stem- 
 consonant being changed where necessary, as: 
 
 nocaJKeHHWil from noca/tii.iT), seated. 
 B03o6HOB.ieHHfciii „ B03o6HOBti.n,, renewed. 
 
 3) by changing ojii> into OTtiii 
 
 ep-L „ epxBiii 
 Hyji'L „ Hyifciii, as: 
 
 K0.j6TMri from KO.io.i-b, jJricked. 
 lepTBiii „ Tepi,, rubbed. 
 ABiiHyTLift ,, ABiiHy.n>, moved. 
 
 75. In monosyllabic verbs by changing iih into 
 TBiii (with exception of those in aib; which have 
 aHBiii and when used with a preposition prefixed 
 
 aHHtiii), as: 
 
 niTbifi from ntJi, sung. 
 
 AVTbiii „ Ay-n), blotvn. 
 
 MbiTtiil „ Mbi.iT), washed. 
 Verbs in axb: 
 
 dpaHbiii, tahen. Ha6paHHbiii, collected from 6paTb. 
 HCAaiibiu, aivaited. ojKiiAaHHbiii, ex])ected „ jKAaib. 
 
 76. Verbs in ctl, 3tl, tii and hl form the past 
 
 part, passive from the 2nd person sing, of the 
 
 present or fut., by changing emb into eiiiiLiii, as: 
 
 from rpecTb, to roiv (2nd jiers. Sing. Pr. rpeOeiiib): rpeoeniibiii. 
 HecTii, to carry { ., „ „ „ iiecemb): iieceHHbiii. 
 Hteqb, to burn ( „ „ „ „ jKHieuib): JKyKennbifl. 
 
THE VERBS. 0^ 
 
 THE GERU^'D (^liEnPIIIACTlE) AND ITS USE. 
 
 77. The present gerund active is formed from 
 the third person pliir. pres. indie, by changing the 
 terminations amd and ynio into a or ymi; and 
 Rim and lomo into R and lomi, as: 
 OHii MO.iiaTT>. GEK. PR. Mo.i^a, tckUe silent 
 
 cmaTt. » „ ciiAfl or ciUio^ii, tvhile sitting, 
 jyh.mm-b. „ „ A'B-iaa or Ai,.mm^u, in doing. 
 
 Exceptions : 
 
 6yAy^n, being (formed from 3rd PL Fut. OHii 6yAyTi.). 
 fi'BJKa, rumiing. 
 JKIIBH and HdiBvqii, living. 
 HAS and lUyni, in going. 
 The following three verbs in aBaiL. 
 
 Aasaa, in giving. 
 ySHaeafl, recogniziyig . 
 nepecTaBaa, ceasing. 
 
 NB. The forms Kiqii, ynn, and BUiii are more often used 
 in sijeaking; a, h, bt. in icriting. 
 
 78. Past gerund active is formed from past indie, 
 by changing 1) ^3 into 65 or emu; 
 
 2) 5 „ lUii, as: 
 CKasa.iT, — CKaaaBT. or CKasaBiiiii, after having said. 
 npoci'uT> — npociiBT, or npociiBuiii, after having i^rayed. 
 yjyiep-j, — yMepmii, after having died. 
 yqii.ica — y^iiBumcb, having learnt. 
 
 79. The passive gerunds are formed by using 
 
 6yAy^ii and 6f,iB'L along with the nominative of 
 
 the passive participles (in the apocopated form), as: 
 
 dyAy^n npeA.iaraeMT>, on being offered. 
 
 gLiBT. npeA.i6}KeHT,, after having been offered. 
 
 80. Gerunds are generally used for the sake 
 of brevity instead of relative clauses, as: bshbt. 
 
56 RUSSIAN GRAMMAR. 
 
 ero no^i. pyKy oh-l yBeji, ero bi* rocTiiHyio, after 
 taking liis arm lie led liim off to the x)arlour. 
 
 81. Along with the negative ne it is used to 
 
 express Enghsh tuithont, as: 
 
 He 3Haa, without knoiving. 
 
 He Bii4aBT>, without having seen. 
 
 VERBAL ADJECTIVE. 
 
 82. These adjectives are formed generally by 
 
 changing the participial terminations miii, Bmiil 
 
 into qiii and .iBiii and differ in meaning from the 
 
 participle — as the following instances will show: 
 
 ( ^e.iOBiK'L x04Hiniii = the man ivalking. 
 
 I. xo/ia^aa MOHeia = current coin. 
 
 ( ciuamaa JKenmiiHa == the sitting woman. 
 
 \, ciua^aa /Kiishl = a sedentary life. 
 
 ( ropamee ce.io = the hnrning village. 
 
 <; ropaiaa eo^a = hot ivater. 
 
 ^ ropKjqee eemecTBo = inflammable material. 
 
 ( ycxaBUjifi = one who has become tired {now or yesterday). 
 
 \, ycTa.ibifi = tired (i. e. the usual state). 
 
 f ono34aBiiiiH = the belated (on a certain occasion). 
 
 L ono34ajbii1 = late. 
 
 J noacHBiiiiii = one who has lived (a long or short time). 
 
 i,*no/Kii.i6ii = aged. 
 
 ( npoiiie^miri = the past. 
 
 {, npoiu.iijiu = former (as last year &c.) 
 
 83. Some participles are used as verbal ad- 
 jectives, as: 
 
 HacToamiii, real or present. 
 cyuuli, trne, genuine. 
 HBUuii, wise. 
 6yAyuuH, future. 
 neiiMyiniii, poor. 
 
THE VERBS. 
 
 57 
 
 84. The present participle passive form in mlih, 
 when used with a negative corresponds to the 
 English verbal adjectives in able and ihle, as: 
 
 HeBiuiiMbiil, mvisihle. 
 HeMiiHv eMLui, ina uo idcible. 
 Henpeojo.iibiLiil, invincible. 
 
 85. Past participles passive are used as verbal 
 adjectives with slight alterations. 
 
 1) In simple verbs a single instead of a double 
 
 H is used, as: 
 
 yieHtin, learned, as a learned man. 
 BapeHbiil, cooked. 
 co.ieHLiil, salted. 
 
 2) The form is abbreviated: 
 
 cibimHtifi (past part. c.ib'imaHHLiii ), audible. 
 
 BiUHbiil ( ,, „ BlU'EHHbiiT), visible. 
 
 saM-BTHbiil ( ,, „ saM-BieHHbiu), remarkable. 
 
 noKopHbiil ( „ „ noKOpeHHbiii), humble. 
 
 86. PARADIGM OF THE CONJUGATION OF THE 
 
 ACTIVE VERB. 
 
 I. npiiHiiMaib, to accept. 
 
 IMPERFECT ASPECT. PERFECT ASPECT. 
 
 Indicative Mood. 
 
 present. present. 
 
 1st P. S. a npiiHiiMaK), I accept. "Wanting. 
 
 2nd „ Tbi npiiHiniaeuib 
 
 3rd „ OHT) (ona, oho) npiiHiiMaeTt 
 
 1st P.P. Mb'i npiiHiiMaeMi. 
 
 2nd ,, Bbi npiiHiDiaeie 
 
 3rd „ OHii (OHt) npiiHiiMawTT). 
 
58 
 
 RUSSIAN GRAMMAR. 
 
 IMPERFECT ASPECT. 
 PAST. 
 
 1st P.S. a npiiHnMa.n> (.la, .10) 
 
 2nd „ Tbi npHiniMiUT> ,, „ 
 
 3rd „Masc.oni> npnHiiMa.n> 
 
 Fern. OHa npimiiMa.ia 
 
 Neut. OHO npnmiMa.io 
 
 1st P.P. Mbi npiiHiiMa.iii 
 2nd „ BM npiiHiiMa.iii 
 3rd 
 
 J) 
 
 )5 
 
 roHin 
 
 <; ) npiiHiiMa.iii 
 
 Fern. i.OH'B I 
 
 PERFECT ASPECT. 
 PAST. 
 H npHHfl.lTj (.la, .10) 
 
 Tbi npiiHa.n> ,, „ 
 OHT) npiiHH.n, 
 OHa npimajci 
 OHO npima.io 
 
 Mbi npiina.ni 
 BLi "npi'iHa.iii 
 
 |«""\npiiHa.ni 
 
 npHHOMaxt 
 
 FUTURE. 
 
 1st P.S. a 6y4y 
 
 2nd „ TLi Sy^euiL , 
 
 3rd „ OHT,(oHa, OH6)6y4en> , 
 
 1st P.P. Mbi dy^eMT. , 
 
 2nd „ Bbi 6y4eTe , 
 
 3rd „ OH[i (OHi) SpyTT) , 
 
 FUTURE. 
 
 a npiiMy 
 
 Tbi npiiMeiub 
 
 ohtj (oHa, oho) npiiMei^ 
 
 Mb! npiiMeMt 
 
 Bbi npiiMeie 
 
 OHii (oHi) npiiMyiT) 
 
 Conjunctive Mood. 
 
 Sing, a npiiniiMa.n> (.la, .lo) 6bi, 
 I should accept. 
 
 &c. &c. 
 Plur. Mb! npiiHiiMa.m (5bi 
 
 &c. &c. 
 
 a npi'iHa.iTj (.la, .lo) 6bi 
 
 Mbi npi'nia.m obi 
 
 &c. &c. 
 
 IMPERATIVE. 
 
 1st P. S.dy4y-Kaa npnuiiMaib npiniy-Ka a 
 
 2nd „ npiiHUMari [Maen> npiiMii 
 
 3rd „ nycTbom>(oHa, 0H6)npiniii- nycib oin> iipiiMen. 
 
 1st P.P. 6y4eMT> npiiHiiMaib ni)nMOMT> or npi'iMeMie 
 
 2nd „ npiiHiiMailie iipiiMiiTO 
 
 3rd „ nycTb OHii(OHi)npiiHiiMaK)n. nycib OHii iipiiMyn, 
 
 INFINITIVE. 
 
 JIpllHIlMaTb 
 
 npIIHMTb 
 
PARADIGM OF THE CONJUGATION OF THE ACTIVE VERB. 59 
 
 IMPERFECT ASPECT. PERFECT ASPECT. 
 
 PARTICIPLES (active). 
 
 PEES. upHHUMaiomiii, maa, mee "Wanting. 
 
 PAST npuHUMaBuiifl, man, uiee npiiHiiBiiiiu, aa, ee 
 
 GERUNDS (active). 
 
 PEES. npiiHioiaa or npiiHUMaioiii Wanting. 
 
 PAST npiiHiBiaBX or npimnMaejin npimaBT, 
 
 or 
 
 npiiHaBUin 
 II. npiir.iamaTfc, to invite. 
 
 PRESENT. PRESENT. 
 
 a npiir.iainaio Wanting. 
 
 &c. ice. 
 
 PAST. PAST. 
 
 a npiir.iauia.n>, .la, ao a npiir.iacii.it, .la, ao 
 
 FUTURE. FUTURE. 
 
 fl 6y4y npiir.iauiaib a npiir.iamy 
 
 &c. kc. Tbi npiir.iaciiuiB 
 
 &c. &c. 
 OHii, OHi npnr.iacaxT.. 
 
 Conjunctive Mood. 
 
 a npnr.iama.iT), .la, ao, 6bi a npiir.iaciLn> (.la, ao) dti 
 
 &c. &c. &c. &c. 
 
 IMPERATIVE. 
 
 2nd pers. sing, npur.iamau npiir.iacii 
 
 INFINITIVE. 
 
 npiir.iainaii) npiir.iaciiiB 
 
 PARTICIPLES (active). 
 
 PRES. npiir.iamaiomiri, aa, ee Wanting. 
 
 PAST npiirJaiuaBiniri, ,. „ npiir.iaciJBiuiii 
 
60 RUSSIAN GRAMMAR. 
 
 IMPERFECT ASPECT. PERFECT ASPECT. 
 
 GERUNDS (active). 
 
 PRES. npnr.iaiuaa Wanting. 
 
 or 
 
 npiir.iaiiiaioiii 
 PAST npiir.iaiiiaBT> iipiir.iaciiBT, npiir.iaca 
 
 or 
 
 npiir.iamaBiiiii npiir.iaciiBuiii 
 
 III. OTHOCiiib, to take away. 
 
 INDICATIVE. 
 PRESENT. PRESENT. 
 
 fl OTHOUiy Wanting-. 
 
 TM OTHOCHUIB 
 &C. 
 
 PAST. PAST. 
 
 a OTiiociLn>, .la, .10 a oxHecB 
 
 OTHec.ia Fern. 
 OTHec.io Neut. 
 
 FUTURE. FUTURE. 
 
 a 6y4y oiHOCHib a oiHecy 
 
 &C. TBI OTHeCeillB 
 
 OHii, OHi, OTHecyit 
 &c. 
 
 CONJUNCTIVE. 
 
 a OTiiocii.iTj (.la, .lO) 6bi a OTHeCT> (.la, .16) 6si 
 
 IMPERATIVE. 
 
 2nd pers. sing, oinocii oiHecii 
 
 INFINITIVE. 
 OTHOCIITfc OTHeCTli 
 
 PARTICIPLES (active). 
 
 PRES. OTHOcaiuiii, aa, ee Wanting. 
 
 PAST oTiiociiBiuiri, aa, ee oiHecuiiu, aa, ee 
 
 GERUNDS (active). 
 
 W 
 
 PAST OTIIOCIIBT, 01' OTlIOCliBllIII OTlieCllllI or OTiioca 
 
 PRES. OTHOca Wanting. 
 
PARADIGM OF THE CONJUGATION OF THE ACTIVE VERB. 
 
 61 
 
 lY. EEFLEXIYE YEEB. IIpomaTLCa, to say goodbye. 
 
 IMPERFECT ASPECT. PERFECT ASPECT 
 
 INDICATIVE. 
 
 PRESENT. 
 
 Sing, a npomarocB 
 TBI npomaeiiibca 
 OHT) npomaeica 
 
 Plur. Mw npomaeMCH 
 BBi npomaeiecb 
 OHH npomaioTca 
 
 PAST. 
 
 Sing, a npoma.ica (.lacL, .lOCb) 
 Plur. MLi npoma.incL 
 
 PRESENT. 
 
 Wanting. 
 
 PAST. 
 
 a npocTri.ica, .lact, .locb 
 Mbl DpocTii.incb 
 
 FUTURE. 
 
 a 6yAy npomaibca 
 
 fl npoma.ica 6bi 
 -.lacB dbi 
 -.locb 6bi 
 
 Mbi npoma.mcb Obi 
 
 2nd P. S. npomaiica 
 
 npomaibca 
 
 PRES. npomaiomirica 
 PAST npomaBiiiiiica 
 
 PRES. npomaacb 
 PAST npomaBiiiucb 
 
 FUTURE. 
 
 a npomycb 
 Tbi npocniuibca 
 
 &c. &c. 
 OHii, OHi npociaTca 
 Conjunctive Mood. 
 
 a npocTii.ica 6bi 
 -.lacb dbi 
 -.10 cb 6bi 
 Mbi npocni.iiicb 6bi 
 
 IMPERATIVE. 
 
 npocTiiCb 
 
 INFINITIVE. 
 
 npocTiiTbca 
 
 PARTICIPLES. 
 
 Wanting. 
 npocTiiBmiuca. 
 
 GERUNDS. 
 
 "Wanting. 
 npocTiiBmucb 
 
 or 
 
 npociacb 
 
62 RUSSIAN GRAMMAR. 
 
 PASSIVE VOICE. 
 
 87. The infinitive passive of the imperfect aspect 
 is formed 1) by using the auxiliary 6fciTL, ^o he, 
 with the instrumental case of the present participle 
 pass., as: 
 
 ACT. INF. npiIHIIMaTB. PASS. INF. dwifc IipiIHIIMaeMLlMX. 
 
 2) by affixing ca to the active infinitive, as: 
 
 npo^aBaTLCfl, to he sold. 
 NB. When the pres. part, passive is not iu use, the 
 past part, is used instead, as: 
 
 ACT. INF. lUllTb, to SeiU. PASS. INF. 6bITfc UlUTLIMT). 
 
 or 
 
 mi'iTLca. 
 „ „ naxaib, to plough. „ „ 6i.iTb naxaHHbiMi.. 
 
 88. Tlie infinitive passive of the perfect aspect 
 is nearly always formed by using 6bitl with past 
 part, pass., as: 
 
 INF. ACT. npilHflTb. INF. PASS. 6bITb npHHflTblMT). 
 
 89. The conjugation of the passive voice con- 
 sists in conjugating the auxiliary 6i>iTb with the 
 nom. of the passive participle in its apocopated 
 or shortened form. 
 
 CONJUGATION OF PASSIVE VOICE. 
 
 6biTb oinpaH.weMbiMT) (oio, hiwb) or oinpaB-iaibca, 
 to be discharged. 
 
 IMPERFECT ASPECT. PERFECT ASPECT. 
 
 INDICATIVE. 
 PRESENT. PRESENT. 
 
 1st P. S. a OTnpaB.iaeMT> (a, o) a OTnpaB.iein> (a, o) 
 
 or 
 
 a OTnpau.iaiocb 
 
PASSIVE VOICE. 
 
 63 
 
 IMPERFECT ASPECT. PERFECT ASPECT. 
 
 INDICATIVE. 
 PRESENT. PRESENT. 
 
 1st P. PI. Mbi oinpaB.iHeMbi mh ornpaBjieHW 
 
 or 
 
 Mbi oinpaB^neMca 
 
 PAST. 
 
 1st P. S. a 6i>Ln> (a, o) OTnpaB.iaeMT> 
 
 or [(a, 0) 
 
 a oinpaBja.ica, -.lacb, .locb 
 
 istP.Pl.Mbi 6bLiii oinpaBjaeMbi 
 
 or 
 
 Mbi OTnpaB.ia.iHCi. 
 
 FUTURE. 
 
 a Syay oinpaB.iaeMT. (a, o) 
 
 or 
 
 a 6yAy OTnpaB.iaTbca 
 Mbi 6y4eMi> oinpaB.iaeMbi 
 
 or 
 
 Mbi 6y4eMT> oinpaBjaibca 
 
 PAST. 
 
 a 6bUT> (a, 0) oinpaB- 
 .ichtj (a, o) 
 
 Mbi 6blMl OTDpaB.ieHbI 
 
 FUTURE. 
 
 a 6y4y oinpaB.ieH-b (a, o) 
 Mbi dyABMib oinpaB.ieHbi 
 
 CONJUNCTIVE. 
 
 a 6bi.n, (a, o) 6bi oinpaB.iaeMT, (a, o) a dbi.n. (a, o) dbi oinpas- 
 
 or jeHT> (a, o) 
 
 a oinpaBja.ica (-.lacb, -.locb) 6bi 
 
 Mbiob'i.iii 6bi oinpaB-iaeMbi mh dbi.iii 6bi oinpaB.ieHbi 
 
 or 
 
 MbioinpaB.ia.incb 6bi 
 
 IMPERATIVE. 
 
 2ndP.S. oyAb OTnpaB.iaeMT, (a, o) dy^b oinpae.ieHT. (a, o) 
 2nclP.Pl. dy^bie OTnpaB.ifleMbi SyAbie oinpaB.ieHbi 
 
 INFINITIVE. 
 
 6biTb OTopaB.iaeMbiM-b (mok, 3ibiMT>) 6biTb oinpaB.ieHHbiM'b (oio, 
 
 or blMT}) 
 
 oinpaB.iaTbca 
 
64 RUSSIAN GRAMMAR. 
 
 IMPERFECT ASPECT. PERFECT ASPECT. 
 
 PARTICIPLES. 
 
 PREs. OTnpaB.iaeMLiil (aa, oe) Wanting. 
 
 or 
 
 OTnpaBJHiomiiica (aaca, eeca) 
 PAST oinpaBjaBUiiiica (aaca, eeca) oinpae.ieHHLiii (aa, oe) 
 
 GERUNDS. 
 
 PRES. sG. 6y4yin OTnpaB.iaeMT, (a, o) 6y4y^n OTnpaB.jeHT> (a, o) 
 
 PL. CyAyiii oinpaB.iaeMbi 6y4y^ii oinpaB.ieHbi 
 
 PAST SG. 6tiBT> OTnpaB.iaeMT> (a, o) dbiB b oxnpaB.ieHi (a, o) 
 
 PL. 6biBT> oinpaBjaeMbi 6biBT> oinpaB.ieHbi. 
 
 91. THE VEEBAL SUBSTANTIVE. 
 
 Verbal substantives are formed: 
 
 1) by changing the Htiii and iBifi of the past 
 
 part, passive into iiie and lie or ibe, as: 
 
 lepn-BHie, the suffering from lepniib. 
 ryjiaaie, the luallxing „ ry.iaib. 
 
 miibe, the drinking „ niiib. 
 
 2) by affixing Ka and 6a to the stem of the 
 
 infinitive— when the verb has not more than two 
 
 syllables, as: 
 
 piSKa, the cutting from pisaib. 
 muKa, the sawing „ nu.niTb. 
 
 The affix 6a requires the softening of the stem- 
 consonant by means of l, as: 
 
 npocbSa, the request from npociiib. 
 ceaAbOa, the wedding „ CBaiaib. 
 cipi.ibSa, the shooting „ CTp-B.iaib. 
 
 3) Verbs in ciBOBaiL form their verbal sub- 
 stantives in CTBie, as: 
 
 nyieuiecTBie, travelling „ nyiemeciBOBaTb. 
 npenaiCTBio, obstacle ., npenaiCTBOBaib. 
 
ADVERBS. 65 
 
 4) A few verbs take tkr, as: 
 
 npojaHia, sale from npojaiB. 
 noK.iajKa, luggage „ K.iacTb. 
 nponaaia, loss „ nponacTt. 
 
 ADVERBS (HAPfi^a). 
 
 92. According to their meaning adverbs may 
 be divided into: 
 
 1) Adverbs of lilace: a) such as indicate motion 
 from a place, as: OTcmja, from here; oTif jisi, from 
 there; ii3BHi, from tcithout ; CBepxy, from, above; 
 cHiisy, from beneath &c. 
 
 b) such as indicate ^«o^^o>^ fo a place, as: cio^a, 
 lather, Ty;iia, thither; Bcib^y, everywhither ; BHyipt, 
 to inside; bohij, to outside &c. 
 
 c) such as indicate rest at a place, as: sjtcB, 
 here; TSLUTi, there; Be^jii, everyivhere ; BHyxpii, inside; 
 nnr^i. noivliere; ^to^ia, at home; Tjii-io, someichere. 
 
 2) Adverbs of time: a) such as indicate since 
 ivlien, as: CHanaja, from the beginning; oiHbiH'fe, 
 
 from noiu on. 
 
 b) how long, as: joHbiHt, iiio to noiu; Bce, always, 
 
 c) luhen, as: lenepb; iLbm% noiu; B^epa, yester- 
 day; cero^HH, to-day; saBipa, to-morroiv; Tor;ta, 
 then; n6c.i1&, cfterivards ; npeHi^B; before; imor^ta, 
 sometimes; yipoMi); in the morning \ BeHepoMT>; in 
 the evening. 
 
 3) Adverbs of quality or manner, as: laK^, so; 
 xopomO; ivell; xy;i;o, badly; nanpacHO^ in vain; 
 CKopO; quickly ; imaqe, otherivise. 
 
 4) Adverbs of order: BO-nepBLix-L^ firstly; bo- 
 BTopbix'L, secondly; eotomt,, subsequently. 
 
 5 
 
66 RUSSIAN GRAMMAR. 
 
 5j Adverbs of quantity : jioBOjihiio, enough ; Ma.io, 
 HeMHoro, little; MHoro, mucli; h-bcko-ilko, some &c. 
 
 6) Imi)licit adverhs, as: ^a, yes; iitii,, no; ^e, 
 says he &c. 
 
 7) Interrogative adverhs, as: tji% ivhere; Kovjik, 
 tvhen; jionojit, hoiu long; Ky/ta, uhither; cko.ibko, 
 how much; dsmiivb, why &c. 
 
 NB. Adverbs are mostly derived from: 
 
 a) Nouns (with or without a preposition) as: AOMa, at 
 home; aomoh, (to) Jiome; KpyroM^, around; Bepx6MT>, on Jiorse- 
 hack; AapoMi), gratis; Bt ToponaxT., in haste; no-pyccKii, in 
 Russian. 
 
 h) Adjectives. The neuter apocopated form of the ad- 
 jective is used adverbial!}-, as: xopomo, ivell; OTJii'fflO, ex- 
 cellently. 
 
 PEEPOSITIOKS (nPE4.iorii). 
 
 93. Prepositions may be diyided into seioarahle 
 and inseparable. 
 
 a) Inseparable are those which are only used 
 in compound with a verb, as: 1) bbi^ out; e. g. 
 BBixo^tiiTt, to go out; 2) bo3, b3o or b3, up; e. g. 
 BanMaTt, to raise up; 3) mia, doivn; e. g. iiiisBep- 
 raxL, to throiv down; 4) paa, apart; e. g. paa^it- 
 Mtl, to distribute; 5) nepe, over; e. g. nepeixaib, 
 to drive over. 
 
 b) Separable, or such as are used simply by 
 themselves, may be classed thus: 
 
 1) Those that govern three cases, two in num- 
 ber, viz: 
 
 no, about, until, after, with Dat. Ace. and Prep. 
 
 Ch or CO, from, about, with, witli Gen. Ace. and Instr. 
 
PREPOSITIONS. 67 
 
 2) Those that govern hco cases, seven in num- 
 ber, viz: 
 
 BT., in, into ^ 
 
 Ha, on > with Ace. and Prep. 
 
 0, odT> or 000, of, against i ' 
 
 nOAi* (no4o), under ^ 
 
 npe4T> or nepe^t (npe^o), before > with Ace. and Instr. 
 
 3a, hehincl, after J 
 
 MCHtAy or Me/KX, between, with Gen. and Instr. 
 
 3) Those that are used with one case only, viz : 
 
 6e3T>, without ^ 
 
 4.W, for 
 
 40, until, up to 
 
 HS'b, from 
 
 ii3T)-3a, f?vm behind > with Gen. 
 
 ii3T>-n64T>, f7'om under 
 
 OTi>, from 
 
 pa4ii, for the sake of 
 
 y, at or bi/ J 
 
 Kb or KO, to, toiuards^ .^, ^ ^ 
 , . ., ^ > with Dat. 
 BonpeKii, in spite of j 
 
 npo, of, about ^ 
 
 CKB03L, through > with Ace. 
 
 qpe3'i> or TCpe3'L, through, during ) 
 
 HajT) or Ha^o, over with Instr. 
 
 npn, near; in the time of, with Prepos. 
 
 KB. Most of the above list are also used in compound 
 with a verb. 
 
 94. Some prepositions are used in conjunction 
 with an adverb, as: 
 
 BMicTt CT> MoiiMT) CpaiOMT), along with my brother. 
 BC.IS4T, 3a MHOK), after me. 
 BAOAb no y.iiiECB, along the street. 
 cor.iacHO ct> npaBii.iaMii, in accordance ivith the laws. 
 
 5* 
 
68 RUSSIAN GRAMMAR. 
 
 95. When motion to is expressed, the accusative 
 is used — never the instr. or prep., as: 
 
 BT> 40Mi>, to the house. 
 Ha ropy, up the hill. 
 noAt ropy, clown the hill. 
 3a ce.ia, behind the villages. 
 
 KB. After kt> the dative and after ao the genitive are 
 used, as: 
 KT> HeMV, to him. 
 jxomMi AO rdpo^a, they came as far as the toivn. 
 
 96. When rest at is expressed, the instrumental 
 or prepositional must be used — never the ac- 
 cusative, as: 
 
 BT> 40Mi, in the house. 
 Ha CTCii, on the table. 
 CTOHTb no4T> 4epeB0M'L, to stand under a tree. 
 
 NTB. The dative after no and genitive after y, as: 
 no y.inn-B, in the street. 
 y caMaro Kpaa, at the very edge. 
 
 THE IDIOMATIC USE OF CERTAIN PREPOSITIONS. 
 
 97. B-L ivitli the accusative is used : 
 
 1) in answer to the question ichen? when an 
 idea of duration of time is expressed, as: 
 
 BO BTopHUKT), on (or during) Tuesday. 
 BT) Aom,\h, in the rain. 
 
 2) in connexion with words, where height, length, 
 hreacWt, age, tuortlt and the like are expressed, as: 
 
 AOMT. BT> TpH aiaHva, a house with three floors. 
 
 K0Me4ia BT) OAiiHT) aKTT>, a one-act comedy. 
 
 cyKiiu in> qeibipe py6.w, a cloth worth four roubles. 
 
PREPOSITIONS. 
 
 69 
 
 3) to express similanty, as: 
 
 TO^L BT, TOTii), j^oint for point i. e. exactly. 
 pocTT) BT. pocT^, of a similar height 
 6e3T> TOBcipiima h paAOCit naMt He Bt piuocTb, without a 
 companion even pleasure is no real pleasure to us. 
 
 98. Bt. li'itli the iwepositional is used: with the 
 same meaning as cl with instr. = ivitli, as: 
 
 BT) m.ian'B, icith hat on. 
 BT> naiHaxT), ^cith spots. 
 
 99. Ho idtli gen. = before (in point of time), as: 
 
 eme AO oceHu, still before autwmi. 
 
 He 3a Ao.iro 40 Moero npii34a, not long before my arrival. 
 
 100. 3a ivith accusative expresses: 
 
 1) Motive /or, as: 
 
 OHT> no.iyiii.n> aio 3a cbow c.iyaioy, he got this for his own use. 
 
 2) With numerals over, above, more than, as: 
 
 40.irT> 3ax6aiiTT) 3a lucaiy py6.ieii, the debt amounts to 
 more than 1000 roubles. 
 
 101. 3a luitli ace. means before, as: 
 3a copoK-b .itTT., forty years ago. 
 
 With instr. == by reason of: 
 
 a. He ycni.IT. 3a neaocyroMT,, I could not finish through 
 want of time. 
 
 102. 0, oo-B or 060 tcith the accusative is used 
 after verbs of striking, throicing &c. ^ against, as: 
 
 yaapnib 66t. CT^ny, to strike against a icall. 
 
 103. 0, 061. or 060 ivith pre]). = of, about 
 (latin de), as: 
 
 roBopiiifc Kopo.ii, to speak about the king. • 
 
 AVMaib 060 BceMT., to think of everything. 
 
70 RUSSIAN GRAMMAR. 
 
 NB. The folloAving idiomatic sentences are worthy of 
 notice : 
 
 pvKa 66'b pvKy, hand in hand. 
 
 CT^Ha 66t> CT'BHy, ivall to loall. 
 
 yro.iT> 66-h yro.iT), corner to corner, i. e, next to one another. 
 
 104. IIo tvith dative is used: 
 
 1) to express motion on or over a surface or 
 
 space, as: 
 no no.iK), over a field. 
 no BOSAyxy, in the air. 
 
 2) = according to (lat. secundum)., as: 
 
 no CMb'ic.iy saKOHa, according to the spirit of the laio. 
 
 3) = towards (of time), as: 
 no Beiepy, totvards evening. 
 
 no yxpy, toivards morning. 
 
 4) = cit (of 2^rice) : 
 
 no py6.iH), at a roiible. 
 no ciy, i^r cent. 
 
 105. Ho ivitli accusative is used to express 
 up to, as far as (either of time or place), as: 
 
 no cie speivia, up to this time. 
 
 no npaeyio CTopony, as far as the right side. 
 
 106. Ho ivlth prep. = after, as: 
 
 no CMepiii, after the death. 
 
 no npouiecTBiii naiii .isii., after the lapse of five years. 
 
 107. IIojX'L iiitli accusative is used: 
 
 1) to express proximity (with motion): 
 nociait BoiicKO noj.'fc MocKBy, to send an army toivards Moscow. 
 
 2) toivards (of time), as: 
 n64T> Beiepij, toivards evening. 
 
 108. lHoxh u'ith instrumental expresses rest 
 near, as: 
 
 CTOHTt noAi rop040MT,, to stay near a town. 
 
CONJUNCTIONS. 
 
 71 
 
 109. Ctj icith genitive expresses time since 
 tchen, as : 
 
 CB KOTopLixt nopT,, sluce when. 
 
 CT. meciaro BiKa, since the sixth century. 
 
 110. Ci> tvith accusative is used with vrorcls ex- 
 pressing nuniher or s?>e, as: 
 
 pocTOMT. CT> leOn, of your size. 
 qe.ioBiKT> CO CTO, about 100 wiew. 
 
 CONJUNCTIONS (C0K)3bi). 
 
 111. The following 
 Eussian conjunctions, 
 a, and. 
 
 dy4T0, (5y4TO 6h\, that, as if. 
 BnpoqeMT,, as for the rest. 
 Aa, and, hut; let. 
 4a>Ke, even. 
 4a6ti, in order that. 
 A.m Toro qio, because. 
 eH(e.in, eciii, ?/, 
 eme, again, yet. 
 Hie, f7<e«, a/so. 
 II, «?«c?, afeo. 
 ii6o, /or, because. 
 
 H.Ili (U.lfc), 0/'. 
 
 II TaKT., therefore. 
 
 KaKT>, as. 
 
 KaKT> TO, /or instance. 
 
 Korja, ?f7ie?^ 
 
 JH (jt), ivhether (interrog.) 
 
 .11160, either or. 
 
 .iiiiufc, jiist, a soon as. 
 
 He To.ibKO — HO II, not only — 
 
 but also. 
 Hesce.iii, than. 
 
 is a general list of the 
 
 Hii — Hii, neither, nor. 
 
 HO, but. 
 
 ojHaKO, but, however. 
 
 noceMv, then. 
 
 noTOMv ^To, because. 
 
 iipaB4,a, truly. 
 
 nycKaii or nycTt, let. 
 
 CKO.ib AW, whatever. 
 
 c.iijoeaTe.iLHO, consequently. 
 
 TaK>Ke (TOHcej, also. 
 
 TO, then. 
 
 Toro pajii, therefore. 
 
 TO.ibKO, only. 
 
 xoTa (xOTb), although. 
 
 xoTii dbi, even though. 
 
 ^TO, that. 
 
 ^T06b'i (itootj), in order that. 
 
 'iBM^, than. 
 
 TB^Vh — TtMT), the more — the 
 
 more. 
 II — II, both — and. 
 to — TO, sometimes — sometimes. 
 
72 
 
 RUSSIAN GRAMMAR. 
 
 NB. 1) mo6bi when used dependently is followed by 
 infinitive, as: IlMriepaTopi) Kap.it V. OTKaSiuiCfi ott. BCtxi ko- 
 
 pdHT> BT> 1556 r04y, CT> T-EMl Hmo6d O/xOHHUnib 41111 Bl MO- 
 
 HacTbipcKOMT> ye^HHeHiii, the emperor Charles Y. resigned all 
 
 his realms in the 7/ear 1556 l^f^'^i^^ i^^e object of l ^^^^^ j^^^ 
 
 L m order to ) 
 days in a monastery. 
 
 2) .III is used to ask a question, as: ecTb-.iii y BacT> KHiira, 
 have you a hook? 
 
 INTERJECTIONS (MEH^AOMETia) 
 
 112. The following are the prmcipal inter- 
 jections: 
 
 BOTT.! BOHT>! See there (Fr. voila). 
 
 ypa ! ra ! express joy. 
 
 axT>! 0XT>! yebi! axxii! express loain. 
 
 aft ! yxi ! ofl ! express fear. 
 
 T*y! expresses aversion. 
 
 y$T)! expresses fatigue. 
 
 cttj! tct>! imj)ose silence. 
 
 ail! reil! hi! 
 
 Hy! HyHce! express encouragement = now then! come on! 
 
 Ha! calls attention == there you have. 
 
 NB. Hy and na have also a plural form na-ie ! Hy-ie ! 
 
 113. To the interjections may be added the 
 particle cl — the shortened form of cy^apL = Sir — 
 used by inferior to superior, as: 
 
 > xes, bir. 
 
 Aa CT. ) 
 
HINTS OK THE USE OF WORDS AND PHRASES. 73 
 
 HINTS OX THE USE OF WOEDS AXD PHEASES. 
 
 114. In sentences as the city of Paris, the 
 village of Hampden the name of the town is put 
 in the nominative in apposition, thus: — ropo/i;!, 
 riapiiH:!,. The adjective or verb agrees with the 
 ajjpeUative noun; e. g. /tpeBHin ropojL Gii6li, the 
 ancient city of Tliebes. 
 
 115. The attribute is put in the nominative, 
 after ecTt, 6hijn> or ojjij when it expresses a 
 natural and permanent quality of the subject, as: 
 
 A4aMT> 6u.vh qe.iOBiKt, Adam teas a man. 
 ope.ii (ecTB) niiiua, an eagle is a bird. 
 
 When the attribute expresses an acquired and 
 transitory quality, it is put in the instrumental 
 after the indie, past or future, dLLiT. or 6yiiy, but 
 not after the present; e. g. 
 
 Mofl 6pan> dfcLiT) seM.ie^'B.iLueM'L, my brother icas a husband- 
 man. 
 OHT> CKopo dy^eit reHepa.ioM'L, he will soon be a general. 
 OHT) x6qeTT> dtiib .iK)diiMbiMi>, he wants to be loved. 
 
 116. The instrumental is also used after other 
 
 verbs to designate the name, surname or quality 
 
 given to an object; e. g. 
 
 ero soBvii, IlBaHOMt, he is called John. 
 
 xedH noinTaK)n> yMHhDn>, you are considered intelligent. 
 
 117. The indefinite one, you (Germ, man, Fr. 
 on) is expressed in Russian in the following waj^s : 
 
 1) hy using the third per s. plural active uithout 
 the pronoun, as: 
 4i.iaion> CTO.ib'i ii3T) Aepeea, one mal-es tables out of wood. 
 
74 
 
 RUSSIAN GRAMMAR. 
 
 2) hy using the second 2)ers. sing, active ivitliout 
 the loronoun, as: 
 KaKTj r.iH4iiiiib, laKT) ii biUhuil, as you look, so you see. 
 
 3j hy using the imperative second pers. sing, 
 with Hii, as: 
 
 eMy ^To HII roBopii, Bce nanpacHO, lohatever you say tohim, 
 it is all useless. 
 
 4) hy the siminle infinitive, especially in relatival 
 clauses, with or without ec.iii, as: 
 
 ec.iii nocMOTpiiL na KasKas'L et HiKOTopoMT> OTjajeHiii oxt 
 Hero, ivhen one looks at the Caucasus at a considerable 
 distance from it. 
 
 118. The following impersonal forms are in 
 common use: 
 
 a) MO/KHO, it is possible; one can. 
 
 MOHCHO 6b'uo, one could. 
 
 MOHCHO CyAeiT), one ivill be able to. 
 h) He MOJKHO or He.itsa, owe cannot. 
 
 He MOJKHO 6buo or ne^tsii 6buo, one could not. 
 
 He MOH^no SyAei'L or ne.iLSH 6yAeTT>, one ivill not be able, 
 c) Ha^o, Ha4o6no, HyjKHO, 46.1JKH0, npiixoAirrca, Ha4.iO/KnTT>, 
 c^BAyeTt, one must. 
 
 119. The verb to have is generally transhited 
 throughout in Russian by 6bitl and the pre- 
 position y followed by genitive; e. g. 
 
 y neH ecib Aenbrii, she has money. 
 
 y Moero oma dbLi-L KaMeHHbiil aomt>, my father had a stone 
 
 house. 
 y Bamero dpaia 6y4yTT> CKopo x.i6iT0Tbi, your brother ivill 
 
 soon have trouble. 
 
 120. In negative sentences ii-tTT), He ollio, uc 
 6yiteT'L are used, while the object is put in the 
 genitive, as : 
 
HINTS ON THE USE OF WORDS AND PHRASES. 
 
 75 
 
 y nea HtiT) Aeneri), she has no money. 
 y Moero oma He dtLio KaMeHnaro ^oMa, my father had not 
 a stone house. 
 
 121. When n^nero, HCKOMy &c. are used with 
 
 a preposition, they are split up into two words 
 
 and the preposition put between them; e. g. 
 
 xedB He Kt KOMy lenept X04riTi), you have no one noiv to go to. 
 BaMt He y Koro dy^eit saHaiB ^eHert, you ivill have no 
 one to borrow money from. 
 
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