PA 347 C6 1910 MAIN UC-NRLF B M DEfl flflT LIBRARY OF THE University of California. RECEIVED BY EXCHANGE Class ' \T ^ USE OF THE PERFECT TENSE IN THE ATTIC ORATORS BY FRANK LEVIS CLOUD, A. M. THESIS PRESENTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE DEPARTMENT OF PHILOSOPHY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA, IN PARTL\L FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY. PRESS or THE HERALD PUBLISHINQ CO. NORRI8TOWN. PA. ItlO USE OF THE PERFECT TENSE IN THE ATTIC ORATORS BY FRANK LEVIS CLOUD, A. M. THESIS PRESENTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE DEPARTMENT OF PHILOSOPHY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA, IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY. * • • .' PRESS OP THE HERALD PUBLISHING CO. NORRISTOWN, PA. 1910 Tlie aim of this writing is to set forth the statistics, the number and proportionate distribution of the occurrences of the perfect tense in the Attic Orators. Much has been said for and against the use and abuse of the statistical method of discussing syntactical questions. Mere enumeration is. of course, not everything; not every- thing is worth counting, nor is the work really finished when the count has been made. Unless there is some principle of usage involved which the count may demonstrate or at least illustrate, some tendency of the language which has been gathered or divined in a more or less general or per- haps vague way in advance, the counting is mere numerical waste of time, being totally without objective aim, and unless the count be followed up by careful discussion or explanation, no proper end has been attained. Yet, all will admit, I feel sure, that if the first of these requisites be fulfilled, even though for the time the last be omitted, at least this much has been obtained ; a basis of precise fact has been presented and recorded upon which it will be possible in confidence to build up a scientific conclusion. It was with this idea in mind that the investigation which has resulted in this paper was undertaken. In the course of his reading, the writer was impressed by what seemed the frequency of the perfect tense in the orations, both those that are acknowledged as genuine and those that are regarded as spurious, of Demosthenes. Curiosity was aroused. Was the impression misleading or would a careful examination into the facts confirm it? Was there anything unique in this respect in Demosthenes, or was his practice in this point of a piece with that of the other orators, so largely his contemporaries ? There was this further consideration that came to add piquancy to the question. What we desire finally in our study of the Greeks, is to get at, or as near as may be to approach the Greek mind in its simplicity and puri- 228151 tv. to strip off as far as may be done the ouler clothing of ar- tificiality and convention and to lay it bare in its natural, un- adorned and uncovered working. If we could discover the people in their manners as they talked in their unhampered intercourse in the shop, in the street, in the social g-atherings, then we should have a reliable index of the untutored Greek mind and thought. Unfortunately, this in its completeness is denied us. We have only the literary, which is as much as to say the conventional language, to go upon ; and it must always be a matter more or less of conjecture what elements in this represent the basis of expression and thought on which the literary structure has been raised. The recent and important discovery of papyri with their colloquial Greek has shown in a striking manner how much the popular lan- guage may have varied from the received literary tongue ; or tihe flood of light that has been thereby thrown on the lan- guage of the New Testament and its relation linguistically to the spoken rather than to the written Greek of that day, is a valuable indication of the light we might get from similar courses were they available for the earlier periods. Unfor- tunately, no such are at our service. Under such conditions, the best we can do is to have recourse to those works of the literary inheritance which from their subject matter, occa- sion, method of composition and publication may be pre- sumed most likely to partake of popular features. To this sphere belong unquestionably along with Greek comedy, what of it remains to us, the. works of the Attic Orators. However finished they may be in form, yet they were ad- dressed to a popular audience ; whether written for delivery in the popular assembly or before a jury drawn from the peo- ple in the law courts, the subjects were in all cases drawn from matters of interest to the public at large and the style of presentation, and in particular the language had of necessity to be adapted to the comprehension of the audience addressed. They had to be understood by the people or the speeches would have been condemned in advance and would have fail- ed, while literary forms and rhetorical convention are not and cduld not therefore be banished, yet they had to be adapted 5 to the minds and modes of thought of the people. It is fair, consequently, to believe that in the phenomena syntacti- cal and other, we find in the orators, we have direct indica- tions, if no more than indications, of popular usage. It had been hoped and proposed to do something to- wards fulfilling the second of the two requirements referred to. But, unfortunately, lack of time and pressure of other work that could not be neglected, precluded this. It was therefore deemed advisable to publish these statistics, in the hope that they might be found useful as the statement of facts, as accurate as repeated and careful recounting could mako them, and might be available for somebody else should circumstances prove propitious, to build upon in further discussions. The perfect tense differs in certam important respects from the other tenses that have to do with the past. The imperfect deals with the past as such but in doing so reviews the past as it was by presenting it pictorially or visually, as it has been said, to the mind ; in it the action passes in review before the mental eye of the reader who becomes in a sense a spectator of the pro- cess and manner of the occurrence. The process may be- gin at any point and may stop at any point short of actual completion. Tlie aorist merely notes the past occur- rences as a fact. Process has nothing to do here ; the imag- ination is not called into play. The act is a mere abstrac- tion, as it were, in a list ; it has all the definiteness of a tabu- lar statement. The perfect, on the other hand, while it ex- presses a past occurrence, at tlie same time relates that oc- currence to the present. The character of this relation may vary within wide limits. The precise form it takes may dif- fer in different languages, though the fundamental fact of the relation remains the same. It may simply, as is mostly the case in English, place the action in a period of time which has not yet entirely elapsed ; in other words it may, when an attempt is made to localize the action in time, do so by specify- ing a period that includes the present moment, however much of the past time already elapsed may be included. In 6 this case, the period is virtually treated as present. Or it may indicate with or without specification of time, that the action reaches over and includes, if only by virtue of a result- ant condition or effect, the present moment. This is most- ly the case in Greek. Hence we get the perfect expressing a resultant or even an abiding condition : e. g. yiypar.rai so common in the New Testament, in the sense "it stands writ- ten," carrying with it the action of permanence and perpetui- ty and consequent authority. A particularly striking in- stance of this is found in the perfect imperative passive : elprjirdiu "let stand as said once for all," "enough," "don't ask about the matter again" and in the words of Pilate yixpafpad yifpafa "the inscription is unalterable." Particularly notice- able, as different from English usage, are the instances in Greek when the act is dated by means of a definitely past particle, while the tense conveys the notion tihat the dating temporal expression hints at the action only in the direction of the past, but has no such influence on the verbal force as relating to the present. The perfects like <'T5a, K^Krr//ia(, etc., which have become in meaning real presents are emphatic proofs of this connec- tion of this tense with the present time. In the collating of the perfect forms the Teubner text has been used. One page contains thirty-two linei. ^\11 orations considered as spurious are bracketed thus (). All verb forms where emendations have been made changing the form from some other tense to a perfect are marked thus*. Many thanks are here expressed to the numerous friends who have aided in this work by their encouragement ; and special thanks are due the late Dr. William A. Lamber- ton. Professor of Greek, University of Pennsylvania, for his many helpful suggestions and criticisms ; and Dr. William N. Bates, Professor of Greek, University of Pennsylvania, fc.r reading the proof. The Author. 7 PERIPPIRASTICS. The Greek language has ample facilities for periphrases and periphrastic forms. With its many participles and nu- merous auxiliaries, it is a wonder that we do not find more variations than actually do occur. The perfect participle partaking of the force of the per- fect tense naturally lends itself more easily than others to the periphrastic use. As the tense so often points to the resultant state, the participle inclines to the denotation and not merely the connotation, of tliat state. This being the case it is not surprising that whether in the active or the passive voice it should so often become little more than an adjective. And, as a matter of fact, it is just through its parallelism with the adjective, as Alexander has sihown, that this periphrastic usage creeps in. Other participles are slower in taking this step ; slowest of all is the aorist, in which the verbal force longest and most eflfectively resists this use as a mere adjec- tive. PERFECT INDICATIVE. The perfect middle and passive of verbs whose stems end in a consonant, are formed by the third person plural of the present tense of the verb "to be" and the perfect participle of the verb being conjugated. There is no difference in the meaning of this form and the regular perfect form. Lysias. 7-5-6, 12-22-3, 13-92-8, *i6-6-4, 16-19-6, 19-10-4, 20-15-2, 22-10-5, 22-20-5, 25-6-4, 25-11-7, 30-31-3. Isaeus. 3-12-2, 3-12-3, 3-60-1, 3-66-8, 3-79-3, 5-5-3. 6-57-2. Hyperides. 6-43-3. Dinarchus. 1-89-7,1-96-2,2-12-11. Aeschines. 1-34-8, 3-38-9. 3-136-5- Isocrates. 5-49-1,6-65-6,8-112-1, 12-209-3, 12-263-10, i6-i-6. Demosthenes. 1-22-4, 2-11-5, 3-29-8, 19-261-7, 20-117-2, 21-169-7, 22-39-2, 23-200-12, 23-209-9, 24-210-2, 35-26-9, 35-45-9» 43-68-6, 44-31-5. 53-3-4. 55-8-4- 57-58-6, 57-66-2, 58-34-11, 58-48-5, 59-88-9. 59-89-4. 8 PERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE. The subjunctive being the mode of anticipation is found a number of times in its perfect form in the orators. All the forms here noted are periphrastic, no form analogous to the present has been noted. Lysias. 4-10-6. Isaeus. *ii-i2-9. Lycurgus. *i-i07-3, i-i 16-10. Aesdhines. 3-58-4, 3-64-7. ' Isocrates. 5-1 1-3, 5-18-2. Demosthenes. 1-8-10, 4-51-2, 8-64-8, 10-66-5, ^3-^5-3' 14-19-3, 15-8-8, 18-178-10, 18-178-14, 18-228-1, 19-2-2, 19-16-5, 19-185-5, 19-186-1, 19-224-3, 21-9-6, 21-9-6, 23-94-6, 23-121-10, 23-122-3, 23-143-5, 25-71-6, 25-99-8, 31-14-1, 35-54-7. 39-18-5, 41-11-13. 44-64-6, 58-21-7. PERFECT OPTATIVE. The optative like the subjunctive has been used frequent- ly and in all cases but one (Lysias 23-3-6) is periphrastic in form. Andocides. 1-39-7, 1-41-7, 1-63-2. Lysias. *i-i-3, 1-2-2, 1-18-4, 9-4-5, 9-1 1-6, 12-15-5, 12-82-7, 18-10-7, 18-10-8, 24-23-3, *29-i2-3, 31-4-3- Isaeus. 1-36-7, 6-41-7, 6-42-1, 7-27-2, 8-22-7, 8-23-8. Hyperides. 5-4-4. Lycurgus. 1-19-9. Aeschines. 2-42-6, 2-155-5. Isocrates. 12-74-2, 12-130-6, 14-6-3, 17-11-4, 17-1^-5, 21-3-7. Demosthenes. 6-28-3, 18-22-4, 19-71-2, 19-134-9, 19-169-4, 20-82-1, 22-28-3, 23-86-14, 23-86-16, 24-59-12, 24-107-3, 29-23-2, 30-10-9, 33-18-5. 34-1 1-6, 34-49-3- 35-31-5, 35-36-5. 35-36-7, 39-15-7, 42-6-6, 47-34-9, 47-35-2, 47-38-6, 47-57-4, 48-19-3, 48-44-3, 52-8-4, 52-8-5, 52-19-3, 52-19-4, 53-6-8, 53-7-to, 53-18-7, 57-44-2, 58-30-7, 59-69-9. 9 FUTURE PERFECT. As there is no form iov th«' future perfect active in almost all Greek verbs, it was necessary to resort to a periphrastic form to express the future perfect tense active, as well as the middle and passive. So we find the perfect ])articiple jcjined with the future tense of the verb "to be," used to express the future perfect tense. Antifjihon. 1-8-5, 5"^0"4- Andocides. 1-72-5, 1-129-4. Lysias. *5-4-4, * 12- 100-4, 1 3-97-4- '''22-19-8, 27-8-1, 30-23-9. Dinarchus. 2-21-7. Isocrates. 6-10-6, 11-27-6, 15-125-5, 15-297-5, 15-297-6. Demosthenes. 1-14-7, 3-6-6, 4-50-7, 4-50-8, 19-336-9, 20-17-6, 20-166-4, 21-50-6, 22-39-6, 35-56-6. 39-14-6. 39-15-.S, 45-88-8, 52-24-5. 52-33-3. 58-31-2, 59-86-13. PLUPERFECT TENSE. The third person plural of the pluperfect tense of verb.s ending in a consonant is formed from the perfect participle and the third person plural of the imperfect tense of the verb "to be." Antiphon. 6-34-6. Andocides. 1-45-12. Lysias. *i2-53-2, 14-10-5, 25-10-6. 27-12-5, 32-18-5. Isaeus. 2-28-4. Aeschines. 3-154-8, 3-154-9- Isocrates. 6-18-3, 7-26-2, 11-8-9, 12- 194-5, 12-233-9, 17-34-3., 17-34-4, 18-1-1. Demosthenes. 1-7-6, 4-42-7, 18-201-5, 21-80-9, 21-193-5, 46-15-5, 48-32-4, 57-^5-4. 59-48-1. lO ANTIPHON. i TITLE 3 1 O,^ E 5J o m (-0. iogitonem . . Olympiaca De Republica .... Totals . . 8^ 8 21 I7X 34 5 9 16 »7 4% 6 7 ^% I 6 loy^ 12 26 ^>i 12 19 4% 5 3 ^H .3 II sV^ I6 17 2% II 2 20% 25 42 19H II I6 lO/g 20 30 2^ .3 .S 4H 9 17 ^% 6 4 5H 9 21 1234 20 29 VA 12 8 sVi 9 13 aH 9 3 VA 3 s% 7 II 8>/, 12 43 5H i8 10 ?,% 3 3 ?,y% 4 II ^-H 5 5 m I? 14 r/% 5 7 VA lO 25 iji 2 8 2H I 6 228 341 468 4 31 I 5 18 7 It 1 3 6 I 4 5 I 3 I 4 I I 119' 42 34 9 21 51 20 75 36 54 9 26 10 34 55 22 27 17 3 19 62 29 12 20 12 35 14 40 II 8 436 2.78 4.22 363 6.40 4.00 4.12 2.11 5.60 8.87 9.40 372 182 5-33 3.60 5-47 4-44 5-91 4-3' 293 5.00 378 •92 332 7.29 539 3^3 5.92 436 4.51 I 96 5.60 586 336 952I417 12 ISAEUS. V 3 z TITLE 5! Perfect Participle Perfect Infinitive Perfect Subjunctive Terf^t Optative Perfect Imperative Pluperfect Tense y u Ha, 11 I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 lo II 12 De Cleonymi hered . . De Meneclis hered . . De Pyrrhi hered . . . De Nicostrati hered . . De Dicaeogenis hered . De Philoctemonis hered De .'\pollodori hered . De Cironis hered . . De Astyphili hered De Aristarchi hered . . De Hagnife hered . . Pro Euphileto .... Totals II 1034: I7M 7X 1014: 9% 7 14 2>y% 6 6 32 9 26 33 31 20 6 12 20 5 12 12 32 13 18 19 30 23 10 6 23 2 I 4 3 8 4 I 9 3 4 I 2 I 2 I 2 I I • • 20 19 68 25 52 58 63 54 19 22 45 9 454 I.81 1.76 3.26 3-51 4.11 3-93 5.90 432 2.00 314 3.21 2.66 131 206 200 40 6 I I 3-46 ISOCRATES. E s Z TITLE 1 CL, „ a. OuQ, 1=1 ■B u CUC/^ V Id it Is CLh* 1. J I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 II 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 [Ad Demon! Ad Nicoclem Nicocles Panegyricus Philippus . Archidamus Areopagitica De Pace Evagoras . Helena; Encc Busiris . Panathenaicu Contra Sophi Plalaicus De Permutat De Bigis . Trapeziticus Contra Callir ^ginetica . Contra Lochi Contra Euthy CUI )m s sta on na ter m ion s . e :huni n . 11m 12 I2X 15;^ 45 >^ 36^ 26/8 193^ 33 X 19 isy^ 67 sH 12 14X 15 I2«^ AVz 9 10 12 68 49 29 21 48 16 II 16 45 9 25 248 II 9 27 10 5 3 681 8 21 27 77 100 64 53 62 45 34 36 260 7 34 100 32 27 65 9 6 1 100 2 I 2 19 19 10 2 4 3 6 4 24 2 22 I 10 8 4 I 144 2 2 * ■ 2 I 2 I 6 2 ■ • 2 I I I 2 2 I 8 I I 3 5 19 32 41 166 170 105 77 114 64 51 57 334 16 62 373 44 50 lOI 47 14 11 1948 1.58 2.61 2.64 363 4.69 4.01 4.02 3-42 336 329 4-95 4.98 2.78 4.16 5.00 3.66 3-51 6.73 3.87 311 2.44 Totals 470>^ 414 13 LYCURGUS. z TITLE Qu V 1 V ^ a. 0,0- 1 Perfect Subjunctive Perfect Optative .>l J 1 3 0. Future Perfect Total Perfects a" a' I Contra Leocratem . . Totals 37% ' 6: 51 7 3 i^ 3 14 \ 2 ^ 2 1 ] 1 ■ ■ 1 ' ■ 156 4«3 37% ' 63 7 1 • • 156 4- 13 AESCHINES. I 2 3 In Timarchum .... De Falsa Legatione . . Contra Ctesiphontem . 52j< 7S'A 88 71 126 118 99 138 32 23 27 2 2 2 238 195 295 4-55 3.68 390 Totals .... 178 285 355 82 2 2 2 728 4.09 HYPERIDES. I 2 3 4 5 6 Contra Demosthenem . ( Fragmentary. ) Pro Lycophonem . . . (Fragmentary.) Pro Euxenippo .... Contra Philippum . . . Contra Athenogenem . Funebris Oratio . . . Totals . . rA 9% 9 32A 16 6 9 17 48 II 4 17 28 60 7 2 5 8 22 I I • • ' 35 25 34 12 32 53 »3i 3.12 383 3.22 5.88 4.01 DINARCHUS. I 2 3 In Demosthenem . . In Aristoijitonem. . , Contra Philoclera . . 32/8 7A 80 28 9 143 28 46 217 22 26 - • I I 245 57 59 36. 7-53 7.60 10.20 45 H 117 7.91 14 DEMOSTHENES. llOlynthiaca I . 2 Olynthiacall . 3 niynthiaca III 4 In Philippum I 5 De Pace . . . 6 In Philippum II 7J[Ue Haloneso] 8 [)e Chersoneso In Philippum III [In Philippum IlII] [Ad Philippi Epistolam] l2J[Epistola Philippi] 13 [Ue Republica Ord nanda] .... 14 De Classibus . . 15 De Rhodionum Liber tale 16 De Megalopolitis 17 [De Pnedere Alexan dreoj 18 De Corona 19 De Falsa Legatione 20 Adversus Leptinem 21 Adversus Midiam . 22 Adversus Androtionem 23 Adversus Aristocratem 24 Adversus Timocratem. 25 Adversus Aristogito- nem I . . ... 26 [Adversus Aristogito- nem II] 27 Ih Aphobum I . . . 28 In Aphobum II . . 29 In Aphobum III , . 30 In Onelorem I . . . 31 In Onetorem II . . . 32 Adversus Zenothemi- dem 33 [Adversus Apaturium] 34 [Adversus Pbormio- nemj . . . . 35 ^Adversus Lakritum] . 36 Pro Phormione 37 Adversus Pantaenetum 38 Adversus Nausima- chum 39 Adversus BcEotum . . 40 [Adversus Boeotum II] 7X 8 12X 6 7^ 9H 17 SKI 9ys\ I'A 7X 89 K 58/2 52 26 6^ 15^ VA VA 10 13 II hA 7X loA i5'4 10 12 3 17 22 5 24 25 12 16 2 5 9 10 4 15 10 3 20 18 15 16 14 12 38 28 16 29 8 II 12 8 4 6 3 I 17 7 6 5 «5 4 17 18 4 2 II 3 13 114 28 165 3 40 225 68 254 72 75 38 135 5^ 137 58 39 16 153 123 143 129 24 48 S3 54 9 II 42 20 46 21 10 16 21 15 24 39 37 21 12 16 28 44 39 50 23 29 49 47 6- 69 19 15 31 25 40 16 44 324 565 182 314 132 326 303 118 _86 5-5° 4-38 392 383 3-68 5.02 2.84 370 3-94 3-45 2-55 3-39 2.46 450 2.13 6.06 4.29 6.31 4.16 5-55 6.14 5-57 5.82 4-53 30 4-44 logj 5.89 391 6.35 78 4.95 463 7.42 5.86 4.58 56 4-30 i; 541469 • I 86 5.54 88 6.07 39 31 49 5-37 2.95 3-21 15 DEMOSTHENES (Continued.) i z TITLE Pages Perfect Indicative Perfect Participle 1-% Perfect Subjunctive Perfect Optative Perfect ' Imperative Pluperfect Indicative a. IS a ,0 V 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 5« 59 60 Contra Spudiara . . . [AdversusPhcenippuml [Adversus Macartatum] [Adversus Leocharem] In^Stephanum I . . . In Stephanum II] . In Euergem at Mnes- ibulum] [In Olympiodorum] • [Adversus Timotheum ] [Adversus Polyclem] • De Corona Trierarchiae [Contra Callipum] . . [AdversusNicostratum] Adversus Cononem . Contra Calliclem . . [Contra Dionysodorum] Contra Eubulidem . . Contra Theocrinem] . In Nejeram] . . . [Declaraatio Funebris] Totals 8 8K »7 23X I7>8 I8X 5>i 8^ 8 12/2 ^Vz »3 18^ 18 20 39 69 15 28 13 20 II 12 12 II 25 25 36 38 28 37 18 16 38 25 53 70 17 29 II 18 33 20 10 9 25 21 30 36 49 69 31 3 2 I II 18 I 8 6 3 I 8 2 3 12 2 7 9 13 14 II 1 I I I 4 2 4 3 I It I * I I I I I 2 I 23 59 46 104 158 34 69 33 4» 45 40 30 26 62 48 73 85 93 123 60 2.87 6.94 2.48 6.1 1 7-43 5-44 2.96 2.27 2.33 2.46 7.11 3-53 325 4.96 5-64 5.61 4-59 4.96 372 5-85 1043^ 2020 2220 632 29 37 3 9 17 4967 4-75 U C BERKELEY LIBRARIES Hfi^lbHDS