THE LIBRARY 
 
 OF 
 
 THE UNIVERSITY 
 OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 LOS ANGELES 
 
THE 
 
 SYNOPSIS 
 
 OF 
 
 NEW AND REVISED EDITION : 
 
 ACCOMPANIED BY EXTENDED " READING EXERCISES," AND BY THE 
 " CORRESPONDENT'S LIST " OF Wouo-SiGNS, CONTRAC- 
 TIONS, PHRASE-SlGNS, PREFIXES, AND AFFIXES. 
 
 ADAPTED TO THE USE OF 
 CLASSES AND PRIVATE STUDENTS. 
 
 BY 
 
 ANDREW J. GRAHAM, A. M., M. D.- 
 
 FOR MANY YEARS VERBATIM REPORTER OF LEGISLATIVE. LEGAL, POLITICAL, 
 TECHNICAL, SCIENTIFIC, AND RELIGIOUS MATTERS, AND CONDUCTOR OF 
 THE NEW- YORK STANDARD-PHONOGRAPHIC ACADEMY ; AUTHOR OF 
 STANDARD PHONOGRAPHY, EMBRACING MANY NEW AND VALUABLE IM- 
 PROVEMENTS ON THE OLD PHONOGRAPHY ; AUTHOR OF THE STANDARD- 
 PHONOGRAPHIC SERIES (OUTLINE, SYNOPSIS, LITTLE TEACHER, HAND- 
 BOOK, FIRST AND SECOND READERS WITH KEYS, DICTIONARY, REPORT- 
 ER'S LIST, ETC); EDITOR OF MANY VOLUMES OF PERIODICALS FROM 
 1853 TO 1891, ET SEQ - -( THE UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHER, THE COSMO- 
 TYPE. THE PHONOGRAPHIC INTELLIGENCER, THE VISITOR, THE STU- 
 DENT'S JOURNAL), DEVOTED PRINCIPALLY TO PHONETIC, PHONOGRAPHIC, 
 AND REPORTING MATTERS ; AND AUTHOR OF BRIEF LONGHAND, SYNOP- 
 SIS OF ENGLISH GRAMMAR, ETC. 
 
 NEW YORK: 
 ANDREW J. GHAHAM, 744 BROADWAY. 
 
ENTERED, ACCORDING TO ACT OF CONGRESS, IN THE TEAR 1860, BY 
 
 ANDREW J. GRAHAM, 
 
 IN THE CLERK'S OFFICE OF THE DISTRICT COURT OF THE UNITED STATES 
 FOR THE SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF NEW YORK. 
 
 NEW EDITION : 
 
 WITH EXTENDED ' ' READING- EXERCISES ' ' AND ' ' CORRESPONDENT* S LlST ' ' 
 OF WORD SIGNS AND CONTRACTIONS, AND PREFIXES AND AFFIXES. 
 
 ENTERED, ACCORDING TO ACT OF CONGRESS, IN THE YEAR 1879, BY 
 ANDREW J. GRAHAM, 
 
 IN THE OFFICE OF THE LIBRARIAN OF CONGRESS, AT WASHINGTON, D. C. 
 
 NEW AND REVISED EDITION : 
 ENTERED, ACCORDING TO ACT OF CONGRESS, IN THE YEAR 1891, BY 
 
 ANDREW J. GRAHAM, 
 
 IN TUB OFFICE OF THE LIBRARIAN OF CONGRESS, AT WASHINGTON, D. <"!. 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 Tliis New and Revised edition of this Manual or Class-Book con- 
 sists of 
 
 1. "TuE SYNOPSIS" -presenting briefly, and progressively, and un- 
 mistakably, nil the principles of the Elementary, or Corresponding, 
 Style of Standard Phonography, the Best and General system of Short- 
 hand writing. This part corresponds nearly to the coarse-print portion 
 of the Corresponding-Style part of the Author's " Hand-Book of Stand- 
 ard Phonography," a complete text-book of the entire System. 
 
 2. "TiiE CORRESPONDENT'S LISI" comprising an alphabetical list of 
 Word-Signs, Contractions, Phrase-Signs, Prefixes, and Affixes of the 
 
 2 Corresponding Style. 
 
 ^ o. "READING EXEUCI-MS " - illustrating and applying the principles 
 
 > of each section of the Synopsis ; concluded with several pages of con- 
 
 |3 nected reading matter, with an interlinear translation which is a 
 
 gj* great advantage to the student. 
 
 3 To adapt this work to the most extended use as a class-book, the 
 pronouncing-style print of the text of preceding editions has been re- 
 ^ placed by the common orthography. 
 
 ?*" To insure the utmost accuracy and clearness of illustration, the ex- 
 It* i ercises and lists in this work have been produced by the Author's Ster- 
 ^ i eography, which seems better adapted than any other process for the 
 
 ' ; production of phonographic pages. 
 
 It is the wish of the Author that this volume may contribute much 
 to the diffusion of a beautiful and liloily useful Art, to the improve- 
 |jj j merit and popularization of which he has devoted many and the best 
 P i years of his life. 
 
 METHODS OF STUDY. 
 
 Thf-re are two methods of study which may bp pursued by the phonographic 
 student : One, to obtain a knowledge of the more general features of the Art, as 
 by the study of this work or the Little Teacher (which is iu pocket form, and 
 goes over the same ground as this hut tnotv briefly); and the other, to obtain a 
 most thorough knowledge by studying full and logically-arranged statements of 
 the greater and minor features of the Art, and by rendering these statements 
 familiar by much practice of ample illustrative reading and writing exercises, as 
 by the use of the Author's ' Haud-Book of Standard Phonography," 
 
 Those desirous of becoming excellent phonographers may c.r.rnbine both 
 mpt'inrla. sMHyin~ ('"> TTirH-^-ii 1 ; t >>/-.rrm-.' l :'y. niny the Srnopsis as a moan 
 
vi PREFACE. 
 
 of review, aud carrying the Little Teacher as a pocket companion, to serve ;u 
 odd moments as a convenient reminder of the contents of the larger books. 
 
 (i'he Correspondent's List of the Little Teacher is the same as in this work, but 
 the text is but eight primer pages ; and the exercises are briefer than those here 
 given, yet exemplifying each principle.) 
 
 When the Haud-Book has been familiarized up to its Reportiug-Style chapter, 
 the student should read anil copy the First Reader, which is an extended ex- 
 ercise in the Corresponding Style so culled because suited for correspondence 
 and other common uses of tho Art, where legibility is of more importance Hum 
 speed. The matter of the Key to the First Reader should bo written in Phonog- 
 raphy, and errors corrected by comparison with the engraved pages. 
 
 The Second Reader is intended to be studied in connection with the Report in ;,- 
 Style Chapter of the Haud-Book. 
 
 The Dictionary gives, by its unmistakable name-system, the best modes of 
 writing words aud phrases for the Corresponding and Reporting Styles, and i.s 
 invaluable to writers of either siyln. 
 
 SUGGESTED PROGRAMME OF LESSONS. 
 
 A Course of Eijht Leason*. Lesson 1., 1 11 ; 2., 12-17 ; 3., 18- 
 45; 4., 46 65; 5., 66 to p. 29; lessons 6, 7, 8 on the Interlinear 
 matter and on the Lists 
 
 A Course of Tudn Ltssons.l., 1-11 ; 2., 12-17; 3., 18-25 ; 4., 
 26-34; 5., 35-45; 6., 46-54; 7., 55-65; 8., 66 to p. 29; 
 lessons 9, 10, 11, 12, on portions of the Interlinear Reading matter and 
 of the Lists, the student being required to read the shorthand, cover- 
 ing the Key, to write phonographically any of the words, and to de- 
 scribe and make the sign for any contracted word, prefix or aiiix. 
 
 KEY TO PRONUNCIATION. 
 
 As pronunciation will need to be indicated occasionally in the subse- 
 quent pages, the following Key should be observed by the student : 
 
 a, e, etc., long ; a, e, etc., short ; u as in. full, and as oin to; u as in 
 iip ; 33 as ai in air ; o as a in all ; 6 as o in for, lory ; a as a in ah ; a as a 
 in art ; a as a in ask ; ta as oo in too ; dh for the spoken th, as in then ; 
 and th for the whispered th, as in thin ; zh for the spoken sound corres- 
 ponding to the whispered sh. (). Accent; thus, ak'sent. (.) Syllable- 
 mark ; thus, in.kw'r 
 
 For ordinary purposes I do not distinguish between o and 6 ; a, a, and 
 a ; e and e ; simply because the different situations of ther-e sounds are 
 sufficient distinction f >r <n noses. In the Standard-Phono- 
 
 graphic Dictionary these distinctions are always carefully indicated. 
 
CHAPTER I. 
 
 SIMPLE CONSONANTS. 
 
 1. Simple Consonant- Signs and Their Names. 
 
 NOTE. The Power, or Sound, of each letter can readily be derived from its Aame, 
 as iu the case of the common letters which are properly named. 
 
 1. LEFT-INCLINED STROKES AND THEIR NAMES. 
 
 \ \ . ^ ">, "> 
 
 I'uvj lieu Kf Vee Ar V.'ay 
 
 2. PERPENDICULAR STROKES. 
 
 I I C. X ) ) 
 
 Tee Deo Ith Dhee a Es Zee 
 
 3. RIGHT-INCLINED STROKES. 
 
 / / ,' J r r .<- / 
 
 Cliay Jay Ish Ziiay Lay Tay Kay Hy 
 
 4. HORIZONTAL STROKES. 
 
 K;iy Gay IC'.u Hu Ing 
 
 5. BRIEF SIGNS, OR BREVES. 
 
 O C 3 U A 
 
 Iss vr<5h Wuh Teh Tuh Hay-dot, or H6h 
 
 o Same sound as the word the, ortkee ; that ie, dh represents the spoken sound 
 of th in the. 
 
 1 
 
8 THE SYNOPSIS. 
 
 Manner of Writing the Consonants. 
 
 2. Left-Inclined and Perpendicular letters are always written down- 
 ward. 
 
 3. Horizontal letters are written from loft to right. 
 4. Of Rlijlt-Iii'-r.H'd left-el's, s-'iinc an- v/rittsn downward and some 
 upward. 
 
 1. / Chivy, / Jay. ( Yay, J Zhay are always written 
 
 downward. 
 
 2. (a). When standing alone, ^ sh is always written downward. 
 (b). When joined with other utroJ.-.-ti-ji.-s, it may be written upward 
 
 or downward, as may be most convenient ; thus : 
 
 J -A N U J 
 
 . 
 
 sh-k s!i-rt d-sh sli-1 
 
 (c 1 . When written down\/ard, it is cr.llod Ish ; when written up- 
 ward, M. 
 
 3. ia}. When standing alone, C /, is always written c;- 
 
 (ii. When joined witli.other J/-oAt-signs, it may be written up- 
 ward or downward, according to convenience ; thus : 
 
 a r a^ ' 
 
 Lay-Es Lay-Em El -Km Lay-Shay S'.iay-Lay Ei-Iu 
 
 (c). When written upward, it is called Lny ; and El when writ- 
 ten downward. 
 
 4. (a). The sliv.ight sign for r is invariahly written upward -and 
 when standing alone, at an inclination of about thirty 
 degrees. 
 
 (b). It is thus distinguished frcm Chay. which standing alone is 
 written at an inclination of ah.nit sixty degrees; that is, 
 less slanting than Hay ; thus : < "n -.v, ,/ Ray. 
 
 (ci. When Chay and Bay arc joined to other rf rote-signs, they 
 are distinguished by their direction ; Chay being always writ- 
 ten downward, while Kay is invariably written upward : 
 thus : 
 
 Kay-Chay Kay-Ray Lay-Chay Lay-Ray Tep-Cliay Tee-Eay 
 5. Hay is invariably written upward. 
 
SIMPUi COKSOXAXTS. 8 
 
 Manner of Joining the Consonant-Strokes. 
 
 5. The manner of joining the simple consonant-strokes is shown by 
 the following examples : 
 
 Names: Pee-Kay Tee-Chay Ray-Kay Eay-Chay Gay-Gay Tee-En Bee-En 
 
 Pee-Eu Vee-Eu Iili-En Lay Ar Lay-Es Laj-isii Eu-ii;i 
 
 I i V \L 
 
 - 
 
 .. 
 
 Ein-lug Uee-l'ee Xeu-JDen Pi.-e-.tJt*! Bee-Pee Dee-Vee Vee-Gay Bee-Ing 
 
 NOTE. Carefully read and copy IT V. a. b, c, d, on p. 6 of the Beading Exercises. 
 p;tr. a being combinations of straight lines, par. 6 being combinations of straight 
 lines and curves, and par. c showing combinations of curves. Par. d helps the 
 reading of the consonant combinations by inserting longhand vowel-signs. 
 The shorthand vowel-signs have not yet been explained. 
 
 Of the Brief Cons; nant-Siijns and the Mode of Joining. 
 6. The circle is joined 
 
 1. To the Straight Linfs by a motion contrary to that of the hands 
 ot a clock ; thus : 
 
 spa Rls schs sks srs bs 
 
 Named : Spees Stees Iss-Chays Iss-Kays Iss-Ray-Iss Haya 
 
 2. To the Hook of //"-by making the hook into a circle ;. thus : 
 
 S-ll 
 
 Xainfd : Iss-Hay 
 8. To Curves -by following the direction of the curve ; thus > 
 
 P /-0 0-. 
 
 <r^> 
 
 si bis srs snis 
 
 Named : Iss-Efs Slaj's Sars Sems 
 
 4. Between Two Strokes by turning the circle in the most conven- 
 ient manner ; thus : 
 
30 THE SYNOPSIS. 
 
 ^ V ^^~ "V 
 
 y Tees-Chav Tee5-Ri Te,-*-I!a> K:.:-Ky Ern.-V 
 
 Eii^-Kn En-Sera bee 
 
 7. (a). The circle may be enlarged to add * or z ; thus : 
 
 _A _0 ' P P , 
 
 K-s F-s F-ss s- L" 
 
 (6). Made into a small loop to add / or d; thus : 
 
 f* 'C* s s f f 
 
 L-8 I,-St H-Z li-ZU 8-X Bt-T 
 
 (e). Made into a large loop to add tr ; thus : 
 
 Ps I' sir L -s L-.s(r 
 
 (i/). The small circle may l>e added to a loop or to a large circle ; 
 thus : 
 
 Pet-s Pstr-s 
 
 8. (a). The large circle is called Ses or Sez. 
 
 (6). The small loop is called St> ! -h, or its sound is joined to the 
 name of the BIT- kc \\ith \vhk ii the l:;op is joined; thus: 
 \ Steh-Bee ; f Steh-Tee : \j P,ee-Steh, or IVest ; *^\ 
 Steh Ar, or Star. 
 
 (e). The large loop is called Ster always without the accent 
 when joined to a stroke : thus : 
 
 \^ Bce-stcr ; [j Dee-ster. 
 
 (d). The Ster l.-op is joined only at the end of a stroke. 
 There is another sign (to be hereafter explained) for utr at 
 the beginning of words, as in /;<?;?. 
 
 \ 
 
f 
 
 VOCALIZATION AND ASPIRATION. 11 
 
 9. (a). The brief sign for w that is, c Weh or 3 Wuh is called 
 
 Brief Way. 
 (5). The brief sign for y--that is, o Ych or ~ Yuh is called 
 
 Brief Yay. 
 
 10. Brief Way is joined at the beginning of strokes 
 1. As a Hook to Lay, El, Bay, Ern, or En ; thus : 
 
 /*"* / / 
 
 C wl <x wr <^~^ wm c : wn & gwr 
 
 Named: VTel WIT Worn Wen. Iss-Wer 
 
 2. .U an Angle to all other letters ; thus : 
 
 1 -1 
 
 Weli-Toe Weh-lV'! V*eli-Jay Wnh-Kay Web-Veo En-Weli Dea 
 
 11. Brief Yay is always joined at an angle; thus : 
 
 i ~_ y ^ /~ ^ ^ 
 
 Yeh-l'ee YuU-Kay Yuh-Kay YeU-Jiii YuU-Lay Yeli-Ar Yuli-tiu 
 
 CHAPTEIl II. 
 
 VOCALIZATION AND ASPIRA'nON. 
 
 12. Vocalization. (H). In Phonography, to vontliie means to write, 
 according to rule, the vowels of a word. (/>). In Phonography the vow- 
 els are written beside the consonants. 
 
 SIMPLE VOWELS. 
 
 18. By using a dot and a dash, and making them heuvy and light, to 
 correspond to iony and short vowels, and by writing them in three differ- 
 ent places ,be,side the consonant-strokes, twelve different signs are ob- 
 tained, which, for ordinary purposes, are sufficient for the representation 
 of the simple vowels ; (//). two related sounds, in some instances, being 
 grouped under one sign. 
 
 Dot Voice! a. 
 
 14. 5 (asineei) is represented by a heavy dot opposite the beginning of 
 the consonant ; T (as i in it), by a light dot in the same place ; a (as ui 
 in ail) or ae (as ai in air), by a heavy dot opposite the middle ; C (as e in ell) 
 or e (as e in her) by a light dot in the same place ; :i (as a in ah) or u (as 
 
- - - - , 
 
 2 THE SYNOPSIS. 
 
 a in art), by a heavy dot opposite the end ; a (as a in at) or a (as a in asA), 
 by a light dot in the same place. 
 
 X>asA Voicdx. 
 
 15. o=au (as in 0M) or 6 (as o in /.') is represented by a heavy 
 dash opposite the beginning of the consonant ; 6 (us u in o/<) by a light 
 dash in the same place ; o (as u in old or o (as c- iu none), by a heavy 
 d.ish opposite the middle; u (as u in t/^!, by a light dash in the same 
 place ; -ui=66 (a* oo in <v Zj, by a heavy dash opposite the end ; u=f>o 
 i as in full or oo in co"/r), by a light dash in the same place. 
 
 16. This plan of representing the vowels is illustrated in the follow- 
 ing Scheme, in which the vowels are placed by an upright stroke, or 
 letter Tee, to show their respective places ; namely, opposite the begin- 
 ning, middle, or end of a consonant. 
 
 LONG : 
 
 17. Voirel- Scheme. 
 
 eel 
 
 SHOR-I: 
 
 a, te 
 ail, a : .r 
 
 k, e 
 ell, hr 
 
 a, a 
 ah, art 
 
 a, u 
 at, ask 
 
 o, 6 
 
 all, or 
 
 6. o 
 old, Done 
 
 u=u 
 
 up 
 
 en =06 
 
 loci 
 
 u=6o 
 
 full 
 
 FI11ST GROUP DOT-VOWELS. 
 
 Long Xear eight palms 
 
 .Short Which taitl lad 
 
 Beginning Middle End 
 
 SECOND GROUP DASH-VOWELS. 
 
 Sa;y so blooming 
 
 Hobl/s 
 llegiuning 
 
 hut 
 
 Middle 
 
 etood 
 
 End 
 
 In those lines, palms should be pronounced us if written pahmt. 
 
 DIPHTHONGS. 
 
 18. A Diphthong is a co-alition, or union, of two simple vowel- 
 sounds, pronounced in one syllable ; as in <.;'/ out. />?Y=p ur. 
 
 19. The diphthongs may be divided, with reference to the intimacy 
 of the connection of their elements, into Cloe and Open Diphthongs. 
 
 REM. 1. See examples of the u*eof these vowel-sigus in paragraphs 11,12, and 13 
 of the Reading Exercises, Part II of this work, which paragraphs should now be 
 read and copied several times. 
 
 UEM. 2. 1'he vowels mav be memorized by aid of the following lines : 
 
VOCALIZATION AND ASPIRATION. 13 
 
 Close- Diphthong Siyns. 
 
 20. The four close diphthongs are represented by small angular 
 marks, whose direction and place are indicated by the following illus- 
 trations : 
 
 I oi ou Q 
 
 isle oil out due 
 
 EXAMPLES : 
 
 eyed die uigh toy oil annoy dew cue mew 
 Carefully read and copy paragraph 14, a, b, c, d, in the Reading 
 Exercises. 
 
 Opm- Diphthong Signs. 
 
 21. The open diphthongs are represented by angular marks, whose 
 form, place, and direction are shown by the following illustration : 
 
 a; oi (i ai oi 6e Oi tui=6oi 
 
 EXAMPLES : 
 
 aye-ai ayes HaugUey deity doughy snowy Owen Alloa Louis 
 
 Biiff \\'uy and Yaij Written in the Vowel- Places. 
 22. Brief Way or Yay, instead of being jointd, is sometimes written 
 befide a consonant stroke, so as to indicate (or suggest) the following 
 vowel ; indicating tbat it is a do -vowel if Weh or Yek is used -a dask- 
 vowel if H"/* or I'uh is used; -and indicating that the vowel is LONG or 
 SHORT, according as the sign is HEAVY or LIGHT ; thus : 
 
 c ' a W1 U1 c! : cl ' ul u] ' ' I ! 
 
 I I i i I cicioiul 
 
 \\-.' \vi yO yi wa we ya ye \va wa ya ya 
 
 \v.) w6 ya y6 wo wu yo yu win wu ytn yu 
 LS.VJIPLKS : 
 
 s\vr>"t switch swayed sweat walk watch wooed wood year 
 Y<tle yell yam yawn yon yore young youth unite. 
 
14 THE SYNOPSIS. 
 
 23. Of the diphthongs, wT, woi, wou are sometimes most conven- 
 iently written by small right angles ; while yi, yoi, yow are represented, 
 by brief Yay joined with the diphthong ; thus : 
 
 wl woi wou yi yoi ; o vr 
 
 EXAMPLES : 
 
 V- V / /^ 
 
 b X JL^s L '^> 
 
 twice buoy yi-iiii Uoneoye miaou 
 
 Order of UVi/t'/jy and Uetdiny Voicds. 
 
 24. (). When a vowel is placed ABOVE a horizontal consonant, or to 
 the left of any other, it is read BEFORE the consonant ; thus : 
 
 eke egg aim axvu neck 
 
 aid oath oil ire liar pull lovt> 
 
 (6). When a vowel is placed BELOW ;i Ito-iwntnl consonant or tu 
 the right of any other, it is read AFfEE the consonant ; thus : 
 
 key gay May gnaw makf knife king quick 
 
 ! ^ C ) v K -S -. A ' _ 
 
 da}' thaw lit- si-n tunic r ^ iu>' nn;.: l'Ai.4 
 
 Vowels Bctii-ten Strol.es. 
 
 25. (a). .d/Z First-place and //on// Second-place vowels are written 
 4/i!- the ^rat stroke; ALL OTHER vowels are written BEFOHE the 
 stroke (as in examples in the preceding section, except when greater 
 clearness would result from non-observance of the rule i ; thus : 
 
 / 
 
 beam dim king time boil dodge tv.iy <;ick page 
 
 X ^^ "( ; . [ -_ I. t _U 
 
 c 
 
 both maim quake quolli df-ck |OTI;.IIP dv;ell keg 
 
VOCALIZATION AND ASPIRATION. 15 
 
 pack book tomb cowl lu'oi- thwack quack slack 
 
 x- ^~ >. 
 
 - S~~-*- iublu.iu oi' ----- ' ^ calmly 
 
 instead of ' arsenic 
 
 ('<). When two vowels occur between two strokes, one vowel 
 is written to each, if that can be conveniently done ; otherwise 
 both are written by one, placing nearest the sign the nearest 
 vowel ; thus : 
 
 v^ x. ^ ( , 
 
 poem poet vowel fuel dual duel lower cower 
 
 I . "~.\ ) 
 
 A \ A ' 
 
 tov.vr fpwer nower showor piano royal 
 
 Mult 1 of Writing Separate Vntcels. Nominal Consonant. 
 
 26. A consonant-sign which is not to be pronounced, but which is 
 merely to show the place of a vowel, should be canceled - 
 
 (). Either by striking an oblique line through it at any conven- 
 ient point ; thus : 
 
 ! * .1 
 
 > 6 .! a \. e.di 
 
 (/-). Or by writing the vowel-sign, if a dash, through it at a 
 right angle ; thus : 
 
 o au lo To -f ft 1 ra=uo 
 
 REM. 1. As the consonant when canceled has no value as the sign of a consonant 
 that is, has the form, but not the power of a consonant it is called a Nom- 
 inal Consonant. 
 
 REM. 2. In writing ah ! eh ! ugh ! tln> Hay strokfi (without cancellation) serves 
 to show the vowel's place ; thus : 
 
 ill ! C'h ! uyh ! 
 
 1'vsdiun of H oids. 
 
 27. Words composed entirely of horizontal consonants should be written 
 ABOVE the line, when the only, or accented, vowel is first-place ; when 
 
THE SYNOPSIS. 
 
 otherwise, they should be written ON the line. Hence key, annoy, quick, 
 walk, yawn, wine, are written ABOVE the line ; thus : 
 
 key annoy quick walk yawn wine 
 
 while go, oak, woke, sum, neck, quake, cook should be written ON the line ; 
 
 thus : 
 
 i 
 
 to o;ik sum iieek quake cool: 
 
 28. Words having a full-length ftrolce not horizon'al, should have the 
 FIRST such stroke resting on the line of writing, which is what is called the 
 second position ; thus : 
 
 peak peep pity keep catch rock like alike lime 
 
 rare rely 
 
 EEM. Above the line of writing is called the FIKST position ; on the line, the SEC- 
 OND position ; through, or below tbe Hue, the THIRD position. Ke;i is written in 
 the FIBST position ; peak, peep, pity, ke^p catch (in the examples just given) are 
 said to be in the SECOND position, because the first stroke not horizontal rests on 
 llio line. The third position when required by the student will be nrore fully 
 denned and exemplified. 
 
 Vocalization of Consonant- Strokes with Brief Signs Joined at the Beginning 
 or the End. 
 
 29. (a). In reading a consonant-stroke with a brief sign joined at 
 the beginning, read the brief sign first, and next, the con- 
 sonant-stroke with the vowel or vowels beside it, precisely 
 as though no brief sign were prefixed ; thus ; 
 
 1 ' -i ! -f -i - : -i / -r -f ; 
 
 it s-it w-it ate 8-ate w-ait st-ate Y-ates age s-a^-e st-age w-ago 
 
 ache s-ake st-ake w-ake oak w-oke y-oke ale s-ale st-ale 
 
 C ri &: (/ P/ 
 
 w-ail Y-alo s-orry w-ore sw-ore 
 
'" 
 
 VOCALIZATION AND ASPIRATION. 17 
 
 (!>). A brief sign joined at the end of a consonant-stroke is read 
 last ; thus : 
 
 x . x- v v s* S 3 - 9 ' 
 
 l>.i pa-ss pa-sses pa-st pa-stor pa-stors ray ra-ces 
 
 / % A Z * A A 
 
 raised r nv ro-se roses rna-st roasters 
 
 localization c.f the Large Circle. 
 
 i 30. The large circle (named Ses) is used to represent a syllable con- 
 taining the vowel e (as in m t.) It may be vocalized for other vowels 
 by writing their signs within the circle ; thus : 
 
 * - 
 
 / 
 
 choo-scs lea-ses ra ccs po-sses sys-tcm cx-ist cx-baust seao cm 
 
 dissuasive Sussui Siiiau taiicei- scissors Sizer Cicero 
 
 Atpiratvm. 
 
 31. Aspiration, in Phonography, is the expression of A. 
 
 32. There are five modes of aspiration : 
 
 (a). By a light h- dot beside the vowel ; (ty. By a small h- tick 
 prefixed to the consonant ; (<). By a small h- dot beside the 
 brief sign for w; (J). By making the Way- hook heavy ; (e). 
 By the Hay stroke ; as shown in the following illustrations : 
 
 a. -\ -| __i ..r ^ AX -/ \ *f~ A, -^ ^ 
 
 heap hatt! Lavk h \:l bair Lem liop hall hum hire hush 
 
 whey awhile 
 
 whim wheat 
 
 .c\ >c ( '* - -u| 
 
 c. \ V_ ____ _ is 
 
 whip whiff whig whack white 
 
 d . ..<r=-r "r ^= x 
 
 wheel whale whir 
 
18 THE SYNOPSIS. 
 
 e. S* /- / A ' <T ^ ^ / ^ >" # X 
 
 hoe hay haste ahead- haughty holy hasten till I eh I uyh 1 Ohio Soho 
 
 HEM. 1. The Hay stroke, as in paragraph e, above, is convenient in such words as 
 hay, ah, eh, Ohio, ahe,id, haughty, holy, hasten, -where it serves as a sign by which 
 to write a vowel. In Soho, the s is prefixed by making the hook into a circle. 
 Iss-Hay has the circle on the right side of the stroke, and is thus distinguished 
 from Iss-Ray, o/ , which has the circle on the left of the stroke. 
 
 REM. 2. The H-tick is rarely used in aspiration of vowels or brief Way ; but is 
 very serviceable in the reporting-style as a word-sign for he. 
 
 REM. 3. The paragraph No. 30 in the Reading Exercises about "A white hut, half 
 hid by a huge hedge," is valuable as an aid in memorizing the different modes of 
 Aspiration. 
 
 Punctuation and Accent. 
 33. In Phonography there are used several peculiar signs : 
 
 Period X 
 
 Pleasantry i 
 
 Exclamation >- Hyphen ' ? 
 
 x 
 Grief Dash 
 
 r~, 
 Interrogation x 
 
 REM. 1. The favorite period-sign in the reporting style is a slanting stroke like 
 Chay-Chay. 
 
 34. Accent is denoted by a small cross near the vowel ; thus: 
 
 X-d > 
 
 jir-rows arose- 
 
 CHAPTER in. 
 
 GROUP-CONSONANT SIGNS. 
 
 35. Phonography obtains over most systems of shorthand a decided : 
 and very important advantage, in respect of brevity, facility, and 
 legibility, by providing signs for the expression of certain groups of 
 consonants, such as 'pi, pr, pf, pin, prf,' etc. There are five modes of 
 modifying the primary, to form group-con sonant signs : 1. By an 
 initial hook ; 2. By a final hook ; 3. By -widening ; 4. By lengthen- 
 ing ; 5. By shortening (or halving). 
 
 REM. As a chart or programme of these modifications (which are now to be 
 particularly explained), consider the following cut : 
 
GiiOUP-CONSONANT SIGNS. 19 
 
 r 
 
 1 
 
 p 
 I 
 
 1 t 
 
 L 
 
 j (j 
 
 U * 
 
 41 
 
 tr 
 
 tlr 
 
 tii n-str 
 
 tf 
 
 tn t-shn 
 
 t-tiv9 ts-eshon 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 S_x 
 
 X s . . 
 
 i _- 
 
 1 i 1 
 
 n 
 
 m 
 
 m p 
 
 ng 
 
 n r n 
 g 
 
 n d r 
 
 th 
 
 tt tit 
 
 trt eto. 
 
 I. INITIAL HOOKS. 
 1. TV El-Rjok. 
 
 36. (<<). A small hook on the circle-side (see 6 ) and at the 
 beginning of any consonant-stroke (except /, /, in, n, ng, s, z, 
 tc, //), indicates that an I follows the stroke-consonant ; thus : 
 
 \ pi [ tl Ahl = _ kl 
 
 fl Cthl ^y shl C v\ 
 
 (fi) Shel and Zh'el never stand alone, have their hooks at the bot- 
 
 tom, and are always written upward. 
 REM. 1. The reporter uses a large initial-hook on Em, Eu, Ray. (or I ; thus : 
 
 cr-s ml '-^_- ' nl ( / rl 
 
 The El-hook must be in ide large in tliese cases, to distinguish it from the 
 Way-hook. See 10. 
 
 HEM. 2 To remember what letters do not take the El-hook, it may be observed 
 
 ! that l.r, m, n, take (as previounly arranged) ail initial hook to prefix w- thatn^, 
 
 s, z, w, with an initial hook tor /, would conflict with more important uses of 
 
 the signs (provided further on); and that Ray already has a hook at the begiu- 
 
 ! ning. 
 
 REM. 3. The El-hook signs aro named Pel, Bel, Tel, Chel, Kel, Fel, Thel, Shpl, 
 ! Zhel, etc. 
 
 RF.M. 4. A vowel written beside an El-hook sign should be read before or after 
 both of the consonants ol the group, according as the vowel is written before or 
 : aftfT the group sign ; thus : 
 
 - __ 
 
 apple plea f;t;;lo glow awful flaw 
 
 2 The Ar-IIool; 
 
 37. (a). Signs to indicate the combination of ? with a preceding 
 consonant except *. z, L, r, m, n, n-/, ir, ;/, /.), are obtained 
 by turning over sidewise the corresponding El-hook signs, 
 except Shel, Zhel, which are turned over endwise, thus : 
 
20 THK 
 
 pi \ tl f chl /* Id . fl ^_ tlil C shl <*-' 
 
 pr X tr 1 chr / kr c fr ^ thr j shr ^ 
 
 (.'/). Sher and Zher have their hook at the top, and are always 
 
 written downward. 
 
 38. R may be added to Em and En by a small initial hook, pro- 
 vided they are widened ; thus : 
 
 REM. The widening of Em aud Eu when they take the Ar-hook serves to 
 distinguish mr and nr from Weni and Wen. See 10. 
 
 39. In some cases when an El-hook or Ar-hook sign is joined to a 
 preceding letter, the hook cannot be perfectly formed, as in 
 
 reply expluro dimmer armor tiger 
 
 40. The El-hook and Ar-hook signs are not named Pee-El, Pee-Ar, 
 etc., which would in'licate two letters joined ; but by adding for the El- 
 ' hook signs the syllable el, and for the Ar-hook signs the syllable er, to 
 the sound of the primary letter modified by the hook ; thus : 
 
 \ / ^ ^ C ^ 
 
 Pel Tel Choi Eel F.-l Thel SI) el ; etc. 
 
 ^ ^ 9 < -!' 
 
 I ' c A * 
 
 fet Ter Cher Kt-r Fer Ther Slier ; etc. 
 
 41. A vowel written beside an El-hook or Ar-hook sign should not 
 be read between the two consonants, but before or after BOTH, according 
 as it is written before or after such sign ; thus : 
 
 \ \ ^ ^ * q T 
 
 apple plea off.r fr--,-i i;:i( r tree 
 
 42. When vowels are to be read letn-een the consonants denoted by 
 an El-hook or Ar-hook sign, they are written thus : 
 
 1. Dors are made into circles (outline dots), written (a) before 
 
 the group-sign, if the vowel is long ; thus : O l dark ; 
 (6) after the group-sign, if the vowel is short ; thus, 13-^ 
 term ; (c) or either side of the group-signs when the preceding 
 distinctions (-/ and li) cannot be conveniently made ; thus, 
 o r/^. engineer ; ^v paralyze. 
 
 2. DASHES urc written through the group-sign, thus : 
 
GKOUP-COXSJNAXT SIGNS. 21 
 
 <v f tr^ 
 
 coarse burst sciiool fall follow 
 
 3. ANGLES or SEMI-CIRCLES are written through the group-sign ; or, if 
 more convenient, for the first place, at the beginning - for 
 the third place, at the end, of the group-sign ; thus : 
 
 /^ V_T| J ^ p (^_ cv_ 
 
 require feature quality figures procure 
 
 43. The small circle (Iss) may be prefixed to an El-hook sign ; 
 thus : 
 
 ^ n, e p i- 
 
 supply civil cycle Buddie disclose 
 
 44. () Making an Ar-hook into a small circle, prefixes s ; into a 
 large circles, prefixes s-s 
 
 1. To any of the straight-line Ar-hook signs when preceded by no 
 stroke ; thus : 
 
 <x S- v=) ~^\ ' CJ 
 epray sober straw cider scrape sister 
 
 2. To any of the straight-line Ar-hook signs when preceded by a 
 
 stroke in the same direction ; thus : 
 c< 
 
 prosper destroy execrable t.Uaster 
 
 3. To Ker or, Ger preceded by a straight stroke in the direction of 
 Pee, Tee, or Chay ; thus : 
 
 subscribe describe disagree 
 4. To Per or Ber preceded by a straight stroke in the direction of 
 
 Chay or Jay ; thus : / Jasper. 
 
 (!>). IN ALL OTHER CASES, tho circle is prefixed by writing it dis- 
 tinctly within the hook ; thus : 
 
 express extreme massacre hemisphere sinner 
 EEM. Per, Ber, etc., with a circle at the beginning, may be named Iss-Per or 
 Sper, Iss-Ter or Ster ; with a large circle, Ses-Per, Ses-Ter, etc. 
 
 45. (a). The Ster-loop is never prefixed to an Ar-hook sign ; (b) and 
 the Steh-loop is prefixed, only to the straight-line Ar-hook signs, when 
 preceded by no stroke, by making the hook into a suiall loop ; thus : 
 
22 THE SYNOPSIS. 
 
 stupor stouter stager stagger 
 
 3. The Hook for In, Un, En. 
 
 46. N initial, for such syllables as in, en, un, or on may be ex- 
 pressed by a back hook 
 
 1. At the beginning of a straight-line Iss-Per sign ; thus : 
 
 inseparable inscribe unscrupulous uuscioW uustruug insecure 
 At the beginning of any other stroke ; to avoid turning a circle on 
 the convex side of En ; thus : 
 
 insoluble unseemly enslave in his house 
 KEM. This hook may be called the In hook, or simply In. 
 
 4. Reporting Ler and Rel Hook. 
 
 47. The reporter occasionally enlarges the small El-hook, or Ar-hook, 
 to add to an El-hook sign the sound of r to an Ar-hook sign, the 
 sound of / ; thus : 
 
 \ bl \ blr (named Bler\ *\ pr ^\ prl (named Prel). 
 
 abler adiller clear ocular floor April trial 
 
 ./ ^ 0' D- c^ ^ 
 
 Charles Avcrill thrall shrill uirl url 
 
 II. FINAL HOOKS. 
 1. Hooks for F, V, or N. 
 
 48. On the Straight Lints. F, r, or n may be added to any straight 
 line (with or without an initial hock, loop, or circle), by a small final 
 hook ; written for /or v, on the circle side ( 6) and for n, on the con- 
 trary side ; thus : 
 
 XX U //-^-^XX^ 
 
 puff pun deaf den chafe chain cave cane rove roan heave 
 
 <<* N. W\ C- f T 3- 
 
 hewn brave brain bluff blown stove stoue strive strain 
 
GROUP-CONSONANT SIGNS. 23 
 
 EEM. 1. The Ef-hook signs are named Pef, Bef, Pelf, Tef, Tlef, or Telf, Chref 
 or Cherf, etc. 
 
 EEM. 2. The En-hook signs are named Pen, Ben, Chlen or Chel-en, Pren, Bren, 
 etc 
 
 49. N added to Curves N may be added to any curve-sign by a small 
 final hook on the concave, or circle, side (see 6) ; thus : 
 
 flowu frown luaia 
 
 50. A vowel after a stroke with an Ef- or En- hook is read before the 
 hook. See examples in 48, 49. 
 
 51. S or z may be added to an Ef-hook sign by a small circle, writ- 
 ten within the hook ; thus : 
 
 % 1~ - 
 
 \> x It _'___ 
 
 proves troughs scoffs 
 52. Making the En-hook on a straight line 
 
 1. Into a SMALL CIRCLE, adds s ; thus : 
 
 \ J- J- </ -, /c 
 
 pens tense dens chance cans runs 
 
 2. Into a LARGE CIRCLE, adds s-s ; thus : 
 
 d- o/ -o ,/<> 
 
 dances chances Kansas rinses 
 
 3. Into a SMALL LOOP, adds si ; thus : 
 
 \. </: -^ /> 
 
 danced chanced canst rinsed 
 
 4. Into a LARGE LOOP, adds sir ; thus : 
 
 punster punsters 
 
 53. S or z may be added to an En-hook on a curve, by a small cir- 
 cle written distinctly within the hook ; thus : 
 
 lines means France ignorance 
 
 54. The Ef- and En- hooks, when more convenient than a stroke, are 
 occasionally used in the middle of a word ; thus : 
 
 U 
 
 deafen divine prefer provoke traffic driver punish finish furnish 
 
24 THE SYNOPSIS. 
 
 - i / 
 
 gainsay gainer gainsaid ransom dancing Johnson 
 
 2. Large Hook for Shon and Tiv. 
 
 55. Shon and Tiv added to Straight Lines. The syllables shon (=-tion, 
 -sion, etc.) and liv may be added to any straight line (with or without 
 an initial hook, loop or circle) by a LARGE HOOK ; written for Shon ui 
 the circle-side ; and on the contrary side for Tiv ; thus : 
 
 passion passions couibp.tivn oporation operative nutrition nutritive 
 
 provocation provocative 
 
 56. Shon Added to Curves. The syllable sfion may be added to curve- 
 consonants by a large final hook on the concave, or circle side ; thus : 
 
 motion mission f:ishiou i'asliions allusion vision 
 57. The Shon and Tiv hooks are sometimes xised in the middle of a 
 word ; thus : 
 
 optional auctioneer occasional rational passionate additional 
 
 activity clli-olivencss attractiveness 
 
 3. The Small Hook for Shon. 
 8 58. The syllable shon may be added by a small hook. 
 
 1. To a Circle or Loop; thus : 
 
 I v y - _ >. j 
 
 . ^P > > *. '. V^7= * 
 
 U 
 decision position possession persuasion condensation ministration 
 
 2. To an Ef-Hook : thus : 
 
 r s i c \ 
 
 IP" UJl UJ< \P' 
 
 division rr 'fusion 
 
GROUP-CONSONANT SIGNS. 25 
 
 EEM. 1. fa) This hook is called the Esh-on-hook, or simply Esh-on (6). It is 
 added iu a few instances to the En-hook. 
 
 HEM. 2. Efshon or Veeshou is usually employed instead of the Ef hook ivith 
 Eslrou. 
 
 59. Eslron may be vocalized 
 
 1. When joined to a Circle or Loop\>y writing a first-place vowel be- 
 
 fore the hook ; a secojid-pl&ce or third-place vowel, after the 
 hook. See examples in 58, 1. 
 
 2. When Joined to an Ef-IIook- by writing the vowel, of whatever ; 
 
 place, BESIDE the hook. See examples in 58, 2. 
 
 60. Esh'on may be followed by a circle or by a stroke ; thus : 
 
 I 
 
 physicians possessions devotional transitional conversational sensational 
 
 III. WIDENING. 
 
 61. (a,: Em may be widened ; thus, s- -^ ; to indicate the addition 
 of the sound of ;> or /< ; thus : 
 
 imp pump romp imposition impostor impugn impatience 
 
 o o- o 
 
 V\;S(> ____ '^x ___ 
 
 imbue emboss somebody ambitious ambition 
 
 (b). This sign may take an En- or Shon- hook, but no initial hook. 
 (c). This sign is named Emp or Einb, according to use for mp or mb. 
 
 REM. The heavy Em with an initial hook is used for mr, to distinguish Mer 
 from Wem. See 38. 
 
 62. A vowel written beside Emp or Emb should not be read be- 
 tween the two consonants, but before or after both, according as it is 
 written above or below ; thus : 
 
 Imp shampoo umpire imbne emboss embody 
 
26 THE SYNOPSIS. 
 
 IV. LENGTHENING. 
 
 63. Doubling the length 
 
 1. Of /"-'. r<V~- '-.>-. or _./;; t!i"s : 
 
 iii'^er anchor sinker thinker anger hunger longer 
 
 2. Of niiy ct'irr Curv-, adds t.-. d/; t'ir, or dhr ; thus : 
 
 ladder Luther leather fe'.ter fodder 
 
 meter moder n mother enter niter tender neither 
 
 REST. For phrase-writing, Ing may be lengthened to add thr= their, they are., 
 there, other. 
 
 G4. Sounds added % lengthening a curve should be read 
 1. After the vowel following the strol;.- ; t'r.is : 
 
 wa ter embi tier mo ther 
 
 2. Before any sounds expressed by a final hook, loop, or circle ; 
 thus : 
 
 >___: ^ ( * *^-^l 
 
 moder n alter ations Luther an norther'n 
 
 65. In determining the position of a lengthened curve, regard the 
 second half iis a distinct sign, and place the first half in the proper \> >i- 
 tion, according t j the rules previously given, in 27 and 28. 
 
 V. HALVING, OR SHORTENING. 
 
 1. JT'ilr.'nj to Add E.thcr T or D. 
 
 66. Either t or d may be added to certain signs, by halving thcra : 
 1. To Any Unhooked Gonronant-Strokai, except - El or Lay, Em, En, 
 Ar, Ing, Way, Yn.y. Ernp "r Err,}, ; fir.:? : 
 
 pate beat apt pat dot debt doubt caught act God get feet fate east showed 
 paid bead pad Dcvld got feed fade 
 
GROUP- CON SON ANT SIGNS. 27 
 
 2. To Any Hooked Consonant- Stroke ; thus : 
 
 f \ -x r ji \ ^ <__ ^ ^ _<r. . 
 
 pray prate dry dried play plate glow "gloat fly flight wield 
 prnypd piaycd glowed 
 
 ^- ZL <*,' \> '*$'* \ *$ _'L 3- !^ ".. 
 
 warred wind went paved paint bent blend sprained drift drained clift cleaved 
 WH:'-.I pained ben 1 
 
 Xj JLH v_>7> ~- . ^ A ^> vo <o> 
 
 patient cautioned find fount fashioned aucieut sanctioned 
 
 negatived found 
 
 o REM. These exceptions to the halting principle may be memorized by the 
 forms 
 
 1- r- ni- n j- w- nip- ug 
 
 The first four (t, r, m, n) are subject to special treatment in halving, 
 which forbids the halving of the second four (y, w, mp, ng). 
 
 2. Halving to Add T to a Light, or D to a Heavy. Sign. 
 67. By halving the curve-signs for I, r, m. n, ( ^^s > t or ^ 
 is added according as the shortened letter is made light or heavy ; thus : 
 
 < F ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ -^ 
 late laid art hard met mode net need 
 
 ^ai. Let r when standing alone, is invariably written upward, 
 
 and usually when joined to other strokes. 
 (6). Eld f~ is always written downward. 
 
 68. The shortened letters are Pet, Bed, Plet, Bled or Beld, Art, Ret, 
 Met, Med or Eind, Ned or End, Peeshout, Deeshond, Pent, Peft, etc. 
 
 69. lt& tiling arid localization of Shortened Ltt'ers. 
 
 1. Read a shortened letter (with the vowel or vowels beside it, if 
 any i precisely as though it were a fall-length feign. 
 
 2. Add the sound denoted by halving. 
 
 3. Add the sound of the final circle or loop, if any. 
 
 Thus, J_ taw-t=taught ; .^ ff-t=feet; L tauk-t^-talked ; .H. 
 drif-t-s=drifts ; \- plan-d^planned ; <l' studen-t-s=:students ; ~> 
 ar-r-=art ; .' .. . tmd-st midst ; ? st;it-d=stated. 
 
28 THE SYNOPSIS. 
 
 70. When a vowel occurs after a consonant which may be added by 
 halving 
 
 (a). The vowel must bo omitted, as in _: ant'c'pate=antic- 
 
 ipate ; e 
 
 (6). Written before a following consonant-stroke, as in _._'"_ 
 
 wisd-o-m ; 
 
 (c). Or the consonant must be expressed by a stroke, and the 
 vowel written after it, as in'-" T unify, i (, notice. 
 
 Junction and Position of Shortened Letters. 
 
 71. A shortened letter must not be joined to another stroke ; except 
 when it would be easy, by reference to their junction, length, width, 
 curvature, or some other particular, to distinguish the joined signs from 
 any other letter or letters ; as 
 
 listed midnight sentiment named 
 
 Hence we must write 
 
 fact lilced ticked roared collect 
 
 72. When it would not be allowable to join a shortened letter, it is 
 occasionally better to lap it than to write its equivalent full lengths : 
 thus : 
 
 i- ij .---'- i; i- \ ? 
 
 dale dated treat treated dread dreaded freight freighted 
 
 73. When the first, or only, inclined or perpendicular stroke of a 
 word J3 a half length letter, that letter should be written 
 
 1. Half the height of a Tee above the line, that is, in the fast position, 
 
 when the accented (or only) vowel is fu st-pls.cc ; as hi 
 
 esteem bottom tried avoid 
 
 2. On the line, that is, in the second position, when the accented (or 
 
 only) vowel is second-place or MzVd-place ; as in 
 
 fate estimate abundant 
 
GROUP-CONSONANT SIGNS. 29 
 
 74. There have nowbeea presented the General Principles of Stand- 
 ard or American Phonography. Aside from the most advantageous use 
 of Stenographic materials for the expression of sounds, exhibited in these 
 general principles - speed and ease of writing are derived chiefly from 
 the use of certain expedients aud principles of contraction ; which, how- 
 ever, it is not the province of The Synopsis to present. They are fully 
 set forth in the author's work, entitled, " The Hand-Book of Standard 
 or American Phonography," in the chapter on Contractions and Expe- 
 dients and in the chapter on the Reporting Style. A general idea of the 
 nature of these expedients may be given by stating - 
 
 1. That certain words because of their frequent occurrence, or for 
 other sufficient reasons, are expressed by word-signs, that is, by a por- 
 tion of their signs ; as Ef for for ; Fer for./Vo/n ; Per for principle ; Iss-Beo 
 for su'y'ect ; Jen for general. See Correspondent's List of Word-Signs and 
 Contractions, pages 1 -9. 
 
 2. That certain prefixes and affixes which it would be tedious or dif- 
 ficult to write in full; are contracted, Dec, for instance, being written for 
 dixom-; En, for inson-; Iss, for self- or -"elf; Ef, for for or fore; Ish, for 
 ship. Alight dot at the commencement of a word signifies inj; a heavy 
 dot, inys. See pages 10 and 11 of the following List. 
 
 3. That one or more consonants, in other cases, may be omitted when- 
 ever the full expression would necessitate a tedious or difficult outline, 
 and the omission would not endanger legibility ; as, p from tempt, k 
 from ank-sltus=anxious, t from mostly, 1 from uitelliyence, c=k from de- 
 struction. 
 
 4. That unimportant vowels arc often omitted. 
 
 5. That phrase-writing, or joining two or more words of a phrase, is 
 often resorted to ; as in writing ' in-my, in-this, by-this, for-which, if- 
 you-arc, it-is,' etc. The proper writing of many thousands cf phrases is 
 indicated in the Standard-Phonographic Dictionary. 
 
 G. Words which must, and may readily, be supplied to complete the 
 sense or construction, are sometimes omitted ; as have before been and done; 
 a from such phrases as ' for a moment ' , 'in a word ' ; end from such 
 phrases as ' by and by ' , ' over and over ' ; of from such phrases as ' word of 
 God', 'kingdom of Heaven' ; of the, connecting words, are usually omit- 
 ted, and implied by writing the adjacent words near to each other. 
 
 These expedients, when properly employed, not only increase the speed 
 and ease of writing, but add materially to its legibility. 
 
CORRESPONDENT'S LIST 
 
 OF 
 
 WORD-SIGNS 
 
 AND 
 
 CONTRACTIONS 
 
 OF 
 STANDARD PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 BY ANDREW J. GRAHAM. 
 
 Entered according to Act of Congress, In the year 1869, by ANDREW J. GBAHAM, in the Clerk'i Office 
 of the District Court of the United States, for the Southern Dhtrlct of Now York. 
 
 NEW AND IMPROVED EDITION. 
 
 Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1879, by ANDREW J. GRAHAM, in the Office of the 
 Librarian of Congress, at Washington, D. C. 
 
2 
 
 
 A.. 
 
 
 am not. 240, 2 -> 
 
 away 
 
 9 
 
 a. Haul-Book, 
 
 
 an-J. 71; 114; 
 
 i 
 
 awe 
 
 
 671. 114 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 abla 
 
 
 and a-n 
 
 "1 
 
 aivcd 
 
 x 
 
 abler 
 
 _.^.... 
 
 and but 
 
 ') 
 
 awes 
 
 > 
 
 able* 
 
 
 and h-at 
 
 iwful-ly 
 
 
 
 tib jut 
 
 _D 
 
 and h-is 
 
 v 
 
 ay-cal. 102 
 
 A. 
 
 above. See bfforc 
 
 J .__ 
 
 and should 
 
 
 n 
 
 according 
 
 .. 7 
 
 and the \ 
 
 bo 
 
 ...or . accordingly 
 
 v / another X-^ being 
 
 , 
 
 ICCIUIlt 
 
 ^~-^ any ; became 
 
 ---^- accountable-y 
 
 x 
 
 anybody \ become 
 
 j 
 
 ^ accounted 
 
 vx/ 1 
 
 anywhere 5 ibc.-u 
 
 
 ^^^ ..nvtl.in,, V l,.f, <?..n/lfcm, 
 
 7 
 
 acknowledged 
 
 -NX 
 
 are 
 
 s 
 
 be not 
 
 
 .rr> 
 
 acknowledgment 
 
 ~\ 
 
 are you 
 
 .r. . 
 
 beyond 
 
 / 
 
 advantage 
 
 ~/ 
 
 you avo 
 
 , 
 
 but 
 
 o 
 
 advantages out 
 
 -^ 
 
 are not - \. 
 
 but a-n 
 
 -X-- 
 
 ailuaHtageausty 
 
 t 
 
 who are not '. ... v 
 \ 
 
 but the 
 
 ^- 
 
 after 
 
 nf 
 
 you arc not - 
 
 by 
 
 
 
 
 \ 
 
 
 V 
 
 after the 
 
 
 
 as. 252, R. 7 " - 
 
 by a-n 
 
 v 
 
 irtHrwxnl 
 
 
 V 
 
 by tho 
 
 
 again 
 
 O 
 
 as h-is (ling) 
 
 C. 
 
 N 
 
 all 
 
 ^_ 
 
 
 
 call 
 
 >0 
 
 all h-ia(has) ....x> - 
 
 as tho _.t7. 
 
 
 
 T> 
 
 all IU , ! ,_.* 
 
 as to 
 
 can 
 
 - almost ^ 
 
 :is it 
 
 cau be 
 
 n 
 
 also 
 all the 
 
 > 
 
 VT" 
 
 as its. as it is ... ^ can (have) he.' 
 as it has -i 
 as it v/oulu 
 
 ' _:(..,. 
 
 although 
 
 5^ 
 
 us not 
 
 > cannot be 
 
 ' o always 
 
 ..P. 
 
 astonish-cd-m't 
 
 "\ 
 
 cannot (have) 
 
 ' ilono 
 
 I 
 
 at 
 
 
 brcn 
 capability 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 """*"** 
 
 already 
 
 '" r"' 
 
 at all 
 
 X . 
 
 eapablc-y 
 
 ^~~^ 
 
 am 
 
 -^- 
 
 awara 
 
 s: 
 
 caro 
 
8 
 
 
 
 cared 
 
 either 
 
 *$ 
 
 from yon 
 
 _ 
 
 careful-ly 
 
 s x Litir 
 
 ^_ 
 
 full 
 
 
 
 * O 
 
 carrfulnesj 
 carelessness 
 
 
 
 N ( I entirely 
 
 b 
 
 fuller 
 fullest 
 
 
 como 
 
 H 
 
 equaled 
 
 ^-v_P 
 
 fullntst 
 
 
 
 commou 
 
 ) 
 
 establish-ed-ment 
 
 ^L 
 
 fu'.ly 
 
 JZ^\ 
 
 commmer 
 
 kj, 
 
 even 
 
 
 G. 
 
 
 
 comm-mct 
 
 "C" 
 
 ever 
 
 
 gave 
 
 Ji 
 
 commmly 
 
 -N 
 
 every 
 
 / 
 
 gencral-ly 
 
 ~ 
 
 could 
 
 "Xx 
 
 everything 
 
 </ 
 
 gentleman 
 
 ^ 
 
 could not 
 
 e ^ 
 
 every Way 
 
 _J!L_ 
 
 gentlemen 
 
 
 B. 
 
 v 
 
 everywhere 
 
 ^ 
 
 give-n 
 
 i 
 
 dear 
 
 V 
 
 eye 
 
 
 
 Gcd 
 
 \ 
 
 dear friend 
 
 1 
 
 eyed 
 
 
 
 good 
 
 
 i 
 
 dear sir 
 
 ^j 
 
 eyes 
 
 
 goodnts* 
 
 s 
 
 dearer 
 
 Js= 
 
 eying 
 
 - 
 
 great 
 
 \ 
 
 rlfarest 
 
 
 F. 
 
 ~/ 
 
 greater 
 
 ...\.OT.}... 
 
 did 
 
 ^-^ 
 
 familiar-it j 
 
 ^ 
 
 greatest 
 
 i 
 
 did not 
 
 ^N 
 
 farther, further 
 
 e _ / ^- 
 
 greatly 
 
 t 
 
 differ-cd-ent-cc 
 
 "T 
 ..V....- 
 
 few 
 
 <j> 
 
 greatness 
 
 -- 
 
 difljcnlt y 
 
 -.^._ 
 
 fnver 
 
 
 H. 
 
 1 
 
 dia-vlvanta'o 
 
 * 
 
 fewest 
 
 i 
 
 had 
 
 1 
 
 ttfl 
 
 & 
 
 first 
 
 i 
 
 had been 
 
 I 
 
 do yon 
 
 ..>*..- 
 
 the flrst 
 
 j 
 
 had not 
 
 I 
 
 loes 
 
 V_ 
 
 for 
 
 
 
 has. 37, R. I. 
 
 s 
 
 lono 
 
 Vy 
 
 for the 
 
 -\" 
 
 has been 
 
 i 
 
 lo not 
 
 V^N 
 
 for you 
 
 O 
 
 has hit 
 
 y 
 
 luring 
 
 > 
 
 for your 
 forever 
 
 -V 
 
 has it 
 has it been 
 
 1 
 
 _-1_- 
 
 during a-n 
 
 Sx 
 
 forward 
 
 - 
 
 has it not 
 
 n 
 
 1 ' tl 
 
 *"v 
 
 from 
 
 Q^ 
 
 lias not 
 
 
 E. 
 
 ^ 
 
 from his 
 
 a-\.- 
 
 has not been 
 
 ~ 
 
 each 
 
 X 
 
 from tho ^- 
 
 have. 182, R. 1 
 
4 
 
 tr 
 
 s 
 
 have been 
 have not 
 have yon 
 he 
 he is (has) 
 hear 
 heard 
 her, her* 
 liers-elf 
 high 
 
 highest 
 hight 
 highness 
 highly 
 him 
 himself 
 his. 252, R. 8. 
 his is (hag) 
 hop* 
 hoped 
 how 
 however 
 I. 
 I. 103 
 I am 
 I can 
 I did not 
 I do 
 I do not 
 I had 
 I had not 
 I have. 201 
 
 ::J 
 
 I hear 
 I hope 
 I know 
 I may 
 I Blight 
 I must 
 I set 
 I shall 
 I think. 
 I understand 
 I was 
 I will 
 I wish 
 1 would 
 if 
 if an 
 if the 
 if it 
 if its, if it is (has) 
 if it is (ha-) nnt 
 if it were 
 I have 
 I have been 
 I have not 
 immediate-ly 
 important ce 
 impossible 
 impossibility 
 impossibilities 
 
 ^ 
 
 in his 
 in me (my) 
 in such 
 in that 
 in the 
 in the*e 
 in tliii 
 in ihu>e 
 in thr. -211 
 in which 
 
 incoiitistwcy 
 
 indiscriminate- 
 ion 
 indispeii!al'li-v 
 
 influence 
 
 in order 
 in order that 
 in order to 
 intelligence 
 intelligent 
 intfcllit;it>le-.T 
 interest 
 interested 
 interesting 
 investigation 
 irrrgulur-itT 
 is 
 is a-n 
 is the 
 is to 
 is a* (his) 
 is it 
 
 V 
 
 
 
 ..._ 
 
 "T" 
 
 NP 
 
 ..J... 
 
 -\ 
 
 t 
 
 V 
 
 A 
 
 *f 
 
 *s 
 
 5 
 
 SP 
 
 " 
 
 V > or J 
 
 vj- 
 
 Al 
 
 >/- 
 
 
 
 ..S... 
 
 ^J 
 
 ^ 
 
 V 
 
 <-t 
 
 
 
 -V 
 
 \ 
 
 A 
 _ 1 
 
 V 
 
 . 
 
 ...7.. 
 
 ...V.- 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 t 
 
 ...N.. 
 
 
 
 o 
 a. 
 
 x> 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 I 
 
 o> 
 
 ...1 
 
 J 
 
 X"N. 
 
 .1 
 
 -3 
 
 i 
 
 
 in 
 in a-n 
 inasmuch 
 
 9 
 O 
 
 1 
 
 V 
 
 
 
 
_..!__ 
 
 isltf 
 is U not 
 is not 
 it 
 it Is (has) 
 it is (has) nut 
 it may 
 it may not 
 it might 
 it might be 
 it might not 
 it must 
 it must be 
 it should 
 it shoulil not 
 it was 
 it was not 
 it will 
 it would 
 it would not 
 its 
 itself 
 it will 
 it will ha 
 it will have 
 it will not 
 it will not be 
 K. 
 kingdom 
 kind 
 kinder 
 kindest 
 \kindnes* 
 
 r 
 
 knew 
 know 
 
 knowing 
 knowingly 
 knowledge 
 known 
 
 let 
 let the 
 let them 
 lets, let us 
 Lord 
 BI. 
 made 
 roan 
 manner 
 manuscript 
 matter 
 
 may 
 may be 
 may not 
 may not be 
 
 may not have 
 been 
 me 
 
 member 
 men 
 mere 
 merely 
 might 
 might be 
 might have b'n 
 
 ~^ 
 
 u 
 
 might not 
 
 might not have 
 been 
 mind 
 
 minded 
 more 
 moreover 
 more than 
 Mr. 
 Miss 
 Misses 
 Mrs. 
 much 
 much more 
 must 
 must b 
 must have 
 must have been 
 must not 
 
 must not have 
 been 
 my 
 
 my dear sir 
 myself 
 
 w. 
 
 nature 
 natural-ly 
 near 
 nearer 
 nearest 
 
 never 
 nevertheless 
 new 
 neu-ir 
 
 ~\ 
 
 . T?... 
 
 i 
 I 
 
 L 
 U 
 U 
 U 
 
 ... """"XT- 
 
 ~h 
 
 
 t 
 
 I 
 
 --L 
 
 ....L.... 
 
 ""b"~ 
 r 
 
 -V 
 
 t 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 <r-^> 
 
 b 
 
 ^*~~& 
 
 / """^\ 
 
 : i 
 
 / ^_ v 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 ..^Itx. 
 
 
 JL 
 
 :k 
 
 -> 
 
 <r*S~ 
 
 .:*> 
 
 1 
 
 I5r?._ 
 
6 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 *-a 
 
 newtst 
 
 c 
 
 of thes* 
 
 t 
 
 or a-n 
 
 .."rf 
 
 New Tork 
 
 . . 
 
 Of this 
 
 \- 
 
 or th 
 
 ..^... 
 
 110 
 
 no better than 
 nobody 
 
 -t-- 
 
 of those 
 of which 
 of you 
 
 -D- 
 
 other 
 other than 
 otherwise 
 
 v-J, 
 
 no one 
 
 7' 
 
 of your 
 
 _.?. 
 
 ought 
 
 v_/ 
 
 nowher* 
 
 ^ 
 
 jftOB 
 
 
 our 
 
 v _, 
 
 uon 
 
 ..w... 
 
 "ftencr 
 
 _J 
 
 our own 
 
 .^L 
 
 DOT 
 
 
 iftenttt 
 
 ^ 
 
 oiirs-e^f 
 
 ^U 
 
 not. 201, R. 5; 
 221. it. 4. 
 nothing 
 
 
 
 Oh ! ! 
 on 
 
 -4- 
 
 oursclrei 
 
 out 
 
 1. 
 
 notwithstanding 
 
 .1 
 
 on a-a 
 
 t 
 
 over 
 
 -^ _ 
 
 n>twithst'uJin = - 
 
 *-* 
 
 on account 
 
 ""^v 
 
 over a-a 
 
 ^^s 
 
 thu 
 mw 
 
 * rs " 
 
 on all 
 
 *x" 
 
 over tho 
 
 ^ 
 
 number-ed 
 
 t " 
 
 on his 
 
 
 0\78 
 
 
 O. 
 
 1 
 
 on it 
 
 -1 
 
 0** 
 
 .X... 
 
 object 
 
 /~N 
 
 on me (uij ) 
 
 -) 
 
 ncri 
 
 \J_ 
 
 objected 
 
 ^rTr. 
 
 on our 
 
 . 
 
 wing 
 
 .\~N... 
 
 objector 
 
 < 
 
 on that 
 
 
 own 
 
 \> 
 
 objection 
 
 r 
 
 ou the 
 
 ^-^ 
 
 owned 
 
 X- 
 
 ubjectianablt 
 
 .56:.! 
 
 0:1 the contrary 
 
 .^y. 
 
 oitnfr 
 
 Nj 
 
 .ljjC3tivo 
 
 ) 
 
 on their 
 
 
 P. 
 
 V 
 
 of. 201, R. 4. 
 
 ( 
 
 on them 
 
 <\ 
 
 pavticular-ly 
 
 1 
 
 of a-n 
 
 / 
 
 on which 
 
 .l_ 
 
 particularity 
 
 "]7~ J3 _ 
 
 of course 
 
 A 
 
 on you 
 
 V. 
 
 pecuiiar-ily 
 
 \> 
 
 of Mi 
 
 O 
 
 one 
 
 V, 
 
 Phonography 
 
 : r; 
 
 of it 
 
 <_" 
 
 ant's, once 
 
 v^ 
 
 phonographur 
 
 ...}.* 
 
 of other 
 
 -iy i 
 ( C_x 
 
 only 
 
 v_ 
 
 phonographic 
 
 ^x 
 
 of our 
 
 *^7i< Vc -^ 
 
 not only 
 
 J 
 
 pleasure 
 
 JL 
 
 Of that 
 
 ^ 
 
 onward 
 
 ...J... 
 
 pleasurable-ly 
 
 .1.. 
 
 of the. 24fi 
 of their 
 
 ^f.. 
 
 opinion 
 opportunity 
 
 N 
 
 practicable, ) 
 practicability ) 
 
 ( 
 
 of them 
 
 \ 
 
 or 
 
 N 
 
 principle al 
 

 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 -.X... 
 
 probable-ility 
 
 V 
 
 should ba 
 
 -C- 
 
 than. 201, R. 8. 
 
 
 put 
 
 ...t... 
 
 should hare 
 
 s 
 
 thauk-ed 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 V 
 
 
 
 <* 
 
 _ 
 
 should not 
 
 ( 
 
 that 
 
 _ 
 
 quite 
 
 i 
 
 should tho 
 
 ^ 
 
 that are 
 
 
 R. 
 
 A 
 
 should you 
 
 ...9... 
 
 that is (lias) 
 
 --V 
 
 rather 
 
 ) 
 
 so 
 
 ..1 
 
 that were 
 
 
 rather than 
 
 ^ 
 
 so aa 
 
 C 
 
 that you 
 
 o 
 
 iv ad 
 
 1 1 
 
 foico 
 
 
 the 70; 113 
 
 "X'~N 
 
 reader 
 
 rf-j 
 
 somebody 
 
 . , 
 
 the other 
 
 ^ 
 
 riad 
 
 ^ 
 
 some one 
 
 ('( 
 
 thee 
 
 
 rufer-red-ence 
 
 ^ 
 
 sometimes 
 
 ^ 
 
 their. 211 
 
 ^V_ 
 
 in reference 
 
 ^/ 
 
 somewhere 
 
 ( 
 
 them 
 
 .t^r. 
 
 with reference 
 
 S~^S 
 
 something 
 
 G 
 
 themselves 
 
 -A 
 
 refers-" s 
 
 e-\ 
 
 somewhat 
 
 / 
 
 then 
 
 
 rcjrular-ity 
 
 <N 
 
 spi rit 
 
 y 
 
 there. 211 
 
 ^ 
 
 remark-ed 
 
 -\ 
 
 spirited 
 
 ...r.. 
 
 there are 
 
 
 
 j 
 
 
 rv ^ 
 
 
 <f ~\ 
 
 remarkable-y 
 
 V^ 
 
 xpiritual-ly 
 
 \~ 
 
 there will 
 
 \ 
 
 remcmber-ed 
 
 ^ 
 
 Standard Phon - 
 ogniphy 
 
 )i 
 
 there was 
 
 ^ 
 
 remembrance 
 
 x_i 
 
 ^tandai<l 1'hon- 
 
 
 there would ; rt. 
 
 /\ 
 
 represent 
 
 C_ 
 
 ojirupher 
 Standanl - I'hon- 
 
 .ll' 
 
 these 
 
 /\l'/\ 
 
 represcnt-ed 
 
 \ 
 
 ographic 
 subject 
 
 ( 
 
 they 
 
 /\) 
 
 representation 
 
 \| ' \ 
 
 subjected 
 
 ( rs ( 
 
 they Iinre ; r, 
 
 /s> 
 
 representative 
 
 o 
 
 subjection 
 
 ) 
 
 DliefS 
 
 they are. 211 
 
 
 S. 
 
 ^, 
 
 subjective 
 
 C 
 
 they will 
 
 ) 
 
 see 
 
 J 
 
 suro 
 
 c- 
 
 they will not 
 
 ^ 
 
 several 
 
 -v 
 
 arc vou sure 
 
 
 thing 
 
 J 
 
 shall 
 
 y 
 
 quite sure 
 
 ( 
 
 think 
 
 J 
 
 ui. 
 
 > 
 
 
 c 
 
 thinker 
 
 \---- 
 
 
 "/ 
 
 \eiy sure 
 
 >-/ 
 
 
 ... 
 
 sha'l have 
 
 X 
 
 surprise 
 
 c 
 
 this 
 
 .b>._ 
 
 shall have been 
 
 X 
 
 surprised 
 
 G 
 
 this is (has) 
 
 2 
 
 shall not 
 
 Ns 
 
 surprises 
 
 -c- 
 
 those 
 
 J 
 
 ,-:hc 
 
 
 T. 
 
 
 thou-gh 
 
 ' 
 
 should 
 
 r 
 
 tell 
 
 c 
 
 thought 
 
D 
 
 through 
 
 -.->* 
 
 understand 
 
 we may 
 
 * 
 
 throughout 
 
 _V 
 
 understood 
 
 we may not 
 
 
 
 
 /^ 
 
 
 X 
 
 thus 
 
 P 
 
 until 4 
 
 we will 
 
 ..(..__ 
 
 thy 
 
 ' 
 
 until it ^ 
 
 we will not 
 
 r 
 
 thlnt 
 
 p 
 
 until its (it is ~ 
 
 well 
 
 5! 
 
 thyself 
 
 b 
 
 it has) 
 up c 
 
 wer 
 
 \ 
 
 till 
 
 \ 
 
 upon </ 
 
 were not 
 
 r 
 
 till it 
 
 N 
 
 3 S 
 
 us, use ' . .- 
 
 what. what Is 
 
 
 
 ' 
 
 
 (has) 
 
 ...a 
 
 till its 
 
 )- 
 
 use=yrai t 
 
 whatever 
 
 t 
 
 till it is (has) 
 
 ) 
 
 used .. h... 
 
 whatsoever 
 
 
 to. 220 
 
 ...^... 
 
 usual-ly 
 
 when 
 
 
 to a 
 
 
 v <v, 
 
 whenever 
 
 ...>_ 
 
 to the 
 
 ...^ 
 
 valua V_ 
 
 whensoever 
 
 
 
 to havt 
 
 < 
 
 valuabU t/ 
 
 whert 
 
 ^ 
 
 tohii 
 
 ... (^ ... 
 
 valued : /V_ 
 
 wherever 
 
 V 
 
 to be 
 
 ^ 
 
 very ts/^_ 
 
 wheresoever 
 
 
 
 together 
 
 "^V-^ 
 
 very certain ~"--N 
 
 whether 
 
 !m._ 
 
 altogether 
 
 ""A. 
 
 very good 
 
 which 
 
 r 
 
 told 
 
 "%- 
 
 very great / 
 
 whichever (have) 
 
 1 
 
 toward 
 
 'A- 
 
 very well / 
 
 which will 
 
 ^ 
 
 towards 
 
 
 W. / 
 
 which will hrtve 
 
 i 
 
 transcript 
 
 ^' 
 
 want . . ... 
 
 which will not 
 
 q^ 
 
 transgress 
 
 i 
 
 wanted .... 
 
 while 
 
 f, ^ 
 
 transgressed 
 
 > 
 
 was / 
 
 who-ra 
 
 r*" 
 
 transgressor 
 
 -? 
 
 was it (. 
 
 who is (ha*) 
 
 33 
 
 transgression 
 
 _L~ 
 
 was not /. 
 
 whoever (hav) 
 
 1 
 
 truth 
 
 ^ 
 
 way ..(-..... 
 
 whol 
 
 . . 
 
 true 
 
 c 
 
 w 
 
 whose 
 
 /I 
 
 truthfully 
 
 V 
 
 we do 
 
 why 
 
 1 
 
 truthfulness 
 
 V. 
 
 we have 
 
 will 
 
 s 
 
 too. tw.i 
 
 ) 
 
 we shall / \ 
 
 will be 
 
 
 
 </ 
 
 _, 
 
 
 
 U. 
 
 
 we ar ^ V^ 
 
 will bav* 
 
 ^ 
 
 under 
 
 .^..... 
 
 f 
 
 we are not 
 
 will not" 
 
rTl. _ wish 
 
 C 
 
 without 
 
 
 yon 
 
 . rt. wUhed 
 
 ,/ 
 
 word 
 
 (r x 
 
 you are 
 
 ?._ with 
 
 r 
 
 world 
 
 - , 
 
 you can 
 
 \ with a-a 
 
 r r ~~ 
 
 worldly 
 
 - V - 1 - 
 
 you bar* 
 
 ] with it 
 
 
 
 would 
 
 ~-^' 
 
 you may 
 
 f with th 
 
 ....^.... 
 
 would have 
 
 ~~ 
 
 you might 
 
 : with thest 
 
 
 wd have been 
 
 
 you ihonld 
 
 C... with thii 
 
 ^> 
 
 would not 
 
 ' ^ 
 
 you will 
 
 / with those 
 
 - 7_ 
 
 wd not hv been 
 
 r 
 
 your 
 
 .. __ / with which 
 
 
 r. 
 
 c 
 
 your own 
 
 L . . with your 
 
 -_ 
 
 y 
 
 c 
 
 j-ouri elf 
 
 _J within 
 
 
 yet 
 
 (T 
 
 ygurMlTM 
 
]0 
 
 PREFIX-SIGNS. 
 
 Accompany X^^ 
 
 Magnanimous ..CX^-^_ 
 
 Circumstance* of 
 
 Magnetic L_ 
 
 Cognate "^ 
 
 Magnify .^ 
 
 Comply, Commence .\- V^>. 
 
 Miscompute 
 
 Contain, Connect J ._*_ 
 
 Misconduct .I.L.... 
 
 Contradict Tl 
 
 Xoncompliance \- 
 
 Controvert W 
 
 Nonconducting J^H. ... 
 
 Countersign iL/ 
 
 Recognize /\~~ 9 
 
 Decompose "X> 
 
 Recommend />& 
 
 Discomfort |O 
 
 Reconcile /v 
 
 Discontinue \L^ n 
 
 Recumbent * 
 
 Encompass _._..-No' 
 
 Selfish 
 
 
 1 ^. 
 
 SI 
 
 Entertain ^^J* =*= <J* 
 
 U 11 Cv Hi iJlLlv. vl 
 
 Foreseen 
 
 Unconcerned 
 
 TnpfiTiifn -- '~_- 
 
 <*- s 
 
 \i urccognizcd v 
 
 
 ^_s , 
 
 IT '1 rl **-sfi 
 
 Incomplete ^ 
 
 tJ 1IX vCUIlv-AltJU 
 
 Inconstant ,--..' 
 
 Unrocompensed 
 
 
 Syllables may be pre- 
 
 Incumbent *- - 
 
 fixed to these signs (ssc 
 H. IV, p. i IT, R. 2\ as 
 
 Interfere 
 
 fated. --- | 
 
 Introduce 
 
 Word-Signs arc some- 
 
 
 times used r.s prefixes: 
 
 Irreconcilable .?Vt^V. 
 
 afternoon, undergo. ^ y ^~^^T" 
 
11 
 AFFIX-SIGNS. 
 
 BLE-Y: plausible-y, sensible-y \ 
 
 BLEXESS, FULNESS: questionableness, TTL-.I 
 
 [truthfulness 
 FOR-E: therefor-e, wherefore ,.^> 
 
 ING: doing, coming . ...L. 
 
 INGA-N-D: eating a-u-d, giving a-n-d 1 .~ 
 ING the: taking the, losing the 
 
 INGLY: knowingly, amazingly v_^ s ^^^ 
 
 INGS: tracings, ravings ^j> /% 
 
 LESSNESS: carelessness = o 
 
 LTY, RTY: debilitv, formality, prosperity v >'~ x ^ 
 
 LY: deeply, safely, homely, manly V^ s~^ 
 MENTAL- ITY: instrumental-ity 
 
 OLOGY: zoology, physiology, genealogy )j~~..^y>... C^ 
 
 SELF: himself, one's- self, man's-self ^~^...^^s>...^ 
 
 SELVES: ourselves, our own selves .r^ ...r^p... 
 
 SHIP: Lordship, friendship --) y> 
 
 SOMENESS: irksomeness ' 
 
 [soever 
 
 SOEVER: whatsoever, whosoever, how- ^ ^--.AB 
 
 Word sijrns m;iy bo used as affixes, rus in rv ~N 
 
 thereto, hereafter <- ^ 
 
READING EXERCISES. 
 
 TO ACCOMPANY 
 THE SYNOPSIS 
 
 OF 
 STANDARD PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 ANDREW J. GRAHAM, 
 
 AUTHOR AND PUBLISHER 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 These Reading Exercises furnish practice on each sec- 
 tion of the "SYNOPSJS OF STANDARD PHONOGRAPHY. " They 
 should be used thus: 
 
 1. Having studied the section or sections of the Syn- 
 opsis referred to at the head of each portion of the Read- 
 ing Exercises, read the exercise repeatedly, until it can 
 be read without hesitation. 
 
 2. Then copy the exercise until the characters can be 
 readily and neatly \vritten. 
 
 In this manner, the sections being progressively studied, 
 and, by practice m reading and writing, rendered thor- 
 oughly familiar, there will be avoided the difficulties of 
 cursory study and insufficient practice. After completing 
 the Exercises on the sections of the Synopsis, read and 
 copy repeatedly the connected reading matter of subse- 
 quent pages. Learn each day a/e?o of the signs in the 
 Lists, until the entire list of word-signs and prefixes and 
 affixes are perfectly familiar. 
 
 By this recommended course of study and practice, 
 with this little work, the pupil will acquire a thorough 
 knowledge of the Elementary, or Corresponding, Style of 
 Standard Phonography a style demonstrated by mathe- 
 matical comparisons to be superior, in point of brevity, 
 and in every other respect, to reporting styles of other sys- 
 tems. 
 
IV 
 
 This style answers for all the purposes of shorthand 
 even for reporting for EXPERT penmen, by simply omitting 
 to a great extent the vowels. But those who wish to become 
 reporters, should review the Corresponding Style, as pre- 
 sented in the Hand-Book of Standard Phonography; af- 
 ter which, the Reporting Style as taught in that work 
 should be thoroughly studied, as there directed. 
 
 In the Hand-Book, the coarse print corresponds nearly 
 to the text of the Synopsis, while Remarks and Notes 
 (presenting various Details, and Cautious, and References; 
 and Questions useful for becoming a thorough phonogra- 
 pher, are given in the accompanying fine print. 
 
SYNOPSIS 
 
 CHAPTER I.-SIIWPL,E CONSONANTS. 
 
 ON1. 
 ^f 1. THE PHONOGRAPHIC ALPHABET IN ITS SETTLED ORDER. 
 
 c 
 
 T2. \ \ L C ". ^ 
 
 II ( ( ) ) 
 
 / / j j r r 
 
 O C 3 ^ /% . 
 
 ON 2-4. DIRECTION OF CONSONANTS. 
 
 T 3. "\\ \ L ^ ->n || (())// 
 
READING EXERCISES. 
 
 . J 
 
 . r 
 
 V 
 
 C 
 
 ' < ( ^ ^ ^ 
 
 ON 5. 
 MANNER OF JOINING CONSONANT STROKES. 
 
 \ 
 
 V. 
 
 ^_*' 
 
 f 
 
 x V 
 
 11 
 
READING EXEKCISES. 
 
 ON 6. JOINING THE CIRCLE. 
 
 / 
 
 c 
 
 J 
 
 
 6 I 
 
 
 -r.^ 
 
 f 
 
 ON 7, 8 MODIFYING THE CIRCLE. 
 
 ^ -<=> _p _^ 
 
 D 
 
 , 
 " 
 
 \ 
 
 
 x-*- ^ /a-<R-v-^ 
 
 
 
 - "-> 
 
 ' 
 

 i^. ^ 
 
 READING EXERCISES. 
 
 * UX > *x> disease*. ' recesses, ^ thetit, <T exercises, 
 
 ON - 9, 11. BRIEF W AND Y. 
 
 1 10, a. C^> 
 
 6. N ^ / ^_ V 
 
 1 / V y- 
 
 CHAPTER II -VOCALIZATION AND ASPIRATION 
 
 ON 12-17. SIMPLE VOWELS. 
 
 Tf 11. Dot Vowels. 'i T '1 I' . \ ^ ', ^\ 
 
 / /. / / / ^ QU L- \ e. c ( ) )' 
 
 'I ^ -I i '^ ^ r ^- ^ ^ 
 
 .r r r c F r ^ 
 
 / /' ^ c- S' S ahl S eh! 
 
READING EXERCISES. 
 
 V 
 
 112 Dash Vowels. "I I" -| h L J 
 
 x \ r /- ^ t -c c v )' )- j j 
 
 "I -) I- 
 
 1. ') -C- - 
 
 13. 
 
 rs - 
 
 ( .r 
 
 (yon) v_ 
 
 ON 18-20.- CLOSE DIPHTHONGS. 
 
 y j 
 
 *v <^\i liin x 
 
 x r r "V, r^ 
 
 X l^-~- 1^ -s V N l\/ X 
 
 6. P.'/" \ 5 .r = /- j'jy 
 
 -. ,\ 1,1 V L- -J r r- 
 
10 READING EXERCISES. 
 
 /\ A 
 
 v , ,,r ^ ^ ^ -* s X ^ 9 X S f& / *\ 
 
 r / A * \' -\ -pa - 
 
 ^^f \ 6 * i I x 
 
 } M f ^ ^_9 ~N I 10 
 
 J x V \ A v __ x A I- I- 
 
 ON 19, 21. OPEN DIPHTHONGS. 
 
 V v -"\ / s~^- 
 
 15. ay or aye=ai / ayes, A Cairo. (> I 
 
 J J v 
 
 V-x' <^\ Haughey, ^i-^ v ^ ^-^ \ r* /* P *> 
 
 ON 22, 23. W AND Y WITH VOWELS AND DIPHTHONGS. 
 * 16 W with a Vowel. c c c c 'a % 
 
 c \ e i c r C F '/ f f L, ; - 7 ^_ j ,i *- n - 
 
 U u " r. 
 
 ^[ 17. Y with a Vowel. u v y "* n 
 
 CTx 'V" ^ -^x ( ^>\ 
 
READING EXERCISES. 
 
 11 
 
 L| L -\ l u L i \ X. 
 1 18. W with a Diphihong. ; - 
 
 ; 19. Y with H Diphthong, ^i ' J- , ^ 
 
 D IMC \ <-' 
 
 20. > - I- t s "' 
 
 ON 24, 25. 
 
 21. 
 
 -I -I -I -11 =1 / '/ 
 
 S ^ ; V X. ,<) 
 
 122. 
 
 ii 
 
 \- x \ \ 
 
 = 
 
 U, 
 
 L. 
 
 V " 
 
12 
 
 V 
 
 HEADING EXERCISES. 
 
 23. Vowels between Strokes: 
 
 a. All First-place ami Long Second- place vowels are written after the 
 first stroke ; all other vowels are written before the second stroke (asm 
 examples in preceding paragraph) ; except when greater clearness 
 would result from non-observance of the rule, as ^~^C~ i nste ^d 
 of ^~ S C" calmly ; /^"^ instead of /*~^ arsenic. 
 
 b. When two vowels occur between two strokes, one vowel is writ- 
 ten to each, if that can be conveniently done ; otherwise both are written 
 by one, placing nearest the sign the nearest vowel ; as, \_^^ power. 
 
 M 
 
 ON 26. 
 
 
 1. T ! 1 
 
 OX 27. 
 
 
 I 25. 
 
 OK 28. 
 
READING EXERCISES. 13 
 
 127. \ *\ .r .r P- 
 . r -c y ^ y e 
 
 ON 30. 
 
 128. 6, ^ 2' ^ 
 
 
 ON 31, 32. 
 
 129, a. "\" -I "I _^ -r ^^ 
 
 ^ -^ ' v l = 1 x 
 
 r / -v / 
 
 6. "^ = ^ ^ =^ "V 
 
 c j. 
 -1 fl - 
 
 = == 
 
14 READING EXERCISES. 
 
 
 iso. . r-i.;\iA . ,/ -i/-- .- v -r, 
 
 p . !_ 
 
 o; f -v v. o /< /^ >v ' / s 
 
 \ V 1 ** > ^~^ 5 ^^ ^ ^ v x 
 
 ^; .i. X, /*^ _i,n^,^,-r, -S, 
 
 ! O 
 
 . (and) / (tt-Ao) x_p i nor 
 
 -- v^ S v o>-~^-^ - 
 
 ON 33, 34 
 
 I3i. x 1 I 9 9 ? ,__->' ^f 
 
 
 
 CHAPTER HI. -GROUP CONSONANT-SIGN*. 
 
 ON 36. THE EL-HOOK. 
 
 1 32. \ \ r r / / 
 
 ^J <^ <* C~^ ml C^x- nl 
 
 win <i_^ wn cX wr 
 
 mr >?^x n r . (See 10. 1.) 
 
BEADING EXERCISES. 
 ON 37, 38. THE AR-HOOK. 
 
 j. v\vs n r i // n 
 
 c ^^s c ^ r i ^ i i^ f) 
 \^. * \ / V / tx x c_y 
 
 f 34 
 
 ml 
 
 nl 
 
 mi ^_^ nr 
 
 ON 39. 
 
 35, a. \ 
 
 k 
 
 ON 41. -VOCALIZATION OF INITIAL-HOOK SIGNS. 
 
 i r r .1 
 
 T 
 
16 
 
 READLXO EXKUCISKS. 
 
 37, a. >o 
 
 I I A 
 
 b. 
 
 I- 6 
 
 o 
 
 1 !L 
 
 "7 
 
 \> 
 
 v\ 
 
 ^ \ \ 
 
 N " S- - 
 
 , 
 
 D 
 
 v v V\ /V 
 
 ^x \ /c > 
 
 1. 
 
READING EXERCISES. 
 
 17 
 
 / , ^ ~n x i- <r*$ >. 
 M) f . ^-0 -^ x~v rx f . 
 
 -> <Lx x 
 
 1 39, a. ' V ^L^ 
 
 IV -c / 
 
 U~N / 
 
 vp xT -x P ^x" S-J \* ^-^ *? 
 
 1 \ 7\ 4" \j x /" \ 
 
 H x 
 
 / 
 
 
 C y \ 9 
 
 t c ~l 
 
 D l\ o Aa 
 
 .=et cetera) x 
 
 . 
 
 ON 43. SPECIAL VOCALIZATION. 
 
 40. \. JL C <i. ^ ol_ K V 3 - 
 
 ON 44 ISS PREFIXED TO EL-HOOKS. 
 
 41. \ p / ,_ n e J ; x x^ K -P f ./ 
 
Ib 
 
 BEADING EXERCISES. 
 
 ON 44, 45. -INITIAL MODIFICATIONS OF AR 
 HOOKS. 
 
 1 42, a. \ 
 
 II 
 
 N 'i 1 ? / 
 
 S S / ? 
 
 ' 1 1 / / 
 
 & 
 
 / . 
 
 
 . j- 
 
 A a 
 
 \^ 
 
 d. 
 * V 
 
 143. ^ *> j e, 
 
 1 44. . 
 
 ON 46. IN-HOOK. 
 
 45 .o. \ \ T Y f 
 
READING EXERCISES. 
 
 19 
 
 r r r i 
 
 \d 
 X 
 
 ON 47. LER AND REL HOOKS. 
 
 C P /) r\ r\ A 
 
 146. \ t. / o_ \L C cy 
 
 <\ i ; ._ e, ) 5 e 
 
 T. T 7 ^ 0' 
 
 ^ = V' ^c 
 
 ON 48, 50. EF-HOOK. 
 
 s. v i I / / = 9 ? n 1 
 
 1 49. XX II // _^ x/LL 
 t t ^ %_? 
 
 1 50. X X L- / r "" / N , ^ \> [' 
 
 ' n- 9'' f = v7 \. 'N. <\. P |_ T 1 /* / 
 
 I I c_^ <x j \a Xi 7 v tr I L l~ / c 
 
HEADING EXKKCISE.S. 
 
 ON 49-50. EN-HOOK. 
 
 \ 
 
 c c }} j j r~\^^>^,~^ c 
 
 152,a. 
 
 \. \. J- 
 
 6. Vo V^ Xo Xa A^. Ka OA J c. 
 
 x^ 3 /r" 3 ~~^ ~^\ ' cr ~-\ ' ^ ^ ^ <r> ^ r ) 
 
 d L o u xv^i --- -- <? >) g Vi </ < 
 
 tfJQ I \A \ \ * > 
 
 53. ? ~ '^ t^' M ^ 
 
 ,. rr - >^ D I \. L ^ k ^ v c 
 
 \ ^ *S -dr ^*'* ' -V o R < X L 
 
 Xj> ko C ^ D X ^-^ V ' s-^ s - JA '-x 
 
 / 
 
 ^ x V ^ X \ ^ x 
 
HEADING EXERCISES. 
 
 ON 51-53. 
 CIRCLE ADDED TO EF AND EN HOOKS. 
 
 \ r / <2> e 
 
 1 54, a. X \s / _o X X 
 
 &/ v v V v V\ V \ j 
 
 21 
 
 </ 
 
 . Vs. \9 / <?-^ f 
 
 E-a V *" 
 
 6. 
 
 X -! J- J. d. / </ / 
 
 Va Vs C ^ 
 
 
 ON 54 EF AND EN HOOKS BETWEEN STKOKES. 
 
 56, a. 
 
 V- V 
 
HEADING EXERCISES. 
 
 < I \ 
 
 . > \ 
 
 ON 55-57. SHON-HOOK. 
 
 57, a. \3 \> b L L i ~~z 
 
 G C D D 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 i Sc ^< /j /i 
 
 ; k <U *' I ~^ -I _ 3 
 
 ON 55-57. THE TTV-HOOK. 
 
 58, a. ^> \ J J c/ (/ Z^ 
 
READING EXERCISES. 
 
 23 
 
 ON 58-fi().-KSHON HOOK. 
 
 7 
 
 U -L 
 
 loo. 
 \ ' *> 
 
 t ' V. 
 
 / 
 , vr 
 
 -^ . \ x 
 
 5 ) 1- 
 
 
 59, a. X \ \ \ 
 
 6. > /V \? -A A <^ ....... - #. e. 
 
 Vg Vg < /. $ * j/ *, . 
 
 * Added, in a fow instances, to the En-hook. 
 
24 BEADING EXERCISES. 
 
 ON 61, 62. WIDENING EM. 
 
 J 61. Emp. 
 
 Vx x >~ -k v 
 
 62. 
 
 ON 64 LENGTHENING. 
 63. A'er OB Or ADDED. inker, ^ _ s 
 
 ^hunger 
 6. Tr ADDED. ... L_.U. ...... C. ..... ' 
 
READIJSU EX.EKCISES. 
 
 material, 
 
 c. >r ADDED. 
 
 
 -i 
 
 '' I / x 
 
 ADDED. / f = f X 
 
 i 
 
 J--V.C (-' -^ 
 
 ADDED. 
 
 <rTi = 
 
 ON 66-73. SHOKTENING. 
 
 G4. T ADDED. J5...\' 
 
 S -- V-.:i- i- 
 
READING EXERCISES. 
 
 f t- r- 
 
 ... lr IF t- J' J- c/ of =,, ^- ... 
 
 v& ^ c > * , 
 
 ,-* x*" /" 
 
 If 65. Z> ADDED. \f .5 .__ \ 'l..!!...!....^ _ _. _ 
 
 Cy -IV <1V /I -7 c_ c_ f t_ 
 
 \" ^ -f I- v 1- J.... i ........ ; _. ^_ ^ 
 
 < c- c ^ f P ?>. 
 
 v. v. ^, t. Ov ^"ii i \ c G> f> a L ^ n Q. 1. '^ 
 ^ > if S J' <)' -a- .i' J 1 J^ J. d. _ - J* J J 
 
 </ J i c_j "-a -o - ! -f v -^^5 
 
 ' f' V O v /^> 
 
 fc VA t^ *x *j v i * f )- J (*(*' C 9 ' ~~S "^ 
 
 ^[ 66. TAXD /> ADDED ) ^ ^ <" ^ - x ^ f~ < x- >r '/^ 
 See 67. 
 
 ^-> O> /-^ /-\ ^^ /^ 
 
READING EXERCISES. 
 
 <j^. O^; [L.'t t'.u- Eld] 
 
 G7. ( TOJ. < 
 
 o 
 
 27 
 
 68 -.71) ^ 
 
 / 
 
 69 (72) I- I" , " ' , 1- 1 , 
 
 ON 74 EXPEDIENTS. 
 
 ^f 70. WORD-SIGNS AND CONTRACTIONS. (For a com- 
 plete Li.st of the Word-Signs and Contractions of the Cor- 
 responding Style, see Part II. of this work.) 
 
 * \ /*> 
 
 \ 71. PREFIXF.8. I. 
 
 op 
 O. 
 
 L N 
 
 Iv IO I 
 
 I'Ul, 
 
 -I 
 
28 
 
 BEADING EXEBCISES. 
 
 72. AFFIXES. 
 
 V 
 
 x 
 \ 
 
 ^ 
 
 Tl 
 
 
 \ 
 
 r ,^ ^ ., ^ 
 
 r <? 
 
 
 - 
 
 ^-e 
 
 t_o ; b & N 
 
 f 73. CONSONANTS OMITTED. U 
 
READING EXERCISES. 
 
 
 29 
 
 
 74- VOWELS OMITTED. 
 
 75. PHRASE-WRITING. (See Part II. of this work) 
 
 N 
 \ 
 
 . o 
 
 S J 
 
 76. WORDS OMITTED. 
 
 A, [of tie ^ v X < 
 
 \ , ...-IS 
 
 v~\ 
 
 = (/ 
 
XNTEBLUiBAB READING EXERCISES. 
 
 INTERLINEAR READING EXERCISES. 
 
 Word-signs, Contractions, and Prefix- and Affix- signs of the Cor- 
 responding Style, are used in the following exercises. The student is 
 thus Afforded an opportunity of learning them gradually and easily. 
 Part III of the Synopsis contains a complete list of them. As soon as 
 the phonography can he read with ease without reference to the key, 
 cover the phonography, and phonograph the words of the translation, 
 and correct hy reference to the shorthand. Continue this practice un- 
 til the entire key can be written through without an error. Then, to 
 become a proficient and correct writer of the beautiful Art, it will be 
 necessary only to make the use you naturally will of the shorthand 
 characters in all your private writing, referring to the Standard-Phono- 
 graphic Dictionary, to determine the proper outlines, whenever you 
 may have doubt. 
 
 BENEFITS OF SHORTHAND. 
 
 Ear.h word writ/en Separately. 
 
 Shorthand is capiuleof imparting; so many advantages to persons in 
 
 almost evt iy situation of life, and is <>f sm:h extensive utility to society, 
 
 . ^. x .._<... i ^j . _, 
 
 that it is justly a matter of surprise that it has not attracted a greater 
 
 share of alU-mion, and liw.n more generally practiced. In America, at 
 
 c, C > ^ \ < ...... . ^ 
 
 least, this art may be considered a national blessing, and thousands 
 
INTERLINEAR READING EXERCISES. 31 
 
 who look with tha utmost indifference upon it, are daily reaping the 
 
 X '\> x '-C V ?S - s-^_0 * 
 
 fruits of its cultivation. It is scarcely necessary to mention how 
 
 O? ' O x - ' i """"?> ^ X ' "'- r 
 
 V 'L, 
 
 indispensable it is in taking minutes of public pruceciiings. If all the 
 feel ings of a patriot glow in our bosoms on a perusal ofthose eloq't speeches 
 
 V) -rfr--V- -X 
 
 which are delivered in the senate, or in those public assemblies where 
 
 the people are frequently convened to exersise the birthright of 
 Americans we owe it to shorthand. If we have an opportunity, in 
 
 interesting judicial cases, of examining the evidence, and learning the 
 proceedings with as much certainty, and nearly as much minuteness 
 
 . ::,..:.. h .N X, LO _ JL , I 
 
 as if we had been present on the occasion we owe it to shorthand. 
 
 In short, all those brilliant and spirit-stirring effusions which the 
 
 J N r \ r ''/. / N 
 
 d- i i >> N I C/V , . / \> 
 
 circumstances of the times combine to draw forth, and which the press 
 
32 INTERLINEAR BEADING EXERCISES. 
 
 k , ...>...:.. V!. ...... > ..... 
 
 transmits to us with such astonishing celerity, warm from the lips and 
 
 S" c >~ N < C_ \ ^-/ r= 
 
 k^^ N , -j \ i f x \ -c 
 
 instinct with the soul of the speaker, would be entirely lost to posterity, 
 
 and comparatively little known to ourselves, but for the facilities afforded 
 
 L ') vv> \. ._ , c -NS z ....... fr.,r\ 
 
 fi >r tlieir preservation by shoi thand. Were the operations of those who are 
 
 V^ - f \ (P 
 
 ^~T7 ________ _^/ C 7\ N \ > V_ . 
 
 professionally engaged in exercising this art to be suspended but for a 
 single week, a blank would be left in the political and judicial history 
 
 --^-^- .;->. \ - ^ v--. .' 
 
 of our country, an impulse would be wanting to the public mind, and 
 
 ^> , \ ,...':_ x V ..... 77.... 
 
 the nation would be taught to feel and acknowledge the important 
 
 \/\) I s^-^L/ - VP (TV x . V^_ 
 
 purposes it answers in the great business of life. A practical 
 
 c / _ o -S~ I. 
 
 "\ 
 
 acquaintance with this art is highly favorable to the improvement of 
 ^ M: s L L 1~ \*A N L 
 
 Vur^- D NT . j - I V/ V b 
 
 b 
 
 the mind, invigorating all its faculties, and drawing forth all its 
 
 resources, The close attention requisite in following the voice 
 
INTERLINEAB READING EXERCISES. 33 
 
 of the public speaker, induces habits of patience, perseverance, and 
 "^ / f ~J^~ ~-'T (~> v ~~"' ^ \ V^t 
 
 O -J 
 
 watchfulness, which will gradually extend themselves in other pursuits 
 
 S- .p , . .. i C_^ i "^i s ~^~ 
 
 and avocations, and at length inure the writer to exercise them on 
 
 ^ i_ C^ x ^L -^ ^L x^^- , i r n \ 
 
 every occasion in lif-.-. When writing in puMic, it will also Lo I 
 
 ^K -*->/ \ \3~^r) . .L x 3* N L.. 
 
 absolutely necessaiy to distinguish and adhere to the train of thought j 
 
 / /C ' I' '\^ ' ^ L 
 
 which runs through the discourse, and to observe the modes of its 
 
 ._iD x c f~ ^....\_ . >I^Y \ ^~i< ...r^... 
 
 connection. This will naturally have a tendency to endue the mind 
 with quickness of apprehension, and will impart an habitual readiness 
 
 and distinctness of preception, as well as a methodical simplicity of 
 
 /'~t-z } / \ [< e-t \ r!" *y x 
 
 arrangement, which cannot fail to conduce greatly to mental superiority. 
 
 \ ^ . ' If / -, .._:. 
 
 The jinlgment will be strengthened and the taste refined ; nnd the 
 practitioner w 11, by degrees, become habituated to seize the original 
 
34 INTERLINEAR READING EXERCISES. 
 
 and leading parts of a discourse or harangue, and to reject whatever is 
 
 c. r ^-^f / r\ 
 
 Xo , v ' ! * '^^T^. I ' x*^s 
 
 commonplace, trivial, or uninteresting. The memory is also improvi-d 
 
 \ \ s f^r\ ' ^ sA 
 
 ..?_. x ;. S * v-3 <$\ ^ \ 
 
 by the practice of stenography. The obligation the writer is under to 
 
 retain ia his mind the last sentence of the speaker, at the same time 
 
 ( / o ^ v V~ 
 
 ..^._ ^ c - ^ .if- x *> --- <^_s , ^-^ \ ....... _ 
 
 hat he is carefully attending to the following one, must he highly 
 
 hencficial to that faculty, which more than any other, perhaps, 
 -) I ^ v -*/ ) ,._/^ JJW 
 
 / Ad 
 
 owes its improvement to exercise. And so much aie the powers of 
 
 retention strengthened and expanded by this exertion, that a practical 
 
 ~n ~\ < ...'y .../!_-.. 
 
 stenographer will frequently recollect more without writing than a 
 
 N^ vix-^^ .;...;... -> _ T~\ ^ ' Ck . N >....:....>. 
 
 person unacquainted with the Art could copy in the time by the use 
 
 :... G^x I o V.......r.V-. " C P I" ..... |-.~ 
 
 of longhand. It has been justly observed: " This science draws out all 
 
 the powers of the mind ; it excites invention, improves the ingenuity, 
 =o . / ^-M . v e 
 
 matures the judgment, and endows the retentive faculties with 
 
IOTERLINEAR HEADING EXERCISES. 35 
 
 V 
 </ 
 
 precision, vigilance, nnd perseverance." The facilities it affords to the 
 
 -J ^ \ /N / /"^-' I ^\ \ . v -^ 
 
 ( ------ \ / \ V_i ----- 
 
 acquisition of learning ought to render it an indispensable branch in 
 
 \ ^ Y s. 1 \ v I 9' 
 
 > x N \ S. \ ..... V \ V_ V_^ ^ -[ 
 
 -J' <!/ 
 
 the education of youth. To be enabled to treasure up for future study 
 
 the substance, or when desir > * Me the very words, of lectures, sermons, 
 
 j , -- . } ..:.._ ) ^ / ...L I 
 
 etcetera, is an accomplishment attended with so many ad vantages that it 
 
 stands in no need of recommendation. Nor is it a matter of small 
 
 '"~ N ( \ f -. f ^X ,-.1 
 
 ----- ---------- v> 7\ ,v <j- -------- ^) ........ / I 
 
 importance that by this Art the youthful student is furnished with a ready 
 
 .^..^,. . .~,.\.,>._._^ -^u " :.'.: ^r^> --- ^, 
 
 means of muking a number of valuable extracts in the moments of leisure, 
 
 v f (' \ " x ^~/ V^ ^ i ^ 
 
 ____ f ___ I ----------- / ^^ ------ ^ i r-j - ' X. ---- --- 
 
 <[/ 
 and df thus laying tip .1 stock of knowledge for his future occasions. The 
 
 v>^ .1 c -TN / s- .:^.. x ^ ..i.. <>P- .^r...:.. 
 
 pursuit of this Art materially contributes to improve the student in the 
 
 X _^v . \; ; ... \ ..;... ^ -V-, 
 
 principles of grammar and composition. While tracing the various forms 
 
 of expression by which the sanSc idea can be conveyed, he is insensibly 
 
 initiated in the science of universal language, and particularly in the 
 
36 IMTKKLIA'EAB ItEAlUKU EXERCISES. 
 
 ^~7 ^ v ~ r t LL/ / 
 
 knowledge of his native tongue. The facility with which it enables a 
 
 person to commit his own thoughts to the safety of manuscript also 
 
 /**** ^ I ""V \ ~ ( ^ 2 ' \ ( -^~s> 
 
 renders it an object peculiarly worthy of regard. By this means many 
 
 t. / Ir- t_... } .., . / -v C N> ._!..-,/" ( 
 
 ideas which daily strike us, and which are lost before we can record them 
 
 Ti'~) 
 in the usual way, may be snatched from destruction, and preserved 
 
 p <, p. <x / J f ( 
 
 I o^ K. = 4\ "V- ( x -U \ *.. 
 
 till mature deliberation can ripen and perfect them. In addition to these 
 
 e / , <Lj> ^ ^ H N - v> ^~^~X 
 
 great advantages, Science and Religion are indebted to this inestimable 
 
 rw-Hj-m ^ ,./ 
 
 Art for the preservation of many valuable lectures nnd sermons, which 
 
 ~^-i i 
 
 would otherwise have been irrecoverably lost. With so many vouchers 
 
 b 
 for the truth of the remark, we can have no hesitation in stating it as our ! 
 
 opinion, that tince the invention of printing no cause has contributed 
 
 more to the diffusion of knowledge and the progress of refinement, we 
 
 ~ n i * TI x ^\ H s ^FJ" 
 
 i j -i , \ i- 1 -, i. >. t> ^^ , 
 
 Vo 
 
 might also add, to the triumphs of liberty and the interests of religion, 
 
INTEliLKNEAR READING EXERCISES. 37 
 
 -C------ /\.. C C= n */ 
 
 than the revival and improvement uf lliis long-neglected Art. Such 
 
 are the blessings which shorthand, like a generous benefactor, bestows 
 
 indiscriminately on the world at large. But it has additional and 
 
 peculiar favors in store for those who acquire a knowledge of it. The 
 
 advantages resulting from the exercise of this Art are not, as is the 
 
 __ o < ^^ ^\ ^. ^ *\ , N V . ^_ 
 
 case with many others, confined to a particular class of society ; for 
 
 --(- ' ^ --(,- 
 
 though it may seem more immediately calculated for those whoso 
 
 V, i v/~ c~---V-^> ----> 
 
 /v v^? 
 
 business it is to record the eloquence of public men, and the proceedings 
 
 . -, . . 
 
 > NO d> 
 
 of popular assemblies, yet it offers its assistance to persons of every 
 
 7 s ' P. v ' /~v v \- /"" ' v 
 
 / u i v V- N s~~* ^r? " ^"^ ---- 
 
 rank and station in life to the man of business as well as the man of 
 
 LP_ V- ' V\ .^ ..... .\.. t^P o C o ^ / 
 
 Bcience--for the purpose of private convenience as well as of general 
 
 _ ^ -, 
 
 V-T} -x - ./ A ' t x 
 
 information . Altered from Gaulress. 
 
38 rNTEKLINEAR READING EXERCISES. 
 
 DILIGENCE. 
 
 With utc of Phrase- Writing. 
 It-is wonderful how much its-done in-a-sliurt-spuce, provided we set 
 
 - ..... V 
 
 nbout-it properly, and-give our-minds wholly to-it. Lei any-one devote 
 
 s~* N _. 7. ' LP :s= J ^^j>r , -S C -C 
 
 i "' 
 
 himself to any art or science ever BO strenuously, and-he will still 
 
 have leisure to-muke coiisideruble progress iu-half a-dozen other 
 
 //- /--^~ I C ) -^ 
 
 t/ * f s l v _/ f -*^S- ? .......... 
 
 ' <j 
 
 acquirements. Leonardo da Vlnd was a-mathematician, a-musici;in, 
 
 i - - y 
 
 a-poet, and-an anatomist, besides being one of the greatest painters 
 
 of-his age. Michael Angelo was a-prodi^y of versatility of talent 
 
 -S\ 1_<L, / P^ ..L... cX ^- , 
 
 a-writer of sonnets which Wordsworth thought worthy of-translating, 
 
 and-the friend of Dnnte. Salvator was a-luteiiist and-a satirist. Sir 
 
 _ - c------ 
 
 Joshua Reynolds' discourses are nvre classical and-polisliod thai; am 
 
 of-his pictures. ]>t a-imn do all ho can in any one branch of study. 
 
 / ") -! <r- 
 
 he must either exhnnst liim^elf. and-bave n-doze over it, or vary his 
 
INTERLINEAR HEADING EXERCISES. 39 
 
 .-- 
 
 pursuits, or else lie idle. Ail-uiir real labor lies in a-nut-shell. The 
 
 
 mind makes, at some period or another, one Herculean effort, uud-lhe 
 
 rest are mechanical. We-b;<ve to-climb-a steep and-narrovv precipice at 
 
 x "C .. S* ^ c v P 
 
 e , I....V-.., ------- 1 ...... .....,) , c^ I V^ 
 
 first, but after-that, the way is broad un.'1-easy, where we drive several 
 
 'X ^ x >>_; , <^ N \M 
 
 iiccomplisliments abi-east. Men should-have one principal pursiiit 
 
 ...A ... X ^s ___ r /____ \ (^ ..!.. 
 
 which-may both nprreealily and-advantageously be diversified with 
 
 (v <: _ s> x . - _ er x 
 
 lighter ones. Hazlilt. 
 
 APHORISMS. 
 ^ < \ ...\... LL. --i 
 
 Many \vlio appear to-be struggling ngainut adversity are happy ; 
 
 and-inoie, although possessed of-great wealth, are most-wretched. 
 
 *="> V ^ I >^ \" <. <-~ f~ ' 
 
 > N - Vx\J> v-v^p ; I 
 
 The former support their adverse fortune with firmness, the latter 
 
 rte. v ) K^x^-ix CL, .W) 
 
 inconsiderately abuse tlnir prosperity. Tacitus. Time effaces 
 
 V_S> -cr-vO / s 
 
 > ..... _ , i \^ s./ _______ v_> x CXN > 
 
 speculative opinions, hut confirms-the judgments of nature. Cicero. 
 
STANDARD-PHONOGRAPHIC 
 AND OTHER WORKS. 
 
 ANDREW J. GRAHAM, 
 
 AUTHOE AND PUBLISHER 
 
 744 BROADWAY, NEW YORK. 
 
 PHONOGRAPHY is a shorthand system of writing according to sound or pronun- 
 ciation, rejecting silent letters and ambiguous signs. The original system (Steno- 
 graphic Sound-Hand, 183") was an improvement by Isaac Pitman, of England, on 
 the system of Harding (18-3, 1828), which was an improvement on the system of 
 Samuel Taylor (1786). 
 
 " EDITIONS " OF THE OLD PHONOGRAPHY. The Old Phonography was va- 
 riously modified. The different modifications, or systems, called " editions," were 
 published First edition, in 1837 ; Second edition, Jan., 1840 ; Third edition, Dec., 
 1840; Fourth edition, 1841 ; Fifth edit-on, 1812; Sixth edition, 1844 ; Seventh 
 edition, 1845; Eighth edition, 1847 ; Ninth edition, 1853. This last and best edi- 
 tion was made the basis of Standard Phonography. See ODDS AND ENDS for an ac- 
 count of the characteristics of these " editions." 
 
 " Standard Phonography is now acknowledged by the most accomplished phonog- 
 raphers to be the best system of shorthand writing that has ever been offered to the 
 world. In the Adaptation of its Characters to the sounds of our language, in its 
 Legibility, in its Powers of Contraction, in the Rapidity with which it can be writ- 
 ten, in the Logical and Convenient A rrangement and Presentation of its Principles, 
 and in its Ease of Acquisition, itim.ir.easurably surpasses every other system of short- 
 hand. PROF. JOHX B. HOLMES, A. II., LL. B. 
 
 " The only system worth the attempt to learn." CHAS. A. SUMMER, the leading 
 reporter of San Francisco. 
 
 " Standard Phonography Is the most philosophical, rapid, and beautiful system 
 of shorthand writing ever invented. The system of Phonography as now used, is 
 
the result of the labor and study of ANDREW J. GRAUASI, by whom Pitman's system WM 
 use I a* a basis, while he has made very inaoy alterations, aud added many new 
 features [new principles, rules, combination*, devices, contractions, aud word- 
 signs], making it at once the most unique and useful system of writing that can te 
 imagined "Haver/till Gazette. 
 
 IMITATIONS. See comparisons of them with Standard Phonography In ALL 
 ABOUT PHONOGRAPHY. where the demonstration is complete that the 
 imitations require about one tllird more labor aui space than Standard Phonogra- 
 phy; and arc inferior in every other respect. See VISITOR Vol. II., for an overwhelm- 
 ing body of testimonials from the best reporters of the country, against the inferi- 
 or imitations and in favor of Standard Phonography. See Chas. A. Sumner's Lec- 
 ture on Shorthand and Reporting. 
 
 THE STANDARD-PHONOGRAPHIC SERIES. 
 
 " * more complete series of work* on any subject thau Mr. Graham's Staridard- 
 Pli'inographic Series lias never been published. These Text-Books are the only ones 
 that are perfect in themselves ; and, ia no respect, could I suggest an improve- 
 ment in the manner of bringing the subject before even the dullest student ; and 
 tin: introduction of them into all institutions of learning, where Phonography is 
 taught, is the highest compliment that can l>e paid to their merit." CHARLrs FLOW- 
 ERS, a superior reporter. 
 
 The Outline. In Miniature Book-form, bound in paper, 5 cents. One l>oz- 
 fcu, 36 cents. 
 
 The Little Teaciier. Comprises: 1. THE OCTLINF., presenting all the 
 chief elements of Staudun Phonography in eight primer-size pages ; 2. THE LITTLE 
 KKADINO EXEUCISES furnishing in 10 little pages an exercise on each section of the 
 Outline 3. Miniature edition of THE CORRESPONDENT'S LIST of Word-Signs, Con- 
 tractions, Phrase-Signs, Prefixes, a:;d Affixes of the Corresponding Style. JOuT The 
 I, ittle Teacher is a us* fill pocket companion for students of the Synopsisur Hand- 
 Book. Price, 40 cunts 
 
 Tlie Synopsis. New and Revised edition. Comprises : 1. The Simopsis (in 23 
 duodecimo pages) of all of the Principle* ut the Corresponding (Style, unmistakably 
 repsented,- with uunnrnn* engraved illustrations. 2. "The Correspondent's Lit" 
 12iuo edition comprising an alphabetical list of Corresponding Word-Signs, 
 Contractions, Phrase-Signs, Prefixes, and Affixes. 3. " The Reading Exercises " 
 in which there is an extended illustration and application of each section of tbo 
 text ; followed by several pages of connected reading mutter, with an inter- 
 lined translation. This edition is well adapted to the use of either Classes or Pri- 
 vate Students. Jg- This is a highly useful book for students of the Hand- 
 Back ; in making frequent reviews of the elements. Price 50 cents. 
 
 The IIuild-Book. Presents every principle of every style of the Art com- 
 mencing wiili tne analysis of words, and proceeding to the most rapid Reporting 
 Style in such a Form and Manner, with such Fullness of Explanation and Com- 
 pleteness of Illustration, and with such other features as to fully adapt the work tj 
 Ihe use of Schools and to Self-Instruction. The analysis and classification of the 
 >f the sounds of the voice (given in the Appendix to Part II.), will furnish invalua- 
 ble assistance to those wishing to get the correct pronunciation of any foreign lan- 
 guage. 366 duodecimo pages. Prbe, bovnd iu muslin, with embossed side-title, 
 $2.00; post-paid $2.10. 
 
 " FJLL. CONCISE and PHILOSOPHICAL in its development of the theory of writing 
 by sound, ADMIRABLE in its arrangement, and REPLETE with IMPROVEMENTS and re- 
 
ill 
 
 finenients on tho Art as previously defined, it affords the learner a safe means of 
 obtaining a speed in reporting at Itast one-fourth greater than can be acquired by any 
 oilier iiietfiod. " Seas 1 ur/c iitiatd. 
 
 First Reader. New and Revised Edition : Stereographed in the Correspond- 
 iug style ; with iuterpaged Key ; with Questions ; and with Notes. $1.75; post- 
 paid, jjl.81. Key separate, with Questions and Notes ; 50.; postpaid, 54c. 
 
 Second Reader. New and Revis(--d Edition : Stereogruphed in the Reporting 
 Style, wuh K-L-y and Notes. To be studied in connection with the Reporting 
 Style uuapter ot' the Hand-Book. $1.75 ; postpaid, jil.81. 
 
 Standard-Phonographic Dictionary." The last great crowning work 
 of tiie Standard Series," gives the pronunciation and the best outlines (Corres- 
 ponding, Advanced Corresponding, iiu.l Reporting) of about 00,000 w or Is, and the 
 lorms for about GD.OUO phrases. Beyond comparison with any thort.iuud dic- 
 tionary or vocabulary ever published. Invaluable to writers ol c-uher style 
 Cloth, 5 ; genuine morocco, fc7 ; (Octavo-form from the same plates, with wide 
 margins), Clot Li, $C ; leather, S.b ; morocco, 4>K. 
 
 The Reporter's List. In preparation with engraved forms aud explana- 
 tions in poyket-siza pages. It will combine, in one list all the Word-Siyus aud 
 Contractions aud Phrase-Signs of the Corresponding-Style aud ReporLiug-Style 
 Lists of the Hand-Book, with some additions from the Dictionary, arranged in 
 phonographic-alphabetic order. This will be as invaluable Vade Alecum ( " go 
 with me " ) to all phonographic student*. 
 
 Lady of tlie Lake. By Sir Walter Scott. With Frontispiece. Stereo- 
 gr.iped in the advanced corresponding style, with iuterpaged key ; and with 
 Notes. Total number of pages, 328. Price 2 ; postpaid, $2.10. Morocco, J4 ; 
 postpaid, f4.10. 
 
 PERIODICAL VOLUMES 1 
 
 Odds and Ends (or Phonographic Intelligencer). In common print. Haa a 
 variety of matter ol interest and value to phonographers. 75 cents. 
 
 PRICE-LIST OF BOOKS AXD ARTICLES NOT PREVIOUSLY 
 MENTIONED. 
 
 Ppl. 
 
 Brief Longhand - - - - 60 a " 
 
 Dr. Stone, Sketch of, cloth 25 " 
 
 " " paper .-.-,---10" 
 
 Envelopes: per package of 25 --------10" 
 
 Alphabet (Phonographic) 
 
 Glance (at Phonography) 
 
 Lord's Prayer (reporting style) 
 
 Christian Names 
 Lessons to an Ex-Pi tmanite, cloth - - - - - - -60" 
 
 paper - 25 " 
 
 Note-Book (Pencil) 05 08 
 
 *> The ditto mark is here used to mean " the same as at the left," 
 \. e. , that no charge is made for postage. 
 
iv 
 
 PAPER, per Quire 
 
 Good Plain Note (Blue LiiMi) - - - - - -1016 
 
 Triple-Line (Red Lutes) . -15 20 
 
 I'er pkg. of 5 quires - - - - - 00 85 
 
 PerwMH 2.103.00 
 
 (To points where the express rale is not over $5 per 100 Us, a rtum am be 
 sent cheaper by express than by mail.) 
 
 Payne's Business Letter Writer >..... ..gQn 
 
 ' ^ " Educator An Encyclopedia of Business Knowl- 
 edge, including Lessons in Typewriting. 600pp. - - -2 00 " 
 
 Pencils (Graham's Reporting) per doz - - - . - ~50 " 
 
 per half gross - - - -2.7-3 2 95 
 per gross - - . . - 5 00 5 35 
 
 Pens (Steel), per box (12 doz) - ... . -1.50 '" 
 
 " " one doz. --.-... - - 15 " 
 
 " (Gold) with "Ideal" fountain-holder - - - -400 " 
 " "Ideal" fountain-holder alone ----- -2.50 " 
 
 Phonographic Numerals - 25 " 
 
 PRACTICE-BOOKS for Phonographic Students : 
 UCS=U*Jvoc'ALiztD CORRESPONDING STYLE ' ... -1.251.30 
 ICR=LNTEIJCOLUILN KEPORTUCG STYLE - - - - - - -1.251.30 
 
 Reporting Cover ----------- 35 40 
 
 SUJLXKR'S Notes of Travel in Northern Europe." 
 
 385 pp. ; 90 illustrations ---.... -2.002.10 
 
 SUM.\EE'S " Shorthand and Reporting " part engraved - 10 " 
 
 STUDENT'S JOURNAL : 
 Vol. I. (1872), bound - - - - - -1. CO 1.68 
 
 Vols. II. to V., odd numbers only ... - - 20 " 
 
 Vols. VI. to XIX., hound, each - .... -2.502.68 
 
 Vols. VI., VII., VIII., in one Vol., half leather - - -3.50 3.75 
 Vols. IX., X., XL, in one Vol., half leather - ... 3.50 3 75 
 Vols. XII., XIII., XIV., in one Vol., half leather - -3.50 3 75 
 Vols. XV., XVI., XVII., in one Vol., half leather - -3.50 3.75 
 For the above 4 Vols., if ordered at one time - - - - 13 00 
 
 Vol. XX. (18'Jl), Subscription 3 1.00 
 
 Interesting miscellaneous articles engraved in the advanced-cor- 
 esponding style, and but slightly vocalized, with common-print key 
 n adjoining column. 
 
 2 A series of Business Letters engraved in the reporting style, with 
 common-print key in the adjoining column. Very convenient for pri- 
 vate study and practice. Most of the letters were received from sten- 
 ographers to whom they had been dictated, and are, therefore, es- 
 pecially valuable for office-work practice. 
 
 3 Published monthly, 16 pages in each number, 8 of them in Short- 
 land. An invaluable aid to students. 
 

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY 
 
 Los Angeles 
 This book is DUE on the last date stamped below. 
 
 Form L9-10m-3,'48(A7920) 444 
 
 v/JCJKXA 
 
 AT 
 LOS ANGELES 
 
 T IPT? A PV 
 
Z56 Graham- 
 G76sy The synopsis 
 
 256 
 
 G76sy 
 
 1891 
 
 I