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FROM -THE 
 
 SCIENTIFIC -LIBRARY- OF- 
 -JACQUES -LOEB- 
 
 LIBRARY 
 
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A BiocHKMic UAsis Km; TIII: STIDV OF n;<>r,u:Ms or T\\(M>MV III:I;I:MTY. 
 
 EVOLI TION, ETC., \MTII lisi'D 1AI. KKFKRENCE TO THE STARCHES AND 
 
 TISSUES OF I'AKKNT-STOCKS AND II VI HMD-STOCKS AND THE STAR< IIKS 
 
 AND HEMOGLOBINS OF VARIETIES, SNJ IKS, AND GENERA. 
 
 
 . 
 
 ! 
 
 BT 
 
 1 I 'WARD TYSON REICHERT. M.D., Sc.D. 
 
 Profettor of Physiology in the Univerrity of Peniuyltania 
 
 Research Aitociate of the Carnegie Institution of Washington 
 
 IN TWO PARTS 
 
 PART I 
 
 WASHINGTON, D.C. 
 
 PUBLISHED BT THE CARNEGIE INSTITUTION or WASHINOTON 
 
 1919 
 
- 1 
 
 BIOL06Y 
 
 LIBRARY 
 
 G 
 
 BIOLOGY 
 
 LIBRARY 
 
 G 
 
 CARNEGIE INSTITUTION OF WASHINGTON 
 PUBLICATION No. 270, PART I 
 
 PRESS OF J. li. LIITINCOTT COUFANT 
 PHILADELPHIA 
 
TABLK OF CONTENTS 
 
 PART I. 
 
 HOB 
 
 SuppfcMBsnUry and Complementary Researches. The Trend of Modern Biological Science*. General Thought* undrHyun 
 these Rsstarches. Inlcr-nrUt.oiwhii- between Molecular Configuration of Various Substance* >ml Protoplasm. 
 Biologic Proposition*. Relation* of Various Substance* to Biologic Ckssifieatiun. DiffenMSs in ttw Method* 
 Employed in these Researcbe*. Forecast of Further Research. t 'nil-Character* and Unit-Character-PbftSM of 
 Starches and Plant Tissues. Physic* and Physic*! Chemistry in their Bearing* on the Development of Biologic Science* 
 
 rm I. IwTftooDcnoN . . . 3 
 
 1. Object* of the Research 3 
 
 i of MuUnU and Hybrid*. A Foreword 3 
 
 3 Inu-nnsdktsnss* and Lessened Vitality of Hybrid* etc. (Maefarlane) 4 
 
 Intermediatenes* of Histologic Propertie* of Hybrid* 4 
 
 1 Average Oifanismal Development and Deviation* ..... 4 
 
 nit of Variability ................ 6 
 
 3 Companion of Similar Part* ....... .............. 5 
 
 4. Available Limit for Companion of Parent* with their Hybrid Profeny . . 6 
 
 5 Relative Stability of Parent Form* 
 
 Intermediateness of the SUrebe* of Hybrid* ....... 7 
 
 Intcrmediatenesi of the Maeroeoopie Propertie* of Hybrids ____ 10 
 
 ! ration of Foeke ................. 10 
 
 Second 1'rupooition of Foeke .......................... ................. 11 
 
 Tlunl l'n>|>u*itionof Focke. . ............... 13 
 
 i I'artial ur Complete Sterility of Hybrid* ........ 13 
 
 Fourth Propontion of Foeke ..................... 13 
 
 r ifth I 'ropoit ion of Focke ............................ 14 
 
 I .nubility and Mendelian Inheritance of Hybrid* and Mutant* ....... ............... 18 
 
 8. Genetic Purity in Relation to Intennedkteae** of the Hybrid . .20 
 7. Theoretic Requirement* in the Propertie* of Surcbe* to Condition* in the Hybrid corre*pondimi to thoee of Anatomic 
 
 Character* ....................................................................................... 20 
 
 it-Character* and Unit-Character-PbMM ................. .................... 21 
 
 9. A**nunt* ................................................................................................ 23 
 
 t HApTtM II. METHOM Uw> IN TB STUDY or STAMCBM .............................................................. 23 
 
 -paration of the Starche* ......................................................... 28 
 
 imluneou* Studie* of Starche* of the Parent* and Hybrid and of the Member* of a Oenu* ..... 23 
 
 3. Iliatologic Method .............................................. .................................. 23 
 
 4. I'botomierocraphic Record* ............................................. : .................................. 23 
 
 5. Reaction* in Polariied Lifht. Without and With Selenite ................ ......... 
 
 6. Iodine Reaction* ........................................................................... .24 
 
 7. Aniline Reaction* ..................................... ......... .26 
 
 8. Temperature* of Gelatinication .......................... 
 
 9. Action of Swelling Reagent* ........................... 
 
 10. Constancy of Result* Recorded by the Foregoing Method . 28 
 
 11 Reagents 1'icd in Qualitative Investigation* 28 
 
 12. Chart* of Reaction-Intenntie* of Different Starche* ........ 20 
 
 13. Comparative Valuation* of the Reaction-Intencitie* ...................... 30 
 
 <'n (ITCH III 1 1 IHTUIXMIIC PRorurnca AND REACTION* ..................................................... 31 
 
 Comparison* of the More Important Data of the Hktologie Propertie* and the PobuSseopie, Iodine, Aniline, Temperature, 
 
 and Variou* Reagent Reaction* of the Starche* of Parent- and Hybrid-Stock* .............. 31 
 
 1. Comparison* of the Starche* of Amarylli* belladonna, Bruncvigia inmphiim, Brun*donna *anderoi alba, aad 
 
 BnuMdonna sanderoe ................................................................... 32 
 
 Note* on Amarylli*, Brunsvigia, and Bnmadonna . ........................... 37 
 
 2. Comparison* of the Surche* of Hippeaatrum titan, H. dconia, and II titan-deonia 40 
 
 3. Comparison* of the Starehe* of Hippea*trum oiwlun, H. pyrrlia, and H. oMulUn-pyrrha 42 
 4 Comparison* of the Starches of Hippea*trum dsxioes, H. sephyr, and H. daonM-sephyr 44 
 
 Notes on the Ilippnut rum* ........... 46 
 
 6. Comparisons of the Starches of Hmnanthu* kathcrinc, H. magnificu*, and H. andromeda ..... 47 
 
 6. Comparison* of the Starches of Hsjmanthu* katberinv, H. puniceu*, and H. konig albert ^ 
 Notes on the HemanthuMS ............ BO 
 
 7. Comparina* of the Starches of Crinum moorei, C. *eylanicum, and C. hybridum j. e. harvey . . 61 
 
 8. Comparison* of the Starches of Crinum ceyUnicum, C. longifolium, and C. kireape 83 
 
 9. Comparisons of the Starche* of Crinum longifoUum. C. moorei, and C. powellii 
 Note* on the Crinum* . 
 
 10. Comparison* of the Starchr* of Nerine criapa, N. efegans, N. dainty maid, and N. queen of rose* ' - 
 
 HI 
 
 . 
 
iv TABLE OF CONTENTS 
 
 PAOE 
 
 11. Comparisons of the Starches of Nerine bowdeni, N. sarniensis var. corusca major, N. giantess, and N. abundance 62 
 
 12. Comparisons of the Starches of Nerine sarniensis var. corusca major, N. curvifolia var. fothergilli major, and 
 
 N. glory of sarnia 60 
 
 Notes on the Quantitative Reactions of the Nerines with the Various Chemical Reagents 68 
 
 13. Comparisons of the Starches of Narcissus poeticus ornatus, N. poeticus poetarum, N. poeticus herrick, and N. 
 
 poeticus dun te 69 
 
 14. Comparisons of the Starches of Narcissus tazetta grand monarque, N. poeticus ornatus, and N. poetaz triumph. . 72 
 
 15. Comparisons of the Starches of Narcissus gloria inumli, N. poeticus ornatus, and N. fiery cross 74 
 
 16. Comparisons of the Starches of Narcissus telamonius plenus, N. poeticus ornatus, and N. doubloon 76 
 
 17. Comparisons of the Starches of Narcissus princess mary, N. poeticus poetrum, and N. cresset 77 
 
 18. Comparisons of the Starches of Narcissus abscissas, N. poeticus poetarum, and N. will scarlet 79 
 
 19. Comparisons of the Starches of Narcissus albicans, N. abscissus, and N. bicolor apricot 81 
 
 20. Comparisons of the Starches of Narcissus empress, N. albicans, and N. madame de graaff 82 
 
 21. Comparisons of the Starches of Narcissus weardale perfection, N. madame de graaff, and N. pyramus 84 
 
 22. Comparisons of the Starches of Narcissus monarch, N. madame de graaff, and N. lord robcrts 86 
 
 23. Comparisons of the Starches of Narcissus leedsii minnie hume, N. triandrus albus, and N. agnes harvey 87 
 
 24. Comparisons of the Starches of Narcissus emperor, N. triandrus albus, and N. j. t. bennett poe 89 
 
 Notes on the Narcissi 91 
 
 25. Comparisons of the Starches of Lilium martagon album, L. maculatum, and L. marhan 91 
 
 26. Comparisons of the Starches of Lilium martagon, L. maculatum, and L. dalhansoni 94 
 
 27. Comparisons of the Starches of Lilium tenuifolium, L. martagon album, and L. golden gleam 96 
 
 28. Comparisons of the Starches of Lilium chalcedonicum, L. candidum, and L. testaceum 98 
 
 29. Comparisons of the Starches of Lilium pardalinum, L. parryi, and L. burbanki 100 
 
 Notes on the Lilies 102 
 
 30. Comparisons of the Starches of Iris iberica, I. trojana, and I. ismali 103 
 
 31. Comparisons of the Starches of Iris iberica, I. cengialti, and I. dorak 106 
 
 32. Comparisons of the Starches of Iris cengialti, I. pallida queen of may, and I. mrs. alan grey 108 
 
 33. Comparisons of the Starches of Iris persica var. purpurea, I. sindjarensis, and I. pursind 110 
 
 Notes on the Irises 113 
 
 34. Comparisons of the Starches of Gladiolus cardinalis, G. tristis, and G. colvillei 114 
 
 35. Comparisons of the Starches of Tritonia pottsii, T. crocosmia aurea, and T. crocosnueflora 116 
 
 36. Comparisons of the Starches of Begonia single crimson scarlet, B. socotrana, and B. mrs. heal 118 
 
 37. Comparisons of the Starches of Begonia double light rose, B. socotrana, and B. ensign 120 
 
 38. Comparisons of the Starches of Begonia double white, B. socotrana, and B. Julius 122 
 
 39. Comparisons of the Starches of Begonia double deep rose, B. socotrana, and B. success 123 
 
 Notes on the Begonias 124 
 
 40. Comparisons of the Starches of Richardia albo-maculata, R. elliottiana, and 11. mrs. roosevelt 125 
 
 41. Comparisons of the Starches of Musa arnoldiana, M. gilletii, and M. hybrida 120 
 
 42. Comparisons of the Starches of Phaius grandifolius, P. wallichii, and P. hybridus 129 
 
 43. Comparisons of the Starches of Miltonia vexillaria, M. rcczlii, and M. bleuana 131 
 
 44. Comparisons of the Starches of Cymbidium lowianum, C. eburneum, and C. eburneo-lowianum 133 
 
 45. Comparisons of the Starches of Calanthe rosea, C. veatita var. rubro-oculata, and C. veitchii 135 
 
 46. Comparisons of the Starches of Calanthe vestita var. rubro-oculata, C. regnieri, and C. bryan 137 
 
 Notes on the Calanthes 138 
 
 Notes on the Orchids 138 
 
 CHAPTER IV. GENERAL AND SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS or THE REACTION-INTENSITIES OF THE STARCHES OP PARENT-STOCKS 
 
 AND HYBRID-STOCKS 139 
 
 1. Reaction-Intensities of Starches with Each Agent and Reagent 139 
 
 Wide Range of Reaction-Intensities 140 
 
 Manifest Tendency to Groupings of Reaction-Intensities 140 
 
 Individuality or Specificity of Each Chart 142 
 
 The Specificities of the Components of the Reagents 144 
 
 Variable Relationships of the Reaction-Intensities as regards Sameness, Intermediateness, etc 161 
 
 Variations in the Reaction-Intensities as regards Height, Sum, and Average 162 
 
 Average Temperatures of Gelatinization compared with the Average Reaction-Intensities 164 
 
 2. Velocity-Reactions with Different Reagents 166 
 
 Percentage of Total Starch Gelatinized at Definite Time-Intervals 167 
 
 Percentages of Total Starch and Entire Number of Grains Gelatinized at Definite Time-Intervals 170 
 
 3. Composite Reaction-Intensity Curves with Different Agents and Reagents . . 172 
 
 4. Series of Charts 174 
 
 Charts Al to A 26 175 
 
 Charts Bl to B 42 188 
 
 Chart Cl 209 
 
 Charts D 1 to D 691 . . ." 210 
 
 Charts E 1 to E 46 263 
 
 Charts F 1 to F 14 282 
 
 CHAPTER V. SUMMARIES OF THE HISTOLOQIC CHARACTERS, ETC 284 
 
 1. The Starches 284 
 
 Histologic Characters and certain Qualitative and Quantitative Reactions 284 
 
 Brunsdonmc 285 
 
 Hippeastrum 287 
 
TABLK OK CONTENTS 
 
 1. The Starches) Continual. 
 
 Ilstnanthus .; 
 
 Criniitn ", s , 
 
 ir ., , 
 
 Narruvnu , ( 
 
 Litium 
 
 ^** 
 
 Ins _..,., 
 
 Gladiolus _..,., 
 
 Tritonia [..,, 
 
 Brfonia ......... " 
 
 Uuh.irdia ,,H 
 
 Mum 
 
 M.ltonw 
 
 CymUdium S 
 
 Calanlhe l() , 
 
 Ilistolofic Properties of Starche* of Hybrid* in relation to those of the Parent* M 
 
 Qualitative and Quantitative Reaction* of Starches of Hybrid* with especial reference to Reversal of these Reactions 
 
 in their Parental Relationship* 304 
 
 Reaction-Intensities of Each Hybrid Starch .... 01 
 
 Reaction-Intensities of Each Hybrid Starch with Different Afents and Reagent* M 
 
 Reaction-Intensities of Each Hybrid Starch in Relation to Sameness and Inclination to Each Parent and Both Parent* . 323 
 Reaction-Intensities of All of the Hybrid Starches with Each Aent and Reagent and a* Regard* Sameness and Incli- 
 nation of their Propertie* in Relation to One or the Other Parent or Both Parent* .<. < 
 
 2. The Plant Tissues ; U ; 
 
 Macroscopic and Microscopic Characters of Hybrid-Stuck* in comparison with the Reaction-Intensities of Starches 
 of Hybrid-Stock* a* Recard* Sameness, Intermediatenes*, Excess, and Deficit of Development in 
 
 Relation to the Parent-Stock* re 
 
 3. Tissue* and Starches of the Same Parent- and Hybrid-Stock* .HO 
 
 \ I. APPLICATIONS or RMCLTC or RMKABCRM |00 
 
 Specificity of Stereoisomerides in relation to Genera, Specie*, etc .<>, 
 
 Protoplasm a Complex f 
 
 The GenBplMOi i* a Stereochemie Syrtem that i*. a PhyMco-Clieniieal Syrtem Particulari*d by the Character* of it* 
 
 StereoMomen and the Arranfement* of it* Component* in the Three Dimeneion* of Space 194 
 
 Protoplasmic Stereochemie SyMem applied to the Explanation of the Mechanura of Variation*, Sport*, Fluctuation*, etc . 967 
 
 Protopla*mie Steraoehemie Syateot applied to the Oeoeei* of Speoie* t..s 
 
 nw VII. NOTE* AMD CoMcmaiom JTO 
 
 II . ixitheai* underlyinK then Reaearche* ;<7ii 
 
 >ratory Character Eridenee in Support of the HypotheeM, etc.. . ... 
 
 Method* Employed and Recommended :t;o 
 
 Starch Subetanee* a* Non-Unit Subetaneec ,i;j 
 
 Each Starch Property an Independent lloeico-Chemical Unit-Character 372 
 
 IndividuaUty or Specificity of Each Agent and Reajcenl 37.' 
 
 utility of Method* a* shown by Chart* and Conformity of Reeulta Collectively 373 
 
 General Conduoian* drawn from Result* of the Hemoglobin Researches 373 
 
 General Conclusion* drawn from the Starch Researche* 374 
 
 General Conchieion* drawn from Inreettgation* of the Macroscopic and Microscopic Character* of Plant* .374 
 
 The Relative Potentialities of the Seed Parent and the Pollen Parent in influeooinc the Character* of the Hybrid 374 
 
 Specie* Parent* versu* Sex Parent* 371 
 
 Intermedia teoee* a* a Criterion of Hybrid* 378 
 
 Germplaam a* a Stereoehemie System 376 
 
 Application* to the Explanation of the occurrence of Variation*, Sport*. Fluctuation*, and the Himcasi of Specie* 376 
 
 Scientific Baei* for Classification of Plant* and Animal* and for the Study of Protoplasm 376 
 
 PART II. r *o 
 
 PaKTATOBT Nora vil 
 
 CMAFTU VIII. SPECIAL, GBXIBAL, AMD COMPABATVB LAaoaAruar DAT* or TU Paornrtn* or STAACM* or PAinrr- AWB 
 
 HTUBJO-STOCKS 377 
 
 1. AmaryUia Brunsrigia 37V 
 
 1. Starches of Amaryllis belladonna, Brunsrup* Joaephin*, Brunsdonna *and*ra alba, and B. *andera. . 37* 
 
 2. i lippeactrum . 396 
 
 2. Starche* of Hippeaatrum titan, H. deonia, and H. tit* 
 
 3. Starche* of Hippeaatrum o**ultan, H. pyrrha, and H. ossultan-pyrrha 407 
 
 4. Starehe* of Hippeaatrum daonea, H. *ephyr, and H. duone* scphyr. . . 418 
 
 3. Hvmanthu* 429 
 
 6. Starches of Hjemanthu* katheruuB, H. magnificus, and H. andromeda 4.-J 
 
 6. Starebe* of Hwnanthu* kalheriwi. H. punioMM, and H. konig *Jbert 443 
 
 4. Crinum 440 
 
 7. Starches of Crinum moorei, C. seyiaaicum, and C. hybridum j. e. harrey. . 450 
 
 8. Starehe* of Crinum icyUnicum, C. longifolium, and C. kircape .404 
 
 9. Starehe* of Crinum lonjpfoUum. C. moorei, and C. powellii 47A 
 
VI TABLE OF CONTENTS 
 
 PAGE 
 
 5. Nerine 481 
 
 10. Starches of Nerine crispa, N. elegans, N. dainty maid, and N. queen of roses 481 
 
 11. Starches of Nerine bowdeni, N. sarniensis var. corusca major, N. giantess, and N. abundance 494 
 
 12. Starches of Nerine sarniensis var. corusca major. N. curvifolia var. fothergilli major, N. glory of sarnia 508 
 
 6. Narcissus 515 
 
 13. Starches of Narcissus poeticus ornatus, N. poeticus poetarum, N. poeticus herrick, and N. poeticus dante 515 
 
 14. Starches of Narcissus tazetta grand monarque, N. poeticus ornatus, and N. poetaz triumph 527 
 
 15. Starches of Narcissus gloria mundi, N. poeticus ornatus, and N. fiery cross 536 
 
 16. Starches of Narcissus telamouius plenus, N. poeticus ornatus, and N. doubloon 542 
 
 17. Starches of Narcissus princess inary, N. poeticus poetarum, and N. cresset 548 
 
 18. Starches of Narcissus abscissus, N. poeticus poetarum, and N. will scarlet , 554 
 
 19. Starches of Narcissus albicans, N. abscissus, and N. bicolor apricot 560 
 
 20. Starches of Narcissus empress, N. albicans, and N. madame de graaff 566 
 
 21. Starches of Narcissus weardale perfection, N. madame de graafif, and N. pyramus 572 
 
 22. Starches of Narcissus monarch, N. madame de graaff, and N. lord roberts ; . . . , 578 
 
 23. Starches of Narcissus leedsii minim; hume, N. triandrus albus, and N. agnes harvey 584 
 
 24. Starches of Narcissus emperor, N. triandrus albus, and N. j. t. bennett poe 591 
 
 7. Lilium 598 
 
 25. Starches of Lilium martagon album, L. maculatum, and L. marhan 598 
 
 26. Starches of Lilium martagon, L. maculatum, and L. dalhansoni 606 
 
 27. Starches of Lilium tenuifolium, L. martagon album, and L. golden gleam 612 
 
 28. Starches of Lilium chalcedonicum, L. candidum, and L. testaceum 619 
 
 29. Starches of Lilium pardalinum, L. parryi, and L. burbauki 627 
 
 8. Iria 636 
 
 30. Starches of Iris iberica, I. trojana, and I. ismali 636 
 
 31. Starches of Iris iberica, I. ccngialti, and I. dorak 647 
 
 32. Starches of Iris cengialti, I. pallida queen of may, and I. mrs. alan grey 656 
 
 33. Starches of Iris persica var. purpurea, I. sindjarensis, and I. pursind 664 
 
 0. Gladiolus 675 
 
 34. Starches of Gladiolus cardinalis, G. tristis, and G. col villei 675 
 
 10. Tritonia 685 
 
 35. Starches of Tritonia pottsii, T. crocosmia aurea, and T. crocoamteflora 685 
 
 11. Begonia 695 
 
 36. Starches of Begonia single crimson scarlet, B. socotrana, and B. mrs. heal 695 
 
 37. Starches of Begonia double light rose, B. socotrana, and B. ensign 702 
 
 38. Starches of Begonia double white, B. socotrana, and B. Julius 708 
 
 39. Starches of Begonia double deep rose, B. socotrana, and B. success 713 
 
 12. Richardia 718 
 
 40. Starches of Richardia albo-maculata, R. elliottiana, and R. mrs. roosevelt 718 
 
 13. Musa 725 
 
 41. Starches of Musa arnoldiana, M. gilletti, and M. hybrida 725 
 
 14. Phaius 736 
 
 42. Starches of Phaius grandifolius, P. wallichii, and P. hybridus 736 
 
 15. Miltonia 749 
 
 43. Starches of Miltonia vexillaria, M. rcezlii, and M. bleuana. 749 
 
 16. Cymbidium 760 
 
 44. Starches of Cymbidium lowianum, C. eburneum, and C. eburneo-lowianum 760 
 
 17. Calanthe 769 
 
 45. Starches of Calanthe rosea, C. vestita var. rubro-oculata, and C. veitchii 769 
 
 46. Starches of Calanthe vestita var. rubro-oculata, C. regnieri, and C. bryan 778 
 
 CHAPTER IX. MACROSCOPIC AND MICROSCOPIC CHARACTERS OF PARENT-STOCKS AND HYBRID-STOCKS 785 
 
 1. IpoouBa coccinea, I. quamoclit, and I. sloteri 785 
 
 2. Laelia purpurata, Cattleya mossite, and Loilio-Cattleya canhamiana 791 
 
 3. Cymbidium lowianum, C. eburneum, and C. eburneo-lowianum 798 
 
 4. Dendrobium findlayanum, D. nobile, and D. cybele 804 
 
 6. Miltonia vexillaria, M. roezlii, and M. bleuana 
 
 6. Cypripedium spicerianum, C. villosum, C. lathatnianum, and C. lathamianum inversum 816 
 
 7. Cypripedium villosum, C. insigne maulei, and C. nitana 828 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 memoir iii complementary and supplemen- 
 tary to publication N". \\<> of the Carnegie Insti- 
 tution of Washington, entitled " The Differentia- 
 tii-ii und SjHvilii-ity of Corresponding Proteins 
 and other Vital Substance* in relation to Biological 
 Classification and Organic Evolution: The Crystal- 
 lography of Hemoglobins," and publication No. 173 
 of the same series, entitled " Tin- Differentiation and 
 Specificity of Starches in relation of Genera, Species, 
 reochemiatry applied to Protoplasmic Proc- 
 eases and 1'nxliu-u, and aa a strictly scientific basis 
 for tli' Classification of Plants and Animals." Like 
 its predecessors, this is a report of an exploratory 
 -tigutiuii. In the preface of No. 173 there ap- 
 peared the following statement of the thoughts that 
 underlie these .-indies, and of their support up to that 
 time by the results of experimental inquiry: 
 
 " I'll.- present memoir, which is purely in the nature 
 of a rcjMirt of a preliminary investigation, is comple- 
 mentary and supplementary to Publication No. 116 of 
 tin- h.-'itutitm. entitled 'The Differentiation and Spe- 
 cificity of Corresponding Proteins and other Vital Sub- 
 stances in Notation to Biological Classification and Or- 
 ganic Kvolution: The Crystallography of Hemoglobins,' 
 in the preface of which the following statement was made 
 of the hypothesis upon which the research was founded, 
 and of the support of the hypothesis by the results of 
 the inquiry: 
 
 " ' The trend of modern biological science seems to 
 be irresistibly toward the explanation of all vital phe- 
 nomena on a physico-chemical basis, and this movement 
 has already brought about the development of a physico- 
 
 ical physiology, a physico-chemical pathology, and 
 a physico-chemical therapeutics. The striking parallel- 
 isms that have been shown to exist in the properties and 
 reactions of colloidal and crystalloid*] matter in ri/ro and 
 in the living organism lead to the assumption that 
 protoplasm may be looked upon as consisting essentially 
 of an extremely complex solution of interacting and in- 
 terdependent colloids and crystalloids, and therefore that 
 the phenomena of life are manifestation* of colloidal and 
 
 illoidal interactions in a peculiarly organized solu- 
 tion. We imagine this solution to consist mainly of 
 proteins with various organic and inorganic substances. 
 The constant presence of protein, fat, carbohydrate, and 
 inorganic salts, together with the existence of protein-fat, 
 protein-carbohydrate, and protein-inorganic salt com- 
 binations, justifies the belief that not only such sub- 
 stances, but also such combinations, are absolutely essen- 
 tial to the existence of life. 
 
 The very important fact that the physical, nutri- 
 tive, or toxic properties of given substances may be 
 greatly altered by a very slight change in the arrange- 
 
 ment of the atoms or groups of molecules may be 
 assumed to be conclusive evidence that a trifling modifi- 
 cation in the chemical constitution of a vital substance 
 may give rise to even a profound alteration in its physio- 
 logical properties. This, coupled with the fact that 
 <h (Terences in centesimal composition have proved very 
 inadequate to explain the differences in (hi phenomena 
 of living matter, implies that a much greater degr 
 importance is to be attached to peculiarities of chemical 
 constitution than is universally recognized. 
 
 ' The possibilities of an inconceivable number of 
 constitutional differences in any given protein at 
 stanced in the fact that the serum albumin m< 
 may, as has been estimated, have as many as 1,000 million 
 sterepisomers. If we sssume that serum globulin, myoal- 
 bumin, and other of the highest pmti -ins may each have a 
 similar number, and that the simpler proteins and the 
 fats and carbohydrates, and JHTMHIW other complex ..r 
 ganic substances, may each have only a fraction of tin* 
 number, it can readily be conceived how, primarily by 
 differences in chemical constitution of vital substances, 
 and secondarily by differences in chemical composition, 
 there might be brought about all of those differences 
 which serve to characterize genera, species, and individ- 
 uals. Furthermore, since the factors which give rise to 
 constitutional changes in one vital substance would 
 probably operate at the same time to cause related 
 changes in certain others, the alterations in one may 
 logically be assumed to serve ss s common index of all. 
 
 ' In accordance with the foregoing statement, it can 
 readily be understood how environment, for instance, 
 might so affect the individual's metabolic processes as 
 to give rise to modifications of the constitutions of cer- 
 tain corresponding proteins and other vital molecules 
 which, even though they be of too subtle a character for 
 the chemist to detect by his present methods, may never- 
 theless be sufficient to cause not only physiological and 
 morphological differentiations in the individual, but 
 also become manifested physiologically and morphologi- 
 cally in the offspring. 
 
 ' Furthermore, if the corresponding proteins and 
 other complex organic structural units of the different 
 forms of protoplasm are not identical in chemical con- 
 stitution, it would seem to follow, as a corollary, that 
 the homologous organic metabolites should have specific 
 dependent differences. If this be so, it is obvious that 
 such differences should constitute a preeminently im- 
 portant means of determining the structural and physio- 
 logical peculiarities of protoplasm. 
 
 "'It was such germinal thoughts that led to the 
 present research, which I began upon the hypothesis 
 thst if it should be found that corresponding vital sub- 
 stances are not identical, the alterations in one would 
 doubtless be associated with related changes in others, 
 and that if definite relationships could be shown to 
 exist between these differences and peculiarities of the 
 living organism, a fundamental principle of the utmost 
 importance would be established in the explanation of 
 
 VII 
 
VIII 
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 heredity, mutations, the influences of food and environ- 
 ment, the differentiation of sex, and other great prob- 
 lems of biology, normal and pathological. 
 
 " ' To what extent this hypothesis is well founded 
 may be judged from this partial report of the results 
 of our investigations: It has been conclusively shown 
 not only that corresponding hemoglobins are not identi- 
 cal, but also that their peculiarities are of positive generic 
 specificity, and even much more sensitive in their dif- 
 ferentiations than the " zooprecipitin. test." Moreover, 
 it has been found that one can with some certainty pre- 
 dict by these peculiarities, without previous knowledge 
 of the species from which the hemoglobins were derived, 
 whether or not interbreeding is probable or possible, and 
 also certain characteristics of habit, etc., as will be seen 
 by the context. The question of interbreeding has, for 
 instance, seemed perfectly clear in the case of Canida? 
 and Muridae, and no difficulty was experienced in fore- 
 casting similarities and dissimilarities of habit in Sciu- 
 ridae, Muridae, Felidae, etc., not because hemoglobin is per 
 se the determining factor, but because, according to this 
 hypothesis, it serves as an index (gross though it be, with 
 our present very limited knowledge) of those physico- 
 chemical properties which serve directly or indirectly to 
 differentiate genera, species, and individuals. In other 
 words, vital peculiarities may be resolved to a physico- 
 chemical basis/ 
 
 " Before and since the inception of the foregoing 
 research, data have been slowly accumulating which 
 point more and more strongly to the extremely import- 
 ant interrelationships that exist between the intramolecu- 
 lar configurations of various substances that play active 
 roles in life's processes and the configurations of proto- 
 plasm. Hence, any progress in the application of stereo- 
 chemistry to metabolic processes brings us closer to an 
 understanding of those peculiar mechanisms of proto- 
 plasm which give rise to the phenomena which in the 
 aggregate constitute life in its normal and abnormal 
 manifestations. 
 
 " Hemoglobin, next to protoplasm, is unquestionably 
 the most important organic substance of vertebrate life, 
 and in conjunction with the stroma with which it is asso- 
 ciated is an active functionating protein, the main func- 
 tion of which is the conveyance of oxygen from the 
 external organs of respiration to the internal organs of 
 respiration or the tissues generally. Starch is similarly 
 an extremely important constituent of a vast number of 
 forms of plant life, but its role in vital processes, while, 
 on the whole, as essential to the continuance of life, is 
 of an entirely different character. Moreover, the general 
 and special characters of these substances in relation to 
 those of the bodies which originate them, and the mechan- 
 isms of their formation, are likewise strikingly different. 
 Hemoglobin constitutes nearly the whole of the erythro- 
 cyte or red-blood corpuscle, and that portion of the ery- 
 throcyte which is not this substance may properly be 
 regarded as being in the nature of an adjunct, but 
 nevertheless essential. In early embryonic life the ery- 
 throcytes are nucleated and probably derived directly 
 from the mesoblastic elements, and they increase in num- 
 
 ber by mitosis. Later, proliferation occurs in all parts 
 of the circulation, in certain capillary areas more than 
 others, especially in those of the liver, spleen, and bone- 
 marrow. During the progress of fetal development the 
 erythrocytes, primarily spherical and nucleated, in time 
 lose their nuclei, and become smaller, aud take on the 
 peculiar disk or cup-shaped form of postnatal life. After 
 birth the red bone-marrow is the chief or sole seat of 
 formation of erythrocytes. It is the common conception 
 that in this structure these corpuscles arise from nucle- 
 ated red cells which exist at first as colorless, nucleated 
 erythroblasts, and subsequently as smaller, denser, 
 colored, nucleated normoblasts. The former, which are 
 looked upon as the hereditary representatives of the 
 embryonal erythrocytes, are generally conceived to be 
 converted into normoblasts by mitosis, and the latter in 
 turn to become ordinary erythrocytes upon the disappear- 
 ance of the nuclei by solution or extrusion. It is, how- 
 ever, more likely, as suggested in 1882 by Malassez, and 
 very recently (1912) by the investigations of Emmel by 
 means of plasma cultures, that the erythrocyte of late 
 fetal and post fetal life is formed from the cytoplasm 
 of the erythroblast by a simple process of budding and 
 detachment.* According to either conception the ery- 
 throcyte is a separated portion of the mother substance 
 that has been set free in a highly specialized life-sustain- 
 ing medium, but in a distinctly modified form, inasmuch 
 as it has a much higher hemoglobin content and is lacking 
 in the amoeboid activities and power of reproduction of 
 the parent substance, the latter differences being readily 
 accounted for in the absence of nuclear matter. Starch, 
 on the other hand, is a synthetic product of metabolic 
 activity which bears no resemblance to the protoplasm 
 that gave rise to it, and which is destined to serve an 
 entirely different purpose from that of hemoglobin in the 
 life-history of the organism. With hemoglobin as it 
 exists associated with the stroma in the erythrocytes we 
 are dealing with an active, living, functionating, highly 
 specialized form of protoplasm; with starch, we deal 
 with an absolutely inert, non-living, non- functionating, 
 extremely complex carbohydrate in the nature of a stored- 
 up pabulum, and a synthetic product of plastids which 
 are specialized forms of protoplasm. In the hemoglobin 
 research it was shown that the hemoglobin molecule is 
 modified in specific relationship to genus, species, etc., 
 which may be taken to mean that the form of protoplasm 
 that is expressed by the term erythrocyte is correspond- 
 ingly stereochemically modified; with starch it has been 
 found, as will be seen by the context, that the molecule 
 is likewise changed in specific relationship to genera, 
 species, etc., which accordingly may also be taken to 
 mean that during synthesis the products of activity are 
 altered in their molecular peculiarities in specific rela- 
 
 *See Science 1912. xxxv, 873; 1914. xxxix. 334. Kite (Proc. Soc. 
 Exp. Biol. Med., 1914, xi. 112) and Oliver (Science, 1914, XL, 
 648) have found that erythrocytcs can be so modified structur- 
 ally and vitally ae to have ciliate or flagellate processes, and Oliver 
 has shown that some of the latter exhibit a high degree of irrita- 
 bility in relation to mechanical stimulus. 
 
PHKFACE. 
 
 IX 
 
 tioiulup to the itereochcuuc modifications of the form- 
 of protoplasm which produce Uiem. In other worda, one 
 inav lay down the dictum that each and every form of 
 protoplasm efislent in any organism it ttereochemically 
 peculiarly modi/ied in . Miunship to that organ- 
 
 ism, and that, at a corollary, the product* of tynikttii 
 trill be in(j,l\;.,-l in conformity vith the molecular pecu- 
 tuinlics of the protoplasm giving rite to them. It fol- 
 lows, therefore. tli.it if tin- plastids of any given plant 
 be of different stcreochemic structure from Uioae of 
 other*, the starch produced trill show corresponding 
 ttereocheiinc variations, and hence be absolutely diag- 
 nostic in relation to the plant. Abundant evidence will 
 !> found in the pages which follow in justification of this 
 statement. MoreouT, if such differences are diagnostic, 
 iioy constitute a $trictly scientific batis 
 for the classification of plants. 
 
 ' Tli.- research on starches was undertaken with three 
 primary olijects in view: First, to determine if the hy- 
 pothesis underlying the hemoglobin investigation would 
 be supported hy the stereochemic peculiarities of other 
 complex synthetic metabolite*; second, to add materially 
 r knowledge of one of the most important substances 
 in the life history of both plant and animal kingdoms; 
 ami third, to throw open fields of investigation which 
 offer extraordinary pnimi-. jxirticularly in adding to our 
 kimwli-.li:,' of tlie aU-iiii|Mirtaiit pn>|HTtieof protoplasm." 
 
 nee tin- U-pnning of these researches, facts 
 have been accumulating steadily along various chan- 
 nels of investigation which are in support of the 
 |>ro]N.siti(>ns: That all vital phenomena are or will 
 be found to be explicable upon a physico-chemical 
 basis; that the line of demarcation between chemical 
 uii'l lii.M-hemical laws and phenomena is fast disap- 
 pearing; that it is becoming recognized that the 
 genesis of living matter, individuals, sex, varieties, 
 Kpories, and genera is being resolved to studies of the 
 genesis of chemical compounds and interactions, and 
 of tlio laws and applications of physical chemistry; 
 and that the specificities of stereoisomerides in rela- 
 tion to various tissues, organs, and organisms is one 
 of the most extraordinary and fundamental phe- 
 nomena of living matter, and inseparable from 
 specificities of molecular constitutions and vital char- 
 acu-n-tios of various forms of protoplasm. 
 
 In the introduction of the Hemoglobin memoir 
 neea were made to certain differences that have 
 noted in corresponding substances, plant and 
 animal, in relation to biological classification; and in 
 the corresponding chapter of the Starch memoir many 
 instances were cited of various substances, inorganic 
 and organic, that appear in stereoisomeric forms and 
 exhibit marked physical, nutritive, and toxic differ- 
 ences in accordance with peculiarities of molecular 
 configuration. Among such substance*, those of bio- 
 
 ori-m are of preeminent interest because of 
 their ilmvt or indirect dependence upon protoplasm 
 for their existence and peculiarities, and many in 
 vestigationa bearing upon them have been carried 
 out (during especially the last decade) that are of 
 such particular importance in their bearings upon 
 the objects of these investigations as to demand here 
 at least casual notices. It has already been noted 
 that some years ago lioppe-Seyler and others found 
 that the pepsins of warm-blooded and cold-blooded 
 animals are not identical, and that Wroblewsky and 
 others recorded differences in the pepsins of differ- 
 ent animals. Now, it is of interest to note that these 
 differentiations have "been added to by liedin (Zeit 
 :'. physiolog. Chemie, 1011, uutxn, 187 ; 1011, LXXIV, 
 1012, LXXXII, 175), who found in comparative 
 studies of renuiuogeiuj from species of different gen- 
 era that either rvnnase or antirennaae can be pre- 
 pared at wilr from the same reuninogen, and that the 
 antireunase is inhibitory to the reunase of the same 
 species but not to the rennase of other species, there- 
 fore showing distinct generic specificity. Moreover, 
 it is probable, as liedin pointed out, that the in- 
 vertases from different yeasts, bacteria, molds, etc., 
 are not identical. Scherman and Schlesinger (Proc. 
 Soc. Exp. Biol. and Mod., 1915, xn, 118) have re- 
 ported that the auiyltutes from pancreas and malt 
 are not identical. Malt amylase they found to be 
 most active in a somewhat acid solution, while the 
 optimum solution for pancreatic amylase is slightly 
 alkaline, and the amylase of pancreas was lees than 
 half as active as that of malt. The investigations of 
 Dudley and Woodman (Biochem. Jour., 1915, ix, 
 07) indicate that the casein of sheep differs from 
 that of the cow ; and the studies by Dakin and Dudley 
 (Biochem. Jour., 1913, xv, 271) in digestion, 
 Schmidt (Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. and Med., 1917, 
 xiv, 104) in immunization, Ten Broeck (Biolog. 
 Chern., 1914, xvu, 369) in antigenic tests, snd 
 Underwood and Hendrix (Biolog. Chera., 1915, 
 xxn, 453) in toxicity experiments have shown that 
 ' racemic " casein is not identical with casein. 
 
 The specificities of the hemoglobins and starches 
 in relation to the animal or plant source, as set forth 
 in the preceding memoirs, has had abundant support 
 by various biologic reactions (complement-fixation, 
 iipplntinin, precipitin, anaphy lactic). It seem* evi- 
 dent that all of these reactions or tests have a bio- 
 chemic basis; that they are dependent upon peculiari- 
 ties of chemical constitution or structure of protein 
 molecules; and that they are "group" reactions in 
 the sense that they are restricted to the same or to 
 similar proteins of the same individual or closely 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 related or allied species or genera. Since Magendi 
 in 1839 found that when egg albumin is injected into 
 rabbits the animals become so sensitized that death 
 is caused by a second injection, an enormous amount 
 of work has been done in similar and allied experi- 
 ments. The literature that has . accumulated is so 
 exceedingly voluminous and of such a character that 
 even a review of the most important of the investi- 
 gations is quite impossible within the allotted limits 
 of space of this report. But there are several re- 
 searches that have appeared since the publication 
 of the preceding memoirs which, like the foregoing, 
 are of such especial importance in connection with 
 the present investigations that*they, as in the case 
 of several others above referred to, should receive at 
 least a passing notice. For instance, Bradley and 
 Sansun (Jour. Biolog. Chem,, 1914, xvm, 497) 
 found that guinea pigs that are sensitized to beef 
 or dog hemoglobin, fail to react, or react only slightly, 
 to hemoglobins of other origins. They tried the hemo- 
 globins of the dog, beef, cat, rabbit, rat, turtle, pig, 
 horse, calf, goat, sheep, pigeon, and chicken, and of 
 man, and they found reasons 'for the conclusion that 
 the hemoglobins from different sources are chemically 
 different. 
 
 The studies of Wells and of Wells and Osborne of 
 the biological reactions of vegetable proteins (Jour. 
 Infect Dis., 1911, vm, 66; 1913, xn, 341; 1914, 
 xiv, 377 ; 1915, xvn, 259 ; and 1916, xix, 183) show 
 among various findings of variable degrees of im- 
 portance that chemically similar proteins from the 
 seeds of different genera react anaphylactically with 
 one another, while chemically dissimilar proteins 
 from the same seeds in many cases fail to do so. 
 Blakeslee and Gortner (Carnegie Institution of 
 Washington Year-Book, No. 12, 1913, 99) record evi- 
 dence in their investigations of the precipitin reactions 
 of the proteins of mold that is consistent with the con- 
 clusion that there are not only "species proteins" but 
 also "sex proteins" (see Chapter vi, pages 366 and 
 367) ; and Gohlke and Mez, and Lange (Umschau, 
 1914; Scientific Amer. Sup. 1914, No. 2016, 122) 
 have recorded most significant data in the determina- 
 tion of plant relationships by means of sero-diagnosis. 
 Taxonomic relationships of a number of families were 
 studied and references are also made by Gohlke to 
 the differentiations of plant albumins by Kowarski 
 and to the experiments of Magnus and Friedenthal 
 which showed a relationship between truffles and yeast. 
 Legrand (Revue Generale des Sciences, 1918; Scien- 
 tific American Supplement, 1918, No. 2238, 322) 
 has brought together a large number of diversified 
 facts in support of zoologic biochomic specificities. 
 
 Comparing the results of the various "biologic 
 tests" with those recorded by means of the methods 
 used in the starch and hemoglobin researches, it seems 
 to be conclusively demonstrated, as far as these 
 investigations have gone, that the latter are capable of 
 practically unlimited development by addition and 
 improvement. The studies of the starches and hemo- 
 globins are not more than merely started, and there 
 remain virtually untouched (for exceptionally invit- 
 ing and extensive investigation) albumins, globulins, 
 proteoses, glycogens, fats, cholesterols, alkaloids, en- 
 zymes, hormones, and a host of other substances that 
 undoubtedly appear in animal and plant life in stereo- 
 isomeric forms that are specifically modified in rela- 
 tion to the protoplasmic source. When one pictures 
 what these three exploratory researches have brought 
 forth and what they suggest as being in part the 
 outcome of further inquiry the imagination becomes 
 bewildered by the marvellous richness of what is thus 
 forecasted. 
 
 The methods used in the preceding research have 
 in the present investigation been extended and so 
 improved as to yield records that are satisfactory in 
 quantity, kind, and accuracy ; and in reference thereto, 
 it seems needless at this juncture to do more than pre- 
 sent certain excerpts from reports by the writer that 
 have appeared in the Year Books of the Carnegie 
 Institution of Washington or elsewhere, as follows: 
 
 " The investigations with the starches were neces- 
 sarily carried on by methods that are quite different 
 from those employed in the study of the hemoglobins. 
 Although the starch granule is a spherocrystal that lends 
 itself to crystallographic study, very little can be learned 
 of its molecular characters that is of usefulness in the 
 differentiation of various starches. Other methods, how- 
 ever, offer very satisfactory means of study, especially 
 those which elicit molecular differences by means of 
 peculiarities of gelatinization. These methods, all micro- 
 scopic, have included inquiries into histological charac- 
 ters; polariscopic, iodine, and aniline reactions; tem- 
 peratures of gelatinization ; and quantitative and quali- 
 tative gelatinization reactions with a variety of chemical 
 reagents which represent a wide range of difference in 
 molecular composition. 
 
 " Each starch property, whether it be manifested in 
 peculiarities in size, form, hilum, lamellation or fissura- 
 tion, or in reactions with light, or in color reactions with 
 iodine or anilines, or in gelatinization reactions with 
 heat or chemical reagents, is an expression of an inde- 
 pendent physico-chemical unit-character that is an index 
 of specific peculiarities of intramolecular configuration, 
 the sum of which is in turn an index which expresses 
 specific peculiarities of the constitution of the proto- 
 plasm that synthetized the starch molecule. The unit- 
 character represented by the form of the starch grain is 
 independent of that of size ; that of lamellation independ- 
 ent of that of fissuration, etc. This is evident in the 
 fact that in different starches variations in one may not 
 
I'KF.I 
 
 M 
 
 be associated with variatiot '.t-r. and tliat when 
 
 variations in different <t are coineidently ob- 
 
 ! :h-y may be of like or unlike character. Gola- 
 
 iSility U one of the moot o>n-;>:, u> u- pr.'i-Ttiea of 
 fUrch and it represents a primary physico-chemical unit- 
 character, which character may be studied in as many 
 quantitative and qualitative phases M there are kinds 
 of starches and kind- of gelatinizing reagents, the phe- 
 nmena of gelatinization by beat being distinguishable 
 frin those by a given chemical reagent, and those by 
 
 .ju'ent from those by another, and those of one 
 rUrch by a given reagent from those of another starch. 
 he starch grain is certainly not, 
 aa i commonly supposed, a manifestation of a simple 
 process of iml>iKitin of water, such as occurs in the 
 swelling of particles of dry gelatin or albumin, but in 
 fact a very definite chemical process corresponding to 
 that which occurs in the swelling of liquid crystals, and 
 which must vary in character in accordance with the 
 reagent entering into the reaction. It therefore follows, 
 as a corollary, that the property of gclatinizability of 
 any specimen of starch may be expressed in aa many 
 inde|*'iident physico-chemical nnit-character-phases as 
 th.-iv are reagents to elicit them. By these methods 
 lx>th physico-chemical unit-characters and unit-character 
 phases can be reduced to figures, from which charts can 
 be constructed which show in the case of each starch 
 that the Mini total of these values is as distinctive of the 
 kind of starch and plant source as are botanical characters 
 of the plant 
 
 " Individualities of one or the other of the parental 
 rtarches may or may not be observed in the starch of 
 the offspring, and if present they may or may not appear 
 in moilifli-d form. Moreover, the starch of the offspring 
 may exhibit peculiarities that are not seen in either of 
 the parental starches, and when two or more sets of 
 hybrids have resulted from separate crosses of the same 
 parental stock, each lot of hybrids may not only exhibit 
 in common distinctive variations from parental charac- 
 ters but also independent individualities, and, as a corol- 
 lary, differ from each other in "well-defined respects. 
 
 >, not only may a given hybrid be definitely attached 
 to definite parentage, but also the hybrids of separate 
 crosses may be recognized as such. 
 
 " The studies of the starches of parent- and hybrid- 
 stocks have been supplemented by corresponding and 
 somewhat laborious histological examinations of plant 
 tissues associated with some macroscopical inquiry. The 
 results of this supplementary research are in striking 
 accord with those of the starch investigations, and both 
 are in entire harmony with universally recognized prin- 
 ciple* of the plant and animal breeder and with the dic- 
 tum underlying theae researches, 'vital peculiarities 
 may be resolved to a physico-chemical basis' with 
 which may be coupled a second dictum, 'corresponding 
 complex orpanie substances exist in stereoisomeric forms 
 that are modified specifically in relation to and diag- 
 nostic of the protoplasmic source.' " 
 
 Wliil. the present research treats almost solely of 
 the prop. ;<a rent-stocks and hybrid-stock*, and 
 
 correspondingly of heredity, it will be found that the. 
 result* can be utilized in very broad applications to 
 biology. Apart from the derogation of intenncdi- 
 atenoss aa a criterion of hybrids, there is perhaps no 
 single feature* of the report that will appeal more 
 immediately to biologists in general than the facts that 
 have been collated that indicate a far greater degree 
 of importance of hybridization in the genesis of 
 species and evolution than has thus far been recog-_ 
 nizcd. Moreover, to every student who has kept 
 abreast of the development* of modern biologic science 
 it must be evident that the great advances now fore- 
 shadowed seem to bo inseparably associated with 
 physics and physical cheini.-trv ; n tid from the results 
 of these researches on the physical chemistry of 
 starches and hemoglobins it seems that it may with 
 safety be predicted that the principle* and methods 
 herein presented will servo as one of the essential 
 starting-points that will certainly lead to results of 
 great if not epochal ini]>ortaiice. What physics prom- 
 ises in explanation of the- phenomena of organic 
 growth and form, physical chemistry promises in the 
 explanation of organic function. 
 
 Finally, an apologetic word may not be amiss. 
 This investigation like its two predecessors ban been 
 pursued amidst the endless interruptions and discon- 
 ccrtions that are inseparable from the exactions of 
 professorial duties and other unavoidable conditions, 
 and not infrequently it has of necessity been set aside 
 for weeks or months. This obviously has not only 
 somewhat but seriously interfered with that continu- 
 ity of work and thought that is so important in the 
 successful pursuit of elaborate investigations in un- 
 explored fields of inquiry. On this account there 
 will appear not a little evidence of a lack of uniformity 
 of treatment of corresponding parts of the work ; an 
 absence here and there of sufficient and careful detail, 
 correlation, and analysis; and a failure not infre- 
 quently to discuss with sufficient fullness many facts 
 in their biologic relationships and applications. 
 Moreover, inasmuch as the writer is not a botanist, 
 some facts that may be of especial botanic interest 
 may not have been given adequate treatment, while 
 some of minor intercut may have been unduly 
 accentuated. 
 
 EDWARD TTSOH RKICHETT. 
 
 From Ike ft. Weir ItitcMl L*kor*ory of 
 Umvtrrity of 
 
PART I. 
 
 SUMMARIES AND COMPARISONS OF THE PROPERTIES OF THE STARCHES AND OF 
 THE TISSUES OF PARENT-STOCKS AND HYBRID-STOCKS. APPLICATIONS 
 
 OF TIIK RKSII.TS (IF TIIK KF.SK MH'IIKs Til THE GKRM-PLASM, 
 
 \\i:i \TM\s. FLUCTUATIONS, SPORTS, MUTANTS, SPECIE. 
 
 TAXONOMY, HEREDITY, ETC. NOTES AND CONCLUSIONS. 
 
 BT EDWARD TYSON REICHERT, M.D., Sc.D. 
 
CHAPTER I. 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 1. OBJECTS OF THIS RESEARCH 
 
 In Ix-th of thf preceding researches satisfactory evi- 
 dence was recorded to justify the conclusion that com- 
 plex organic substances exist in different stereoisomeric 
 forms in different organisms, and that the differences 
 are specific in relation to genera, species, and varieties, 
 and in general in striking accord with the accepted data 
 <>f the systematise Naturally it seemed to be a matter 
 of the greatest fundamental importance to determine 
 to what recognizable degree these physico-chemical prop- 
 erties are transmitted from seed and pollen parents in 
 altered or unaltered form in the hybrid ; if it is possible 
 to predict the heritability of this or that property; 
 whether or not new physico-chemical properties appear 
 in the hybrid ; and if the phenomena of physico-chemical 
 inheritance arc not only consistent with but also in ex- 
 planation of the data of the systematist and with the 
 > of the plant breeder. 
 
 2. CXITKUA or HYBRIDS AND MUTANTS. 
 
 A FOREWORD. 
 
 Beginning with the elementary investigations of 
 Limifcug, data pertaining to the comparative peculiari- 
 ' parents and of hybrids have been accumulating, 
 and at present, notwithstanding that thousands of such 
 scU are known in literature, only very few of them have 
 been recorded in a way that renders them of more than 
 ; al value in formulating laws of inheritance. Stand- 
 'r the recognition of hybrids and mutants, respec- 
 v. have found widespread acceptance, yet one may 
 well hesitate to inquire if in the restrictednesa of our 
 analyses and comparisons, the narrowness of our con- 
 ceptions, and the manifest prejudices and errors of judg- 
 ment we have not been fostering many views that have 
 led to general misunderstanding and illusory conclusions. 
 The universally recognized primary or essential dis- 
 tinguishing characters of hybrids are : Intermediateness 
 of the first generation; lessened vitality that may be 
 expressed in many ways; partial or complete sterility, 
 especially as regards the pollen ; instability and Mende- 
 lian inheritance in the second and succeeding generations. 
 But if we wore to carefully examine a large number of 
 diversified characters of say a dozen hybrids selected at 
 random, what percentage of these characters would be 
 found to be intermediate, and what percentages of these 
 intermediate characters would be of mid-intermediate 
 value or nearly the same as in one or the other parent? 
 Are there not many hybrids that are nearly or quite as 
 
 fertile as their parents, or if their fertility is subnormal 
 in the first generation may it not become normal during 
 subsequent generations? Are then not many hybrids 
 that show little or no tendency toward Mendelian in- 
 heritance, or which, in other words, breed true? Is it 
 not common to find in hybrids unimpaired vitality and a 
 luxuriance of growth even exceeding that of the parents? 
 The primary or essential distinguishing character- 
 istics of mutants are set forth in the laws formulated 
 by DeVries : 
 
 (1) New elementary species arise suddenly, without 
 transitional forms. 
 
 (2) New elementary species are, as a rule, absolutely 
 constant from the moment they arise. 
 
 (3) Most of the new forms that have appeared are 
 elementary species, and not varieties in the strict sonne 
 of the term. 
 
 (4) New elementary species appear in large num- 
 bers at the same time or at any rate during the same 
 period. 
 
 (5) The new characters have nothing to do with 
 individual variability. 
 
 (6) The mutations, to which the origin of new 
 elementary specie* is due, appear to be indefinite, that 
 ii to say, the changes may affect all organs and seem to 
 take place in almost every conceivable direction. 
 
 Do not all of these laws conform in all essential re- 
 spects with the data in many hybrids? Is not partial 
 or complete sterility common among mutants? Do not 
 mutants when crossed give rise as commonly as hybrids 
 to offspring which exhibit Hendelian phenomena? In 
 a word, has a definite line of demarcation been established 
 between hybrids and mutants? In the present research 
 mutants, as such, are of only indirect interest, but if they 
 are hybrids, as is held by many, they are obviously of 
 direct and fundamental importance. 
 
 One need not turn many pages of the vast literature 
 of heredity before becoming bewildered by the conflicting 
 statements of recognized authorities and noting that 
 many of even the more important deductions rest upon 
 false premises. In the following elementary sketch the 
 botanist, zoologist, evolutionist, and others who are very 
 familiar with the subject of heredity will not find any- 
 thing new, either in facts or deductions, the sole purpose 
 of the presentation being to lay before the general reader 
 data to show the antipodal views of different authori- 
 ties ; to indicate with what reserve we should accept cer- 
 tain well-known laws, rules, criteria, and conceptions; 
 and to point to what should, in a general sense, be ex- 
 pected in heredity upon the bases of recognized facts of 
 hybridization and mutation. 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 3. INTEBMEDIATENESS AND LESSENED VITALITY 
 OF HYBRIDS, ETC. 
 
 The gross structural characters of plants have at- 
 tracted the attention of mankind from time immemorial, 
 and for generations they have constituted the essential 
 means by which plants have been differentiated and 
 classified; yet beneath them there lay an infinitude of 
 microscopical, chemical, physical, and physico-chemical 
 properties of tissues and various protoplasmic substances 
 which will undoubtedly be found to be of far greater sig- 
 nificance in differentiation, not only in taxonomy and 
 phylogeny, but also in the elucidation of various prob- 
 lems that constantly confront the botanist. The scien- 
 tific value of the histological method of plant study to 
 the systematist was satisfactorily demonstrated in 1883 by 
 Radlkofer in " Tiber die Methoden in der botanischen 
 Systematik insbesonderedieanatomische Methode." This 
 method he holds is applicable to the study of species, and 
 since his time it has been successfully extended to varie- 
 ties and hybrids. A century ago De Candolle found the 
 microscope useful in plant classification, and Radlkofer 
 predicted in his memoir that the energies of the systemat- 
 ist would for the next century be devoted to the histo- 
 logical method. Previous to the investigations of the 
 latter, much work on the micro-anatomical and the micro- 
 chemical peculiarities of plants was recorded, and since 
 then literature of this character has accumulated to an 
 enormous volume, as is evident at a glance through the 
 encyclopedic pages of Solereder's " Systematische Ana- 
 tomie der Dicotyledonen " that appeared in 1898. While 
 such researches have proved to be of value in taxonomy, 
 in the explanation of many problems that baffled the old- 
 school systematist, and in throwing open new avenues of 
 thought and investigation, but little has been systema- 
 tized that seems to be of immediate practical usefulness 
 to the plant-breeder and to the student of evolution. 
 Time will undoubtedly show, with the sifting out of these 
 records in conjunction with recent work, a wealth of 
 material that far exceeds in value even the greatest 
 expectations. 
 
 All of our knowledge of hybrids dates from a period 
 scarcely more than two centuries ago. It was near the 
 end of the seventeenth century when the existence of 
 sexual organs of plants was recognized, and it was some- 
 time shortly antedating 1719 that Thomas Fairchild, a 
 London gardener, produced a hybrid (Fairchild Sweet 
 William) by the fertilization of Dianthus caryophyllus 
 (the clove pink) with D. barbatus (the common Sweet 
 William). This was followed by investigations of 
 parents and hybrids by Linnaeus. To Kolreuter, how- 
 ever, whose laborious experiments in hybridization began 
 in 1760 by crossing Nicotiana rustica with N. panicw- 
 lata, must be given the credit for laying a working foun- 
 dation that has proved of the greatest value in arousing 
 interest and active investigation in this exceptionally 
 important field of research. What had been recorded 
 of both naturally and artificially produced hybrids up 
 
 to 35 years ago was summarized and commented upon 
 by Focke (Die Pflanzen-Mischlinge : ein Beitrag zur Bio- 
 logie der Gewiichse, 1881). Probably as many as 2,000 
 hybrids are here referred to. Since then the number has 
 been considerably added to in botanical literature. Such 
 investigations, up to the time of the appearance of the 
 memoir by Macfarlane on " A Comparison of the Minute 
 Structure of Plant Hybrids with that of their Parents, 
 and its Bearing on Biological Problems " that appeared 
 in 1892, were confined practically wholly to the grosser 
 phenomena of plant life, such as the parentage, size, 
 vigor, rapidity of growth, length of life, appearance of 
 malformations, fertility, etc. in a word, gross charac- 
 ters such as have been and continue to be the tools of 
 the old-school systematist. 
 
 INTEEMEDIATENESS OF HISTOLOGIC PROPERTIES 
 OF HYBRIDS. 
 
 Macfarlane in referring to the earlier microscopical 
 investigations states that Henslow (Cambridge Phil. 
 Trans., 1831) made a microscopic comparison of a hybrid 
 Digitalis with its parents and showed that in the size 
 and shape of the hairs and other structures the hybrid is 
 intermediate between the parents; that Wichura (Bas- 
 tardefruchtung, 1865) with Salix, and Kerner (Mono- 
 graphia Pulmonar., 1878) with Pulmonaria, likewise 
 found the hybrid to be intermediate ; and that Wettstein 
 (Sitz. der. Kaiser. Akad. der Wissen., 1888), in compar- 
 ing the leaves of four coniferous hybrids observed in 
 transverse sections of the leaves that each hybrid in the 
 number of stomata, depth of the epidermal cells, and 
 number and arrangement of the sclerenchyma elements 
 of the bundles is exactly intermediate between their 
 parents. 
 
 In investigations of the minute characters of over 60 
 hybrids in comparison with their parents, Macfarlane 
 found it necessary to adopt certain precautionary meas- 
 ures in order to secure safe comparative results. Inas- 
 much as they have served as our guide in the anatomical 
 part of the present research they are here quoted in full : 
 
 1. AVEBAOE OBOANISMAL DEVELOPMENT AND DEVIATIONS. 
 
 " It is now recognized by botanists that every species 
 exhibits a sum-total of naked-eye characters which dis- 
 tinguish it with greater or less precision from allied 
 species. These are duly given in every local Flora. 
 But further, specific features alike macroscopic and 
 microscopic which are of great importance, are passed 
 over. Radlkofer (Akad. der Wissenschaften, Munich, 
 1883) has already insisted that the anatomical method 
 must be applied to the study of species, and I have 
 pointed out that this is equally true of subspecies and 
 varieties (Trans. Bot. Soc. Edin., vol. xix, 1891). But 
 it is the sum-total or accumulation of minute peculiari- 
 ties which gives specific identity to any organism, and it 
 is to be expected that evident or naked-eye variations 
 will often have their commencement in trivial structural 
 deviations, which, being perpetuated and exaggerated 
 it may be in size, will ultimately appeal to the naked 
 
IN IK K.N 
 
 It was this, well illustrated in the group *'>rripedia, 
 which f>-r.. 1 Kuwin -!..ly )>ut surely to frame and 
 iiiinciatf hi* c\<>luti"ii liv|H>the*ia. 
 
 \- jiLint afti-r plant has pa.--<-l under my ok- 
 tioii. 1 h. .:ly impressed, not only with Uie 
 
 averauf Mimlarity in devrlnpinerit that each shows, but 
 
 m..n- with the constant tendency there is for null- 
 >; liial* to vary from that average either in un.l. r r 
 over development, it may be only of some part or area 
 
 some large organ. As illustrations on a somewhat 
 Urge scale, 1 may refer to the number, position on the 
 
 and SIM of leaves, a line of inquiry which has been 
 entirely overlooked by systentatists, but which can afford 
 ehara :. i. iM.' \.ilui-. 'Vl\u* Jlnlyrhium gard- 
 
 :num. win n w.ll jrrowu and not overcrowded in a 
 hot-house, >m.U up Dowering shoots which bear on tin- 
 average 13 lamina-pr.'-liMiig leavea, betide one or two 
 basal scales. // cunmarium bean 21, while the hybrid 
 //. ladlerianum bears 17. But not unfrequently from 
 rowding, lack of light and nourishment, or other 
 unfavorable surroundings, the number in each may be 
 
 K-rably reduced. Conversely, when very favorable 
 vegetative conditions occur, these are accompanied with 
 grctt-r luxuriance. 
 
 \ shoot of Sari/ruga aizoon, with freedom for 
 f !i, produces annually 23 to 26 leaves; 8. gtum, 
 
 in.) tlu-ir l.yl.n.l. S. andretrsii, 30 to 32. 
 " I luring the autumn of 1890 I happened to go over 
 a lar^-r !! f sunflowers, and, in by far the greater num- 
 ber. 2? to 28 leaves were formed between the cotyledon* 
 and terminal capitulum. A few instructive caws of 
 variability from the avenge were noted. The bed was 
 one which sloped to the son and some plants at the back 
 that were slightly overshadowed by trees had been starved 
 in t!ii-ir light and moisture supply. Their leaves were 
 20 or 21. On the other hand, one in a favor- 
 able situation produced 31 leaves. 
 
 ' Hut minute changes are correlated with these 
 grosser variations, such as an increase or decrease in the 
 stomata over a given area or in the length and number 
 of hairs, et<-. In the choice of material, therefore, for 
 hyl.rul investigation one should either be acquainted 
 with tin* parent individuals and the conditions under 
 which they were grown or try to choose an average speci- 
 men of each for study. 
 
 2. LIMIT OF VABIABIUTT. 
 
 " A wide field of patient and laborious work is open 
 in the direction of ascertaining how far the individuals of 
 a species may differ microscopically without losing spe- 
 
 . 1. i.nty. As yet this field may be said to be un- 
 f"-i contributions that have recently been 
 
 made (Bot Central., ltd. xiv, XLVI) by Schumann are 
 exactly on the lines desiderated and form a valuable 
 study in tissue variability, but if we are to get an exact 
 estimate alike of species and hybrid production the 
 
 !::< must be forthcoming. Thus Lapageria rosea 
 is a parent form which I have chosen for pretty exhaus- 
 
 .-soription, and though I have tried to select mate- 
 rial from what I regard as an average strain, this may 
 itill differ from the parent plant used, as seven! varieties 
 are known to be in cultivation. This may partially ex- 
 plain why it is that hybrids at times exhibit a slight 
 
 divergence toward one parent Again, I shall have to 
 refer at some length to the remarkable change of 
 rxlnl, :{.! by the flowers of I'uinthu* grievri.lTom white 
 n tirat opening to rich crimson or crimson-purple on 
 fading. The one parent, D. alpiniu, shows scarcely any 
 trace of such floral change, but among the numerous 
 \ari.-tu-s of It. barbatut in cultivation one exhibits the 
 above peculiarity in an equally or even more striking 
 manner. 
 
 " Now, every varietal form inherits certain 
 specific peculiarities, and also the points that stamp it as 
 a variety, so that one would err in comparing the ordi- 
 nary species with the hybrid. But the very fact that 
 varieties are often inconstant in their varietal details, and 
 do not hand these down in all cases so steadily as a 
 marked species, are reasons for our giving a certain lati- 
 tude in comparison with the hybrid, but equally are 
 reasons for our desiring an exact knowledge of how far 
 a specific form may vary. 
 
 J. COMPABISON OF SlMILAB PABTS. 
 
 " In my earlier investigations it was sometimes 
 found that a certain part or organ of a hybrid did not 
 exhibit intermediate blending of the structure of both 
 parents, but a decided leaning to one. This was at first 
 regarded as an instance of variation from average hybrid- 
 ity, but more careful and exhaustive comparison showed 
 that the apparently exceptional conditions arose from 
 choice of material that did not agree in age, position, or 
 opportunities for growth. Thus I stated in the 'Gar- 
 denen' Chronicle' (April 1890) that while Sarifnga 
 aizoon had many stomata on its upper leaf surface and 
 S. geum had none, 8. andrewni resembled the latter in 
 this respect Now, I had expected to find some on the 
 leaf chosen from the hybrid, which was one of the lowest 
 of an annual shoot, those of the parents being from the 
 upper parts of shoots. On returning to the matter more 
 recently, it 'was found that the closely intermediate 
 character of the hybrid was established when leaves of 
 the same relative position and age were chosen. Thus, 
 since S. aizoon produces on the average 25 leaves annually, 
 the hybrid 32, and 8. geum 40, if the tenth leaf from the 
 base be chosen in the first, we should select the four- 
 teenth in the hybrid and the eighteenth in the other 
 parent The same principle of judicious selection of 
 material must be applied not only in dealing with large 
 organs but also in minuter details, such as bundle ele- 
 ments, matrix cells, and sclerenchyma, as well as starch 
 grains, chloroplasts, and other cell products. 
 
 4. AVAILABLE LIMIT FOB COMPABIBON or PABEXTS WITH THUS 
 HTBBID PBOOENT. 
 
 "During the last decade problems bearing on the 
 relative potency of the male and female elements in UM 
 development of an organism have been greatly ditcuased. 
 The present investigation not only throws great light on 
 these, but will enable us to compare more accurately than 
 hitherto the capabilities of each sex element. It is mani- 
 fest, however, that when a hybrid is the product of 
 parents that are widely divergent in histological details 
 the comparison will be easy, bat when we attempt to 
 compare a hybrid with two parent* which are regarded 
 as species, but whose chief specific differences are those 
 of coloring and size, it is almost or quite impossible to 
 
6 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 detect microscopically any blending of patent characters, 
 even though these may occur. Some may demur to 
 accepting conclusions drawn from comparison of the 
 hybrids of two parents that are even moderately removed 
 from each other in affinity, particularly since we know 
 that such are frequently less fertile than the pure product 
 of either parents, or are entirely sterile. The objection 
 will afterwards be considered, but here I may premise 
 that, as a rule, whether the parents are remotely or closely 
 related their evenly blended peculiarities appear, if com- 
 parison is at all possible. 
 
 " To the above general conclusion, however, we must 
 make an important exception. In not a few cases, which 
 will afterwards be cited, a separation or prepotency of 
 the sexual molecules of each parent seems clearly to be 
 indicated. 
 
 5. RELATIVE STABILITY or PABENT FORMS. 
 
 " Some species, both in the wild state and under culti- 
 vation, show a greater degree of stability, or want of 
 variation tendencies, than do others. This is probably to 
 be explained by an average structure having been slowly 
 but steadily evolved through crossing and recrossing of 
 an aggregate of like individuals with survival of those 
 best fitted for a set of environmental conditions that re- 
 mained constant through long periods of time. These, 
 therefore, even when removed to rather disadvantageous 
 surroundings, do not readily exhibit change. As exam- 
 ples, I may name Erica tetralix, E. cinerea, and Philesia 
 buxifolia. One finds that the opposite is equally true 
 of not a few species. Thus, if a series of individuals 
 of Qeum rivale or Dianthus barbatus (cultivated) be 
 compared microscopically, considerable variation is 
 traceable. 
 
 " But even species which are considered to vary little, 
 if compared from wide areas, may present unexpected 
 changes. An interesting illustration is furnished by a 
 plant just cited as one of the most invariable, viz. Erica 
 tetralix. I have shown elsewhere * that this species re- 
 solves itself into four subspecies, three of which are 
 found in Connemara, and these, so far as they have been 
 experimented on, remain true under cultivation. It is 
 necessary, therefore, in the selection of a hybrid to 
 know the exact type of each parent, if not the actual 
 parent, and to examine such alongside the hybrid 
 offspring." 
 
 Macfarlane made detailed studies of the microscopic 
 peculiarities of nine sets of parent-stocks and hybrid- 
 stocks, including the following: 
 
 1. Lalageria rosea, Phileaia buxifolia, P. veitchii 
 
 2. DianthuB alpinus, D. barbatus, D. grievei. 
 
 3. Geum rivale, O. urban mn, G. intermedium. 
 
 4. Ribe growularia, R. nigrum, It culverwcllli. 
 6. Saxifraga geum, 8. aizoon, 8. andrewgii. 
 
 6. Erica tetralix, E. ciliarU, E. wateoni. 
 
 7. Mensiesia empetriformis, Rhododendron chamecistiu Brv- 
 anthus erectus. * 
 
 8. Masdevallia amaJiilin, M. veitchiana, M. ehelsoni 
 . Cypripedium pioerianum, C. insigne, C. leeanum. 
 
 He also recorded many data respecting other hybrids 
 and parents, including in the text only some special 
 features which seemed to deserve consideration, to- 
 *Trni. Bot. 800. Edln., xnc. 1891. 
 
 gether with a rather full account of the characters of a 
 graft hybrid, Cytisus adami. The following is Mac- 
 farlane's " General Summary of Kesults on Seed 
 Hybrids " : 
 
 " It has been demonstrated that in hair production, 
 if the parents possess one or more kinds that are funda- 
 mentally similar, but which differ in size, number, and 
 position, the hybrid reproduces these in an intermediate 
 way. Illustrations of this were presented by Qeum inter- 
 medium, Erica watsoni, Cypripedium leeanum, and Mas- 
 devallia ehelsoni. But if only one parent possesses hairs 
 over a given region the hybrid usually inherits these to 
 half the extent, as in the petals of Dianthus barbatus 
 and some floral parts of Bryanthus erectus. If the hairs 
 of two parents are pretty dissimilar, instead of blending 
 of these in one, the hybrid reproduces each, though re- 
 duced in size and number by half. The gland hairs of 
 Saxifraga andrewsii, the simple and gland hairs of Ribes 
 culverwellii, and those on the vegetative organs of Bryan- 
 thus erectus are examples. The peculiar case of air dis- 
 tribution in relation to color formation noticed in the 
 sepal of Cypripedium leeanum may also be noted here. 
 
 " In the formation of nectaries as traced in Phila- 
 geria, Dianthus, Saxifraga, Ribes, etc., the above prin- 
 ciples also hold. 
 
 " The distribution of stomata over any epidermal 
 area has been proved to be a mean between the extremes 
 of the parents, if the stomata of the parents occur over 
 one surface or both, and if the leaves are similar in 
 consistence, but, as in Hedychium sadlerianum, and to a 
 less degree in Saxifraga andrewsii, if the stomatic distri- 
 bution and leaf consistence differ in the parents, this may 
 give rise to correspondingly different results in the 
 hybrid. 
 
 " In amount of cuticular deposit, and arrangement 
 of it into ridges or other localized growths, hybrids have 
 been proved intermediate between the parents. We may 
 merely recall here the case of Philageria stem, which in- 
 herited cuticular ridges from Lapageria, though reduced 
 to half the size, since the Philesia parent was devoid of 
 them. 
 
 " As Wichura has already proved for the vegetative 
 leaves of hybrid willows, the venation of hybrid leaves is 
 very uniformly intermediate between those of the parents. 
 Figures are given with this paper of the vegetative leaves 
 of Philageria and Saxifraga, and of the petals of Dian- 
 thus and Geum. The relation of the bundles to special 
 terminations, as in the water stomata of Saxifraga, is in 
 conformity with the venation. 
 
 " But the growth of tissue in a hybrid which is to 
 determine the outline or angular position which any 
 organ or part of one will assume is intermediate between 
 those of the parents when the latter show traceable dif- 
 ferences. Thus the sepals and petals, as also the styles 
 and style-arms, of Qeum intermedium, the floral parts 
 as a whole of Saxifraga andrewsii and Ribes culverwellii, 
 the frilling of some of the floral parts of Bryanthus and 
 Cypripedium leeanum are pronounced cases, while minor 
 ones have been referred to. 
 
 " Turning to minuter anatomical details, every hy- 
 brid has yielded a large series of examples which prove 
 that the size, outline, amount of thickening, and local- 
 ization of growth of cell walls, is, as a rule, intermediate 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 between those of the parcuU. We have repeatedly stated 
 that a.i the outcome of growth localization, intercellular 
 (pace* of a hybrid are modified in lize and shape as are 
 the cell* whu-h Mim-und them Now Una clearly demon- 
 strates that the living |>ruto|>la*m which ha* formed the 
 cells ia * 1 m its m -Uvular or micellar < 
 
 i that m il and over every intiuitesimally 
 
 minute are* ou iU surface where cellulose is to be laid 
 duwu the balanced effect of both parent* i* felt. 
 
 i D the laying down of secondary wall thick- 
 
 ening*, whether of a . utu ulanzed, ligmfied, or colloid 
 nature, numerous citation* have been nude where the 
 amount and nunlc of deposition i* evenly between the 
 .:u-.- of the parent*, i'erhaps the mot striking case 
 i* that of the bundle-sheath cells of 1'hilayena and its 
 :.-. where usually five liguified lamella are traceable 
 in each cell of Lapageria, eleven or twelve in /'A I/MM. 
 ^it ir nine in 1'hilageria. 
 
 In Mimman.'.,ng a* to protoplasm and its modifica- 
 tion* a* plastids, where considerable difference* can be 
 tra.xd in the pUutids of two parents the hybrid gives 
 results. Only in a few parent plants have these 
 differences been sufficiently marked to allow of compari- 
 son with the hybrid. The leucoplasts in the epidermal 
 cells of the parents of Dianthtu lindsayi are very differ- 
 ent in sue. while most of the leucoplasts in the hybrid 
 \actly intermediate, but from careful measurement 
 of lantern projection images of these it has been found 
 that .-.-in.' i- try nearly retemble those of the female parent. 
 iMiuopiasts of the petal cells in Gewn intermedium 
 and of the sepal cells in Masdevallia cheUoni are addi- 
 tional illustrations. Those of the former are very varia- 
 ble in size and number, but this is probably to be ex- 
 plained from its inheriting half of its hereditary features 
 from Gtum rivale, which is equally variable as a species. 
 Leaves of corresponding age and position from Saxifraga 
 andreu-sii and its parents have furnished chloroplasts 
 of small size and dark green color in one parent, of large 
 size and soft emerald green color in the other, and an 
 intermediate type in the hybrid, though some diverge 
 towards the " if turn " parent in having large chloroplasts. 
 
 " Hut the average size, shape, and lamellar deposition 
 in starches of Hedyrhium hybrids are perhaps the most 
 interesting cases adduced. When we remember that 
 these are bodies formed temporarily as reserve food, and 
 that they are built up by addition of successive micella 
 through the agency of minute protoplasmic masses or 
 plasts, we have a direct proof that these leucoplasts 
 are themselves fundamentally modified. Their activity 
 in the cells of the hybrid is evinced by the building up of 
 starch grains which, though only of temporary duration 
 in the history of the plant, are so accurately constructed 
 as to be an exact combination in appearance of a half 
 corputcle of each parent. 
 
 " Finally, we may recall the facts advanced as tn 
 color, flowering period, chemical combinations, and 
 grou-th rigor, which, though scanty and fragmentary in 
 their nature, all point to the conclusion that hybrids 
 are intermediate between their parents in general life 
 phenomena." 
 
 In reviewing this summary one is struck by the rec- 
 ords of universality of interme dial f ness by blended or 
 exclusive inheritance of every property. In not a single 
 
 instance is any character developed m either direction be- 
 yond the ritreines of development of the corresponding 
 character of the parents. However, these conclusions 
 are doubtless to be taken as being general or broad rathet 
 than as dogmatic, inasmuch as here and there in the text 
 of the memoir there are records of departures beyond 
 parental extremes, as in Philageria veitchii, in connec- 
 tion with which it is stated it is generally to be noticed 
 that both upper and lower epidermal cells of the hybrid 
 are equal to, if not larger than, the largest of either 
 parent "Those of the one parent (Lapageria rosea) 
 are on an average larger than those of the other parent 
 (Philesia folia), while in the hybrid they may be larger 
 than in either"; also, in the hybrid Bryanthus erectut, 
 in which " the power of conglomerate crystal formation 
 is not only inherited from the male parent (Menziesia 
 tmpetriformu var.) but also appears on a more exag- 
 gerated scale, there being at least 50 per cent more crys- 
 tals in a given area of the hybrid pit than in the 
 parent"; and also, as is quite common, in the greater 
 luxuriance of growth of the hybrid than of the parents, 
 as instanced in Philageria veitchii, Oeum intermedium, 
 Bryanthus erectiu, etc., which peculiarity is attributed 
 by Max-far lane to an increase in the size rather than in- 
 creased multiplication of the cells of the hybrid over the 
 parents; bat in either case it is obvious that there is 
 higher development of the hybrid in relation to the 
 parents ; moreover, even where intermediatoness has been 
 recorded, it has been recognized in some instances that 
 the characters of the hybrid " very nearly resemble those 
 of female parent," etc. In support of Macfarlane, Davis 
 (American Naturalist, 1911, XLV, 193; 1912, XLVI, 377), 
 in studies of the offspring of different species of Oeno- 
 thrra, found that in gross morphological characters the 
 hybrids are intermediate between the parents, and he has 
 since recorded that in histologies! characters they exhibit 
 the same peculiarity. Holden (Science, 1913, xxxnii, 
 932) states that spontaneous hybrids that are recognized 
 as varietal modifications of species can often be diagnosed 
 by their internal anatomy, both vegetative and reproduc- 
 tive, referring particularly to the intermediate histologi- 
 cal characters of the tissues and to abortive pollen. A 
 number of references are given by Holden to the results 
 of the investigations of Be tula and E quite turn, instanc- 
 ing in the hybrid transitional features between the 
 parents in internal and external anatomy associated with 
 abortive spores of hybrids. Reference might be made, 
 did space permit or were it necessary, to various other 
 articles which also are in support of the conception that 
 hybrids are in morphological and anatomical characters, 
 distinguished by " intermediatcness." 
 
 IXTERMEDIATEXES8 OP THE STABCTtU OF HTBBTM. 
 
 Macfarlane (for. cit.) made notes of the starches of 
 Ribet cuhertcellii and its parents, of Bryanlh us erect us 
 and its parents, and of ffedychium hybrids and their 
 parents. He records that in Rib ft grottvlaria (parent) 
 the largest grains are 7/ and the average 4? ; in K. nig- 
 
8 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 rum (parent) 3/* and the average 1.5/x; and in R. cul- 
 verwellii (hybrid) 5/i and the average 3/t. In Menziesia 
 empetrifonnis var. the largest starch grains are 6/1, and 
 in all cases they are larger than in the other parent 
 Rhododendron chamcecistus ; while in the hybrid Bryan- 
 thus erectus the grains are 4/x across at their largest, 
 though most are from 2 to 3/t, the size being intermediate 
 but falling rather toward the latter parent. Macfarlane 
 states : 
 
 " Hedychium gardnerianum, the one parent of H. 
 sadlerianum, forms strong rhizomes, whose storing cells 
 are large, but scantily filled with starch in all that I 
 have examined. Each starch grain is a small, flat, trian- 
 gular plate, measuring 10 to 12/x from hilum to base, 
 and the lamination is not very distinct. H. coronarium, 
 the other parent, forms smaller and fewer rhizomes, 
 and the starch-storing cells are from half to three-fourths 
 the size of the last, but these are densely filled, particu- 
 larly in the central parenchyma, with large starch gran- 
 ules. Each is ovate, or in some cases is tapered rather 
 finely to a point at the hilum. They are from 32 to 
 60/i long, measuring as before, and the lamination is 
 very marked. The cells of the hybrid are on the average 
 between those of the parents; but if one may judge by 
 opacity of cells the amount of stored starch approaches 
 more closely to that of the latter parent. The grains 
 may best be described if we suppose a rather reduced one 
 of the first parent to be set on the reduced basal half of 
 one of the latter. The lamination also is more pro- 
 nounced than in the first, less so than in the second. 
 
 "A second cross was effected by Mr. Lindsay with 
 //. coronarium, and examination of the rhizome starches 
 proves that the second hybrid approaches very closely to 
 the species parent. But the grains of H. lindsayi illus- 
 trate microscopically a phenomenon which has been re- 
 peatedly referred to, viz, the greater variability and 
 instability of a second over a first hybrid ; for many of 
 the grains (in some specimens the majority) have fantas- 
 tic shapes, appearing as if undergoing rapid disintegra- 
 tion by leucoplasts, or perhaps more truly as if the latter 
 were incapable of building up the shells of starch in a 
 regular and uniform manner. 
 
 " A set of crosses has been effected between H. elatum 
 and H. coronarium. The grains of the first are like those 
 of II. gardnerianum, except that they are larger (18 to 
 24/t), and that the lamination is coarse. The grains of 
 the hybrid are larger than those of H. sadlerianum, and 
 exhibit even more evident lamellae. They measure on the 
 average, 40/i, but vary from 30 to 50/i. Not infrequently 
 all the above hybrids have (mixed up with grains more 
 typically intermediate) some grains which can scarcely, 
 if at all, be distinguished from the small ones peculiar 
 to one parent, while very rarely I have observed grains 
 so large and rounded as to pass for those of //. coro- 
 narium. Now, when describing the epidermal leuco- 
 plasts of Dianthus grievei it was stated that, though the 
 average was nearly 3/*, some measured 2.5ft or slightly 
 less, others as much as 3.5^. The occurrence of these, 
 and similar minute differences in protoplasmic masses, 
 or in formed materials like starch grains which are due 
 to manufacture by these masses, induced me to prepare 
 a set of micro-photographs, and to project lantern trans- 
 
 parencies of these on a 7-foot screen. Thus it was pos- 
 sible to study their dimensions more exactly than under 
 the microscope. It was then found that while the shape, 
 appearance, and size of most starch grains of Hedychium, 
 of Dianthus leucoplasts, and of Geum and Masdavallia 
 chromoplasts were intermediate, examples might be got 
 which reverted powerfully to one parent, and, so far as 
 they have yet been studied, the reversion was most fre- 
 quently towards the parent with the more minute cell- 
 contents." 
 
 The results of the studies of starches are therefore 
 in entire accord with Macfarlane's conclusions pertaining 
 to the tissues in showing intermediateness of the hybrid, 
 with a tendency at times to a leaning to one parent. 
 
 Investigations of the starches of varieties and of 
 parents and hybrids of varieties of round and wrinkled 
 peas have been made by Gregory (The New Phytologist, 
 1903, n, 226), Weldon (Biometrica, 1902, i, 246), and 
 Darbishire (Proc. Roy. Soc., B., 1908, LXXX, 122 ; Breed- 
 ing and the Mendelian Discovery, 1912, 124). 
 
 Gregory (The New Phytologist, 1903, n, 226) found 
 that the starches of round and wrinkled peas occur in 
 two very different types. In the round seeds the periph- 
 eral cell-layers of the cotyledons contained a few oval 
 starch-grains which did not exceed 0.06 mm. in the great- 
 est diameter. In the third layer the grains reached 0.2 
 mm. in length, while the more deeply situated cells were 
 crowded with oval grains measuring as much as 0.34 mm. 
 in the greatest dimension. The grains were regular in 
 shape, with a definite center surrounded by well-marked 
 lines of stratification. In the rurinkled peas the grains 
 of the peripheral layers were of about the same size as 
 those of the round peas, but were of a different type, 
 occurring in irregular spheres with several centers, thus 
 forming a compound grain which has a strong tendency 
 to break up into smaller parts. In the cells which lie 
 deeply these compound grains never attain a greater 
 length than 0.1 mm. in the greatest dimension. Table 1 
 gives a list of the seeds examined. 
 TABLE 1. 
 
 Race. 
 
 Seed 
 character. 
 
 Form of 
 starch- 
 grain. 
 
 
 Round. 
 
 Large. 
 
 Fill basket . 
 
 Do. 
 
 Do. 
 
 
 Do. 
 
 Do. 
 
 
 Do. 
 
 Do. 
 
 Carter's Telegraph 
 
 Do. 
 
 Do. 
 
 
 Do. 
 
 Do. 
 
 
 Indent. 
 
 Do. 
 
 
 Do. 
 
 Do. 
 
 William the First . 
 
 Soo below. 
 
 Small. 
 
 
 Wrinkled. 
 
 Do. 
 
 
 Do. 
 
 Do. 
 
 Serpette nain blanc 
 
 Do. 
 
 Do. 
 
 
 Do. 
 
 Do. 
 
 
 Do. 
 
 Do. 
 
 
 Do. 
 
 Do. 
 
 
 Do. 
 
 Do. 
 
 
 
 
 Gregory notes that seeds of intermediate and dubious 
 shapes were not uncommon in certain of the races. The 
 
IVlKnbl . Ill 'N. 
 
 I 
 
 depressions in these seeds wen sometimes men pitting, 
 M iii Victoria M.iii .* , < r tin \ may be no marked that 
 tlie Med would bo described as w ruikled. '1 lie Utter were 
 especially common in William tin- First, but niun- 
 examination showed at once that these seeds are really 
 of Uie round ISJH-. Tin re an-, therefore, states Gregory, 
 
 ..tircly .hileiciit types of wrinkling, and wlul. 
 clear that the process \>y which wrinkling in produced 
 is connected with shrinkage on drying, the regularity of 
 the shrinking of the round type and Us irregularity in 
 the two other type* can not at present be explained. 
 There occasionally occur among the offspring of hybrids 
 between round and wrinkled type* seeds of dubious shape 
 winch it i- dutiful i, on superficial examination, to classify 
 an round or wrinkled. The existence of such seeds and 
 types of doubtful shape was taken by Weldon to indicate 
 irregularities of Mendelian segregation and dominance, 
 but Gregory states that no seed has been found which 
 upon histological examination allowed of any doubt as to 
 iU true character, and consequently that occasionally 
 pitting and spurious wrinkling must be distinguished 
 fn>m the true wrinkling of the wrinkled types. 
 
 The nature of the starch-grain in the hybrid, and 
 how the characters of the starch-grains segregate, if they 
 do so at all, in subsequent generations, are points which 
 suggested themselves to Darbishire, who states that they 
 are matters on which we are ignorant He found that 
 the starch-grains of the round pea, such u of the 
 ipse," appear as single potato-shaped grains, with 
 an average length of 0.0322 mm. and an average breadth 
 of 0.0? 13 mm. The length-breadth-index (.., 100 X 
 breadth ~ length) is 66.14. Besides these potato-shaped 
 grains, there are extremely few very much smaller 
 grains which are round. The grains of wrinkled peas 
 like the " British Queen " are compound, each consisting 
 of a number of pieces which vary between 2 and 8. These 
 pieces are held together by a ref rangent yellow substance 
 ln.-h does not color blue with iodine, and they are likely 
 to break apart. The commonest types are those with 4, 5, 
 or 6 components; grains with 7 or 8 are rarer; grains 
 with 2 or 3 are intermediate in frequency between those 
 with 4, 5, or 6 on the one hand and 7 or 8 on the other. 
 While the grains with 7 to 8 pieces are not much larger 
 than those with 4, 5, or 6 ; grains with 2 or 3 are always 
 conspicuously smaller than thorn with 4, 5, or 6. The 
 average length is 0.0269 mm., the average breadth 
 <> "Jig mm., and the length-breadth-index is 92.19. In 
 these peas are a number of very small single grains which 
 can be distinguished from the pieces of the compound 
 grains by the fact of their being circular and always 
 smaller than the grains consisting of two pieces. Very 
 rarely will be found isolated potato-shaped grains. 
 
 The grains of the F, cotyledons produced by crossing 
 the round with the wrinkled pea are nearly round ; the 
 majority of the grains are single and the remainder com- 
 pound ; the compoundneM exhibited by the compound 
 grains in F, seeds is intermediate between singleness and 
 the degree of compoundnem in the grains of wrinkled 
 
 peas, for while in the latter the number of pieces varies 
 between 8 and 8 and the commonest U 6, in the F, grain 
 it varies between 8 and 4 and the oniiniuneat is 3. The 
 differences in the measurements of the three starches are 
 shown in table 2, by which it will be seen that in shape 
 the F, grain is intermediate between the potato-shaped 
 grain and the compound grain, but nearer the 1.. 
 
 TABLE 2. 
 
 
 Round. 
 poUto- 
 
 .... i 
 
 Ft. 
 
 1 .:. 1 
 
 WriokUd. 
 
 i ::.; ;i 1 
 
 
 ...... . 
 trmia. 
 
 r.iu. 
 
 fraio. 
 
 Averm Uocth . 
 
 MM 
 
 1 Mi 
 
 MM 
 
 Averac* braadU>.. . 
 
 H i > 
 
 Mi .1 
 
 00246 
 
 Lenstb-brauilh-iiMicx 
 
 M.M 
 
 tt.6 
 
 02.10 
 
 
 
 
 
 Darbishire also examined the grains of F,. These 
 he did not measure, but he states that no differences could 
 be Men between the potato-shaped, compound, and round 
 grains from the three types already described. He notes 
 that the evidence points to the fact that the heterotygote 
 round peas in generations subsequent to F, are character- 
 ized by the possession of irregular round or round grains, 
 and homozygote round peas by potato-shaped grains. 
 Darbishire records that if the association of round grains 
 with heterozygote round and of potato-shaped grains with 
 liomozygote round holds good for the F, generation, we 
 have a means of distinguishing between DD round and DR 
 round in F,, instead of, as at present, having to wait 
 until their progeny are mature in the following year. 
 Another point demonstrated by the nature of grains in 
 F,, and borne out by those of F,, is that the shape of 
 the grain is inherited separately from its composition 
 if we may use this term to cover the singleness or com- 
 ponndness of the grain. In the round pea the grains are 
 single and long; in the wrinkled peas they are compound 
 and round ; in the hybrid they may be either single or 
 compound, but are more round than long. In F, there 
 are round grains exhibiting much compoundneu and 
 others exhibiting little. Possibly there arc potato-shaped 
 grains either with no compounds or with few, and inter- 
 mediate grains either with few compounds or with many. 
 The wrinkled peas of this generation contained, as was 
 to be expected, compound grains, but some of them had 
 in addition, very sparingly potato-shaped grains. Dar- 
 bishire also studied the absorptive capacities of the three 
 starches in relation to water. The following facts are 
 -ummed up from the results of his investigations : 
 
 1. Although roundness is dominant over wrinkled- 
 ness in peas, the round starch-grain of the F, generation 
 is a blend between the type of grain of the round pea 
 ( the potato-shaped ) and the type of grain of the wrinkled 
 pea (the compound) in respect of three characters: (a) 
 it is intermediate in shape as measured by its length- 
 breadth-index, that of the potato-shaped grain being 
 :. that of the compound grains 92.19, and that of the 
 i prain .. r > ; (6) it i intermediate in the distribu- 
 
10 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 tion of compoundness, inasmuch as some of the round 
 grains are compound and some single; (c) it is inter- 
 mediate in the degree of compoundness, inasmuch as 
 amongst those round grains which are compound the 
 most common number of constituent pieces is 3, whereas 
 in compound grains it is 6. 
 
 2. In a subsequent generation (F 6 ) the homozygote 
 round peas contain potato-shaped grains and the hetero- 
 zygote round peas contain round or intermediate grains. 
 But both round and intermediate grains may be asso- 
 ciated either with a high or a low degree of compoundness. 
 
 3. Potato-shaped grains occasionally occur in 
 wrinkled peas in F 5 , and the evidence suggests that the 
 existence of these grains in wrinkled peas tends to make 
 them less wrinkled. 
 
 4. A wrinkled pea takes up more water when it ger- 
 minates than a round one. The hybrid between a round 
 and a wrinkled pea is intermediate in respect to this 
 character between its two parents. 
 
 5. But the intermediateness of the hybrid in absorp- 
 tion capacity is not occasioned by the intermediateness 
 of the starch-grain of the hybrid, because both F 2 peas 
 containing round grains and peas containing potato- 
 shaped grains have the same absorption capacity as the 
 F! pea. 
 
 6. When, therefore, a round pea is crossed with a 
 wrinkled pea, four separately heritable characters are 
 dealt with: (a) the shape of the pea, whether round 
 or wrinkled; (b) the absorption capacity of the pea as 
 regards water, whether low or high; (c) the shape of the 
 starch-grain, whether long or round ; (a) the constitution 
 of the starch-grain, whether single or compound. 
 
 The results of these researches are not only confirma- 
 tory of the records of Macfarlane in showing interme- 
 diateness in the microscopical properties of the starch of 
 the hybrid, but also go further by demonstrating other 
 forms of intermediateness. 
 
 INTEBMEDIATENESS OF THE MACROSCOPIC PROPERTIES 
 OF HYBRIDS. 
 
 No criterion of hybrids is more widely recognized 
 than intermediateness of naked-eye characters. Refer- 
 ences have been made incidentally in preceding sections to 
 these peculiarities, but inasmuch as macroscopic charac- 
 ters have been the essential tools of the systematist 
 it is here that we must look for the data that constitute 
 the great foundation stones upon which rests the doctrine 
 of intermediateness. Macfarlane in summarizing the 
 gross characters of parent-stocks and hybrids states that 
 " color, flowering period, chemical combinations, and 
 growth-vigor, which, though scanty and fragmentary in 
 their nature, they all point to the conclusion that hybrids 
 are intermediate between their parents in general life 
 phenomena." Masters (quoted by Macfarlane, ibid., 
 page 209) in comparing the bigeneric hybrid Philageria 
 veitchii with its parents Lapageria rosea and Philesia 
 buxifolia states: 
 
 " In habit our plant [the hybrid] is, of the two, 
 more akin to the female parent (Lapageria,) than to the 
 male. Its foliage is singularly intermediate, but at the 
 same time nearest like that of the pollen parent (Phi- 
 
 lesia). In the characters of the flower-stalk, calyx, and 
 corolla, it is more like Philesia than Lapageria, but in 
 the stamens it approximates to the mother-plant, and 
 diverges from the characters of the male. In color it is 
 also more like the mother-plant than it is like Philesia. 
 The fruit we have not seen. The characteristics of both 
 parents are so curiously blended that we fear this plant 
 will lend much aid to those investigators who are striving 
 to determine what is the effect on the offspring of pollen 
 or seed parent, respectively. On the whole, it would 
 seem as though the organs of vegetation, including the 
 calyx and corolla, were more like those of the male 
 (Philesia), while in the stamens and pistil the progeny 
 favor the mother." 
 
 From the foregoing data in this and preceding sec- 
 tions one is led to the belief that intermediate inheritance 
 in the first generation is almost so universal as to be all 
 but a law, but such a conception is inconsistent with a 
 considerable mass of literature pertaining to both plants 
 and animals. Focke (loc. cit.), in his Fourth Lecture, 
 summarizes under five propositions a most important col- 
 lection of data pertaining to the characters of hundreds 
 of hybrids and their offspring. Inasmuch as these facts 
 are of great interest, fundamental importance, and broad 
 applicability, and as scant recognition seems to be given 
 to this work, and as the book is rarely found in our librar- 
 ies, a translation of his lecture is here given practically 
 in full : 
 
 PROPOSITIONS OF FOCKE. 
 
 FIBST PROPOSITION. SIMPLE PRIMARY HYBRIDS (AxB). 
 
 // individuals ichich have sprung collectively from the crossing 
 of two pure species of races are produced and grown under 
 similar conditions they resemble one another exactly, or 
 are, as a rule, hardly to be differentiated from one anotker 
 just as in specimens belonging to one and the same species. 
 
 The principle thus formulated seems in many ex- 
 periments to be sufficiently well-grounded, but it has 
 many exceptions. Several instances in hybrids indicate 
 such similarity only of individuals produced from the 
 same impregnated part (seed pod, etc.). In any event, 
 the rule proves trustworthy only in cases in which simi- 
 larity of conditions of production and growth are 
 present. 
 
 It is difficult to answer satisfactorily a most stren- 
 uously debated question if one or the other sex has the 
 stronger influence on the form of the offspring. The 
 hybrids of the two species or races, A and B, are like 
 one another no matter whether A in the crossing was the 
 male or the female progenitor. Kolreuter, Gartner, 
 Naudin, and Wichura in common could find no differ- 
 ences between the products of the two crossings A 9 X 
 B <f and B ' X A 9* More than 100 years after Kol- 
 reuter noticed the similarity between the crosses Nico- 
 tiana rustica 9 X N. pamculata <? and N. paniculala 
 9 X N. rustica $ , and one of the most observant, botan- 
 ists of our time, Timbal-Lagrave, was astonished by a 
 similar experience. All the rules and assumed prin- 
 ciples by which botanists try to determine by the mor- 
 phological characteristics of the hybrid which is the pol- 
 len and which is the seed parent prove to be entirely 
 theoretical and of no value. It has been established by 
 many experiments that in the case of pure species in the 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 11 
 
 vegetable kingdom in general the male and female pro- 
 creative element* are of equal potency. The rule of the 
 similarity of reciprocal hybrid*, a* in all utlu-r rulea in 
 :udy of hybrids, i<t not without exceptions It is 
 t that a certain dissimilarity of reciprocal hy- 
 bruN can ! cornvtly attributed only to the stronger 
 influence <>f the male ur of the female element* if the 
 .in. nta are carefully cum. 4 ut in the same way, 
 and if ti. ifter many rcj>oWii>in, always given 
 
 same results. Nearly all of the reports up to 
 this time leave much to be desired in these respects and 
 f.-r ju-tifmhle doubt. The following statements on 
 : Hilarity of reciprocal hybrids are worth con- 
 sideration : 
 
 a. The female element influences most strongly all 
 part* of the morphology of Pelargonium fulgidum X 
 /'. j/r.iru/i/fi.rum, /'. peltatum X P- tonale, Bpilobium 
 hirsulum X E. tourntfortii. In many Digitalis hybrids 
 it influences most strongly the coloring of the flowers, 
 and in several the forms of the corolla also. In 
 .\ ympkcra rubra X A', dentata the cotyledons are always 
 inn. -h mure like those of the female parent species. 
 
 6. The female element exercises apparently a pre- 
 dominating influence on the capacity of resistance to cold 
 of Rhododendron (hybrid of R. arboreum), of Lyrium. 
 and possibly also of Crinum (hybrid of C. capente). 
 
 c. The influence of the male element is predominant 
 in all parts of the morphology of I'apaver caucasicum X 
 /'. somnifcrum and Cypripedium barbaium X C. vtilo- 
 tum (ob constant ?). It exercises a powerful influence on 
 the flower coloration of Petunia. 
 
 J. Gartner has several times noticed variations in the 
 fertility of the seed of the offspring in reciprocal hybrids, 
 as in Diantkut barbatus X D. tuperbus. Gartner's ex- 
 periments are, however, hardly sufficient to prove the 
 uniformity of these findings in the hybrids concerned. 
 (In literature there may be found many speculations 
 advanced on the influences of the male and female ele- 
 ment on the properties of a hybrid, but supported by the 
 description of only one hybrid.) It is evident there can 
 be no basis for comparison unless the forms resulting 
 from A 9 X B J and B 9 X A * are both known. 
 
 Departures of an isolated specimen of a hybrid from 
 the typical form are much more frequently noticed and 
 are entirely independent of the roles played by the parent 
 forms in their production. Not infrequently, important 
 differences appear in seedlings from a single crossing that 
 are grown under absolutely similar condition*. These 
 variations show themselves in various ways. 
 
 a. Individuals resulting from a given hybridization 
 show among themselves unimportant differences, espe- 
 cially in the coloring of the flowers and other similarly 
 easily altered characteristics, as in the hybrids of Ver- 
 bascum phaenittum, Salix cuprea X 8. daphnoidet. 
 
 b. The hybrid appears in two different types, each 
 showing a different combination of the characters of the 
 parent species. As a rule, the one type is closer to one, 
 and the other to the other, parent species ; the frequency 
 of the appearance of both types is often very variable. 
 Gartner designated the type which appears less fre- 
 quently as the exceptional type (" Aosnahmetypus"). 
 Instances may be seen among Cittut, Dianthut, Omm, 
 
 Oenulhera, Lobelia. Vtrbatcum thapiui X >' niyrum, 
 .Yw./fwmi quadrivah-ii X A ? . tabacum macropnylla. 
 
 The hybrid appears in several different type*. 
 Gartner gives several examples of this, but there are 
 only three known forma by a polymorphic union. 
 
 d. The hybrid shows one typical form of a mid- 
 inU'rmi'diatenew, together with a number of varying 
 forms that are usually closer to one or the other parent, 
 among which no well-marked types can be distinguished. 
 Such is the behavior of Hedicago falcata X M. tativa. 
 and similarly of llelandryum album X M. rub rum. 
 
 0. The hybrid is polymorphous from the beginning. 
 The observations up to the present leave it doubtful 
 whether one should in these circumstances distinguish 
 between varying forms or between several fixed types 
 with similar combinations of properties. Kxamplea: 
 Abutilun, hybrids of Pelargonium glaucvm L'lli 
 radula X P- myrrhifolium, Passi flora, Hierarium, A r #- 
 penthes. Narcissus. Gartner has offered the hypothesis 
 that hybrids between different species are always of the 
 same form and that the hybrids between varieties are 
 polymorphic. If by " varieties " garden forms or garden 
 hybrids are understood, this rule is correct ; but if, on the 
 other hand, one understands constant races of pure de- 
 scent it is decidedly incorrect 
 
 Comparisons of hybrids which arise from the same 
 species, but which are produced and grown in different 
 places, exhibit many other results. Spontaneous or natu- 
 ral hybrids are, as a rule, more variable than those pro- 
 duced artificially, as for example, Verbascum lychnitis X 
 V. thapsus and V. lychnitit X V- nigrum. My own hy- 
 brids between Digitalis purpurea and D. lutea were very 
 much like one another when I sowed the seed, but a great 
 variety of forms appeared if the seeds had by chance 
 sown themselves. It may be that in these cases there is 
 no real causal connection between the varieties of the 
 forms and the methods of sowing; but, on the other hand, 
 it is a fact that different cultivators in crossing the same 
 species have very often obtained different products. 
 Hence, while similarity of the forms of all the plants of 
 one crossing appears to be without doubt the rule in 
 experiments in cultivation, similarity appears to be the 
 exception in nature. It remains to be determined how 
 great an influence dissimilar nutrition of the parent- 
 species or of the hybrid embryos may have on the varia- 
 bility of form of the hybrids. 
 
 SBOOXD PBOFOBtTIOK. 
 
 TKt froprrtitt of tin hybrids r* deriftd from Ik* proper lift of 
 tin ftrtnts. For the mott part Ik* hybrid* differ from 
 their fttrtutt only in tirt *md lufunance of froielh *md 
 in tkeir frmrrutit* power*. 
 
 The methods and modes in which the properties of 
 the parent species are combined in the hybrids are very 
 variable. In general, a blending or mutual penetration 
 of the different properties is found, often in such a way 
 that in one respect the one and in another the other 
 parent form appears to predominate. That is to say, 
 in many instances the hybrid resembles one parent more 
 in the leaves, and the other parent more in the flowers. 
 Now and then an exceptional variety of the hybrid (the 
 " Ausnahmetypus " of Gartner) appears in which the 
 properties are inversely apportioned. Many hybrid* at 
 first more nearly resemble one, and later more nearly 
 
12 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 the other pareut form ; or in the Spring their leaves re- 
 semble the one, arid in the Autumn the other type (Cistus; 
 Populus) ; or the flower-coloring is altered during the fall 
 of the bloom (as in Melandryum album X M. rubrum, 
 Epilobium roseum X -&' montanum, lantana) or in the 
 Autumn (as in Nicotiana rustica X If, tabacum, Tropao- 
 lum, Lobelia, etc.), sometimes also in different years (as 
 in Bletia crispa X B. cinnabarina, Oalium cinereum X Q- 
 verum). In the crossing of races, rarely of hybrids in a 
 strict sense, one finds now and then the properties of the 
 parents unblended and side by side (as in Cucumis melo, 
 the thorniness of the Datura fruits, the flower-coloring of 
 Rhododendron rhodora X R- calendulaceum, R. ponti- 
 cum X R- flavum, Anagallis, Linaria vulgaris X L. pur- 
 purea, Calceolaria, Mimulus, Mirabilis). The flower- 
 coloration often behaves in unexpected ways. The hy- 
 brids of Verbascum phceniceum, while having similarity 
 of form, are very variable in the flower colorings. In 
 Helianthemum hybrids variously colored flowers have 
 been found on the same stem. 
 
 Frequently, from the crossing of nearly related races, 
 especially color varieties, plants are produced which are 
 exactly like or closely resemble one of the parent races, 
 as in Brassica rapa var., Linum, Pisum, Phaseolus, Ana- 
 gallis, Atropa, Datura strammonium, Salvia hormium, 
 etc. In the second generation the influence of the other 
 parent race is usually first disclosed by a part of the 
 seedlings reverting to it completely, or only in certain 
 definite properties. Only in Atropa a reversion to the 
 unstable yellow form has not been noted. 
 
 In many cases the hybrid is so like one of the parent 
 forms that it could be considered as a very slight varia- 
 tion of the same. In the crossing of widely separated 
 species the overwhelming influence of one parent species 
 shows itself in the hybrids in a striking manner. Thus, 
 the cross of Dianihus armeria X D. deltoides is much 
 nearer to D. deltoides, of D. caryophyllus X D. chinensis 
 to D. caryophyllus, of Melandryum rubrum X M. nocti- 
 florum, to N. rubrum, of Verbascum blattaria X V. 
 nigrum to V. nigrum, and of Digitalis lutea X D. pur- 
 purea to D. lutea, than to the second species. 
 
 Occasionally the hybrids of the first generation show 
 properties which are entirely different from those of 
 both parent species. This is particularly noticeable in 
 the colors of the flowers. The most noteworthy example 
 of this is the blue-blossomed hybrids of the white Datura 
 ferox with the equally white species D. Icevis and D. 
 strammonium bertolonii. Instances of unexpected blos- 
 som-coloration are numerous in hybrids of species with 
 colored flowers, in which the hybrids in no way show 
 the coloring which one would expect from a mixture of 
 the pigments of the parents, as in Clematis recta X 
 C. integrifolia, AquUegia atropurpurea X A.- canadensis 
 (and others), Anemone patens X A., vernalis, Begonia 
 dregei X B. sulherlandi (and others), Nicotiana suaveo- 
 lens X N. glutinosa, Verbascum pulverulentum X N. 
 thapsiforme, and in hybrids of C. phceniceum which are 
 especially good examples. In the crossing of races prop- 
 erties appear many times which do not resemble the 
 parent forms but other races of the same species, as in 
 Papaver somniferum and Datura strammonium. The 
 hybrid Nicotiana rustica X N. paniculata shows at times 
 the flower coloration of N. terana, a foreign subspecies of 
 
 N. rustica. Other properties which in the hybrids are 
 developed to a greater degree than in the parent forms 
 are, for example, the greater stickiness of several hy- 
 brids of Nicotiana (N. rustica X N. paniculata) ; the 
 apparently greater abundance of honey in the hybrid of 
 N. rustica X N. paniculata; the stronger of the nauseat- 
 ing odor of the hybrids of Melandryum viscosum; and, 
 according to Kuntze, the alleged much larger quantity of 
 quinine ( ?) in the hybrids of Cinchona. 
 
 In later generations the offspring of the hybrids show 
 still further variations from the properties of the parent 
 species. 
 
 THIRD PROPOSITION. 
 
 Hybrids between different races and species are, as a rule, 
 differentiated from specimens of a pure race by their 
 vegetative power. Uybrids between widely separated 
 species are frequently very weak, especially when young, 
 so that the raising of the seedlings is rarely successful. 
 Hybrids between more closely related species and races are, 
 on the other hand, uncommonly luxuriant and strong, 
 these qualities mostly showing themselves in sine, quick- 
 ness of growth, early blooming, luxuriance of bloom, longer 
 duration of life, great power of reproduction, exceptional 
 size of some particular organs, and in analogous pecu- 
 liarities. 
 
 In support of this proposition it will be necessary to 
 refer to several examples : Delicate seedlings, it is stated, 
 follow from the crossing of Nymphoea alba with foreign 
 species, Hibiscus, Rhododendron rhodora with other spe- 
 cies, Rh. sinenses with Eurhodendren, Convolvulus, hy- 
 brids resulting from species of Salix where a species and a 
 hybrid or two hybrids are crossed, Crinum and Narcissus. 
 The fact that embryo plants from the fertilized seeds 
 of hybrids are delicate and difficult to raise is, moreover, 
 frequently noted. Dwarfed growth is seldom noted in 
 hybrids, except in some of the hybrids of Nicotiana, espe- 
 cially N. quadrivalio X N. tabacum macrophylla. Giant 
 growth is, on the other hand, more frequent, as in Ly- 
 cium, Datura, Isoloma, Mirabilis. In size, the hybrids 
 usually exceed both parent species, or are of a height that 
 is the average of the heights of the parents, as in many 
 hybrids of Nicotiana, Verbascum, Digitalis. Develop- 
 ment often proceeds with striking rapidity. Klotzsch 
 emphasizes the rapidity of growth of his hybrids of 
 Ulmus, Alnus, Quercus, and Pinus. They often flower 
 earlier than the parent species, as in Papaver dubium X 
 P. somniferum; in many Dianthus hybrids (Focke's 
 cross, D. arenarius 9 X D. plumarius S , showed no in- 
 clination to flower earlier than the parents) ; Rhodo- 
 dendron arboreum X Rh. catawbiense, Lycium, Nicoti- 
 ana rustica X N. paniculata, Digitalis, Wichura's six- 
 fold Safe-hybrid, Gladiolus, Hippeastrum viltatum X 
 //. regince, and so forth, and particularly many hybrids of 
 Verbascum. On the other hand, there are also several 
 hybrids which do not flower at all or only after a long 
 time, as in the genera Cereus and Rhododendron. Of 
 the earlier ripening of seeds unconnected with earlier 
 flowering, I know, at present of but one example, in 
 Nuphar. Very frequently, an extraordinary wealth of 
 bloom has been noticed, as in Capsella, Flelianthemum, 
 Tropceolum passiflora, Begonia, Rhododendron, Nico- 
 tiana (N. rustica X N. paniculata, N. glutinosa X N. 
 tabacum, and others) ; Verbascum, Digitalis, many Oes- 
 neracecE, Mirabilis, and Cyripedium. The flowers are 
 very frequently larger in hybrids. In the crossing of 
 
I VI U"I>! ( HON. 
 
 two species whoM flowers are of different sixe, those of 
 the hybrid are frequently of the nine tiw or approxi- 
 mate the size of the bloom of the specie* having the 
 larger flowers. Kxamples of uncommonly large flowers 
 are seen in Dianlhus artnariut X D. tuperbut, Rubut 
 etrtiiu X R. bellartlii. hybrids of ROM gallifa. Begonia 
 boliiitnns and Itoloma tydaum. 
 
 A high vegetative power is very common in hybrids, 
 an in \ymphaa. Rub us catiut, Nicotiana tuavtoleni X 
 .V. l'i!tima. Linaria ttriata X L. vulgorit and Polamo- 
 grtun. A grrator duration of life has been noted in con- 
 in with several hybrids of \ifotiana and Digitalis. 
 ised reaistance to cold has been noted especially 
 in \i'-"'t'ina tuavtoleiu X ff. tabacum latitt.; whib , :\ 
 the other hand, Salix viminalis X 8. purpurta is more 
 sensitive to cold than either parent specie*. 
 
 Those facts point in part to an apparent lessened 
 vitality f hybrids in consequence of their abnormal mode 
 <>f production ; and in part in some instances to an extra- 
 ordinary vcpetative power. The cause of this last phe- 
 non, which is observed less frequently than lessened 
 vitality, has been in some degree only recently nnder- 
 N'oteworthy experiments of Knight, Lecoq, and 
 others have been published, but it baa been through the 
 painstaking researches of Charles Darwin that the ease 
 with which a cross between different individuals and 
 races of one and the same species is effected was first 
 clearly explained. The increase of the vegetative power 
 in hybrid* is clearly a phenomenon that closely corre- 
 sponds with the peculiar conditions of hybrid produc- 
 ti.-n. and needs not a special explanation. It was at first 
 thought that lessened fertility was compensated for by 
 illative luxuriance, an hypothesis that Gart- 
 ner has shown to be untenable, as is evident by the fact 
 that many of the most fertile hybrids (Purala, MirabOit) 
 arc also notable for the largest growth. 
 
 4 . 1 ' ARTI AL OB COMPLETE STERILITY or HYBRIDS. 
 
 Subnormal fertility of hybrids, especially as regards 
 r!i-- pollen, has long been recognized as one of the most 
 important criteria of hybrids. It seems, however, that 
 haracter like intermediatenem has been an almost 
 unbridled conception and hence greatly overvalued as a 
 distinguishing feature. Focke in his summary gives us 
 a wealth of facts in this connection : 
 
 Km mi PBoroarrnm. 
 
 Byhndt brtuvr* diflrmt tpreiti (Aotc M their anttirn 
 nuiller number of normal pollm yrain* and tmaUrr 
 wimber of normal etd tkan m plant* of pun dftctnt. 
 Fnqvmtly tttry product mtitkrr pollen nor trrd. In 
 kyoridt*alion Wfipon airly rrlatrd meet Iki* teeuManinf 
 of Ike power of ttmual reproduction it not pretent. The 
 /lower* of itrrilr or nearly ttmle Aybrub usually rtmmm 
 frrtk for tony time. 
 
 No property <>f hybrids has attracted so much atten- 
 as the lessening of the ability of sexual reproduc- 
 tion. Kulreuter believes that this peculiarity permits 
 a sharp border-line to be drawn between species and 
 varieties. Since then many botanists have accepted the 
 same view, and lately B. Naudin, Decaisne, and Caspary 
 have adopted it in a more or less modified form. Knight 
 and Klotzsch, and before them Godron, hold that the 
 p<>l!en of hybrids is entirely impotent, which contention 
 
 had already been disproved by Kolreuter's accurate re- 
 searches. Kolreutrr is accredited with the promulga- 
 tion of the doctrine of complete sterility of hybrid*, but 
 tin* erroneous charge is to be explained only through 
 .in ignorance or misunderstanding of the Latin texts: 
 K.. In-lit, -r doea not speak of complete sterility, but only 
 of a lessened fertility, as a universal property of hybrids. 
 
 In different plant genera the fertility of hybrids is 
 very varied. l-Vrtility is observed in a very low degree 
 in the hybrids Papavtr, Viola, Vtrbtucum, and Digitalis; 
 it is more common in Antmone, Nifolinnn. UtnlHa. 
 < 'rinum, Cucurbitacta, and I'tutifloraftn ; and it is more 
 common than sterility in Aquileyia, Dianthiu, Pelargo- 
 nium, drum. Epilobium. Ftuchia, Cotylfdon, lirgonia. 
 Cirrium, Erica. Rhododendron, Calrrolaria, Quercvi, 
 SaJtr, Gladiolus, Cypripedium, and Uipptattrum. In 
 the genera YH\, I'rtinus, Fngana. and P\rv, hybrids of 
 closely related species are used as seed-bearing plants; 
 and in Cereva the hybrids of widely separated species 
 show undiminitshed fertility. 
 
 The sterility of hybrids is expressed at times by their 
 showing no inclination to flower, whirh peculiarity has 
 been noticed especially in several hybrids of Rhododen- 
 dron, Epilobium, Certvt, and Hymrnoralli*; but these 
 are exceptions, inasmuch as hybrids usually flower more 
 abundantly and earlier than true species. 
 
 In hybrids with unisexual flowers the male flowers 
 fall off when in the bud, as in CuturbHarta and Hr- 
 gonia (hybrids of B. fnrbeli A. DC.). In bisexual flowers 
 the stamens are stunted, as noted in several hybrids of 
 Pelargonium and Digital** (D. lutea X !> pwpurra f. 
 tubi flora Lindl.). The most common sequel of hybrid 
 production is a deficient development of the pollen-grains 
 in hybrid plants. Commonly the anthers of hybrids are 
 sterile and do not contain any pollen ; or they arc 
 small and do not open. Such deficiency of pollen is 
 noted in Rubvu idtnu X R- odoniut. Ribft avrcum X 
 R. tanguineum, and Alopecunt* genirulatiu X A. pro- 
 tensit. In other caws the stamens produce small pow- 
 dery grains which do not swell with moisture, which are 
 of varying size and shape, and with which are usually 
 mixed a few single, well-formed, embryo-forming pollen 
 grains. The number of normal grains is, however, fre- 
 quently larger, and comprises 10, 20, or more per cent 
 of the total number. Large, rough grains which swell 
 with moisture, together with small well-formed grains, 
 are present often in greater or leas number among the 
 stunted grains. In hybrids of closely related species, as 
 in Melandryvm album X if. rubrum, but little irregu- 
 larity is usually found in the form of the pollen-grains. 
 In one hybrid, Sinningia, the pollen was better in the 
 second year of flowering than in the first 
 
 In the hybrids of unquestionably different species a 
 normal formation of the stamens is seldom met with. 
 Assertions in support of this still need confirmation, in 
 part, therefore I refer to Nymphan Mut X N. rubn, 
 Btgonia rubrovrnia X B. ranthina, Itoloma tydarum X 
 /. tciadocalyx X Salve purpurta X 8. repent; pollen 
 grains which are all of nearly the same form are found 
 in Salix aunt a, and 8. caprea and 8. viminalit X 8. 
 repent. 
 
 On the other hand, a deficient development of stamens 
 appears less frequently in race crossings. Possibly, fur- 
 
14 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 ther research will show that it actually appears more 
 often. The only two examples that I know are in my 
 Anagallis cross-breeds. It is doubtful whether Raphanus 
 sativus and R. raphanistrum should be considered as 
 representing species or races. It seems, however, that 
 some individual hybrids of closely related species are 
 entirely sterile, as in Capsella rubella X C. bursa pas- 
 toris, Viola alba X V. scotophylla, Papaver dubium X 
 P. rhoeas. 
 
 Fertility of the female organs is not, as a rule, so 
 much weakened in hybrids as is that of the male organs. 
 It is, however, usually impaired to a great degree. Many 
 hybrids never develop fruit. Assertions as to the absolute 
 sterility of hybrids can not, however, be advanced without 
 manifold researches. From the crossing Rubus ccesius 
 X R- idceus one sees many thousand flowers remain ster- 
 ile and only here and there individuals produce fruit. 
 See also Digitalis lutea X D. pwrpurea, Lobelia fulgens 
 X L. syphilitica, Crinum capenSe X C. scabrum. A 
 morphologically recognizable imperfection of the ovule 
 has heretofore rarely been seen, unless by Bornet in 
 Cistus. To obtain conclusive information as to the 
 female fertility of a hybrid, the stigma should be fer- 
 tilized with pollen from the parent species, which fertili- 
 zation universally brings forth better fruit than the pollen 
 of the hybrid which is weakened in its fertilizing power. 
 In some cases hybrids having the pollen which has a 
 subnormal potency produce normal fruit with parental 
 pollen, as in Luffa. 
 
 Several hybrids drop their unwithered flowers with 
 fully formed calyx and stamens, as in Ribes, Nicotiana 
 rustica X N. paniculata and other hybrid Nicotianas. 
 
 As a rule, the corolla withers in a normal manner 
 after a longer existence than in the parent species, or it 
 will be thrown off as in the parent species ; but following 
 this there is no setting of fruit or a setting of only poor 
 fruit. In many cases the fruit while externally well 
 formed is seedless. In many other cases the fruit is set, 
 but in smaller number and with fewer seeds than in the 
 parent species. In hybrids of very closely related species 
 the number of seeds appears to be somewhat less than 
 in the parents. Examples of this, according to Gartner, 
 are Melandryum album X M. rubrum, and Lobelia car- 
 dinalis X L. fulgens. It is also true in race-crossings 
 of Verbascum. 
 
 Hybrids of essentially different species seldom show 
 an undiminished fertility. However, no striking les- 
 sening of fertility has been observed in Brassica napus X 
 B. oleracea, Dianthus chinensis X D. plumarius sibiricus, 
 Pelargonium pinnatum X P. hirsutum, Abutilon, Medi- 
 cago, several Cereus and Begonias, Hieracium auranti- 
 cum X H- echioides, Nicotiana alata X N. langsdorffii, 
 several hybrids of Erica, Calceolaria, Isoloma, Veronica, 
 and several Orchidacese. Also, among many wild-grow- 
 ing hybrids one finds fruits and seeds in great quantities, 
 as in many Rosa, Epilobias, Fuchsias, Cirsiei, Hieraciei, 
 Salices, Lobelia, and so forth. In such cases, therefore, 
 it is not sufficient to ascertain whether the plants in ques- 
 tion are primary hybrids or whether, as is usually the 
 case, they belong to later generations or have arisen 
 from back-crossings. 
 
 In order to produce seeds or to obtain a luxuriant 
 progeny some hybrid plants require fertilization with the 
 
 pollen of others, as in hybrids of Cistus, Begonia, Gladi- 
 olus, and Hippeastrum. 
 
 In many hybrid plants only the first flowers produce 
 seeds, as in Aquilegia, Dianthus, Silene, Lavateria Thur- 
 ingiaca X T. pseudolbia, and Riibus foliosus X R- 
 sprengelii. In other cases the first flowerings are usually 
 sterile while the later flowerings are frequently fertile, 
 as in Datura, Nicotiana rustica X N. paniculata, N. rus- 
 tica X N. quadrii'alvis, and Mirabilis. In long-lived 
 plants, the flowers in general are sterile during the first 
 year, while later, when the plant has reached a definite age, 
 they produce fruit. This is noted in Rubus idceus X R. 
 ccesius, R. bellardii X R- ccesius, Calceolaria integrifolia 
 X C. plantaginea, and Crinum capense X C. scabrum. 
 
 The fertility of the ovule is, as a rule, diminished 
 to a somewhat less extent than the fertility of the pollen, 
 but there are some known examples of an opposite char- 
 acter, as in Nymphcea lotus X N. rubra, Ciconium X 
 Dibrachya in the genus Pelargonium, Lobelia fulgens 
 X L. syphilitica, Verbascum thapsiforme X V- nigrum, 
 Narcissus montanus, and so forth. These are certainly 
 only of an occasional occurrence. 
 
 The long persistence of the blossoms (especially those 
 with stamens) in many sterile hybrids corresponds with 
 the longer duration of unfertilized or incompletely fer- 
 tilized flowers. Frequently the fruit of sterile hybrids, 
 especially after fertilization with the pollen of the 
 parents, develops more or less strongly without producing 
 any seed, or producing only imperfect seeds. Especially 
 well-developed but seedless fruits are found in the Cac- 
 taceae, Passifolacese, Cucurbitacese, and Orchidaceae. 
 Gartner has studied carefully these phenomena, but in 
 the study of hybrids they hardly possess a great value. 
 Apart from this they furnish an important demonstration 
 of the correctness of the principle that the normal de- 
 velopment of the pericarp follows upon the stimulation 
 when the germinating pollen is discharged on the stigma, 
 but which is, nevertheless, entirely independent of the 
 ripening of the egg cells and the development of the 
 embryo and the seeds. 
 
 The rule in general is that hybrids of closely related 
 races are on an average more fertile than those of defi- 
 nitely separated species. The rule can also be stated, as 
 shown above, that closely related species can more easily 
 produce hybrids than widely separated species. Both 
 rules, however, have only conditional values, for if it 
 should be concluded from this that the more easily hy- 
 brids are produced the more fertile they are, one would 
 fall into error. There is no known or traceable connec- 
 tion between the ease of production and fertility of the 
 hybrids. 
 
 From the teleological standpoint the sterility of hy- 
 brids was formerly considered the means whereby species 
 were kept separate. Just what advantage such separa- 
 tion is (unless it be for the conveniences of the systemat- 
 ists) was never demonstrated. On the other hand, it 
 may now be asked whether or not the genesis and differ- 
 entiation of species are not brought about by the lessened 
 fertility of mongrels between well-marked races of the 
 parent type. The notable similarity between illegiti- 
 mates and hybrid offspring do not offer a basis for fur- 
 ther investigations of the causes of sterility. A better 
 explanation is probably afforded by the hybrids of Equi- 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 15 
 
 ttum and Musci. in which the production of sexual 
 spores i a n< i* the jinxluction of ]>>llen grams 
 
 in the hvl.nds <-f Aerogamn. The obstacle to the regular 
 propagation of hybrids appears consequently to lie in the 
 nt of thi** individual cell* which have the 
 power to propagate the tyj>e of the parent form, and theie 
 particular cell* may or may not have the power of sexual 
 reproduction. At all events, more evidence must be 
 gathered before such a conception of a proposition of 
 MK h great biological importance is justifiable. As an 
 hypothesis thin gives no explanation, but it may prepare 
 the way fur tin- understandng of the conditions already 
 I, since it unites under one heading a number of 
 differ manifestly analogous phenomena in the 
 
 animal and vegetable kingdoms. 
 
 FIFTH Paoroamo.x. 
 
 tlnlformolion and odd formi, rtprrtally of thr floirrrt. orr in 
 plniti muck mart common then in tpeciment of 
 
 of pun mr**t. A* in Ppvr. DUathui, P*l.r 
 Itonium. Nicotian*, Idpiuli.. dntihl* flowrn alto appear 
 to h* produced with especial e*M in hybrid*. 
 
 The Descendants of Hybrids. Hybrid planta are 
 more easily and more successfully fertilized by the pol- 
 :' the parent species than by their own pollen. Ex- 
 ceptions to this rule are rarely seen (as for instance in 
 -lum echioides X // aurantiacum), bat sufficient 
 .Mient* in this direction have not yet been made. 
 By their own pollen is understood the pollen of hybrids 
 resulting from the crossing of the same species, and not 
 only that of the identical specimens themselves. If hy- 
 tirul plants grow in the neighborhood of their parent 
 * they must frequently be fertilized by these spe- 
 and in this case many intermediate forms between 
 the hv'.nd and the parents will appear in their progeny. 
 It has never been determined whether or not fertilization 
 of the parents could take place by the pollen of the hy- 
 brid. The common statement, that the progeny of a 
 hylind are very variable, is therefore of bat little value. 
 Occasionally also a hybrid is more easily fertilized by the 
 pollen of a third species than by its own as in Nicotiana 
 rustic* X X. paniculata and Linaria purpurea X // 
 genixttrfotia. 
 
 f'rogeny of Hybrids Fertilized by their Own Pollen. 
 (A X B) X (A X B) & . (1 ) If fertile hybrids are 
 protected from pollenization by the parent plants or by 
 plants of a different species, one will obtain hybrid 
 plants of a second generation. It is my opinion that the 
 progeny of hybrids exhibit marked differences in the 
 duration of life. In long-lived plants the blending and 
 mion of the two types united in the hybrid is 
 frequently more complete, so that the progeny inherit 
 the characteristics of this new intermediate type. The 
 progeny of annual or biennial hybrid plants are, as a 
 nile. particularly variable and rich in different forms, as 
 in Pimm, Phasrolu*. Lactufa, Tragopogon, Datura, A'tro- 
 tiana aJala X ff. langtdorffii, and so forth. Exceptions 
 are found in Brattica, Oenothera, Nicotiana nutica X 
 .V. panifulata, and Verbasntm austriacum X V. nigrum. 
 The progeny of perennial plants behave in general in 
 a similar way, bat the instances in which the interme- 
 diate type remains constant appear to be the more fre- 
 quent. Many of the hybrids often breed, moderately, 
 true, as in Aquilegia. Dianthut, I^aratera. Geum. Cerevf, 
 Begonia. Cirnium, Ffitracium, Primula, Linara, Veronica, 
 
 l.amium. and Hipptattrum. The progeny of hybrid 
 shrub* and trees arc in the majority of cases moderately 
 .-table, as in JStculus. Amygdalut, Prwut. Srica, Qwr- 
 cut, and Salix; the progeny of many Futckia and <'al- 
 ctolaria are constant Some Rhododendron hybrids 
 breed true and a portion variably. The progeny of the 
 hybrids of Vitit, Pinu. and Cniayut appear to be very 
 variable. 
 
 2. The different forms in which many primary hy- 
 brids appear are usually not stable in their offspring. 
 In Dianthui the leas-frequent forms ("Aosnahmetypen, 
 according to Gartner) usually revert to the normal hybrid 
 form. Mendel found that the different primary forms 
 of the Hieracium hybrids breed true. 
 
 3. C. F. r. Gartner and other botanists have advanced 
 the proposition that the progeny of hybrids become 
 weaker and less fertile from generation to generation. 
 It is true that their vegetative power, which at first 
 is increased, is progressively decreased by self-fertiliza- 
 tion. Gartner's researches were, moreover, instituted on 
 a very small scale, so that not only very close inbreeding 
 bat also the many circumstances which cause deteriora- 
 tion in garden-plants of which only a few specimens are 
 cultivated influenced his hybrids. Gartner himself no- 
 ticed exceptions in Aquilegia, Dianthu* barbatut X D. 
 chinenu, and D. armeria. X D. deltoide*. Hybrids of 
 nearly related species are often grown perenially with 
 ease, as in Brastiro. ileJandryum, Mediengo, Petunia. 
 Many gardeners assert with great positiveness that many 
 hybrids can be propagated by means of seeds through 
 many generations, as in Lychni*. Erica, Primula aurimln 
 X P. nirtuta, and Datura.* Many observations on wild 
 plants seem to confirm these views. The theory has also 
 been advanced that the fertility of hybrids is increased 
 in later generations. It does not appear that such a rule 
 can have a universal validity. It is much nearer the 
 truth that many times fertile hybrids appear and that 
 they can easily increase under favorable environment 
 because of increased fertility. Fertile offspring of hy- 
 brids are, in fact, often products of back-crossings. 
 
 4. Complete reversions to the parent forms without 
 influence of the parental pollen arise, except in rare in- 
 stances, only in hybrids of nearly related races. In such 
 hybrids true reversion appears only in a small number 
 of plants, as in Phateolut. 
 
 5. From the variable progeny of fertile hybrids aer- 
 eral dominant types are often produced in three to four 
 generations. If these new types are protected from 
 crossing they tend to become constant. Scientific re- 
 searches which confirm these statements have been carried 
 out in bat small numbers, especially by Lecoq in ilira- 
 bilii, by Godron in Linaria and particularly in Datura. 
 Gardeners have produced many new races with well- 
 marked characteristics by crossing different species, and 
 many permanent wild intermediate forms have probably 
 originated in this way, as for example, Rraxsira, Lyhnu. 
 Zinnia, Primula, Petunia. Xicotiana rommutata. Pent- 
 ttemon, Mentha, and Lamium. The new type* of hybrid 
 progeny depart frequently in individual properties from 
 
 "BoUakte ir U>l ipMio* o pnxhMwT (i. .. hybrid*) "rartrt 
 to mttttr ot UMir parraU IB the third or fourth tntntiem. or 
 bMOOM torfl* altocrtlMr. Thk < pUnibU ooocfc in theory, b) 
 U doMt. bat will not do in Ib* pottfcw \ 
 by Loudon. Arbrit H. p 944. 
 
16 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 both parent forms. My Nicotiana X N. paniculata had 
 in the second and third generations mostly much nar- 
 rower leaves than in the parent species. 
 
 6. The sterility and inconstancy of the offspring of 
 hybrids has often misled botanists into conclusions which 
 are not supported by experience. As may be seen by the 
 facts already set forth, it is absolutely incorrect if it is 
 concluded that all hybrids must necessarily die out 
 quickly because of the many and various properties which 
 are combined in them. The variable forms resulting 
 from a crossing are the material from which not only 
 gardeners produce their new varieties, but which are also 
 biologically valuable in that they furnish new species 
 in the economy of nature. 
 
 (c) Back-crossings of Hybrids with Parent Species 
 (A 9 X B ,J ) 9XA,J,(A9XB<J) 9 X B a , A 9 
 X (A X B) 3 . As long as great stress was laid, on the 
 role which the pollen of the seed-parent species played 
 in the production of a hybrid a careful distinction was 
 made that advancing hybrid forms approached the male 
 parent species and reverting hybrid forms approached the 
 female species. These distinctions are, however, accord- 
 ing to the mass of recent experiments, of very secondary 
 or of no significance. 
 
 On fertilization of a hybrid with parental pollen 
 there appear, as a rule, a moderately variable progeny. 
 Intermediate forms between the hybrid and the parent 
 are the most numerous and most fertile. With these are 
 a smaller number of individuals which are similar to the 
 primary hybrid or to the parent species, and both kinds 
 are usually of lessened fertility. 
 
 The three-fourths hybrid (A X B) 9 X A $ are 
 often moderately fertile with their own pollen and seem 
 to produce stable races more readily than the primary 
 hybrid, as in JEgilops speltaformis. Gartner noted 
 many times that in later generations of three-fourths 
 hybrids the pollen was nearer normal and the fertility 
 greater, as in Dianthus (chin-ensis X barbatus)X D. 
 barbatus, and also in other three-fourths hybrids of Dian- 
 thus, Lavatera, and Nicotiana. 
 
 If the three-fourths hybrid (A X B)9X A3 be 
 fertilized with the pollen of A, there will be produced a 
 seven-eighths hybrid or the third hybrid generation 
 which, as a rule, is very similar to the parent species 
 represented as seven-eighths of the product, but which, in 
 individual specimens, still shows material differences in 
 form and fertility. The last trace of the one original 
 parent species is obliterated in the fourth, fifth, or even in 
 the sixth hybrid generation. 
 
 Kolreuter and Gartner have effected the transforma- 
 tion from one parent species to the other in many in- 
 stances. They found that for the transformation to be 
 complete three to six generations are required, usually 
 four to five. Manifestly, the greater or lesser duration 
 of the period of transformation depends in part on col- 
 lateral conditions. Godron found that Melandryum 
 album X M. rubrum fertilized with its own pollen re- 
 verts in the second generation to the parent species, 
 while Gartner considered three to four generations neces- 
 sary to carry one species over to the other through fer- 
 tilization with parental pollen. 
 
 In general, the products of the fertilization of one 
 parent species with hybrid pollen, asA9X(AXB) $ , 
 
 are similar to those of the reverse fertilization, but 
 observers agree that the variety of forms is greater if 
 the hybrid is used as the male factor, as in Dianthus 
 and Salix. 
 
 As in the direct progeny, so also in back-crossings 
 of hybrids, new properties frequently appear which are 
 absent in the present forms, but which are often found 
 in related species or races. 
 
 Hybrids of Several Species. Triple Hybrids. Kol- 
 reuter, during the first year of his research, succeeded in 
 combining three entirely different Nicotiana species in 
 one hybrid form. The only formulas according to which 
 such a combination can be made are: (A X B) 9 X 
 C $ , G 9 X (A X B) 3 and (A X B) 9 X (A X C) * . 
 In the genera Dianthus, Pelargonium, Begonia, 
 Rhododendron, Nicotiana, Achimenes, Calceolaria, Salix, 
 Hippeastmm, Gladiolus, and several others, many 
 such combinations have been produced without 
 especial difficulty. Differentiation must be made be- 
 tween combinations of three entirely different species, 
 and combinations in which two or all three of the factors 
 are closely related. There are several manifestly different 
 species which in hybridization with one another act 
 almost like races of the same species, as Melandryum 
 album and M. rubrum; Vilis vinifera, V. cordifolin, 
 V. cestivalis and V. labrusca; Lobelia fulgens, L. splen- 
 dens and L. cardinalis; Rhododendron ponticum, R. 
 arboreum and R. catawbiense ; Rhododendron flavum, 
 R. viscosum, R. nudiflorum and R. calendulaceum ; Ber- 
 beris aquifolium and nearly related species. 
 
 Hybrids produced by crossing the hybrids of two spe- 
 cies of these groups with a third species of the same 
 genus can as little be considered true triple hybrids as 
 hybrids of three of the narrow groups belonging to the 
 Vitis, Lobelia, and Rhododendron species. True triple 
 hybrids formed from three essentially separate species 
 usually produce a moderate variety of forms, especially 
 if the male parent is a hybrid. On the other hand, in the 
 combination which is easiest to produce, and which is 
 formed on the formula (AXB)9XC5, the type of C 
 usually predominates, as in Nicotiana (N. rustica X N. 
 paniculata) 9 X N. langsdcrffi $ , Achimenes. (A. 
 grandiflora X A. Candida) 9X4. longi flora $, and 
 several of the Gesneracece. 
 
 The hybrids of Erica when crossed produce as uni- 
 form a progeny as do the pure species. Several Salix 
 hybrids behave in a similar manner. 
 
 Triple hybrids in many genera (Pelargonium, Be- 
 gonia, Rhododendron, Achimenes, Isoloma, Cypripe- 
 dium, Gladiolus) are for these reasons very valuable to 
 gardeners. If they produce seed their progeny arc very 
 unstable. 
 
 Hybrids of Four to Six Species. If the hybrids be- 
 tween very nearly related species (Vitis, Rhododendron, 
 and so forth) are not considered, hybrids from four or 
 more parent forms are moderately rare. They are found 
 especially in the genera Dianthus, Pelargonium, Bego- 
 nia, Rhododendron, Nicotiana, Salix, Jlippemtrum, and 
 Gladiolus. The artificial combination of different species 
 in a single hybrid form was practised to the widest ex- 
 tent by Wichura, who has combined in Salix six species. 
 
 Hybrids of Combined Hybrid Offspring. In sev- 
 eral genera (Pelargonium, Fuchsia, Begonia, Rosa, 
 
ivii;>i)i i in .\ 
 
 17 
 
 ! -Ictolana. Gladiolus, 
 
 and // i/'/wojifrum ) gm .ave trussed the species 
 
 intentionally anil unintentional!} rreatest variety 
 
 of u.u-. .iii-l ftfiii tin* forms obtained they have used 
 
 tho* -inMe for furthi-r cultivation. The off- 
 
 j>m _ "f thew complicated hybridi/ation pr->dui-ts are 
 
 naturally almost iilw.i-. - \er> \an|. On the other hand. 
 
 ther> > t!n rule. Sweet particularly 
 
 : that the same hybrid form is obtained 
 
 frirtii -.-v.-ral i<>nipl> -\ /V/.ir./.iriiur/i In - 
 
 l.ri.l- Such . ..MM.UI! complex I'rlargonium hybrid* are, 
 
 im_- t him. /' i ; /'. ignrttetu, and 
 
 /'. mnxii/mr /' P/I,. ,.. It ban already been men 
 
 rica and several Salix hybrids on crowing 
 
 fiirin-h i.if-j.r!!:.' of i onstant form. 
 
 - nnil Hybrids. According to a dictum 
 hybrid* <>f two different varieties of one species are desig- 
 nated as cross-breeds, and hybrids of two different specie* 
 as hybrids. As the term rarieties is vague it is necessary 
 int to remember that only varieties which 
 breed true, as well as races, or subspecies, can with cer- 
 tainty transmit in some degree their properties. Un- 
 stable breeds which are designated varieties are useless 
 in the study of hybridization. 
 
 Many writers have taken great pains to discover a 
 sharp '!;-tm. lion between cross-breeds and hybrids. They 
 the expectation that by researches in hybridiza- 
 i l-order lino between species and subspecies will be 
 rtniT. who in many places in his works has 
 rod that the conditions of the hybrids demonstrate 
 v the specific differences or similarities of the 
 t- forms, would soon retract if he attempted to de- 
 an v connection or continuity by the literature" of 
 variety hybrids. Herbert and Naudin have through 
 many researches arrived at the conviction that it is im- 
 possible to draw a sharp borderline between crosses and 
 yfcridi : nevertheless, later botanists have always sought 
 
 i lived difference. 
 
 Thi> following propositions have been formulated: 
 1 . The pollen of a cross-breed is normal ; there are 
 or less numerous deformed pollen grains in a 
 hybrid. 
 
 The fertility of a cross-breed is normal ; that of a 
 hybrid is distinctly subnormal. 
 
 3. Hybrids of two species having differently colored 
 flowers hear flowers of modified coloring. Plants with 
 irregularly dappled flowers are produced from the cross- 
 ing of varieties. They behave similarly in regard to 
 coloring, marking, and formation of fruit, and other 
 properties. 
 
 4. Cross-breeds have a decided inclination in later 
 generations to revert entirely to the parent forms. 
 
 The> four propositions are in general correct, but 
 give very little help to a final decision in doubtful cases. 
 The hybrids of the red and blue Anagallit arvensis must 
 according to the pollen be considered a hybrid, but 
 according to the production of bicolored flowers, a cross- 
 breed. Datum hybrids, which are manifestly character- 
 vbrids in other ways, readily revert completely to 
 the parent species. Hybrids whose fertility is apparently 
 in no way weakened have already been specified. The 
 rule can. therefore, be set forth that hybrids of very 
 nearly related races nsuallv show the properties attrib- 
 2 
 
 * and 
 
 ut. d to cross-breeds, but it is another matter I 
 a sharp boundary line between race-cross-b 
 species-hybrid*. 
 
 Several other properties of cross-breeds ban boon 
 added by hirl, they may be distinguished from spodoa- 
 !i\l-ndv <. .rtn.-r has maintained that i- rods-breeds of 
 a similar origin will IK- very unlike one another even m 
 tin- first generation, while hybrid* of the first generation 
 will be of the same form. This assertion, which has been 
 repeated by others, is entirely unjustified. The multi 
 plicity of forms of the species-hybrids of AbulUnn. I'atsi- 
 flon, Hirracium, and so forth ha* already been pointed 
 out and, on the other hand, race-cnxw-breeds of the first 
 generation are usually as similarly formed as true hy- 
 brids. Again, it is often maintained that the var 
 <>f one ami the same species if croesed with another species 
 produce the same hybrid forms. (I.irtin-r csjiecially has 
 emphasized this alleged behavior of " varieties," although 
 he must have known that Kn! renter had already 
 the transmission of flower-coloring in races of Mirabilis. 
 Dianthus, and Vrrbascum, the flower-filling (Rliithen- 
 fullung) of AquUegia and Dianthus, and the form and 
 leaf-shape of races of Nicotiana taborum and Hibiscus. 
 The white-blooming Datum frror and /). strtunmonium 
 typ. (a white-flowered form) with the smooth-fruited 
 race (var. bertolonii) of the same specie* forms a blue- 
 flowered hybrid, ffymplxra loiux X N. rubtu is different 
 from N. lotus X N. denlata. It i* unquestionable that 
 properties of races and so-called varieties which are 
 hereditary in pure-breeding are also transmitted to their 
 hybrid offspring. It is self-evident that forms whose 
 normal offspring behave in an unstable fashion will also 
 produce polymorphous hybrids and that the unstable 
 characteristics of varieties will entirely disappear in the 
 products of the hybridization of pure species. 
 
 The facts in short are as follows: The nearer the 
 morphological and systematic relationships of the parent 
 forms the loss does the procreative power of tin- hyl>nd 
 depart from the normal. The further the parent form* 
 are from one another the more commonly is the fertility 
 of the hybrid weakened. Exceptions, however, are not 
 infrequent. 
 
 The nearer the parent forms are related to one an- 
 other, the more frequently does the offspring of hybrids 
 show reversion to the parent forms. 
 
 Hybrids of nearly related parent-forms show in their 
 fruits the characteristic properties of the parents un- 
 blended and side by side, but in hybrids of very different 
 parent forms this is seldom seen. 
 
 The roost asymmetrically variegated flowers (Jfiro- 
 bi'/i*, Camrllin, Mimttlu*, Petunia and so forth) ' 
 moreover, originated from the offspring of hybrids. 
 
 Tho propositions of Focke, although published in 
 1881, are not subject to modifications in principles 
 even at the present time. Much literature on the sub- 
 ject of the sterility of hybrids might be quoted and 
 some references might be made to extensions and addi- 
 tions of a more or lest important character to the data 
 and propositions set forth, but this seems needless for 
 the purposes of this chapter and this research. 
 
18 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 5. INSTABILITY AND HENDELIAN INHEBITANCE OF 
 HYBEIDS AND MUTANTS. 
 
 Focke's data show that instability is usually quite 
 marked in hybrids, especially in hybrids that are the 
 offspring of a number of species and of crossed hybrids. 
 As has long been known, there is no characteristic of 
 hybrids that has been found so undesirable to the plant- 
 breeder as the tendency to vary in succeeding generations, 
 especially in the direction of reversion to one or the 
 other parent. The partial or complete absence of fixity 
 following the first generation was merely a matter of 
 speculation until the contributions of Mendel (1865 to 
 1870), which, however, remained practically unnoticed 
 until 1900. Mendel's discoveries and his conceptions of 
 unit characters and their mode of inheritance have 
 offered in an important but restricted measure explana- 
 tions for the common failure of many plant and animal 
 breeders to anticipate with any degree of certainty sev- 
 eral results that may under certain conditions be ex- 
 pected by crossing and in successive generations of the 
 offspring, especially in the case of certain kinds of 
 parents. Mendel recognized that hybrids, as a rule, are 
 not exactly intermediate between the parent species, and 
 that while with some of the more striking characters in- 
 termediateness is seen, with others one of the parental 
 characters is so preponderant that it is difficult or im- 
 possible to detect the other in the hybrid. He was the 
 first to show that in order to be able to predict with 
 sureness certain characters of the hybrid it is essential to 
 start with pure stock; study each character separately 
 as an individual unit; group the characters in contrast- 
 ing pairs, one of which pair tends to be transmitted 
 entirely or almost unchanged (dominant character), 
 while the other tends to lessened development (recessive 
 character) or to entirely disappear, but to reappear un- 
 changed in their progeny ; look upon each pair as being 
 independent of the others in heritability ; and regard 
 each generation of offspring as a distinct entity, but in 
 association with the characters of preceding and succeed- 
 ing generations. Mendel found that the hybrids in their 
 various macroscopical characters, singly and collectively, 
 either closely resemble or are almost identical with one 
 or the other parent species, or are intermediate between 
 the parents ; that the hybrid may exhibit greater luxuri- 
 ance of growth; that the hybrid seeds are often more 
 spotted (the spots even coalescing in patches) than in 
 the parents ; that the dominant character may be paren- 
 tal or hybrid in character and, if the latter, maintain 
 the same behavior in the second generation ; that the hy- 
 brids resulting from reciprocal crosses are formed alike 
 and exhibit no appreciable difference in subsequent de- 
 velopment ; and that in the first and succeeding genera- 
 tions bred from seeds of hybrids there appear in the 
 offspring both dominant and recessive characters of con- 
 trasting pairs in definite average or mathematical 
 proportions. The hybrids of varieties were found to 
 exhibit peculiarities like those of species, but with greater 
 variability of form and greater tendency to reversion 
 
 to the original types. Mendel's statement that the re- 
 sults of reciprocal crossing are identical must be taken 
 as having a very limited application, and then only in 
 a very gross sense. 
 
 The Mendelian doctrine has found a wide though 
 limited application in the explanation of the various 
 phenomena of heredity, and it seems probable that when 
 all or a large number of parental and hybrid characters 
 of given parents and offspring are studied it will be 
 found to be applicable to a fewer number of characters 
 than is generally believed and of little importance in 
 explaining the phenomena of heredity under natural con- 
 ditions. In fact, the Mendelian doctrine deals with 
 inheritance and not with origin of characters and it 
 absolutely fails in so far as the possibility of the origina- 
 tion of new characters is concerned, and hence is useless 
 in accounting for the occurrence of characters in the 
 hybrid excepting by dominance, recession, and redistri- 
 bution of preexistent ancestral characters. Mendel, while 
 recognizing the commonness of intermediateness of 
 parental characters in the hybrid, made no attempt to 
 apply or extend the doctrine to the explanation of blended 
 inheritance. In fact, he recognized that his doctrine 
 was not applicable to characters that blend. In recent 
 years several investigators have suggested a Mendelian 
 interpretation of blended inheritance. Nilsson-Ehle 
 (Lund's Universitets Arsskrift, 1909, v, 2) holds the 
 view that such form of inheritance is really a segregated 
 inheritance due to the association of several independent 
 but similar units or factors which yield a pseudo or actual 
 blending. 
 
 The general assumption by pro-Mendelianists that 
 unit characters are constant and changeless has been 
 shown by Castle (American Breeder's Magazine, 1912, 
 in, 270; American Naturalist, 1912, xtvi, 352) to be 
 without warrant, and that, to the contrary, unit charac- 
 ters are variable and modifiable. It is well known that 
 a hybrid has characters that may or may not be inter- 
 mediate, and that may even be peculiar to itself, and 
 that it is the sum of such characters that gives hybrids 
 the characters of elementary new species, of which an 
 illustration will be found in our histologic and micro- 
 scopic study of Ipomcea sloteri in Part II, Chapter II. 
 Plasticity of characters as regards degree of develop- 
 ment, fixity, and genesis has long been recognized as one 
 of the most essential fundamental properties of living 
 matter. Development of various characters exceeding 
 that of the parents has been frequently observed among 
 both hybrids and mutants. Increased virulence of suc- 
 ceeding generations of bacteria was pointed out by Pas- 
 teur, Chamberland, Roux, and many others. I/jss of 
 characters is of too common an occurrence to demand 
 special notice. Modifiability, genesis of new characters, 
 and heritability of both modified and new characters have 
 been recorded by a number of investigators. 
 
 Massini (Archiv f. Hygiene, 1907, LXI, 250) culti- 
 vated a strain of Bacteria coli mutabile that gave rise 
 through successive partial mutations to colonies that fer- 
 mented lactose and (in the course of successive genera- 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 tioiu) tli is property became fixed and the race hrcd true. 
 Similar phenomena have been recorded by other M|HTI- 
 inenter". Permanent odor hanges were induced by 
 Wolf (/.cit. f. md. Al*t. u. \ ;.. u. <IO) ii, 
 
 u.< pruili,/iusiu by propagation m culture media 
 containing small amounts of potassium and other salts. 
 Rosenow's (Jour. Inf- 1914, xiv, 1) investi- 
 
 gations show mutations and transformations of the strep- 
 tococcus- pneumococcus group by means of environmental 
 conditions. Thiele and Kmhleton (/.eit. f. Immunitats- 
 forseh u. ex per. Ther., I'M.!. MX. >'< I :i I brought about 
 such morphological and physiological changes as to 
 transform one species of bacillus into another. Revis 
 11, 1913, i \\x\i. 373) from an orig- 
 inal typical culture of Bacillus eoli from a single cell 
 produced two strains one of which appeared slightly 
 modified hut which could not be further altered, and 
 another which underwent profound and increasing 
 chan. ng in an organism entirely different from 
 
 :i:iiml. the strain remaining of a permanent charac- 
 >n (1W. Nat Acad. BeL, l'M5, T, 160) in 
 cultures of Bacillus roli obtained mutation that "seenu 
 to fulfil the requirements (a) of appearing suddenly 
 without intermediate stages, (b) of being irreversible, 
 at least for three years and for some hundreds of test- 
 tube generations, (r ) of comprising change in two charac- 
 
 I saccharose- and raffinose-fermenting power), and 
 (d) of not involving all the cells of the parent strain." 
 Henri (Compt. rend. Acad. Sci., 1914, CLVIII. 1032) 
 found that metabolism was so affected in Bacillu* an- 
 lhrnci.i hy ultra-violet rays as to cause marked mutations. 
 
 anliewitach (Zeit f. wiss. Zool.. 1878, xxv, 103; 
 
 . in experiments with various crus- 
 
 tacee to show effects of environment, found in Daphnia 
 
 and Branchipu* that changes in salinity brought about 
 
 marked functional and morphological alteration of char- 
 
 - commonly regarded as being specific. Woltereck 
 
 l i. deutech". zool. Gesellsch., 1000, 110) recorded 
 variations in Daphnia that are heritable, and states that 
 by selection a modified race can be bred. Literature 
 such as the foregoing is plentiful, both as to plant and 
 animal life. 
 
 The Mendclian doctrine is one of fixity and constancy 
 of characters which segregate in inheritance the very 
 antithesis of what must be recognized as one of the most 
 fundamental principles of evolution, i.e., plasticity and 
 adaptability to environmental conditions that permit 
 or lead to the formation of new characters. It is im- 
 portant to note that while the Mcndclinn doctrine is a 
 scientific fact and of unquestionable value in explaining 
 certain phenomena of inheritance, it is also obvious that 
 it can not be accepted as, and never can he made, n 
 universal principle of heredity, and that the main ques- 
 tion pertaining to this doctrine is in regard to the con- 
 ditions under which it holds good. In a word, it deal? 
 with hut one of several types of mechanisms of hered- 
 itv. Considerable misconception has already arisen be- 
 cause of absolutely false ideas that have been promul- 
 gated by hybridizers who have selected in their investi- 
 
 gation* only such plants as yield offspring which in their 
 phenomena of inheritance conform to the Ifendelian 
 Law, or who have selected only such characters for 
 mation as agree with tin. law and entirely ignore 
 other* which represent non-Mendel im inheritance It 
 U obvious that in order to obtain safe results for 
 :iixl against any dix-trine it is essential that all 
 of the character*, as far as possible, should be re- 
 corded and without reference to preconceived theories or 
 hypotheses, Scarcely anything in scientific invent!;: 
 can be more pernicious than an attempt to make facts 
 fit theory, hypothesis, or doctrine, and to ignore them 
 if they do not One of the manifest weaknesses of 
 studies of Mendclian phenomena is to be found in an 
 absence of a recognized and wholly satisfactory nietlxl 
 of standardization. It is obvious that until such it 
 adopted the extent of applicability of the Mendelian doc- 
 trine to the explanation of phenomena of heredity must 
 remain in considerable doubt 
 
 Among the fundamentally important contributions 
 to the study of heredity are those pertaining to mutations 
 by DeVries (Mutation Theory, 1!>00) and by various 
 subsequent investigators. A large literature has accumu- 
 lated bearing especially upon Ornothrra and certain other 
 L'onern in which not only mutations but also spontaneous 
 hybridizations have been recorded as being of frequent 
 occurrence. Whether or not the mutants of I i.-Vrie* and 
 his school are in fact mutants or unquestionable hybrids 
 that have arisen from spontaneous crossing is a warmly 
 debated question. Bartlet (American Naturalist, 1015, 
 xi-ix, 129; Botanical Gazette, l!>ir>. MX, filO) contends 
 that there arc Omolhrra mutants; that the mutant-ratio 
 can not bo explained on Mendclian grounds ; that muta- 
 tion is a distinct process from Mendelian segregation; 
 and that the phenomena exhibited hv th<> mutants Orna- 
 thera lamarckiana. O. bifnnin, and f). prnrtinmla can not 
 be attributed to hcterozygosis. Gates (The Mutation 
 Factor in Evolution, 1915) holds the view that mutations 
 are not merely manifestations of some type of heredi- 
 tary behavior, but a process *ui generis; that mutation 
 phenomena represent a well-defined type of variability ; 
 that mutations are completely inherited in some or all 
 of the offspring; and that cytological evidence is in 
 accord with theoretical requirements and experimental 
 facts in serving to controvert the Mendel ian conception 
 that mutation is only Mendelism under another gum. 
 
 On the other hand, the hybrid and Mendelian charac- 
 ters of mutants have led many to believe that many 
 mutants are hybrids. Heribert-Nilsson (Zeit f. Ah 
 Vererb., 1912, TIM, 89) holds that mutants are combina- 
 tions, i.e., they represent new combinations of Men- 
 delian characters. Renner (Flora, 191 1. < VM. 1 1", i also 
 holds that DeVries's mutations are explicable on a Men- 
 delian basis. Davis (Amer. Xst, 1911, XLT, 193; ibid.. 
 1912, XLVI, 37?) found, in studies of the offspring of 
 different species of Oenothfra. thst in gross morphologi- 
 cal characters the hybrids are intermediate between the 
 parents and that some of the hybrids resemble 0. la- 
 marclciano, the best-known of all mutants. Jeffrey 
 
20 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 (Science, 1914, xxxix, 488; Bot. Gaz., 1914, LVIII, 328; 
 Amer. Nat., 1915, XLIX, 5) asserts that there seems to be 
 absolutely no doubt upon morphological grounds and 
 sterility that the Oenothera mutants are really hybrids. 
 He records that an examination of a large amount of 
 material of recognized wild species of Oenothera led 
 him to the conclusion that spontaneous hybridism is 
 extremely common in the genus ; that in general it repre- 
 sents a condition of high genetical impurity; and that 
 in orders such as Bosaceae and Ornagracese there is 
 grading of recognized species and hybrids into each 
 other, having in common the character of partial or com- 
 plete sterility. Such literature would make volumes. 
 
 6. GENETIC PURITY IN RELATION TO INTERMEDI- 
 ATENESS OF THE HYBRID. 
 
 It may be held that intermediateness of the hybrids 
 depends upon the existence of purity of the parents and 
 that, as a corollary, absence of intermediateness is diag- 
 nostic of parental impurity. It will be noted, however, 
 that while Davis (loc. tit.) with carefully selected, pre- 
 sumably pure stock recorded intermediateness in the 
 hybrid, Jeffrey refers to Oenothera lamarckiana as a 
 hybrid having a similar intermediateness, yet being the 
 offspring of spontaneous hybridism that represents a 
 high degree of genetical impurity. In fact, there is no 
 conclusive evidence in any of the investigations referred 
 to that the parents were pure. The term pure is an 
 arbitrary conception. The only test of purity we have 
 at present is in the constancy of characters of the off- 
 spring through successive generations. Nor are purity 
 and typicalness by any means synonymous terms. A 
 typical specimen of a species or hybrid is one having 
 characters which in their sum total are nearest the mean 
 of the species or hybrids, but a typical specimen may be 
 far from being pure inasmuch as there may be latent 
 or undeveloped characters that may not appear except 
 under some peculiar condition. In the investigations of 
 Macfarlane and others quoted by him, the parent species 
 examined may have been typical, yet there is no evidence 
 of purity. Darbishire used for the preparation of the 
 starch only two seeds from crosses of garden varieties of 
 peas the round pea " Eclipse " and the wrinkled pea 
 " British Queen " (hardy variety) being crossed. The 
 parents referred to in Focke's work may or may not have 
 been pure, but there is no satisfactory evidence in either 
 direction. Mendel was extremely careful to select speci- 
 mens belonging to groups that possess constant differen- 
 tiating characters, and in both of his papers he makes 
 notes of only certain selected differentiating characters. 
 He found, as already stated, that the hybrids, as a rule, 
 are not exactly intermediate between their parents, and 
 that while in the case of some of the more striking charac- 
 ters intermediateness is always present, in other cases 
 one of the two parental characters is so preponderant 
 that the corresponding character of the other parent is 
 almost or wholly absent. He also notes in Hieracium 
 hybrids there may be three types, one being almost ex- 
 actly intermediate, a second nearer to the seed parent, 
 
 and a third nearer the pollen parent. In all of these 
 instances the parents may have been typical, yet not pure, 
 and in Mendel's experiments they might be regarded 
 as being both typical and pure pure, because of the 
 constancy of Mendelian inheritance in succeeding gener- 
 ations. But even here purity is questionable. Thus, in 
 the second generation the dominants which breed true 
 to the dominant character are looked upon as being pure, 
 yet they may have latent or undeveloped characters that 
 can be demonstrated only under peculiar conditions. 
 This has been shown by Darbishire (Breeding and the 
 Mendelian Discovery, 912, 218) in crosses of the common 
 albino and the Japanese waltzing mice. In the second 
 generation he found two types of albinos, one to all ap- 
 pearances identical with the pure albinos and the other 
 with waltzers. When these apparently pure albinos are 
 mated with each other they breed true, but when mated 
 with waltzers they were found to be very different from 
 pure albinos, " for among the offspring of extracted 
 albinos mated with waltzers there appeared pink-eyed 
 and even albino mice, forms which are never produced 
 when pure albinos are mated with waltzers." 
 
 7. THEORETICAL REQUIREMENTS IN THE PROPERTIES 
 OF STARCHES TO CONDITIONS IN THE HYBRID 
 CORRESPONDING TO THOSE OF ANATOMIC CHAR- 
 ACTERS. 
 
 It is evident from the literature quoted that the doc- 
 trine of intermediateness of the hybrid and the doctrine 
 of Mendel are expressions of rules that have many ex- 
 ceptions and hence are only of limited applicability. 
 The success of the plant and animal breeder depends 
 upon the elimination of undesirable characters; the 
 redistribution of characters ; the variation, modification, 
 and recombination of characters; the development of 
 some particular characters to a degree beyond parental 
 extremes, together with their perpetuation and even 
 further exaggeration in subsequent generations ; and the 
 development of new and perpetuation of desirable char- 
 acters. Neither the doctrine of intermediateness nor 
 the doctrine of Mendel admits of the possibility of gen- 
 erating ideal organisms by crossing and selection ; nor 
 are they consistent with the development of parental 
 characters in the hybrid beyond parental extremes ; nor 
 are they compatible with the appearance of new charac- 
 ters except upon the untenable assumption of such char- 
 acters being latent in the parents. Both are doctrines 
 of non-plasticity, yet the most significant phenomenon 
 of successful breeding and the genesis of elementary 
 species is plasticity which is manifested to a pre-eminent 
 degree of importance in development in the offspring of 
 characters beyond the extremes of the parents, new com- 
 binations of characters, and the appearance of new char- 
 acters. No investigations on record have shown more 
 forcefully the utter inadoquatcness of these doctrines 
 and their limitations than their application to the ex- 
 planation of the building up of ideal forms and the 
 appearance of elementary species by hybridization and, 
 on the other hand, none has better set forth the great pos- 
 
IVIHnlM CIK'N 
 
 of tin- lint-der than thoso of Burbaiik. In re- 
 ferring u> tlu- results obtained l.y . rossing and iel< 
 
 . In- *t.it.-s ( New I : '. . llar- 
 
 lij) that ' then is no barrier to obUnmu 
 fruit* of any KI/O, form, ur flavor desired, and none to 
 producing planU and llowers of any fnu. o.lor, or fra- 
 grance. All that in needed 1.1 a knowledge to guide ..ur 
 ta in the riirht dmvUon, undeviating patience, and 
 rultnatrd i-\f t ili-tn t variation* in valued." 
 
 If rtvch tliaracters are heritable they should, in 
 order to met theoretic requirements, exhibit peculiari- 
 ties of inhiTiuiire ii>rr->|>ndiiig to thoae obaerred in 
 gross and niiiToscopic anatomic plant character*. This 
 deduction will be found to have ample justification in the 
 results of tln.s research. Herein it will be found that the 
 starches of the hybrids frequently exhibit in histologic, 
 soopic, and physico-chemic properties tome degree 
 of inunnediateneas between the parent*, usually nearer 
 one or the otlu-r. In any given hybrid certain of the 
 properties may be exactly or practically exactly inter- 
 .. ami other properties may be identical with the 
 corresponding properties of one or the other parent. In 
 many instance* one or more of the characters of the 
 hybrid, MH h as the relative number and the types of 
 >und grains, the degree of figuration, the regu- 
 larity or iregularity of the form* of the grains, the 
 characters of the hilum, the distinctness and size of the 
 lamelhe, the polariscopic properties, the temperature of 
 Xvlatiiu/utiuM, the aniline reactions, and the qualitative 
 mid quantitative reactions with the various chemical reag- 
 were developed or manifested in degrees beyond 
 the parental extremes. Moreover, peculiarities of various 
 - were observed at times in the hybrid that were not 
 apparent in either parent In ao far as these results go 
 .ire, in general, in entire accord with the experience 
 of the plant and animal breeder and with unquestionable 
 statement* of literature. 
 
 The diM-trine of intcrmediateness of the microscopic 
 characters as set forth in a preceding section is not war- 
 ranted by the literature of naked-eye characters and 
 is opposed to the result* of the work with starches. This 
 > supplementary studies of the macroscopic and 
 nu. r.-scopie characters of parent- and hybrid-stocks- 
 which compose Chapter IX of Part II. It seems clear 
 upon general grounds that if characters of the starch of 
 the hybrid may be intermediate, dominant, recessive, 
 blended, modified, developed beyond the parental ex- 
 tremes, new characters developed, etc., corresponding 
 phenomena should be exhibited by the tissues. It was 
 expected when this part of the research was planned that 
 in the case of each plant both starch and tissues could 
 be studied coincidently and compared, but this was found 
 to be impracticable; therefore the studies of the plant 
 tissues were carried on as an independent but correlated 
 research. Here, as with the starches, excepting Ipomoa. 
 the specimens of both parent- and hybrid-stocks are of 
 the first generation that has been perpetuated from year 
 \r by the propagation of tubers, pseudo-tubers, rhi- 
 zomes, bulbs, bulbils, etc. Both of the parent- and the 
 
 hybrid-stocks of 1 porno* wen grown from seed* u 
 breed true. The hybrid is of the offspring of suoceasive 
 annual teed plantings since 1908, and probably repreaenU 
 the sixth or seventh in the line of ,!,-., ui. The leads 
 were obtain. . I f nun tin- originator of the hybrid, and the 
 other stock from reliable plant-growers. 
 
 The different specimens of starches were prepared 
 from a number (varying usually from 5 or 10 t- 
 or more) of bulbs, rhizomes, etc., ao that the prepara- 
 tions may be taken aa representing a fair mean ; but with 
 the plants used for the supply of tissue we were dependent 
 in each ca*e usually upon one or two specimens win. h 
 may be taken to be of about the average or fairly 
 representative. 
 
 In selecting the material from the different plants 
 for the microscopic preparations the precautionary meas- 
 ures promulgated by Macfarlane (page 4) to secure safe 
 comparative results were as far as possible carefully 
 followed out Inasmuch aa there is a tendency for indi- 
 viduals of a species, even when grown under the same 
 conditions, to vary in one or more of their characters 
 from the average degree and manner of development 
 macroscopically and microscopically, it is manifest that 
 in a comparative examination of parenta and offspring 
 there should be studied either the actual parents and a 
 selected typical specimen of the hybrid that exhibits the 
 average mean properties of the hybrids, or typical speci- 
 mens of both parent- and hybrid-stocks. When neither 
 is practicable, as was the case in the present inquiry, 
 there are probabilities that the relative values of the 
 various characters may not be wholly correct, as for in- 
 stance, a given character of the hybrid may be inter- 
 mediate but nearer one or the other parent instead of 
 being exactly mid-intermediate, or vicr vena, as might 
 be the case had the plants been very carefully selected 
 upon the basis of the specificity of intermediateneas. 
 On the other hand, it goes without saying that in the 
 selection of the hybrid the assumption that the one hav- 
 ing most nearly properties that are exactly intermediate 
 between those of the parents is a typical hybrid it certain 
 to lead to the worst of pitfall*, because it of necessity 
 implies that blended inheritance is a tine qua non; there- 
 fore, as a corollary, that having a given hybrid its 
 parentage might positively be detected by the selection 
 of species that have characteristics such as would meet 
 the theoretical requirements of intermediateness in the 
 hybrid. It is obvious that such a plant might be far 
 more undesirable and even absolutely unreliable for com- 
 parative purposes than one that has the least degree of 
 intermediatenesa, because the latter but not the former 
 may typify the mean of the hybrid characteristics. The 
 results of various investigations fully justify the state- 
 ment that intennediateness may be absolutely misleading 
 as a criterion in the recognition of hybrids. 
 
 8. Uwrr-CiiABACTiwi ASD UXIT-CHARACT- 
 
 1'llASK*. 
 
 The term rharartrr is used throughout this research 
 in a conventional sense to signify any property that 
 
22 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 serves to characterize any part or property of starch or 
 plant. Inasmuch as each such property is a unit of com- 
 parison, each may appropriately and advantageously be 
 referred to as a unit-character. A unit-character such 
 as the property of gelatinizability may be manifested in 
 varied phases or modified forms which conformably are 
 distinguished as unit-character-phases. Many of the 
 unit-characters and unit-character-phases that have been 
 studied in this memoir may seem to be unimportant or 
 even trivial, but experience in various lines of inquiry 
 has shown that the correlation of such properties may 
 prove of the greatest importance. 
 
 Each property of starch, whether it be manifested 
 by peculiarities of form, hilum, lamellae, or size of the 
 grains, or in the reactions in polarized light, or in the 
 reactions with iodine or the anilines, or in the gelatiniza- 
 tion reactions with heat and the various chemical rea- 
 gents, is an expression of a physico-chemical unit-charac- 
 ter that is one of many indexes of the peculiarities of 
 intramolecular structure of starch, and is an independent 
 unit although eorrelatively related to the others. These 
 unit-characters fall into arbitrary but natural groups in 
 accordance with the methods of investigation employed, 
 and as a matter of convenience and facility of study they 
 have been treated under the designations above noted. 
 Under the designation form are included a number of 
 unit-characters which are expressed specifically in the 
 occurrence of varieties or types of the grains (whether 
 as isolated, aggregates, or compound grains), their 
 numerical proportions and the peculiarities of the com- 
 ponents in number and arrangement of the aggregates 
 and compound grains; the regularity of outline of the 
 grains, and the kinds and causes of irregularities; the 
 conspicuous forms, etc. Under the designation hilum are 
 included characters that are specifically expressed in dis- 
 tinctness, form, number, fissuration, and eccentricity. 
 Under lamella are designated properties specifically ex- 
 pressed in distinctness, form, fineness or coarseness, 
 variety and distribution, and number. Under size are in- 
 cluded the ratios of length to breadth, general dimen- 
 sions of grains of different types, especially of those of 
 common size. Under polariscopic properties are charac- 
 ters that are expressed by peculiarities of the figure or 
 " cross " in regard to eccentricity, distinctness, definition, 
 courses, and other characters of the lines ; the occurrence 
 of single or multiple figures, the degree of polarization ; 
 the appearances with selenite of the quadrants as regards 
 especially definition, equality of size, form, and colors. 
 Under iodine reactions are included character reactions 
 of the raw starch grains; and after boiling the grains, 
 the reactions of the grains, solution, grain-residues, and 
 capsules. Under aniline reactions are included charac- 
 ters elicited by the degree of staining by gentian violet 
 and safranin immediately and after a half hour. Under 
 temperature reactions are included the temperatures of 
 gelatinization of a majority of the grains and of all 
 or practically all of the grains. Under various reagents 
 are included character manifestations that are expressed 
 hv Quantitative and qualitative reactions with various 
 
 gelatinizing reagents. With each reagent it is found 
 that there are peculiarities in respect to the percentages 
 of the entire number of grains and total starch gelatin- 
 ized at definite time-intervals; and to the number and 
 kinds of gelatinizatiou processes, these processes varying 
 in both particulars not only in different starches with the 
 same reagent, but also in the same starch with different 
 reagents. Hence, while the property of gelatinizability 
 is a fundamental or primary unit-character, it may be 
 manifested in as many phases or modifications (unit- 
 character-phases) as there are starches and gelatinizing 
 agents. Among all of the varied properties of starches 
 there seems to be none so certain to show slight intra- 
 molecular differences as these unit-character-phases. 
 
 The independence of each of these unit-characters 
 and unit-character-phases of each other will be found 
 to be well exhibited in every one of the groups of proper- 
 ties comprised in the several foregoing designations. 
 This is most strikingly shown in hybrids for instance, 
 in the general characters of the hilum the properties 
 of the hybrid may be identical with those of one parent, 
 while in eccentricity identical with those of the other 
 parent, or intermediate, etc.; in the qualitative reac- 
 tions with chloral hydrate some of the processes of gela- 
 tinization may be more like or identical with those of one 
 parent; others, more like or identical with those of the 
 other parent; others, which are individual are therefore 
 not observed in either parent, etc. Hence, it is found, 
 in summing up the unit-characters and unit-character- 
 phases, that certain of the characters embraced in any 
 designation may tend in one parental direction while 
 others tend in another, but usually it is found that in 
 the aggregate there is a variable degree of leaning to one 
 or the other parent. Moreover, while such group proper- 
 ties may in the case of one designation lean in the aggre- 
 gate to one parent, those of another group may incline 
 to the other parent, and so on. This extraordinary 
 variability in parental relationship ie particularly well 
 shown in the qualitative reactions with the various chemi- 
 cal reagents. These phenomena of variability are also 
 strikingly illustrated in both macroscopic and micro- 
 scopic properties of plant structure. (See Part II, 
 Chapter IX.) 
 
 9. ASSISTANTS IN THE HESEARCH. 
 In the studies of the starches, the histologic data 
 and the polariscopic, iodine, gentian violet, safranin, and 
 temperature of gelatinization experiments were recorded 
 by Dr. Elizabeth E. Clark, B.A. (Bryn Mawr), M.D. 
 (Women's Medical College of Philadelphia) ; and the 
 quantitative and qualitative reactions with the various 
 chemical reagents were studied by Miss Martha Bunting, 
 B.L. (Swarthmore), Ph.D. (Bryn Mawr). Both of these 
 assistants had had two years previous experience in the 
 study of starches. The macroscopic and microscopic 
 data of plants are due to Miss Margaret Henderson, B.S., 
 M.A. (University of Pennsylvania), who prepared all the 
 microscopic slides and made all of the measurements. 
 
CHAPTER II. 
 
 METHODS USED IN THE STUDY OF STARCHES. 
 
 The methods used in the preceding research (l'ul)U- 
 N. 173) were at iU inception suiltcicuUy satis- 
 ry to meet the theoretical requirement* of a purely 
 iry and exploratory investigation, but at the 
 work progressed it was found, as was to be expected, 
 that radical improvement* could be made in various 
 Advantage has been taken of this experience, 
 and while the me-tlnnls continue to be inexact, in the 
 conventional sense, they are practically exact so far as 
 satisfactory differentiation and recognition of different 
 tan-he* are concerned. For obvious reasons the descrip- 
 tions of the methods given in the previous research are 
 a in a large measure repeated, with some omissions, 
 ni.*litirttti"ii. unit addition*. 
 
 1. PREPARATION or THE STARCHES. 
 
 The starches were prepared from bulbs, tubers, rhi- 
 somes, bulbils, and pseudobullxi, all in the resting state, 
 metis were comminuted by the aid of an ordi- 
 nary culinary grater. Four or five volumes of water arc 
 added to the pulp, the mass strained through four thick- 
 nesses of cheese-cloth, and the pulp then washed with 
 sufficient water and strained as before. The starch-water 
 preparation is decanted in cylinders and the starch is 
 clean.-od l>\ repeated washing and deoantation. Finally 
 the starch is collected in shallow dishes, the water as far 
 as possible drained off, and the preparation dried at 
 a temperature of 50 C. By this simple means starches 
 ran be prepared which are with rare exceptions practi- 
 cally free from gross impurities. To have carried out 
 purification to the extent of practical demoralization 
 would have proven of far greater disadvantage than gain. 
 
 MI i.TAXEOfB STUDIES OF STARCHES OF THE 
 PARENTS AND HYBRID AND OF THE MEMBERS 
 OF A GE 
 
 For obvious reasons, in a comparative investigation 
 such as the present it is desirable to make simultaneous 
 examinations of all three or four starches of a set by 
 one of the various methods of study and to take up the 
 methods seriatim in preference to taking one starch 
 and subjecting it to the entire series of methods before 
 undying another specimen; the same plan commends 
 itself when there is a number of sets belonging to the 
 same genus. 
 
 3. HISTOLOOIC METHOD. 
 
 This method has been found to be of signal useful- 
 ness, and up to recent years it has been the sole reliance 
 in attempts to determine the kind of starch. It was, 
 however, perfectly obvious at the very inception of these 
 researches, and rendered dear as far back as the investi- 
 
 gation of C. Nageli in 1858, that this method, unless 
 associated with others, could not be depended upon, and 
 that it was liable to be absolutely misleading. Moreover, 
 differences in form may not in the leut imply differences 
 in the starch-substance, as has been pointed out in early 
 chapters of the preceding memoir. Magnification rang- 
 ing from 85 to 400, sometimes higher, was used, accord- 
 ing to the size of the grains and incidental conditions. 
 A sufficient amount of dried starch was disseminated on a 
 slide and mounted in a very dilute Lugol's solution, care 
 being taken not to add a larger quantity of iodine than 
 is sufficient to accentuate the lamella*. Since starches 
 of different sources dhow wide differences in the intensity 
 with which they become colored with iodine, it was found 
 convenient to have on hand a number of solutions rang- 
 ing from 1 to 2 per cent down. By the aid of such onli 
 nary microscopic technique there were recorded the 
 form and size of the grain ; the position and fonn of the 
 h: 1 11 m ; the form, number, and other characteristics of 
 the lamella*; the characteristics pertaining to the form 
 f the grains, whether single or in doublets, triplets, 
 aggregates, etc. In describing the grains the terms 
 " proximal end " and " distal end " have been adopted, 
 the former being the end nearer which the hilum is 
 located. The " longitudinal axis " corresponds with an 
 imaginary line, extending from the proximal end through 
 the hilum to the distal end. In different starches and 
 in different grains of the same kind of starch this may 
 he the long or the short axis. The measurements of 
 eccentricity of the hilum have reference to the distance of 
 the hilum from the proximal end of the longitudinal axis. 
 
 4. PHOTOMICROGRAPH ic RECORDS. 
 
 Verbal descriptions of the histological characteristics 
 of starch-grains fail to convey adequate conceptions. 
 The notes included in the text have therefore been accom- 
 panied by photomicrographs of the grains lightly colored 
 with iodine, as seen in the microscope. In making these 
 photographs we used an ordinary Bausch and Lomb 
 microscope with a %-inch objective and a 2-inch eye- 
 piece, which gave us a magnification on the field of 
 projection of 300 diameters. For obvious reasons, many 
 of the more minute features of the grains will not be 
 seen in the photomicrographs. Moreover, inasmuch as no 
 two fields are alike in case of any starch or slide, the 
 pictures are to be taken as being grossly of an average 
 character of a field. In recording the histological de- 
 scriptions, especially as regards variations in form, many 
 fields were examined. 
 
 The photomicrographs of the plant tissues were 
 made by the use of a IV^-inch objective and a 2-inch 
 eye-piece (draw-tube in), or a %-inch objective and a 
 
24 
 
 METHODS USED IN THE STUDY OF STARCHES. 
 
 2-inch eye-piece, or a ^4-inch objective and a 2-inch eye- 
 piece, giving magnifications on the field of projection of 
 72, 180, and 300 diameters, respectively. 
 
 5. REACTIONS IN POLARIZED LIGHT WITHOUT AND 
 WITH SELENITE. 
 
 Starches have been found to exhibit not only marked 
 differences in the degrees with which they rotate the 
 plane of polarized light, but also differences in the 
 characteristics of the " interference figure " or " cross," 
 as it is generally termed. The general characteristics, 
 distinctness, shape, regularity, and position of the inter- 
 ference figure, and also the approximate degree of auiso- 
 tropy or intensity of polarization were readily studied. 
 By the aid of eelenite it was determined whether the 
 optic properties were negative or positive, and also the 
 size, shape, and regularity of the quadrants, as well as 
 the intensity and pureness of the blue and yellow colors. 
 In spherical grains with centrally located hila, the two 
 parts of the " cross " intersect at the hilum, or mathe- 
 matic center, of the grain, so that the term quadrant 
 has a proper application ; but in the case of grains having 
 eccentric hila the position of the point of intersection of 
 the two parts of the cross, together with their curvatures, 
 may destroy every semblance of quadrants according to 
 the conventional definition of this word. This term has 
 therefore been used in a very broad sense throughout 
 our investigation to indicate the four parts of the grain 
 that are defined by the two parts of the cross, in prefer- 
 ence to the great multiplicity of terms that would be 
 required to define these parts if great accuracy were 
 attempted. Likewise, for convenience we have referred 
 to the " lines " of the interference figure in preference 
 to the " arms " of the cross. 
 
 All starches are " optically negative," hence no special 
 references have been made in the text in this particular. 
 
 The slides for polariscopic examination are prepared 
 as follows : The end of a small spatula is thrust into the 
 specimen of starch and moved about, withdrawn and 
 sharply tapped several times in the center of the slide, 
 and the slide jarred in a manner to cause a practically 
 uniform distribution of the starch grains in a single 
 well-disseminated layer. The margins of this layer are 
 carefully removed so as to leave an area 12 mm. square. 
 An expeditious way of removing the margin so as to in- 
 sure a uniform area of starch is to use as a wiper a piece 
 of sheet celluloid having a 12-mm. slot, wiping trans- 
 versely and then longitudinally. A couple of drops of 
 balsam are carefully added at the center of the area, 
 a cover-slip put on, and the slide placed on the stage of 
 the polarizing microscope. After determining the degree 
 of polarization, the selenite plate is introduced and the 
 specimen again examined. 
 
 In order to reduce the degree of polarization into 
 values in comparative terms and figures it was found 
 desirable to adopt an arbitrary scale ( Chart B 2, Chapter 
 IV), and to select three starches as standards that give 
 wide and properly separated gradations of value. Thus, 
 
 adopting a scale of 100 divided primarily into units of 5, 
 the starch of Solarium luberosum was taken as having a 
 value of 90 and " very high" ; that of Narcissus poeticus 
 ornatus as having a value of 50, or " moderate " ; and 
 that of Richardia albo-maculata as having a value of 30, 
 or " low." Intermediate gradations are readily expressed 
 by both words and figures. If the starch examined has, 
 for instance, the same degree of polarization as that of 
 Narcissus poeticus ornatus it is given a value of moderate 
 or 50, but if its value be between moderate (50) and 
 high (70) it is recorded as being moderately high (60), 
 or moderate to moderately high (55), or moderately 
 high to high (65). In some instances intermediate 
 values are given where it is necessary to express smaller 
 differences, as between members of a set consisting of 
 parents and hybrid. The different grains of any given 
 specimen of starch vary in the degree of polarization, 
 so that in rating the average must be estimated; as a 
 consequence all of the records are averages. The method 
 is of a very gross character and the personal equation 
 in determining values may be very important and lead 
 to more or less divergent records by different observers, 
 but in practice it has been found that after a degree 
 of skill has been acquired, as is common in all such 
 gross methods of experiment, essentially or absolutely 
 the same values are recorded when experiments are re- 
 peated several times at well-separated intervals, or made 
 by two individuals who have had practically the same 
 training. Owing to variations in illumination from time 
 to time, it is quite important to use persistently, in con- 
 junction with the starch to be examined, some starch 
 that has been adopted as the standard of comparison, 
 preferably one that has a close value. Thus, when 
 studying the starches of a group, one of the starches is 
 standardized with the starch-standard and scale adopted, 
 as before stated, the standard recorded for this starch 
 serving as the fundamental standard for comparison for 
 the others of the group. This method gives very good 
 comparative results, especially when the group consists 
 of a few members; but it is, on the whole, the least 
 valuable of all the methods employed in this research, 
 and its usefulness is chiefly because of its remoteness 
 from the characters of the other methods. 
 
 C. IODINE REACTIONS. 
 
 The use of iodine not only served to bring out certain 
 histological peculiarities, but also valuable data in the 
 differentiation of different kinds of starch. The typical 
 or ordinarily observed reaction of starch with iodine is 
 an indigo-blue, but if an excess of iodine be avoided 
 the reaction of the grains will be found to vary usually 
 from a blue to reddish-violet, including within these ex- 
 tremes all shades of violet from a purple to a reddish- 
 violet according to the kind of starch. In fact, in the 
 presence of minute quantities of iodine, starches are 
 colored some shade of violet, varying with the kind of 
 starch. With any quantity of iodine certain starch- 
 grains yield a red reaction. In studying the iodine reac- 
 
METHODS USED IN THE STUDY OF STARCHES. 
 
 lion* we used >' i v {XT (cut l.ugol'* solution. 
 
 Fur - i i.ii r. .1 tiona were studied . two with raw starch 
 and two with hi tin- first i... the 
 
 .ir. pt.-p.n. -I UK in tin- polarization <.>xaininati"n-. 
 lutinj; solutions of iodine fur the balsam and 
 :iin_ r the -I i. If* in ordinary light with a fully open 
 diaphnipn mill ! p.-w.T. In the I. > '.' <lr<>| 
 
 .'.', j-r i. nt Idol's solution are placed on the 
 . the blidc qmrkly adjusted on the stage of the 
 iiiii-njM.-ope, and the color reaction in quality and quan- 
 tity at once d- I, tlu- quantitative value recorded 
 :i us tin- standard of conipan-..n in relation to 
 other -tar. In -. Here, as in the polarization dctcnnina- 
 it a> found nc.vssary to adopt an arbitrary scale 
 and -MI. h standards. The same scaJe is used an for 
 the polan/atioii \ulues, but the terms light, deep, etc., 
 -11'.-:. in;.-. I for low, high, etc. Moreover, it was 
 found !.. .vssary to modify the selection of starches to be 
 used as standards. The starch of Solatium tuberotum 
 was taken as having a value of CO or " moderately deep," 
 that of ( 'rinum moorei as having a value of 50 or " mod- 
 I that of \Vattonia humilu as having a value of 
 :m ..r - light," with corresponding intermediate figures 
 and term* u in the polariscopic determinations. 
 
 The second ex| nnu-nt is made, using 0.125 per cent 
 solution, often bringing out color peculiarities which may 
 be obscured or not be observed when the reagent is 
 
 The third and fourth experiments are made with 
 
 lioilfd -tar. li with the object of eliciting peculiarities of 
 
 Hi of the grains, solution, grain-residues, and cap- 
 
 \ f ter heating the grains until complete gelatiniza- 
 
 tion occurs a variable amount of the starch passes into 
 
 solution, so that both grains and solution give starch 
 
 reactions. Upon boiling the preparation for 2 minutes 
 
 nparatvely large amount of the March passes into 
 
 solution, and the remains of the grains appear in the 
 
 form of grain-residues which are made up of partially 
 
 di-integrated grains (capsules with variable amounts of 
 
 content*), together with some capsules that are almost 
 
 or wholly free of starch contents. 
 
 In the third experiment 0.05 gram of starch is placed 
 in '.'" c.c. of water and carefully heated over a bunsen 
 burner only to the point of complete gelatin ization. To 
 f this preparation is added 2 c.c. of a 2 per cent 
 Lugol's solution, and then the colorations of grains and 
 solution are determined by microscopic examination. 
 
 In the fourth cx|MTinirnt the remainder of the boiled 
 preparation ia boiled for 2 minutes to further break 
 down the starch grains; then 4 c.c. of the 2 per cent 
 I/upnl's solution added ; and then microscopic deter- 
 mination made of the colorations of grain residues, 
 capsules, and solution. 
 
 7. AM LINE REACTIONS. 
 
 A number of anilines have been found by various 
 investigators to be of value in the differentiation of 
 starches from different sources, of different grains of 
 
 the same kind of starch, and of different parU of indi- 
 vidual grains. Some experimenter* have employed 
 double ..i tuple stains. There is also nu douht that tin- 
 use of double or triple stains would bring out, at times 
 at least, many poiuU of much hiatological mij-TUnce, 
 but this would have involved the carrying out of the 
 histological examinations in such detail as to be pro- 
 hibitive in a research of this character. Safranin and 
 gentian-Mulct were selected, not because they are prob- 
 ably the best of these stains for differential purposes, but 
 because they have been found very useful in starch exam- 
 inations and as they yield single color reaction-. 
 
 Aniline colors in solution, especially when in weak 
 solution and exposed to light, are notably unstable, and 
 in order to secure strictly comparable results a quantity 
 of a relatively strong standard solution was prepared 
 and kept in the dark, tightly corked. The stock solutions 
 were composed of 0.25 gram of aniline with 150 c.c. of 
 distilled water. From day to day dilute solutions were 
 prepared by adding 33 c.c. of water to 2 c.c. of the stock 
 solution ; 15 c.c. of the latter solution arc placed in a 
 test-tube containing 0.07 gram of starch, the preparation 
 agitated, 1 or 2 drops withdrawn in a minute and exam- 
 ined under the microscope, and a final examination made 
 at the end of half an hour. In these color determina- 
 tions the microscope is used, as in the iodine reactions, 
 with a fully open diaphragm and low power. Owing to 
 the relatively slow reaction, the values for comparative 
 purposes were taken at the end of a half hour instead 
 of immediately, as in the first iodine n-.i.iion. The 
 method of valuation is the same as in the iodine reac- 
 tions, but the starch standards for these reactions are: 
 Solanum tuberosvm, value 90, " very deep "; Amaryllu 
 belladonna, value 50, " moderate " ; Frrejtia refmrla alba, 
 value 30, "light. " 
 
 8. TEMPERATURES OF GELATIN IZATION. 
 
 While the records of various investigators indicate 
 that there are more or less marked differences in the 
 temperatures of gelatinization of different kinds of 
 starches, and even in case of different grains of the 
 same starches, the figures applying to the same kind 
 of starch are generally so at variance that not much value 
 is to be attached to them. The sources of falla. \ m 
 such observations, unless the determinations are made 
 with the greatest precautions, are well known to every 
 biochemist. We therefore carried out this work with 
 especial care. A long quadrangular water-bath was 
 used, holding about 4 liters of water ; one end was placed 
 over the gas flame, and in the other end was inserted a 
 thermometer which was calibrated in tenths centigrade, 
 but which could readily be read in hundredth*. A small 
 quantity of starch with 10 c.c. of water was placed in a 
 test-tube, into which was inserted, through a perforated 
 cork, a thermometer similar to the one in the water- 
 bath, and the test-tube immersed in a suspended wire 
 basket in the part of the water-bath farthest from the 
 flame. The temperature of the water was raised very 
 
26 
 
 METHODS USED IN THE STUDY OF STARCHES. 
 
 slowly, and the water occasionally stirred, so that at no 
 time did the two thermometers differ more than about 
 2. As the temperature increased, specimens of the 
 starch were examined at intervals, the tube being shaken, 
 and a specimen obtained by inserting the end of the 
 pipette to the bottom of the tube, a clean pipette being 
 used to remove each specimen. Each specimen was 
 placed on a slide, upon which was recorded both tem- 
 peratures, and the slide was examined in the polarizing 
 microscope. The temperatures at which there is an en- 
 tire loss of anisotropy of a majority and of all of the 
 grains were recorded as the temperatures of the tube. 
 The lower temperature recorded on the slide was the 
 record of the thermometer in the test-tube, and the higher 
 temperature was that of the water-bath. The actual 
 temperature of gelatinization lies somewhere between 
 the two, and for convenience, especially for purposes of 
 comparison, the mean of the two was for obvious reasons 
 taken as the " temperature of gelatinization." In the 
 records all three temperatures are given in accordance 
 with the foregoing. 
 
 9. ACTION OF SWELLING REAGENTS. 
 
 Quite a number of swelling or gelatinizing reagents, 
 of very diverse chemical composition and exhibiting more 
 or less individuality of action, have been used by various 
 experimenters in studies of the structural peculiarities 
 of starch-grains or in the differentiation of different 
 kinds of starch or for other incidental purposes. This 
 method of differentiating starches seemed so promising 
 that in the preceding research five such reagents were 
 selected. For obvious reasons choice was made of those 
 which differ widely in chemical composition and which 
 yield sufficiently prompt and characteristic results. 
 Those selected included chloral hydrate-iodine, chromic 
 acid, pyrogallic acid, ferric chloride, and Purdy's solu- 
 tion. For evident reasons it is desirable to repeat 
 some of the statements made in the preceding memoir. 
 
 The chloral hydrate-iodine solution was prepared by 
 saturating a saturated solution of chloral hydrate with 
 iodine. This solution, sooner or later, not only causes 
 swelling and ultimate partial dissolution of the grains, 
 but, owing to the presence of iodine, also yields important 
 accompanying color reactions ; and it is, on the whole, to 
 be regarded as a very important reagent. 
 
 Chromic acid was used in the form of a 25 per cent 
 solution, and it is the only one of the five reagents that 
 causes, within the periods of observation, a complete 
 disintegration of the grains. It gives rise to gas bubbles 
 during the decomposition processes. 
 
 The pyrogallic-acid solution was prepared by making 
 a saturated solution and diluting this with three parts 
 of water, adding oxalic acid in the proportion of 4 per 
 cent to hinder oxidation. 
 
 The ferric-chloride solution consisted of equal parts 
 of a saturated solution and water. Purdy's solution 
 was made by diluting the standard solution with an equal 
 volume of water. 
 
 The last reagent was usually found to be the least 
 active of the live, and it is, so far as the effects on the 
 grains are concerned,, probably essentially an aqueous 
 solution of potassium hydroxide, and therefore likely 
 possesses no advantages, except perhaps in keeping quali- 
 ties, over the simple aqueous solution. Oxygen or ex- 
 posure to the air favors the actions of pyrogallic acid, but 
 hinders those of chloral hydrate and ferric chloride. In 
 the former case, the grains near the edge, or on the out- 
 side, of the cover-slip are decidedly more affected than 
 those within, while with the latter the opposite is true. 
 
 There are some forms of commercial chloral hydrate 
 that have very little action, which may be due to under- 
 hydration or over-hydration. The crystals put up by 
 Schering were used throughout this investigation. 
 
 It is important that fresh solutions of the reagents be 
 prepared at short intervals, as all tend to deteriorate, and 
 it is well to let them stand over night before using. 
 
 In using these reagents a small amount of starch 
 was placed in a slide as in the polarization experiments, 
 several drops of the reagent were added, a cover-glass 
 put on, and the progress of events examined under the 
 microscope. In using a given reagent with a given kind 
 of starch, it was found that there was a certain amount 
 of variation in the effects from time to time, probably 
 attributable to variations in temperature, so that these 
 studies were made as far as possible under constant tem- 
 perature conditions. The variations, as a rule, were 
 unimportant. These agents give rise to gelatinization 
 and swelling of the grain and cause the existence of the 
 outer and inner parts of the grains to appear very con- 
 spicuous the outer part becoming sac-like and inclosing 
 a less dense or semi-fluid substance. 
 
 Experience taught us that not only the method but 
 also the reagents, as regards both kind and concentration 
 of solution, can be markedly improved. As previously 
 stated, the method though gross seemed to meet the theo- 
 retical requirements of the research that is, the deter- 
 mination whether or not starches are modified in relation 
 to species and genera without attempting to establish 
 constants or strictly exact data. During the progress 
 of the present research we used, in a limited number of 
 experiments, certain reagents which in the text that 
 follows are designated: 
 
 SOLUTION No. 2. 
 Chloral hydrate-iodine Schering's crystals of chloral hydrate 
 
 30 grams, water 17 c.c., Lugol's solution 3 c.c. 
 Chromic acid 10 grams, water 40 c.c. 
 
 Pyrogallic acid 9 grams, oxalic acid 0.5 gram, water 40 c.c. 
 Ferric chloride 50 grams, water 5 c.c. 
 Ammonium nitrate 15 grams, water 10 c.c. 
 
 After a time the ferric chloride was abandoned be- 
 cause of difficulties in standardization and in obtaining 
 satisfactory uniformity in the results of repeated experi- 
 ments, and it was also found that other of the reagents 
 could be used to better advantage in a modified form. 
 A few experiments were also made with ammonium 
 nitrate and certain other reagents, but for various reasons 
 were set aside. It is yet wholly problematical as to 
 
MKTHOD8 USED IN 1IIK STUDY OF STARCHES. 
 
 27 
 
 what reagents ami what coiit-viitraUons are best adapted 
 for such studies, but the following ware finally adopted 
 in tin;, r.tk-airh, although experience baa howu that all 
 or nearly all can be modified to advantage in concentra- 
 u.'ii Hint ilu\ i.in ' .1. !.!.-.! to with great profit Chemi- 
 cally purr > hemii .ils and distilled water were used. The 
 solutions -h-uM be inu-l.- only in small quantities, and 
 when fresh solution* arc pr-parv<l they must be totted 
 with the several selected starches, the reaction-intensi- 
 f which are known, to determine whether or not 
 thev arc of exactly proper strength. 
 
 ral hydraU Srherinc'a chloral hydrate cryaUU IS gramr 
 
 tor & .- 
 Chromic nd "J.S (ram*, wator 90 e.e. 
 
 gallic acid 4 (ram*, malic add 0.3 tram, water 36 c c 
 Nitric id 10 r.r wator 34 c.c. 
 Sulphuric acid IO r r . waUr 27 e.e. 
 H> ir.-chlortc acid 8 e.e.. water 10 e.e. 
 
 uaiuni hydroiid* 0.76 (ram. water 66 e.e. 
 
 iwmm iodida 10 <rani>, water 30 e.e. 
 1'iitmiuni luliihuryanatc 6 cram*, water 30 e.e. 
 
 U.UHII >ul|'liid 1 (ram. wator 40 e.e. 
 ff~*" hydroxide 0.6 cram, water 100 e.e. 
 Sodium aulphide 1 (ram. wator 46 e.e. 
 Sodium ealieylato 10 crania, wator 10 e.e. 
 
 .111 nitrato 8 (rant*, water 10 e.e. 
 I rauium nitrate U (ram*. watr 10 o.e. 
 
 .mui nitrato 6 graou. water 7 e.e. 
 Cobalt nitrate (ram*, wator 16 e.e. 
 
 . r nitrate 16 (ram. wator 30 e.e. 
 chloride frame, wator 18 e.e. 
 llahum chloride 6 (ram*, wator 12 e.e. 
 Mercuric chloride 18 (ram*, ammonium chloride 10 (ran. 
 
 water 40 e.e. 
 
 Occasionally modified solutions were used in qualita- 
 u to meet special conditions, note being 
 made in the text at the proper place whenever this has 
 been done. 
 
 In the reactions with the chemical reagents it is 
 essential, in order to obtain uniform and wholly reliable 
 remits, that the slides should be prepared with much 
 care as regards the quantity and distribution of the 
 utan-h and the quantity of the reagent, and that imme- 
 diately upon the addition of the reagent the preparation 
 be protected so that changes due to alterations in concen- 
 tration and to oxidation will not occur. The method 
 pursuit] is as follows: 
 
 A square area of starch is first prepared on a slide as 
 in the polarization reactions. This square is surrounded 
 by a layer of purified vaseline 5 mm. wide, applied by 
 an artist's flat camel's hair brush. A cover-slip is now 
 prepared by coating the margin of one surface with a 
 corresponding band of vaseline, so that when the cover- 
 slip is placed on the slide the surfaces of two vaseline 
 squares form an air-tight junction, preventing change in 
 concentration of the reagent by evaporation or absorp- 
 tion of water and eliminating influences of the oxygen 
 of the atmosphere. Two drops of the reagent are care- 
 fully and quickly placed on the center of the starch layer, 
 the cover-slip instantly applied, the slide placed on the 
 stage of the polarizing microscope, a suitable field speed- 
 ily found and examined in polarized light Usually a 
 practically exact count ie made of the number of grain* 
 in view, but if the reaction is very rapid this part of the 
 method is modified as hereinafter stated. All 
 
 procedures are done as expeditiously as possible. In the 
 starches of some species there are to be found variable 
 proportions of very minute grams which for obvious 
 reasons must be ignored in making the count The . 
 ber of grains in the field ranges usually from 150 to 200, 
 rarely as few as 75 to 100 or as many as 400 to 600, the 
 number depending largely upon and in approximate ratio 
 to the mean site of the grains; bat such differences in 
 number do not imply corresponding differences in the 
 total amount of starch preaent In specimens in which 
 the grains are small, the number of grains in the field 
 will be larger than when the grains are large, and the 
 number will vary also because of some irregularities in 
 the distribution of the grains, a field always being selected 
 that is well adapted for the count and for watching the 
 processes of gelatinization. Unless gelatinization occurs 
 very rapidly the percentages of grains and total starch 
 gelatinized are not determined until at the end of 5 
 minutes from the time of the addition of the reagent, 
 and subsequently at 15, 30, 45, and 60 minute intervals, 
 or as may be desirable. At these periods the uumU r 
 of grains not completely gelatinized is counted, and then 
 the percentage of grains completely gelatinized is com- 
 puted by finding the difference between the original 
 number in the field and the number thus found. In 
 addition to the grains completely gelatinized there will 
 be seen grains in partial stages of gelatinization and 
 perhaps some wholly unaffected. The amount of starch 
 remaining ungelatinized is computed in terms of grains 
 and is estimated by finding the number of grains that 
 are unaffected and the proportions of starch ungclatinized 
 in the partially gelatinized grains. Thus, in the latter 
 case, if there remains an average of one-quarter of 
 the starch unaffected (in some grains it may be one- 
 tenth, in others one-fifth, etc.), it will take 4 grains 
 to represent the amount of starch in an average grain of 
 the specimen, the number thus determined being added 
 to the number of grains that are unaffected, the sum 
 deducted from the original number under observation, 
 computing by the difference the percentage of the total 
 starch gelatinized. 
 
 When gelatinization occurs very rapidly or very 
 slowly the foregoing method must be modified to suit 
 conditions. Frequently complete or almost complete 
 gelatinization occurs within 15 seconds after the appli- 
 cation of the reagent Obviously time is not permitted 
 for a count of the number of grains in the field before 
 determining the number of grains wholly and partially 
 ungelatinized. By extreme alertness it is possible within 
 15 seconds after the addition of the reagent to have the 
 slide on the stage of the microscope, select a field, make 
 a count of the ungelatinized grains, and estimate the 
 parts of grains that remain ungelatinized. The number 
 of grains in the field can not be satisfactorily counted 
 after gelatinization because of the swollen and distorted 
 condition and overlapping of the grains. Hence, in 
 these very rapid reactions the average number of grains 
 in a field is determined beforehand and a corresponding 
 field is selected. It follows from this that the percentage 
 of starch gelatinized under such conditions is very grossly 
 estimated, that no importance is to be attached to the 
 
28 
 
 METHODS USED IN THE STUDY OF STARCHES. 
 
 figures beyond the time-limit of complete gelatinization, 
 and that the figures have no value for comparison in cases 
 of starches which likewise are very quickly gelatinized, 
 unless by averages obtained from frequently repeated 
 experiments. 
 
 When gelatinization occurs very slowly it often is 
 easier, after having made the count in the field, to deter- 
 mine the number of grains gelatinized and partially 
 gelatinized, as for instance when only 1 per cent of the 
 total starch is gelatinized at the end of 5 minutes or 5 
 or 10 per cent at the end of an hour. 
 
 10. CONSTANCY OF RESULTS RECORDED BY THE FOKE- 
 QOINQ METHOD. 
 
 It goes without saying that such experiments should 
 be carried out as far as possible under fixed conditions, 
 especially as regards the quantity of starch in relation 
 to the quantity of reagent. The variations in the quan- 
 tity of starch, in so far as constant results are concerned, 
 are absolutely negligible, as has been found not only in 
 the records of repeated experiments, but also in the 
 records of varieties of a species when the records should 
 be expected to be very close because of the starches being 
 nearly identical. The quantity of reagent used is in- 
 variably 2 drops, each reagent being kept in a 50 c.c. 
 bottle having a glass-stoppered finger pipette dropper 
 with a rubber tip. Under practically identical laboratory 
 conditions as regards quantity of starch, quantity of 
 reagent, temperature, and humidity the results recorded 
 by repeated experiments are either identical or vary 
 within limits that are so narrow as to be absolutely with- 
 out importance. Even marked variations in temperature 
 and humidity have not been found to be important, except 
 in rare instances. (See note under Amaryllis-Bruns- 
 vigia-Brunsdonnce, page 34.) 
 
 Obviously, some variations, even though trifling, are 
 to be expected, so that in order to obtain constants a given 
 experiment should be repeated a sufficient number of 
 times and an average taken of the records, as in the 
 determination of melting-points. Experience has shown, 
 however, that in so far as the requirements of the present 
 exploratory research are concerned the results of a single 
 experiment carefully carried out are dependable within 
 narrow and wholly unimportant limits of error. The 
 chief sources of error to be guarded against are leakage 
 through the vaseline seal ; the presence of contaminating 
 substances in the starch ; certain peculiarities occasion- 
 ally observed in the behavior of starches towards certain 
 reagents; and errors in estimation when the reactions 
 are very rapid. Leakage through the vaseline seal is 
 sedulously to be avoided, and if a leak occurs the slide 
 and records must be discarded. 
 
 The presence of oxalate crystals in the starch is by 
 no means uncommon, but no clear evidence has been 
 found to lead to the belief that, unless in exceptionally 
 large quantity, they in any way influence the course or 
 time of gelatinization by the reagents used. In the 
 
 present research in Calanthe only were there even many 
 of these crystals; in the Phaius a few; arid none or 
 practically none in the other starches. Occasionally 
 foreign matter in the form of undetermined debris is 
 present which can not be gotten rid of by repeated wash- 
 ing, as in Tritonia pottsii. Such matter may affect the 
 polarization, iodine, and aniline reactions to a detectable 
 degree, but no effect has been noted in the other reac- 
 tions. With the exception of this starch all have been 
 free from such contamination. Erratic behavior of an 
 inexplicable character has upon rare occasions been ob- 
 served in the use of the sulphide and salicylate solutions. 
 Finally, when the reactions are very rapid, while satis- 
 factory records may not be obtained for comparison with 
 those of other starches which gelatinize with similar 
 rapidity, changes in the concentrations of the reagents 
 can be made so as to lengthen the time of the reactions 
 and thus permit of satisfactory differentiation. 
 
 Comparatively little importance is to be attached to 
 the polarization, iodine, gentian violet, and safranin 
 reactions when the reactions are close. Personal equa- 
 tion and incidental conditions are here not unimportant 
 factors that may greatly vary the limits of error of ex- 
 periment. In future investigations these agents might 
 with profit be discarded for better means of study unless 
 further experience brings out greater values than they 
 have thus far shown. 
 
 11. REAGENTS USED IN QUALITATIVE INVESTIGATIONS. 
 
 The methods used in this research are both quantita- 
 tive and qualitative, chiefly the former because of the 
 ease with which the data recorded can be reduced to 
 figures and charts. The qualitative reactions have been 
 studied especially by means of certain of the chemical 
 reagents that were selected from time to time because 
 of their especial adaptation to certain kinds of starches 
 to elicit qualitative phenomena, some reagents acting 
 better with some kinds of starches than with others. 
 Incidentally here and there special qualitative records 
 were made by the use of selenite, iodine, gentian violet, 
 safranin, and heat. In the qualitative reactions many 
 points of varying degrees of interest and importance were 
 brought out that can not be studied by the quantitative 
 methods described, some of equal or greater importance 
 than those obtained generally by the latter methods. 
 
 In studying the starches of the Amaryllidaceae we 
 used chloral hydrate, nitric acid, potassium iodide, potas- 
 sium sulphocyanate, potassium sulphide, and sodium 
 salicylate, excepting in the Narcissi when the sodium 
 salicylate was omitted. Additional studies were occasion- 
 ally made with sodium hydroxide, sodium sulphide, co- 
 balt nitrate, copper nitrate, cupric chloride, barium chlo- 
 ride, or mercuric chloride. In studying the Lilliaceaa 
 we used chloral hydrate, chromic acid, potassium hydrox- 
 ide, cobalt nitrate, and cupric chloride ; in the Iridaceae, 
 chloral hydrate, hydrochloric acid, potassium iodide, 
 sodium hydroxide, and sodium salicylate; in Begonia, 
 chloral hydrate, chromic acid, pyrogallic acid, nitric acid, 
 
METHODS USED IN THE STUDY OF 8TAK' ill - 
 
 and strontium intia!.-. in linhardia. chloral hydrate, 
 chromic a- id. hydroch. '. . *odium hydroxide, and 
 
 odium wilicylatc; in MUM. chloral hydrate, cl 
 acid, pyrokMlli,- ii'-id. -"Hlnim salu ylutc. and cobalt ni- 
 trate; in /'/Kiiu.. chloral hydrate, chromic acid, nitric 
 arid, hydnx-hlonc nt-id, |...:.i--nim hydroxide, potassium 
 
 iodide. |N.tiiium Mllj'li.N Xiitmte. potMMium HUlphlde. SO- 
 
 iliiitn hydroxide, -.-dnim sulphide, and sodium salicylate ; 
 in .Miit'-rn.i. i-liloral hydrate, chromic acid, hydrochloric 
 acid, potassium iodide, and sodium Mlicylatr; in Cym- 
 liiilium. cMora! lixlr.it>-. chromic acid, sodium salicylatc, 
 Uirnini < -blonde, nnd IIHTI uric . h! i id. . and in t '-ilanthe. 
 chloral hydrate, rhroinic acid, nitric- acid, hydrochloric 
 acid. i Ir . dro\ide. and sodium salicylatc. In- 
 
 stance* here and there will be found where additional 
 reagent*, or reagent* of concentrations varying from 
 andards given, were used. The special reasons for 
 in the various cases will be found in 
 Chanter V. 
 
 1 J. ( 'M ARTS OF REACTION-INTENSITIES or DIFFKKENT 
 
 STARCHES. 
 It is difficult or impossible to associate the different 
 
 .;i ipi.-n-iti.-s of a given starch with different reag- 
 ents or those of different starches with a single reagent 
 when expressed in figures in such a way as to form an 
 accurate or even a reasonably approximate mental picture 
 of their individual and related values; and, moreover, 
 an association of this kind becomes increasingly difficult 
 or absolutely impossible when one attempts to multiply 
 such pictures in a comparison of the reactions of two 
 or more starches with different reagents or of two or 
 
 reagents with a given starch. Hence, it has been 
 found necessary to translate these figures into the forms 
 
 \es which, as will be seen, give not only strikingly 
 dear presentations of these extremely varied reaction- 
 intensiti.--. !>ut also, as a corollary, permit of the readiest 
 and most satisfactory comparisons. It was found during 
 the development of the research that it is desirable to 
 exhibit these peculiarities in six kinds of charts as 
 follows: 
 
 A 1 to A 26, showing the reaction-intensities of all or 
 many of the starches with each agent and 
 reagent. 
 
 H 1 to B 42, showing the reaction-intensities of certain 
 starches with certain agents and reagents. 
 
 (' 1, showing the reaction-intensities of genera and sub- 
 genera or other generic subdivisions as regards 
 lit. mm. and average. 
 
 I) 1 to P rt!M, showing the velocity-reaction* of different 
 Man-hen with different reagent*. 
 
 K 1 to K \f>, showing composite reaction-intensity curves 
 of the starches of parent- and hybrid-stocks 
 with different agents and reagents. 
 
 1' 1 to F 14, showing the percentages of macroscopic and 
 microscopic characters of plant*, and of the 
 percentage* of the reaction-intensities of 
 starches, as regards sameness to one or the 
 other or both parents, in termed iateness, and 
 --- and deficit of development 
 
 Inasmuch as this research m primarily a comparative 
 investigation of the starches of parent- and hybrid- 
 stocks, the curves that represent parents and offspring 
 have, whenever feasible or desirable, been plotted out 
 together in order to render comparisons easy. For 
 various reasons, hereafter stated, all of these charts have 
 been brought together and now compose the last part of 
 Chapter IV, page 175, et ttq. 
 
 In the groups of chsrts designated A, B, and E. in 
 the polarization, iodine, gentian- violet, and safranin 
 tions the abscisse an- in terms of quantitative light and 
 color values based on an arbitrary scale of !().' m dm 
 sions of twentieths; in the temperatures of gelatinization 
 in the centigrade scale from 40 to 95 in division* of 
 2.5 ; and in the gelatinization experiment* with different 
 reagents in a duplex scale, the upper portion giving the 
 time of complete or practically complete gelatinization 
 (95 per cent or more of the total starch), and the lower 
 portion the percentage of the total starch gelatinized 
 when complete or practically complete gelatinization has 
 not occurred within 60 minutes. In Chart* A 1 to 
 the vertical lines that are projected from the plant names 
 are extended to the abscissae that represent the reaction- 
 intensity values. Thus, if gclatinization in complete or 
 practically complete at the end of 5 minutes the line is 
 carried to the 5-minute abscissa; if 80 per cent is gela- 
 tinized at the end of the 60-minute period the line is 
 carried to the lower part of the scale that is, to the 
 abscissa designated 80 per cent of the total starch gela- 
 tinized in 60 minutes, and so on. The second form of 
 chart, including H 1 to B 40, while having the same 
 abscisse a* the first and fifth forms have different ordi 
 nates, and Charts B 41 and B 42 while having the same 
 ordinate* a* the others of this group have wholly or partly 
 different abscisse to meet special condition*. In 
 charts the reaction-intensity values have been recorded 
 at the proper abscissa on each ordinal? and then a line 
 projected from ordinate to ordinate to form a curve. In 
 Charts El to R46 the ordiriatcs represent the various 
 agents and reagents, the values are recorded as in group 
 B 1 to B 40, and in each chart the curve* of the reaction- 
 intensities of parent-stocks and offspring are presented. 
 In Chart C 1 the abscissa? arc in term* of height, *nm, and 
 average reaction-intensities, and the ordinate* represent 
 genera, subgcncra, or generic subdivisions. In chart* 
 D 1 to D 670 there are given records of the progress of 
 gelatinization in per cent-time, the curve* of each *et of 
 parent-storks and offspring beintr recorded on each chart, 
 excepting in case of a few special chart*. The abscisssc 
 are in terms of percentages of total starch and the onli- 
 nates are in time-intervals of 5 minutes. While deter- 
 mining the percentage of total starch gelatinized at defi- 
 nite time-intervals simultaneous records were made at 
 the same period* of the total number of grain* com- 
 celatinizcd. When these two sets of data are 
 rcdiiefl to mm* it i* found that varying differences 
 are exhibited by the different starches, in the case of 
 each starch with the various reagents, and by the differ- 
 
30 
 
 METHODS USED IN THE STUDY OF STARCHES. 
 
 ent starches with each reagent, the variations in the 
 courses and degrees of separation of the two curves being, 
 on the whole, quite as significant in the differentiation 
 of the starches as differences in the percentage of total 
 starch gelatinized (see Chapter IV, page 170). In case 
 of some starches with a given reagent the percentage of 
 total starch and the percentage of grains completely gela- 
 tinized run closely together, or even almost parallel, 
 while with other starches a large percentage of the total 
 starch may be gelatinized, yet only a small percentage 
 of grains be completely gelatinized ; the same peculiarity 
 holds good in regard to any given starch with different 
 reagents. Obviously all such data must be of importance 
 in the formulation of the physico-chemical characteristics 
 of any kind of starch. In Charts F 1 to F 14 there are 
 plotted out in some percentages of macroscopic and 
 microscopic characters of plants, and in others those of 
 plant and starch characters, the abscissae and ordinates 
 being varied to meet particular and obvious conditions. 
 No one kind of chart of itself presents in full starch 
 peculiarities. In fact, a satisfactory picture of the pecu- 
 liarities of any starch can be had only by combining the 
 curves of the several kinds of charts with histological 
 peculiarities, and the polariscopical, iodine, aniline, heat, 
 and chemical qualitative reactions. In other words, 
 characters not brought out by one means of investiga- 
 tion may be by another, etc. ; hence, it is the sum-total 
 of data that must be taken in the final analysis. 
 
 13. COMPARATIVE VALUATIONS OF THE REACTION- 
 INTENSITIES. 
 
 Throughout all of the reactions definite standards 
 of comparison were adopted, varying somewhat with 
 the different agents, yet all forming a definite coordinate 
 system based upon common abscissae (Chart A 1, Chap- 
 ter IV). Thus, the reaction- values in the polarization, 
 iodine, gentian violet, and safranin reactions are based 
 upon a " light and color reaction " scale up to 105, from 
 to less than 20 being grouped as very low or very light, 
 20 to less than 40 as low to light, 40 to less than 60 
 as moderate, 60 to less than 80 as high or deep, and 80 to 
 105 as very high or very deep ; the terms very low, low, 
 
 moderate, high, and very high are applied to the polariza- 
 tion reactions; and very light, light, moderate, deep, 
 and very deep to the iodine and aniline reactions, the 
 sets of terms being synonymous in so far as comparative 
 values are concerned. The reactive-values of the tem- 
 perature of gelatinization experiments range from 42 
 to 95 C. (" temperature of gelatinization " scale), 82.5 
 corresponding to 20, 72.5 to 40, 62.5 to 60, 52.5 to 
 80, and 42.5 to 100, of the foregoing scale. The 
 reaction-values of the reactions with the various chemical 
 reagents are, as previously stated, in terms of complete 
 and partial gelatinization of complete gelatinization 
 within a period of 60 minutes, and of percentage of total 
 starch gelatinized in 60 minutes, the scale consisting of 
 two parts in accordance with this division. These reac- 
 tive-values based upon the light and color scale of 105, 
 are as follows: 50 per cent of the total starch gelatinized 
 in 60 minutes corresponding to 20, and 90 per cent to 40 ; 
 complete gelatinization in 45 minutes to 60, in 25 minutes 
 to 80, and in 5 minutes to 100. 
 
 Comparative reactive-intensities are grossly presented 
 in the text by referring the reactions to five groups upon 
 the basis of the values as they fall within the five divi- 
 sions enumerated; very low, low, moderate, high, and 
 very high. This plan has been followed in the Summaries 
 at the end of each set of parent- and hybrid-stocks, and 
 each group of sets that belong to a given genus. It was 
 found, however, in the final summing up of such data to 
 show generic differences, that the reactive-intensities 
 could better be presented when the exact value in units 
 in each reaction was taken instead of the group value. 
 For instance, two starches whose values fall within the 
 " very high " division may have very different numerical 
 values, one a value of 80 and the other of 100 or more, 
 according to the first scale given, etc. In making out 
 these values each abscissa was taken as having a value 
 of 5, making the range of the scale from to 115, the 
 abscissa having a value of 25 corresponding to 20, 45 to 
 40, 65 to 60, 85 to 80, and 105 to 100 of the " light and 
 color reaction " scale. This difference is owing to the 
 raising of the light scale 5 points higher than it should 
 have been under usual circumstances. 
 
CHAPTER III. 
 
 HISTOLOGIC PROPERTIES AND REACTIONS. 
 
 OF THE MORE IMPORTANT DATA or 
 
 ni> II is TO LOGIC PROPERTIES AND THE POLARI- 
 
 r.. . I..I.INK. AM LINE. TEMPERATURE, AMD 
 
 KEAUE.NT REACTIONS or THE STARCHES 
 
 or PARENT- AXI- 1 1 MUM i. STOCKS.* 
 
 The great volume of matter that has been recorded 
 in the laboratory investigations of the starches of 
 :. and hybrids, and which constitutes Chapter 1 
 :' I 'art II of this memoir, renders it desirable, for 
 varioiu reasons that will be obvious, to bring together 
 in a very succinct form such of the data as seem to be 
 the in. -re important in showing parental and hybrid re- 
 lationships and peculiarities. This has been attempted 
 in tin- present chapter, but the records of the histologk- 
 properties in the laboratory notes arc so condensed that 
 in a large number of instances the summaries in this 
 chapter will be found to be more suggestive than adequate, 
 n have been omitted in order to avoid an almost full 
 restatcim-nt. 
 
 In the comparisons of the properties of parents and 
 hybrids a definite system has been adopted throughout 
 all f the parent-hybrid sets. In Section 1 the histologic 
 properties and the qualitative polariscopic and iodine 
 reactions, respectively, of the parents are with rare 
 tions each first compared, and then those of the 
 hybrid with those of the parents, and then when there 
 are two hybrids of the same parentage their properties 
 are compared. Much attention was given in the labora- 
 work to the study of qualitative reactions with 
 several of the reagents, which reactions have been found 
 to be of importance not only in the study of the starches 
 of different varieties, species, and genera, but also of 
 'arches of parents and hybrids. References are 
 made to these reactions in this section, especially in 
 regard to the peculiarities of the hybrid in relation to 
 the parents. In subsequent sections the data are quanti- 
 tative, lending themselves admirably to both tabulation 
 and charting. 
 
 Section 2 records comparisons of the react ion-iriten- 
 sities in the polarization, iodine, gentian-violet, and tem- 
 perature experiments. The data are tabulated under 
 these headings in forms well adapted for ready com- 
 parisons, the tables being followed by brief comparative 
 summaries of the peculiarities of the reaction!* of the 
 parents and of the reactions of hybrid and parents, and of 
 the two hybrids when such exist. 
 
 In Section 3 the reaction-intensities of the starches 
 expressed in terms of percentage of total starch gelati- 
 nized at definite time-intervals are tabulated under head- 
 
 For conrenieaea the pvent- and hrbrid-tocki are usually 
 referred to briefly M parents and hybrids. 
 
 ings that designate the reagents used, and in a form that 
 is well adapted to show parental and parental and hy- 
 brid relationships and variations in the reactions of the 
 starches with each reagent. In most of the sets of parent* 
 and hybrids 21 reagents were used; in some only 5, 
 usually the same. It would have been desirable to have 
 employed the 21 reagents throughout, and also not only 
 additional reagents, but certain of the reagents in two 
 or more concentrations, but limitations of time, to- 
 gether with other conditions, rendered this practically 
 prohibitory. 
 
 By reference to the text of Part II, Chapter I, it will 
 be seen that while making these records both the per- 
 centage of the total starch and the percentage of the 
 entire number of grains completely gelatinized were 
 recorded st the ends of the several time-intervals. As 
 will be pointed out later on (Chapter IV, page 170), 
 these two percentages vary greatly in their relationships, 
 and the differences are often of more or less diagnostic 
 importance. It was not, however, found to be desirable 
 to include these figures in the tables here given because 
 any advantage gained would be more than counter- 
 balanced by their interference with the clear-cut presen- 
 tation of the figures given, nor have they been found to 
 be of sufficient value at present to justify a separate 
 tabulation. The figures recorded in most of the tables do 
 not convey to the mind the same impressions that are 
 exhibited by charts, because they are too numerous and 
 varied ; therefore, since these data are of exceptional 
 value in the determination of similarities and dissimilari- 
 ties of the starches from different plant sources they 
 have been rendered in the form of curves (Charts D 1 
 to D 691, Chapter IV, page 210), which admirably pic- 
 ture the progress of the several reactions. These charts 
 have been studied somewhat in detail, individually and 
 comparatively, in Section 4 and also in Chapter IV, 
 pajre 167. In these experiments records were usually 
 made at time-intervals of 5, 15, 30, 45, and 60 minut<. 
 Occasionally, when the processes of gclatinization were 
 very rapid, records were made at 1, 2. 3, 4, or 5 minute 
 intervals, and sometimes, when the processes were ex- 
 ceedingly slow, only at the end of 60 minutes. Rarely 
 records were also made at 10 or 20 minutes, or other 
 periods. Little or no importance is to be attached to 
 differences in the intensities of reactions that are recorded 
 in lew than 5 minutes unless the figures are quite dif- 
 ferent, small differences falling within the limits of 
 error of experiment. In the studies of the Telocity- 
 reaction curves that conxtitnte Section 4 the data per- 
 taining to the parents were first considered and then those 
 of parents and hybrids and of the hybrids, as in Sections 
 1 and 2. 
 
 31 
 
32 
 
 HISTOLOGIC PROPERTIES AND REACTIONS. 
 
 The marked variabilities that are exhibited by the 
 reaction-intensities of the starches of the hybrids in 
 relation to those of the parents, coupled with the im- 
 portance that is almost invariably attached to inter- 
 mediateness as a criterion of hybridism, led to the 
 introduction of Section 5, which summarizes the reaction- 
 intensities of the starches of the hybrid as regards 
 sameness, intermediateness, excess, and deficit of reac- 
 tion-values in relation to one or the other parent or both 
 parents. The statements herein are based upon the tables 
 A 1 to A 26, and the Charts D 1 to D 670 in Chapter IV, 
 page 210. The quantitative relations of the reactions 
 of the hybrid to those of the parents could not in some 
 instances be satisfactorily determined, because usually of 
 too rapid or too slow reactions, variant courses of reac- 
 tion, or differences that are so small as to fall within 
 the limits of error of experiment; and differences may 
 be seen in the tables that can not be or are not satisfac- 
 torily presented in the charts, especially such as may be 
 recorded during the first 5 minutes of the experiments. 
 When the reactions are very rapid, any differentiation 
 must be determined very early, and unless the records 
 differ markedly the hybrid is credited with sameness in 
 relation to one or the other or both parents, as the case 
 may be. Sometimes there may be no differences early in 
 the experiments, but marked differences occur later, in 
 which case the values are determined late, and so on. 
 Occasionally one or more of the curves will take on a 
 variant course, so that the hybrid relationships to one 
 or the other parent or both parents may be different at 
 different periods of the experiment, in which case the 
 relation of the hybrid must be determined by the general 
 impression conveyed by the chart (see Chapter IV, page 
 168). However, in the vast majority of cases the 
 hybrid and parental relationships are presented quite 
 definitely. It will be seen that particular attention has 
 been given in the statements of intermediateness to note 
 whether or not there is mid-intermediateness, and if not, 
 the inclination to one or the other parent or both parents, 
 and it will be found that intermediateness is an exception 
 rather than a rule. In each of these sections the reaction- 
 intensities have been summarized in tabular form that 
 will be found of much value for comparative purposes. 
 
 In the preceding sections the starches of the parent- 
 stocks and hybrid-stocks have been studied in their his- 
 tological properties and reactions with each of the various 
 agents and reagents, separately and comparatively, and 
 in a measure collectively ; but as yet these reactions have 
 not been so presented as to give a clear picture, as it 
 were, of the reaction-intensities of each starch when 
 collectively considered and of each starch with the others 
 of the set. This has been attempted with a very large 
 measure of success in Section 6. Herein representative 
 reaction-values of each starch elicited by all of the agents 
 and reagents used are so linked as to form a composite 
 curve, and all three or four of the composite curves of the 
 starches of the set are plotted out in the form of a single 
 chart. By this means there is afforded not only a method 
 
 for the study of parental and hybrid relationships, but 
 also species, generic, and other taxonomic peculiarities. 
 The plan of plotting out these curves is described in 
 Chapter II, Section 12, and these curves are given fur- 
 ther consideration, especially from the aspect of plant 
 classification, in Chapter IV, page 172. 
 
 It is of importance to note that in the gelatinization 
 reactions the values recorded are in terms of terminal and 
 not progress values that is, of the time of complete or 
 practically complete gelatinization within 60 minutes or 
 of the percentage of the total starch gelatinized when the 
 process is not or practically not completed within this 
 period. Therefore, when these values are compared 
 with those stated in Sections 4 and 5, where they are 
 based on reaction-intensities observed during the progress 
 of gelatinization, there may appear to be many discrepan- 
 cies of statement discrepancies that depend solely upon 
 different adopted standards of valuation. For instance, 
 turning to Chart E 1, the reaction-values of all four 
 starches in the chromic-acid and sodium-salicylate reac- 
 tions, respectively, are charted as being in each case the 
 same that is, in the former, complete or practically 
 complete gelatinization in 30 minutes and in the latter 
 in 5 minutes; while in Sections 4 and 5 these starches 
 are differentiated in each of these reactions. The con- 
 struction of these composite charts is therefore mani- 
 festly seriously faulty, because important differences 
 recorded during the progress of the reactions are in part 
 or wholly ignored, for which reason such charts must 
 have only tentative and otherwise restricted values. 
 Notwithstanding such grave defects, they have a very 
 great measure of usefulness, and it is obvious from the 
 context that in their application to the recognition of 
 parents, hybrids, varieties, species, and genera they 
 should be studied conjointly with the data of the preced- 
 ing sections of this chapter. 
 
 1. COMPARISONS OF STARCHES OF AMARYLLIS BELLA- 
 DONNA, BRUNSVIGIA JOSEPHINE, BRtrNsnoNNA 
 
 SANDERfE ALBA, AND BRUNSDONNA SANDERfE. 
 
 In form the grains of Brunsvigia joseplnnrr in com- 
 parison with those of Amaryllis belladonna are leas regu- 
 lar in outline and more varied in character, and unlike 
 those of the latter are somewhat flattened. There are 
 aggregates not found in the latter. Compound grains are 
 more numerous and are much more varied in form. A 
 type of compound grain is present that consists of two 
 small components joined by incomplete secondary lam- 
 ellae, sometimes by tertiary lamellae, that is not seen in 
 Amaryllis belladonna. Indentations of the margins of 
 the grains may be noted which are absent in the latter. 
 The hilum is more distinct and usually less eccentric. 
 The lamellae are not so fine, more distinct, much less 
 numerous, and the outermost tend, unlike in Amaryllis 
 belladonna, to be irregular and often not to follow the 
 outline of the grain. In size the average is less, and the 
 grains are broader in proportion to length than in the 
 latter. The polarisoopic figure is, on the whole, con- 
 siderably less eccentric and loss distinct; the lines are 
 
AMAIIM.I.1> 
 
 coarser and. as a rule. leM oblique, and u and 
 
 bisection are much more frequent ; (m]><>unil grain* are 
 much more n inner' ai-. With Helen iU> the quadrants are 
 lew sharply <li>fine<l. and impurity of both the blue and 
 uranu'-, due : u \* leu frequent. In tin- 
 
 quantitative mi. I qualitative iodine reaction* the colora- 
 is of a deeper blue and more reddiah than in 
 Amaryllis belladonna. 
 
 In histological character* the grain* of Brunsdonna 
 sandtra; a' 1 .1 arc in form closer, on the whole, to those 
 'rlladonna, but in tome respects closer to 
 Hrunsri'iia joftfiliimr. A tjpe of grain peculiar to this 
 not.-d which consists of an amorphoua-looking 
 mass composed of a number of fused grains adherent to 
 the side or distal end of a large grain-mass, all inclosed 
 in !' to 12 larnellm. The hilum more closely resembles 
 that of Amaryllis belladonna; the lamella- in furm and 
 arrangement are closer to those of Amaryllis belladonna, 
 (nit in number they are closer to Brunsvigia josephimr; 
 in size and in proportions of length to breadth they are 
 closer to Amaryllis belladonna; in polariscopic figures 
 and linos and selenite reactions and in the qualitative 
 iodine reactions they exhibit a closer relationship to 
 Amaryllis belladonna. The qualitative reactions with 
 the chemical reagents are, on the whole, much closer to 
 i"iiryllis belladonna than to Brunsvigia josepkince. 
 
 In '; -'"logical characters the grains of Brunsdonna 
 mnitrtr are in form much nearer to those of A maryllis 
 belladonna than to those of the other parent, but they are 
 > near those of Amaryllis belladonna as those of the 
 other hybrid, and not so near Brunsvigia josephina in the 
 mmil*T and type of compound grains as those of the other 
 hybrid. The hilum is the same as in the other hybrid, and 
 hence nearer that of Amaryllis belladonna. It differs from 
 the hilum of the other hybrid in being less often fissured ; 
 hut it is more often fissured than in either parent. In 
 character and eccentricity of the hilum these prains are 
 nearer those of the parents than those of the other hy- 
 brid. The lamellir in character and arrangement closely 
 resemble those of the other hybrid and are closer to those 
 aryllis belladonna than to those of the other parent, 
 hut in nuniliers they are closer to Brunsvigia Josephine. 
 In the ratio of length to breadth of the grains, and in 
 larger grains in length, it is nearer to Amaryllis bella- 
 donna; but in the length of the common-sized grains 
 it is nearer to Brvnsviyia josephina. In polariscopic 
 properties in the character of the figure and appearance 
 with telenite this hybrid is closer to Amaryllis bella- 
 donna than to the other parent, but not so close as the 
 other hybrid. In qualitative iodine reactions it is closer 
 'aryllis belladonna. Imt not so close as the other 
 hybrid. In the qualitative reactions with the chemical 
 nta close relationship is shown to Amaryllis bella- 
 donna and to the other hybrid, but closer on the whole 
 to this parent than to the latter. In some respects the 
 reactions are closer to Brunsvigia joiephina than to 
 Amaryllis belladonna, showing the influences of both 
 parents. In the chloral -hydrate, nitric-acid, potassium- 
 sulphocyanate, and sodium-salicylate reactions it is closer 
 to Amaryllis belladonna than to the other hybrid, but 
 in the cobalt-nitrate, copper-nitrate, and cupric-ohloride 
 reactions it is closer to the other hybrid. 
 3 
 
 Mrio/mMiitM Ktfrmtt* ey Li,kl. Color, mrf 
 
 tun JtMClK/M 
 
 PolarUation: 
 
 A. belladoM*. very hlab, value 07. 
 
 B. joaepblno. nitKin.irly hich to very blab, value U. 
 B. Mnilrrcv alb*, very hlh, v.luo 97. 
 
 B. Modero. very blab, value 06. 
 I H 
 
 A. belladonna, moderate to moderately deep, value 56. 
 
 B. joeepnin*. moderately deep, value 60. 
 
 B. Mndera alba, moderate to moderately deep, value 46. 
 B. tandera. moderate to moderately deep, value 66. 
 Gentian violet: 
 
 A. belladonna, moderate to moderately deep, value 55. 
 
 B. joerpliin*. moderate to deep, value 57. 
 B. tandene alba, moderately deep, value 00. 
 It. tandera, moderately deep, value 63. 
 
 Rafranin: 
 
 A. belladonna, moderate to moderately deep, value 55. 
 
 B. joeepbin*. moderate, value 53. 
 
 B. aandero alba, moderately deep, value 00. 
 B. eandera. moderately deep, value 60. 
 Temperature: 
 
 A. belladonna, majority at 70 to 71*. all but dUlal part of tare 
 train* 72.5 to 73*. mean 72.7*. 
 
 B. joeepbin. majority at 65 to 66*. all but rare craim at 70 to 
 72'. mean 71*. 
 
 B. Bandera alba, majority at 70 to 71*. all but distal part of rare 
 
 (rain* 71.5 to 73*. mean 72.25*. 
 B. aandero;. majority at 70 to 71.5*. all but diital part of rare 
 
 train* 72 to 72.6*. mean 72.25*. 
 
 The starch of Amaryllis belladonna in comparison 
 with that of Hrunsriyiti josrjthintT shows higher polariza- 
 tion and safranin reactions, and lower iodine, gentian- 
 violet, and temperature reactions. In the polarization, 
 iodine, ftafranin, and tcni|>eraturc reactions l>oth hvhnd- 
 11 re distinctly closer to Amaryllis belladonna than to the 
 other parent lirunsdonna tandera alba showing as a 
 whole a slightly closer relationship than the other hybrid ; 
 in the gentian-violet reactions they show greater close- 
 ness to Brunsriyiii jinrjthinir, the closer lieing Hruns- 
 donna sandenr alba. In the gentian-violet and safranin 
 reactions both hybrids show higher reactivities than 
 it her parent, and the same or almost identical react m 
 ties as those of Amaryllis bellailonna in the polarization, 
 iodine, and temperature reactions. 
 
 Table A 1 shows the reaction intensities in percent- 
 ages of total starch gelatinized at definite intervals 
 (minutes). 
 
 VKMWITY-HKACTION Ci HVES. 
 
 This section considers velocity-reaction curves of the 
 starches of Amaryllis belladonna, Brunsvigia josephina, 
 Brunsdonna tandera alba, and Brunsdonna tandera, 
 showing the quantitative differences in the behavior 
 toward different reagents at definite time-intervals. 
 (Chart* D 1 to I) 21.) 
 
 The Amaryllis and Brunsriyia curves tend, in reac- 
 tions with nitric acid, sulphuric acid, hydrochloric acid, 
 potassium hydroxide, potassium iodide, potassium 
 sulphocyanate, potassium sulphide, sodium hydroxide, 
 sodium sulphide, uranium nitrate, cobalt nitrate, and 
 barium chloride, to keep very close together; while in 
 reactions with chloral hydrate, chromic add, pyrogallic 
 acid, sodium salicylate, calcium nitrate, strontium 
 nitrate, copper nitrate, cupric chloride, and mercuric 
 chloride there is a well-marked separation during MUM 
 important part, or the whole, of the 60-minnte period. 
 In the chloral-hydrate reactions the curves are very close 
 up to the 15-minute record, at which time they begin 
 
34 
 
 HISTOLOGIC PROPERTIES AND REACTIONS. 
 
 to diverge, showing at the end of 60 minutes a differ- 
 ence of 14 per cent in the total starch gelatinized. In 
 the reactions with chromic acid, pyrogallic acid, copper 
 nitrate, and cupric chloride the greatest differences 
 are noted at the end of the 5-minute period, and in the 
 mercuric-chloride reactions at the end of 60 minutes.* 
 
 The curves of the hybrids Brunsdonna sanderw alba 
 and B. sanderos likewise tend to keep close together in 
 more than half of the reactions, and in even a larger 
 number than in the parents. Tendency to a well-marked 
 separation of the two hybrid curves is seen in the reac- 
 tions with sodium hydroxide, sodium sulphide, calcium 
 nitrate, uranium nitrate, and copper nitrate. There is 
 not a constant relationship of the parental and hybrid 
 curves; for instance, the parental curves may be very 
 close to one another, while the hybrid curves are well 
 separated from them and even from each other, as in the 
 latter case, in the sodium-sulphide reactions; or all 
 four curves may be well separated, as in the calcium- 
 nitrate reactions; or the parental curves may be fairly 
 
 * Notes on the Reactive-Intensities of the Bnmsdonno; Starches, 
 The reactions of these starches have been found at times to be quite 
 erratic, especially with sodium hydroxide and potassium sulphide, and 
 they appear to be affected by variations in temperature, pressure, 
 and humidity and certain other attendant conditions to a marked 
 degree, whereas most if not all other starches studied are either but 
 very little or not at all influenced by corresponding conditions. There 
 may be considerable variation in the percentage-gelatinization at 
 different parts of the slide, so that it is always quite important that 
 the observations with these starches be made in center of the field 
 even though the cover-slip be sealed in the manner stated in Chapter 
 II. Sometimes the reaction appeared to be more rapid at the margin 
 of the cover and at other times at the central part of the preparation. 
 Then again, where the grains are crowded the reaction appeared to 
 be considerably retarded. The crowding may be apparent, particu- 
 larly in clumps of grains that have been massed after the addition 
 of the reagent. 
 
 TABUS A 1. 
 
 
 B 
 
 B 
 
 C4 
 
 8 
 n 
 
 B 
 * 
 
 B 
 
 IO 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 S 
 
 in 
 
 8 
 
 o 
 n 
 
 B 
 
 W5 
 ^ 
 
 8 
 
 
 Chloral hydrate: 
 A. belladonna 
 
 
 
 
 
 JO 
 
 
 50 
 
 85 
 
 92 
 
 Oft 
 
 B. josephinse 
 
 
 
 
 
 n 
 
 
 Hi 
 
 74 
 
 78 
 
 QO 
 
 B. sand, alba 
 
 
 
 
 
 in 
 
 
 7R 
 
 95 
 
 07 
 
 08 
 
 B. sanderce 
 
 
 
 
 
 15 
 
 
 R5 
 
 08 
 
 09 
 
 00 
 
 Chromic add : 
 A. belladonna 
 
 
 
 
 
 in 
 
 
 70 
 
 99 
 
 
 
 B. josephinse 
 
 
 
 
 
 in 
 
 
 R5 
 
 99 
 
 
 
 B. sand, alba 
 
 
 
 
 
 T 
 
 
 RO 
 
 100 
 
 
 
 B. sanderce 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 80 
 
 99 
 
 
 
 Pyrogallic acid: 
 A. belladonna 
 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 10 
 
 76 
 
 85 
 
 on 
 
 B. josephinsB 
 
 
 
 
 
 1? 
 
 
 64 
 
 98 
 
 
 09 
 
 B. sand, alba 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 2 
 
 10 
 
 12 
 
 19 
 
 B. sanderce 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 ft 
 
 4 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 Nitric acid: 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 A. belladonna 
 
 05 
 
 oo 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 B. josephinse 
 
 RO 
 
 03 
 
 on 
 
 
 OR 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 B. sand, alba 
 
 73 
 
 88 
 
 08 
 
 
 00 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 B. sanderce 
 
 35 
 
 66 
 
 0? 
 
 
 OR 
 
 
 90 
 
 
 
 
 Sulphuric acid: 
 A. belladonna 
 
 95 
 
 inn 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 B. josephinsB 
 
 RA 
 
 90 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 B. sand, alba 
 
 !T. 
 
 100 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 B. sanderoe 
 
 Ofi 
 
 inn 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Hydrochloric acid: 
 A. belladonna 
 
 95 
 
 W 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 B. josephinse 
 
 00 
 
 05 
 
 04 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 B. sand, alba 
 
 f>0 
 
 0.5 
 
 00 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 B. sanderce 
 
 30 
 
 00 
 
 07 
 
 00 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 TABLE A 1. Continued. 
 
 
 B 
 
 a 
 
 C4 
 
 B 
 
 CO 
 
 a 
 * 
 
 B 
 
 HI 
 
 a 
 
 o 
 
 a 
 
 o 
 
 a 
 8 
 
 a 
 
 IO 
 
 Tf 
 
 B 
 
 
 to 
 
 Potassium hydroxide: 
 A. belladonna 
 
 inn 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 B. josephinte 
 
 os 
 
 
 
 
 90 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 B. sand, alba 
 
 mi 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 B. eanderce 
 
 inn 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Potassium iodide: 
 A. belladonna 
 
 
 
 
 
 so 
 
 
 96 
 
 98 
 
 99 
 
 09 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 85 
 
 
 95 
 
 no 
 
 
 00 
 
 B. sand, alba 
 
 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 34 
 
 48 
 
 56 
 
 04 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 16 
 
 
 48 
 
 CT 
 
 
 7 
 
 Potassium sulphocyanate: 
 A. belladonna 
 
 
 
 
 
 m 
 
 
 on 
 
 11 
 
 99 
 
 00 
 
 B. josephinse 
 
 
 
 
 
 6? 
 
 
 90 
 
 95 
 
 on 
 
 ()() 
 
 B. sand, alba 
 
 
 
 
 
 T 
 
 
 i 
 
 > 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 B. sanderce 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 5 
 
 g 
 
 12 
 
 15 
 
 Potassium sulphide: 
 A. belladonna 
 
 on 
 
 
 97 
 
 
 OS 
 
 
 99 
 
 
 
 
 B. josephinse 
 B. sand, alba 
 B. sanderce 
 Sodium hydroxide: 
 A. belladonna 
 B. josephinse 
 B. sand, alba 
 
 65 
 
 77 
 90 
 
 
 76 
 88 
 95 
 
 97 
 75 
 ? 
 
 
 83 
 91 
 99 
 
 99 
 
 85 
 
 8 
 
 
 87 
 96 
 99 
 
 95 
 16 
 
 89 
 99 
 
 99 
 
 -HI 
 
 90 
 
 97 
 60 
 
 91 
 
 98 
 
 115 
 
 B. sanderoe 
 Sodium sulphide: 
 A. belladonna 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 30 
 
 r.ti 
 
 
 65 
 
 Rn 
 
 75 
 
 84 
 
 83 
 
 R7 
 
 88 
 89 
 
 B. josephinsB 
 
 
 
 
 
 71 
 
 
 S5 
 
 00 
 
 93 
 
 06 
 
 B. sand, alba 
 
 
 
 
 
 ? 
 
 
 1 
 
 ; 
 
 g 
 
 in 
 
 B. sanderca 
 
 
 
 
 
 R 
 
 
 >> 
 
 ?n 
 
 40 
 
 -in 
 
 Sodium salicylate: 
 A. belladonna 
 
 
 
 
 
 SI 
 
 00 
 
 inn 
 
 
 
 
 B. josephinse 
 
 
 
 
 
 1(1 
 
 78 
 
 95 
 
 90 
 
 
 
 B. sand, alba 
 
 
 
 
 
 71 
 
 99 
 
 00 
 
 
 
 
 B. sanderce 
 
 
 
 
 
 SI 
 
 99 
 
 100 
 
 
 
 
 Calcium nitrate: 
 A. belladonna 
 
 
 
 
 
 96 
 
 
 OS 
 
 00 
 
 
 
 B. josephinse 
 
 
 
 
 
 on 
 
 
 7fi 
 
 R1 
 
 87 
 
 in 
 
 B. sand, alba 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 >9 
 
 ?n 
 
 ?6 
 
 n 
 
 B. sanderce 
 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 ?0 
 
 5n 
 
 I'i'i 
 
 liS 
 
 Uranium nitrate: 
 A. belladonna 
 
 
 
 
 
 65 
 
 
 01 
 
 05 
 
 96 
 
 06 
 
 B. josephinae 
 
 
 
 
 
 55 
 
 
 77 
 
 84 
 
 00 
 
 01 
 
 B. sand, alba 
 
 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 15 
 
 30 
 
 50 
 
 B. sandero3 
 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 >o 
 
 5' 
 
 60 
 
 7n 
 
 Strontium nitrate: 
 A. belladonna 
 
 
 
 
 
 OR 
 
 
 00 
 
 
 
 
 B. Josephines 
 
 
 
 
 
 7? 
 
 
 on 
 
 07 
 
 98 
 
 00 
 
 B. sand, alba 
 B. sanderce 
 
 
 
 
 
 72 
 
 85 
 
 
 97 
 
 00 
 
 99 
 
 
 
 Cobalt nitrate: 
 A. belladonna 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 9 
 
 
 R 
 
 7*1 
 
 7S 
 
 R? 
 
 B. josephinse 
 
 
 
 
 
 in 
 
 
 51 
 
 67 
 
 71 
 
 ~ r < 
 
 B. sand, alba 
 
 
 
 
 
 ? 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 B. sanderce 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 9 
 
 19 
 
 Copper nitrate : 
 A. belladonna 
 
 
 
 
 
 7S 
 
 
 90 
 
 01 
 
 95 
 
 07 
 
 B. Josephines 
 
 
 
 
 
 5? 
 
 
 75 
 
 70 
 
 84 
 
 88 
 
 B. sand, alba 
 
 
 
 
 
 (I r i 
 
 
 2 
 
 ft 
 
 10 
 
 18 
 
 B. sanderce 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 IS 
 
 >1 
 
 25 
 
 SI 
 
 Cupric chloride: 
 A. belladonna 
 
 
 
 
 
 71 
 
 
 on 
 
 
 05 
 
 17 
 
 B. josephirue 
 
 
 
 
 
 ?5 
 
 
 65 
 
 
 
 86 
 
 sr, 
 
 B. sand, alba 
 
 
 
 
 
 n 5 
 
 
 f 
 
 fl 
 
 7 5 
 
 HI 
 
 B. sanderoe 
 
 
 
 
 
 n 5 
 
 
 4 
 
 7 
 
 9 
 
 1? 
 
 Barium chloride: 
 A. belladonna 
 
 
 
 
 
 n 5 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 J 
 
 B. Josephine 
 
 
 
 
 
 > 5 
 
 
 A 
 
 7 
 
 g 
 
 M 
 
 B. sand, alba 
 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 
 
 (1 5 
 
 B. sanderoe 
 
 
 
 
 
 OR 
 
 
 
 
 
 n r. 
 
 Mercuric chloride: 
 A. belladonna 
 
 
 
 
 
 05 
 
 
 n 
 
 in 
 
 '6 
 
 in 
 
 B. josephinse 
 
 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 ">0 
 
 11 
 
 is 
 
 fio 
 
 B. sand, alba 
 
 
 
 
 
 n 5 
 
 
 
 
 
 (1 5 
 
 B. sanderca 
 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 
 
 n R 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
AMAKYU.1S BRUN8V1QIA BRUN8DONNA. 
 
 well x-paratrd but the hybrid . urves very cloee together, 
 
 as in the i ui'i-ii M. !.'! relictions. (See following 
 
 an/Hi* in tome reactions shows a higher react i\ ity 
 than /.VH/I..-I i'./i.i. in other* the reverse, and in other* no 
 essential difference. There is higher reactivity of 
 Amaryllis witli chloral hydrate, potassium sulphide, *o- 
 dium hydroxide, sodium *alicylate, calcium nitrate, 
 uranium nitrate, strontium nitrate, cobalt nitrate, copper 
 nitrate, am! cupric chloride; hut a lower n-m-tivity with 
 chn>niic arid, ;> phallic acid, sodium sulphide, barium 
 chloride, and mercuric chloride. No essential differences 
 art* noted in the reaction* with nitric acid, sulphuric 
 acid, hydrochloric MI id. potassium hydroxide, and potas- 
 Mum iodide, lccaue of the great rapidity of the reac- 
 
 whilc in the potassium-sulphocyanate reaction* 
 an important difference is noted only at the end of the 
 .'-minute period. 
 
 nparing the parental ami hybrid curve* (cliniinat- 
 in^ reactions with nitric acid, sulphuric acid, hydro- 
 chloric ariil. and potassium hydroxide because of their 
 hiirh rapidity obscuring differences), it will be observed 
 that the curve** tend to be grouped in couples corre- 
 pooding to parents and hybrids, each couple taking its 
 own coarse, which may he similar or dissimilar to the 
 the other couple; that the parental curves are 
 
 than those of the hybrids in the reaction with 
 chloral hydrate; that the parental curves are higher than 
 
 "f the hybrids in the reactions with pyrogallie acid, 
 - urn ' le : um -.'' m i-,-. ! im ! 
 -dium sulphide, calcium nitrate, uranium ni- 
 
 cobalt nitrate, copper nitrate, cupric chloride, ba- 
 rium chloride, and mercuric chloride; and that the paren- 
 tal curve* tend to be intermediate, or approximately no, 
 in those with potassium sulphide, sodium salicylate, and 
 iuni nitrate. In the chromic-acid reactions all four 
 run very close together, the only notable difference 
 
 seen at the end of 5 minutes, at which time the 
 parental curves are higher than the hybrid curves, very 
 soon after which the hybrid curves tend to intermediate- 
 nest. The most remarkable feature of theoe. curves, as a 
 
 en in most of the reactions in the more or less 
 markedly lower degree of reactivity of the hybrids than 
 of the parents. 
 
 The curves of the hybrids tend, as a rule, to keep 
 
 close together, there being a well-marked inclination to 
 
 separation in only the reactions with sodium hydroxide. 
 
 MI sulphide, calcium nitrate, uranium nitrate, and 
 
 copper nitrate. In reactions of the hybrids with nitric 
 
 sulphuric acid, hydrochloric acid, and potassium 
 
 vide, gclatinization occurs so rapidly that no satis- 
 
 v differentiation can be made; but in the reactions 
 Moral hydrate, potassium iodide, potassium sulpho- 
 
 cynnste. potassium sulphide, sodium hydroxide, sodium 
 salicylate. calcium nitrate, uranium nitrate, cobalt ni- 
 trate, and copper nitrate the curves of Rrvtutdonna tan- 
 dtnr alba are lower than those of the other hybrid ; and 
 are practically the same in the reactions with 
 chromic acid, pyrogallic acid, strontium nitrate, cupric 
 chloride, barium chloride, and mercuric chloride. 
 
 A marked early period of resistance that is followed 
 by a moderate to rapid reaction is observed in these four 
 
 larches in comparatively fow instances. In some it n 
 observed in all four starches, as in Uie chloral-hydrate 
 reactions; in others, in one, two, or three, as the case 
 may be, as in the reactions with chromic acid, pyrogaJlic 
 acid, potassium iodide, and sodium hydroxide. In a 
 number of the reactions either a very rapid rvn 
 occurs at once, particularly with the mineral acids, 
 potassium hydroxide, and |>otasium sulphide, or .. 
 slow reaction, as with barium chloride and mercuric 
 chloride. Both types of reaction may be present, as with 
 potassium sulphocyanate ; in other instances there may 
 be various forma of combination and gradation of these 
 types of curves. 
 
 The courses of the- curves are not identical with any 
 two reagents (excepting in the case of nitric acid, sul- 
 phuric acid, hydrochloric acid, and |tota*u*ium hydrox- 
 ide, in which it is shown that the reactions occur to.. 
 quickly for any or at least an entirely satisfactory dif- 
 ferentiation), so that each reagent carries with its reac- 
 tions the stamp of individuality. \\ hile in case of 
 some of the charts the MIM.S at first glance may 
 convey the impression of close similarity, as in the reac- 
 tions with sodium sulphide, uranium nitrate, copper ni- 
 trate, and cupric chloride, even a superficial examination 
 will show well-defined differences. The parental curves 
 are very nearly alike in their course, but with the im- 
 portant exception that in the sodium-sulphide reactions 
 the Amaryllis curve is the lower, while in the other three 
 reactions it is the higher a striking difference. The 
 hybrid curves in the four reaction- ,!., not correspond 
 in their courses with the peculiarities of the parental 
 curves, and in no two are they identical. The curve 
 of IlninsJontia sandrnr alba is always the lowest, and 
 the curves of both hybrids show a direct quantitative 
 relationship to the parental curves in so far as when tin- 
 parental curves are lower the hybrid curves are lower. 
 While the parental curves tend to run closely toother 
 the two hybrid curves exhibit some degree of independ- 
 ence, not only of the parents but also of each other. 
 
 The earliest period during tin- tin minutes at which 
 the curves are best separated for differential purposes is 
 variable with the different reagent*, and in some in- 
 stances no definite time can be stated, owing to extreme 
 rapidity of the reactions, while in other instances state- 
 ments must be made with reserve. Approximately, this 
 period is noted at the end of 3 minutes in the potassium- 
 sulphide reactions ; at the end of 5 minutes in the reac- 
 tions with chromic acid, potassium iodide, potassium 
 sulphocyanate, sodium hydroxide, sodium salicylate, 
 strontium nitrate, and cupric chloride; at the end of 
 15 minutes in the reactions with chloral hydrate, sodium 
 sulphide, calcium nitrate, uranium nitrate, and copper 
 nitrate; at the end of 30 minutes in the reactions with 
 pyrogallic acid ; and at the end of 60 minutes in the 
 reactions with calcium nitrate, barium chloride, and 
 mercuric chloride. 
 
 RBACTIOX-INTKVRITIKS OP TUB Hrnnw. 
 
 This section treats of the reaction-intensities of the 
 hybrids as regards sameness, intermediatenew, excess, 
 and deficit in relation to those of the parents. (Table 
 A land Charts Dl toD 21.) 
 
 The reactivities of BrunxAonna mnAtra alba are the 
 same as those of the seed parent in reactions with polar- 
 
36 
 
 HISTOLOGIC PROPERTIES AND REACTIONS. 
 
 ization and iodine, sulphuric acid, and barium chloride ; 
 the same as those of the pollen parent in none; the same 
 as those of both parents in the potassium-hydroxide 
 reaction in which the reactions occur with great rapidity ; 
 intermediate in the temperature reactions and those of 
 chromic acid, potassium sulphide, sodium salicylate, and 
 strontium nitrate (in two being closer to the seed parent 
 and in three being mid-intermediate) ; highest in the 
 reactions with gentian violet, safranin, and chloral hy- 
 drate (in two being closer to the pollen parent, and in 
 one closer to the seed parent) ; and lowest in the reac- 
 tions with pyrogallic acid, nitric acid, hydrochloric acid, 
 potassium iodide, potassium sulphocyanate, sodium hy- 
 droxide, sodium sulphide, calcium nitrate, uranium 
 nitrate, cobalt nitrate, copper nitrate, cupric chloride, 
 and mercuric chloride (in four being closer to the seed 
 parent, in eight being closer to the pollen parent, and 
 in one being as close to one as to the other parent) . 
 
 The reactivities of Brunsdonna sanderce are the same 
 as those of the seed parent in the reactions with iodine, 
 temperature, sulphuric acid, potassium sulphide, sodium 
 salicylate, strontium nitrate, and barium chloride; the 
 same as those of the pollen parent in none; the same 
 as those of both parents in the potassium-hydroxide reac- 
 tion, in which the reactions occur with great rapidity; 
 intermediate in the polarization and strontium nitrate 
 (in one being closer to the seed parent and in one being 
 mid-intermediate) ; highest in the reactions with gentian 
 violet, safranin, and chloral hydrate (in two being closer 
 to the seed parent, and in one closer to the pollen parent) ; 
 and lowest in the reactions with chromic acid, pyrogallic 
 acid, nitric acid, hydrochloric acid, potassium iodide, 
 potassium sulphocyanate, sodium hydroxide, sodium sul- 
 phide, calcium nitrate, uranium nitrate, cobalt nitrate, 
 copper nitrate, cupric chloride, and mercuric chloride 
 (in 3 being closer to the seed parent, in 8 closer to the 
 pollen parent, and in 3 being as close to one as to the 
 other parent) . 
 
 The hybrids differ in their parental relationships in 
 the polarization, the safranin and temperature reactions, 
 and in those of chromic acid, potassium iodide, potassium 
 sulphide, sodium salicylate, strontium nitrate, and cobalt 
 nitrate. In the polarization reactions one is the same as 
 the seed parent, the other intermediate, but nearer the 
 seed parent. In the safranin reactions both are highest, 
 but one closer to the pollen parent and the other to the 
 seed parent. In the temperature reactions one is inter- 
 mediate and closer to the seed parent, and the other the 
 same as the seed parent. In the chromic-acid reactions 
 one is mid-intermediate, and the other the lowest, but 
 closer to the pollen parent. In the potassium-iodide 
 reactions both are the lowest; one is closer to the seed 
 parent, and the other as close to one aa to the other 
 parent. In the potassium-sulphide reactions one is mid- 
 intermediate and the other the same as the seed parent. 
 In the sodium-salicylate reactions one is intermediate 
 and closer to the seed parent and the other the same 
 as the seed parent. In the strontium-nitrate reactions 
 both are intermediate, one being mid-intermediate and 
 the other closer to the seed parent. In the cobalt-nitrate 
 reactions both are highest, but one is closer to the pollen 
 parent and the other as close to one as to the other parent. 
 
 The following table is a summary of the reaction- 
 intensities : 
 
 
 B. sande- 
 rce alba. 
 
 B. sande- 
 roe. 
 
 Same as seed parent 
 
 4 
 
 6 
 
 Same as pollen parent .... 
 Same as both parents ... 
 Intermediate 
 
 
 1 
 5 
 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 Highest 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 Lowest 
 
 13 
 
 14 
 
 
 
 
 In none of the reactions of either hybrid is the reac- 
 tion the same as that of the pollen parent, while there 
 are 10 reactions of the 52 which are the same as those of 
 the seed parent. The dominating influence of the seed 
 parent, Amaryllis belladonna, on the properties of the 
 starch of the hybrid are well marked. 
 
 COMPOSITE CURVES OF THE REACTION-INTENSITIES. 
 
 This section treats of the composite curves of the 
 reaction-intensities showing the differentiation of the 
 starches of Amaryllis belladonna, Brunsvigia joseph- 
 ince, Brunsdonna sanderce alba, and Brunsdonna sanderce. 
 (Chart El.) 
 
 The most conspicuous features of this chart may be 
 summed up as follows : 
 
 (1) Taking the curves of Amaryllis belladonna as a 
 standard of comparison, it will be noted that the curve 
 of Brunsvigia Josephines follows it very closely in the 
 up-and-down courses except in the reactions with pyro- 
 gallic acid, potassium sulphide, and calcium nitrate, here 
 and there crossing in accordance with higher or lower 
 reactivity. Except the three reactions noted and those 
 with uranium nitrate, copper nitrate, and cupric chloride, 
 the curves keep close together. These departures indicate 
 species widely separated and belonging either to a given 
 genus or to two closely related genera, in this case the 
 latter. 
 
 (2) It will be noted that the reactions of Amaryllis 
 belladonna are higher than those of Brunsvigia Josephines 
 in polarization and in the reactions with safranin, 
 chloral hydrate, potassium sulphide, sodium hydroxide, 
 calcium nitrate, uranium nitrate, strontium nitrate, 
 cobalt nitrate, copper nitrate, and cupric chloride ; lower 
 in those with iodine, gentian violet, temperature of 
 gelatinization, pyrogallic acid, barium chloride, and 
 mercuric chloride ; and the same or practically the same 
 in those with chromic acid, nitric acid, sulphuric acid, 
 hydrochloric acid, potassium hydroxide, potassium 
 iodide, potassium sulphocyanate, sodium sulphide, so- 
 dium salicylate, and cobalt nitrate. 
 
 (3) In Amaryllis belladonna the very high polariza- 
 tion and reactions with nitric acid, sulphuric acid, hydro- 
 chloric acid, potassium hydroxide, potassium iodide, po- 
 tassium sulphide, sodium hydroxide, sodium salicylate, 
 calcium nitrate, strontium nitrate; the high reactions 
 with chromic acid, potassium sulphocyanate, uranium 
 nitrate, copper nitrate, and cupric chloride ; the moderate 
 reactions with iodine, gentian violet, safranin, tempera- 
 ture, chloral hydrate, pyrogallic acid, and sodium sul- 
 phide ; the low reactions with cobalt nitrate, and very low 
 reactions with barium chloride and mercuric chloride. 
 
 (4) In Brunsvigia Josephines the very high polariza- 
 tion and reactions with nitric acid, sulphuric acid, hydro- 
 
AMARYLLIS BKUNSVHIIA BRUN8DONNA. 
 
 37 
 
 i-hlorir .1. i.l. p.'tiisMum (i).lroxi.le, potassium iodide, so- 
 dium hv'IroMile, fexliuin >aluylat.-, tin- hiv'h r- 
 trith iiviiiii-. iliroim,- B.i.l, |>vn->fllir acid, potassium sul- 
 phocyanate. and strontium nitrate; moderate rea 
 with p-iitum violet, xufraiuii, temperature of gelatimza- 
 tioii, p.>tii.-MUiil sulphide, so!niiii Hulphulc, cak-IUIll III- 
 
 . and iir.iniiiiii mtnite ; tin- low rvu.-tioim with -hlr.il 
 hydrate, cobalt nitrate, i-opper nitrate, cuprir chloride, 
 and ML r. urn- < lilnri.!.- ; ami the very low reactions with 
 barium rhlon.tr. 
 
 (5) In the hUinds Brunsdonna MnJriw alba and 
 llrun.l"ntui uinilrrae the very high polarization and reac- 
 with nitric acid, sulphuric acid, hydrochloric acid, 
 potassium hvdroxide, potassium sulphide, sodium salicy- 
 late, and htr.nitiuin nitrate; the high reactions with gen- 
 tian violet, safraiiin, chloral hydrate, and chromic acid ; 
 :!i- in. .rate reactions with iodine and temperature of 
 gelatinization ; the low with potassium iodide, sodium 
 hydroxide, calcium nitrate, and uranium nitrate; and 
 
 TV low with pyrogallic acid, potassium sulphocya- 
 nate, sodium .sulphide, cobalt nitrate, copper nitrate, 
 cuprir chloride, barium chloride, and mercuric chloride. 
 The following is a summary of the reaction-intensities: 
 
 11 
 
 8 
 8 
 
 a 
 
 Hih. 
 
 I 
 I 
 
 4 
 I 
 
 M ..!. , 
 ale. 
 
 Low. 
 
 ftr, 
 
 I 
 
 i 
 I 
 
 s 
 
 i In the curves of the hybrids which show in the 
 first place a very close correspondence with each other, 
 and in the second place a closer correspondence, on the 
 whole, with the curves of Amaryllis belladonna than with 
 those of Brunsvigia josephina, the hybrid curves are 
 for the most part either lower than or practically the 
 same as the Amaryllis carves, in only four instances 
 are the curves higher, and then in an unimportant degree. 
 
 - OK AMARYLLIS, BRCNSVIOIA, AND BRUXSDONNJB. 
 
 The botanist has assigned Amaryllis belladonna and 
 Brunsrigia josephina to separate genera. Upon the 
 basis of the peculiarities of their starches in their histo- 
 logic properties and reactions with the various agents and 
 reagents, it seems that these species may be regarded as 
 being members of either closely related genera or well- 
 separated species of the same genus, such as repreaen- 
 of snbgenera; but the data are too limited to 
 . more than speculation. The most remarkable 
 feature* of these records are: (1) in the hybrids the 
 many extraordinary low or high reactivities, especially 
 the former, that exceed the parental extremes, this being 
 noted in 15 out of the 28 reactions; (2) the absence 
 of sameness of any reaction as that of the pollen parent ; 
 the sameness of the reaction as that of the seed 
 parent in 4 reactions of one and 6 reactions of the other 
 hybrid. The marked departures of the hybrid curves 
 -'...-.MI in excessive or deficient reactivities in comparison 
 with the reactivities of the parent* seem to be more sug- 
 ueric parents than of parents belonging to 
 th> same genus. 
 
 Eta i v 
 
 41, rrc. 
 
 'I In- additional matter treats of descriptions of Bruiu- 
 tul \ niaryllis parlceri. and A. parkeri alba 
 
 (A. brllatlunna kevensu alba), and comparisons of the 
 starches of H. (ubergtni, A. parkeri alba, Bnuudonna 
 sandera alba, and H. tandtra. 
 
 Bnuudonna tvbergeni, A. parkeri. and A. parkeri 
 alba are of especial interest in conjunction with the 
 foregoing studies of the Amaryltis-Hrunsrigia-Hruns- 
 donna group because: the first is known to be a hybrid 
 of Hrunsvigia and Amaryllis; the second is looked upon 
 as being probably a Brunsvigia- Amaryllis hybrid; the 
 third is a variety of the second and is regarded as being 
 the same as A. belladonna kevensis alba, the parentage 
 of which is unknown; and the last two are known hy- 
 brids of Amaryllis-lirunsrigia, but without positive 
 knowledge of the direction of the cross. Appertaining 
 to the foregoing, the following data appeared in The 
 Gardeners' Chronicle, 1909, XLT, 57; 1911, L, 210: 
 
 Bniiudonn tubrrye*i: Mr. C. O. Tubergee, Jr.. thu* de 
 scribes the circumstances of a croae between tfninrifto 
 /utffkintr and Amarylli* brlladonnu: 
 
 Principally with a view of ascertaining toe parentage of the 
 Kew variety of Amarylhi fc-U4o*M (see illiutratlon In Tnr 
 <iardrn, November IV, 189H; alw> note* In Thr Otrdnurs* 
 . M..ni.-le. Krl.ruary 0, 1901, etc.), in the autumn of IBM I 
 artificially impregnated Hrvninyio jutrpfiintt with the pollen 
 of Amaryltit Mlfdonmm. Seedt formed freely, aa the two gea- 
 era, Brwunyi* and Anutiyllit. are vtry nearly related. Aa 
 could be foreseen, with ilow-growing Rnmrrift* jotrpkina aa 
 the female parent, a long time had to elapa* before the leedling 
 planta would be strong enough to reach flowering ilxc. After 
 18 year* of patient waiting, two of the itrongwt bulb* pro- 
 duced flower pikea in September of Uat year. When the 
 hybrid planta had been growing for a few aeaaoaa It became 
 evident that they differed in habit from the Kew variety of 
 Amcryllii teHi/omn, which produce* a leaf utem of about 4 
 incbee high, wbereaa my hybrid* all bear the character of 
 BnHuvigim fottpktna in the foliage, leavea being formed di- 
 rectly above the neck of the bulb*. The infncion of belladonna 
 blood i* clearly ahown in the bulb*, aa theae reaemble thoae of 
 the brllodcmu* and produce, offaeta freely, whilst Hrunmyta 
 never produeea offaeta. A comparison of the aupplemmtary 
 illuitration, which wae drawn by Mr. Worthington (Smith from 
 the indoreaeeaaee tent from my garden, with the engraving in 
 the Garden above cited, lead* to the conclusion that the Kew 
 plant can no longer be regarded aa a hybrid Mweea theae i 
 
 plant can no longer be regarded aa a hybrid tetwsssi tbeae spe- 
 cie*, unless it waa a crose effected in the reverse way, taking 
 Ammrylii* oe/texfoM aa the female plant. In that case the 
 blond* must have bee* used, it being the only variety 
 sUaaVisjo* known which produce*! a leaf -stem. The color 
 Dowers of my hybrid waa a clear, deep rose, suffuaed 
 rmine. A single spike produced 22 flowers. 
 
 rariet 
 of A. 
 
 of the 
 
 with carmine. A single apike prod 
 
 AmaryllU parkrri (hyb.). Thia la 
 between Hnntiigta joirpkimtr and A 
 differ* in the form of the umbel from A. 
 circular and cm 
 .in- "i 
 
 to be a hybrid 
 It 
 
 being quite 
 he lower* 
 
 rrying aome SO flowers and buds. The 
 a d<p rose shade, with whit* and orange at the baa* 
 
 It la 
 
 and orange-colored on the. exterior of the tuba, 
 from the ordinary A. b$ll*1mm, poseease* greater vigor, and 
 ha* a *tm aome S feet In hmgth. fhi* plant U almost identical 
 with the plant known aa the Kew variety of A. teflaa'asisia, 
 which is also A. parkrri, being the same cross and Tarring only 
 in being a better rose color with lea* orange shade. Mr. Hod- 
 ton informed us that hia AmaryllU waa ahown aa A. MM 
 donna "Kew variety," because it waa received under this name 
 from an amateur cultivator In New Zealand aoaae, ate yuan 
 ago. This i* the first season of flowering at Onnnoisbeli I 
 House. It may prove to be Mr Van Tubergen'e plant, which 
 be obtained from crossing Bmttnfia with Amutylltt WUev 
 6MM. Mr. Tubergen'a hybrid formed the subject of a sup 
 plemenisry illu.tratinn in The Oardeaur*' Chronicle, January 
 23, 1 900. 
 
38 
 
 HISTOLOGIC PROPERTIES AND REACTIONS. 
 
 Amaryllis parkeri alba. This plant is evidently a variety 
 of A. parkeri. It possesses a fine umbel, a large number of 
 flowers almost pure white but with the same orange shading 
 at the base as in the flower described above. It is a most strik- 
 ing and distinct novelty. The origin was not stated, but every- 
 thing points to the same cross. This was shown as A. bella- 
 donna ketcenis alba by Mr. Worsley, Mandeville House, Isle- 
 worth. 
 
 Brunsdonna sanderce alba. In this case the umbel resembled 
 typical A. belladonna in formation, being one-sided rather than 
 globular. This plant is also the result of a cross between liruns- 
 vigia and Amaryllis belladonna., but there is not sufficient in- 
 formation to determine whether the parentage is the same as 
 in the case of A. parkeri. 
 
 Comparative examinations of a preliminary character 
 were made of the starches of A. parkeri alba, Bruns- 
 donna tubergeni, Brunsdonna sanderce alba, and B. san- 
 derce, as follows : 
 
 Histologic Properties. All of these starches are alike 
 in that all have very few compound grains which consist 
 of two components, and all have very few aggregates 
 which usually are in the form of doublets of equal size, 
 but occasionally as triplets that are linearly arranged. 
 The grains of A. parkeri alba and of Brunsdonna san- 
 derce alba, and B. sanderce have about the same degree 
 of irregularity of surface, while those of B. tubergeni 
 are much more irregular than the preceding, the irregu- 
 larities in all being due to the same causes. The con- 
 spicuous forms of the grains of A. parkeri alba and of 
 B. sanderce alba and B. sanderce are very much alike, 
 but those of the first are more slender and elongated 
 than those of the two latter. The grains of B. tuber- 
 geni are, as a rule, intermediate in slenderness between 
 those of A. parkeri and B. sanderce alba, and B. sanderce, 
 but closer to those of the latter ; and there is a conspic- 
 uousness of elliptical, irregularly triangular, and nearly 
 round grains. The hila of the grains of A. parkeri alba 
 and those of B. sanderce alba and B. sanderce show 
 the same degree of distinctness, and in all three 
 more distinctness than in B. tubergeni. The eccen- 
 tricity is about the same in all four starches. The 
 lamellae of A. parkeri alba and B. tubergeni are more 
 distinct and more often coarse than those of B. san- 
 derce alba and B. sanderce, otherwise they are prac- 
 tically the same in all four starches except that in B. 
 tubergeni, in which they are somewhat more often irreg- 
 ular than in the others. In size the grains of B. sanderce 
 alba and B. sanderce are smallest, those of A. parkeri alba 
 intermediate, and those of B. tubergeni largest ; but there 
 are no marked differences. 
 
 Polariscopic Properties. The polariscopic figure is 
 very nearly the same in all four starches, but it is more 
 often irregular in B. tubergeni than in the others. The 
 degree of polarization is practically the same in all of 
 the starches. 
 
 Iodine Reactions. With 0.25 per cent Lugol's solu- 
 tion A. parkeri alba, B. sanderce alba, and B. sanderce 
 color about equally and from 3 to 5 units more than 
 B. tubergeni. 
 
 Aniline Reactions. With gentian violet A. parkeri 
 alba, B. sanderce alba, and B. sanderce color about the 
 same and about 5 units less than B. tubergeni. With 
 safranin the results are practically the same as the fore- 
 going, but there is somewhat less variation of coloring 
 of the grains of B. tubergeni than of the starches. 
 
 The temperatures of gelatinization are as follows 
 (degrees) : 
 
 
 Majority at 
 
 Complete at 
 
 Mean. 
 
 A. parkeri alba 
 
 71.5 
 70 to 71.5 
 70 to 71.5 
 62 to 03.5 
 70 to 71 
 65 to 66 
 
 74.2 to 76 
 71.5 to 73 
 72 to 72.5 
 64 to 65.5 
 72.5 to 73 
 70 to 72 
 
 75.1 
 
 72.1-5 
 72.75 
 64.75 
 72.7 
 71 
 
 
 B. sandcro3 
 
 
 
 
 
 The reaction of A. parkeri alba with sulphuric acid 
 begins immediately. Complete gelatinization occurs in 
 about 3 per cent of the entire number of grains and 10 
 per cent of the total starch in 15 seconds; in about 70 
 per cent of the grains and 80 per cent of the total starch 
 in 30 seconds; in about 96 per cent of the grains and 
 98 per cent of the total starch in 45 seconds; and in 
 about 99 per cent of the grains and over 99 per cent of 
 the total starch in 1 minute. The reactions of Bruns- 
 donna sanderce alba and B. sanderce with sulphuric acid 
 are given on pages 389 and 394, Part II, and Chart D 5. 
 
 The reactions of Brunsdonna tubergeni with sul- 
 phuric acid begin immediately. Complete gelatiniza- 
 tion occurs in about 80 per cent of the entire number 
 of grains and 90 per cent of the total starch in 30 sec- 
 onds; in about 99 per cent of the grains and in more 
 than 99 per cent of the total starch in 45 seconds ; and 
 in 100 per cent of the starch in 1 minute. 
 
 The reaction of A. parkeri alba with potassium iodide 
 begins in a few grains in 30 seconds. Complete gela- 
 tinization occurs in about 1 per cent of the entire num- 
 ber of grains and 65 per cent of the total starch in 5 
 minutes; in about 20 per cent of the grains and 75 per 
 cent of the total starch in 15. minutes; in about 32 per 
 cent of the grains and 88 per cent of the total starch in 
 30 minutes; in about 52 per cent of the grains and 90 
 per cent of the total starch in 45 minutes ; and with little 
 if any further advance in 60 minutes. 
 
 The reactions of B. sanderce alba and B. sanderoe 
 with potassium iodide are given on pages 389 and 394, 
 Part II, and Chart D 8. 
 
 The reaction of B. tubergeni with potassium iodide 
 begins immediately. Complete gelatinization occurs in 
 59 per cent of the entire number of grains and 95 per 
 cent of the total starch in 5 minutes; in about 95 per 
 cent of the grains and in more than 99 per cent of the 
 total starch in 15 minutes. 
 
 The reaction of A. parkeri alba with sodium hydrox- 
 ide begins immediately. Complete gelatinization occurs 
 in about 50 per cent of the entire number of grains 
 and 92 per cent of the total starch in 2 minutes; in 
 about 81 per cent of the grains and 97 per cent of the 
 total starch in 5 minutes; and in about 97 per cent of the 
 grains and over 99 per cent of the total starch in 10 
 minutes. 
 
 The reactions of Brunsdonna sanderce alba and B. 
 sanderce with sodium hydroxide are given on pages 390 
 and 395, Part II, and Chart D 11. 
 
 The reaction of Brunsdonna tubergeni with sodium 
 hydroxide begins immediately. Complete gelatinization 
 occurs in about 84 per cent of the entire number of 
 grains and 97 per cent of the total starch in 5 minutes. 
 
 The most important questions here involved are: (1) 
 
AMAinU.I> Hi:i N.SVIGIA BRUN8DON N A . 
 
 M 
 
 :e properliv* uf liruntdunna tubergent, lirunsdonna 
 lanJenr alba, and Bruntdonna tandent indicate that 
 these hybrid:) are the offspring uf the same cro*- 
 
 : ..il . r.'.vrjt; and (2) what are the induatimi- 
 uf the probable parentage of Amaryllis park en albaf 
 
 larch of Urunsdonna tubergtn* has in compari- 
 son with the starch of B. tandem alba and B. sandera 
 rties thut are closely similar or identical 
 aiul others that are more or leaf markedly dissimilar, 
 tin- latter much predominating. The grains of the for- 
 
 ire more irregular, and more slender and elongated; 
 the hila are leas distinct; the lamella; are more distinct, 
 
 often coarse, and more often irregular; the grains 
 
 are larger. In the polariacopic properties there are not 
 
 any conspicuous differences except that the figures tend to 
 
 lie more irregular. In the iodine reactions the coloration 
 
 lv le-.-. In the aniline reactions with both 
 
 .in violet and safranin the coloration is more 
 marked. In most of the foregoing instances the starch 
 of H. tubtrytni does not differ more from the starches 
 of li. undent alba and B. tandem than do the latter 
 from each other. In the temperatures of gelatinization 
 the figure for li. tubergeni is 64.76, or a difference 
 approximately of 7.5 leas than the temperatures of 
 
 .irental starches, these being 72.7 and 71, re- 
 spectively. The temperatures for B. tandem alba and 
 U. tandem are 72.25 and 72.75, respectively. It will 
 be noted that while the temperature for the parental 
 ;es differ only 1.7, that of B. tubergeni differs 
 from tliat of the pollen parent (A. belladonna) 7.94, 
 and from that of the seed parent (B. josephina) 6.24 ; 
 and that the temperatures for B. tandem alba and B. 
 tandem and their parents differ very little, mostly within 
 the narow limits of error of experiment The very low 
 temperature for B. tubergeni on the one hand and the 
 marked closeness of all of the temperatures for B. tan- 
 alba and B. tandem and their parents on the 
 other indicate quite conclusively that B. tubergeni and 
 B. sandertr alba must have arisen from reciprocal crosses. 
 
 conclusion is substantiated by the records (not- 
 withstanding their limitation) of the reactions with 
 chemical reagents. The reactions of all of the starches 
 with sulphuric acid occur with such rapidity that no 
 satisfactory differentiation is possible, but with both 
 potassium iodide and sodium hydroxide there are marked 
 and distinctly diagnostic differences. In reactions with 
 potassium iodide the starch of B. tubergeni exhibits a 
 somewhat higher reactivity than the starch of either 
 parent, while on the other hand the starches of B. tandem 
 alba and B. tandem show very much lower reactivities, 
 not nearly RO much of the latter being gelatinized at the 
 ; -I of an hour as there is in case of the B. tubergeni 
 and parental starches in 5 minutes. It is also to be 
 noted that during the progress of gelatinization the 
 
 - of B. tandem alba and B. tandem tend to pursue 
 the same course, they being separated at and after the 
 .'>-mmut<* interval by about 10 points. In the sodium 
 hydroxide reactions similar results are recorded, the 
 reactivity of the starch of B. tubergeni being very high 
 and closely corresponding to the reactivities of the 
 parental starches, but slightly higher than either, while 
 activities of the starches of B. tandem alba and 
 B. tandem are both moderate, the reactivity of the former 
 being distinctly lower than that of the latter. 
 
 There were u this research three groups of 
 
 parental and hybrid starchea in each of which we: 
 iluded two hybrid* of the same cross, and it is of . 
 eat to note to what degrees in general the members of each 
 pair compare with each other and with their p.. 
 and how these peculiarities compare with those of the 
 Hrunadonua* hybrids and their parents. Examining first 
 the temperatures of gelatinization and taking up the 
 Ntrint cntpa-eleaant-dttinty maid-queen of rottt K 
 (page 165) it will be seen thut the temperature oi ti 
 brids differ only 1.3 and that they are intermediate 
 between the parental temperatures, which Utter (Infer 
 5.2 ; in the Nerine bowdeni-tornientu var. corusca 
 major-gianteu-abundance group the temperatures of the 
 hybrids differ 3.35 and both are lower than either of the 
 parental temperatures, these differing 3.9 ; and in the 
 Xarcissut poetieut-poeticut poetarum-poeticut kemck- 
 poeticut dante group the temperatures of the hybrids 
 differ 2, that of one being intermediate between the 
 parental temperatures and the other practically the same 
 as that of the seed parent, while the parental tempera- 
 tures differ 5.5, that of the seed parent being the higher. 
 The temperatures of each of these pairs of hybrids keep 
 close together and close to the temperatures of the 
 parents, as in the case of Bruntdonna tandem alba and 
 li. tandem, with wider variations in the former than in 
 the latter, but there is no suggestion of a wide departure, 
 such as is found in B. tuberyrni, this latter indicating 
 cither difference in parentage or in the direction of the 
 cross from that of the other Jtruntdonna. 
 
 In the reactions of the members of these groups with 
 potassium iodide and sodium hydroxide corresponding 
 characteristics have been recorded, that is, that the two 
 starches of each group show close reaction-intensities. 
 In the potassium iodide reactions of the Nerine critpa- 
 elegane-dainly maid-queen of rotet group, those of the 
 hybrids are very much alike and, on the whole, inter- 
 mediate between those of the parents; and in the Nerine 
 boicdeni-sarnientit var. corutca major-giantett-abundance 
 group, while those of the hybrids are low and differ dis- 
 tinctly, at least one and probably both tend to interme- 
 diateneas, and one takes more after the seed parent and 
 the other more after the pollen parent In the sodium- 
 hydroxide reactions, in the first group those of the hy- 
 brids are not only very close but also close to those of 
 the parents ; and in the second group those of the hybrids 
 are very close and lower than those of the parents. It 
 will be aeen that in the reactions of each of the several 
 pairs of hybrids there are no such departures of the 
 reactions of each of the couples as are observed in the 
 case of Brunsdonna tubergeni compared with B. tandem 
 alba and B. tandem. From the description of B. tuber- 
 geni this hybrid is more closely related in its proper! ie* 
 to Bruntrigia jotephina than to Amaryllis belladonna. 
 while the data of B. tandem alba and B. tandem indi- 
 cate that, on the whole, both of these hybrids show a 
 closer relationship to A. belladonna than to B. jottpk- 
 ina in other words, in each case the hybrid is more 
 closely related to the seed parent 
 
 These data also give a cine as to the probable origin 
 of Amaryllu parkeri alba. The starch of this plant 
 throughout the histologic and polariacopic properties 
 and the iodine and aniline reactions, with rare exceptions, 
 exhibits a much closer relationship to Bruntdonna tan- 
 
40 
 
 HISTOLOGIC PROPERTIES AND REACTIONS. 
 
 derce alba and B. sanderce than to B. tubergeni; in the 
 temperature reactions it differs little from those of B. 
 sanderce alba and B. sanderce, but much from those of 
 B. tubergeni; while in the potassium-iodide and sodium- 
 hydroxide reactions it is closer to B. tubergeni than to the 
 other hybrids. From the foregoing it seems obvious that 
 this plant is not to be identified with either B. tuber- 
 geni or the sanderce hybrids, although closely related. It 
 seema probable, as suggested by Tubergen, that the 
 parentage of A. parkeri on the Amaryllis side was A. 
 belladonna var. blanda (A. blanda Gawl) the histo- 
 logic and polariscopic properties and the iodine, aniline, 
 and temperature reactions pointing to the same direction 
 of the cross as of B. sanderce alba and B. sanderce, while 
 the potassium iodide and sodium hydroxide reactions 
 indicate a cross in the opposite direction ; but the tem- 
 perature reaction alone is almost if not conclusive. Addi- 
 tional studies of the reactions would undoubtedly make 
 absolutely positive the direction of the cross if A. parkeri 
 is a hybrid. 
 
 2. COMPARISONS OF THE STARCHES OF HlPPEASTRUM 
 TITAN, H. CLEONIA, AND H. TITAN-CLEONIA. 
 
 In histologic characteristics, polariscopic figures, 
 reactions with selenite, qualitative reactions with iodine, 
 and qualitative reactions with the various chemical reag- 
 ents these three starches are very much alike. The 
 starch of Hippeastrum cleonia is distinguished from that 
 of the other parent chiefly in the larger number of com- 
 pound grains and aggregates; the presence of isolated 
 grains each having a large pressure facet ; more round- 
 ness but greater irregularity of the grains ; somewhat less 
 fissuration and less eccentricity of the hilum ; more dis- 
 tinct and more regular lamellae ; somewhat larger average 
 size of the grains ; larger number of double and multiple 
 polariscopic figures; greater frequency of equality of 
 size, less frequency of irregularity of shape, and less often 
 purity of color of the quadrants in the selenite reaction ; 
 and some slight differences in qualitative reactions with 
 iodine. The starch of the hybrid is in form, hilum, and 
 polariscopic figure more closely related to the seed 
 parent ; and in distinctness and regularity of the lamellae, 
 size, and iodine reactions more closely related to the 
 other parent. In the selenite reactions certain properties 
 lean to one or the other parent. A given character may 
 appear more conspicuously in the hybrid than in either 
 parent. The qualitative reactions with chloral hydrate, 
 nitric acid, potassium iodide, potassium sulphocyanate, 
 and sodium salicylate are closer to those of seed parent. 
 
 Reaction-intensities Expressed l>y Light, Color, and Tempera- 
 
 ture Reactions. 
 Polarization : 
 
 H. titan, high to very high, value 83. 
 
 H. cleonia, high to very high, lower than in H. titan, value 80. 
 
 H. titan-cleonia, high to very high, higher than in either parent, 
 
 value 85. 
 Iodine: 
 
 H. titan, moderate, value 52. 
 
 H. cleonia, moderately deep, deeper than in H. titan, value 55. 
 H. titan-oleonia, moderate to deep, deeper than in the parents, 
 
 value 68. 
 Gentian violet: 
 
 H. titan, moderately light to light, value 45. 
 H. cleonia, moderate, deeper than in H. titan, value 50. 
 H. titan-cleonia, moderate, the same as in //. cleonin, vulue 50. 
 Saf ranin : 
 
 H. titan, moderate, value 50. 
 
 H. cleonia, moderate, a little deeper than in H. titan , value 55. 
 H. titan-cleonia, moderate, the same as in H. oloonia, value 55. 
 Temperature of gelatinization: 
 
 H. titan, in majority at 74 to 75, in all but rare grains at 77 to 77.5, 
 
 mean 77.26. 
 H. cleonia, in majority at 71 to 73, in all but rare grains at 73 to 
 
 74, mean 73.6. 
 
 H. titan-cleonia, in majority at 72 to 74, in all but rare grains at 
 73 to 74, mean 73.6. 
 
 The reactivity of Hippeastrum titan is higher than 
 that of Hippeastrum cleonia in the polarization reaction, 
 and lower in the reactions with iodine, gentian violet, 
 safranin, and temperature. The hybrid shows in the 
 polarization and iodine reactions the highest reactivi- 
 ties of all three starches; in the reactions with gentian 
 violet, safranin, and temperature the same reactivities 
 as those of Hippeastrum cleonia, all three reactions being 
 higher than the corresponding reactions of the other 
 parent. 
 
 Table A 2 shows the reaction intensities in per- 
 centages of total starch gelatinized at definite intervals 
 (minutes). 
 
 VELOCITY-REACTION CURVES. 
 
 This section treats of the velocity-reaction curves of 
 the starches of Hippeastrum titan, II. cleonia, and H. 
 titan-cleonia, showing the quantitative differences in the 
 behavior toward different reagents at definite time-inter- 
 vals. (Charts D 22 to D 42.) 
 
 Among the conspicuous features of these charts are : 
 
 (1) The closeness of the curves of the three starches 
 in all of the reactions. The reactions are so slow with 
 potassium iodide, potassium sulphide, sodium sulphide, 
 calcium nitrate, uranium nitrate, strontium nitrate, co- 
 balt nitrate, copper nitrate, cupric chloride, barium chlo- 
 ride, and mercuric chloride that there is almost if not 
 absolutely no differentiation. Omitting the foregoing 
 reactions, the curve of Hippeastrum titan is higher than 
 that of the other parent in the reactions with chromic 
 acid and sulphuric acid, and lower in those with chloral 
 hydrate, pyrogallic acid, nitric acid, potassium hydrox- 
 ide, potassium sulphocyanate, sodium hydroxide, and so- 
 dium salicylate, indicating, on the whole, a lower reac- 
 tivity of this starch. 
 
 (2) The curves of the hybrid show marked variations 
 in their parental relationships, with as much of a ten- 
 dency to be higher or lower than the parental curves as 
 to intermediateness. In a few reactions the curves are 
 the same as those of the seed parent or of the pollen 
 parent, and in about one-third they are the same as the 
 parental curves. (See following section.) 
 
 (3) In most of the charts in which there was a mod- 
 erate to rapid reactivity there are indications of an early 
 period of comparatively marked resistance. 
 
 (4) The best period during the 60 minutes for the 
 differentiation of the three starches is variable, and in 
 case of all the very slow reactions and including those 
 with chloral hydrate, nitric acid, potassium sulphocya- 
 nate, and sodium hydroxide, the curves are best separated, 
 if at all, at the end of 60 minutes. This period is noted 
 at the end of 15 minutes in the reactions with chromic 
 acid, pyrogallic acid, sulphuric acid, potassium hydrox- 
 ide, and sodium salicylate ; at the end of 30 minutes with 
 hydrochloric acid; and at the end of 60 minutes with 
 the other reagents. 
 
 REACTION-INTENSITIES OF THE HYBRID. 
 
 This section treats of the reaction-intensities of the 
 hybrid as regards sameness, intermediateness, excess, and 
 deficit in relation to the parents. (Table A 2 and Charts 
 D22 toD42.) 
 
 The reactivities of the hybrid are the same as those 
 of the seed parent in the reactions with sodium sulphide 
 and strontium nitrate; the same as those of the pollen 
 parent with gentian violet, safranin, and temperature; 
 the same as those of both parents with potassium sul- 
 phide, calcium nitrate, uranium nitrate, cobalt nitrate, 
 copper nitrate, cupric chloride, barium chloride, and 
 mercuric chloride, in all of which the reactions are ex- 
 ceedingly slow; intermediate with nitric acid, hydro- 
 chloric acid, potassium iodide and potassium sulpho- 
 
I11ITI \-il:fM. 
 
 TABLE A 2. 
 
 
 - 
 
 M 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 1 
 
 :" 
 
 1 
 
 '-. 
 
 1 
 
 a 
 
 - 
 
 .' 
 
 Chloral hydrate: 
 II titan 
 
 
 
 
 
 A 
 8 
 
 .; 
 
 
 ai 
 
 n 
 
 
 : 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 an -fir. .ma 
 
 
 
 
 
 | 
 
 i i 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 , 
 
 II Ulan 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 ., 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 II 1. -..!.. 
 
 11 l.l.i. . 1.x. ma 
 Pyrocallic add: 
 11 Ulan 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 A 
 
 u 
 
 , 
 
 ,, 
 
 W 
 
 u 
 
 07 
 
 00 
 
 | 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 00 
 
 
 06 
 
 H 
 
 II Ulan 
 
 
 
 
 
 A 
 1 
 
 66 
 
 9 
 
 
 76 
 
 i. 
 
 
 " 
 i- 
 
 07 
 61 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 | 
 
 
 
 i . 
 
 
 eo 
 
 f| 
 
 11 Utau-4'lc*>nia 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 61 
 
 , 
 
 Sulphuric acid : 
 li Ulan 
 
 H .-In ma 
 
 
 
 
 
 ft 
 
 . . 
 
 ,, 
 
 .- 
 . 
 
 00 
 
 
 ,. 
 
 
 00 
 
 N 
 00 
 
 
 
 
 II titan 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 > 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 11 rlo 1.1 1 
 
 11 :*:. . !.-. ma 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 M 
 - 
 
 
 74 
 | , 
 
 
 
 78 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 Potaauum hydroxide: 
 H Ulan 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 15 
 
 
 48 
 
 
 54 
 
 ., 
 
 n Ir-nila 
 
 11 tilu-clcouia 
 IViaMium iodide: 
 l\ Mian 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 i- 
 
 
 68 
 A7 
 
 7 
 
 
 . 
 72 
 
 70 
 
 g 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 g 
 
 
 10 
 
 16 
 
 M -inn rlinaia. 
 
 
 
 
 
 05 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 Q 
 
 10 
 
 I 1 .tMBumeulpbocyanatt 
 11 Mtan 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 11 
 
 
 43 
 
 40 
 
 II !<. nm 
 
 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 
 
 54 
 
 80 
 
 II tita.n-cl~.nia 
 
 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 .. 
 
 
 , 
 
 ',. 
 
 I'otaaaium (ulphide: 
 It titan 
 
 
 
 
 
 06 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 11 <-!-. ma 
 
 11 titan- Ic-oiua 
 Sodium hydroxide: 
 H ti'.ni 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 0.6 
 0.6 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 2 
 15 
 
 
 
 3 
 1 
 
 24 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 26 
 
 - 
 
 tan-<-lr,.nia 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 40 
 
 40 
 
 Sodium mlpnide: 
 II Mian 
 
 11 , ., 
 
 
 
 
 
 0.6 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 to 
 
 2 
 13 
 
 II Mt*n-clt..nia 
 
 
 
 
 
 05 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 Sudium lallC) latr : 
 
 II M'a:, 
 
 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 57 
 
 
 0N 
 
 
 
 
 ....... 
 
 
 
 
 
 in 
 
 H 
 
 
 09 
 
 
 
 
 tan-clronia 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 65 
 
 
 04 
 
 
 (JO 
 
 
 Calcium nitrate: 
 II Utan 
 
 
 
 
 
 | 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 II -lonnia 
 
 
 
 
 
 LI 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 X 
 
 II 'i'I.- 1.. i.i . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 I'ranium nitrate: 
 II titan 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 M .l-.i.ia 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 -. 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 a 
 
 7 
 
 Strontium nitrate: 
 
 11 Mtan 
 
 
 
 
 
 . -, 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 
 - 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 A 
 
 
 - 
 
 16 
 
 }l '.- .: .;...[. .a 
 
 
 
 
 
 , 
 
 j 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 Cobalt nitrate: 
 
 11 tit^n 
 
 
 
 
 
 0.6 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 , 
 
 
 
 
 
 1)6 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1)6 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 Copper nitrate: 
 
 II Mtan 
 
 
 
 
 
 '. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 \{ . ;~.i.i > 
 an-djnia 
 chloride: 
 II Min 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 1X6 
 
 2 
 2 
 
 
 a 
 i 
 
 
 
 2 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 Barium chloride: 
 
 II Mtan 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 A 
 
 n 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 OS 
 
 nm 
 
 
 
 
 
 : 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3.6 
 
 II uun-deonia 
 
 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1)6 
 
 Mrrruric chloride: 
 H lit.m 
 
 n. tiUUMleoni* 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 6 
 1 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 a 
 i 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 2 
 
 cyanau (in on,. U - n ^ dowr to the Mod parent 
 three iiiid-iiitvrniediate) ; highcit with iK.lanzatmn. 
 imlin,.. ralphwie a-id. pota-.iuin hydroxide, and sodium 
 bydroxid* (m two being closer to the need parent 
 in three closer to tin- |K-ll<-n parent) ; and lowwt with 
 rhlc.ral hydrate, chromic acid, pyrogallic and. and ao- 
 .liuin ulicylate (in three being closer to the teed parent 
 and in one cloaer to the pollen parent). 
 
 The following is a summary of the reaction inten- 
 sities : Same aa aeed parent, 8 ; aame u pollen pan < 
 MOW as both parent*, 8; intermediate, 4; higbtv 
 lowest, 4. 
 
 The Med parent shows a stronger influence than the 
 pollen parent on the characters of the starch of the 
 hybrid. 
 
 COMPOSITE Cairo OP TUB REACTION-INTENSITIES. 
 
 The following section treat* of the composite curves 
 of the reaction-intensities showing the differentiation 
 of the starches of Hippeattrum titan. II. cltvnia, and // 
 *t7an-e/mM. ( Chart F 2. ) 
 
 Among the conspicuous features of this chart are : 
 
 (1) The closeness of all three curves, indicating a 
 very close relationship of all three starches and plaiit- 
 sourcea. 
 
 (2) The generally lower position of the curve of 
 llippeaxtrum titan in relation to the curve of the other 
 parent, it being lower in the reactions with inline, gen- 
 tian violet, safranin, temperature, chloral hydrate, pyro- 
 gallic acid, nitric acid, hydrochloric acid, potassium 
 hydroxide, potassium iodide, potassium sulphocyanate, 
 odium hydroxide, sodium sulphide, and strontium m 
 trate; higher with polarization and chromic acid ; and the 
 same or practically the same with sulphuric acid, potas- 
 sium sulphide, sodium salicylate, calcium nitrate, ura- 
 nium nitrate, cobalt nitrate, copper nitrate, cupric 
 chloride, barium chloride, and mercuric chloride. 
 
 (3) The curve of Hippttulrum titan is very high 
 in the polarization and chromic-acid reactions; high 
 with sulphuric acid and sodium salicylate; moderate 
 with iodine, gentian violet, safranin, and pyrogallic acid ; 
 low with temperature, nitric acid, hydrochloric, and 
 potassium hydroxide; very low with chloral hydrate, 
 potassium iodide, potassium sulphocyanate, potassium 
 sulphide, sodium hydroxide, sodium sulphide, calcium 
 nitrate, uranium nitrate, strontium nitrate, cobalt nitrate, 
 copper nitrate, cupric chloride, barium chloride, and 
 mercuric chloride. 
 
 (4) The curve of II ippta.it rum clronia is very high 
 in the polarization and chromic-acid reactions ; high with 
 pyrogallic acid, sulphuric acid, and sodium salicylate; 
 moderate in the iodine, gentian violet, and safranin ; and 
 low with temperature, chloral hydrate, nitric acid, hydro- 
 chloric acid, potassium hydroxide, and potassium sulpho- 
 cyanate; and very low with potassium iodide, potassium 
 sulphide, sodium hydroxide, sodium sulphide, calcium 
 nitrate, uranium nitrate, strontium nitrate, cobalt ni- 
 trate, copper nitrate, cupric chloride, barium chloride, 
 and mercuric chloride. 
 
 (5) The curve of the hybrid is very high in the 
 polarization and sulphuric-acid reaction! ; high with 
 chromic acid and sodium salicylate; moderate with 
 iodine, gentian violet, safranin, and pyrogallic acid ; low 
 .* i ih temperature, nitric acid, hydrochloric .;.!. |x>U*- 
 -ium hydroxide, and potassium sulphocyanate ; and very 
 low with chloral hydrate, potassium iodide, potassium 
 sulphide, sodium hydroxide, xodium sulphide, calcium 
 nitrate, uranium nitrate, trontium nitrate, cobalt ni- 
 trate, copper nitrate, cupric chloride, barium chloride, and 
 mercuric chloride. 
 
42 
 
 HISTOLOGIC PROPERTIES AND REACTIONS. 
 
 The following is a summary of the reaction-intensi- 
 ties : 
 
 
 Very 
 high. 
 
 High. 
 
 Moder- 
 ate. 
 
 Low. 
 
 Very 
 low. 
 
 H. titan 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 14 
 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 g 
 
 12 
 
 H. titan-cleonia .... 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 13 
 
 3. COMPARISONS OF THE STASCHES OF HlPPEASTRUM 
 OSSULTAN, H. PYRRHA, AND H. OSSULTAN-PYRRHA. 
 
 In the histologic characteristics and polariscopic fig- 
 ures, reactions with selenite, qualitative reactions with 
 iodine, and qualitative reactions with the various chemical 
 reagents the three starches are closely alike. The starch 
 of H . pyrrha in comparison with that of the seed parent 
 has fewer compound grains and aggregates, more single 
 grains with one or more pressure facets, and more 
 irregularities of the grains; the hilum is more fre- 
 quently and more extensively fissured and is more eccen- 
 tric; the lamellae are distinct in a larger number of 
 grains, but as a rule less in number; the size as a rule 
 is less, but the proportions of length to breadth are the 
 same; and the polariscopic figures, reactions with sele- 
 nite, and the qualitative reactions with iodine show minor 
 differences which in the aggregate are of account in 
 differentiation of the starches. The starch of the hybrid 
 closely resembles those of the parents. It is closer to 
 that of the seed parent in size of the grains and number 
 of the lamella, but closer to the pollen parent in the 
 form of the grains, fissuration and eccentricity of the 
 hilum, and character of the lamellae. In the qualitative 
 polarization and iodine reactions it is closer to the seed 
 parent. In the qualitative reactions with chloral hydrate, 
 potassium iodide, and potassium sulphocyanate it is more 
 like that of the seed parent, while in the nitric-acid and 
 sodium-salicylate reactions more like that of the other 
 parent. 
 
 Reaction-intensities Expressed by Light, Color, and Tempera- 
 ture Reactions. 
 Polarization : 
 
 H. ossultan, high to very high, value 83. 
 
 H. pyrrha. high to very high, higher than in H. ossultan, value 85. 
 
 H. ossult.-pyrh, high to very high, higher than in either parent, 
 
 value 87. 
 Iodine: 
 
 H. ossultan, moderately light to moderate, value 45. 
 H. pyrrha, moderate to moderately deep, deeper than in H. ossul- 
 tan, value 65. 
 
 H. ossult.-pyrh., moderately light to moderately deep, and inter- 
 mediate between the parents, value 50. 
 Gentian violet: 
 
 H. ossultan, moderate, value 50. 
 
 H. pyrrha, moderately light to moderately deep, lighter than in 
 
 H. ossultan, value 48. 
 H. ossult.-pyrh., moderate to moderately deep, deeper than in 
 
 either parent, value 53. 
 Safranin: 
 
 H. ossultan, moderate to moderately deep, value 66. 
 
 H. pyrrha, moderate, lighter than in H. ossultan, value 50. 
 
 H. ossult.-pyrh., moderate to moderately deep, deeper than in 
 
 either parent, value 58. 
 Temperature of gelatinization : 
 
 H. ossultan, in majority at 73 to 74, in all except rare grains at 
 
 76 to 76, mean 75.6. 
 H. pyrrha, in majority at 71 to 73, in all except rare grains at 
 
 73 to 74, mean 73.5. 
 
 H. ossult.-pyrh., in majority at 70 to 72, in all but rare grains at 
 72 to 73, mean 72.6. 
 
 The reactivities of H. ossultan are lower than those 
 of the other parent in the polarization, iodine, and 
 temperature reactions and higher in those of gentian 
 violet and safranin. The reactivities of the hybrid are 
 higher than those of either parent in the polarization, 
 gentian-violet, safranin and temperature reactions, and 
 
 TABLE A 3. 
 
 
 a 
 
 6 
 
 M 
 
 a 
 
 ec 
 
 a 
 
 a 
 
 a 
 
 10 
 
 a 
 
 8 
 o 
 
 SO 
 
 a 
 
 U5 
 
 I 
 
 g 
 
 Chloral hydrate: 
 H. ossultan 
 
 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 27 
 
 
 37 
 
 42 
 
 
 H. pyrrha 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 19 
 
 
 28 
 
 39 
 
 42 
 
 H. ossult.-pyrh 
 
 
 
 
 
 /i 
 
 26 
 
 
 36 
 
 40 
 
 
 Chromic acid: 
 H. ossultan 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 95 
 
 96 
 
 99 
 
 
 
 H. pyrrha 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 20 
 
 on 
 
 99 
 
 
 
 H. ossult.-pyrh 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 45 
 
 96 
 
 99 
 
 
 
 Pyrogallic acid: 
 H. ossultan 
 
 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 67 
 
 
 80 
 
 90 
 
 nr 
 
 H. pyrrha 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 80 
 
 
 89 
 
 92 
 
 OR 
 
 H. ossult.-pyrh 
 
 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 85 
 
 
 93 
 
 96 
 
 
 Nitric acid: 
 H. ossultan 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 17 
 
 
 30 
 
 13 
 
 Kft 
 
 H. pyrrha 
 
 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 33 
 
 50 
 
 H. ossult.-pyrh 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 19 
 
 
 40 
 
 
 
 Sulphuric acid: 
 H. ossultan 
 
 
 
 
 
 45 
 
 95 
 
 
 99 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 70 
 
 96 
 
 
 99 
 
 
 
 H ossult -pyrh 
 
 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 95 
 
 
 99 
 
 
 
 Hydrochloric acid : 
 H. ossultan 
 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 40 
 
 
 62 
 
 75 
 
 Qtt 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 41 
 
 
 70 
 
 on 
 
 
 H. ossult.-pyrh 
 
 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 50 
 
 
 82 
 
 89 
 
 
 Potassium hydroxide: 
 
 
 
 
 
 14 
 
 50 
 
 
 62 
 
 69 
 
 70 
 
 H. pyrrha 
 
 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 61 
 
 
 72 
 
 71 
 
 TC 
 
 H. ossult.-pyrh 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 54 
 
 
 74 
 
 76 
 
 
 Potassium iodide: 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 11 
 
 
 19 
 
 21 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 
 7 
 
 
 17 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 
 Potassium sulphocyanate: 
 H. ossultan 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 19 
 
 64 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 > 
 
 5 
 
 
 25 
 
 46 
 
 
 H. ossult.-pyrh 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 48 
 
 61 
 
 7ft 
 
 Potassium sulphide: 
 H. ossultan 
 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 1 
 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 H. ossult.-pyrh 
 Sodium hydroxide: 
 
 
 
 
 
 0.5 
 10 
 
 0.5 
 31 
 
 
 3 
 
 39 
 
 44 
 
 3 
 
 40 
 
 H. pyrrha 
 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 H 
 
 
 29 
 
 36 
 
 A-3 
 
 H. ossult.-pyrh 
 
 
 
 
 
 ft 
 
 77 
 
 
 
 13 
 
 45 
 
 Sodium sulphide: 
 H. ossultan 
 
 
 
 
 
 ? 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 g 
 
 g 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 H. ossult.-pyrh 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 6 
 
 g 
 
 
 Sodium salicylate: 
 H. ossultan 
 
 
 
 
 
 45 
 
 05 
 
 
 00 
 
 
 
 H. pyrrha 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 00 
 
 
 00 
 
 
 
 H. ossult.-pyrh 
 
 
 
 
 
 99 
 
 85 
 
 
 98 
 
 99 
 
 
 Calcium nitrate: 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 5 
 
 H. pyrrha 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 H. ossult.-pyrh 
 
 
 
 
 
 05 
 
 1 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 2 
 
 Uranium nitrate: 
 H. ossultan 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 fi 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 H. pyrrha 
 
 
 
 
 
 05 
 
 1 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 H. ossult.-pyrh 
 
 
 
 
 
 05 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 Strontium nitrate: 
 H. ossultan 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 12 
 
 H. pyrrha 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 12 
 
 H. ossult.-pyrh 
 
 
 
 
 
 ?, 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 g 
 
 
 Cobalt nitrate: 
 H. ossultan 
 
 
 
 
 
 05 
 
 1 
 
 
 > 
 
 3 
 
 
 H. pyrrha 
 
 
 
 
 
 05 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 H. ossult.-pyrh 
 
 
 
 
 
 05 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 Copper nitrate: 
 H. ossultan 
 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 H. pyrrha 
 
 
 
 
 
 05 
 
 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 H. ossult.-pyrh 
 
 
 
 
 
 05 
 
 f 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 Cupric chloride : 
 H. ossultan 
 
 
 
 
 
 05 
 
 ? 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 H. pyrrha 
 
 
 
 
 
 05 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 H. ossult.-pyrh 
 
 
 
 
 
 05 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 Barium chloride: 
 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 3 
 
 H. pyrrha .". . . 
 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 H. ossult.-pyrh 
 
 
 
 
 
 0,5 
 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 Mercuric chloride: 
 H. ossultan 
 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 o 
 
 2 
 
 H. pyrrha 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 H. ossult.-pyrh 
 
 
 
 
 
 n 5 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 

 Mil M 
 
 
 mid-intermediate in the reaction with iodine. In the 
 
 polariz*tiuu niul t. IHJK rature reactions it is clo*.T tu t.'i. 
 
 . pan nt, mill tn tli<- gentian-Mnlei and ufnuin 
 
 . r In the seed parent. 
 
 Table A t!u- rcactnm-intr: p<Tcen- 
 
 tages of total -t.ii.h gelatinized at definite intends 
 BOMS). 
 
 \ I I " irY-UUCTION COIVKS. 
 
 Tins se. tin ti. lit- of tin' velocity- reaction curve* of 
 the starches of lltppfastnim ossullan. 11. pyrrha, and 
 iulian-iiyrrlui. .-howm-; the quaiitiUtn. differences 
 in th<> l-ehauor toward different reagents tt definite time- 
 r\aJs. (I 'harts 1) i:t to D03.) 
 Tl features of these chart* do not differ 
 
 in man. r. -;>. , :- from those of the preceding net 
 
 ( 1 i 'lii.- . urves of all three starches are in all of the 
 close ami, <>n the whole, about the tame as 
 regard* the extent of separation as in the fint set, in 
 tlii-ri- !..-in^ a little more separation and 
 in other* lee*. In most of the reactions then is a ten- 
 dency fr a slightly higher reactivity than in the //. 
 M'.'.iri-r/cvfita set Many of the reactions are so slow 
 that there is no important if any differentiation, as in 
 with potassium sulphide, sodium sulphide, cahium 
 nitrate, uranium nitrate, strontium nitrate, cobalt ni- 
 ;<r nitrate, cupric chloride, barium chloride, 
 and mercuric chloride. 
 
 . Omitting these very slow reactions, the curve 
 <>f //. ossultan is in the remaining 11 reactions higher 
 than the corresponding curve of the other parent in 
 the reactions with chloral hydrate, chromic acid, nitric 
 ai ul, potassium iodide, potassium sulphocyanate, sodium 
 ii\'h'.\:.!e, and sodium salicylate ; and lower in those with 
 pyrogallic acid, sulphuric acid, hydrochloric acid, and 
 potassium hydroxide. 
 
 > The curves of the hybrid bear varying relations 
 parental carves, with very little tendency to same- 
 ness in relation to the teed parent and none to the 
 pollen parent; with little tendency to in termed iateness 
 r t<> In'iiig the lowest of the three curves; with a marked 
 to be the highest of the three ; and with a ten- 
 clciii v to sameness an both parents in the reactions that 
 take place with marked slowness. (See the following 
 section.) 
 
 ( 4 ) An early period of comparatively high resistance 
 
 especially in the reactions with chloral hydrate, 
 ;iic acid, nitric acid, hydrochloric acid, and potas- 
 sium sulphocyanate; the opposite with potassium hy- 
 droxide and sodium salicylate. 
 
 (5) The best period for the differentiation of the 
 three starches is in case of the very slow reactions above 
 
 red to at the end of the 60 minutes, but in some of 
 them even at this time there is very little or no differ- 
 ence. The curves appear to be best separated at 5 min- 
 utes in the reactions with sulphuric acid, potassium hy- 
 droxide, and sodium salicylate; at 15 minutes with 
 chloral hydrate, chromic acid, pyrogallic acid, and so- 
 dium hydroxide; at 30 minutes with nitric acid, hydro- 
 chloric acid, and potassium sulphocyanate. 
 
 REACTION-INTENSITIES OF THE HYBRID. 
 
 This section treats of the reaction-intensities of the 
 hybrid as regards sameness, intennediatenen, execs*, and 
 t in relation to the parents. (Table A 3 and Charts 
 1)43 toD63.) 
 
 The reactivities of the hybrid are the same as those 
 of the seed parent with sulphuric acid, sodium sulphide, 
 and uranium nitrate; the same as those of the pollen 
 parent in none ; the same as those of both parent* with 
 potassium sulphide, calcium nitrate, strontium nitrate, 
 cobalt nitrate, copper nitrate, mprio chloride, barium 
 
 i hlonde, and men un< mediate with 
 
 iiHline, chloral hydrate, and Midium h\di u Uw 
 
 first being mid intermediate and in the last two nearer 
 the aead parent) ; highest with polarization, gentian vio- 
 let, safranin, temperature, chromic acul acid, 
 pyrogallic and, hydro* lilon, a. id, potasniuni hy.lr. 
 potaasiuiu iodide, and potassium nulphocyamtt. 
 being closer to the seed parent and in five being closer 
 to the pollen parent) ; and the lowest with sodium sal icy- 
 lute, it U mg in the** nearer the pollen pa 
 
 The following is a summary of the reaction 
 ties: Same a* seed parent, 3; same a* pollen paren 
 same as both parent*, 9 ; intermediate, 3 ; highest, 1 1 , 
 
 lowest, 1. 
 
 In not a single reaction is there sameness in relation 
 to the pollen parent, and the stronger inlluenee of tin- 
 Mad parent on the properties of the hybrid is quite 
 marked. Intenneiliateness is rather exceptional, a 
 
 to the lowest reactivity very exceptional, and a 
 tendency to the highest reactivity very marked. 
 
 COMPOSITE CURVED or TUB KKACTI<>S 
 
 This section treat* of composite curves of the reac- 
 tion-intensities showing the differentiation of the 
 starches of llippeastrum ouultan, II. pyrrha, and //. 
 oftultan-pyrrlia. ( ( 'hart E 3. ) 
 
 Among the conspicuous features of this chart are : 
 
 (1) Tne remarkable closeness of all three curves, 
 the differences for the most part !-m_' in-i^intii ant r 
 actually falling within the limit- of error of e\|.. rm,.-:it. 
 showing an extreme botanical closeness of the parents 
 and extremely little variance of UK- hyhrid from the 
 parents. The only reactions in which the parents are 
 readily differentiated are those with iodine, gentian 
 violet, safranin, temperature, chromic acid, and sodium 
 salicylate, and even in these the difference* are without 
 exception of a minor degree. 
 
 (2) In this curve of //. ostultan compared with that 
 of //. pyrrha the reactivities are shown to be di-tnn tly 
 higher in the reactions with gentian uolet, safrajim, 
 chromic acid, and sodium salicylate, and lower with 
 polarization, iodine, and temperature. In the other in- 
 stances the differences are unimportant or even negligible 
 excepting in so far as they tend to indicate a generally 
 slightly higher reactivity of //. ouultan. 
 
 (3) In //. oMullan the very high reactions with 
 polarization, chromic acid, sulphuric acid, and mdinm 
 salicylate, the moderate reactions with iodine, safranin, 
 gentian violet, and pyrogallic acid ; the low rea 
 with temperature, nitric acid, hydrochloric acid, potas- 
 sium hydroxide, and (.otasKium sulphocyanaU' ; and the 
 very low reactions with chloral hydrate, potassium iodide, 
 potassium sulphite, sodium hydroxide, sodium sulphide, 
 calcium nitrate, uranium nitrate, strontium nitrate, co- 
 balt nitrate, copper nitrate, cupric chloride, barium 
 chloride, and mercuric chloride. 
 
 (4) In //. pyrrha the very high reactions with polari- 
 zation, sulphuric acid, and sodium salicylate; the high 
 reactions with chromic acid, the moderate reactions with 
 iodine, gentian violet, safranin and pyrogallic aenl 
 
 low reactions with temperature, nitric arid, hydrochloric 
 acid, potassium hydroxide, potassium sulphocyanate; and 
 the very low reactions with chloral hydrate, potassium 
 iodide, potassium sulphide, sodium hydroxide, sodium 
 sulphide, calcium nitrate, uranium nitrate, strontium 
 nitrate, cobalt nitrate, copper nitrate, cupric chloride, 
 barium chloride, and mercuric chloride. 
 
 (5) In the hyhrid the very high reaction* with polar- 
 ization, chmmn arid, sulphuric acid, pyrogallic acid, and 
 -..hum xalitvlate; the moderate reaction* with iodine, 
 gentian violet, safranin, temperature, and hydrochloric 
 
44 
 
 HISTOLOGIC PROPERTIES AND REACTIONS. 
 
 acid; the low reactions with nitric acid, potassium hy- 
 droxide, and potassium sulphocyanate ; and the very low 
 reactions with chloral hydrate, potassium iodide, potas- 
 sium sulphide, sodium hydroxide, sodium sulphide, cal- 
 cium nitrate, uranium nitrate, strontium nitrate, cobalt 
 nitrate, copper nitrate, cupric chloride, barium chloride, 
 and mercuric chloride. 
 
 The following is a summary of the reaction-intensi- 
 ties: 
 
 
 Very 
 high. 
 
 High. 
 
 Mod- 
 erate. 
 
 Low. 
 
 Very 
 low. 
 
 H. ossultau 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 13 
 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 13 
 
 H. ossult.-pyrh 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 3 
 
 13 
 
 4. COMPARISONS OF THE STARCHES OF HIPPEASTRUM 
 D.5X)NES, H. ZEPHYR, AND H. DRONES-ZEPHYR. 
 In histologic characteristics, polariscopic figures, 
 reactions with selenite, qualitative reactions with iodine, 
 and qualitative reactions with the various chemical reag- 
 ents the starches of the parents exhibit properties in 
 common and certain individualities, but generally a very 
 close correspondence throughout. The grains of H. 
 zephyr in comparison with those of the seed parent are 
 found to include less numbers of aggregates and com- 
 pounds; they are free from the long, narrow finger-like 
 grains found in the latter; they are more regular, the 
 protuberances being less numerous and not so large. 
 The hilum is less distinct and less frequently fissured. 
 The lamellae are less distinct, less fine, and less in num- 
 ber. The common size is about the same, but the large 
 grains show some differences in ratio of length to breadth. 
 The polariscopic, selenite, and qualitative iodine reac- 
 tions exhibit some minor differences. The starch of the 
 hybrid in comparison with the starches of the parents 
 contains a relatively larger number of aggregates and 
 compounds but none of the long, narrow finger-like grains 
 found in 77. dceones but not in H. zephyr. The hilum is 
 more frequently fissured than in either parent, and in 
 character and eccentricity it is closer to H. dceones. The 
 lamellae in character and number are nearer to H. dceones. 
 The common size of the grains is somewhat less than in 
 either parent, and the size of the larger grains approaches 
 nearer that of H. zephyr. In the qualitative polariscopic 
 properties the leaning is in certain respects toward one 
 parent and in other respects toward the other, and in 
 the selenite reactions there is development of properties 
 in excess of the development in the parents, with a lean- 
 ing closer to the pollen parent. The qualitative iodine 
 reactions are closer to 11. zephyr. In the qualitative 
 chemical reactions with chloral hydrate, nitric acid, po- 
 tassium iodide, and potassium sulphocyanate the hybrid 
 is closer to 77. dceones, while in the sodium-salicylate 
 reactions the relationship to the two parents is of equal 
 degree. 
 
 Reaction-intensities Expressed by Light, Color, and Tempera- 
 ture Reactions. 
 Polarization: 
 
 H. dfflones, high to very high, value 80. 
 
 H. zephyr, high to very high, little higher than in H. dceones, 
 
 value 83. 
 H. dteon. zeph., high to very high, higher than in the parents, 
 
 value 85. 
 Iodine: 
 
 H. djeones, moderate to moderately deep, value 55. 
 H. zephyr, moderate, less than in II. daxmes, value 50. 
 H. deon.-zi'i>h., moderate, same as in H. zephyr, value 50. 
 Gentian violet: 
 
 H. dseones, moderate to moderately deep, value 58. 
 
 H. zephyr, moderate to moderately deep, lighter than in H. deeones, 
 
 value 55. 
 H. dffion.-zeph., moderate, lighter than in either parent, value 50. 
 
 Safranin: 
 
 H. dseones, moderate to moderately deep, value 55. 
 
 H. zephyr, moderate to moderately deep, the same as in H. deeones, 
 
 value 55. 
 H. dseon.-zeph., moderate to moderately deep, the same as in both 
 
 parents, value 55. 
 Temperature : 
 
 H. daxmes, in majority at 72.5 to 74", in all but rare grains at 74 to 
 
 75, mean 74.5. 
 H. zephyr, in the majority at 72 to 73, in all but rare grains at 
 
 73 to 75, mean 74. 
 H. dseon.-zeph., in the majority at 72 to 73, in all but rare grains 
 
 at 72 to 73, mean 72.5. 
 
 The reactivities of 77. dceones are lower than those 
 of the other parent in the polarization and temperature 
 reactions, higher in the iodine and gentian-violet reac- 
 tions, and the same in the safranin reaction. The reac- 
 tivities of the hybrid are higher than those of either 
 parent in the polarization and temperature reactions, 
 lower than that of either parent in the gentian-violet 
 reaction, the same as that of the pollen parent in the 
 iodine reaction, and the same as those of both parents 
 in the safranin reactions. On the whole the inclination 
 is toward the pollen parent. 
 
 Table A 4 shows the reaction-intensities in percent- 
 ages of total starch gelatinized at definite intervals 
 (minutes) : 
 
 VELOCITY-REACTION CURVES. 
 
 The following section treats of the velocity-reaction 
 curves of the starches of Hippeastrum dceones, 77. zephyr, 
 and 77. dceones-zephyr, showing the quantitative differ- 
 ences in the behavior toward different reagents at defi- 
 nite time-intervals. (Charts D 64 to D 84.) 
 
 As noted in the preceding sections the three starches 
 are very closely alike, exhibiting only minor differences, 
 but not infrequently character developments of the hy- 
 brid that exceed the parental extremes. The most con- 
 spicuous features of these charts are : 
 
 (1) The nearness of the three curves throughout. 
 
 (2) The curve of 77. dceones is higher than the curve 
 of 77. zephyr in the reactions with chloral hydrate, chro- 
 mic acid, pyrogallic acid, nitric acid, sulphuric acid, 
 hydrochloric acid, potassium iodide, potassium sulpho- 
 cyanate, sodium hydroxide, and sodium sulphide through 
 the 60 minutes. It also tends to be above in the reac- 
 tion with strontium nitrate. In the sodium-salicylate 
 reaction, in which gelatinization goes on with moderate 
 rapidity, the curves are about the same; and in the reac- 
 tions with potassium sulphide, calcium nitrate, uranium 
 nitrate, cobalt nitrate, copper nitrate, cupric chloride, 
 barium chloride, and mercuric chloride gelatinization 
 proceeds so slowly that there is little or no differentiation. 
 From these data 77. dceones has, on the whole, the higher 
 reactivity. 
 
 (3) The curves of the hybrid show varying relation- 
 ships to the parental curves, in some instances being the 
 same as that of one or the other parent or both parents, 
 in others intermediate, and in others higher or lower than 
 both parental curves. (See following section.) 
 
 (4) Evidence of a preliminary period of comparative 
 resistance is apparent in several of the charts. 
 
 (5) The earliest period at which the three curves 
 are best separated for differential purposes is variable. 
 In the very slow reactions no differentiation seems pos- 
 sible even at the end of 60 minutes, the differences noted 
 being wholly within the limits of error of observation and 
 of no significance whatsoever. The best period for sul- 
 phuric acid is at 5 minutes; for chromic acid, pyro- 
 gallic acid, hydrochloric acid, potassium sulphocyanate, 
 sodium hydroxide and sodium salicylate at 15 minutes; 
 for sodium sulphide at 30 minutes ; for strontium nitrate 
 at 45 minutes ; and for chloral hydrate, nitric acid, and 
 potassium iodide at 60 minutes. 
 
HII'PEASTRUM. 
 
 I.', 
 
 
 r* 
 
 i : i 
 
 A 
 
 1. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 -. 
 
 n 
 
 V 
 
 -'. 
 
 
 
 
 
 S 
 
 Chloral hydrate 
 U dauM 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 ' 
 
 51 
 
 11 ., L>r 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 n 
 
 , 
 
 
 U. da<NMM-Ml>i r 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 \ 
 
 I 
 
 i - 
 
 io Mid: 
 B.dMM 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 H 
 
 u 
 
 P 
 
 
 
 11 ! ,!.>r 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ,. 
 
 70 
 
 9t 
 
 II 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i! 
 
 I 
 
 .1 
 
 H 
 
 
 
 Pyrolhc uaA. 
 
 HI 
 
 
 
 
 
 IK 
 
 n 
 
 
 M 
 
 | 
 
 I 
 
 >0r 
 
 
 
 
 
 tl 
 
 f,s 
 
 
 | 
 
 M 
 
 97 
 
 M il*oM-M|>h) r 
 
 
 
 
 
 17 
 
 s, 
 
 
 M 
 
 | 
 
 |'i>< 
 
 N . ' ; . r> . 
 
 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 i 
 
 
 70 
 
 - 
 
 78 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 e 
 
 1 
 
 
 4 
 
 i 
 
 || 
 
 II <lMM*-Mpfcyr 
 
 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 1 
 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 85 
 
 Sulphuric cd; 
 II. <lilu- 
 
 
 
 
 
 M 
 
 >,' 
 
 
 
 
 
 II fi'lo r 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 -.1 
 
 
 | 
 
 
 
 M ')fl"nM Mptiyr 
 
 
 
 
 
 M 
 
 ', 
 
 
 ': 
 
 
 
 H>JruchlurieMid: 
 
 11 ci*.,t* 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 n 
 
 
 - 
 
 , 
 
 93 
 
 II ivl.hvr 
 
 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 , i 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 h 
 
 -n 
 
 
 f 
 
 . 
 
 SI. 
 
 Pulusiuni hydruxid*: 
 
 M dauuc* . 
 
 
 
 
 
 18 
 
 '7 
 
 
 
 v 
 
 83 
 
 11 i.-,.:.> i 
 
 
 
 
 
 14 
 
 M 
 
 
 77 
 
 7 
 
 76 
 
 H. dmm-wpfcyr. 
 
 
 
 
 
 u 
 
 ,,, 
 
 
 70 
 
 77 
 
 83 
 
 PotMHum lodido. 
 M (im>on 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1? 
 
 
 30 
 
 | 
 
 45 
 
 11 irphyr 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 
 
 30 
 
 H daooM-Mphjrr 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 27 
 
 
 
 42 
 
 t'uturium Mlphocjrwuta: 
 11 dmoot 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 | 
 
 
 (W 
 
 75 
 
 84 
 
 II |.-|.|.>r 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 17 
 
 
 ftO 
 
 
 
 76 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 M 
 
 
 w 
 
 BH 
 
 80 
 
 Pot i nlMi lpMd: 
 
 II djumc. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 M ir|l,-.r 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 4 
 
 M dwmw-mphjr 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 4 
 
 Sodium hydroxid.: 
 
 11 dauoo 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 || 
 
 
 4. 
 
 45 
 
 62 
 
 II i.-;:.,: 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 A 
 
 
 
 
 48 
 
 II dwMtw-Mpkyr 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 11 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 58 
 
 Sodium ulphido: 
 11 dwuM 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 10 
 
 23 
 
 27 
 
 II i., i.;.r 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 II 
 
 14 
 
 16 
 
 H duM*-Kphyr 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 14 
 
 Sodium -licyUU: 
 
 
 
 
 
 75 
 
 7fl 
 
 
 'M 
 
 | 
 
 
 H -phyr 
 
 
 
 
 
 II 
 
 TV 
 
 
 , 
 
 
 
 II daomm irphyr 
 
 
 
 
 
 17 
 
 | 
 
 
 1 
 
 ,. 
 
 
 Cclrium oilntU: 
 
 
 
 
 
 | 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 II / , .: 
 
 
 
 
 
 | 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 II loMphyr 
 
 
 
 
 
 OR 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 Trmoiuin nitraU: 
 
 
 
 
 
 | 
 
 7 
 
 
 4 
 
 - 
 
 ft 
 
 H. Mphyr. . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 4 
 
 M dMDM-Mphrr 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 
 | 
 
 
 3 
 
 SlrooUum nitrml*: 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 
 1 1 
 
 u 
 
 26 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 s 
 
 
 7 
 
 9 
 
 14 
 
 " H n n iii ii|tyr 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 ft 
 
 
 f 
 
 i 
 
 26 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 -, 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 3 
 
 M irphyr 
 
 
 
 
 
 -. 
 
 : 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 3 
 
 11 .|-.!..--|.-; >Ar 
 
 
 
 
 
 ft 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 ft 
 
 CopfMrutraU: 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 H irphyr 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 | 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Cupric chlotfcW: 
 H dmoom 
 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 | 
 
 1 
 
 
 H i- t ,hvr 
 
 
 
 
 
 ', 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 s 
 
 
 " djBooac-wphyr 
 
 
 
 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 
 
 
 
 .ft 
 
 lUn-im ohlocid*: 
 
 II dMM 
 
 
 
 
 
 R 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 H. wphyr 
 II daoiwo-irphyr 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 | 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 Mercuric rhlorid*: 
 H daoom 
 
 
 
 
 
 ', 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 H. Mphyr 
 
 
 
 
 
 ', 
 
 | 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 H rlanim MBhrr 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 . 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 or ; mm. 
 
 Tin* M-ction treat* of the re* . of the 
 
 hvhrid as regard* nameneas, inUrmodiatenee*, exec**, 
 UM detu-it in relation to the parent*. (Table A 4 and 
 Chart* 1> -i.) 
 
 The reactivities of the hybrid are the Mine M thoae 
 of the seed pan-nt in not a single n-.i 
 thoee f the pollen parent with iodine and sulphuric i.l ; 
 the ume a* those of both parent* with lafranin, potas- 
 sium sulphide, calcium nitrate, uranium nitrate, cobalt 
 nitrate, copper nitrate, cupric chloride, barium rhl 
 and mercuric chloride; intermediate with hydrochloric 
 acid, potassium hydroxide, potassium i'li.|.-. pota 
 ftulphocyanate, sodium hydroxide, and strontium nitrate 
 (in three reactions being closer to those of the seed parent 
 and in three mid-intermediate) ; highest with polariza- 
 tion, temperature, chromic n< ul. pvmgallir ncnl, and 
 nitric acia (in one being closer to the pollen parent, in 
 three closer to the seed parent, and in one ait close to one 
 as to the other parent) ; and the lowest with gentian 
 violet, chloral hydrate, sodium sulphide, and sodium 
 salicylate (in two being closer to the jMilleii parent, in one 
 closer to the seed parent, and in one as close to one aa 
 to the other parent). 
 
 The following. is a nummary of reaction-intensities : 
 Same as seed parent, 0; same as pollen parent, V ; same 
 as both parent*, 9 ; intermediate, 6 ; highest, 5 ; lowest, 4. 
 
 In none of the reactions is there sameness to the seed 
 and in only two is there sameness to the pollen parent; 
 and in termed iateness is scarcely more frequent than de- 
 velopment in excess or deficit of parental extremes. Pa- 
 rental influences on the starch of the, hybrid seem to be 
 somewhat in favor of the seed pan-nt. 
 
 COMPOSITE CURVES OF TICK REACTION-! STKNBITIES. 
 
 This section treat* of the composite curves of the 
 reaction-intensities showing the differentiation of the 
 starches of Hippttutrum daonen, //. ttphyr, and //. 
 dtronet-zephyr. (Chart K I.) 
 
 The most conspicuous features of this chart are: 
 
 I I ) The closeness of all thm- cur 
 
 (2) The curve of //. daones. excepting in the pola- 
 rization reaction, is higher than the corresponding reac- 
 tions of //. zephyr in the reaction*) with iodine, gentian 
 violet, chloral hydrate, chromic acid, pyrogallic acid, 
 nitric acid, sulphuric acid, hydrochloric acid, potasium 
 hydroxide, potassium iodide, potassium sulphocyanate, 
 sodium hydroxide, sodium sulphide, and strontium ni- 
 trate; lower with polarization ; and the same or practi- 
 cally the same with safranin, temperature, potaasium 
 sulphide, sodium salicylate, calcium nitrate, uranium ni- 
 trate, cobalt nitrate, copper nitrate, cupric chloride, 
 barium chloride, and mercuric chloride*. 
 
 (3) In //. dttonet, the very high reaction* with 
 polarization, chromic acid, and aulphuric acid : the high 
 with pyrogallic acid and sodium salicylate; the moderate 
 reactions with iodine, gentian violet, safranin, and hy- 
 drochloric acid ; the low reactions with temperature, 
 chloral hydrate, nitric acid, potaasinm hydroxide, potas- 
 sium sulphocyanate, and sodium hydroxide; and the very 
 low reactions with potassium iodide, potassium sulphide, 
 sodium sulphide, calcium nitrate, uranium nitrate, 
 xtrontium nitrate, cobalt nitrate, copper nitrate, cupric 
 chloride, barium chloride, and mercuric chloride reaction*. 
 
 (4) In //. zephyr, the very high reaction* with polar- 
 ization and sulphuric acid; the high with chromic acid, 
 pyrogallic acid, and sodium salicylate; the moderate 
 with iodine, gentian violet, and safranin ; UM low with 
 temperature, nitric acid, hydrochloric acid, potaasium 
 hydroxide, and pota*inm ralphocyanaie; the very low 
 with chloral hydrate, potassium iodide, potaasium *ul- 
 
46 
 
 HISTOLOGIC PROPERTIES AND REACTIONS. 
 
 phide, sodium hydroxide, sodium sulphide, calcium ni- 
 trate, uranium nitrate, strontium nitrate, cobalt nitrate, 
 copper nitrate, cupric chloride, barium chloride, and mer- 
 curic chloride. 
 
 (5) In the hybrid, II. drones-zephyr, the very high 
 reactions with polarization and sulphuric acid; the high 
 with chromic acid, pyrogallic acid, and sodium salicylate ; 
 the moderate with iodine, gentian violet, and saf rauin ; 
 the low with temperature, nitric acid, hydrochloric acid, 
 potassium hydroxide, and potassium sulphocyanate ; and 
 the very low with chloral hydrate, potassium iodide, po- 
 tassium sulphide, sodium hydroxide, sodium sulphide, 
 calcium nitrate, uranium nitrate, strontium nitrate, 
 cobalt nitrate, copper nitrate, cupric chloride, barium 
 chloride, and mercuric chloride. 
 
 The following is a summary of the reaction intensi- 
 ties: 
 
 
 Very 
 high. 
 
 High. 
 
 Mod- 
 erate. 
 
 Low. 
 
 Very 
 low. 
 
 H. cbeones 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 6 
 
 11 
 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 5 
 
 13 
 
 H. deeones-zephyr . . 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 5 
 
 13 
 
 NOTES ON THE HlPPEASTRCMS. 
 
 The hippeastrums exhibit properties in general so 
 closely alike as to suggest very closely related plants, 
 such as in fact they are. In histological properties while 
 all possess in common certain fundamental generic char- 
 acters, each has certain individualities that are mani- 
 fested in variable ways. Each hybrid is more closely 
 related in certain histological features to one parent and 
 in certain others to the other parent, but the directions of 
 these variations may be the same or different in the dif- 
 ferent hybrids. Thus, in form H. titan-cleonia is closer 
 to the seed parent than to the pollen parent, while in 
 II. ossultan-pj/rrha the relationship is closer to the pollen 
 parent; in hilum two of the hybrids are closer to the 
 seed parent and one closer to the pollen parent; in 
 lamellae in one hybrid in characters they are nearer the 
 pollen parent, but in number the same as both parents, 
 in another hybrid the number is the same as in the seed 
 parent but in the characters closer to those of the pollen 
 parent, and in the third hybrid characters and number 
 are closer to seed parent ; and in size one hybrid is more 
 closely related to the seed parent, another to the pollen 
 parent, and another in the larger grains to the pollen 
 parent. The hybrid modifications are associated with 
 inherent peculiarities of the parents, and inasmuch as 
 the parents of the three sets differ the hybrids differ, 
 and in fact they differ as much from each other as do 
 the parents. 
 
 The uniformity or close correspondence in the courses 
 of the velocity-reaction curves in the case of each reagent 
 associated with a corresponding uniformity of the com- 
 posite reaction curves affords striking evidence of the 
 accuracy of the method employed in the recognition of 
 plant relationships. In a word, there is a hippeastrum 
 curve, which curve is modified in relation to each plant 
 represented. 
 
 The parental relationships of the hybrids in the 
 various reactions are as variable as those indicated in 
 the histological peculiarities. Each of the hybrids may 
 be in some of the reactions the same as the seed parent, 
 in others the same as the pollen parent or as both parents, 
 in others intermediate, and in others higher or lower than 
 either parent. Intermediateness is far from being the 
 rule, since in only 13 out of 78 reactions was intermedi- 
 ateness recorded, and in only 6 was there mid-inter- 
 mediateness. In fact, reactivity of the hybrid in excess. 
 
 1 
 
 UJL] 
 
 J A 
 
 O. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 E 
 
 E 
 
 0* 
 
 a 
 
 CO 
 
 E 
 
 ** 
 
 S 
 
 iO 
 
 E 
 to 
 
 S 
 
 8 
 
 B 
 
 IO 
 
 ^< 
 
 E 
 
 
 Chloral hydrate: 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 60 
 
 67 
 
 74 
 
 H. magnificua , . . 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 14 
 
 1*1 
 
 17 
 
 17 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 20 
 
 29 
 
 35 
 
 47 
 
 Chromic acid: 
 
 
 
 
 
 } 
 
 5 
 
 88 
 
 92 
 
 97 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 19 
 
 <>7 
 
 86 
 
 97 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 n > 
 
 g 
 
 25 
 
 90 
 
 95 
 
 Pyrogallic acid: 
 
 
 
 
 
 T 
 
 7 
 
 10 
 
 12 
 
 30 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 n 
 
 GO 
 
 76 
 
 86 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 g 
 
 12 
 
 26 
 
 Nitric acid: 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 5 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 10 
 
 IS 
 
 48 
 
 50 
 
 H. andromeda 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 I 9 
 
 n 
 
 IS 
 
 20 
 
 Sulphuric acid: 
 
 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 35 
 
 70 
 
 90 
 
 94 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 in 
 
 71 
 
 S7 
 
 '17 
 
 99 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 SO 
 
 Kl 
 
 91 
 
 98 
 
 Hydrochloric acid: 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 S 
 
 10 
 
 1? 
 
 Ifi 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 Ti 
 
 fifi 
 
 75 
 
 83 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 
 11 
 
 '10 
 
 4? 
 
 Potassium hydroxide: 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 8 
 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 q 
 
 11 
 
 
 90 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 fi 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 11 
 
 Potassium iodide: 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 5 
 
 
 ? 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 4 5 
 
 7 
 
 1? 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 > 5 
 
 
 3 
 
 Potassium sulphocyanate: 
 
 
 
 
 
 ? 5 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 11 
 
 ?? 
 
 I'l 
 
 40 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 S 5 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 Potassium sulphide: 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 ? 
 
 
 ? 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 ? 5 
 
 
 '> r > 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 Sodium hydroxide: 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 15 
 
 ?4 
 
 97 
 
 35 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 05 
 
 
 ? > 
 
 
 8 
 
 Sodium sulphide: 
 
 
 
 
 
 05 
 
 
 
 ? 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 5 
 
 7 5 
 
 9 B 
 
 95 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 05 
 
 
 1 
 
 ? 
 
 2.5 
 
 Sodium salicylate: 
 
 
 
 
 
 80 
 
 99 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 95 
 
 Sfi 
 
 70 
 
 95 
 
 <)8 5 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Sfi 
 
 98 
 
 99 
 
 
 
 Calcium nitrate: 
 
 
 
 
 
 T 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2.5 
 
 T "i 
 
 5 
 
 "> 5 
 
 n 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 0.5 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 i 
 
 Uranium nitrate: 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 1 ''5 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 35 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 0.5 
 
 
 
 
 05 
 
 Strontium nitrate: 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 ? 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1.5 
 
 3 
 
 65 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 0.5 
 
 075 
 
 1 75 
 
 ?. 5 
 
 915 
 
 Cobalt nitrate: 
 
 
 
 
 
 0.5 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 0.5 
 
 
 
 
 05 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 n,;, 
 
 
 
 
 05 
 
 Copper nitrate: 
 
 
 
 
 
 0.5 
 
 
 
 
 1 5 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 0.5 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 0.5 
 
 
 
 
 05 
 
 Cupric chloride: 
 
 
 
 
 
 0.5 
 
 
 
 
 05 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 0.5 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 0.5 
 
 
 
 
 05 
 
 Hariuin chloride: 
 
 
 
 
 
 1.25 
 
 1 5 
 
 
 
 1.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 0.5 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 05 
 
 
 
 
 05 
 
 Mercuric chloride: 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 ?5 
 
 1 5 
 
 
 
 05 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 
 1 5 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 05 
 
 
 
 
 05 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
H.fMAMMt .- 
 
 47 
 
 or ! ' it of parental extremes is more common than 
 interim-diatom's*, for in ;'l reactions the hybrids were 
 higher than those of either parent and in ! lower than 
 those of either parent. In rase of all three hybrids the 
 seed parent sevma to be the more potent in influencing 
 .laracters of the starch, this potency U-mg the most 
 marked in //. ossultan-pyrrha and least marked in //. 
 
 .'MPAKI80X8 OP THE STARCHES OF HjKMAM III - 
 
 KMiiMil- '. II MA. .Ml li I .-. AM) H. A.fDBOMEDA. 
 
 In hi.-tologic rhanu-U-nstic*. in polariacopic figure*. 
 in the reactions with aelenite, in the reactions with 
 indmc, aiul in the qualitative reactions with the various 
 
 .-a! reagents it will be noted that the parent starches 
 
 ,!\ r\!i:i-ii pp>|MTtie.* in common in variable de- 
 
 gree* of development, but also individualities which col- 
 
 ti> distinguish them. 
 
 The starch grains of llcrmanthiu magnifies* contain 
 proportionately a larger number of aggregate*; there 
 are compound grains that are not found in //. kaiherina; 
 and the grains tend to more irregularity, to more breadth 
 in relation to length, and to rounded end*. The hilum 
 is m .-t and more frequently fissured, bnt the 
 
 eccentricity is about the same; the lamella are leas 
 and the size is larger, with a tendency to 
 I'p'adiuHs. In polariscopic figure and reactions with 
 yelenite there are variou* differences. The grains of the 
 hybrid //. andromeda are in form in general closer 
 
 sc of //. Tcatherina, and in certain respects closer 
 t> those of the other parent. They are more irregular 
 than those of either parent, and there are compound 
 grains like those found in //. maynificvs, but they are 
 leas numerous. In the character of the hilum and in size 
 
 are closer to those of //. katherintr. but in lamella- 
 
 does not appear to be a definite leaning toward one 
 or the other parent. In the polariscopic figure and 
 appearances with wlenite the grains are closer t<> // 
 
 -I/IT, and the same is true in regard to their quali- 
 tative behavior with iodine. In the qualitative reac- 
 
 with i Moral hydrate, nitric acid, potassium iodide, 
 potassium sulphocyanate, and sodium salicylate t In- 
 grains show a close relationship to those of //. kaiherina. 
 
 t in the case of a few grains in each reaction which 
 show a corresponding relationship to //. maynifiriu. On 
 the whole, the relationship is very close to //. katherinir. 
 
 <*tmt,tir, Krpmtrd by l.igkt, Color, and Tempera- 
 
 tun Reaction*. 
 Polarisation: 
 
 H kathrrina. high to very high. ratae 76. 
 
 H. macnifirtu. vrry hib. much hiber than H. kathrrin*. ralur BO. 
 
 H. andromeda. hicfa to very hih. higher than H. katherin*. 
 
 rahMtt. 
 Iodine: 
 
 II katherin*. moderate to licht. value 45. 
 
 II macniftooe, moderate, ihepar than H. kattwrin*. value 60. 
 
 H andromeda. moderate to deep, a litUe deeper than H. katberinr. 
 
 ralue47. 
 Gentian violet: 
 
 H kathrnn*. moderate to deep, ralue 00. 
 
 H. macnifirua. moderate to deep: not to deep aa H. katherinv. 
 
 varae 66. 
 H. andromeda. moderate to deep. etihUy lighter than H katherin*. 
 
 valoeBS, 
 Salranin: 
 
 fl. kathrhtut. moderate to deep, ralue 00. 
 
 H. macnificua. moderate todeep. the euneaaH.katheriiuB, ralue 60. 
 
 II andromeda. moderate to deep, lifhter than in the parent-etoek. 
 
 ralue 58, 
 Trmperaturr 
 
 H Vth.rin. majority at TO to 81*. all at 83 to 84*. mean 83*. 
 H. manmm, majority at 77 to 77.8*. all at 78 to 70*. mean 784*. 
 H andromeda, majority at 76.6 to 80*. all at 81 to 83*. mean 81.4*. 
 
 The reactivities of H. kaiherina are lower than 
 those of //. magnifirus in the reactions with polarization, 
 
 xxliiie. and temperature; higher with gentian violet; and 
 the same with saf ranin. The reactivities of the hybrid 
 are intermediate in the reaction* with polarizatioi 
 line, gentian violet, and temperature; and lower than 
 those of the parent* with safranin. With the excep- 
 tion of the last and the temperature reaction the rela- 
 tionship of the hybrid is practically exactly mid-inter- 
 mediate, and in the temperature reaction it is closer to 
 //. katherinir. 
 
 Table A 5 shows the reaction-intensities in percent- 
 age* of total starch gelatinized at definite intervals 
 (minutes) : 
 
 ViLOcmr-tiACTiON CPITM. 
 
 This section treats of the velocity-reaction curves 
 of the starches of Utrmanthwt katherimr. //. mngnifictu, 
 and //. andromeda, showing Uie quantitative differences 
 in the behavior toward different reagent* at definite time- 
 intervals. (Chart D 85 to D 105.) 
 
 The most conspicuous features of these charts are : 
 
 (1) The individualities of each chart in relation to 
 the reagent, except in the cases where the reactions arc 
 so slow and the figures so dose as to be within the limiU 
 of error. In the charts in which the reactions are other- 
 wise than very slow the three curves vary in their close- 
 ness to one another within wide limits. Thus, in the 
 reactions with chromic acid and sulphuric acid all three 
 curves keep close together throughout the 60 minutes, 
 but the chart* are readily distinguishable from each 
 other, especially at the 15- and 30-minute periods, at 
 which times the curves are much higher in the sulphuric- 
 acid chart. The curves for chloral hydrate, nitric scid, 
 and hydrochloric acid show a tendency during the prog- 
 ress of the reactions to divergence, in all three charts 
 the curves of the hybrid being intermediate, but in two 
 closer to the curve of //. katherimr. The chart for 
 sodium salicylate stands isolated, owing especially t 
 the relatively high reactivities of the hybrid and //. 
 katherirur during the first 5 minutes. In all of the 
 charts in which the three curves are sufficiently separated 
 to make satisfactory determinations, the curve of the 
 hybrid, with the exception of a few instances, tends defi- 
 nitely to intermediateneaa. 
 
 (2) The curves of //. mayniftciu in the reactions 
 with chloral hydrate, pymgallic acid, chromic acid, po- 
 tassium hydroxide, potassium *ulphocvanate, sodium 
 salicylate, and sodium hydroxide, in all of which the 
 reactivities are sufficiently marked to bring out positive 
 differences in reactive-intensities, are the highest except- 
 ing in two cases (chloral hydrate and sodium salicylate), 
 in both of which the curves of //. katherina are the high- 
 est a curious reversal of position. In all of the charts 
 in which positive differences have been brought out, the 
 curve of the hybrid tends to be closer to that of 77. kalh- 
 frinrr irrespective of the position of the latter in relation 
 to the curve of H. magnifictu. 
 
 (3) The curves of the hybrid, except in the reactions 
 in which all three curves are essentially the same, tend to 
 he the same as those of the seed parent or of some degree 
 t>f in termed iatenem. In the latter group there is an 
 obvious tendency to mid-intermediateness or to the aeed 
 parent 
 
 REACTIOK-II 
 
 !C8rrm OF TTIK HTMUU. 
 
 The following section treats of the reaction-intensi- 
 ties of the hvhrid as regards sameness, intermeHiatenesja, 
 excess, and deficit in relation to the parent*. (Table A 5 
 and Charts D 85 to D 105.) 
 
 The reactivities of the hybrid are the' same a* than 
 of the seed parent in the pyrogallic acid, potassium 
 iodide, potassium ulphocvanate, sodium hydroxide, so- 
 dium Milphide. calcium nitrate, uranium nitrate, and 
 
48 
 
 HISTOLOGIC PROPERTIES AND REACTIONS. 
 
 strontium nitrate ; the same as those of the pollen parent 
 in none; the same as those of both parents in the reac- 
 tions with potassium sulphide, cobalt nitrate, copper 
 nitrate, cupric chloride, barium, chloride, and mercuric 
 chloride; intermediate with polarization, iodine, gentian 
 violet, temperature, chloral hydrate, chromic acid, nitric 
 acid, sulphuric acid, hydrochloric acid, potassium hydrox- 
 ide, and sodium salicylate (in four being closer to the 
 seed parent, and in seven mid-intermediate) ; highest in 
 none ; and the lowest with saf ranin, in which it is as close 
 to one as to the other parent. 
 
 The following is a summary of the reaction-intensi- 
 ties : Same as seed parent, 8 ; same as pollen parent, ; 
 same as both parents, 6; intermediate, 11; highest, 0; 
 lowest, 1. 
 
 The stronger influences of the seed parent on the 
 properties of the starch of the hybrid are very marked. 
 Intermediateness is quite common. In no reaction is 
 there sameness in relation to the pollen parent or the 
 highest reactivity of the three starches, and in only one 
 reaction is the hybrid the lowest 
 
 COMPOSITE-CURVES OF THE REACTION-INTENSITIES. 
 
 This section deals with the composite-curves of the 
 reaction-intensities, showing the differentiation of the 
 starches of Hcemanthus katherince, II. magnificus, and 
 H. andromeda. (Chart E 5.) 
 
 The most conspicuous features of the chart may be 
 summed up as follows: 
 
 (1) The moderate to very low, generally very low, 
 positions of the curves with few exceptions, the only 
 important members of the latter group being the polar- 
 ization and sodium-salicylate reactions, thus showing 
 that these starches exhibit generally a high to very high 
 resistance. 
 
 (2) The contiguity of all three curves throughout 
 the chart and the unity of type of curve, indicating a 
 close botanical relationship of the parents and no ten- 
 dency for departure of hybrid characteristics from those 
 of the parents. 
 
 (3) The highest position of the curve of H. mag- 
 nificus throughout the chart, excepting in the reactions 
 with gentian violet, safranin, chloral hydrate, chromic 
 acid, and sodium salicylate in the safranin and chromic 
 acid the curves are the same or practically the same as 
 those of H. katherince, and with chloral hydrate and 
 sodium salicylate distinctly lower, they being the lowest 
 of all three curves. The inversion of the positions of the 
 H. magnificus and H. kaiherince curves in the gentian 
 violet, chloral hydrate, and sodium salicylate reactions 
 is most interesting and significant. 
 
 (4) In the curve of H. katherince the very high 
 reaction with sodium salicylate; the high with polari- 
 zation, gentian violet, and safranin; the moderate with 
 iodine, chromic acid, and sulphuric acid ; the low with 
 chloral hydrate; the very low with temperature, pyro- 
 gallic acid, nitric acid, hydrochloric acid, potassium hy- 
 droxide, potassium iodide, potassium sulphocyanate, po- 
 tassium sulphide, sodium hydroxide, sodium sulphide, 
 calcium nitrate, uranium nitrate, strontium nitrate, 
 copper nitrate, cupric chloride, barium chloride, and 
 mercuric chloride. 
 
 (5) In the curve of H. magnificus the very high 
 polarization reaction; the high reactions with safranin, 
 sulphuric acid, and sodium salicylate ; the moderate with 
 iodine, gentian violet, and chromic acid ; the low with 
 temperature, pyrogallic acid, nitric acid, and hydro- 
 chloric acid ; the very low with chloral hydrate, potassium 
 hydroxide, potassium iodide, potassium sulphocyanate, 
 potassium sulphide, sodium hydroxide, sodium sulphide, 
 
 
 Very 
 high. 
 
 High. 
 
 Mod- 
 erate. 
 
 Low. 
 
 Very 
 low. 
 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 18 
 
 H. magnificus 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 15 
 
 H. andromeda 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 1 
 
 18 
 
 calcium nitrate, uranium nitrate, strontium nitrate, co- 
 balt nitrate, copper nitrate, cupric chloride, barium 
 chloride, and mercuric chloride. 
 
 (6) In the curve of the hybrid H. andromeda, the 
 very high reactions with polarization and sodium sali- 
 cylate ; the absence of high reactions ; the moderate with 
 iodine, gentian violet, safranin, chromic acid, and sul- 
 phuric acid, the low with temperature ; and the very low 
 with chloral hydrate, pyrogallic acid, nitric acid, hydro- 
 chloric acid, potassium hydroxide, potassium iodide, po- 
 tassium sulphocyanate, potassium sulphide, sodium hy- 
 droxide, sodium sulphide, calcium nitrate, uranium 
 nitrate, strontium nitrate, cobalt nitrate, copper nitrate, 
 cupric chloride, barium chloride, and mercuric chloride. 
 The following is a summary of the reaction-intensities: 
 
 6. COMPARISONS OF THE STARCHES OF HJEMANTIIUS 
 KATHERIN;E, H. PUNICETJS, AND H. KONIG ALBERT. 
 
 In histologic characteristics, polariscopic figures, in 
 the reactions with selenite and with iodine, and in the 
 qualitative reactions with the various chemical reagents 
 it will be noted that the parents exhibit properties in 
 common in varying degrees of development and indi- 
 vidualities by which collectively they can be differen- 
 tiated. The most conspicuous differences in the starch 
 of H. puniceus in comparison with that of Hcemanthus 
 katherince are to be seen in the well-marked depressions 
 (sometimes slightly concave) which are not present in 
 the latter starch, less frequent rounded protuberances, 
 less frequent secondary lamella;, peculiar arrangements 
 of the components of aggregates, and much more flatten- 
 ing of the grains. The hilum is more often demonstrable 
 and is, on the whole, less eccentric ; the primary lamellae 
 vary somewhat in general characters from those of H. 
 katherince, and they are somewhat more numerous, but 
 secondary lamella? are less numerous ; and while the sizes 
 are much alike there is a manifest tendency for a rela- 
 tively greater breadth in proportion to length. In polari- 
 scopic figure, selenite reactions, and qualitative reac- 
 tions with iodine there are some minor differences. In 
 the qualitative reactions with the chemical reagents 
 there are similarities and individualities. The starch of 
 the hybrid H. kbnig albert, is in form, character, and 
 eccentricity of the hilum, lamellae, and size more closely 
 related to 77. puniceus than to the other parent. In the 
 polariscopic figures and reactions with selenite it is 
 closer to H. puniceus, but in both qualitative and quan- 
 titative reactions with iodine it is closer to //. kathcrimr. 
 In the qualitative chemical reactions with chloral hy- 
 drate, nitric acid, potassium iodide, potassium sulpho- 
 cyanate, potassium sulphide, and sodium salicylate it is 
 closer, generally much closer, to //. katherince. 
 
 Reaction-intensities Expressed by Light, Color, and Tempera- 
 ture Reactions. 
 Polarization : 
 
 H. katherinte, high to very high, value 75. 
 
 H. puniceus, high to very high, slightly higher than H. kntherinai, 
 
 value 78. 
 
 H. konig albert, high to very high, slightly higher thnn H. puni- 
 ceus, value 80. 
 Iodine: 
 
 H. katherinre, moderate to light, value 45. 
 
 H. puniceus, moderate to light, lighter than in H. katherinffi, 
 
 value 40. 
 
 H. kdnig albert, moderate to light, not BO deep as in H. katherinse, 
 but deeper than in H. puniceus, value 43. 
 
II KM \NI1U S. 
 
 I'.l 
 
 OeatiaoTiolet: 
 
 II kathrnnjv. moderate to dvp; ralue tO. 
 
 II puniemu. modrrmtrly deep to deep, alichlly 
 
 katberina; value 03. 
 H. konic albert, moderate to dmp. not eo derp a* ia UM parent*. 
 
 ralueM. 
 Sa/ranin : 
 
 II k.ihrriiue. moderate to deep; Tain* 00. 
 
 II punicmi*. m.lrrml.|y deep to deep. .lichUy deeper than in H 
 
 l.ilirnnir. value 03. 
 H. k6m allTt. moderate to dwp. not ao dwp a* in UM parent* 
 
 ralue M. 
 Temperaturr 
 
 H k.thcrina. majority at 79 to 80*. all at 83 to M*. mean ST. 
 H punfeeua, majority at 77 to 79*. all at 81 to 82.8*. mean 81.78' 
 II Ldwcalt>rrt. U a^>rityat80toH2*.aIlat83.6to84*.nHMU83.2&' 
 
 Tin- rva.imty of II. katkerina i higher than that 
 r (..ir.-ut in the reaction with M-'MI.- mid lower 
 with polri/.ati..ii. gentian violet, wtfranin, 
 ami tetii|>eratuiv. The hybrid it mid-intermediate in 
 M. .n. t!i,- highest in the polarization reac- 
 tion, lowest in the gentian violet and safranin reaction*, 
 and tlu> same aa that of the need parent in the tempera- 
 ture reaction. In three it is closer to or the same M 
 the wed parent, in one closer to the pollen parent, and 
 in one mid-intermediate. 
 
 Table A 6 shows the reaction-intensities in percent- 
 of total starch gelatinised at definite intenrals 
 ( minuted). 
 
 VEUX-ITY-RKACTION CURVES. 
 following section deals with velocity-reaction 
 - "f the starches of Hamanthtu katherina, H. j>u- 
 <. and 77. konig albert, showing the quantitative 
 * in the behavior toward different reagent 
 t 'iie-interval*. (Charts D 106 to D 126.) 
 
 most conspicuous features of these chart* are : 
 ( I i The marked tendency for the curves of 77. kalh- 
 ' and the hybrid to run together, usually very 
 . . and well separated from the curve of 77. puniceut. 
 Both feature* are well exhibited in all of the reactions, 
 with the exception of those with chloral hydrate, jnr<>- 
 gallio arid, sodium salii-ylate. and barium rhloride. 
 Even in these instances the closer relationship of //. 
 katherimr and the hybrid is evident. 
 
 The tendency for the curve of the hybrid to an 
 intermediate position between those of the parent-stocks, 
 although distinctly closer to that of H. kaiherina, as 
 shown in the reactions with chromic acid, pyrogallic 
 acid, nitric acid, sulphuric acid, hydrochloric acid, and 
 sodium salieylate. In the chloral-hydrate reaction the 
 curve of the hybrid is curiously distinctly lower than 
 that of either parent In the remaining reactions, 14 
 in number, the starches of both H. kaiherina and the 
 hybrid are so resistant that such differences as are re- 
 corded are slight and fall within the limit* of error, 
 with other resistant starches modifi- 
 cations in the titrengths of the reagents would doubtless 
 elicit peculiarities in accord with the foregoing. 
 
 The individuality of each of the chart* with few 
 
 :ion ; hence, the peculiarity of each chart in specific 
 
 relation to the reagent Some bear somewhat clow 
 
 resemblances, aa for instance, those particularly of 
 
 pyrogallic and nitric acid, and those of another group 
 
 including the potassium iodide, potassium hydroxide, 
 
 potassium sulphocyanate. potassium sulphide, sodium by- 
 
 -odinm sulphide, calcium nitrate, strontium 
 
 nitrate, and cupric chloride, in which the main differ- 
 
 etween the positions of the curves lie* in the height 
 
 of the curves of 77. punicrwt. The curve* of the sodium- 
 
 salicylate reactions are of a markedly different character 
 
 from those of other chemical reagent* because of the 
 
 high reactivities of all three starches. High reactivities 
 
 of 77. punictiu are also exhibited in the charts for pyro- 
 
 
 1 
 
 , 
 
 r \ 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 H 
 
 Ki- 
 
 
 t 
 
 : 
 
 K 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 \t 
 
 .i 
 
 
 
 II 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 9 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 Cyotml kydraU: 
 II Ulhwiaa 
 
 H t .uui.-.-u> 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 I 
 
 1- . 
 
 i o- 
 
 r 74 
 
 ll 
 
 II ioni albert 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 M 
 U II 
 
 
 
 
 
 nU 
 
 H. kaUwrin. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 7<M 
 
 IBM 
 
 IM 
 
 7 
 
 i 
 f6* 
 
 H. kteicaUmt 
 PyrotaUk acid: 
 H. UtkatiM. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 1 
 
 17 
 
 44 
 
 M 
 
 M 
 M 
 
 IB* 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 " 
 
 
 n ESialisJrf 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 J 
 
 iat 
 rer 
 
 Nitric add: 
 U. katberina 
 H. punioaua 
 
 
 
 
 . . 
 
 OJ 
 
 
 
 1 TA 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 U 
 
 
 in. 
 
 H. konic albort 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 M 
 
 in 
 
 1C- 
 
 Sulphuric add: 
 H. kattwrina 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 )JL 
 
 TO 
 
 
 
 
 II. punicmu 
 
 
 
 
 
 0( 
 
 w 
 
 
 
 
 * 
 
 H. koni< albert 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 >HA 
 
 
 
 
 a- 
 as 
 
 Hydrochloric add: 
 H. katherina 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 I ' 
 
 
 
 id 
 
 H. punicvu* 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I'M 
 
 
 
 
 
 H. kteic albert 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 13 
 
 M 
 
 03 
 
 07 
 
 it- 
 
 H. katherioa.. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ils 
 
 H. puoionu 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 H. kooic albert 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 1, 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 PoUaium iodide: 
 H katberina 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 t 
 
 
 f 
 
 
 
 
 H. puniceui 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 , 
 
 , 
 
 
 
 on 
 
 H. k&ni albert 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 u- 
 
 Polanium ulphoeymtiato: 
 II. katberina 
 
 
 
 
 
 26 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 H. punicrtu 
 
 
 
 
 
 72 
 
 .. i 
 
 aj 
 
 
 
 l> 
 
 B. k6nif albert 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 , 
 
 3 5 
 
 
 
 
 PotmMium lulpbide: 
 H. katberina 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 j 
 
 
 
 
 H. puniceu* 
 
 
 
 
 
 4o 
 
 AO 
 
 M 
 
 
 
 
 II konic albert 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 T 
 
 l. 
 
 Sodium hydroxide: 
 H. kalberina 
 
 
 
 
 
 | 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 01 
 
 07 
 
 78 
 
 80 
 
 
 
 
 II koni* albert 
 
 
 
 
 
 i. 
 
 
 
 1 6 
 
 
 o- 
 e. 
 
 Sodium wlpbide: 
 H. kathrrina 
 
 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 ] 
 
 j 
 
 7. 
 
 H. punicmu 
 
 
 
 
 
 J 
 
 M 
 
 
 fl7 
 
 60 
 
 
 H. kooif albert 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 A 
 
 \n 
 
 *, 
 
 Sodium .alir>late: 
 H. katberina. . 
 
 
 
 
 
 - 
 | 
 
 99 
 M 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 IS 
 
 H. k6ni< albert 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 BT 
 
 90 
 
 
 
 ic 
 
 Calcium nitrate: 
 H. katberina 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 | 
 
 d 
 
 H. punioMU 
 
 
 
 
 
 M 
 
 67 
 
 00 
 
 
 > 
 
 ic 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 n 
 
 A 
 
 Uranium nitrate: 
 H. kattwrina 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 1.24 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 i 
 
 15 
 
 
 85 
 
 te 
 
 H. kooic albert 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 06 
 
 8- 
 f 
 
 Strontium nitrate: 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 | 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 H. puniceua 
 
 
 
 
 
 it 
 
 M) 
 
 Ml 
 
 AN 
 
 
 
 H. konic albert 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 1 
 
 18 
 
 Cobalt nitrate: 
 H katbmna 
 
 
 
 
 
 i. 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 gr 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 7 
 
 10 
 
 1? 
 
 M 
 
 
 H. konic albert 
 
 
 
 
 
 < 
 
 
 
 
 OA 
 
 C 
 
 
 
 ./opfwr nitrate: 
 H katberina ..... 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 1.5 
 
 f 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 II 
 
 u 
 
 IS 
 
 10 
 
 14 
 
 
 II V..I.IK .l -M 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 04 
 
 
 
 kB*j| lUBtJaV 
 
 H katberina 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 04 
 
 r- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 37 
 
 M 
 
 
 M 
 
 50 
 
 n 
 
 II k..i,i k - nii.rt 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 04 
 
 
 
 Barium dOoride: 
 
 || kmOiTina 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 ft 
 
 
 
 14 
 
 t 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 : 
 
 t 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 H konic allrl 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 04 
 
 r 
 
 blerruric chloride: 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 J 
 
 
 
 14 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 U 
 
 17 
 
 
 
 22 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 04 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
50 
 
 HISTOLOGIC PROPERTIES AND REACTIONS. 
 
 gallic acid, nitric acid, sulphuric acid, and hydrochloric 
 acid. It is of interest to note that while the //. puniceus 
 curves are high, those of H. katherince and the hybrid 
 are very low in the reactions with pyrogallic acid and 
 nitric acid and variable from high to low in those with 
 sulphuric acid and hydrochloric acid. 
 
 (4) The earliest period during the 60 minutes at 
 which the three curves are best separated, and hence the 
 best time to differentiate the starches, varies with the 
 different reagents : with sodium salicylate at 5 minutes, 
 with chromic acid and sulphuric acid at 15 minutes, with 
 chloral hydrate and hydrochloric acid at 30 minutes, with 
 pyrogallic acid at 45 minutes, and with nitric acid and 
 the remaining reagents (15 in all), all of which react 
 very slowly with H. katherince and the hybrid, in 60 
 minutes. 
 
 REACTION-INTENSITIES OF THE HYBRID. 
 
 This section treats of the reaction-intensities of the 
 hybrid as regards sameness, intermediateness, excess, 
 and deficit in relation to the parents. (Table A 6, and 
 Charts D 106 to D 126.) 
 
 The reactivities of the hybrid are the same as those 
 of the seed parent with temperature, potassium hydrox- 
 ide, potassium iodide, potassium sulphocyanate, potas- 
 sium sulphide, sodium hydroxide, sodium sulphide, cal- 
 cium nitrate, uranium nitrate, strontium nitrate, cobalt 
 nitrate, copper nitrate, cupric chloride, barium chloride, 
 and mercuric chloride; the same as the pollen parent in 
 none ; the same as those of both parents in none ; inter- 
 mediate with iodine, chromic acid, pyrogallic acid, nitric 
 acid, sulphuric acid, hydrochloric acid, and sodium sali- 
 cylate (in one being mid-intermediate, in one closer to 
 the pollen parent, and in five closer to the seed parent) ; 
 highest in the polarization reaction, and closer to the 
 pollen parent; and the lowest in the reactions with gen- 
 tian violet, safranin, and chloral hydrate, in all three 
 being closer to the seed parent. 
 
 The following is a summary of the reaction-intensi- 
 ties : Same as seed parent, 15 ; same as pollen parent, ; 
 same as both parents, 0; intermediate, 7; highest, 1; 
 lowest, 3. 
 
 While intermediateness is common, the inclination 
 here and elsewhere, with three exceptions, is to the seed 
 parent, and in over half of the cases the reactions are 
 the same as those of the seed parent. The closeness of 
 the hybrid to the seed parent almost throughout is very 
 striking. 
 
 COMPOSITE CUBVES OP REACTION-INTENSITIES. 
 
 The following section deals with the composite curves 
 of the reaction-intensities, showing the differentiation of 
 the starches of Hcemanthus katherince, H. puniceus, and 
 H. konig albert. (Chart E 6.) 
 
 The most conspicuous features of the chart may be 
 summed up as follows: 
 
 (1) The close correspondence of type of all three 
 curves, excepting in the pyrogallic-acid reaction, in which 
 those of H. puniceus exhibit an aberrant character, the 
 curve rising instead of falling in order to be coincident 
 with the curves of H. katherince and the hybrid. In 
 the reactions in which both H. katherina and the hybrid 
 
 are very resistant, which are numerous, no satisfactory 
 relationship can be determined. 
 
 (2) The tendency of the curve of //. pimiceus to be 
 distinctly higher in most of the chemical reactions and 
 therefore to be well separated from the curves of //. 
 katherince and the hybrid. In the sodium-salicylate 
 reaction all three curves impinge at practically the same 
 point, and in the reactions with uranium nitrate, copper 
 nitrate, cupric chloride, barium chloride, and mercuric 
 chloride they approximate very closely or are practically 
 identical. The stereochemic peculiarities of these three 
 starches are strikingly suggested in the sameness of reac- 
 tion with sodium salicylate, associated with the marked 
 divergencies in the reactions, especially in the pyrogallic 
 acid, nitric acid, sulphuric acid, hydrochloric acid, and 
 other reactions. 
 
 (3) -In H. katherince, the very high reaction with 
 sodium salicylate; the high with polarization, gentian 
 violet, and safranin ; the moderate with iodine, chromic 
 acid, and sulphuric acid ; the low with chloral hydrate ; 
 and the very low with temperature, pyrogallic acid, nitric 
 acid, hydrochloric acid, potassium hydroxide, potassium 
 iodide, potassium sulphocyanate, potassium sulphide, 
 sodium hydroxide, sodium sulphide, calcium nitrate, 
 uranium nitrate, strontium nitrate, cobalt nitrate, cop- 
 per nitrate, cupric chloride, barium chloride, and mer- 
 curic chloride. 
 
 (4) In H. puniceus, the very high reactions with 
 pyrogallic aoid, sulphuric acid, hydrochloric acid, and 
 sodium salicylate; the high with polarization, gentian 
 violet, safranin, chromic acid, nitric acid, and potas- 
 sium hydroxide; the moderate with iodine, potassium 
 iodide, and potassium sulphocyanate; the low tempera- 
 ture, chloral hydrate, potassium sulphide, sodium hy- 
 droxide, sodium sulphide, calcium nitrate, strontium 
 nitrate, and cupric chloride; and the very low with ura- 
 nium nitrate, cobalt nitrate, copper nitrate, barium 
 chloride, and mercuric chloride. 
 
 (5) In the hybrid, the very high reactions with pola- 
 rization and sodium salicylate ; the high with sulphuric 
 acid ; the moderate with iodine, gentian violet, eafranin, 
 and chromic acid ; the low with chloral hydrate and 
 hydrochloric acid; and the very low with temperature, 
 pyrogallic acid, nitric acid, potassium hydroxide, potas- 
 sium iodide, potassium sulphocyanate, potassium sul- 
 phide, sodium hydroxide, sodium sulphide, calcium ni- 
 trate, uranium nitrate, strontium nitrate, copper nitrate, 
 cupric chloride, barium chloride, and mercuric chloride. 
 
 The following is a summary of the reaction-intensi- 
 ties: 
 
 
 Very 
 
 high. 
 
 High. 
 
 Mod- 
 crate. 
 
 Low. 
 
 Very 
 low. 
 
 H. katherinae 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 6 
 
 3 
 3 
 
 1 
 8 
 
 18 
 5 
 
 H. konig albert 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 17 
 
 NOTES ON THE H^EMANTHUSES. 
 
 The haemanthuses belong to a group of plants that 
 yields starches that have distinctly low mean reactivi- 
 ties, all three species and their two hybrids showing this 
 peculiarity, only one-sixth of the total number of reac- 
 
II. 1 MVMIII S < HIM M. 
 
 51 
 
 tion* being high to very high. It i* of interest to note 
 that in the sodium-salicylaU reaction*, with the excep- 
 tion of the reaction of //. maynifiaa, the cum* are not 
 only very high !>ut n!-> the name, while in this species 
 the curve i* distinctly lower than in the former. In tin 
 other react ions the < -urves of all of the starches show 
 an unmistakable tendency toward coincidence in d 
 tion. the rises and falls being quite in harmony, except- 
 ing in //. puniceiu with pyrogallic acid, in which then 
 ia a marked aberration, this curve rising while the 
 cur\--- <>f the oilier four fall. This peculiarity baa been 
 ! in other genera, and is doubtless of both botanical 
 and general biological significance. Comparing the 
 rune* of the three species, the curve of //. puniteus 
 tends to be the highest, that of //. kathrrin* the lowest, 
 and that f //. mugnificut intermediate, but near that 
 of //. katHrrina. 
 
 r ling to Baker, 77. kaihfrinir belongs to the tub- 
 genus XfritM, and //. jtuniceus and //. magnificus to 
 ius Cyrtij-i--. I. ut the results of thin investiga- 
 'ndicate that //. kalherintr and //. magnificiu are 
 much more closely related than are //. punicetu and //. 
 magnifinu. The cnrvea of the former are such as to 
 indicate different species of a subgenus, while the curve 
 of //. t.imicfut is, as a whole, so well separated from 
 those of the other two specie* as to point to this species 
 being a member of another subgeneric group. 
 
 In comparing the influences of the parents on the 
 properties of the offspring, it will be seen that in both 
 sets there is a manifest greater potency of //. kaiherintr 
 than of the other parent, this being decidedly more 
 marked in the If. kaiheritur-punirew-kdnig albert set 
 than in the //. kaiherina-magnificiu-andromeda set. 
 
 >lfPARI801f8 OP THE STARCHES OF Cltl.NfM 
 MOOBKI, C. ZEYLAMCl'H, AND C. HYBRIUl'M J. 
 '. HARVEY. 
 
 In histologic characteristics, in polariscopic figures, 
 in the reactions with selenite, in the color reactions with 
 iodine, and in the qualitative reactions with the various 
 chemical reagents it will be noted that the starches of 
 the parents and hybrid exhibit properties in common in 
 varying degrees of development, and also individualities 
 which collectively are characteristic in each case. The 
 rarch grains of Crinum teylanirum in comparison with 
 those of ('. moorei exhibit differences in the proportion? 
 -tain of the conspicuous forms ; not so much irregu- 
 larity of the grains; certain protuberances and curva- 
 that are not observed in C. moorei; differences in 
 size and definition of components of certain compound 
 prams ; and more broadening and flattening of the grains, 
 lilum is less refractive and has less frequently a 
 rounded cavity; the fissures are more numerous and 
 deeper, and a dragon-fly form may be present ; a longi- 
 tudinal fissure, rarely obserred in C. moorei, is usually 
 present, and it is longer, deeper, and branched ; and the 
 eccentricity is more variable. The lamella? are finer 
 'ward from the hilum than in C. moorei; there are 
 some differences in the conspicuonsnesu, distribution, 
 and number of the coarse, fairly coarse, and secondary 
 lamella; ; and the number of lamella? is leas. In size there 
 ia lew variation, and the grains are, on the whole, dis- 
 
 tinctly larger. lu polariscopic properties, reactions with 
 selenite, and qualitative reactions with iodine th.-re are 
 minor differences. There are also differences in the 
 qualitative reactions with the chemical reagents. The 
 grains of the hybrid are, in form, characters of the hilum 
 and lamella*, and in size in ratio of length to width 
 closer to those of C. ttylanicum, hut in length . I -. r to 
 C. moorei. In polariscopic figures, reactions with sele- 
 nite, and qualitative reactions with iodine they are dis- 
 tinctly closer to those of C. teylanicum. In the qualita- 
 tive reactions with chloral hydrate, nitric acid, potas- 
 sium hydroxide, potassium iodide, potassium sulpho- 
 cyanate, potassium sulphide, sodium sulphide, sodium 
 salicylatc, copper nitrate, cupric chloride, and mercuric 
 chloride alliances to both parental starches are noted, 
 but the relationship to C. itylanicum is markedly closer 
 than to the other parent The resemblances to C. moorei 
 are most prominent in the sodium-aalicylate reactions. 
 
 Kractto* intmntict Kj-prrtird by Light, Color, **J Trmpm- 
 
 lurt Keacl\o*t. 
 Polaritation: 
 
 C. moon*, high to very hih. value 86. 
 
 C. aeylanicum, vary high, much higher than C. moorei. value M. 
 C. hybridum j. o. harray. high to very hick. hiher than C. wylmai- 
 cum. value 95. 
 
 C. moored, moderate, value 60. 
 
 C. Mytaaieum, light to moderate, value 86. 
 
 C. hybridum j. e. harvey. light, about the aame a* C. wylaoieum 
 
 value 35. 
 Gentian violet: 
 
 C. moorri. moderate to deep, value 06. 
 
 C. wylaoirum, moderate deep to deep, deeper than C. moorei. 
 
 value 67. 
 C. hybridum J. e. harvey. moderately deep to deep, deeper than 
 
 either parent, value 70. 
 Safranin: 
 
 C. moorei. moderately deep to deep, value 85. 
 
 C. leylanicum. moderately deep to deep, deeper than in C. moorei. 
 
 value 07. 
 C. hybridum j. e. harvry, moderate to deep, the mean lighter than 
 
 in either parent, value 00. 
 Temperature: 
 
 C. moorei. majority at 08 to 70*. all but rare train* at 70 U> 71*. 
 
 mean 70.fi*. 
 C. teylanirum. majority at 77 to 78*. all but rare grain* at 70 t<> 
 
 80*. mean 79.6. 
 C. hybridum j. c. harvey, majority at 78 to 80*. all but rare raiM 
 
 at 80 to 83*. mean 81*. 
 
 The reactivities of C. moorei are lower than those of 
 (\ tfylanirvm in the reactions with polarization, gentian 
 violet, and safranin, and higher in those with iodine and 
 temperature. In all of these reactions, excepting the 
 safranin, the hybrid is closer to-C. teylanicum than to 
 the other parent In the iodine reaction it is the same 
 as that of C. teylanicum and lower than that of C. moorei. 
 In the polarization and gentian violet the reactivities are 
 higher than in either parent, and in the temperature 
 reaction lower than in either parent. The marked differ- 
 ences in the temperature reactions of the parental 
 starches and the much closer relationship of the hybrid 
 to C. teylanicvm are very striking. In none f <-> 
 reactions is there the least tendency to intermediateneaa 
 of the hybrid, but distinctly with one exception to excess 
 or deficit in relation to parental 
 
 Table A 7 shows the reaction-intensities in percent- 
 agea of total starch gelatinized at definite intervals 
 (minutes) : 
 
52 
 
 HISTOLOGIC PROPERTIES AND REACTIONS. 
 
 TABLE A 7. 
 
 
 S 
 
 a 
 
 e* 
 
 E 
 ra 
 
 a 
 
 * 
 
 a 
 
 MJ 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 o 
 
 CO 
 
 a 
 
 >o 
 
 * 
 
 79 
 6 
 18 
 
 94 
 98 
 
 e 
 8 
 
 Chloral hydrate: 
 C. moorei 
 
 
 
 
 31 
 
 0.5 
 2 
 
 50 
 1 
 1 
 
 100 
 
 45 
 2 
 6 
 
 85 
 2 
 2 
 
 58 
 3 
 12 
 
 100 
 70 
 76 
 
 89 
 6 
 18 
 
 99 
 100 
 
 C. zeylanicum 
 
 
 
 
 
 C. hybridum j. c. harvey.. . . 
 
 
 
 
 
 Chromic acid: 
 C. moorei 
 
 
 
 
 
 C. zeylanicum 
 
 
 
 
 
 C. hybridum j. c. harvey. . . . 
 
 
 
 
 
 Pyrogallic acid : 
 C . moorei 
 
 75 
 
 98 
 
 
 
 C . zeylanicum 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 97 
 1 
 2 
 
 15 
 12 
 
 99 
 1.5 
 3 
 
 80 
 60 
 
 88 
 60 
 
 92 
 76 
 
 C. hybridum j. c. harvey 
 
 
 
 
 
 Nitric acid : 
 C. moorei 
 
 80 
 
 
 95 
 
 
 6 
 
 2 
 6 
 
 4 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Sulphuric acid: 
 
 75 
 
 98 
 
 99 
 
 100 
 
 C. zeylanicum 
 
 4 
 
 2.5 
 
 99 
 
 62 
 35 
 
 89 
 52 
 
 95 
 
 67 
 
 99 
 84 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Hydrochloric acid: 
 C. moorei 
 
 90 
 
 97 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 3 
 
 98 
 1 
 1 
 
 95 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 20 
 
 99 
 5 
 6 
 
 98 
 
 14 
 33 
 
 7 
 11 
 
 99 
 3 
 
 5.5 
 3.5 
 
 70 
 
 33 
 35 
 
 10 
 
 14 
 
 35 
 37 
 
 13 
 15 
 
 C. hybridum j. c. harvey. . . . 
 
 
 
 
 
 Potassium hydroxide : 
 C. moorei 
 
 94 
 
 
 97 
 
 
 C. hybridum j. c. harvey 
 
 
 
 
 
 Potassium iodide: 
 
 
 
 
 
 C . zeylanicum 
 
 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 3.5 
 
 9 
 6 
 
 78 
 
 7 
 4 
 
 11 
 
 7 
 
 81 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 7 
 8 
 
 C. hybridum j. c. harvey. . . . 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 97 
 1 
 1.5 
 
 64 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 99 
 3 
 3 
 
 62 
 
 Potassium sylphocy anato : 
 C. moorei 
 
 
 
 nr. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 C. hybridum j. c. harvey. . . . 
 
 
 
 
 
 Potassium sulphide: 
 
 
 
 
 
 C. zeylanicum 
 
 
 
 
 
 C. hybridum j. c. harvey. . . . 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 Sodium hydroxide: 
 
 
 
 90 
 
 
 97 
 
 1 
 2 
 
 90 
 1 
 3.5 
 
 61 
 6 
 8 
 
 78 
 05 
 
 99 
 3 
 5 
 
 97 
 2 
 6 
 
 98 
 16 
 26 
 
 85 
 
 4 
 6 
 
 99 
 2.5 
 9 
 
 99 
 48 
 87 
 
 90 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 C. hybridum j. c. harvey. . . . 
 
 
 
 
 
 Sodium sulphide: 
 C . moorei 
 
 
 
 
 
 C. zeylanicum 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 9.5 
 
 4 
 15 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Sodium salicylate: 
 C. moorei 
 
 
 
 
 
 C. zeylanicum 
 
 
 
 
 
 82 
 98 
 
 98.5 
 99 
 
 91 
 1 
 2.5 
 
 95 
 
 1 
 2 
 
 C. hybridum j. c. harvey. . . 
 
 
 
 
 
 Calcium nitrate: 
 C . moorei 
 
 
 
 
 
 C. zeylanicum 
 
 
 
 
 
 C. hybridum j. c. h&rvey 
 
 
 
 
 
 05 
 
 
 
 1.5 
 89 
 
 Uranium nitrate: 
 C. moorei 
 
 
 
 
 
 80 
 05 
 
 84 
 
 86 
 
 C. zeylanicum 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 1 
 
 97 
 1 
 6 
 
 74 
 
 2 
 
 Strontium nitrate: 
 
 
 
 
 
 82 
 05 
 
 95 
 
 C. zeylanicum 
 
 
 
 
 
 2.6 
 5.6 
 
 79 
 
 3.5 
 6.5 
 
 80 
 1 
 0.5 
 
 87 
 0.5 
 0.5 
 
 81 
 0.6 
 1.26 
 
 21 
 
 1 
 0.6 
 
 86 
 .05 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 0.5 
 52 
 
 on 
 
 2.5 
 67 
 
 Cobalt nitrate: 
 
 
 
 
 
 C. zeylanicum 
 
 
 
 
 
 C. hybridum j. c. harvey. . . . 
 
 
 
 
 
 05 
 
 
 
 
 Copper nitrate: 
 
 
 
 
 
 66 
 05 
 
 72 
 
 81 
 
 84 
 
 C. zeylanicum 
 
 
 
 
 
 C. hybridum j. c. harvey. 
 
 
 
 
 
 05 
 
 
 
 
 Cupric chloride: 
 C. moorei 
 
 
 
 
 
 64 
 05 
 
 66 
 
 72 
 
 77 
 
 C. zeylanicum 
 
 
 
 
 
 C. hybridum j. c. harvey. 
 
 
 
 
 
 ii.'. 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 21 
 
 Barium chloride: 
 C. moorei 
 
 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 05 
 
 10 
 
 16 
 
 C. zeylanicum 
 
 
 
 
 
 C. hybridum j. c. harvey 
 
 
 
 
 
 o 5 
 
 
 
 
 Mercuric chloride: 
 
 
 
 
 
 68 
 1 
 
 74 
 
 79 
 
 83 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 C. hybridum j. c. harvey. 
 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 VELOCITY-REACTION CURVES. 
 
 This section treats of the velocity-reaction curves 
 of the starches of Crinum moorei, C. zeylanicum, and 
 C. hybridum, j. c. harvey, showing the quantitative 
 differences in the behavior toward different reagents at 
 definite time-intervals. (Charts D 127 to D 147.) 
 
 Among the most conspicuous features of this group 
 of curves are : 
 
 (1) The marked differences between the curves of 
 the starch of C. moorei on the one hand and those of 
 C. zeylanicum and the hybrid on the other. The former 
 is in nearly all reactions quick-reacting, while the latter 
 is the reverse. In only 6 of the 21 reactions the former 
 (including the reactions with chloral hydrate, chromic 
 acid, pyrogallic acid, sulphuric acid, sodium salicylate, 
 and barium chloride) is there an evident approximation 
 of the curve of C. moorei to that of the other parent 
 or the hybrid. In the reactions with chloral hydrate 
 and barium chloride the approach of the curves is owing 
 essentially (chloral hydrate) or solely (barium chloride) 
 to the relatively low degree of reactivity of C. moorei 
 with these reagents as compared with others; in those 
 with pyrogallic acid and sulphuric acid to the relatively 
 very high reactivity of C. zeylanicum and C. hybridum 
 j. c. harvey; and in those with chromic acid and sodium 
 salicylate to the combined relatively low reactivity of 
 C. moorei and relatively high reactivity of C. zeylanicum 
 and C. hybridum j. c. harvey. 
 
 (2) The marked early period of resistance followed 
 by a moderately rapid to a rapid reaction exhibited by 
 C. zeylanicum and the hybrid in the reactions with 
 chromic acid, pyrogallic acid, sulphuric acid, hydro- 
 chloric acid, and sodium salicylate are in striking con- 
 trast with the very marked continued resistance that is 
 exhibited by the records of the remaining 16 reagents 
 during the entire 60-minute interval. 
 
 (3) A comparison of the differences in the course of 
 the reaction-curves will elicit many points of interest. 
 Thus, taking the acid group, and comparing the charts 
 for chromic acid, pyrogallic acid, nitric acid, sulphuric 
 acid, and hydrochloric acid, it will be seen, at a glance, 
 that they so differ that the influence of any one reagent 
 can readily be distinguished from those of others; like- 
 wise, those of potassium sulphide and sodium sulphide. 
 On the other hand, three groups of charts, including 
 those of (a) potassium hydroxide and sodium hydrox- 
 ide, (b) calcium nitrate, uranium nitrate, strontium 
 nitrate, cobalt nitrate, copper nitrate, cupric chloride, 
 and mercuric chloride, and (c) nitric acid, potassium 
 hydroxide, potassium iodide, potassium sulphocyanate, 
 sodium hydroxide, and potassium sulphide are in each 
 case closely alike, notwithstanding wide differences in 
 the characters of the reagents. 
 
 (4) The earliest period during the 60 minutes at 
 which the reaction-curves are farthest apart, and hence 
 the best period for the differentiation of the three 
 starches, varies markedly with the different reagents. 
 Approximately, this optimal period occurs at the end 
 of 15 minutes in the reactions with nitric acid, sulphuric: 
 acid, potassium iodide, and sodium hydroxide; 30 min- 
 utes with chromic acid, pyrogallic acid, hydrochloric 
 acid, potassium hydroxide, sodium sulphide, and sodium 
 salicylate; and 60 minutes with chloral hydrate, potas- 
 sium sulphocyanate, potassium sulphide, calcium ni- 
 trate, uranium nitrate, strontium nitrate, cobalt nitrate, 
 copper nitrate, cupric chloride, barium chloride, and 
 mercuric chloride. 
 
 REACTION-INTENSITIES or THE HYBRID. 
 This section deals with the reaction-intensities of the 
 hybrid as regards sameness, intermediateness, excess and 
 
CRINUM. 
 
 n 
 
 deficit in relation to Uie parent*. (Table A 7 and Chart* 
 IUV7 h>D] 
 
 The reactivities of tin- hybrid arc the (tame at those o! 
 the teed pan-nt in n..ne ,.f th.- n-a. ti..n>; i he same as those 
 of tin- jM.IK-n parent in the reactions with x-line. . hroniic 
 acid, nitru- ami. IM.U.VIUIII hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, 
 calcium nitrate, uraiiiuiii nitrate, c.,|>.ilt mtratf, copper 
 nitrate, i-upra- i-hl..ri.l.', barium chloride, and men un. 
 chloride : ili,- tune as those of both parent* in none of 
 the r intermediate in th< with chloral hydrate, 
 
 hydn><hlorir acid, sodium sulphide, midium salicylate) 
 and stnuitium niinit<>, m all of which U-uirf cloMr to 
 th<- |H,i!..,i |ian-iit ; highest with polarization and gentian 
 violet, in Uth In-ing closer to the pollen parent; and 
 tli,- lowest with safranin, temperature, pyrogallic acid, 
 sulphuric acid, putaiwiuni iodide, potaMiom sulphocya- 
 iiiit.-. and potassium sulphide, in 6 being closer to the 
 pollen parent and in 1 closer to the seed parent 
 
 following is a summary of the reaction-intensi- 
 ties: Same as seed parent, 0; same as pollen parent, 12; 
 same as both parents, 0; intermediate, 5; highest, 2: 
 lowest, 7. 
 
 Intennediatenesa is recorded in less than one-fifth 
 . reactions; excess and deficit of reactivity is almost 
 twice as frequent as in termed iatenem ; and sameness as 
 the pollen parent is noted as often as intermediateness 
 and excess and deficit combined. From these data the 
 seed parent has exercised very little influence on the 
 properties of the starch of the hybrid. 
 
 viPOsiTB CURVES or REACTION-INTENSITIES. 
 
 This section deals with the composite curves of the 
 reaction-inU-nsities, showing the differentiation of the 
 starches of Crinum moorei. C. trylanicum, and C. hybri- 
 dum j. c. honey. (Chart I 
 
 The most conspicuous features of the chart may be 
 i- u mined up as follows: 
 
 ( 1 ) The wide separation of the curve of C. moorei 
 in four-fifths of the reactions from the curves of C. tey- 
 lanintm and the hybrid, which latter tend to run to- 
 gether with remarkable closeness. 
 
 ) In C. moorei, the lower polarization and gen- 
 tian-violet reactions coupled with higher reactions with 
 iodine, lu-at, and with all of the chemical reagents as 
 compared with C. trylanicum. 
 
 (3) The differences in the relative positions of the 
 < urves of reaction with polarization, iodine, gentian 
 
 violet, and safranin; as for instance, the curves of C. 
 moorei being lowest in polarization, highest in iodine, 
 -t in gentian-violet, and intermediate in safranin 
 reactions, and thereafter in the chart always highest 
 
 (4) In C. moorei, the very high reactions with polar- 
 ization, pvro^allic acid, nitric acid, sulphuric acid, hy- 
 drochloric acid, potassium hydroxide, potassium iodide, 
 potassium snlphocyanate, sodium hydroxide, sodium 
 nlnhide, sodium salicylate, and strontium nitrate; the 
 
 lions with gentian violet, safranin, and chromic 
 
 th,- moderate reactions with iodine, temperature, 
 
 mi nitrate, and uranium nitrate; the low reactions 
 
 with chloral hydrate, potassium sulphide, cobalt nitrate, 
 
 r nitrate, cupric chloride, and mercuric chloride; 
 
 and the very low reaction with barium chloride. 
 
 I In C. leylanirutn the very high polarization 
 reactions ; the hijfh reactions with gentian violet, safranin, 
 and sulphuric acid ; the moderate reactions with chromic 
 pyrogallic acid, and sodium salicylate ; the low reac- 
 tions with iodine and temperature; and the very low 
 with chloral hydrate, nitric acid, hydrochloric 
 and, potassium hydroxide, potassium iodide, potassium 
 sulphocyanate, potassium sulphide, sodium hydroxide, 
 sulphide, calcium nitrate, uranium nitrate, stron- 
 
 tium nitrate, cohalt nitrate, copper nitrate, cnpric chlo- 
 n.lc. barium chloride, and men uric , hlor 
 
 (6) In 0. hybridum j. c. harvey, the tery high mo. 
 Uon with polarization ; the high with gentian violet and 
 safrainu ; the moderate with chromic arid and sodium 
 MlivjUte; the low with iodine, temperature, pyrogallic 
 aad, and sulphuric acid, and the very low with chloral 
 
 Irate, nitric acid, hydrochloric acid, potassium hy- 
 droxide, potassium iodide, potassium sulphocyanate 
 potassium sulphide, sodium hydroxide, sodium nulpbjdfc 
 calcium nitrate, uranium nitrate, strontium nitrate co- 
 ba t nitrate, copper nitrate, cupric chloride, barium 
 chloride, and mercuric chloride. 
 
 The following is a summary of the reaction-intcnsi- 
 
 U68 I 
 
 
 Vy 
 
 Hich. 
 
 M..I- 
 rmU. 
 
 Low. 
 
 Vy 
 
 I..W 
 
 C. moonl... 
 
 12 
 
 
 
 
 
 C. MyUaieum... 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 C. hybridum j. c. harvry 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 I 
 
 4 
 
 17 
 17 
 
 8. COMPARISONS o TH STAKCHKS o CRINUM 
 
 ZKYLAN1CUM, C. LONOIFOLIUM, AHD C. KIBCAPS. 
 
 In histologic characteristics, in poUriscopic figures, 
 in the reactions with selenite, in the reactions with 
 iodine, and in the qualitative reactions with the various 
 chemical reagents it will be noted that the starches of 
 the parents and hybrid exhibit not only properties in 
 common in varying degrees of development, but also 
 individualities which collectively are in each oase charac- 
 teristic of the starch. The starch of C. longifoUum 
 shows in comparison with that of Crinum zrylanicum a 
 much smaller proportion of aggregates and compound 
 grains; that irregularities are more prominent and more 
 frequently present; and that the majority of the gramn 
 are broader, relatively and absolutely, and more flattened. 
 The hilum is not quite so frequently fissured and is 
 slightly less refractive; multiple hila are absent, although 
 jresent in C. teylanicum; the fissures are, u a rale, less 
 leep ; and eccentricity is somewhat greater. The lamel- 
 SB are more distinct distalward and often more discern- 
 ble in this region than in a lustrous band at the di-Ul 
 nargin, which is the reverse of what is noted in C. tey- 
 anicwn; there are some numerical differences in the 
 aniella- and bands of lamella?, and also in the lengths 
 of the bands; and the number of the lamella is leas. 
 The common sizes are nearly the same, the larger grains 
 are larger, and, in case of both, the width is greater than 
 the length Uie opposite to what is seen in C. teylani- 
 cum. In polariscopic figures, reactions with selenite, 
 qualitative reactions with iodine, reactions with gentian 
 violet and safranin, and qualitative reactions with the 
 chemical reagents there are differences, some of them 
 striking, and of variable degree* of importance in 
 differentiation. 
 
 The starch of the hybrid in form, hilum, lamella, 
 and size bears in most respects a closer relationship to 
 that of C. teylanicum than to that of the other parent, 
 but in some instances the reverse. The same is true of 
 the polariscopic figures and reactions with selenite. In 
 the iodine reactions it is distinctly closer to C. tfylani- 
 cum. In the qualitative reactions with chloral hvdrate, 
 nitric acid, potassium hydroxide, potassium iodide, po- 
 tassium sulphocyanate, sodium sulphide, sodium sali- 
 cylate, copper nitrat<>. cupric rhloride, and mercuric 
 chloride the r-lntion--lii]> aiv, < n the whole, much closer 
 to C. teylanicum. hut in certain respecU here and there 
 closer to C. longifoUum. Marked individualities of the 
 
54 
 
 HISTOLOGIC PROPERTIES AND REACTIONS. 
 
 TABL 
 
 E A 
 
 8. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 li 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 a s 
 
 
 6 
 
 B 
 <^ 
 
 8 
 
 CO 
 
 S 
 
 * 
 
 a 
 
 kQ 
 
 
 
 c 
 
 
 = 
 
 lA 
 
 ** 
 
 B 
 
 8 , 
 
 Chloral hydrate: 
 
 
 
 
 ( 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 "i 
 
 1 I 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 46 
 
 ">7 
 
 
 R8 
 
 68 
 
 
 
 
 
 f 
 
 15 
 
 1 
 
 S 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 Chromic acid: 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 > 
 
 n 
 
 1-1 
 
 99 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 45 
 
 70 
 
 q 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 "i 
 
 
 
 i)9 
 
 00 
 
 Pyrogallic acid : 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 15 
 
 n 
 
 fit 
 
 92 
 
 
 50 
 
 6F> 
 
 85 
 
 
 98 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 33 
 
 R7 
 
 fi 
 
 98 
 
 98 
 
 Nitric acid: 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 ] 
 
 5 
 
 
 9 
 
 ( 
 4 
 
 C. longifolium 
 
 75 
 
 
 89 
 
 
 92 
 7 
 
 96 
 ?0 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 61 
 
 73 
 
 Sulphuric acid: 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 6 9 
 
 9 
 
 95 
 
 
 99 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 96 
 
 100 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 40 
 
 87 
 
 fi 
 
 99 
 
 
 Hydrochloric acid: 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 1 
 
 ?3 
 
 35 
 
 
 
 88 
 
 
 
 99 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 37 
 
 6*1 
 
 5 
 
 84 
 
 85 
 
 Potassium hydroxide: 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 13 
 
 
 Mi 
 
 
 
 
 90 
 
 97 
 
 q 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 11 
 
 V> 
 
 5 
 
 7 
 
 70 
 
 Potassium iodide: 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 90 
 
 97 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 18 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 45 
 
 Potassium sulphocyanate: 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 5 
 
 9 
 
 11 
 
 C,. zey a 
 
 
 
 70 
 
 
 93 
 
 95 
 
 99 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 50 
 
 70 
 
 76 
 
 82 
 
 Potassium sulphide : 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 50 
 
 55 
 
 60 
 
 
 66 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 Sodium hydroxide: 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 4 
 
 C 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 
 90 
 
 
 91 
 
 95 
 
 98 
 
 
 99 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 ?0 
 
 ?9 
 
 33 
 
 33 
 
 Sodium sulphide: 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 5? 
 
 66 
 
 a? 
 
 84 
 
 91 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ?, 
 
 1 
 
 917 
 
 35 
 
 42 
 
 Sodium salicylate: 
 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 1 
 
 48 
 
 8? 
 
 98 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 37 
 
 6 
 
 95 
 
 99 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 40 
 
 69 
 
 78 
 
 Calcium nitrate: 
 
 
 
 
 
 05 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 65 
 
 
 78 
 
 81 
 
 81 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ? 
 
 1 
 
 15 
 
 19 
 
 20 
 
 Uranium nitrate: 
 
 
 
 
 
 05 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 fi5 
 
 7 
 
 8? 
 
 87 
 
 87 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 0,5 
 
 3 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 10 
 
 Strontium nitrate: 
 
 
 
 
 
 05 
 
 
 1 
 
 25 
 
 3.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 69 
 
 8. 
 
 97 
 
 98 
 
 98 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 0,5 
 
 
 6 
 
 15 
 
 32 
 
 Cobalt nitrate: 
 
 
 
 
 
 05 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 34 
 
 5 
 
 60 
 
 65 
 
 70 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 05 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 Copper nitrate: 
 
 
 
 
 
 05 
 
 
 
 
 0.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 54 
 
 7 
 
 78 
 
 80 
 
 81 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 O.fi 
 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 Cupric chloride: 
 
 
 
 
 
 05 
 
 
 
 
 0.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 48 
 
 
 til 
 
 62 
 
 64 
 
 r 1 ' IH 
 
 
 
 
 
 O.fi 
 
 . 
 
 
 1 
 
 8 
 
 Barium chloride: 
 
 
 
 
 
 OS 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 : 
 
 
 Id 
 
 11 
 
 20 
 
 r* i,- 1 ** 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 OF 
 
 
 
 
 0.5 
 
 Mercuric chloride: 
 
 
 
 
 
 Of 
 
 
 
 
 0.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 5; 
 
 
 7 
 
 r, 
 
 77 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 : 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 hybrid are noted especially in the reactions with potas- 
 sium iodide, potassium sulphide, and sodium sulphide. 
 
 Reaction-intensities Expressed by Light, Color, and Tempera- 
 ture Reactions. 
 Polarization: 
 
 C. zeylanicum, very high, value 93. 
 
 C. longifolium, high to very high, much lower than C. zeylanicum, 
 
 value 83. 
 
 C. kircape, high, slightly higher than C. zeylanicum, value 95. 
 Iodine: 
 
 C. zeylanicum, light to moderate, value 35. 
 
 C. longifolium, light to moderate, deeper than C. zeylanicum, 
 
 value 40. 
 C. kircape, light to moderate, slightly lighter than C. longifolium- 
 
 value 38. 
 Gentian violet: 
 
 C. zeylanicum, moderately deep to deep, value 67. 
 C. longifolium, moderate, lighter than C. zeylanicum, value CO. 
 C. kircape, moderate, the same as C. longifolium, value 60. 
 Saf ranin : 
 
 C. zeylanicum, moderately deep to deep, value 67. 
 
 C. longifolium, moderate, lighter than C. zeylanicum, value 60. 
 
 C. kircape, moderately deep to deep, deeper than either parent, 
 
 value 70. 
 Temperature: 
 
 C. zeylanicum, majority at 77 to 78, all but rare grains at 79 to 80, 
 
 mean 79.5. 
 
 C. longifolium, majority at 70 to 71, all at 74 to 75, mean 74.5. 
 C. kircape, majority at 75 to 76, all but rare grains at 77 to 79, 
 mean 78. 
 
 The reactivities of C. zeylanicum are higher than 
 those of C, longifolium in the polarization, gentian-violet, 
 and saf ranin reactions, and lower in the iodine and tem- 
 perature reactions. 
 
 Interesting differences are noted in these reactions 
 in the relations between those of the hybrid to one or the 
 other parent. In the polarization and saf'ranin reactions 
 the hybrid reactions are higher than those of either 
 parent, in both instances being nearer those of C. zey- 
 lanicum, the seed parent; in the iodine reaction it stands 
 intermediate, but somewhat closer to C. longifolium; 
 while in the gentian-violet reaction it is lower than in 
 C. zeylanicum and the same as in G. longifolium. The 
 temperature reaction is intermediate, yet distinctly closer 
 to that of C. zeylanicum, the mean being 1.5 lower than 
 in C. zeylanicum and 3.5 higher than in C. longifolium. 
 The reactions, on the whole, are closer to C. zeylanicum. 
 
 Table A 8 shows the reaction intensities in percent- 
 ages of total starch gelatinized at definite intervals (min- 
 utes). 
 
 VELOCITY-REACTION CURVES. 
 
 This section treats of the velocity-reaction curves of 
 the starches of Crinum zeylanicum, C. longifolium, and 
 C. kircape, showing the qualitative differences in the 
 behavior toward different reagents at definite time-inter- 
 vals. ( Charts D 1 48 to D 168.) 
 
 The most striking features of this group of curves are : 
 (1) The immediate and relatively very marked 
 reactivity of Crinum longifolium with all of the reag- 
 ents excepting barium chloride. With 7 of the 21 reag- 
 ents, 90 per cent or over of the total starch was gelatinized 
 in 5 minutes; with 3 reagents, 60 per cent or over; the 
 lowest percentage being 34; the average gelatinizatiou for 
 all of the reagents, excepting barium chloride, being 
 nearly 70 per cent in 5 minutes, as compared with 
 usually an average of 0.5 to 3 per cent in case of C. zey- 
 lanicum and the hybrid. With the latter, in only the 
 reactions with pyrogallic acid, sulphuric acid, and hy- 
 drochloric acid was there any marked effect during this 
 time-interval, these reactions in case of the hybrid rang- 
 ing from 33 to 40 per cent, while with C. zeylanicum 
 with the same reagents there was a gelatinization of 
 4 per cent or less, thus showing a remarkable approach 
 in the properties of the starch in relation to these three 
 reagents to the properties of C. longifolium. In the 
 

 reactions with nitric acid, jK.ta.-ium hydroxide, and po- 
 UMIUIII .-ul|>!i." \Aiiatc reactivity during the lint 5 min- 
 utes U di.-tinetly higher in the hybrid than in ('. 
 uylanifum. 
 
 i As the reaction-, [mx-eed Uie tendency, with two 
 !;.!!-. i- f..r the hybrid curves to become well sepa- 
 c <>f ('. ifylanirviii. becoming inU-nne- 
 k<f|nn^ 1 1.. JUT to thin parent than t.. < '. 
 lunijifu'lium. 'I'll.- .-i.in li therefore manifests the reac- 
 ;>ni|KTti< of l>oU) parent*, but i intiueooed dis- 
 tinctly more by the higli resistant properties of (,'. 
 irylaiiK-inn than by the relatively low resistant properties 
 lonyifolium. The degree! of separation of the three 
 , iin.s vary remarkably in the ditfereut reactions. In 
 some reactions they are to a notable extent separated, 
 showing correspondingly wide differences in reaction- 
 intensities of all three starches, as is especially marked 
 in the reactions with nitric acid, hydrochloric acid, 
 potaiuim hydroxide, potassium iodide, potassium sul- 
 j.ii". \jiimte, sodium hydroxide, and sodium sulphide; in 
 others, the three curves tend to be comparatively close, 
 ss in especially the sulphuric-acid reaction. In others 
 there :- marked tendency for the curve of ('. longifolium 
 to be separated from those of C. teylanicum and the 
 hybrid, the two latter inclining markedly toward one 
 another, as in especially the reactions with chromic acid, 
 potassium sulphide, sodium sal icy late, calcium nitrate, 
 uranium nitrate, strontium nitrate, cobalt nitrate, cop- 
 it rate, cupric chloride, barium chloride, and mer- 
 chlonde. In other reactions various gradations 
 of relationship exist between the foregoing groups. The 
 --nijiarative slowness of the C 1 . kircape reactions appears 
 to be due in some cases to the high resistance of the 
 ii<8 during particularly the earlier period of the 
 ns, as for instance, in those with chromic acid, 
 potassium sulphocyanate, and sodium salicylate. In cer- 
 tain other reactions the resistance during the same period 
 is low. 
 
 The best period for the differentiation of the starches 
 most of the reactions at the end of 30 minutes, in- 
 cluding here those with chromic acid, nitric acid, potas- 
 sium hydroxide, potassium iodide, and sodium salicylate ; 
 in a few at the end of 15 minutes, as in those with pyro- 
 gallic acid, sulphuric acid, hydrochloric acid, and potas- 
 sium sulphocyanate; in others at the end of 60 minutes, 
 ss in those with chloral hydrate, calcium nitrate, uranium 
 nitrate, strontium nitrate, cobalt nitrate, copper nitrate, 
 cupric chloride, barium chloride, and mercuric chloride. 
 In some of these reactions the differences between the 
 njfuren for C. itylanicum and C. kircape are trifling and 
 within the limits of error, as in the reactions with chloral 
 hydrate, potassium sulphide, barium chloride, and nier- 
 curk- chloride; and in certain others the variations are 
 unimportant, as in those with chromic acid, potassium 
 Milj. In.!.', uranium nitrate, copper nitrate, and t-upric 
 chloride. 
 
 REACTION-INTEXSITIRS or THE HYBRIDS. 
 
 This section deals with the reaction-intensities of 
 the hybrid as regards sameness, intermed lateness, excess 
 ami deficit in relation to the parents. (Table A 8 and 
 Charts D 148 to D 168.) 
 
 The reactivities of the hybrid are the same as those 
 of the seed parent in the reactions with chloral hydrate, 
 potassium sulphide, cobalt nitrate, and barium chloride; 
 the same as those of the pollen parent with gentian violet ; 
 the same as those of both parents in none; intermediate 
 in those with iodine, temperature, chromic acid, pymflal- 
 id, nitric acid, sulphuric acid, hydrochloric acid, 
 potassium hydroxide, potassium iodide, potassium sul- 
 phocyanate, sodium hydroxide, sodium sulphide, calcium 
 
 nitrate, uranium nitrate, strontium nitrate, copper in 
 trale, i-upric chloride, mid m.-rriirir chloride- (in 3 being 
 closer to those of the pollen parent; in 15 being closer 
 to the seed parent ; and in several being nearly the same) ; 
 highest in the polarization and safrauin ructions, in 
 both being closer to the seed parent ; and the lowest in the 
 sodium *ali.-> lute reaction and closer to the scd parent. 
 
 The following is a summary of the reaction-intensi- 
 ties: Same ss seed parent, 4 ; same as pollen parent, 1 ; 
 sune as both parents, 0; intermediate, 18; highest, 8: 
 lowest, 1. 
 
 The tendency to iiitermediatenes* and to the seed 
 parent is very marked, and it is obvious from these data 
 that the pollen parent has exercised comparatively very 
 little influence on the properties of the starch of the 
 hybrid, the reverse of what was recorded in the preced- 
 ing set, in which C. teylanicum is the pollen parent, 
 while in this set this species is the seed parent, from 
 which it seems that C. ttylanicum is the potent parent. 
 whether seed or pollen, in determining the properties 
 of the hybrid. 
 
 COMPOSITE CURTO or TUB REACTION-INTENSITIES, 
 This section deals with the composite curves of the 
 reaction-intensities, showing the differentiation of the 
 starches of Crinum ttylanicum, C. longifolium, and C. 
 Icircape. ( Chart E 8.) 
 
 The most conspicuous features of the chart may be 
 gummed up as follows: 
 
 (1) The very distinct separation of the curves of 
 C. teylanicum and C. kircape from the curve of C. longi- 
 folium, excepting in the reactions with polarization, 
 iodine, gentian violet, safranin, and temperature. 
 
 (2) The intermediate position of the curve of the 
 hybrid (except in the reactions with polarization, iodine, 
 safranin, and sodium salicylate and its relative closeness, 
 with few exceptions, to the curve of C. teylanicum. In 
 the reactions with safranin, chromic acid, and pyrogallic 
 acid the curve is closer to that of C. longifolium; and 
 in the gentian-violet reaction it is the same as in C. 
 longifolium. 
 
 (3) In C. teylanicum the very high reaction with 
 polarization; the high reactions with gentian violet, 
 safranin, and sulphuric acid ; the moderate reactions with 
 chromic acid, pyrogallic acid, and sodium salicylate ; the 
 low reactions with iodine and temperature reactions; and 
 the very low reactions with chloral hydrate, nitric acid, 
 hydrochloric acid, potassium hydroxide, potassium iodide, 
 potassium sulphocyanate, potassium sulphide, sodium 
 hydroxide, sodium sulphide, calcium nitrate, uranium ni- 
 trate, strontium nitrate, cobalt nitrate, copper nitrate, 
 cupric chloride, barium chloride, and mercuric chloride. 
 
 (4) In C. longifolium the very high reactions with 
 polarization, pyrogallic acid, nitric acid, sulphuric acid, 
 hydrochloric acid, potassium hydroxide, potassium 
 iodide, potassium sulphocyanate, and sodium hydroxide; 
 the high reactions with gentian violet, safranin, chromic 
 acid, sodium salicylate, and strontium nitrate; the mod- 
 erate reactions with iodine and sodium sulphide ; the low 
 reactions with temperature, chloral hydrate, potassium 
 sulphide, calcium nitrate, uranium nitrate, cobalt nitrate, 
 copper nitrate, cupric chloride, and mercuric chloride; 
 .ind the very low reactions with barium chloride. 
 
 (5) In C. leircape the very high reaction with polar- 
 ization ; the high reactions with gentian violet, safranin, 
 chromic acid, pyrogallic acid, and sulphuric acid; the 
 low reactions with iodine, temperature, nitric acid, hydro- 
 . -hlnric a<id, pota*-iiini hvdroxide, potassium snlpho- 
 cy a n ate, and sodium salicylate ; and the very low reactions 
 with chloral hydrate, potassium iodide, potassium snl- 
 
56 
 
 HISTOLOGIC PROPERTIES AND REACTIONS. 
 
 phide, sodium hydroxide, sodium sulphide, calcium ni- 
 trate, uranium nitrate, strontium nitrate, cobalt nitrate, 
 copper nitrate, cupric chloride, barium chloride, and mer- 
 curic chloride. 
 
 The following is a summary of the reaction-intensi- 
 ties: 
 
 
 Very 
 high. 
 
 High. 
 
 Mod- 
 erate. 
 
 Low. 
 
 Very 
 low. 
 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 17 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 2 
 
 9 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 13 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 9. COMPAEISONS OF THE STARCHES OF CKINUM 
 LONGIFOLIUM, C. MOOREI, AND C. POWELLII. 
 
 In histologic characteristics, polariscopic figures, 
 reactions with selenite, reactions with iodine, and quali- 
 tative reactions with various chemical reagents it will 
 be found that the starches of the parents and hybrid 
 exhibit not only properties in common in varying degrees 
 of development but also individualities, the sum of 
 which in case of each starch is distinctive of the starch. 
 The starch of the hybrid is in form, characters of the 
 hilum, lamellae, and size in certain respects closer to 
 <me than the other parent, and in other respects as close 
 to one as to the other. There are larger numbers of 
 both aggregates and compound grains than are found 
 in Crinum longifolium, but not quite so many as in 
 C. moorei. The irregularities of the grains are more 
 prominent and more numerous than in C. longifolium, 
 but less than in C. moorei. An abrupt deflection of elon- 
 gated, slender grains at or just distal to the slightly 
 eccentric hilum is seen, this peculiarity being absent 
 from C. longifolium, but present in C. moorei. The 
 majority of the grains are not so broadened and flat- 
 tened as in C. longifolium, yet more flattened than 
 in C. moorei. In size, the grains are more evenly 
 divided into elongated and broadened forms than in 
 case of either parent. In polariscopic figures and ap- 
 pearances with selenite, and in the iodine reactions, the 
 hybrid shows on the whole a distinctly closer relationship 
 to C. moorei. In the qualitative reactions with chloral 
 hydrate, potassium iodide, potassium sulphocyanate, 
 potassium sulphide, sodium sulphide, sodium salicylate, 
 copper nitrate, cupric chloride, and mercuric chloride 
 it is, on the whole, very much closer to C. moorei than 
 to C. longifolium. In some reactions there are certain 
 features that are much more like those of C. longifolium, 
 particularly in some of the processes with potassium 
 iodide and sodium sulphide. In the reactions with cop- 
 per nitrate, cupric chloride, and mercuric chloride the 
 starch of the hybrid exhibits certain very interesting 
 peculiarities, especially with reference to excess or deficit 
 of parental extremes. 
 
 Reaction-intensities Expressed oy Light, Color, and Tempera- 
 ture Reactions. 
 Polarization: 
 
 C. longifolium, high to very high, value 83. 
 
 C. moorei, high to very high, slightly higher than C. longifolium, 
 
 value 86. 
 
 C. powellii, high to very high, the same aa C. moorei, value 85. 
 Iodine: 
 
 C. longifolium, light to moderate, value 40. 
 C. moorei, moderate, higher than C. longifolium, value 60. 
 C. powellii, slightly to moderate, value 46. 
 Gentian violet: 
 
 C. longifolium, moderately deep to deep, value 60. 
 
 C. moorei, moderately deep to deep, deeper than C. longifolium, 
 
 value 65. 
 
 C. powellii, moderately deep to deep, the same as C. moorei, 
 value 65. 
 
 Safranin: 
 
 C. longifolium, moderately deep to deep, value 60. 
 
 C. moorei, moderately deep to deep, deeper than C longifolium, 
 
 value 65. 
 C. powellii, moderately deep to deep, the same as C. moorei, 
 
 value 65. 
 Temperature : 
 
 C. longifolium, majority at 70 to 71, all at 74 to 75; mean 74.5. 
 C. moorei, majority at 68 to 70, all but rare grains at 70 to 71; 
 
 mean 70.5. 
 C. powellii, majority at 65 to 67, all at 68 to 69; mean 68.5. 
 
 In all five reactions the reactivities of C. longifolium 
 are lower than those of C. moorei in varying degree. 
 The reactivities of the hybrid are the same as those of 
 G. moorei in the polarization, gentian-violet, and safra- 
 nin reactions; intermediate in the iodine reaction; and 
 higher than those of either parent, but closer to C. moorei, 
 in the temperature reaction. In four of the five reactions 
 it is closer to the pollen parent, and in one intermediate. 
 
 Table A 9 shows the reaction-intensities in percent- 
 ages of total starch gelatinized at definite intervals 
 (minutes). 
 
 VELOCITY-REACTION CURVES. 
 
 This section deals with the velocity-reaction curves 
 of the starches of Crinum longifolium, C. moorei, and 
 G. powellii, showing the quantitative differences in the 
 behavior toward different reagents at definite time- 
 intervals. (Charts D 169 to D 189.) 
 
 The most conspicuous features of this group of curves 
 are: 
 
 (1) The closeness of all three curves, indicating not 
 only a closeness of the parent stocks, but also very little 
 modification of parental peculiarities in the hybrid. 
 
 (2) The higher reactivity of the hybrid than of either 
 parent, excepting in the sodium salicylate reaction in 
 which it is at first intermediate and then the same or 
 practically the same as that of the pollen parent. 
 
 (3) The tendency for all three curves to run close 
 together throughout the periods of the reactions. 
 
 (4) The intermediate position of the C. moorei 
 curve throughout the series of reactions, excepting in the 
 reactions with sodium salicylate and barium chloride. 
 In the former it is practically the same as that of the 
 hybrid, and in the latter practically the same as that of 
 C. longifolium. It is of interest to note that while the 
 curves of the parents in the reaction with barium chlo- 
 ride are practically the same, the curve of the hybrid is 
 well separated (higher) from them. In many of the reac- 
 tions gelatinization goes on so rapidly during the first 
 5 minutes that there is but little differentiation of any 
 two or of all three, as the case may be. With proper 
 strengths of solution marked differences could undoubt- 
 edly be elicited. 
 
 (5) The earliest period during the 60 minutes at 
 which the three curves are so separated as to show the 
 most marked differences between them varies with the 
 different reagents. Approximately, this period occurs 
 within 5 minutes in the reactions with pyrogallic acid, 
 nitric acid, sulphuric acid, hydrochloric acid, potassium 
 hydroxide, potassium iodide, potassium sulphocyanate, 
 sodium hydroxide, sodium sulphide, sodium salicylate, 
 calcium nitrate, strontium nitrate, and cobalt nitrate; 
 within 15 minutes in those with chromic acid, uranium 
 nitrate, mercuric chloride, copper nitrate, and cupric 
 chloride ; at 30 minutes with chloral hydrate and potas- 
 sium sulphide; and at 60 minutes with barium chloride. 
 
 REACTION-INTENSITIES OF THE HYBRID. 
 
 This section treats of the reaction-intensities of the 
 hybrid as regards sameness, intermediateness, excess, 
 and deficit in relation to the parents. (Table A 9 and 
 Charts D 169 to D 189.) 
 
( KIM M 
 
 57 
 
 TABLE A 9. 
 
 
 S 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 S 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 S 
 
 . 
 
 8 
 
 S 
 
 9 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Chloral hydrmU: 
 
 T.JlfollUn. 
 
 .1.1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 40 
 
 81 
 46 
 
 40 
 
 7 
 46 
 69 
 
 70 
 
 06 
 t 
 70 
 
 , 
 
 08 
 79 
 
 H 
 
 ' - 
 
 W 
 90 
 
 C. potrrllu 
 Chronic c>d: 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 60 
 U 
 
 - 
 
 
 86 
 
 w; 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 C. pumrlln 
 
 
 
 
 
 . .till' Hi-Ill. 
 
 :>(lfullUUl 
 
 : 1 
 
 80 
 76 
 W 
 
 7S 
 
 I 
 
 00 
 99 
 
 M 
 
 
 
 100 
 
 M 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ad: 
 
 C l..U|..llUII. 
 
 C. moorei 
 
 
 .. 
 
 n 
 
 90 
 99 
 
 99 
 
 
 
 C.powWlii 
 Hulphuncadd: 
 DUoUum 
 
 ..rn 
 
 -t-IUi 
 
 90 
 
 
 90 
 
 
 H 
 9A 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 7 
 M 
 
 9H 
 99 
 
 Mt 
 
 
 M 
 
 100 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i.toncMKl 
 utfolium 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 C. mourn 
 
 90 
 
 97 
 
 
 
 .,, 
 
 
 
 
 
 ...... 
 
 ino 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i'uUMium hydroxide: 
 
 M) 
 
 
 
 
 90 
 
 - 
 
 97 
 99 
 
 
 
 
 C. moorei 
 C. powclln 
 
 94 
 98 
 
 99 
 
 97 
 
 
 
 
 
 PuUMUB iodkk: 
 
 :foliuffl. 
 
 C moorei .... 
 
 
 
 90 
 
 .. 
 
 97 
 9 
 
 - 
 
 99 
 
 
 C. poireUii 
 
 
 
 
 
 I'utmMuin .ulpbocyaiiaU: 
 : ,(ifoliuni 
 
 
 
 70 
 
 
 
 97 
 
 96 
 99 
 
 99 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 A. Illl 
 
 
 
 90 
 
 
 i'oUMum mlphidc: 
 
 C K.Dir.4iuui 
 
 
 
 
 
 to 
 
 M 
 
 M 
 
 91 
 97 
 99 
 
 66 
 
 
 74 
 
 96 
 99 
 
 00 
 70 
 86 
 
 98 
 
 78 
 87 
 
 M 
 
 81 
 88 
 
 99 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 C. powrUii 
 
 
 
 
 
 Bodium hydrosid*: 
 ( luncUolium 
 
 
 
 M. 
 
 
 C. moorei . . . . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 C. powdlii 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 
 
 
 
 Bodium ulpJJde. 
 C. loacUolium 
 
 
 
 
 
 62 
 
 M 
 97 
 
 37 
 01 
 60 
 
 06 
 
 78 
 
 
 
 06 
 
 80 
 83 
 
 09 
 
 -- 
 
 00 
 
 97 
 99 
 
 00 
 
 I 
 96 
 
 n 
 
 K6 
 
 H 
 
 71 
 -! 
 
 .,, 
 
 - 
 "'. 
 
 H 
 
 82 
 99 
 
 84 
 
 91 
 
 C. moorei 
 
 
 
 
 
 C. powdlii 
 
 
 
 
 
 Sodium MlicyUte: 
 
 
 
 
 
 96 
 
 .,. 
 
 99 
 
 78 
 
 I 
 H 
 
 -. 
 - 
 
 99 
 
 81 
 
 87 
 89 
 
 81 
 91 
 
 87 
 
 96 
 
 C. moorei 
 
 
 
 
 
 C. powrUU 
 Calcium nitnU: 
 < ' lunaifolium 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 C. moorei 
 
 
 
 
 
 C. powdlii 
 
 
 
 
 
 I r in urn nitrate: 
 C. loacifolium 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 C. powWlii 
 
 
 
 
 
 Btmatiuin nitrmtr: 
 C. loocifotium 
 
 
 
 
 
 97 
 97 
 
 98 
 
 t 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 C. powrUii 
 
 
 
 
 
 Cobclt aitnU: 
 C. loacifolium 
 
 
 
 
 
 34 
 
 
 08 
 
 M 
 
 00 
 
 -.- 
 
 48 
 
 :,l 
 01 
 
 * 
 
 
 a 
 
 -.: 
 
 - 
 - 
 
 M 
 
 ... 
 78 
 
 70 
 
 7. 
 
 91 
 
 60 
 
 ,... 
 
 -- 
 
 - 
 in 
 U 
 
 
 
 71 
 
 '. 
 
 " 
 74 
 
 -.-. 
 
 7- 
 
 n 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 7. 
 1 
 
 ; 
 
 ! 
 '.-, 
 
 :u 
 
 7. 
 
 06 
 
 7" 
 
 89 
 
 H 
 M 
 98 
 
 '- 
 " 
 97 
 
 19 
 
 H 
 
 ... 
 
 77 
 
 - 
 
 7 
 
 70 
 80 
 
 81 
 
 87 
 
 04 
 
 81 
 
 n 
 
 00 
 
 77 
 -'. 
 99 
 
 C. moorei .. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Copper nitrate: 
 C. loncifolium 
 
 
 
 
 
 C. moorei 
 
 
 
 
 
 C. powdlii 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Cuprio chloride: 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 f * mv*HU 
 
 
 
 
 
 Barium chlurwie. 
 
 :.2if*llulll 
 
 
 
 
 
 C. moorei 
 
 C. powrllll 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Mrrruric chloride: 
 C. loncifolium ... 
 
 
 
 
 
 C. mooid . 
 
 
 
 
 
 C. powrllii 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 The reactivities of the hybrid an? the . 
 of the teed parent in none 'of the reaction*; Uie -m--r 
 M those of the pollen parunt in the reactions with polar- 
 ization, gentian \iu|, i. anil -.ifruimi; the Mine a* UlOM 
 of both parent* in none of the react rmcdiato 
 
 with iodine and sodium u MI one being mid- 
 
 intermediate and in the other closer to the pollen parent; 
 highest with i.-iujK-ratur.-, chloral hyili 
 pyrogallic acid, nitric acid, nuljihuric aci.!. doric 
 
 ii- id, potassium hydroxide, potassium L..II.I,-,' JK.UMIUIII 
 Milphocjanate, DoUssium sulphide, *odium h 
 Medium sulphide, calcium nitrate, uranium" nitrate, 
 strontium nitrate, cobalt nitrate, copper nitrate, cupric 
 chloride, barium chloride, an. I m.-n-urii- chloride (in 19 
 being clowr to the pollen parent, and in being at clone 
 to one as the other parent) ; and the lowest in no rea 
 
 The following is a summary of the rcat-tion-intcnw- 
 tiea : Same u teed parent, ; tame as pollen parent. :< . 
 same as both parenU, 0; intermediate, 2; highest 
 lowest, 0. 
 
 liitcrmediatencw is almost absent, aameneas or incli- 
 nation to the teed parent entirely absent, and highest reac- 
 tivity and sameness or inclination to the pollen parent 
 VTV conspicuous. C. moorei, the seed par. ut. not onh 
 tends to higher reactivities than the other parent, but 
 also to so markedly raise the reactivities of tin* hybrid as 
 to bring the latter higher as a rule than it* own. The 
 seed parent has obviously had very little influence in 
 determining the properties of the starch of the hybrid. 
 In this set C. longifolium i the seed parent and in the 
 preceding set the pollen parunt, and in both it ha- 
 comparatively impotent in determining the parental 
 leanings of the hybrid. (Sec Chapter 5, Section I.) 
 
 COMPOSITE CURVES or REACTION INTKNBITIW. 
 
 This soctii.n treats of the composite curves of the 
 reaction-intensities showing the differentiation of the 
 starches of Crinum longifolium, C. moorei, and C. 
 potcellii. ( Chart E 9.) 
 
 The most conspicuous features of thin chart are: 
 
 (1) The relatively remarkably high reactivity <>f the 
 hybrid. It in higher than in either parent with few ex- 
 ceptions, and in the latter instances it is the Kan 
 -lightly lower than that of one or the other parent. 
 
 (2) The closeness with which the hybrid and C. 
 moorei curve* run through most of the reactions. In 17 
 out of the 26 reaction* the hybrid curve ia closer to the 
 C. moorei curve. In 7 inntances (chromic arid, calcium 
 nitrate, uranium nitrate, cobalt nitrate. , ..j.j.. r n.- 
 cupric chloride, and mercuric chloride) it is farther 
 separated from the curves of the parent -I.M ks than are 
 the latter (separated from each other. The hi^li reac- 
 tivity of the hybrid in comparison with the reactivities 
 of the parent stocks in the reactions with calcium nitrate, 
 uranium nitrate, copper nitrate, cupru- chloride, and 
 mercuric chloride is quite remarkable by showing a wide 
 departure from intermed lateness. 
 
 (3) In C. longifolium the very high reactions with 
 polarization, pyrogallic acid, nitric acid, sulphuric acid, 
 hydrochloric acid, potassium hydroxide, potassium 
 iodide, potassium sulphocyanate, and sodium hydroxide; 
 the liijfh reactions with gentian violet, safranin, chr 
 acid, sodium salicylate, and strontium nitrate ; the mod- 
 erate reactions with iodine and sodium sulphide ; the low 
 
 .n* with chloral hydrate, temperature, potassium 
 sulphide, calcium nitrate, uranium nitrate, cobalt ni- 
 trate, copper nitrate, cupric chloride, ami i . hlo- 
 ride ; and the very low reaction with barium chlorr 
 
 high reaction* with polari- 
 zation, pyrogallic acid, mtri. a. id. sulphuric acid, hrdro- 
 .LI-!. poUssium hydroxide, pntaamum iodide. 
 
58 
 
 HISTOLOGIC PROPERTIES AND REACTIONS. 
 
 potassium sulphocyauate, sodium hydroxide, sodium sul- 
 phide, sodium salicylate, and strontium nitrate; the high 
 reactions with gentian violet, saf ranin, and chromic acid ; 
 the moderate reactions with iodine, temperature, calcium 
 nitrate, and uranium nitrate; the low reactions with 
 chloral hydrate, potassium sulphide, cobalt nitrate, cop- 
 per nitrate, cupric chloride, and mercuric chloride; and 
 the very low reaction with barium chloride. 
 
 (5) In C. powellii the very high reactions with polar- 
 ization, chromic acid, pyrogallic acid, nitric acid, sul- 
 phuric acid, hydrochloric acid, potassium hydroxide, 
 potassium iodide, potassium sulphocyanate, sodium hy- 
 droxide, sodium sulphide, sodium salicylate, calcium 
 nitrate, uranium nitrate, and strontium nitrate; the 
 high reactions with gentian violet, safranin, copper ni- 
 trate, cupric chloride, and mercuric chloride ; the mod- 
 erate reactions with iodine, temperature, and cobalt 
 nitrate ; the low reactions with chloral hydrate, potassium 
 sulphide, and barium chloride; and the absence of any 
 very low reaction. 
 
 The following is a summary of the reaction-intensities : 
 
 
 Very 
 high. 
 
 High. 
 
 Mod- 
 erate. 
 
 Low. 
 
 Very 
 low. 
 
 
 9 
 
 5 
 
 2 
 
 9 
 
 1 
 
 C. moorei 
 
 12 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 6 
 
 1 
 
 
 15 
 
 6 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 NOTES ON THE CRINUMS. 
 
 Among the starches studied are three from recognized 
 species, two of which, C. moorei and C. longifolium, are 
 more closely related botanically and horticulturally than 
 is either to C. zeylanicum. The first two are stated to 
 be the only hardy species of the genus, C. moorei being 
 less hardy than C. longifolium. C. powellii, the hybrid 
 of C. moorei and C. longifolium, is recorded as being 
 more hardy than C. moorei. 
 
 In comparing the reactions of the starches of these 
 three species as presented in Charts E 7, E 8, and E 9, 
 several features of interest in addition to those already 
 referred to will be noted : 
 
 (1) The wide separation of the curves of C. longi- 
 folium and C. moorei from the curve of C. zeylanicum, 
 a departure so mtfrked as to suggest a greater difference 
 botanically than is recognized or that it is an expression 
 of marked horticultural difference. The explanation 
 seems to rest in the latter : C. longifolium and C. moorei 
 are, as stated, hardy crinums, and they exhibit a far 
 higher reactivity than C. zeylanicum, a tender crinum, 
 which has a low degree of reactivity. A number of the 
 tender crinums were studied in respect to the reactive- 
 intensities, including the well-known species, C. ameri- 
 canum, C. erubescens, C. fimbriatulum, C. scabrum, and 
 C. virginicum, all of which have low reactivity curves 
 corresponding with the curve of C. zeylanicum. There- 
 fore, it seems probable that among species of this genus 
 hardiness or tenderness bears an inverse relationship to 
 reactive-intensity. Such a relationship has been noted 
 in other genera, as, for instance, between Amaryllis and 
 Hippeastrum, the former being relatively hardy and 
 the latter tender; the former being of distinctly higher 
 mean reactivity than the latter. In accordance with the 
 foregoing there are two generic types of curves which 
 
 correspond with the two groups of hardy and tender 
 groups of plants, respectively, and it appears from the 
 charts that the hybrid C. kircape is in a marked measure 
 in the nature of a connecting link between the two 
 groups. 
 
 (2) The type of curve of C. longifolium and C. 
 moorei, notwithstanding that these curves are far sepa- 
 rated in all of the important reactions from the curve 
 of C. zeylanicum, corresponds with that of C. zeylanicum. 
 The rises and falls are strikingly coincident coinci- 
 dences that could be greatly accentuated by modifications 
 in the strengths of the reagents. 
 
 (3) The curves of the hybrids, in the three charts 
 exhibit certain well-defined peculiarities: In each the 
 hybrid curve tends to follow closely one parent, that of 
 C. hybridum j. c. harvey following the curve of C. zey- 
 lanicum; that of C. powellii the curve of C. moorei; and 
 that of G. kircape the curve of C. zeylanicum. The rela- 
 tively very potent influences of C. zeylanicum on the 
 properties of the hybrid are strikingly evident, espe- 
 cially on C. hybridum j. c. harvey. 
 
 As regards sameness, intermediateness, and deficit of 
 development in relation to the parents, the data of the 
 three sets of starches show marked differences, as is illus- 
 trated in the following summaries : 
 
 
 C. hybridum 
 j. c.harvey. 
 
 C. kircape. 
 
 C. powellii. 
 
 Same as, or practically the 
 same as: 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 Pollen parent 
 
 12 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Intermediate 
 
 5 
 
 18 
 
 2 
 
 Highest..' 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 21 
 
 
 7 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 10. COMPARISONS OF THE STAECHES OF NEEINE 
 CBISPA, N. ELEGANS, N. DAINTY MAID, AND N. 
 QUEEN OF EOSES. 
 
 In histologic characteristics, polariscopic figures, 
 reactions with selenite, qualitative reactions with iodine, 
 and qualitative reactions with the various chemical reag- 
 ents, all four starches exhibit properties in common in 
 varying degrees of development, and each starch has 
 certain individualities. The starch of Nerine elegans 
 in comparison with that of the other parent N. crispa is 
 found to contain compound grains which have a larger 
 number of components, and also aggregates which are 
 not found in the latter. The grains are more regular in 
 form, of less breadth usually in proportion to length, 
 and in the majority of the grains the proximal end is 
 smaller than the distal end, whereas in N. crispa only 
 the minority of the grains have this feature. The hilum 
 is not so distinct, less fissured, and slightly more eccen- 
 tric. The lamellse are, as a rule, finer but not so dis- 
 tinct; there are more grains that have lamellae that are 
 not so fine at the distal end as near the hilum; and the 
 number of lamellae is less. The sizes are generally less 
 and there are differences in the ratios of length to 
 breadth. In the polariscopic figures, reactions with 
 selenite, and qualitative reactions with iodine there are 
 many differences, mostly apparently of a minor charac- 
 
M KIM 
 
 N 
 
 In the qualitative reai-tinii* with rhli.ml hydrate, 
 nitric anl. |M<USMIUIII i-iiilc. poUwiutu sulphide, ami 
 my .liilrii-i.. - are noted, tome rather 
 (Inking but ni.'-tly M'oimngly of minur importance. 
 -tarch uf tin- hybrid N. dainty maid in comparison 
 with the starches of the parents contains more aggre- 
 gates than that of A', elegant and as many aa in N. cntpa; 
 regularities are more numerous than in N. elegant 
 and alxnit the same as in the other parent; and while moat 
 uf tlu> -T.UI.- in relative sizes of the proximal and dutal 
 ends resemble thoae of A', critpa, there are more that 
 hare t!., j.r..\:inl end smaller than the distal end. The 
 luliini in iii-n:.. tnesa is cloaer to X. critpa, while in the 
 figuration it is closer to N. elegant; in eccen- 
 tri> itv it also is closer to the latter. The lamelUe are 
 
 than thoM of either parent, but nearer N. elegant, 
 while m general character* and arrangements they are 
 nearer A. crispa; the number it less than in either 
 parent, but nearer that of A', critpa. The sin is some- 
 what closer to A', elegant. In the polarization, selenite, 
 ami qualitative reactions the resemblances lean to one 
 or the other parent, but on the whole distinctly more to 
 A", tlfj-in.f. In the qualitative reactions with chloral 
 hydrate, nitric acid, potassium iodide, potassium sulpho- 
 cyanate, potassium xulphide, and sodium salicylate cer- 
 tain of the phenomena lean to one parent and certain 
 others to the other parent, but the relationship is, on 
 
 hole, distinctly closer to A', elegant. In comparison 
 with the .-tar. lies of the parenU the starch of the hybrid 
 A*, queen of rotet contains a larger number of aggregates 
 which have a larger number of component grains, and 
 more compound grains than in either parent; and the 
 latter are like those of N. elegant; the grains are leas 
 regular than those of N. elegant but more regular than 
 those of A*, crispa. The hilum is as distinct as in 
 A', critpa and more distinct than in the other parent; 
 
 rarely fissured, thus being closer to A', elegant; 
 and the eccentricity is greater than in either parent, 
 being nearer N. elegant. The lamella; in characters and 
 arrangements closely resemble those of N. critpa, but 
 the number is less than in either parent and closer to that 
 of A", elegant. In size the grains are smaller than those 
 of either parent, and closer to those of N. elegant. In 
 the polarization, selenite, and qualitative reactions with 
 iodine the resemblances are closer to N. elegant. In the 
 qualitative reactions with chloral hydrate, nitric acid, 
 potassium iodide, potassium sulphocyanate, potassium 
 xulphide, and sodium salicylate certain of the phenomena 
 lean to one parent and certain others to the other. In 
 the reactions with chloral hydrate and sodium salicylate 
 
 on the whole, more closely resemble those of N. 
 . ru-/j. but those with nitric acid, potassium iodide, potaa- 
 -iiiin sulphocyanate, and potassium sulphide more closely 
 resemble those of N. elegant. 
 
 The two hybrids differ in certain very interesting 
 respects, especially as regjards their greater resemblances 
 in their various properties to one or the other parent 
 A', dainty maid is in form more like N. crispa than 
 .V. fleoane, but in other histological respects more like 
 
 ther parent N. queen of met is in form and 
 hilum more like N. elegant than N. critpa, but in the 
 lamella? it is nearer to N. critpa. In the polarization 
 properties both hybrids are closer to N. elegant than to 
 A', rrispa, N. queen of rotet being closer than N. dainty 
 
 maid. In the iodine reactions, both Quantitative and 
 qualitative, N. dainty maid more closely resembles N. 
 elegant; but in the other hybrid, A', queen of rote*, the 
 unheated grains show a closer relationship to N. elegant 
 and the heated or gelatinised grains to the other parent 
 In the aniline reactions N. dainty maid is closer to ff. 
 elegant than to N. critpa; while A', queen of met u ilium 
 to N. critpa than to N. elegant. In the qualitative reac- 
 tions with the various chemical reagent* xiuular . 
 individualities are recorded, as regards interparental and 
 inter-hybrid and parental-hybrid reactions. The hy- 
 brids are sometimes practically alike and at others quite 
 as different from each other as they are from the parents, 
 or as the parent* are from each other. The qualitative 
 reactions may be closer to one or the other parent, accord- 
 ing to the reagent In the chloral-hydrate reactions both 
 hybrids are closer to N. critpa, N. dainty maid being 
 the closer. In the reactions with nitric acid, potassium 
 iodide, potassium sulphocyanate, and potassium sulphide 
 the hybrids are closer to A', elegant, N. dainty maid being 
 the closer. In the sodium-salicylate reactions A 7 , dainty 
 maid is nearer to N. elegant, and A', queen of rotes i. 
 to A*, critpa, there being nearly as much difference be- 
 tween the hybrids themselves aa between the hybrid 
 A', queen of rotet and the parent N. elegant. 
 
 KrocttoH imtcnntirt Krpretttd by Light, Color, tnj TVmprr*. 
 
 lurt KtaetuHU. 
 Polarisation: 
 
 Nerina erupt. moderaU to ray high, value 66. 
 
 Nerine eUgana. moderate to very bih. lower than N. rritpa. 
 
 value 80. 
 Nerine dainty maid, moderate to vrry hih. eame a* N. elegant. 
 
 value 80. 
 Nerioe queen of roeee. moderate to very high, lower than either 
 
 parrot, value 77. 
 Iodine: 
 
 Nerine critpa. moderate, value 46. 
 
 Nerine elegant, moderate, deeper than in N. criepa, value 66. 
 
 Nerine dainty maid, moderate to Jeep, deeper than in either parent. 
 
 value M. 
 
 Nerine queen of roiee. moderate, the eame aa in N. elegant, value 66. 
 Geptitn violet: 
 
 Nerine criepa. light to moderate, v.lue 40. 
 
 Nerine decant. Uaht to moderate, lighter than N. eriepa. value . 
 
 Nerine dainty maid, liaht to moderate, the eame ae in N. elecane 
 
 value 86. 
 Nerine queen of row*. liht to moderate, the eame M in N. eriepa. 
 
 value 40. 
 Safranin: 
 
 Nerioe eriepa, moderate, value 60. 
 
 Nerine elegant, moderate, lighter than in N. eriepa. value 46. 
 Nerine dainty maid, moderate, the eame aa in N. elegant, value 60. 
 NVrine quean of rote*, moderate, the eame at in N. eriepa, value 60. 
 Temperature: 
 
 Nerine eriepa. in the majority at M to 06*; in all at 70 to 7I.6*; 
 
 mean 70.7*. 
 Nerine elegant, in the majority at 68.6 te 70*; in all at 76 to 76 V; 
 
 mean 76.0*. 
 Nerine dainty maid, in the majority at 00 to 704*; in all at 72 A 
 
 to 73-8*; mean, 73.3*. 
 Nerine queen of rone. In the majority at 8 to W.I*, in all at 71 
 
 to 72-**; mean 71. 9*. 
 
 N. critpa shows a higher reactivity than the other 
 parent N. elegant in the reactions with polarisation, gen- 
 tian violet, safranin, and temperature, and a lower reac- 
 tivity with iodine. Roth hybrids in the polarization and 
 iodine reactions are nearer to N. elegant than to the other 
 parent, N. dainty maid having the same polarization 
 reaction as this parent, bat a higher iodine reaction. 
 
60 
 
 HISTOLOGIC PROPERTIES AND REACTIONS. 
 
 With gentian violet and safranin N. dainty maid is the 
 same as N. elegans, while N. queen of roses is the same 
 as N. crispa. In the temperature reactions the hybrids 
 are intermediate, N. dainty maid being closer to N. 
 elegans, and N. queen of roses closer to N. crispa. N. 
 dainty maid is, on the whole, more closely related in 
 these reactions to the pollen parent, and N. queen of 
 roses to the seed parent. 
 
 Table A 10 shows the reaction-intensities in percent- 
 ages of total starch gelatinized at definite intervals 
 (minutes) : 
 
 TABLE A 10. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^~ 
 
 
 
 r 
 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 a 
 
 C4 
 
 g 
 
 CO 
 
 8 
 
 * 
 
 a 
 
 O 
 
 f> 
 
 
 
 "3 
 * 
 
 8 
 S 
 
 Chloral hydrate: 
 Nerine crispa 
 
 
 
 
 
 1? 
 
 37 
 
 65 
 
 67 
 
 72 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 15 
 
 89 
 
 97 
 
 
 
 Nerine dainty maid 
 
 
 
 
 
 13 
 
 77 
 
 00 
 
 92 
 
 95 
 
 Nerine queen of roses 
 
 
 
 
 
 70 
 
 99 
 
 
 
 
 Chromic acid: 
 Nerine crispa 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 9 
 
 36 
 
 90 
 
 95 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 3 
 
 50 
 
 Q9 
 
 QQ 
 
 Nerine dainty maid 
 
 
 
 
 
 0,5 
 
 1 
 
 33 
 
 83 
 
 95 
 
 Nerine queen of roses 
 
 
 
 
 
 ? 
 
 4 
 
 31 
 
 86 
 
 96 
 
 Pyrogallic acid : 
 Nerine crispa 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 1 
 
 o 
 
 3 
 
 
 3 
 
 Nerine elegans 
 
 
 
 
 
 0,5 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 Nerine dainty maid 
 
 
 
 
 
 ?, 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 Nerine queen of roses 
 
 
 
 
 
 0,5 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 Nitric acid: 
 Nerine crispa 
 
 
 
 
 
 fi? 
 
 SO 
 
 95 
 
 99 
 
 99 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 88 
 
 96 
 
 09 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 7? 
 
 83 
 
 05 
 
 96 
 
 97 
 
 Nerine queen of roses 
 
 
 
 
 
 75 
 
 90 
 
 08 
 
 99 
 
 
 Sulphuric acid: 
 Nerine crispa 
 
 8,5 
 
 
 0<t 
 
 
 100 
 
 
 
 
 
 Nerine elegans 
 
 90 
 
 
 99 
 
 
 99 
 
 
 
 
 
 Nerine dainty maid 
 
 95 
 
 
 90 
 
 
 90 
 
 
 
 
 
 Nerine queen of roses 
 
 99 
 
 
 100 
 
 
 90 
 
 
 
 
 
 Hydrochloric acid: 
 
 
 
 
 
 90 
 
 00 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 90 
 
 00 
 
 
 
 
 Nerine dainty maid 
 
 
 
 
 
 95 
 
 98 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 98 
 
 00 
 
 
 
 
 Potassium hydroxide: 
 Nerine crispa 
 
 97 
 
 
 99 
 
 
 99 
 
 
 
 
 
 Nerine elegans 
 
 99 
 
 
 
 
 00 
 
 
 
 
 
 Nerine dainty maid 
 
 9,5 
 
 
 97 
 
 
 90 
 
 
 
 
 
 Nerine queen of roses 
 
 99 
 
 
 
 
 99 
 
 
 
 
 
 Potassium iodide: 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 9 
 
 17 
 
 28 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 1 
 
 9 
 
 3 
 
 g 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 05 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 12 
 
 15 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 <t 
 
 o 
 
 11 
 
 19 
 
 Potassium sulphocyanate: 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 10 
 
 4 
 
 61 
 
 70 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 10 
 
 30 
 
 40 
 
 55 
 
 Nerine dainty maid 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 40 
 
 70 
 
 85 
 
 00 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 36 
 
 65 
 
 80 
 
 88 
 
 Potassium sulphide: 
 
 
 
 
 
 no 
 
 88 
 
 03 
 
 95 
 
 95 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ? 
 
 91 
 
 05 
 
 97 
 
 97 
 
 Nerine dainty maid 
 
 
 
 
 
 o:i 
 
 90 
 
 91 
 
 05 
 
 OS 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 75 
 
 0? 
 
 91 
 
 96 
 
 99 
 
 Sodium hydroxide: 
 
 
 
 
 
 | 
 
 ? 
 
 3 
 
 o 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 5 
 
 8 
 
 1 
 
 in 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 05 
 
 4 
 
 7 
 
 in 
 
 18 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 5 
 
 1' 
 
 15 
 
 99 
 
 Sodium sulphide: 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 | 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ? 
 
 3 
 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 f 
 
 } 
 
 5 
 
 n 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 ? 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 n 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 TABLE A 10. Continued. 
 
 
 a 
 
 a 
 
 <N 
 
 a 
 
 CO 
 
 a 
 ^ 
 
 a" 
 
 1C 
 
 a 
 
 o 
 
 a 
 8 
 
 a 
 
 *o 
 
 V 
 
 a 
 S 
 
 Sodium salicylate: 
 Nerine crispa 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 S 
 
 OS 
 
 
 
 Nerine elegans 
 
 
 
 
 
 S 
 
 00 
 
 
 
 
 Nerine dainty maid 
 
 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 OS 
 
 
 
 
 Nerine queen of roses 
 
 
 
 93 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Calcium nitrate: 
 Nerine crispa 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 1 
 
 g 
 
 10 
 
 Nerine elegans 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 5 
 
 x 
 
 Nerine dainty maid 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 o 
 
 10 
 
 16 
 
 Nerine queen of roses 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 7 
 
 
 n 
 
 Uranium nitrate: 
 Nerine crispa 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 9 
 
 19 
 
 '8 
 
 Nerine elegans 
 
 
 
 
 
 n 
 
 ^ 
 
 o 
 
 11 
 
 14 
 
 Nerine dainty maid 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 g 
 
 >o 
 
 30 
 
 38 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 11 
 
 20 
 
 33 
 
 Strontium nitrate: 
 
 
 
 
 
 68 
 
 00 
 
 95 
 
 96 
 
 99 
 
 Nerine elegans 
 
 
 
 
 
 60 
 
 05 
 
 OS 
 
 99 
 
 00 
 
 Nerine dainty maid 
 
 
 
 
 
 63 
 
 on 
 
 05 
 
 OS 
 
 09 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 88 
 
 00 
 
 
 
 00 
 
 Cobalt nitrate: 
 Nerine crispa 
 
 
 
 
 
 n 5 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 Nerine elegana 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 g 
 
 ? 
 
 Nerine dainty maid 
 
 
 
 
 
 05 
 
 f, 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 Nerine queen of roses 
 
 
 
 
 
 05 
 
 f 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 Copper nitrate: 
 Nerine crispa 
 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 9 
 
 14 
 
 99 
 
 ?5 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 f 
 
 fi 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 
 n 
 
 R 
 
 33 
 
 Nerine queen of roses 
 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 1 
 
 ft 
 
 10 
 
 17 
 
 Cupric chloride: 
 Nerine crispa 
 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 ? 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 Nerine elegans 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 f 
 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 ? 
 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 Nerine queen of roses 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 Barium chloride: 
 
 
 
 
 
 05 
 
 ? 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 Nerine elegans 
 
 
 
 
 
 05 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 Nerine queen of roses 
 
 
 
 
 
 n 5 
 
 
 
 
 on 
 
 Mercuric chloride: 
 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 ] 
 
 
 3 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 ? 
 
 
 
 ? 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 VELOCITY-REACTION CURVES. 
 
 This section deals with the velocity-reaction curves of 
 the starches of Nerine crispa, N. elegans, N. dainty 
 maid, and N. queen of roses, showing the quantitative 
 differences in the behavior toward different reagents at 
 definite time-intervals. (Charts D 190 to D 210.) 
 Among the conspicuous features of these charts are : 
 (1) The marked closeness of all four curves, except- 
 ing in the reactions with chloral hydrate and potassium 
 sulphocyanate, in which there is a marked tendency to 
 separation, especially in the former, although in the 
 general course of curves the characters of the reactions 
 agree. In the reactions with pyrogallic acid, sulphuric 
 acid, hydrochloric acid, potassium hydroxide, sodium 
 sulphide, calcium nitrate, copper nitrate, cupric chloride, 
 barium chloride, and mercuric chloride gelatinization 
 occurs either with such rapidity or slowness that there is 
 no satisfactory differentiation, such differences as are 
 noted falling within the limits of error of experiment 
 or being unimportant. Even in some of the other reac- 
 tions the differences are small. 
 
M 1UNE. 
 
 (8) Tliv curve of .V. crigpa i higher than the cure 
 elfijans in tin- reactions with potassium iodide, 
 potaosium sulphocyanate, uranium nitrate, and copper 
 nitrate; and lower with chloral hydrate, chromic acid, 
 nitric acid, potassium sulphide, sodium hydroxide, so- 
 dium galicylate, and strontium mtr. 
 
 (3) The curves of the hybrids show varying parental 
 relationships. th>>n> U-mg a well-marked tendency in the 
 reactions of .V. dainty maid to intermediateneM and a 
 Inpher position than the parental curves, with a some- 
 v hiit nirr III.ITM <l closeness to the pollen parent, while 
 'futen of rostt there is lea* tendency to interraediate- 
 ne* but a greater tendency to highness with about an 
 equal inclination to one or the other parent. 
 
 i An early period of comparatively marked re- 
 sistance followed by a rapid to moderate gelatinixation 
 is seldom recorded, as seen for instance in the curve* 
 for chromic acid and potassium sulphocyanate. 
 
 (6) The earliest period of the 60 minutes that u 
 the best for the differentiation of the four starches is for 
 the reactions with nitric acid, potassium sulphide, sodium 
 salicylate, and strontium nitrate at 5 minutes; with tho 
 chloral hydrate at 15 minutes; with chromic acid and 
 potassium sulphocyanate at 30 minutes; and with potas- 
 -MIIII iodide, sodium hydroxide, uranium nitrate, and 
 copper nitrate at 60 minutes. The other reactions are 
 cither so fast or so slow that no satisfactory differentia- 
 tion can be made. 
 
 REACTION-INTENSITIES or THB HYBRID. 
 
 This section treats of the reaction-intensities of the 
 hybrid as regards sameness, intermed lateness, excess, 
 at;.! ]. ti.it in relation to the parent. (Table A 10, and 
 Charts D 190 to D 210.) 
 
 The reactivities of the hybrid N. dainty maid are the 
 same as those of the seed parent in the safranin reaction ; 
 the same as those of the pollen parent with polarization 
 and gentian violet ; the same as both parents with pyro- 
 pallic acid, potassium sulphide, sodium sulphide, cobalt 
 nitrate, cupric chloride, barium chloride, and mercuric 
 chloride; intermediate with temperature, chloral hy- 
 drate, nitric acid, potassium iodide, sodium hydroxide, 
 sodium salicylate (in four being closer to the pollen 
 parent, in one nearer the seed parent, and in one mid- 
 intermediate) ; highest with iodine, sulphuric acid, hydro- 
 chloric acid, potassium sulphocyanate, calcium nitrate, 
 uranium nitrate, strontium nitrate, copper nitrate (in 
 three being closer to the pollen parent, in four nearer the 
 seed parent, and in one as near to one as to the other 
 parent) ; and lowest with chromic acid and potassium 
 hydroxide (in one being nearer to seed parent, and in 
 one as near one u the other parent). 
 
 The reactivities of the hybrid N. queen of rose* arc 
 ime as those of the seed parent in the reactions 
 with gentian violet and safranin; the same u those 
 of the pollen parent with iodine; the same as both 
 parents with pyrogallic acid, potassium hydroxide, so- 
 dium sulphide, cobalt nitrate, cupric chloride, barium 
 chloride, and mercuric chloride ; intermediate with tem- 
 perature, nitric acid, and potassium iodide (in two being 
 closer to the seed parent, and in one mid-intermediate) ; 
 highest with chloral hydrate, sulphuric acid, hydrochloric 
 acid, potassium sulphocyanate, potassium sulphide, to- 
 
 
 N. dainty 
 maid. 
 
 N .!!, 
 olroata. 
 
 Total. 
 
 BMM or practically UM MUM u: 
 8<*d parent 
 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 Polka parent 
 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 Both paraoU 
 
 
 7 
 
 14 
 
 lotcrmwiiaU.. 
 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 fUjhort 
 
 
 u 
 
 10 
 
 Lowe* 
 
 
 t 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 
 .hum hydroxide, sodium salicylate, calcium nitrate, ura- 
 nium nitrate, strontium nitrate, and copper nitrate (in 
 six being nearer the pollen parent, in four nearer the teed 
 parent, and in one as near to one as to the other parent) ; 
 and the lowest with polarization and chromic acid (in 
 one being nearer the pollen parent and in the other 
 nearer the seed parent). 
 
 The following U a summary of the reaction-intensi- 
 ties of the hybrid aa regard* sameness, intennediateoeas, 
 excess, and deficit in relation to the parents : 
 
 The hybrids differ from each other in the reactions 
 with polarization, iodine, gentian violet, safranin, tem- 
 perature, chloral hydrate, sodium hydroxide, strontium 
 nitrate, calcium nitrate, and copper nitrate, in several 
 to a minor degree. The hybrid A', dainty maid haa a 
 higher reactivity than the other hybrid in the reactions 
 with polarization, iodine, calcium nitrate, and copper 
 nitrate, and a lower reactivity in those with gentian 
 violet, safranin, temperature, chloral hydrate, sodium 
 hydroxide, and strontium nitrate. The most striking 
 difference is seen in the reactions with chloral hydrate. 
 The hybrids differ on the whole less from each other 
 than the parents from each other, but they differ as 
 much from the parents as do the parents from each other. 
 The parental relationships of the two hybrids vary in the 
 different reactions as regards sameness, intermediateness, 
 etc., each hybrid showing relationships quite independent 
 of those of other. Thus, in the polarization tva<t!<>n- 
 .V. dainty maid is the same as the pollen parent, while 
 .V. queen of roses has the lowest reactivity and is nearer 
 the pollen parent ; in the temperature reactions both are 
 intermediate, but the former is nearer the pollen par-nt. 
 and the latter nearer the seed parent ; in the reactions 
 with chloral hydrate the former is intermediate and 
 nearer the pollen parent, and the latter highest and 
 nearer the pollen parent, etc. (See Chapter V.) 
 
 COMPOSITE CTJITM OP REACTION-INTENSITIES. 
 
 This section deals with the composite curves of the 
 reaction-intensities, showing the differentiation of the 
 starches of Nerine crigpa, fi. elegant, N. dainty maid, 
 and JV. queen of met. (Chart E 10.) 
 
 The most conspicuous feature* of this chart are: 
 
 ( 1 ) The very dose correspondence in the rises and 
 falls of the curves of the two parent*, excepting in the 
 reaction with chloral hydrate, in which the curve of 
 one parent is ascending and of the other descending. A* 
 will be seen also by other charts (Ell ai: *ome 
 
 of the nerines are comparatively fast-reacting with thi* 
 reagent and other* the reverse. The curve* ran *o closely 
 a* to suggest closely related plants. 
 
 (N. crupa is a garden variety and Jt. elegant it a 
 hybrid of If. fleruota and \. tarnientit var. rote*. N. flex- 
 
62 
 
 HISTOLOGIC PROPERTIES AND REACTIONS. 
 
 uosa has a high reactivity with chloral hydrate and N. 
 sarniensis var. rosea a low reactivity, so that N. elegans 
 takes after 2V. flexuosa in this reaction.) 
 
 (2) N. crisjta, in comparison with the other parent 
 N. elegans, shows higher reactions with polarization, 
 gentian violet, safranin, temperature, potassium iodide, 
 potassium sulphocyanate, calcium nitrate, uranium ni- 
 trate, and cupric chloride; lower reactions with iodine, 
 chloral hydrate, nitric acid, potassium sulphide, sodium 
 salicylate, and strontium nitrate ; and the same or prac- 
 tically the same reactions with chromic acid, pyrogallic 
 acid, sulphuric acid, hydrochloric acid, potassium hydrox- 
 ide, sodium hydroxide, sodium sulphide, calcium nitrate, 
 cobalt nitrate, cupric chloride, barium chloride, and mer- 
 curic chloride. 
 
 (3) The closeness of the curves of the two hybrids 
 is striking, the only important differences in their courses 
 being noted in the chromic-acid reactions, the reaction 
 of N. dainty maid being distinctly higher than in either 
 of the parents, and very much higher than in the other 
 hybrid IV. queen of roses. The reaction of N. dainty 
 maid is closer to N. elegans, while that of N. queen of 
 roses is intermediate between the parents, but very much 
 closer to N. crispa. N. dainty maid shows higher reac- 
 tivities with polarization, iodine, calcium nitrate, and 
 copper nitrate ; and lower reactivities with gentian violet, 
 safranin, temperature, chloral hydrate, and strontium ni- 
 trate; and the same or practically the same reactivities 
 with chromic acid, pyrogallic acid, nitric acid, sulphuric 
 acid, hydrochloric acid, potassium hydroxide, potassium 
 iodide, potassium sulphocyanate, potassium, sulphide, 
 sodium hydroxide, sodium sulphide, sodium salicylate, 
 uranium nitrate, cobalt nitrate, cupric chloride, barium 
 chloride, and mercuric chloride. 
 
 (4) In N. crispa the very high reactions with polar- 
 ization, sulphuric acid, hydrochloric acid, potassium hy- 
 droxide, and sodium salicylate; the high reactions with 
 nitric acid, potassium sulphide, and strontium nitrate; 
 the moderate reactions with iodine, gentian violet, safra- 
 nin, temperature, and chromic acid ; the low reactions 
 with chloral hydrate, and potassium sulphocyanate; and 
 the very low reactions with pyrogallic acid, potassium 
 iodide, sodium hydroxide, sodium sulphide, calcium ni- 
 trate, uranium nitrate, cobalt nitrate, copper nitrate, 
 cupric chloride, barium chloride, and mercuric chloride. 
 
 (5) In N. elegans the very high reactions with polar- 
 ization, nitric acid, sulphuric acid, hydrochloric acid, 
 potassium hydroxide, sodium salicylate, and strontium 
 nitrate; the high reactions with chloral hydrate, and 
 potassium sulphide ; the moderate reactions with iodine, 
 safranin, and chromic acid ; the low reactions with gen- 
 tian violet, temperature, and potassium sulphocyanate; 
 and the very low reactions with pyrogallic acid, potas- 
 sium iodide, sodium hydroxide, sodium sulphide, calcium 
 nitrate, uranium nitrate, cobalt nitrate, copper nitrate, 
 cupric chloride, barium chloride, and mercuric chloride. 
 
 (6) In the hybrid 2V. dainty maid the very high reac- 
 tions with polarization, sulphuric acid, hydrochloric acid, 
 potassium hydroxide, and sodium salicylate; the high 
 reactions with iodine, nitric acid, potassium sulphide, and 
 strontium nitrate ; the moderate reactions with safranin, 
 chromic acid, and potassium sulphocyanate ; the low reac- 
 tions with gentian violet and temperature ; and the very 
 
 low reactions with pyrogallic acid, potassium iodide, 
 sodium hydroxide, sodium sulphide, calcium nitrate, 
 uranium nitrate, cobalt nitrate, copper nitrate, cupric 
 chloride, barium chloride, and mercuric chloride. 
 
 (7) In the reactivities of the hybrid N. queen of 
 roses the very high reactions with chloral hydrate, sul- 
 phuric acid, hydrochloric acid, potassium hydroxide, so- 
 dium salicylate, and strontium nitrate; the high reactions 
 with polarization, nitric acid, and potassium sulphide; 
 the moderate reactions with iodine, gentian violet, safra- 
 nin, temperature, and chromic acid; the low reactions 
 with potassium sulphocyanate ; and the very low reactions 
 with pyrogallic acid, potassium iodide, sodium hydroxide, 
 sodium sulphide, calcium nitrate, uranium nitrate, cobalt 
 nitrate, copper nitrate, cupric chloride, barium chloride, 
 and mercuric chloride. 
 
 The following is a summary of the reaction-intensi- 
 ties: 
 
 
 Very 
 high. 
 
 High. 
 
 Mod- 
 erate. 
 
 Low. 
 
 Very 
 low. 
 
 Nerine crispa 
 
 5 
 
 3 
 
 5 
 
 2 
 
 11 
 
 Nerine elegans 
 
 7 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 11 
 
 Nerine dainty maid . 
 
 5 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 11 
 
 Nerine queen of roses 
 
 6 
 
 3 
 
 5 
 
 1 
 
 11 
 
 11. COMPARISONS OF THE STAKCHES OF NERINE 
 BOWDENI, N. SAKNIENSIS VAR. CORUSCA MAJOR, 
 N. GIANTESS, AND N. ABUNDANCE. 
 
 In histologic characteristics, polariscopic figures, 
 reactions with selenite, qualitative reactions with iodine, 
 and qualitative reactions with the various chemical reag- 
 ents the starches of the parents exhibit properties in com- 
 mon, and also individualities by which they can be dif- 
 ferentiated. The starch of Nerine sarniensis var. corusca 
 major in comparison with that of 2V. bowdeni contains a 
 smaller number of compound grains and aggregates ; the 
 grains are more regular and less varied in form, and the 
 irregularities are due much more frequently to notches 
 and depressions at the margins ; and the flattened broad 
 forms are less flattened. The hilum is not so distinct, is 
 less frequently fissured, and is more eccentric. The 
 lamellae are not quite as distinct, they are more regular, 
 coarse lamellae are less numerous, the arrangements of 
 coarse and fine lamellae differ from that which is observed 
 in 2V. bowdeni, and the number is somewhat less. In 
 size the grains are smaller, and there are not forms that 
 are as broad as are found in the other parent. In the 
 polariscopic, selenite, and iodine reactions there are many 
 differences. In the qualitative reactions with chloral 
 hydrate, nitric acid, potassium iodide, potassium sul- 
 phide, potassium sulphocyanate, and sodium salicylate 
 there are also many differences, some of which are quite 
 interesting, and all are collectively of marked value in the 
 differentiation of the two starches. The starch of the 
 hybrid 2V. giantess, in comparison with the starches of 
 the parents, contains a much less number of compound 
 grains and aggregates than that of 2V. bowdeni, but 
 slightly more than in the starch of the other parent, and 
 the compound grains are partly of a type that is found 
 exclusively in 2V. bowdeni, and also partly of other types 
 

 n 
 
 that are found in the starches of both parent*; and in 
 outline they are nearer to N. bowdtni. 
 !iiluin in character and ec> i the aame as 
 
 that of A*. sarnitnsit var. eonuca major. The lamella? 
 in character and arrangement, and the size are aim nearer 
 tiuwe of this species. The numU-r of lamella* ia leas than 
 in cither pan-tit. In the polariacopic figures and reac- 
 tions with telenite the relationship is closer to N. tar- 
 mVn<iji var. eonuca major. In the qualitative iodine 
 reactions the raw grains behave more like those of N. 
 tarnitnsu var. eonuca major, but the heated grains more 
 like those of the other species. In the qualitative reac- 
 tions with the chemical reagents the resemblances are 
 closer to : : .V. buu-Jeni in the reactions with 
 
 chloral h\. Irate and sodium salicylate, but closer t-> the 
 other parent in those with nitric acid, potassium iodide, 
 potassium sulphocyanate, and potassium sulphide. The 
 starch of the hybrid X. abundance, in comparison with 
 the starches of the parents, contains a smaller in. 
 
 rnjMiiii"! grains and aggregates than either, and only 
 an occasional compound grain is seen of a type that was 
 1 exclusively in .V. bowdeni; irregularity is more 
 than in A*, tarn\ensi rar. conuca major, but consider- 
 ably leas than in the other parent. The form is in gen- 
 eral nearlj mid-intermediate between the forms of the 
 parental starches, but somewhat nearer that of N. sar- 
 nifnxis Tar. eonuca major. The hilum is in character 
 nearer A T . boirdrni, but in eccentricity it exceeds that of 
 r parent and is nearer A 7 , tanientit Tar. eonuca 
 major. The lamella- are in both character and arrange- 
 ment nearer A*. sarnitnis var. eonuca major, but the 
 number is notably less than in either parent. The size ia, 
 on the whole, intermediate, but somewhat nearer that of 
 A", bowdeni. In the polariscopic, selenite, and qualita- 
 )odine reactions it is nearer N. bowdeni. In the 
 qualitative chemical reactions with the six reagent* re- 
 lances lean to one or the other parent, but on the 
 whole the relationship is closer to N. bowdeni. For the 
 most part the hybrids bear closer relationships to each 
 other than does either to either parent They vary much 
 in their parent leanings, each independently of the other, 
 so that while one hybrid may show a leaning to the seed 
 parent in a giTen character, the other hybrid may 
 in this same character lean as markedly toward the 
 other parent. Thus, in form N. giantest is more 
 closely related to A 7 , bowdeni, but N. abundance is 
 nearly mid-intermediate between the parents with an 
 inclination to A 7 , fornienng Tar. eonuca major. In 
 hilum A 7 , giantes* is closer to N. tarniensit Tar. 
 conuca major, while A 7 , abundance is closer to N. 
 bowdeni in characters and to the other parent in eccen- 
 tricity. In lamellae both are closer to A 7 , sarniensis Tar. 
 eonuca major. In size A 7 , giant w is closer to A 7 , sar- 
 nifmit Tar. roruxca major, and A 7 , abundance to A', bow- 
 dfni. In the qualitative iodine reactions A 7 , giantea is 
 in the reactions of the ungelatinized grains closer to 
 A 7 , tarnientit Tar. eonuca major, and in the gelatinized 
 grains closer to A T . bowdeni; but AT. abundance is in both 
 respects closer to A 7 , bowdeni. In the qualitative reac- 
 with the chemical reagents N. giant tn* is with 
 certain reagents closer to one parent and with others 
 closer to the other parent, while A 7 , abundance is closer 
 with all reagents to A 7 , bowdtni. 
 
 MMh4M9MMfsj Kffrntti y Ufkt, Color, mvt Trmftr*- 
 
 Pblaitaalion: 
 
 N. bowdeni. moderate to bifth. value as, 
 
 N. mm. var. tor. maj.. moderate to very Uch. higher than la N. 
 bowdeni, value 90. 
 
 N. ciuteee, moderately hich to very hick, lower than it, either 
 p*rol, value 80. 
 
 N. abundance, moderately bleb to very Uch. Ik* eame a. N . ciant- 
 eee, value 80. 
 
 I !::. 
 
 N. bowdni. moderate, value 60. 
 
 N. sara. ra. cor. maj.. moderately deep. deeper than in N. bow- 
 
 doni. value 00. 
 N. ciaateea. modontely dcp. ib* MOM u N. mm. var. cor. maj.. 
 
 value 00. 
 
 N. abunduM*. moderate. MUD* u N. bowdvoi, valo* 60. 
 Gcntima riolct: 
 
 N. buwdenl. modenkte, value 46. 
 
 N. tun. var. cor. mj . lilit to moderate, lightrr Ibmo N. Iwwdroi. 
 
 value 40. 
 
 N. (iaalM*. moderate, earne a* in N. bowdeni. value 46. 
 N. abundance. liht to moderate, *ame u N. mm. var. cor. ma]., 
 
 value 40. 
 Safranin: 
 
 N. bowdeni, moderate, value 60. 
 
 N. earn. var. cor. maj., moderate, murb lex than in N. Uowdrni. 
 
 value 40. 
 
 N. cianteee, moderate, the aame a* N. bowdrnl. value 60. 
 N. abundant*, moderate, lea* than N. bowdeni and murb more 
 
 than N. earn. var. eor. maj.. value 46. 
 Temperature: 
 
 N. bowdeni. in majority at 67.0 to 07.0*. in all at 74 to 76*. mean 
 
 74-8". 
 N. earn. var. eor. maj.. in majority at 70 to 71*. in all but rare graini 
 
 at 70 to 78.8*. mean 78.4*. 
 N. iantoe. in majority at 08.2 to 89. 1*. in all at 70.9 to 71*. mean 
 
 70.96'. 
 
 N. abundance, in majority at 09 to 09.9*. in all at 73.9 to 744*. 
 74-3*. 
 
 A 7 , bntrdeni shows in the polarization and iodine 
 reactions lower reactivities than N. tarniennt var. conura 
 
 TABLE A 11. 
 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 M 
 
 
 M 
 
 
 
 
 E 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 s 
 
 1 
 
 <a 
 
 a 
 
 8 
 
 i 
 
 - 
 
 S 
 
 8 
 
 Chloral hydrate: 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 IA 
 
 i 
 
 52 
 
 M 
 
 N. earn. var. eor. maj . . . 
 N. cianteee 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 N 
 17 
 
 
 
 80 
 NO 
 
 M 
 
 9ft 
 
 H 
 
 97 
 
 PJ 
 
 >>'! 
 
 N. abundance 
 
 
 
 
 
 4A 
 
 
 
 97 
 
 ... 
 
 u 
 
 Chromic acid: 
 N. bowdeni 
 
 
 
 
 
 OR 
 
 
 
 7R 
 
 96 
 
 aj 
 
 N. earn. var. eor. maj . . . 
 N. cianteaa 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 . . 
 
 U 
 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 M 
 
 BJ 
 
 97 
 
 u 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 | 
 
 
 
 , 
 
 86 
 
 M 
 
 Pyrocallicacid: 
 N. bowdeni 
 
 
 
 
 
 OR 
 
 
 
 
 | 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 
 
 . . 
 
 | 
 
 
 
 
 
 | 
 
 N. cuntea* ........... 
 
 
 
 
 
 on 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 N abundance 
 
 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 
 
 | 
 
 Nitric acid: 
 N. howdeni 
 
 
 
 
 
 M 
 
 
 u 
 
 , 
 
 9A 
 
 97 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i . 
 
 
 78 
 
 
 . 
 
 9R 
 
 N. cianteee 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 74 
 
 .. 
 
 . 
 
 9R 
 
 N. abundance 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 70 
 
 -i 
 
 PJ 
 
 9| 
 
 Sulphuric acid: 
 N bowdeni 
 
 M 
 
 
 07 
 
 
 99 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 N. earn. var. cor. maj . 
 N fJantoei 
 
 - 
 . 
 
 
 
 as 
 
 M 
 
 
 
 99 
 
 97 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 N abundance 
 
 HA 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 99 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 M- i: | : 
 . 
 
 
 
 
 
 7. 
 
 
 i 
 
 M 
 
 w 
 
 90 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 77 
 
 
 93 
 
 4 
 
 M 
 
 97 
 
 N cianteee . ... 
 
 
 
 
 
 -7 
 
 
 97 
 
 96 
 
 M 
 
 9A 
 
 N abundance 
 
 
 
 
 
 71 
 
 
 90 
 
 M 
 
 941 
 
 9A 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
64 
 
 HISTOLOGIC PROPERTIES AND REACTIONS. 
 
 TABLE A 11. Continued. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 a 
 04 
 
 a 
 
 CO 
 
 a 
 
 <* 
 
 a 
 
 to 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 >-: 
 
 I 
 S 
 
 B 
 
 U3 
 
 ** 
 
 1 
 g 
 
 Potassium hydroxide: 
 N. bowdeni 
 N. earn. var. cor. maj . . . 
 N. giantess 
 N. abundance 
 Potassium iodide : 
 N. bowdeni 
 
 
 
 OS 
 05 
 03 
 03 
 
 
 06 
 07 
 OS 
 06 
 
 ii 5 
 
 
 98 
 98 
 97 
 97 
 
 ft 
 
 >> 
 
 47 
 
 47 
 
 N. sarn. var. cor. maj . . . 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 ft 
 
 4 
 
 7 
 
 N. giantess 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 16 
 
 *>7 
 
 11 
 
 N. abundance 
 
 
 
 
 
 05 
 
 
 1 
 
 ft 
 
 B 
 
 8 
 
 Potassium sulphocyanate : 
 N. bowdeni 
 
 
 
 
 
 in 
 
 
 46 
 
 7fi 
 
 Rft 
 
 00 
 
 N. sarn. var. cor. maj . . . 
 N. giantess 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 i 
 
 
 7 
 
 9 
 
 19 
 
 n 
 
 29 
 16 
 
 50 
 61 
 
 N. abundance 
 
 
 
 
 
 ft 
 
 
 5 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 18 
 
 Potassium sulphide: 
 N. bowdeni 
 
 
 
 
 
 i? 
 
 
 47 
 
 6? 
 
 68 
 
 71 
 
 N. sarn. var. cor. maj . . 
 
 
 
 
 
 5? 
 
 
 67 
 
 T> 
 
 77 
 
 79 
 
 N. giantess 
 
 
 
 
 
 41 
 
 
 61 
 
 70 
 
 71 
 
 77 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 19 
 
 
 60 
 
 66 
 
 70 
 
 71 
 
 Sodium hydroxide: 
 
 
 
 
 
 ft 
 
 
 1? 
 
 ?1 
 
 ?4 
 
 30 
 
 N. Barn. var. cor. maj . . . 
 
 
 
 
 
 ft 
 
 
 B 
 
 11 
 
 is 
 
 ">0 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ? 
 
 
 3 
 
 10 
 
 14 
 
 11 
 
 N. abundance 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 f 
 
 B 
 
 in 
 
 10 
 
 Sodium sulphide: 
 N. bowdeni 
 
 
 
 
 
 05 
 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 B 
 
 7 
 
 N. sarn. var. cor. maj . . . 
 
 
 
 
 
 f, 
 
 
 4 
 
 B 
 
 6 
 
 H 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ? 
 
 
 ft 
 
 4 
 
 n 
 
 6 
 
 N. abundance 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 f 
 
 
 ft 
 
 ft 
 
 Sodium salicylate: 
 
 
 
 
 
 63 
 
 
 89 
 
 99 
 
 
 
 N. sarn. var. cor. maj . . . 
 
 
 
 
 
 88 
 
 89 
 
 09 
 99 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 86 
 
 99 
 
 
 
 
 
 Calcium nitrate: 
 N . bowdeni 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 B 
 
 17 
 
 ?5 
 
 9 8 
 
 N. earn. var. cor. maj. . . 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 ? 
 
 8 
 
 1? 
 
 16 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 n,f, 
 
 
 ? 
 
 6 
 
 10 
 
 15 
 
 N. abundance 
 
 
 
 
 
 OB 
 
 
 f 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 B 
 
 Uranium nitrate : 
 
 
 
 
 
 ft 
 
 
 11 
 
 >7 
 
 17 
 
 14 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 4 
 
 ft 
 
 ]> 
 
 18 
 
 N. giantess 
 
 
 
 
 
 05 
 
 
 ft 
 
 
 
 14 
 
 >o 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 n r, 
 
 
 1 
 
 f 
 
 4 
 
 fj 
 
 Strontium nitrate: 
 N. bowdeni 
 
 
 
 
 
 16 
 
 
 69 
 
 85 
 
 89 
 
 91 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .ID 
 
 
 80 
 
 8R 
 
 05 
 
 07 
 
 N. giantess 
 
 
 
 
 
 65 
 
 
 88 
 
 91 
 
 9f> 
 
 96 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 19 
 
 
 78 
 
 86 
 
 ^'1 
 
 03 
 
 Cobalt nitrate: 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 N. sarn. var. cor. maj . . 
 
 
 
 
 
 05 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 N. giantess 
 
 
 
 
 
 OB 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 N. abundance 
 
 
 
 
 
 OB 
 
 
 
 
 
 05 
 
 Copper nitrate : 
 
 
 
 
 
 ? 
 
 
 7 
 
 10 
 
 16 
 
 >o 
 
 N. sain. var. cor. maj . . . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 5 
 
 
 
 2 
 V 
 
 3 
 ft 
 
 6 
 10 
 
 6 
 
 15 
 
 N. abundance 
 
 
 
 
 
 OB 
 
 
 5 
 
 ? 
 
 ft 
 
 ft 
 
 Cupric chloride : 
 N. bowdcni 
 
 
 
 
 
 05 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 ? 
 
 ? 
 
 N. sarn. var. cor. maj . . . 
 
 
 
 
 
 OB 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 N. giantess 
 
 
 
 
 
 05 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 > 
 
 N. abundance 
 
 
 
 
 
 OB 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 Barium chloride: 
 N. bowdeni 
 
 
 
 
 
 i ', 
 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 N. sarn. var. cor. maj . . . 
 
 
 
 
 
 i ', 
 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 N. giantess 
 
 
 
 
 
 OB 
 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 N. abundance 
 
 
 
 
 
 05 
 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 Mercuric chloride: 
 N. bowdeni 
 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 N. sarn. var, cor. maj . . . 
 
 
 
 
 
 ? 
 
 
 
 
 
 ? 
 
 N. giantess 
 
 
 
 
 
 05 
 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 N. abundance 
 
 
 
 
 
 05 
 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 major, and in the gentian-violet, safranin, and tempera- 
 ture reactions higher reactivities. Both hybrids in the 
 polarization and temperature reactions show higher reac- 
 tivities than either parent, both being in both reactions 
 closer to N. bowdeni than to the other parent, but in the 
 temperature reaction N. abundance is practically the 
 same as N. bowdeni. The hybrid N. giantess in the 
 iodine reactions is the same as N. sarniensis var. corusca 
 major, but 2V. abundance is the same as the other parents. 
 N. giantess is the same as N. boivdeni in the gentian- 
 violet reactions, while TV. abundance is the samo as the 
 other parent. N. giantess is the same as N. bowdeni 
 in the safranin reactions, while N. abundance is inter- 
 mediate between the parents, but closer to N. boivdeni. 
 
 Table A 11 shows the reaction-intensities in percent- 
 ages of total starch gelatinized at definite intervals 
 (minutes). 
 
 VELOCITY-REACTION CURVES. 
 
 This section treats of the velocity-reaction curves of 
 the starches of Nerine bowdeni, N. sarniensis var. corusca 
 major, N. giantess, and N. abundance, showing the quan- 
 titative differences in the behavior toward different reag- 
 ents at definite time-intervals. (Charts D 211 to D 231.) 
 
 Among the most conspicuous features of these charts 
 are: 
 
 (1) The marked closeness and correspondence in the 
 courses of all four curves, excepting in the reactions 
 with chloral hydrate and potassium sulphocyanate, as 
 was noted in the preceding set. Owing to too rapid, too 
 slow, or too close reactions no satisfactory if any differ- 
 entiation can be made in the reactions with pyrogallic 
 acid, sulphuric acid, hydrochloric acid, potassium hy- 
 droxide, sodium sulphide, cobalt nitrate, cupric chloride, 
 barium chloride, and mercuric chloride. 
 
 (2) The curve of 2V. bowdeni is higher than the curve 
 of the other parent in the reactions with chromic acid, 
 nitric acid, potassium iodide, potassium sulphocyanate, 
 sodium hydroxide, calcium nitrate, uranium nitrate, and 
 cupric chloride ; and lower in those with chloral hydrate, 
 potassium sulphide, sodium salicylate, and strontium 
 nitrate. 
 
 (3) The curves of the hybrids bear varying relation- 
 ships to the parental curves, and the hybrid curves them- 
 selves differ in many respects from each other. There is 
 in 2V. giantess a distinct tendency to intermediateness 
 and to the lowest position in relation to the parental 
 curves, and with a decided inclination to the curves of 
 the pollen parent; while in 2V. abundance there is a 
 particularly marked inclination to be the highest of the 
 three curves and to the curves of the pollen parent. 
 
 (4) An early period of high resistance followed by 
 a rapid to moderate gelatinization is noted in very few 
 of the experiments, but especially in the chromic-acid 
 reaction. 
 
 (5) The earliest period during the 60 minutes that 
 is best for the differentiation of all four starches is for 
 chloral hydrate, nitric acid, potassium sulphide, sodium 
 salicylate, and strontium nitrate at 5 minutes ; for potas- 
 sium iodide at 30 minutes ; for potassium sulphocyanate, 
 sodium hydroxide, calcium nitrate, uranium nitrate, and 
 cupric chloride at 60 minutes. Other reactions are too 
 slow or too fast for satisfactory differentiation. 
 

 REACTION-INTENSITIES OP THE HYBRIDS. 
 
 This section treats of the reaction-intensities of the 
 hyl-nds as regards sameness, mtermediateness, excess, 
 nd deficit in relation t<> the parents. (Table A 11 and 
 Charts D211 to D231.) 
 
 The reactivities of the hybrid X. giantess are the 
 same as those of the seed parent in the reactions with 
 irnitian violet and safranin; the same as those of the 
 ; parent with iodine, chloral hydrate, sulphuric 
 acid, .-'.hum salicylate, calcium nitrate, and uranium 
 nitrate; and the same as those of both parents with 
 pyrogallic acid, potassium hydroxide, sodium sulphide, 
 cobalt nitrate, cupric chloride, barium chloride, ana mer- 
 curic chloride, in all of which the reactions are too fast 
 
 -> slow for differentiation ; intermediate with chromic 
 acid, potassium iodide, potassium sulphocyanate, potas- 
 Minn sulphide, strontium nitrate, and copper nitrate (in 
 three \*-\ng mid-intermediate, in one nearer the seed 
 parent, and in two nearer the pollen parent) ; highest in 
 the temperature reaction, and nearer the seed parent; 
 and lowest in the reactions with polarization, nitric acid, 
 hydrochloric acid, and sodium hydroxide (in one being 
 as near as the other parent, in one nearer the aeed parent, 
 and in one nearer the pollen parent). 
 
 The reactivities of the hybrid N. abundance are the 
 same as those of the aeed parent in the reactions with 
 iodine, temperature, and sulphuric acid; the same as 
 those of the pollen parent with gentian violet, potassium 
 iodide, and sodium salicylate ; the same as those of both 
 ts with pyrogallic acid, potassium hydroxide, so- 
 dium sulphide, cobalt nitrate, cupric chloride, barium 
 chloride, and mercuric chloride, in all of which the reac- 
 tions are too fast or too slow for differentiation ; inter- 
 mediate with safranin, potassium sulphide, and strontium 
 nitrate (in two being closer to the seed parent, and in 
 one closer to the pollen parent) ; highest with tempera- 
 ture and chloral hydrate, in the former being closer 
 to the seed parent and in the latter to the pollen parent; 
 and lowest with polarization, chromic acid, nitric acid, 
 hydrochloric acid, potassium sulphocyanate, sodium hy- 
 droxide, calcium nitrate, uranium nitrate, and copper 
 nitrate (in one being as close to one parent as to the 
 other, in one closer to the seed parent, and in seven closer 
 to the pollen parent). 
 
 COMPOSITE CURVES or THE REACTION-INTENSITIES. 
 
 This section treats of the composite curves of the 
 reaction-intensities, showing the differentiation of the 
 starches of tf trine bovdeni, N. samiensis var. corusca 
 major, N. gianltss, and Jf. abundance. (Chart E 11.) 
 
 The most conspicuous features of this chart are : 
 
 ( 1 ) The very close correspondence in the rises and 
 falls of the curves of the parents, excepting in the reac- 
 tions with chloral hydrate and potassium sulphide, the 
 same peculiarity having been noted in the preceding set, 
 excepting that in this set the potassium-sulphide curves 
 retain the same relative positions, the disagreement in 
 the latter being attributable to the relatively low reac- 
 tivity of .V. bovdeni. 
 
 (2 ) .V. bovdeni has higher reactivities than the other 
 parent (X. sarnitnsit var. corusca major) with gentian 
 violet, safranin, temperature, chromic acid, nitric acid, 
 potassium iodide, potassium sulphocyanate, sodium hy- 
 
 6 
 
 le, calcium nitrate, uranium nitrate, and copper 
 nitrate; lower with polarization, iodine, chloral hydrate, 
 sodium salicylate, and strontium nitrate ; and the same 
 or practically the same with pyrogallic acid, sulphuric 
 acid, hydrochloric acid, potassium hydroxide, potassium 
 nulphide, sodium sulphide, cobalt nitrate, cupric chloride, 
 barium chloride, and mercuric chloride. 
 
 (3) In N. bovdeni the very high reactions with 
 polarization, sulphuric acid, and potassium hydroxide; 
 the high reactions with chromic acid, hydrochloric acid, 
 and sodium salicylate ; t he moderate reactions with iodine, 
 gentian violet, safranin, nitric acid, potassium sulpho- 
 cyanate, and strontium nitrate; tin- low reactions with 
 temperature, chloral hydrate, and potassium sulphide; 
 the very low reactions with pyrogallic acid, potassium 
 iodide, sodium hydroxide, sodium sulphide, calcium ni- 
 trate, uranium nitrate, cobalt nitrate, copper nitrate, 
 cupric chloride, barium chloride, and men -urn- < -Monde. 
 
 (4) In N. tarniensis var. corusca major the very high 
 reactions with polarization, sulphuric acid, potassium 
 hydroxide, and sodium salicylatc ; the high reactions with 
 iodine, chloral hydrate, hydrochloric acid, and strontium 
 nitrate ; the moderate reactions with gentian violet, safra- 
 nin, chromic acid, and nitric arid ; the low reactions with 
 temperature, potassium sulphocyanate, and potassium 
 sulphide; and the very low reactions with pyrogallic 
 acid, potassium iodide, sodium hydroxide, sodium sul- 
 phide, calcium nitrate, uranium nitrate, cobalt nitrate, 
 copper nitrate, cupric chloride, barium chloride, and 
 mercuric chloride. 
 
 (5) In the hybrid A T . giantess the very high reactions 
 with polarization, sulphuric acid, potassium hydroxide, 
 and sodium salicylate; the high reactions with iodine, 
 chloral hydrate, hydrochloric acid, and strontium nitrate ; 
 the moderate reactions with gentian violet, safranin, 
 temperature, chromic acid, and nitric acid ; the low reac- 
 tions with potassium sulphocyanate and potassium sul- 
 phide ; and the very low reactions with pyrogallic acid, 
 potassium iodide, sodium hydroxide, sodium sulphide, 
 calcium nitrate, uranium nitrate, cobalt nitrate, copper 
 nitrate, cupric chloride, barium chloride, and mercuric 
 chloride. 
 
 (6) In the hybrid N. abundance the very high reac- 
 tions with polarization, sulphuric acid, potassium hydrox- 
 ide, and sodium salicylate ; the high reactions with chloral 
 hydrate and hydrochloric acid ; the moderate reactions 
 with iodine, gentian violet, safranin, chromic acid, nitric 
 acid, and strontium nitrate ; the low reactions with tem- 
 perature and potassium sulphide ; and the very low reac- 
 tions with pyrogallic acid, potassium iodide, potassium 
 sulphocyanate, sodium hydroxide, sodium sulphide, cal- 
 cium nitrate, uranium nitrate, cobalt nitrate, copper 
 nitrate, cupric chloride, barium chloride, and mercuric 
 chloride. 
 
 The following is a summary of the reaction -intensi- 
 ties: 
 
 
 Vy 
 
 Rich. 
 
 Mod- 
 
 ' 
 
 lam. 
 
 Vy 
 
 low. 
 
 V, bowdeni .. . 
 
 s 
 
 3 
 
 e 
 
 3 
 
 II 
 
 N. mm, rmr. eor. m*j. 
 
 V, cutaUw 
 
 4 
 4 
 
 4 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 s 
 
 S 
 1 
 
 II 
 II 
 
 N, huodmac* 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 s 
 
 S 
 
 It 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
66 
 
 HISTOLOGIC PROPERTIES AND REACTIONS. 
 
 The two hybrids show in general a closer relation- 
 ship in their reactivities to each other than does either 
 to either parent. In some reactions the reactivities are 
 the same, and in others one hybrid has a higher reactivity 
 than the other, but in other reactions the reverse. Then 
 again their reactivities in their parental relationships are 
 of a most variable character in that in a given reaction 
 both may be lower or higher than the reactions of the 
 parents, in another reaction that of one may be higher 
 and that of the other lower, or intermediate, or the same, 
 etc. Thus, eliminating the seven reactions in which, 
 owing to a too rapid or too slow reaction, the results were 
 the same in case of all four starches, it will be noted 
 that out of the remaining 19 reactions in only 6 were 
 the reactions of the same relationship to the parents 
 in the polarization reactions the reactivities of both hy- 
 brids are the lowest and both nearer the seed parent; in 
 the temperature reactions one is higher than either 
 parent, but closer to the seed parent, and the other is 
 practically the same as the seed parent; in the nitric acid 
 reactions both are the highest, in the former nearer the 
 seed parent and in the latter nearer the pollen parent; 
 in the hydrochloric acid reactions the reactivities are 
 lowest, and both as close to one as to the other parent; 
 in the sodium-hydroxide reactions both are highest and 
 nearer the seed parent; and in the sodium-salicylate reac- 
 tions both are the same as the pollen parent. In each 
 of the other reactions one hybrid shows a parental rela- 
 tionship that is different from that of the other. Thus, 
 in the iodine reactions 2V. giantess is closer to the seed 
 parent, while N. abundance is closer to the pollen parent ; 
 in the sulphuric-acid reactions N. giantess is closer to 
 the pollen parent, while N. abundance is closer to the 
 seed parent; in the potassium-sulphide reactions both 
 hybrids are intermediate, but one is closer to the pollen 
 parent and the other to the seed parent, etc. The reac- 
 tivities of N. giantess are, on the whole, slightly higher 
 than those of the other hybrid, and both are in this 
 respect nearer the pollen than the seed parent, 2V. giantess 
 being the closer. 
 
 The following is a summary of the reaction-intensi- 
 ties of the hybrids as regards sameness, intermediateness, 
 excess, and deficit in relation to the parents : 
 
 
 N. giantess. 
 
 N. abundance. 
 
 Same or practically same as 
 Seed parent 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 Pollen parent 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 Both parents 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 Intermediate 
 
 6 
 
 3 
 
 Highest 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 Lowest 
 
 4 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 
 In both hybrids the properties seem to be influenced 
 much more by the pollen parent. In the first hybrid 
 there is greater tendency to intermediateness and less 
 tendency to lowness of reactivity than in the other hy- 
 brid. The hybrids differ sufficiently in their parental 
 relationships to be readily distinguished notwithstanding 
 their close similarities. (See Chapter V.) 
 
 12. COMPABISONS OF THE STARCHES OF NfiBINE 
 SABNIEN8IS VAB. COBTJSCA MAJOB, N". CTJEVIFOLIA 
 VAE. FOTHEROILLI MAJOB, AND N. OLOEY OF 
 SARNIA. 
 
 In histologic characteristics, polariscopic figures, 
 reactions with selenite, qualitative reactions with iodine, 
 and qualitative reactions with the various chemical reag- 
 ents all three starches exhibit properties in common, and 
 each haa certain individualities, but all are closely 
 
 related. The starch of N. curvifolia var. fothergilli 
 major contains in comparison with the starch of the 
 other parent a larger number of compound grains and 
 aggregates, and the former are of more varied types. 
 The grains are less regular and somewhat more slender 
 and pointed. The hilum is more distinct and eccentric. 
 The lamellae are more distinct and less numerous, and 
 there is difference in the grouping of the coarse lamellfe. 
 The size is less and the grains tend to be less broad 
 in proportion to length. In the polariscopic, selenite, 
 and iodine reactions differences are noted. In the quali- 
 tative reactions with the chemical reagents many simi- 
 larities and differences are recorded, some of the latter 
 being quite striking, and taken collectively readily dif- 
 ferentiate the starches. The starch of the hybrid con- 
 tains fewer compound grains and aggregates than are 
 found in the parents, and the types of compound grains 
 are for the most part those observed in the starch of 
 N. sarniensis var. corusca major. The grains are more 
 regular in form than in either parent, and on the whole 
 nearer those of N. sarniensis var. corusca major. The 
 characters of the hilum are closer to those of the same 
 parent, and the eccentricity is less than in either parent. 
 The lamellae are less distinct but more numerous than 
 in either parent, and they are more closely related to those 
 of N. sarniensis var. corusca major. In sizes the grains 
 are also more closely related to the same parent. In the 
 qualitative polarization, selenite, and iodine reactions the 
 hybrid shows a more marked closeness to 2V. sarniensis 
 var. corusca major. In the qualitative reactions with tha 
 chemical reagents, including choral hydrate, nitric acid, 
 potassium iodide, potassium sulphocyanate, potassium 
 sulphide, and sodium salicylate, reactions in each re- 
 sembling more closely those of one or the other parent are 
 noted, but in case of each reagent the phenomena are 
 collectively closer to those of N. sarniensis var. corusca 
 major than to those of the other parent. 
 
 Reaction-intensities Expressed by Light, Color, and Tempera- 
 ture Reactions. 
 Polarization: 
 
 N. sara. var. cor. maj., moderate to very high, value 90. 
 
 N. curvi. var. foth. maj., moderate to very high, lower than N. 
 
 sarn. var. cor. maj., value 87. 
 N. glory of sarnia, moderate to very high, the same as N. earn. 
 
 var. cor. maj., value 90. 
 Iodine: 
 
 N. earn. var. cor. maj., moderately deep, value 60. 
 
 N. curvi. var. foth. maj., moderately deep, deeper than N. sarn. 
 
 var. cor. maj., value 66. 
 
 N. glory of sarnia, moderate, less than either parent, value 55. 
 Gentian violet: 
 
 N. sarn. var. cor. maj., light to moderate, value 40. 
 
 N. curvi. var. foth. maj., moderate, deeper than N. sarn. v. cor. 
 
 maj., value 45. 
 N. glory of sarnia, light to moderate, lighter than in either parent, 
 
 value 35. 
 Safranin: 
 
 N. sarn. var. cor. maj., moderate, value 40. 
 N. curvi. var. foth. maj., moderate, deeper than N. sarn var. cor. 
 
 maj., value 35. 
 N. glory of snrnia, light to moderate, less than either parent, 
 
 value 35. 
 Temperature: 
 
 N. sarn. var. cor. maj., in the majority at 70 to 71, in all but rare 
 
 grains 76 to 78.8, mean 78.4. 
 N. curvi. var. foth maj., in the majority at 68.1 to 69, in all at 
 
 73.2 to 74.3, mean 73.8. 
 
 N. glory of sarnia, in the majority at 70 to 72 in all at 75.8 to 77. 
 mean 76.4. 
 
 N. sarniensis var. corusca major shows in the polariza- 
 tion and temperature reactions higher reactivities than 
 the other parent, hut lower reactivities in those with 
 iodine, gentian violet, and safranin. The hybrid shows 
 the same reactivity as 2V. sarniensis var. corusca major in 
 the polarization reaction, but less than that of the other 
 parent; lower reactivities than the parents with iodine, 
 
NERIHsJ. 
 
 TA.I* A 12. 
 
 Chloral artirmU: 
 
 .N tara. rmr. ear. BUJ 
 
 -rr. rmr. loth. BttJ 
 dory of mvm 
 
 N. ra rmr. cor. 0*4 . 
 .rr. rmr. foU- MJ 
 N. Story of .nu. 
 
 N 
 N. 
 
 N 
 
 - rmr. eoc. Bttj . 
 rmr lotk. Ml 
 
 N CWT. rmr. (OU. BMJ. 
 
 N.dTof 
 
 N* MITT* TB 
 N dry of 
 
 
 . rmr. fath. Btmj 
 
 N. 
 N 
 
 rmr. foU. Bmj 
 
 N Mm. Tmr. ear. Bimj 
 N. rarr. rmr. iota. BJ 
 N. dory of 
 
 N. muv-rm 
 N crr n 
 N. dorr of 
 
 N n>. rmr cor mmj 
 N. ewrr. rmr. (oU. mj.. 
 N dory of 
 
 N. tvr. rmr. foU. naj. 
 V dorr of 
 
 N.I 
 
 N. COT. Tmr. Iota. BMJ 
 N. doryofBUBim 
 Cobmlt nitrate: 
 
 N. tmra. rmr. ear. mmj . 
 N. eurr. rmr loth- OMJ 
 N dory of BUI 
 
 N rurr rmr. Mk. BMJ 
 N. doty afi 
 
 00 
 97 
 
 : 
 
 67 73 
 70 
 
 ;: 
 
 :- 
 
 M 
 
 
 . 
 
 : 
 
 .- 
 
 violet, tad 
 
 mfrmnio;aod it 
 rto^T. 
 
 - 
 
 Table A 19 ibowi the MMtini i*mAtln in ptrant- 
 fM of toUI tUrch gdatiniicd at definite interraU 
 (imrtn). 
 
 Vkxocrrr-UACTioM Cuirmm. 
 This tectioo treU of the relocity-ratetioB curr of 
 the trch of JN'triiw MmiMMt Tar. eonutm m*jor. N. 
 
 amifol* rar. fotktryilli m*jor. and AT. glory of'mrmt. 
 bowing the qoantitatire difference* in the behavior to- 
 ward different reagent* at definite time-interrala. 
 (Charts D tit to DMt.) 
 
 Amonjrthe oonqNOMMM featnre. of thaw charts an: 
 
 ( 1 ) The cloeenew and cormpondrnce of the currM 
 of all three starches, excepting in the reactions with 
 potasnom snlpbocyanate in which there appears to be ft 
 marked disproportionately low reartiritj of .V. taminui* 
 rar. conuea major, in comparison with N. cvrrifolie rar. 
 fotkergtili major, the departare becoming more and more 
 marked during the course of the experiment. It is of 
 importance to note that the reactions of the former and 
 the hybrid are practically absolutely identical With a 
 slightly stronger solution of the reagent or a longer 
 period of study it is probable that this discrepancy would 
 become markedly less. The extremely rapid or slow 
 reactions of all three sUrrhes with pyrogalfic arid, sul- 
 phuric acid, potassium hydroxide, potassium iodide, so- 
 dium sulphide, cobalt nitrate, copper nitrate, cnpric 
 chloride, barium chloride, and mercuric chloride yield 
 curres that are wholly or practically valueless for satis- 
 factory differential study. 
 
 (2) The curve of JV. tarnirngis rar. conuem major is 
 higher than the curve of the other parent A*, currifolia 
 rar. fothtrgilli major in the reactions with chromic acid, 
 nitric acid, potassium sulphocyanate, potassium sulphide, 
 sodium hydroxide, calcium nitrate, uranium nitrate, and 
 strontium nitrate; and lower in reactions with chloral 
 hydrate, hydrochloric acid, sodium salicylate, bat in 
 sereral the differences are slight 
 
 (3) The curres of the hybrid hear rarrinp relation* 
 to those of the parents. There are marked tendencies 
 to mtw<Bi to the pollen parent and to both parents; 
 little tendency to the seed parent ; none to be the highest 
 of the three curres ; and a rery marked tendency to be 
 the lowest with equal inclination to each parent 
 
 (4) An carry period of high resistance followed by 
 a rapid to moderate gelatinization is noted only in the 
 experiments with chromic arid and nitric acid, espe- 
 cially in the first, and in the Utter only in N. currifolia 
 rar. fothfryilli major. 
 
 (5) The earliest period during the 60 minutes that is 
 best for the differentiation of the three starches is for 
 chloral hydrate, potassium sulphide, sodium salicylate, 
 and strontium nitrate at the end of 5 minutes ; for nitnr 
 acid and hydrochloric acid at 15 minutes; for chromic 
 acid at 30 minutes; and for potassium sulphocyanate, 
 sodium hydroxide, calicum nitrate, and uranium nitrate 
 at r,0 minute*. With the rery slow reactions, including 
 those with pyrogmllic acid, sulphuric acid, potasnun 
 iodide, sodium sulphide, cobalt nitrate, copper nitrate, 
 cnpric chloride, barium chloride, and mercuric chloride, 
 if any differentiation is possible, the longer the period of 
 the reaction the better. 
 
 REAcno-nrrjfm8 or TH HYBHB. 
 This section treats of the rss^km-intsMJiies of the 
 
 deficit in relation to the parent. (Table A It* and Charts 
 D 232 to D 252.) 
 
68 
 
 HISTOLOGIC PROPERTIES AND REACTIONS. 
 
 The reactivities of the hybrid are the same as those 
 of the seed parent in the polarization reaction ; the same 
 as the pollen parent in the reactions with safranin, po- 
 tassium sulphocyanate, sodium hydroxide, sodium sul- 
 phide, calcium nitrate, and uranium nitrate; the same 
 as both parents with pyrogallic acid, potassium hydrox- 
 ide, potassium iodide, cobalt nitrate, copper nitrate, 
 cupric chloride, barium chloride, and mercuric chloride, 
 in all of which the reactions are too slow for differentia- 
 tion; intermediate in the temperature reaction, being 
 closer to the seed parent; highest in none; and lowest 
 with iodine, gentian violet, chloral hydrate, chromic acid, 
 nitric acid, sulphuric acid, hydrochloric acid, potassium 
 sulphide, sodium salicylate, and strontium nitrate (in 
 five being closer to the seed parent, in four closer to 
 the pollen parent, and in one as close to one as to the 
 other parent). 
 
 The following is a summary of the reaction-intensities 
 of the hybrid as regards sameness, intermediateness, ex- 
 cess, and deficit in relation to the parents : Same or prac- 
 tically the same as the seed parent, 1 ; the pollen parent, 
 6 ; both parents, 8 ; intermediate, 1 ; highest, ; lowest, 
 10. 
 
 The tendency to lower curves than in either of the 
 parents, the more marked influence of the pollen parent, 
 the almost entire absence of intermediateness, and the 
 entire absence of curves higher than those of the parents 
 are quite conspicuous. 
 
 COMPOSITE CURVES OF THE REACTION-INTENSITIES. 
 This section treats of the composite curves of the reac- 
 tions-intensities, showing the differentiation of the 
 starches of Nerine sarniensis var. corusca major, N. cur- 
 vifolia var. fothergilli major, and N. glory of sarnia. 
 (Chart E 12.) 
 
 Among the most conspicuous features of this chart 
 are: 
 
 (1) The very close correspondence in the rises and 
 falls of all three curves, indicating a very close botanical 
 relationship between the parents and but little botanical 
 character variations in the hybrid from parental 
 characters. 
 
 (2) In the curve of N. sarniensis var. corusca major 
 in comparison with N. curvifolia var. fothergilli major 
 the higher reactions with polarization, potassium sulpho- 
 cyanate, sodium hydroxide, sodium salicylate, uranium 
 nitrate, and strontium nitrate, and the same or practi- 
 cally the same with chloral hydrate, chromic acid, pyro- 
 gallic acid, nitric acid, sulphuric acid, potassium hy- 
 droxide, potassium iodide, potassium sulphide, sodium 
 sulphide, sodium salicylate, cobalt nitrate, copper nitrate, 
 cupric chloride, barium chloride, and mercuric chloride. 
 In only the reactions with temperature, hydrochloric 
 acid, potassium sulphocyanate, and strontium nitrate are 
 there important differentiations. 
 
 (3) In N. sarniensis var. corusca major the very high 
 reactions with polarization, sulphuric acid, potassium 
 hydroxide, and sodium salicylate ; the high reactions with 
 iodine, chloral hydrate, hydrochloric acid, and strontium 
 nitrate; the moderate reactions with gentian violet, sa- 
 franin, chromic acid, and nitric acid; the low reactions 
 with temperature, potassium sulphocyanate, and potas- 
 sium sulphide ; and the very low reactions with pyrogallic 
 acid, potassium iodide, sodium hydroxide, sodium sul- 
 
 phide, calcium nitrate, uranium nitrate, cobalt nitrate, 
 copper nitrate, cupric chloride, barium chloride, and 
 mercuric chloride. 
 
 (4) In N. curvifolia var. fothergilli major the very 
 high reactions with polarization, nitric acid, hydrochloric 
 acid, potassium hydroxide, and sodium salicylate; the 
 high reactions with iodine- and chloral hydrate ; the mod- 
 erate reactions with gentian violet, safranin, chromic 
 acid, nitric acid, and strontium nitrate ; the low reactions 
 with temperature and potassium sulphide; and the very 
 low reactions with pyrogallic acid, potassium iodide, po- 
 tassium sulphocyanate, sodium hydroxide, sodium sul- 
 phide, calcium nitrate, uranium nitrate, cobalt nitrate, 
 copper nitrate, cupric chloride, barium chloride, and 
 mercuric chloride. 
 
 (5) In the hybrid N. glory of sarnia the very high 
 reactions with polarization, sulphuric acid, potassium 
 hydroxide, and sodium salicylate; the high reactions 
 with hydrochloric acid; the moderate reactions with io- 
 dine, chloral hydrate, chromic acid, and strontium 
 nitrate; the low reactions with gentian violet, safranin, 
 temperature, nitric acid, and potassium sulphide; the 
 very low reactions with pyrogallic acid, potassium iodide, 
 potassium sulphocyanate, sodium hydroxide, sodium sul- 
 phide, calcium nitrate, uranium nitrate, cobalt nitrate, 
 copper nitrate, cupric chloride, barium chloride, and 
 mercuric chloride. 
 
 The following is a summary of reaction-intensities : 
 
 
 Very 
 high. 
 
 High. 
 
 Mod- 
 erate. 
 
 Low. 
 
 Very 
 low. 
 
 N. sarn. var. cor. maj 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 6 
 
 3 
 
 11 
 
 
 5 
 
 2 
 
 6 
 
 2 
 
 12 
 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 12 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 NOTES ON THE QUANTITATIVE REACTIONS OF THE NE- 
 1UNES WITH THE VAEIOUS CHEMICAL REAGENTS. 
 
 (Charts D 253 to D 258.)* 
 The most conspicuous features are: 
 
 (1) The three composite-curve charts are strikingly 
 alike, showing very clearly the generic type of curve; 
 and the curves run together quite closely, indicating 
 nearly related members of the genus. The most marked 
 differences exhibited by the five parents are seen in the 
 reactions with chloral hydrate, nitric acid, hydrochloric 
 acid, potassium sulphocyanate, potassium sulphide, and 
 strontium nitrate. In the other reactions such differ- 
 ences as may exist are either of minor importance or 
 possibly or probably fall within the limits of error of 
 experiment, at least not within the limits of convincing 
 differentiation. 
 
 (2) Comparisons of the curves of the five starches 
 presented by each reagent show in the case of each reagent 
 a correspondence in the type of curve, allowances being 
 made for slight modifications due to variations in the 
 rate of gelatinization and for small errors of estimation 
 of percentages. Thus, comparing, for instance, the charts 
 of the five reagents above noted, or better the special 
 charts (D 253 to D 258) which give the curves of all 
 five starches with each of the reagents, it will be observed 
 that each chart has certain individualities by which it 
 can be distinguished from the others. The charts for 
 
NEHINE NARCISSUS. 
 
 nitric acid ami strontium nitrate are very much alike, 
 the most distiuct difference being noted in the curve* 
 during the fint five minute*, jet, while there is a MTV 
 clow correspondence in the course* of the carve*, tin-re 
 re curious alterations in the relative position*, u for 
 instance, while the curve of N. curvifolia var. fothtrgilli 
 major it the lowest and the curve of N. bowdeni iuter- 
 nie<liau in the nitric-acid reactions, tin- curve of the 
 former m next to the lowest and that of the latter the 
 lowest in the itrontium-nirate reaction*, showing that 
 there are inherent important differences in the relations 
 of these reagent* to the starch molecule*. Similar dif- 
 ference* are very strikingly presented by certain *tarches 
 of other genera which show more or lea* marked differ- 
 ence* in the action* of these two reagent*. 
 
 (3) Notable variation* are shown in the degree of 
 separation of the curve* of the five starches in each of 
 the chart*. In the chart for hydrochloric acid all of the 
 curves run closely together, those of N. criipa and .V. 
 elegant being identical, and those of the other three 
 being almost identical. In the reactions with chloral 
 hydrate the curves of N. curvifolia var. fothergilli major, 
 X. elegant, and N. tarnientit var. corutca major are 
 very nearly the same, but those of X. critpa and A', bow- 
 dtni are well separated from the former and from each 
 other. In the reaction* with nitric acid, potassium 
 sulphocyanate, and potassium sulphide all the curve* are 
 fairly to well separated. 
 
 (4) In each chart the several curves bear the tame 
 position-relationship, there being no crossing of curves, 
 so that if a given curve is the highest at the 5-minute 
 interval it will not fall below another, although there 
 may be dispersion or approximation of the curve* during 
 the progress of gelatinization in the latter case they may 
 become identical. 
 
 (5) The order of position of the five curves varies in 
 the different reactions, a* follows, in each case beginning 
 with the highest and proceeding in order to the lowest: 
 
 Chloral hydrate: N. cunr. var. foth. maj.. N. elrcan*. N. (am. var. 
 
 cor. maj.. N. cri^ja. N. liiimlanl 
 Nitric add: N. ln. N. crisp.. N. bowdeni. N. aun. var. cor. 
 
 maj.. N. eurv. var. foth. maj. 
 Hydrochloric acid: N. criepa, N. atagm. N. eurv. var. foth. maj.. 
 
 N. bowdeni. N. tarn. var. cor. maj. 
 PoUMumMlphoryanate: N. bowdeni. N.criapa, N.alen, N.amrn 
 
 var. cor. maj.. N. eurv. var. foth. maj. 
 
 nlphida: N. criapa. N. awn. var. cor. maj., N. eurv. var. 
 
 foth. maj.. N. bowdeni, N. 
 Strontium nitrate: N. ilipni N. rriapa. N. aun. var. cor. maj.. 
 N. eurv. var. foth. maj., N. bowdeni. 
 
 The variations in relative positions are quite remark- 
 able and are expressions of definite physico-chemical 
 peculiarities of the starch molecules in relation to the 
 reagents. It will be observed that A', cvrvifolia var. 
 fothergilli major is the highest in the reactions with 
 chloral hydrate, but the lowest with nitric acid and 
 potassium sulphocyanate; N. elegant is highest with 
 nitric acid and strontium nitrate, but the lowest with 
 potassium sulphide; A', botcdtnt is the highest with 
 potassium sulphocyanate, but the lowest with chloral 
 hydrate and strontium nitrate, etc. It is of interest 
 to note that while the chart* for nitric acid and strontium 
 nitrate bear a very close resemblance, as previously stated, 
 the order of curves is not the same in both. 
 
 (6) In comparing the chart for hydrochloric acid 
 with the abscissas for hydrochloric acid of the composite- 
 curve chart* (E 10, E 11, and E 12) it will be seen that 
 in the latter the difference* between the parent* is seem- 
 ingly much exaggerated. This latter u owing to the 
 very slow gelatinization after 15 minute*, rendering 
 the curve* of N. bovdeni and A', tarnitntit var. corutca 
 major disproportionately low. Both curves should per- 
 haps be brought up as high a* the 20-minutc abscissa. 
 The error is, however, of no essential importance, inas- 
 much as it does not give rise to error in the onl 
 reactivity or essentially modify the generic type of curve. 
 
 (7) The hybrids in all three sets exhibit the same 
 fundamental peculiarities in relation to their respective 
 parents, in so far as each hybrid may in some reactions 
 be intermediate, higher, lower, or the same a* one or the 
 other parent or both parent*, as the case may be. It can 
 not be foretold from the reactions of the parents with any 
 given reagent what the reaction of the hybrid is likely 
 to be. The hybrids lend to follow one parent closer than 
 the other, in some reactions one parent and in others the 
 other, there not being in any one of the three set* a uni- 
 versal sexual prepotency. In the first set the hybrids 
 bear, on the whole, a closer relationship to the seed 
 parent, but in the second and third set* to the pollen 
 parents. In the first and second sets, in each of which 
 there are two hybrids, the hybrids exhibit differences 
 between each other in some reactions as marked a*, or 
 more marked than, the differences between the parents, 
 but commonly the hybrids tend to be closely alike, espe- 
 cially when the parents are close, but there is no rule. 
 As regards the latter, for instance, in the chloral-hydrate 
 reactions of the first set (Chart D 190), the parents are 
 well separated and likewise the two hybrids ; in the sec- 
 ond set (Chart 1)211), the parents are well separated, 
 but both hybrids are the same and also the same as on* 
 parent; and in the third set (Chart D232) the parents 
 are the same, but the hybrid is well separated from the 
 parents, and so on with other reactions. 
 
 (8) No more striking feature seems to be presented 
 than that of the shifting parental relationships of the 
 two hybrids of each of the first two sets in the several 
 reactions, as referred to in Section 6 and fully tabulated 
 in Chapter V. 
 
 13. COMPARISONS OF THE STAKCHKS or NARCISSUS 
 
 POKTICUB OKNATTS, N. POKTICt'8 POET ABU M, N. 
 
 porncus DERRICK, AND N. POKTICCS DAKTK. 
 
 In histologic characteristics, polariscopic figures, 
 reactions with selenite, qualitative reactions with iodine, 
 and qualitative reactions with various chemical reagents 
 all four starches show properties in common in varying de- 
 grees of development together with certain individualities 
 which collectively in each case serve to be characteristic. 
 The starch of X'arciuut poeticut pottarum in compari- 
 son with that of A 7 , potticut ornatut ha* a larger number 
 of compound grain*, more aggregate* that are formed of 
 a single primary grain inclosed in a- secondary deposit, 
 more irregularity of the grains, lea* distinctness of the 
 hilum, more extensive figuration but less branching, 
 and hunellation not so distinct or so coarse; the poloriza- 
 tion figure is leas often well defined and the line* are 
 more apt to be bisected and bent and lea* often form 
 
70 
 
 HISTOLOGIC PROPERTIES AND REACTIONS. 
 
 a cross; with selenite the quadrants are not so well 
 defined and are more irregular in shape and size, the 
 colors are not so pure, and there are fewer grains having 
 a greenish tinge ; with iodine the raw grains become more 
 bluish and of a somewhat deeper tint, while the gela- 
 tinized grains and grain residues color less but the solu- 
 tion more. In the qualitative reactions with the various 
 chemical reagents there are various differences. The 
 starch of the hybrid N. poeticus herrick is in form, char- 
 acters of the hilum, and characters of the lamella closer 
 to N. poeticus ornatus than to the other parent, but in 
 size the reverse. In polariscopic figure and appearances 
 with selenite it is closer to 2V. poeticus ornatus; but in 
 degree of polarization, the reverse. In the qualitative 
 iodine reactions it is closer to N. poeticus poetarum. 
 In the qualitative reactions with chloral hydrate, chromic 
 acid, pyrogallic acid, nitric acid, and sulphuric acid it is 
 closer to N. poeticus poetarum. The starch of the hybrid 
 N. poeticus dante is in form closer to N. poeticus than 
 to the other parent, but in the characters of the hilum, 
 in lamella, and in size it is closer to the other parent 
 N. poeticus poetarum. In the polariscopic figure and 
 reactions with selenite it is closer to N. poeticus poe- 
 tarum. In the qualitative iodine reactions it is closer 
 to N. poeticus poetarum. In the qualitative reactions 
 with chloral hydrate, chromic acid, pyrogallic acid, nitric 
 acid, and sulphuric acid it shows a closer relationship to 
 N. poeticus poetarum. The starch of the hybrid JV. 
 poeticus dante is more rounded than that of the other 
 hybrid, and it does not show as close a relationship to 
 N. poeticus ornatus. In character and eccentricity of 
 the hilum it shows as close a relationship to N. poeticus 
 poetarum as does that of the other hybrid to the other 
 parent, and in the characters of the lamellae the same 
 holds true. In size it is larger than in the other hybrid, 
 and therefore not so close to N. poeticus poetarum, yet it 
 is closer to it than to the other parent. In polariscopic 
 figure and appearances with selenite both hybrids bear 
 the same relationship to the parents, and in the iodine- 
 qualitative reactions there are no differences between the 
 hybrids. In the qualitative chemical reactions the starch 
 of the hybrid N. poeticus dante bears a closer relation- 
 ship than the starch of the other hybrid N. poeticus 
 herrick to N. poeticus poetarum in the chloral-hydrate 
 reaction, but not so close a relationship to this parent 
 in the reactions with chromic acid, pyrogallic acid, nitric 
 acid, and sulphuric acid. 
 
 Reaction-intensities Expressed by Light, Color, and Tempera- 
 ture Reactions. 
 Polarization: 
 
 N. poet, ornatus, low to very high, value 50. 
 
 N. poet, poetarum, low to very high, lower than in N. poet, ornatus, 
 
 value 40. 
 N. poet, herrick, low to very high, somewhat lower than in N. poet. 
 
 ornatus, value 47. 
 N. poet, dante, low to very high, somewhat lower than in N. poet. 
 
 ornatus, value 47. 
 Iodine: 
 
 N. poet, ornatus, light to moderate, value 40. 
 
 N. poet, poetarum, moderate, somewhat higher than in N. poet. 
 
 ornatus, value 45. 
 N. poet, herrick, moderate, the same as in N. poet, poetarum, 
 
 value 45. 
 
 N. poet, dante, moderate, the same as in N. poet, poetarum, 
 value 45. 
 
 Gentian violet: 
 
 N. poet, oruatus, light to moderate, value 30. 
 
 N. poet, poetarum, light to moderate, somewhat deeper than in 
 
 N. poet, ornatus, value 35. 
 N. pool, herrick, light to moderate, lighter than in either parent, 
 
 value 25. 
 N. poet, dante, light to moderate, the same as in N. poet, poetarum, 
 
 value 35. 
 .Safranin: 
 
 N. poet, ornatus, moderate, value 45. 
 
 N. poet, poetarum, moderate, somewhat deeper than in N. poet. 
 
 oruatus, value 50. 
 N. poet, herrick, light to moderate, lighter than in either parent, 
 
 value 40. 
 N. poet, daute, moderate, the same as in N. poet, poetarum, 
 
 value 50. 
 Temperature: 
 
 N. poet, ornatus, in majority at 73 to 74, in all at 77 to 78, 
 
 mean 77.5. 
 N. poet, poetarum, in majority at 67 to 69, in all at 71 to 73, 
 
 mean 72. 
 N. poet, herrick, in majority at 69 to 71, in all at 76 to 78, 
 
 mean 77. 
 N. poet, dante, in majority at 71.2 to 73.1, in all at 74 to 76, 
 
 mean 75. 
 
 N. poeticus ornatus exhibits a higher reactivity than 
 the other parent in the polarization reactions, and lower 
 reactivities in those with iodine, gentian violet, safrauin, 
 and temperature. The hybrid N. poeticus herrick is 
 higher than N. poeticus and lower than N. poeticus poe- 
 larum in the temperature reactions ; the same as the latter 
 parent in the iodine reaction; intermediate in polariza- 
 tion reaction; and the lowest in the reactions with 
 gentian violet and safranin. The hybrid N. poeticus 
 dante has the same or practically the same reactivity 
 as N. poeticus ornatus in no reaction ; the same or prac- 
 tically the same reactivity as N. poeticus poetarum in the 
 reactions with iodine, gentian violet, and safranin; and 
 intermediate in the polarization and temperature reac- 
 tions. The two hybrids are alike in the polarization and 
 iodine reactions, but N. poeticus herrick has lower reac- 
 tivities than the other hybrid in the reactions with gen- 
 tian violet, safranin, and temperature. 
 
 TABLE A 13. 
 
 
 a 
 
 B 
 
 N 
 
 a 
 
 CO 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 10 
 
 a 
 
 1C 
 
 e 
 
 
 
 n 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 * 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 Chloral hydrate: 
 
 
 
 
 
 05 
 
 g 
 
 M 
 
 28 
 
 31 
 
 N. poet, poetarum 
 
 
 
 
 
 05 
 
 1 
 
 9 
 
 11 
 
 17 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 g 
 
 10 
 
 12 
 
 11 
 
 N. poet, dante 
 
 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 10 
 
 1-> 
 
 16 
 
 16 
 
 Chromic acid: 
 N. poet, ornatus 
 
 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 D.'j 
 
 80 
 
 95 
 
 OS 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 <>> 
 
 fi5 
 
 75 
 
 "5 
 
 N. poet, herrick 
 
 
 
 
 
 fi 
 
 4? 
 
 70 
 
 82 
 
 to 
 
 N. poet, dante 
 
 
 
 
 
 fi 
 
 14 
 
 fi7 
 
 RO 
 
 SS 
 
 Pyrogallic acid: 
 
 
 
 
 
 ? 
 
 ">0 
 
 68 
 
 81 
 
 88 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 in 
 
 70 
 
 84 
 
 0? 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ? 
 
 in 
 
 fiO 
 
 83 
 
 01 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 17 
 
 75 
 
 ss 
 
 '.il 
 
 Nitric acid: 
 N. poet, ornatus 
 
 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 70 
 
 SO 
 
 Crt 
 
 70 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 in 
 
 40 
 
 5? 
 
 fiO 
 
 fi? 
 
 N. poet, herrick 
 
 
 
 
 
 30 
 
 5R 
 
 fiQ 
 
 7fi 
 
 78 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 IP 
 
 fi r > 
 
 70 
 
 78 
 
 SO 
 
 Sulphuric acid: 
 N. poet, ornatus 
 N. poet, poetarum 
 
 
 93 
 
 79 
 
 
 
 99 
 
 <M 
 
 
 
 
 
 N. poet, herrick 
 
 
 98 
 
 
 
 <to 
 
 
 
 
 
 N. poet, dante 
 
 
 95 
 
 
 
 <>o 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
\ \ HCI88U8. 
 
 71 
 
 Table A 13 shows the reaction-intensities in percent- 
 age* of total starch gelatinized at definite iutrval 
 (minutes). 
 
 VELOCITT-RXACTION CUBVES. 
 
 Tin* Motion trvata of the vi>U ity-reaetion curve* 
 of the starches of Sarcittut poelicua ornatut, N. poeticut 
 poetarum, N. poeticut herrick, and .V. poeticut dante, 
 showing the quantitative differences in the behavior to- 
 ward different reagent* at different time-intervals. 
 (I 'harts l)-.>59toD264.) 
 
 aspicuous among the features of these charts are 
 tlu- following: 
 
 i i i In the five charts there is generally a man 
 
 in each chart for all four curves to keep to- 
 gether, the only places where there is leaning toward a 
 well marked separation are in the charts for chromic 
 acid and nitric acid at the 15-minute interval. In the 
 Kul|>luin> -u( ul r. a. tiun gelatinization proceeds with such 
 rapidity that there is not, except in one instance, what 
 can be accepted as an entirely satisfactory differentiation 
 of any one starch from any other, this instance being the 
 star< h of A', poeticus pottarum, which reacted with dis- 
 v less rapidity than the other three (which react 
 with identical intensity) during the first three minutes, 
 i The fuur i urvea bear varying relations to each 
 other in the different reactions. 
 
 (3) The curve of N. poeticus ornaiut is the highest 
 of the four and well separated from the other three in 
 the reactions with chloral hydrate and chromic acid ; the 
 lowest at first and intermediate finally with nitric acid ; 
 and practically the same, but with a lower tendency than 
 in the other three, with pyrogallic acid, although in this 
 reaction the curves of N. poelictu ornatus, N. poeticut 
 poet arum, and N. poeticut herrick are practically the 
 same. There is an obvious tendency for the curves of 
 .V. poeticut poetarum, N. poeticut herrick, and N. poeti- 
 cut dante to keep close in the reactions with chloral hy- 
 drate and chromic acid. 
 
 ( 4 ) The carves of the two hybrids tend to run closely. 
 In the reactions with chloral hydrate and sulphuric acid 
 they are the same; with chromic acid very nearly the 
 same; and with pyrogallic acid and nitric acid they are 
 separated sufficiently for differential purposes. The 
 curve of the hybrid N. poeticut herrick is higher than the 
 curve of the other hybrid in the chromic-acid reaction, 
 lower in the pyrogallic-acid reaction, and for the most 
 part lower in the nitric-acid reaction. 
 
 (5) An early period of resistance is noted particu- 
 larly in the reactions with chromic acid and pyrogallic 
 acid, and is suggested in the curves of the nitric acid. 
 
 (6) The earliest period at which the curves are best 
 separated and hence the best for differential purposes is at 
 3 minute* in the reaction with sulphuric acid; at 5 min- 
 utes in those with chromic acid, pyrogallic acid, and 
 nitric acid; and at 60 minutes in that with chloral 
 hydrate. 
 
 REACTION-INTENSITIES OF THE HYBRIDS. 
 This section treats of the reaction-intensities of the 
 hybrids as regards sameness, intermediateness, excess 
 and deficit in relation to the parents. (Table A 13, 
 Charts D 259 to D 264.) 
 
 The reactivities of the hybrid N. poeticut herritk 
 are the same as those of the seed parent in none of the 
 reactions; the same as those of tin- pollen parent with 
 iodine, chloral hydrate, and pyrogallic acid; the same 
 as both parents in none; intermediate with polarization, 
 temperature, and chromic an. I (in two nearer the seed 
 parent and in one nearer the pollen parent ) ; highest 
 with nitric acid and sulphuric ami (in one as near to 
 one as to the other parent and in one nearer the pollen 
 parent) ; and lowest with gentian violet and safraniu, 
 being in both nearer the seed parent. 
 
 The reactivities of the hybrid N. poeticut dante are 
 the same as those of the seed parent in the sulphuric- 
 acid reaction; the same as those of the pollen parent in 
 the reactions with iodine, gentian violet, safranin, and 
 chloral hydrate ; the same as those of both parents in no 
 reaction; intermediate in the reactions with polariza- 
 tion, temperature, chromic acid, and nitric acid (in two 
 being closer to the seed parent, in one nearer the poll.-u 
 parent, and in one mid-intermediate) ; highest with 
 pyrogallic acid, being as near one as the other parent; 
 and lowest in none. 
 
 Following is a summary of the reaction-intensities: 
 
 
 N. pooticu* 
 berrick. 
 
 N. pocUcu. 
 daoto. 
 
 SMM M nd parent 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 | 
 
 4 
 
 BUM u both pansrts ... i 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 Intermediate . 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 Hicbwt 
 
 J 
 
 | 
 
 LowMt 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 The varying relationships of the two hybrids to the 
 parents in the individual reactions is quite marked. 
 Thus, in the polarization reactions both are intermediate 
 and nearer the seed parent; in the iodine reactions both 
 are the same as the pollen parent ; in the gentian violet 
 reaction one is lower than either parent and nearer the 
 seed parent, but the other is the same as the pollen 
 parent, etc. 
 
 COMPOSITE CDBVBS or REACTION-INTENSITIES. 
 
 This section deals with the composite curves of the 
 reaction-intensities showing the differentiation of the 
 starches of Karciuut poeticut ornatut, N. poeticut poe- 
 tarum, N. poeticut herrick, and ff. poeticut dante. 
 ( Chart E 13.) 
 
 The most conspicuous features of this chart are : 
 
 (1) The marked closeness of all four curves and the 
 very close correspondence in the rises and falls, snowing 
 agreement with a given species-tyix-. 
 
 (2) In N. poeticut ornatut as compared with N. po- 
 eticut pottarum the higher reactions with polarization, 
 chloral hydrate, chromic acid, nitric acid, and sulphuric 
 acid; the same or practically the same reactions with 
 pyrogallic acid; and the lower reactions with iodine, 
 safranin, gentian violet, and temperature. 
 
 (3) In ff. poeticut ornatut the very high reaction 
 with sulphuric acid ; the high reaction with chromic acid ; 
 the moderate reactions with polarization, iodine, and 
 safranin ; the low reactions with gentian violet, tempera- 
 ture, pyrogallic acid, and nitric acid ; and the very low 
 reaction with chloral hydrate. 
 
72 
 
 HISTOLOGIC PROPERTIES AND REACTIONS. 
 
 (4) In N. poeticus poetarum the very high reaction 
 with sulphuric acid; the absence of any high reaction; 
 the moderate reactions with polarization, iodine, safraniu, 
 temperature, and pyrogallic acid ; the low reactions with 
 gentian violet, chromic acid, and nitric acid ; and the very 
 low reaction with chloral hydrate. 
 
 (5) In the hybrid N. poeticus herrick the very high 
 reactions with sulphuric acid; the absence of any high 
 reaction; the moderate reactions with polarization, 
 iodine, safranin, chromic acid, pyrogallic acid; the low 
 reactions with gentian violet, temperature, and nitric 
 acid; and the very low reaction with chloral hydrate. 
 
 (6) In the hybrid N. poeticus dante the very high 
 sulphuric-acid reaction ; the absence of any high reaction ; 
 the moderate reactions with polarization, iodine, safra- 
 nin, chromic acid, and pyrogallic acid; the low reactions 
 with gentian violet, temperature, and nitric acid; and 
 the very low reaction with chloral hydrate. 
 
 The following is a summary of the reaction-intensi- 
 ties ( 10 reactions) : 
 
 
 Very 
 high. 
 
 High. 
 
 Mod- 
 erate. 
 
 Low. 
 
 Very 
 low. 
 
 N. poet, ornatua 
 
 I 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 N. poet, dante 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 | 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 14. COMPARISONS OF THE SlABCHES OF NARCISSUS 
 TA2ETTA GEAND MONABQUE, N. POETICUS OB- 
 NATUS, AND N. POETAZ TBIUMPH. 
 
 In histologic characteristics, polariscopic figures, 
 reactions with selenite, reactions with iodine, and qualita- 
 tive reactions with the various chemical reagents it will 
 be noted that the starches of the parents and hybrid 
 exhibit not only properties in common in varying degrees 
 of development but also occasional individualities which 
 collectively are in each case distinctive. In histologic 
 properties the starches of the parents differ in well- 
 defined respects. In the polariscopic figures and reac- 
 tions with selenite there are no important differences. 
 In the qualitative reactions with iodine, the raw grains 
 of Narcissus tazetta grand monarque are colored less in 
 comparison with those of the other parent, while after 
 heating in water fewer grains are moderately colored 
 and the solution is more deeply colored. In the quali- 
 tative reactions with chloral hydrate, chromic acid, pyro- 
 gallic acid, nitric acid, and sulphuric acid, there are in 
 each case similarities and certain definite differences. The 
 starch of the hybrid in comparison with the starches of 
 the parents shows more irregularities in form than in 
 either parent, and it is, on the whole, more closely related 
 to N. tazetta grand monarque than to the other parent. 
 In the character of the lamellae, and in the size and pro- 
 portions of different kinds of grains, the relationship is 
 closer to N. tazetta grand monarque; in character of the 
 hilum it is closer to the other parent, and in the eccen- 
 tricity of the hilum it is the same as the parents. In the 
 polariscopic figures, appearances with selenite, and iodine 
 reactions it is closer to 2V. poeticus ornaius. In the quali- 
 tative reactions with the chemical reagent it is in all 
 closer, on the whole, to N. tazetta grand monarque. 
 
 Reaction-intensities Expressed by Light, Color, and Tempera- 
 ture Reactions. 
 Polarisation: 
 
 N. tai. grand rnon., low to very high, value 60. 
 N. poet, ornatue, low to very high, same as N. tazetta grand mon- 
 arque, value 50. 
 N. ] .in-tin triumph, low to very high, tame I\H both parents, value 60. 
 
 Iodine: 
 
 N. taz. grand mon., light to moderate, value 45. 
 
 N. poet, ornatus, light to moderate, less than N. tazetta grand 
 
 monarque, value 40. 
 N. poetaz triumph, light to moderate, the same as N. poeticus 
 
 ornatus, value 40. 
 Gentian violet: 
 
 N. taz. grand mon., light to moderate, value 40. 
 
 N. poet, ornatua, light to moderate, less than N. tazetta grand 
 
 monarque, value 35. 
 N. poetaz triumph, light to moderate, the same as N. tazetta grand 
 
 monarque, value 40. 
 Safranin: 
 
 N. taz. grand mon., moderate, value 45. 
 
 N. poet, ornatus, moderate, the same as N. tazetta grand monarque, 
 
 value 45. 
 N. poetaz triumph, light to moderate, less than in either parent, 
 
 value 40. 
 Temperature: 
 
 N. taz. grand mon., in majority at 73 to 75, in all at 76 to 77, 
 
 mean 76.6. 
 N. poet, ornatus, in majority at 73 to 74, in all at 77 to 78, mean 
 
 77.5. 
 N. poetaz triumph, in majority at 73 to 75, in all at 76 to 77, 
 
 mean 76.5. 
 
 The reactivity of N. tazetta grand monarque is the 
 same or practically the same as that of the other parent 
 in the polarization and saf ranin reactions ; higher in the 
 temperature reaction, and lower in the iodine and gen- 
 tian-violet reactions. The reactivity of the hybrid is the 
 same or practically the same as those of both parents 
 in the polarization reaction ; the same or practically the 
 same as the reactivity of N. tazetta grand monarque in 
 the gentian-violet and temperature reactions; the same 
 or practically the same as that of the other parent in 
 the iodine reaction; and the lowest of the three in the 
 safranin reaction. In none of the five reactions is there 
 intermediateness. In some respects the hybrid is closer 
 to one parent and in other respects to the other. 
 
 Table A 14 shows the reaction-intensities in percent- 
 ages of total starch gelatinized at definite intervals 
 minutes). 
 
 VELOCITY-REACTION CURVES. 
 
 This section treats of the velocity-reaction curves of 
 the starches of Narcissus tazetta grand monarque, N. 
 poeticus ornatus, and N. poetaz triumph, showing quan- 
 titative differences in the behavior toward different reag- 
 ents at definite time- intervals. (Charts D 265 to D 286.) 
 
 The most conspicuous features of this group of curves 
 are: 
 
 (1) The closeness generally of all three curves in 
 all of the reactions, with a tendency throughout, with the 
 exception of that with sulphuric acid, to a moderate to 
 low or very low reaction value. The curves of two or all 
 three starches, excepting the reactions with the sulphuric 
 acid, cobalt nitrate, barium chloride, and mercuric chlo- 
 ride, are satisfactorily separated, commonly well sepa- 
 rated, for differentiation in reactivities. In the reactions 
 with pyrogallic acid, hydrochloric acid, potassium hy- 
 droxide, potassium iodide, potassium sulphocyanate, 
 potassium sulphide, sodium hydroxide, sodium sulphide, 
 sodium salicylate, calcium nitrate, uranium nitrate, cop- 
 per nitrate, and cupric chloride two of the curves tend 
 to closeness and separation from the third, which two 
 may be the curve of the hybrid and that of one or the 
 other parent, or the curves of the parents. In some of the 
 reactions the three curves do not closely correspond in 
 course, as in the reactions with chloral hydrate, chromic 
 acid, pyrogallic acid, nitric acid, potassium iodide, ura- 
 nium nitrate, cobalt nitrate, and strontium nitrate; the 
 departure of one from the course of the others may be in 
 the curve of the hybrid or either parent, more often in the 
 curve of N. tazetta grand monarque. 
 
 (2) The lower reactivity of N. tazetta grand mon- 
 arque than of the other parent in the reactions with 
 
NAHCI88U8. 
 
 73 
 
 TABUE A 14. 
 
 
 i 
 
 i 
 
 I 
 
 1 
 
 s 
 
 1 
 
 S 
 
 I 
 
 s 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Chloral hydraU: 
 N. Uuctla t inui. 
 N. pucUcui uruat 
 
 
 
 f 
 
 ( , 
 
 . . 
 
 > 
 
 
 4 
 
 -'I 
 ' 
 - 
 
 S3 
 S4 
 
 . 
 
 M 
 
 M 
 M 
 
 40 
 34 
 
 Af) 
 
 Chrunuo acni. 
 
 
 
 
 
 A 
 
 
 75 
 
 90 
 
 98 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 | 
 
 -n 
 
 9A 
 
 9N 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1* 
 
 
 .,i 
 
 97 
 
 99 
 
 PyrogaUie add: 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 - 
 
 
 47 
 
 7N 
 
 N L-uvltou ornat 
 
 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 | 
 
 SJ 
 
 HI 
 
 8H 
 
 IM triumph 
 
 
 
 
 
 s 
 
 , 
 
 I 
 
 HA 
 
 9A 
 
 Mid: 
 N. UMtta t mini 
 
 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 A 
 
 14 
 
 n 
 
 M 
 
 ,, 
 
 ai 
 
 AA 
 
 43 
 70 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 f n 
 
 74 
 
 8A 
 
 88 
 
 Sulphuric acid: 
 
 
 H 
 
 
 
 W 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 SJ 
 
 
 
 W 
 
 
 
 
 
 N pot*a triumph 
 
 
 w 
 
 
 
 90 
 
 
 
 
 
 H;, ;i .; M.U 
 
 
 
 
 
 78 
 
 ., , 
 
 9A 
 
 97 
 
 M 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 -> 
 
 ,- 
 
 u 
 
 98 
 
 99 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 00 
 
 SJ 
 
 99 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 IA 
 
 
 
 H 
 
 47 
 
 4A 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 19 
 
 .., 
 
 i , 
 
 48 
 
 A3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 M 
 
 M 
 
 7A 
 
 8A 
 
 91 
 
 PoUMium iodide: 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 S 
 
 17 
 
 AA 
 
 A9 
 
 7A 
 
 N poUc%M ornat 
 
 
 
 
 
 A 
 
 61 
 
 AN 
 
 77 
 
 80 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 57 
 
 7A 
 
 8A 
 
 90 
 
 P !' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 N tutl* g moo 
 
 
 
 
 
 39 
 
 A? 
 
 7A 
 
 89 
 
 94 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4A 
 
 70 
 
 H 
 
 90 
 
 97 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 A7 
 
 N i 
 
 91 
 
 9A 
 
 98 
 
 PoUMium mlnhkb: 
 fj tuelta g- B>oo 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 A 
 
 | 
 
 a 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 | 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 N. poeUa triumph . 
 
 
 
 
 
 A 
 
 9 
 
 11 
 
 13 
 
 14 
 
 Sudium hydroxide: 
 
 N UkMtU (. BOB , 
 
 
 
 * 
 
 
 A 
 
 43 
 
 SO 
 
 73 
 
 78 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1H 
 
 49 
 
 A? 
 
 7A 
 
 80 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 81 
 
 AA 
 
 HA 
 
 90 
 
 97 
 
 - I .:,:.. : 
 N Uwtu g moo 
 
 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 18 
 
 40 
 
 80 
 
 N poetieue oroat 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 1? 
 
 i , 
 
 A3 
 
 AA 
 
 N. poet** triumph 
 
 
 
 
 
 18 
 
 80 
 
 7A 
 
 W) 
 
 8A 
 
 Sodium ealicjrUU: 
 N, UMtU i moo 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 81 
 
 99 
 
 
 
 -.-::, 
 
 
 
 
 
 50 
 
 9? 
 
 99 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 AA 
 
 99 
 
 
 
 
 Calrium nitraU: 
 N. UMtU f moo 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 A 
 
 14 
 
 39 
 
 41 
 
 N ptwtfam omat 
 
 
 
 
 
 S 
 
 9 
 
 19 
 
 43 
 
 A3 
 
 N. ptMUl triumph 
 
 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 47 
 
 AA 
 
 AA 
 
 73 
 
 Uranium nitrmte: 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 S 
 
 4 
 
 A 
 
 A 
 
 N poetical ornat 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 A 
 
 7 
 
 10 
 
 17 
 
 N. povtai triumph 
 
 
 
 
 
 A 
 
 14 
 
 70 
 
 2A 
 
 3A 
 
 Strontium oitraU: 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 8 
 
 i.i 
 
 53 
 
 Afl 
 
 N poetinuonut 
 
 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 43 
 
 AA 
 
 63 
 
 AA 
 
 N. Doetaa triumph 
 
 
 
 
 
 ?A 
 
 A7 
 
 7A 
 
 81 
 
 88 
 
 Cobalt nitraU: 
 N. UMtU (. mon 
 N. poeticui ornat 
 
 
 
 .- 
 
 
 
 U 
 
 i ', 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 a 
 
 a 
 a 
 
 3 
 
 a 
 
 N poeUi triumph 
 
 
 
 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 A 
 
 A 
 
 A 
 
 Copper nitraU: 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 N poetieue omat 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 A 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 IA 
 
 N. poetai triumph 
 
 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 36 
 
 3(1 
 
 
 88 
 
 Cupric chloride: 
 
 N. taartU |. mon 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 a 
 
 4 
 
 6 
 
 N poetical oroat 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 A 
 
 e 
 
 N DoeUs triumph 
 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 10 
 
 17 
 
 IA 
 
 19 
 
 Ban urn chloride: 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 T 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 T 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 Mercuric chloride: 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 a 
 
 a 
 
 N poetieue ornat 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 | 
 
 4 
 
 
 7 
 
 N. po*U triumph 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 6 
 
 10 
 
 u 
 
 13 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 acid, pyrogallic acid, nitric acid, hydrochloric 
 B> -id. potassium hydroxide, potassium iodide, potsssinm 
 sulphocYsnate, sodium hydroxide, Mxlium sulphide, to* 
 dium Ntlu -vlatf, calcium nitrate, uranium nitrate, stron- 
 tium nitrate, and copper nitrate, and the same or 
 practically the same reactivity with sulphuric acid, po- 
 tassium sulphide, cobalt nitrate, cupru- < lili-rnlr, barium 
 chloride, and mercuric chloride. 
 
 (3) The highest position of the hybrid curve of sll 
 three curves in all of the 21 reactions, excepting the 
 barium chloride, in which latter owing to extremely 
 slow reactions all three curves are absolutely or practically 
 the same. In many reactions the hybrid curve U more 
 separated from the parental curves than the latter are 
 separated from each other, and in most instances the 
 nearer parental curve is that of A*, poetinu ornatta. 
 There is in no instance a tendency either to intermedi- 
 ateness or to the lowest reactivity. 
 
 (4) An early period of comparative resistance fol- 
 lowed by comparative rapid reaction is frequently 
 noticed, sometimes in the case of one, two, or three 
 of the starches. This is seen in all three starches 
 in the reactions with chloral hydrate, chromic acid, 
 pyrogallic acid, nitric acid, potassium iodide, and 
 calcium nitrate; in the two parental starches with *o- 
 dium sulphide and strontium nitrate ; and in .V. iatetta 
 grand monarque with sodium hydroxide. In several, thin 
 resistant period is prolonged to 15 to 30 minutes. 
 
 (5) The earliest period during the 60 minutes at 
 which the three curves are best separated for differentia- 
 tion varies with the different reagents. Approximately, 
 within the 5-minute interval in the reactions with sul- 
 phuric acid, sodium hydroxide, and sodium salicylate 
 reactions ; at the 15-minute interval with chromic acid, 
 hydrochloric acid, potassium hydroxide, potassium sul- 
 phocyanate, sodium sulphide, calcium nitrate, and 
 strontium nitrate; at the 30-minute interval with chloral 
 hydrate, pyrogallic acid, nitric acid, potassium iodide, 
 and copper nitrate ; and at the 60-minute interval with 
 potassium sulphide, uranium nitrate, cobalt nitrate, cop- 
 per nitrate, barium chloride, and mercuric chloride. 
 
 REACTION-INTENSITIES OP THE HYBRID. 
 
 This section deals with the reaction-intensities of 
 the hybrid as regards sameness, intermediateness, excess, 
 and deficit in relation to the parents. (Table A 14 and 
 Charts D 265 to D 286.) 
 
 The hybrid has the same reactivity as the seed parent 
 in the reactions with gentian violet and safranin; the 
 same as the pollen parent with polarization and iodine ; 
 the same as both parents with barium chloride, in which 
 the reactions are too slow for differentiation ; intermedi- 
 ate in none; highest with chloral hydrate, chromic acid, 
 pyrogallic acid, nitric acid, sulphuric acid, hydrochloric 
 acid, potassium hydroxide, potassium iodide, potassium 
 gulphocyanate, potassium sulphide, sodium hydroxide, 
 sodium sulphide, sodium salicylate, calcium nitrate, ura- 
 nium nitrate, strontium nitrate, cobalt nitrate, copper 
 nitrate, cupric chloride, and mercuric chloride (in 2 
 being closer to the seed parent, in 15 nearer the pollen 
 parent, and in 3 as near one as the other parent) ; and 
 lowest in the safranin reaction, as near one as the other 
 parent. 
 
 The following is a summary of the reaction-intensi- 
 ties: Same u seed parent, 2; same as pollen parent, 2; 
 same as both parents, 1 ; intermediate, 0; highest, 20; 
 
 The most remarkable feature of these data is the 
 almost universal higher reactivity of the hybrid in all 
 of the chemical reactions, the only exception being with 
 
74 
 
 HISTOLOGIC PROPERTIES AND REACTIONS. 
 
 barium chloride in which the reactions are almost abso- 
 lutely nil, yet even here there is at least the suggestion 
 of highest reactivity. The inclination to the properties 
 of the pollen parent are also strikingly manifested. 
 
 COMPOSITE CURVES OF THE REACTION-INTENSITIES. 
 
 This section treats of the composite curves of the 
 reaction-intensities, showing the differentiation of the 
 starches of Narcissus tazetta grand monarque, N. poeti- 
 cus ornatus, and N. poetaz triumph. (Chart E 14.) 
 
 The most conspicuous features of this chart are : 
 
 (1) The close correspondence in the courses of all 
 three curves, and more particularly of the parental curves 
 which not only tend almost invariably to marked closeness 
 but also with few exceptions to keep below the hybrid 
 curve. 
 
 (2) The curve of N. tazetta grand monarque tends 
 usually to be lower than the curve of the other parent. 
 It is distinctly lower in the reactions with chromic acid, 
 pyrogallic acid, nitric acid, and hydrochloric acid; 
 slightly lower or nearly the same with potassium hydrox- 
 ide, potassium sulphocyanate, potassium sulphide, so- 
 dium hydroxide, sodium sulphide, sodium salicylate, cal- 
 cium nitrate, uranium nitrate, strontium nitrate, cobalt 
 nitrate, copper nitrate, cupric chloride, barium chloride, 
 and mercuric chloride ; higher with iodine, gentian violet, 
 temperature, and chloral hydrate ; and the same or prac- 
 tically the same with polarization, safrauin, and sul- 
 phuric acid. 
 
 (3) In N. tazetta grand monarque the very high re- 
 action with sulphuric acid; the high reactions with 
 hydrochloric acid and sodium salicylate; the moderate 
 reactions with polarization, iodine, gentian violet, sa- 
 franin, chromic acid, and potassium sulphocyanate ; the 
 low reactions with temperature, pyrogallic acid, potas- 
 sium iodide, sodium hydroxide, sodium sulphide, and 
 strontium nitrate; and the very low reactions with 
 chloral hydrate, nitric acid, potassium hydroxide, potas- 
 sium sulphide, calcium nitrate, uranium nitrate, cobalt 
 nitrate, copper nitrate, cupric chloride, barium chloride, 
 and mercuric chloride. 
 
 (4) In N. poeticus ornatus the very high reactions 
 with sulphuric acid and hydrochloric acid ; the high reac- 
 tions with chromic acid and sodium salicylate ; the moder- 
 ate reactions with polarization, safranin, and potassium 
 sulphocyanate; the low reactions with gentian violet, 
 temperature, pyrogallic acid, nitric acid, potassium hy- 
 droxide, potassium iodide, sodium hydroxide, sodium sul- 
 phide, calcium nitrate, strontium nitrate, and the very 
 low reactions with chloral hydrate, potassium sulphide, 
 uranium nitrate, cobalt nitrate, copper nitrate, cupric 
 chloride, barium chloride, and mercuric chloride. 
 
 (5) In the hybrid the very high reactions with sul- 
 phuric acid, hydrochloric acid, and sodium salicylate; the 
 high reactions with chromic acid and potassium sulpho- 
 cyanate ; the moderate reactions with polarization, iodine, 
 
 fentian violet, safranin, pyrogallic acid, potassium hy- 
 roxide, potassium iodide, and sodium hydroxide; the 
 low reactions with temperature, chloral hydrate, nitric 
 acid, sodium sulphide, calcium nitrate, and strontium 
 nitrate; and the very low reactions with potassium sul- 
 phide, uranium nitrate, cobalt nitrate, copper nitrate, 
 cupric chloride, barium chloride, and mercuric chloride. 
 The following is a summary of the reaction-intensities : 
 
 
 Very 
 high. 
 
 High. 
 
 Mod- 
 erate. 
 
 Low. 
 
 Very 
 low. 
 
 N. tazetta grand monarque. . . . 
 N. poeticus ornatus 
 
 1 
 2 
 
 2 
 2 
 
 
 4 
 
 6 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 g 
 
 N. poetaz triumph 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 8 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 15. COMPARISONS OF THE STABCHES OF NARCISSUS 
 GLORIA MUNDI, N. POETICUS ORNATUS, AND N. 
 FIERY CKOSS. 
 
 In histologic characteristics, polariscopic figures, 
 reactions with selenite, reactions with iodine, and quali- 
 tative reactions with the various chemical reagents the 
 starches of the parents and hybrid possess properties 
 in common in varying degrees of development together 
 with occasional individualities which collectively in each 
 starch are distinctive. In histologic properties the 
 parental starches differ in both minor and major re- 
 spects. The starch of N. poeticus ornatus in comparison 
 with that of the other parents shows in the polarization 
 figure more distinctness and better definition, and other 
 differences; and with selenite the quadrants are more 
 often well defined, less irregular in shape, the colors 
 not so often pure, and fewer grains have a greenish tinge. 
 In the qualitative iodine reactions no qualitative differ- 
 ences were recorded. In the qualitative reactions with 
 chloral hydrate, chromic acid, pyrogallic acid, nitric acid, 
 and sulphuric acid there are in each case characteristics 
 in common and also individualities. The starch of the 
 hybrid in comparison with the starches of the parents 
 shows a closer relationship to that of 2V. gloria, mundi 
 in the form of the grains, character of the hilum, charac- 
 ter and arrangement of the lamelke, and in size ; but it 
 is closer to the other parent in the eccentricity of the 
 hilum. In the polarization figures and in the reactions 
 with selenite the relationship is closer to N. poeticus 
 ornatus. In the iodine qualitative reactions differences 
 between hybrid and parents, and between the latter were 
 noted. In the qualitative reactions with the chemical 
 reagents the hybrid shows certain resemblances to one 
 parent and others to the other, but it is, on the whole, 
 much more closely related to N. gloria mundi than 
 to N. poeticus ornatus. 
 
 Reaction-intensities Expressed by Light, Color, and Tempera- 
 ture Reactions. 
 Polarization : 
 
 N. gloria mundi, low to very high, usually moderate to moderately 
 
 high, value 60. 
 N. poeticus ornat., low to very high, lower than in N. gloria mundi, 
 
 value 50. 
 N. fiery cross, low to very high, the same as in N. poeticus ornatus, 
 
 value 50. 
 Iodine: 
 
 N. gloria mundi, moderate, value 60. 
 
 N. poeticus ornat, moderate, much less than in N. gloria mundi, 
 
 value 40. 
 
 N. fiery cross, moderate, the same as N. gloria mundi, value 60. 
 Gentian violet: 
 
 N. gloria mundi, light to moderate, value 40. 
 
 N. poeticus ornat., light to moderate, much less than in N. poeticus 
 
 mundi, value 30. 
 N. fiery cross, light to moderate, intermediate between the parents, 
 
 value 35. 
 Safranin: 
 
 N. gloria mundi, moderate, value 40. 
 
 N. poeticus ornat., moderate, higher than in N. gloria mundi, 
 
 value 45. 
 N. fiery cross, moderate, the same as in N. gloria mundi, value 40. 
 
NARCISSUS. 
 
 75 
 
 Tampere tun: 
 
 . ,,na mm,.!.. ia mj..nt> at 71 to 7X8*. ia all at 74 to 74*. 
 
 .111 74. S. 
 N. poeticu* ornat.. in majority at 73 to 74*. in all at 77 to 78*. 
 
 N. 
 
 in majority at 71 u, 7'J*. in all at 73.5 to 74.5*. 
 
 74*. 
 
 The reactivity of N. gloria mundi is higher than that 
 uf the other pan-lit in the reactions with polarization, 
 i.-lin.', p-iiiian violet, and temperature; and lower in 
 the safraniu reaction. The reactivity of the hybrid is 
 the same or practically the same as that of N. gloria 
 mundi in the iodine and tafranin reactions, and slightly 
 higher in the temperature reaction; the same or prac- 
 tically the same as that of the other parent in the polar- 
 ization reaction; and mid-intermediate in the gentian 
 reaction. 
 
 Table A 15 shows the reaction-intensities in percent- 
 ages of total starch gelatinized at definite intervals 
 (minutes) : 
 
 TABLE A 16. 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 M 
 
 S 
 
 m 
 
 
 
 
 
 t 
 
 o 
 
 a 
 
 S 
 
 a 
 S 
 
 a 
 9 
 
 d 
 
 8 
 
 Chloral hydrate: 
 
 M 1 r r r li 
 
 
 
 
 
 05 
 
 8 
 
 38 
 
 33 
 
 35 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 flK 
 
 A 
 
 34 
 
 28 
 
 34 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 OK 
 
 ft 
 
 A 
 
 
 
 13 
 
 Chromic acid: 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 an 
 
 M 
 
 83 
 
 00 
 
 N. portion* ornaUu 
 
 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 66 
 
 HO 
 
 05 
 
 08 
 
 N fljii-tr irlViM 
 
 
 
 
 
 s 
 
 13 
 
 no 
 
 85 
 
 05 
 
 1'.: ..... .,1 
 
 N. gloria muiidi 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 IK 
 
 85 
 
 78 
 
 01 
 
 N pueticiu ornaUu 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 i, 
 
 88 
 
 81 
 
 88 
 
 N AMY nn^m 
 
 
 
 
 
 s 
 
 13 
 
 70 
 
 88 
 
 03 
 
 Nitric aeid: 
 N. gloria muBcli 
 
 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 33 
 
 47 
 
 65 
 
 61 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 A 
 
 10 
 
 30 
 
 65 
 
 70 
 
 N. fiery ero 
 
 
 
 
 
 A 
 
 13 
 
 30 
 
 54 
 
 no 
 
 Sulphuric acid: 
 
 
 w 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 01 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 N. fiary croai 
 
 
 07 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 VELOCITY-REACTION CURTIS. 
 
 This section treats of the velocity- reaction curves 
 of the starches of Xarciuv* gloria mundi, N. porlinu 
 ornalut, and N. fiery crost, showing quantitative differ- 
 ence* in the behavior toward different reagents at definite 
 time-intervals. (Charts D 287 to D 292.) 
 
 The most conspicuous features of these five charts 
 are: 
 
 (1) The closeness of all three curves in all of the 
 reactions, with the exception of that with chromic acid at 
 the 15-minute interval, at which time the three curves 
 are well separated; and also the tendency, with the 
 exception that with sulphuric acid, for the reactions to 
 be of moderate to low or very low intensity. In the 
 sulphuric-acid reaction gelatin ization proceeds so quickly 
 that the curves are the same or practically the same, and 
 in that with pyrogallic acid the curves are quite close, yet 
 sufficiently separated and uniform in their courses to 
 indicate clearly the reaction-intensity relationship*. 
 
 (2) The relations of the parental curves to each other 
 and to the hybrid vary in the reactions, and moreover 
 vary during the progress of the reactions. 
 
 (3) The curve of N. gloria mundi it the highest 
 of the three in the reaction with chloral hydrate; the 
 highest during most of those with nitric acid and then 
 intermediate; intermediate during most of those with 
 chromic an. I, otherwise the lowest; and lowest in thaw 
 with pyrogallic acid. 
 
 (4) The hybrid curve tends to lowness or highness 
 in relation to Uie parental curves, it being the highest 
 of the three in the pyrogul lie-arid reaction; the lowest 
 in those with chloral hydrate and nitric acid ; and lowest 
 throughout nearly the whole 60-minute period in those 
 with chromic acid, and finally intermediate but close to 
 -V. gloria mundi. 
 
 (5) An early period of comparative resistance is 
 .M. lent in one or more of the starches in all of the reac- 
 tions, with the exception of the quick reaction with sul- 
 phuric acid, but in that with nitric acid it is seen only 
 in the relation of the hybrid. 
 
 (6) The earliest period at which the curves are best 
 separated for differential purposes is questionable. The 
 sulphuric-acid reaction is so rapid that any differentia- 
 tion must be made at the very beginning of the reaction. 
 In the chromic-acid reaction it is probably at 15 minutes; 
 in those with chloral hydrate and nitric acid probably at 
 30 minutes; and in that with pyrogallic acid probably 
 at 45 or 60 minutes. 
 
 REACTION-INTENSITIES OF THE HYBRID. 
 
 This section treats of the reaction-intensities of the 
 hybrid as regards sameness, intermodiatencss, excess, and 
 deficit in relation to the parents. (Table A 15 and 
 Charts D 287 to D 292.) 
 
 The reactivities of the hybrid are the eame as those 
 of the seed parent in the iodine reaction; the same as 
 those of the pollen parent in the polarization and saf ranin 
 reactions; the same as those of both parents in no 
 reaction; intermediate in those with gentian violet and 
 sulphuric acid, in both being mid-intermediate; highest 
 in those with temperature and pyrogallic acid (in one 
 closer to the seed parent and in the other closer to the 
 pollen parent) ; and lowest in those with chloral hydrate, 
 chromic acid, and nitric acid (in one being closer to the 
 seed parent, in one closer to the pollen parent, and in one 
 being as close to one as to the other parent). 
 
 The following is a summary of the reaction-intensi- 
 ties : Same as seed parent, 1 ; same as pollen parent, 2 ; 
 same as both parents, 0; intermediate, 2; highest, 2; 
 lowest, 3. 
 
 The parents seem to have about equal influence on the 
 properties of the starch of the hybrid. 
 
 COMPOSITE CURVE or THE KKACTION-INTKNSITIKS. 
 
 This section treats of the composite curves of the 
 reaction-intensities, showing the differentiation of the 
 starches of Narcissus gloria mundi, N. poeiicut ornatus, 
 and A', fiery crost. ( Chart E 15. ) 
 
 The most conspicuous features of this chart are : 
 
 (1) The close correspondence of all three corves in 
 their courses. 
 
 (2) In A r . gloria mundi compared with the other 
 parent the higher reactions with polarization, iodine, 
 gentian violet, and temperature; the lower with chromic 
 acid and nitric acid; and the same or practically the 
 same with pyrogallic acid and nitric acid. 
 
 
76 
 
 HISTOLOGIC PROPERTIES AND REACTIONS. 
 
 (3) In N. gloria mundi the very high sulphuric-acid 
 reactions; the high polarization and iodine reactions; 
 the moderate with gentian violet, safranin, chromic acid, 
 and pyrogallic acid ; the low with temperature and nitric 
 acid ; and the very low with chloral hydrate. 
 
 (4) In N. poeticus ornatus the very high sulphuric- 
 acid reaction ; the high with chromic acid ; the moderate 
 with polarization, iodine, and safranin; the low with 
 gentian violet, temperature, pyrogallic acid, and nitric 
 acid ; and the very low with chloral hydrate. 
 
 (5) In the hybrid the very high sulphuric-acid reac- 
 tion; the high iodine reaction; the moderate reactions 
 with polarization, safranin, chromic acid, and pyrogallic 
 acid ; the low with gentian violet, temperature, and nitric 
 acid ; and the very low with chloral hydrate. 
 
 The following is a summary of the reaction-intensi- 
 ties (10 reactions) : 
 
 
 Very 
 high. 
 
 High. 
 
 Mod- 
 erate. 
 
 Low. 
 
 Very 
 low. 
 
 N. gloria mundi 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 N. poeticus ornatus 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 N. fiery cross 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 16. COMPARISONS OF THE STARCHES OF NARCISSUS 
 . TELAMONIUS PLENUS, N. POETICUS OBNATUS, 
 N. DOUBLOON. 
 
 In histologic characteristics, polariscopic figures, 
 reactions with selenite, reactions with iodine, and qualita- 
 tive reactions with the various chemical reagents the 
 starches of the parents and hybrid exhibit not only 
 properties in common in varying degrees of development 
 but also certain individualities which collectively in each 
 case are distinctive of the starch. In histologic proper- 
 ties the parental starches differ in certain well-defined 
 respects. In N. poeticus ornatus the polariscopic figure 
 is not so distinct or so well defined as in the other parent; 
 and with selenite the quadrants are not so well defined 
 and are more irregular in form, the colors are more 
 often pure, and there are more grains with a greenish 
 tinge. With iodine the raw grains of N. poeticus ornatus 
 color less, and after boiling the grain-residues are more 
 deeply colored and the solution less deeply colored than 
 in N. telamonius plenus. In the qualitative reactions 
 with chloral hydrate, chromic acid, pyrogallic acid, nitric 
 acid, and sulphuric acid there are in each case rather 
 striking differences. The starch of the hybrid in com- 
 parison with the starches of the parents shows in form 
 a closer relationship to the starch of N. telamonius plenus 
 than to that of the other parent, and the same relation- 
 ship is true of the character of the hilum and the charac- 
 ter of the lamella?; in size of the grains the relationship 
 is reversed ; while in eccentricity of the hilum there is, 
 on the whole, no appreciable difference between the 
 three starches. In the polarization figure and reactions 
 with selenite the relationship is closer to N. poeticus 
 ornatus. In the qualitative iodine reactions the resem- 
 blances are closer to N. telamonius plenus. In the quali- 
 tative reactions with chloral hydrate, pyrogallic acid, and 
 nitric acid the relationship is closer to N. telamonius 
 plenus, while in those with the chromic acid and sul- 
 
 phuric acid the relationship is reversed. In these reac- 
 tions the three starches can be differentiated quite readily. 
 The influences of each parent on the properties of the 
 starch of the hybrid are manifest. 
 
 Reaction-intensities Expressed by Light, Color, and Tempera- 
 ture Reactions. 
 Polarization : 
 
 N. telamonius plen., low to very high, value 45. 
 
 N. poeticus ornat., low to very high, higher than in N. telamonius 
 
 plenus, value 50. 
 N. doubloon, low to very high, the same as in N. tolamonius plenus, 
 
 value 45. 
 Iodine : 
 
 N. telamonius plen., moderate, value 45. 
 
 N. poeticus ornat., moderate, less than in N. telamonius plenus, 
 
 value 40. 
 N. doubloon, moderate, the same as in N. telamonius plenus, 
 
 value 45. 
 Gentian violet : 
 
 N. telamonicus plen., light to moderate, value 40. 
 
 N. poeticus ornat., light to moderate, less than in N. telamonius 
 
 plenus, value 30. 
 N. doubloon, light to moderate, less than in N. telamonius plenus. 
 
 value 33. 
 Safranin: 
 
 N. telamonius plen., moderate, value 50. 
 
 N. poeticus ornat., moderate, less than in N. telamonius plenus, 
 
 value 45. 
 
 N. doubloon, moderate, the same as in N. poeticus ornatus, value 451 . 
 Temperature: 
 
 N. telamonius plen., in majority at 70 to 72, in all at 73 to 75, 
 
 mean 74. 
 N. poeticus ornat., in majority at 73 to 74, in all at 77 to 78, 
 
 mean 77.5. 
 N. doubloon, in majority at 71.2 to 73, in all at 75 to 77, mean 76. 
 
 The reactivity of N. telamonius plenus is lower than 
 that of the other parent in the polarization reaction; 
 and higher with iodine, gentian voilet, safranin, and 
 temperature. The reactivity of the hybrid is the same 
 or practically the same as that of N. telamonius plenus 
 in the polarization and iodine reactions; the same or 
 practically the same as that of the other parent in the 
 safranin reaction ; and intermediate in the gentian violet 
 and temperature, both being closer to 2V. poeticus ornatus. 
 
 Table A 16 shows the reaction-intensities in per- 
 centages of total starch gelatinized at definite intervals 
 (minutes) : 
 
 TABLE A 16. 
 
 
 a 
 
 a 
 
 N 
 
 a 
 
 M 
 
 a 
 
 * 
 
 
 >o 
 
 B 
 
 IO 
 
 a 
 
 o 
 n 
 
 a 
 
 IO 
 
 V 
 
 a 
 
 i 
 
 Chloral hydrate: 
 N. tclamoniua plen 
 
 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 11 
 
 ?0 
 
 ?? 
 
 ?4 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 n 5 
 
 fl 
 
 "M 
 
 >8 
 
 11 
 
 N. doubloon ... .... 
 
 
 
 
 
 ft 
 
 n 
 
 S8 
 
 50 
 
 M 
 
 Chromic acid: 
 
 
 
 
 
 n f> 
 
 ? 
 
 77 
 
 95 
 
 09 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 ns 
 
 80 
 
 95 
 
 08 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 in 
 
 7fi 
 
 <10 
 
 98 
 
 Pyrogallic acid: 
 
 
 
 
 
 ? 
 
 n 
 
 71 
 
 84 
 
 90 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 f, 
 
 ?o 
 
 68 
 
 SI 
 
 88 
 
 N. doubloon 
 
 
 
 
 
 n 
 
 35 
 
 fi7 
 
 80 
 
 87 
 
 Nitric acid : 
 
 
 
 
 
 i-i 
 
 65 
 
 75 
 
 80 
 
 85 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 A 
 
 ?0 
 
 19 
 
 5 
 
 70 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 97 
 
 fiO 
 
 7? 
 
 7fi 
 
 81 
 
 Sulphuric acid: 
 
 
 99 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 N. poeticus ornat 
 
 
 93 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 97 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
NARCISSUS. 
 
 77 
 
 VlLOClTT-RKACTION GOTH. 
 
 This Motion treat* with velocity-reaction carves of the 
 starch. - <>f .YurriAtiM ttlamonius plenus, N. poetieut 
 ornaltu, and .V. ilubloon, showing quantitative differ- 
 anew in the behavior toward different reagent* at definite 
 iit.rval*. (l harts D 293 to D 298.) 
 
 The most conspicuous features of these charts are : 
 
 (1) The tendency in three of the charts to well- 
 marked separation of oiu> of the three curves from the 
 other two, to closeness of the curves in the reaction with 
 jiyn-jfalln- a< u), and to identity in the sulphuric-acid reac- 
 tion. In the chloral-hydrate reaction the parental cum-- 
 are in close correspondence in their course*, the hyliriil 
 . MTU- ilcjiarting; but in the charts for chromic acid and 
 nitric a. i,| the curves of N. telamonius jilrnus and the 
 hybrid t-n<! to closeness and the carve of N. poeticus 
 ornatus to departure. With the exception of the very 
 high reactivity with sulphuric acid, and the very low 
 reactivity with chloral hydrate the reactions tend to be 
 moderate to low. 
 
 ) The relations of the parental carves to each 
 other and to the hybrid vary in the four reactions. 
 
 ( .'! ) Tin- curve of N. telamonius plenus is higher than 
 
 the curve of the other parent throughout the whole, or 
 
 the larger part, of the 60 minutes in the reactions with 
 
 chloral hydrate, pyrogallic acid, and nitric acid, but 
 
 iiu-tly the lower in the reaction with chromic acid. 
 
 (4) The hybrid carves are very variable in their 
 parental relationships. In the chloral-hydrate reaction 
 the hybrid curve is distinctly the highest of the three 
 curves; in that with chromic acid the lowest; in that 
 with pyrogallic acid at first somewhat the highest and 
 then pas-ill:; on to be the lowest, although in this reac- 
 tion all time curves tend to marked closeness; and in 
 that with nitric acid it is at first the highest and then 
 intermediate, but much closer to N. telamonius plenus 
 than to the other parent The relationship is, on the 
 whole, rather closer to .V. telamonitu plenus. 
 
 (5) An early period of comparative resistance fol- 
 lowed by a comparatively rapid reaction is noted with 
 chromic acid and pyrogallic acid, not at all with nitric 
 acid, and to a slight degree with chloral hydrate. 
 
 (6) The earliest period at which the curves are beet 
 separated for differential purposes is within or at 5 
 minutes in the reactions with sulphuric acid and nitric 
 acid ; at 15 minutes in those with chromic acid and 
 pyrogallic acid ; and either at 30 or 60 minutes in that 
 with chloral hydrate at the first N. telamonius plenus 
 would be intermediate in position, while at the latter 
 it would be lowest. 
 
 RBACTIOX-INTEXSITIES or THE HYBRID. 
 
 This section treats of the reaction-intensities of the 
 hybrid as regards sameness, intermediateneaa, excess, and 
 deficit in relation to the parents. (Table A 16 and 
 Charts D 293 to D 298.) 
 
 The reactivities of the hybrid are the same as those 
 of the seed parent in the polarization and iodine reac- 
 tions; the same as those of the pollen parent in the 
 safranin reaction ; the same as those of both parents in 
 that with pyrogallic acid ; intermediate in those with gen- 
 tian violet, temperature, nitric acid, and sulphuric acid 
 (in two being closer to the seed parent and in two closer 
 
 to the pollen parent) ; highest in none; and lowest in 
 those with chloral hydrate and chromic acid (in one being 
 as close to one as to the other parent, and in the other 
 closer to the seed parent). 
 
 The following is a summary of the reaction-intensi- 
 ties (10 reactions) : Same as seed parent, 8; same u 
 pollen parent, 1 ; same as both parent*, 1 ; intermediate, 
 4; highest, 0; lowest, 2. 
 
 The seed parent, A 7 , poeticus ornaius, seems to be the 
 more potent in influencing the characters of the starch 
 of the hybrid. 
 
 COMPOSITE CURVES or THE HRACTIOX-IXTEXSITIBS. 
 
 This section treats of the composite curves of the 
 reaction-intensities, showing the differentiation of the 
 starches of Narcissus telamonius plenus, ff. poelicut 
 ornatus. and N. doubloon. (Chart K 16.) 
 
 The most conspicuous features of the chart are : 
 
 (1) The close correspondence of all three curves in 
 their courses, especially of the parental curves. 
 
 (2) In A', telamonius plenus in comparison with the 
 other parent the higher reactions with iodine, gentisn 
 violet, safranin, temperature, and nitric acid ; the lower 
 reactions with polarization and chloral hydrate ; and the 
 game or practically the same reactions with chromic acid, 
 pyrogallic acid, and sulphuric acid. 
 
 (3) In N. telamonius plenus the very high reaction 
 with sulphuric acid ; the high reaction with chromic acid ; 
 the moderate reactions with polarization, iodine, gentian 
 violet, safranin, and pyrogailic acid ; the low reactions 
 with temperature and nitnc acid ; and the very low reac- 
 tion with chloral hydrate. 
 
 (4) In A", poeticus ornaius the very high reaction 
 with sulphuric acid ; the high reaction with chromic acid ; 
 the moderate reactions with polarization, iodine, and 
 safranin ; the low reactions with gentian violet, tempera- 
 ture, pyrogallic acid, and nitric acid; and the very low 
 reaction with chloral hydrate. 
 
 (5) In the hybrid the very high reaction with sul- 
 phuric acid ; the absence of any high reaction ; the mod- 
 erate reactions with polarization, iodine, safranin, and 
 chromic acid ; the low reactions with gentian violet, tem- 
 perature, chloral hydrate, pyrogallic acid, and nitric acid ; 
 and the absence of any very low reaction. 
 
 The following is a summary of the reaction-intensi- 
 ties (10 reactions) : 
 
 
 Very 
 
 hih. 
 
 1! .'. 
 
 Mod- 
 rrato 
 
 Low. 
 
 Vary 
 
 low. 
 
 N. tnlunoafai pleotw 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 j 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 17. COMPARISONS or TUB STARCHES or NARCISSUS 
 
 PRINCESS MART, N. POETICUB POBTABUM, AND N. 
 
 OBMBRl 
 
 In histologic characteristics, polariscopic figures, reac- 
 tions with selenite, reactions with iodine, and qualitative 
 reactions with various chemical reagents the starches of 
 the parents and hybrids possess properties in common 
 in varying degrees of development and individualities 
 which collectively are in each case distinctive. In histo- 
 
78 
 
 HISTOLOGIC PROPERTIES AND REACTIONS. 
 
 logic properties the starches of the parents differ in cer- 
 tain well-defined respects. The starch of Narcissus poeti- 
 cus poetarum in comparison with that of the other parent 
 shows in the polarization figure less definition and some 
 differences in the characters of the lines; and in the 
 selenite reaction less clean-cut quadrants, more irregu- 
 larity of shape, more often purity of colors, and more 
 grains with a greenish tinge. With iodine no qualita- 
 tive differences were recorded. In the qualitative reac- 
 tions with the chemical reagents there are well-defined 
 differences which for the most part are related to varia- 
 tions in the histologic peculiarities of the grains of the 
 two plants. The starch of the hybrid in comparison with 
 the starches of the parents contains a larger percentage 
 of aggregates and compound grains than in either parent ; 
 it is more like the starch of N. princess mary as regards 
 the absence of clearness of distinction between the pri- 
 mary and secondary starch deposits; but it is, on .the 
 whole, in closer relationship to the starch of N. poeticus 
 poetarum. In the character and eccentricity of the 
 hilum and size of the grains the relationship is closer 
 to N. princess mary, but in the character of the lamellae 
 it is nearer the other parent. In character of the 
 polariscopic figure, and in the reactions with eelenite, 
 the relationship is closer to 2V. princess mary. In the 
 qualitative iodine reaction it is closer to N. poeticus 
 poetarum. In all of the qualitative reactions with the 
 chemical reagents (including chloral liydrate, chromic 
 acid, pyrogallic acid, nitric acid, and sulphuric acid) 
 characteristics of each of the parents are evident and also 
 certain individualities not observed in the parents, but 
 the resemblances of the hybrid, as a whole, are closer to 
 N. princess mary than to N. poeticus poetarum. 
 
 Reaction-intensities Expressed by Light, Color, and Tempera- 
 ture Reactions. 
 Polarization: 
 
 N. princess mary, low to high, value 35. 
 
 N. poeticus poetar., low to high, higher than in N. princess mary, 
 
 value 40. 
 
 N. cresset, low to high, same as in N. poeticus poetarum, value 40 
 Iodine: 
 
 N. princess mary, light to moderate, value 42. 
 
 N. poeticus poetar., light to moderate, slightly higher than in 
 
 N. princess mary. value 45. 
 N. cresset, light to moderate, the same as in N. poeticus poetarum, 
 
 value 45. 
 Gentian violet: 
 
 N. princess mary, light to moderate, value 37. 
 
 N. poeticus poetar., light to moderate, slightly lighter than in 
 
 N. princess mary, value 35. 
 N. cresset, light to moderate, the same as in N. princess mary, 
 
 value 37. 
 Safranin : 
 
 N. princess mary. moderate, value 50. 
 
 N. poeticus poetar, moderate, the game as in N. princess mary. 
 
 value 50. 
 
 N. cresset, moderate, the same as in both parents, value 50. 
 Temperature: 
 
 N. princess mary, in majority at 70 to 72, in all at 74 to 76, 
 
 mean 75. 
 N. poeticus poetar., in majority at 67 to 69, in all at 71 to 73, 
 
 mean 72. 
 N. cresset, in majority at 71 to 73, in all at 74.5 to 76, mean 75.7. 
 
 The reactivity of N. princess mary is the same or 
 practically the same as that of the other parent in the 
 safranin reaction ; higher in the gentian-violet reaction ; 
 and lower in the polarization, iodine, and temperature 
 reactions. The reactivity of the hybrid is the same or 
 practically the same as that of N. princess mary with 
 
 gentian violet; the same or practically the same as that 
 of the other parent in the polarization and iodine reac- 
 tions; the same as that of both parents with safranin; 
 and the lowest of the three with temperature, but nearer 
 N. princess mary. 
 
 Table A 17 shows the reaction-intensities in percent- 
 ages of total starch gelatinized at definite intervals 
 (minutes) : 
 
 TABLE A 17. 
 
 
 a 
 
 8 
 
 C4 
 
 a 
 
 CO 
 
 a 
 
 <* 
 
 a 
 
 U5 
 
 a 
 
 U5 
 
 a 
 S 
 
 6 
 
 U3 
 
 ^" 
 
 a 
 
 g 
 
 Chloral hydrate: 
 N. princess mary 
 
 
 
 
 
 ] 
 
 R 
 
 ft 
 
 R 
 
 J5 
 
 N. poeticus poetar 
 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 ft 
 
 9 
 
 11 
 
 17 
 
 N. cresset 
 
 
 
 
 
 ? 
 
 3 
 
 7 
 
 18 
 
 '? 
 
 Chromic acid: 
 
 
 
 
 
 > 
 
 >5 
 
 70 
 
 00 
 
 'IS' 
 
 N. poeticus poetar 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 <>> 
 
 fi5 
 
 75 
 
 R5 
 
 N. cresset 
 
 
 
 
 
 ? 
 
 15 
 
 70 
 
 01 
 
 'Hi 
 
 Pyrogallic acid : 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 10 
 
 77 
 
 R7 
 
 N 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 in 
 
 70 
 
 84 
 
 M 
 
 N. cresset 
 
 
 
 
 
 ft 
 
 ifi 
 
 fiO 
 
 74 
 
 S| 
 
 Nitric acid: 
 
 
 
 
 
 n 
 
 55 
 
 (is 
 
 75 
 
 "'1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 <10 
 
 n 
 
 60 
 
 N 
 
 N. cresset 
 
 
 
 
 
 ?? 
 
 fi7 
 
 75 
 
 77 
 
 BO 
 
 Sulphuric acid : 
 
 
 95 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 N. poeticus poetar 
 
 
 79 
 
 '.is 
 
 
 
 99 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 VELOCITY-REACTION CURVES. 
 
 This section deals with the velocity-reaction curves 
 of the starches of Narcissus princess mary, N. poeticus 
 poetarum, and N. cresset, showing quantitative differ- 
 ences in the behavior toward different reagents at definite 
 time-intervals. (Charts D 299 to D 304.) 
 
 The most conspicuous features of these charts are : 
 
 (1) The closeness of all three curves in all of the 
 charts (with the exception of the very quick sulphuric- 
 acid reaction in which there is no differentiation) and the 
 moderate to low or very low reactivities. In the sul- 
 phuric-acid reaction gelatinization proceeds so rapidly 
 that there is differentiation only before the end of about 
 3 minutes, at the end of 2 minutes the reactions of N. 
 princess mary and the hybrid are practically absolutely 
 the same, but the reaction of the other parent is distinctly 
 less. In the reaction with chloral hydrate there is unim- 
 portant separation of the curves, but in the other three 
 reactions there are varying degrees of separation. 
 
 (2) The relationships of the parental curves to each 
 other and to the curve of the hybrid vary in the different 
 reactions and during the progress of the reactions. 
 
 (3) The curve of N. princess mary is the highest in 
 the reaction with pyrogallic acid; lowest with chloral 
 hydrate; intermediate with nitric acid; and practically 
 the same as that of the hybrid and higher than the curve 
 of the other parent with chromic acid. 
 
 (4) The hybrid curve is the highest of the three in 
 the reactions with chloral hydrate and nitric acid; it 
 tends to be the lowest with pyrogallic acid; and it in- 
 clines to be the lowest at first and the highest later with 
 chromic acid. It is more closely related to the curve of 
 N. princess mary in the reaction with chloral hydrate; 
 to the curve of the other parent with nitric acid ; and first 
 
s \i; UtH > 
 
 79 
 
 to one parent and tln-n to tin- other with chromic acid 
 and pyrogallic and. the parental relationships lieinc 
 reversal in those two reactions. 
 
 An carh |.cri<>d of resistance followed by a < 
 parati\rly rapid reaction is wn in the rcactii-iis with 
 air nrnl and pyrogallic acid in all three starches in 
 the first ami in the two starches in the second. 
 
 (6) The earliest period at which the three currea are 
 best separated for differential purposes is in the sul- 
 phuric-acid reaction within the 5-mmute period ; in that 
 with pyrogallir acid at 45 minutes; ana in that with 
 chloral" hydrate at 60 minutes. 
 
 REACTION-INTENSITIES OF TUB HYBRID. 
 
 This section deals with the reaction-intensities of tin 
 hybrid as regards sameness, interned lateness, excess, 
 and deficit in relation to the parents. (Table A 17 and 
 Chart . D304.) 
 
 The reactivities of the hybrid are the same as those 
 of the seed parent in the reactions with gentian violet and 
 chromic acid ; the same as those of the pollen parent in 
 those with polarization, iodine, and safranin ; the same 
 as those of both parents in none; intermediate in none: 
 highest in those with chloral hydrate, nitric acid, and 
 sulphuric arid, in all three being closer to the seed parent : 
 ana lowest in those with temperature and pyrogallic acid, 
 in both being closer to the seed parent. 
 
 The following is a summary of the reaction-intensi- 
 ties (10 reactions) : Same as seed parent, 2; same a- 
 pollen parent, 3 ; same as both parents, ; intermediate, 
 ; highest, 3 ; lowest, 2. 
 
 The seed parent, If. princas mary, has from these 
 data exercised a far more potent influence than .V. poeti- 
 cvt poetanim on the properties of the starch of th< 
 hybrid. 
 
 COMPOSITE CURVES OP THE REACTION-INTENSITIES. 
 
 This section treats of the composite curves of the reac- 
 tion-intensities, showing the differentiation of thr 
 starches of Xareitnu princes* mary, N. poeticiu poe- 
 tarvm, and .V. creuel. (Chart E 17.) 
 
 The most conspicuous features of this chart are : 
 
 (1) The very close correspondence in the curves, 
 both as to nearness and course. 
 
 (2) In \. princess mary in comparison with the 
 other parent the higher reactions with gentian violet, 
 chromic acid, and nitric acid ; the lower reactions with 
 polarization and iodine ; and the same or practically the 
 same reactions with chloral hydrate, pyrogallic acid, and 
 sulphuric acid. 
 
 (3) In N. princfss mary the very high sulphuric- 
 acid reaction ; the absence of any high reaction ; the 
 moderate reactions with iodine, safranin, chromic acid, 
 and pyrogallic acid ; the low reactions with polarization, 
 gentian violet, temperature, and nitric acid ; and the very 
 low reaction with chloral hydrate. 
 
 (4) In N. poeticiu poetarum the very high reaction 
 with sulphuric acid ; the absence of any high reaction ; tho 
 moderate reactions with polarization, iodine, safranin. 
 temperature, and pyrogalhc acid ; the low reactions with 
 gentian violet, chromic acid, and nitric acid ; and the Tery 
 low reaction with chloral hydrate. 
 
 (5) In the hybrid the very high reaction with sul- 
 phuric acid ; the absence of any high reaction ; the mod- 
 
 erate reaction!) with polarization, iodine, safranin, and 
 chromic acid ; the low reactions with gentian violet, tem- 
 perature, pyrogallic acid, and nitric and; and the Tery 
 low reaction with chloral hydrate. 
 
 The following is a summary of the reaction-intensi- 
 ties (10 reactions) : 
 
 
 Vy 
 
 : .'. 
 
 llih. 
 
 Mod- 
 erato. 
 
 Low. 
 
 Very 
 
 low. 
 
 \ ; f ::. . - !! if. 
 
 1 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 o 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 18. COMPARISONS or TUB STARCHES op NARCISSUS 
 
 AB8CI88U8, N. POETICUS POETARl'M, AND N. WILL 
 SCARLET. 
 
 In histologic characteristics, polariscopic figures, 
 reactions with selenito, reactions with iodine, and quali- 
 tative reactions with the various chemical reagents the 
 starches of the parents and hybrid exhibit pn>|M-rt<- 
 common in varying degrees of development, which collec- 
 tively in each case are distinctive, although all three 
 starches are very much alike. In histologic properties 
 the starches of the parents differ very little, and the 
 same is also true of the polariscopic figures and reactions 
 with selenite. In the iodine reactions no qualitative dif- 
 ferences were recorded. In the qualitative reactions with 
 chloral hydrate, chromic acid, pyrogallic acid, nitric acid, 
 and sulphuric acid there are properties in common and 
 also individualities. The starch of the hybrid in com- 
 parison with the starches of the parents shows a closer 
 relationship to Narcissiu abscissiu in the form of the 
 grains, the character of the hilum, the character of the 
 lamella?, and the size of the larger grains; but closer to 
 the other parent in the size of the smaller grains. The 
 eccentricity of the hilum is about the same in all three 
 starches, and in the hybrid the lamella? are more distinct 
 than in the parents, and the hilum is not so deeply and 
 extensively fissured. In the polarization figures and 
 reactions with selenite the relationship is closer to \. 
 abtcistus. In the qualitative iodine reactions it is closer 
 to .V. poeticu* poetarum. In all of the qualitative reac- 
 tions with the chemical reagents peculiarities of both 
 parents are observed, but the resemblances are, on the 
 whole, closer to A', abscissu*. Such differences as have 
 been recorded are only of a minor character. 
 
 Reaction intmtttiri Exprtnrd by Light, Color, and 
 
 furs Reaction*. 
 Polarisation: 
 
 N. aberiu. low to hih. ralue 43. 
 
 N. poctiou Doctor., low to hicb. omewbat Itw than in N. I 
 
 ralue 4O. 
 
 N. will .cartel, low to hih, the BUM a* in N. abadamia, ralue 43. 
 Iodine: 
 
 N. ahKUMU. licht to moderate, value 40. 
 
 N. portion poeUr.. liht to moderate, omewbat IMS than in N. 
 
 abadoM, ralo* 46. 
 N. will (carle*. liht to moderate. UM BUM a in N. poMim* poet- 
 
 aruin. ralue 45. 
 Gentian rioUt: 
 
 N. badopi*. licbt to moderate, rahie 33. 
 
 N. poetidM poetar. licbt to moderate, (omewbat more tWa m 
 
 N. abadsna. raloa 36. 
 
 N. will .cartel, licht to moderate, bister thaa in either panel, 
 ralue 37. 
 
80 
 
 HISTOLOGIC PROPERTIES AND REACTIONS. 
 
 Saf ranin : 
 
 N. abscissus, moderate, value 47. 
 
 N. poeticus poetar., moderate, somewhat more than in N. abscissus, 
 
 value 50. 
 
 N. will scarlet, moderate, higher than in either parent, value 53. 
 Temperature: 
 
 N. abscissus, in majority at 69.5 to 71, in all at 73 to 74, mean 
 
 73.5. 
 N. poeticus poetar., in majority at 69 to 71, in all at 71 to 73, 
 
 mean 72. 
 N. will scarlet, in majority at 69.8 to 71.9, in all at 72 to 74, 
 
 mean 73. 
 
 The reactivity of N. abscissus is the same or practi- 
 cally the same as that of the other parent in not a single 
 reaction ; higher in the polarization reaction ; and lower 
 in those with iodine, gentian violet, safranin, and tem- 
 perature. The reactivity of the hybrid is the same or 
 practically the same as that of N. abscissus in the polar- 
 ization reaction; the same or practically the same as 
 that of the other parent in the iodine reaction ; and the 
 highest of the three in the reactions with gentian violet 
 and safranin; and intermediate but close to the seed 
 parent in the temperature reaction. 
 
 Table A 18 shows the reaction-intensities in percent- 
 ages of total starch gelatinized at definite intervals 
 (minutes) : 
 
 TABLE A 18. 
 
 
 a 
 
 B 
 
 N 
 
 6 
 
 CO 
 
 8 
 
 *" 
 
 a 
 
 IQ 
 
 a 
 
 >n 
 
 a 
 8 
 
 a 
 
 to 
 
 -* 
 
 a 
 
 i 
 
 Chloral hydrate: 
 
 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 4 
 
 11 
 
 17 
 
 18 
 
 N. poeticua poetar 
 
 
 
 
 
 n > 
 
 6 
 
 o 
 
 11 
 
 17 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 s 
 
 8 
 
 16 
 
 18 
 
 Chromic acid: 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 96 
 
 81 
 
 91 
 
 98 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 ?? 
 
 6f> 
 
 75 
 
 85 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 /) 
 
 49 
 
 8S 
 
 97 
 
 99 
 
 Pyrogallic acid: 
 
 
 
 
 
 9 S 
 
 6fi 
 
 79 
 
 88 
 
 92 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 16 
 
 70 
 
 84 
 
 93 
 
 N. will scarlet 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 ?6 
 
 73 
 
 81 
 
 86 
 
 Nitric acid : 
 
 
 
 
 
 v\ 
 
 66 
 
 71 
 
 80 
 
 86 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 in 
 
 40 
 
 SS 
 
 60 
 
 63 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 6i 
 
 78 
 
 8? 
 
 87 
 
 91 
 
 Sulphuric acid: 
 
 
 99 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 79 
 
 
 
 99 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 98 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 VELOCITY-REACTION CURVES. 
 
 This section treats of the velocity-reaction curves of 
 the starches of Narcissus abscissus, N. poeticus poetarwm, 
 and N. will scarlet, showing qualitative differences in the 
 behavior toward different reagents at definite time- 
 intervals. ( Charts D 305 to D 310. ) 
 
 The most conspicuous features of theee charts are : 
 (1) The close correspondence of all three curves 
 (excepting in the pyrogallic-acid reaction, in which there 
 is a disproportionate separation of the curve of N. ab- 
 scissus from the other curves) ; and also the tendency 
 for the reactions, excepting that with sulphuric acid, to 
 be of moderate to low or very low intensity. The sul- 
 phuric-acid reaction is so very rapid that there is no 
 differentiation to be seen in the charts, although, as will 
 be seen from the preceding table, the reactivity of N. 
 poeticus poetarwm is less at first than that of either of 
 the other starches. In the chloral-hydrate reaction the 
 
 differences are of a very minor character, not sufficient 
 for satisfactory differentiation. 
 
 (2) The relations of the parental curves to each 
 other and to the hybrid vary in the reactions, and in the 
 pyrogallic-acid reaction they vary during their course. 
 
 (3) The curve of N. abscissus is higher than that of 
 the other parent in the reactions with chromic acid, pyro- 
 gallic acid, and nitric acid, in the two latter being quite 
 well separated. A higher reactivity of N. alsci-ssus is 
 also indicated in the records of the reactions with chloral 
 hydrate and sulphuric acid. 
 
 (4) The curve of the hybrid is the highest of the 
 three in the reactions with chromic acid and nitric acid, 
 and intermediate during the first part and lowest during 
 the latter part of that with pyrogallic acid, although in 
 this reaction there are but small differences between the 
 hybrid and N. poeticus poetarum. 
 
 (5) An early period of resistance followed by com- 
 paratively rapid gelatinization is noted in all three 
 starches in the reaction with chromic acid, in two with 
 pyrogallic acid, and in one with nitric acid. The reac- 
 tion with sulphuric acid is too rapid and with chloral 
 hydrate too slow for a manifestation of this peculiarity. 
 
 (6) The earliest period at which the curves are best 
 separated for differential purposes varies in the different 
 reactions. This period is approximately in the reactions 
 with sulphuric acid and pyrogallic acid within the 5-min- 
 ute interval ; in those with chromic acid and pyrogallic 
 acid at the 15-minute interval ; and in the chloral-hydrate 
 reaction at probably 30 to 45 minutes, although at any 
 time the differences in this reaction may fall wholly 
 within the limits of error of experiment. 
 
 REACTION-INTENSITIES OF THE HYBRID. 
 
 This section treats of the reaction-intensities of the 
 hybrid as regards sameness, intermediateness, excess, 
 and deficit in relation to the parents. (Table A 18 and 
 Charts D 305 to D 310.) 
 
 The reactivities of the hybrid are the same as those 
 of the seed parent in the polarization and sulphuric acid ; 
 the same as those of the pollen parent in the iodine reac- 
 tion ; the same as both parents in that with chloral hy- 
 drate; intermediate in those with temperature and pyro- 
 gallic acid (in one being closer to one parent and in the 
 other closer to the other parent) ; highest in those with 
 gentian violet, safranin, chromic acid, and nitric acid 
 (in three being closer to the pollen parent, and in one 
 closer to the seed parent) ; and lowest in none. 
 
 The following is a summary of the reaction-intensi- 
 ties (10 reactions) : Same as seed parent, 2; same as 
 pollen parent, 1 ; same as both parents, 1 ; intermediate, 
 2 ; highest, 4 ; lowest, 0. 
 
 The seed parent has probably slightly more influence 
 than the pollen parent in determining the properties of 
 the hybrid. The tendency of the hybrid to highness is 
 evident, this being more marked than to intermediateness. 
 
 COMPOSITE CURVES OF THE REACTION-INTENSITIES. 
 This section treats of the composite curves of the 
 
 reaction-intensities, showing the differentiation of the 
 
 starches of Narcissus abscissus, N. poeticus poetarum, 
 
 and N. will scarlet. (Chart E 18.) 
 
 The most conspicuous features of this chart are: 
 (1) The close correspondence of the three curves 
 
 both as to closeness and course, the only tendency even 
 
VUICI88TJS. 
 
 M 
 
 to a in.-!. Tiit.- M-paration U-m^ in the reactions with 
 chromic acid and nitric acid. 
 
 i : > In .V. abscuunis in comparison with* the other 
 parent the higher reaction* with polarization, < -lirnu-- 
 arid, and nitric acid ; the lower reactions with iodine, 
 gcntnm \iolet. oafrunin, and tem|>eriitiire ; and the same 
 r |.r:n tn ally the Mine reaction* with chloral hydrate, 
 jallie acid, and sulphuric acnl. 
 
 VIM the verv high reaction with sul- 
 phuric acid; the hi^-li reaction with chromic acid; the 
 modi-rate reaction* with |<olarization, iodine, safranin. 
 and pyropillic acid ; the low reactions with gentian violet, 
 ire. and nitric acid: and the Tery low reaction 
 witli chloral hydrate. 
 
 ( I ) In A', fiftinu poelarum the very high sulphuric- 
 ion ; the absence of a high reaction ; the moder- 
 ate reactions with polarization, iodine, safranin, tem- 
 ure, and pyrogallic acid; the low reactions with 
 in violet, chromic ncid. und nitric acid; and tin- 
 low reaction with chloral hydrate. 
 
 < In the hybrid the very high reaction with sul- 
 phuric acid ; the absence of a high reaction ; the moderate 
 <>ns with polarization, iodine, safranin, chromic 
 and nitric acid ; the low reactions with gentian 
 viol.-t, temperature, and pyrogallic acid; and the very 
 low reaction with chloral hydrate. 
 
 The following is a summary of the reaction-intensi- 
 ties (10 reactions) : 
 
 
 Very 
 
 hih. 
 
 High. 
 
 M-! 
 erate. 
 
 Low. 
 
 \.r-, 
 
 low. 
 
 N, ahtrunu 
 
 I 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 N .. - ' 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 19. COMPARISONS or THE STARCHES or XARCUWK 
 
 \ I HICAN8, N. ABSCIBSUB, AHD N. BICOLOB APRICOT. 
 
 In histologic characteristics, polariscopic fipi 
 reactions with selenite, qualitative reactions with iodine, 
 and qualitative reactions with the various chemical reag- 
 ents the Marches of the parents and hybrid exhibit prop- 
 erties in common in varying degrees of development 
 together with certain individualities which collectively 
 in each case are distinctive of the starch. In hit- 
 tologic properties there are certain well-defined differ- 
 ences between the starches of the parents. In Narcisnu 
 abtcwmu compared with the other parent the polari- 
 scopic figure is not so well defined, and there are minor 
 differences in the lines; and with selenite the quadrants 
 are not so clean-cut and are more irregular, the colors 
 are more often pure, and more grains have a greenish 
 tinge. In the iodine reactions no qualitative difference 
 was recorded. In the qualitative reactions with chloral 
 hydrate, chromic acid, pyrogallic acid, nitric arid, and 
 sulphuric acid there are both properties in common and 
 differences which are quite definite. The starch of the 
 hybrid has fewer compound grains than in either parent, 
 and in form generally shows a cloaer relationship to 
 A", albifans than to .V. abscissa*. While the eccentricity 
 of the hilum is about the same in all three starches, the 
 character of the hilum is somewhat closer to that of 
 6 
 
 N. abc\nu. In the character of the lamella and in the 
 size of the grains the relationship is closer to A', albitatu. 
 In the character of the polan ureand tin- appear- 
 
 ance* with selenite the relationship i much closer to 
 .V. albiftuu. In the qualitati\c iodine reactions the raw 
 grain* show a closer relationship to A', olbicaiu. but 
 lifter heating the relationship in cloaer to the other 
 parent. In the qualitative chemical reactions peculiari- 
 ties of both parents are observed. With chloral hydrate 
 the reactions, on the whole, more closely reaenilile tho-te 
 of A 7 , albicuns; but in those with chromic acid, j.\ :< .-nllic 
 acid, nitric acid, and sulphuric acid they re*enii>l< 
 clonely those of the other parent There are also certain 
 individualities in the way of accentual i-n in the hybrid. 
 
 Kcactum imtrHiitirt Krpmtrd by l.igltt. Color, tnd T'tnpm- 
 
 turr Knrtum*. 
 I'olariMtimi: 
 
 N ll>irii, low to high, value 37. 
 
 N. abariMu, low to hih. hihcr than in N. all.ir.i... value 43. 
 
 N. bioolor apricot, low to huh. the aame a* in N. all.imn.. value 37. 
 
 I . !.. 
 
 N. albieuM, moderate, value 55. 
 
 N. abeciam, light to moderate, much \rm than in N. all.irani. 
 
 value 40. 
 N. bioolor apricot, moderate, intermediate between the paranU, 
 
 but much doeer to N. albicana, value 53. 
 Gontian violet: 
 
 N. alhirarw, liuhl to moderate, value 40. 
 
 N. aheriwu*. liaht to modrratr. lilit-r than in N. albirani. valur 33. 
 
 N. bieolor apricot, light to moderate, the tune aa N. alhicana, 
 
 value 40. 
 .Safranin: 
 
 N. albksana, moderate, value 60. 
 
 N. abKiMua. moderate. le than in N. albicaaa. value 47. 
 N. bieolor apricot, moderate, the aame a* N. albicani. value 50. 
 Trnipenture: 
 
 N. alhicann. in majority at 70.2 to 72*. in all at 73 to 75*. mean 74*. 
 N. aburiamu. in majority at 00.5 to 71*. in all at 73 to 74*. mran 
 
 73.5*. 
 N. bkolor apricot, in majority at 71 to 72.5*. in all at 74 to 70*. 
 
 m< an 75*. 
 
 The reactivity of A 7 , alhiran* is higher than that of 
 the other parent in the reactions with iodine, gentian 
 violet, and safranin ; and lower in those with polariza- 
 tion and temperature. The reactivity of the hybrid is the 
 same or practically the same an that of .V. alhiran* with 
 polarization, gentian violet, and safranin ; intermediate 
 
 TABU A 19. 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 M 
 
 s 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 t 
 
 
 
 t 
 
 
 m 
 
 i 
 
 8 
 
 i 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 Chloral hydrate: 
 N. albicanc 
 
 
 
 
 
 OA 
 
 14 
 
 31 
 
 40 
 
 41 
 
 N. ntieruBUi 
 
 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 4 
 
 || 
 
 17 
 
 IH 
 
 N. bieolor apricot . . . 
 
 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 ft 
 
 
 
 IK 
 
 71 
 
 Mm *nie acid: 
 N albicao* 
 
 
 
 
 
 II 
 
 7H 
 
 .- 
 
 W 
 
 
 N. abMbaua 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 20 
 
 -1 
 
 M 
 
 M 
 
 N. bienlor apricot 
 Pjrrocallic ari'l: 
 N. albiouw 
 
 
 
 
 
 6 
 2ft 
 
 30 
 
 78 
 
 - 
 (U 
 
 97 
 9A 
 
 9* 
 
 97 
 
 N aheriann 
 
 
 
 
 
 73 
 
 mi 
 
 79 
 
 H 
 
 91 
 
 N. bieolor apticot 
 Nitrir arid: 
 N albieaiw 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 n 
 
 M 
 78 
 
 73 
 
 n 
 
 I 
 
 90 
 
 M 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 33 
 
 M 
 
 73 
 
 I 
 
 M 
 
 N bieolor apricot 
 
 
 
 
 
 16 
 
 M 
 
 m 
 
 7A 
 
 Ml 
 
 Sulphuric add: 
 N alhicann 
 
 
 w 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 N abariami 
 
 
 w 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 \ |.ir..!(ir i-ni-"t 
 
 
 M 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
82 
 
 HISTOLOGIC PROPERTIES AND REACTIONS. 
 
 but nearer N. albicans with iodine; and the lowest of 
 the three, but nearer N. albicans, with temperature. 
 
 Table A 19 shows the reaction-intensities in percent- 
 ages of total starch gelatinized at definite intervals 
 (minutes). 
 
 VELOCITY-REACTION CURVES. 
 
 This section treats of the velocity-reaction curves 
 of the starches of Narcissus albicans, N. abscissus, and 
 N. bicolor apricot, showing the quantitative differences 
 in the behavior toward different reagents at definite time- 
 intervals. (Charts D 311 to D 316.) 
 
 The most conspicuous features of these charts are : 
 
 (1) The close correspondence of the curves in their 
 courses in all of the reactions (with the exception of the 
 very rapid sulphuric-acid reaction, in which there is no 
 differentiation) and the tendency mostly to a moderate 
 or low reactivity. 
 
 (2) The relationships of the parental curves to each 
 other and to the curve of the hybrid (excepting the quick 
 sulphuric-acid reaction) vary in the different reactions 
 and during their progress. 
 
 (3) The curve of N. albicans is distinctly higher 
 than that of the other parent in reactions with the chloral 
 hydrate, pyrogallic acid, chromic acid, and nitric acid, 
 the degree of separation varying as stated. 
 
 (4) The hybrid curve is the same or practically the 
 same as that of N. abscissus in the reactions with chloral 
 hydrate and chromic acid, being fairly well separated 
 from the curve of the other parent ; and it is lowest in 
 the reactions with pyrogallic acid and nitric acid, it being 
 in both closer to N. abscissus. 
 
 (5) A tendency to an early period of resistance 
 followed by comparatively high reactivity is indicated 
 only in a minor degree, and almost solely that with 
 chromic acid. 
 
 (6) The earliest period at which the three curves 
 are best separated for differential purposes is in the 
 reaction with sulphuric acid at the very beginning; with 
 pyrogallic acid, chromic acid, and nitric acid at 15 
 minutes ; and with chloral hydrate at 30 minutes or later. 
 
 KEACTION-INTENSITIES OF THE HYBRIDS. 
 
 This section deals with the reaction-intensities of the 
 hybrids as regards sameness, intermediateness, excess, 
 and deficit in relation to the parents. (Table A 19 and 
 Charts D 311 toD 316.) 
 
 The reactivities of the hybrid are the same as those 
 of the seed parent in the reactions with gentian violet 
 and safranin ; the same as those of the pollen parent with 
 polarization and chloral hydrate; the same as those of 
 both parents with sulphuric acid, in which the reactions 
 occur too rapidly for differentiation; intermediate in 
 those with iodine and chromic acid, in both being closer to 
 those of the seed parent; highest in none; and the 
 lowest in those with temperature, pyrogallic acid, and 
 nitric acid, in one being closer to the seed parent and in 
 two closer to the pollen parent. 
 
 The following is a summary of the reaction-intensi- 
 ties (10 reactions) : Same as seed parent, 3 ; same as pol- 
 lent parent, 4 ; same as both parents, 1 ; intermediate, 2 ; 
 highest, ; lowest, 3. 
 
 The eeed parent seems to be much more potent in 
 influencing the characters of the starch of the hybrid. 
 
 COMPOSITE CURVES OF THE KEACTION-INTENSITIES. 
 
 This section treats of the composite curves of the 
 reaction-intensities, showing the differentiation of the 
 starches of Narcissus albicans, N. abscissus, and N. bi- 
 color apricot. (Chart E 19.) 
 
 The most conspicuous features of this chart are : 
 
 (1) The close correspondence of the curves both as 
 to nearness and course. 
 
 (2) In N. albicans in comparison with the other 
 parent the higher reactions with iodine, gentian violet, 
 safranin, chloral hydrate, chromic acid, and pyrogallic 
 acid ; the lower reactions with polarization and tempera- 
 ture; and the same reactions with nitric acid and sul- 
 phuric acid. 
 
 (3) In 2V. albicans the very high sulphuric-acid reac- 
 tion ; the high reactions with chromic acid and pyrogallic 
 acid, the moderate reactions with iodine, gentian violet, 
 and safranin ; the low reactions with polarization, tem- 
 perature, and nitric acid ; and the very low reaction with 
 chloral hydrate. 
 
 (4) In N. abscissus the very high sulphuric-acid 
 reaction; the high chromic-acid reaction; the moderate 
 reactions with polarization, iodine, safranin, and pyro- 
 gallic acid; the low reactions with gentian violet, tem- 
 perature, and nitric acid ; and the very low reaction with 
 chloral hydrate. 
 
 (5) In the hybrid the very high reaction with sul- 
 phuric acid; the high reaction with chromic acid; the 
 moderate reactions with iodine, gentian violet, safranin, 
 and pyrogallic acid ; the low reactions with polarization, 
 temperature, and nitric acid ; and the very low reaction 
 with chloral hydrate. The following is a summary of the 
 reaction-intensities (10 reactions) : 
 
 
 Very 
 high. 
 
 High. 
 
 Mod- 
 erate. 
 
 Low. 
 
 Very 
 low. 
 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 20. COMPARISONS OF THE STARCHES OF NARCISSUS 
 EMPRESS, N. ALBICANS, AND N. MADAME DE 
 
 GRAAFF. 
 
 In histologic characteristics, polariscopic figures, 
 reactions with selenite, reactions with iodine, and quali- 
 tative reactions with various chemical reagents the 
 starches of the parents and hybrid have properties in 
 common in varying degrees of development together with 
 certain individualities which collectively are in each case 
 distinctive of the starch. The differences are, as a whole, 
 of rather a minor character. In histologic properties 
 the parental starches differ particularly in the number 
 of aggregates, compound and composite grains, irregu- 
 larity, and conspicuous forms, especially as regards the 
 last. The nearly round and short elliptical grains seen in 
 Narcissus albicans are not present in N. empress. There 
 are minor differences in the hilum and lamella?, and the 
 grains are smaller in N. abscissus. In the polarization 
 figures and reactions with selenite there are minor dif- 
 ferences. In the reactions with iodine no qualitative 
 differences were recorded. In the reactions with chloral 
 hydrate, chromic acid, pyrogallic acid, nitric acid, and 
 
NARCISSUS. 
 
 sulphuric acid, there are differences of minor charac- 
 Tlic starch of the hyhrid has more isolate.! mul uiurr 
 .-imple grains than cither parent, and in form it is more 
 v related, on the whulf. tu .Y. . m//rr>.< than to .Y. 
 albicans; moreover, some characteristics of the former 
 arc accentuated. The liiluin is less fissured than in 
 either pan-nt, and in both character and eccentricity of 
 the h'.luiii it is in closer relationship to N. albican.' hi 
 the character and number of the lamellae the relation- 
 ship is closer to N. albicans, but in size the relationship 
 is closer to ff. empress. In the character of the polari- 
 scopic figure and appearance with selenite the relation- 
 ship is closer to X. empress. In the qualitative iodine 
 reactions the raw grains behave more like those of N. 
 .-m/.rr. while after the grains are boiled there are no 
 ditTercnccs noted in the three starches. In the qualita- 
 ti\e reactions with the chemical reagents peculiarities of 
 tx.th parents are e\ident. In the reactions with chloral 
 IM draff, ehnaiuc acid, nitric acid, and sulphuric acid the 
 relationship is, on the whole, closer to JV. empress; but 
 in the pyrogallic-arid reaction the relationship is cloeer 
 to the other parent 
 
 Ktmclitm-intnutiet B*frtttd by Light, Color, and Tempera 
 
 turr Reaction*. 
 Polariiation: 
 
 N. emprea*, low to high, value 42. 
 
 N. alhieana. low to high, lower than in N. emprea*. value 37. 
 N. madam* de graaff. low to high, the tarn* a* in N. albiean*. 
 
 value 37. 
 I i 
 
 N. emprea*. moderate, value 50. 
 N. alhteana. moderate, higher than in N. emprea*. value 55. 
 
 ..dame de graaff. moderate, the aame aa in N. emprea*, value 50. 
 OenUao violet: 
 
 N. emprea*. light to moderate, value 43. 
 
 N. albJeana. light to 
 value 40. 
 
 derate 
 
 hat lee* than in N. empmw, 
 
 N. madaroe de graaff, light to moderate, the aune a* in N. eatprcas, 
 
 value 43. 
 Safranin: 
 
 N. emprea*. moderate, value 53. 
 
 N. albicans. moderate, anmewhat leaf than in N. emprra*. value 60. 
 
 N. madamedegraaff. moderate, the HUDeaa in N. empreaa, value 63. 
 Temperature: 
 
 N. emprew. in majority at 70 to 71*. in all at 73 to 74*. mean 73.5. 
 
 N. albteana, in majority at 70.2 to 72*. in all at 73 to 75. mean 74. 
 
 N. madam* de graaff. in majority at 70 to 72, in all at 78.5 to 75, 
 . 74.2S. 
 
 The reactivity of N. emprtss is higher than that of 
 the other parent in the reactions with polarization, gen- 
 tian violet, safranin, and temperature; and lower in the 
 iodine reaction. The reactivity of the hybrid is the 
 same or practically the same as that of .V. emprent in the 
 reactions with iodine, gentian violet, and safranin, and 
 the same or practically the same as that of the other 
 parent in the polarization, iodine, and temperature reac- 
 In no reaction is there interned iatenew of the 
 hybrid. 
 
 Table A 20 shows the reaction-intensities in percent- 
 age of total starch gelatinized at definite time-intervals. 
 
 VELOCITY-REACTION CfHVES. 
 
 This section treats of the velocity-reaction curves of 
 the starches of Xarcwstu emprea. N. albicans, and .V. 
 madame de graaff, showing the quantitative differ 
 in the behavior toward different reagents at definite 
 time-intervals. ( Charts D 3 1 7 to D .r . 
 
 A 30. 
 
 
 a 
 
 a 1 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 * 
 
 
 
 < 
 
 S 
 
 :. 
 
 I 
 
 R 
 
 i 
 
 9 
 
 i 
 
 s 
 
 Chloral hydrate: 
 N. amproai 
 
 
 
 
 
 06 
 
 
 
 
 
 N. alUcan. 
 
 
 
 
 
 ii 
 
 14 
 
 81 
 
 40 
 
 1 1 
 
 N. madam* de graaff . 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 ., 
 
 IS 
 
 43 
 
 48 
 
 Chromic acid: 
 N. emprea*. .. 
 N. albican* 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 II 
 
 46 
 
 75 
 
 n 
 
 gg 
 
 M 
 00 
 
 00 
 
 N. madam* de graaff . 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 77 
 
 01 
 
 MJ 
 
 PyrogaUic add: 
 N. Mnpraai 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 II 
 
 M> 
 
 01 
 
 71 
 
 N. albican* 
 
 
 
 
 
 24 
 
 78 
 
 01 
 
 05 
 
 07 
 
 N. madame de graaff 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 M 
 
 
 70 
 
 Mid: 
 N. emprMi 
 
 
 
 
 
 |7 
 
 57 
 
 58 
 
 , 
 
 70 
 
 N. alMraiu 
 
 
 
 
 
 11 
 
 7N 
 
 
 -. 
 
 SO 
 
 N uiadame dc graaff 
 
 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 | 
 
 40 
 
 
 i , 
 
 Sulphuric arid: 
 
 N. rin|.ri -- 
 
 
 Oft 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 N. albiauu 
 
 
 90 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 N . madam* dc graaff 
 
 
 OH 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 The most conspicuous features of these charts are: 
 
 (1) The close correspondence in the courses of the 
 three curves in all of the reactions (with the exception 
 of the sulphuric-acid reaction, in which reaction is so 
 rapid that there is no differentiation), and the tendency 
 mostly to moderate to low reactivity. 
 
 (2) The varying relations of the parental curves to 
 each other and the hybrid in the different reactions, ex- 
 cepting the sulphuric-acid reaction during the progress 
 of the reactions. 
 
 (3) The curve of N. empress is distinctly lower than 
 that of the other parent in the reactions with chloral 
 hydrate, chromic acid, py regal lie acid, and nitric acid, 
 especially in that with pyrogallic acid. 
 
 (4) The hybrid curve is the highest of the three in 
 the chloral-hydrate reaction; lowest with chromic acid 
 and nitric acid ; and intermediate with pyrogallic acid. 
 In the reactions with chromic acid and nitric acid it is 
 more closely related to N. empress, while in those with 
 chloral hydrate and pyrogallic acid more closely related 
 to -V. albicans. 
 
 (5) A tendency to an early period of resistance fol- 
 lowed by a comparatively rapid reactivity is noticed in 
 the reactions with chromic acid and pyrogallic acid in 
 all three starches in the former and in two in the latter. 
 There are also suggestions of early resistance in the other 
 two reaction?. 
 
 (6) The earliest period at which the three curves are 
 beet separated for differential purposes is in the sul- 
 phuric-acid reaction at the very beginning of the reac- 
 tions; in those with chromic acid, pyrogallic acid, nitric 
 acid, and chloral hydrate at 15 minutes. 
 
 REACTION-INTENSITIES OP THE HYBRID. 
 
 This section treats of the reaction-intensities of the 
 hybrid as regards sameness, intermediateneaa, excess, 
 and deficit in relation to the parents. (Table A 20 and 
 Charts D 31 7 to D 322.) 
 
 The reactivities of the hybrid are the same as those 
 of the seed parent in the reactions with iodine, gentian 
 violet, and safranin ; the same as those of the pollen 
 parent in the polarization reaction ; the same as those 
 of both parents in none; intermediate with pyrogallic 
 
84 
 
 HISTOLOGIC PROPERTIES AND REACTIONS. 
 
 acid, and closer to that of the seed parent; highest with 
 chloral hydrate, and nearer that of the pollen parent; 
 and lowest with temperature, chromic acid, and nitric 
 acid, in being closer to that of the seed parent and in 
 three being closer to those of the pollen parent. 
 
 The following is a summary of the reaction-intensi- 
 ties (10 reactions): Same as seed parent, 4; same as 
 pollen parent, 2 ; same as both parents, ; intermediate, 
 1 ; highest, 1 ; lowest, 2. 
 
 The seed parent seems to be far more potent in 
 determining the characters of the starch of the hybrid. 
 The tendency to sameness or inclination of the hybrid 
 to the seed parent is quite marked. 
 
 COMPOSITE CURVES OF THE REACTION-INTENSITIES. 
 
 This section treats of the composite curves of the 
 reaction-intensities, showing the differentiation of the 
 starches of Narcissus empress, N. albicans, and N. 
 madame de graaff. ( Chart E 20. ) 
 
 The most conspicuous features of this chart are : 
 
 (1) The close correspondence in the curves both as 
 to course and nearness, the only well-marked tendency 
 to departure being in the well-marked separation of the 
 three curves in the chromic-acid reaction and of the 
 parental curve in the pyrogallic-acid reaction. 
 
 (2) In N. empress in comparison with the other 
 parent the higher reactions with polarization, gentian 
 violet, and safranin; the lower reactions with iodine, 
 chloral hydrate, chromic acid, pyrogallic acid, and nitric 
 acid ; and the same or practically the same reactions with 
 temperature and sulphuric acid. 
 
 (3) In N. empress the very high reaction with sul- 
 phuric acid; the high reaction with chromic acid; the 
 moderate reactions with polarization, iodine, gentian 
 violet, and safranin ; the low reactions with temperature, 
 pyrogallic acid, and nitric acid; and the very low reac- 
 tion with chloral hydrate. 
 
 (4) In 2V. albicans the very high reactions with 
 sulphuric acid ; the high reactions with chromic acid and 
 pyrogallic acid ; the moderate reactions with iodine, gen- 
 tian violet, and safranin ; the low reactions with polariza- 
 tion, temperature, and nitric acid ; and the very low reac- 
 tion with chloral hydrate. 
 
 (5) In the hybrid the very high sulphuric-acid 
 reaction ; the absence of a high reaction ; the moderate 
 reactions with iodine, gentian violet, safranin, and 
 chromic acid ; the low reactions with polarization, tem- 
 perature, pyrogallic acid, and nitric acid ; and the very 
 low reaction with chloral hydrate. The following is a 
 summary of the reaction-intensites (10 reactions) : 
 
 
 Very 
 high. 
 
 High. 
 
 Mod- 
 erate. 
 
 Low. 
 
 Very 
 low. 
 
 N. empress 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 I 
 
 N. allnraiifl , , , , 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 N. madame de graaff . . . 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 21. COMPARISONS OF THE STARCHES OF NARCISSUS 
 WEARDALE PERFECTION, N. MADAME DE GRAAFF, 
 AND N. PYRAMU8. 
 
 In histologic characteristics, polariscopic figures, 
 reactions with selenite, reactions with iodine, and quali- 
 tative reactions with the various chemical reagents the 
 
 starches of the parents and hybrid have properties in 
 common in varying degrees of development together 
 with certain individualities which collectively in each 
 case is distinctive of the starch. The differences are, 
 however, for the most part of a very minor character. 
 In histologic properties the parental starches differ in 
 that in Narcissus madame de graaff in comparison with 
 the other parent the relative number of compound grains 
 and number of grains having both primary and sec- 
 ondary starch deposits are more numerous, there are 
 more irregularities, and there is a larger number of forms. 
 The hilum is not so often fissured or so deeply, and some- 
 what less eccentric; the lamellfe are somewhat less dis- 
 tinct and not so coarse ; and the grains are, on the whole, 
 larger. In the polariscopic figure there is less distinct- 
 ness and definition and other differences, and in the 
 selenite reaction the quadrants are less clean-cut and 
 more often irregular, and the colors somewhat more pure, 
 and there are more grains with a greenish tinge. In the 
 qualitative iodine reactions the capsules color a red or 
 reddish violet instead of nearly a reddish violet as in 
 N. weardale perfection. In the reactions with chloral 
 hydrate, chromic acid, pyrogallic acid, nitric acid, and 
 sulphuric acid there are many differences, chiefly of 
 minor importance, but which collectively distinguish 
 one starch from the other. The starch of the hybrid 
 shows in form, character, and eccentricity of the hilum, 
 and character of the lamellae a closer relationship to 
 N. madame de graaff than to the other parent, but in 
 size the opposite. In the polarization figure and appear- 
 ances with selenite the relationship is closer to IV. 
 madame de graaff, but in the qualitative iodine reactions 
 the relationship is reversed. In the reactions with the 
 chemical reagents variable relationships, and hence the 
 influences of one or the other or both parents, are re- 
 corded, and in some instances parental characteristics are 
 exaggerated in the hybrid; but in all of the five reac- 
 tions the relationships are, on the whole, closer to N. 
 weardale perfection than to TV. madame de graaff. 
 
 Reaction-intensities Expressed by Light, Color, and Tempera- 
 ture Reactions. 
 Polarization : 
 
 N. weardale perfect., low to high, value 37. 
 
 N. madame de graaff, low to high, the same as in N. weardale 
 
 perfection, value 37. 
 
 N. pyramus, low to high, higher than in either parent, value 42. 
 Iodine: 
 
 N. weardale perfect., moderate, value 55. 
 
 N. madame de graaff, moderate, less than in N. weardale perfec- 
 tion, value 50. 
 N. pyramus, moderate, the same as in N. weardale perfection, 
 
 value 55. 
 Gentian violet: 
 
 N. weardale perfect., light to moderate, value 30. 
 
 N. madame dc graaff, light to moderate, much more than in N. 
 
 weardale perfection, value 43. 
 N. pyramus, light to moderate, little less than in N. weardale 
 
 perfection, value 40. 
 Safranin : 
 
 N. weardale perfect., light to moderate, value 40. 
 
 N. madame de graaff, moderate, much more than in N. weardale 
 
 perfection, value 53. 
 N. pyramus, moderate, little less than in N. weardale perfection, 
 
 value 50. 
 Temperature: 
 
 N. weardale perfect., in majority at 68 to 69, in all at 72 to 74", 
 
 mean 73. 
 N. madame de graaff, in majority at 70 to 72, in all at 73.5 to 75, 
 
 mean 74.25. 
 N. pyramus, in majority at 73 to 74, in all at 76 to 77, mean 76. 
 
N K HCI88U8. 
 
 BB 
 
 The reactivity of A", veardale perfection is the Mine 
 or practically the same aa that of BH other pan-nt in 
 the polarization reaction; higher in tin- iodine and tem- 
 perature fractions; and lower in the gcntian-violi-t and 
 aafranin reaction*. The reactivity of the hybrid is the 
 r j.rartn-ally the same aa that of N. weardale per- 
 fection in tin- iodine reaction ; intermediate between 
 those of the parents with gentian violet and aafnuiin; 
 :he three in the temperature reaction; and the 
 hi^'hcxt of the three in the polarization reaction. 
 
 Table A 21 show* the reaction-intensities in percent- 
 ages of total starch gelatinized at definite intervals 
 t minutes) : 
 
 TABLB A 21. 
 
 
 i 
 
 8 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 * 
 
 t 
 
 g 
 
 1 
 J 
 
 1 
 
 g 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Chloral bydraU: 
 N woardaU perfect 
 
 
 
 
 
 A 
 
 9 
 
 VI 
 
 28 
 
 33 
 
 ttlame d cra*ff 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 20 
 
 M 
 
 43 
 
 48 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 A 
 
 19 
 
 91 
 
 23 
 
 Chromic *cid: 
 
 
 
 
 
 iv 
 
 40 
 
 91 
 
 99 
 
 99 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 ; , 
 
 77 
 
 91 
 
 M 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 A4 
 
 9A 
 
 99 
 
 99 
 
 PyrocalUe acid: 
 
 V wrartl*t pcf*Ct 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 S7 
 
 79 
 
 Ml 
 
 01 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 ; 
 
 M 
 
 AH 
 
 79 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 60 
 
 M 
 
 xs 
 
 ttl 
 
 NicncMid: 
 N. wMrdaU p*rf ct 
 
 
 
 
 
 11 
 
 48 
 
 67 
 
 AA 
 
 i.'i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 79 
 
 4V 
 
 M 
 
 ..:, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 18 
 
 M 
 
 >,< 
 
 70 
 
 76 
 
 Sulphuric Add: 
 N w*rtUle perfect 
 
 
 98 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .> 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 , 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 VELOCITY-REACTION CURVES. 
 
 This section treats of the velocity-reaction curves of 
 the .-larches of Xarcissiu weardale perfection, N. ma- 
 dame de graaff, and A", pyratnut, showing the quantita- 
 iitTerences in the behavior toward different reagents 
 at definite time-intervals. (Charts D 323 to D 328.) 
 
 The most conspicuous features of these charts are: 
 
 ( 1 ) The close correspondence of the curves in each 
 of the reactions during their progress (the curves of the 
 sulphuric-acid reaction are identical, owing to the ex- 
 tremely rapid reaction), and the tendency of the reac- 
 tions to be moderate to low. 
 
 i The varying relations of the parental curves to 
 each other and the hybrid in the different reactions and 
 i'ting with sulphuric acid) during the progress of 
 the reaction*. 
 
 (3) The curve of 2V. weardale perfection is lower 
 than the curve of the other parent in the chloral-hydrate 
 reaction; higher in those of chromic acid, pyrogallic 
 acid, and nitric acid ; and the same in that of sulphuric 
 acid. In all except the latter they are sufficiently well 
 separated for positive differentiation. 
 
 it) The curve of the hybrid is the lowest of the 
 three in the reaction with chloral hydrate; and the 
 highest with chromic acid, pyrogallic acid, and nitric 
 acid. The relationship is closer to N. weardale perfec- 
 tion in the chloral-hydrate reaction; and to this parent 
 at first and to the other parent later in the reactions 
 with chromic acid, pyrogallic acid, and nitric acid. On 
 
 the whole, however, the relationship is distinctly clc 
 to JV. weardale perfection. 
 
 (6) A tendency to an early period of resistance fol- 
 lowed by comparatively rapid reactivity is noted in the 
 reactions with chromic acid and pyrogallic acid, with 
 suggested resistance in the chloral hydrate reaction. 
 
 (6) The earliest period at In. h the three curves are 
 best separated for differential pur|x>ses is in the sul- 
 phuric-acid reaction at the very beginning of the reac- 
 tion ; in the reactions with chromic acid, pyrogallic acid, 
 and nitric acid at 15 minutes; and in the chloral-hydrate 
 reaction at 60 minutes, or probably quite as good at 
 15 minutes. 
 
 REACTION-INTENSITIES OF TUB HYBRID. 
 
 This section treats of the reaction-intensities of the 
 hybrid as regards sameness, iiitermedi&teneM, excess, 
 and deficit in relation to the parents. (Table A 21 and 
 Charts D 323 to D 328.) 
 
 The reactivities of the hybrid are the same as those 
 of the seed parent in the iodine reaction; the same aa 
 those of the pollen parent in none; the same as those 
 of both parents in the sulphuric-acid reaction, in which 
 the reactions occur too rapidly for differentiation ; inter- 
 mediate in the reactions with gentian violet and safranin, 
 in both being closer to those of the pollen parent; high- 
 est in the reactions with polarization, chromic acid, pyro- 
 gallic acid, and nitric acid, in one being as close to one 
 as to the other parent, and in three HO-.T to the seed 
 parent; and lowest with temperature and chloral hydrate, 
 in both being closer to the pollen parent. 
 
 The following is a summary of the reaction-intensi- 
 ties (10 reactions) : Same as seed parent, 1 ; same as 
 pollen parent, ; same as both parents, 1 ; intermediate, 
 2 ; highest, 4 ; lowest, 2. 
 
 The seed parent exercises a distinctly more marked 
 influence than the other parent in determining the char- 
 acters of the starch of the hybrid. The almost entire 
 absence of sameness to one or the other parent and the 
 tendency, on the other hand, to highest and lowest reac- 
 tivities are conspicuous features of the reactions of the 
 hybrid. 
 
 COMPOSITE CURVES OF REACTION-INTENSITIES. 
 
 This section treats of the composite curves of the 
 reaction-intensities, showing the differentiation of the 
 starches of Narcimnu weardale perfection, N. madame 
 de graaff, and A', pyramiu. (Chart E 21.) 
 
 The most conspicuous features of this chart are: 
 
 (1) The close correspondence of all three curves 
 both as to course and nearness, the only well-marked 
 tendency to departure being in the chromic-acid reaction 
 in which all three curves tend to be well separated. 
 
 (2) In N. weardale perfection in comparison with 
 the other parent the higher reactions with iodine, tem- 
 perature, chromic acid, pyrogallic acid, and nitric acid ; 
 the lower reactions with gentian violet, safrauin, and 
 chloral hydrate; and the same or practically the same 
 reactions with polarization and sulphuric acid. 
 
 (3) In \. wear dale perfection the very high sul- 
 phuric-acid reaction; the high chromic-acid reaction; 
 the moderate reactions with iodine, safranin, and pyro- 
 gallic acid ; the low reactions with polarization, gentian 
 
86 
 
 HISTOLOGIC PROPERTIES AND REACTIONS. 
 
 violet, temperature, and nitric acid; and the very low 
 reaction with chloral hydrate. 
 
 (4) In N. madame de graaff the very high reaction 
 with sulphuric acid ; the absence of a high reaction ; the 
 moderate reactions with iodine, gentian violet, safraniu, 
 and chromic acid; the low reactions with polarization, 
 temperature, pyrogallic acid, and nitric acid ; and the very 
 low reaction with chloral hydrate. 
 
 (5) In the hybrid the very high reaction with sul- 
 phuric acid; the high reaction with chromic acid; the 
 moderate reactions with polarization, iodine, gentian, 
 violet, safranin, and pyrogallic acid; the low reactions 
 with temperature and nitric acid ; and the very low reac- 
 tion with chloral hydrate. 
 
 The following is a summary of the reaction-intensi- 
 ties (10 reactions) : 
 
 
 Very 
 high. 
 
 High. 
 
 Mod- 
 erate. 
 
 Low. 
 
 Very 
 low. 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 22. COMPARISONS OF THE STARCHES OF NARCISSUS 
 MONARCH, N. MADAME DE GRAAFF, AND N". LORD 
 
 ROBERTS. 
 
 In histologic characteristics, polariscopic figures, 
 reactions with selenite, reaction with iodine, and reac- 
 tions with the various chemical reagents the starches 
 of the parents and hybrid have properties in common in 
 varying degrees of development, the sum of which in 
 case of each starch is distinctive of the starch. Such 
 differences, as recorded, are of a minor character. The 
 starch of N. madame de graaff, in comparison with that 
 of the other parent, shows more aggregates and fewer 
 compound grains, and the latter grains contain a larger 
 number of components; there are more simple grains 
 having both primary and secondary starch formation; 
 and there is more irregularity and a greater variety of 
 form. There is less fissuration of the hilum and more 
 eccentricity. The lamellae are more often visible, some- 
 what more distinct, and not so coarse. The grains are, 
 on the whole, smaller. The polariscopic figure is more 
 distinct and there are other minor differences ; end with 
 selenite the quadrants are more often clear-cut and less 
 irregular in form. No qualitative differences -were re- 
 corded in the iodine reactions. In the qualitative reac- 
 tions with chloral hydrate, chromic acid, pyrogallic acid, 
 nitric acid, and sulphuric acid there are various minor 
 differences which collectively serve to differentiate the 
 starches. The starch of the hybrid has more aggregates 
 and compound grains than either parent and the grains 
 are in form closer related to those of N. monarch than 
 to those of the other parent. In the character and eccen- 
 tricity of the hilum the relationship is closer to N. 
 monarch; but in the character of the lamellae and in the 
 size of the grains to N. madame de graaff. In the polari- 
 scopic figure and reactions with selenite the relationship 
 is closer to N. madame de graaff. In the qualitative 
 reactions with iodine no differences were recorded in the 
 three starches. In. the qualitative reactions with chloral 
 hydrate, chromic acid, pyrogallic acid, nitric acid, and 
 
 sulphuric acid characteristics of both parents are mani- 
 fest, certain reactions resembling "in certain respects 
 those of one parent and other reactions those of the 
 other. The relationship is closer to N. monarch in 
 the reactions with chloral hydrate and sulphuric acid; 
 but closer to N. madame de graaff in those with chromic 
 acid, pyrogallic acid, and nitric acid. The characters 
 throughout indicate a close relationship of all three 
 starches. 
 
 Reaction-intensities Expressed ly Light, Color, and Tempera- 
 ture Reactions. 
 Polarization : 
 
 N. monarch, low to high, value 40. 
 
 N. madame de graaff, low to high, somewhat lower than in N. 
 
 monarch, value 37. 
 N. lord roberts, low to high, the same as in N. madame de graaff, 
 
 value 37. 
 Iodine: 
 
 N. monarch, moderate, value 50. 
 
 N. madame de graaff, moderate,' the same as in N. monarch, 
 
 value 60. 
 
 N. lord roberts, moderate, the same as in the parent, value 50. 
 Gentian violet: 
 
 N. monarch, moderate, value 45. 
 
 N. madame de graaff, moderate, slightly less than in N. monarch, 
 
 value 43. 
 
 N. lord roberts, moderate, the same as in N. monarch, value 45. 
 Safranin: 
 
 N. monarch, moderate, value 50. 
 
 N. madame de graaff, moderate, slightly more than in N. monarch, 
 
 value 53. 
 
 N. lord roberts, moderate, the same as in N. monarch, value 50. 
 Temperature : 
 
 N. monarch, in majority at 67 to 68.5, in all at 72 to 73, mean 
 
 72.5. 
 N. madame de graaff, in majority at 70 to 72, in all at 73.5 to 75, 
 
 mean 74.25. 
 
 N. lord roberts, in majority at 08 to 09.4, in all at 73 to 74.5, 
 mean 73.75. 
 
 The reactivity of N. monarch is higher than that of 
 the other parent in the reactions with polarization, gen- 
 tian violet, and temperature; the same or practically 
 the same with iodine; and lower with safranin. The 
 reactivity of the hybrid is the same or practically the 
 same as those of the parents in the reaction with iodine; 
 the same or practically the same as that of N. monarch 
 with gentian violet and safranin ; the same or practically 
 the same as that of the other parent with polarization; 
 
 TABLE A 22. 
 
 
 a 
 
 B 
 
 C4 
 
 6 
 to 
 
 6 
 <* 
 
 E 
 
 IO 
 
 E 
 
 W3 
 
 6 
 
 s 
 
 a 
 
 U5 
 
 * 
 
 a* 
 
 S 
 
 Chloral hydrate: 
 N. monarch 
 
 
 
 
 
 ? 
 
 in 
 
 is 
 
 ?n 
 
 >3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 >n 
 
 35 
 
 43 
 
 48 
 
 N. lord roberts 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 11 
 
 ?n 
 
 ?7 
 
 79 
 
 Chromic acid: 
 N. monarch 
 
 
 
 
 
 33 
 
 71 
 
 9,5 
 
 00 
 
 99 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 33 
 
 77 
 
 01 
 
 98 
 
 N. lord roborts 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 15 
 
 SO 
 
 7? 
 
 88 
 
 Pyrogallic acid : 
 N. monarch 
 
 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 56 
 
 7? 
 
 8? 
 
 86 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 T> 
 
 56 
 
 (is 
 
 79 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ? 
 
 36 
 
 6? 
 
 73 
 
 83 
 
 Nitric acid: 
 
 
 
 
 
 90 
 
 64 
 
 7? 
 
 78 
 
 84 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 in 
 
 oq 
 
 49 
 
 58 
 
 65 
 
 N. lord roberts 
 
 
 
 
 
 in 
 
 <V> 
 
 7n 
 
 73 
 
 76 
 
 Sulphuric acid: 
 
 
 :M; 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 98 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 N. lord roberts 
 
 
 95 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
N >. HCI88U8. 
 
 S7 
 
 mud intermediate with temperature, but closer to A'. 
 madame de groaff. 
 
 Table A 22 shows the reaction-intensities -f tin- 
 *tarche expressed by tlic percentage of total starch 
 gelatinized at definite time- interval*. 
 
 VKUK-ITY-BKAI-I i .KM. 
 
 Thin section treaU of the velocity-reaction curves 
 <>f tin- -t.m lies of A'orcisnu monarch. N. madam e de 
 graaff, ajul .V. lord robtrtt, showing the quantitative 
 differences in the behavior toward dinVrent reagents at 
 definite tune-intervals. (Chart* 1 .T to 1) 334.) 
 
 most conspicuous features of these charts are : 
 
 ( 1 ) The correspondence in the courses of the three 
 curves in all of the reactions (excepting the sulphuric- 
 a. hi reaction in which gelatinization is too rapid for 
 tliir.r.-nuation), and the tendency to moderate to low 
 reactivity. Inclination to separation of the curves if 
 comparatively well marked in the pyrogallic acid. 
 
 I V ) The varying relations of the parental carves to 
 each other and to the curve of the hybrid in all of the 
 reactions (excepting in that with sulphuric acid) during 
 their progress. 
 
 i The curve of A", monarch is distinctly lower than 
 that of the other parent in the reactions with chloral 
 hydrate and pyrogallic acid; distinctly higher with 
 lir.anic acid and nitric acid; and the same with iodine 
 and sulphuric acid. 
 
 (4) The curve of the hybrid is intermediate in the 
 reactions with chloral hydrate, pyrogallic acid, and nitric 
 acid, but close to A', monarch with chloral hydrate and 
 nitric acid, and to the other parent with pyrogallic acid ; 
 and the lowest of the three and well separated from the 
 parental carves in the chromic-acid reaction. 
 
 (5) A tendency to an early period of resistance 
 fallowed by comparatively high reactivity is evident, 
 especially in the three starches in the pyrogallic-acid 
 reaction and in two starches in the chromic-acid reac- 
 tion, with a suggestion of resistance in the reactions with 
 chloral hydrate and nitric acid. 
 
 (6) The earliest period at which the three curves are 
 best separated for differential purposes is in the reaction 
 with sulphuric acid at the very beginning; in those with 
 chromic acid, pyrogallic acid, and nitric acid probably at 
 15 minutes; and with chloral hydrate at 60 minutes. 
 
 RBACTION-INTBN8ITIB8 OF THE HTBBIO. 
 
 This section treats of the reaction-intensities of the 
 hybrid as regards sameness, intermediateneas, excess, and 
 deficit in relation to the parents. (Table A 22 and 
 Charts D 329 to D 334.) 
 
 The reactivities of the hybrid are the same as those 
 of the aeed parent in the reactions with gentian violet, 
 safranin, and sulphuric acid; the same as those of the 
 pollen parent in the polarization reaction ; the same as 
 those of both parents in the iodine reaction ; intermediate 
 in the reactions with temperature, chloral hydrate, pyro- 
 gallic acid, and nitric acid, being closer to the seed parent 
 in two and to the pollen parent in two ; highest in none ; 
 and lowest in the chromic-acid reaction. 
 
 The following is a summary of the reaction-intensi- 
 ties (10 reactions): Same as seed parent, 3; same as 
 pollen parent, 1 ; same as both parents, 1 ; intermediate, 
 4; highest, 0; lowest, 1. 
 
 The parents appear to share about equally the deter- 
 mination of the properties of the starch of 'the hyl.n.l 
 Ih. re is obviously a tendency to intennediateneM. tin- 
 being recorded in nearly half of the reactions. 
 
 COMPOSITE CURVES OF REACTION-INTENSITES. 
 
 This section treats of the composite curves of the 
 reaction-intensities, showing the differentiation of the 
 starches of \areunu monarch, N. madame de graaff, 
 and N. lord robertt. ( Chart E 22. ) 
 
 The most conspicuous features of this chart are : 
 
 (1) The very close correspondence in all three curves 
 in nearness and during their course, excepting in the 
 chromic-acid reaction, in which the curve of A', monarch 
 is well separated from the curves of the other parent and 
 the hybrid. 
 
 (2) In N. monarch in comparison with the other 
 parent the higher reaction with polarization, gentian vio- 
 let, temperature, chromic acid, pyrogallic acid, and nitric 
 acid ; the lower with chloral hydrate ; and the same with 
 iodine and sulphuric acid. 
 
 (3) In A 7 , monarch the very high sulphuric-acid 
 reaction ; the high chromic-acid reaction ; the moderate 
 reactions with polarization, iodine, gentian violet, 
 safranin, and temperature; the low reactions with pyro- 
 gallic and nitric acids; and the very low reaction with 
 chloral hydrate. 
 
 (4 ) In A', madame de graaff the very high sulphuric- 
 acid reaction ; the absence of a high reaction ; the mod- 
 erate reactions with iodine, gentian violet, safranin, and 
 chromic acid ; the low reactions with polarization, tem- 
 perature, pyrogallic acid, and nitric acid; and the very 
 low reaction with chloral hydrate. 
 
 The following is a summary of the reaction-intensi- 
 ties (10 reactions) : 
 
 
 Vety 
 
 hih. 
 
 Hixh. 
 
 Mod- 
 raU. 
 
 Low. 
 
 \"> 
 low. 
 
 N. monarch 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 N, nutdune 4r gruff 
 
 | 
 
 o 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 I 
 
 N. lord roberU 
 
 | 
 
 o 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 | 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 23. COMPARISONS OF TUB STARCHES or NABCIMCS 
 
 LJEEIMUI MINNIE II I' ME, N. TRIAKDRCS AI.Bt H. AND 
 N. AGNES HARVBT. 
 
 In histologic characteristics, polariscopic figures, 
 reactions with selenite, reactions with iodine, and quali- 
 tative reaction with the various chemical reagents the 
 starches of the parents and hybrid exhibit properties in 
 common in varying degrees of development, which col- 
 lectively are in each case distinctive. The differences 
 are, on the whole, of a minor character, indicating dose 
 relationships of the three starches. In histologic prop- 
 erties in ffarcutuM triandnu albiu in comparison with 
 the other parent there are found a larger proportion of 
 compound grains but fewer aggregate*, somewhat fewer 
 grains with primary and secondary deposits, and the 
 grains are less irregular; the hilum is more often more 
 deeply and more extensively fissured; the lamelbe an 
 leas often distinct and not so fine ; and the grains are, 
 as a whole, smaller than in A", letdtii ninnit hume. 
 
HISTOLOGIC PROPERTIES AND REACTIONS. 
 
 The polariscopic figure is better defined and there are 
 some differences in the lines. With seleuite the quad- 
 rants are more often clean-cut and more regular in shape, 
 the colors more often pure, and there are more grains 
 having a greenish tinge. In the qualitative iodine reac- 
 tions the capsules are more reddish than those of N. 
 leedsii minnie hume. In the reactions with the chemical 
 reagents there are various differences of a minor charac- 
 ter which collectively differentiate each starch. The 
 starch of the hybrid contains fewer compound grains and 
 aggregates than either parent, and the relationship is, 
 on the whole, closer to N. leedsii minnie hume than to 
 the other parent. In the character of the hilum and 
 character of the lamellae the relationship is closer to 
 N. leedsii minnie hume, while in size to N. triandrus 
 albus. In the polariscopic figure and appearances with 
 selenite the resemblances are closer to N. leedsii minnie 
 hume, and the same is true of the qualitative iodine 
 reactions. In the qualitative reactions with the chemical 
 reagents the influences of both parents are manifest, 
 and there are also individualities of a minor character 
 of the hybrid. In all of these reactions the characters 
 are, as a whole, more closely associated with those of 
 N. leedsii minnie hume. 
 
 Reaction-intensities Expressed by Light, Color, and Tempera- 
 ture Reactions. 
 Polarization: 
 
 N. leedsii min. hume, low to very high, value 45. 
 
 N. triandrus albus, low to high, higher than in N. leedsii minnie 
 
 hume, value 50. 
 N. agnes harvey, low to high, the same as in N. leedsii minnie 
 
 hume, value 45. 
 Iodine: 
 
 N. leedsii min. hume, moderate deep, value 60. 
 
 N. triandrus albus, deep, deeper than in N. leedsii minnie hume, 
 
 value 65. 
 N. agnes harvey, deep, the same as in N. leedsii minnie hume, 
 
 value 60. 
 Gentian violet: 
 
 N. leedsii min. hume, light to moderate, value 38. 
 
 N. triandrus albus, light to moderate, lighter than in N. leedsii 
 
 minnie hume, value 35. 
 N. agnes harvey, light to moderate, the same as in N. leedsii 
 
 minnie hume, value 38. 
 Safranin: 
 
 N. leedsii min. hume, light to moderate, value 40. 
 
 N. triandrus albus, light to moderate, the same as in N. leedsii 
 
 minnie hume ; value 40. 
 N. agnes harvey, light to moderate, the same as in the parents, 
 
 value 40. 
 Temperature : 
 
 N. leedsii min. hume, in majority at 70 to 71.2", in all at 74.5 to 76, 
 
 mean 75.25. 
 N. triandrus albus, in majority at 70 to 71, in all at 73 to 75, 
 
 mean 74. 
 
 N. agnes harvey, in majority at 70 to 71.8, in all at 73.8 to 75, 
 mean 74.4. 
 
 The reactivity of N. leedsii minnie hume is lower 
 than that of the other parent in the polarization, iodine, 
 and temperature reactions; the same or practically the 
 same in the safranin reaction ; and higher in the gentian- 
 violet reaction. The reactivity of the hybrid is the same 
 or practically the same as that of N. leedsii minnie hume 
 in the polarization, iodine, and gentian-violet reactions; 
 the same or practically the same as those of both parents 
 in the safranin reaction; and intermediate in the tem- 
 perature reaction, but closer to N. triandrus albus. All 
 three starches are in these reactions either the same or 
 practically the same or very nearly alike. 
 
 Table A 23 shows the reaction-intensities in percent- 
 ages of total starch gelatinized at definite intervals 
 (minutes) : 
 
 TABLE A 23. 
 
 
 8 
 
 1-4 
 
 8 
 
 <N 
 
 a 
 
 CO 
 
 
 * 
 
 S 
 to 
 
 S 
 
 
 
 E 
 
 U3 
 
 S 
 
 8 
 
 S 
 
 IO 
 
 V 
 
 E 
 
 S 
 
 Chloral hydrate: 
 N. leedsii min. hume . . 
 
 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 
 7 
 
 n 
 
 1S 
 
 "0 
 
 N. triandrus albus 
 
 
 
 
 
 n 5 
 
 
 ? 
 
 7 
 
 11 
 
 11 
 
 N. agnes harvey 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 7 
 
 S 
 
 1 
 
 14 
 
 Chromic acid: 
 N. leedsii min. hume. . . . 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 15 
 
 65 
 
 SO 
 
 85 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 S 
 
 
 '0 
 
 70 
 
 00 
 
 94 
 
 N. agnes harvey 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 97 
 
 V> 
 
 79 
 
 s-' 
 
 Pyrogallic acid: 
 N. leedsii min. hume. . . . 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 11 
 
 45 
 
 66 
 
 77 
 
 N. triandrus albus 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 ?] 
 
 78 
 
 RS 
 
 Ml 
 
 N. agnes harvey 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 >o 
 
 6T 
 
 75 
 
 SI 
 
 Nitric acid : 
 N. leedsii min. hume. . . . 
 
 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 9q 
 
 ?q 
 
 49 
 
 56 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 .,., 
 
 d6 
 
 59 
 
 <i-> 
 
 N. agnes harvey 
 
 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 55 
 
 65 
 
 70 
 
 n 
 
 Sulphuric acid: 
 N. leedsii min. hume. . . . 
 N. triandrus albus 
 
 
 93 
 83 
 Q*i 
 
 
 
 99 
 97 
 <W 
 
 99 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 VELOCITY-REACTION CURVES. 
 
 This section deals with the velocity-reaction curves 
 of the starches of Narcissus leedsii minnie hume, N. 
 triandrus albus, and N. agnes harvey, showing the quan- 
 titative differences in the behavior toward different reag- 
 ents at definite time-intervals. (Charts D 335 to D 340.) 
 
 The most conspicuous features of these charts are : 
 
 (1) The close correspondence of all three starches 
 in all of the reactions (with the exception of the sul- 
 phuric-acid reaction, which is too rapid for differentia- 
 tion), and the tendency (with this exception) to a 
 moderate, low, or very low reactivity. 
 
 (2) The varying relations of the parental curves to 
 each other and to the curve of the hybrid in the different 
 reactions (excepting the very rapid sulphuric-acid reac- 
 tion) and during their progress. 
 
 (3) The curve of N. leedsii minnie hume is lower 
 than that of the other parent in the reactions with 
 chromic acid, pyrogallic acid, and nitric acid ; and higher 
 with chloral hydrate. 
 
 (4) The hybrid curve is the lowest of the three in 
 the chromic-aoid reaction ; intermediate in the reactions 
 with chloral hydrate and pyrogallic acid, but in the 
 latter practically identical with that of N. triandrus 
 albus; and highest with nitric acid. 
 
 (5) A tendency to a period of early resistance fol- 
 lowed by a comparatively rapid reactivity is seen in 
 all three starches in the chromic-acid and pyrogallic- 
 acid reactions. 
 
 (6) The earliest period at which the three curves 
 are best separated for differential purposes is in the sul- 
 phuric-acid reaction at the very beginning of the reac- 
 tion ; in the reactions with chromic acid, pyrogallic acid, 
 and nitric acid at 30 to 45 minutes, and with chromic 
 aoid at 60 minutes. 
 
 REACTION-INTENSITIES OF THE HYBRID. 
 
 This section treats of the reaction-intensities of the 
 hybrid as regards sameness, intermediateness, excess, and 
 
NAHCIS8U8. 
 
 deficit in relation t<> tin- parents. (Tables A 23 and 
 CharU 1 
 
 Tin- ii-.i. tivities of the hybrid an- the same as tbow 
 of the wed pan-lit in tin- n-actiom. with polarization, i 
 ilnif. gentian violet, and sulphuric acid ; the same as 
 .. }..ir. n: in iii.ni-; the same M th(M 
 of I.- tin- safranin inaction; intermediate 
 
 in those with temperature, chloral hydrate, and p\r. 
 gallic and. in two being closer to thow of the pollen 
 parent and in one as cloae to one M the other parent: 
 HfjsMl in the nitric-acid reaction, and closer to the 
 jH.ik-ii parent; and lowest in the chromic-acid reaction, 
 lit'ing closer to the teed parent. 
 
 Tlu- following is a summary of the reaction-intensi- 
 ties ( 10 reactions) : Same as seed parent, 4 ; same as pol- 
 l.-n par. nt. ; same as both parents, 1 ; intermediate, 3 . 
 highest, 1 ; lowest, 1. 
 
 From the foregoing data it seems that the seed 
 parent exercises a distinctly greater influence than the 
 pollen parent on the characters of the starch of the 
 hyhrid. The most marked tendencies in the reactions 
 are to sameness as the seed parent and to intenne- 
 diatenaaa. 
 
 MPOSITE CURVES or REACTION-INTENSITIES. 
 This section treaU of the composite curves of the 
 reaction-intensities, showing the differentiation of the 
 starches of \arcitttu leedtii minnie htunt, N. trian- 
 dna albtu, and A', agnet hanty. (Chart K 23.) 
 
 most conspicuous features of this chart are : 
 ( 1 ) The very close correspondence of all three curves 
 in course and closeness throughout the chart 
 
 i In A 7 , leedsii minnie hume in comparison with 
 the other parent the higher gentian-violet and chloral- 
 hydrate reactions; the lower reactions with polarization, 
 iodine, temperature, chromic acid, pyrogallic, and nitric 
 acid ; and the same or practically the same in the reac- 
 tions with saf ranin and sulphuric acid. 
 
 (3) In y. leedtii minnie humt the very high sul- 
 phuric-acid reaction ; the high iodine reaction ; the mod- 
 erate polarization and saf ranin reactions; the low reac- 
 tions with gentian violet, temperature, chromic acid, 
 pyrogallic acid, and nitric acid; the very low reaction 
 with chloral hydrate. 
 
 (4) In A*. Iriandnu albtu the very high sulphuric- 
 acid reaction; the high iodine reaction; the moderate 
 reactions with polarization, safranin, chromic acid, and 
 pyrogallic acid ; the low reactions with gentian violet, 
 temperature, and nitric acid ; and the very low reaction 
 with chloral hydrate. 
 
 (5) In the hybrid the very high sulphuric-acid reac- 
 tion; the high iodine reaction; the moderate polariza- 
 tion and safranin reactions ; the low gentian-violet, tem- 
 perature, chromic-acid, pyrogallic-acid, and nitric-acid 
 reactions ; and the very low chloral hydrate reaction. 
 
 The following is a summary of the reaction-intensi- 
 ties (10 reactions) : 
 
 
 v. q 
 hih. 
 
 Hih. 
 
 M 4 
 erate. 
 
 Low. 
 
 low. 
 
 N. leedaii minnie hume 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 5 
 
 J 
 
 N. triandnu alba* 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 MI-AKI80N8 Or THE Si AK. I IM Or \AKC!MU 
 EMPEKOR, N. Tfci ALBUSJ. AMD N. J. T. 
 
 BENNETT POE. 
 
 Iii hi>tolni:ir characteristics, polarisoopic figures, 
 reactions with selenite, reactions with iodine and quali- 
 tative reaction* with the various chemical reap UN, the 
 Ktarches of the parents and hybrid .-\lnl.it pr 
 common in varying degree* of d.-w-l.,pinrnt wi.i.-h col- 
 lectively in case of each starch an- distinctm'. The 
 differences are of a minor character. In histologic prop- 
 erties in A'cimwtu triandrut albtu in comparison with 
 the other parent there are more compound grains and 
 aggregates, together with various other peculiarities, 
 and there arc various other differences in hilum, lamella*, 
 and size. The polariscopic figure is not so distinct 
 but more often well defined, and there are other minor 
 differences. With selenite the quadrants are more often 
 clean-cut, the colors less often pure, and fewer grains 
 with a greenish tinge. In the qualitative reactions with 
 iodine no distinctive differences were recorded. In the 
 qualitative reactions with chloral hydrate, chromic acid, 
 pyrogallic acid, nitric acid, and sulphuric acid both 
 methods of gelatinization common to both starches occur, 
 and also methods observed in A', truuulnu albtis that 
 are not seen or seen only in modified form in A', emperor. 
 The starch of the hybrid contains fewer compound 
 grains and aggregates than either parent, and shows, 
 mi the whole, a closer relationship to A', emperor than 
 to the other parent In character and eccentricity of 
 the hilum and in size the relationship is closer to N. 
 emperor; but in the character of the lamella; closer to 
 A*, triandnu alb us. In the character of the polariza- 
 tion figure and in the reactions with selenite the relation- 
 ship is closer to A 7 , triandnu albtu. In the qualitative 
 relictions with iodine the raw grains are more closely 
 related to those of N. emperor, but the gelatinized grains 
 show no differences from those of both parents. In the 
 qualitative reactions with the chemical reagent* the in- 
 fluences of both parents are manifest; in the chloral 
 hydrate and sulphuric acid the resemblances are closer 
 to A*, emperor, while in the chromic acid, pyrogallic acid, 
 and nitric acid the hybrid is closer to A 7 , triandnu albtu. 
 
 Rrartion-intmilici Krprttvd by Light. Color, and Tempera- 
 ture Reaction*. 
 Polarisation: 
 
 N. emperor, low to high, value BO. 
 
 N. triandnu albue, low to high, lower thmn in N. Rnpcror. viJur SO. 
 
 N. j. t. bennett poe. low to high, the MOM M in N. triandnu alba*. 
 
 value 00. 
 Iodine: 
 
 N. emperor, moderate to deep, value 00. 
 
 N. triandrua albu*. moderately deep, deeper than in N. emperor, 
 
 value 66. 
 N. j. t. bennett poe. moderate to deep, the earn* ae in N. emperor. 
 
 TatueOO. 
 Gentian violet: 
 
 N. emperor, moderate, value 45. 
 
 N. triandrut albu*. licht to moderate. lihter than in N. emperor. 
 
 value M. 
 
 N. j.t. bennett poe, moderate, deeper than in either penal, value 60. 
 SeJranin: 
 
 N. emperor, moderate, value 60. 
 
 N. triandnu albu*. liht to moderate, lighter than in N. emperor. 
 
 value 40. 
 N. J.t. bennett poe, moderate, deeper than in either parwit. value 86. 
 
90 
 
 HISTOLOGIC PROPERTIES AND REACTIONS. 
 
 Temperature: 
 
 N. emperor, inmajorityat69 to71, in all at 74 to 75. 5, mean 74.53. 
 N. triandrus albus, in majority at 70 to 71, in all at 73 to 75, 
 
 mean 74. 
 N. j. t. bennett poe, in majority at 64 to 04.8, in all at 69 to 71, 
 
 mean 70. 
 
 The reactivity of N. emperor is higher than that of 
 the other parent in the polarization, gentian violet, and 
 safranin reaction ; and lower in the iodine and tempera- 
 ture reactions. The reactivity of the hybrid is the same 
 or practically the same as that of N. emperor in the 
 polarization and iodine reactions ; and the highest of the 
 three in the gentian violet, safranin, and temperature 
 reactions. There is no instance of intermediateness, and 
 in certain respects the starch of the hybrid is nearer to one 
 parent and in others to the other parent. 
 
 Table A 24 shows the reaction-intensities in percent- 
 ages of total starch gelatinized at definite intervals 
 (minutes) : 
 
 TABLE A 24. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ~ - f j- 
 
 ~ 
 
 r~ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 iH 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 CO 
 
 B 
 
 * 
 
 B 
 a 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 iO 
 
 g 
 
 B 
 
 IO 
 
 * 
 
 B 
 8 
 
 Chloral hydrate: 
 N. emperor 
 
 
 
 
 
 ? 
 
 
 6 
 
 18 
 
 S 
 
 >8 
 
 X . triandrus albus 
 
 
 
 
 
 0,5 
 
 
 ? 
 
 7 
 
 11 
 
 11 
 
 N. j. t. bennett poe 
 
 
 
 
 
 /t 
 
 
 g 
 
 o 
 
 "M 
 
 '8 
 
 Chromic acid: 
 N. emperor 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 S9 
 
 7fi 
 
 94 
 
 97 
 
 N. triandrua albus 
 
 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 ?n 
 
 7n 
 
 90 
 
 94 
 
 N. j. t. bennett poe 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 5] 
 
 87 
 
 95 
 
 99 
 
 Pyrogallic acid: 
 N. emperor 
 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 9 
 
 74 
 
 8 15 
 
 91 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 '1 
 
 7fi 
 
 85 
 
 91 
 
 N. j. t. bennett poe 
 
 
 
 
 
 >r> 
 
 
 fin 
 
 85 
 
 95 
 
 98 
 
 Nitric acid : 
 N. emperor 
 
 
 
 
 
 in 
 
 
 51 
 
 > 
 
 fi5 
 
 67 
 
 N. triandrua albus 
 
 
 
 
 
 in 
 
 
 V? 
 
 46 
 
 59 
 
 6? 
 
 N. j. t. bennett poe 
 
 
 
 
 
 15 
 
 
 57 
 
 6? 
 
 09 
 
 7 
 
 Sulphuric acid: 
 
 
 94 
 
 
 
 99 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 HI 
 
 
 
 97 
 
 91) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 99 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 VELOCITY-BEACTION CURVES. 
 
 This section treats of the velocity-reaction curves of 
 the starches of Narcissus emperor, N. triandrus albus, 
 and N. j. t. bennett poe, showing the quantitative differ- 
 ences in the behavior toward different reagents at definite 
 time-intervals. (Charts D 341 to D 346.) 
 
 The most conspicuous features of these charts are : 
 
 (1) The correspondence in the three curves in all 
 of the reactions, and the general tendency to a high to 
 moderate reactivity. 
 
 (2) The varying relationships of the parental curves 
 to each other and to the curve of the hybrid in the dif- 
 ferent reactions. 
 
 (3) The curve of N. emperor is practically the same 
 as that of the other parent in the pyrogallic-acid reac- 
 tion and higher in the reactions with chloral hydrate, 
 chromic acid, pyrogallic acid, and sulphuric acid, the 
 most marked difference being noted in the pyrogallic- 
 acid reaction and the least in the quick sulphuric-acid 
 reaction. 
 
 (4) The curve of the hybrid is the same as that of 
 2V. emperor in the very rapid sulphuric-acid reaction; 
 practically the same in that with chloral hydrate ; nearly 
 the same in that with pyrogallic acid; intermediate in 
 
 none; and the highest of the three in those with chromic 
 acid and pyrogallic acid. In all of the reactions the 
 hybrid shows a higher reactivity than either parent. 
 
 (5) A tendency to an early period of resistance fol- 
 lowed by a comparatively rapid reactivity is seen in all 
 three starches in the reaction with chromic acid, and in 
 the two parental starches in that with pyrogallic acid. 
 The earliest period at which the three curves are best 
 separated for differential purpose is in the sulphuric-acid 
 reaction at the beginning; in those with chloral hydrate, 
 chromic acid, pyrogallic acid, and nitric acid at 15 
 minutes. 
 
 REACTION-INTENSITIES OF THE HYBRID. 
 
 This section treats of the reaction-intensities of the 
 hybrid as regards sameness, intermediateness, excess, and 
 deficit in relation to the parents. (Table A 24 and 
 Charts D 341 to D 346.) 
 
 The reactivities of the hybrid are the same as those 
 of the seed parent in the polarization and iodine reac- 
 tions; the same as those of the pollen parent in none; 
 the same as those of both parents in none ; intermediate 
 in none; highest in those with gentian violet, safranin, 
 temperature, chloral hydrate, chromic acid, pyrogallic 
 acid, nitric acid, and sulphuric acid (in six being closer 
 to those of the seed parent, and in two closer to those of 
 the pollen parent). 
 
 The following is a summary of the reaction-intensi- 
 ties (10 reactions): Same as seed parent, 2; same as 
 pollen parent, 0; same as both parents, 0; intermediate, 
 ; highest, 8 ; lowest, 0. 
 
 The seed parent seems to have almost entirely con- 
 trolled the development of the properties of the hybrid, 
 inasmuch as in 10 out of the 12 reactions there is same- 
 ness or nearness in relation to this parent. Another 
 equally striking feature is the almost universal tendency 
 for the reactivity of the hybrid to exceed parental 
 extremes. 
 
 COMPOSITE CURVES OF REACTION-INTENSITIES. 
 
 This section treats of the composite curves of the reac- 
 tion-intensities, showing the differentiation of the 
 starches of Narcissus emperor, N. triandrus albus, and 
 N. j. t. bennett poe. (Chart E 24.) 
 
 The most conspicuous features of this chart are: 
 
 (1) The close correspondence in the courses and 
 closeness of the curves throughout the chart. 
 
 (2) In 2V. emperor in comparison with N. triandrus 
 albus the higher reactions with polarization, gentian vio- 
 let, safranin, chloral hydrate, and chromic acid; the 
 lower reactions with iodine and nitric acid ; and the same 
 or practically the same reactions with temperature, pyro- 
 gallic acid, and sulphuric acid. 
 
 (3) In 2V. emperor the very high reaction with sul- 
 phuric acid; the high reactions with polarization and 
 iodine ; the moderate reactions with gentian violet, safra- 
 nin, chromic acid, and pyrogallic acid ; the low reactions 
 with temperature and nitric acid ; and the very low reac- 
 tion with chloral hydrate. 
 
 (4) In 2V. triandrus albus the very high reaction 
 with sulphuric acid; the high reaction with iodine; the 
 moderate reactions with polarization, safranin, chromic 
 acid, and pyrogallic acid ; the low reactions with gentian 
 
NAHC'ISM S I.I I.I TM. 
 
 '..I 
 
 \. !!. ! iii),.-raturf, and mtri.- a< i>l ; and the very low 
 faction with chloral hydrate. 
 
 (5) In the hybrid the very high sulphuric-acid 
 the high reactions with polarization, iodine, 
 .hn. mi .1,1.1. aiul |>\n>gallic acid; the moderate reac- 
 .n.ui \iolct, .-afr.inin, and temperature: 
 >w reaction with nitric acid; and the very low reac- 
 tion w ith chloral hydrate. 
 
 The following i> a summary of the reaction-iutooai- 
 tiea (10 reactions) : 
 
 
 Vmr 
 
 ..:. 
 
 >!.>. 
 
 Mod- 
 erau. 
 
 Low. 
 
 Vfy 
 low. 
 
 N. nparor . . 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 a 
 
 1 
 
 N tnandnw albu* 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 N j 1 bMMUpoo 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 NOTES or THK NARCISSI. 
 
 The starche* of the narcissi belong according to the 
 foregoing data to the moderate to very low reaction 
 group average value low. The reaction-intenaitiea, in- 
 cluding the ten reactions (polarization, iodine, gentian 
 :. safranin, temperature, chloral hydrate, chromic 
 .i, nl, pyrogallic acid, nitric acid, and sulphuric acid), 
 which were studied in all the seta, show that nearly 
 70 per cent are moderate or low (nearly equally divided), 
 and about 10 per cent very low. From the records of 
 Set 2 and Chart K 1 >, where 26 reactions are recorded, 
 there are about 50 per cent of the reactions that are 
 moderate or low and about 30 per cent very low. The 
 comparatively lower reactivities shown by the Utter are 
 owing to the fact that the additional reagents represented 
 include a relatively large number that are among the 
 least reactive with starches in general. 
 
 The curves of the composite charts (Charts E 13 to 
 inclusive) show a close general correspondence in 
 the courses, indicating clearly in comparison with charts 
 of other genera a definite type of Narcissus curve. The 
 closeness of the parental and hybrid curves varies in the 
 different chart*. The sulphuric-acid reactions reach 
 completion so rapidly that differentiation of the starches 
 can be made only, if at all, at the very onset of the 
 reaction. With the other agents there is closeness, or 
 even marked closeness, inclination to separation of the 
 curves being most marked in the reactions with chromic 
 acid and pyrogallic acid, especially in the former. The 
 two parental curves bear varying relations to each other, 
 not only in the different sets but also in each set, some- 
 times the seed parent and sometimes the pollen parent 
 showing the higher reactivity, and sometimes both are 
 the same or practically the same. 
 
 The hybrids bear varying relationships to the parents, 
 not only in the different sets but also in each set, each 
 being in one reaction the same or practically the same 
 as one parent or the other or both, and in another inter- 
 mediate or developed in excess or deficit Even the off- 
 spring of the same cross may show differences in the 
 same reaction, as, for instance, the hybrids N. poeticus 
 kerrick and N. poeticut dante. The varying relation- 
 ships of the hybrids are indicated grossly in the follow- 
 ing recapitulation : 
 
 
 ntif o/ Ikt Vanovi Hybrid' (W 
 >nr. 146 in ' 
 
 
 
 II 
 
 .1 
 
 p 
 
 ]i 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 i 
 a 
 
 3 
 1 
 8 
 
 4 
 1 
 3 
 4 
 2 
 
 27 
 
 3 
 4 
 3 
 - 
 1 
 3 
 1 
 1 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 20 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 > 
 4 
 
 2 
 4 
 
 2 
 1 
 1 
 2 
 4 
 3 
 
 
 27 
 
 I 
 1 
 . 
 2 
 
 3 
 4 
 
 1 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 
 IB 
 
 N. pocticu* dmoU 
 
 N. pueUi triumph 
 
 
 tl mml 
 
 N. wUI Mark* 
 
 U. Ucotor apricot 
 
 N. madam* d* fraaff. . . 
 
 N. lord rulwrU 
 
 N . ftciit-* harvey 
 
 N. j. t. branatt yarn 
 
 A corresponding shifting of relationship of the 
 parents to each other and of the hybrid to the parents 
 was recorded in the histologic characteristics, polariscopic 
 figures, re-art IOIIH with HelcniU*. qualitative reactions with 
 iodine, and qualitative reactions with the various chemi- 
 cal reagents. Among these will be found not only prop- 
 erties which are nearer to or identical with one or tin- 
 other parent or the same as in both parents, or developed 
 in excess or deficit, but also properties that are peculiar 
 to the hybrid. 
 
 25. COMPARISONS OF THE STARCHES OF LILIUM 
 MAKTAGON ALBUM, L. MACt'LATUM, AND L. 
 
 MARIIAN. 
 
 In histologic characteristics, polariscopic figures, 
 reactions with selenite, qualitative reactions with iodine, 
 and qualitative reactions with the various chemical 
 reagents all three starches exhihit pn>|>ertica in common 
 in various degrees of development, the sum of which in 
 each case is distinctive. The starch of Lilium macu- 
 latum in comparison with that of L. martagon album 
 contains a less number of aggregates and compound 
 grains, the grains are somewhat more irregular, and 
 there is a form of irregularity that is peculiar. The 
 hilum is more distinct, much more often fissured, and 
 somewhat more eccentric. The lamella; are less fun-, 
 more distinct, and leas numerous. In size the grains 
 are on the whole broader, absolutely and proportionately, 
 in breadth to length. In the polariscopic, selenite, and 
 qualitative iodine reactions there are various differences. 
 In the qualitative reactions with chloral hydrate, chromic 
 acid, potassium hydroxide, cobalt nitrate, and cupric 
 chloride there are numerous differences, some of which 
 are quite striking. The starch of the hybrid shows in 
 form a closer relationship to that of L. marulalum. 
 The hilum is more often fissured and occupied by a 
 cavity than in either parent, and in character and eccen- 
 tricity is in closer relationship to L. martagon album. 
 The lamella? are as distinct and fine as in L. mariagon 
 album, but in general characteristic* and arrangement 
 are the same as in both parents. In size the relationship 
 
92 
 
 HISTOLOGIC PROPERTIES AND REACTIONS. 
 
 is closer to L. martagon album. In the polariscopic, 
 selenite, and qualitative iodine reactions the relationships 
 are closer to L. maculatum. Here and there are data of 
 development of the hybrid beyond parental extremes, as 
 in the degree of irregularity of the grains, the appear- 
 ance of secondary lamellae, fissuration of and the cavi- 
 ties in the hilum, and in the bending and bisection of the 
 lines of the polariscopic figure. In the qualitative reac- 
 tions with the chemical reagents the resemblances are in 
 the chloral-hydrate reactions closer to L. martagon 
 album; but in those with chromic acid, potassium hy- 
 droxide, cobalt nitrate, and cupric chloride they are 
 closer, on the whole, to those of L. maculatum. In 
 some of these reactions the greater influence of one or 
 the other parent is quite conspicuous. 
 
 Reaction-intensities Expressed by Light, Color, and Tempera- 
 ture Reactions. 
 Polarization : 
 
 L. martagon album, low to high, value 65. 
 
 L. maculatum, low to high, much lower than in L. martagon album, 
 value 50. 
 
 L. uiarhan, low to high, the same as in L. maculatum, value 50. 
 Iodine : 
 
 L. martagon album, moderate, value 65. 
 
 L. maculatum, moderate, less than in L. martagon album, value 55. 
 
 L. marhan, moderate, intermediate between the parents, value 58. 
 Gentian violet: 
 
 L. martagon album, moderate, value 55. 
 
 L. maculatum, moderate, less than in L. martagon album, value 45. 
 
 L. marhan, moderate, less than in either parent, value 43. 
 Safranin: 
 
 L. martagon album, moderate, value 50. 
 
 L. maculatum, moderate, less than in L. martagon album, value 45. 
 
 L. marhan, moderate, less than in either parent, value 43. 
 Temperature: 
 
 L. martagon album, in majority at 59 to 61, in all at 62 to 64", 
 mean 63. 
 
 L. maculatum, in majority at 57 to 58, in all at 60 to 62, mean 61. 
 
 L. marhan, in majority at 56 to 58, in all at 59 to 60, mean 59.5. 
 
 The reactivity of L. marfagon album is higher than 
 that of the other parent in the reactions with polariza- 
 tion, iodine, gentian violet, and safrauin; and lower 
 in that with temperature. The reactivity of the hybrid 
 is the same or practically the same as that of L. macu- 
 latum in the polarization reaction ; intermediate between 
 those of the parents in the iodine reaction; lowest of 
 the three in those with gentian violet and safranin ; and 
 the highest of the three in that with temperature. The 
 reactions of the hybrid are closer throughout all five 
 reactions to those of L. maculatum than to those of the 
 other parent. 
 
 Table A 25 shows the reaction-intensities in percent- 
 ages of total starch gelatinized at definite intervals 
 (seconds and minutes). 
 
 VELOCITY-REACTION CURVES. 
 
 This section treats of the velocity-reaction curves of 
 the starches of Lilium martagon album, L. maculatum, 
 and L. marhan, showing the quantitative differences in 
 the behavior toward different reagents at definite time- 
 intervals. ( Charts D 347 to D 353. ) 
 
 These starches are generally so sensitive to the reag- 
 ents used that only five of the reactions give satisfactory 
 data for the construction of charts. In many of the 
 reactions, notwithstanding the speed of gelatinization, 
 more or less marked differences are recorded, yet little 
 reliance should be placed on the figures unless they are 
 confirmed by repeated experiment. In some instances 
 the reactions of all three starches during the first min- 
 ute are practically or absolutely alike, as in those with 
 nitric acid, sulphuric acid, hydrochloric acid, potas- 
 sium iodide, potassium sulphocyanate, potassium sul- 
 phide, sodium hydroxide, and sodium sulphide. In 
 others there are such differences as to suggest that 
 
 TABLE A 25. 
 
 
 n 
 
 10 
 
 V 
 
 O 
 w 
 
 
 
 S 
 
 M 
 
 5 
 
 
 E 
 
 * 
 
 = 
 
 ^ 
 
 e 
 
 o 
 
 = 
 
 
 
 B 
 
 s 
 
 a 
 
 Q 
 
 * 
 
 Chloral hydrate: 
 L. martagon album 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 47 
 "> 
 
 
 ss 
 97 
 95 
 
 97 
 
 97 
 
 99 
 
 9S 
 
 99 
 
 
 L. maculatum 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 l>5 
 (HI 
 
 
 Chromic acid: 
 L. martagon album 
 L. maculatum 
 
 
 
 
 
 82 
 99 
 
 
 L. marhan 
 
 
 
 
 
 99 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Pyrogallic acid: 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 90 
 
 
 9 r i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ')'> 
 
 
 
 
 
 L. marhan 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 '<) 
 
 
 
 
 
 Nitric acid: 
 
 99 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 L. maculatum 
 
 99 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 90 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Sulphuric acid: 
 
 
 
 99 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 L. maculatum 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 L. marhan 
 
 
 
 9' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Hydrochloric acid: 
 L. martagon album 
 
 98 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ino 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 L. marhan 
 
 inn 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Potassium hydroxide: 
 L. martagon album 
 
 0.0. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 inn 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 inn 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Potassium iodide: 
 L. martagon album 
 
 
 97 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 L. maculatum 
 
 
 HH 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 III! 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Potassium sulphocyanate: 
 
 91 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 0.9 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 98 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Potassium sulphide: 
 L martagon album 
 
 0,9 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 L. maculatum 
 
 ion 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 inn 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Sodium hydroxide: 
 
 99 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 L. maculatum 
 
 inn 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ion 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Sodium sulphide: 
 
 98 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 99 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 98 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Sodium salicylate: 
 
 
 
 
 
 IS 
 
 
 X4 
 '.17 
 '.in 
 
 IIS 
 
 !l!l 
 10(1 
 99 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 69 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 11 
 
 
 
 
 
 Calcium nitrate: 
 L. martagon album 
 
 
 
 85 
 9F> 
 
 
 97 
 99 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 91 
 
 
 99 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Uranium nitrate: 
 
 
 
 66 
 
 
 99 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 m 
 
 
 100 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 V 
 
 
 99 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Strontium nitrate: 
 
 
 
 71 
 
 
 99 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 91 
 
 inn 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 HI 
 
 
 98 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Cobalt nitrate: 
 L. martagon album 
 
 
 
 17 
 
 91 
 
 
 87 
 
 9'i 
 
 
 95 
 
 
 98 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 81 
 
 
 99 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Copper nitrate: 
 
 
 
 71 
 
 
 99 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 99 
 98 
 
 77 
 
 100 
 99 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Cupric chloride: 
 
 
 
 99 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 98 
 
 
 inn 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 97 
 
 
 99 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Barium chloride: 
 L. martagon album 
 L. maculatum 
 L. marhan 
 Mercuric chloride: 
 
 
 
 10 
 89 
 82 
 
 91 
 
 
 76 
 97 
 99 
 
 99 
 
 
 SI 
 
 99 
 '.19 
 
 
 '.!-' 
 
 9-, 
 
 
 
 
 
 91 
 
 
 99 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 99 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
I.II.IVM. 
 
 with reagents of suitable concentration there would 
 be shown marked differentiation. Attention has been 
 directed to greater resemblance generally of the 
 hybrid to L. maculatum than to the other parent 
 in histologic and certain qualitative peculiarities, and 
 also in the react ion- in tenuities expressed by light, 
 and temperature and it is of interest in this 
 
 connection tii n.ii.- that in the reactions with calcium 
 nitrate, uranium nitrate, cobalt nitrate, copper nitrate, 
 cupric chloride, and barium chloride the figure* show 
 very definitely the same parental relationship, while in 
 that with strontium nitrate the hybrid figure approxi- 
 mates mid-intermediateness, and in that with mercuric 
 chloride a reactivity higher than in either parent. In 
 the remaining IMCOMM, all of which being lew rapid, 
 with chl'irnl hydrate the reaction of the hybrid is prac- 
 tically mid-intermediate; with chromic acid and pyro- 
 gnllic ai nl the reaction* are closer to /.. maculalum; am) 
 with MMlium salicylatc the reaction is at tin- end of 3 
 minute* distinctly lower than those of the parents and 
 at 5 minutes mid-intermediate. Inferring to the charts, 
 it will be seen that in all five reactions the curve of L. 
 mnrlayon album is the lowest of the three; that the 
 hybrid curve is practically the same as the cnnre of L. 
 maculatum in the reactions with chromic acid, pyrogallic 
 acid, and barium chloride; that the hybrid curve is 
 intermediate in the chloral-hydrate reaction, but on the 
 whole closer to L. maculalum; and that the hybrid curve 
 is lower at first than that of either parent, and then inter- 
 mediate, in the sodium salicylate reaction. 
 
 REACTION-INTENSITIES OF THE HYBRID. 
 
 This mt-titui treats of the reaction-intensities of the 
 hybrid as regards sameness, in termed iateness, excess, and 
 deficit in relation to the parents. (Table A 25 and 
 Charts D 34? to D 353.) 
 
 The reactivity of the hybrid is the same as that of the 
 seed parent in none of the reactions ; the same as those 
 of the pollen parent in the reactions with polarization, 
 chromic acid, pyrogallic acid, copper nitrate, and cupric 
 chloride; the same as those of both parents with nitric 
 arid, sulphuric acid, hydrochloric acid, potassium hy- 
 droxide, potassium iodide, potassium sulphocyanate, 
 potassium sulphide, sodium hydroxide, and sodium sul- 
 phide, in all of which the reactions occur too rapidly 
 for differentiation ; intermediate with iodine, chloral 
 hydrate, uranium nitrate, strontium nitrate, cobalt ni- 
 trate, and barium chloride (in four being closer to the 
 seed parent, and in four closer to the pollen parent) ; 
 highest with mercuric chloride, and as near one as the 
 other parent; and lowest with gentian violet, safranin, 
 temperature, sodium salicylate, and calcium nitrate (in 
 three being closer to the pollen parent and in two closer 
 to the seed parent) . 
 
 The following is a summary of the reaction-intensi- 
 ties : Same as seed parent, ; same as pollen parent, 5 ; 
 same as both parents, 9; intermediate, 6; highest, 1; 
 lowest, 5. 
 
 The pollen parent has obviously exercised a much 
 more potent influence than the other parent on the proper- 
 ties of the starch of the hybrid. The most conspicuous 
 features of these reactions, apart from the many instances 
 of sameness to both parents, are sameness to the pollen 
 parent, intermediateness, and lowest reactivities. 
 
 COMPOSITE CURVES OF REACTION-INTENSITIES. 
 
 This section treats of the composite curves of the 
 reaction-intensities, showing the difTerentiation of the 
 starches of Lilium martagon album, L. macula turn, and 
 L. marhan. (Chart E 25.) 
 
 The roost conspicuous features of this chart are: 
 i 1 ) The close correspondence of all three curves 
 throughout, the curves keeping close together excepting 
 in the barium-chloride reaction. In most of the charts 
 there is either little or no difTerentiation of the three 
 starches, as in the reactions with nitric acid, sulphuric 
 hydrochloric acid, potassium hydroxide, potassium 
 iodide, |Mitas-ium Mil|>hocvniiatc, potassium sulphi<l 
 dium hydroxide, and sodium sulphide. In all other 
 reactions the curves of the hybrid and L. macvlatum run 
 very closely together, excepting in the reactions with 
 sodium salicylate, calcium nitrate, uranium nitrate, 
 strontium nitrate, in which the curves of the hybrid 
 and L. martagon album are the same and below that 
 of the other parent ; in the cobalt-nitrate reaction, where 
 the curve is intermediate, and in that of mercuric 
 chloride, in which the curves of the parents are the same 
 and the curve of the hybrid distinctly higher. 
 
 (2) In /.. iiiiirliiijun album in comparison with the 
 other parent the higher reactions with polarization, 
 iodine, gentian violet, safranin ; the lower reactions with 
 temperature, chloral hydrate, chromic acid, pyrogallic 
 acid, sodium salicylate, calcium nitrate, uranium nitrate, 
 strontium nitrate, cobalt nitrate, copper nitrate, cupric 
 chloride, and barium chloride ; and the same or practically 
 the same reactions with nitric acid, sulphuric acid, hydro- 
 chloric acid, potassium hydroxide, potassium iodide, po- 
 tassium sulphocyanate, potassium sulphide, sodium hy- 
 droxide, sodium sulphide, and mercuric chloride. 
 
 (3) In L. martagon album, the very high reactions 
 with chromic acid, pyrogallic acid, nitric acid, sulphuric 
 acid, hydrochloric acid, potassium hydroxide, potassium 
 iodide, potassium sulphocyanate. potassium sulphide, so- 
 dium hvdroxide, sodium sulphide, sodium salicylate, cal- 
 cium nitrate, uranium nitrate, strontium nitrate, cobalt 
 nitrate, copper nitrate, cupric chloride, and mercuric 
 chloride; the high reactions with polarization, iodine, 
 chloral hydrate, and barium chloride ; the moderate reac- 
 tions with gentian violet, safranin, and temperature. 
 
 (4) In L. maculalum, the very high reactions with 
 chloral hydrate, chromic acid, pyrogsllir acid, nitric 
 acid, sulphuric acid, hydrochloric acid, potassium hydrox- 
 ide, potassium iodide, potassium sulphocyanate, potas- 
 sium sulphide, sodium hydroxide, sodium sulphide, so- 
 dium salicylatc, calcium nitrate, uranium nitrate, stron- 
 tium nitrate, cobalt nitrate, copper nitrate, cupric 
 chloride, barium chloride, and mercuric chloride; the 
 high reactions with temperature; and the moderate reac- 
 tions with polarization, iodine, gentian violet, and 
 safranin. 
 
 (5) In the hybrid, the very high reactions with 
 chloral hydrate, chromic acid, pyrogallic acid, nitric 
 acid, sulphuric acid, hydrochloric acid, potassium hydrox- 
 ide, potassium iodide, potassium sulphocyanate, potas- 
 sium sulphide, sodium hydroxide, sodium sulphide, 
 sodium salicylate, calcium nitrate, uranium nitrate, 
 strontium nitrate, cobalt nitrate, copper nitrate, cnpric 
 chloride, barium chloride, and mercuric chloride; the 
 high reaction with temperature ; the moderate reactions 
 with polarization, iodine, gentian violet, and safranin. 
 
 The following is a summary of the reaction-intensi- 
 ties: 
 
 
 VT 
 
 Rich. 
 
 Mod- 
 erate. 
 
 Low. 
 
 Vy 
 
 low. 
 
 
 IB 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 21 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 31 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
94 
 
 HISTOLOGIC PROPERTIES AND REACTIONS. 
 
 26. COMPARISONS OF THE STARCHES OF LlLIUM 
 MARTAGON., L. MACULATUM, AND L. DALHANSONI. 
 
 In histologic characteristics, polariscopic figures, 
 reactions with selenite, qualitative reactions with iodine 
 and with the various chemical reagents all three starches 
 exhibit properties in common in various degrees of de- 
 velopment, the sum of which in each case is character- 
 istic. The starch of L. maculatum in comparison with 
 that of L. martagon contains no aggregates and few com- 
 pound grains ; the grains are more tegular ; broad forms 
 are more numerous; and a larger number of grains are 
 flattened. The hilum is more distinct, more often fis- 
 sured, and less eccentric. The lamellae are less fine, 
 more distinct, and less numerous. In size there is more 
 broadness. In the polariscopic, selenite, iodine, and 
 aniline reactions there are various differences. In the 
 qualitative reactions with chloral hydrate, chromic acid, 
 potassium hydroxide, cobalt nitrate, and cupric chlo- 
 ride there are many differences which collectively are 
 distinctive. The starch of the hybrid shows an absence 
 of compound grains that were found in the starches of 
 both parents; there is greater regularity of the grains 
 than in either parent ; and the starch shows, on the whole, 
 a closer relationship to that of L. martagon. The hilum 
 in character and eccentricity is more closely related to 
 L. maculatum. The lamellae in character and arrange- 
 ment are more like those of L. martagon, but in number 
 closer to the other parent. In size the larger grains 
 are not so large as the corresponding grains in both 
 parents, but their dimensions and also the common sizes 
 are closer to those of L. martagon. In the polariscopic, 
 selenite, iodine, and aniline reactions the relationships 
 are closer to L. martagon. In the qualitative reactions 
 with the chemical reagents closer resemblances to one 
 or the other parent or in common to both parents are 
 recorded. In the chloral-hydrate reactions the relation- 
 ship is closer to L. maculatum, while in those with 
 chromic acid, potassium hydroxide, cobalt nitrate, and 
 cupric chloride the relationships are closer to L. 
 martagon. 
 
 Reaction-intensities Expressed 6t/ % Light, Color, and Tempera- 
 ture Reactions. 
 
 Polarization : 
 
 L. martagon, low to high, value 60. 
 
 L. maculaturo, low to high, lower than in L. martagon, value 50. 
 
 L. dalhansoni, low to high, the same as in L. martiigon, value 60. 
 Iodine: 
 
 L. martagon, moderate, value 60. 
 
 L. maculatura, moderate, less than in L. martagon, value 55. 
 
 L. dalhansoni, moderate to deep, higher than in either parent, 
 
 value 65. 
 Gentian violet: 
 
 L. martagon, moderate to moderately deep, value 55. 
 
 L. maculatum, moderate, less than in L. martagon, value 45. 
 
 L. dalhansoni, moderate, the same as in L. martagon, value 65. 
 Saf ranin : 
 
 L. martagon, moderate, value 55. 
 
 L. maculatum, moderate, less than in L. martagon, value 45. 
 
 L. dalhansoni, moderate, the same as in L. martagun, value 65. 
 Temperature : 
 
 L. martagon, in majority at 62 to 64, in all at 66.5 to 68.3, 
 mean 67.4. 
 
 L. maculatum, in majority at 57 to 58, in all at 60 to 62, mean 61. 
 
 L. dalhansoni, in majority at 59 to 60.2, in all at 63 to 64, mean 
 63.9. 
 
 The reactivity of L. martagon is higher than that of 
 the other parent in the reactions with polarization, iodine, 
 gentian violet, and safranin; and lower in those with 
 temperature. The reactivity of the hybrid is the same 
 or practically the same as that of L. martagon in the 
 reactions with polarization, gentian violet, and safranin ; 
 the highest of the three in that with iodine ; and inter- 
 mediate in that with temperature. With the exception 
 
 of the temperature reaction, the relationship of the hybrid 
 is much closer to L. martagon than to the other parent. 
 Table A 26 shows the reaction-intensities in percent- 
 ages of total starch gelatinized at definite intervals 
 (seconds and minutes). 
 
 VELOCITY-REACTION CURVES. 
 
 This section treats of the velocity-reaction curves of 
 the starches of Lilium martagon, L. maculatum, and 
 L. dalhansoni, showing the quantitative differences in the 
 behavior toward different reagents at definite time-inter- 
 vals. ( Charts D 354 to D 360.) 
 
 Most of the reactions occur with such rapidity that 
 the data do not lend themselves to the making of charts. 
 Gelatinization is complete within 15 to 30 seconds in 
 the reactions with nitric acid, sulphuric acid, hydrochloric 
 acid, potassium hydroxide, potassium iodide, potassium 
 sulphocyanate, potassium sulphide, sodium hydroxide, 
 and sodium sulphide. In certain other reactions, even 
 though they proceed with speed, there are more or less 
 distinctive differences, as, for instance, in the reactions 
 with calcium nitrate, uranium nitrate, strontium nitrate, 
 copper nitrate, cupric chloride, and mercuric chloride, in 
 all of which gelatinization is almost if not complete 
 within 3 minutes. In all of these reactions, excepting 
 those with uranium nitrate, strontium nitrate, and cupric 
 chloride the hybrid reactions are very distinctly closer to 
 those of L. maculatum than to those of the other parent; 
 in those with uranium nitrate and cupric chloride the 
 hybrid is approximately mid-intermediate ; and in those 
 with strontium nitrate the same as L. martagon. In 
 histologic and qualitative peculiarities, and in the polar- 
 ization, iodine, and aniline reactions the hybrid shows 
 in general a closer relationship to L. martagon; but occa- 
 sionally closer to the other parent, or intermediate as in 
 the temperature reaction. Referring to the charts, it will 
 be seen that in all of them the curves of L. maculatum 
 and the hybrid are almost exactly the same, and higher 
 than the curve of the other parent ; and that the hybrid 
 curves tend to be slightly lower than those of L. macu- 
 latum. The relatively greater resistance of the starch 
 of L. martagon is exhibited particularly in the curves 
 for chromic acid, pyrogallic acid, and barium chloride. 
 
 REACTION-INTENSITIES OF THE HYBRIDS. 
 
 This section treats of the reaction-intensities of the 
 hybrids as regards sameness, intermediateness, excess, 
 and deficit in relation to the parents. (Table A 26 and 
 Charts D 354 to D 360.) 
 
 The reactivities of the hybrid are the same as those 
 of the seed parent in the reactions with polarization, 
 gentian voilet, and strontium nitrate ; the same as those 
 of the pollen parent with chloral hydrate; the same as 
 those of both parents with nitric acid, sulphuric acid, 
 hydrochloric acid, potassium hydroxide, potassium 
 iodide, potassium sulphocyanate, potassium sulphide, so- 
 dium hydroxide,' and sodium sulphide, in all of which 
 the reactions occur too quickly for differentiation ; in- 
 termediate with temperature, chromic acid, pyrogallic 
 acid, calcium nitrate, uranium nitrate, cobalt nitrate, 
 copper nitrate, cupric choride, and barium chloride (in 
 seven closer to those of the pollen parent, in one closer 
 to that of the seed parent, and in one mid-intermediate) ; 
 highest with iodine and sodium salicylate (in one being 
 closer to the seed parent, and in one closer to the pollen 
 parent) ; and lowest with mercuric chloride, and closer 
 to the pollen parent. 
 
 The following is a summary of the reaction-intensi- 
 ties : Same as seed parent, 4 ; same as pollen parent, 1 ; 
 same as both parents, 9 ; intermediate, 9 ; highest, 2 ; 
 lowest, 1. 
 
I. ll.lt M. 
 
 Ton* 36 A. 
 
 I. m*itcoD . . 
 1. maruUlum 
 I.. .Ulhinrai . 
 Chramie Mid: 
 I niarincon . . 
 I marul.tum 
 I.. dmHuuwooi 
 
 1. t 
 
 I laliuuimi. 
 Nitric Mid: 
 
 I n, :i:! i k -..|| 
 
 I m.uUtum 
 I lUlbaiMoai . 
 Sulphuric Mid: 
 I niartacoo. . 
 
 U RutrtJMtoo. . . 
 I.. nukcuUtum. . 
 
 I . 
 
 ! 
 I 
 I. <i>lh. 
 
 L. mwtaeoo. . . 
 
 L. mmruliit inn 
 
 ! ' 
 
 I'-,-.. . : 
 I. i 
 L.I 
 
 I 
 
 L.I 
 L-i 
 
 : . - 
 
 L. martaeon. . 
 
 L. macuUtum. 
 
 L. dmlbmiuoai. 
 
 Sodium Ml 
 
 I. i 
 L.I 
 U. 
 Claum nitnto: 
 
 I HUUtCaa . 
 
 I., rn.cul.tuni 
 L. dalbaonai . 
 Cranium nitrate: 
 L. marUcoa . 
 L. nutcuUtura 
 L.C 
 
 100 
 
 100 
 
 100 
 99 
 
 M 
 
 ' 
 
 100 
 
 M 
 
 -. 
 
 H 
 
 ,. 
 
 I 
 
 iw 
 
 m the foregoing data the pollen parent has been by 
 far the more potent in lU influence* on determining the 
 properties of the starch of the hybrid. The tendency 
 to intermediateness U quite manifest 
 
 COMPOSITE CURVES or RSACTION-INTKNSITIHI. 
 
 This section treat* of the composite curve* of the 
 reaction-intensities, showing Uic dinYn>nti:itii>n .if the 
 starches of Lilium martagon, L. maculatum. am! /. 
 (io/Aaiuoni. (Chart E 26.) 
 
 The most conspicuous feature* of this chart are: 
 
 (1) The clo*e correspondence in the three curves 
 excepting in the reactions with chromic acid, pyrognllic 
 acid, and barium chloride, in which there occurs in i-arb 
 instance a marked drop in the curve of L. marln 
 while the curve* of L. maculatum and the hybrid t> n<l 
 to keep the name or quite clow? tn^i-tlii-r. In H lar^<- 
 number of reactions there is no differentiation between 
 the three starches, as in those with chloral hydra!.-, 
 nitric acid, sulphuric acid, hydrochloric acid, pota-'ciuin 
 hydroxide, potassium iodide, potassium sulphocyanate, 
 potawium sulphide, sodium hydroxide, sodium sulphide, 
 and uranium nitrate; and in nthi-r instance* there is a 
 tendency for the hybrid curve to be the same as that of 
 one or the other parent, or occasionally above both or 
 intermediate. In part the hybrid curve is more dis- 
 tinctly related to the curve of /,. mamlattim than to that 
 of the other parent, and in part the reverse. 
 
 (2) In L. martagon in comparison with the other 
 parent, the high reactions with polarization, iodine, gen- 
 tian violet and safranin; the same or practically the 
 name with chloral hydrate, nitric acid, sulphuric acid, 
 hydrochloric acid, potassium hydroxide, potassium 
 iodide, potassium sulphocyanate, potassium sulphide, 
 sodium hydroxide, sodium sulphide, calcium nitrate, 
 uranium nitrate, and mercuric chloride ; and the lower 
 with temperature, chromic acid, pyro^allic acid, sodium 
 salicylate, strontium nitrate, cobalt nitrate, copper ni- 
 trate, cupric chloride, and barium chloride. 
 
 (3) In L. martagon the very high reactions with 
 chloral hydrate, nitric acid, sulphuric acid, hydrochloric 
 acid, potassium hydroxide, potassium iodide, potassium 
 sulphocyanate, potassium sulphide, sodium hvdroxidn, 
 sodium sulphide, sodium salicylate, calcium nitrnt<>, ura- 
 nium nitrate, strontium nitrate, cobalt nitrate, copper 
 nitrate, cupric chloride, and mercuric chloride ; the high 
 reactions with polarization, iodine, chromic acid, pyro- 
 gallic acid, and barium chloride; and the moderate reac- 
 tions with gentian violet, safranin, and temperature. 
 
 (4) In L. marulalum the very high reactions with 
 chloral hydrate, chromic acid, pyrogallic acid, nitric 
 acid, sulphuric acid, hydrochloric acid, potassium hy- 
 droxide, potassium iodide, potassium sulphocyanate. po- 
 tassium sulphide, sodium hydroxide, sodium sulphide, 
 aodinm salicylate, calcium nitrate, uranium nitrate, 
 strontium nitrate, cobalt nitrate, copper nitrate, barium 
 chloride, and mercuric chloride; tbn hiirli t'-miN-rnturc 
 reaction ; the moderate reaction* with polarization, 
 iodine, gentian violet, and safranin. 
 
 (5) In the hybrid, the very high reactions with 
 chloral hydrate, chromic acid, pyrogallic acid, nitric 
 acid, sulphuric acid, hydrochloric acid, potassium hy- 
 droxide, potassium iodide, potassium sulphocyanate, po- 
 tassium sulphide, sodium hydroxide, sodium sulphide, 
 ?odinm salicylate, calcium nitrate, uranium nitrate, 
 strontium nitrate, cobalt nitrate, copper nitrate, cupric 
 chloride, barium chloride, and mercuric chloride; the 
 hi^li reactions with polarization and iodine ; and the mod- 
 erate reactions with gentian violet, tafranin, and 
 temperature. 
 
HISTOLOGIC PROPERTIES AND REACTIONS. 
 
 Following is a summary of the reaction-intensities: 
 
 
 Very 
 high. 
 
 High. 
 
 Mod- 
 erate. 
 
 Low. 
 
 Very 
 low. 
 
 
 18 
 
 5 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 L. maculatum 
 
 21 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 21 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 27. COMPARISONS OF THE STAECHES OF LILIUM 
 TENUIFOLIUM, L. MAKTAGON ALBUM, AND L. 
 GOLDEN GLEAM. 
 
 In the histologic characteristics, polariscopic figures, 
 reactions with selenite, qualitative reactions with iodine, 
 and qualitative reactions with the chemical reagents all 
 three starches exhibit properties in common in various 
 degrees of development, the sum of which in each case 
 is characteristic. The starch of Lilium marlagon album 
 in comparison with that of L. tenuifolium contains very 
 few compound grains and aggregates ; there is less irreg- 
 ularity and variety in the forms, and the protuber- 
 ances are less rounded ; and a less number of grains are 
 flattened. The hilum is not so distinct; less often 
 occupied by a cavity; somewhat more fissured; and 
 less eccentric. The lamellae have the same characteristics 
 and arrangement as in the other parent, but they are less 
 numerous. The size is somewhat larger. In the polari- 
 scopic, selenite, and qualitative iodine reactions various 
 differences are noted. In the qualitative reactions with 
 chloral hydrate, chromic acid, potassium hydroxide, co- 
 balt nitrate, and cupric chloride the differences are 
 sufficient for easy differentiation. The starch of the 
 hybrid shows in comparison with the starches of the 
 parents fewer compound grains than in either parent, 
 and there is an absence of aggregates; and the grains 
 are more irregular than in either parent. The hilum is 
 as distinct as in L. tenuifolium and more distinct than 
 in the other parent; and it is fissured more often and 
 the eccentricity is less than in either parent. The 
 lamellae are less distinct and less fine than in either 
 parent. The size is about the same as in L. tenuifolium 
 and slightly less than in the other parent. In the 
 polariscopic, selenite, and qualitative iodine reactions 
 there are leanings to one or the other parent, but the 
 relationship is on the whole closer to L. tenuifolium. In 
 the qualitative chemical reactions certain reactions lean 
 to one parent and certain others to the other parent, but 
 with chloral hydrate the relationship is closer to L. mar- 
 tagon album, and in those with chromic acid, potassium 
 hydroxide, cobalt nitrate, and cupric chloride closer to 
 L. tenuifolium. 
 
 Reaction-intensities Eaepretsed by Light, Color, and Tempera- 
 ture Reactions. 
 Polarization : 
 
 L. tenuifolium, low to high, value 50. 
 
 L. martagon album, low to high, much higher than in L. tenui- 
 folium, value 65. 
 
 L. golden gleam, low to high, lower than in either parent, value 45. 
 Iodine : 
 
 L. tenuifolium, moderate, value 55. 
 
 L. martagon album, moderate, much higher than in L. tenuifolium, 
 value 65. 
 
 L. golden gleam, moderate, less than in either parent, value 50. 
 Gentian violet: 
 
 L. tenuifolium, moderate, value 60. 
 
 L. martagon album, moderate, less than in L. tenuifolium, value 55. 
 
 L. golden gleam, moderate, less than in either parent, value 50. 
 Saf ranin : 
 
 L. tenuifolium, moderate, value 55. 
 
 L. martagon album, moderate, less than in L. tenuifolium, value 50. 
 
 L. golden gleam, moderate, less than in either parent, value 48. 
 Temperature: 
 
 L. tenuifolium, in majority at 52 to 53, in all at 55.6 to 56", mean 
 55.8. 
 
 L. martagon album, in majority at 59 to 61, in all at 62 to 64, 
 mean 63. 
 
 L. golden gleam, in majority at 53 to 54.4, in all at 57 to 58.7, 
 mean 67.8*. 
 
 TABLE A 27. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 E 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 S 
 
 o 
 
 e 
 
 if. 
 
 S 
 
 /. 
 
 :o 
 
 S 
 
 E 
 
 <N 
 
 a 
 
 n 
 
 S 
 
 a 
 
 Chloral hydrate: 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 68 
 
 
 
 19 
 
 
 L. martagon album 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 471- - 
 
 ss 
 
 S'-i 
 
 .17 
 
 17 
 
 
 L. golden gleam 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 59 
 
 
 Chromic acid: 
 
 
 
 
 
 9i 
 
 
 H 
 
 
 99 
 
 
 
 L. martagon album 
 
 
 
 
 
 82 
 9S 
 
 
 90. . 
 99' 
 
 97 
 
 99 
 
 
 Pyrogallic acid: 
 L. tenuifolium 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 99 
 
 
 
 
 
 L. martagon album 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 90 
 
 ,,- 
 
 
 
 L. golden gleam 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 99 
 
 
 
 
 
 Nitric acid: 
 L. tenuifolium 
 
 99 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 L. martagon album 
 
 99 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 L. golden gleam 
 
 99 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Sulphuric acid: 
 L. tenuifolium 
 
 
 '111 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 L. martagon album 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 L. golden gleam 
 
 
 'IS 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Hydrochloric acid: 
 L. tenuifolium 
 
 98 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 L. martagon album 
 
 98 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 L. golden gleam 
 
 99 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Potassium hydroxide: 
 L. tenuifolium 
 
 inn 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 L. martagon album 
 
 99 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 L. golden gleam 
 
 inn 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Potassium iodide: 
 L. tenuifolium 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 L. martagon album 
 
 
 '17 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 L. golden gleam 
 
 
 'I'l 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Potassium sulphocyanate: 
 L. tenuifolium 
 
 
 'I'l 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 L. martagon album 
 
 
 Ti 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 L. golden gleam 
 
 
 'I'l 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Potassium sulphide: 
 L. tenuifolium 
 
 9? 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 L. martagon album 
 
 99 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 L. golden gleam 
 
 99 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Sodium hydroxide: 
 L. tenuifolium 
 
 9fi 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 L. martagon album 
 
 99 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 L. golden gleam 
 
 ion 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Sodium sulphide: 
 L. tenuifolium 
 
 96 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 L. martagon album 
 
 98 
 99 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 L. golden gleam 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Sodium salicylate: 
 L. tenuifolium 
 
 
 
 
 
 i? 
 
 
 83 
 83 
 93 
 
 '.111 
 (111 
 '.111 
 
 
 
 
 L. martagon album 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 L. golden gleam 
 
 
 
 
 
 fi? 
 
 
 
 
 
 Calcium nitrate: 
 L. tenuifolium 
 
 
 
 
 
 9R 
 
 
 
 
 
 L. martagon album 
 
 
 
 S r i 
 
 
 97 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 L. golden gleam 
 
 
 
 '11 
 
 
 98 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Uranium nitrate: 
 L. tenuifolium 
 
 
 
 S3 
 
 
 90 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 L. martagon album 
 
 
 
 mi 
 
 
 99 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 L. golden gleam 
 
 
 
 ws 
 
 
 99 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Strontium nitrate: 
 L. tenuifolium 
 
 
 
 '111 
 
 
 inn 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 L. martagon album 
 
 
 
 
 
 99 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 L. golden gleam 
 
 
 
 ')" 
 
 
 99 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Cobalt nitrate: 
 L. tenuifolium 
 L. martagon album 
 L. golden gleam 
 Copper nitrate: 
 L. tenuifolium 
 
 
 
 71 
 
 17 
 70 
 
 'id 
 
 
 95 
 87 
 99 
 
 99 
 
 
 98 
 95 
 100 
 
 
 r 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 99 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 L. golden gleam 
 
 
 
 'I'l 
 
 
 inn 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Cupric chloride: 
 L. tenuifolium 
 
 
 
 7(1 
 
 77 
 
 
 95 
 
 'I'l 
 
 
 99 
 
 
 
 
 
 L. golden gleam 
 
 
 
 
 
 99 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Barium chloride: 
 L. tenuifolium 
 L. martagon album 
 L. golden gleam 
 Mercuric chloride: 
 L. tenuifolium 
 L. martagon album 
 
 
 
 66 
 
 Id 
 
 97 
 'II 
 
 
 88 
 76 
 99 
 
 100 
 
 99 
 
 
 96 
 81 
 99 
 
 
 .in 
 
 9^ 
 
 95 
 
 
 L. golden gleam 
 
 
 
 IIS 
 
 
 100 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
I II. MM. 
 
 '.'7 
 
 The reactivity iui/u/ium ia lower than that 
 
 of the oth--r parent in the polarization and iodine reac- 
 tions; and higher in the gentian violet, tafranin, and 
 tt>iii|H>rnturv reactions. The reactivity of the hybrid 
 is the lowi-.-t of tin- thro.- in the reactions with polariza- 
 tion. iodine, L'-ntiiiii violet, and ufranin; ami mt.-r 
 nii-.li.it.- with t- iiijH-ratiir.-. In the polarization, iodine, 
 and tetn|-rature reactions the hybrid is cloner to L. 
 ttnuifiilium, and in thm* with gentian violet, ufranin, 
 and temperature closer to /,. martagon album. 
 
 Tahle A V? >h.'* the reaction. intensities in percent- 
 age* of total starch gelatinized at definite interval* (sec- 
 onds and muni 
 
 VELOCITY-REACTION CURVES. 
 
 Thin section treat* of the Telocity-reaction euro* 
 of the starche* of Lilium ttnuifolium, L. maHagon 
 album, and L. golden gleam, ahowing the quantitative 
 differences in the behavior toward difiVr.-n: reagents at 
 definite time-interval*. (Chart* D 361 to D 366.) 
 
 These starches generally react so rapidly with the 
 various reagent* that there are few instance* where the 
 data are of value in presentation in the form of chart.*. 
 In the reaction* with nitric acid, sulphuric acid, hy- 
 drochloric acid, potassium hydroxide; potassium iodide, 
 potassium sulphocvanate, potassium sulphide, sodium 
 In.lroxide, and sodium sulphide complete or nearly com- 
 plete gelatinization occurs of all three starches within 
 15 to 30 seconds. In other reactions, notwithstanding 
 the rapidity, more or less differentiation is evident, a* 
 with calcium nitrate, uranium nitrate, strontium nitrate, 
 cobalt nitrate, copper nitrate, cnpric chloride, and mer- 
 curic chloride, in which gelatinization i* almost if not 
 wholly completed in 3 minutes. Differences in these 
 cases are quite noticeable at the end of 1 minute, L. 
 trnuifolium has a lower reactivity than the other parent 
 in the calcium-nitrate and cupric-chloride reactions, and 
 a higher reactivity in the others, and the hybrid shows 
 reactivities an high or higher than either parent. Not 
 much importance is to be attached to these figure*, al- 
 though they are very suggestive, owing to the difficulties 
 of obtaining accurate record*. Referring to the charts, 
 it will ho noted that all three curves in each chart tend to 
 closeness; that the hybrid curve is almost exactly the 
 same as the curve of L. marlagon album in the chloral- 
 hydrate reaction, hut like that of the other parent in the 
 chromic-acid and pyrogallic-acid reactions; that the 
 parental curves are practically exactly the same in the 
 fodium-wilicylate reaction, but the hybrid curve defi- 
 nitely higher: that the hybrid curve* are the highest 
 in three out of the fonr reactions, namely, in those of 
 chromic acid, sodium salicvlate, and barium chloride : 
 and that the parental curves differ somewhat in their 
 relative positions, the curve of L. tfnuifoliiim being 
 hijrher than that of the other parent in the reactions with 
 chloral hydratp, chromic acid, and barium chloride, but 
 the same in the reactions with sodium salicylatc. 
 
 OF THE 
 
 Thi* section treats of the reaction-intensities of the 
 hvbrid a* regards sameness, intermediat^ness, excess, and 
 deficit in relation to the parent*. (Table A 27 and 
 Charts D 361 to T) 366.) 
 
 The reactivities of the hybrid are the same a* those 
 of the seed parent in the reactions with chromie acid, 
 pvronnllic acid, potassinm sulphocvanate, and mercuric 
 chloride: the same as those of the pollen parent with 
 chloral hydrate, potassinm sulphide, sodinm hydroTi'de. 
 and sodium sulphide: the wime as those of both pirents 
 with nitric acid, sulphuric acid, hvdrochloric acid, potas- 
 sium hydroxide, and potassium iodide, in all of which 
 7" 
 
 the reaction* occur too rapidly for differentiation; intr 
 mediate with temperature and strontium nitrate, in both 
 of which the reaction* are closer to thoae of the teed 
 parent; highest with sodium salicylat*, calcium nitrate, 
 uranium nitrate, cobalt nitrate, copper nitrate, cnpric 
 Mn.|.-. and barium chloride (in four being cloaer to 
 the reaction* of the seed parent, in two to those of the 
 pollen parent, and in one a* close to one a* to the other 
 parent) ; and lowest with polarization, iodine, gentian 
 violet, and *afranin (in two nearer the aeed parent, and 
 in two nearer the pollen parent). 
 
 The following u a summary of the reaction-intensi- 
 ties : Same a* seed parent, 4 ; same as pollen parent, 4 ; 
 same a* both parent*, 5; intermediate, 2; highest. ?, 
 lowest, 4. 
 
 These data indicate that the wed parent had a more 
 marked influence than the pollen parent in determining 
 the properties of the hyl.rid. The tendency to highest 
 or lowest reactivity of the hybrid i* quite marked, this 
 being evident in nearly half of the reactions. 
 
 COMPOSITE CURVES OP REACTION-INTENSITIES. 
 
 This section treat* of the composite curves of the 
 reaction-intensities, showing the differentiation of the 
 starches of Lilium Ifnuifolium, L. marlagon album, and 
 L. golden gleam. (Chart E 26.) 
 
 The moat conspicuous features of this chart are: 
 
 (1) The closeness of all three curve*, the only point 
 of important departure being in the barium-chloride 
 reaction, in which there is a marked drop of the curve 
 of L. martagon album from the curves of the other 
 parent and the hybrid. Throughout a large part of the 
 chart there is little or absolutely no differentiation of the 
 curves, as in the reactions with nitric acid, sulphuric acid, 
 hydrochloric acid, potassium .hydroxide, pota^ium 
 iodide, potassium sulphocyanate, potassium sulphide, so- 
 dium hydroxide, sodium sulphide, sodium salicylat*, 
 calcium nitrate, uranium nitrate, strontium nitrate, 
 cobalt nitrate, copper nitrate, cupric chloride, and mer- 
 curic chloride. Tn the remaining 9 reactions the parental 
 curves are well separated, and the hybrid curve tend* 
 usually to be close to or identical with that of //. tmui- 
 folium rather than with that of the other parent. 
 
 (2) In L. tenuifolium , in comparison with the other 
 parent, the lower reaction* with polarization and iodine; 
 the higher reaction* with gentian violet, safranin, tem- 
 perature, chloral hydrate, chromic acid, pyrogallic acid, 
 cobalt nitrate, and harium chloride; and the same or 
 practically the same reactions with nitric acid, sulphuric 
 acid, hydrochloric acid, potassium hydroxide, potassium 
 iodide, potassinm sulphocyanate, potassium sulphide, so- 
 dium hydroxide, sodium sulphide, sodium salicylate, cal- 
 cium nitrate, uranium nitrate, strontium nitrate, copper 
 nitrate, cnpric chloride, and mercuric chloride. 
 
 (3) Tn //. tenuifolium the very high reactions with 
 chloral hydrate, chromic acid, pyrogallic acid, nitric 
 acid, snlphurie acid, hydrochloric acid, potassium hy- 
 droxide, potassium iodide, potassinm sulphocyanate, po- 
 tassium sulphide, sodium hydroxide, sodium Milphide, 
 sodium salicylate, calcium nitrate, uranium nitrate, 
 strontium nitrate, cobalt nitrate, copper nitrate, cnpric 
 chloride, and mercuric chloride ; the high reaction* with 
 gentian violet, temperature, and harium chloride; and 
 the moderate reaction* with polarization, iodine, and 
 safranin. 
 
 (4) Tn L. maHagon album the very high reaction* 
 with chromic acid, pyrogallic acid, nitric acid, ralphnrir 
 
 'ivdrochloric acid, potassium hydroxide. pota*ium 
 iodide, potassium snlphocyannte. potassium sulphide, 
 podium hydroxide, sodium salicylate. calcium nitrate, 
 uranium nitrate, strontium nitrate, cobalt nitrate, cop- 
 
HISTOLOGIC PROPERTIES AND REACTIONS. 
 
 per nitrate, cupric chloride, and mercuric chloride; the 
 high reactions with polarization, iodine, chloral hydrate, 
 and barium chloride; a'nd the moderate reactions with 
 gentian violet, safranin, and temperature. 
 
 (5) In the hybrid the very high reactions with 
 chromic acid, pyrogallic acid, nitric acid, sulphuric acid, 
 hydrochloric acid, potassium hydroxide, potassium 
 iodide, potassium sulphocyanate, potassium sulphide, 
 sodium hydroxide, sodium sulphide, sodium salicylate, 
 calcium nitrate, uranium nitrate, strontium nitrate, 
 cobalt nitrate, copper nitrate, cupric chloride, barium 
 chloride, and mercuric chloride ; the high reactions with 
 temperature and chloral hydrate; and the moderate 
 reactions with polarization, iodine, gentian violet, and 
 safranin. 
 
 Following is a summary of the reaction-intensities: 
 
 
 Very 
 high. 
 
 High. 
 
 Mod- 
 crate. 
 
 Low. 
 
 Very 
 low. 
 
 L. tenuifolium 
 
 21 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 19 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 20 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 28. COMPARISONS OF THE STAKCHES OF LILIUM 
 CHALCEDONICUM, L. CANDIDUM, AND L. TESTACEUM. 
 
 In the histologic characteristics, polariscopic figures, 
 reactions with selenite and qualitative reactions with 
 iodine and with various chemical reagents all three 
 starches possess properties in common in various de- 
 grees of development, the sum of which in each case is 
 characteristic of the starch. The starch of Lilium can- 
 didum in comparison with that of L. chalcedonicum con- 
 tains a larger proportion of grains that are regular in 
 form, and there is a more marked tendency for the 
 proximal end to be narrower than the distal end of the 
 grain. The hilum is more often fissured and the eccen- 
 tricity is less. The lamellae are more distinct; broad, 
 refractive lamellae are more numerous ; and there is often 
 present a band of three or four broad lamellae in the 
 distal third of the grain; and the number is somewhat 
 less. The sizes of corresponding types of grains are less. 
 In the polariscopic, selenite, and qualitative iodine reac- 
 tions there are numerous differences. In the qualitative 
 reactions with chloral hydrate, chromic acid, potassium 
 hydroxde, cobalt nitrate, and cupric chloride various 
 differences are recorded, several of which are quite dis- 
 tinctive of one or the other parent. The starch of the 
 hybrid in comparison with the starches of the parents is 
 less regular in form than in either parent, and there is 
 a kind of irregularity that is peculiar to the hybrid; 
 and the grains tend to be less pointed at the proximal 
 end than in L. chalcedonicum, but somewhat more 
 pointed than in L. candidum. The hilum is in charac- 
 ter closer to that of L. chalcedonicum, but in degree of 
 eccentricity closer to that of L. candidum. The lamellae 
 are less distinct, less numerous, and finer than in either 
 parent. The sizes of corresponding types of grains are 
 closer to those of L. candidum and on the whole smaller 
 than in the other parent. In the qualitative chemical 
 reactions the hybrid leans to L. chalcedonicum, which 
 reactions may be modified through the influence of the 
 other parent. 
 
 Reaction-intentitiet Expretsfd. by Light, Color, and Tempera- 
 ture Reactions. 
 Polarization: 
 
 L. chalcedonicum, low to high, value 60. 
 
 L. candidum, low to high, higher than in L. chalcedonicum, value 05. 
 L. testaceum, low to high, the same as in L. chalcedonicum 
 value 60. 
 
 Iodine: 
 
 L. chalcedonicum, moderate, value 55. 
 
 L. candidum, moderate, deeper than in L. chalcedonicum, value 05. 
 L. testaceum, moderate, less than in either parent, value 50. 
 Gentian violet: 
 
 L. chalcedonicum, moderate, value 60. 
 
 L. candidum, moderate to very deep, much deeper than in L. chal- 
 cedonicum, value 80. 
 L. testaceum, moderate to very deep, the same as in L. candidum, 
 
 value 80. 
 Safranin : 
 
 L. chalcedonicum, moderate, value 65. 
 
 L. candidum, moderate to very deep, much deeper than in L. chal- 
 cedonicum, value 80. 
 L. testaceum, moderate to very deep, the same as in L. candidum, 
 
 value 80. 
 Temperature: 
 
 L. chalcedonicum, in majority at 59.2 to 61, in all at 63 to 64, 
 
 mean 63.5. 
 
 L. candidum, in majority at 57 to 58.7, in all at 60 to 62, mean 61. 
 L. testaceum, in majority at 61.2 to 63, in all at 63.5 to 67, 
 mean 65.25. 
 
 The reactivity of L. chalcedonicum is lower than 
 that of the other parent in all five reactions. The reac- 
 tivity of the hybrid is the same or practically the same 
 as that of L. chalcedonicum in the polarization reaction ; 
 the same or practically the same as that of the other 
 parent in the gentian-violet and safranin reactions ; and 
 the lowest of the .three in the iodine and temperature 
 reactions. The hybrid in the polarization, iodine, and 
 temperature reactions is closer to L. chalcedonicum than 
 to the other parent, but in the gentian-violet and safranin 
 reactions the reverse. 
 
 Table A 28 shows the reaction-intensities in percent- 
 ages of total starch gelatinized at definite intervals (sec- 
 onds and minutes) . 
 
 VELOCITY-REACTION CURVES. 
 
 This section treats of the velocity-reaction curves of 
 the starches of Lilium chalcedonicum, L. candidum, and 
 L. testaceum, showing the quantitative differences in the 
 behavior toward different reagents at definite time-inter- 
 vals. (Charts D 367 to D 372.) 
 
 These starches react for the most part with such 
 rapidity that but few data are of a character satisfactory 
 for chart formation. However, even among the most 
 rapid reacting reagents more or less marked differences 
 are sometimes noted, as, for instance, in the reactions 
 with nitric acid, sulphuric acid, hydrochloric acid, potas- 
 sium hydroxide, potassium iodide, potassium sulphocya- 
 nate, potassium sulphide, sodium hydroxide, and sodium 
 sulphide. Excepting those with hydrochloric acid and 
 potassium hydroxide, there are varying degrees of lower 
 reactivity of L. candidum than of the other parent and the 
 hybrid. In other reactions that are less rapid, in which 
 approximately corresponding percentages of gelatiniza- 
 tion occur in about 3 minutes (as in the reactions with 
 calcium nitrate, uranium nitrate, strontium nitrate, cop- 
 per nitrate, cupric chloride, and mercuric chloride), with 
 uranium nitrate and strontium nitrate the reactivity of 
 L. candidum is at the end of the first minute distinctly 
 the lowest of the three; with calcium nitrate, cupric 
 chloride, and mercuric chloride about the same as L. can- 
 didum and distinctly lower than in L. chalcedonicum; 
 and with copper nitrate all three are alike. In all six 
 charts the curves are from close to very close together. 
 In all of the reactions the curves of L. chalcedonicum 
 are higher than those of the other parent, the separation 
 being well marked in all, especially with chloral hydrate 
 and pyrogallic acid, which are distinctly the less rapid 
 of the six. The hybrid is nearly the same as that of 
 L. chalcedonicum in the reactions with chromic acid, 
 sodium salicylate, and barium chloride ; nearly the same 
 as that of L. candidum with cobalt nitrate ; distinctly in- 
 termediate with pyrogallic acid; and the highest of the 
 
1 11.11 M 
 
 TABU A 38. 
 
 
 three with chloral hydrate. These peculiarities are in 
 accord with the shifting relationship to one or the other 
 parent recorded in the histologic and qualitative charac- 
 ter*. In the reaction* in which gelatinizatiou i* very 
 rapid, marked difference* would in all likelihood have 
 appeared had the concentration of the reagent* been lees, 
 so aa to lengthen the period* of gelatmizaUon. 
 
 REACTION-INTENSITIES OP THE HYBRID. 
 
 Thi* section treat* of the reaction-intensities of the 
 hybrid as regards sameness, intermediateneas, excees, 
 and deficit in relation to the parent*. (Table A 28 and 
 Chart* D 367 to D 372.) 
 The reactivities of the hybrid are the same as those 
 of the seed parent in the reactions with polarization, 
 potassium iodide, potassium sulphide, and sodium hy- 
 droxide; the same aa those of the pollen parent with 
 gentian violet, safranin, and cupric chloride; the same 
 aa those of both parent* with potassium hydroxide and 
 copper nitrate; intermediate with chromic acid, pyro- 
 gallic acid, sulphuric acid, hydrochloric acid, calcium 
 nitrate, cobalt nitrate, and barium chloride (in five be- 
 ing nearer the seed parent, in one nearer the pollen 
 parent, and in one as near to one as to the other parent) ; 
 highest with temperature, potassium sulphocyanate, so- 
 dium sulphide, sodium salicylate, uranium nitrate, and 
 strontium nitrate (in all six being closer to the seed 
 parent) ; and lowest with iodine, chloral hydrate, nitric 
 acid, and mercuric chloride (in two being nearer the 
 seed parent, in one nearer the pollen parent, and in one a* 
 close to one as to the other parent). 
 The following is a summary of the reaction-intensi- 
 ties: Same aa seed parent, 4; same a* pollen parent, 3; 
 same a* both parents, 2; intermediate, 7; highest, 6; 
 lowest, 4. 
 The seed parent in comparison with the pollen parent 
 has had a very potent influence in determining the prop- 
 erties of the starch of the hybrid. While there U a dis- 
 tinct tendency to intermediateness, there is an equal 
 tendency to sameness as regards one or the othnr parent, 
 and a decidedly greater tendency to highest and lowest 
 reactivities of the hybrid. 
 
 COMPOSITE CURVES OP REACTION-INTENSITIES. 
 
 This section treats of the composite curves of the 
 reaction-intensities, showing the differentiation of the 
 starches of Lilium chalctdonicitm, L. candidum, and L. 
 testaceum. (Chart E 28.) 
 The most conspicuous features of this chart are : 
 (1) The close correspondence of all three curves, 
 with the exception of those in the reaction* with chloral 
 ivdrate and pyrogallic acid. It seems, judging from 
 this and other records, that the reactions with chloral 
 lydrate, chromic acid, and pyrogallic acid have a dis- 
 inct tendency to be aberrant. This is seen in the reac- 
 .ions with chromic acid and pyrogallic acid of L. mor- 
 lagnn in Chart E 26 ; with chloral hydrate and pyrogallic 
 acid of L. candidum. and in the pyrogallic-aoid reaction 
 of the hybrid in this chart; ana in the chromic-acid 
 and pyrogallic-acid reactions of the hybrid, L. burbanki, 
 n Chart K 20. In most of the chart* there i* little or no 
 differentiation of the three starchea, aa in the reactions 
 with nitric acid, sulphuric acid, hydrochloric acid, potas- 
 sium hydroxide, potassium iodide, potassium snlphocya- 
 nate, potassium sulphide, sodium hydroxide, sodium *ul- 
 >hide, sodium salicylate, calcium nitrate, uranium ni- 
 rate, strontium nitrate, copper nitrate, ruprie chloride, 
 and mercuric chloride. The curves of the hybrid and 
 /.. rnndifium t< rul to lo morr> closely related than the 
 curves of the hybrid and the other parent, or the curves of 
 the parent*. 
 
 
 * 1 
 2 8 " S " " ! 
 
 jj TTaTITiTiTi 
 
 
 
 
 
 L cbalradooicuni 
 
 
 .. i 
 
 
 
 
 1 1 1-Ji . . J.. 
 
 
 
 86 
 
 1 -iH^i . 
 
 ,. 
 
 8 97 M" 
 
 .Urrum 
 
 77 
 
 p rsni^L. 
 
 
 78. .96.. M. 
 i -- - ,. 
 U . . M MUttOH 
 
 i ' .iii..ii.. 
 
 
 Nitric acid: 
 L. aUlojdoohmio 
 
 uoj 
 
 99 
 
 * *' ( 
 
 1 1 !! 
 
 . . 
 
 
 7397 .. 
 
 1 t -t.-..i 
 
 M TV 
 
 ", ' 
 
 96. 
 
 100 
 90l 
 
 100.. 
 
 100 
 100 
 
 1 lamlfcliaB 
 
 L. UMMB... 
 
 
 1 ouxttdm 
 
 
 : ' . ; :. 
 
 
 1 caadtdum 
 
 
 L. ttr-uni 
 
 
 
 
 M 
 
 
 | j,a (HdflB 
 
 
 1 haiaoim 
 
 " 
 
 I'utaMtan mlplikle : 
 L. cluUrnJonioum 
 
 99 . 
 
 Ueutdidun. 
 
 93 
 
 
 
 97 . 
 
 
 ft _ _* %. < j _a . 
 
 .-.,.:... : r \ i . 
 
 L. eUleedooicum 
 
 94 . 
 
 88 
 94 
 
 
 1 twUcmun 
 
 -...,-. . 
 L rtMOmdanfaMin 
 
 88 
 
 
 
 33 97 
 
 
 98 
 
 
 flBifauB Beytrto: 
 
 
 
 L_ f^n^Ji^ym 
 
 26 
 
 46 M 99 
 
 1 ll>ii 
 
 87 
 
 8999 
 
 C'alrium nitrate: 
 
 24 96 
 
 99 
 
 I candidm 
 
 9 66 
 
 i '. 
 
 I tectacmn 
 
 8 86 
 
 
 1 :,-,.:. ..,-. 
 
 
 
 I' auKttdam 
 
 16 . 90 
 
 
 Ii twtotrroB 
 
 50 97 
 
 
 
 -V HM :..:> 
 
 54 Q8 
 
 1. *~r U.1 1 "** 
 
 16 ge 
 
 
 Ti tle*am 
 
 99 
 
 
 CoUlt nitrate: 
 
 . . . 10 
 
 W 99 
 
 90. . 97 
 
 - , T 
 
 Ir nutdidam 
 
 
 | tertaecam 
 
 7 73 
 
 Copfxr nitrate: 
 
 1. cUlndoaieam 
 
 .. . . 86 90 
 
 
 
 87 99 
 
 
 Ii te*tecmai 
 
 87 98 
 
 
 < .;:. ' ..:.:. 
 
 .. . M <- 
 
 :, 
 
 Ir. CMKttdam 
 
 8 . 86 
 
 
 Ii 1l1l HIM 
 
 ', 
 
 ! ' 
 
 .... 8 71 
 
 .. 96 
 
 I mwliffinn 
 
 4 61 
 
 1 ' ill, , _ , 
 
 16 . . . 67 . 
 
 . . . n 
 
 16 . 9698 , 
 
 M. .: 
 
 L. cUlcfdoafcoB 
 
 
 ." M 
 
 
 I. TlBlaiKIUIII 
 
 71 98 
 
 
 
100 
 
 HISTOLOGIC PEOPERTIES AND REACTIONS. 
 
 (2) In L. chalcedonicum in comparison with that of 
 the other parent, the lower reactions with polarization, 
 iodine, gentian violet, safranin, and temperature; the 
 higher reactions with chloral hydrate, chromic acid, pyro- 
 gallic acid, cobalt nitrate, cupric chloride, and barium 
 chloride ; and the same or practically the same with nitric 
 acid, sulphuric acid, hydrochloric acid, potassium hydrox- 
 ide, potassium iodide, potassium sulphocyanate, potas- 
 sium sulphide, sodium hydroxide, sodium sulphide, 
 sodium salicylate, calcium nitrate, uranium nitrate, 
 strontium nitrate, copper nitrate, and mercuric chloride. 
 
 (3) In L. chalcedonicum the very high reactions with 
 chromic acid, pyrogallic acid, nitric acid, sulphuric acid, 
 hydrochloric acid, potassium hydroxide, potassium io- 
 dide, potassium sulphocyanate, potassium sulphide, 
 sodium hydroxide, sodium sulphide, sodium salicylate, 
 calcium nitrate, uranium nitrate, strontium nitrate, 
 cobalt nitrate, copper nitrate, cupric chloride, barium 
 chloride, and mercuric chloride ; the high reactions with 
 polarization, gentian violet, safranin, and chloral hy- 
 drate; and the moderate reactions with iodine and 
 temperature. 
 
 (4) In L. candidum the very high reactions with 
 gentian violet, safranin, chromic acid, nitric acid, sul- 
 phuric acid, hydrochloric acid, potassium hydroxide, 
 potassium iodide, potassium sulphocyanate, potassium 
 sulphide, sodium hydroxide, sodium sulphide, sodium 
 salicylate, calcium nitrate, uranium nitrate, strontium 
 nitrate, cobalt nitrate, copper nitrate, cupric chloride, 
 and mercuric chloride ; the high reactions with polariza- 
 tion, iodine, temperature, and barium chloride ; and the 
 moderate reactions with chloral hydrate and pyrogallic 
 acid. 
 
 (5) In the hybrid, the very high reactions with chloral 
 hydrate, chromic acid, nitric acid, sulphuric acid, hy- 
 drochloric acid, potassium hydroxide, potassium iodide, 
 potassium sulphocyanate, potassium sulphide, sodium 
 hydroxide, sodium sulphide, sodium salicylate, calcium 
 nitrate, uranium nitrate, strontium nitrate, cobalt ni- 
 trate, copper nitrate, cupric chloride, and mercuric 
 chloride ; the high reactions with polarization and barium 
 chloride; and the moderate reactions with iodine, tem- 
 perature, and pyrogallic acid. 
 
 Following is a summary of the reaction-intensities: 
 
 
 Very 
 high. 
 
 High. 
 
 Mod- 
 erate. 
 
 Low. 
 
 Very 
 low. 
 
 L. chalcedonicum 
 
 20 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 20 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 L. testaceum 
 
 21 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 29. COMPARISONS OF THE STARCHES OF LILIUM 
 
 PARDAIJNUM, L. PABRYI, AND L. BURBANKI. 
 In the histologic characteristics, polariscopic figures, 
 reactions with selenite, qualitative reactions with iodine, 
 and qualitative reactions with the various chemical reag- 
 ents all three starches exhibit properties in common in 
 varying degrees of development, the sum of which in each 
 case being characteristic of the starch. The starch of 
 L. parryi in comparison with that of L. pardalinum con- 
 tains less numbers of compound grains and aggregates, 
 and the grains are less irregular. The hilum is slightly 
 less eccentric. The lamellae are ICFS distinct, and less 
 numerous, and there is an absence of a broad refractive 
 lamella that is found in L. pardalinum. The sizes 
 of the corresponding forms of the grains are distinctly 
 less. In the polariscopic, selenite, and qualitative iodine 
 reactions there are some apparently minor differences. 
 In the qualitative reactions with chloral hydrate, chromic 
 
 acid, potassium hydroxide, cobalt nitrate, and cupric 
 chloride various differences are recorded which seem to 
 be of minor importance. The starch of the hybrid in 
 comparison with the starches of the parents shows an 
 absence of compound grains that are found in both 
 parents; and the grains are more regular in form than 
 in either parent. The hilum is less distinct, less often 
 fissured, and less eccentric than in either parent. The 
 lamellae are in general characters like those of the parents, 
 but they are less numerous. The sizes of the correspond- 
 ing forms of grains are about mid-intermediate between 
 those of the parents. In the polariscopic and selenite 
 reactions the relationship of the hybrid is closer to 
 L. parryi, but in the qualitative reactions closer to L. 
 pardalinum. In the qualitative reactions with the 
 chemical reagents in the reactions with chloral hydrate, 
 chromic acid, potassium hydroxide, cobalt nitrate, and 
 cupric chloride the relationship of the hybrid is closer 
 to L. pardalium, but there are many instances of close- 
 ness to the peculiarities of L. parryi, especially in the 
 chloral-hydrate and chromic-acid reactions. The in- 
 fluences of L. parryi are quite obvious, although, as- a 
 whole, superseded by those of the other parent. 
 
 Reaction-intensities Expressed by Light, Color, and Tempera- 
 ture Reactions. 
 Polarization: 
 
 L. pardalinum, low to high, value 55. 
 
 L. parryi, low to high, lower than in L. pardalinum, value 60. 
 L. burbanki, low to high, the same as in L. parryi, value 50. 
 Iodine: 
 
 L. pardalinum, light to moderate, value 40. 
 
 L. parryi, moderate, much higher than in L. pardalinum, value 55. 
 
 L. burbanki, light to moderate, the same as in L. pardalinum, 
 
 value 40. 
 Gentian violet: 
 
 L. pardalinum, moderate to deep, value 65. 
 
 L. parryi, light to moderate, very much less than in L. pardalinum, 
 
 value 40. 
 
 L. burbanki, moderate, more than in L. parryi, value 45. 
 Safranin : 
 
 L. pardalinum, moderate to deep, value 65. 
 
 L. parryi, light to moderate, very much less than in L. pardalinum, 
 
 value 35. 
 
 L. burbanki, light to moderate, more than in L. parryi, value 40. 
 Temperature: 
 
 L. pardalinum, in majority at 58 to 60.5, in all at 61 to 63, 
 
 mean 62. 
 
 L. parryi, in majority at 47 to 48.5, in all at 51 to 52, mean 51.5. 
 L. burbanki, in majority at 64 to 66, in all at 67 to 68.5, mean 
 67.76. 
 
 The reactivity of L. pardalinum is higher than that 
 of the other parent in the polarization, gentian-violet, 
 and safranin reactions ; and lower in the iodine and tem- 
 perature reactions. The reactivity of the hybrid is the 
 same or practically the same as that of L. pardalinum 
 in the iodine reaction ; the same or practically the same 
 as that of L. parryi in the polarization reaction ; lowest 
 of the three in the temperature reaction ; and interme- 
 diate in the gentian-violet and safranin reactions. The 
 hybrid in the iodine and temperature reactions is closer 
 to L. pardalinum than to L. parryi, but in the polariza- 
 tion, gentian violet, and safranin reactions closer to the 
 latter parent. 
 
 Table A 29 shows the reaction-intensities in percent- 
 ages of total starch gelatinized at definite intervals (sec- 
 onds and minutes). 
 
 VELOCITY-REACTION CURVES. 
 
 This section treats of the velocity-reaction curves of 
 the starches of Lilium pardalinum, L. parryi, and L. bur- 
 banki, showing the quantitative differences in the be- 
 havior toward different reagents at definite time-inter- 
 vals. ( Charts D 373 to D 378.) 
 
 These starches in common with the other lily starches 
 are generally very sensitive to gelatinizing agents, but 
 
LILIl'M. 
 
 101 
 
 1 A BUI 
 
 A M 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ' : 
 
 1 
 
 - 
 
 1 
 
 M 
 
 p 
 
 i 5 
 
 83 
 
 a 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 
 ; *i 
 
 
 
 
 
 HMU 
 
 ( hr.iinn- mod: 
 I.. |nlaliiiuiii 
 >rryi 
 I. bur l*n Li 
 Pyrocallir > 
 
 
 
 01 . 
 
 06. 
 46. 
 
 70. .01 
 
 - 
 
 06 M 
 
 07.. . 
 
 - 
 
 ,s 
 
 00 
 
 
 
 
 
 M 01 
 
 
 
 L. burbanLi 
 
 
 
 
 67 7 
 
 . . 
 
 80 
 
 ,.|.| 
 
 I. |*pialmunt . . . 9 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 L. parryi . . . 07 
 I.. ljrl*nLi . . . M 
 Sulphuric add: 
 
 L. Daffrvi 
 
 * 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I. burt*nLi .... 
 ruchlorie add: 
 1, panialinum , M 
 
 M 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 L panyi . ... W 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 * * 
 
 L. burt*nki 93 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 PoUiuin hydroride: 
 L. pardmlinum 00 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 L. burbanki M 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 PoUMum iodide: 
 L. pardalifium . 
 
 0A 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 L. prn i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 L burUnki 
 
 88 . . 
 
 
 98 
 
 
 
 
 PoUanum Mlpooeyanate: 
 L. pardalinum 07 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 L. parryi. ... 00 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 L. burUnki 06 
 
 M 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Potaaaum mlphMe: 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 L. parryi ..00 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 L. burbanV. ... 04 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Sodium hydroxide: 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 L. boriwnki ... 00 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 L. pardalinum ... 08 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I. paro-i . . . 08 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 L. burbanki ... 00 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Sodium aalicylato: 
 
 
 
 A I 
 
 - ., 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 82 
 
 0600 
 
 
 
 L. burfaaoki . . . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 * 
 
 Calcium nitrate: 
 L. parryi 
 
 . 82 
 | 
 
 
 07.. 
 07 
 
 00. . 
 pg 
 
 . . . 
 
 . 
 
 L. burbanki 
 
 . 04 
 
 
 0S 
 
 00 
 
 
 
 Uranium nitrate: 
 I. parrialinum 
 
 
 
 00 . 
 
 
 
 
 L. parryi. 
 
 - 
 
 
 00 .. 
 
 
 
 
 L. burtianki 
 
 s 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Strootium nitrate: 
 
 80 
 
 
 00 
 
 
 
 
 L. parryi 
 
 
 
 00 
 
 
 
 
 L. burbanki 
 
 | 
 
 
 /i 
 
 
 
 
 Cobalt nitrate: 
 L. pardalinum .... 
 L. parryi .... 
 1*. burbanki 
 
 -. 
 :. 
 7 
 
 
 06. 
 00. 
 
 M 
 
 M. 
 
 W. . 
 
 80 00 
 
 06 
 
 
 Copper nitrate: 
 L. pardalinum 
 L. parryi 
 
 - 
 
 
 H 
 M 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 I- burbanki 
 
 - 
 
 
 07 
 
 
 
 
 C'uiiric chloride: 
 I., pardalioum .... 
 I. parryi . 
 L. burbanki ... 
 Barium chloride: 
 L. pardalinum 
 
 00 
 
 : 
 - 
 
 in 
 
 
 88. 
 
 M 
 
 H 
 
 I : -. 
 
 
 
 L. parryi . .... 
 
 i 
 
 
 .^ 
 
 M 
 
 
 
 L. burbanki .... 
 
 8 
 
 
 .... 
 
 > ' . 
 
 M 
 
 
 Mercuric chloride: 
 I., panlalinum . 
 L. parryi 
 
 00 
 
 
 00.. 
 
 
 
 
 U buri*nki 
 
 1 
 
 
 *- 
 
 M. |W 
 
 
 
 then it, on the whole, distinctly let* sensitivity than of 
 any of the four preceding group*, particularhr a* re- 
 gard* the hybrid. At a rule, however, the data are 
 nut of much UM-fuluess excepting ia very few instaoca* 
 for chart making. Gelatiniiation is'u*jri)..or j: 
 cally complete in 15 to 30 second* jn'tfaY: w'itfi 
 
 nitric aciu, sulphuric and, hydnVhloiu-'ii 
 hydroxide, potassium iodide, potaanium lulphocyu 
 potassium sulphide, sodium hydroxide, ami <H|IUIII ul- 
 phidc. lii tin- reliction* with nitric and, hydrochloric 
 H. id. potassium i...li,lr, potassium -ulj.li.., yunaU-, sodiuni 
 hydroxide, and odium sulphide there are distiiu t indi- 
 cations of lower reactivity of the hybrid than of Uie 
 parent*. Gclatinization goea on very rapidly in all three 
 starches during the first 1 to 3 minutes in the other 
 reactions, so that in nearly all (excepting those with 
 chloral hydrate, chromic acid, sodium salicylate, and 
 cupric chloride) at least 90 per cent of the total starch 
 is broken down within this period. In occasional in- 
 stances the hybrid ia comparatively resistant, as in the 
 reactions with chromic acid, uranium nitrate, tn>ntium 
 nitrate, cobalt nitrate, copper nitrate, cupric chloride, 
 barium chloride, and mercuric chloride, in some of 
 whic -h the resistance is quite marked or only noticeable 
 during the first minute. There are also suggestions 
 of differences in the parents, L. pardalinum showing 
 generally a marked tendency to greater resistance than 
 L. parrvi. In these reactions the hybrid is generally 
 distinctly closer to L. pardalinum than to the other 
 parent, this being in accord with the findings ip the 
 histologic and quantitative peculiarities, and in the light, 
 color, and temperature reactions. Referring to the charts, 
 it will be seen that all three curves in each reaction tend 
 to be from close to very close, the parental curves run- 
 ning together in five out of the six reactions, and the 
 hybrid with the curves of L. parryi in the sodium-sali- 
 cylate reactions. In all six charts the curves of L. parryi 
 are higher than the curves of L. jxirryi in the reactions 
 with chromic acid, cobalt nitrate, harium chloride, and 
 mercuric chloride, keeping very close together, yet show- 
 ing quite definite difference* in the reactions. The hybrid 
 curve is intermediate in the chloral-hydrate reaction; 
 distinctly the lowest in those with chromic acid, pyro- 
 gallic acid, cobalt nitrate, barium chloride, and mercuric 
 chloride; and nearly the same as L. parryi (at fir.-t inter- 
 mediate) with sodium salicylate. There is in general a 
 tendency to less reactivity of the hybrid than of the 
 parents. 
 
 REACTION-INTENSITIES OF THE HYBRID. 
 
 This section treats of the reaction-intensities of the 
 hybrid as regards sameness, intermediatcness, excess, and 
 deficit in relation to the parents. (Table A 29 and 
 Charts D 373 to D 378.) 
 
 The reactivities of the hybrid are the same as those of 
 the seed parent in the iodine and calcium-nitrate reac- 
 tions; the same as those of the pollen parent in the 
 polarization reaction ; the same as those of both parents 
 in the potassium hydroxide reaction, in which the reac- 
 tions occur too rapidly for differentiation; intermediate 
 in the reactions with gentian violet, safranin, chloral hy- 
 drate, sulphuric acid, sodium salicylate, and barium chlo- 
 ride ( in four being closer to those of the pollen parent, 
 and in two closer to those of the seed parent) ; highest 
 in none ; and lowest in those with temperature, chromic 
 a. pi, pyrogallic arid, nitric acid, hydrochloric arid, po- 
 tassium iodide, potanxium nulphocyanate, potaMium sul- 
 phide. Kodium hydroxide, sodium sulphide, uranium 
 nitrate, strontium nitrate, cobalt nitrate, copper nitrate, 
 cupric chloride, and mercuric chloride (in nine being 
 
102 
 
 HISTOLOGIC PROPERTIES AND REACTIONS. 
 
 closer to those of the seed parent, and in seven being as 
 close to one; &s to 'the other parent). The following 
 is' a' summary 'of th'e reaction-intensities: Same as seed 
 parent, j?-j.8aiae as pollen parent, 1 ; same as both parents, 
 :ii 'Jtiternte'dif.te; ft ;. highest, 0; lowest, 16. 
 
 The seed parent has according to these data to a far 
 greater degree than the other parent influenced the prop- 
 erties of the starch of the hybrid. The tendency to low- 
 est reactivity of the hybrid is even more conspicuous 
 than the leanings to the seed parent. Intermediatenesa 
 is fairly well marked. 
 
 COMPOSITE CURVES OF THE REACTION-INTENSITIES. 
 
 This section treats of the composite curves of the 
 reaction-intensities, showing the differentiation of the 
 starches of Lilium pardalinum, L. parryi, and L. bur- 
 banki. ( Chart E 29.) 
 
 The most conspicuous features of this chart are : 
 
 (1) The generally very close correspondence of all 
 three curves, the most noticeable variations in the case 
 of the parents being in the reactions with gentian violet 
 and aafranin; and of the hybrid with chromic acid, 
 pyrogallic acid, cobalt nitrate, barium chloride, and mer- 
 curic chloride. There is no satisfactory differentiation 
 of the three starches in the reactions with nitric acid, 
 sulphuric acid, hydrochloric acid, potassium hydroxide, 
 potassium iodide, potassium sulphocyanate, potassium 
 sulphide, sodium hydroxide, and sodium sulphide ; there 
 is no differentiation of the parents in the copper-nitrate 
 reaction, and not a very marked differentiation in those 
 with calcium nitrate, uranium nitrate, strontium nitrate, 
 cobalt nitrate, cupric chloride, barium chloride, and mer- 
 curic chloride. The hybrid curve tends to be somewhat 
 erratic, and inclining to keep low and even below the 
 parental curves, this being especially noticeable in the 
 reactions with temperature, chromic acid, pyrogallic acid, 
 uranium nitrate, cobalt nitrate, copper nitrate, cupric 
 chloride, barium chloride, and mercuric chloride. With 
 weaker reagents where the reactions occur with great 
 rapidity, as in the nine reactions from nitric acid on to 
 sodium sulphide, inclusive, this tendency would doubtless 
 be made even more conspicuous. On the whole, the hy- 
 brid curve is much more closely related to the curve of 
 L. pardalinum than to that of L. parryi. 
 
 (2) In L. pardalinum, in comparison with the other 
 parent, the higher reactions with polarization, gentian 
 violet, and saf ranin ; the lower with iodine, temperature, 
 chloral hydrate, chromic acid, pyrogallic acid, sodium 
 aalicylate, calcium nitrate, uranium nitrate, strontium 
 nitrate, cobalt nitrate, cupric chloride, barium chloride, 
 and mercuric chloride; and the same or practically the 
 same reactions as those of the other parent with nitric 
 acid, sulphuric acid, hydrochloric acid, potassium hy- 
 droxide, potassium sulphocyanate, potassium sulphide, 
 sodium hydroxide, sodium sulphide, and copper nitrate. 
 
 (3) In L. pardalinum the very high reactions with 
 chromic acid, pyrogallic acid, nitric acid, sulphuric acid, 
 hydrochloric acid, potassium hydroxide, potassium iodide, 
 potassium sulphocyanate, potassium sulphide, sodium 
 hydroxide, sodium sulphide, sodium salicylate, calcium 
 nitrate, uranium nitrate, strontium nitrate, cobalt ni- 
 trate, copper nitrate, cupric chloride, barium chloride, 
 and mercuric chloride; the high reactions with gentian 
 
 violet, safranin, temperature, and chloral hydrate; the 
 moderate reactions with polarization and iodine. 
 
 (4) In L. parryi the very high reactions with tem- 
 perature, chloral hydrate, chromic acid, pyrogallic acid, 
 nitric acid, sulphuric acid, hydrochloric acid, potassium 
 hydroxide, potassium iodide, potassium sulphocyanate, 
 potassium sulphide, sodium hydroxide, sodium sulphide, 
 sodium salicylate, calcium nitrate, uranium nitrate, 
 strontium nitrate, cobalt nitrate, copper nitrate, cupric 
 chloride, barium chloride, and mercuric chloride, reac- 
 tions ; the absence of a high reaction ; the moderate reac- 
 tions with polarization, iodine, and gentian violet; and 
 the low reaction with safranin. 
 
 (5) In the hybrid the very high reactions with nitric 
 acid, sulphuric acid, hydrochloric acid, potassium hy- 
 droxide, potassium iodide, potassium sulphocyanate, po- 
 tassium sulphide, sodium hydroxide, sodium sulphide, 
 sodium salicylate, calcium nitrate, strontium nitrate, 
 copper nitrate, cupric chloride, and mercuric chloride; 
 the high reactions with chloral hydrate, chromic acid, 
 cobalt nitrate, and barium chloride; the moderate reac- 
 tions with polarization, gentian violet, safranin, and tem- 
 perature ; and the low reactions with iodine and pyrogallic 
 acid. 
 
 The following is a summary of the reaction-intensi- 
 ties: 
 
 
 Very 
 high. 
 
 High. 
 
 Mod- 
 erate. 
 
 Low. 
 
 Very 
 low. 
 
 L. pardalinum 
 
 20 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 L. parryi 
 
 22 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 L. burbanki 
 
 10 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 NOTES ON THE LILIES. 
 
 The starches of the various species of lilies belong 
 to the quick-reacting group and they are universally so 
 rapidly gelatinized by nitric acid, sulphuric acid, hydro- 
 chloric acid, potassium hydroxide, potassium iodide, po- 
 tassium sulphocyanate, potassium sulphide, sodium 
 hydroxide, and sodium sulphide that satisfactory differ- 
 entiation is not possible, excepting with reagents of 
 different concentration from those used in this research. 
 Even with most of the other chemical reagents, they often 
 react so rapidly that convincing differential data are not 
 obtainable with the concentrations employed. The only 
 reagents in the concentrations used that are really useful 
 are chloral hydrate, chromic acid, pyrogallic acid, sodium 
 salicylate, cobalt nitrate, and barium chloride. But in 
 the reactions with polarization, iodine, gentian violet, 
 safranin, and temperature conclusive data were usually 
 recorded. 
 
 The hybrids tend in each ease to be more closely 
 related in the sum total of their characters to one or the 
 other parent, and with far less inclination to interme- 
 diateness than to identical development or to excessive 
 or deficient development beyond parental extremes. The 
 tendency to exceed parental extremes is particularly well 
 marked in the curve of L. burbanki, where there is 
 shown a very distinct inclination to be below the lower of 
 the parental curves. In the first and fourth groups, the 
 hybrids are more closely related on the whole to the 
 pollen parents; and in the second, third, and fifth groups 
 to the seed parents. The general relationship of the 
 
I. II. 11 M IIUS. 
 
 in:; 
 
 hybrids to their respective parents in their quantitative 
 ,oni an exhibited in tin- following summary, the 
 figures being, however, of an absolutely tentative- charac- 
 ter, because many of the reaction! recorded aa sameness 
 are so only because the concentrations of the reagents 
 were not adapted to elicit difference* of a positive 
 chara 
 
 Following ia a summary of the reaction-intensities: 
 
 I. . 
 
 Ui 
 
 . , :., ... 
 i . .,."" 
 
 
 J J 
 
 I 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 .1 
 1 
 
 I 
 I 
 
 7 
 ', 
 
 I 
 I 
 
 7 
 '. 
 I 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 10 
 
 The general picture presented by the five charts ia 
 that of a ili iinit.- generic type, the curve* bearing clone 
 relationahips in their courses; but with a tendency to 
 variability in the reactions with chloral hydrate, chromic 
 acid, and pyrogallic acid, this latter indicating a marked 
 iinilri -ular instability in relation to these special reag- 
 ents. There ia not the leaat evidence of aubgeneric 
 grouping such as waa found in certain other genera stud- 
 ius being in accord with the findings in the pre- 
 ceding research in which it was stated upon the basis of 
 that preliminary work that the division of Lilium into 
 the six subgenera noted ia probably botanically artificial. 
 
 The curve* of Liiium martagon and its horticultural 
 variety L. martagon album very closely coincide, the 
 rurvi- of tin- former inclining, where satisfactory differ- 
 ence* can be made out, to be somewhat lower than that of 
 the former, aa in the reactions with polarization, iodine, 
 chromic acid, pyrogallic acid, cobalt nitrate, and barium 
 i -blonde; and rarely higher, aa with safranin and chloral 
 hydrate, the latter being the only one that ia important. 
 
 It is of interest to note that in the fourth group L. 
 rhalcedonicvm (subgenua Martagon) ia crossed with 
 A. candidum (subgcims Kuliriini ), yielding L. Ir.iliii i mn . 
 uhi. h latter is classed in the subgenua Martagon and 
 in the same subdivision of the subgenua aa L. choice- 
 donicum. In this research the hybrid shows in the 
 sum total of its characters a closer relationship, aa a 
 whole, to L. chalcedonicum than to the other parent. 
 Thus, in the form of the grain, general character* 01 tin 
 hilum, characters and arrangements of the lamella?, 
 polariscopic figure, appearance* with selenite, qualitative 
 reactions with iodine, qualitative reactions with the 
 various chemical reagents, and quantitative reactions in 
 tin- polarization, iodine, chloral-hydrate, and chromic- 
 ai nl reactions it is i-l.i-.-r to L. chalcedonicum ; but in 
 eccentricity of the hilum, size of the grains, and quanti- 
 tative reactions with gentian violet, >afranin, pyrogallic 
 tiltalt nitrate, cupric chloride, and barium chloride 
 it is distinctly much closer to the other parent. Curi- 
 ously, while the foregoing data, as a whole, indicate a 
 much closer relationship of the hybrid to L. rhalcedom- 
 rum, the composite curves indicate the contrary, but this 
 contradiction may be explained upon the basis of inade- 
 quate analysis with the chemical reagents, because of tin- 
 
 great rapidity <>f many of the reactions. From the fore- 
 going, qualitative data may be more important in the 
 recognition and differentiation of sureties than quanti- 
 tative data, although theoretically one ahould expect 
 them to go hand in hand. 
 
 30. COMPARISONS or TIIK STARCHED OF luis IUKKICA. 
 
 I. TBOJAJTA. AMD I. IHMAU. 
 
 I n the histologic characteristics, polariscopic figures, 
 reactions with selenite, reactions with iodine, and quali- 
 tative reactions with varioua chemical reagents, the 
 starches of the parents and hybrid exhibit properties in 
 common in varying degree* of development, the sum of 
 which in each case is characteristic of the starch. The 
 starch of In* iberica in comparison with that of /. trojana 
 contains few aggregates, and more compound grains of 
 more type* ; the grains are more irregular ; and flatten- 
 ing of the distal end of elongated elliptical grains ia more 
 common. The hilum is more distinct and more fre- 
 quently fissured. The lamellae are coarser and more dia- 
 tinct; more apt to be irregular, especially between the 
 hilum and the distal margin, following in their course 
 the curvature of the notch in the distal margin; and 
 the number is larger. The common sizes are larger- 
 longer and broader or longer and of the same width than 
 in the other parent In the polariscopic, selenite, and 
 qualitative iodine reactions there are a number of dif- 
 ferences of an apparently minor character. In the 
 qualitative reactions with chloral hydrate, hydrochloric 
 acid, potassium iodide, sodium hydroxide, and sodium 
 salicylate there are various differences, probably for the 
 most part unimportant The starch of the hybrid in 
 comparison with the starches of the parents contains a 
 less number of aggregates than in either parent; more 
 compound grains than in /. iberica but leas than in 7. tro- 
 jana; and the grains are much more irregular than in 
 /. iberica and more irregular than in /. trojana. The 
 hilum in character is more closely related to /. iberica, 
 but in eccentricity to the other parent The lamella; are 
 in character, arrangement, and number more closely re- 
 lated to 7. iberica. The size is leas than in either parent, 
 but closer to 7. iberica. In the degree of polariza- 
 tion and qualitative iodine reactions the relationship ia 
 closer to 7. iberica, but in the qualitative polarization 
 and selenite reactions closed to the other parent. In i In- 
 qualitative chemical reactions there are leaninga here 
 and there to one or the other parent, but on the whole the 
 relationships are much closer to 7. iberira. It is of 
 interest to note that a feature of 7. iberica may be accen- 
 tuated in the reactions of the hybrid. 
 
 llrarlio-inlrn*iliri Krpret*fd by Light, Color, o*d Ttmfcrm 
 
 lurr Kraction*. 
 Polarisation: 
 
 I. iberica, low to high, value 60. 
 
 I. trojana. low to moderately high, lower than ia I. iberiea, value 4ft. 
 
 I. iamali. low to moderately bib. lower than in either parent. 
 
 value 40. 
 Iodine: 
 
 . iberica, liht to moderate, value 40. 
 >trojana. moderate, deeper than in I. iberica. value SO. 
 . iemali. lijht to moderate, tbe aame ae ia I. iberica, value 40 
 Gentian violet: 
 
 . iberica. liflht to moderate, value 40. 
 
 . trojana. moderate, deeper than in I iberiea, van* 60. 
 
 . iemali. light to moderate, toe BUM at ia I. iberiea, value 40. 
 
104 
 
 HISTOLOGIC PROPERTIES AND REACTIONS. 
 
 Saf ranin : 
 
 I. iberica, moderate, value 45. 
 
 I. trojana, moderate, deeper than in I. iberica, value 50. 
 
 I. ismali, moderate, the same as in I. iberica, value 45. 
 Temperature : 
 
 I. iberica, in the majority at 69 to 70, in all at 71 to 72.5, mean 
 71.75. 
 
 I. trojana, in the majority at 70 to 71.5, in all at 73.2 to 75, 
 mean 72.1. 
 
 I. ismali, in the majority at 69 to 71. in all at 72 to 74, mean 73. 
 
 The reactivity of /. iberica is higher than that of the 
 other parent in the polarization and temperature experi- 
 ments, and lower in iodine, gentian-violet, and safraiiiu 
 reactions. The reactivity of the hybrid is the same or 
 practically the same as that of /. iberica in the iodine, 
 gentian-violet, and safranin reactions; the lowest of the 
 three in the polarization reaction; and intermediate be- 
 tween those of the parents in the temperature reaction. 
 The hybrid is nearer to /. iberica in the iodine, gentian- 
 violet, and safranin reactions, nearer to the other parent 
 in the polarization reactions, and intermediate in the 
 temperature reaction. 
 
 Table A 30 shows the reaction-intensities in percent- 
 ages of total starch gelatinized at definite intervals 
 (minutes). 
 
 VELOCITY-REACTION CURVES. 
 
 This section treats of the velocity-reaction curves of 
 the starches of Iris iberica, I. trojana, and /. ismali, show- 
 ing the quantitative differences in the behavior toward 
 different reagents at definite time-intervals. (Charts 
 D 379 to D 399.) 
 
 The most conspicuous features of this group of curves 
 are: 
 
 (1) The closeness of all three curves, indicating not 
 only a corresponding relationship of the parents, but 
 also very little modification of parental peculiarities 
 in the hybrid. As regards the latter, the tendency of 
 the curve is to follow closely that of one or the other 
 parent or be of some degree of intermediateness. The 
 only instances where there seems to be a notable inclina- 
 tion for separation of the curves are in the reactions with 
 chloral hydrate, hydrochloric acid, sodium sulphide, cal- 
 cium nitrate, and mercuric chloride; and with the ex- 
 ception of the last the hybrid curve is between the 
 parental curves and distinctly closer to the curve of one 
 or the other parent. 
 
 (2) The lower reactivity of I. iberica in comparison 
 with the other parent with all of the chemical reagents 
 (excepting in the very rapid sulphuric-acid and the very 
 slow cobalt^nitrate and barium-chloride reactions, where 
 the parental curves are practically absolutely the same), 
 the absence of differentiation doubtless being due to the 
 extreme slowness of gelatinization. 
 
 (3) The variable position of the hybrid curve in 
 relation to the parental curves in the various reactions, 
 with a very definite tendency to iutermediateness or low- 
 ness. In some of the reactions one of the three starches 
 may at first be comparatively slow in reacting, followed 
 by a comparatively rapid reaction, so that the relations 
 of the curves are changed. This is seen in the pyrogallic- 
 acid, strontium-nitrate, and copper-nitrate reactions, in 
 which the hybrid curve is the lowest at the end of 5 min- 
 utes and subsequently intermediate; in the calcium- 
 nitrate reactions, where the curve of /. trojana is the low- 
 est at 5 minutes and then the highest and well separated 
 from the other curves ; and in uranium-nitrate reaction 
 where the parental curves change their relative positions 
 after 5 minutes. The sulphuric-acid chart shows nodiffer- 
 entiation, but the figures at the end of 2 minutes indicate 
 the order of reactivity as follows: I. trojana, I. ismali, 
 and I. iberica, making the hybrid intermediate. The 
 
 TABLE A 30. 
 
 
 a 
 
 2 
 
 E 
 
 CO 
 
 s 
 
 s 
 
 S 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 S 
 
 8 
 
 S 
 
 O 
 
 6 
 o 
 
 Chloral hydrate: 
 I. iberica 
 
 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 19 
 
 50 
 
 60 
 
 lit 
 
 I. trojana 
 
 
 
 
 
 18 
 
 
 51 
 
 77 
 
 88 
 
 91 
 
 I. ismali 
 
 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 76 
 
 86 
 
 90 
 
 Chromic acid : 
 I. iberica 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 70 
 
 00 
 
 97 
 
 99 
 
 I. trojana 
 
 
 
 
 
 ?0 
 
 
 
 08 
 
 
 
 I. ismali 
 
 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 
 80 
 
 92 
 
 OH 
 
 yy 
 
 Pyrogallic acid: 
 I. iberica 
 
 
 
 
 
 00 
 
 
 70 
 
 81 
 
 H6 
 
 (jy 
 
 I. trojana 
 
 
 
 
 
 ?8 
 
 
 77 
 
 81 
 
 
 90 
 
 I. ismali 
 
 
 
 
 
 16 
 
 
 75 
 
 HI 
 
 
 
 c ,n; 
 
 Nitric acid: 
 I. iberica 
 
 
 
 
 
 58 
 
 
 71 
 
 77 
 
 81 
 
 84 
 
 I. trojana 
 
 
 
 
 
 70 
 
 
 
 86 
 
 00 
 
 u 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 58 
 
 
 75 
 
 8 9 
 
 HO 
 
 0S 
 
 Sulphuric acid: 
 I. iberica 
 
 
 85 
 
 
 
 90 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I. trojana 
 
 
 98 
 
 
 
 99 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I. ismali 
 
 
 91 
 
 
 
 97 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Hydrochloric acid: 
 I. iberica 
 
 
 
 
 
 53 
 
 
 61 
 
 77 
 
 81 
 
 Mi 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 7? 
 
 
 81 
 
 
 
 91) 
 
 I. IMn.'ili 
 
 
 
 
 
 64 
 
 
 
 s ~ 
 
 
 
 Potassium hydroxide: 
 I. iberica 
 
 
 
 
 
 8?, 
 
 
 85 
 
 89 
 
 91 
 
 1)5 
 
 I. trojana 
 
 
 
 
 
 84 
 
 
 O 9 
 
 96 
 
 
 911 
 
 I. ismali 
 
 
 
 
 
 77 
 
 
 81 
 
 84 
 
 88 
 
 91 
 
 Potassium iodide: 
 I. iberica 
 
 
 
 
 
 5' 
 
 
 68 
 
 78 
 
 86 
 
 
 I. trojana 
 
 
 
 
 
 58 
 
 
 81 
 
 U2 
 
 91 
 
 0-1 
 
 I. ismali 
 
 
 
 
 
 65 
 
 
 85 
 
 89 
 
 91 
 
 in 
 
 Potassium sulphocyanate: 
 I. iberica 
 
 
 84 
 
 
 
 90 
 
 
 97 
 
 
 
 
 I. trojana 
 
 
 88 
 
 
 
 95 
 
 
 98 
 
 
 
 
 I. ismali 
 
 
 8?, 
 
 
 
 93 
 
 
 97 
 
 
 
 
 Potassium sulphide: 
 I. iberica 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 H 
 
 I. trojana. . 
 
 
 
 
 
 ft 
 
 
 11 
 
 16 
 
 
 H 
 
 I. ismali 
 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 
 11 
 
 Sodium hydroxide: 
 I. iberica 
 
 
 59 
 
 
 
 80 
 
 
 88 
 
 95 
 
 97 
 
 97 
 
 I. trojana 
 
 
 75 
 
 
 
 87 
 
 
 91 
 
 05 
 
 97 
 
 07 
 
 I. ismali 
 
 
 60 
 
 
 
 8? 
 
 
 94 
 
 96 
 
 98 
 
 08 
 
 Sodium sulphide: 
 I. iberica 
 
 
 
 
 
 14 
 
 
 34 
 
 47 
 
 55 
 
 
 I. trojana 
 
 
 
 
 
 39 
 
 
 58 
 
 67 
 
 77 
 
 77 
 
 I. ismali 
 
 
 
 
 
 17 
 
 
 
 51 
 
 69 
 
 75 
 
 Sodium salicylate: 
 
 
 
 
 
 55 
 
 80 
 
 99 
 
 
 
 
 I. trojana 
 
 
 
 
 
 77 
 
 99 
 
 
 
 
 
 I . ismali 
 
 
 
 
 
 75 
 
 99 
 
 
 
 
 
 Calcium nitrate: 
 I. iberica 
 
 
 
 
 
 13 
 
 
 30 
 
 45 
 
 54 
 
 to 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 
 66 
 
 71 
 
 75 
 
 79 
 
 I. ismali 
 
 
 
 
 
 19 
 
 
 
 48 
 
 54 
 
 
 Uranium nitrate: 
 
 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 ?0 
 
 
 75 
 
 
 I. trojana 
 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 75 
 
 3? 
 
 40 
 
 1 r > 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 19 
 
 
 
 48 
 
 54 
 
 IV 
 
 Strontium nitrate: 
 I. iberica 
 
 
 
 
 
 1? 
 
 
 48 
 
 67 
 
 78 
 
 80 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 69 
 
 80 
 
 86 
 
 88 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 50 
 
 68 
 
 80 
 
 sti 
 
 Cobalt nitrate: 
 
 
 
 
 
 1, 
 
 
 4 
 
 ft 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 I. trojana 
 
 
 
 
 
 \ 
 
 
 3 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 05 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 Copper nitrate: 
 
 
 
 
 
 1?, 
 
 
 19 
 
 50 
 
 54 
 
 61 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 16 
 
 
 75 
 
 70 
 
 76 
 
 81 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 54 
 
 60 
 
 61 
 
 Cupric chloride: 
 
 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 49 
 
 61 
 
 64 
 
 70 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 15 
 
 
 50 
 
 70 
 
 77 
 
 si 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 51 
 
 61 
 
 (is 
 
 Barium chloride: 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 fi 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 ft 
 
 7 
 
 9 
 
 11 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 05 
 
 
 1 
 
 I 
 
 3 
 
 5 
 
 Mercuric chloride 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 11 
 
 15 
 
 99 
 
 5? 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 1ft 
 
 .1?, 
 
 40 
 
 46 
 
 I. ismali . . 
 
 
 
 
 
 05 
 
 
 3 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 12 
 
IHIS. 
 
 105 
 
 hybrid ami /. trojana curve* are practically absolutely 
 
 the name and above tin- /. \lur\-, i i ur\r in the leactioni 
 
 ith sodium italic) il with the parental 
 
 i-ur\i-- in tin- reurtiuii with (Kitnvmim PII||P|HH yainr 
 
 iir-: .livniii lute and then the highe.-' rev in the 
 
 rekiiti.'h- with .-'.mini 1. . although there are but 
 
 littledillerciuf-i ; and th- uul then intermediate in 
 
 tin- r. .t. : ...:i- with j>..M--;uin i.~!i.|.-. tending to be close to 
 
 the < urxe of I. lr,ij,ina. The In lin.l nine i lower than the 
 
 tal .ime* in tin- i with potassium hydrox- 
 
 i|>rn i hloride, cobalt uitrato, luinuni chloride, aiid 
 
 chloride. although the < ..halt-nitrate and 
 
 barium-chloride curve* are very little different from tin- 
 
 nil . ur\r; and the highest throughout the 60 
 
 minute* in the uranium-nitrate reaction. 
 
 (4) In very few reaction* ia there a marked period 
 of early resistance followed by a comparatively rapid 
 x' latiiu.atii.il. A hru-f jn-riod of early resistance of all 
 i!ir. e starches is suggested by the curves of the strontium- 
 nitru f one or the other parent or the 
 
 hybrid in the reactions with chloral hydrate, chromic 
 .uin nitrate, uranium nitrate, and copper ni- 
 trate, especially in the last 
 
 Tli<' earliest period during the 60 minute* at 
 which the three curves are beat separated to differentiate 
 i h< -Mr. hes varies with the different reagents. Approxi- 
 mately. this period occurs within 5 minutes in the reac- 
 tions with pyrogallic acid, sulphuric acid, hydrochloric 
 ami, potassium iodide, potassium sulphocyanate, sodium 
 hydroxide, sodium salicylate, uranium nitrate, and cop- 
 IT nitrate; at 15 minutes with chromic acid, potassium 
 hydroxide, calcium nitrate, strontium nitrate, and cupric 
 chloride ; at the end of 30 minutes with chloral hydrate, 
 nitric acid, potassium sulphide, and sodium sulphide; 
 and at the end of 60 minutes with cobalt nitrate, barium 
 ehloride, and mercuric chloride (with the last perhaps 
 at the end of 30 to 45 minutes). 
 
 REACTION-INTENSITIES OF THE HYBRID. 
 
 Tlu< Mftion treats of the reaction-intensities of the 
 hybrid as regards sameness, intermediateness, excess, and 
 deficit in relation to the parents. (Table A 30 and 
 Charts D 379 to D 399.) 
 
 The reactivities of the hybrid are the same as those 
 of the seed parent in the iodine, gentian violet, and 
 safranin reactions ; the same as those of the pollen parent 
 with potassium iodide and sodium hydroxide; the same 
 as those of both parents with potassium eulphocyanate 
 and sodium hydroxide; intermediate with temperature, 
 chloral hydrate, chromic acid, pyrogallic acid, nitri. 
 sulphuric acid, hydrochloric acid, potassium sulphide, 
 sodium sulphide, calcium nitrate, strontium nitrate, and 
 copper nitrate (in four being closer to the seed parent, 
 in two being closer to the pollen parent, and in six bem_' 
 mid-intermediate) ; the highest with uranium nitrate, 
 and nearer that of the pollen parent; and the lowest with 
 polarization, potassium hydroxide, cobalt nitrate, cupric 
 chloride, barium chloride, and men-uric chlori'l 
 three being closer to the seed parent, in one closer to the 
 pollen parent, and in two being as close to one as to 
 the other parent). 
 
 The following is a summary of reaction-intensities : 
 Same as seed parent, 3 ; same as pollen parent, 2 ; same 
 as both parents, 2 ; intermediate, 12 ; highest, 1 ; lowest, 6. 
 
 It seems from the foregoing data that the seed parent 
 has exercised much m-n- influence than the pollen parent 
 on the characters of the starch of the hybrid. Apart 
 from this the mott ...n- feature." are the marked 
 
 tendency to intermcdiatencss and a ten.leiiey to lowness 
 of the hybrid. 
 
 COMPOSITE CDIVH op KEACTION-INTEWSITIES. 
 
 This section treats of the composite curves of the 
 reaction-intensities, showing the differentiation of the 
 starches of /ru timed, /. trojana. and /. umali. (t 'hart 
 
 The most conspicuous features of this chart are: 
 
 (1) The closeness of all three curves, the parental 
 .nrxe, ruiiinnj; no rl.-ely t-vtlirr aa to suggest very 
 closely related species (/. iberica ia, however, relegated 
 to Uncocyliu and /. trojana, to A pay on. well-separated 
 subgenera of the rhizoiuatous series). (The grou; 
 
 of the Irids by different botanists are by no means the 
 same, and it is recognized as being questionable if 
 the classification of the entire genus must not be 
 reconstructed.) 
 
 (2) The curve of /. iberica tends, with the exception 
 of the polarization and temperature reactions, to be In-low 
 that of /. trojana; but the differences are usually slight, 
 and most marked in those with iodine, gentian violet, 
 temperature, chloral hydrate, chromic and, |x>tassium 
 sulphocyanate, sodium sulphide, sodium salicylate, cal- 
 cium nitrate, uranium nitrate, copper nitrate, ciipru- 
 chloride, and mercuric chloride. 
 
 (3) The curve of the hybrid wavers in its parental 
 relationships, sometimes being closer to one parent and 
 at others to the other, with for the most part a tendency 
 to sameness or intermediateness, occasionally above or 
 below parental extremes. 
 
 (4) In /. iberira, the very high reactions with sul- 
 phuric acid, potassium sulphocyanate, and sodium sali- 
 cylate; the high reactions with chromic acid and sodium 
 hydroxide; the moderate reactions with polarization, 
 iodine, gentian violet, safranin, temperature, pyrogallic 
 acid, and potassium hydroxide; the low reactions with 
 chloral hydrate, nitric acid, hydrochloric acid, sodium 
 sulphide, calcium nitrate, strontium nitrate, copper ni- 
 trate, and cupric chloride; and the very low reactions 
 with |M>tasMiim sulphide, uranium nitrate, cobalt nitrate, 
 barium chloride, and mercuric chloride. 
 
 (5) In /. trojana, the very high reactions with sul- 
 phuric acid, potassium sulphocyanate, and sodium sali- 
 cylate; the high reactions with chromic acid and sodium 
 hydroxide; the moderate reactions with polarization, io- 
 dine, gentian violet, safranin, chloral hydrate, pyrogallic 
 acid, nitric acid, hydrochloric acid, potassium hydroxide, 
 and potassium iodide; the low reactions with temperature, 
 sodium sulphide, calcium nitrate, strontium nitrate, cop- 
 per nitrate, and cupric chloride; and the very low reac- 
 tions with potassium sulphide, uranium nitrate, cobalt 
 nitrate, barium chloride, and mercuric chloride. 
 
 (6) In the hybrid, the very hij;h reactions with sul- 
 phuric acid, potassium gulphocyanatc, and sodium salicyl- 
 ate; the high reaction* with chromic acid and sodium 
 hydroxide; the moderate reactions with polarization, io- 
 dine, gentian violet, chloral hydrate, pyrogallic acid, 
 nitric acid, potassium hydroxide, and potassium iodide; 
 the low reactions with temperature, hydrochloric acid, 
 sodium sulphide, calcium nitrate, uranium nitrate, trn 
 tium nitrate, copper nitrate, and cupric chloride ; and the 
 
 >w reactions with potassium sulphide, cobalt nitrate, 
 barium chloride, and mercuric chloride. 
 
 Following is a summary of the reaction-intensities : 
 
 
 Vcty 
 
 !..." 
 
 ii 
 
 Mod- 
 
 Low. 
 
 Vry 
 
 low. 
 
 1 ihvric* 
 
 a 
 
 9 
 
 7 
 
 9 
 
 t 
 
 I trojaaa 
 
 a 
 
 t 
 
 10 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 | 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
106 
 
 HISTOLOGIC PROPERTIES AND REACTIONS. 
 
 31. CoMPAEISONS OF THE STARCHES OF IRIS IBERICA, 
 I. CENGIALTI, AND I. DORAK. 
 
 In histologic characteristics, polariscopic figures, reac- 
 tions with selenite, reactions with iodine, and qualitative 
 reactions with various chemical reagents, the starches 
 of the parents and hybrid exhibit properties in common 
 in varying degrees of development, the sum of which 
 in each case is characteristic of the starch. The three 
 starches are very much alike, and notwithstanding the 
 very close resemblances of the parental starches the 
 hybrid starch shows clearly evidence of biparental in- 
 heritance. The starch of Iris iberica in comparison with 
 that of /. cengialti contains more compound grains and 
 aggregates, and there are two types of compound grains 
 in the former that are not present in the latter; the 
 grains are not quite so regular in form; and elongated 
 elliptical grains are more common, but ovoid forms less 
 common. The hilum is more distinct, less often fis- 
 sured, and more eccentric. The lamellae are less dis- 
 tinct, not quite so coarse, and more numerous. The size 
 is somewhat less, with variations in ratio of length to 
 width that are interesting. In the polariscopic, selenite, 
 and qualitative reactions there are various differences. 
 In the qualitative reactions with chloral hydrate, hydro- 
 chloric acid, potassium iodide, sodium hydroxide, and 
 sodium salicylate, there are many differences and indi- 
 vidualities, several of the latter being quite striking. 
 The starch of the hybrid in comparison with the parental 
 starches contains more compound grains and aggregates 
 than in either parent, and the compounds are of the two 
 types found in 7. iberica, but not in the other parent; 
 the grains are less regular ihan in either parent. The 
 relationship is on the whole distinctly closer to 7. iberica. 
 The hilum in character is closer to 7. iberica, but in 
 eccentricity to the other parent. The lamella? in charac- 
 ter are closer to I. cengialti, but in number to 7. iberica. 
 The size is somewhat less than in either parent, and, on 
 the whole, closer to 7. cengialti. In the polariscopic, 
 selenite, and qualitative iodine reactions there are lean- 
 ings here and there toward one or the other parent, but, 
 on the whole, the relationship is much closer to 7. iberica. 
 In the qualitative chemical reactions the latter statement 
 holds with equal force. 
 
 Reaction-intensities Expressed by Light, Color, and Tempera- 
 ture Reactions. 
 Polarization: 
 
 I. iberica, low to high, value 50. 
 
 I. cengialti, moderately high to high, higher than in I. iberica, 
 value 60. 
 
 I. clornk, low to high, the same as in I. iberica, value 50. 
 Iodine: 
 
 I. iberica, light to moderate, value 40. 
 
 I. cengialti, moderate, deeper than in I. iberica, value 45. 
 
 I. dorak, light to moderate, the same as in I. iberica, value 40. 
 Gentian violet: 
 
 I. iberica, light to moderate, value 40. 
 
 I. cengialti, moderate, deeper than in I. iberica, value 45. 
 
 I. dorak, moderate, deeper than in either parent, value 60. 
 Safranin: 
 
 I. iberica, moderate, value 45. 
 
 I. cengialti, moderate, deeper than in I. iberica, value 60. 
 
 I. dorak, moderate, the same as in I. cengialti, value 60. 
 Temperature: 
 
 I. iberica, in the majority at 69 to 70, in all at 71 to 72.6, mean 
 71.5". 
 
 I. cengialti, in the majority at 70 to 72 mean, in all at 74 to 76, 
 mean 75. 
 
 I. dorak, in the majority at 68 to 70, in all at 70 to 72, mean 71 .5. 
 
 The reactivity of 7. iberica is lower than that of the 
 other parent in the polarization, iodine, gentian violet, 
 and safranin reactions, and higher in the temperature 
 reaction. The reactivity of the hybrid is the same or 
 practically the same as that of 7. iberica in the reactions 
 with polarization mid iodine; the same or practically the 
 
 TABLE A 31. 
 
 
 6 
 
 e 
 
 N 
 
 8 
 
 
 a 
 * 
 
 E 
 <o 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 o 
 n 
 
 E 
 
 U5 
 ^ 
 
 S 
 
 o 
 
 co 
 
 Chloral hydrate: 
 I. iberica 
 
 
 
 
 
 fi 
 
 
 19 
 
 in 
 
 fin 
 
 
 I. cengialti 
 
 
 
 
 
 in 
 
 
 11 
 
 52 
 
 6 
 
 
 I. dorak. . . 
 
 
 
 
 
 r> 
 
 
 17 
 
 33 
 
 44 
 
 
 Chromic acid: 
 I. iberica 
 
 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 7n 
 
 90 
 
 97 
 
 
 I. cengialti 
 
 
 
 
 
 in 
 
 
 fii 
 
 90 
 
 95 
 
 
 I. dorak 
 
 
 
 
 
 >9 
 
 
 Mi 
 
 95 
 
 97 
 
 
 Pyrogallic acid: 
 I. iberica 
 
 
 
 
 
 09 
 
 
 79 
 
 81 
 
 86 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 15 
 
 71 
 
 78 
 
 
 I. dorak 
 
 
 
 
 
 >n 
 
 
 70 
 
 85 
 
 91 
 
 
 Nitric acid: 
 
 
 
 
 
 fw 
 
 
 73 
 
 77 
 
 81 
 
 
 I. cengialti 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 t'.i; 
 
 73 
 
 83 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 6i 
 
 
 78 
 
 81 
 
 04 
 
 
 Sulphuric acid: 
 I. iberica 
 
 
 85 
 
 
 
 99 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I. cengialti 
 
 
 < 
 
 
 
 99 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I. dorak 
 
 
 0? 
 
 
 
 99 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Hydrochloric acid: 
 
 
 
 
 
 51 
 
 
 63 
 
 72 
 
 81 
 
 
 I. cengialti 
 
 
 
 
 
 CO 
 
 
 W 
 
 90 
 
 
 92 
 
 I. dorak . . . 
 
 
 
 
 
 fin 
 
 
 2 
 
 92 
 
 
 
 Potassium hydroxide: 
 
 
 
 
 
 s*> 
 
 
 81 
 
 89 
 
 93 
 
 
 I. cengialti 
 
 
 
 
 
 71 
 
 
 C 1 
 
 on 
 
 03 
 
 94 
 
 I. dcrak 
 
 
 
 
 
 fill 
 
 
 80 
 
 86 
 
 
 on 
 
 Potassium iodide : 
 
 
 
 
 
 5"> 
 
 
 08 
 
 78 
 
 86 
 
 CO 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 "in 
 
 
 > 
 
 86 
 
 91 
 
 93 
 
 I dorak 
 
 
 
 
 
 75 
 
 
 89 
 
 93 
 
 94 
 
 91 
 
 Potassium sulphocyanate: 
 I. iberica 
 
 
 84 
 
 
 
 9n 
 
 
 97 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 HI 
 
 
 
 91 
 
 
 95 
 
 98 
 
 
 
 I. dorak 
 
 
 77 
 
 
 
 90 
 
 
 95 
 
 
 
 
 Potassium sulphide: 
 I. iberica 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 1 
 
 fi 
 
 7 
 
 g 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 S 
 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 in 
 
 10 
 
 I. dorak 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 fi 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 17 
 
 Sodium hydroxide: 
 I. iberica 
 
 
 59 
 
 
 
 sn 
 
 
 88 
 
 95 
 
 97 
 
 97 
 
 
 
 *>0 
 
 
 
 74 
 
 
 S9 
 
 95 
 
 95 
 
 96 
 
 I. dorak 
 
 
 G5 
 
 
 
 sn 
 
 
 9n 
 
 95 
 
 9 r 
 
 9fi 
 
 Sodium sulphide: 
 I. iberica 
 
 
 
 
 
 14 
 
 
 14 
 
 47 
 
 51 
 
 58 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 is 
 
 GO 
 
 66 
 
 66 
 
 I. dorak 
 
 
 
 
 
 97 
 
 
 47 
 
 fin 
 
 60 
 
 70 
 
 Sodium salicylate: 
 I. iberica 
 
 
 
 
 
 55 
 
 89 
 
 99 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 51 
 
 91 
 
 99 
 
 
 
 
 I. dorak 
 
 
 
 
 
 47 
 
 on 
 
 99 
 
 
 
 
 Calcium nitrate: 
 I. iberica 
 
 
 
 
 
 13 
 
 
 in 
 
 45 
 
 11 
 
 fin 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 A 
 
 
 41 
 
 19 
 
 fii 
 
 (is 
 
 I. dorak 
 
 
 
 
 
 14 
 
 
 9 8 
 
 43 
 
 fin 
 
 68 
 
 Uranium nitrate: 
 
 
 
 
 
 in 
 
 
 ^n 
 
 22 
 
 1 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ? 
 
 
 in 
 
 ''n 
 
 11 
 
 Ifi 
 
 I dorak 
 
 
 
 
 
 B 
 
 
 is 
 
 32 
 
 39 
 
 46 
 
 Strontium nitrate: 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 9 
 
 
 is 
 
 67 
 
 7H 
 
 HO 
 
 I. cengialti 
 
 
 
 
 
 i? 
 
 
 58 
 
 71 
 
 7H 
 
 Sfi 
 
 I. dorak 
 
 
 
 
 
 >n 
 
 
 11 
 
 65 
 
 79 
 
 79 
 
 Cobalt nitrate: 
 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 4 
 
 fi 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 I . cengialti 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 ? 
 
 fi 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ) 1 
 
 
 T 
 
 4 
 
 fi 
 
 fi 
 
 Copper nitrate: 
 I. iberica 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 9 
 
 
 19 
 
 50 
 
 51 
 
 61 
 
 I. cengialti 
 
 
 
 
 
 in 
 
 
 in 
 
 5n 
 
 57 
 
 fin 
 
 I. dorak 
 
 
 
 
 
 >n 
 
 
 >8 
 
 5n 
 
 55 
 
 18 
 
 Cupric chloride: 
 I. iberica 
 
 
 
 
 
 in 
 
 
 4 
 
 61 
 
 04 
 
 7n 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 > 
 
 
 15 
 
 51 
 
 fi 1 " 
 
 c,s 
 
 I. dorak 
 
 
 
 
 
 is 
 
 
 5fi 
 
 64 
 
 Ofi 
 
 7n 
 
 Barium chloride: 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 fi 
 
 
 
 in 
 
 n 
 
 I. cengialti 
 
 
 
 
 
 n 5 
 
 
 1 
 
 9 
 
 i 
 
 r> 
 
 I. dorak 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 5 
 
 n 
 
 8 
 
 i? 
 
 Mercuric chloride: 
 I. iberica 
 
 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 
 11 
 
 15 
 
 ?? 
 
 ?5 
 
 I. cengialti 
 
 
 
 
 
 n5 
 
 
 ? 
 
 1 
 
 9 
 
 1? 
 
 I. dorak 
 
 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 11 
 
 17 
 
 ?1 
 
 n 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
I HIS. 
 
 107 
 
 Mine > that of the other parent in the saframn r- n 
 and the higher of the three in tin.- lc mp< r.iture n . 
 The hyhrnl i- i...ir,-r / i/'rnV.j than t.i /. rf/iyuj/fi ,u th.- 
 polarization, iodine, and temperature react n>ii.-, but 
 nearer the other parent in the gentian violet and tafranin 
 
 Table A 31 shows the reaction-intensities in percent- 
 ages of total staix-h gelatinized at definite mterrala 
 mites). 
 
 VELOCITY-REACTION CURTIS. 
 
 This section treats of the velocity-reaction curves of 
 
 the -larches of lri* tbrrica, I. cmytaJti. and /. donk, 
 
 >!i..wniir tin- i|ii.iniit.tti\c deferences in the behavior 
 
 1 dilTeri-nt reagents at definite time-intenraU. 
 
 (Chart- D I"" [<> \> ! 
 
 The most conspicuous features of this group of curvet 
 are: 
 
 ( 1 ) The closeness of all three curves, occasionally 
 almost identical, indicating corresponding relationships 
 <>f the parents and little modification of parental pecu- 
 liarities in the hybrid. The hybrid curve relative to the 
 parental curves shows marked variability in so far as it 
 
 in.-s follows one or the other parent closely, or is 
 the highest or the lowest or tends to intennediateness, 
 as the case may be. The hybrid curve inclines to differ 
 as much from the parental curves as the latter do from 
 each other. The tendency to separation of the parental 
 < ur\es is more marked in this group than in the previous 
 pruup, and with the exception of the reactions with sul- 
 phuric acid, potassium sulphocyanate, potassium sul- 
 phide, sodium hydroxide, sodium salicylate, strontium 
 nitrate, cobalt nitrate, copper nitrate, and barium chlo- 
 ride there is more .or less marked separation, with a 
 tendency generally for two of the three curves to keep 
 close, sometimes the two parental curves and at others 
 one parental curve with the hybrid curve. In some of 
 the reactions noted there is definite although unimportant 
 separation, as in those with sodium salicylate, strontium 
 nitrate, copper nitrate, and barium chloride. 
 
 (?) The sameness or marked closencsj of the pa- 
 rental curves in the reactions with chloral hydrate and 
 chromic acid; the sameness or marked closeness of all 
 three curves with sulphuric acid, potassium sulphocya- 
 nate, potassium sulphide, sodium hydroxide, sodium sali- 
 cylate, strontium nitrate, cobalt nitrate, and copper 
 nitrate ; the sameness or marked closeness of the hybrid 
 curve with one or the other parental curve with pyro- 
 gallic acid, nitric acid, hydrochloric acid, calcium ni- 
 trate, and mercuric chloride. 
 
 (3) The varying positions of the hybrid curves in 
 relation to the parental curves in the different reactions, 
 and the marked tendency for the hybrid curves to be 
 higher or lower than the parental curves with almost not 
 the lea-t tendency to in termed lateness, 
 
 ( I ) In a few instances there is evidence of a com- 
 paratively marked early resistance of one or two or all 
 three starches, as the case may be, as in I. iberica in the 
 chloral-hydrate and /. iberica and /. cengialti in the 
 chromic-acid reactions ; in /. cengialti in those with pyro- 
 gallic acid, nitric acid, sodium sulphide, copper nitrate, 
 and cupric chloride. This peculiarity, in so far as the 
 parents are concerned, is therefore almost confined to 
 /. cengialti. and it is not observed in the hybrid unless 
 perhaps in the uranium nitrate reaction. 
 
 (5) The earliest period during the 60 minutes at 
 which the three curves are best separated to differentiate 
 
 .irches varies with the different reagents. Ap; 
 matfly, thix period occurs within 5 minutes in most of 
 th<- r unhiding the reactions with pyrogallic 
 acid, nitric arid, sulphuric acid, potassium hydroxide, 
 
 potassium sulphocyanate, sodium lndrnde, sodium sul 
 phide, .sodium sahcylaUs, calcium nitrate, in . 
 trate, and copper nitrate; at the end of 15 minutes with 
 chloral hydrate, chromic acid, hydrochloric acid, potas- 
 sium iiKlide, strontium nitrate, an : 
 and at the end of Oil minutes with potassium sulj 
 cobalt nitrate, barium chloride, and mercuric chl. 
 In some of these cases there is little or no prartic.nl dif 
 ferentiation at these respective periods. 
 
 KB-*. rKNHITlES Or TIIK HYBRID. 
 
 This section treats of the reaction-intensities of the 
 hybrid as regards sameness, inUTmrdiatr-neat, excess, and 
 deficit in relation to the parents. (Table A 31 and 
 Charts D 400 to 1)420.) 
 
 The reactivities of the hybrid are the name as those 
 of the seed parent in the reactions with polariza 
 iodine, sodium hydroxide, barium chloride, and mm uric 
 chloride ; the same as those of the pollen parent in those 
 with safranin, hydrochloric acid, and potassium sulphide . 
 the same as those of both parents in the cobalt-nitrate 
 reaction; intermediate in that with calcium nitrate, and 
 closer to the seed parent; highest in those with gentian 
 violet, temperature, chromic acid, pyrogallic acid, nitric 
 acid, sulphuric acid, potassium iodide, sodium sulphide, 
 uranium nitrate, strontium nitrate, copper nitrate, and 
 cupric chloride (in six being closer to the seed parent, 
 in five closer to the pollen parent, and in one as close 
 to one aii to the other parent) ; and lowest with chloral 
 hydrate, potassium hydroxide, potassium sulphocyanate, 
 and sodium salicylate (in one being closer to Uie seed 
 parent, in two closer to the pollen parent, and in one as 
 close to one as to the other parent). 
 
 The following is a summary of the reaction-intensi- 
 ties: Same as seed parent, 5; same as pollen parent, :< . 
 same as both parents, 2 ; intermediate, 1 ; highest, 1 1 . 
 lowest, 4. 
 
 The seed parent has apparently influenced to a moro 
 marked extent than the pollen parent the properties of 
 the starch of the hybrid. The sameness to the seed 
 parent coupled with the tendency to cloaeneas to the aeed 
 parent in the reactions in which the hybrid is in excess 
 of the parents is quite marked. The tendency to the 
 highest or lowest reactivity of the hybrid is quite conspic- 
 uous, this being noted in more than half of the reactions. 
 
 COMPOSITE CURVES or REACTION-INTENSITIES. 
 
 This section treats of the composite curves of the 
 reaction-intensities, showing the differentiation of the 
 starches of Iris iberica, I. cengialti, and /. dorak. (Chart 
 E31.) 
 
 The most conspicuous features of this chart are: 
 
 ( 1 ) The marked closeness of all three curves through- 
 out, there being no tendency in any reaction for a marked 
 departure of any one curve from the other two. The 
 curves are so close as to suggest either very closely re- 
 lated species or mere varieties, the latter rather than the 
 former. The species are, however, classed in different 
 subgenera: 7. ib erica in Oneoeyeliu, and /. ungialli in 
 I'ogoniru and Krgelia. I. cengiaiti is regarded as being 
 probably a dwarf variety of 7. pallida, which it cloaely 
 resembles. For the most part the differences in the curves 
 fall within or close to the limits of error of experiment, 
 so that little or nothing of importance can be gained 
 from a critical comparison. At some points one parental 
 curve is higher than the other; and the hybrid owv* 
 courses with one or the other or both parental curves, 
 here and there running above or below both. 
 
 (2) In /. iberice, the very high reactions with sul- 
 phuric ariil, potassium sulphocyanate, and sodium tah- 
 cylate ; the high reactions with chromic acid and sodium 
 
108 
 
 HISTOLOGIC PROPEETIES AND REACTIONS. 
 
 hydroxide; the moderate reactions with polarization, 
 iodine, gentian violet, safranin, temperature, pyrogallic 
 acid, and potassium hydroxide; the low reactions with 
 chloral hydrate, nitric acid, hydrochloric acid, sodium 
 sulphide, calcium nitrate, strontium nitrate, copper ni- 
 trate, and cupric chloride; and the very low reactions 
 with potassium sulphide, uranium nitrate, cobalt nitrate, 
 barium chloride, and mercuric chloride. 
 
 (3) In /. cengialti, the very high reactions with sul- 
 phuric acid, potassium sulphocyanate, and sodium sali- 
 cylate ; the high reactions with polarization, chromic acid, 
 and sodium hydroxide; the moderate reactions with io- 
 dine, gentian violet, safranin, hydrochloric acid, potas- 
 sium hydroxifle, and potassium iodide ; the low reactions 
 with temperature, chloral hydrate, pyrogallic acid, nitric 
 acid, sodium sulphide, strontium nitrate, copper nitrate, 
 and cupric chloride; and the very low reactions with 
 potassium sulphide, uranium nitrate, cobalt nitrate, 
 barium chloride, and mercuric chloride. 
 
 (4) In the hybrid, the very high reactions with sul- 
 phuric acid, potassium sulphocyanate, and sodium 
 salicylate; the high reactions with chromic acid and so- 
 dium hydroxide; the moderate reactions with polariza- 
 tion, iodine, gentian violet, safranin, temperature, pyro- 
 gallic acid, nitric acid, hydrochloric acid, potassium 
 hydroxide, and potassium iodide ; the low reactions with 
 chloral hydrate, sodium sulphide, calcium nitrate, stron- 
 tium nitrate, copper nitrate, and cupric chloride; and the 
 very low reactions with potassium sulphide, uranium 
 nitrate, cobalt nitrate, barium chloride, and mercuric 
 chloride. 
 
 Following is a summary of the reaction-intensities: 
 
 
 
 Very 
 high. 
 
 High. 
 
 Mod- 
 erate. 
 
 Low. 
 
 Very 
 low. 
 
 I. iberica 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 7 
 
 9 
 
 5 
 
 I. cengialti 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 6 
 
 9 
 
 5 
 
 I. dorak 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 10 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 32. COMPARISONS OF THE STARCHES OF IRIS CEN- 
 GIALTI, I. PALLIDA QUEEN OF MAY, AND I. MRS. 
 ALAN GREY. 
 
 In histologic characteristics, polariscopic figures, reac- 
 tions with selenite and iodine, and with various chemi- 
 cal reagents the starches of the parents and hybrid ex- 
 hibit properties in common in varying degrees of de- 
 velopment, the sum of which in each case is characteristic 
 of the starch. Inasmuch as one of the parents is prob- 
 ably merely a dwarf form of the other, but little difference 
 is to be expected between either parents or parents and 
 hybrid. The starch of I. cengialti in comparison with 
 that of /. pallida queen of may contains fewer compound 
 grains and aggregates ; the grains are less irregular, more 
 rounded, but not so slender. The hilum when not fis- 
 sured is more distinct; more often, more deeply and more 
 extensively fissured; and the eccentricity is greater. 
 The lamellae are usually not so distinct, coarser, and ex- 
 hibit a notch corresponding to a notch in the distal 
 margin that was not noted in 7. pallida queen of may. 
 The size of the grains is somewhat larger. In the polari- 
 scopic, selenite, and qualitative iodine reactions many 
 differences are recorded. In the qualitative reactions 
 with chloral hydrate, hydrochloric acid, potassium iodide, 
 sodium hydroxide, and sodium salicylate various differ- 
 ences are noted, some of them quite individual and dis- 
 tinctive. The starch of the hybrid in comparison with 
 the starches of the parents contains compound grains and 
 aggregates in about the same numbers and of the same 
 types as in 7. pallida queen of may; the grains are more 
 regular than in either parent. In certain respects the 
 
 form is closer to that of 7. cengialti, but in most features 
 closer to that of the other parent. The hilum is in 
 character closer to 7. pallida queen of may, but the 
 eccentricity is greater than in either parent, yet closer 
 to this parent. The lamellae are less distinct than in 
 either parent, but they are in their general characters 
 closer on the whole to 7. cengialti. The size is less than 
 in either parent, but closer to 7. pallida queen of may. 
 The polariscopic and selenite reactions are closer to 
 those of 7. pallida queen of may, but the qualitative 
 iodine reactions are closer to those of the other parent. 
 In the qualitative reactions with the chemical reagents 
 the hybrid is very much more closely related to 7. pallida 
 queen of may. 
 
 Reaction-intensities Expressed by Light, Color, and Tempera- 
 ture Reactions. 
 Polarization : 
 
 I. cengialti, moderately high to high, value 60. 
 
 I. pallida queen of may, low to high, lower than in I. cengialti, 
 
 value SO. 
 
 I. mra. alan grey, low to high, lower than in either parent, value 45. 
 Iodine: 
 
 I. cengialti, moderate, value 45. 
 
 I. pallida queen of may, moderate, less than in I. cengialti, value 35. 
 I. inr.H. alan grey, moderate, deeper than in either parent, value 50. 
 Gentian violet: . 
 
 I. cengialti, moderate, value 45. 
 
 I. pallida queen of may, moderate, slightly deeper than in I. cen- 
 gialti, value 48. 
 I. inrs. alan grey, light to moderate, less than in either parent, 
 
 value 40. 
 Safranin: 
 
 I. cengialti, moderate, value 60. 
 
 I. pallida queen of may, moderate, slightly deeper than in I. cen- 
 gialti, value 52. 
 
 I. mra. alan grey, moderate, less than in either parent, value 45. 
 Temperature: 
 
 I. cengialti, in the majority at 70 to 72, in all at 74 to 76, mean 75. 
 I. pallida queen of may, in the majority at 71 to 73, in all at 75 
 
 to 75.8, mean 75.4. 
 
 I. mrs. alan grey, in the majority at 69 to 70, in all at 73 to 74.6, 
 mean 73.75. 
 
 The reactivity of 7. cengialti is higher than that of 
 the other parent in the reactions with polarization, 
 iodine, and temperature; and lower with gentian violet 
 and safranin. With the exception of the first two the 
 differences are small, and in the case of temperature 
 probably within the limits of error. The reactivity of 
 the hybrid is the lowest of the three in the polarization, 
 gentian-violet, safranin, and temperature reactions, and 
 the highest of the three in the iodine reactions. The 
 hybrid is closer to 7. cengialti than to that of the other 
 parent in the iodine, gentian-violet, safranin, and temp- 
 erature reactions, but the reverse in polarization reactions. 
 
 Table A 32 shows the reaction-intensities in percent- 
 ages of total starch gelatinized at definite intervals 
 (minutes). 
 
 VELOCITY-REACTION CURVES. 
 
 This section treats of the velocity-reaction curves of 
 the starches of 7m cengialti, I. pallida queen of may, 
 and 7. mrs. alan grey, showing the quantitative differences 
 in the behavior toward different reagents at definite time- 
 intervals. (Charts D 421 to D 441.) 
 
 The most conspicuous features of this group of charts 
 are: 
 
 (1) The closeness of all three curves, with the ex- 
 ception of the chloral-hydrate reaction, in which the 
 curves markedly diverge after the first 5 minutes. Ex- 
 cepting the reactions with nitric acid, sulphuric acid, 
 potassium sulphide, cobalt nitrate, and barium chloride, 
 there is sufficient separation of the curves, one or more, 
 to permit of more or less satisfactory differentiation. 
 It is of particular interest to note that the parental 
 curves tend to a more marked closeness than does the 
 
IHIS. 
 
 tog 
 
 
 1 A 
 
 i r 
 
 A J 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 e 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Chloral hv.lr.tr 
 
 tatti 
 
 I. pallid* quern of may 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 10 
 
 I 
 
 . 
 
 34 
 
 is 
 
 '. 
 
 
 . 
 
 M 
 M 
 
 I. inm alati rry 
 
 
 
 
 
 14 
 
 
 72 
 
 06 
 
 00 
 
 
 Chromic arid: 
 
 sJsM 
 1 pallid* quvon of may . 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 . 
 
 10 
 
 *, 
 
 
 83 
 
 40 
 
 00 
 
 f) 
 
 95 
 08 
 
 00 
 
 'i- 
 
 I mm alnn (rry 
 
 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 87 
 
 M 
 
 Of 
 
 .> 
 
 Pyrogallir > 
 1. eMMP*Jti 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 48 
 
 7 
 
 78 
 
 84 
 
 I. paltki* queen of may 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 67 
 
 84 
 
 02 
 
 al*n grey 
 
 
 
 
 
 ft 
 
 
 11 
 
 , 
 
 66 
 
 78 
 
 I. eeagialti 
 
 
 
 
 
 12 
 
 
 M 
 
 73 
 
 . e 
 
 00 
 
 I. pallid* qiMra of may 
 
 I mm alan jrr-. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 63 
 
 : 
 - 
 
 : 
 
 81 
 
 * i 
 
 Sulphurir :. 
 
 I. rrncialli 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 90 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I. pallid* que*n of may 
 
 
 W 
 
 
 
 M 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I. mn. alan grry 
 
 
 | 
 
 
 
 OB 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .l.l..nr arid: 
 I. crncialtl 
 
 
 
 
 
 8O 
 
 
 - 
 
 u 
 
 
 03 
 
 I. pallid* queen of may. 
 
 
 
 
 
 | 
 
 
 | 
 
 R4 
 
 
 M 
 
 I mm alan (Try 
 
 
 
 
 
 TO 
 
 
 r 
 
 78 
 
 -. 
 
 86 
 
 PotaMium hydroxide 
 I. emcialti 
 
 
 
 
 
 78 
 
 
 s" 
 
 
 
 01 
 
 04 
 
 I. p*llid* queen of may 
 
 
 
 
 
 77 
 
 
 M 
 
 K 
 
 01 
 
 03 
 
 I. mra. alan grey 
 
 
 
 
 
 , , 
 
 
 - 1 
 
 -i 
 
 -s 
 
 00 
 
 Potaawum iodkU: 
 I. crngialti 
 
 
 
 
 
 80 
 
 
 - 
 
 j 
 
 01 
 
 03 
 
 I. pallid* queen of may . 
 
 
 
 
 
 | 
 
 
 78 
 
 j 
 
 J 
 
 00 
 
 I. mrm. alan rry 
 
 
 
 
 
 r 
 
 
 - i 
 
 77 
 
 81 
 
 83 
 
 Potamum eulphoeyanate: 
 I. eangialti 
 
 
 81 
 
 
 
 
 
 01 
 
 08 
 
 08 
 
 
 I. pallid* queen of may . 
 
 
 75 
 
 
 
 
 
 J 
 
 08 
 
 06 
 
 
 I. mn. alan grey 
 
 
 M 
 
 
 
 
 
 77 
 
 00 
 
 01 
 
 
 Polaawum aulphide: 
 I. cetun&lti 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 4 
 
 ft 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 I. pallid* queen of may 
 
 
 
 
 
 f 
 
 
 f 
 
 10 
 
 
 10 
 
 I. mra. alan grey 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 f 
 
 A 
 
 
 6 
 
 Rnrliiim tivrlmiirU- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Lcencialti 
 I. pallid* queen of may . . 
 I. mra. alan grey 
 Sodium Bulpbide: 
 I. esaguUU 
 
 
 80 
 M 
 45 
 
 
 
 74 
 78 
 64 
 
 fl 
 
 
 SO 
 00 
 75 
 
 48 
 
 08 
 02 
 00 
 
 60 
 
 08 
 05 
 03 
 
 66 
 
 06 
 M 
 04 
 
 66 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1? 
 
 
 :,, 
 
 M 
 
 -'. 
 
 62 
 
 I. mra. alan grey 
 
 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 
 n 
 
 11 
 
 40 
 
 52 
 
 Sodium aalicytate: 
 
 1 -.-.. .... 
 
 
 
 
 
 55 
 
 5 
 
 00 
 
 
 
 
 I. pallid* queen of may . 
 
 
 
 
 
 Ml 
 
 r, 
 
 
 
 
 
 I. mra. alan gray 
 
 
 
 
 
 i- 
 
 00 
 
 
 
 
 
 Calcium nitrate: 
 
 I (M.lfll'll 
 
 
 
 
 
 A 
 
 
 41 
 
 80 
 
 
 
 68 
 
 I. pallida queen of may 
 
 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 
 i 
 
 80 
 
 ,. 
 
 60 
 
 I mra. alan grey 
 
 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 76 
 
 Aft 
 
 ! 
 
 50 
 
 Cranium nitimU: 
 I. craxialli 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 10 
 
 (J 
 
 n 
 
 36 
 
 I. pallid* queen of may 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 20 
 
 I. mn. alan grey 
 
 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 
 7 
 
 1? 
 
 1 
 
 24 
 
 Strontium nitrate: 
 I. eragialU 
 
 
 
 
 
 17 
 
 
 58 
 
 71 
 
 78 
 
 86 
 
 I nalli<k nueen of mar 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 68 
 
 I. mra. alan grey. 
 Cobalt nitrate: 
 I --^ninslii 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 8 
 1 
 
 
 23 
 2 
 
 43 
 
 ft 
 
 50 
 A 
 
 55 
 
 7 
 
 I. pailida queen of may 
 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 I 
 
 1 
 
 
 3 
 
 I. mra. alan grey 
 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 ] 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 Copper nitrate: 
 I. erncialti .... 
 I. pailida queen of may 
 
 
 . 
 
 . 
 
 . 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 H 
 
 ,. 
 
 87 
 
 . 
 
 60 
 51 
 
 I. mra. alan gray 
 
 
 
 
 
 ft 
 
 " 
 
 
 
 n 
 
 
 31 
 
 Cupric chloride: 
 I. -ngi*lti 
 
 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 
 ft 
 
 88 
 
 67 
 
 68 
 
 I. pailida queen of may. . 
 
 
 
 
 
 A 
 
 
 9 
 
 4ft 
 
 60 
 
 63 
 
 I. mn. *lan grey 
 
 
 
 
 
 t 
 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 44 
 
 48 
 
 Barium chloride: 
 
 I. crrupal'i 
 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 f 
 
 6 
 
 I. pailida quean of may.. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 | 
 
 I. mra. alan grey 
 Mercuric chloride: 
 I. cengialti 
 I. pailida queen of may 
 I. mra. alan gray 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 
 > 
 
 > 
 5 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 8 
 
 \ 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ( tin- hybrid to either parent or to intermediate- 
 nwa. In fact, there in an infliiiatimi f. r :!n- parental 
 * to be paired m th.-ir courae and for t < hybrid 
 
 to be distinctly above or below the parental curves. 
 In tin- chromic ncnl nrti<>na there ii well-mrk<-.| m- 
 
 Imtciu'M of tin- hybrid, an. I in those with potas- 
 wum, iodine, aodium ul|ihid<*. and cupnc rhl<>nd<- 
 transient fatonMdfafcBMi during the first 5 minntea; 
 Inn in this group, with the ex|.ii..n <( the potassium 
 iodide reaction, tin- difTeranoea in the curves of the three 
 starches are (light and fall within the limits of error of 
 experiment 
 
 (2) The lower reactivity of /. ctngtalli in compari- 
 son with the other parent in the reactions with chloral 
 hydrate and sodium salicvlat.-; the higher reactivities in 
 those with chromic acid, pyrogallic acid, potassium io- 
 dide, uranium nitrate, strontium nitrate, and copper 
 nitraU-; the name or nearly the name rea-tmtie* with 
 hydrochloric acid, potaMium hydroxide, potassium sul- 
 phocyanate, sodium hydroxide, sodium sulphide, cslcium 
 nitrate, cupric chloride, and mercuric chloride; and 
 the same reactivities also with nitric arid, sulphuric acid, 
 potassium sulphide, cobalt nitrate, and barium chloride, 
 in which the reactivities of all three starches are the 
 same or practically the same. 
 
 (3) The curves of the hybrid bear varying relations 
 to the parental curves. The absence of sameness in any 
 instance to the seed parent, the slni<'.-t entire ttlisence of 
 inarmed iatenefw of the curve, and the \ery marked ten- 
 dency to the curve being the highest or lowest of the 
 three are very striking. This low tendency is a most 
 interesting peculiarity considering- the very close rela- 
 tionship of the parents, and it recalls the same l.ut 
 more marked peculiarity of the hybrids of the well- 
 separated parents Amaryllis btlladonna and Brunsi-igia 
 josephina. 
 
 (4) In a few reactions there is evidence of an early 
 period of resistance, and this may I* noticeable in regard 
 to one or more of three starches in any reaction. This 
 resistance is seen in all three starches in the reactions 
 with chloral hydrate, chromic acid, pyrogallic acid, nitric 
 acid, strontium nitrate, and cupric chloride; with /. ctn- 
 gialli in the sodium-sulphide reaction ; with both parents 
 in that with calcium nitrate; and with the hybrid in 
 that with cupric chloride particularly. 
 
 (5) The earliest period during the 60 minute* at 
 which the three curves are best separated to differentiate 
 the starches varies with the different reagents. Approxi- 
 mately, this period occurs within 5 minutes in the reac- 
 tions with nitric acid, sulphuric acid, potassium hydrox- 
 ide, potassium iodide, potassium sulphocyanate, sodium 
 hydroxide, and sodium salicylate reactions; at 15 min- 
 utes with chloral hydrate, chromic acid, pyrogallic acid, 
 hydrochloric acid, sodium sulphide, calcium nitrate, and 
 strontium nitrate ; at 30 minutes with copper nitrate and 
 cupric chloride ; and at 60 minutes with potassium sul- 
 phide, uranium nitrate, cobalt nitrate, barium chloride, 
 and mercuric chloride. In a number of cases the assign- 
 ment is very questionable, so that the classification most 
 be looked upon as having merely a tentative value. 
 
 REACTION-INTENSITIES OF THE HTMJD. 
 
 This section treats of the reaction-intensities of the 
 liybrid as regards ismeneas, intermediateneas, excess, and 
 in relation tn the parents. (Table A 32 and 
 Charts D 421 to D 4-1 1 > 
 
 The reactivities of the hybrid are the same as those 
 of the seed parent in no reaction ; the same aa those of 
 the pollen parent in that with cobalt nitrate ; the same 
 as those of both parents in those with nitric acid, sul- 
 phuric acid, and barium chloride, in all of which the 
 
110 
 
 HISTOLOGIC PROPERTIES AND REACTIONS. 
 
 progress of gelatinization is too fast or too slow for 
 differentiation; intermediate with chromic acid, and 
 closer to that of the seed parent; highest with iodine, 
 temperature, chloral hydrate, and sodium salicylate (in 
 one being nearer the seed parent, and in three nearer the 
 pollen parent) ; and lowest with polarization, gentian 
 violet, safranin, pyrogallic acid, hydrochloric acid, po- 
 tassium hydroxide, potassium iodide, potassium sulpho- 
 cyanate, potassium sulphide, sodium hydroxide, sodium 
 sulphide, calcium nitrate, uranium nitrate, strontium 
 nitrate, copper nitrate, cupric chloride, and mercuric 
 chloride (in five being closer to the seed parent, in nine 
 closer to the pollen parent, and in three being as close 
 to one as to the other parent). 
 
 The following is a summary of the reaction-intensi- 
 ties : Same as seed parent, ; same as pollen parent, 1 ; 
 same as both parents, 3; intermediate, 1; highest, 3; 
 lowest, 17. 
 
 Three features stand out most conspicuously: the 
 more marked influence of the pollen parent on the proper- 
 ties of the starch of the hybrid, the remarkably strong 
 tendency for the curve of the hybrid to be above or below 
 the curves of the parents, especially to be below, and the 
 almost entire absence of intermediateness. 
 
 COMPOSITE CURVE OF THE REACTION-INTENSITIES. 
 
 This section treats of the composite curve of the 
 reaction-intensities, showing the differentiation of the 
 starches of Iris cengialti, I. pallida queen of may, and 
 I. mrs. alan grey. (Chart E 32.) 
 
 The most conspicuous features of this chart are : 
 
 (1) The closeness of all three curves, excepting in 
 the reactions with chloral hydrate, calcium nitrate, ura- 
 nium nitrate, strontium nitrate, copper nitrate, and 
 cupric chloride, in all of which, excepting the first, the 
 separation is within comparatively narrow limits, and in 
 all the separation is due in a large measure or solely 
 to the hybrid curve going above or falling below the 
 parental values, a tendency that was also recorded in 
 the histologic and qualitative peculiarities and the reac- 
 tion-intensities expressed by light, color, and temperature 
 reactions of this summary. 
 
 (2) The curve of Zrts cengialti tends to be higher 
 than that of /. pallida queen of may in the reactions with 
 polarization, iodine, temperature, nitric acid, sulphuric 
 acid, potassium iodide, calcium nitrate, uranium nitrate, 
 strontium nitrate, copper nitrate, and cupric chloride; 
 lower with gentian violet, safranin, chloral hydrate, and 
 pyrogallic acid; and the same or practically the same 
 with chromic acid, sulphuric acid, potassium hydroxide, 
 potassium sulphocyanate, potassium sulphide, sodium hy- 
 droxide, sodium sulphide, cobalt nitrate, barium chloride, 
 and mercuric chloride. In several of the reactions where 
 the curves differ they are so close as to be probably within 
 the limits of error of experiment, as in the reactions with 
 temperature, pyrogallic acid, nitric acid, hydrochloric 
 acid, potassium iodide, calcium nitrate, uranium nitrate, 
 copper nitrate, and cupric chloride. Charts D 421 to 
 D 441 are to be taken with these data in determining 
 differences in reactivity, but the differences will doubt- 
 less t>e found to hold excepting for slight variations. 
 
 (3) The curve of the hybrid is variable in its relations 
 to the parental curves, commonly exhibiting either an 
 inclination to be the same as the curve of one or both 
 parents or to be above or below, but not to intermediate- 
 ness. In Chart D 442 in the chromic-acid reactions there 
 was definite intermediateness up to the 45-minute rec- 
 ord, and there were also transient intermediate tendencies 
 in other reactions (see preceding section) ; but these are 
 not apparent in this chart, owing to inherent defects of 
 construction. 
 
 (4) In 7. cengialli, the very high reactions with 
 sulphuric acid, potassium sulphocyanate, and sodium 
 salicylate ; the high reactions with polarization, chromic 
 acid, and sodium hydroxide; the moderate reactions with 
 iodine, gentian violet, safranin, hydrochloric acid, potas- 
 sium hydroxide, and potassium iodide ; the low reactions 
 with temperature, chloral hydrate, pyrogallic acid, nitric 
 acid, sodium sulphide, strontium nitrate, copper nitrate, 
 and cupric chloride; and the very low reactions with 
 potassium sulphide, uranium nitrate, cobalt nitrate, 
 barium chloride, and mercuric chloride. 
 
 (5) In I. pallida, queen of may the very high reac- 
 tions with sulphuric acid and sodium salicylate ; the high 
 reactions with polarization, chromic acid, potassium sul- 
 phocyanate, and sodium hydroxide; the moderate reac- 
 tions with iodine, gentian violet, safranin, nitric acid, 
 hydrochloric acid, potassium hydroxide, and potassium 
 iodide; the low reactions with temperature, chloral hy- 
 drate, pyrogallic acid, sodium sulphide, calcium nitrate, 
 strontium nitrate, copper nitrate, and cupric chloride; 
 and the very low reactions with potassium sulphide, ura- 
 nium nitrate, cobalt nitrate, barium chloride, and mer- 
 curic chloride. 
 
 (6) In the hybrid, the very high reactions with 
 sulphuric acid and sodium salicylate ; the high reactions 
 with chloral hydrate, chromic acid, potassium sulpho- 
 cyanate, and sodium hydroxide reactions; the moderate 
 reactions with polarization, iodine, gentian violet, safra- 
 nin, and potassium hydroxide ; the low reactions with tem- 
 perature, pyrogallic acid, nitric acid, hydrochloric acid, 
 potassium iodide, sodium sulphide, calcium nitrate, and 
 strontium nitrate ; and the very low reactions with potas- 
 sium sulphide, uranium nitrate, cobalt nitrate, copper 
 nitrate, cupric chloride, barium chloride, and mercuric 
 chloride. 
 
 Following is a summary of the reaction-intensities: 
 
 
 Very 
 high. 
 
 High. 
 
 Mod- 
 crate. 
 
 Low. 
 
 Very 
 low. 
 
 I. cenginlti 
 I. pallida queen of may 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 7 
 7 
 
 9 
 
 g 
 
 6 
 5 
 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 g 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 33. COMPARISONS OF THE STARCHES OF IRIS 
 PERSICA VAR. PURPUREA, I. SINDJARENSIS, AND 
 I. PURSIND. 
 
 In histologic characteristics, polariscopic figures, reac- 
 tions with selenite, reactions with iodine, and qualitative 
 reactions with the various chemical reagents all throe 
 starches exhibit properties in common in varying degrees 
 of development, the sum of which in case of each starch 
 is distinctive of the starch. The starch of Iris sind- 
 jarensis in comparison with that of 7. persira var. pur- 
 purea contains many more compound grains, all of the 
 same types but in different proportions ; and the grains 
 are much more regular in form. The hilum is not so often 
 or so deeply and extensively fissured; there is an ab- 
 sence of a single fissure in compound grains which passes 
 through nil of thn hila, as was noted in the othor parent; 
 and eccentricity is usually greater. The lamellae are not 
 so coarse and are more regular, and the number is larger. 
 The size is smaller. In the polariscopic, selenite, and 
 qualitative iodine reactions there are various differences. 
 In the qualitative reactions with chloral hydrate, hydro- 
 chloric acid, potassium iodide, sodium hydroxide, sodium 
 salicylate, and mercuric chloride there are also many 
 differences which on the whole definitely individualize 
 each parent. The starch of the hybrid in comparison 
 with the starches of the parents contains a less number 
 
IIU.V 
 
 111 
 
 of coin|Miunil ^raiii.-. than in cither parent; irregularity 
 i- iiittTine.li.it.-: and. on the whole, the resembUnces 
 are ili.-tinctly eloM-r to /. peniea var. purpurea. The 
 hilum in i harm t.-r is closer to /. peniea var. purpurea, 
 hut in .-I-, cntr . r to /. sirnljarrn.fi*. The lamella* 
 
 in ch.ir.n I.T ami nuiuher are closer to /. peniea var. 
 purjiurta. T: :< closer to /. sindjarensi* I:, 
 
 the |>olariscopic and selenite reactions the relationship )g 
 closer to /. peniea var. purpurea, but in the qualitative 
 i. "line reactions closer to /. rindjarentu. In the quali- 
 tative reactions with the chemical reagents the le;i 
 to one IT the other parent are numerous and marked, 
 : the whole mm h more to 7. peniea var. purpurea 
 than to tin- other parent; moreover, a feature that is 
 characteristic of om- (parent may be accentuated in the 
 hyhnd. th IMMUJJ noted especiallv in the reactions with 
 sodium liMlroxiili- and sodium saficylate. 
 
 * intrntttHt KffrtMtd by l.igkt. Color, mnd Temper*- 
 
 tun ~ 
 
 Polarisation: 
 
 I. per v. pur., moderately hich to very Ugh. rmlu 70. 
 I. aindjarenale. moderately h%h to very bich. hihf than in I. 
 
 peniea var. purpurea. value 76. 
 I. puraind. moderately hicb to hich. lower than in either parent. 
 
 value 06. 
 Iodine: 
 
 I i~r. v. pur., moderate, value 66. 
 
 1. Mudjaroaie. moderate. lee than in I. peniea var. purpurea. 
 
 value 60. 
 1 i-unind. moderate, the eame a* in I. aindjarenaU. value 60. 
 
 in violet: 
 
 I. per. v. pur., moderate, value 46. 
 I. aindjarenefe. moderate, leai than in I. peniea var. purpurea. 
 
 value 43. 
 
 rwid, light to moderate, leei than in either parent, value 40. 
 tiafranin: 
 
 1 |wr. v. pur., moderate, value 60. 
 
 I. nndjarenaia. moderate, laaa than in I. peniea var. purpurea. 
 
 value 47. 
 
 I. puraiod. moderate, leae than in either parent, value 46. 
 Temperature: 
 
 1. per. v. pur., in the majority at 4 to 06*. in all at 08 to 70*. 
 
 mean 00*. 
 I undjarenan. in the majority at 03.5 to 65*. in all at 00 to 07*. 
 
 meanOO.6*. 
 
 I. puraind. in the majority at 64.6 to 00. in all at 08 to 70, mean 
 00*. 
 
 The reactivity of /. peniea var. purpurea is higher 
 than tint of the other parent in the iodine, gentian violet, 
 and saf ranin reactions, and lower in the polarization and 
 t- ni|terature reactions. The reactivity of the hybrid 
 is the same or practically the same as that of /. peniea 
 var. purpurea in the temperature reaction; the same 
 or practically the same as that of /. tindjaretuit in the 
 iodine reaction ; and the lowest of the three in the polar- 
 ization, gentian violet, and safrauin reactions. The hy- 
 brid is closer to /. peniea var. purpurea than to the 
 
 - parent in the polarization and temperature reac- 
 : and the reverse in the iodine, gentian violet, and 
 saf ran in reactions. 
 
 Table A 33 shows the reaction-intensities in percent- 
 ages of total starch gelatinized at definite intervals 
 (minutes). 
 
 VELOCITY-REACTION CURVES. 
 
 This section treats of the velocity-reaction curves of 
 the starches of 7rw peniea var. purpurea, I. tindjarentis, 
 aud /. punind. showing the quantitative difference* in 
 the behavior toward different reagenta at different time- 
 interval*. ( Charts D 442 to D 4 68. ) 
 
 The most conspicuous features of this group of curves 
 are: 
 
 ( 1 ) The marked closeness of all three curves 
 throughout the various reactions, the only reaction in 
 which there is a marked tendency to continually in- 
 creasing differentiation during the 60 minutes being 
 
 
 1 
 
 .1 . 
 
 A3 
 
 1. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 M 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 A 
 
 e 
 
 
 .. 
 
 ft 1 
 
 * 
 
 
 t 
 
 9 
 
 i 
 8 
 
 . U ,,1 fc !-,. 
 
 I. per. v. pur 
 I. atodjareoaia 
 1. punind 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 
 
 30 
 It 
 16 
 
 
 
 K 
 
 
 M 
 
 ". 
 
 M 
 
 mkadd: 
 I. per. v. par 
 
 :; 
 
 
 :: 
 
 
 1 
 
 M 
 i 
 
 . 
 
 - 
 
 91 
 M 
 
 M 
 7 
 
 97 
 
 M 
 
 Pyracallie acid: 
 I. par. r. pur 
 
 
 
 
 
 i , 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I. aindjareoafa 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ( 
 
 
 
 IrM**e^eu4 
 
 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Nitric acid: 
 I. par. v. pur. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I. eindjarenei. 
 
 
 
 
 
 | 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I. punind 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Sulphuric acid: 
 I. per. v. pur 
 
 
 H 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I. aindjarenafa. . . . 
 
 
 07 
 
 
 
 f 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1. pumnd 
 
 
 90 
 
 
 
 im 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 llyurnrhloric acid: 
 I. per. v. pur 
 
 
 
 
 
 | 
 
 
 Ofl 
 
 H 
 
 
 
 I. aindjareoau. . 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 n 
 
 
 
 I. punind 
 
 
 
 
 
 M 
 
 
 99 
 
 
 
 
 Potaaantm hydroxide: 
 I. par. v. pur... 
 
 
 
 
 
 -i 
 
 
 <,. 
 
 H 
 
 
 
 I. aindjareneie. 
 
 
 
 
 
 | 
 
 
 .- 
 
 99 
 
 
 
 I. punind 
 
 
 
 
 
 | 
 
 
 ., 
 
 99 
 
 
 
 Putaeaium iriiiifii' 
 I. per. v. pur 
 
 
 
 
 
 | 
 
 
 IM 
 
 99 
 
 
 
 I. iinljiiiiiali 
 
 
 
 
 
 | 
 
 
 
 , 
 
 
 
 I. punind 
 
 
 
 
 
 u 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Potaaaium eulpbocyanate: 
 I. per. v. pur 
 
 
 -.- 
 
 
 
 r 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I. eindjareoaia 
 
 
 M 
 
 
 
 99 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I. punind 
 
 
 ',, 
 
 
 
 99 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 PoUeeium eulphide: 
 I. per. v. par. ... 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 14 
 
 
 
 
 I. eindjarenau . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 17 
 
 40 
 
 4fl 
 
 I. punind 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 i. 
 
 
 
 
 J' i .iilan mt 1. 
 
 OOanm ^MW*MOT. 
 
 I. per. v. pur. .. . 
 
 
 07 
 
 M 
 
 
 . , 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I. aindjaranak 
 
 
 M 
 
 
 
 M 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I. punind 
 
 
 97 
 
 
 
 .,., 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Sodium eulphide: 
 I. per. v. pur 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 US 
 
 
 
 
 I. aindjarenaia 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 90 
 
 H 
 
 * * 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 7T 
 
 
 86 
 
 H 
 
 
 
 Sodium aalicylate: 
 I. per. v. pur . 
 
 
 
 
 
 77 
 
 Mi 
 
 7S 
 
 ,, 
 
 
 
 I. aindjarenaia 
 
 
 
 
 
 l> 
 
 47 
 
 70 
 
 ., 
 
 
 
 I. punind 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 If 
 
 n 
 
 
 
 Calcium nitrate: 
 I. per. v. pur. ... 
 I. aindjarenaie 
 
 
 
 
 
 - 
 ! 
 
 
 '. 
 -. 
 
 
 
 90 
 
 M 
 96 
 
 90 
 07 
 
 I punind . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 H 
 
 90 
 
 96 
 
 
 Uranium nitrate: 
 I. per. v. par 
 
 
 
 
 
 |. 
 
 
 Ml 
 
 -i 
 
 96 
 
 07 
 
 I nndjareoei* 
 
 
 
 
 
 |7 
 
 
 | 
 
 96 
 
 07 
 
 Oft 
 
 Iaieul 
 
 
 
 
 
 17 
 
 
 ... 
 
 90 
 
 90 
 
 u 
 
 Strontium nitrate: 
 I. per. v. pur 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 M 
 
 M 
 
 
 
 I. eindjareoaii 
 
 
 
 
 
 H 
 
 
 
 
 M 
 
 
 
 I. punind 
 
 
 
 
 
 M 
 
 
 90 
 
 
 
 
 Cobalt nitrate: 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 M 
 
 41 
 
 44 
 
 I, aindjareoeu 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 40 
 
 | 
 
 
 61 
 
 I. punind 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 M 
 
 43 
 
 44 
 
 Copper nitrate: 
 I. per. v. pur 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 97 
 
 9H 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 m 
 
 
 
 M 
 
 I. punind .. 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 p. 
 
 ii 
 
 . 
 
 99 
 
 Cuprie chloride: 
 I. prr. v. pur 
 I. aindjarenaM 
 I. punind 
 
 
 
 
 
 n 
 
 - 
 i 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 - 
 M 
 99 
 
 
 Barium chloride: 
 
 
 
 
 
 M 
 
 
 A 
 
 
 i 
 
 47 
 
 I. aindjareniM 
 
 I |..irin.t 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 
 7 
 7 
 
 i 
 
 - 
 
 
 II 
 
 Mercuric ehfervlr 
 I. par. v. par .... 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 77 
 
 
 |t& 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 M 
 
 
 
 
 M 
 
 99 
 
 I ' 
 
 
 
 
 
 M 
 
 
 n 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
112 
 
 HISTOLOGIC PROPERTIES AND REACTIONS. 
 
 in that with barium chloride. In all other instances 
 the most marked differentiation is noted early in the 
 reactions, with an inclination for the differences to 
 become less during the progress of the reactions. In 
 many instances the curves are so close as not to permit 
 of satisfactory differentiation, unless it be within the 
 first 5 minutes, as in the reactions with chromic acid, 
 pyrogallic acid, nitric acid, sulphuric acid, hydrochloric 
 acid, potassium hydroxide, potassium iodide, sodium sul- 
 phide, calcium nitrate, strontium nitrate, copper nitrate, 
 cupric chloride, and mercuric chloride; in others there 
 may be as good or better differentiation at a later period, 
 as in the reactions with chloral hydrate, potassium sul- 
 phide, sodium salicylate, uranium nitrate, cobalt nitrate, 
 and barium chloride. Gelatinization occurs with such 
 speed in the reactions with potassium sulphocyanate and 
 sodium hydroxide as to render satisfactory differentiation 
 impossible. 
 
 (2) The higher reactivity of 7. persica var. purpurea 
 than of the other parent in the reactions with chloral 
 hydrate, sodium salicylate, and calcium nitrate ; the lower 
 reactivity with chromic acid, nitric acid, sulphuric acid, 
 potassium sulphide, sodium sulphide, uranium nitrate, 
 calcium nitrate, strontium nitrate, cobalt nitrate, cupric 
 chloride, barium chloride, and mercuric chloride; and 
 the same or practically the same reactivity with pyrogallic 
 acid, hydrochloric acid, potassium hydroxide, potassium 
 iodide, potassium sulphocyanate, sodium hydroxide, and 
 cupric chloride. In some of the reactions where the 
 curve is higher or lower the differences are unimportant 
 and probably fall within the limits of error of experiment. 
 
 (3) The variable position of the hybrid curve in rela- 
 tion to one or both parental curves. There is a distinct 
 tendency to intermediateness, and one also equally strong 
 for the curve of the hybrid to be above or below the 
 parental curves. 
 
 (4) There is an entire absence of any marked ten- 
 dency to a period of early resistance followed by rapid 
 reaction. There are mere suggestions of such resistance 
 as, for instance, in I. persica var. purpurea and the hybrid 
 in the chromic-acid and uranium-nitrate reactions ; and 
 of 7. sindjarensis in the sodium-salicylate reaction. 
 
 (5) The earliest period during the 60 minutes at 
 which the three curves are best separated to differen- 
 tiate the starches varies with the different reagents. 
 Approximately, this period occurs within 5 minutes in the 
 reactions with chromic acid, pyrogallic acid, nitric acid, 
 sulphuric acid, hydrochloric acid, potassium hydroxide, 
 potassium iodide, potassium suphocyanate, sodium hy- 
 droxide, sodium sulphide, sodium salicylate, calcium 
 nitrate, strontium nitrate, copper nitrate, cupric chlo- 
 ride, and mercuric chloride; at 15 minutes with chloral 
 hydrate, potassium sulphide, uranium nitrate, and 
 cobalt nitrate ; and at 60 minutes with barium chloride. 
 
 REACTION-INTENSITIES OF THE HYBRID. 
 
 This section treats of the reaction-intensities of the 
 hybrid as regards sameness, intermediateness, excess, and 
 deficit in relation to the parents. (Table A 33 and 
 Charts D 442 to D 462.) 
 
 The reactivities of the hybrid are the same as those of 
 the seed parent with temperature, potassium sulphide, 
 and cobalt nitrate; the same as those of the pollen 
 
 parent with iodine and sulphuric acid; the same as 
 those of both parents in the reactions with chromic acid, 
 hydrochloric acid, potassium iodide, potassium sulpho- 
 cyanate, and sodium hydroxide; intermediate with 
 chloral hydrate, nitric acid, sodium sulphide, uranium 
 nitrate, and strontium nitrate (in one being closer to 
 the seed parent, in two closer to the pollen parent, and 
 in two mid-intermediate) ; highest with pyrogallic acid, 
 potassium hydroxide, sodium salicylate, cupric chloride, 
 and mercuric chloride (in two being closer to the seed 
 parent, in two closer to the pollen parent, and in one 
 as close to one as to the other parent) ; and lowest with 
 the polarization, gentian violet, safranin, calcium nitrate, 
 copper nitrate, and barium chloride (in four being closer 
 to the seed parent, and in two closer to the pollen parent) . 
 
 The following is a summary of the reaction-intensi- 
 ties : Same as seed parent, 3 ; same as pollen parent, 2 ; 
 same as both parents, 5; intermediate, 5; highest, 5; 
 lowest, 6. 
 
 The influences of the seed and pollen parents seem to 
 be about equal, slightly in favor of the former. Inter- 
 mediateness is recorded in about one-fifth of the reac- 
 tions, and highness and lowness in about two-fifths. 
 
 COMPOSITE CURVES OF EEACTION-INTENSITIES. 
 
 This section treats of the composite curves of the 
 reaction-intensities, showing the differentiation of the 
 starches of Iris persica var. purpura, I. sindjarensis, and 
 7. pursind. (Chart E 33.) 
 
 The most conspicuous features of this chart are : 
 
 ( 1 ) The marked closeness of all three curves through- 
 out, the most noticeable differences being in the reac- 
 tions with polarization, iodine, gentian violet, safranin, 
 temperature, potassium hydroxide, uranium nitrate, 
 cupric chloride, and barium chloride. In all other reac- 
 tions (17 out of 26) the curves are nearly or practically 
 identical, their closeness indicating very closely related 
 parental species, or more likely varieties. 
 
 (2) The curve of 7. persica var. purpurea tends to 
 be lower than that of the other parent in the reactions 
 with polarization, temperature, sulphuric acid, potassium 
 sulphide, uranium nitrate, cupric chloride, and barium 
 chloride ; higher with iodine, gentian violet, and safranin ; 
 and the same or practically the same with chloral hydrate, 
 chromic acid, pyrogallic acid, nitric acid, hydrochloric 
 acid, potassium hydroxide, potassium iodide, potassium 
 sulphocyanate, sodium hydroxide, sodium sulphide, so- 
 dium salicylate, calcium nitrate, strontium nitrate, cobalt 
 nitrate, copper nitrate, and mercuric chloride. 
 
 (3) The curve of the hybrid follows very closely the 
 curves of the parents, it being closer to or identical with 
 the curve of one or the other, or identical with both. 
 
 (4) In 7. persica var. purpurea the very high reac- 
 tions with pyrogallic acid, nitric acid, sulphuric arid, 
 hydrochloric acid, potassium hydroxide, potassium iodide, 
 potassium sulphocyanate, sodium hydroxide, sodium sul- 
 phide reactions; the high reactions with polarization, 
 chromic acid, sodium salicylate, calcium nitrate, uranium 
 nitrate, strontium nitrate, copper nitrate, cupric chloride, 
 and meruric chloride ; the moderate reactions with iodine, 
 gentian violet, safranin, temperature; and the very low 
 reactions with chloral hydrate, potassium sulphide, cobalt 
 nitrate, and barium chloride. 
 
IRIS. 
 
 113 
 
 tmijarrnfu the very high reactions with 
 
 pyrogalln in ill, nitru- acid, sulphuric ami, h\dr. hluru- 
 potassium hydroxide, potassium iodide, potassium 
 sulpha yanatc. wdhUB hydroxide, sodium sulphide, and 
 c-ujirn- i-lili>riil-; tin- high reactions with polarization, 
 clirni: ilium .-alleviate, calcium nitrate, uranium 
 
 nitrate. strontium nitrate, copper nitrate, and mercuric 
 chloride ; tlu> miMlerate reactions with iodine, gentian 
 \mlit. -afniinn, HIU! tein|M-rature ; the low reactions with 
 cobalt nitrate nml tximim elilnride reactions ; and the very 
 low with rhloral hydrate and potassium 
 
 sulphide. 
 
 ' vl.rid the very high renetioiis with |i 
 gallic aenl. ni!- -ulphnric a> id. hydrochloric acid, 
 
 potajwiiini hydroxide. |>..tn-.-itiin ii-dide, [mta-Miim sul- 
 I'h \nimte, sodium hydroxide, and sodium sulphide ; the 
 high wnh polari/Htion, ehrniiiie acid, MM! in in 
 
 JIM nitrate, uranium nitrate, strontium 
 nitrate, enp|>er nitrate, cupric chloride, and mercuric 
 chloride: the moderate reactions with iodine, gentian 
 VIM], -i, .safranin, and temperature; and the very low reac- 
 tions with chloral hydrate, potassium sulphide, cobalt. 
 nitrate, and barium -blonde. 
 
 lowing is a summary of the reaction-intensities: 
 
 
 
 Very 
 
 hich. 
 
 Hich 
 
 M ! 
 crmtiv 
 
 Low. 
 
 Very 
 low. 
 
 I. pmifm vr purpnrm 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 4 
 
 0- 
 
 4 
 
 kiwh 
 
 10 
 
 8 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 i 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 NOTES ON TUB TRIBES. 
 
 Among the very striking features of the four charts 
 are: 
 
 The closeness of all three curves in each chart and 
 the wavering relationship of the hybrid curve to one 
 or the other or both parental curves, occasionally going 
 or below parental extremes in Charts E 30, E 31, 
 and E 33, and frequently (15 out of 26 reactions) in 
 Chart K 32 ; the close correspondence of the curves of 
 the three sets of rhizomatous irids (Charts E 30, 31, 
 and E 32 ) ; and the very definite differentiation of the 
 
 - of the rhizomatous and tuberous series. 
 
 In the first set the cross is between members of the 
 rabgenera Oeocyclut and A pagan; in the second set, 
 between members of the subgenera Ococyclvt and Pogo- 
 nirif and Regelia; in the third set, between members of 
 ubgenus Pogonirit and Rtgelia; and in the fourth 
 ."t. between members of the subgentu Juno. In the 
 three sets of rhizomatous irids the curves are so nearly 
 alike as to suggest that the snbgeneric division of Ha>- 
 sellirin;: referred to in Part II is botanically largely 
 artificial, and that the primary division into rhiznmaton* 
 and tuberous groups is well founded in expressing funda- 
 mental botanical differentiation. Although only one set 
 of tuberous irises wu studied in detail in this research, 
 cursory investigations were made with other members of 
 this series (including /. hixlrio Reichb., /. tingitiana 
 Bows and Rent., /. rtlifvlaia M. Bieb.. I. alata PoTr., and 
 nojrira Hoffm. ; the firrt three belonging to the rob- 
 
 - Xiphion and the last two to the subgenus Juno), 
 in all of which the reactions were in cloae correspondence 
 with those of this set In the previnn research with 
 irid starches it was found that the members of the rhizo- 
 
 8 
 
 matous aeries have in comparison with those of the tuber- 
 ous series, beaidea different ln-tol..-,, |,r..|Ttie, a lower 
 degree of polarization, lower reactivities with iodine, 
 higher rcaetiuthv with gentian violet anil nafranin, and 
 di-tmctly higher tcm|>eraturva of gelatnn < 'wing 
 
 t.. ini|>n)|)er strengths of the reagents, evidence waa not 
 recorded that is satisfactory to differentiate the tarchea 
 then Mudied; hut there was clear c of grouping 
 
 of the two series, the members of the rhizomatnus serial 
 having, as a whole, higher reactivities with chlorn 
 drate and chromic acid, and lower reactivities with 
 chloride and 1'urdy's solution. These results t 
 ai'eurd with tlnw< of the prvw-nt n-w-areh, there U-m^ in 
 the rhizomatouM sericti mean lower rca< ti\itte t . with |Mila- 
 rization and iixlinc, higher n-activitii-s with gentian 
 Molet and nafranin, higher t. ni|-rature of geiatinizatimi. 
 higher reactivity with chloral hydrate, the Bane or a 
 tendency to a higher reactivity with < hnnnic aeid, and a 
 lower reactivity with potassium hydroxide. 
 
 The types of curves of the rhizomatous and tuberous 
 irids, respectively, differ chiefly in the relative townees 
 of the rhizomatous curve in the reactions with pyrogallic 
 aeid, nitric acid, hydrochloric acid, potassium hydroxide, 
 potamium iodide, sodium hydroxide, sodium sulphide, 
 calcium nitrate, uranium nitrate, copper nitrate, tupric 
 chloride, and mercuric chloride, and the highness in thoae 
 with chloral hydrate and sodium oalicylate. I'rohahly 
 among the irids will he found MUIIC -j>e<-ie< or hylirid that 
 will, as in case of the crinums, bridge the two Aerie*. 
 
 Owing to the almost invariable closeness of the three 
 curves in each set, opportunity is rarely afforded for a 
 satisfactory study of the relationships of the hybrid to 
 one or the other or both parent*. It will be seen by the 
 following summary, the figures of which are to be taken 
 as having only tentative values, that the different hy- 
 brids vary in their parental relationships, especially in 
 their intermediate, highest, and lowest records. 
 
 The following i* a summary of the reaction-intensi- 
 ties of the hybrids as regards sameness, inli run ilinlintm, 
 excess, and deficit in relation to the parents: 
 
 
 i 
 
 : 
 I 1 
 
 ': 
 
 i 1 
 
 a 
 - 
 
 i 
 
 = 
 
 I 
 
 I. tawli 
 
 3 
 
 a 
 
 a 
 
 19 
 
 i 
 
 A 
 
 I. dorak . . 
 
 ft 
 
 > 
 
 ? 
 
 1 
 
 H 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 t 
 
 1 
 
 9 
 
 17 
 
 I. minind 
 
 S 
 
 i 
 
 i 
 
 & 
 
 K 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 The differences in the reactive-intensities of the rhi- 
 zomatous and tuberous series are indicated in the fol- 
 lowing table: 
 
 M: 
 
 .. 
 
 mrim: 
 
 I. ib*rk4fDJuM-hmaU ..... 
 I. iUricB-wwfaltf-Oonk . . . 
 I. Mnialli-(MUlid*-inra. gny 
 TubvixM MTM: 
 
 Vy 
 
 Hich. 
 
 a 
 
 31 
 3J 
 
 8.7 
 
 Mod- 
 
 8.7 
 
 83 
 9.7 
 
 Low. 
 
 7.7 
 
 
 
 IS 
 
 0.7 
 
 47 
 
 * 
 
 a.7 
 I.I 
 
114 
 
 HISTOLOGIC PROPERTIES AND REACTIONS. 
 
 34. COMPABISONS OF THE STARCHES OF GLADIOLUS 
 CARDINALIS, G. TRISTIS, AND G. COLVILLEI. 
 
 In histologic characteristics, polariscopic figures, reac- 
 tions with selenite, qualitative reactions with iodine, and 
 qualitative reactions with chemical reagents the parents 
 and the hybrid exhibit properties in common in varying 
 degrees of development and also individualities which 
 collectively are in each case distinctive, although the 
 starches show characters in general that are closely 
 akin. The starch of Gladiolus tristis in comparison with 
 that of G. cardinalis exhibits as prominent differences 
 certain peculiarities of the aggregates and an absence 
 of a type of compound grain that is found, and the pres- 
 ence of another type of compound grain that is not found 
 in G. cardinalis; and sharply defined pressure facets are 
 more common. The hilum is less distinct ; an irregular 
 cavity at the hilum is often larger and more irregular; 
 fissuration is more common ; and eccentricity is greater. 
 The lamellae are less distinct and numerous. The size of 
 the grains is less. In the polariscopic, selenite, and quali- 
 tative iodine reactions there are many differences which 
 seemingly are of a minor character, yet which collec- 
 tively are quite diagnostic. In the qualitative reactions 
 with chloral hydrate, hydrochloric acid, potassium iodide, 
 sodium hydroxide, and sodium salicylate there are 
 many differences, mostly minor, some individualizing one 
 or the other parent. The starch of the hybrid in com- 
 parison with the starches of the parents contains certain 
 compound grains similar to a type found only in G. car- 
 dinalis and also a linear type of aggregate that is found 
 only in G. tristis. There are many minor differences, 
 but the grains are on the whole more closely related to 
 those of G. cardinalis. The hilum exhibits more numer- 
 ous clefts and the fissuration is more varied than in either 
 parent ; eccentricity is about the same as in G. tristis and 
 greater than in G. cardinalis; but in general characters 
 the hilum is more like that of G. cardinalis. The lamellae 
 in character are mid-intermediate, but the number is in 
 excess of the numbers in the parents. The size is closer to 
 that of G. tristis. In the polariscopic, selenite, and 
 qualitative iodine reactions there are leanings to one or 
 the other parent, but the relationship is on the whole 
 much closer to G. cardinalis. In the qualitative chemi- 
 cal reactions there are corresponding leanings and 
 relationships. 
 
 Reaction-intensities Expressed by Light, Color, and Tempera- 
 ture Reactions. 
 Polarisation: 
 
 G. cardinalis, high to very high, much higher than in G. tristis, 
 value 85. 
 
 G. tristis, moderate to high, value 65. 
 
 G. colvillei, high to very high, not quite so high as in G. cardinalis, 
 
 value 80. 
 Iodine: 
 
 G. cardinalis, moderate to deep, the same as in G. tristis, value 60. 
 
 G. tristis, moderate to deep, value 60. 
 
 G. colvillei, moderate to deep, lighter than in cither parent, 
 
 value 65. 
 Gentian violet: 
 
 G. cardinalis, moderate, higher than in G. triatis, value 50. 
 
 G. tristis, light to moderate, value 40. 
 
 G. colvillei, moderate, intermediate between the parents, value 47. 
 Safranin: 
 
 G. cardinalis, moderate, deeper than in G. tristis, value 53. 
 
 G. tristis, light to moderate, value 45. 
 
 G. colvillei, moderate, the same as in G. cardinalis, value 53. 
 Temperature: 
 
 G. cardinalis, majority at 83 to 84.6, all at 84 to 86, mean 85. 
 
 G. tristis, majority at 76 to 78, all at 78 to 79, mean 78.5. 
 
 G. colvillei, majority at 78 to 80, all at 82 to 83, mean 82.5. 
 
 The reactivities of G. cardinalis are higher than those 
 of G. tristis in the polarization, gentian violet, and safra- 
 nin ; lower in the temperature reaction ; and the same 
 in that with iodine. The reactivities of the hybrid are in- 
 
 TABLE A 34. 
 
 
 8 
 
 a 
 
 N 
 
 a 
 
 w 
 
 a 
 ** 
 
 6 
 >o 
 
 S 
 n 
 
 S 
 
 
 B 
 
 in 
 * 
 
 S 
 
 
 Chloral hydrate: 
 
 
 
 
 
 99 
 
 45 
 
 SI 
 
 51 
 
 51 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 19 
 
 47 
 
 51 
 
 54 
 
 55 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 17 
 
 ?5 
 
 34 
 
 41 
 
 14 
 
 Chromic hydrate: 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 ?n 
 
 75 
 
 90 
 
 96 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 fin 
 
 05 
 
 OS 
 
 00 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 30 
 
 8? 
 
 01 
 
 08 
 
 Pyrogallic acid: 
 
 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 10 
 
 
 1? 
 
 1? 
 
 
 
 
 
 * 
 
 14 
 
 75 
 
 SI 
 
 00 
 
 95 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ? 
 
 5 
 
 fi 
 
 8 
 
 10 
 
 Nitric acid: 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 G tristis . 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 1? 
 
 15 
 
 17 
 
 ?1 
 
 G. Qolvillei 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 6 
 
 
 7 
 
 Sulphuric acid: 
 
 
 
 
 
 81 
 
 97 
 
 00 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 86 
 
 oo 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 60 
 
 95 
 
 00 
 
 
 
 Hydrochloric acid: 
 
 
 
 
 
 1? 
 
 m 
 
 3? 
 
 5? 
 
 68 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4S 
 
 68 
 
 77 
 
 81 
 
 85 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ft 
 
 15 
 
 ?4 
 
 15 
 
 4? 
 
 Potassium hydroxide: 
 
 
 
 
 
 11 
 
 14 
 
 99 
 
 >8 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 13 
 
 18 
 
 ?5 
 
 10 
 
 17 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 1? 
 
 15 
 
 17 
 
 19 
 
 Potassium iodide: 
 
 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 1? 
 
 15 
 
 19 
 
 ??, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 ?1 
 
 50 
 
 58 
 
 65 
 
 G. colviUei 
 
 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 11 
 
 13 
 
 17 
 
 ?0 
 
 Potassium sulphocyanate: 
 
 
 
 
 
 11 
 
 ?? 
 
 97 
 
 15 
 
 41 
 
 G tristis 
 
 
 
 
 
 18 
 
 Mi 
 
 01 
 
 95 
 
 07 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ft 
 
 15 
 
 18 
 
 9 s 
 
 717 
 
 Potassium sulphide: 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 
 6 
 
 G. tristis 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ? 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 
 4 
 
 Sodium hydroxide: 
 
 
 
 
 
 II 
 
 16 
 
 ?4 
 
 I 9 
 
 40 
 
 G tristis 
 
 
 
 
 
 >> 
 
 T> 
 
 10 
 
 61 
 
 68 
 
 G. colvillei 
 
 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 15 
 
 ?0 
 
 99 
 
 ?8 
 
 Sodium sulphide: 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 10 
 
 n 
 
 19 
 
 ?6 
 
 G. tristis 
 
 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 18 
 
 14 
 
 58 
 
 70 
 
 G. colvillei 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 o, 
 
 I 9 
 
 15 
 
 17 
 
 Sodium salicylate: 
 
 
 
 
 
 5f> 
 
 81 
 
 95 
 
 OS 
 
 99 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 64 
 
 DO 
 
 90 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ?3 
 
 50 
 
 SO 
 
 on 
 
 07 
 
 Calcium nitrate: 
 
 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 g 
 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 10 
 
 15 
 
 in 
 
 18 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 
 6 
 
 Uranium nitrate: 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 >, 
 
 4 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 G. colvillei 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 ? 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 Strontium nitrate: 
 
 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 10 
 
 ?? 
 
 ?4 
 
 ?. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 4? 
 
 46 
 
 G. colvillei 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 8 
 
 16 
 
 ?,1 
 
 Cobalt nitrate: 
 G. cardinalis 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 ? 
 
 3 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 ? 
 
 3 
 
 
 3 
 
 G. colvillei 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 ? 
 
 ?5 
 
 
 2.5 
 
 Copper nitrate: 
 G. cardinalis 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 11 
 
 13 
 
 14 
 
 14 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ? 
 
 3 
 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 Cupric chloride: 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 G. trutis 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 5 
 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 Barium chloride: 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 ?, 
 
 3 
 
 
 3 
 
 G tristis 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 
 4 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 ?, 
 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 Mercuric chloride: 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 f, 
 
 6 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 9 
 
 G. colvillei 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
DIOLU8. 
 
 115 
 
 ti rrn. !-.!( in the |>larmition, gentian wolet, and U-mp- 
 eraturv jvm-tions ; lowest HI tin- iodine reaction ; ami the 
 Mine u that f <!. carilinnlitt but higher than that of 
 
 f./it in tin' siifranin rein-lion. The hybrid is on the 
 whole distinctly closer to 0. cardinalis than to (). tri.iti*. 
 
 TaM. \ -iwg the reaction-intensities in percent 
 
 ages of total Htarch gelatinized at definite interval! 
 (minutes). 
 
 VELOCITY-REACTION CURTIS. 
 
 This section treat* of the velocity-fraction curve* of 
 the starches of Gladiolus cardinalis, 0. intiit, and 0. 
 roli-illfi, showing the quantitative difference* in the be- 
 havior toward different reagent* at definite time-inter- 
 val. (Charts I) ;:; to D483.) 
 
 Vm.'ii- tin- rmispi. nous features of these chart* are: 
 ( 1 ) Tin- In-licr ivartit ity of H. tristia in relation to 
 
 thcr |>;ir-nt and tin- hvorid throughout. 
 
 I .' i Til.- differences recorded between the react ion< 
 
 of tin- starches of the two parent* with the various rea- 
 
 . th>> curves varying very markedly in the extent of 
 
 Tim*, tin- curves an- MTV cliw throughout 
 
 .vile or nearly the whole 60-minutc jn-riod in the 
 
 us with chloral hydrate, nitric acid, sulphuric 
 
 a. id. potassium hydroxide, potassium sulphide, sodium 
 
 salicylate, calcium nitrate, uranium nitrate, cobalt ni- 
 
 . oo|i[H>r nitrate, cupric chloride, barium chloride, 
 
 and men-uric < -Monde; they are well separated to widely 
 
 separated in those with chromic acid, pyrogallic acid, 
 
 hydrochloric acid, potassium iodide, potassium sulphocya- 
 
 nate, sodium hydroxide, sodium sulphide, and strontium 
 
 nitrate. 
 
 ) The almost universal tendency for the curve of 
 n/irui/w to be closer to the curve of the hybrid than 
 to 0. tns(is. In only the reactions with chloral hy- 
 drate, sulphuric acid, potassium hydroxide, and sodium 
 salicylate is the curve of 0. cardinalis definitely closer 
 it of 0. Iristis. In the potassium-sulphide rcac- 
 ,'olatinization proceeded so slowly that such differ- 
 ences as were recorded fall within the limits of error of 
 iii.-iit. In the experiments with calcium nitrate. 
 ium nitrate, copper nitrate, and cupric chloride 
 '. rardinalis curve is practically intermediate. 
 < ! I The rurves of the hybrid bear varying relations 
 parental curves, with a manifest tendency to same- 
 ness to the curve* of 0. cardinalis, and to intermcdiatc- 
 ness and to the lowest position, and almost invariably 
 definitely toward the seed parent. 
 
 (5) An early period of resistance followed hy a mod- 
 erate to rapid gelatinization is noted in the chromic 
 acid chart. In other charts the corresponding period is 
 one of comparatively rapid gelatinization, as in the reac- 
 
 with chloral hydrate, sulphuric acid, sodium sali- 
 rylate. while in others gelatinization proceeds with 
 marked slowness, yet steadily from the oubtart, as 
 instanced particularly in the reactions with potn- 
 sulphide. uranium nitrate, cobalt nitrate, and in other 
 
 'low reactions. There are *ome gradations be- 
 tween these sets. 
 
 (6) The earliest period of the 60 minutes tt which 
 the three curves are best separated for differential pur- 
 pose* varies with the different reagent*, and in some 
 instances owing to the extremely slow reactions satis- 
 
 rv differentiation is impossible. Approximately 
 
 Tiod occurs at the end of 5 minnta in the reac- 
 
 with chloral hydrate, sulphuric acid, and sodium 
 
 late; at 15 minutes with chromic acid, pyrocallic 
 
 - acid, and potassium sulphocyannte ; at 
 
 30 minutes with strontium nitrate: and at 60 minutes 
 
 with nitric acid, potassium hydroxide, potassium iodide. 
 
 potassium sulphide, sodium hydroxide, sodium sulphide, 
 
 .ul. mm nitrate, uranium nitrate, cobalt nitrate, copper 
 nitrate, rujirir chloride, l.nrmm ( Monde, and mercuric 
 
 i-hlonde. Iii a number of the react - "f the latter 
 
 group* the difference* are trivial and within the I 
 of error of r\|>erimcnt. 
 
 REACTION-INTENSITIES op TUB HYBRID. 
 
 Tins MM -tum treat* of the reaction-intensities of the 
 In lirid as regards sameness, intennrdiatvneM, excess, and 
 in relation to the parents. (Table A 34 and 
 CharU I) 463 to I) i 
 
 The reactivities of the hybrid are the same u those 
 of the pollen parent in none of the reaction* ; the ssjne a* 
 those of the seed parent in the reactions with safranin, 
 chromic acid, nitric acid, uranium nitrate, i-upm- 
 ride, barium chloride, and men-uric chloride; the same 
 as those of both parents in that with coUlt nitrate, 
 wherein the gelatinization is extremely slow; interim- 
 diate in those with polarization, gentian violet, tempera- 
 ture, and pyrogallic acid (in all four being donor to tin- 
 seed parent) ; highest in none; and lowest with iodin.-. 
 chloral hydrate, sulphuric acid, hydrochloric acid, potas- 
 sium hydroxide, potassium iodide, potassium Milphooya- 
 nate, potassium sulphide, sodium hydroxide, sodium sul- 
 phide, sodium salicylatc, calcium nitrate, strontium ni- 
 trate, and copper nitrate (in 12 being closer to the seed 
 parent, and in 2 as close to one as to the other parent). 
 
 The following is a summary of the reaction-intensi- 
 ties: Same as seed parent, 7; same as pollen parent, 0; 
 same as both parents, 1; intermediate, 4; highest, 0; 
 lowest, 14. 
 
 The most striking features of the foregoing data are 
 the absence of a single reaction in which there was name- 
 ness or even inclination more to the pollen than to the 
 seed parent; the slight tendency in in termed iateness; 
 and the very strongly marked tendency for the curves of 
 the hybrid to be below those of the parent*. 
 
 COMPOSITE CURVES or THE REACTION-INTENSITIES. 
 
 This section treats of the composite curves of the 
 reaction-intensities, showing the differentiation of the 
 starches of Gladiolus cardinalis, 0. trittis, and 0. col- 
 villei. (Chart E 34.) 
 
 The wont conspicuous features of this chart are : 
 
 (1) The varying relationship the curve of 0. irisiis 
 bears to the curve of the other parent, sometimes above, 
 below, or the same or practically the same. It is above 
 in the reactions with temperature, chloral hydrate, pyro- 
 gallic acid, nitric acid, hydrochloric acid, potassium 
 hydroxide, potassium iodide, potassium sulphocyanate, 
 sodium hydroxide, sodium sulphide, sodium sahcylate, 
 calcium nitrate, uranium nitrate, strontium nitrate, and 
 copper nitrate; below with polarization, gentian violet, 
 and safranin ; and the same or practically the same with 
 iodine, chromic acid, sulphuric acid, potassium sulphide, 
 cobalt nitrate, cupric chloride, barium chloride, and 
 mercuric chloride. The other parent, 0. cardinalis, is 
 higher in only the polarization, gentian-violet, and safra- 
 nin reactions. 
 
 (2) The varying degrees of separation of the pa- 
 rental curves, the most marked separation being noted 
 in the reactions with polarization, temperature, pjrro- 
 gallic acid, potassium iodide, potaminm ralphocyanate, 
 sodium hydroxide, sodium sulphide, and strontium 
 nitrate. 
 
 (3) The marked tendencv for the curve of the hy- 
 brid to he clowr to the curve of G. rnrdinnlis than to toe 
 other parent, and to be lowest of the t 
 
 (4) In O. trislis the very high reaction* with sul- 
 phuric acid ; the high reactions with polarization, iodine, 
 and sodium salicylate ; the moderate with gentian violet, 
 
116 
 
 HISTOLOGIC PROPERTIES AND REACTIONS. 
 
 safranin, chromic acid, pyrogallic acid, and potassium 
 sulphocyanate ; the low with temperature, chloral hy- 
 drate, and hydrochloric acid, potassium iodide, sodium 
 hydroxide, and sodium sulphide ; and the very low reac- 
 tions with nitric acid, potassium hydroxide, potassium 
 sulphide, calcium nitrate, uranium nitrate, strontium 
 nitrate, cobalt nitrate, copper nitrate, cupric chloride, 
 barium chloride, and mercuric chloride. 
 
 (5) In 0. cardinalis the very high reactions with 
 polarization and sulphuric acid ; the high reactions with 
 iodine and sodium salicylate ; the moderate reactions with 
 gentian violet, safranin, and chromic acid ; the low reac- 
 tions with chloral hydrate and hydrochloric acid ; and the 
 very low reactions with temperature, pyrogallic acid, 
 nitric acid, potassium hydroxide, potassium iodide, potas- 
 sium sulphocyanate, potassium sulphide, sodium hydrox- 
 ide, sodium sulphide, calcium nitrate, uranium nitrate, 
 strontium nitrate, cobalt nitrate, copper nitrate, cupric 
 chloride, barium chloride, and mercuric chloride. 
 
 (6) In the hybrid the very high reactions with 
 polarization and sulphuric acid ; the absence of any high 
 reaction; the moderate reactions with iodine, gentian 
 violet, safranin, chromic acid, and sodium salicylate ; the 
 low reaction with temperature; the very low reactions 
 with chloral hydrate, pyrogallic acid, nitric acid, hydro- 
 chloric acid, potassium hydroxide, potassium iodide, po- 
 tassium sulphocyanate, potassium sulphide, sodium 
 hydroxide, sodium sulphide, calcium nitrate, uranium 
 nitrate, strontium nitrate, cobalt nitrate, copper nitrate, 
 cupric chloride, barium chloride, and mercuric chloride. 
 
 Following is a summary of the reaction-intensities: 
 
 
 Very 
 high. 
 
 High. 
 
 Mod- 
 erate. 
 
 Low. 
 
 Very 
 low. 
 
 G. tristis 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 11 
 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 17 
 
 G. colvillei 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 1 
 
 18 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 35. COMPARISONS OF THE STAECHES OF TEITONIA 
 POTTSII, T. CKOCOSMIA AUEEA, AND T. CEOCOS- 
 
 M^FLORA. 
 
 In histologic characteristics, polariscopic figures, reac- 
 tions with selenite, reactions with, iodine, and qualitative 
 reactions with the various chemical reagents the starches 
 of the parents and hybrid exhibit properties in common 
 in varying degrees of development and also certain indi- 
 vidualities, which latter, although as a rule of a minor 
 character, are in conjunction with the properties in 
 common sufficient for differential purposes. The starch of 
 Tritonia crocosmia aurea in comparison with that of T. 
 pottsii shows among the most conspicuous differences in 
 form a larger proportion of permanently isolated grains ; 
 more numerous compound grains of two components; 
 less numerous grains with well-defined pressure facets; 
 triangular grains more elongated ; and varied proportions 
 of other types of grains. The hilum is more refractive ; a 
 rounded or irregular cavity is more frequently found ; 
 more often fissured, and the clefts are as a rule deeper ; 
 there are some differences in the forms of fissuration; 
 and eccentricity is slightly greater. The lamellae are 
 less distinct; a marginal band of refractive lamellae 
 is more frequently present; the numbers are about the 
 same. The sizes differ but little. In the polariscopic, 
 selenite, and qualitative iodine reactions there are numer- 
 ous differences which are seemingly of a minor charac- 
 ter. In the qualitative reactions with chloral hydrate, 
 hydrochloric acid, potassium iodide, sodium hydroxide, 
 and sodium salicylate many differences are recorded, some 
 of which are individually quite distinctive. The starch 
 
 of the hybrid in comparison with the parental starches is 
 found to show markedly the influences of both parents ; 
 leaning to one or the other parent or sameness with 
 both are very conspicuous. In form the differences are 
 essentially in the varying proportions of different types 
 of grains, the starch of the hybrid being closer to that 
 of T. crocosmia aurea. The hilum in eccentricity is 
 closer to that of T. crocosmia aurea, but in every other 
 character closer to the other parent. The lamellas and 
 size differ but little from those of the parents, and in 
 both respects the relationship is closer to T. pottsii. In 
 the polariscopic, selenite, and qualitative iodine reac- 
 tions, and in the reactions with the various chemical 
 reagents there are leanings to one or the other parent, 
 or sameness to both, but on the whole distinctly toward 
 T. crocosmia aurea. Notwithstanding the closeness of 
 all three starches it is quite remarkable how readily the 
 variable parental leanings of the hybrid are detected. 
 
 Reaction-intensities Expressed by Light, Color, and Tempera- 
 ture Reactions. 
 Polarization: 
 
 T. pottsii, moderate to very high, value 70. 
 
 T. crocosmia aurea, high to very high, higher than in T. pottsii, 
 
 value 75. 
 T. crocosmteflora, moderate to very high, lower than in T. pottsii, 
 
 value 67. 
 Iodine: 
 
 T. pottsii, very light, value 10. 
 T. crocosmia aurea, moderate, value 50. 
 T. crocosmseflora, light, value 25. 
 Gentian violet: 
 
 T. pottsii, light to moderate, value 40. 
 
 T. crocosmia aurea, light to moderate, lighter than T. pottsii, 
 
 value 35. 
 T. crocoemteflora, light to moderate, the same as T. pottsii, 
 
 value 40. 
 Safranin: 
 
 T. pottsii, light to moderate, value 40. 
 
 T. crocosmia aurea, light to moderate, lower than T. pottsii, 
 
 value 35. 
 T. crocosmteflora, light to moderate, deeper than in the parents, 
 
 value 45. 
 Temperature: 
 
 T. pottsii, majority at 73 to 75, all at 76 to 77.5, mean 76.75. 
 T. crocosmia aurea, majority at 78 to 80, all at 80 to 82, mean 81. 
 T. crocosmeeflora, majority at 74 to 76, all at 76 to 78, mean 77. 
 
 The reactivity of T. pottsii is higher than that of T. 
 crocosmia aurea in the polarization and iodine reac- 
 tions, and higher in the gentian-violet, safranin, and 
 temperature reactions. The reactivity of the hybrid is 
 intermediate in the iodine reaction; the same as that 
 of T. pottsii in the gentian-violet and temperature reac- 
 tions; lowest of the three in the polarization reaction; 
 and the highest of the three in the safranin reaction. 
 The relationship throughout is closer to T. pottsii. 
 
 Table A 35 shows the reaction-intensities in percent- 
 ages of total starch gelatinized at definite intervals 
 (minutes). 
 
 VELOCITY-REACTION CURVES. 
 
 This section treats of the velocity-reaction curves of 
 the starches of Tritonia pottsii, T. crocosmia aurea, and 
 T. crocosmceflora, showing the quantitative differences in 
 the behavior toward different reagents at definite time- 
 intervals. ( Charts D 484 to D 504. ) 
 
 Among the most conspicuous features of these charts 
 are the following: 
 
 (1) Excepting the sulphuric-acid and barium-chlo- 
 ride reactions in which the differences in reactivity are 
 insignificant, the starches of the parents exhibit well- 
 defined differences which are very variable in extent with 
 the different reagents. With all of the reagents, ex- 
 cepting those noted and chloral hydrate, T. pottsii has the 
 higher reactivity, but in the reactions with the latter it 
 
THITONIA. 
 
 117 
 
 TABLE A 36. 
 
 , r>; >. : * 
 
 -.....:. . : 
 T. 
 
 T. eroeoamia aurra 
 T. 
 
 I!-. !r .".. :.:..: 
 
 T. potuii 
 
 T. erocoatnia aura* 
 T. rrocotmaflon 
 Foluuum hydroxide 
 T. potUti 
 T. crootxmia ur 
 T. 
 
 ^- -:.,::. J. '. :: \. '. 
 
 s-.liura lutfrhHr 
 
 1 - -: . . .- i 
 
 Inaium nitratr 
 
 Strontium nitrate 
 
 T. cmeoimU aurm 
 
 Cupric chloride: 
 
 lUnum chloride 
 
 NtNMli :.. r,:. 
 
 has a somewhat lower reactivity. The difference* are. 
 on the whole, such u to suggest well-eeparated species. 
 ) The curve* of the hybrid bear varying relation- 
 lie parental CTirve*, tending for the moat part 
 to mtermediatenes* and toward the curve* of the *eed 
 parent 
 
 <( An early period ,,f marked resistance i* rarely 
 observed, but to the contrary the opposite tendency i* 
 usually present, to that the percentage of starch gela- 
 tinized BOO* the first 5 tniiiute* i* pr..|.rti..iiat*ly 
 larger, commonly very much larger, than at any subse- 
 quent A-minute int.-rval. An earl}' ]HTUM| of reiustance i* 
 noticeable particularly in the reaction* with chromic pid 
 and nyrogallic acid, while a low degree of "*itan< i* 
 noted particularly in those with hydrochloric add, potas- 
 sium sulphocyanate, Rodium livdrnxidc. ...limn xulphide, 
 and sodium salicylate (T. potUii and the hybrid). 
 
 (4) The earliest perir>d during the 60 minute* at 
 which the three curves are beat teparated, and hence 
 the beat time for the differentiation of the itarche*, i* 
 variable in relation to the different reagent*. Approxi- 
 mately this period occurs at the end of 5 minute* in 
 the reactions with potassium sulphocyanate, sodium ml- 
 
 Ehide, and sodium salicylate; at 15 minutes with chloral 
 ydrate, chromic acid, pyrogallic acid, hydrochloric 
 acid, potassium iodide, sodium hydroxide, calcium ni- 
 trate, uranium nitrate, copper nitrate, cupric chloride, 
 and mercuric chloride; at 30 minute* with nitru- and. 
 potassium hydroxide, *trontium nitrate, and <i>lmlt ni- 
 trate; and at GO minutes with potassium suljihi.l.-. 
 
 KXACTION-INTKNBITIES OF T1IK IlYBKID. 
 
 This section treats of the reaction-intensities of the 
 hybrid as regards sameness, intermediateneaa, excess, and 
 deficit in relation to the parent (Table A 35 and 
 Charts D 484 to D 504.) 
 
 The reactivities of the hybrid are the same as those 
 of the seed parent in the gentian-violet and temperature 
 reactions; the same as those of the pollen parent in tin- 
 cobalt-nitrate reaction ; the same as those of both parent* 
 in the sulphuric-acid and barium-chloride reactions; in- 
 termediate in those with iodine, chromic acid, pyrogallic 
 acid, hydrochloric acid, potassium hydroxide, potassium 
 iodide, potassium sulphocyanate, potassium sulphide, so- 
 dium hydroxide, sodium sulphide, sodium salicylate, cal- 
 cium nitrate, uranium nitrate, O>|I|MT nitrau-, cu|>n<- 
 chloride, and mercuric chloride (in II In- ing closer to the 
 seed parent and in 2 closer to the |x>llm pan-nt) ; high- 
 est with safranin, nitric acid, and strontium nitrate (in 
 3 being closer to the seed parent and in th<- other to 
 the pollen parent) ; and lowest with polarization and 
 chloral hydrate, in both being closer to the seed parent. 
 
 The following is a nummary of the reartion-intensi- 
 tiea: Same as seed parent, 2 ; same as pollen parent, 1 ; 
 same as both parents, 2; intermediate, 17; highest, 3; 
 lowest, 2. 
 
 The pollen parent seem* to have had very little in- 
 fluence in determining the character* of the starch of the 
 hybrid. The tendency to intermediatenea* of the hybrid 
 is exceptionally well marked, and there i* very littl.- 
 tendency for the hybrid < urve to be higher or lower than 
 the parental curve*. 
 
 COMPOSITE CURVES or REAcnox-twrnrsmM. 
 
 This section treats of the com posit* curve* of the 
 reaction-intensities, showing the differentiation of the 
 starches of Tritonia potlni. T. rrocoswia awrso, and 
 T. crocotmoflom. (Chart E 35.) 
 
 Among the eonspicoow features of the chart are: 
 (1) The usually well-marked separation of the 
 carve* of the parents, together with an almost invariably 
 
118 
 
 HISTOLOGIC PROPERTIES AND REACTIONS. 
 
 higher position of the curve of Tritonia pottsii and the 
 close correspondence of the two curves in the up-and- 
 down variations. The only places at which the curve of 
 T. pottsii is distinctly lower than that of T. crocosmia 
 aurea are in the polarization, iodine, and chloral-hydrate 
 reactions. The curve is the same or practically the 
 same in the reactions with sulphuric acid, potassium sul- 
 phide, sodium salicylate, and barium chloride. 
 
 (2) In T. pottsii the very high reactions with sul- 
 phuric acid ; the high reactions with polarization, chromic 
 acid, hydrochloric acid, potassium sulphocyanate, and 
 sodium salicylate; the moderate reactions with gentian 
 violet, safranin, and pyrogallic acid; the low reactions 
 with temperature, chloral hydrate, nitric acid, potassium 
 iodide, sodium hydroxide, sodium sulphide, and stron- 
 tium nitrate; and the very low reactions with iodine, 
 potassium hydroxide, potassium sulphide, calcium ni- 
 trate, uranium nitrate, cobalt nitrate, copper nitrate, 
 cupric chloride, barium chloride, and mercuric chloride. 
 
 (3) In T. crocosmia aurea the very high reaction 
 with sulphuric acid ; the high reactions with polarization 
 and sodium salicylate ; the moderate reactions with iodine, 
 chromic acid, and hydrochloric acid; the low reactions 
 with gentian violet, safranin, temperature, chloral hy- 
 drate, pyrogallic acid, potassium sulphocyanate, and so- 
 dium hydroxide ; and the very low reactions with nitric 
 acid, potassium hydroxide, potassium iodide, potassium 
 sulphide, sodium sulphide, calcium nitrate, uranium 
 nitrate, strontium nitrate, cobalt nitrate, copper nitrate, 
 cupric chloride, barium chloride, and mercuric chloride. 
 
 (4) In the hybrid the very high reactions with sul- 
 phuric acid and sodium salicylate ; the high reactions with 
 polarization, chromic acid, hydrochloric acid, and potas- 
 sium sulphocyanate ; the moderate reactions with gentian 
 violet, safranin, pyrogallic acid, and sodium hydroxide ; 
 the low reactions with iodine, temperature, nitric acid, 
 potassium iodide, sodium sulphide, and strontium ni- 
 trate; and the very low reactions with chloral hydrate, 
 potassium hydroxide, potassium sulphide, calcium ni- 
 trate, uranium nitrate, cobalt nitrate, copper nitrate, 
 cupric chloride, barium chloride, and mercuric chloride. 
 
 Following is a summary of the reaction-intensities: 
 
 
 Very 
 high. 
 
 High. 
 
 Mod- 
 erate. 
 
 Low. 
 
 Very 
 low. 
 
 T. pottsii 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 
 3 
 
 7 
 
 10 
 
 T. crocosmia aurea 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 7 
 
 13 
 
 T. crocosmseflora 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 g 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 36. COMPARISONS OF THE STARCHES OF BEGONIA 
 SINGLE CRIMSON SCARLET, B. SOCOTRANA, AND 
 B. MRS. HEAL. 
 
 In the histologic characteristics, polariscopic figures, 
 reactions with selenite and iodine, and qualitative reac- 
 tions with the various chemical reagents the three starches 
 have properties in common in various degrees of develop- 
 ment and in each case certain individualities. The 
 starch of Begonia socotrana in comparison with that of 
 B. single crimson scarlet contains no compound grains 
 or aggregates ; the grains are not so often irregular, but 
 where irregularity exists it is more marked ; the grains 
 are more elongated and the round type few. The hilum is 
 somewhat less distinct and more often fissured, and a 
 peculiar form of fissure is found ; ecentricity is greater. 
 The lamellae are somewhat more distinct and somewhat 
 less regular, and there is an absence of a very coarse 
 lamella near the hilum and also of one outlining the pri- 
 mary starch deposit in compound grains if the deposit 
 consists of both primary and secondary lamellae. Other- 
 
 wise the character and arrangements are the same. The 
 size is larger. In the polariscopic, selenite, and qualita- 
 tive iodine reactions there are many differences. In the 
 qualitative reactions with chloral hydrate, chromic acid, 
 pyrogallic acid, nitric acid, and strontium nitrate there 
 are also many differences, many quite striking and dis- 
 tinctive of one or the other parent. The starch of the 
 hybrid in comparison with the starches of the parents 
 exhibits but few individualities in form, and in this 
 histological character it is in closer relationship to B. 
 socotrana. The starch of the hybrid is closer to that of 
 B. single crimson scarlet in the general characters of the 
 hilum, but nearer the other parent in form, eccentricity 
 of the hilum, size, and arrangement of the lamelte (ex- 
 cepting when the grain consists of a primary and a sec- 
 ondary part, when the relationship is closer to the first 
 parent). Certain irregularities of form are seen that 
 are not present in cither parent, and the lamella? are more 
 distinct and not so fine as they are in the parents. In 
 the characters of the polariscopic figure and in the sele- 
 nite reaction it is closer to B. single crimson scarlet. In 
 the iodine reactions it is closer to B. single crimson scar- 
 let. In the qualitative reactions with chloral hydrate, 
 chromic acid, pyrogallic acid, nitric acid, and strontium 
 nitrate the relationship is closer to B. single crimson 
 scarlet. Some of the grains during gelatinization be- 
 have like those of one parent and others like those of 
 the other, and some show associated peculiarities of 
 both parents. The resemblances are, on the whole, more 
 closely related to B. single crimson scarlet, as is also 
 the case in the quantitative reactions. 
 
 Reaction-intensities Expressed l>y Light, Color, and Tempera- 
 ture Reactions. 
 Polarization: 
 
 B. sing. crim. scar., moderately high to high, value 00. 
 
 B. socotrana, moderately high to high, the same as in B. single 
 
 crimson scarlet, value 60. 
 B. mrs. heal, moderately high to high, less than in either parent, 
 
 value 55. 
 Iodine: 
 
 B. sing. crim. scar., moderate, value 45. 
 
 B. socotrana, light to moderate, much less than in B. single crimson 
 
 scarlet, value 30. 
 B. mrs. heal, moderate, the same as in B. single crimson scarlet, 
 
 value 45. 
 Gentian violet: 
 
 B. sing. crim. scar., moderate, value 45. 
 
 B. socotrana, light to moderate, much less than in B. single crimson 
 
 scarlet, value 35. 
 B. mrs. heal, moderate, same as in B. single crimson scarlet, 
 
 value 45. 
 Safranin: 
 
 B. singl crim. scar., moderate to deep, value 60. 
 
 B. socotrana, moderate to deep, less than in B. single crimson 
 
 scarlet, value 55. 
 B. mrs. heal, moderate to deep, same as in B. single crimson scarlet, 
 
 value 60. 
 Temperature: 
 
 B. sing. crim. scar., in the majority at 67 to 68.5, in nil at 70 to 
 
 72, mean 71. 
 B. socotrana, in the majority at 79 to 80, in all at 81 to 81.8, 
 
 mean 81.4. 
 
 B. mrs. heal, in the majority at 67 to 69, in all at 71 to 72, 
 mean 71.5. 
 
 The reactivity of B. single crimson scarlet is higher 
 than that of the other parent in the iodine, gentian 
 violet, safranin, and temperature reactions; and the 
 same or practically the same in the polarization reaction. 
 The reactivity of the hybrid is the same or practically the 
 the same as that of B. single crimson scarlet in the reac- 
 tions with iodine, gentian violet, safranin, and tempera- 
 ture; and is the lowest of the three in the polarization 
 reaction. The hybrid is closer to B. single crimson scar- 
 let than to the other parent in the reactions with iorlin<>, 
 gentian violet, safranin, and temperature, and is the 
 same in relation to both parents in the polarization 
 reaction. 
 
BEGONIA. 
 
 119 
 
 IAMB A 90. 
 
 Ttble A 36 .how, the reaction-iotnuitiM in ptrorot- 
 gea of total lurch geUtiniMd at deflnit intcrraU 
 (Mcondi and niiuutrt). 
 
 VlLOOITT-tEACTION CUKTU. 
 
 Thi Motion treat* of the Telocitj-reaction currw of 
 the sUrcbet of Heyunia tingle rrinuun trarltl. ft. toco- 
 trana. and H. mn. Hfal. howing quaiitiUtixc <li(TraW98 
 in i he behavior toward different nagenU at definite tiim- 
 intervab. (CharU 1)505 to I) 58C.) 
 The moat coupieuoua featurei of this group of currea 
 are: 
 ( 1 ) The extraordinary variation of the rclationa of 
 the curves in th- .lilTrn-nt chart* : in gome, all three curve* 
 Iteing practically identical or clone together; in other*, 
 two curves keeping clone and the third well tenanted or 
 even separated to the extreme; and in others, all thre 
 being well separated from one another. Thcue pecu- 
 liarities an due largely primarily to the remarkable 
 variation* in the reactivities of B. toeotnna in relation 
 to the different reagent* (with one reagent beinj; 
 reactive and with another the reverse) ; and secondarily 
 to the almost uniformly very high rearti\itit>* <.f H. ttngit 
 cnmton scarlet (18 very hi^h, 8 high, and 1 low), to- 
 gether with the marked variation* in the relationship* 
 of the hybrid to B. tingle crimson scarlet, the hvl.nd 
 being in many reaction* identical or practically identical 
 with this pun-iit and in other* having varying decrees of 
 iiitermi'diatenrx-, but IN-JIIJ.' much closer, an a nil. . to tin- 
 pan-tit than to the other. Ku-eptin;,' the Hulphuric-arid 
 and potassium-hydrate chart*, in which the reaction* of 
 all three starches are shown to occur with great rapidity, 
 there i* a trixlenry to a well-marked or tvsjsj .\in-ni.- 
 separation of the parental curves, the gtarch of R. tingle 
 crimton tcarlet showing, with one exception (barium 
 chloride), a very high to high reactivity, and that of 
 B. socotrana, with seven exceptions (chloral hydrate, 
 chromic acid, nitric acid, sulphuric acid, potassium hy- 
 droxide, potaaaium Rulphidc, and sodium salicylate) a 
 low or usually very low reactivity. 
 (2) The higher reactivity of B. tingle crinuon tcur- 
 Itl than of H. tocotnuta with chloral hydrate, chromic 
 and, pyropillic acid, nitric arid, hydrochloric acid, potas- 
 
 
 _ 
 
 4 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 '. 
 
 i i 
 
 f M 
 
 I I 
 
 -. - , i 
 
 I hydrate: 
 .ii. erim. irar 
 H. x->.trmn 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 jj 16 
 
 li n.m. bra! 
 
 
 
 
 
 flg 
 
 mir acid: 
 
 H 'lilt rrilll HI 
 
 II >in>lrana 
 
 
 
 
 
 fff 
 
 .s 
 
 
 
 H7 93 
 
 M 
 
 II inn. hrl 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 IVn-ciJli.- 
 B. ain. crini. Kmr 
 II. aocolnuui 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ,, 
 
 B. mn. heal 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 -- ... :i 
 
 B. aiar rrim. Mar 
 II Mjeotrmna 
 
 
 |i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 II. mn. hml 
 
 
 ii 
 
 r 
 
 
 
 Sulphuric Mid: 
 II unc. crim.Mmr 
 B. aaeotrana .... 
 
 .. 
 
 . 
 
 H 
 j. 
 tt 
 
 96 
 
 *'.'.'. 
 
 
 
 . \o . 'if 
 
 '. .. '.'. '.'. i 
 
 . 18 
 . 687581 (U 
 
 ! v?;; "9 
 
 H. mn hU 
 
 
 96 
 
 IC.Ctta.MW 
 "otrana... . 
 
 .. 
 
 . 100 
 
 
 
 H inn. hJ . 
 
 
 
 
 87 
 
 90 
 
 
 
 PoUunumh 
 
 B. aoeotrana 
 B. mn. hrl 
 i- i . riU 
 B. nns. erim. KMT 
 
 H 
 H 
 
 H 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 g 
 
 
 
 . .. . 
 
 
 11 inn. bml 
 
 
 
 
 . 80 
 
 . ... 96.. . . 
 
 PotuBum mlplio- 
 eymnale: 
 II iii(-rniii rar 
 B. auculrana 
 
 
 
 90. 
 
 
 
 B. mr. bral 
 PotaaMum il|>lii.ir 
 B. aii. erim. tear. 
 B. oeotrua 
 
 
 100 
 
 6. 
 
 1 . 
 
 76 
 
 90 
 
 . . . . .1. 
 
 B. num. heal 
 
 
 ** - 1 . . : . . f . , ; r i - 1 
 
 B. ain. erim. Mar. 
 B. aoeotnuia 
 
 :,. hU 
 
 SodhuD aulpkid*: 
 B.Mf.erim.MW. 
 B. wolrana 
 
 
 
 80 
 
 9*. 
 
 90 
 90 
 
 ft 
 
 ... 07. . 90 
 61 . . 78 
 
 II 11. n. hral 
 Sodium lalirylat*: 
 I! tint rrim. aear. 
 B. aoooftnuui . . . 
 
 
 , t 
 
 . . . 
 
 90 
 
 9 
 
 sium iixliile, |x>tns*ium sulplux-vanatc, potaiwium sul- 
 phide, sodium hydroxide, sodium sulphide, sodium sali- 
 cylate, calcium nitrate, uranium nitrate, strontium ni- 
 trate, cobalt nitrate, copper nitrate, cnpric chloride, 
 barium chloride and mercuric chloride, and the same 
 reactivities with sulphuric acid and potassium hydroxide. 
 There are small differences in the reactivities of the 
 pan-iits with t-hlorul hydrate, potassium sulplmle. and 
 sodium salicylate, and from Urge to very Urge differ- 
 ences in the other reactions noted, excepting the sul- 
 phuric-acid and potassium-hydroxide reactions, in which 
 the two are the same. 
 (3) The tendency of the hybrid curves to be the 
 same or nearly the same as the curves of B. tingle cnm- 
 ton tcarlet, or be of some degree of intermediateoess, 
 usually closer to this parent, throughout the whole series 
 of reactions. (See following subsection.) 
 (4) A period of early resistance followed by a com- 
 parative rapid reaction is conspicuous for its almost en- 
 tire absence. Such a period is suggested in the reactions 
 <if the hvl'rul in the ( -aleium-nitrate reaction, in B. tingle 
 cnmton tcarlrt in the barium -hlornle n-ai -tion, ami in 
 B.sofolrana in the (hroniir-arid reaction. 
 . The , .irli.--t period during the 60 minute* at 
 whirh tin- thn-e .urvesare beet separated to differentiate 
 the starches varies wit!, th.- .hrr.-r.ut reagents. With 
 five exceptions tin- . um in 5 minutes. The exceptions 
 
 B. mn. beal 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ii nitraU: 
 B. mat. dim. Mar. 
 B. oootraoa . . 
 
 
 
 
 
 99 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 . . i i 
 
 B. inn. beal 
 
 
 
 
 
 99 
 
 
 Uranium nitrate: 
 B. ain. rrim. MM. 
 B. aocoirana 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 > 7-2 26 
 .98 
 
 II li.n. bral 
 
 
 
 
 
 80.. .. 84 
 100 ... . 
 
 Strontium nitrate: 
 II MU(. rrim. Bear. 
 
 
 
 
 9B 
 
 B. aoeotrana 
 
 
 
 
 
 to 
 
 i r-. i i 
 
 rv hral 
 ( <>llt BHnto: 
 B. inc. erim. aear. 
 B. aoeotrmna 
 
 
 
 
 
 28 
 
 70 
 
 "Tol 
 
 
 
 
 
 B. mn. hral 
 
 
 
 
 
 . . J 
 
 4 44 
 
 . . Oi6 
 
 Copper nitrate: 
 B. not rrim. Mar. 
 B. aoenlrana 
 
 .. 
 
 
 
 
 
 99 
 
 B. nir- h. ..1 
 
 
 
 
 
 80.. .. 96 
 
 
 Cupric chloride: 
 B. nine. erim. Mar. 
 B. aoeolnn* 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 S 
 
 811 16 16 
 0809 08 
 
 B. mn bral 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 B. mag. erim. Mar. 
 
 B. aocotrua 
 
 
 
 
 
 B. mn. bral 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 Mrmirie eUoride: 
 
 
 
 
 
 80 
 
 B. aoeotrana 
 
 
 
 
 
 .5 
 
 .1 n . 
 
 B. inn-heal 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
120 
 
 HISTOLOGIC PROPERTIES AND REACTIONS. 
 
 are chromic acid, barium chloride, and mercuric chloride 
 iu 15 minutes, pyrogallic acid in 30 minutes, and cobalt 
 nitrate in 45 minutes. 
 
 REACTION-INTENSITIES OF THE HYBRID. 
 
 This section treats of the reaction-intensities of the 
 hybrid as regards sameness, intermediateness, excess, 
 and deficit in relation to the parents. (Table A 36 and 
 Charts D 515 to D 526.) 
 
 The reactivities of the hybrid are the same as those 
 of the seed parent in the reactions with iodine, gentian 
 violet, safranin, temperature, nitric acid, hydrochloric 
 acid, potassium iodide, potassium sulphocyauate, and 
 potassium sulphide; the same as those of the pollen 
 parent in none; the same as those of both parents in 
 the reactions with sulphuric acid and potassium hydrox- 
 ide; intermediate with chloral hydrate, chromic acid, 
 pyrogallic acid, sodium hydroxide, sodium sulphide, so- 
 dium salicylate, calcium nitrate, uranium nitrate, stron- 
 tium nitrate, cobalt nitrate, copper nitrate, cupric 
 chloride, barium chloride, and mercuric chloride (in all 
 14 being nearer the seed parent) ; highest in none; and 
 lowest in the polarization reaction, in which it is as close 
 to one as to the other parent. 
 
 The following is a summary of the reaction-intensi- 
 ties : Same as seed parent, 9 ; same as pollen parent, ; 
 same as both parents, 2; intermediate, 14; highest, 0; 
 lowest, 1. 
 
 Sameness as the seed parent and intermediateness 
 with a universal inclination to the seed parent are very 
 conspicuous features of these data. In the two reactions 
 wherein all three starches are the same the reactions 
 occurred with such rapidity as not to permit of differen- 
 tiation, and in the polarization reaction in which the 
 hybrid shows the lowest reactivity of the three and is as 
 closely related to one as to the other parent the crudity 
 of the method of valuation of the reaction has not brought 
 out differences that probably exist. The properties of 
 the starch seem to have been determined primarily by 
 the seed parent, the effect of the other parent being 
 expressed in the lowering of reactive-intensities, varying 
 in degree in the different reactions, but never so far as to 
 the point of mid-intermediateness. 
 
 COMPOSITE CURVES OF THE REACTION-INTENSITIES. 
 
 This section treats of the composite curves of the 
 reaction-intensities, showing the differentiation of the 
 starches of Begonia single crimson scarlet, B. socotrana, 
 and B. mrs. heal. (Chart E 36.) 
 
 The most conspicuous features of this chart are: 
 
 (1) The generally close accord of the curves of B. 
 single crimson scarlet and the hybrid and the extraordi- 
 narily erratic course of the curve of B. socotrana through- 
 out most of the chart. The hybrid, which is a tuberous 
 form, follows very closely, as a rule, the reactivities of the 
 first parent, which is also tuberous, while the other 
 parent, which is semituberous (bulbils), has a very differ- 
 ent type of curve far more different from that of the 
 other parent than was recorded in the curves of the 
 tender and hardy crinums and the rhizomatous and 
 tuberous irises. 
 
 (2) The curve of B. single crimson scarlet is higher 
 than the curve of B. socotrana throughout the chart (ex- 
 cepting in the reactions with polarization, sulphuric acid, 
 
 and potassium hydroxide, in which they are alike), and 
 in most instances it tends to be very much higher, the 
 only reactions in which there is marked approximation 
 being those with chloral hydrate, potassium sulphide, and 
 sodium salicylate. 
 
 (3) In B. single crimson scarlet the very high reac- 
 tions with chloral hydrate, chromic acid, nitric acid, 
 sulphuric acidy hydrochloric acid, potassium hydrox- 
 ide, potassium iodide, potassium sulphocyanate, potas- 
 sium sulphide, sodium hydroxide, sodium sulphide, 
 sodium salicylate, calcium nitrate, uranium nitrate, 
 strontium nitrate, cobalt nitrate, copper nitrate, cupric 
 chloride, and mercuric chloride; the high reactions with 
 polarization, safranin, pyrogallic acid, and cobalt nitrate ; 
 the moderate reactions with iodine, gentian violet, and 
 temperature; and the low reaction with barium chloride. 
 
 (4) In B. socotrana the very high reactions with 
 chloral hydrate, sulphuric acid, potassium hydroxide, 
 potassium sulphide, and sodium salicylate ; the high reac- 
 tions with polarization and nitric acid; the moderate 
 reactions with safranin and chromic acid; the low reac- 
 tions with iodine, gentian violet, temperature, sodium 
 hydroxide, and strontium nitrate ; and the very low reac- 
 tions with pyrogallic acid, hydrochloric acid, potassium 
 iodide, potassium sulphocyanate, sodium sulphide, cal- 
 cium nitrate> uranium nitrate, cobalt nitrate, copper ni- 
 trate, cupric chloride, barium chloride, and mercuric 
 chloride. 
 
 (5) In the hybrid the very high reactions with chloral 
 hydrate, nitric acid, sulphuric acid, hydrochloric acid, 
 potassium hydroxide, potassium iodide, potassium sulpho- 
 cyanate, potassium sulphide, sodium hydroxide, sodium 
 sulphide, sodium salicylate, calcium nitrate, uranium ni- 
 trate, strontium nitrate, copper nitrate, and cupric chlo- 
 ride; the high reactions with safranin and chromic acid ; 
 the moderate reactions with polarization, iodine, and 
 gentian violet; the low reactions with temperature, 
 pyrogallic acid, and mercuric chloride ; and the very low 
 reactions with cobalt nitrate and barium chloride. 
 
 Following is a summary of the reaction-intensities: 
 
 
 Very 
 high. 
 
 High. 
 
 Mod- 
 erate. 
 
 Low. 
 
 Very 
 low. 
 
 
 18 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 B. socotrana 
 
 5 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 5 
 
 12 
 
 
 16 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 37. COMPARISONS OF THE STARCHES OF BEGONIA 
 DOUBLE LIGHT ROSE, B. SOCOTRANA, AND B. 
 
 ENSIGN. 
 
 In histologic characteristics, polariscopic figures, reac- 
 tions with selenite, reactions with iodine, and qualitative 
 reactions with various chemical reagents all three starches 
 have properties in common in varying degrees of de- 
 velopment, the sum of which in each case is distinctive 
 of the starch. The starch of Begonia socotrana in com- 
 parison with that of B. double light rose shows an ab- 
 sence of aggregates and has more numerous irregularities. 
 The hilum is less distinct, somewhat more often fissured, 
 and more eccentric. The lamellae are not so distinct ; 
 more distinct at the distal than at the proximal end, 
 instead of sometimes the reverse as in B. double light 
 
MOMA 
 
 121 
 
 rote; and they an- more numerous. The tile is larger 
 limn in //. double light rote. In the polariscopic, ele- 
 niti>. ami iodine reactions there are variuu* .Inferences 
 Inch -in t be of a minor character, and the same u 
 true f the reactions with chloral hydrate, i-hroinic acid, 
 I. mtrir acid, ami .-trontium nitrate. The 
 
 i of the hyhnd is closer to that of H. double light 
 rote in tin- form of the K'r"'"*, character of the hilum, 
 rharactcr <>f the lani.-lhc, ami -i/c of the smaller grains, 
 hut nearer to /;. sorotrana in the wivntricity of the 
 hilutn and size of the larger grain*. It is closer to B, 
 
 lujlit ro.it in the appearance with selenite, hut 
 nearer thr other parent in the polariscopic figure*. It in 
 closer to the tir-t |>an-nt in the iodine react long. In the 
 qualitative reaction.- with chloral hy.lr.iti-. chromic acid, 
 pyrogallic acid, nitric acid, and .-trontinm nitrate, while 
 to H. double light rout, the intlui-iuv-. f It. toco- 
 trana art- quite manifest in each. 
 
 Krarttuntttlrxtilirt 
 
 by Ligkt, Color, and Trmpm- 
 tun fraction*. 
 Polarisation: 
 
 B. doub. light roee, moderately high to h.h. value 70. 
 B. Kx-otraoB. moderate to moderately hicb. leat than in B. doubU 
 
 liht nc. value 60. 
 B. -rrripi. moderate to high, intermediate between parent*, value 07. 
 
 B. doub. light roM, moderate, value 45. 
 
 B. aoootrana. light to moderate. Irm than in B. double light roar. 
 
 value SO. 
 B. fnatn. light to modrrate, intermediate betweaa the parrnU. 
 
 value 40. 
 Gentian violet: 
 
 B. doub. light roee. light to moderate, value 40. 
 
 B. aoeotrana. light to moderate, lea* than in B. double light roar. 
 
 value 3S. 
 
 B. enaign. light to moderate. IBM than in either parent, value 30. 
 Safranin: 
 
 B. doub. licht roee, moderate to deep, value 00. 
 H. weotraaa, moderate, lea* than in B. double light roee. value AS. 
 B. eongn. moderate to deep, lev than in either parent, value SO. 
 Temperature: 
 
 B. doub. light roee. in the majority at 00 to 61. in all at 03 to 64. 
 
 mean 03*. 
 B. eoeotrana. in the majority at 70 to 80*. in all at 81 to 81.8*. 
 
 mean 81.4*. 
 B. enaign. in the majority at 64 to M-S". in all at 64 to 88. mean 67. 
 
 The reactivity of H. double light rote is higher than 
 that uf the other parent in all five reactions. The reac- 
 tivity of the hybrid i<t intermediate between those of the 
 parents in the polarization, iodine, and temperature reac- 
 tions, and is the lowest of the three with gentian violet 
 and saf ranin. The hybrid is closer to B. double light rote 
 than to B. tocotrana in the polarization, iodine, and tem- 
 perature reactions, and the reverse in those with gentian 
 violet and saf ran in. 
 
 Table A 37 shows the reaction-intensities in percent- 
 ages of total starch gelatinized at definite interval* (sec- 
 onds and minutes). 
 
 VBLOCITT-REACTIOW CURVES. 
 
 This section treats of the velocity-reaction runes of 
 the starches of Begonia double light rote, B. tocotrana, 
 and H. ensign, showing quantitative differences in the 
 behavior toward different reagents at definite time-inter- 
 vals. (Charts D 527 to D 532.) 
 
 The most conspicuous features of these five charts are : 
 
 The marked diversity of the relations of the three 
 
 -, all three running close in the choral-hydrate 
 
 i ..,, \ n 
 
 
 . 
 
 2 
 
 . 
 8 
 
 1 
 
 i 1 
 
 . 
 
 i 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 - 
 
 t 
 
 8 
 
 1 
 
 9 
 
 i 
 S 
 
 . 1... .1 1 T .'. 
 
 U. light race 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 70 
 
 M 
 
 
 
 
 
 B. aoeotrana 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 M 
 
 79 
 
 M 
 
 
 
 
 B. enaign 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 99 
 
 99 
 
 
 
 
 
 Chromic aeid: 
 
 U ,|.,ui, light roee 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 77 
 
 
 M 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 f 
 
 80 
 
 - 
 
 9} 
 
 i ...... 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 in 
 
 
 J 
 
 .- 
 
 
 
 Pyrogallieadid: 
 B. doub. light roee 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 7(1 
 
 , 
 
 96 
 
 7 
 
 B. ucotraoa 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 
 
 i. ', 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 30 
 
 M 
 
 AA 
 
 
 MM . . : 
 B. doub. light roee 
 
 M 
 
 W 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 B. aoeotrana 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 t7 
 
 
 so 
 
 -- 
 
 9A 
 
 
 U. ensign 
 
 88 
 
 99 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Strontium nitrate: 
 B. doub. light roee 
 
 
 
 77 
 
 w 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 B. aucvtrana .... 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 44 
 
 78 
 
 HI 
 
 (4 
 
 
 
 
 i, 
 
 91 
 
 99 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 reactions, two being close and the other well separated in 
 those with nitric acid and strontium nitrate, two being 
 somewhat close and the other well separated in that with 
 chromic acid, and all three being well separated in that 
 with pyrogallic acid. The tendency in all for the hybrid 
 and //. double light rote curves to be closely related, 
 and to be higher usually much higher than the curve* 
 of B. tocotrana. The tendency in all of the reaction* 
 to intermediate-lies*, highest or lowest reactivity, with an 
 inclination in 8 out of 1U reactions toward the reactivity 
 of the seed parent. The short period of very high resis- 
 tance of B. tocotrana in the chromic-acid reaction. 
 
 RKACTIOX-INTKNSITIEH or THE HYBRID. 
 
 This section treats of the reaction-intensities of the 
 hybrid as regards sameness, intermediateneas, excess, 
 and deficit in relation to the parents. (Table A 37 and 
 Charts D 527 to D 532.) 
 
 The reactivities of the hybrid arc not the same as those 
 of either or both parents in a single reaction ; interme- 
 diate in the reactions with polarization, iodine, tempera- 
 ture, chromic acid, pyrogallic acid, nitric acid, and stron- 
 tium nitrate, in all being closer to those of the seed 
 .parent; highest in that with chloral hydrate, being 
 closer to that of the seed parent; and the lowest in those 
 with gentian violet and safranin, in both being closer to 
 the pollen parent 
 
 The following is a summary of the reaction-intensi- 
 ties: Same as seed parent, 0; same as pollen parent, 0; 
 same as both parents, 0; intermediate, 7; highest, 1; 
 lowest, 2. 
 
 The following features of the hybrid are particularly 
 conspicuous: The absence of any reaction that is the 
 same as either or both parents; the marked tendency 
 to intermediateness ; the occasional tendency to the 
 highest or lowest reactivity; and the markedly stronger 
 influence of the seed parent on the properties of the 
 starch. 
 
 COMPOSITE CURVES or REACTIOX-ISTKXSITIB. 
 This section treats of the composite curves of the 
 reaction-intensities, showing the differentiation of the 
 
122 
 
 HISTOLOGIC PROPERTIES AND REACTIONS. 
 
 starches of Begonia double light rose, B. socotrana, and 
 B. ensign. (Chart E 37.) 
 
 The most conspicuous features of this chart are : The 
 generally close correspondence in the courses of the three 
 curves, although in some instances the curves are well 
 separated. The higher position of the curve of B. double 
 light rose in relation to that of B. socotrana throughout 
 excepting in the nitric-acid reaction, in which the curves 
 are the same. The varying relationship of the hybrid 
 curve to the parental curves. It is intermediate in the 
 reactions with polarization, iodine, temperature, chromic 
 acid, and pyrogallic acid ; lower than the parental curves 
 in those with gentian violet and safranin; the same or 
 nearly the same as that of B. double light rose in those 
 with chloral hydrate and strontium nitrate; and the same 
 as both parents in that with nitric acid. 
 
 38. COMPARISONS OF THE STARCHES OF BEGONIA 
 DOUBLE WHITE, B. SOCOTRANA, AND B. JULIUS. 
 
 In the histologic characteristics, polariscopic figures, 
 reactions with selenite, reactions with iodine, and quali- 
 tative reactions with various chemical reagents all three 
 starches have properties in common in varying degrees 
 of development, together with individualities, which col- 
 lectively in each case serve to be distinctive. The 
 starch of Begonia socotrana in comparison with that 
 of B. double white shows an absence of compounds and 
 aggregates; more irregularity of the grains and some 
 marked differences in the causes of the irregularities; 
 grains often elongated; and comparatively few round 
 and triangular forms. The hilum is less distinct, much 
 less often fissured, shows an absence of certain forms 
 of fissuration, and eccentricity is more. The lamella? 
 are finer but not so distinct, there is an absence of two 
 lamellae which are quite conspicuous in the other parent ; 
 they are more often not regular and show waviness ; and 
 they are slightly less numerous. In size the grains are 
 somewhat larger and more slender. In the polariscopic, 
 selenite and qualitative iodine reactions there are many 
 differences. In the qualitative reactions with chloral hy- 
 drate, chromic acid, pyrogallic acid, nitric acid, and stron- 
 tium nitrate the differences are numerous and some of 
 them quite individualize the parent. The starch of the 
 hybrid is more closely related to B. double white in form, 
 character and arrangement of the lamellae, and size of 
 the grains; nearer to B. socotrana in the characters of 
 the irregularities of the grains and in the character and 
 eccentricity of the hilum ; and it has fewer irregularities 
 than either parent. In the polarization figures it re- 
 sembles both parents equally. In the iodine reactions 
 the heated grains more closely resemble those of B. 
 double white, while the unheated grains more closely re- 
 semble those of B. socotrana. In the qualitative reac- 
 tions with chloral hydrate, chromic acid, pyrogallic acid, 
 nitric acid, and strontium nitrate peculiarities of both 
 parents are manifest, but the reactions, as a whole, more 
 closely resemble those of B. double white than of B. 
 socotrana. 
 
 Reaction-intensities Expressed by Light, Color, and Tempera- 
 ture Reactions. 
 Polarization: 
 
 B. double white, low to moderately high, value 55. 
 
 B. Bocotrana, moderate to moderately high, higher than in B. double 
 white, value 00. 
 
 H Julius, moderate to moderately, the same aa in B. double white, 
 value 60. 
 
 Iodine : 
 
 B. double white, light, value 25. 
 
 B. socotrana, light to moderate, deeper than in B. double white, 
 
 value 30. 
 
 B. Julius, light to moderate, deeper than in either parent, value 40. 
 Gentian violet: 
 
 B. double white, light to moderate, value 30. 
 
 B. socotrana, light to moderate, deeper than in B. double white, 
 
 value 35. 
 B. Julius, moderate to moderately deep, deeper than in cither 
 
 parent, value 45. 
 Safranin : 
 
 B. double white, light to moderate, value 40. 
 
 B. socotrana, moderate, much deeper than in B. double white, 
 
 value 55. 
 
 B. Julius, moderately deep, deeper than in either parent, value GO. 
 Temperature : 
 
 B. double white, in the majority at GO to 61.5, in all at 65 to 66.5, 
 
 mean 62.75. 
 B. socotrana, in the majority at 79 to 80, in all at 81 to 81.8, 
 
 mean 81.4. 
 B. Julius, in the majority at 65 to 66, in all at 67 to 69, mean 68 
 
 The reactivity of B. double white is lower than that 
 of the other parent in the polarization, gentian-violet, 
 and safranin reactions, and higher in the temperature 
 reaction. The reactivity of the hybrid is the same or 
 practically the same as that of B. socotrana in the polari- 
 zation reactions ; highest of the three in those with iodine, 
 gentian violet, and safranin ; and intermediate in that 
 with temperature. The hybrid is closer to B. double 
 white than to B. socotrana in the temperature reaction ; 
 and the reverse in those with polarization, iodine, gentian 
 violet, and safranin. 
 
 Table A 39 shows the reaction-intensities in percent- 
 ages of total starch gelatinized at definite intervals (sec- 
 onds and minutes) : 
 
 TABLE A 38. 
 
 
 U 
 O 
 
 00 
 
 g 
 
 e 
 
 a 
 
 01 
 
 a 
 
 CO 
 
 B 
 
 1* 
 
 B 
 
 14 
 
 H 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 U5 
 
 I 
 o 
 
 CO 
 
 1 
 
 "3 
 I" 
 
 I 
 o 
 
 CO 
 
 Chloral hydrate: 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 8T 
 
 99 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 SS 
 
 79 
 
 95 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 90 
 
 99 
 
 
 
 
 
 Chromic acid: 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 97 
 
 
 99 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 r > 
 
 
 2 
 
 f>0 
 
 87 
 
 9'' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 75 
 
 
 9fi 
 
 99 
 
 
 
 Pyrogallic acid : 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 84 
 
 
 95 
 
 99 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 
 
 f> 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ?0 
 
 
 75 
 
 90 
 
 9? 
 
 95 
 
 Nitric acid: 
 
 ion 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 97 
 
 
 80 
 
 88 
 
 95 
 
 
 
 99 
 
 100 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Strontium nitrate: 
 
 
 
 07 
 
 100 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 44 
 
 78 
 
 81 
 
 84 
 
 
 
 
 M 
 
 oo 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 VELOCITY-REACTION CURVES. 
 
 This section treats of the velocity-reaction curves of 
 the starches of Begonia double white, B. socotrana, and B. 
 Julius, showing quantitative differences in the behavior 
 toward different reagents at definite time-intervals. 
 (Charts D 533 to D538.) 
 
 These charts bear close resemblances to the corre- 
 sponding charts in the preceding set, but the differences 
 are sufficient to show that there are differences in parent- 
 age and offspring. There is a tendency in this set to a 
 
BEGONIA. 
 
 liu'l-- :" tin- teed pan'nt, win h m turn t.-n.l- 
 
 to alTevt in tin- same ilir. rcu. tmties of the 
 
 h\lirid. 
 
 REACTION-INTENSITIES OF THE HYBRID. 
 
 This section treats of the react lon-intensitiea of the 
 hybrid as regards sameness, iiii.-nnnliateneas, excess, 
 ami ili-ii. it in relation to the parent*. (Table A 38 and 
 ('I..; i to 1)538.) 
 
 The reactivities of the hybrid are the same u those 
 
 of the *vd parnit in tlu> mi n. -acid reaction; the same 
 
 ai tluwf of the [xillen jun-nt in the polarization reaction ; 
 
 the name u those of both parent* in none ; intermediate 
 
 in tin- n-.i. tiona with temperature, chromic acid, pyrogal- 
 
 lie a.-i.l. an. I Mn.iitnim nitrate, in all uf uhn-li being 
 
 r to thoM- uf the seed parent; highent with iodine, 
 
 gentian Mol.t, safranin, and chloral hydrate (in three 
 
 ;.. IIIL- i loser to those of the pollen parent and in one 
 
 r to thut of the mtil parent) ; and lowest in none. 
 
 The following is a summary of the reaction-intenai- 
 ie as the teed parent, 1 ; same tut the pollen 
 parent, 1 ; same as both parents, ; intermediate, 4 ; high- 
 est, 4 ; lowest, 0. 
 
 In these reactions the reactivities of the hybrid bear 
 only a somewhat closer relationship to the seed parent, 
 ami there U a marked inclination to intennediatenest 
 ami highest reactivity. 
 
 MPOtUTE C'fKVES OF THE REACTION-INTENSITIES, 
 
 This section treats of the composite curves of the 
 .n-intcnsities showing the differentiation of the 
 starches of liryunia double white, B. tocotrana, and U. 
 juliut. (Chart 38.) 
 
 The most conspicuous features of this chart are : The 
 generally close correspondence in the courses of all three 
 curve*, although in three instances the curves are well 
 separated. The lower position of the curve of B. double 
 u-hite in relation to that of the other parent in the 
 reactions with polarization, iodine, gentian violet, and 
 safranin; the higher position with temperature, chloral 
 hydrate, chromic acid, pyrogallic acid, and strontium 
 nitrate; and the same position with nitric acid. The 
 varying relationship of the hybrid curve to the parental 
 curves. It is the same u the curve of B. tocotrana in 
 thi- reaction with polarization; the Fame u that of 
 H. double white with chloral hydrate and strontium 
 nitrate; the same as both parents with nitric acid; the 
 -t in the three with iodine, gentian violet, and 
 safranin ; and intermediate with temperature, chromic 
 a. i.l. and pyrogallic ai-nl. 
 
 1 'OMPARI80H8 OF THE STARCHE8 OF BlOOlflA 
 DOUBLE DUCP ROSE, B. BOCOTKANA, AND B. 
 
 srccBH. 
 
 In the histologic characteristics, poUriscopic figures, 
 reactions with selenite, reactions with iodine, and quali- 
 rcactu.ns with various reagents all three starches 
 have properties in common in varying degrees of de- 
 velopment, the sum of which in each case is distinctive. 
 The starch of Begonia tocotrana in comparison with 
 that of B. double deep rote shows an absence of com- 
 j-.un.l grains and aggregates; the grains are more regu- 
 lar, but such irregularities aa occur are more obvious 
 and striking; the grains are more elongated ; and round 
 
 nearly round forms are very rare. The hilum is 
 somewhat less rarely fissured ; there is an individual form 
 of fissurmg ; and there is more eccentricity. The lam, ll 
 are liner an.) less distinct; several are present that are 
 not seen in B. double dttp rats; and they are much more 
 mmirroii,. Th site is larger. The reactions with polan- 
 /ution. selcnitc, an. I inline exhibit many difference*. In 
 the qualitative reactions with chloral hydrate, chromic 
 acid, pyrogallic acid, nitric acid, and strontium nitrate 
 the differences are numerous and some f tl m are quit- 
 striking ami distinctly individualize the starch. The 
 starch of the hybrid in comparison with the starches 
 <>f the parents shows a closer relationship to the starch 
 of /{. double dttp rote in the characters of the irregu- 
 larities of the grains and in the characters of the hilum ; 
 more like the other parent in the form of the grains, 
 eccentricity of the hilum, character and arrangement and 
 number of the lamella', and size of the grains. It has, 
 however, less irregularities in the grains than in either 
 parent It is nearer B. socotrana in the polarization 
 figures and appearances with selenite, and nearer also in 
 the iodine reactions. It shows peculiarities of U>th pa- 
 rents in the quantitative reactions with chloral hydrate, 
 chromic acid, pyrogallic <-nl, nitric ami. and strontium 
 nitrate, but is closer to B. double deep ro.tr. 
 
 inlrntilifi Krprrued by l.ifkt. Color, ami Temper** 
 lure Kernel ion*. 
 
 MsshasJsau 
 
 B. doubt* deep row, moderately lw to high, value 60. 
 
 B. eocotrana. moderate to high. tiichrr than in II .L.ulJe deep row. 
 
 value 80. 
 B. wccee*. moderate to kith, the aame a* in N. aoeotrana. value 00. 
 
 B. double deep row. moderate, value 46. 
 
 B. aoeotrana. light to moderate, much lmht than in B. double 
 
 deep roee, value 30. 
 
 B. *uno*ej. light to moderate, the euue u in B. soeotrana. value 90. 
 Gentian violet: 
 
 B. double deep roee. light to moderate, value 40. 
 
 B. aoeoteaoa, light to moderate, leaf than in II. double deep me, 
 
 value 36. 
 
 B. meeeat. light to moderate, the Mine a* in B. loeotraiia, value 36. 
 Ba/rmnin: 
 
 B. double deep roee. moderate to deep, value 00. 
 
 B. eoeotrana, moderate, leea than in B. double derp raw. value 66. 
 
 B. pucfe. moderate to deep, the eame ae in B. double deep nee. 
 
 value 00. 
 Temperature: 
 
 B. double deep roe*, in majority at 04 to OS.i*. in all at 07 to MJf. 
 
 mean07.8. 
 B. coeotrana. in majority at 7 to 80*. in all at 81 to 8I.8*. mean 
 
 81.4'. 
 B. Moceea. in majority at 03 to 04*. in all at 08 to 09*. me) 
 
 The reactivity of B. double deep rote is lower than 
 that of the other parent in the polarization n-artioii ; and 
 higher in those with iodine, gentian violet, safranin, and 
 temperature. The reactivity of the hybrid is the same 
 or practically the same as that of B. double deep rote 
 in the reaction with safranin; the same or practically 
 the same as those of B. tocotrana with polarization, iodine, 
 and gentian violet ; and intermediate between those of the 
 parents in that with temperature. The hybrid is closer 
 to B. double deep rote than to B. tocotrana in the safranin 
 and temperature reactions, and the reverse in those with 
 polarization, iodine, and safranin. 
 
 Table A 39 shows the reaction-intensities in percent- 
 ages of total starch gelatinized at definite intervals (i 
 onds and minutes) : 
 
124 
 
 HISTOLOGIC PROPERTIES AND REACTIONS. 
 
 TABLE A 39. 
 
 
 '~ 
 
 I 
 
 a 
 
 a 
 
 c* 
 
 a 
 
 eo 
 
 a 
 
 * 
 
 a 
 
 IO 
 
 s 
 
 
 
 S 
 
 2 
 
 a 
 
 o 
 m 
 
 a 
 S 
 
 a 
 S 
 
 Chloral hydrate: 
 B.doubledeeprose 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 98 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 B. socotrana 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ?H 
 
 79 
 
 05 
 
 
 
 
 B. success 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 86 
 
 00 
 
 
 
 
 
 Chromic acid: 
 B.doubledeeprose 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 tir, 
 
 
 05 
 
 00 
 
 
 
 B. socotrana 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ns 
 
 
 9 
 
 111) 
 
 87 
 
 qo 
 
 B. success 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 73 
 
 
 05 
 
 
 
 
 Pyrogallic acid : 
 B. double deep rose 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ?5 
 
 
 77 
 
 88 
 
 05 
 
 96 
 
 B. socotrana 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Of) 
 
 
 
 
 
 OS 
 
 B. success 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 43 
 
 
 87 
 
 0? 
 
 Of) 
 
 97 
 
 Nitric acid : 
 B. doubledeeproae 
 
 inn 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 B. socotrana 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ?7 
 
 
 80 
 
 88 
 
 05 
 
 
 
 inn 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Strontium nitrate: 
 B. doubledeeprose 
 
 
 
 8n 
 
 00 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 B. socotrana 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 in 
 
 
 44 
 
 78 
 
 81 
 
 84 
 
 
 
 
 88 
 
 oo 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 VELOCITY-REACTION CURVES. 
 
 This section treats of the velocity-reaction curves of 
 the starches of Begonia double deep rose, B. socotrana, 
 and B. success, showing quantitative differences in the 
 behavior toward different reagents at definite time-inter- 
 vals. (Charts D 539 to D 544.) 
 
 These charts differ from those of the last set chiefly 
 in the reversal of the relative positions of the curves of 
 the seed parent and hybrid and the more marked close- 
 ness of these curves in the pyrogallic-acid reaction. The 
 nitric-acid and strontium-nitrate curves are in the two 
 sets in each case practically the same. 
 
 REACTION-INTENSITIES OF THE HYBRID. 
 
 This section treats of the reaction-intensities of the 
 hybrid as regards sameness, intermediateness, excess, and 
 deficit in relation to the parents. (Table A 39 and 
 Charts D 539 to D544.) 
 
 The reactivities of the hybrid are the same as those 
 of the seed parent in the reactions with safranin and 
 nitric acid ; the same as those of the pollen parent with 
 polarization, iodine, and gentian violet; the same as 
 those of both parents in none; intermediate with tem- 
 perature and chloral hydrate, in both being closer to those 
 of the seed parent; highest with chromic acid, pyrogallic 
 acid, and strontium nitrate, in all three being closer to 
 those of the seed parent ; and the lowest in none. 
 
 The following is a summary of the reaction-intensi- 
 ties : Same as seed parent, 2 ; same as pollen parent, 3 ; 
 same as both parents, 0; intermediate, 2; highest, 3; 
 lowest, 0. 
 
 In these few reactions the tendencies seem to be about 
 equal to sameness as one or the other parent, intermedi- 
 ateness and highest reactivity; but the influences of the 
 seed parent in determining the properties of the starch of 
 the hybrid distinctly dominate those of the other parent. 
 
 COMPOSITE CURVES OF THE REACTION-INTENSITIES. 
 
 This section treats of the composite curves of the 
 reaction-intensities, showing the differentiation of the 
 starches of Begonia double deep rose, B. socotrana, and 
 B. success. ( Chart E 39.) 
 
 The most conspicuous features of this chart are: 
 
 (1) The generally close correspondence of all three 
 curves, although in some instances the curves are well 
 separated, as in the preceding sets. 
 
 (2) The higher position of the curve of B. double 
 deep rose in the relation to the curve of the other parent 
 in the reactions with iodine, gentian violet, safranin, 
 temperature, chloral hydrate, chromic acid, pyrogallic 
 acid, and strontium nitrate; the lower position with 
 polarization; and the identical position with nitric acid. 
 
 (3) The varying position of the hybrid curve in rela- 
 tion to the parental curves. It is the same or practically 
 the same as the curve of B. double deep rose in the reac- 
 tions with safranin, temperature, chromic acid, pyrogallic 
 acid, and strontium nitrate ; the same as that of B. soco- 
 trana in those with polarization, iodine, and gentian 
 violet; the same as the curves of both parents in that 
 with nitric acid; and intermediate in that with chloral 
 hydrate. 
 
 NOTES ON THE BEGONIAS. 
 
 The most conspicuous features of these records are 
 observed in the very definite and commonly wide differ- 
 ences between the properties of the seed parents on the 
 one hand and of Begonia socotrana, the pollen parent, 
 on the other, representing two quite different groups of 
 begonias. Histologically, the starches of the seed parents 
 have characters in common which definitely group them 
 from the starch of B. socotrana. Even far greater distinc- 
 tions are seen in the records of the temperatures of 
 gelatinization and of the quantitative reactions with hy- 
 drochloric acid, potassium iodide, potassium sulphocya- 
 nate, sodium hydroxide, sodium sulphide, calcium 
 nitrate, uranium nitrate, strontium nitrate, copper ni- 
 trate, cupric chloride, and mercuric chloride. The very 
 large differences in the temperature reactions of the two 
 groups exceed any records thus far made of members 
 of any genus. The least difference between members 
 of the tuberous group and B. socotrana is 11.4, the 
 greatest 18.65, and the average 14.85. Such differ- 
 ences indicate corresponding marked physico-chemical 
 peculiarities of the starch molecules and prepare one for 
 finding similar diversities in the reactions with various 
 chemical reagents. Comparisons of the data of the four 
 seed parents indicate well-separated horticultural or 
 subgeneric specimens. Inasmuch as B. socotrana is the 
 pollen parent in each set, it is of exceptional interest to 
 learn to what extent and in what directions the charac- 
 ters of the hybrids are influenced by this parent. Inas- 
 much as the seed parents exhibit among themselves dis- 
 tinctive peculiarities it is to be expected that the hybrid 
 in any set will be definitely different from the hybrids 
 of the other sets, and such has been found to be a fact. 
 The hybrids show marked variability in their relations to 
 their parents, each exhibiting characters that are either 
 common to both parents or individually parental, and in 
 varying degrees of development, sometimes being like 
 one parent or the other, or identical with both or having 
 development beyond parental extremes in one direction 
 or the other. While the inclination of the hybrid is, on 
 the whole, very definitely toward, even at times exceeding, 
 the development of the seed parent the influences of B. 
 socotrana are themselves sometimes so potent that theseed 
 parent seems to be without effect. 
 
KH-IIAKDIA. 
 
 125 
 
 f.'llnwmg in a sununarv of the reaction-intensi- 
 
 ties of tin- livlirid as regard* sameness, in termed iateneas, 
 
 -. and <li-tirit in n-lation to the parenta: 
 
 
 1. 
 
 if 
 
 1< 
 
 
 
 
 
 a| 
 
 l| 
 
 as 
 
 I 1 
 
 I 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 ! 
 
 Seal 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 7 
 
 14 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 -in 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 n 
 
 7 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 P. juliui 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 *****" 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 |n. '.. Mi-MMsoss or THB STARCHES OK Ki< IIARDIA 
 
 A I !.-> -MAI I I Al \, K. KL1.10TT1AKA, AND R MB8. 
 BO08KVKLT. 
 
 Iii the histologic characteristics, polariscopic figures, 
 urns with selenite, reactions with iodine and quali- 
 reactions with the various chemical reagents the 
 Marches of the parents while exhibiting certain proper- 
 n inmn aim show certain minor |H>ciiliarities by 
 whirh collectively they may be distinguished. The 
 -iiir.'h .'f l:\'-iiiiril\n elliottiana in comparison with that 
 of /.'. albo-macvltita is found to differ very little, chiefly in 
 the pro|xirtions of different kinds of grains. The hilum 
 re often fissured, more frequently visible, and shows 
 more often n ; to eccentricity. The lamella? are 
 
 numerous. The size on the whole tends to be 
 -lightly leas. The polariscopic, selenite, and qualitative 
 !:]!. p .'. t;"iis exhibit many slight differences. In the 
 qualitative reactions with chloral hydrate, chromic acid, 
 hy<lr< hloric acid, potassium hydroxide, and sodium sali- 
 cylatc there are a number of points of differentiation, 
 ' v apparently of a very minor character. The starch 
 of the hybrid is in form, character of the hilium, lamellae, 
 polariscopic and selenite reactions, iodine reac- 
 and qualitative chemical reactions slightly closer 
 albn-macul'ita than to the other parent, but such 
 differences as are observed are it seems of a decidedly 
 minor character. These starches are not well adapted 
 for differential study not only because of their very close 
 similarities in their properties, but also because of their 
 small size and the differences in gelatinizability of the 
 inner and outer parts, the former gelatinizing with com- 
 parative rapidity and the latter with comparative diffi- 
 culty, excepting' in the rapid reactions. On this account 
 only few reactions were studied. 
 
 Jtfuction-intntitirt Krfmtfd by lAgkt, Color, mint Trmpm- 
 turr Reaction*. 
 
 P'llarUation: 
 
 K lt->-ni<-nlta. moderate to hi(th. valur 70. 
 
 R. elliottiana. moderate to high, lower than R. albo-maeulata. 
 
 value 05. 
 R. mra. rooeevrlt, moderate to high, between the parent*. Tain* 87. 
 
 R. albo-maeulata. moderate, value 45. 
 
 R. eiliottiaoa. moderate. lea* than R. albo-maeulata. value 40. 
 R. mr rooeevelt. moderate, the MOM a* R. albo-maeulata. value 45. 
 Gentian violet: 
 
 R- albo-marulata, light, value 30. 
 
 R. etliottiana. lifht. ilichtly deeper than in R. albo-maeulata. 
 
 value 33. 
 R mn. roonvelt. light, deeper than in either parent, value 35. 
 
 Bafraain: 
 
 K. ll> niruli. light, value 33. 
 
 R. elhutUana, lihl, Wichtly deeper than in R. albo-roarulata. 
 
 value 35. 
 R. mn. RKMewlt. liht. light to moderate, deeper than to UM 
 
 parenta, value 38. 
 Temperature: 
 
 R. albo-marulata. majority at 75 to 76*. all at 77 to 78.5*. mean 
 
 77.7*. 
 R. albo-maeulata. majority at 75 to 76*. all at 77 to 78.5'. mean 
 
 77.7*. 
 
 R. eUiottiana, majority at 74 to 75*. all at 70 to 77*. mean 70.6*. 
 R. mra. roonvelt. majority at 74 to 70*. all at 76 to 78*. mean 77*. 
 
 The reactivities of K. albo-marulaio are higher than 
 those of the other parent in the polarization and iodine 
 reactions, and lower in the gentian violet, safranin, and 
 temperature reactions. The hybrid in the polari/ 
 and tem|K'rature reactions is intermediate in value; in 
 the iodine reaction it is the same as in R. albo-macul<iln 
 and higher than in R. eUwttiana; and in the gentian- 
 violet and saf raiiin reactions the figures are closer to, but 
 in excess of, those of R. elliottiana, and beyond the 
 parental extremes. 
 
 Table 40 shows the reaction-intensities in percent- 
 ages of total starch gelatinized at definite intervals 
 (minutes) : 
 
 TABU A 40. 
 
 
 i 
 
 V* 
 
 i 
 
 n 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 <f 
 
 H 
 
 *> 
 
 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 s 
 
 Chloral hydrate: 
 
 
 
 95 
 
 00 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 R. elliottiana 
 
 
 
 82 
 
 
 07 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 tnn_ rrw^M*v#Jt 
 
 
 
 W 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Chromic add: 
 
 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 
 AA 
 
 M 
 
 H 
 
 1 
 
 R eUiottiana 
 
 
 
 
 
 .'( 
 
 
 AH 
 
 07 
 
 00 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 A7 
 
 07 
 
 00 
 
 
 Pyrocatlio acid: 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 ft 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 1 1 
 
 R elliottiana 
 
 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 
 3 
 
 K 
 
 7 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 4 
 
 A 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 Nitric acid: 
 ft albo-maeulata 
 
 
 
 
 
 (I 
 
 
 77 
 
 7 
 
 40 
 
 Is 
 
 R elliottiana 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 16 
 
 70 
 
 " 
 
 1, 
 
 11 nm aiytJt 
 
 
 
 
 
 fl 
 
 
 IA 
 
 77 
 
 3A 
 
 41 
 
 Sulphuric acid: 
 
 
 
 
 
 r 
 
 00 
 
 
 
 
 
 R elliottiana 
 
 
 
 
 
 08 
 
 r, 
 
 
 
 
 
 > _ -..i, , , i ,|t 
 
 
 
 
 
 07 
 
 00 
 
 
 
 
 
 Hydrochloric add: 
 R. albo-maculata 
 
 
 
 
 
 1R 
 
 
 3A 
 
 62 
 
 7ft 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 in 
 
 
 33 
 
 55 
 
 70 
 
 H 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Id 
 
 
 70 
 
 37 
 
 Al 
 
 7s 
 
 Potaenum hydroxide: 
 R albn-mamlata 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 R 
 
 in 
 
 18 
 
 H 
 
 R. elliottiana 
 
 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 
 13 
 
 14 
 
 17 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 14 
 
 1ft 
 
 25 
 
 
 
 Sodium ealieylate: 
 R. albo-marulata 
 R. elliotUana 
 
 
 
 92 
 91 
 
 
 00 
 
 .,, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 M 
 
 
 f, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 VELOCITY-REACTION CURVES. 
 
 This section treats of the velocity-reaction curves of 
 the starches of Riehardia albo-marulala, R. tUwltiana, 
 and R. mrs. roosevelt. (Charts D 545 to D 552.) 
 
 There are very few points of interest in the accom- 
 panying eight charts. The starches are so nearly alike 
 that hut little differences are shown in any of the charts. 
 In the reactions with chloral hydrate, sulphuric acid, and 
 sodium sahcylate gelatinization occurs so rapidly that 
 
\ 
 
 126 
 
 HISTOLOGIC PROPERTIES AND REACTIONS. 
 
 such differences as are recorded probably fall within the 
 limits of error of experiment ; in those with chromic acid 
 and pyrogallic acid the differences are insignificant; and 
 in those with nitric acid, hydrochloric acid, and potas- 
 sium hydroxide the differences are not marked, yet suf- 
 ficient for definite differential purposes. In the latter 
 reactions it will be observed that the relations of the 
 curves of the three starches differ in each in the nitric- 
 acid reaction the starch of R. albo-maculata is the most 
 reactive, R. elliottiana the least, and the hybrid inter- 
 mediate; in the hydrochloric-acid reaction the order of 
 reactivity is R. albo-maculata, R. elliottiana, and hybrid ; 
 and in the potassium-hydroxide reaction the order is 
 hybrid, R. elliottiana, and R. albo-maculata. The great- 
 est interest centers perhaps in the differences in reac- 
 tivity toward the different reagents, there being repre- 
 sented in the eight charts almost the extremes of reac- 
 tivities. In the chloral-hydrate, sulphuric-acid, and 
 sodium-salicylate reactions within 5 minutes all three 
 starches are gelatinized; with pyrogallic acid there is 
 very little effect even at the end of 60 minutes; while 
 with chromic acid, nitric acid, hydrochloric acid, and 
 potassium hydroxide there are in-between gradations. 
 It is also of interest to note the different courses of the 
 curves with these four reagents. 
 
 REACTION-INTENSITIES OF THE HYBRID. 
 
 This section treats of the reaction-intensities of the 
 hybrid as regards sameness, intermediateness, excess, 
 and deficit in relation to the parents. (Table A 40 and 
 Charts D 545 to D 552.) 
 
 The reactivities of the hybrid are the same as those 
 of the seed parent in the iodine reaction; the same as 
 those of the pollen parent in none; the same as those 
 of both parents in the reactions with chromic acid, pyro- 
 gallic acid, sulphuric acid, and sodium salicylate ; inter- 
 mediate in the polarization, temperature, and nitric acid 
 reactions, in all being mid-intermediate; highest with 
 gentian violet, safranin, chloral hydrate, and potassium 
 hydroxide; and the lowest with hydrochloric acid, it 
 being closer to that of the pollen parent. 
 
 The following is a summary of the reaction-intensi- 
 ties: Same as seed parent, 1; same as pollen parent, 0; 
 same as both parents, 4; intermediate, 3; highest, 4; 
 lowest, 1. 
 
 It is interesting to note that while in one reaction 
 there is sameness in relation to the seed parent, there 
 is not in any reaction sameness to the pollen parent, 
 although in 5 reactions out of the 13 the inclination is 
 to the pollen parent and in only the one referred to is 
 it to the seed parent. Tendencies to mid-intermediate- 
 ness, to highest reactivity, and to sameness as both 
 parents are quite apparent. 
 
 COMPOSITE CURVES OF THE REACTION-INTENSITIES. 
 
 This section treats of the composite curves of the 
 reaction-intensities, showing the differentiation of the 
 starches of Richardia albo-maculata, R. elliottiana, and 
 R. mrs. roosevelt. (Chart E 40.) 
 
 The most conspicuous features of this chart are: 
 
 Marked closeness, almost identity, of all three curves. 
 
 In fact, such differences as are shown are usually so 
 
 small as to fall within the limits of error of record. It 
 
 would perhaps be hazardous to reach a definite diagnosis 
 
 of one from the other by these curves, yet if taken in 
 connection with the curves showing the reaction-intensi- 
 ties at definite time-intervals differentiation appears to 
 be satisfactory. From these curves one might naturally 
 be led to the belief that we are dealing with varieties 
 of a species and not with two recognized species (even 
 though they might belong to a species subgroup) and 
 a hybrid. From these investigations (which are incon- 
 clusive) the parents should be regarded as varieties of a 
 given species. It is of interest to compare these curves 
 with those of the hippeastrums, the parents of which 
 are garden varieties that have come from closely related 
 parentage. The marked excursions of the curves, show- 
 ing wide variations in the reactive intensities with the 
 different reagents, are very striking. 
 
 41. COMPARISONS OF THE STARCHES OF MUSA 
 AKNOLDIANA, M. GILLETII, AND M. HYBRIDA. 
 
 In the histologic characteristics, polariscopic figures, 
 reactions with selenite, reactions with iodine, and quali- 
 tative reactions with the various chemical reagents the 
 starches of the parents have properties in common in 
 varying degrees of development and also certain individ- 
 ualities, and the starch of the hybrid has properties like 
 those of one or the other or both parents, and also certain 
 individualities ; but it is, on the whole, distinctly closer 
 to Musa gilletii than to the other parent. The starch 
 of M. qilletii in comparison with that of M. arnoldiana 
 has only one of the two types seen in M. arnoldiana, but 
 there are aggregates that are not found in the latter; 
 and there are more numerous elongated forms. The 
 hilum is somewhat more often fissured, and eccentricity 
 is somewhat less in some of the forms. The lamellae are 
 more often distinct, not so fine, and less numerous. The 
 size is slightly larger. In the polariscopic, selenite, and 
 qualitative iodine reactions there are many differences 
 which seem to be of a minor character. In the qualita- 
 tive reactions with chloral hydrate, chromic acid, pyro- 
 gallic acid, sodium salicylate, and cobalt nitrate there 
 are very many differences, many of which quite definitely 
 individualize one or the other parent. The starch of the 
 hybrid in comparison with the starches of the parents 
 shows in almost every feature a closer relationship to the 
 starch of the pollen parent. It contains the two types of 
 compound grains found in M. arnoldiana and the aggre- 
 gates of the other parent, and there is a type of compound 
 grain that is peculiar to the hybrid. The hilum is more 
 frequently fissured than in either parent. The lamellne 
 are in character and arrangement more like those of 
 M. gilletii, but in number closer to M. arnoldiana. In 
 size some of the grains exceed those of the parents. In 
 the polariscopic, selenite, and qualitative iodine reactions 
 there are many differences, but the inclinations of the 
 hybrid are distinctly to M. gilletii. In the qualitative 
 chemical reactions the leanings are very definitely to one 
 or the other or both parents, with, on the whole, a dis- 
 tinctly closer relationship to M . gilletii, the pollen parent. 
 
 Reaction-intensities Expressed 1>y Light, Color, and Tempera- 
 ture Reactions. 
 Polarization : 
 
 M. arnoldiana, low to high, value 40. 
 
 M. gilletii, low to high, higher than in M. arnoldiana, value 45. 
 
 M. hybrida, low to high, higher than in either parent, value 50. 
 
Ml SA. 
 
 127 
 
 I -hoe: 
 
 M 
 
 M. lillriii. m<xk<nu. KMDcwbal ! UIMI in M. BraoUiam. r^ot aa 
 
 :.v moderate, the MOM M in M. tUlettt. value 80. 
 Gentian vi 
 
 M. arii.>l'li.tiu. li(ht to deep, value &0. 
 
 M sill. -in. lutlit to deep, somewhat !. value 45. 
 
 n.l.i. licht to deep, the MOM a* in M gUletti. value 45. 
 Bafranin 
 
 M. arnoldiana. moderate to deep, value 00. 
 
 M. (UicUi. moderate lo deep, lea* than in M. arnoldiana. value 60. 
 
 M. hybrida. niodwate to deep, the avne a* in M. ill-Ui. value M. 
 Temperature: 
 
 M. arnoldiana. majority at DO to 01*. all at 64 5 to 06.8*. mean 06*. 
 ^.lleUi. majority at M to (W.5*. aU at 07.5 to 00*. mean 08.4*. 
 
 M Kybrida. majority at 06.2 to 07*. all at OB lo 70*. mean 00.76*. 
 
 In ii"t OIK- <>f the fire reactions are the figures for the 
 tw<> ]..!-. nu tlie same. The polarization reaction of M. 
 ijillrtit is ln_'liT, mill those with iodine, wifranin, gentian 
 \ lol.'t, and temperature are lower than those of the other 
 j.an-ht. Tlic hybrid has the same degree of reactivity 
 8 M. ijillctii in the reactions with iodine, gentian violet, 
 and safranin ; higher reactivity than either parent in that 
 with polarization ; and a lower reactivity in that with 
 i.-ni)>. r:i:uri-. In all of these reactions the hybrid is 
 
 r to If. gillrlii than to the other parent. In no 
 
 :ice is thT<> int.TiiH'tliateness, and in two records 
 
 the reactions are in excess or deficit of the parental 
 
 Table A 41 shows the reaction-int.'n-iti. - in jH-rccnt- 
 ages of total starch gelatinized at definite intervals (sec- 
 onds and minutes) : 
 
 TABLE A 41. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Chloral hydrate: 
 M. araoldiana. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ftft 
 
 
 00 
 
 00 
 
 
 
 M Kill. HI 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 !M 
 
 
 AO 
 
 fl 
 
 yy 
 
 OS 
 
 M hvt.niU 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 78 
 
 
 58 
 
 70 
 
 74 
 
 77 
 
 uk acid: 
 M. araoldiana.. . 
 M. BiUeta 
 
 .. 
 
 
 
 
 .. 
 
 
 06 
 
 70 
 
 
 100 
 
 on 
 
 00 
 
 
 
 M. hybrida 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 77 
 
 
 70 
 
 07 
 
 
 
 Pymcallir acid: 
 M arenldianm 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 80 
 
 
 OS 
 
 00 
 
 
 
 M. BJlletn 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 || 
 
 
 M 
 
 71 
 
 81 
 
 84 
 
 \l hvtiricim 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 14 
 
 
 ftft 
 
 71 
 
 
 70 
 
 . , .: 
 M. araoldiana.. 
 
 M 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 M. Billet" 
 M. hybrida 
 
 07 
 
 47 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 
 
 00 
 00 
 
 
 03 
 
 01 
 
 00 
 
 Oft 
 
 
 
 Sulphuric acid: 
 M. araoldiana.. . 
 
 
 on 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 M. (UMii 
 
 
 75 
 
 M 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 M. hybrida 
 
 
 48 
 
 Oft 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Hydrochloric acid. 
 M. araoldiana 
 
 
 00 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 M K. .- . 
 
 
 7A 
 
 on 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 M. hyfarida 
 
 
 84 
 
 80 
 
 
 08 
 
 
 00 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 ' ' .r : . \ 
 
 ide: 
 M araoldiana 
 
 
 00 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 M f . 
 
 
 H 
 
 H 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 \i . . 
 
 
 01 
 
 .-, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ! ir^ti^t 
 
 rouMarum todide. 
 M araoldiana 
 
 
 
 ..- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 M.rillmi 
 M. hybrida 
 
 
 
 
 n 
 
 
 
 86 
 
 7x 
 
 
 
 87 
 
 -I 
 
 
 00 
 
 OK 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 PoUaaum eulpho- 
 cyaoate: 
 M. araoldiana.. . 
 
 
 on 
 
 00 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 M-Bill'tii 
 
 
 1 1 
 
 -7 
 
 
 07 
 
 
 
 
 00 
 
 
 
 
 M. hybrida 
 
 
 i 
 
 .] 
 
 
 
 
 pj 
 
 
 00 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 TABLK A 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 rf 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 M 
 
 
 
 n 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 - 
 
 , 
 
 i 
 
 8 
 
 I 
 
 9 
 
 .- 
 
 8 
 
 I' ,- .: .'I!.,! 
 
 M. ri,..Miaiia. 
 
 
 90 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 M. kUlrlll 
 
 
 70 
 
 
 
 
 
 Oft 
 
 
 07 
 
 
 
 
 M l>vl.ri<U 
 
 
 (M 
 
 
 
 
 
 07 
 
 
 Oft 
 
 
 
 
 SiMiium hydroxide: 
 M araoldiana 
 
 
 00 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 M JBeH 
 
 
 Aft 
 
 M 
 
 
 
 
 OR 
 
 
 OH 
 
 
 
 
 M. hyfarida 
 
 
 M 
 
 i. 
 
 
 
 
 01 
 
 
 or 
 
 
 
 
 Sociiunt MJpoKM: 
 M. aranldiaua. . 
 
 
 08 
 
 00 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 M.BiUeUi 
 
 
 18 
 
 4? 
 
 
 
 
 || 
 
 
 NO 
 
 Oft 
 
 
 
 Mfcm>La.Mat 
 nyiirKi* 
 
 Sodium aalirylate: 
 M. araoldiana.. . 
 
 
 8 
 
 38 
 
 
 1ft 
 
 
 70 
 Oft 
 
 00 
 
 
 06 
 
 
 
 M. (ill. tn 
 
 
 
 
 
 74 
 
 
 KA 
 
 Oft 
 
 r: 
 
 
 
 
 M. liyhrida 
 
 
 
 
 
 fl? 
 
 
 71 
 
 00 
 
 ..)- 
 
 
 
 
 ( 'all linn nitrate: 
 M. araoldiana. 
 
 
 
 Oft 
 
 
 
 
 00 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 M. Bill, in 
 M. hybrida 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 
 SO 
 
 1 
 
 
 80 
 
 74 
 
 00 
 80 
 
 8fl 
 
 03 
 00 
 
 Cranium nitrate: 
 
 
 
 84 
 
 
 00 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 M. Billet" 
 M. hybrida 
 Strontium nitrate: 
 
 ' * 
 
 * ' 
 
 10 
 8 
 
 Oft 
 
 
 77 
 64 
 
 00 
 
 
 80 
 
 73 
 
 
 
 08 
 
 U6 
 03 
 
 07 
 06 
 
 M. (ill. tn 
 M. hybrida 
 Colwlt nitrate: 
 
 * * 
 
 
 14 
 16 
 
 * * 
 
 83 
 72 
 
 
 
 87 
 70 
 
 is 
 
 * 
 
 06 
 02 
 
 00 
 
 07 
 
 M 
 
 
 
 
 M. Billet ii 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 14 
 
 
 2 
 
 ;s 
 
 48 
 
 62 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 71 
 
 ;to 
 
 40 
 
 44 
 
 Copper nitrate: 
 
 
 
 00 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 M. (illctii 
 M. liyl.ri.ln 
 Cupric chloride: 
 M. araoldiana.. . 
 M. Bill* -tii 
 M. hybrida 
 Karium chloride: 
 
 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 8 
 
 87 
 10 
 6 
 
 
 
 i 
 65 
 60 
 
 
 
 72 
 60 
 
 ii 
 n 
 
 i 
 
 
 06 
 
 
 
 71 
 70 
 
 1>5 
 
 ..> 
 00 
 
 M 
 
 .1, 
 H 
 
 86 
 82 
 
 00 
 
 80 
 86 
 
 M. Kill. -til 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 51 
 
 V 
 
 
 60 
 
 M. hytirida 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 , 
 
 
 
 1" 
 
 
 42 
 
 Merruric chloride: 
 M. araoldiana.. . 
 M. BUIctii 
 M. hybrida 
 
 
 
 
 OS 
 10 
 
 a 
 
 
 07 
 
 
 31 
 
 
 ' 
 ..i 
 48 
 
 
 
 01 
 
 : 
 
 71 
 02 
 
 76 
 
 ..- 
 
 70 
 72 
 
 VELOCITY-REACTION CUUVKS. 
 This section treats of the velocity-reaction curves of 
 the starches of Miua arnoldiana, M.gilletii, and M. hy- 
 brida, showing the quantitative differences in the be- 
 havior towards different reagents at definite time-inter- 
 vals. (Charts D 553 to D 573.) 
 
 Among the conspicuous features of these charts are : 
 (1) The high to very high reactivity of the starch of 
 Miua arnoldiana throughout all of the reactions, in only 
 one of which is the reaction high. In not less than 1 1 reac- 
 tions out of the 20 at least 95 per cent of the total starch 
 was gelatinized within 2 minutes, and in the others with 
 the cxo'ption of chloral hydrate, pyrogallic acid, and 
 barium chloride a similar intensity of reaction occurred 
 in 5 minutes or less. The maximum time (99 per cent 
 in 30 minutes) was in the chloral-hydrate reactions. In 
 many of the reactions not only was the reactivity of this 
 starch greater tlian in ca> <>f the other parent and the 
 hybrid, but sometimes also markedly higher. 
 
 i The marked tendency for the corves of M. gillrtii 
 and M. hybrida to run close together, and in many in- 
 
128 
 
 H1STOLOGIC PROPERTIES AND REACTIONS. 
 
 stances to be well separated from the curve of M. arnold- 
 iana. The tendency for the hybrid reactions throughout 
 (excepting those with nitric acid, sulphuric acid, and po- 
 tassium hydroxide which are so rapid that no satisfac- 
 tory differentiation can be made, and in that with pyro- 
 gallic acid, in which the curve is practically identical 
 with that of the pollen parent), to be lower than that in 
 either parent; and also to show a distinctly closer rela- 
 tionship to M. gilletii than to M. arnoldiana. 
 
 (3) The considerable differences in the interrelations 
 of the three curves: Thus, in the reactions with chloral 
 hydrate, chromic acid, sodium salicylate, calcium ni- 
 trate, uranium nitrate, strontium nitrate, and barium 
 chloride the curves are quite evenly separated, the 
 curve of M. gittetii in each chart being between the 
 curves of M. arnoldiana and the hybrid. In the reac- 
 tions with pyrogallic acid, nitric acid, potassium iodide, 
 potassium sulphocyanate, potassium sulphide, sodium 
 hydroxide, sodium sulphide, cobalt nitrate, copper ni- 
 trate, cupric chloride, and mercuric chloride there is 
 an obvious pairing of the curves of M. gilletii and the 
 hybrid, the curves being to more or less marked de- 
 grees separated from the curve of M. arnoldiana, and 
 from each other, excepting in the latter in the pyrogallic- 
 acid reactions, where the curves of M. gilletii and the 
 hybrid are practically identical. In the reactions with 
 nitric acid, potassium iodide, and sodium hydroxide the 
 only important differences are noted at the very begin- 
 ning of gelatinization. In the other reactions, with the 
 exceptions noted, while the curves tend in general to run 
 closely, there are sufficient differences to permit of 
 diagnosis. 
 
 (4) An early period of resistance is noted in very 
 few of the reactions. In fact, there is generally a marked 
 tendency for an immediate high to very high degree of 
 reactivity which may be followed by a progressively les- 
 sening. An early period of resistance is seen in the 
 reactions of chromic acid with M. hybrida, of pyrogallic 
 acid, and, particularly, of barium chloride, with both 
 M. gilletii and M . hybrida. 
 
 (5) The earliest period during the 60 minutes of 
 observation at which the curves are best separated for 
 the differentiation of the three starches is variable with 
 the different reagents. In case of the very rapid reac- 
 tions, including those with nitric acid, sulphuric acid, 
 hydrochloric acid, potassium hydroxide, potassium 
 iodide, potassium sulphocyanate, potassium sulphide, 
 and sodium hydroxide, the period is noted within the 
 first minute of the reactions; in those with chromic 
 acid, pyrogallic acid, sodium sulphide, sodium salicylate, 
 calcium nitrate, uranium nitrate, strontium nitrate, cal- 
 cium nitrate, copper nitrate, cupric chloride, and mer- 
 curic chloride within 5 minutes; and in those with 
 chloral hydrate and barium chloride within 15 minutes. 
 From this data the best period for the differentiation of 
 members of this genus would be, perhaps, on the whole, 5 
 minutes after the beginning of the reaction ; or better, 
 to use in most cases weaker reagents. 
 
 REACTION-INTENSITIES OF THE HYBRID. 
 
 This section treats of the reaction-intensities of the 
 hybrid as regards sameness, intermediateness, excess, and 
 deficit in relation to the parents. (Table A 41 and 
 Charts D 553 to D 573.) 
 
 The reactivities of the hybrid are the same as those 
 of the seed parent in no reaction; the same as those of 
 the pollen parent in the reactions with iodine, gentian 
 violet, safranin, and pyrogallic acid; the same as those of 
 both parents in none; intermediate with hydrochloric 
 acid, and potassium hydroxide, being closer to the pollen 
 parent in one and mid-intermediate in the other ; highest 
 in none; and the lowest with polarization, temperature, 
 chloral hydrate, chromic acid, nitric acid, sulphuric acid, 
 potassium iodide, potassium sulphocyanate, potassium 
 sulphide, sodium hydroxide, sodium sulphide, sodium 
 salicylate, calcium nitrate, uranium nitrate, strontium 
 nitrate, cobalt nitrate, copper nitrate, cupric chloride, 
 barium chloride, and mercuric chloride, in all of which 
 being closer to the pollen parent. 
 
 The following is a summary of the reaction-intensi- 
 ties : Same as seed parent, ; same as pollen parent, 4 ; 
 same as both parents, 0; intermediate, 2; highest, 0; 
 lowest, 20. 
 
 Lowest reactivity of the three starches and sameness 
 and inclination to the pollen parent are two features that 
 stand out with marked conspicuousness. The pollen 
 parent seems to have been pre-eminent in determining 
 the characters of the starch of the hybrid, inasmuch as in 
 25 of the 26 reactions this parent bears the closer rela- 
 tionship to the hybrid, while in the remaining reaction 
 there is mid-intermediateness, but of doubtful valuation. 
 
 COMPOSITE CURVES OF THE REACTION-INTENSITIES. 
 
 This section treats of the composite curves of the 
 reaction-intensities, showing the differentiation of the 
 starches of Musa arnoldiana, M. gilletii, and M. hybrida. 
 ( Chart E 41.) 
 
 The most conspicuous features of the chart are : The 
 general correspondence in the ups and downs of the 
 curves, excepting in the case of M. arnoldiana in many 
 reactions which occur so rapidly that differences are not 
 satisfactorily demonstrated. The three curves from the 
 polarization to the sulphuric acid reactions are in close 
 accord, but from the latter on to the sodium-sulphide 
 reaction the curve of M. arnoldiana shows practically 
 no change, and from then on such alterations as are 
 exhibited occur within the 5-minute limit, excepting in 
 the barium-chloride reaction, in which the limit is ex- 
 tended to 15 minutes. With M. gilletii and M. hybrida, 
 however, the variations from reagent to reagent are com- 
 monly well marked. With somewhat weaker reagents the 
 curve of M. arnoldiana would in all probability corre- 
 spond in its variations with the curves of M. gilletii and 
 the hybrid. The curve of M. arnoldiana is the highest 
 throughout, excepting in the polarization reaction, and 
 in many instances it is much higher than the curve of 
 M. gilletii and the hybrid. The curve of M. gilletii is 
 higher than the curve of M. hybrida in the reaction with 
 temperature, chloral hydrate, hydrochloric acid, potas- 
 sium sulphocyanate, potassium sulphide, sodium hydrox- 
 ide, sodium salicylate, uranium nitrate, and strontium 
 nitrate ; and the same or nearly the same in all other reac- 
 tions, excepting with polarization, in which it is lower, 
 the same, or nearly the same. The best reagents in the 
 differentiation of these two starches are chloral hydrate, 
 potassium sulphide, sodium hydroxide, sodium salicylate, 
 uranium nitrate, and strontium nitrate. The very high 
 reactions of M. arnoldiana with'chromic acid, pyrogallic 
 
Ml >A. 
 
 11".) 
 
 a. 1. 1. mt; . id, hydrochloric add, potM- 
 
 i-iuiu Indroude, |N.ia-.Mum iodide. |MiUi"iimi Mil)', 
 
 in Milphide. M|IUIII hydroxide, sodium 
 fulphide. .....imiii . ..i!. mm nitrate, uranium 
 
 r..ntiiiiii intra!'-. cobalt nitrate, O-JIJKT nitrate, 
 .nuin chloride, ami nu-rruru- rh! 
 ranin and chloral In 
 with polarization, inline, gentian 
 1 t.-iMj.. r.itui. . ami the absence of any low or 
 -. Tin- \cry high reactivities of M. 
 ilphurie ai id, hydrochloric acid, potassium 
 
 . potassium iodide. |Nita*.*ium Milpli-H-yanatc, 
 
 . -odium hydroxide, sodium salicylatc, 
 
 Tellium nitrate; the liiirh reactions with chromn 
 
 I. ciKlium >ul|>!iide. uiul uruniuin nitrate; 
 
 the mndcrete r in tin- |M>larizati<>n. iodine, gen- 
 
 :. and safraiun, t.-nipcrature, chloral hydrate, 
 
 im nitratr, ami copjHT nitrate r. actions; the low 
 
 I. cobalt nitrate, cupric chlo- 
 
 liariunt chli>nili>, and mercuric chloride; and the 
 with cobalt nitrate. The very high 
 utics of M. hybrida with sulphuric acid and the 
 I under M. gillrlii, excepting stron- 
 tium in- hitfh reactions with chromic acid, nitric 
 sodium sulphide, and strontium nitrate; the mod- 
 with jiolari/ation, iodine, gentian violet, 
 afranin, tcm;- .ilcium nitrate, uranium nitrate, 
 "|I[NT nitrate; the low reactions with chloral hy- 
 . ptnqrallic acid, cupric chloride, and mercuric 
 chloride; and the \.-ry low reactions with cobalt nitrate 
 and tiurium chloride. 
 
 I llowing is a summary of the reaction-intensities: 
 
 
 \,,-, 
 
 . 
 
 High. 
 
 Mod- 
 erate. 
 
 Low. 
 
 Very 
 low. 
 
 M rnoMrw 
 
 JO 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 M Ull-t.. 
 
 M. hybrid* . 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 4 
 4 
 
 8 
 8 
 
 4 
 4 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 '. \u-.\Kisox8 OF THE STABCHES OF I'HAH s 
 
 \.M'1K'I.II >. 1*. \\.\I.I.lrilIl, AMI 1'. IIYBUIHU8. 
 
 In the histologio characteristics, polariscopic figures, 
 reactions with selcnite, qualitative reactions with iodine, 
 and qualitative reaction.-; with the various chemical rea- 
 gents, the parents and hybrid exhibit properties in com- 
 mon in varying degrees of development, and also certain 
 individualities by which collectively they can be identi- 
 fied. The starch of Phaiut trallifhii in comparison with 
 that of /'. grandifoliut shows larger proportions of 
 aggregates and compound grains ; more frequent irregu- 
 larities, but given forms of irregularity vary in fre- 
 y ; and the forms are of more varied types. The 
 luluin is more often distinct, slightly more refractive, 
 ami rarely fissured ; a longitudinal slit-like cavity at 
 tht- luluin and a deflected oblique fissure are more fre- 
 !y ni'teil ; ei ccntricity is more variable and lew. 
 Tho lamelle exhibit some differences in distribution and 
 form ; secondary sets are more numerous ; the number is 
 about the cam. T -ize of the larger grains is longer 
 and lew wide ; that of the common-sized grains about the 
 same. In the polariscopic, sclenite, and qualitative io- 
 dine reactions there arc various differences. In qualitative 
 I 
 
 >ns with chloral hydrate. ihr<>mic acid, pyrogallic 
 .11 -ill, hydrochloric a< id, potassium hydroxide, potassium 
 i<iide, potassium sulphocyanatc, potaasium sulphide, 
 .i.uin hydroxide, sodium sulphide, and sodium sali- 
 cylatc there are very many points of difference which seem 
 to be wholly of a minor character. The starch of tho 
 hybrid in comparison with the starches of the parents 
 contains larger proportions of aggregates and compound 
 grains than in either parent; irregularities are leas fre- 
 |iient ; and then- are inure grains of a lender (< than 
 in P. grandifolitui, but less than in P. MBUUfc Tho 
 hilum is more refractive and more frequently demon- 
 strable than in either parent; a slit-like cavity at the 
 luluin is as frequently apparent as in /'. grandifoUus. 
 but less frequently than in I', u-nlliflni; lissuration is 
 -lightly more varied and more frequent than in cither 
 parent; clefts in the form of a soaring-bird figure arc 
 ven. this form not U-iiitf observed in (lie [lareiiU; eccen- 
 tricity is the same as in P. trallichii. The lamellm of 
 the primary sets are coarser than in the parents; a 
 refractive border at the proximal and lateral margins is 
 lew frequent, and it is of the same width as in P. grandi 
 folitu, but less broad as a rule than in P. wailichii. Sec- 
 ondary sets of lamella' are somewhat more frequent, often 
 larger and commonly located as in P. grandifoliiu . hut 
 leas numerous and less varied in location than in P. u-nl- 
 li'-liii; and the number is about the same as in the 
 parents. The size is closer t'. that of P. grandifdliu*. 
 In the polarization and selenite reactions there are many 
 inclinations to one or the other parent, hut on the 
 whole to P. grandifolitu ; while in the qualitative iodine 
 reactions the leanings arc on the whole to P. trallirhii. 
 In the qualitative chemical reactions the peculiarities 
 of one or the other or both parents are very well mani- 
 fested, but in each the reactions are on the whole closer 
 to those of P. grandifolius. 
 
 UractioH-intmfilirt Krpreued by Light, Color, and Tempera 
 
 lurr K rartion*. 
 I'nlariutinn : 
 
 P. crandifoliiu. hich to very high, vain 
 P. wallirhii. high, lower than in P. gran-liMm*. valur 80. 
 P. hybridun. hich to very hih. lichUy higher than in P. grandi- 
 
 fuliiu. value 87. 
 Iodine: 
 
 P. crandifoliiu. moderate, value 50. 
 
 P. wallichii. moderate, licbter than in P. crandifoliiu. value 40. 
 P. hybridua, moderate, intermediate between the parent*, but 
 
 nearer to P. wallichii. value 43. 
 Grntian violet: 
 
 P. irandifoliiu, moderate to derp. value 87. 
 
 P. wallichii, liftht to moderate, lighter than in P. crandifoliu*. 
 
 value 80. 
 
 P. hybridu*. moderate to def>, deeper than either parent, value 00. 
 Safranin: 
 
 P. grandifoliu*. moderate to deep, value 60. 
 
 P. wallirhii. light to moderate, lighter than in P. (randifoliua. 
 
 value 65. 
 P. hybridua, moderately deep to deep, deeper than in either parent. 
 
 value . 
 Temperature: 
 P. grandifoJiiM, in the majority at BS to 06*. in all but rare grain* 
 
 at 68 to 00*. mean 68.8. 
 P. wallichii. in the majority at 64 to 08*. in all but rare train* at 
 
 67 to 68*. mean 97.3'. 
 
 P. hybridua. in the majority at 64 to W. in all but rare grain* at 
 66 to 68*. mean 67*. 
 
 In the reactions with polarization, iodine, gentian 
 
 . and Mifrnnin P. gramlifnliuf exhibits higher 
 
 reactivities than the other parent, but in the temperature 
 
130 
 
 HISTOLOGIC PROPERTIES AND REACTIONS. 
 
 TABLE A 42. 
 
 
 a 
 
 *-i 
 
 B 
 
 04 
 
 B 
 m 
 
 a 
 * 
 
 = 
 
 1C 
 
 a 
 
 o 
 
 a 
 
 '- 
 
 a 
 
 o 
 
 CO 
 
 65 
 61 
 56 
 
 99 
 99 
 99 
 
 50 
 85 
 70 
 
 6 
 o 
 ** 
 
 79 
 67 
 66 
 
 58 
 91 
 
 77 
 
 a 
 i 
 
 80 
 67 
 70 
 
 67 
 
 94 
 84 
 
 Chloral hydrate: 
 
 
 sn 
 
 
 50 
 
 48 
 44 
 
 70 
 97 
 87 
 
 34 
 80 
 62 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 71 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ?1 
 
 
 Chromic acid: 
 
 
 
 
 
 an 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 fi7 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 44 
 
 
 Pyrogallic acid: 
 
 
 
 
 
 ft 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 63 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 
 Nitric acid: 
 
 Tf 
 
 
 
 
 95 
 
 90 
 
 99 
 
 
 90 
 
 
 
 
 
 78 
 
 
 
 
 00 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Sulphuric acid: 
 
 93 
 96 
 92 
 
 96 
 
 '.''.' 
 
 98 
 99 
 99 
 
 99 
 
 100 
 100 
 100 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 JL* 7 ... 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Hydrochloric acid: 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 99 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Potassium hydroxide: 
 
 90 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 inn 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 09 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Potassium iodide: 
 
 
 
 
 
 ftfi 
 
 
 90 
 95 
 92 
 
 99 
 
 95 
 98 
 95 
 
 97 
 99 
 98 
 
 99 
 99 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 90 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 8? 
 
 
 Potassium sulphocyanate: 
 
 
 
 
 
 07 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 09 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 07 
 
 
 00 
 
 
 
 
 Potassium sulphide: 
 
 
 00 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 00 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 05 
 
 
 
 00 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Sodium hydroxide: 
 
 
 
 00 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 0? 
 
 
 
 97 
 
 
 90 
 
 
 
 
 P. hybridus 
 Sodium sulphide: 
 P. grundifolius 
 P. wallichii 
 P. hybridus 
 Sodium salicylate : 
 P grandifolius 
 
 
 84 
 
 84 
 92 
 90 
 
 
 
 95 
 
 95 
 96 
 95 
 
 30 
 
 
 99 
 
 99 
 99 
 99 
 
 84 
 97 
 
 99 
 
 00 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 54 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 54 
 
 
 96 
 
 91 
 
 99 
 
 99 
 97 
 
 99 
 
 
 Calcium nitrate: 
 P grandifolius 
 
 
 
 
 
 7? 
 
 
 P wallichii 
 
 
 
 
 
 m 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 75 
 
 
 00 
 
 
 
 
 Uranium nitrate: 
 P grandifolius 
 
 
 
 
 
 65 
 
 
 90 
 98 
 95 
 
 95 
 99 
 98 
 
 98 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 on 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 68 
 
 
 Strontium nitrate: 
 P. grandifolius 
 
 
 84 
 
 
 
 05 
 
 
 P wallichii 
 
 
 01 
 
 
 
 09 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 P. hybridus 
 
 
 m 
 
 
 
 98 
 
 
 inn 
 
 
 
 
 Cobalt nitrate: 
 P. grandifolius 
 
 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 
 22 
 78 
 62 
 
 Ofl 
 
 56 
 87 
 76 
 
 69 
 90 
 82 
 
 72 
 96 
 
 86 
 
 P wallichii 
 
 
 
 
 
 48 
 
 
 P. hybridus 
 
 
 
 
 
 in 
 
 
 Copper nitrate : 
 
 
 
 
 
 06 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 00 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 98 
 
 
 9S 
 
 
 
 
 Cupric chloride: 
 P. grandifolius 
 
 
 
 
 
 51 
 
 
 76 
 95 
 82 
 
 84 
 97 
 92 
 
 3 
 
 87 
 98 
 95 
 
 90 
 99 
 96 
 
 3 
 25 
 8 
 
 90 
 99 
 95 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 8? 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 55 
 
 
 Barium chloride: 
 P. grandifolius 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ? 
 
 
 74 
 9 
 
 11 
 5 
 
 83 
 95 
 90 
 
 19 
 6 
 
 90 
 97 
 95 
 
 P. hybridus 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 Mercuric chloride: 
 P. grandifolius 
 
 
 
 
 
 55 
 
 
 P. wallichii 
 
 
 
 
 
 81 
 
 
 P. hybridus 
 
 
 
 
 
 68 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 reactions lower activity. The hybrid shows in the 
 reactions with polarization, gentian violet, and safranin 
 higher reactivities than either of the parents ; with iodine 
 intermediateness, but nearer to P. wallichii; and with 
 temperature practically the same reactivity as that of P. 
 wallichii. 
 
 Table A 42 shows the reaction-intensities in percent- 
 ages of total starch gelatinized at definite intervals 
 (minutes). 
 
 VELOCITY-REACTION CURVES. 
 
 This section treats of the velocity-reaction curves of 
 the starches of Phaius grandifolius, P. wallichii, and P. 
 hybridus, showing the quantitative differences in the be- 
 havior toward different reagents at definite time-inter- 
 vals. ( Charts D 574 to D 594.) 
 
 Among the conspicuous features of these charts are: 
 The correspondence in the courses and the closeness of all 
 three curves in the several reactions. Owing to the very 
 rapid reactions of the starches with nitric acid, sulphuric 
 acid, hydrochloric acid, potassium hydroxide, potassium 
 sulphocyanate, potassium sulphide, sodium hydroxide, 
 sodium sulphide, strontium nitrate, and copper nitrate 
 (10 out of the 21 chemical reagents), satisfactory stud- 
 ies of the curves can not be made. Omitting these, the 
 curves tend to run very closely excepting in the reactions 
 with pyrogallic acid and copper nitrate, in each of which 
 there is well-marked separation. The curve of P. c/randi- 
 folius is higher than that of the other parent in only 
 the chloral-hydrate reaction, and definitely lower in those 
 of the reactions with chromic acid, pyrogallic acid, po- 
 tassium iodide, sodium salicylate, calcium nitrate, ura- 
 nium nitrate, cobalt nitrate, cupric chloride, barium 
 chloride, and mercuric chloride. The curves of the hy- 
 brid vary in the different reactions in their parental 
 relationships. There is a marked tendency to inter- 
 mediateness, and there is about an equal tendency to 
 excess or deficit of reaction as there is to sameness to one 
 or the other and both parents, and there is about equal 
 inclination to one as to the other parent. In only two 
 of the charts (pyrogallic acid and cobalt nitrate) is there 
 evidence of an early period of resistance followed by a 
 moderate to rapid gelatinization. In both only two of the 
 starches (P. grandifolius and P. hybridus) exhibit this 
 feature, but neither to a marked degree. The earliest 
 period of the experiments at which the curves are best 
 separated for differential purposes is with chromic 
 acid, potassium iodide, sodium salicylate, calcium nitrate, 
 uranium nitrate, cupric chloride, and mercuric chloride 
 at 5 minutes; pyrogallic acid and cobalt nitrate at 15 
 minutes; chloral hydrate at 45 minutes; and barium 
 chloride at 60 minutes. 
 
 KEACTION-INTENSITIES OF THE HYBRID. 
 
 This section treats of the reaction-intensities of the 
 hybrid as regards sameness, intermediateness, excess, and 
 deficit in relation to the parents. (Table A 42 and 
 Charts D 574 toD 594.) 
 
 The reactivities of the hybrid are the same as those 
 of the seed parent in the strontium-nitrate reaction ; the 
 same as those of the pollen parent in the reactions with 
 temperature, sodium sulphide, and sodium salicylate; 
 the same as those of both parents with sulphuric acid, 
 hydrochloric acid, potassium hydroxide, potassium 
 sulphocyanate, and copper nitrate, in most all being too 
 fast for satisfactory differentiation; intermediate with 
 iodine, chromic acid, pyrogallic acid, nitric acid, potas- 
 sium iodide, calcium nitrate, uranium nitrate, cobalt 
 nitrate, cupric chloride, barium chloride, and mercuric 
 chloride (in 4 being closer to the seed parent, in 2 closer 
 to the pollen parent, and in 4 being intermediate) ; 
 
 
I'H.Mt'S MILTOMA. 
 
 131 
 
 highest with polarization, gentian violet, and .-afranin. 
 in all closer to the cci-1 parent; and lowest with chloral 
 hydrate. pta*.-ium Milplude. and Mxliuui hydroxide (in 
 to the pollen parent, and in 1 Mcloae to one 
 aa to the other parent). 
 
 The following is a nummary of the reaction-intensi- 
 ties : Same aa seed parent, 1 ; same aa pollen parent, 3 ; 
 tame aa both parent*, 5; intermediate, 11; highest, 3; 
 lowMt, 3. 
 
 In these reaction! the parents aeem to share about 
 equally their influence* in determining the characters 
 of the .starch of the hybrid. The tendency to inter- 
 mediateneas is quite marked, and in about one-half of 
 these reactions there is mid-intermediatenesa. There is a 
 tendency to highest or lowest reactivity than to 
 i to one or the other parent 
 
 \i POSITS CORTES op THE REACTION-- INTENSITIES. 
 
 Following is a summary of the reaction-intensities: 
 
 
 Vnr 
 
 Hicb. 
 
 V . 
 
 Low. 
 
 Vy 
 
 low. 
 
 P. crandifuliiu 
 
 13 
 17 
 M 
 
 6 
 
 a 
 
 
 S 
 6 
 
 2 
 
 a 
 i 
 
 .. 
 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 
 P. WBllirlm 
 
 P. hybridan 
 
 
 This wtii-n treats of the composite curves of the 
 reaction-intensities, showing the differentiation of the 
 starches of I'liaiut granJifoliu.*. P. wallichii, and P. hy- 
 bridus. (Chart K 
 
 long the most conspicuous features of this chart 
 are: 
 
 The very close correspondence in the rises and falls 
 of the curves and in most of the reactions the closeness 
 of tin- curves to one another, suggesting closely related 
 members of the same genus. The curve of Phaitu 
 grandifolitm is hiirher than the curve of the other 
 parent P. vallichii in the reactions with polarization, 
 . gentian violet, safranin, chloral hydrate, and 
 sodium hydroxide; lower with temperature, chromic 
 arid, pyrogallic acid, potassium iodide, sodium sali- 
 cylate, calcium nitrate, uranium nitrate, cobalt nitrate, 
 cupric chloride, barium chloride, and mercuric chloride; 
 an<l the same or practically the same with nitric acid, 
 sulphuric acid, hydrochloric acid, potassium hydroxide, 
 potassium sulphocyanatc, potassium sulphide, sodium sul- 
 phide, strontium nitrate, and copper nitrate. In P. 
 grandifolius the very high reactions with polarization, 
 acid, sulphuric acid, hydrochloric acid, potassium 
 tide, potassium sulphocyanate, potassium sulphide, 
 m hydroxide, sodium sulphide, calcium nitrate, 
 mm nitrate, and copper nitrate; the high with 
 safranin, chromic acid, potassium iodide, sodium sali- 
 cylate, uranium nitrate; the moderate with iodine, 
 m violet, temperature, cupric chloride, and mer- 
 curic chloride; the low with chloral hydrate, pyro- 
 gallic acid, and cobalt nitrate; and the very low with 
 harium chloride. In P. rallichii the very high reactions 
 with polarization, chromic acid, nitric acid, sulphuric 
 arid, hydrochloric acid, potassium hydroxide, potassium 
 iodide, potassium sulphocyanate, potassium sulphide, 
 sodium hydroxide, sodium sulphide, sodium salicylate, 
 calcium nitrate, uranium nitrate, strontium nitrate, cop- 
 per nitrate, and cupric chloride; the high with safra- 
 nin and mercuric chloride; the moderate with io- 
 dine. gentian violet, temperature, pyrogallic acid, and 
 cobalt nitrate; the low with chloral hydrate; and the 
 very low with barium chloride. In P. liybridu.* the 
 very high reactions with polarization, nitric acid, hydro- 
 chloric arid, potassium hydroxide, potassium sulpho- 
 cyanate, potawium sulphide, sodium hydroxide, sodium 
 sulphide, sodium salicylate, calcium nitrate, uranium 
 nitrate, strontium nitrate, and copper nitrate ; the high 
 with gentian violet, safranin, chromic acid, potassium 
 iodide, cupric chloride, and mercuric chloride; the mod- 
 erate with iodine and temperature; the low with chloral 
 hydrato. pyrogallic acid, and cobalt nitrate; and thr 
 low with barium chloride. 
 
 43. COUPAEIBOKS OF THE STAKC1IE8 OF MlLTOMA 
 VKXILLABIA, M. RfEZLII, AND M. BLEUANA. 
 
 In (lie histologic characteristics, polariscopic figures, 
 reactions with selenite, qualitative reactions with iodine, 
 and qualitative reactions with the various chemical rea- 
 gents, all three starches exhibit properties in common 
 m varying degrees of development together with individ- 
 ualities, the sum of which in each case is characteristic 
 of the starch. The starch of Miltonia rarzlii in compari- 
 son with that of M. verillaria shows less numerous com- 
 pound grains; more varied aggregates and a larger 
 number of the mosaic type; irregularities more frequent 
 and more pronounced (there are differences in the fre- 
 quency of the appearance of given forms of irregularity) ; 
 a somewhat abrupt flattening at the distal margin may 
 be observed, which peculiarity is not seen in the other 
 starch ; flattening is more frequent in grains with second- 
 ary lamellae. The hilum is somewhat more frequently 
 fissured, and when not fissured is less distinct; quite, 
 refractive hila rare; cavity directed longitudinally and 
 clefts more frequent; fissure projected from the hilum 
 generally deeper, more frequently branched nnd more 
 common; eccentricity less. The lamellae are less often 
 demonstrable, and there are a number of variations in 
 their distribution nnd grouping. The size is larger, with 
 a marked tendency to broadness. In the polariscopic, 
 selenite, and qualitative iodine reactions there are* many 
 differences. In the qualitative reactions with chloral 
 hydrate, chromic acid, hydrochloric acid, potassium io- 
 dide, and sodium salicylate there are many similarities 
 and dissimilarities, some of the latter being quite marked. 
 The starch of the hybrid in comparison with the start hc- 
 of the parents contains larger numbers of compound 
 grains and aggregates; irregularities are slightly less 
 than in il. rcrillaria and considerably less than in M. 
 rcnlii; a lateral extension of secondary lamellae is less 
 frequently seen than in M. rtrzJii. The hilum when fis- 
 sured is more distinct and is more frequently refractive 
 than in either parent and there are various modifications 
 in the characters of the fissures and clefts ; eccentricity 
 is about the same as in .V. rtnlii and less than in .V. rex ij- 
 laria. The size is larger than in either parent. The 
 hybrid starch is in form, character of the hilum, and char- 
 acters of the lamella morn closelv related to M. rfril- 
 laria ; but in eccentricity of the hilum and size it is closer 
 to M. rtrzlii. In the polariscopic. selenite. and qualita- 
 tive iodine reactions there are obvious leanings to ore 
 or the other parent, but the relationship is on the whole 
 distinctly closer to M. rrrillnria. In the qualitative 
 chemical reactions, while the relationships are on the 
 whole distinctly closer to M. rerUlana. the influences of 
 M. rvzlii on the hybrid starch are markedly manifest. 
 
 Rractinn-intnuititi Efpmtrd by J.!7*f, Color, and Trmpfm- 
 ture Rroftion*. 
 
 Polarisation: 
 
 M. millaria. hich to very high. value 85. 
 
 M. waalH, moderate to my hich, lower thus in M. rnflUria. 
 value 76. 
 
 M. Ueoana, hich to vwy hich. hither than in either parcel. 
 
 rain* 88. 
 Iodine: 
 
 M. vraillaria. moderate, value 55. 
 
 M. n-nlii, moderate, tighter than in M. rczillana. raid* 50. 
 
 M. bUuana. moderate, the aame u in M millaria. value 65. 
 
132 
 
 HISTOLOGIC PROPERTIES AND REACTIONS. 
 
 Gentian violet: 
 
 M. vexillaria, moderate, value 50. 
 
 M. rcezlii, moderate to deep, deeper than in M. vexillaria, value 55. 
 
 M. bleuana, moderate to deep, lighter than in M. vexillaria, 
 
 value 47. 
 Saf ranin : 
 
 M. vexillaria, moderate to moderately deep, value 55. 
 
 M. roezlii, moderate to deep, considerably deeper than in M. vex- 
 
 illaria, value G5. 
 M. bleuana, moderate to moderately deep, the same as in M. vex- 
 
 illaria, value 55. 
 Temperature: 
 
 M. vexillaria, in the majority at 70 to 71, in all but rare grains at 
 
 73 to 74, mean 73.5. 
 M. roezlii, in the majority at 74 to 76, in all but rare grains at 
 
 76 to 77, mean 76.5. 
 M. bleuana, in the majority at 69 to 71, in all but rare grains at 
 
 72 to 74, mean 73. 
 
 M. vexillaria shows a higher reactivity than the 
 other pareut in the polarization, iodine, and temperature 
 reactions, and a lower reactivity in the gentian-violet and 
 safranin reactions. The hybrid has the highest reactivi- 
 ties of the three in the polarization and temperature reac- 
 tions, the lowest reactivity in the gentian-violet reactions, 
 and the same or practically the same reactivities as M. 
 vexillaria in the iodine and safrauin reactions. In all 
 five reactions the hybrid is either the same as or closer 
 to M . vexillaria. 
 
 Table A 43 shows the reaction-intensities in percent- 
 ages of total starch gelatinized at definite intervals 
 (minutes). 
 
 VELOCITY-REACTION CURVES. 
 
 This section treats of the velocity-reaction curves of 
 the starches of Miltonia vexillaria, M. rcezlii, and M. 
 bleuana, showing the quantitative differences in the be- 
 havior toward different reagents at definite time-inter- 
 vals. (Charts D 595 to D 60S).) 
 
 Among the conspicuous features of these charts are : 
 The closeness and correspondence of the curves in each 
 of the reactions. The reactions with nitric acid, sul- 
 phuric acid, hydrochloric acid, and potassium hydroxide 
 occur with such rapidity that there is practically no 
 differentiation. The curve of M. vexillaria is higher 
 than the curve of the other parent in the reactions with 
 chloral hydrate, chromic acid, pyrogallic acid, potassium 
 iodide, potassium sulphocyanate, potassium sulphide, so- 
 dium hydroxide, sodium sulphide, sodium salicylate, cal- 
 cium nitrate, uranium nitrate, strontium nitrate, copper 
 nitrate, cupric chloride, and mercuric chloride ; and lower 
 with cobalt nitrate and barium chloride. The hybrid, 
 while bearing varying relations to one or the other or both 
 parents as regards sameness, intermediateness, excess, 
 and deficit in reactivities, shows a remarkable inclination 
 to an almost universally higher reactivity than either of 
 the parents, and, moreover, a similar inclination to the 
 seed parent ; in only 2 of the 26 reactions is there a mani- 
 fest leaning toward the pollen parent. An early period of 
 high resistance followed by rapid to moderate gelatiniza- 
 tion is entirely absent from this set of reactions. The 
 earliest period during the 60 minutes that is best for the 
 differentiation of the three starches is for chromic acid, 
 potassium iodide, potassium sulphide, potassium sulpho- 
 cyanate, sodium hydroxide, sodium sulphide, sodium 
 salicylate, uranium nitrate, strontium nitrate, cobalt ni- 
 trate, copper nitrate, and cupric chloride at 5 minutes; 
 calcium nitrate at 15 minutes; chloral hydrate, pyro- 
 gallic acid, barium chloride, and mercuric chloride at 30 
 minutes. The reactions with nitric acid, sulphuric acid, 
 hydrochloric acid, and potassium hydroxide are too fast 
 for differentiation of the starches. 
 
 REACTION-INTENSITIES OF THE HYBRID. 
 This section treats of the reaction-intensities of the 
 hybrid as regards sameness, intermediateness, excess, and 
 
 TABLE A 43. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 . 
 
 . 
 
 . 
 
 . 
 
 
 a 
 
 B 
 
 <N 
 
 6 
 m 
 
 G 
 v 
 
 6 
 
 IO 
 
 E 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 to 
 
 H 
 8 
 
 I 
 
 >0 
 
 ^)* 
 
 S 
 
 S 
 
 Chloral hydrate: 
 M. vexillaria 
 
 
 
 
 
 f)7 
 
 
 84 
 
 97 
 
 08 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 GO 
 
 
 71 
 
 8 
 
 84 
 
 S4 
 
 M. bleuana 
 
 
 
 
 
 6? 
 
 
 81 
 
 05 
 
 07 
 
 '17 
 
 Chromic acid : 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 9 
 
 
 87 
 
 97 
 
 99 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 37 
 
 
 71 
 
 
 96 
 
 <ii) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 63 
 
 
 00 
 
 95 
 
 97 
 
 
 Pyrogallic acid: 
 
 
 
 
 
 50 
 
 
 79 
 
 8<1 
 
 88 
 
 '11 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 43 
 
 
 63 
 
 7 
 
 77 
 
 SO 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 63 
 
 
 qo 
 
 96 
 
 97 
 
 99 
 
 Nitric acid: 
 
 88 
 
 92 
 
 
 
 97 
 
 
 00 
 
 
 
 
 
 86 
 
 93 
 
 
 
 95 
 
 
 97 
 
 99 
 
 
 
 M. bleuana 
 
 97 
 
 99 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Sulphuric acid: 
 M. vexillaria 
 
 9U 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 97 
 
 98 
 
 
 09 
 
 nil 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 M. bleuana 
 
 99 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Hydrochloric acid: 
 M. vexillaria 
 
 97 
 
 99 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 94 
 
 97 
 
 
 
 99 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 99 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Potassium hydroxide: 
 M. vexillaria 
 
 98 
 
 
 
 
 99 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 99 
 
 
 
 
 100 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 99 
 
 
 
 
 10( 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Potassium iodide: 
 
 
 
 
 
 84 
 
 
 97 
 
 09 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 7S 
 
 
 85 
 
 00 
 
 
 ( i r i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 9? 
 
 95 
 
 98 
 
 00 
 
 
 
 Potassium sulphocyanate : 
 
 
 95 
 
 
 
 99 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 85 
 
 
 
 89 
 
 
 95 
 
 98 
 
 
 
 
 
 98 
 
 
 
 99 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Potassium sulphide: 
 
 
 
 
 
 83 
 
 
 87 
 
 90 
 
 9? 
 
 95 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 7? 
 
 
 84 
 
 85 
 
 87 
 
 S'J 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 9f 
 
 
 08 
 
 99 
 
 
 
 Sodium hydroxide: 
 
 
 
 
 
 95 
 
 
 90 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 87 
 
 
 9 
 
 95 
 
 
 '15 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 98 
 
 
 99 
 
 
 
 
 Sodium sulphide: 
 
 
 
 
 
 79 
 
 
 89 
 
 95 
 
 96 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 58 
 
 
 7? 
 
 77 
 
 90 
 
 S 1 ! 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 95 
 
 
 99 
 
 
 
 
 Sodium salicylate: 
 
 
 
 
 
 80 
 
 
 98 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 78 
 
 
 96 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 86 
 
 95 
 
 09 
 
 
 
 
 Calcium nitrate: 
 
 
 
 
 
 84 
 
 
 05 
 
 96 
 
 97 
 
 'IS 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 8 1 ? 
 
 
 80 
 
 00 
 
 91 
 
 'l ' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 97 
 
 
 90 
 
 
 
 
 Uranium nitrate: 
 
 
 
 
 
 83 
 
 
 90 
 
 95 
 
 96 
 
 98 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 77 
 
 
 87 
 
 95 
 
 
 'Mi 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 95 
 
 
 90 
 
 
 
 
 Strontium nitrate: 
 
 
 
 
 
 91 
 
 95 
 
 00 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 86 
 
 
 05 
 
 96 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 11! 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Cobalt nitrate: 
 
 
 
 
 
 16 
 
 
 46 
 
 5? 
 
 56 
 
 00 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 48 
 
 
 56 
 
 W, 
 
 fit 
 
 70 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 67 
 
 
 81 
 
 89 
 
 'Ml 
 
 'II 
 
 Copper nitrate: 
 
 
 
 
 
 84 
 
 
 95 
 
 96 
 
 97 
 
 M 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 73 
 
 
 83 
 
 00 
 
 95 
 
 05 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 'IS 
 
 
 09 
 
 
 
 
 Cupric chloride: 
 
 
 
 
 
 56 
 
 
 70 
 
 78 
 
 81 
 
 88 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 64 
 
 68 
 
 70 
 
 7? 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 81 
 
 
 90 
 
 95 
 
 97 
 
 H 
 
 Barium chloride: 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 10 
 
 1? 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 11 
 
 15 
 
 18 
 
 ?.?, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 ?0 
 
 ffi 
 
 ,30 
 
 M 
 
 Mercuric chloride: 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 60 
 
 75 
 
 80 
 
 85 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I"* 
 
 
 53 
 
 57 
 
 60 
 
 80 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 75 
 
 
 90 
 
 97 
 
 98 
 
 9ft 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
M I I.TONIA CVMBIDIUM . 
 
 183 
 
 t in relation to the par.-nt... (Table A 43 ml CharU 
 Mtie* of the hybrid are the Mine as those 
 
 uf the - I p.irent in the n-a. ln-n- with iodine, ..il r.inin, 
 and puUMJum sulphocyanate ; the same as thoae uf the 
 pollen parent in niic ; the same as those of botli parents 
 in tliiiM- with sulphuric acid, hydrochloric acid, ami 
 pota*ium h\ droude. in all of which gelatinixation occurs 
 
 .juickly ; intermediate, hut nearer thoaecd parvnt, in 
 that with t Moral hydrate; highest with polarization, 
 , lir. I. mine ;i. i.l. potassium io- 
 
 dide, :' tiL-sium sulphide, sodium hydroxide, sodium sul- 
 phide, .-..hum salu-ylate, calcium nitrate, uranium 
 nitrate, -;r iitnini nitrate, colmlt nitrate, copper nitrate, 
 , iiprx chloride, copper chloride, barium chloride, and 
 irir chloride (in II lx'in>; doaer to the seed parent, 
 in '.' . lo,.-r to the pollen parent, and in 1 as cloae to one an 
 to the other parent ) ; and lowest with gentian violet and 
 
 -rature, in both being closer to the seed parent in 
 
 alter pr.i. tu-.illy the same. 
 
 ' -Mowing is a summary of the reaction-intensi- 
 ties: Same as seed parent, 3; same as pollen parent, 0; 
 same as both parents, 3; intermediate, 1; highest, 17; 
 
 Two ven- conspicuous features of these data are the 
 very markedly dominating influence of the seed parent 
 <>n the properties of the starch of the hybrid, and the 
 equally iimrkiil tendency to reactivities of the hybrid, 
 
 r than those of the parents. In 20 out of the 26 
 reaction* th<< seed parent is the game or closer to the 
 hybrul, while in only 2 is there closeness to the pollen 
 
 t ; and in 17 reactions the hybrid exceeds the reac- 
 tivities of the parents. 
 
 MFOSITE CUHVE8 OF REACTION-INTENSITIES. 
 
 This section treats of the composite curves of the 
 reactiun-intcn.-ities, showing the differentiation of the 
 
 ies of Mtltonia vexillana, M. rcnlii, and M. bleuana. 
 
 rt K i:t.) 
 
 The most conspicuous features of this chart arc: The 
 
 cloae correspondence in the rises and falls of all three 
 
 .:ig in the ' reactions with gentian violet, 
 
 il hydrate, and calcium nitrate. In the gentian- 
 violet reactions the curves of M . rtrillaria and the hybrid 
 fall, while the curve of If. ratxlii rises; in the chloral- 
 hydrate reactions the curves of the fonner rise while the 
 curve of the latter falls; and in the calcium-nitrate reac- 
 tions tin- ( urve of M. nrz/ii appears aberrant by falling. 
 
 rillnria has higher reactivities than the other pan-nt 
 in the react inns with polarization, iodine, choral hy- 
 drate, pyrogallic acid, potassium iodide, potassium sul- 
 
 .inaU 1 , potaamum sulphide, sodium hydroxide, 
 calcium nitrate, strontium nitrate, copper nitrate, cupric 
 chloride, and mercuric chloride; lower reactivities with 
 -afranin, temperature, cobalt nitrate, and 
 barium chloride; and the same or practically the same 
 reaction-; with diromic acid, nitric acid, sul- 
 
 phuric arid, hydrochloric arid, potassium hydroxide, 
 odium sulphide, sodium salicylate, and uranium nitrite. 
 In M. ifj-illaria the very high reactions with polarization, 
 nitric and, sulphuric acid, hydnn hlorir arid, potassium 
 hydroxide, potassium iodide, potassium sulphocyairit--. 
 
 \ide, sodium salicylate. calcium n: 
 strontium nitrate, and copper nitrate; the high ron 
 with chloral hydrate, chromic acid, sodium sulphide, and 
 uranium nitrate; the moderate reactions with iodine, 
 
 MI viol, t, safrnnin, pyroijallic acid, and |Hita>-ium 
 
 sulphide: the low reactions with temperature, cobalt 
 
 nitrate, cupric chloride, and mercuric chloride: and the 
 
 ms with barium chloride. In M. ran/it 
 
 thp very high reactions with nitric acid, sulphuric acid, 
 
 
 Very 
 
 hih. 
 
 !!ih. 
 
 Mod- 
 erate. 
 
 Low. 
 
 Very 
 
 low. 
 
 M. vexillaria . . 
 
 12 
 
 4 
 
 | 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 M. KMlii . ... 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 | 
 
 a 
 
 1 
 
 M. bUuana 
 
 !' 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 hydrochloric acid, potassium hydroxide, potassium sul- 
 p'hiH vanaU', MNliuni Kaluylute, and .-ic-Mmm n.- 
 the high reaction* with polarization, safranm, chronm- 
 .i.id, sodium li\<lr..\,.|. . Kodium Hul|ilude, uranium 
 nitrate, and TO|I|MT nitrate; tle moderaU* n-jn tioii;- with 
 i. Mime, gentian uol.t, tem|HTature, potassium iwlide, 
 and calcium nitrate; the low reactions with <-lil,.r:il 
 hydrate, pyrogallic acid, potassium sulphide, cobalt ni- 
 trate, cupric chloride, and mercuric chloride; and the 
 very low reactions with barium chloride. In If. bleuana 
 the very high reactions with polarization, diromic acid, 
 nitric acid, sulphuric acid, hydrochloric acid, potassium 
 hydroxide, potassium iodide, potassium sulphocyanate, 
 potassium sulphide, sodium hydroxide, sodium sulphide, 
 sodium salicylate, calcium nitrate, uranium nitrate, 
 strontium nitrate, and copper nitrate : tlu> high reac- 
 tions with chloral hydrate, pyrogallic acid, cupric chlo- 
 ride, and mercuric chloride; the moderate reactions with 
 iodine, gentian violet, safranin, and cobalt nitrate; the 
 low reaction with temperature; and the very low reac- 
 tion with barium chloride. 
 
 Following is a summary of the reaction-intensities: 
 
 44. COMPARISON OF THE STARCHES OF CYUIIIDII M 
 
 I.OWIAMM, C. Kill K.NEVM, AND C. EBUKNKO- 
 
 LOWI4JTDX. 
 
 In the histologic characteristics, polariscopic figures, 
 reactions with selenite, qualitative reactions with iodine, 
 and qualitative reactions with the various chemical rea- 
 gents all three starches exhibit properties in common in 
 varying degrees of development together with certain 
 individualities which collectively are in each case char- 
 acteristic. The starch of Cymbidium /out'naum in com- 
 parison with that of C. tbwrnmm has somewhat leas 
 numerous grains of the disaggregate type ; pressure facets 
 on separated grains are more numerous; the surfaces of 
 disaggregates are more regular; large grains of the iso 
 lated disaggregate type are more numerous and more 
 varied in form; compactly arranged triplets and quad- 
 ruplets are more common; components of doublets are 
 iiion- often of equal size; and mosaics of live to ten com- 
 ponents are more rounded. The hilum has a cavity 
 or cleft more often ; it is more often fissured ; there are 
 various modifications of Assuring; eccentricity is less. 
 The lamella? are much less often demonstrable*; th- 
 an absence of a secondary set of lamella? at riu'ht angle 
 to the primary set; the number is probably less. The 
 size is on the whole smaller, and differences are noted 
 in the proportion of length to width. In the polario 
 - I'-nitc, and qualitative iodine reactions various differ- 
 ences are recorded in the three starches, mostly appa- 
 rently of a very minor character. In the qualit 
 reactions with chloral hydrate, chromic acid, nitric arid, 
 potassium hydroxide, potassium iodide, potassium sul- 
 phocyanate, and sodium salicylate various points of dif- 
 ference have been demonstrated, but these seem to be of 
 minor character. Throughout, with few exceptions, the 
 hybrid is much closer to C. lovianum. 
 
 Krucliun-intmtiliet fffritttd ky Light. Color, and Temper* 
 frf Ktacliont 
 
 Polarisation: 
 
 C. lowiamun. hih. ralue 80. 
 
 C. eburnnim. Kigh. (mm than in C. lowitniim. raluc 76. 
 C. bttfn.-low.. hick, to* BUM M in C. lovianum. vmlvtc 80. 
 
134 
 
 HISTOLOGIC PROPERTIES AND REACTIONS. 
 
 
 Iodine: 
 
 C. lowianum, moderate, value 50. 
 
 C. eburneum, moderate, lighter than in C. lowianum, value 45. 
 C. eburn.-low., moderate, the same as in C. lowianum, value 50. 
 Gentian violet: 
 
 C. lowianum, moderate to moderately deep, value 55. 
 
 C. eburneum, light to moderately deep, slightly deeper than in 
 
 C. lowianum, value 57. 
 
 C. eburn.-low., light to moderately deep, the same as in C. lowi- 
 anum, value 55. 
 Safranin: 
 
 C. lowianum, moderate to moderately deep, value 52. 
 C. eburneum, moderate to moderately deep, slightly deeper than 
 
 in C. lowianum, value 55. 
 C. eburn.-low., moderate to moderately deep, the same as in C. 
 
 lowianum, value 52. 
 Temperature : 
 
 C. lowianum, in the majority at 58 to 60, in all at 62 to 63 , 
 
 mean 62.5. 
 C. eburneum, in the majority at 58 to 69.5, in all at 65 to 66.5 , 
 
 mean 65.76. 
 C. eburn.-low., in the majority at 61 to 63, in all but rare grains at 
 
 67 to 68, mean 67.5. 
 
 C. lowianum exhibits a higher reactivity than the 
 other parent in the polarization, iodine, and temperature 
 reactions, and a lower reactivity in the gentian- violet and 
 safranin reactions. The hybrid has the same reactivities 
 as C. lowianum in the reactions with polarization, iodine, 
 gentian violet, and safranin, but has a lower reactivity 
 than either parent with temperature, in which it is nearer 
 to C. eburneum. 
 
 Table A 44 shows the reaction-intensities in percent- 
 ages of total starch gelatinized at definite intervals (sec- 
 onds and minutes). 
 
 VELOCITY-REACTION CURVES. 
 
 This section treats of the velocity-reaction curves of 
 the starches of Cymbidium lowianum, C. eburneum, and 
 C. eburneo-lowianum, showing the quantitative difference 
 in the behavior toward different reagents at definite time- 
 intervals. (Charts D 616 to D 618.) 
 
 The reactions with the various reagents, with rare 
 exceptions, occur with such rapidity that such differences 
 as may have been noted are not conclusive, all three 
 starches being gelatinized completely or practically com- 
 pletely within a minute or two, and often within 15 to 
 30 seconds. Where no differences are recorded between 
 the reactions of the parents those of the hybrid may be 
 distinctly different, as in the chloral-hydrate, pyrogallic- 
 acid, and barium-chloride reactions, especially in the 
 last. For the reason stated, only the curves of these 
 three reactions have been charted. 
 
 REACTION-INTENSITIES OF THE HYBRID. 
 
 This section treats of the reaction-intensities of the 
 hybrid as regards sameness, intermediateness, excess, and 
 deficit in relation to the parents. (Table A 44 and 
 Charts D 616 to D 618.) 
 
 The reactivities of the hybrid are the same as those 
 of the seed parent in the reactions with polarization, 
 iodine, gentian violet, and safranin ; the same as those of 
 the pollen parent in none; the same as those of both 
 parents with sulphuric acid, hydrochloric acid, potas- 
 sium hydroxide, potassium iodide, potassium sulphocya- 
 nate, potassium sulphide, sodium hydroxide, sodium sul- 
 phide, and strontium nitrate, in all of which the reactions 
 are too rapid for differentiation ; intermediate or high- 
 est in none; and the lowest with temperature, chloral 
 hydrate, chromic acid, pyrogallic acid, nitric acid, so- 
 dium salicylate, calcium nitrate, cobalt nitrate, copper 
 nitrate, cupric chloride, barium chloride, and mercuric 
 chloride (in 1 being closer to the pollen parent, and in 
 12 as close to one as to the other parent). 
 
 The following is a summary of the reaction-intensi- 
 ties: Same as seed parent, 4; same as pollen parent, 0; 
 
 TABLE A 44. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 U5 
 
 a 
 3 
 
 g 
 
 3 
 
 *< 
 
 a 
 
 s 
 
 
 
 ft 
 
 i 
 
 n 
 
 10 
 
 ^l* 
 
 s 
 
 B 
 
 E 
 
 ;N 
 
 8 
 
 W 
 
 a 
 
 ^f 
 
 s 
 
 1C 
 
 Chloral hydrate: 
 
 
 
 
 
 ){) 
 
 tfl 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 )L> 
 
 13 
 
 J7 
 
 
 99 
 95 
 
 00 
 
 ibb 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Chromic acid: 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 IS 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 17 
 
 
 
 19 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ir, 
 
 
 
 H 
 
 98 
 
 9.5 
 83 
 
 100 
 
 09 
 99 
 95 
 
 
 
 
 Pyrogallic acid: 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 OS 
 
 .19 
 
 
 Nitric acid: 
 
 9Fi 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 05 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 05 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Sulphuric acid: 
 
 ino 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 oo 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 00 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Hydrochloric acid : 
 
 ion 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1f>0 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 inn 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Potassium hydroxide: 
 
 ion 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ion 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 inn 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Potassium iodide: 
 
 05 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 05 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 07 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Potassium sulphocyanate 
 
 inn 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 inn 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .11 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Potassium sulphide: 
 
 inn 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 inn 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 inn 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Sodium hydroxide: 
 
 inn 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 inn 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 <i<i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Sodium sulphide: 
 
 inn 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 00 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 00 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Sodium salicylate: 
 
 
 
 
 so 
 
 
 <i<i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ss 
 
 
 'i< 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 C. eburn.-low 
 Calcium nitrate: 
 
 08 
 
 
 
 81 
 
 
 <j:> 
 
 111 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ')>. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 S( 
 
 
 OS 
 
 
 <><) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Uranium nitrate: 
 
 
 'II 
 
 
 inn 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 (17 
 
 
 inn 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 90 
 
 95 
 
 
 
 
 o< 
 
 
 
 
 
 Strontium nitrate: 
 
 9S 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 '!' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 11! 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Cobalt nitrate: 
 
 
 
 00 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 00 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 on 
 
 
 
 
 
 91 
 
 
 
 
 
 Copper nitrate: 
 
 OH 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 inn 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 OS 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Cupric chloride: 
 
 
 !) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 0! 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 86 
 
 
 
 
 
 97 
 
 
 
 
 
 Barium chloride: 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 97 
 9( 
 
 1.5 
 
 99 
 99 
 36 
 
 
 
 M 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 5f, 
 
 02 
 
 (17 
 
 Mercuric chloride: 
 
 
 
 
 00 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 OH 
 
 
 i<i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 78 
 
 
 'ii 
 
 <r 
 
 
 98 
 
 99 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
CYMBIDIUM CALAN11U . 
 
 135 
 
 u both parent*, 9; intermediate, 0; highest, 0; 
 loweot, 13. 
 
 uiodt striking features of the foregoing data are 
 in the hybnd the entire absence of sameness to the pollen 
 parent, 'of intermediateness, and of highest reactivity; 
 the fr.-.ju.-i,t iismcnoss of reactivity in relation to both 
 parent* ; and the large number of lowest reactivities, with 
 almost universal closeness to one as to the other parent. 
 high reactivities of all three starches makes 
 (litTtTfiitiation in moat instances impossible or unsatis- 
 >eed parent seems to have had on the hole 
 a somewhat higlber reactivity than the pollen parent in the 
 reactions with polarization, iodine, gentian violet, and 
 safranin, l>ut in t)u chemical reactions the reactivities 
 of the parents seem to be almost if not absolutely identi- 
 cal. It is all the more remarkable that with this parental 
 identity the hybrid should i-how in any reaction a depar- 
 ture from the parental standard. With modified 
 .rths of reagents undoubtedly parental differences 
 would be brought out, and hybrid-parental difference* 
 markedly exaggerated. 
 
 urosiTi CURVES or THE REACTION-INTENSITIES. 
 
 This section treats of the composite curves of the 
 reaction-intensities, showing the differentiation of the 
 starches of Cymbidium lowianum, C. eburneum, and C. 
 
 The most conspicuous features of this chart are : The 
 marked closeness of all three curves throughout, ex- 
 cepting in the nyrogal lie-acid and barium-chloride reac- 
 tions, in the latter the hybrid curves exhibiting an 
 exceptionally marked departure from the parental stand- 
 ard. The parental curves are the same or practically 
 the sain* excepting in the reactions with polarization, 
 iodine, gentian violet, safranin, and temperature, and 
 among these the only important difference is noted in the 
 rature reactions, there being a difference of 3.26 
 in the mean temperature of gelatinization. With weaker 
 reagents more or less marked differences in the parents 
 would be elicited in at least most of the reactions where 
 appear to be identical in the chart The curve of 
 ' '. lu-ianum is higher than the carve of the other parent 
 in the polarization, iodine, and temperature reactions; 
 lower with gentian violet and safranin ; and the same or 
 practically the same ip all with the chemical reactions. 
 In i'. loirtanum the very high reactivities in the reactions 
 with polarization, chloral hydrate, chromic acid, pyro- 
 gallic acid, nitric acid, sulphuric acid, hydrochloric acid, 
 potassium hydroxide, potassium iodide, potassium sul- 
 phocyanate, potassium sulphide, sodium hydroxide, so- 
 dium sulphide, sodium salicylate, calcium nitrate, 
 uranium nitrate, strontium nitrate, cobalt nitrate, copper 
 nitrate, cupric chloride, barium chloride, and mercuric 
 chloride; the high reaction with temperature; and the 
 moderate reactions with iodine, gentian violet, and safra- 
 nin. In C. lou'ianum the very high reactions with chloral 
 hydrate, rhrotnic acid, pyrogallic acid, nitric acid, sul- 
 phuric acid, and hydrochloric acid, potassium hydroxide, 
 potassium iodide, potassium sulphocyanate, potassium 
 sulphide, sodium hydroxide, sodium sulphide, sodium 
 salicylate, calcium nitrate, uranium nitrate, strontium 
 nitrate, cobalt nitrate, copper nitrate, cupric chloride, 
 barium chloride, and mercuric chloride; the high reac- 
 tion with polarization ; and the moderate reactions with 
 iodine, gentian violet, safranin, and temperature. In the 
 hybrid the very high reactions with polarization, chloral 
 hydrate, chromic acid, pyrogallic acid, nitric acid, sul- 
 phuric acid, hydrochloric acid, potassium hydroxide, po- 
 tassium iodide, potassium sulphocyanate, potassium 
 sulphide, sodium hydroxide, sodium sulphide, sodium 
 
 
 Very 
 
 high. 
 
 High. 
 
 M 4 
 erate. 
 
 Low. 
 
 Very 
 low. 
 
 C. lowianum 
 
 33 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 
 21 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 o 
 
 
 c!eburn.-Jow 
 
 21 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 salicylate, calcium nitrate, uranium nitrate, strontium 
 nitrate, cobalt nitrate, copper nitrate, cupric chloride, 
 and mercuric chloride ; the moderate reactions with io- 
 irentian violet, safranin, and temperature ; and the 
 low reaction with barium chloride. 
 
 Following is a summary of the reaction-intensities: 
 
 45. COMPARISONS or THE STARCHES or CALANTMK 
 
 K08EA, C. VE8TITA VAB. KfBBO-OCCLATA, AND 
 C. VB1TCHII. 
 
 In the histologic characteristics, polariscopic figures, 
 reactions with selenite, qualitative reactions with iodine, 
 and qualitative reactions with the various chemical rea- 
 gents all three starches exhibit properties in common in 
 varying degrees of development and certain more or less 
 well-delined individualities which collectively m each are 
 distinctive. The hybrid Calanthe veilchii is in form, on 
 the whole, much closer to C. rosea. but there are some 
 forms that are the same as those found in and peculiar to 
 C. t-tjttita var. rubro-oculata. In hilum and lamella) 
 the starch is closer to (7. rosea, but in size and proportions 
 of length to width of the grains it is closer to C. vegtila 
 var. rubro-oculata. In polariscopic figures and reactions 
 with selenite it is closer to C. vestita var. rubro-oculata. 
 In the qualitative iodine reactions it is slightly eloper to 
 C. rosea. In the qualitative reactions with chloral hy- 
 drate, potassium hydroxide, and sodium salicylate it is 
 closer to C. vestita var. rubro-oculata. while in the 
 chromic-acid and hydrochloric-acid reactions it is closer 
 to T. rosea. 
 
 Krartion-intnuitir* F.Tprrurd by Lifht, Color, and Trmjtm 
 
 tun Hfoftiont. 
 Polarization: 
 
 C. roeea, low to very hifb. value 66. 
 C. vert, v. robro-oc,, moderate to very high, much higher than 
 
 C. roeea, value 70. 
 C. vrttchii. low to very bleb. intermediate between the parent*. 
 
 value 00. 
 Iodine: 
 
 C. roeea, light to moderate, value 40. 
 
 C. vert. v. rubro-oe., moderate, deeper than C. roeea. value 60. 
 C. veitchii. moderate, intermediate between the parent*, value 43. 
 Gentian violet: 
 
 C. loeea. moderate to moderately deep, value 6ft. 
 
 C. vert. v. rubro-oc., moderate to deep, deeper than C. roeea, 
 
 value 00. 
 C. veitchii, moderate to moderately deep, intermediate between 
 
 the parent*, value 67. 
 Safranin: 
 
 C. roeea. moderate to moderately deep, value 00. 
 C. vert. v. rubeo-oe., moderate to moderately deep, deeper than 
 
 C. rc, value 85. 
 C. veitehii. moderate to moderately deep, the MOM M C. veelita 
 
 var. rubro-oeulata, value 55. 
 Temperature: 
 
 C. roeea, in the majority at 74 to 7*. in all at 76 to 77*. mean 76. 
 C. vert. v. rubro-oc., in the majority at 72 to 74*. in all at 74 to 76* 
 
 C. veitebii. in the majority at 71 to 72*. in all at 73 to 74*. mean 
 T2.6*. 
 
 C. rosea has lower reactivities than the other parent 
 in the reactions with polarization, iodine, gentian violet. 
 safranin, and temperature. The hybrid has an inter- 
 mediate reactivity between the parents in the polariza- 
 tion, iodine, and gentian-violet reactions; the same reac- 
 tivity as C. vestita var. rubro-orulata in the safranin 
 reaction ; and a higher reactivity than either parent in the 
 temperature reaction. 
 
136 
 
 HISTOLOGIC PROPERTIES AND REACTIONS. 
 
 Table A 45 shows the reaction-intensities in percent- 
 ages of total starch gelatinized at definite intervals 
 (minutes) : 
 
 TABLE A 45. 
 
 
 a 
 
 B 
 
 <N 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 * 
 
 e 
 
 IO 
 
 a 
 
 c 
 
 a 
 S 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 T 
 
 S 
 
 8 
 
 Chloral hydrate: 
 
 
 
 
 
 65 
 
 75 
 
 ss 
 
 90 
 
 9? 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 40 
 
 53 
 
 58 
 
 60 
 
 > 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 80 
 
 9fi 
 
 99 
 
 
 
 Chromic acid: 
 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 95 
 
 99 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 in 
 
 65 
 
 80 
 
 9' 
 
 96 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 fifi 
 
 98 
 
 99 
 
 
 
 Pyrogallic acid: 
 
 
 
 
 
 30 
 
 fin 
 
 qo 
 
 95 
 
 96 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 ?n 
 
 60 
 
 84 
 
 89 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 "7 
 
 54 
 
 90 
 
 93 
 
 94 
 
 Nitric acid : 
 
 
 
 
 
 74 
 
 89 
 
 87 
 
 90 
 
 95 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 61 
 
 fi4 
 
 71 
 
 71 
 
 78 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 7fi 
 
 89 
 
 90 
 
 Q9 
 
 96 
 
 Sulphuric acid: 
 
 
 
 98 
 
 
 99 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 81 
 
 
 99 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 99 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Hydrochloric acid: 
 C. roeea 
 
 
 
 
 
 84 
 
 m 
 
 95 
 
 9fi 
 
 97 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 18 
 
 11 
 
 HI 
 
 71 
 
 78 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 89 
 
 95 
 
 97 
 
 98 
 
 09 
 
 Potassium hydroxide: 
 
 
 
 
 
 78 
 
 88 
 
 !Ki 
 
 91 
 
 95 
 
 C. vest. v. rubro-oc 
 
 
 
 
 
 54 
 
 65 
 
 7? 
 
 75 
 
 77 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ill 
 
 81 
 
 85 
 
 9*> 
 
 95 
 
 Sodium salicylate: 
 
 
 
 7fi 
 
 
 91 
 
 96 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 15 
 
 B8 
 
 98 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 89 
 
 
 97 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 VELOCITY-REACTION CURVES. 
 
 This section treats of the velocity-reaction curves of 
 the starches of Colanthe rosea, C. vestita var. rubro- 
 oculala, and C, veitchii, showing the quantitative differ- 
 ences in the behavior toward different reagents at definite 
 time-intervals. (Charts D 619 to D 626.) 
 
 Among the conspicuous features of these charts are : 
 The marked separation of all three curves in the reactions 
 with chloral hydrate and potassium hydroxide; the prac- 
 tical identity of all three with sulphuric acid ; the close- 
 ness of the curves of C. rosca and the hybrid curves with 
 pyrogallic acid, chromic acid, hydrochloric acid, and 
 sodium salicylate; and the lower curves of C. vestita 
 var. rubro-ocnlata in all but the sulphuric-acid reactions 
 (even in the latter there is a slightly lower reactivity, 
 although not shown in the chart ; sec reactions in Table 
 A 45) . The curve of C. rosea is higher than the curve of 
 the other parent, usually very much higher, in every 
 chart, excepting that of sulphuric acid, in which the 
 differences between the reactions of the parents are not 
 presented, owing to the great rapidity of gelatinization. 
 Even with this reagent differences are shown by the fig- 
 ures of the preceding tables, there being 98 per cent of the 
 total starch of C. rosea and only 81 per cent of the total 
 ^lunli of C. vestita var. rubro-oculata gelatinized in 3 
 minutes. The curves of the hybrid C. veitchii tend in 
 all of the experiments to be closer, and usually much 
 closer, to the curves of C. rosea than to those of the other 
 parent. An early period of comparatively high resist- 
 
 ance followed by a rapid to moderate rapidity of gela- 
 tinization is noted in only the starch of C. vestita var. 
 rubro-oculata, and in the react inns as above stated. The 
 earliest period during the 60 minutes that is best for 
 the differentiation of all three starches is for chromic 
 acid, hydrochloric acid, potassium hydroxide, and sodium 
 salicylate at 5 minutes, and for chloral hydrate, pyro- 
 gallic acid, and nitric acid at 15 minutes. 
 
 REACTION-INTENSITIES OF THE HYBRID. 
 
 This section treats of the reaction-intensities of the 
 hybrid as regards sameness, intermediateness, excess, and 
 deficit in relation to the parents. (Table A 45 and 
 Charts D 619 to U 626.) 
 
 The reactivities of the hybrid are the same as those 
 of the seed parent in the reactions with chromic acid 
 and sulphuric acid; the same as those of the pollen parent 
 with safranin; the same as those of both parents witli 
 polarization, iodine, gentian violet, pyrogallic acid, and 
 potassium hydroxide (in 4 being closer to the seed 
 parent and in 1 as close to one as to the other parent) ; 
 highest with temperature, chloral hydrate, nitric acid, 
 and sodium salicylate, in all being closer to those of the 
 seed parent; and the lowest with hydrochloric acid. 
 
 The following is a summary of the reaction-intensi- 
 ties: Same as seed parent, 2; same as pollen parent, 1; 
 same as both parents, ; intermediate, 5 ; highest, 4 ; 
 lowest, 1. 
 
 The most conspicuous features of these data are the 
 pre-eminence of the seed parent in determining the prop- 
 erties of the starch of the hybrid, and the distinct tend- 
 ency to intermediateness and to highest and lowest reac- 
 tivities of the hybrid. 
 
 COMPOSITE CURVES OF THE REACTION-INTENSITIES. 
 
 This section treats of the composite curves of the 
 reaction-intensities, showing the differentiation of the 
 starches of Calanthe rosea, C. vestita var. rubro-oculata, 
 and C. veitchii. (Chart E 45.) 
 
 The most conspicuous features of this chart are : The 
 close correspondence in the rises and falls of all three 
 curves excepting in the chloral-hydrate reactions, where 
 one of the curves diverges, the curve of C. vestita var. 
 rubro-oculata falling instead of rising in harmony with 
 the curves of the other parent and the hybrid. The 
 curve of C. rosea is higher than the curve of the other 
 parent in the reactions with chloral hydrate, chromic 
 acid, pyrogallic acid, nitric acid, sulphuric acid, hydro- 
 chloric acid, and potassium hydroxide, and lower with 
 polarization, iodine, gentian violet, safranin, and tem- 
 perature. In C. rosea the very high reactions with 
 chromic acid and sulphuric acid; the high reactions with 
 safranin, pyrogallic acid, and hydrochloric acid; the 
 moderate reactions with polarization, iodine, gentian 
 violet, chloral hydrate, nitric acid, and potassium hy- 
 droxide; the, low reaction with temperature. In C. 
 vestita var. rubro-oculata the very high reaction with 
 sulphuric acid; the high reactions witli polarization, jrrn- 
 tian violet, and safranin ; the moderate reactions with 
 iodine and chromic acid ; the low reactions with tempera- 
 ture, chloral hydrate, pyrogallic acid, nitric acid, hydro- 
 chloric acid, and potassium hydroxide. In the hybrid 
 C. veitchii the very high reactions with chloral hydrate, 
 chromic acid, sulphuric acid, and hydrochloric acid; the 
 
 
. \i \\ mi 
 
 137 
 
 with polariration anil .-.ifranm ; and the 
 
 moderate reactions with i.lme. gentian \iol.-t, t. m- 
 
 .r- . ), r ._ ,!h, a, i,l. nitric acid, and potassium 
 
 1 .. a summary of the reaction-intensities: 
 
 
 Very 
 
 ,..,,. 
 
 II . 
 
 Mod- 
 
 . . ,. 
 
 Low. 
 
 Very 
 
 low. 
 
 C rwn 
 
 a 
 
 3 
 
 a 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 3 
 
 i 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 a 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^0!8 09 THE STARCHES OF CALANTHK 
 TMTH \ v.\K. Rl'BRO-OCfLATA, C. REOMKRI, AND 
 
 I 
 
 In tli.- hit.>logic characteristic*, polariscopic figures, 
 
 -.vith sclenile, qualitative reaction* with iodine, 
 
 itn.l .(iialitatne reactions with the various chemical rea- 
 
 .!.. starches of parenU and hybrid exhibit proper- 
 
 ii common in varying degree* of development and 
 
 in ea. h ease more or lea marked individualities. The 
 
 hybrid C. liryan is in form in the majority of the grains 
 
 jnirri. and in a minority of the grains 
 
 ('. f-stita var. rubro-ocvlata. In hilum and 
 
 lamella? it is closer to C. regnitri. In moan size the 
 
 grains are larger than those of either parent but closer 
 
 rrijnu-ri. while in proportion of length to width 
 
 m- closer to the other parent. In polariscopic figure 
 
 ami reaction* with selenite it is closer to C. regnifri. 
 
 In th<- i|iialitati\i> reactions with iodine it is closer to 
 
 /Mi.rt. In the qualitative changes daring heat 
 
 L'<-latiiii/.iii"ii it is, during the first stages, closer to ' '. 
 
 rvfmrri, but (hiring the later stages closer to the other 
 
 parent. In the qualitative reactions with chloral hydrate, 
 
 i lir.'imr .!;!. nitric acid, and sodium salicylate it is closer 
 
 ir. rubro-orvlata. but in those with hydro- 
 
 chluric acid and sodium salicylate it is closer to C. 
 
 rignirri. 
 
 Kr*ftto*-imtrn*ittrs Erfrrueii by Light, Color, and Tempera- 
 ture Reaction*. 
 PolariiatMw: 
 
 C. veat. T. nibco-oe.. moderato to very high, value 70. 
 C. recnieri, very low to very hich. much lower than in C. veetita 
 
 var. ruliro-orulaU. value 36. 
 ryan, very low to very hich. intermediate between the parent*. 
 
 value 45. 
 e: 
 
 .ret. v. nibro-oc.. moderate, value 50. 
 enieri. moderately light, lichter than in C. ve*tiU var. rubro- 
 
 oewate, value 35. 
 
 ryan. moderate, intermediate between the parent*, value 38. 
 Gentian violet:' 
 
 -t. v. rubro-oe., moderate to deep, value 00. 
 
 cnieri. licht to moderately deep, lichter than in C. vortiU var. 
 
 rubro-oculaU, value 50. 
 ryan. moderate to moderately deep, intermediate between 
 
 parrot*, value 63. 
 Safranin: 
 
 C. veet. v. rubro-oe.. moderate to moderately deep, value 85. 
 C. rrcnirri. moderate to moderately deep, lighter than in C. veetiU 
 
 var. nibro-oculata. value 00. 
 C. bryan. moderate to moderately deep, intermediate between the 
 
 parent*, value 83. 
 Temperature: 
 
 C. vcet. v. rubro-oc.. in the majority at 72 to 74*. in all at 74 to 75*. 
 mean 74.5*. 
 
 cnit n. in the majority at 70 to 72*. in all but rare (rains al 
 
 70 to 78* , mean 77*. 
 
 ryan. in the majority at 72 to 74. in all l.ut rare (Tain* at 70 tu 
 77. mean 70.6-. 
 
 C. vtsltla var. rubro-oculata exhibit* a higher reartiv- 
 itv than the other parent in all five reactions, the diller- 
 fiice being very marked in the polarization reactions. 
 slight in those with temperature; ami little in the <>th. r- 
 The hybriil C. liri/nn has intermediate reactiutii-s be- 
 tween the parents in all of the reaction*, being generally 
 somewhat closer to (\ vtttita var. ruliro-nrulata than to 
 the other parent. 
 
 Table A 4(> show* the reaction-intenoitir* in jx-rrent- 
 ages of total starch gelatinized at definite intervals (i 
 onds and minutes) : 
 
 TABU A 40. 
 
 
 <i 
 
 a 
 
 H 
 
 
 * 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 :. 
 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 ( i.L.ral hydrate: 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 40 
 
 
 58 
 
 
 i 
 
 C regnieri 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 A7 
 
 .', 
 
 00 
 
 
 
 C. bo'* 11 .... 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Al 
 
 7R 
 
 B| 
 
 01 
 
 4 
 
 Chromic acid: 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 80 
 
 07 
 
 : 
 
 C. recnieri 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 7ft 
 
 M 
 
 00 
 
 
 
 C br>" 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 40 
 
 H 
 
 93 
 
 00 
 
 
 PyrocmUk add: 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 70 
 
 60 
 
 84 
 
 ~ , 
 
 C ncnieri 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 | 
 
 , .,, 
 
 03 
 
 on 
 
 as. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Ift 
 
 M 
 
 -,, 
 
 85 
 
 , ' 
 
 Niinr acid: 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 M 
 
 71 
 
 73 
 
 n 
 
 C renieri . . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 -. 
 
 -. i 
 
 0A 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 75 
 
 81 
 
 H 
 
 aj 
 
 Sulphuric acid: 
 C. vert. v. rubro-oe 
 C renieri 
 
 W 
 
 
 
 81 
 
 
 90 
 
 
 
 
 
 C bryan 
 
 
 
 
 07 
 
 
 00 
 
 
 
 
 
 Hydrochloric acid: 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 IR 
 
 33 
 
 M 
 
 71 
 
 n 
 
 f* nwnieri 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 41 
 
 71 
 
 HO 
 
 01 
 
 u 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 IM 
 
 74 
 
 VI 
 
 04 
 
 H 
 
 Poteavium hydroxide: 
 C. v*jat. v. rubro-oc 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 M 
 
 A5 
 
 n 
 
 76 
 
 n 
 
 i r- 1 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 77 
 
 SI, 
 
 85 
 
 00 
 
 | : 
 
 C. bryan 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 M 
 
 m 
 
 71 
 
 75 
 
 n 
 
 Sodium ailicylate: 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1A 
 
 m 
 
 08 
 
 
 
 C. recnieri 
 
 
 
 
 M 
 
 
 00 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 M 
 
 00 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 VKLOCITT-RKACTIOW CCHTM. 
 
 This section treats of the velocity-reaction carves of 
 the starches of Calanllie vrstita var. rubro-oculata, C. 
 regnitri, and C. bryan, showing the quantitative differ- 
 ences in the behavior toward differ, nt reagents at definite 
 time-intervals. (CharU 1) CK? to \> ti^l.) 
 
 Among the most conspicuous feature* of these charts 
 are : The generally close correspondence in the course* of 
 all three curves. The well-marked separation of the 
 parental curves, even in thr sulphuric-acid reaction*, 
 which occur very quickly, there being a* high a gelati- 
 nization of one parent in one-half a minute as in the 
 other in 5 minutes. The curve of C. rtslila var. rubro- 
 oculala is lower than the carve of the other parent in all 
 of the 8 reactions. The curves of the livhrid show a 
 very marked tendency to intcrmediatencss, and when not 
 mid-intermediate the inclination seems to be in r.- 
 marked toward the pollen parent. In other reaction*, in 
 one there is sameness, in relation to the seed parent and 
 in another the hybrid re.-tii>n i* the highest of the thr.-e 
 and nearer the pollen parent. A tendency to an early 
 
138 
 
 HISTOLOGIC PROPERTIES AND REACTIONS. 
 
 period of high resistance followed by a rapid to moderate 
 gelatinization is not noticeable excepting the reactions 
 with chromic acid, pyrogallic acid, and sodium salicylate 
 with C. vestita var. rubro-oculata, and in the pyrogallic- 
 acid reaction with the hybrid C. bryan. The earliest 
 period during the CO minutes at which it is best for the 
 differentiation of the three starches seems, for chromic 
 acid, sulphuric acid, hydrochloric acid, potassium hy- 
 droxide, and sodium salicylate, at 5 minutes; for pyro- 
 gallic acid at 10 minutes; and for chloral hydrate and 
 nitric acid at 15 minutes. 
 
 EEACTION-INTENSITIES OF THE HYBRID. 
 
 This section treats of the reaction-intensities of the 
 hybrid as regards sameness, intermediateness, excess, and 
 deficit in relation to the parents. (Table A 46 and 
 Charts D 627 to D 634.) 
 
 The reactivities of the hybrid are the same as those 
 of the seed parent in the potassium-hydroxide reaction; 
 the same as those of the pollen parent or both parents in 
 none; intermediate in the polarization, iodine, gentian 
 violet, safranin, temperature, chloral hydrate, chromic 
 acid, pyrogallic acid, nitric acid, sulpuuric acid, and 
 sodium salicylate reactions (in 1 being closer to the 
 seed parent, in 4 closer to the pollen parent, and in 5 
 being mid-intermediate) ; highest in the hydrochloric- 
 acid reaction, and closer to the pollen parent; and the 
 lowest in none. 
 
 The following is a summary of the reaction-intensi- 
 ties : Same as seed parent, 1 ; same as pollen parent, ; 
 same as both parents, 0; intermediate, 11; highest, 1; 
 lowest, 0. 
 
 The pollen parent seems to have been more effective 
 than the seed parent in determining the characters of the 
 starch of the hybrid. Intermediateness is quite marked, 
 and in about one-half of these reactions there is mid- 
 intermediateness. 
 
 COMPOSITE CURVES OF THE REACTION-INTENSITIES. 
 
 This section treats of the composite curves of the 
 reaction-intensities, showing the differentiation of the 
 starches of Calanthe vestita var. rubro-oculata, C. reg- 
 nieri, and C. bryan. (Chart E46.) 
 
 The most conspicuous features of this chart are : The 
 very close correspondence in the rises and falls of all 
 three curves excepting in the chloral-hydrate reactions, 
 in which the curve of C. vestita var. rubro-oculata falls 
 instead of rises in harmony with the curves of the other 
 parent and the hybrid, as in the preceding set of Calan- 
 the. The marked separation of the curves of the two 
 parents in the reactions with polarization, chloral hy- 
 drate, chromic acid, pyrogallic acid, and nitric acid, and 
 their closeness in the others. The tendency in general 
 for the curve of the hybrid to have a position of some 
 degree of intermediateness and with an apparent closer 
 relationship to C. regnieri than to the other parent. The 
 higher position of the curve of C. vestita var. rubro- 
 oculata than that of the other parent in the reactions 
 with polarization, iodine, gentian violet, safranin, and 
 temperature; and the lower positions with chloral hy- 
 drate, chromic acid, pyrogallic acid, nitric acid, sulphuric 
 acid, hydrochloric acid, and potassium hydroxide. In 
 
 
 Very 
 high. 
 
 High. 
 
 Mod- 
 erate. 
 
 Low. 
 
 Very 
 low. 
 
 C. vestita var. rubro-oculata . . 
 C- regnieri 
 
 1 
 2 
 
 2 
 4 
 
 3 
 3 
 
 6 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 6 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 C. vestita var. rubro-oculata the very high reaction with 
 sulphuric acid; the high reactions with polarization and 
 safranin; the moderate reactions with iodine, gentian 
 violet, and chromic acid ; and the low reactions with tem- 
 perature, chloral hydrate, pyrogallic acid, nitric acid, 
 hydrochloric acid, and potassium hydroxide. In C. reg- 
 nieri the very high reactions with chloral hydrate and 
 sulphuric acid ; the high reactions with safranin, chromic 
 acid, pyrogallic acid, and nitric acid ; the moderate reac- 
 tions with gentian violet, hydrochloric acid, and potas- 
 sium hydroxide ; and the low reactions with polarization, 
 iodine, and temperature. In the hybrid C. bryan the 
 high reaction with sulphuric acid ; the high reactions with 
 safranin and chromic acid ; the moderate reactions with 
 polarization, gentian violet, chloral hydrate, chromic acid, 
 pyrogallic acid, and hydrochloric acid ; and the low reac- 
 tions with iodine, temperature, nitric acid, and potassium 
 hydroxide. 
 
 Following is a summary of the reaction-intensities 
 (12 reactions) : 
 
 NOTES ON THE CALANTHES. 
 
 In comparing the two composite-curve charts it will 
 be observed that the curves correspond with sufficient 
 closeness to indicate a common generic type. The three 
 parents show marked closeness (or even a practical iden- 
 tity) in the reactions with iodine, gentian violet, safra- 
 nin, temperature, sulphuric acid, and potassium hydrox- 
 ide; but more or less marked differences in those with 
 polarization, chloral hydrate, chromic acid, pyrogallic 
 acid, nitric acid, and hydrochloric acid. The greatest 
 interest in these charts doubtless centers in the differ- 
 ences in the relations of the hybrid curves to the parental 
 curves, in the first set the hybrid curve tending in gen- 
 eral to follow more closely the parent (seed parent) hav- 
 ing the higher mean reactivity, and in the second set 
 to follow more closely the parent (pollen parent) having 
 the lower mean reactivity. In both sets C. vestita var. 
 rubro-oculata is a parent, in one the pollen parent and 
 in the other the seed parent, but in neither does the 
 hybrid show as much closeness to it as to the other parent. 
 The relations of the hybrid curves as regards sameness, 
 intermediateness, and excess are quite different, as indi- 
 cated in the summaries. Owing to peculiarities of the 
 grains of Calanthe referred to in Part II, page 769, the 
 studies of the reactions with different reagents were 
 limited to comparatively few of the reagents, and it is 
 obvious for reasons stated that the data recorded must 
 be accepted with reserve. 
 
 NOTES ON THE ORCHIDS. 
 
 The composite curve charts of Phaius and Miltonia 
 are very much alike, indicating closely related genera, 
 and quite different from those of Cymbidium and Cal- 
 anthe, which differ very markedly from each other and 
 also from Phaius and Miltonia. 
 
 
 
CHAPTER IV. 
 
 GENERAL AND SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS OF THE REACTION-INTENSITIES 
 OF THE STARCHES OF PARENT-STOCKS AND HYBRID-STOCKS. 
 
 (Chut* A I to A 20. B 1 to B 42. CI.DltoD 001. E I to E 40. ami F 1 to F 14. Tabta B 1 and D 2.) 
 
 The reaction-intensities of starches lend themselves 
 admirably to presentation in the form of charts, which 
 charts in turn are peculiarly well adapted for compara- 
 ;>urpoes. It hu been found advantageous, aa stated 
 in Chapter II. to render these data in three main and 
 various special forms of charts, each serring to accen- 
 tuate some special feature or features of the reactions. 
 Of the three main forms, one presents the reaction- 
 intensities of different starches with each agent and rea- 
 p-nt with reference especially to the specific properties 
 of each agent and reagent, and to these peculiarities with 
 reference to varietal, species, subgeneric, and generic 
 groupings ; another form exhibits in particular the prog- 
 ress of gelatinization of the starches of the parents and 
 hybrid with different reagents in terms of percentage 
 of starch gelatinized; and a third form gives a com- 
 posite picture of the reaction-intensities of the starches 
 of the parents and hybrid with all or some of the agents 
 and reagents which serves in a special way to differ- 
 \ari. ties, species, subgenera, and genera, and to 
 exhibit the relations of parents and hybrids. These 
 three forms of charts are included in the present chapter 
 under the corresponding headings above given, and sev- 
 eral special charts have been added which later receive 
 adequate attention. The second and third forms have 
 had more or less detailed comment in the preceding 
 chapter, but additional remarks that are desirable or 
 necessary will follow in the second and third sections of 
 this chapter. The first form of chart will be taken up 
 msideration in the immediately following section. 
 It has been found advantageous to present these charts in 
 two series, A 1 to A 26 and B 1 to B 48, which series are 
 complementary, but demand separate consideration. 
 The first series gives the reaction-intensities of all or 
 most of the starches, and the second series only those of 
 selected starches, the reasons for the latter being stated 
 in subsequent pages. 
 
 1. REACTION-INTENSITIES OF STARCHES WITH EACH 
 AGENT AND REAGENT. 
 
 (Chart* A 1 to A 20.) 
 
 The reaction-intensities of different starches with 
 different agents and reagents differ within wide ex- 
 *, owing in part to inherent peculiarities of the 
 starch molecules and in part to peculiarities of the 
 reagents as regards both chemical composition and con- 
 centration of solution. In some instances the starch 
 molecules alone or largely determine the reaction, while 
 in others both starch and reagent play important parts, 
 as in chemical reactions generally. Thus, as will be 
 stated fully later on, in the polarization reaction the 
 
 starch molecule undergoes no change, the reaction being 
 physical; hence it expresses peculiarities that are in- 
 herent to the molfriilr. In the guntian-violet and 
 ufranin reactions the organization of the molecule is 
 either unaffected or affected to an nndetectable degree, 
 the reactions being presumably adsorption phenomena. 
 In the iodine reaction there is probably a combination 
 of the iodine and starch, but without apparent inter- 
 molecular disorganization. In the temperature and 
 chemical-reagent reactions there is an intermolecular 
 breaking down by a process of hydration, with which 
 process there may be associated reactions that vary in 
 character in accordance with peculiarities of the com- 
 position of the reagents. If the molecules of the starches 
 from different sources are in the form of stereoisomers it 
 follows, as a corollary, that they must act differently 
 with different agents and reagents and that, inasmuch 
 as the agents and reagents differ, each starch should 
 show differences that are related to variation in the kind 
 of agent and in the composition and concentration of 
 the reagents. In other words, the reaction in each cane 
 is conditioned by the kind of starch and the kind of 
 agent or reagent Such is in fact what has been found 
 experimentally, as the subsequent data show. 
 
 The most conspicuous features of these charts may 
 be summed up as follows, consideration in detail being 
 given under the corresponding headings : 
 
 The wide range of reaction-intensities, the extent of 
 which varying with the different agents and rea- 
 gents, and being most marked with the reagents. 
 
 The manifest tendency to grouping of the reaction-inten- 
 sities of different starches in harmony in general 
 with botanical groupings. 
 
 The individuality or specificity of each chart that is 
 definitely related to the character of the agent or 
 reagent, this characteristic being most obvious in 
 the reactions in which the starch molecule is dis- 
 organized. 
 
 The specificities of the components of the reagents that 
 are accountable for variations in the reaction-inten- 
 sities and in the qualitative changes apart from those 
 dependent upon differences in stereoisomeric forms 
 of starch. 
 
 The variable relationships of the reaction-intensities in 
 the different charts as regards sameness, intermedi- 
 a tenets, excess and deficit of reactions of the hybrid 
 starch in comparison with the parental Marches. 
 
 Variations in the reaction-intensities of the starches as 
 regards height, sum, and average. 
 
 The average temperatures of gelatinization compared 
 with the average reaction-intensities. 
 
 130 
 
140 
 
 REACTION-INTENSITIES OF STARCHES. 
 
 WIDE RANGE OF REACTION-INTENSITIES. 
 
 (Charts A 1 to A 20.) 
 
 In comparing the range of reaction-intensities it 
 must be borne in mind that the values expressed in the 
 polarization, iodine, gentian-violet, safranin, tempera- 
 ture, and chemical-reagent charts are not formulated 
 upon the same basis of calibration. In the first four 
 instances the values are grossly quantitative, and the 
 abscissae are founded upon crude and entirely arbitrary 
 standards and do not likely represent values that are 
 equivalent to those of the temperature or chemical-rea- 
 gent records. The temperature values are based upon 
 a scale that is different from those of the first group and 
 from those of the chemical reagents. The calibrations in 
 the first group, apart from the crudeness, are probably 
 defective because the reaction-intensities of the starches 
 studied do not extend, as in the case of those of the 
 chemical reagents, between the extreme limits of the 
 chart. The range in the temperature of gelatinization 
 charts closely resembles in its limitations the ranges in 
 the iodine, gentian-violet, and safranin charts. 
 
 In these charts the abscissae-values, in comparison 
 with the corresponding values in the chemical-reagent 
 charts, are much too limited, but at present we have no 
 data which enable us to state (in terms of light, color, 
 and temperature reactions) the equivalent of a given 
 reaction-intensity that is expressed in time-per cent of 
 starch gelatinized. For instance, a difference of 2.5 
 in the temperature of gelatinization which is represented 
 by the space between two abscissae appears small on the 
 chart, yet this difference may have a differential value 
 that is equal to several times this abscissas-value in the 
 chemical-reagent charts. These temperature differences 
 would have been nearly equitably expressed in compari- 
 son with the chemical-reagent values had the tempera- 
 ture scale been between the extremes of say 50 and 85 
 instead of 40 and 95. A similar change could have been 
 made to advantage in the scales of the other charts men- 
 tioned. Comparing cursorily these five charts (A 1 
 to A 5), it will be noted that notwithstanding the com- 
 paratively limited ranges of reaction-activities each may 
 readily be distinguished from the others, with the excep- 
 tion of the gentian-violet and safranin charts, which are 
 very much alike and which, while easily differentiated 
 from the other charts, are distinguished from each other 
 only and doubtfully by careful comparison (see also 
 Chart B2). In fact, the differences in the latter are 
 unimportant because the crudeness of the method of 
 valuation probably makes them fall within the limits 
 of error or observation. Among the chemical-reagent 
 charts the variations in reaction-intensities range in 
 nearly all, from reactions which are complete within a 
 few seconds to those in which so little as 2 per cent or 
 less of the starch is gelatinized in 60 minutes. In ex- 
 ceptional charts (Charts A 10 and A 18, sulphuric acid 
 and sodium salicylate) the extent of the variations is 
 distinctly limited generally because of rapidity of gela- 
 tinization of the starches, in the former most of the reac- 
 tions being shown to be complete within 5 minutes, and 
 in the latter within 15 minutes. 
 
 MANIFEST TENDENCY TO GROUPINGS OF REACTION- 
 INTENSITIES. 
 
 In both the preceding and present researches, par- 
 ticularly in the former because of the relatively large 
 numbers of species and varieties included among many 
 of the several genera, it has been found that the reaction- 
 intensities of the representatives of a genus tend to be 
 confined usually within well-restricted limits, the max- 
 ima and minima reactions of members of the genus being 
 in general wider apart as they are botanically farther 
 separated, the greatest differences being noted when 
 specimens are included which belong to well-defined 
 generic subdivisions. Where the representatives of a 
 genus are not so far separated as to fall into such sub- 
 divisions, the variations tend to be confined to a space 
 on the charts that rarely exceeds 3 to 5 abscissae (22 
 being the chart limit), frequently less; but where there 
 are representatives that belong to different well-defined 
 subgeneric divisions (for instance, subgenera, tender and 
 hardy species, tuberous and rhizomatous forms, etc.) the 
 variations are, on the whole, much more extensive, 
 equivalent usually to the space of 10 to 20 abscissae 
 or they may extend to practically the extremes of the 
 chart. As extraordinary as it may seem, while such ex- 
 treme variations may be found with one reagent, little 
 or no difference may be found with another reagent; 
 and with other reagents all intermediate values may be 
 noted between these extremes. These facts are well 
 illustrated in Begonia: No differences are noted in the 
 reaction-intensities of these starches in Charts A 10 
 and A 12 (sulphuric-acid and potassium-hydroxide reac- 
 tions), gelatinization in all being complete within le?s 
 than a minute; while in a number of other charts (as in 
 Chart A 9, the nitric-acid reactions) the same remark- 
 ably rapid reaction occurs in the starch of only one of 
 the parents and in the hybrid, while the reaction of the 
 other parental starch is remarkably slow. 
 
 The extent of generic differentiation varies in the 
 different charts. Some differentiation is evident, for 
 instance," in Charts A 6, A 15, A 18 (chloral-hydrate, 
 potassium-sulphide, and sodium-salicylate reactions) ; 
 there is better differentiation in Chart A 7 (chromic- 
 acid reactions) ; and still better differentiation in Chart 
 A 8 (pyrogallic-acid reactions). The grouping of mem- 
 bers of a genus and the differentiation of the genus upon 
 the basis of reaction-intensities can be rendered satis- 
 factory only when large numbers of members of each 
 genus are studied; when the maximum, minimum, and 
 average values are determined with a number of reagents ; 
 and when it is recognized that members of subgenera 
 and of other generic divisions may exhibit in the sum of 
 their reactions differences that may be as divergent as 
 those of different genera. For instance, in Nerine, it 
 will be seen that in 17 of the 26 charts the values of the 
 3 groups are within very restricted limits and constitute 
 a group of close values; and, moreover, that while the 
 maximum, minimum, and average values of the group 
 may be about the same as the corresponding values of 
 other generic groups, in certain reactions they will bo 
 found to be different, so that in the final summing up 
 i In- '/rims stands very distinctly apart from the other 
 genera. In the remaining 9 charts there are varying 
 degrees of departure from this well-defined grouping, 
 
KKA I ION-INTENSITIES WITH 1 \< II AGENT AND REAGENT. 
 
 Ill 
 
 ilmlly becauw of the comparative leas reactivity of the 
 
 i hybrid than of the other sets. 
 
 . 'LIU A '. ( lilonil li\dnitc r> tin-re i- 
 
 nmr- ' '' iiuixiinal and iiuiiiinal limit* of 
 
 to th- prolongation of I of the 11 
 
 :"ii|- i- nothing like o di-tm<tly in- 
 
 dmduali/fd as in tin- 17 .hart* referred to wherein the 
 
 ma ami iiiiniiua are clo . In Chart* A9, All, A I .'. 
 
 ;.| A'.'l (nitric arul. hydrochloric aud, 
 
 pnUKMiim h\dro\idc, |>tassiuni Milpho-yanate, potM- 
 
 ! .-trontiiini nitrate) there u a well- 
 
 m*rki-<l separation of the fint from the second and thirl 
 
 showing about the same, and the former 
 
 ctlv hi;;: 'ii-intensitics. Stii-h |Nvuliarilic-- 
 
 are found to !- inimon among tin- other genera where 
 
 a nunilHT of seta of parents and hybrids are included, 
 
 from which it i- ol>\ ions that where a j;cnua is represented 
 
 tin- maximum, minimum, and mean 
 
 .ten-it ic- are to be taken merely tentatively as 
 
 representing the generic standards. 
 
 This statement find* immediate application to a num- 
 ..nnips represented in these chart*, includ- 
 ryllis-bruntvigta (bigeiicric). Gladiolus, Trito- 
 nia, Hirhanlin, MUM, I'haiua, Miltunia, and Cymbidium. 
 num. minimum, and average values differ IKK 
 ;n the case of different sets of parents and hybrids 
 of the same genns, bnt also of the members of the same 
 ih different reagents. Thus, in Xrrinf, in Chart* 
 A 8 and A 17 ( pyrogallic-acid and sodium-sulphide reac- 
 i and in certain other chart*, the maxima, minima, 
 and averages for all of the species and hybrids arc prac- 
 tically ahsolutcly the same, but in Charts A 11 and A 1 I 
 (hydrochloric-acid and potaminm-sulphocyanate reac- 
 > and in others, all three are different in all three 
 sets of starches. Finally, generic grouping mar seem- 
 be set aside in some instances by wide differences 
 reaction-intensities of one or more sets included 
 in the genus group. This is well illustrated in Crinum, 
 Iris, and Begonia in Chart A 9 (nitric-acid reactions). 
 The species of Crinum studied in this research are divisi- 
 ble into two horticultural groups, which are distinguished 
 as tender and hardy, the starch of the former being char- 
 zed by generally low reactivities and those of the 
 latter by generally high reactivities, the differences being 
 so marked that it is necessary to recognize in 
 starches two distinct subgeneric groups. Such differ- 
 ences are well shown in other charts, such as Charts A 8, 
 A 10, A 11, and A 12, but there is an entire absence of 
 such distinction in Charts A 6, A 7, A 15, A 10, A 22. 
 *>, and others. In fact, in several of the latter 
 ; (Terences are so slight u to suggest very closely 
 related members of the genns. In Iris there is. a very 
 icuous example of subgeneric grouping: In Chart-* 
 \ . A 7. A 1". and A 15 the reaction-intensities of 
 the me m hers of all four sets are nearly the same or do not 
 differ to a marked degree; bnt in A 8, A 9, A 11, A 12, 
 A 13, A 14, A 16, A 17, A 18, A 19, A 20, A 21, A 22, 
 A -J t, A 25, and A 26 there is a well-marked group- 
 ing, the first three sets constituting one group and the 
 
 t another group. 
 
 With the exception of Charts A 6 and A 18 the first 
 group is characterized by lower reai-tion-intei. 
 which with rare exceptions tend to be very close in all 
 
 three sets, thu. forming a very distinct i-rotip. \\hih 
 in Charts A 6 and A 18 the same grou; <ins, there 
 
 is a reversal of the reaction-inU-nxitu s. the first group 
 showing lens reactivity than the ncrond group. Even 
 more interesting is Begonia: In Chart A '.' tin re is no 
 oli\ IOH- differentiation of any of the set* of members of a 
 set, but in Chart A 6 there appears a very conspicuous 
 differentiation in the comparative slowness of the /?. 
 socolrana reaction ; and in all other charts, with four 
 exceptions, the length of the line is accentuated in vary- 
 ing degree, thus markedly eharactcri/.ing tin- MI.- of ih s 
 group. This seemingly aberrant reaction-intensity of 
 this exceptional species give* a peculiar generic picture, 
 and means, as in the instance* of Crinum and Iris, two 
 generic type*. 
 
 The correspondence of the grouping of the reaction- 
 intensities of starches in accordance in general with gen- 
 era is usually quite evident, this being not only more 
 marked with some than with other agents and rea.- 
 as stated, hut also more marked with pome than with 
 other groups. A given group may stand out very con- 
 spicuously in one chart, hut not in another, or even not 
 be different Kited from adjoining groups, yet be more or 
 lens distinctly differentiated from the same groups in 
 other charts. For instance, in Chart A 10 (sulphuric- 
 acid reactions), taking the genera represented by Jferinc. 
 \arcissw, Lilium, Iri.i. Gladiolus, and TrUmna. it will 
 lie seen that with the exception of Gladiolus there is no 
 differentiation of the reaction-values that even suggests 
 that the records arc those pertaining to different genera; 
 in fact, they arc so nearly alike as to indicate that (lie 
 several groups belong to a single genus. The Gladiolus 
 reactions take place with comparative slowness, which 
 distinctly differentiates this genus from the fire other 
 genera. In Chart All (hydrochloric-acid reactions) 
 Lilium stands very distinctly apart from the other five 
 genera ; Xtrint and AVirn*.*i/. arc not differentiated 
 from each other, hut they differ from Lilium, Iris, Gladi- 
 olus, and Tritonia. 
 
 It will be seen that three of the four sets of Iridx 
 are practically alike and markedly different from the 
 fourth set, showing what marked differences may be 
 exhibited by members of subgencra or of similar div 
 of genera. In Chart A 12 (potassium-hydroxide reac- 
 tions) the picture is radically changed in a number of 
 particulars: Lilium remains conspicuous as before; Ne- 
 rine and Xarcitanu are very definitely grouped, the lines 
 of the former being very short and those of the latter 
 quite long; Iris differs hut little, as a whole, from the 
 preceding chart; and in both Gladiolus and Tritonin the 
 lines are prolonged and about the same, giving no differ- 
 entiation between these two genera. In Chart A 13 
 (potassium-iodide reactions) the picture again differ.*: 
 I.Hium is about the same; the Ntrine lines are very con- 
 siderably prolonged and markedly exceed the length o/ 
 the Narcissus lines which are slightly shortened in com- 
 parison with the lenjrth in the preceding chart, thus show- 
 ing a marked reversal of the quantitative relationships. 
 The tforcisnu lines and those of the first three set* of 
 Jridt are about the same, whereas in the preceding chart 
 the latter are, on the whole, distinctly shorter; and 
 Gladiolus and Tritonia are about the same, but longer 
 than the Narcitsvt and Iris linen, and shorter than the 
 
142 
 
 REACTION-INTENSITIES OF STARCHES. 
 
 Nerine lines. In Chart A 15 (potassium-sulphide reac- 
 tions) Lilium remains the same; Nerine and Narcissus 
 are" distinctly different, the lines of the former being 
 much shorter than those of the latter; and the lines of 
 Narcissus, Iris (all four groups), Gladiolus, and Tri- 
 tonia are all prolonged to about the same level, so that 
 there are no generic differentiations of these four genera. 
 In Chart A 18 (sodium-salicylate reactions) there is a 
 noticeable absence of resemblance of the lines collec- 
 tively to those of any of the preceding charts. Here, 
 Nerine, Narcissus, Lilium, and Iris (the first three sets 
 of the last) are, on the whole, very much alike. The third 
 set of 7ns, which in the other charts shows greater reac- 
 tivity than the other three sets, now shows the opposite 
 relationship ; and, moreover, while this set in the previous 
 charts is markedly different from Gladiolus and ZVi- 
 tonia, here it is the same. Similar differences will be 
 found in other generic groups, in other sets, and also 
 with other reagents. These characteristics demonstrate 
 conclusively that the starches of different generic groups 
 and subgroups differ within wide limits in their molecular 
 structures; that there are very definite generic and sub- 
 generic peculiarities ; and that these differences can satis- 
 factorily be reduced to figures and charts. 
 
 INDIVIDUALITY OR SPECIFICITY OF EACH CHART. 
 
 The individuality or specificity of each chart is very 
 pronounced and is most striking in the reactions in 
 which there occurs intermolecular disorganization of the 
 starch. Inasmuch as the starches are the same in each 
 of the charts (except in some instances as to number), 
 and the agents and reagents are variable, this individ- 
 uality is definitely associated with peculiarities of the 
 latter. Taking the charts, as a whole, it will be seen 
 that no two are alike, although in exceptional instances, 
 and for very obvious reasons, they differ in only minor 
 degrees and even within the limits of error of experi- 
 ment; well-marked examples of the latter are found in 
 the gentian-violet and safranin, and in the copper-nitrate 
 and cupric-chloride charts. On the other hand, where in 
 accordance with general laboratory experience no mate- 
 rial differences should be expected, excepting such as 
 would be dependent upon differences in the concentra- 
 tion of the reagents, as in the potassium and sodium- 
 hydroxide charts, respectively, the individualization is 
 not only very marked, but also in a measure entirely 
 independent of differences in concentration. 
 
 As previously stated, these 26 charts fall naturally 
 into two primary divisions in accordance with whether or 
 not in the reactions there occurs intermolecular disor- 
 ganization. In conformity with recognized principles of 
 physical chemistry, comparatively limited variations 
 should, as a rule, be expected when in the reactions the 
 starch molecules remain wholly or apparently intact, as 
 in the polarization, iodine, gentian-violet, and safranin 
 reactions; but wide to extremely wide variations when 
 the molecules are broken down, especially in cases of 
 reagents which may have multiple active components 
 taking part in the disintegrative processes. As previously 
 stated, the polarization reaction is a light reaction in 
 which the molecules are undisturbed ; the gentian-violet 
 and safranin reactions are, in all likelihood, adsorptive 
 phenomena which, as far as known, do not involve dis- 
 
 arrangement of the starch molecules ; and the iodine reac- 
 tion seems to be of a kind in which an unstable iodide 
 of starch is formed, but without obvious intermolecular 
 disorganization; the temperature reaction is one of hy- 
 dration which, while causing intermolecular breaking 
 down, does not give rise to a loss of typical starch proper- 
 ties; and the reactions with the various chemical rea- 
 gents are primarily phenomena of hydratiou, such as are 
 brought about by heat, but modified quantitatively and 
 qualitatively by differences in the components of the 
 reagents which take part in the reaction. 
 
 It is obvious that the polarization reactions stand 
 entirely apart from all others ; that the gentian-violet and 
 safranin reactions constitute an isolated pair; that the 
 iodine reactions stand by themselves; and that the tem- 
 perature and chemical-reagent reactions form a well- 
 defined group, the former representing one and the latter 
 another subgroup. In the temperature reaction we have 
 a typical manifestation of the simplest form of the proc- 
 ess of gelatinization, while in the chemical-reagent sub- 
 group there is this same type but which is more or less 
 materially modified by various substances that have 
 chemical relations to the starch molecule. A comparison 
 of the temperature and chemical-reagent charts will show 
 that the latter not only differ markedly from the former, 
 but also as much or more from each other. It would 
 seem to follow, as a corollary, that the more varied and 
 widespread the chemical disturbances in the starch mole- 
 cules the more varied the reactions and the better the 
 differentiation of genera, species, parents, and hybrids. 
 
 The individuality of each of the chemical-reagent 
 charts that is definitely associated with peculiarities of 
 the reagent is due in part to concentration and in part to 
 composition of the reagent. This salient point is elicited 
 clearly when the data recorded in any two arbitrarily 
 selected charts are compared. Thus, taking Charts A 6 
 and A 7 (chloral-hydrate and chromic-acid reactions) 
 a first glance will indicate that the average length of 
 the ordinate in the former is greater than in the latter 
 and, hence, that the concentration (reactive-intensity 
 of the reagent) is less than in the latter ; but it will also 
 be very apparent, upon comparing the lengths of the 
 ordinates of any given set of parents and hybrid, or of 
 any generic group in the two charts, that the differences 
 are not such as are to be expected were the reaction- 
 intensities exhibited by those reagents dependent solely 
 upon differences in concentration. 
 
 Should the differences in the reaction-intensities de- 
 pend merely upon differences in concentration (as of the 
 same reagent) it seems obvious that if with a given starch 
 the reaction with one reagent is equal to the length of 
 say 2 abscissae, and with another reagent to the length 
 of 3 abscissae, a corresponding though not necessarily 
 proportional relationship should be found in the reactions 
 of the different starches. In fact, not only may there 
 be an entire absence of such quantitative relationship, 
 but also a reversal of reaction-intensities, the reagent of 
 higher concentration being the stronger in some reactions 
 but the weaker in others. Thus, in Chart A 6 (chloral- 
 hydrate reactions), in the Amaryllis-Brunsvigia-Bruns- 
 donna set, it will be seen that the ordinates for Amaryllis 
 and Brunsvigia extend to the abscissae values 90 and 82, 
 respectively, and that those for the hybrids extend to 
 
I;J:M iin\- 
 
 \\ITII 
 
 \\i> 
 
 M:; 
 
 30 and 28, respect :v,-'\ . m. .u.nu' that 96 and 82 percent, 
 rp. wu gelatinized in 60 
 
 mimr it !'.'> |N r he stan-h of each hybrid 
 
 waa B-latiiii/.-l in 30 and 28 minute*, reaped; 
 
 art A 7 (chromic-acid reactions), it 
 will be ii.it, ,l that while there is considerable shortening 
 of the Amaryllis and Bnuuviyia line* the hybrid ordi- 
 nal** are virtually absolute! \ tin- same. Takinu the 
 Hippeattrum, Hamantkmi, and Cn'num groups, it will be 
 .1 that in Chart A 6 the avenge reactivity of the 
 HiffinnlrHm croup i slightly lew than the reactivities 
 of the Ilirmanlhu* and Crinum groups, which are nearly 
 like; while in Chart A 7 the average reactivity of the 
 .mup is greater than in cither of the other groups, 
 and f the Cnnum group is somewhat less 
 
 than that ( Hipptaslrum group. In Chart A the 
 srerage reactivity of Xerinr ia greater than in Chart 
 -<> of what waa noted in A maryllis-Bruns- 
 \-\q\a. Hippfastrum. llirmanlhus, and Crinum. In Nar- 
 cissus the same reversal ia noted except in one parent and 
 > hybrids of the first set. In Chart A 7 there are, 
 with the preceding, generally higher reac- 
 - <>f [.ilium. Iris. Gladiolus. Tritonia, Musa, Phaius, 
 'li.liiitn. and Calantlir; but the opposite 
 with Begonia. Among the first generic groups there will 
 md many exceptions that is, lower reactivities, 
 the reaction of Lilium mar I agon instead of 
 ; icr is longer; the reaction of L. chalcedonicum 
 : -ill iilum arc shorter, but not the reaction of 
 'o/-rum ; and those of L. pardalinum and L. parryi 
 are shortene<l. while the reactivity of L. burbanii is 
 lenod. Similar inequalities appear in other group*. 
 Finallv, in Bfyonia the reactions with a single exception 
 1 of !>eing shorter are longer, especially the reaction 
 of B. tocotrana. 
 
 The remarkable differences in the behavior of differ- 
 ent reagents, irrespective of concentration of solution, 
 are perhaps better presented in chart* of reactions of very 
 closely allied reagents, for instance, in Charts A 12 and 
 (potassium-hydroxide and sodium-hydroxide reac- 
 I'he average reaction-intensity exhibited by the 
 potassium-hydroxide chart is in some instances greater 
 and in others less than by the podium-hydroxide chart. 
 The records are so pregnant with interest that each set or 
 group may with ample justification be taken up sepa- 
 rately. Beginning with the A maryllis-brunsvigia' set it 
 will be seen that with potassium hydroxide the reactions 
 with the four starches occur with such rapidity that 
 gelatin ization is practically or absolutely complete within 
 1 minute ; with sodium hydroxide all four reactions differ 
 to so marked a degree that each is at a glance diflereu- 
 from the others in Amaryllis 97 per cent of the 
 a is gelatinized in 3 minutes, in Brunsrigia 95 per 
 n 15 minutes, in Brunsdonna sandtra- alba 65 per 
 cent in 60 minute?, and in Brvntdonna sandent 88 per 
 cent in 60 minutes. The average reactivity of Ilippta*- 
 trum with potassium hydroxide is 74 per cent, with so- 
 dium hydroxide 14 per cent, in 60 minutes; that of II<r- 
 manthii.i is about the same with both reagents, the chief 
 difference being seen in the marked elongation of the //. 
 1'nniffu* ordinate in the sodium-hydroxide reaction. 
 The Cnnum ordinates differ in the two charts very little, 
 the only noticeable differences being seen in the C. moorei, 
 
 ('. Itircape, and C. povtllii ordinates. mostly not at all 
 marked. In ff trine there are wide differences, the potas- 
 sium hydroxide onlinatea being very markedly snorter 
 than tli<MM> of sodium li\.|r"\ile. tin- former indirating 
 almost if not complete gelntinization of all of the starches 
 in 3 minutes or leas, and the latter an average gelatiniza- 
 tion of about 15 per cent in 60 minutes. This wide 
 difference in comparison with what was noted in 7/ip- 
 peoftrum, llirmanthiui, and Cnnum ia remarkable. 
 Narciuiu. like the last three genera, does not show 
 very much difference with these reagent*, tho averages 
 being 63 and 83 per cent, respectively, in 60 minutes, 
 the shortening hcmj; due almost wholly to the greater 
 reactivities of the parent*. The starches <f I. ilium gvla- 
 tinize with great rapidity with both reagents. The Irit 
 ordinates are longer throughout in tho potassium- 
 hydroxide chart except in case of I. trojana, the ordinate 
 remaining the same in the sodium-hydroxide chart not- 
 withstanding that the ordinates of the other parent 
 (/. ibtrica) and the hybrid (/. txmo/i) are materially 
 shortened. In Gladiolus and Trilnniti the ordinates are 
 very nearly the same in the potassium hydroxide chart, 
 but both are shortened in the sodium-hydroxide chart, 
 Gladiolus somewhat less than Triionia. In Bfgoni*. 
 a striking difference is seen in the B. socotrana ordinates 
 but very little differences in the others; thus, in the 
 potassium-hydroxide reaction this starch is completely 
 gelatinized in one-sixth of a second, while in the sodium- 
 hydroxide reaction only 84 per cent is gelatinized in 60 
 minutes a remarkable difference. Richardia was not 
 studied with sodium hydroxide. Uusa, Phaitu, Mil- 
 tonia. and <';/niliiilium all show shortw ordinates gener- 
 ally with potassium hydroxide than with sodium hydrox- 
 ide, the most conspicuous variation being noticed in the 
 sodium-hydroxide chart in the markedly disproportionate 
 elongation of the M. rcczlii ordinate. 
 
 Similar characteristics are found in Charts A 15 and 
 A 17 (potassium-sulphide and sodium-sulphide reac- 
 tions), given groups acting with greater reactivity with 
 potassium sulphide than with sodium sulphide, with 
 others the reverse, and members of the same group bear- 
 ing varying quantitative relationships in the two reac- 
 tions, etc. The Amaryllis-Brunsvigia group has in the 
 potassium-sulphide reactions much shorter ordinates 
 than in the sodium-sulphide reactions, Amaryllis bella- 
 donna and Brunsdonna sandene being alike, and B. san- 
 derce alba between them and the ordinate of Brunsrigia 
 josephina; while in the sodium-sulphide chart the 
 Amaryllis belladonna and Brunsiigia josephina ordi- 
 
 are almost exactly the same, and those of the hy- 
 brids longer than those of the parents, and nearly alike. 
 The Hippeastrum and Hcrmanthus ordinates are, on the 
 whole, closely alike in both charts, but the Cnnum ordi- 
 nates show some noticeable differences. The Ntrine 
 group is particularly conspicuous because of the lea* 
 length of all of the ordinates in the potassium-sulphide 
 chart than in the sodium-sulphide chart ; because of the 
 marked difference between the lengths of those Of the 
 first group and those of the second and third groups in the 
 potassium-sulphide charts ; and because all three groups 
 have almost exactly the same length of ordinates in the 
 sodium-sulphide chart Narciaus has, to the contrary, 
 
 rtly longer ordinates in the potassium-sulphide 
 
144 
 
 REACTION-INTENSITIES OF STARCHES. 
 
 chart than in the sodium-sulphide chart. Iris is, 
 like Nerine, conspicuous by the differences of the 
 ordinates, but particularly in reversed ways. The 
 Iris ordinates in the potassium-sulphide chart are 
 distinctly longer than in the other chart and they are 
 of about the same length (the opposite to what is seen 
 in Nerine) ; and in the sodium-sulphide chart the ordi- 
 nates of three of the groups are the same, while those 
 of the fourth group are much shortened. More or less 
 marked differences in the two charts are seen in the 
 remaining generic groups, especially in members of 
 Begonia, Musa, and Miltonia. 
 
 Another pair of reagents that yield reactions worthy 
 of especial examination are represented in Charts A 23 
 and A 24 (copper-nitrate and cupric-chloride reactions). 
 These two charts are in the corresponding groups 
 almost the same throughout, the chief differences being 
 noted in Crinum powellii, Lilium burbanki, Iris sind- 
 jarensis, I. pursind, Begonia mrs. heal, Musa gilletii, 
 Miltonia (both parents and hybrid), and Gymbidium 
 eburneo-lowianum. These differences are in every case 
 such as not to fall within the limits of error of experiment. 
 
 Any two or more of these charts can thus be com- 
 pared with the certainty of finding results that conform 
 to those referred to in the preceding pairs. 
 
 The one 'feature above all others that serves to indi- 
 vidualize each chart is the variable relationships of the 
 reaction-intensities of the members of each of the differ- 
 ent sets of parents and* hybrid and of groups of sets in 
 the different charts. For instance, taking the Amaryllis- 
 Brunsvigia set it will be seen upon comparing the dif- 
 ferent charts that differences in the average reaction- 
 intensities of this set in comparison with the differences 
 in other sets and groups of sets are nothing like so 
 striking and characteristic as are the differences in the 
 group itself in the various charts. In other words, while 
 there is a general tendency for the average reaction- 
 intensity of this group to rise or fall with the averages 
 of other groups in the different charts, the individual 
 members of the group exhibit marked independence in 
 the direction and extent of the changes. Thus, in this 
 group in the charts of chloral hydrate, pyrogallic acid, 
 potassium iodide, potassium sulphocyanate, sodium hy- 
 droxide, sodium salicylate, cobalt nitrate, copper nitrate, 
 cupric chloride, and mercuric chloride the four ordinates 
 are in couples, the parental couple being in the chloral- 
 hydrate reaction shorter than the hybrid couple, but in 
 the other reactions the reverse. In the reactions of 
 chromic acid, nitric acid, hydrochloric acid, potassium 
 hydroxide, sodium salicylate, and barium chloride all 
 four ordinates are the same or closely the same, there 
 being neither the coupling so obvious in the previous 
 set nor any marked departure of any from an average 
 standard. In the reactions of potassium sulphide, cal- 
 cium nitrate, strontium nitrate, and uranium nitrate 
 (with the exception of potassium sulphide and strontium 
 nitrate) no two of the four ordinates are alike with any 
 reagent, and the relative lengths of the four ordi nates 
 vary in the different reactions, the order of length being : 
 
 Potassium sulphide: Brunsvigia, Brunsdonna aanderre alba, 
 
 Amaryllis, and Brunsdonna aanderoe. 
 Calcium nitrate: Brunsdonna sanderce alba, B. sanderoe, 
 
 Brunsvigia (these two being the same), and Amaryllis. 
 
 Strontium nitrate: Brunsvigia, Brunsdonna sanderce alba, 
 B. sanderce (these two being the same), Amaryllis. 
 
 Uranium nitrate: Brunsdonna sanderce alba, Brunsdonna 
 sandercc, Brunsvigia, and Amaryllis. 
 
 Such variations will be treated quite fully in the 
 following subsection : 
 
 THE SPECIFICITIES OF THE COMPONENTS OF THE 
 
 EEAGENTS. 
 (Charts B 1 to B42.) 
 
 Inasmuch as different starches behave differently, 
 qualitatively and quantitatively, with a given reagent, 
 and a given starch differently with different reagents, it 
 follows, as a corollary, that certain peculiarities of the 
 reactions are to be attached to the starches and certain 
 others to the reagents in other words, the characters of 
 the reactions are conditioned, as before stated, by both 
 starch and reagent. In this research the phenomena of 
 gelatiiiization have been taken as the chief indices in the 
 differentiation of starches and it has been shown that a 
 considerable variety of reagents may be used. 
 
 The terms gelatinized starch and soluble starch are 
 used synonymously, yet starch may be in a soluble form 
 without being gelatinized or gelatinizable, for it has 
 been shown that raw starch through the agency of acid 
 can be converted into soluble starch without apparent 
 antecedent change in the structure of the starch grain 
 that can be detected in the reaction of the grains in 
 polarized light ; that such grains can be dissolved in hot 
 water without the appearance of gelatinization ; and that 
 such grains in solid form or in solution yield the blue 
 starch-reaction with iodine. (See preceding memoir,* 
 page 105.) It is therefore obvious that the changes ex- 
 pressed by gelatinization and solubility are independent, 
 although usually associated ; and, as a consequence, that 
 a gelatinizing reagent may give rise coincidently to such 
 molecular alterations as will convert an insoluble into a 
 soluble and gelatinized starch or into a soluble but un- 
 gelatinizable starch. In all of the experiments with 
 these reagents the former change has be?n brought 
 about; but accompanying alterations may occur, henco, 
 the question naturally arises in conjunction with the 
 use of different reagents as to the meanings of the dif- 
 ferences in the two cases. 
 
 It is of importance to note that in all of these investi- 
 gations the soluble non-gelatinizable form was prepared 
 by the use of acids, inorganic or organic, non-volatile or 
 volatile. On the other hand, as far as the voluminous 
 records go, alkalies always give rise to soluble starch 
 of the gelatinized form. This indicates clearly that the 
 actions of the acids and alkalies may be inherently quite 
 different. When the grains are heated in water, gela- 
 tinization occurs at a given temperature, varying within 
 narrow limits, the mean temperature differing in starches 
 from different sources. In accordance with the fore- 
 going, heat and alkalies may be placed in one and acids 
 in another category, but without the assumption that the 
 actions of the several members of each class are precisely 
 the same. Gelatinization is undoubtedly due to a hy- 
 dration of the starch molecules, but the alteration from 
 
 Carnegie Inst. Wash. Pub. No. 173 (1913). 
 
RBACTIOS-IMKNSITIKS \\1I1I K \r|| A-.I.M AM) Kl.V.lAI 
 
 II.-, 
 
 the insoluble to the soluble non-gelatinizablu form is 
 apparently not in any way related to water, inaMinn h 
 it may be brought about in anhydrous starch l>y anliy- 
 .mi] i therefore nn anhydrous process 
 oolcM water : in some obscure way by intrs- 
 
 Bolrcular disorganization There i* at all events no 
 
 molecular disorganization such a* occurs antecedent 
 with obvious gelation. 
 rhanges in the starch niolivules in 
 association with the mr. or lew mark*"! differences 
 exhibited by a given starch in the nactions with different 
 rcag-ii(- inilirutc 1 1- .irl\ tii.it beneath niul overshadowed 
 rupiniou- phenomena of gelation there lay 
 pnxvsM- - that vary, within even wide limits, 
 
 in relation to the OOapOMOii of the reagent*. More- 
 raw stan-h present* certain very striking charac- 
 :i it- relations to water, entirely apart from 
 
 lenomcna of hydriition that is expressed by gelation. 
 It has been found that raw starch is not only highly 
 
 scopic and clings tenaceously to water, but also 
 that its Miavior toward water is in certain respects 
 different from that of hydrated starch, the percentage of 
 water in the raw Drains being influenced to a rery limited 
 degree and that of hydrated starch to a maximum degree, 
 in the presence of water by changes in temperature. Air- 
 1 starches from different sources have been found 
 
 ntain from 9.9 to 35 per cent of water, the figure 
 varying with the kind of starch, impurities, and per- 
 centage of moisture in the air. Freshly prepared starch 
 may contain as much as 45 per cent of water. Anhy- 
 drous starch is obtained by subjecting the starch to a 
 temperature of 120 or in racuo at 100. Starch that 
 has been partially or completely dehydrated and then 
 placed in water at room temperature takes up water very 
 rapidly with the evolution of heat, the amount being in 
 
 relationship to the degree of dehydration ami the 
 kind and amount of starch. A preparation consisting of 
 20 grams of air-dried potato starch in 20 grams of water 
 chowcd an increase of temperature equal to 3 ; and a 
 Minilar preparation of anyhydrous starch, an increase of 
 13.8. The formation of heat has been ascribed to an 
 actual chemical combination of the starch and water (see 
 
 ling memoir, page 167), but it can satisfactorily 
 and better be accounted for upon the basis of adsorption 
 (which, however, is in fact a form of chemical union). 
 The level of aqueous saturation is maintained within 
 
 narrow limits, and it is very much more influenced 
 
 i nations in external moisture than by changes in 
 
 rature that occur below the temperature of gela- 
 tion; and it is reached before there is the least detectable 
 change in the starch grain or starch molecule. This 
 
 ;-, however, not only materially higher in hydrated 
 starch, hut also variable within wide degrees and in direct 
 relation to moisture and temperature, and it probably 
 reaches its highest level at the baking temperature of 
 bread (Katz, Zeits<h. physiol. Ch. m., HH.l. \rv. 104). 
 
 .0 temperature falls, even though in the presence 
 
 of an atmosphere saturated with moisture, there is some 
 
 reversion of hydrated starch to raw or insoluble st.in-h. 
 
 Starch grains do not either gelatinize or pass into 
 
 solution in their normal state because apparently of the 
 
 nee of some peculiar surface condition which, like 
 
 10 
 
 an osmotic membrane, serres to prevent a further inflow 
 of water after a certain level of partial saturation has 
 been reached, and which likewise prevents an outflow 
 of water as long as external conditions are unaltered 
 
 T words, maintains a state of physico-chemical 
 equilibrium as regards water within and without the 
 starch grain. That such a surface condition exists seems 
 evident in the sudden dissipation of this level at the 
 tfiiijH-rature of gelation and in the absence of thu 
 in comminuted and otherwise injured grains in which 
 the starch molecules of the interior of the grain arc 
 freely exposed to the water. The intracapsular starch 
 thus exposed exhibits a similar but not identical surface 
 condition, which is owing to differences in the intra- 
 capsular and capsulnr starches, M will be noted more 
 particularly later. Therefore, in studying the phe- 
 nomena of gelntinization and absorption of water l>oth 
 of these surface conditions must be considered, as must 
 also be both forms of starch. 
 
 When raw starch in water is subjected to slowly ris- 
 ing temperature, at a certain temperature that varies 
 for different starches and within narrow limits for each 
 starch there occurs a loss of anisotropy (which indicates 
 an intcrmolecular disorganization) that is immediately 
 followed by a rapid taking up of water attended by 
 swelling and gelatinization. This disappearance of 
 anisotropy is taken to mean that immediately antecedent 
 a modification or removal of the surface condition has 
 occurred. This surface condition may likewise be 
 affected by various gelatinizing reagents such as have 
 been used in this research, and thus hydration of the 
 starch grain permitted as in the case of gelation by 
 heat ; or there may be the opposite effect, as when there 
 is present a sufficient quantity of alcohol, acetone, 
 alcohol-ether, brine or other so-called dehydrating rea- 
 gent. Analogous phenomena have lx>en noted in the 
 study of certain other colloids, from which it seems that 
 heat and other gelatinizing agents are effective by affect- 
 ing primarily the surface condition, thus giving rise to 
 an alteration in the level of aqueous saturation. The 
 underlying cause of this peculiar surface condition is at 
 present problematical, but it seems that it is to be 
 located directly or indirectly either in a hypothetical 
 deposit on the surface of the grain by the cell-sap or in 
 the modified form of the starch that constitutes the 
 cap-ul a r part of the grain (the so-called starch cellu- 
 lose). This part of the grain is the last to be deposited, 
 and it differs from the inner part (or so-called starch 
 granulose) especially in density, solubility in cold and 
 hot water, digestibility, dextrin products of digestion, 
 
 :... to decomposing agents, and in both quantita- 
 tive and qualitative color reactions with iodine. The 
 degree of resistance varies in starches from different 
 sources, and it is so marked in some instances in the 
 initial stage of the reaction as to render gelatinization 
 very slow for a period varying from 1 to 10 minutes, to 
 U- followed by gelatinization that varies in rapidity from 
 slow to very rapid, as will be seen by an examination of 
 Charts 1) i '1 that exhibit the velocities of gela- 
 
 tinization. T'pon this assumption, any agent which 
 affects the physico-chemical condition of the capmlar 
 part of the grain will modify the surface conditions or 
 
146 
 
 REACTION-INTENSITIES OF STARCHES. 
 
 surface tension so that hydration may be augmented or 
 inhibited. 
 
 As stated elsewhere (see preceding memoir, pages 95 
 and 96), while there can be no doubt of the essential part 
 played by water in the swelling, gelatinization, pseudo- 
 solution, and true solution of starch, it seems that none 
 of these phenomena is due to either hydrolysis (de- 
 composition in which molecules of water are taken up and 
 become an integral part of the molecules) or hydration 
 in the strictly chemical sense (the formation of deriva- 
 tives in which basic matter is substituted by hydrogen 
 atoms of water, or the actual combination of water so 
 that the molecules of water constitute intramolecular 
 components of the derivatives). The terms hydrolysis 
 and hydration are often used synonymously, but at times 
 incorrectly, because while hydration may mean hydro- 
 lysis, it may on the other hand signify a union or im- 
 pregnation with water which is an extramolecular and 
 not an intramolecular phenomenon. According to the 
 recent developments of physical chemistry, none of the 
 processes concerned in the conversion of raw starch into 
 the so-called soluble starch, of which starch-paste and 
 pseudo-solution and true solution are simple modifica- 
 tions, is one of hydrolysis or hydration in the strictly 
 chemical sense, but one of adsorption, that is, an extra- 
 molecular union with water that is of a physico-chemical 
 character, such, for instance, as is observed in the depo- 
 sition of moisture on glass and the taking up of water by 
 hygroscopic substances in which there may be no true 
 chemical union in the conventional meaning, but a mere 
 surface combination or surface condensation. The com- 
 bination is, of course, actually chemical, but it is not 
 chemical in the customary sense any more than is the 
 solution of sugar in water chemical, and thus in the form 
 technically of a hydrate. Starch in common with other 
 organic colloids is hygroscopic, and the so-called process 
 of hydration or hydrolysis that is associated with swelling 
 and gelatinization is explicable upon the basis of adsorp- 
 tion that is, a physico-chemical affinity that is specific 
 and selective, and supplemental to satisfied affinities ac- 
 cording to the laws of stoichiometry. This, however, 
 does not preclude the possibility or probability of the 
 occasional occurrence, of reagent reactions that are 
 strictly speaking those of hydration. 
 
 It seems clear from the foregoing that in the gela- 
 tinization of normal starch grains the first and essential 
 step is the modification or dissipation of the surface 
 condition that prevents an inflow of water after the nor- 
 mal point of partial saturation, or state of physico- 
 chemical equilibrium as regards water, has been reached. 
 This barrier it seems is not mechanical but physico- 
 chemical, as is suggested by the fact that corresponding 
 or analogous phenomena have been observed in the be- 
 havior of other colloids in vitro and in the living cells, 
 where it seems to have been clearly demonstrated that 
 they are manifestations of surface tension. Heat, when 
 a certain temperature is reached, is assumed to give rise 
 to a surface alteration or change in surface tension that 
 causes a mass action of the molecules of water with a 
 consequent inflow of water and attendant gelatinization, 
 and it has been found that the addition of various sub- 
 stances to the water may lower or raise the temperature 
 of gelatinization in other words, aid or oppose the 
 
 action of heat in altering the surface tension. The 
 various gelatinizing reagents which are active at room 
 temperature are undoubtedly effective by causing similar 
 or identical alterations in surface tension, for evidence 
 has been found that the ions do not form an adsorption 
 union with the starch molecules but give rise to the 
 surface alteration that leads to an adsorption union of 
 molecules of water and starch ; and it would seem to 
 follow, in accordance with our knowledge of the be- 
 havior of other colloids with ions and molecules of dif- 
 ferent kinds, that this surface change, as well as subse- 
 quent phenomena, are modifiable in relation to the kinds 
 and concentrations of ions and molecules taking part in 
 the reactions. Hence, the phenomena of gelatinization 
 brought about in distilled water by heat would likely 
 be different in certain respects from those due to some 
 chemical reagent, such as chromic acid ; and those of any 
 given reagent will differ from those of every other reagent. 
 Such is in fact what has been found in this research 
 
 Samac (Studien iiber Pflanzenkolloide I. Die L6- 
 sungsquellung der Stiirke bei Gegenwart von Kristal- 
 loiden. Dresden, 1912, S. 42) made studies with potato 
 starch in which he used equimolecular solutions of 
 various electrolytes and non-electrolytes in concentra- 
 tions varying from 0.25 to 10 gram-molecules to the 
 liter. Both cations and anions were found to be effec- 
 tive. Lithium, sodium, potassium, ammonium, mag- 
 nesium, calcium, strontium, and barium chloride in weak 
 solution raised the temperature of gelatinizntion ; and 
 with increasing increments of concentration there 
 occurred with some a further elevation followed by a 
 fall, but with others a fall, the effects being different 
 according to the kind of cation present. Sulphate, oxa- 
 late, tartrate, acetate, chloride, bromide, nitrate, iodide, 
 sulphocyanate, and carbonate of potassium, and also 
 calcium nitrate, sodium sulphate, and ammonium sul- 
 phate, behaved differently in accordance with the kind 
 of anion. With some, in any concentration, the tem- 
 perature of gelatinization was raised ; with others, with 
 increasing increments of concentration a rise was fol- 
 lowed by a fall; and with others there was a fall with 
 any concentration. Sulphuric acid, hydrochloric acid, 
 and acetic acid likewise caused varying effects. With 
 sulphuric acid and hydrochloric acid increasing incre- 
 ments of concentration caused a rise followed by a fall, 
 while under the same conditions acetic acid caused a fall. 
 Both potassium hydroxide and ammonia in all concen- 
 trations caused a fall. Dextrose and glycerin, which 
 are in any concentration without detectable gelatinizing 
 action at room temperatures, caused with increasing in- 
 crements of concentration a steady elevation of the tem- 
 perature of gelatinization; and urea and chloral hydrate, 
 under the same conditions, caused a steady lowering. 
 Both acetic acid and potassium hydroxide in any con- 
 centration caused a fall ; but acetate of potassium in in- 
 creasing increments of concentration caused a rise 
 followed by a fall. These results are in harmony with 
 those obtained by various investigators in swelling and 
 precipitation experiments with proteins. 
 
 The starch molecule like the protein molecule has the 
 property of acting as an acid or base to form salts, this 
 being explicable upon the assumption that both starch 
 and protein molecules are produced by a condensation 
 
BBACTION-INTENSITIES WITH EACH AGENT AND REAGENT. 
 
 147 
 
 of two different kinds of group*. Th-- starch molecule 
 U-haves a.i an ami !ectrolyte, . timr M an acid 
 
 or hn.e in n-lation to tli-- components of the reagents 
 
 rm different salts, the reactions bring ' 
 the splitting off of hydrogen or hydrxyl iona. All <>f 
 the reagents used In thil research to gelatinize starch 
 are aqueous solution* of electrolytes or imperfect electro- 
 lytes, am! hence each is partially ionized, the degree of 
 ation varying with the different reagent* ; more- 
 i \ariety of elementa and molecules, acid 
 and hase. that may enter into chemical oomliination with 
 the starch molecules. llcmv it fnllnwa that each solu- 
 tion ii a complex that consist* of molecules of wmter and 
 solute, and of inns of water and of solute. Having now 
 a starch molecule that mav assume either acid or basic 
 rties, and reagents that contain both water and 
 of elements and moleriili-s that may enter 
 hemical combination with the starch to form gaits. 
 that the phenomena of gelatinization or 
 swelling, quantitatively and qualitatively, may Tary more 
 or le. markedly in accordance with the chemical reac- 
 tion* that occur coincidentlv with the adsorption of 
 water. An examination of the list of reagents used in 
 search will show that there arc well-defined classi- 
 fications or groupings in accordance with peculiarities 
 of the substances entering into the reagents as the 
 solnt. r in-itam-c. organic acid, inorganic acids, 
 
 potassium salts, sodium salts, hydroxides, sulphides, ni- 
 trates, chlorides, etc. Not only are variations to be 
 expected in the reactions because of differences in the 
 composition of these reagents, but also because of differ- 
 ences in the molecular arrangements of the starch mole- 
 If the starches from different plant sources exist 
 in different stcreoisomcric forms, it seems upon the basis 
 of our knowledge of the peculiarities of stereoisomers 
 in general that variations in the reactions that are due 
 to this peculiarity may be as great or even greater than 
 those due to differences in the reagents that is, that 
 variation* in the reactions of different starches with a 
 given reatrcnt may be as marked or more marked than 
 those in the case of a single starch with different rea- 
 gents. This has been found to be a fact by the results 
 of this research. 
 
 In the study of the phenomena of gelatinization that 
 are definitely associated with peculiarities of the rea- 
 gents the object has been to demonstrate differences in 
 the behavior of different reagents without reference to 
 the cause of these differences, except as they go to prove 
 xistence of starch in stereoisomeric forms that are 
 modified in specific relationship to the plant source. 
 Obviously, there would be many advantages in a com- 
 bined study of both gross phenomena of gelatinization 
 and reactions that occur during and subsequent to gela- 
 tinization, and much is to be gained by the use of reagents 
 in equimolecular solutions ; but certain unavoidable con- 
 ditions attending this research made it necessary to 
 pursue the studies of the actions of reagents with refer- 
 ence to effect and without more than incidental reference 
 to cause. 
 
 It will be recognized, from what has been stated, that 
 the reactions are conditioned by both starch and rea- 
 gent. Having a number of starches of presumably dif- 
 ferent stereoisomeric forms, there remained the selection 
 
 of the kind and concentration of reagents that would 
 < IK it nut -h differences in the reactions as would demon - 
 -tratc clearly not only isomerism but an isomerism that 
 is specific in relation to genera, species, varieties and 
 hybrids. It was found advantageous, in formulating 
 these solutions, to disregard entirely concentrations upon 
 the gram-molecular basis and to determine experimen- 
 tally the strengths of solution that seemed best adapted 
 to gire wide ranges of reaction with different stc- 
 under the same conditions of experiment. The marked 
 variations in the behavior of different starches with a 
 given reagent, and of different reagents with a given 
 starch, are presented in striking form in Charts A 1 
 to A 26; but these features are brought out even better 
 in certain respects in Charts E 1 to E 46, and very much 
 better in ninsf respects in Charts B 1 to II I'.'. The fir-t 
 group of charts has been considered in a previous sub- 
 section of this chapter; the second group will be taken 
 up in a subsequent subsection ; and the third group will 
 here be studied in only sufficient detail to meet 
 requirements. 
 
 In the construction of the group of charts designated 
 B t to B 42 the main purpose was to bring out certain 
 extraordinary peculiarities in the reactions of selected 
 pairs (occasionally more) of reagents with a number 
 of starches which are taken tentatively to be representa- 
 tive of genera and of suhgenerie divisions. Tn the selec- 
 tion of the reagents for comparison it seemed that 
 characteristics peculiar to each of the several reagents 
 could be presented particularly well if in one group of 
 this series of charts the reactions of a given reagent are 
 taken as the standard of comparison with the react ions 
 of each of the other 25 agents and reagents; and if in 
 a second group we compare the reactions of certain two 
 or more agents or reagents, selected because of certain 
 peculiarities, such as similarity or dissimilarity of agent 
 and reagent, this plan was carried out. Tn th^ first 
 series the reactions of nitric acid are taken as the stand- 
 ard; and in the second series the reactions of anilines, 
 inorganic acids, hydroxides, sulphides, etc., various com- 
 binations of two or more agents and reagents were. made. 
 
 To reiterate, there is in the polarization reactions 
 no molecular alteration of the starch molecule; color 
 reactions are present with gentian violet and safranin 
 which are attributable ti adsorption without detectable 
 attendant molecular disorganization ; in the iodine reac- 
 tions there is in all probability a union of iodine and 
 starch to form an unstable iodide of starch, but no 
 intermolecular breaking down ; in the temperature reac- 
 tions intermolecular disorganization is associated with 
 the adsorption of water, but without the loss of properties 
 that characterize the starch molecule; and in the chemi- 
 cal-reagent reactions not only intermolecular disorgan- 
 ization occurs, but various associated reactions that 
 depend upon the acid or base character and parti- ul T 
 elements and molecules of the reagents. From this it 
 would follow that these reactions fall into well-defined 
 groups: the polarization, aniline, iodine, temperature, 
 and chemical-reagent reactions, respectively. 
 
 When the reaction-intensities with polarization, gen- 
 tian violet, safranin. iodine, and temperature are plotted 
 out in curves, as in Chart B 1, and the chemical-reagent 
 reaction-intensities are plotted out, as in Charts B 2 to 
 
148 
 
 REACTION-INTENSITIES OF STARCHES. 
 
 B 42, it will be apparent that there is a well-marked line 
 of demarcation between these two groups; and also 
 that when the five curves of Chart B 1 are com- 
 pared differences are exhibited that are in harmony 
 with the similarities and dissimilarities of the char- 
 acters of the reaction-processes. The polarization 
 curve stands in its peculiarities quite apart from 
 the others, and it appears, on the whole, to be in 
 its course without more than incidental relationship to 
 the courses of the other curves; but the gentian-violet 
 and safranin curves show almost throughout their 
 courses, close correspondence in their variations with 
 each other (see also Chart B 2), yet an absence of corre- 
 spondence with the other three curves. Such differences 
 as are recorded in these two curves are doubtless attribu- 
 table to errors of experiment. When the crudity of the 
 method of valuation of these reactions is considered, it is 
 remarkable that the curves are so close, rather than that 
 there are some discrepancies. The iodine and tempera- 
 ture curves bear certain well-defined similarities, but 
 they lack the close agreement seen in the two aniline 
 curves; and they differ enough to indicate that the 
 processes involved in the two reactions are not the same. 
 The absence of conformity of the aniline and iodine 
 curves, together with the agreement of the former, is 
 convincing evidence that here also the processes of the 
 two sets of reactions can not be the same. While the 
 iodine and temperature curves show similarities (Chart 
 B 3) they differ as much in general from each other as 
 do the iodine and aniline curves. 
 
 It will be seen that the iodine curve remains at vari- 
 able distances above the temperature curve, excepting in 
 Lilium tenuifolium, L. chalcedonicum, L. pardalinnm, 
 Iris iberira, Tritonia pottsii, and PJiaius grandifolius, 
 where in 5 of the 6 it is below and in one the same. 
 The iodine valuations are only approximate, yet the 
 errors of observation are probably not sufficient to alter 
 the curve in any essential respect, at least in so far as 
 concerns general comparisons. On the other hand, the 
 temperature valuations are approximately scientifically 
 correct inasmuch as the errors of experiment fall within 
 such very narrow limits as not to affect appreciably 
 the position of the curve at any point. While certain 
 variations in the quantitative differences between these 
 curves, and at points the inversion and reversion of the 
 curves, might suggest errors of valuation, they are in 
 conformity with the findings shown in the other charts, 
 as will be seen. Some of the variations of the iodine 
 records are probably due to differences in the behavior 
 of this reagent with the capsular and intracapsular parts 
 of the grains. Nageli found that iodine in weak solu- 
 tions may penetrate the capsular part to the intra- 
 capsular part of the grains, coloring the latter but not 
 the former. It would seem, therefore, that the iodine 
 reactions of the raw starch grains, as here studied, are 
 reactions essentially, and with weak solutions solely, of 
 the intracapsular part of the grain, and that the differ- 
 ences in color values of the reactions are dependent in 
 part upon the peculiarities of the intracapsular starch, 
 and in part upon variations in the transmissive and 
 reactive properties of the capsule. With a given strength 
 of iodine solution, when the grains are gelatinized by 
 heating, both intracapsular and capsular parts color, the 
 
 former very much more than in the normal grain, and 
 the latter a different color from the intracapsular part 
 the former blue, and the latter violet, old-rose, etc. 
 
 Heating the starch grains in water, and various rea- 
 gents gelatinize starch, but the molecular processes in- 
 volved can not, for reasons stated, be precisely the same. 
 The qualitative gelatinization changes in different 
 starches differ from each other; those caused by heat 
 differ from those caused by chemical reagents ; and those 
 caused by one reagent differ from those caused by an- 
 other. The quantitative differences are in all corre- 
 sponding cases far more marked than the qualitative 
 changes. In the gelatinization caused by heat the change 
 in surface tension that gives rise to the inflow of water 
 is due, in accordance with our knowledge in general of 
 colloidal swelling, to ionic action. Both hydrogen and 
 hydroxyl ions are present, but it seems that the hydrogen 
 ion is the effective agent, and effective only at certain 
 temperatures that vary with the kind of starch. With 
 the chemical reagents there are not only hydrogen and 
 hydroxyl ions present, but also they are in compara- 
 tively very high concentration; and, moreover, there 
 are in the different solutions other kinds of ions and also 
 molecules that vary in kind and concentration. In these 
 reagents the ion concentration is without the aid of heat 
 sufficient to bring about the alteration in surface tension 
 that permits of hydration of the starch, and also there 
 are components of the solutions that with the ampho- 
 teric starch molecule may form various chemical com- 
 binations and influence the processes of gelatinization, 
 as previously stated. If these statements are justified, 
 such should be indicated when, for instance, the tem- 
 perature-reaction experiments are compared with those 
 of chloral hydrate, pyrogallic acid, nitric acid, and other 
 reagents. 
 
 In comparing the curves of Charts B 4, B 5, and B 6, 
 it will be seen in each that the temperature-curve differs 
 markedly from the reagent curve, although there are 
 many suggestions of correspondence in the variations ; 
 but they differ quite as distinctly from each other as do 
 the reagent-curves from each other. Moreover, not only 
 are there marked quantitative differences, but these dif- 
 ferences not infrequently take the form of inversion of 
 the curves, so that while with one starch temperature 
 reactivity may be higher than reagent activity, in an- 
 other starch there may be the reverse. For instance, in 
 the temperature chloral-hydrate chart (Chart B4) it 
 will be seen that, here and there, varying direct and 
 inverse relationships in the up and down courses of the 
 curves occur, the one curve keeps continually above the 
 other with variable degrees of separation, and then the 
 curves will cross or become inverted, and at varying dis- 
 tances recross, such crossing and recrossing occurring a 
 number of times. Thus, the temperature curve is higher 
 than the chloral-hydrate curve in Amaryllis belladonna, 
 Hcemanihus Jcatherince, H. puniceu.t, Nerine bowdeni, 
 N. sarniensis var. corusca major, Lilium martagon, L. 
 trtniifolium, L. cJialcedonicum, L. pardalinum, Iris tro- 
 jana, Begonia, single crimson scarlet, B. socofrana, and 
 Miltonia bleiiana. In Amaryllis belladonna the tem- 
 perature curve is lower than the chloral-hydrate curve, 
 but in Brunsvigia, josephinte the reverse. In the three 
 IKppeastrums the temperature curve is the higher ; the 
 
REACTION-INTENSIT1KS \\rni i:\.ll AGKVI \M UEAOENT. 
 
 Hit 
 
 difference between the two cur\. - in each u nearly the 
 
 Mine; both are hu-h.-r in t)u> second ancl third than in 
 
 ami th<- cimc m .ill three U lower than in 
 
 Amaryllis and Hrunin-iijia. In Ilittimnthiu the i 
 
 an- : tin- temperature nine U-in^ the lower, 
 
 ml the .' --twit-ii the currea ia practically the 
 
 same. In tin- Crmums tin- c-urvea racroM, tin- i< mpcra- 
 
 n the higher, and the d is tun res lietwoen 
 
 in tin- thn < -i.-. u-s are quite different in the 
 
 two hardy ..jnviea the distance* an small but dill 
 
 ajul in tin- tender specie* well marked, showing delimit- 
 
 . iit-ric dm-ion. In the three Nerinea, in the first 
 
 : the higher, and in the second 
 
 .111.1 third the l..wer. In other words, Nerine crispa has 
 a higher n-U'-tiMty in the temjx-ratiirc than in thechloral- 
 
 hou-iifni and N. tamientit 
 Tar. ronuca major exhibit the opposite peculiarity. 
 
 These remarkable inversion* and reversions, both in- 
 Ingeneric and intrageneric, have been found to be coin- 
 
 n the researches with tho various reagents, as will 
 be seen. -*IM the temperature curve is a.'ain 
 
 the lnirher, and in Lilium inversion again occurs, (he 
 tcm]NTaiure run i- in all four being the lower, the dis- 
 tance between the two curves being very marked in the 
 first species, marked in tho other three, and nearly the 
 same in eat-h. In Iris the temperature curve is the 
 
 r in the first, third, and fourth, and lower in the 
 
 ! : and the distance between the curves is different 
 in each, it U-ing greatest by far in the fourth. In both 
 Gladiolus and Trilonia the temperature curve is the 
 
 r, and the difference between the two curves is small 
 
 and practically the same in both genera. In Begonia 
 
 again occurs, in both the temperature curve 
 
 being lower and very markedly lower than the chloral- 
 
 Ue curve, the separation being greater in Begonia 
 tocolrana. In Phaius crossing again occurs, and again 
 in Miltimia, the separation in the former being distiint 
 ami in the latter marked. While the courses of these 
 
 s vary greatly, the variations are not more than 
 in tho teiii|H-rature-|>yrogallic acid and temperaturc- 
 nitrir-aeid charts (Charts B5 and B6), or when tho 
 
 rature curve is compared witli that of any other 
 of the reagents, or when the curves of almost any two 
 reagents arbitrarily selected are compared. 
 
 mparisons of the tetnperatnre-pyrogallic acid and 
 teni|vrature-. liloral hydrate charts (B5 and B4) bring 
 out many striking differences: The range of reaction 
 
 ities of pyrogallic acid is distinctly greater than 
 with chloral hydrate; the temperature and pyrogallie- 
 
 urves show far less tendency than the temperature 
 and chloral-hydrate curves to any relationship in their 
 
 s; the variations in the degrees of separation in 
 
 nii*rature and pyrogal lie-acid curves bear no evi- 
 <!> nt relationship to what was seen in the temperature- 
 
 il hydrate chart; and the points of inversion and 
 recrossing of the curves have no correspondence unless 
 of apparently a purely accidental character. The tem- 
 perature-chloral hydrate reactions with Amaryllis and 
 IIrun.<ri;iia show only small differences between the two 
 
 -.the temperature curve being the lower in Amaryl- 
 
 li* an 'ier in Bruntrigia; and in the temperature- 
 
 i reai-tnuis the tempi-future nine 18 the 
 
 - in both, and tin-re is extremely little or practically 
 
 no separation in .\marylli but marked separation in 
 Hrunsviyia, In tho former, in Hippeattrum, the tem- 
 perature curve U the higher, while in the latter it is the 
 lower, and Hie manner of separation of the curves ia very 
 different. In the former, in Ilirmanthtu, the tempera- 
 ture i -line is the lower; in the latter, in the first species 
 it is the higher and in the second species the lower, and 
 the difference* in the degree of separation are .TV 
 different. In the former, in Crinum, the temperature 
 nine is the higher in all three species; in the latter, it 
 is the lower in all three, and the separations of tin- 
 curves wholly unlike. In the former, in Nerine, the 
 temperature curve is the higher in one and the lower 
 in two; in the Utter, it is higher in all three; and while 
 the chloral-hydrate curve is hifjh in tin- former the pyro- 
 gallic-acid curve is very low, almost zero, in the latter. 
 In both the former and the latter charts, in Lilium the 
 temperature curve is tho lower, and there are some dif- 
 ferences in the separation of the curve*. In Iris and 
 throughout the remainder of the charts similar differ- 
 ences will be found. Comparing now the temperature- 
 nitric acid chart (Chart B 6) with the foregoing, it will 
 be seen that it presents a very different picture, and 
 here also there are the vagrant variations in the degree* 
 of separation of the curves and the vagrant inversions 
 and reversions, but which do not bear more than acci- 
 dental relationships to the variations observed hcr<-t - 
 fore. In other words, each chart presents evidence in 
 support of certain well-defined principles regarding 
 reactive intensities of different starches with different 
 reagents, and is a specific and characteristic picture that 
 is indicative of the particular reagent. 
 
 From the point of view of strictly fair comparisons of 
 the temperature and chemical-reagent reactivities some 
 fallacy is intrdu(vd, because these two groups of reac- 
 tivities have not an identical basis of valuation, and 
 therefore because the value expressed by the space be- 
 tween any two abscissa} in the temperature reactions may 
 not have the equivalent value* of reagent reactions. In 
 constructing the temperature scale in this research ad- 
 vantage was taken of data obtained in the previous in- 
 vestigation, and the scale was made to include what 
 was believed to be the lowest and highest temperatures 
 of gelatinization of the kinds of starches thai were 
 likely to be studied, this scale being taken to be the 
 equivalent in values of the scale of reaction-intensities 
 with reagents that was made to extend between the ex- 
 tremes of highest and lowest possible reactivities. But 
 it will be seen, upon examination of Charts B 4, B 5, and 
 B i. that the temperature reactions are limited in the 
 starches examined between 55.8 (lAlium tenuifolium) 
 and 83 (llirmantliujt Icalherintt) ; whereas, in the 
 chloral-hydrate reactions the values extend between 5 per 
 n-iit of the total starch gelatinized in 60 minutes 
 (I'rinum zeylanirum) to 99 per cent in 10 minutes 
 (Begonia tingle crimson scarlet), and in both the pyro- 
 ^allic-acid and nitric-acid reactions the values vary prac- 
 tically from extreme to extreme of the scale. 
 
 The temperature scale as thus constructed represents 
 a scale that has just about one- half the abscissa; values 
 represented by the chemical-reappnt scale. If now the 
 former scale is modified so that the extremes represent 
 the extreme temperatures recorded among the starches 
 
150 
 
 REACTION-INTENSITIES OF STARCHES. 
 
 studied, the maximum and minimum temperatures will 
 be as shown in Chart B 6, in which the temperatures 
 as plotted out by the standard scale are represented by 
 the heavy continuous line, and those by the modified scale 
 by the broken line. It will be seen that the effect of the 
 new scale is not only to accentuate differences, but also 
 to bring about some differences in the relative positions 
 of the curves as regards inversion and reversion. The 
 first noticeable difference of importance is seen in llip- 
 peastrum, in which in all three starches with the old 
 calibration the temperature curve is the higher, while 
 with the new it is lower in two and higher in one, and 
 with marked differences in the degree of separation of the 
 two curves. In Hcemanthus with the former the tem- 
 perature curve is the higher in both species, while 
 with the latter the two curves are practically alike 
 in the first species and the temperature curve is 
 very much lower in the second species, and so 
 on throughout the chart. It will be seen, however, that 
 the important characteristics pointed out in the preceding 
 charts are present with both forms of calibration that 
 is, independence in the variations of the two curves dur- 
 ing their progress, with some tendency to concordance, 
 inversions and reversions of the curves at points, and 
 independence of the fluctuations of the curves of each 
 reagent and of the points of inversion, recrossing and 
 separation of the curves in each chart of that which is 
 recorded in any other chart. The standard calibration 
 adopted for the temperature experiments is preferable to 
 the other because "better adapted for future investigations 
 and, therefore, also for comparisons of the results of the 
 present research with those of subsequent studies. 
 
 The peculiarities elicited by these charts are extra- 
 ordinary; they are harmonious in the demonstration of 
 certain fundamental principles ; and they positively indi- 
 cate that they are conditioned by both kind of reagent 
 and kind of starch. It is, consequently, well worth while 
 to extend these studies by means of a group of charts 
 in which a given reagent will be taken as a standard of 
 comparison with each of the other reagents, and in addi- 
 tion to supplement this with another group in which 
 each chart shall present the reactive-intensities of two 
 selected reagents. To this end one group of charts, 
 Charts B' 6 to B 30, inclusive, and another, B 31 to B 42, 
 have been prepared. In the former the nitric-acid reac- 
 tions are taken as the standard of comparison, these 
 reactions being particularly well adapted for the purpose 
 because of their wide range and their exceptional value 
 in the differentiation of genera, subgeneric divisions, 
 species, and hybrids. Much space would be required to 
 go over all the first group of charts individually and in 
 detail, and indeed this is not necessary if the plan 
 adopted in comparing Charts B 1 and B 6 is pursued. 
 There are, however, several points to which, because of 
 their broad application, especial reference should be 
 made: First, the marked differences exhibited by the 
 various agents and reagents in the range of activities, 
 even when the latter are plotted out upon the same basis 
 of valuation, as in the case of all of the chemical rea- 
 gents; second, the independence of the curve of each 
 agent and reagent of the curve of every other (in several 
 instances, however, as in the anilines and copper salts, 
 there are no important differencee) ; third, the wide 
 
 differences in values exhibited by different agents and 
 reagents in the differentiation of genera, subgeneric divi- 
 sions, species, etc. ; fourth, the differentiation of certain 
 genera, subgeneric divisions, and species by one reagent 
 without differentiation by others; fifth, the differences 
 in the manner of differentiation by different agents and 
 reagents of genera, subgeneric divisions, and species; 
 sixth, the repeated inversions and reversions of the two 
 curves in almost every chart, and the entire independence 
 of the points of crossing in one chart of those in another ; 
 seventh, the marked variations that occur in the degree 
 of separation of the two curves in each chart, and in each 
 chart compared with each other chart; and eighth, the 
 suggestion at least of a tendency to some correspondence, 
 varying in extent, throughout the series of curves in the 
 up and down movements of the curves. Of not less or 
 even of greater interest and value are the second group of 
 charts (Charts B 31 to B 42, inclusive) which present 
 the reaction-intensities of selected pairs of reagents, such 
 as chromic acid and pyrogallic acid, sulphuric acid and 
 hydrochloric acid, nitric acid and sulphuric acid, nitric 
 acid and hydrochloric acid, potassium hydroxide and so- 
 dium hydroxide, potassium sulphide and sodium sul- 
 phide, etc. Probably in no other way pan the data of 
 the specificity of each agent and reagent and of each form 
 of starch be more convincingly exhibited. These charts 
 are worthy of careful study. 
 
 The differences shown in the reactions of chromic 
 acid and pyrogallic acid (Chart B 31) are very striking 
 and full of interest, and the chart is worthy of a carefully 
 detailed study. Considered from a rather general aspect, 
 it will be seen that the chromic-acid curve undergoes 
 much less variation than that of pyrogallic acid ; that in 
 some parts of the chart the chromic-acid curve is higher, 
 in other parts lower, and in other parts the same or prac- 
 tically the same as the pyrogallic-acid curve; that the 
 two curves rise and fall for the most part at the same 
 ordinates and at points to indicate generic and subgeneric 
 dividing lines; that the quantitative differences between 
 the curves vary within wide limits, not only in different 
 genera but also among members of the same genus, 
 especially among subgeneric representatives; and that 
 inversions and reversions of the curves occur at a num- 
 ber of ordinates at which such deviations are consistent 
 with plant differentiation. 
 
 Among the many peculiarities worthy of more than 
 passing notice are the following: In Amaryllis and 
 Brunsvigia chromic acid failed to bring out any differ- 
 entiation at the end of the 30-minute period, at which 
 time there was 99 per cent of the total starch of each 
 gelatinized, although, as shown by our records during 
 the earlier part of the experiments, the former showed 
 distinctly less reactivity than the latter. Pyrogallic acid 
 elicited, from the beginning and throughout the reaction, 
 very definite differentiation; and it showed very much 
 less reactivity than chromic acid with Amaryllis, but the 
 same reactivity with Brunsvigia, 90 per cent of the former 
 being gelatinized in 60 minutes and 98 per cent of the 
 latter, in 30 minutes. The Hippeastrums show dis- 
 tinctly higher reactivities with chromic acid than with 
 pyrogallic acid, and the quantitative differences exhibited 
 by H. titan and H. ossultan are very markedly larger 
 than those shown by H. dceones. In Hcemanthus the 
 
HBACTION-INTK.NMIIKS \\nii KAC II At.l.M \\D REAGENT. 
 
 l.'.l 
 
 reactivities with chrumi.- avid an- moderate and thote 
 
 with pyrogallic acid very low; while the corresponding 
 
 reactivities with //. mtniceui are high and very high, 
 
 The chromic-acid reaction U an much 
 
 ii r than the pyrogallie-acid reaction in //. kaiherintr 
 
 i- !,.. T in //. ['uniceus. Thi* interesting inver- 
 
 intensities of the two starches with these 
 
 reap nsi.-ti-nt with well-separated < Iwnuters of 
 
 :es. as already pointed oat 1 n ( 'rinum the two 
 
 -ie are much more reactive to chromic acid 
 
 . whereas the reverse relationship 
 
 .-i in th< <>f the tender species; moreover, 
 > ur.. .iti.T are inverted in comparison with the 
 f,.rni. r. In V.nnr the chromic-acid reactions are mod- 
 erate, while those of pyrogallic acid are so very low as to 
 be almost absolutely negligible, making a very marked 
 difference between the reaction-intensitiec. In Narcistiu 
 
 hroraic-acid r< a. tion is moderate and the pyrogallic- 
 acid reaction low, but without much difference between 
 them. In I. ilium all of the reactions are high to very high, 
 the chromic-acid reactions being the higher except in one 
 species, in which both reactions are the same, although 
 during the earlier part of the experiments chromic acid 
 howed a somewhat higher reactive intensity than 
 I'vrogallic acid. 
 
 The degree of separation of the two curves in the 
 other three specimens is not alike in any two. In Iris 
 .ii-- < -hromic -acid reactions are high in all four starches, 
 and the pyrngallic-acid reactions moderate in two, low 
 in one, ainl MTV high in one. The distance between the 
 
 ; is marked in all four, and in /. pertica var. 
 purpurta the curves are inverted in other words, the 
 first three starches are more sensitive to chromic acid than 
 
 rogallic acid, while in tin- last there is the reverse. 
 ut this group of charts it will be seen that this 
 . of Iris exhibit* a number of peculiarities of reac- 
 tivity which definitely differentiate it from the preceding 
 . which in turn seem to be closely related in 
 their reactivities. Inversion and reversion of the curves 
 of the irids corresponding to the foregoing will be found 
 
 arts B 7, B 8, B 9, B 10, B 12, B 22, and B 36. In 
 
 "lus and Tritonia the chromic-acid reactions are 
 high and the pyrogallic-acid reactions moderate, the 
 reactions of the two starches with each reagent being 
 the same or practically the same, but the reaction-intensi- 
 ties with the two reagents being markedly different In 
 
 ia the chromic-acid and pyrogallic-acid reactions 
 are distinctly higher in Begonia tingle crimson scarlet 
 than in If. tocotrana, and the difference between the two 
 reactions is very much greater in the latter than in the 
 
 r. In Phaitu and ililtonia the chromic-acid reac- 
 tions are much higher than the pyrogallic-acid reactions, 
 hut the amount of separation between the two carves is 
 nearly the same. 
 
 Examining this chart (B31) from the aspect of 
 generic and subgeneric differentiation, it is essential 
 to bear in mind that certain genera are represented by 
 individuals that show such marked differences as to 
 indicate that they belong to subgenera or some other 
 form of subgeneric division, as in Hamanthut, Cn'num, 
 Iris, and Begonia, and that on this account variations of 
 their curves may be such as to appear to be opposed to 
 recognized generic grouping. With this peculiarity in 
 
 view, beginning with Amaryllis and firururtyui (.losely 
 related genera), it will be seen the positions of the two 
 curves in each are very different in Amaryllis the two 
 curves are well separated, but in Hruntriyia they are 
 the same. There is here a definite separation of the two 
 genera. These genera are well separated from Hippeas- 
 Irum, and the latter from the H<rmanthiu, by the marked 
 differences in the curve*. In the three forms of Jlip- 
 peaatrum the chr<>iiuc-acid curve is higher or eu-n much 
 higher than in the preceding and succeeding genera, and 
 it is in two well above and in one definitely iiUnc the 
 pyrogallic-acid curve. The pictures presented by the 
 curves in these three generic groups are so different that 
 one could not possibly be confounded with another. In 
 Httmanthtu there is a drop of the chromic-acid carve 
 in //. leaiherina and //. punicetu; and a very marked 
 drop of the pyrogallic-acid curve in the former, but a 
 marked rise in the latter, giving rise to a well-defined 
 separation of this genus from Ilijipeastrum and to inver- 
 sion of the curves in //. puniceus with consequent separa- 
 tion of the two species. In Crinum the picture is again 
 different, there being a rise of the chromic-acid curvi- 
 accompanied by a rue of the pyrogallic-acid curve in 
 two and a fall in one. 
 
 Inversion of the curves occurs in relation to C. tey- 
 lanicum, this feature of itself differentiating this tender 
 species from the two hardy species. In K trine the pic- 
 ture is again and markedly altered. Hoth curves fall, 
 the chromic-acid curve to a moderate level and the pyro- 
 gallic-acid curve almost to zero, and with very little or 
 practically no difference in the reactivities of the four 
 starches with each of the reagents. In Narcissus, while 
 the chromic-acid carve remains at practically the same 
 level as in Nerine the pyrogallic-acid curve has ruun 
 almost to the level of moderate reactivity, thus causing 
 some separation of the two curves and giving a generic 
 combination of the two curves which differs from that 
 found in any other part of the chart. In Lilium the 
 picture is again changed and is again distinctive of the 
 genus. And so on, as we pass to Iris, Oladioltu and 
 Tritonia, Begonia, Phaitu, and Millonin, the curves vary 
 in their positions and degree of separation in such man- 
 ners as to differentiate or suggest, as the case may be, 
 not only generic but subgeneric groups. The Oladioltu 
 and Tritonia curves are practically identical, the explana- 
 tion for which has been referred to repeatedly. The 
 first three and the last of the Iris are well separated; 
 but Begonia shows curves of the two starches which, 
 while well separated, rather indicate well-separated spe- 
 cies than representatives of subgenera, as in the case of 
 many of the other charts. 
 
 While it is true that in a number of instances a genu* 
 is represented by only a single species and that, inasmuch 
 as the reactivities of different species of a genus exhibit 
 varying reactivities with the same reagents and thus sug- 
 gest that the differences (in so far as they are applied 
 to the differentiation of genera) may be merely casual, 
 it will nevertheless be found perfectly clear by examina- 
 tion of the accompanying charts that the evidence in sap- 
 port of the generic and subgeneric differentiations and 
 other relations here noted is cumulative and convincing. 
 The very marked differences in the reactivities of sab- 
 generic groups which are quite as great, on the who]*-, 
 
152 
 
 REACTION-INTENSITIES OF STARCHES. 
 
 as those of different genera, represent probably the most 
 remarkable feature of the chart, and they might natur- 
 ally be regarded as being accidental were it not that 
 corresponding peculiarities have been recorded in nearly 
 all instances where the reactivities of two agents or 
 reagents have been compared. A further consideration 
 of this striking phenomenon will be taken up later. 
 
 The inorganic acids, here typified by nitric acid, sul- 
 phuric acid, and hydrochloric acid (Chart B 32) are of 
 pecular interest because of their pre-eminently hydrionic 
 character, and because in each, in accordance with ionic 
 action in relation to the swelling of proteins, the active 
 agent in bringing about the alteration in surface tension 
 that initiates gelatinization is the anion. But that these 
 ions alone are insufficient to account for differences in 
 the phenomena of gelatinization due to these agents, that 
 the cations in each acid play a part, and that the reac- 
 tions are modified by both concentration and kind of 
 ions, is rendered apparent by a study of the curves. The 
 most conspicuous features of this chart are: The wide 
 differences exhibited by the different kinds of starch, 
 and the obvious generic and subgeneric groupings; the 
 identity or practical identity of the reactions of two or all 
 three of the acids with certain starches in contrast with 
 the marked to very marked variations with others ; and 
 the tendency generally for the nitric-acid and the hydro- 
 chloric-acid curves to run closely together and, as a rule, 
 well apart from the sulphuric-acid curve, with, however, 
 occasional greater closeness of the hydrochloric and sul- 
 phuric-acid curves than of the nitric-acid and hydro- 
 chloric-acid curves. This separation of the curves, while 
 in part unquestionably due to differences in concentra- 
 tion of the reagents, is also partly due to differences in 
 the characters of the reactions dependent upon the ca- 
 tions. In Amaryllis and Brunsvigia all three reagents 
 yield exceedingly rapid reactions, but in Brunsvigia 
 the nitric-acid reaction is distinctly less rapid than the 
 sulphuric-acid and hydrochloric-acid reactions, the last 
 two being the same. In Crinum moorei, LUium mar- 
 tagon, L. tenuifolium, L. chalcedonicum, L. pardalinum, 
 and Begonia single crimson scarlet the reactions with all 
 three reagents are very rapid, and are the same or prac- 
 tically the same. The sulphuric-acid and hydrochloric- 
 acid reactions are nearly the same or practically the 
 same in Brunsvigia josephince, Crinum longifolium, Iris 
 persica var. purpurea, Phaius grandifolius, and MUtonia 
 bleuana. The nitric-acid and hydrochloric-acid reac- 
 tions tend to be close to very close, and at the same time 
 well separated from the sulphuric-acid reactions, in Hip- 
 peastrum titan, H. ossultan, H. dceones, Hcemanthus 
 katherina, Crinum zeylanicum. Iris iberica, I. trojana, 
 and 7. cengialti; to be approximately mid-intermediate in 
 Hcemanthus puniceus, Nerine crispa, N. bowdeni, N. 
 sarniensis var. corusca major, Narcissus tazetta grand 
 monarque, Gladiolus Tristis, and Tritonia pottsii. 
 
 Curiously, in only 1 of the 28 starches (Begonia soco- 
 trana) is the hydrochloric reaction lower than the reac- 
 tions of the other two acids ; and not only is the difference 
 in the reaction-intensities very marked between this and 
 the next closer or nitric-acid reaction, but the difference 
 between the latter and the sulphuric-acid reaction is also 
 very marked ; and the three reactions form a group that 
 is widely and remarkably different from the reactions 
 
 observed in the other Begonias. It is of especial interest 
 to note that in Hcemanthus, Crinum, and Iris, among 
 which there are subgeneric representatives, the sub- 
 generic differentiation is in each genus well marked. 
 These extraordinary variations in the relations of the 
 reactions of the three reagents are inexplicable upon the 
 basis merely of differences in ionic and molecular con- 
 centration of the reagents; or upon differences in the 
 starches that may be assumed to be due to varying pro- 
 portions of components of a mechanical mixture ; or 
 upon differences in reaction owing to the amount or kind 
 of impurities; but they are entirely explicable upon the 
 basis of different stereoisomeric forms of starch that 
 have specific and varying relationships to the kinds and 
 concentrations of solutes in aqueous solution. 
 
 The potassium-hydroxide and sodium-hydroxide chart 
 (Chart B33) presents features which, while less ex- 
 traordinary, are quite interesting and significant. These 
 reagents, like the acids, bear very close relationships, 
 but there are aqueous solutions that are pre-eminently 
 cationic, and here, as in the acid chart, it will be seen 
 that reaction-intensities vary within the extremes of the 
 abscissae and elicit very definitely but in modified forms 
 the generic and subgeneric divisions that are brought 
 out so strikingly by the acids. Moreover, it is perfectly 
 obvious that here, as in preceding charts, while certain 
 differences may justifiably be attributed to differences 
 in the concentration of the reagents, other differences 
 seem to be inseparable from the presence of stereoiso- 
 mers and of components of the solute that form specific 
 and variable kinds of products through chemical union 
 with the raw-starch molecules and their derivatives. 
 The concentration of the potassium-hydroxide solution 
 is 1.5 grams to 110 c.c. of water, and of the sodium- 
 hydroxide solution 0.5 gram to 100 c.c. of water. It will 
 be seen that the curves tend for the most part to keep 
 close together in their variations; that while generally 
 the potassium-hydroxide curve is the higher it is in a 
 number of instances somewhat or even markedly lower, 
 and in other instances the same or practically the same 
 as the sodium-hydroxide curve ; and that the generic and 
 subgeneric divisions that were demonstrated in the pre- 
 ceding charts are here also elicited but in modified forms. 
 The two reactions are the same or practically the same 
 in Hcemanthus katherinw, Crinum zeylanicum, Lilium 
 martagon, L. tenuifolium, L. chalcedonicum, L. parda- 
 linum, Iris trojana, and Begonia single crimson scarlet. 
 The potassium-hydroxide reactions are higher in all of 
 the remaining starches excepting Crinum longifolium, 
 Narcissus tazelta grand monarque, Iris iberica, I. cen- 
 gialti, I. persica var. purpurea, Gladiolus tristis, and 
 Tritonia pottsii, in which group it is markedly to very 
 markedly lower, chiefly the latter. The very mnrkcd 
 differences in the reaction-intensities of the two rea- 
 gents in Nerine and Begonia in comparison with the dif- 
 ferences generally stand out very conspicuously. 
 
 One feature of especial interest is to be noted in the 
 species of Crinum: C. moorei is more sensitive to potas- 
 sium hydroxide than to sodium hydroxide; C. longifo- 
 lium shows the reverse; and C. zeylanicum about equal 
 reactivity with the two reagents. Another feature is to 
 be found in species of Iris, the first three showing with 
 sodium hydroxide the same sensitivity and the last a 
 
REACTIO\-IMKN-1T11> WITH i: \< II AOENT AND REAGENT. 
 
 L6I 
 
 
 Terr nuirh higher sensitivity than tin- former; while 
 . hydroxide there are three gradation* >f 
 
 ,\ity. T:. -n* of /n.t prrxifa var. purpurea 
 
 differentiate it from the first three member* of tin* 
 
 Another feature is aeen in the very striking 
 
 dirtYreiKvs in / in the first Hrgonia both refte- 
 
 . . TV hi^'h and the same, while in the second the 
 
 -lum-hydroudc reaction U similarly high and the 
 odium-hydroxide reaction U low and far separated from 
 tin- former. 
 
 .in sulphide and sodium sulphide (Chart 
 B 3 1 ) elic it reactions which at a whole are quite different 
 from those recorded in the preceding chart*, bnt are 
 
 lu-levs in entire support of the fundamental pecu- 
 liarities that have U-.-n found to be set forth by the 
 
 in* of each pair of reagents thus far studied that 
 it, an inde|N-mlencc of each reagent in its reactions that 
 is due to Uitli .<iini-iitr.it ion and kind of solute; an inde- 
 pendence of the reactions of each starch that U dependent 
 rences in stereoisomeric forms; and an imle- 
 
 nce of the course of each curve to such a degree 
 
 that there may not only be most variable quantitative 
 
 different?* hut also inversion, yet with a manifest ten- 
 
 nforming with the peculiarities of a prototype 
 
 (say the nitric-acid curve). 1'robably the first feature 
 
 that will attract attention is the very marked differences 
 
 in tin- behaviors of Amaryllit and Brunsrigia with these 
 
 . reagent*, the former exhibiting a very 
 
 hurh reactivity with potassium sulphide and a moderate 
 
 with sodium sulphide, thus showing a very 
 
 difference in reactivity, there being 97 per cent of 
 
 the total starch of Amaryllis gelatinized in 3 minutes 
 
 and only 91 per cent of the total starch of Bruntvigia 
 
 minutes; whereas with sodium sulphide the reac- 
 
 of both starches are very nearly the same, 90 and 
 96 per cent, respectively, in 60 minutes being recorded, 
 Amaryllis throughout the course of the reaction showing 
 only slightly leas reactivity than Bruiuvigia. 
 
 It will be noted that the two curves here are entirely 
 different from those of the three preceding charts (Charts 
 I'. .<!. I'. :<2, and B33), which also so differ from each 
 other that each chart is very definitely individualized. 
 The reactions of the sulphides are the same or practically 
 the same in Brunsvigia Joseph intr, Ilippfastrum titan. 
 II. otfultan, Ilirmanthux josephimr, Crinum teylanicum, 
 I. ilium martagon, L. tenuifolium, L. chalcedonieum, L. 
 pardalinum, and Begonia tingle crimson tcarlet. The 
 potassium-sulphide reactions are higher in Amaryllu bel- 
 ladonna, llcemanthus puniceut, Kerine crispa, N. botc- 
 deni, A', sarnirnfi* var. corusca major, Begonia tocotrana, 
 and Pkaiut grandifolius ; and lower in llippeattrum 
 daones, Crinum moorri, C. lonyifolium. Narcissus late-tin 
 grand monarque, Irit iberioa, /. trojana. I. cengialti, I. 
 persica var. purpurra. Gladiolus tritlit, Triionia potlsii, 
 and .Miltuniii rrxillarin. For the most part the curves are 
 well separated, this feature being particularly accen- 
 tuated in Amaryllis belladonna, Crinum moorti, fferine 
 crispa, Irit persica var. purpurra, and Hrgonia tocotrana. 
 
 inlhus katherina and //. puniceut are not nearly 
 so well differentiated as in the preceding charts; the 
 hardy and tender Crinnms are well differentiated, as 
 in the previous pairs of reactions. The I rids show nearly 
 the same reactivities with potassium sulphide, while three 
 
 show nearly the same reactivities with sodium sulphide, 
 luit higher than with potassium sulphide, and one a very 
 much higher reactivity than the first three with sodium 
 *ul|>hidc and a corresponding difference in relation t 
 potassium sulphide, showing a marked subgeneric sub- 
 division such as was noted with other reagents. In 
 Oladiolut and Tritonia the potassium-sulphide curves are 
 well IM-IMW the sodium-sulphide curves, the difference in 
 each being about the same. In Begonia the differentia- 
 tion of the two starches is very striking. In I'haius and 
 Miltonia the generic differences are pronounced, not 
 only in regard to the degree of separation of the curves, 
 but also in respect to the inversion of the curves. The 
 high reactivities shown in Amaryllit belladonna, Nerine 
 critpa, and Begonia socotrana with potassium sulphide 
 in comparison with the moderate to very low rc.-u ti-.itic- 
 with the other reagent, together with the very opposite 
 in Crinum moorri, Iris persica var. purpurea, and Mil- 
 tonia bleuana, are striking manifestations of differences 
 in the molecular constitution of starches from different 
 plant sources. 
 
 The reaction-intensities of potassium iodide and po- 
 tassium sulphocyanate (Chart B35) present very much 
 closer relationships than do those of any of the pairs of 
 reagents thus far considered, yet here also are found 
 the fundamental peculiarities that have characterized all 
 of the comparisons brought out in the preceding churl*. 
 The reactivities of these reagents are the same in llaman- 
 thut kafhrrinir, Crinum moorei, C. teylanicum, C. longi- 
 folium, Lilium martagon, L. tenuifolium, L. chalcedoni- 
 cum, L. pardalinum, and Begonia tingle crimson scarlet. 
 The reactions of potassium iodide are higher than those 
 of potassium sulphocyanate in Amaryllis belladonna and 
 Brunsrigia Joseph inct, and IOWA- with all of the remain- 
 ing starches, except the group noted. The curves show 
 for the most part a marked concordance in their up- 
 and-down movements, but the degree of separation < f 
 the curves is quite variable and there are inversions only 
 of Amaryllit and Brunsrigia. 
 
 A comparative examination of the curves of the reac- 
 tions of sodium hydroxide and sodium salicylate (('hart 
 B 36) brings out one very exceptional feature that is 
 associated with the latter reagent, and various featun 
 that are in harmony with characteristics that are com- 
 mon to the other charts. The marked limitations of the 
 reactions of sodium salicylate are most striking and 
 peculiar to this reagent. In only two reactions (those 
 with Crinum jrylanicum and Begonia tingle crimton 
 tcarlet) is there a departure from the narrow limits of 
 the upper six abscissa (a trifle more than one-fourth 
 of the highest and lowest limits of reaction-intensities). 
 This limitation greatly restrict* the value of the reagent 
 in the differentiation of starches from different plant 
 sources, yet there are in some instance* marked to very 
 marked differentiation, especially of subgeneric groups. 
 The differences in the reactions of the two specie* of 
 Htrmantkut are not of themselves sufficient to definitely 
 indicate subgeneric division, but rather well-separated 
 species; in Crinum the two hardy forms are well differ- 
 entiated from the tender form; in Iru the first three 
 stand definitely apart from the fourth ; and in Begonia 
 there are striking difference* between the two starches. 
 
154 
 
 REACTION-INTENSITIES OF STARCHES. 
 
 The independence of the variations in the courses of 
 these two curves, together with the individuality of the 
 salicylate curve when compared with curves of the reac- 
 tions of the other reagents, suggests peculiar relation- 
 ships of the salicylate with the starch molecule that are 
 worthy of special study. While this reagent is, at least 
 in the concentration used, of comparatively little value 
 in the differentiation of genera, it is not only of marked 
 usefulness in recognition of subgeneric groups, as stated, 
 but also in the differentiation of species and hybrids (see 
 Chart A 18, page 183) ; and it has proven of much value 
 in the study of the qualitative reactions of different 
 starches, as will be found by reference to data in Part II 
 and to Tables C 1 to C 17 in subsequent pages. Lens 
 (Seventh Inter. Congress Applied Chem., London, 1909; 
 Jour. Soc. Chem. Ind., 1909, xxvii, 731) had already 
 found that this reagent could be used in the microchemi- 
 cal differentiation of starches from different sources. 
 He states that if a trace of rye starch, in a hanging drop 
 of a solution of 1 part of sodium salicylate in 11 parts 
 of water, is examined under a magnification of 200, at 
 the ordinary temperature, it will be found that after the 
 lapse of an hour (more distinctly after 24 hours) most 
 of the large granules have swollen and that only a small 
 part resists the action of the salicylate and still shows the 
 polarization cross between crossed nicols. In the case 
 of wheat starch, only a few of the large granules become 
 swollen ; after 1 to 24 hours the outline of the unswollen 
 wheat starch-granules is sharply defined, and the gran- 
 ules, unlike those of rye starch, do not become flattened 
 (starch of any kind which has been altered by storage in a 
 moist condition swells on treatment with the salicylate 
 solution). Barley and millet starches swell to a small 
 extent only. Only few of the grains of oat, maize, rice, 
 potato, bean, pea, lentil, and arrowroot starches become 
 swollen. 
 
 The calcium-nitrate and strontium-nitrate curves 
 (Chart B 37) exhibit wide excursions, those of the latter 
 being the more marked; and the fluctuations tend with 
 few exceptions to correspond in their directions, although 
 with more or less marked quantitative variations. Both 
 generic and subgeneric differentiations are as conspicuous 
 as in the preceding charts; but inversion of the curves 
 does not occur at any point. The reactions of these 
 reagents are the same or practically the same in A maryllis 
 belladonna, Hcemanthus leathering, Crinum zeylanicum, 
 Lilium chalcedonicum, L. pardalinum, and Begonia sin- 
 gle crimson scarlet; and very nearly the same in Hippeas- 
 trum titan, L. martagon, and L. tenuifolium. Else- 
 where the differences range within variable limits, the 
 widest being in Brunsvigia Josephines, Crinum moorei, 
 C. longifolium, Nerine crispa, N. bowdeni, N. sarniensis 
 var. corusca major, and Begonia socotrana. 
 
 The curves of the uranium-nitrate and cobalt-nitrate 
 reactions (Chart B 38) bear in general close relationships 
 to the curves of the preceding chart, the most noticeable 
 differences being apparent in the generally higher reac- 
 tivities of calcium nitrate and strontium nitrate, par- 
 ticularly the latter. The curves tend to be distinctly 
 closer than with the latter reagents ; no inversion of the 
 curves occurs at any place ; and generic and subgeneric 
 differentiations, especially the latter, are with rare excep- 
 tions well marked. 
 
 The copper-nitrate and cupric-chloride curves (Chart 
 B 39) are very similar to those of the two preceding 
 charts, the reactions tending to be the same or somewhat 
 greater than with uranium and cobalt nitrate, but as a 
 whole distinctly lower than with calcium nitrate and 
 strontium nitrate. Both generic and subgeneric dis- 
 tinctions are well marked. 
 
 Barium chloride and mercuric chloride in the con- 
 centrations used are the weakest of all of the reagents in 
 the gelation of starch. Both curves (Chart B40) are 
 therefore lower, as a whole, than is found in the other 
 charts, the barium-chloride curve being distinctly the 
 lowest curve recorded. The fluctuations in this chart 
 are in close correspondence with those of the imme- 
 diately preceding charts. No inversion of the curves 
 occurs except possibly in Hcemanthus puniceus, whore 
 the difference in the reactions falls within the limits of 
 error of experiment. 
 
 Eeviewing these charts, as a whole, from both general 
 and special aspects, it will be found that they may be 
 divided primarily into two well-defined groups in accord- 
 ance with the peculiarities of the curves: first, those 
 showing the reactions with polarization, gentian violet, 
 safranin, and iodine; second, those showing reactions 
 with temperature and chemical reagents. This distinc- 
 tion is due in part to differences in the method of cali- 
 brating reaction-values and (in part and chiefly) to 
 differences in the inherent characters of the reactions. 
 As before noted, and of fundamental importance at this 
 juncture, the scale-values in the experiments with polar- 
 ization, gentian violet, safranin, iodine, and temperature 
 are different from those in the chemical reagent experi- 
 ments ; the polarization reaction is an optic phenomenon 
 that is without associated molecular disturbance; the 
 gentian-violet and safranin reactions are probably sim- 
 ple phenomena of adsorption, but without apparent 
 molecular disturbance; the iodine reaction is probably 
 a manifestation of chemical combination of the iodine 
 with the starch to form a feeble union, but without 
 a detectable appearance of intermolecular disorganiza- 
 tion; the temperature reaction elicits an intermolecular 
 disaggregation that is associated with hydration ; and 
 the chemical-reagent reactions are expressions of not only 
 intermolecular breaking down and hydration, but also 
 various quantitative and qualitative modifications in the 
 starch molecules and their derivatives that depend upon 
 differences in concentration and components of the rea- 
 gents, the starch molecule because of its amphoteric 
 properties combining with both acids and bases, and the 
 gelatinization processes being .more or less modified by 
 some reagents by associated chemical changes. The 
 polarization curve (Chart B 1) bears no well-defined 
 relationship, except of an apparently accidental charac- 
 ter, to any of the other curves. The gentian-violet and 
 safranin curves (Chart B 2) are very much alike, and 
 where differences are noted they are doubtless to be 
 attributed to errors of experiment; and these curves 
 stand apart from all other curves. The iodine and tem- 
 perature curves (Chart 3) show in general a closeness 
 which suggests that since in the temperature reaction 
 there is intermolecular disorganization there is a more 
 marked molecular change in the iodine reaction than is 
 shown by the microscope in ordinary or polarized light. 
 
 
REACTION-INTENSITIES WITH EACH AGENT AND REAGENT. 
 
 155 
 
 Inasmuch as the temperature valuations are quite 
 d (as exact as the determinations of the melting- 
 points of crystalline substances), and as the iodine valua- 
 are of a gross character, it seems probable that 
 seeming deviations from what i- judged to be the normal 
 in tin- two charts may be due to errors of experiment ; 
 but wine f the-e dnbntMM are explicable only upon 
 the assumption of jteculiaritics of tin- molecules of the 
 lies, causing them to behave differently 
 with .hiTerent reagent*, as was found in the study of 
 the reactions with the . heinical reagents. The tempera- 
 ture cur\e, while MTV much more limite.l in its excur- 
 sions than the curves of most of the chemical reagents, 
 bean- .il a well-defined relationship in its fluc- 
 
 tuations to the variations collectively of the latter. This 
 relationship becomes more obvious when the temperature 
 values are in a modified form to render them more con- 
 t with the i hemiral reagent values, as shown in 
 Chart B 0, in which the temperature and nitric-acid 
 curves are figured, the former being exhibited in one 
 in accord with the standard calibration and in 
 another with a modified valuation so formulated that 
 these values, like the chemical reagent values, extend 
 the entire limits of chart between the highest and 
 lowest abscissa?. When, however, the iodine values are 
 similarly modified (Chart B 8) there is no more similar- 
 it the whole, between this modified form of curve 
 and the nitric-acid curve than there is when the standard 
 calibration is used in fact, if anything, there is a 
 greater lack of correspondence. Comparisons of this 
 modified curve with curves of the reactions of other 
 reagents are fully confirmative of these findings in sup- 
 port of inherent differences in the behavior of the starch 
 molecules in these reactions. In a word, these facts 
 indicate quite convincingly that the iodine, temperature, 
 ami mine-acid reactions are in some way or ways funda- 
 mentally different and that there is an obscure rela- 
 iip between the temperature and nitric-acid curve> 
 that does not exist between the iodine and nitric-acid 
 curves. In these comparisons the nitric-acid curve has 
 been taken as a prototype of the chemical-reagent curves. 
 \\h--n the latter are individually compared with this 
 prototype and with each other it will be found that, while 
 no two are alike, all conform to this type in a manner 
 that is comparable to the conformity of the members of 
 a genus to a generic prototype. In other words, the 
 variations shown by the different reagents are comparable 
 to the variations exhibited by the members of a genus. 
 Sufficient reference has doubtless been made to the 
 peculiarities of the reactions of the various reagents, 
 individually and in couples, that are specific to each 
 reagent in association with peculiarities of the various 
 stereoisomeric forms of starch, yet it seems that addi- 
 tional statements may be made with profit in respect 
 especially to certain reactions of well-defined natural 
 groups of reagent*, such as the inorganic acids, hydrox- 
 ides, sulphides, nitrates, chlorides, potassium salts, so- 
 dium salts, copper salts, etc. The only organic acid used 
 in this research is pyrogallic acid, to the solution of 
 which was added a small amount of oxalic acid for the 
 purpose of preservation. Chromic acid, while belonging 
 to the inorganic group that comprises nitric, sulphuric, 
 and hydrochloric acids, may for certain reasons be con- 
 
 with pyrogallic acid, and then with the otln -r 
 three acids. Chromic acid acts on the starch grain in 
 a manner that is not only entirely individual and dutim - 
 tive in comparison with the actions of the other acids, 
 but also quite diiTerent from that of any other reagent. 
 This acid causes the grain at first to be altered into a 
 _ l.i tin ized capsule and a semi-liquid contents; the cap- 
 sule then rujiturea at some point and the contents flow 
 out; and then both capsular part and escaped contents 
 pass rapidly into solution. Pyrogallic acid brings about 
 changes that belong to a fundamental type that is com- 
 mon to the other chemical reagents, but variously modifi- 
 able with each reagent. By comparing the chromic-acid 
 and pyrogal lie-acid curves (Chart B 31), and then these 
 with the nitric-acid, sulphuric-acid, and hydrochloric- 
 acid curves (Chart B32), it will be seen that the first 
 two differ markedly from each other, that the chromic- 
 acid curve is not in closer relationship than the pyro- 
 gallic-acid curve to the curves of the group of inorganic 
 acids, and that the pyrogallic-acid curve is more closely 
 related than the sulphuric-acid curve to the nitric-acid 
 and hydrochloric-acid curves. The sulphuric-acid curve 
 in comparison with the nitric- and hydrochloric-acid 
 curves appears to be vagrant, but this seeming discrep- 
 ancy may be due, in a large measure at least, to the 
 higher reactive-intensity of this reagent. 
 
 These five reagents undoubtedly have, because of their 
 inherent chemical difference?, different chemical relation- 
 ships to the starch molecule and accordingly yield reac- 
 tions that can not be identical qualitatively. Chromic 
 acid and nitric acid apparently stand apart from the 
 other acids because of their oxidizing properties, but it 
 may be, as suggested by the investigations of Sacharow 
 and of Gruss (see previous memoir, pages 95, 146, and 
 186), that oxygen is essential in both the initial and final 
 stages of the saccharification of starch. If this is so, 
 the part played by oxygen in the actions of the other 
 reagents is masked. However, chromic acid has been 
 used commercially to liquefy starch and form dextrin 
 and sugar because of its asserted oxidising power. Nitric 
 acid has been found similarly valuable to form oxalic 
 acid from starch and other carbohydrates. Pyrogallic 
 acid, on the other hand, is an active deoxidizer, taking 
 up oxygen freely ; and, moreover, this acid does not, as is 
 well known, form true salts. Both sulphuric and hydro- 
 chloric acids have been employed by a large number of 
 investigators to reduce starch to dextrin and sugar (aee 
 Publication No. 173, page 104). While our knowledge of 
 the exact characters of the intermediate products of 
 saccharification is very limited, it is justifiable, from 
 what is known, to assume that the interactions of these 
 various reagents with the starch molecule may be quite 
 as varied as those which occur in the evolution of oxygen 
 from peroxides, chlorates, and permanganates, respec- 
 tively, and that they may differ even more than the proc- 
 esses of enzymes and acids, respectively, in the liquefac- 
 tion, dextrinization, and saccharification of starch (see 
 previous memoir, page 149). 
 
 Probably no two pairs of curves elicit more interest 
 than those of potassium and sodium hydroxides and nitric 
 and hydrochloric acids when the members of each pair 
 and of the two pairs are compared. The first two rea- 
 gents are pre-eminently cationir; the latter ix pre-emi- 
 
156 
 
 REACTION-INTENSITIES OP STARCHES. 
 
 nently anionic. It might naturally be expected that if one 
 of the two reagents of either pair exhibits a higher reac- 
 tivity than the other member of the pair with a given 
 starch the same relationship in reaction-intensity should 
 be found in the reactions with other starches, but it will 
 be seen in each of these pairs of curves that there is not 
 only an absence of consistent relationship in so far as one 
 curve is always higher than the other, but also in other 
 respects, so that there is more or less marked inde- 
 pendence in the courses of the curves independence 
 quite as conspicuous as has been found in the compari- 
 sons of any pair of microscopic and macroscopic charac- 
 ters of the plants themselves. Thus, in Amaryllis bella- 
 donna with potassium hydroxide (Chart B 33) there 
 is complete gelatinization in 1 minute, and with sodium 
 hydroxide a not quite complete gelatinization in 3 min- 
 utes; while in the Brunsvigia josephince reactions the 
 records with the same reagents are 98 per cent in 1 
 minute and 95 per cent in 15 minutes, respectively. 
 With the first starch the reagents exhibit but little dif- 
 ference, but with the second a marked difference, while 
 in both the potassium hydroxide is the stronger in its 
 actions. In other instances the values may be the same, 
 or the curves may be more or less separated, or inverted 
 so that the potassium hydroxide is the less effective. 
 
 Passing from starch to starch it will be seen that 
 the separation of the curves observed in Brunsvigia is 
 as well marked in Hippeastrum. In Ilcemanihus kath- 
 erince the reactions of both reagents are very slow, almost 
 nil; but in II. puniceus there is a wide separation of the 
 curves, the potassium curve being high and the sodium- 
 hydroxide curve low. In Crinum moorei the two reac- 
 tions are very high and in C. zeylanicum very low. In 
 C. longifolium both are very high, but not so high as in 
 C. moorei. In C. moorei and C. zeylanicum there is in 
 each little difference in the potassium and sodium curves, 
 in the latter practically none ; but in C. longifolium the 
 curves are well separated. Subgeneric differentiation 
 here, as in the case of the species of Hcemanthus, is 
 quite marked. In Nerine the two curves are antipodal, 
 the potassium-hydroxide curve being very high and the 
 sodium-hydroxide curve very low, making the separation 
 exceptionally wide. In Narcissus the curves of both rea- 
 gents are low to very low, and the reactivities of the 
 reagents are in inverse relationship to what has been 
 heretofore noted, this starch being more responsive to 
 the sodium than to the potassium salt. In /.ilium 
 the reactions with both reagents take place with such 
 rapidity that there is not satisfactory differentiation. 
 In 7ns interesting differences in the curves are seen, and 
 so on with the other starches. Similar peculiarities will 
 be found in the comparisons of the curves of the pair 
 of acids. 
 
 Comparing now the pairs of acid and base curves 
 (Charts B 15 and B 33) it will be noticed that notwith- 
 standing the opposite characters of the ions the curves 
 of the two charts bear in general resemblances that con- 
 form closely to a common type of curve ; that in each pair 
 one of the two reagents tends to be the more active, 
 or to have the same reactivity as the companion reagent 
 throughout most of the chart; that in each pair of 
 curves the quantitative relationships may be so altered 
 that there may be not only very variable degrees of dif- 
 
 ferences in the extent of separation of the curves, but 
 also inversions and recrossings of the curves; and that 
 in the two charts the ordinates at which sameness of 
 reactivity-intensity of the reagents, higher reactivity 
 of one reagent over the other, inversion, recrossing, etc., 
 may have no correspondence. These facts demonstrate 
 an individuality of each reagent and each form of starch. 
 It will also be seen that while the two pairs of curves 
 are in general in their fluctuations in accord they may 
 not correspond in the extent of the variations. This 
 feature is conspicuous in Nerine, Narcissus, Iris, Gladi- 
 olus, Tritonia, and Begonia. Thus, in Nerine both of 
 the acid curves fall, the hydrochloric-acid curve for the 
 first two species (the values for the second and third be- 
 ing the same), and the nitric-acid curve for all three 
 species, making about the same difference between the 
 two curves for the first two species and a more marked 
 difference for the third species. The picture here is 
 entirely different from that of the potassium and sodium- 
 hydroxide chart. In Narcissus the hydrochloric-acid 
 curve is high and the nitric-acid curve very low; the 
 potassium and sodium-hydroxide curves are both very 
 low; the nitric-acid reaction is practically the same as 
 that of potassium hydroxide, somewhat lower than that 
 of sodium hydroxide, and markedly lower than that of 
 hydrochloric acid. In 7ns both acid curves fall to the 
 level of moderate to low reactivity in the first three 
 starches, and in all practically the same; but in the 
 fourth starch both reactions are very high, the hydro- 
 chloric-acid reaction being distinctly higher than the 
 nitric-acid reaction. With the base reagents both curves 
 fall to the level of high to moderate reactivity in the 
 first three starches, and rise to high reactivity in the 
 fourth starch. The positions of the curves of the first 
 three starches differ entirely from those of the acids, 
 while those of the fourth starch are practically precisely 
 the same as those of the acids. In Gladiolus and Tri- 
 lonia both pairs of curves fall to the levels of low to 
 very low reactivity, the nitric-acid curve falling to a 
 lower level than the hydrochloric-acid curve; the hy- 
 droxide curves fall to an intermediate position, the so- 
 dium curve being lower than that of potassium, Be- 
 gonia shows striking similarities and dissimilarities: 
 In B. single crimson scarlet all four reagents act with 
 great energy, gelatinization being complete in one min- 
 ute or less. In B. socotrana both acid curves fall, one 
 to the level of the line of demarcation of high to mod- 
 erate activity, and the other to very low reactivity; 
 whereas with the hydroxides the reaction with the potas- 
 sium salt is very rapid and is over in less than a minute, 
 while with the sodium salt it is very slow. Moreover, 
 in the acid reactions, while most of the starches show a 
 lower reactivity with nitric acid, B. socotrana shows a 
 markedly lower reactivity; and in the potassium-sodium 
 chart most of the starches show a higher reactivity to 
 potassium than to sodium, the starch of B. socotrana 
 also showing this character. In other words, this spe- 
 cies is aberrant, as it were, in its reactions with the ;i< ills 
 in comparison with the reactions of the other Begonias 
 and most other starches, but in harmony in the potas- 
 sium and sodium reactions. In both Phaius and Miltonia 
 there is a reversal of the reaction-intensities of the two 
 acids, but not of the hydroxides, as compared with B. 
 
REACTION-INTENSITIES WITH EACH AGENT AND REAGENT. 
 
 157 
 
 ' Mitional comparisons of the data of these 
 
 ii: fact*. 
 
 Tho pota*ium-sul|hidc and sodium-sulphide chart 
 :- in ..-rt.iiu respects ,'-. r rcaem- 
 . .< to tin- hydroxide i h.irt (Chart ll.'U) than to the 
 'iart B 15), and in other respects the re- 
 . thu- in.: hat the alteration of the hydrox- 
 
 ide* into the .-uiphidcs has yielded reagents which give 
 turn* that toggeat the presence of both a> n\< 
 in contradistinction to the reactions 
 of t!i xides and acids which are pre-eminently 
 
 id aninnic. resj>e< lively. These sulphide reae- 
 . in intcn-ity in lioth directions to almost the 
 of tin- abscissa*, from the extremely high 
 * of potassium sulphide that are recorded in 
 /'/fiw, and I'haius in which complete gclatiniza- 
 - in 2 minutes or leas, to the extremely low 
 \ities in //i'/'/>rafrum, llarmanthw. Crinum, etc., 
 tit or leaa is gelatinized in 60 minutes. 
 - of these curves from the acid and base 
 curves are much more marked than the variations of the 
 s themselves, and the quantitative differences ba- 
 the curves tend to be more marked and erratic, 
 and inversions to be more frequent, than in the acid 
 and l>a*<- curves. In \rrine there occurs in the sulphide 
 -. a.s in those of the hydroxide, an inversion, in 
 both charts the potassium salt is the stronger. In In 
 is a marked separation of the curves, as was found 
 to be the case with one exception in the hydroxide reac- 
 : but in three of the starches there was no separa- 
 f the acid curves. In Begonia tocotrana the curves 
 arc loss like those of the bases than of the acids, while 
 in Millonia they stand apart from both base and acid 
 curves. The wide separation of the sulphide curves in 
 Amaryllis is very conspicuous in comparison with the 
 small separation of the base curves and the absence of 
 separation of the acid curves. Similar peculiarities 
 will be found in the reactions of these three pairs of 
 rea?ent. with other starches. 
 
 The potassium-iodide and potaaunm-sulphocyanate 
 ons (Chart B35) bear, on the whole, far closer 
 resemblances to the hydroxide reactions than to the acid 
 or sulphide reactions. In contradistinction to the sul- 
 phides these reagents contain acid radicals that are 
 probably almost inert. Comparing this chart with the 
 base chart (Chart B 33), the most noticeable differences 
 will be found in the reactivities with Amaryllis. Brun*- 
 rigia, Hcemanihus puniceus, Nerine, Irit, Begonia, 
 is, and Mil (onto. Amaryllis and Brunsvigia each 
 exhibits practically no difference in the potassium-iodide 
 or potasflium-sulpnocyanate reactions, but Amaryllis and 
 llrunsrigia are differentiated from each other by both 
 reagent*, both starches reacting more readily with po- 
 tassium iodide than with the other reagent. In Haeman- 
 /'. i/t punier us, while these reagents do not differ in their 
 reactivities, potassium hydroxide yields a markedly dif- 
 ferent result from that of sodium hydroxide. In Nerine 
 reactivity with the iodide is very low and with the sul- 
 phocyanate low; while in the hydroxide reactions those 
 with potassium hydroxide are very high and those 
 with sodium hydroxide very low. In Irit the potas- 
 sium iodide reactions are very much lower in the first 
 three Irids and somewhat lower in the fourth; while 
 
 in the hydroxide reactions in two there are very marked 
 differences, in one no difference, and in another a 
 marked difference, the potassium reactions IM-MI^ the 
 lower when difference exists. In Begonia t 
 and sulphocyanatc reactions show very little difference, in 
 B. tingle crimson tcarlet both reagents acting with greet 
 intensity and in II. socotrana with great slowness, the 
 iodide being practically inert; while in the hydroxide 
 reactions both reagents act with great intensity with 
 B, single crimson tcarlet, potassium hydroxide acts with 
 equal vigor, but sodium hydroxide with low intensity 
 with B. socot ratio. In Phaius and Millonia both the 
 iodide and the sulphocyanate show differences between 
 these genera and between the iiii-nili.-rs of each genus, the 
 iodide U'ing leaa active than the sulphocyanate. While in 
 both I'haius and Millonia marked differences exist be* 
 tween the reaction-intensities of the iodido and the 
 sulphocyanate, there arc comparatively small differences 
 between the intensities of the hydroxides. 
 
 The curve of sodium salicylate (Chart B 36) stands 
 alone, as before stated, and therefore is not comparable, 
 as in the foregoing instances, with that of any other 
 reagent. 
 
 Calcium nitrate and strontium nitrate (Chart B3?) 
 exhibit differences that are most pronounced in Bruns- 
 vigia, Crinum, Nerine, and Miltonia. The calcium curve 
 appears to correspond more particularly with the curves 
 of potassium iodide, potassium sulphocyanate, and so- 
 dium hydroxide; while the strontium curve appears to 
 be more closely related to the curves of uranium nitrate, 
 copper nitrate, cupric chloride, and mercuric chloride. 
 All of the latter curves appear to be very closely related 
 to a common type, which suggests that the reactions, in 
 so far as the latter depend upon the reagents, are due 
 essentially to differences in the basic ions or cations. 
 
 Differentiation of Subgenrric Groups. There is 
 probably no feature of these charts more prominent or of 
 greater value in proof of the worth of the gelatinization 
 method in the differentiation of starches from different 
 sources than the constancy and definiteness in similar 
 and dissimilar directions of the differentiation of sub- 
 jreneric representatives. JIamantnuf l-aihrrin<e and //. 
 punicfUH are, from the standpoint of the systematic, at 
 most well-separated species, but from tho result* of this 
 research they are probably to be regarded as representa- 
 tives of well-defined subgeneric groups. Had thin marked 
 snbgeneric differentiation been indicated by the reac- 
 tions of a single or an occasional reagent it might natur- 
 ally be regarded as being accidental, but it is evident 
 throughout the charts of the reactions of the 21 reagents, 
 except the chloral-hydrate and sodinm-salicylate reac- 
 tions. The one species is as definitely and widely differ- 
 entiated from the other as are genera in general, with 
 the exception only of the closely related Gladiolus and 
 Tritonia. While at the end of 60 minutes there is only 
 slight and questionable differentiation in the chloral- 
 hydrate reactions, and in the sodium-ralicylate reactions 
 no differentiation, there are differences of importance 
 shown during the progress of the reactions (Charts P lOfi 
 and D118). The hardy and tender Crinums are with 
 V.TV reagent markedly differentiated, hut by some to a 
 - degree than by others. The abscisae of the two 
 hardy Crinum.* are in all of the reactions above those 
 
158 
 
 REACTION-INTENSITIES OF STARCHES. 
 
 of the tender Crinum, so that in every chart the curves 
 of these three species are V-shaped, and the first segment 
 of the V is longer than the second, the difference in 
 length varying with the different reagents. In Iris the 
 first three specimens are definitely differentiated from 
 the fourth in most of the charts by the distinctly lower 
 reactivities of the former, the exceptions being in the 
 reactions of chloral hydrate, chromic acid, sulphuric acid, 
 potassium sulphocyanate, potassium sulphide, and so- 
 dium salicylate (in the chloral-hydrate and potassium- 
 sulphide reactions those of the former are the higher). 
 In other words, in only 4 of the 21 reactions is there not 
 a definite separation of the first three from the fourth. 
 In Begonia the differentiation is not only very marked, 
 but also in certain respects extraordinary: B. socotrana 
 is a very exceptional form of the genus, is semituberous, 
 and is botanically quite different from the tuberous Be- 
 gonia single crimson scarlet. The starches of the two 
 plants in histologic and polariscopic characters, qualita- 
 tive reactions with various reagents, are alike in many 
 respects and very dissimilar in others, so that each ex- 
 hibits certain striking and distinctive characteristics (see 
 Chapters III and V, and Part II, Chapter VIII). These 
 peculiarities together with the remarkable differences in 
 their reaction-intensities constitute pne of the excep- 
 tionally interesting findings of this research. 
 
 The curves of the reactions of the four tuberous Be- 
 gonias (Charts E 36, E 37, E 38, and E 39) tend to be 
 as much in accord as should be expected in plants that 
 have such a botanical relationship, but the curve of B. 
 socotrana (Chart E 36) appears definitely to be vagrant 
 in nearly all of the reactions. The four hybrids incline, 
 on the whole, to an obviously closer relationship to the 
 tuberous parents than to B. socotrana. Examinations 
 of the curves of the preceding charts (Charts B 11 et 
 seq.) will show that: With chloral hydrate there is 
 definite but not marked differentiation, 99 per cent of the 
 total starch of B. single crimson scarlet being gelatinized 
 in 10 minutes and 95 per cent of the starch of B. soco- 
 trana in 15 minutes. With chromic acid there is 98 per 
 cent in 15 minutes and 92 per cent in 60 minutes, re- 
 spectively, a wide difference. With pyrogallic acid, 95 
 per cent in 45 minutes and only 0.5 per cent, or almost 
 nothing, in 60 minutes, giving a much wider difference 
 than with the preceding reagent. With sulphuric acid 
 a practically complete gelatinization occurs in both 
 starches in a minute, while with hydrochloric and nitric 
 acids with the starch of the first plant there is immediate 
 gelatinization with both reagents; and with B. socotrana 
 with the hydrochloric acid there is 45 per cent in 45 
 minutes, and with nitric acid only 12 per cent in 60 
 minutes. With potassium hydroxide there is an almost 
 instantaneous gelatinization of both starches. With po- 
 tassium iodide there is practically complete gelatiniza- 
 tion of one in 30 seconds, while with the other there is 
 almost no detectable effect, only about 1 per cent being 
 gelatinized in 60 minutes almost the absolute extremes 
 of reaction-intensity. With potassium sulphocyanate pe- 
 culiarities are elicited that are almost identical with those 
 of the last reagents, the only difference being a some- 
 what larger percentage of starch of B. socotrana gelati- 
 nized in 60 minutes here 18 per cent. With potassium 
 sulphide the differences between the reactions of two 
 
 starches is positive, complete gelatinization occurring in 
 the starch of B. single crimson scarlet in 15 seconds and 99 
 per cent in the case of B. socotrana in 5 minutes. With 
 nearly all of the remaining reagents (including sodium 
 hydroxide, sodium sulphide, calcium nitrate, uranium 
 nitrate, strontium nitrate, copper nitrate and cupric 
 chloride) gelatinization of the starch of B. single crim- 
 son scarlet is with each reagent complete within 2 min- 
 utes, while with the starch of B. socotrana it varies from 
 0.5 per cent to 84 per cent in 60 minutes (with two 
 reagents there was 84 per cent, with one 25 per cent, with 
 one 9 per cent, with one 1 per cent, and with two 0.5 
 per cent). With sodium salicylate the figures for the 
 first starch are 97 per cent in 3 minutes, and for the sec- 
 ond 99 per cent in 10 minutes. With cobalt nitrate the 
 figures for first are 66 per cent in 60 minutes (the low- 
 est record for this starch with any of the reagents), and 
 for the second 0.5 per cent in 60 minutes. With mer- 
 curic chloride the first starch shows a gelatinization of 
 96 per cent in 15 minutes, and the second 0.5 per cent 
 in 60 minutes. The extraordinary differences exhibited 
 by these starches are at present inexplicable, and they 
 open a field of most interesting and promising research 
 of the most fundamental character. 
 
 Inversion and Reversion of Reaction-intensities. 
 The inversion and reversion of the reaction-intensities 
 of different starches with different pairs of reagents is 
 also a feature of exceptional interest and of pre-eminent 
 importance in proof of the existence of starches from 
 different plant sources being in stereoisomeric forms. 
 It is obvious, as before stated, that if we were dealing 
 with starches that differ from each other because merely 
 of differences in density, reaction, impurities, percentage 
 of water, or varying proportions of several modifications 
 of starch in the form of mechanical mixtures, the two 
 curves would be alike or one would always be above the 
 other, the distance, however, varying in relationship to 
 the rapidity of reaction, the slower the reaction the 
 greater probably the tendency in general to separate. It 
 has been repeatedly noted that inversion and reversion of 
 the curves is not limited to the distinction of genera, 
 although it is more apt to be associated with genera, and 
 next in order with subgeneric groups, and next with 
 species. In other words, if with any two reagents a 
 member of a given genus will exhibit a greater reactivity 
 with one than the other reagent the same peculiarity 
 will probably be found with all other members of the 
 genus unless there are definite subgeneric divisions of the 
 genus, under which conditions the subgeneric divisions 
 may be as distinctly differentiated as may be genera by 
 inversion or reversion of the reaction-intensities. 
 
 Sometimes species of a genus which are not recognized 
 as belonging to subgeneric groups may exhibit inversion 
 or reversion in their reactivities in relation to the reac- 
 tivities of the other species, as has been found, for in- 
 stance, in Nerine. These inversions and reversions are, 
 as a rule, not so apt to occur with reagents of a similar 
 as of a dissimilar character. Moreover, the points at 
 which inversions and reversions of the curves of any pair 
 of reagents occur may be the same or different from those 
 at which inversions and reversions of another pair 
 occur that is, two genera or representatives of two 
 subgeneric divisions, or two species of a genus, may be 
 
REACTION-INTENSITIES WITH EACH AGENT AND REAGENT. 
 
 I.V.I 
 
 cli.-mutly differentiate.) l.y the inversion or reversion 
 
 of the reactive-intensities of a given pair of reagent*, 
 
 but lint by another pair. Thus in the rhloral-h\ 
 
 anfl nitrn- acid reactions (Chart B 11) the first inversion 
 
 Men occurs in the curve* between Hippeastrum and 
 
 ll.tmanihus. the three upecies Htrmanlhus showing a 
 
 y with nitric acid than with chloral hy- 
 
 (irai.-, while Ilirmanthu* kathrrina shows the reverse. 
 
 But the differentiation here is not generic because the 
 
 .. -. II inmntHus puniffus, exhibits a reversion 
 
 in rvlation to the first species. In the chromic-acid 
 
 and pyrogallie-acid reactions the reverse is noted in 
 
 the ! ' those two species, //. kathtrina showing 
 
 minon with II \jipfiuttrum a higher reactivity with 
 
 nc a< -id. while //. punicetu dhows the inversion. 
 
 her charts (a*. fr instance, in Chart B 32 and 
 
 > all species of Hippeastrum and lltrntanthus show 
 
 Minion a higher reactivity with one of the two rea- 
 
 : while in other charts there are various modifica- 
 
 r instance, in Chart B 35 each Uippeaslrum 
 
 shows different reactivities with the two reagents, bat the 
 
 minuses no differ. 
 
 ssing of the curves occurs a^ain between Nerinr 
 l-'iu.lfn\ and .V. sarniensis corusca major, thus markedly 
 differ the first from the last two species of this 
 
 generic group. The same separation will be seen in 
 ntian violet and safranin), while in Chart 
 i: I (chloral hydrate and temperature) and Chart 8 (ni- 
 tric acid and iodine) the crossing occurs between A'. 
 erispa and .V. bmrdrnt. The next crossing occurs between 
 Iris and Gladiolus; the next between Tritonia and Be- 
 gnniti and the next between Begonia and Phaiut all rep- 
 resenting generic lines of division. Comparing the 
 of these points of inversion or reversion with 
 those in the nitric-acid and chromic-acid chart (Chart 
 l> l v i it will lie found that with two exceptions (between 
 Iris and Gladiolus, and between Tritonia and Begonia) 
 th<- [Hunts are entirely different. The first crossing here 
 <H < urs between Brunstigia and Hippeastrum ; the second 
 en Ilamanthus and Crinum; the third between 
 Tan urn moorri and C. teylanicum; the fourth between 
 .lanicum and C. Jongifolium; the fifth between Ne- 
 rine tamiensis var. corusca major and Narcissus; the 
 sixth between Narcissus and Lilium ; the seventh between 
 /, i/i urn and Iris; the eighth between Iris ctngialti and 
 7. ptrsica var. purpurea; the ninth between Iris and Glad- 
 iolus; and the tenth between Tritonia and Begonia. 
 Some of these ten inversions and reversions occur between 
 generic representatives, while others represent subgeneric 
 dividing lines. 
 
 The different points of inversion and reversion of the 
 nr-.es shown in these charts (Charts B 1 to B40) are 
 exhibited collectively in Chart B41, this presentation 
 ring further detailed statement in regard to each 
 chart unnecessary. Even a superficial study of the vary- 
 ing points of crossing of the curve* and of the totals of 
 this chart brings out very interesting and significant c >m- 
 parisons. In confirmation of statements made in preced- 
 ing pages, it will be found that in some of the charts (12 
 out of the 40) no crossing of the curves occurs at any 
 part; that in most of the charts there are inversions and 
 reversions, the number ranging from 3 to 10 ; that inver- 
 sions and reversions are, on the whole, more common 
 
 when the agents and reagents are of dissimilar character 
 and when they exhibit wide and frequently varying 
 ranges of reaction-intensities; and that the crossings 
 of the curve* are moat apt to occur at point* of separation 
 of genera and subgeneric representative*, and in variable 
 numbers with different reagent* and different starches at 
 such place*. The closely related genera Amaryllis and 
 Brunsvigia are distinguished bj the inversion of the 
 reactions in only a single instance ( Chart B 4, tempera- 
 ture and chloral-hydrate reactions). Brunsvigia and 
 Hippeastrum have a separation by 9 crossing*, but the 
 latter is separated from Ilamanthus by only 3. Curi- 
 ously, the two species of lltrmanthus are separated by 6 
 crossings, these variations of the curve* suggesting sub- 
 generic division of the species. Utfrnanthus is separated 
 from frinurn by 8 crossings, and Crinum from Nerine 
 by 7 ; but there are 9 between Crinum moorei and C. try- 
 lanicum. and 11 between the hitter and (\ longifolium, 
 markedly differentiating the two hardy forma from the 
 tender form. The separation of Nerine from rrinm and 
 from Narcissus is well marked, there being 7 crossings 
 at the former point and 14 at the latter. Narcissus is 
 separated from Lilium by !), and the latter from Iris by 
 15. The separation of the first three Irids from the 
 fourth is evident by 8. Gladiolus and Tritonia are 
 separated by only 3, but these two are oeparated from 
 Iris by 12 and from Begonia by 11. The remarkable 
 differences exhibited by the tuberous and semituberous 
 Begonias are here illustrated by the separation of the 
 two by 16 crossings. Begonia is separated from Phaius 
 by 7, and Phaius from Miltonia by 8. 
 
 Wide Differences in the Reactions with Different 
 Pairs of Reagent*. Another feature of exceptional in- 
 terest is the wide differences in the reactions of different 
 pairs of starches with different reagent*, as ha* been 
 referred to repeatedly, and which is worthy of some 
 special notice. This peculiarity is well exemplified, for 
 instance, in Amaryllis and Brunsvigia. Little or. in 
 some instances, no difference is observed in the 
 reactions of these starches with chromic arid, sul- 
 phuric arid, hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, potas- 
 sium hydroxide, potassium iodide, potassium sulphocya- 
 nate, sodium sulphide, cobalt nitrate and barium chlo- 
 ride ; distinct but not marked differences are noted with 
 chloral hydrate and sodium salicylate; and marked dif- 
 ferences are recorded with pyrogallic acid, potassium 
 sulphide, sodium hydroxide, calcium nitrate, uranium 
 nitrate, strontium nitrate, copper nitrate, and cupric 
 chloride. The reactions of Amaryllis are higher than 
 those of Brunsvigia with chloral hydrate, nitric 
 acid, hydrochloric acid, sulphuric acid, potassium sul- 
 phide, sodium hydroxide, sodium salicylate, calcium ni- 
 trate, uranium nitrate, strontium nitrate, cobalt nitrate, 
 and cupric chloride; lower with pyrogallic acid, potas- 
 sium hydroxide, potassium iodide, potassium snlpbocya- 
 natc, barium chloride, and mercuric chloride; and the 
 same with chromic acid and sodium sulphide. Even 
 better illustrations are to be found with other pair* of 
 starches, as, for instance, the two Begonias. 
 
 Limitation of Number of Gelatinizing Reagents, Etc. 
 The variety of the reagents used in this research to 
 gelatinize starch, together with the amphoteric proper- 
 tie* of the starch molecules, may give the impression 
 

 160 
 
 REACTION-INTENSITIES OF STARCHES. 
 
 that almost any kind of reagent in aqueous solution 
 may react with starch in this way. In fact, however, it 
 is rather surprising to find how few reagents outside 
 of certain well-defined groups are effective. It is also 
 to be noted that there are various substances which while 
 in any concentration in aqueous solution may be prac- 
 tically or absolutely inactive as a gelatinizing agent at 
 room temperature may aid or hinder the gelatinizing 
 effect of heat, as is evident by their property of lower- 
 ing or raising the temperature of gelatinization (page 
 146). As a corollary, there may be found two reagents, 
 each of which when alone is active, that may be inactive 
 when associated in solution, as, for instance, solutions 
 of potassium hydroxide and nitric acid, both of which 
 are active when in separate solution, .but inactive in the 
 form of potassium nitrate; and that a gelatinizing rea- 
 gent may be rendered less active or even inert by the 
 presence of another reagent, as, for instance, the presence 
 of alcohol, glycerine, or sodium chloride in concentration. 
 
 In the selection of the reagents used in this research 
 a very large number of most varied kinds, electrolytes and 
 non-electrolytes, and in various concentrations, were 
 tried, the number aggregating probably 200; but un- 
 fortunately only a partial list was preserved. One of the 
 difficulties met with in making this selection and in 
 determining the concentration was in the wide differ- 
 ences in the behavior of different starches that could 
 not be foretold excepting to a very limited degree. That 
 is, if a given reagent in any concentration was found 
 to be useless when tested with a given starch it could 
 not be set aside because it might be found to be not only 
 active but even extremely active with another starch. 
 It was also found that there are certain starches that have 
 a high to very high reactivity; others low to very low 
 reactivity, and others high to moderate reactivity with a 
 given reagent in given concentration. Thus, with a 
 given reagent while the starches of Lilium tend to high 
 to very high reactivity, those of Hippeastrum and 
 Hcemanthus tend mostly to low or very low reactivity, 
 and those of the Irids mostly to intermediate gradation 
 or moderate reactivities. It was also found that certain 
 reagents are with all starches very strong gelatinizers, 
 while others, in any concentration, tend to be relatively 
 feeble; and still others that represent intermediate gra- 
 dations. The reactions with sulphuric acid and sodium 
 salicylate are mostly high to very high ; those of chromic 
 acid mostly moderate to high ; those of barium chloride 
 mostly low to very low; those of pyrogallic and nitric 
 acids widely variable with different starches, etc. 
 
 It is obvious, in so far as values of individual rea- 
 gents are concerned, that it must be recognized that 
 the most useful in the differentiation starches are those 
 whose activities show the most marked differences with 
 different starches or, in other words, which show the 
 widest and most numerous fluctuations of the reaction- 
 intensity curves, as is instanced in the records of pyro- 
 gallic acid and nitric acid; that the fast-reacting 
 reagents are of especial value in the differentiation of 
 the slow to very slow reacting starches; and that the 
 slow-reacting reagents are similarly valuable in relation 
 to the rapidly reacting starches. A selection of the rea- 
 gents on this basis is manifestly necessary where starches 
 of diverse character are to be studied. In the testing of 
 
 the various reagents to determine their values it was 
 found in practice desirable to make at the outstart very 
 concentrated solutions, using in the case of acids and 
 bases generally approximately 50 per, cent solutions, and 
 of salts approximately saturated solutions, and then 
 modify the concentrations in the direction the intensity 
 of the reaction indicates. It was also found of advan- 
 tage to use for the first test a form of starch that is 
 classed among the readily gelatinized and readily ob- 
 tainable, such as that of Lilium candidum, and then make 
 the final tests with this starch and with others which 
 are classed among those having mostly a high, moderate, 
 low, and very low reactivity, respectively. In this way 
 reagents were selected which in kind and concentration 
 have served admirably, although by no means perfectly, 
 in eliciting peculiarities of the various starches here 
 studied. 
 
 The following very incomplete list of the reagents and 
 their effects shown by the starch of Lilium candidum, 
 may be of advantage to subsequent investigators : 
 
 Reagent. 
 
 Concentration of 
 aqueous solution. 
 
 Percentage of starch 
 gelatinized. 
 
 Pyrogallic acid 
 
 
 
 Tartaric acid 
 
 with 0.3 gm. of 
 oxalic acid 
 
 
 Lactic acid 
 
 Do 
 
 Do 
 
 Tannic acid . . 
 
 Do 
 
 Do 
 
 Citric acid 
 
 Do 
 
 Do 
 
 
 Do 
 
 Do 
 
 Chromic acid 
 
 2 5 gms in 20 c c 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Hydrochloric acid 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Phosphomolybdic acid. . . . 
 
 Do 
 
 Do. 
 
 Phosphoric acid 
 
 Do .... 
 
 Do. 
 
 Carbolic acid 
 
 Do 
 
 Do 
 
 Chloral hydrate 
 
 
 100 p ct in 15 sec 
 
 Potassium hydroxide 
 Potassium chloride 
 
 0.76 gm. in 55 c.c. 
 
 100 p. ct. in 15 sec. 
 ? 
 
 Potassium bromide 
 
 Do 
 
 Complete in majority 
 
 
 
 in 10 min. ; no further 
 effect in 60 min. 
 
 Potassium nitrate 
 
 
 
 Potassium nitrite 
 
 Do 
 
 
 Potassium fcrricyanide . . . 
 
 Do 
 
 
 Potassium ferrocyanide . . . 
 
 Do 
 
 Do. 
 
 Potassium cyanide 
 
 Do 
 
 
 Potassium sulphide 
 Potassium sulphocyanate . 
 Potassium mctabisulphatc 
 Potassium permanganate 
 
 1 gm. in 40 c.c.. . 
 5 gms. in 30 c.c.. 
 Concentrated 
 Do 
 
 60 min. 
 93 p. ct. in 15 see. 
 98 p. ct. in 60 sec. 
 No effect in 60 min. 
 Do. 
 
 
 5 gm in 100 c c 
 
 88 p ct in 15 sec 
 
 Sodium sulphide 
 
 
 97 p. ct in 30 sec. 
 
 Sodium salicylate 
 
 
 95 p. ct. in 10 sec. 
 
 Sodium nitrate . . 
 
 
 
 Sodium nitroprusside 
 
 Do ... 
 
 No effect in 60 min. 
 
 
 Do 
 
 Do 
 
 Calcium nitrate 
 
 
 95 p. ct. in 10 min. 
 
 
 
 
 Ammonia 
 
 Do 
 
 No effect in 60 min. 
 
 Ammonium bichromate. . . 
 
 Do 
 
 100 p. ct. in less than 
 
 Strontium nitrate . . 
 
 
 30 min. 
 
 Strontium bromide 
 
 Concentrated. . 
 
 100 p. ct. in 30 min. 
 
 Barium chloride 
 
 
 96 p. ct. in 30 min. 
 
 Barium nitrate 
 
 Concentrated 
 
 No effect in 90 min. 
 
 
 
 100 p ct. in 2 min. 
 
 Cobalt nitrate 
 
 
 97 p. ct. in 15 min. 
 
 
 
 
REACTION-INTENSITIES \\nil K.\< H AGENT AND REAGENT. 
 
 161 
 
 i. . 
 
 Copprr iiitr.ii- 
 ; ,c chloride. 
 Uofidc 
 
 Z.nr (ulphn 
 Mvcuric chloride 
 
 t'ruitum nilrttr 
 
 i .:.. 
 
 queou* mluUuo. 
 
 l& got*, in 30 c.e. 
 B cm*, in IS e.c. 
 CoBMBtratod... 
 
 18 gnu. in 40 rr. 
 with 10 cm*, 
 of wncDotuum 
 
 :.: .!. 
 
 Stm^inlOe.e 
 
 Do 
 Do 
 Do. 
 
 Do 
 
 Vaifod oooeentra- 
 
 OHSHIMM. 
 
 Do 
 
 Do 
 
 Do 
 
 of (Urea 
 
 M p. et. in 6 min. 
 100 p. et. in IMS lain 
 
 3 min. 
 
 No affect in 00 min. 
 M p. et. in 3 min. 
 
 0H p. et. in 6 min. 
 No ffwt in 60 min. 
 
 Do. 
 
 Do. 
 
 Do. 
 
 Do. 
 Do. 
 
 Do. 
 Do. 
 Do. 
 Do. 
 
 Many interacting and unexpected peculiarities will 
 ind ii|w>n examination of the foregoing table. For 
 initance, potassium nitrate is inert with the starch of 
 ;i candidutn. while potassium nitrite causes com- 
 ^elatiuization in 1 minute; and while the former 
 .on found i" be inactive with this starch, it is re- 
 'th.-r invi -tijrator* as being active in relation 
 starches <>f Tritirum and Xea. This latter pecu- 
 v is noted in the case of tannic acid. Tin- sul- 
 .utsium and sodium an- very active, but 
 :' calcium is inactive. Strontium nitrate 
 i '.i- |* T i cut of the starch in 3 minutes, while 
 . bromide required 30 minutes for tin- name 
 : hut the corresponding potassium salts showed a 
 -dl of reaction-intensities. Barium chloride is very 
 . hut barium nitrate is inactive; and zinc chloride 
 ulphate show the same characteristics. Sodium 
 and hydrochloric acid when in separate solu- 
 ictive, but sodium chloride is inactive, etc. 
 \ detailed study of the specific properties of the ions 
 ml molecules of these reagents in their relations to the 
 starch molecules in the phenomena of gelatinization, and 
 a!-" in the subsequent disintegration processes, is of 
 prime importance, and not only in the elucidation of 
 the chemistry of the starch molecule, but also in colloidal 
 chemistry in general. Inasmuch, however, a* the funda- 
 of these gelatinization experiment* ha.* 
 ntiation of starches from different sources 
 - of the quantitative ami qualitative reuc- 
 : has been attained without reference 
 natures of the chemical reactions involved, 
 and as detailed study of part* played by the different 
 ions and molecules is therefore needless for the fulfil- 
 ment of the purposes of the investigation and would lead 
 iu far U\ :.<! the limitations of space in this memoir, 
 further -tudy of this nature has been omitted. 
 
 V AIM A BLR RKI.ATIOXBHIM OF THR RFACTIOX-IVT 
 
 TIES A8 REGARDS SAME.VRS8, IXTKRH RDIATRXE88, I 
 
 That we are dealing in the starches from different 
 plant sources with stereoisomera, and not merely with 
 mechanical mixtures of varying proportions of several 
 II 
 
 kind* of starch or with starches that differ lcause of 
 varying impurities, etc., is evidenced by variations ob- 
 served in the reaction-intensity relationships of the 
 parental and hybrid starches with different reagent* 
 (see charts of both A and B series). Were there. f<>r 
 instance, merely mechanical mixtures of varying pro- 
 |Mirtn>n> representing the parental and hybrid starches, 
 respectively, and a given reagent, it might be found that 
 the reactivities are in the order of teed parent, pollen 
 parent, and hybrid, and that if there were used other 
 concentrations of the same reagent, while the reaction- 
 intensities would be increased or decreased, the order of 
 reactivity would not be changed. Moreover, it would 
 be expected that with all reagents the same order of 
 reactivity would be found. It also seems clear, if im- 
 purities played any important part, that when closely 
 related reagent*, such as potassium and sodium hydroxide, 
 are used, while some differences in mean reaction-inten- 
 sity might be expected, there should not be a change in 
 the order of reactivity. The opposite is ,-hown by these 
 charts. Tliun, Charts A 6, A 7, A 8 (chloral-hydrate, 
 chromic-acid, and pyrogallic-acid reactions) of the Ama- 
 ryllig-HriuuiriyiarHningdonna reactions show in the 
 chloral-hydrate reaction that the order of reactivity is 
 lirnn.fdonna tandenr, B. sandene alba, Amaryllis brlla- 
 ilnnna. and Uruiuriijw jotephina, the first two showing 
 a markedly greater reactivity than the second two, and 
 the reactions of the members of each pair being closely 
 alike. In the chromic-acid reactions all four are alike, 
 so that while there is marked differentiation with chloral 
 hydrate there is none with chromic acid. In the pyro- 
 gallic-acid reactions there is somewhat better differen- 
 tiation than in the chloral-hydrate reactions, and also 
 an entire change in the order of reactivities, here the 
 order being Brunsrigia josephintr, Amaryllis belladonna, 
 lininsdonna sandera alba, and B. tandem, the hybrids, 
 as in the chloral-hydrate reactions, being nearly the same, 
 but the parental starches well differentiated from each 
 other; moreover, here the parental starches are more 
 reactive, while in the chloral-hydrate reactions they are 
 less reactive. Corresponding phenomena are observed 
 in instances where the reagents are chemically very 
 closely related, as in the cases of potassium and sodium 
 hydroxide, potassium and sodium sulphide, and mineral 
 acids, which would seem to eliminate the possibility of 
 these changes being due to mechanical mixtures of 
 different starches or to impurities. The Amaryllis 
 sot exhibits with potassium hydroxide no noticeable 
 differences in the reactivities of the four starches, because 
 probably of the great rapidity of gelatinization, and little 
 r \.-ry little difference is found in the reactions with the 
 nitric, sulphuric, and hydrochloric acidx. But with so- 
 dium hydroxide and all of the other reagents, excepting 
 chromic acid, one or more of the reactivities will he 
 found at variance with the others; and, moreover, the 
 relationships of order of reaction-intensity are of the 
 most varied character. Thus, in the sodium hydroxide 
 chart the order of reactivity is Amaryllis belladonna, 
 Bmurigia jotfphinfr, Bruntdonna Mndfrtr alba, and 
 B. sandfrte, which order is entirely different from what 
 is found in the chloral-hydrate and pyrogallic-acid cliarts. 
 Comparing the potassium-sulphide and nodinm-nulphide 
 charts it is seen that in the former the order i- Amaryllis 
 
162 
 
 REACTION-INTENSITIES OF STARCHES. 
 
 
 belladonna, and Brunsdonna sanderos (both the same), 
 Brunsvigia josephinoe, and Brunsdonna sanderw alba; 
 and in the sodium-sulphide chart, Brunsvigia josephince, 
 Amaryllis belladonna, Brunsdonna sanderce, and B. san- 
 derce alba. Viewing the various charts of this set, all 
 sorts of variations in the relative reaction-intensities of 
 these four starches will be found: In some, such as in 
 the charts for chromic acid, potaesium hydroxide, and 
 barium chloride, there are practically or absolutely no 
 differences; the charts for nitric acid, sulphuric acid, 
 and hydrochloric acid show some but not marked differ- 
 ences; the charts for chloral hydrate, potassium iodide, 
 potassium sulphocyanate, and cobalt nitrate show well- 
 defined pairing in all three reactions the parents and 
 the hybrids, respectively, are paired, in the chloral- 
 hydrate reaction the parental pair having the less reac- 
 tivity, while in the potassium-sulphocyanate and cobalt- 
 nitrate reactions the greater reactivity. In other in- 
 stances there may be a single pair, the other two starches 
 differing from this pair and from each other, as in the 
 reactions of pyrogallic acid, potassium sulphide, stron- 
 tium nitrate, cupric chloride, and mercuric chloride; in 
 other instances all four are unlike, as in the charts of 
 sodium hydroxide, sodium sulphide, calcium nitrate, 
 and so on. 
 
 Pairing when present may be confined to either the 
 parents or the hybrids, or there may be pairing of both 
 parents and both hybrids, and in one instance (potas- 
 sium-sulphide chart) Amaryllis and Brunsdonna san- 
 derce are paired, and show distinctly different reaction- 
 intensities from those of the other parent and the other 
 hybrid, which two latter in turn differ markedly. In 
 other words, if any given set of parents and offspring be 
 taken and their reaction-intensities with the different 
 reagents be compared, it will be found that there are 
 not only very marked differences in the average reaction- 
 intensities of the several members with the different rea- 
 gents, but also most remarkable variations in the rela- 
 tive reaction-intensities with these reagents, so that 
 while a given starch may show the highest reactivity of 
 the set with one reagent it may show the least with 
 another, and so on, each starch being capable of reacting 
 in a way independently of the others, so that all possible 
 combinations of varying relationships may occur. This 
 means, of course, that in one reaction the hybrid may 
 be the same as that of the seed parent, in another the same 
 as that of the pollen parent, in another the same as the 
 reactions of both parents, in another intermediate, in 
 another in excess of those of either parents, etc. Each 
 reagent, therefore, has the property of eliciting some 
 definite parental phase. A somewhat detailed considera- 
 tion of this important phenomenon will be taken up in 
 Chapter V. 
 
 VARIATIONS IN THE KEACTION-INTENSITIES AS EE- 
 OABDB HEIGHT, SUM, AND AVERAGE. 
 
 (Table B 1, Chart C 1.) 
 
 The valuations of the reaction-intensities have been 
 based, as has been repeatedly stated, on definite but arbi- 
 trary scales: Those of the reaction-intensities of the 
 polarization, iodine, gentian-violet, and safranin reac- 
 tions on a scale of to 105 ; those of the temperatures 
 of gelatinization on a scale of 40 to 95, and those of the 
 
 reactions with the chemical reagents on a scale that shows 
 in one segment the percentage of total starch gelatinized 
 within 60 minutes, and in another the time of complete 
 or practically complete gelatinization within the same 
 period. Inasmuch as in all three sets the same abscissae 
 are used, and as the scale-values bear in all of the charts 
 the same relationships, the figures of one scale always 
 have a fixed value in relation to given figures of the other 
 scales; hence, if the scale for the polarization reactions 
 were adopted for valuation of all kinds of reactions the 
 values in all cases would be comparable upon a common 
 basis. For purposes of gross comparisons this scale has 
 been divided arbitrarily into 5 parts which are intended 
 to designate very high, high, moderate, low, and very 
 low reactivity, respectively. Thus, any reaction that falls 
 between 80 and 105 (or in the temperature scale 52.5 
 and 42.5 ; or in the chemical reagent scale 25 and 
 minutes), both inclusive, is recorded as being very high; 
 between 60 and less than 80, etc., as being high, etc. 
 Table B 1 gives, in connection with each starch, the num- 
 bers of the 26 reactions that fall under one or another 
 of these divisions; the sum of the individual reaction- 
 intensity values of each starch; and the average of this 
 sum, which latter is obtained by dividing by 2fi. Such 
 data constitute a very satisfactory basis for comparisons 
 of the reaction-intensities of the different starches indi- 
 vidually, generically, and so on, and they are rendered 
 of additional value if they are also reduced to chart 
 form. (Chart C 1.) 
 
 The most conspicuous features of the table and chart 
 are: The close correspondence in the numerical distri- 
 bution of the reaction-intensities (very high, high, mod- 
 erate, low, very low) of the several starches of each set 
 of parents and hybrids and of each generic group, to- 
 gether with the close correspondence of the sum and the 
 average values, except when the set or genus represented 
 contains members of subgenera or subgeneric groups ; and 
 the varying values of the different generic groups. 
 
 It will be seen, for example, in Hippeastrum, in which 
 generic group the parents are closely related, and where 
 consequently there is but little deviation in the reactions 
 of the hybrids from those of the parents, that the 
 figures in each of the columns of the chart for all of the 
 parents and hybrids are in close correspondence, and 
 that the sums and averages of the reaction-intensities are 
 also quite close. The range of these figures in the table 
 for all the starches studied is limited by 2614 (sum) 
 and 100 (average) in Cymbidium lowianum and 525 
 (sum) and 20 (average) in Hcemantlius katherina. Tn 
 the first column (very high reactivities) the figures range 
 from 2 to 4 ; in the second column, from to 3 ; in the 
 third column, from 3 to 5 ; in the fourth column, from 
 3 to 6; in the fifth column, from 11 to 14; in the sixth 
 column, from 748 to 925 ; and in the last column, from 
 29 to 36. These ranges will be found to be within very 
 narrow limits when compared with the figures of the 
 table, as a whole. Such correspondences are also well 
 marked in Nerine, Narcissus, Lilium, Oladiiolus, Tritonia, 
 Phaius, Miltonia, and Cymbidium. On the other hand, 
 when the genus is represented by bigeneric parents or by 
 members of subgenera or subgeneric groups, there may 
 be more or less marked deviations from those found when 
 the parents are monogeneric and not so far separated 
 
HKAl TH>N-l\TKN>rm> \\IMI KAC II A<,r.NT AM) KKA,KM. 
 
 169 
 
 T*ut B 1. Summon of * Reattton-tnlnuiHti and tin .Sum 
 and A* 4wrM ReofJioH-falutt of Uu XtarcJut ./ I'artnt- 
 
 I. . - .:." 
 
 jll'lll. III 
 
 -|>.Mli 
 
 Hwnaathu.1 
 
 Hwnuilhiu unlroawia 
 
 . h 
 
 ... . 
 
 m 
 laicum. 
 
 imj. c. h. .. 
 
 im 
 .ocrfepa. .., 
 
 NhM dainty i 
 
 '..:,, ,..-:. || 
 N^nijr l".wirtil 
 
 e aarn. rar. cor. maj... 
 
 .aboadanM 
 
 : rn. Tmr. eoc. mat . . 
 . curr. rmr. loth. mj 
 . (lory of Mrni* 
 S'*rrim U. (nod moo. . . 
 
 
 > album 
 Ubun maeulatun 
 I.tliuni marhao ........ 
 
 1. ilium mrt*cun 
 
 I . ilium m ft^'il a t um 
 
 UUam dalhaiwoai 
 
 nitrucoa album. 
 
 ipuryi 
 Lttoa burbanki 
 
 In. dank 
 
 Irhpanidaqoanof mar 
 In* nr*. alaa trry 
 Ilk piita var. purpuna. 
 Iru i 
 
 In* | 
 
 I 
 
 .1 
 
 i 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 i :-. 
 IVK 
 IM 
 1437 
 
 --. 
 880 
 
 - 
 M 
 
 m 
 
 626 
 653 
 536 
 636 
 1304 
 
 : m 
 504 
 
 550 
 504 
 UH 
 Ml 
 MM 
 1007 
 2143 
 1003 
 1147 
 1144 
 1190 
 M I 
 1016 
 1051 
 M7 
 1015 
 1001 
 800 
 864 
 038 
 1088 
 2802 
 2651 
 2641 
 :i | 
 2661 
 1MB 
 
 2667 
 
 MM 
 
 2300 
 
 1130 
 IM 
 1181 
 11SO 
 1160 
 1181 
 1166 
 1100 
 1085 
 1S53 
 1033 
 1858 
 
 II 
 
 n 
 
 63.6 
 
 I] 
 
 30.3 
 
 34 
 23 
 
 304 
 30 
 40 
 734 
 
 44 
 
 30 
 
 374 
 
 37 
 
 07 
 
 07 
 
 07 
 
 M 
 
 04.6 
 
 44 
 
 44 
 
 43 
 
 73 
 
 H 
 
 
 i 
 I 
 
 \ 
 
 >: 
 
 1 
 
 Voylow. 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 Gladiolu* eaidinalu 
 
 t 
 
 ., 
 
 
 
 
 17 
 
 AM 
 
 77 
 
 GladioliM Ufcti* 
 
 
 \ 
 
 
 
 
 877 
 
 M 
 
 Gladiolui colvillei . . 
 
 t 
 
 n 
 
 
 
 18 
 
 > { 
 
 t 
 
 Tritonia potuii 
 
 
 s 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 064 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 | 
 
 
 
 M 
 
 741 
 
 H 
 
 
 i 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 060 
 
 <r 
 
 Booia ain. aim. *ear 
 
 IK 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 
 7AAO 
 
 M 
 
 Begonia oeotrana 
 
 A 
 
 -' 
 
 
 
 
 om 
 
 i- 
 
 Bonia mn. heal. 
 
 16 
 
 | 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 2117 
 
 81 
 
 Mua* araoldiaoa 
 
 d 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ?0? 
 
 OA 
 
 Mwapllrtii 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 1811 
 
 no 
 
 Muaahybrida 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 177K 
 
 AA 
 
 I'huiu crmodifoliiM 
 
 1? 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 77' 
 
 Phaiiu wdlirhii 
 
 17 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i n 
 
 81 
 
 
 14 
 
 , 
 
 
 
 
 3006 
 
 81 
 
 Miltonia millaria 
 
 1? 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 I960 
 
 76 
 
 Miltonia raulii 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 
 176A 
 
 A7 
 
 Miltonia blwana 
 
 16 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 
 87 
 
 Cymbidium (osmium 
 
 n 
 
 1 
 
 
 (i 
 
 n 
 
 3614 
 
 ion 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Cymbidium eburneo-lowianum 
 
 21 
 
 1 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 2510 
 
 07 
 
 I 
 
 [I 
 
 27 
 34 
 70 
 77 
 80 
 77 
 00 
 
 M to fall into subgeneric division*, u in the case of the 
 genera just referred to. In the Amaryllii-Rrunfi-iijia 
 set two closely related genera are represented and there 
 is a tendency to higher reactivity of Amaryllix bella- 
 donna than of Bruntvigia josephina, differences being 
 noted especially in the numbers of the very high and the 
 low reactivities, and in the snms and averages. The hy- 
 brids show distinctly lower reactivities, as a whole, than 
 those of either parent, and there is striking identity as 
 regards the distribution of the reaction-jntensities among 
 the several divisions, but there are distinct though not 
 marked differences in both snms and averages, no that 
 while these two starches are not distinguishable from 
 each other by differences in distribution of the reaction- 
 intensities they may be distinguished by the sums and 
 averages of the reaction-intensities. In the Crinnms 
 there are subgeneric groups characterized by tender sod 
 hardy species, the former having a tendency to distinctly 
 lower reactivities than the latter. Each of the hybrids 
 tends to be more closely related in its reaction-intensities 
 to either seed or pollen parent. 
 
 The differences in distribution in the highly reactive 
 species and hybrids are conspicuous especially in the high 
 number of very high reactivities and the low number of 
 the very low reactivities, and for the reverse in the low 
 reactive species and the hybrids. The sums and averages 
 are markedly different in the two groups. In Iftrman- 
 thtu. H. punicftu seems to be representative of a sub- 
 generic group that differs from that of which the other 
 two species belong. In In*, the /. pernca-rindjaren\- 
 pertica var. purpwea set stands distinctly apart from the 
 other three, exhibiting markedly higher reactivities. In 
 Brgonin, B. mcotrana is evidently variant in relation 
 to the other species, and is. an is well known, an excep- 
 tional form of this genus. In MUM there is a very well- 
 marked tendency for higher reactivities of one than of 
 the other parent, which indicate that these species repre- 
 sent some form of generic subdivision. 
 
 
164 
 
 REACTION-INTENSITIES OF STARCHES. 
 
 With these exceptions, the figures for the several 
 members of each group and each genus tend to be distrib- 
 uted among the several divisions in case of each genus 
 with remarkable uniformity, in some genera a conspicu- 
 ously large number falling among the very high, or the 
 very high and high reactions, or the very low, or the very 
 low and low reactivities, and so on. Such differences, of 
 themselves, are usually quite definite in making distinct 
 groups which upon comparison will be found to agree 
 remarkably with botanical classification. Thus Hippeas- 
 trum, Nerine, Gladiolus, and Tritonia are characterized 
 particularly by the relatively large number of reactions 
 that are very low (the number varying in the different 
 genera) and the fairly uniform distribution of the re- 
 maining reactions among the other divisions, chiefly 
 among the moderate and low. In Lilium, Phaius, and 
 Cymbidium the characterization is by the very large 
 number of very high reactions and the fairly uniform 
 distribution of the other reactions among the other 
 divisions, especially generally among the high and mod- 
 erate. In Amaryllis-Brunsvigia, Crinum, Hcemanthus, 
 Iris, Begonia, and Musa variations from these systems 
 may be observed because of certain subgeneric peculiari- 
 ties that have already been referred to. 
 
 These data indicate quite clearly that peculiarities in 
 the distribution of these reaction-intensities are inti- 
 mately related to generic and subgeneric divisions, and 
 that when the distributions in the case of members of a 
 set or of a genus may be alike or nearly alike there may be 
 differences in the sums and averages that are more or less 
 definitely distinctive. For instance, the distribution in 
 Brunsdonna sanderce alba and B. sanderoa is identical, 
 but the sums and averages differ sufficiently to differ- 
 entiate these hybrids. In Nerine, the distributions dif- 
 fer very little ; in some cases the sums and averages are 
 absolutely or practically identical, and in others they 
 differ within small to very narrow limits. Under such 
 conditions positive identification of different members 
 of the group can not satisfactorily be made. Correspond- 
 ing conditions are found in relation to intergeneric dif- 
 ferentiation. Thus, the distributions in Flippeastrum 
 and Nerine are closely the same, and were dependence 
 placed upon this feature to distinguish genera it would 
 naturally be concluded that the genera are alike; but 
 upon a careful examination of the two sets of figures it 
 will be found that in Hippeastrum there is a manifest 
 tendency for a shifting of the reaction-intensities toward 
 the very low reactivity end, and in Nerine in the same 
 direction, but to a slightly less degree, so that in the final 
 summing up the sums and averages in the former fall 
 lower than in the latter in Hippeastrum, ranging from 
 748 to 925 and 29 to 36, respectively; and in Nerine 
 from 869 to 1199 and 33 to 46, respectively. In Glad- 
 iolus and Tritonia, very closely related genera, the dis- 
 tribution closely corresponds to the preceding groups in 
 the several respects referred to. On the other hand, 
 Lilium and Cymbidium, while in general very closely alike 
 in distribution, sum, and average are very markedly 
 different from all other groups. Phaius values bear a close 
 resemblance to the figures of Lilium and Cymbidium. 
 Iris in its first three sets stands apart from all other 
 genera in the manner of distribution of the reaction- 
 intensities, yet the sums and averages are close to but 
 
 somewhat less than in Nerine. In other word?, different 
 genera may or may not exhibit distinctive peculiarities in 
 the distribution, sum, and average of the reaction-inten- 
 sities. The value of suuh data seems to lay particularly 
 in showing that members of a genus that are not ?o 
 differentiated as to fall into subgeneric divisions tend to 
 exhibit a method of distribution of the reaction-intensities 
 according to a definite system, which system is composed 
 of the averages of the number of very high, high, moder- 
 ate, low, and very low reaction-intensities, of the average 
 of the sum of the reaction-intensities, and of the average 
 of the latter. For comparative purposes the system repre- 
 sented by Hippeastrum, Iris (first three sets), and Lilium 
 may be taken because they show different types : 
 
 
 Hippe- 
 astrum. 
 
 Iris. 
 
 Lilium. 
 
 Very high 
 
 2.8 
 
 2 7 
 
 20 
 
 High 
 
 1.8 
 
 2.6 
 
 2.7 
 
 
 3 7 
 
 76 
 
 3.1 
 
 Low 
 
 5 
 
 g 
 
 0.2 
 
 Very low 
 
 12.8 
 
 5.1 
 
 
 
 Sum 
 
 836. 
 
 1,160. 
 
 2,447. 
 
 Average 
 
 31. 
 
 44. 
 
 94. 
 
 
 
 
 
 If the figures for any given member of any one of the 
 genera represented be compared with the figures for the 
 genus, it will be found that those for the corresponding 
 columns differ, if at all, only within narrow limits. Thus), 
 in case of Hippeastrum the figure in the first column 
 of this table and chart is 2.8, while the figures for the 
 nine starches represented in this genus vary between 2 
 and 5 ; in the last column the figure is 12.8, while the 
 range for all of these starches is from 11 to 14. The sum 
 is 836, and the range from 748 to 925. The average is 
 31, and the range from 29 to 36. And so on with 7ns 
 and Lilium. When, however, there are subgeneric 
 groups there may be as many types as there are groups, 
 as is well illustrated by instances referred to. 
 
 Obviously, the method of differentiating genera, sub- 
 generic groups, species, hybrids, and varieties by such 
 a system has its limitations, not because of the failure 
 of the data per se, but because of the faultiness of the 
 method of formulating the data. This is manifest, for 
 instance, in Hippeastrum and Nerine, in which the data 
 as tabulated indicate very closely related genera or even 
 subgenera, yet these genera, although belonging to the 
 same family, are well separated and are no't confounded 
 by the botanist. When, however, the data are presented 
 in other forms, as in other tables and charts, the genera 
 are as markedly differentiated from each other, and the 
 members of each genus from each other, as they are by 
 the data of the systematist. Finally, it is of interest 
 to note that in summing up these averages intermediate- 
 ness of the hybrid is not the rule, the tendency beinsj 
 more frequently for the hybrid values to exceed or fall 
 below those of the parents than to be intermediate. 
 
 AVERAGE TEMPERATURES OF GELATINIZATION COMPARED 
 WITH THE AVERAGE REACTION-INTENSITIES. 
 
 (Table B 2, Chart B 42) 
 
 During the progress of the research it was found that 
 the temperatures of gelatinization bore varying relation- 
 ships to the average reaction-intensities, as a whole, of 
 different members of certain sets, different sets, and dif- 
 
Kl \( 1U'\-I\ II v-lllK- \\llll KACII AGENT AND REAGENT. 
 
 TAMJI B a. C<mMmM(. 
 
 It,;, 
 
 Ti* B 2. T*MFI 
 
 HATl-RM Of 
 
 GBLATIMK 
 
 ri.is-. 
 
 
 
 lum . 
 
 * 
 
 rain*. 
 
 ID all .. r 
 . 
 allofUt* 
 grain*. 
 
 M . 
 ..( 
 
 latl.r 
 
 Aw 
 
 a* 
 
 
 70 to 71* 
 
 724 l. 
 
 . 
 
 
 ,.. 
 
 OS 66 
 
 70 
 
 
 
 UfVaMtftcMUM Mltti- kll>A 
 
 70 71 
 70 714 
 
 714 
 7J 724 
 
 ...... 
 
 72.76 
 
 71.18 
 
 HippMitnim uun 
 
 74 75 
 
 77 77.6 
 
 
 
 
 71 73 
 
 73 74 
 
 734 
 
 74 t? 
 
 .(rum 1 1 1 n n ointniai 
 
 
 73 74 
 
 734 
 
 
 
 73 74 
 
 76 76 
 
 764 
 
 
 
 71 73 
 
 73 74 
 
 734 
 
 nA 
 
 ..(rum a**uU.-pyrn . . 
 
 70 
 734 74 
 
 n 73 
 
 74 76 
 
 724 
 744 
 
 
 
 73 
 
 73 76 
 
 74 
 
 73 7 
 
 
 
 72 73 
 
 724 
 
 
 HaMWBtaua kalberina- 
 Hamaolhiu manincuii 
 llamianthiu andrucucda 
 HainiHhthui kathrrinai . . . 
 
 79 80 
 77 77.4 
 764 80 
 7V 80 
 
 89 84 
 78 79 
 M 82 
 
 -i 
 
 784 
 814 
 
 81 
 
 
 77 79 
 
 -l 824 
 
 81.76 
 
 
 lUm.nthu. ktai albert 
 
 - 
 06 70 
 
 824 84 
 70 71 
 
 704 
 
 
 
 77 
 
 79 80 
 
 794 
 
 - 
 
 Crlaum bybndum j c 
 
 *^_* . l^fcM^M 
 
 78 80 
 77 78 
 
 
 79 HO 
 
 n 
 
 : , 
 
 
 Criaum loaatfolfaiai 
 
 70 71 
 
 74 76 
 
 744 
 
 774 
 
 ( MI.JH. kir i-.- 
 
 76 70 
 
 77 79 
 
 78 
 
 
 I nnum ImigHolluaa 
 
 70 71 
 
 74 76 
 
 744 
 
 
 . 
 
 68 70 
 
 70 71 
 
 704 
 
 71.2 
 
 ( tn.ur. i-..,l I 
 
 66 67 
 
 08 69 
 
 
 
 N. . 
 
 64 66 
 
 70 714 
 
 707 
 
 
 Nrrine decani 
 
 084 70 
 
 76 76.9 
 
 76.9 
 
 
 Nmne daiuty mm 1 
 
 69 704 
 
 724 734 
 
 73.2 
 
 72.9 
 
 Nerioe queen of roaaf 
 
 68 W.I 
 
 71 724 
 
 71.9 
 
 
 . 
 
 67.6 67 . 
 
 74 76 
 
 744 
 
 
 Mm. var. ear. maj. . 
 Strut* (uo(r . . . 
 
 70 71 
 6&X 60.1 
 
 70 784 
 70.9 71 
 
 7H.4 
 
 . .-. 
 
 74.8 
 
 
 69 69.0 
 
 73.9 744 
 
 74.3 
 
 
 Ncnae tun. var. cor. maj. 
 rurv vr (oth. maj. 
 
 70 71 
 68.1 60 
 70 72 
 
 70 78.8 
 73.2 74.3 
 764 77 
 
 78.4 
 734 
 70.4 
 
 76.2 
 
 u poetioue oraat 
 
 73 74 
 67 69 
 
 77 78 
 71 73 
 
 77.8 
 
 
 a* poetieas herriek.. . 
 .u. porticu* dnt* . . 
 Nareieea* lm. grand roon. . . 
 
 09 71 
 71.2 73.1 
 73 76 
 73 74 
 
 70 78 
 74 70 
 70 77 
 
 77 78 
 
 77 
 76 
 704 
 774 
 
 764 
 734 
 
 
 73 76 
 
 70 77 
 
 764 
 
 
 NarrieMM gloria muodi 
 
 71 72 A 
 
 74 76 
 
 744 
 
 
 u poetiru* oraatiu. 
 ManlanM ftary rrnai 
 
 73 74 
 71 72 
 
 77 78 
 734 744 
 
 774 
 74 
 
 76 
 
 NiMaaiii telMamihai plea. 
 
 70 
 73 74 
 
 73 76 
 
 77 78 
 
 74 
 
 774 
 
 758 
 
 < doubloon 
 
 71.2 73 
 
 78 77 
 
 76 
 
 
 <u* princrw mar 
 
 70 72 
 67 60 
 
 74 76 
 71 73 
 
 76 
 
 7 
 
 74 2 
 
 N,, ....;. . r ,.,. i 
 
 71 73 
 
 74.6 70 
 
 75.7 
 
 
 
 694 71 
 
 73 74 
 
 73.6 
 
 
 ae paeUru* paeUr. . . 
 Naratame will erartrt 
 
 69 71 
 694 71.9 
 
 71 73 
 72 74 
 
 73 
 
 724 
 
 
 70.2 72 
 
 73 76 
 
 71 
 
 
 
 694 71 
 
 73 74 
 
 734 
 
 74.2 
 
 *n bicolor apricot 
 v ir-ienM empnw 
 
 71 724 
 70 71 
 
 74 76 
 73 74 
 
 75 
 734 
 
 
 nualbicane 
 
 70.2 
 
 73 78 
 
 74 
 
 73.9 
 
 
 70 72 
 
 7S4 76 
 
 74.26 
 
 
 NarcMM veardale perfect 
 
 68 69 
 70 72 
 
 73 74 
 
 72 74 
 73.8 76 
 
 76 :: 
 
 73 
 74,26 
 76 
 
 744 
 
 . 
 
 67 084 
 
 72 73 
 
 
 
 
 70 72 
 
 734 78 
 
 ' i 
 
 | ' 
 
 NarcMo* lord roberla 
 
 M 09.4 
 
 73 744 
 
 73.75 
 
 
 
 70 71.2 
 70 7t 
 
 744 76 
 73 78 
 
 ' ' 
 74 
 
 744 
 
 Narriaeua aOMB V"TW 
 
 70 71* 
 09 71 
 
 734 76 
 74 784 
 
 744 
 7443 
 
 
 mtriaDdrwalbw.. 
 NifflMi i. 1. bnuwtt poe . 
 
 70 71 
 04 044 
 
 73 76 
 09 71 
 
 74 
 70 
 
 724 
 
 
 In majority 
 
 la all or 
 
 practically 
 all of the 
 graina. 
 
 M , 
 
 Arer- 
 
 ! 
 
 1 1 
 
 67 
 66 
 62 
 67 
 
 62 
 69 
 63 
 
 67 
 01.2 
 68 
 47 
 04 
 09 
 70 
 N 
 
 70 
 M 
 70 
 71 
 
 n 
 
 M 
 
 034 
 044 
 83 
 
 ;.. 
 78 
 73 
 78 
 74 
 07 
 79 
 07 
 00 
 79 
 04 
 GO 
 79 
 
 64 
 
 79 
 
 75 
 74 
 74 
 GO 
 64 
 
 68 
 
 64 
 64 
 70 
 74 
 
 ' 
 68 
 58 
 
 61 
 74 
 
 72 
 71 
 72 
 70 
 72 
 
 61 
 
 68 
 68 
 04 
 68 
 
 MM 
 
 63 
 01 
 54.4 
 
 01 
 
 68.7 
 03 
 004 
 484 
 
 ,,. 
 
 70 
 71.6 
 71 
 70 
 72 
 70 
 72 
 78 
 70 
 06 
 68 
 66 
 -l ' 
 78 
 80 
 78 
 
 H 
 
 70 
 684 
 80 
 09 
 01 
 80 
 05.6 
 014 
 tj 
 
 00 
 
 064 
 80 
 04 
 70 
 76 
 70 
 01 
 
 07 
 00 
 
 06 
 00 
 
 71 
 70 
 71 
 OO 
 694 
 
 03 
 70 
 
 74 
 72 
 74 
 72 
 
 74 
 
 02 04 
 
 60 62 
 69 60 
 00.6 ON.3 
 00 02 
 03 04 
 66.0 60 
 . 
 67 68.7 
 03 04 
 60 62 
 034 67 
 61 63 
 61 62 
 67 684 
 71 724 
 73.2 76 
 72 74 
 71 724 
 74 76 
 70 72 
 74 76 
 76 75.K 
 73 74.6 
 68 70 
 00 07 
 08 70 
 84 80 
 78 79 
 82 83 
 76 77.5 
 80 82 
 76 78 
 70 72 
 81 81.8 
 71 72 
 62 64 
 81 814 
 06 68 
 
 81 814 
 67 69 
 67 084 
 81 814 
 08 09 
 77 784 
 70 77 
 70 78 
 044 064 
 HJ M 
 09 70 
 68 69 
 67 68 
 00 68 
 73 74 
 70 77 
 72 74 
 62 63 
 68 004 
 
 07 08 
 
 78 77 
 74 78 
 73 74 
 74 76 
 70 78 
 70 77 
 
 . 
 
 01 
 
 69.6 
 07.4 
 61 
 63.9 
 66.8 
 
 
 1 | 
 
 61 
 MJI 
 
 62 
 61.5 
 67.76 
 71.75 
 74.1 
 73 
 71.76 
 76 
 71 
 76 
 76.4 
 73.75 
 09 
 | 
 
 86 
 784 
 
 70.76 
 81 
 77 
 71 
 Ml 
 714 
 03 
 81.4 
 07 
 02.75 
 81.4 
 08 
 074 
 81.4 
 08.6 
 77.7 
 704 
 77 
 05 
 08.4 
 W.71 
 
 074 
 07 
 734 
 704 
 73 
 024 
 08.76 
 
 074 
 70 
 744 
 724 
 744 
 77 
 704 
 
 014 
 04.1 
 68.9 
 034 
 
 00.4 
 72.9 
 724 
 744 
 08.2 
 82 
 78.2 
 74.9 
 704 
 71.7 
 72.0 
 77.1 
 07.7 
 07.7 
 74.7 
 66.2 
 
 744 
 70 
 
 1 ill i ii &rul 1 Hi 
 
 UUlItt) HlJLrtaKU'l 
 
 
 
 UJiutu dalbMMoai 
 
 
 n nmiiiaKi.il album .... 
 
 1 kill m r II * 
 
 Uliimi ralKiidum 
 
 Lilium tcetaceum 
 
 
 Lilium parry i 
 
 Lilium burbanki 
 
 IrUiberica 
 
 IrU trojana 
 
 IrUiamali 
 
 IrUiberica 
 
 IrU eengialti 
 
 IrU donk 
 
 IrU cengialti 
 
 IrU pallida queen of may . . . 
 IrU mm. alan grey 
 
 IrU peniea Tar. purpurea. . . 
 IrU aindjareneU 
 
 IrU punind 
 
 Uladiolui cardinalU 
 
 GUdiolui trUtU 
 
 Gladiolui oolvillei 
 
 Tri tonia pottati 
 
 Tritonia erocoamU aurea 
 Tritonia croeoemvflora 
 Baton ia aing. crim. arar .... 
 Begonia eocotnna 
 
 Begonia mra. heal 
 
 Begonia doub. light roee 
 Begonia aoeotrana 
 
 Begonia encign 
 
 Begonia double white 
 
 
 
 Begonia doub. deep roee. . . . 
 
 it. jj. .Jll | ..I]''' ,-H^ 
 
 Richardia albo-maeulata . . . 
 
 Hirliarilia rlliottiana 
 
 Hicliardia ram. rooatrelt.. . . 
 MUM arnoldiana 
 
 MUM gilMii 
 
 MUM hybrida 
 
 Phaiui grandifoliua 
 
 Phaiui wallichii 
 
 Phaiui hyliridui 
 
 
 
 
 Cyrnliiditim lowianum . . . 
 
 
 Cymbtdium rlmrneo-lowia- 
 
 Calanthe roeea 
 
 ( 'alaatbe Teat. Tar. rab.-oe. . 
 Calanthe reitohii 
 
 Calantbe Teat. Tar. rab.-oe. . 
 Calantbe regnieri 
 
 Calanthe hryan 
 
 
 Average mean temperature of gelatiniiation ot U seed parent- 
 
 tocki 
 
 Arena* mean Utnperalure of t*latinUation of the poUco- 
 
 parant etoefca . 73.08* 
 
 tenpenture of elatinisation of the hybrid- 
 
 7263* 
 
166 
 
 REACTION-INTENSITIES OP STARCHES. 
 
 ferent genera, the reaction being in some instances 
 higher, or lower, or the same, or about the same, as the 
 average reaction-intensity. In comparing the data of 
 different genera, species, or hybrids, it was usually found 
 that the two tend to fall and rise together in other 
 words, that if in one set the average mean temperature 
 of gelatinization and the average reaction-intensity is at 
 a given standard and if in the next set the temperature 
 is higher, the average reaction-intensity will be higher, 
 although the quantitative relationship between the two 
 may vary; but one may rise and the other fall, and so 
 on. The varying relationships of these two sets of reac- 
 tions will be seen by comparing the records in Table B 2 
 and Chart B 42. Strictly equivalent values in the two 
 cases are not given because the scales are different and 
 arbitrary. The range of temperature reactions are in- 
 cluded between 51.5 (Lilium parryi) and 83.25 
 (Hcemanthus konig albert), representing a range of only 
 about three-fifths of the scale, while in the reaction-inten- 
 sities, as a whole, the entire scale is included ; hence, it 
 follows that strictly comparative values of the excursions 
 of the temperature curve should be amplified two-fifths. 
 This fault, however, does not interfere with the gross 
 comparisons sought. Taking the two averages for the 
 Amaryllis-brunsvigia-brunsdonna group as a starting- 
 point, it will be observed that there is a well-marked sepa- 
 ration of the two curves and that the temperature curve 
 is the lower. Both curves fall in Hippeastrum, the tem- 
 perature curve less than the other, and there is an inver- 
 sion of the positions of the two curves, the temperature 
 curve now being the higher. In Hcemanthus both curves 
 are still lower, both being close in the first set but well 
 separated and again reversed in the second set, the tem- 
 perature curve now being the lower as in Amaryllis- 
 brunsvigia-brunsdonna. This last crossing is due to pe- 
 culiarities, several times referred to, of Hcemanthus 
 puniceus. In Crinum both curves rise and undergo a 
 marked separation in the last set, the temperature curve 
 remaining in all three sets lower and changed to a less 
 degree than the other curve. In Nerine both curves fall 
 and approximate. In Narcissus the reaction-intensity 
 curve remains at the same level as in the last set of 
 Nerine, but the temperature curve rises to a point slightly 
 above the reaction-intensity curve. In all of the follow- 
 ing generic groups the temperature curve falls below 
 the other curve, the degree being very variable, and the 
 range of variability far in excess of what can be accounted 
 for by error of calibration above referred to. 
 
 These average differences do not begin to bring out 
 or even indicate the extent and kind of these variations 
 that are found when the data for members of different 
 sets are compared. For instance, in Amaryllis-bruns- 
 vigia-brunsdonna the temperatures of gelatinization are 
 nearly the same, the maximum difference being only 
 1.75, but the reaction-intensities vary between 76 and 
 52, the temperatures for Amaryllis and Rrunsdonna san- 
 derce being practically absolutely the same, while the 
 reaction-intensity averages are 76 and 55, respectively 
 a wide difference. In other words, there may be no dif- 
 ference in the temperature of gelatinization, but a wide 
 difference in reaction-intensities. In the Crinum longi- 
 folium-moorei-powellii set, C. poiveTlii has the lowest tem- 
 perature of gelatinization, but the highest average 
 reaction-intensity. In 7ns, in the first three sets the 
 
 temperatures are uniformly higher than in the fourth 
 set, but the relative reaction-intensities are the opposite, 
 they being very much lower in the first three sets than 
 in the last set, and the difference is proportionately far 
 more marked than in the temperatures of gelatiuization. 
 In Begonia, in B. socotrana the temperature of gela- 
 tinization is very much higher than in the other members 
 of the genus represented, but the reaction-intensity is 
 very decidedly lower. On the other hand, in Hippeas- 
 trum the temperatures of gelatinization and average 
 reaction-intensities are in both cases very closely alike. 
 In Hcemanthus katherince the temperature of gelatiniza- 
 tion is distinctly higher than in PI. magnificus, but with 
 the average reaction-intensity, although there is a tend- 
 ency, on the whole, for a starch that has a high tem- 
 perature of gelatinization to have a corresponding 
 reaction-intensity. 
 
 In comparing the data of this table it is worthy 
 of note that while there may be evidence in some reaction 
 of a grouping of genera and of subgeneric divisions 
 there may not be in others. For instance, the tempera- 
 ture of gelatinization of the members of two genera may 
 be close, as in the case of Hippeastrum and Nerine, but 
 the sum and average reaction-intensities may be dis- 
 tinctly different; or the temperatures may more or less 
 distinctly individualize the genus, as in the case of 
 Lilium; or they may individualize subgeneric groups, 
 as in Iris, in which the first three sets and the last set 
 stand distinctly apart from each other. While it may 
 not be possible positively to recognize a genus upon the 
 basis of temperature of gelatinization and average reac- 
 tion-intensitiy, it is at least possible to state that it may 
 be this or that genus or positively that it can not be a 
 certain genus. For instance, having the data for Hip- 
 peastrum and Nerine, it could perhaps not be stated 
 conclusively which is which, although there is evident 
 differentiation ; but neither could possibly be confounded 
 with Amaryllis-brunsvigia, Lilium, Iris, Musa, Phaius, 
 Miltonia, or Cymbidium; nor could Lilium be mistaken 
 for Iris or for any other genus with the exception, 
 possibly, of Cymbidium. Lilium and Cymbidium are 
 very widely separated genera, one belonging to Liliacese 
 and the other to Orchidacea;, and there should be a wide 
 difference in the sum-total of their reactivities, but the 
 reason why they are not here so differentiated is owing 
 to their great sensitivity to the chemical reagents. So 
 far as the temperature of gelatinization is concerned, it is 
 well established that starches obtained from very remote 
 plant sources may have the same temperature of gela- 
 tinization, which peculiarity applies also to every rea- 
 gent, both of which being in accord with what is to be 
 expected of stereoisomers. On the other hand, they may 
 exhibit differences, which vary in degree with different 
 reagents. Hence, it follows that the starches are to be 
 distinguished from each other by the collective pecu- 
 liarities of each starch compared with those of other 
 starches. 
 
 2. VELOCITY-REACTIONS WITH DIFFEKENT 
 REAGENTS. 
 
 (Charts D 1 to D 691.) 
 
 In the preceding section it was shown, among various 
 conspicuous phenomena, that different starches exhibit a 
 wide range of reaction-intensities with a given agrnt or 
 
KEACTION-INTENS1TM :> \\ini KM H AGENT AND REAGENT. 
 
 167 
 
 reagent ; that the reactions of a given starch may vary 
 
 with ilittVrent agenU and reagents within wide iimiU; 
 
 that there U a manifest tendency to groupings of reac- 
 
 t>on-inteiiMties of different starches that are, on the 
 
 whole, very closely in harmony with tin- plant groupings 
 
 iif the systematic; that the most ranahlu relationships 
 
 U'twevn the Htarches in their reaction-intensities, 
 
 as regard* sameness, intermediateneM, excess and delicit 
 
 :i-intcn>ity ile\cl"pineiit of the hyhrid in rela- 
 
 tiiin t thi- reactions of thr parent*; ami that tho ditTer- 
 
 enoea in the reaction* are conditioned l.v differences of the 
 
 tarch niulei ulc. l>y the characters of the agents, and by 
 
 ular ctin.tituti"ii and concentration of the reagents. 
 
 imparative ttudie* of the reactions with the chemi- 
 
 .1 r. H.-eiit.- have as their sole basis values that are ex- 
 
 pressed in t. rms of percentage of atarch gelatinized in 
 
 60 minutes or leas. There waa no note regarding dif- 
 
 t-s that were recorded in the comparative percent- 
 
 ages of the entire number of grains and total starch 
 
 gelatinized at definite time-intervals, and only the most 
 
 :1 references were made to peculiarities observed 
 
 in the progress of curves of the reactions from period 
 
 l>oth of these features are found to be of 
 
 importance, alone and in conjunction with the 
 
 :tgs presented in the foregoing sections, in the de- 
 
 termination of generic, species, varietal, parental, and 
 
 hybrid peculiarities of starches. The reaction-intensi- 
 
 f different starches with different reagents recorded 
 
 in Cart II, Chapter I, include the percentages of both 
 
 .tire grains and total starch gelatinized at definite 
 
 intervals. The data of the total starch gelatinized 
 
 een tabulated in Section 3 of each of the Compari- 
 
 sons of the Stan lies of the Parent- and Hyhrid-Stocks 
 
 in Chapter III, and they are here presented with few 
 
 unimportant exceptions in the form of Charts D 1 to 
 
 i which admirably exhibit both intensity and 
 
 *$ of the reactions, and render comparisons of the 
 
 f both starches and reagents very satisfactory. 
 
 I charts (Charts I) 635 to D 691) have been 
 
 laced to show the relationships between the per- 
 
 centages of entire grains and total starch gelatinized at 
 
 given MM. -intervals. There will also be found among 
 
 .tftti, LUium, and Begonia a few charts that show 
 
 differences between these percentages, and a few addi- 
 
 tional charts to bring out certain generic peculiarities. 
 
 These charts are so very numerous and the curves so 
 
 ':n-ly \arie<l that detailed descriptions and coro- 
 
 na are rendered impracticable because of necessary 
 
 itions of space, although it will be perfectly mam- 
 
 ifter even a superficial survey, that the recalls of 
 
 such a study would prove of great value in many direc- 
 
 tion* much that is of more than mere passing 
 
 interest, value and suggeativeneM can be brought out by 
 
 even casual examination. 
 
 I'KRCEXTAOR or TOTAL STARCH GKLATIXIZED AT 
 DEFINITE 
 
 (Chart* D 1 to D 034.) 
 
 The curves of total starch gelatinized vary widely 
 and the number and forms of types recognized are purely 
 arhitranr. In some instances the curre is nearly or 
 absolutely rectilinear, but in moat cases it U circnmli'm ar 
 and varied, but suggestive usually of an ellipse, hyperbola 
 
 or parabola or some modification of one of the three. 
 The rectilinear curves are presented in the form of three 
 type* or what may tentatively be regarded as three modi fi- 
 ns or forms of a single type: 
 
 (a) A form that is characterized by an immediate, 
 very rapid and continually rapid rise of the curve at an 
 angle approximating about 1" to 2 with the verti- 
 cal, thus representing a complete or practically com- 
 plete gelatinization in 1 or 2 minutes. This curve 
 should probably be cm-unilinear inasmuch as it is likely 
 that during equal increment* of time larger increments 
 "f the HUn-h are gelatinized during the earlier than later 
 periods of the reactions, but the time-intervals here are 
 too short for such determinations. This belief is sup- 
 ported by the fact that when the reactions of the aame 
 starch but with a weakened reagent are somewhat less 
 rapid, as when complete gelatinization occurs at the end 
 of 5 minutes, this variation is noted and the circumlinear 
 character of the curve is quite marked, the increments 
 of gelatinized starch falling very rapidly and dispro- 
 portionately after the first minute. This form of curve 
 is illustrated in the Amaryllii-Krurutvigia-Brurudonna 
 group in the reactions with nitric acid, sulphuric acid, 
 hydrochloric acid, and potassium hydroxide (Charts 1) 4, 
 D 5, D 6, and I) 7). It will be seen that in fome of the 
 reactions the line is straight and in others curved. 
 
 (6) Another form of the rectilinear type presents a 
 curve that is almost if not entirely rectilinear, but having 
 an inclination that rarely is less than an angle of 80" 
 with the vertical, which is equivalent to a maximum of 
 approximately 15 per cent of the total starch gelatinized 
 in 60 minutes. This form of curre is associated usually 
 with weak gelatinizing reagents and exceptionally re- 
 sistant starches. It will very frequently be found in the 
 study of these charts that while a given starch may show 
 such a curve with one reagent, a curve of the first form 
 or of an entirely different type may be exhibited with 
 another reagent. Such a curve is well typified in the reac- 
 tions of Brwwdonna tandera alba with sodium sulphide, 
 cobalt nitrate, cupric chloride, barium chloride, and mer- 
 curic chloride (Charts D 12, D 17, D 19, D 20, D 21). 
 
 (e) A third form of the rectilinear curve links in its 
 varied positions the first and third forms, and were it not 
 that the first two forms are very common and the third 
 form relatively rare, there would be no good reason for 
 the recognition of three forms. This form is illustrated 
 in the reactions of Hrunsrigia josephina with mercuric 
 chloride (Chart D21), of Crinum Icircape with sodium 
 sulphide (Chart D 159), and of N trine bowdeni with 
 uranium nitrate (Chart D 225). 
 
 The circumlinear type of curves is divisible into three 
 forms: 
 
 (a) One form shows that gelatinizatinn begins and 
 proceeds rapidly, there being progressively or practically 
 progressively decreasing increments of starch gelatinized 
 with additional increments of time. This form is illus- 
 trated in the reactions of Amaryllu belladonna with 
 sodium sulphide (Chart 1)12). This form of curve is 
 very common, perhaps the most common of all. An 
 examination of this aerie* of charts (Charts Dl to 
 D 634) will elicit most varied and modified gradations in 
 both directions from what may properly be regarded as 
 a true hyperbolic form. 
 

 168 
 
 REACTION-INTENSITIES OF STARCHES. 
 
 (6) Another form is an inversion of the latter, gela- 
 tinization proceeding very slowly at first and then in- 
 creasing with additional increments of time. Such 
 curves are illustrated in the reactions of Brunsdonna 
 sanderce alba with uranium nitrate (Chart D 15), of 
 Hippeastrum pyrrha with nitric acid (Chart D46), of 
 Crinum kircape with strontium nitrate (Chart D 163), 
 and of Nerine sarniensis var. corusca major and N. 
 giantess with potassium sulphocyanate (Chart D219). 
 In this form there is a tendency to a continuously in- 
 creasing increment of starch gelatinized with increasing 
 increments of time. 
 
 (c) A third form, and one that is frequently ob- 
 served, shows reactions that begin relatively or absolutely 
 slowly, followed by progressively increasing reaction, and 
 this in turn by progressively decreasing reaction, with 
 additional increments of time, thus giving a curve that 
 approximates the form of the letter /. Such a curve is 
 typified in the reactions of all f our starches of the Amaryl- 
 lis-Brunsvigia-Brunsdonna group with chloral hydrate 
 (Chart D 1), and in one or more of these starches with 
 chromic acid, pyrogallic acid, potassium iodide, calcium 
 nitrate, and copper nitrate (Charts D 2, D 8, I) 14, and 
 D 18). This curve is a modification of the first form 
 of the circumlinear type, the modification being brought 
 about chiefly by a relatively marked early resistance of 
 the grains to the reagent. The duration of the period 
 and the degree of resistance are very variable. In some 
 instances there is merely a suggestion of resistance ; and 
 in others resistance is very marked in both degree and 
 duration ; and in others various intermediate gradations 
 and variations. Thus, in the reactions of Amaryllis 
 belladonna and Brunsvigia Josephines with cobalt nitrate 
 (Chart D 17) there is only slight evidence of this early 
 resistance, while in the Brunsdonna sanderce alba and 
 B. sanderce reactions the resistance is very marked (Chart 
 D 2), in the latter instance there being only 3 and 1 per 
 cent respectively of the total starch gelatinized in 5 min- 
 utes; while 77 and 79 per cent, respectively, was gela- 
 tinized during the succeeding 10 minutes. In the 
 chromic-acid reactions of the Nerine crispa-elegans- 
 dainty maid-queen of roses group this period lasts in all 
 four starches for 15 minutes, followed by a rapid gela- 
 tinization, giving a well-marked / form of curve. While 
 all four starches may show this resistance with one rea- 
 gent, one or all may not with others, and the degree and 
 duration of the resistance may either or both be quite 
 variable. Thus, in the chloral-hydrate reactions, two of 
 the starches show slight early resistance, and two not any 
 (Chart D 190) ; in the potassium-sulphocyanate reactions 
 all four show a resistant period, two for 5 minutes, and so 
 on. The inclination of this form of curve is very varia- 
 ble, in some instances, being less than 30 (Chart D 2) ; 
 in others, about 50 (Chart D 1), in others about 80 
 (Chart D 18) ; and in others, between or beyond these 
 extremes, the less the angle the less rapid, as a whole, is 
 the process of gelatinization. 
 
 Curves are not infrequently found which do not pur- 
 sue a uniform rectilinear or curvilinear course, so that 
 they are not classifiable among the forms stated. In 
 other words, they appear to be at times erratic in their 
 courses. For instance, in the reactions of Brunsdonna 
 sanderce with sodium sulphide (Chart D 12) the curve 
 
 during the first 15 minutes appears like a segment of the 
 / form, but between the 15-minute and 45-minute inter- 
 vals the curve drops instead of rises. In the sodium- 
 hydroxide reactions with Brunsdonna sanderce alba 
 (Chart D 11), it seems from the courses of the curves of 
 the other starches shown in the chart that the curve 
 should have risen decidedly more by the end of the 15- 
 minute interval, impinging at perhaps the 30 per cent ab- 
 scissa instead of at the 16. In some instances these seem- 
 ing or actual aberrations in the progress of gelatinization 
 may be due to errors of experiment that are attributable 
 to errors of estimation or to variations in attendant con- 
 ditions ; but in most and probably in nearly all instances 
 they are owing to peculiarities, molecular or physical, of 
 the starch grains, as is indicated by the occurrence of 
 identical or practically identical records when experi- 
 ments have been repeated, even under varying incidental 
 conditions. 
 
 The curves of gelatinization of the starches consti- 
 tuting a parental-hybrid group tend usually to divergence 
 in their courses during the early part of the reactions, 
 and when a definite position-relationship (highest, inter- 
 mediate, same or lowest) is once established it is com- 
 monly retained throughout the courses of the curves, but 
 the degree of separation may be very variable, usually in- 
 creasing for a variable period and then decreasing or 
 increasing, more frequently decreasing. In some in- 
 stances there is little or no difference between two or 
 more of the curves of the group during an early period of 
 the experiment, the length of which period being varia- 
 ble, this period being followed by variable degree of 
 divergence ; and in other instances, while divergence may 
 be marked during the early and mid-periods of experi- 
 ment, there may be sameness during the final period, and 
 so on. 'Crossing of curves is occasionally observed, but 
 recrossing is very rare. Such peculiarities as are here 
 indicated are illustrated in large part by the Amaryllis- 
 Brunsvigia-Brunsdonna reactions (Charts D 1 to D 21). 
 In most of these charts (excepting those in which gela- 
 tinization is very rapid or very slow) there occurs pri- 
 marily divergence and secondarily convergence. In 
 Chart D 21 there is practically divergence from begin- 
 ning to end of reaction. Charts belonging to the diver- 
 gent type are common, for instance, among the Crinum 
 zeylanicum-longifolium-kircape group (Charts D 148 to 
 D168). 
 
 Different starches may exhibit with a given reagent 
 the same or different curves. Thus the chloral-hydrate 
 reactions with different starches show varying differences 
 in regard to both type and form of type and in the de- 
 gree of inclination of the curves. This feature is shown 
 by both the individuals of the groups of parental and 
 hybrid starches and by the different generic groups, as 
 seen, for instance, by an examination of the reactions 
 of the four starches as presented in Chart D 1. and by 
 the reactions of various generic representatives shown in 
 Charts D 22, D 85, D 127, D 190, D 265, D 361, D 379, 
 D 463, D 484, D 505, D 545, D 574, D 595, D 616, and 
 D 619. Similar variations will be found in the reactions 
 of other reagents, these differences being usually more 
 conspicuous in the case of reagents that act usually with 
 moderate activity than with those which act commonly 
 with either much or little intensity. 
 
Kl \< nnN-lNTKXSITlKS \\HII I. MM .M.I.M AND III M, INI 
 
 \ -.h may exhibit like or unlike reaction! 
 
 with ilitfi-r.-nt reagents, and the curvi-s vary a* much as 
 
 .I.. those of d; ' .r, h,- with the same reagent, to 
 
 that there may be moat varied forms of t .- liinYrent 
 
 11ns feature will be found to be well exhibited 
 
 hi-n the .ur\c> of tin- reactions of any given star 
 
 any une of the generic groups are com. r in- 
 
 .-, the i urvea of Amaryllis brllatlonna (Chart l> 1 t" 
 
 ur\e 111 the chloral-hydrate reaction it of 
 
 fiirin, having mi iiieliimtKUi of about 50, to that 
 
 :|i|M-r en.l is at the terminutii'ii of the CD-minute 
 
 interval. The eurve of the chromic-a. ill react imi 
 
 the f form, hut it terminate* at the end of the 30-ininutv 
 il. -^.Mg it an inclination of about 30, which 
 . mil. h more rapid gelatinization. It will 
 be seen, h .< . r. that during the tint 5 minutis the 
 gelatinized in both reacti"ii- i- practically 
 the tame (1- and 10 per cent, res|>e -lively i, that th- 
 .11 the . :. 1 reaction occurs during the next 
 
 HI minutes; ami that the quantities gelatini/.eil during 
 the interval between !." and 30 minute- are the same in 
 both reactions. The pyrogallic-acid and ehloral-hydrate 
 s bear a clone n-*-nil)laiur ; hut the former is lower 
 throughout, especially at the end of the 5-minute inter- 
 val. indicating a more marked early resistance t> thin 
 reagent than to chloral hydrate. From tin- point on- 
 ward to the end of CO minutes the curves run very closely 
 pa rail. 1. 
 
 In 11 of the 21 experiments with different reagents 
 irves belong to the form of circumlinear type that 
 . rized by progressively decreasing increments of 
 starch gelatinized during additional increments of time. 
 These carves vary markedly in character. In some the 
 .'iient of starch gelatinized during the first 5 minutes 
 ry disproportionate to the quantities subsequently 
 broken down, as is noted particularly in the reactions of 
 potassium sulphide, sodium hydroxide, calcium nitrate, 
 -trontium nitrate (Charts D 10, D 11, D 14, and 
 lli. i. in each of which about 98 per cent of the total 
 starch was gelatinized in 5 minutes. In the sodium- 
 mlp n.- the increments of gelatinized starch 
 
 an- (if,, 1 1. i. :t, und per cent. In the other reactions 
 f tin- group, in. hiding those of potassium iodide, so- 
 dium salicvlate. uranium nitrate, copper nitrate, and 
 chloride (Charts D8, D 13, D 15. D 18, and 
 i. tl.e curves exhibit various modifications in com- 
 parison with the foregoing. In the mercuric-chloride 
 reactions the curve is of a modified / form, tending, in 
 fact, like the accompanying Hnmtriyia jottphintr curve, 
 rectilinear, but at an angle of about 18 as com- 
 pared with about 26 for the latter. In the reactions of 
 nitrii m id. -ulphuric acid, hydrochloric acid, and potas- 
 v (Charts D4, D5, DC. and I) 7), th. 
 linear and almost vertical, while in the 
 barii; !e reactions (Chart D20) it is rectilinear 
 
 and almost horizontal. 
 
 irches of members of a genus tend, as a rule, in 
 
 their reactions with each reagent to yield curves that are 
 
 :.. l.i..- to the name type and type form, except when 
 
 are snbgeneric representatives or widely separated 
 
 . which case it may be found that there is or is 
 
 not relationship in the characters of the curves, and this 
 
 peculiarity may also apply to the curves of hyhr 
 
 relation to those of its parents. For instance, taking 
 
 the chloral-hydrate reactions : of the starches of LUitim 
 (Chart* l..i:. 1' .. I' '...and 1>373) the concord- 
 ance of both type and tvpe-form is obvious; of the 
 starches of Xtriiu (Charts D 190, 1)211, and D'j;).'), 
 the curves of the five parental starches are of the / form, 
 but vary in their courses >uili. i, ntly for easy differentia- 
 tion; of the starches of Crinum Mimrri. <'. Innyifiilium 
 and C. potrellii compared with those of ('. try/an irum, 
 where we have suhgeneric or the equivalent of aubgenerio 
 : jT.vntatives (Chart* D K 1 :. D IIS, and D Hi-.M. the 
 i ur\en of the first thnv c.niform to a given type-form, 
 while the curve of the latter is of an entirely different 
 type; of the starches of Hegonia, where similarly well- 
 neparatod starches are represented by those of the aeed 
 parent on the one hand and by the starch of It. socolrano 
 (pollen parent) on the other (Charts I) H,:<, l> 
 1)533, and D539), the curves are closely similar; of 
 the starches of Amaryllu and lintnurigia, where two 
 recognized genera are represented, the curves arc imii h 
 alike (Chart Dl). Varieties that are olTsjirin 
 closely related parental stock, as in Hippeaxlruin (Charts 
 I > -'-'. I > 43, and D 64), tend to show marked closeness in 
 the curves and this may also be seen not only in closely 
 related species, as in J'hain* (Chart D. r iTl) and Irit 
 (Chart D 4'.'1 ), hut also in closely related penera, as in 
 (Hadiolu* and Trifonia (Charts I) |f,:i and 1> |s| ). The 
 .iir\es of hybrids show, as will be pointed out particu- 
 larly hereafter, the most varied relationships to the 
 parental curves, varying between identity and great 
 dissimilarity. 
 
 Taking the reactions of all of the parental starches 
 with any given reagent and comparing them with those 
 of other reagents, it becomes apparent that those of each 
 reagent represent a group in which there are both simi- 
 larities and dissimilarities ; and that the different groups 
 as such exhibit similarities and dis-imilantie-. the reac- 
 tions collectively of each group iM'ing quite as or even 
 more distinct from those of another group as are those 
 of members of the same group; that the more closely 
 related the starches the more marked the tendency . 
 ally to closeness of the curves, yet sometime^ distantly 
 or wholly unrelated starches may exhibit almost if not 
 identical curves with a given reagent. In a word, the 
 {x-culiarities of these reactions are of such characters 
 as should logically be expected if we are dealing with 
 stereoisomeric forms of staroh. 
 
 The starches of the hybrid and parents usually take on 
 within a brief period after the beginning of gelatinization 
 definite relationships, which may be the same or different 
 in the reactions with different reagents. That is, if 
 shortly after the beginning of the reaction the |M.sitions 
 of the three carves should he in the order of intensity 
 of reactivity, seed parent, pollen parent, and hyhrid ( high- 
 . -t. intermediate, and lowest), this relationship usually 
 tends to be continued during the entire period of gela- 
 tinization, but with varying degrees of separation of the 
 curves. The hybrid curve may bear any relationship 
 to one or the other or both parental curves that is, be 
 higher or lower than either, or intermediate, or the same 
 as one or the other or both. Itarelv the parental curves 
 crow (Chart D169), or the hyhrid curve crowes one 
 or the other parental curve (Chart 089). The hybrid 
 curves tend usually to follow closely the parental curves, 
 but they may differ as much or more from the parental 
 
170 
 
 REACTION-INTENSITIES OF STARCHES. 
 
 curves as do the latter from each other (Charts D 2-tl, 
 D 277, and D 343). When there are two hybrids of the 
 same parentage, the curves may differ quite as much or 
 more from each other, as the parental curves differ from 
 each other. (Charts D 1 to D 21.) 
 
 PERCENTAGES OF TOTAL STARCH AND ENTIRE NUMBER 
 
 OF GRAINS GELATINIZED AT DEFINITE 
 
 TIME-INTERVALS-. 
 
 (Charts D 635 to D 688; also D 261, D 268, D 290, D 296, D 302, 
 D 308, D 314, D 320, D 326, D 332, D 338, D 344, D 350, U 351, 
 D 357, D 365, D 366, D 508, D 530, D 536, D 542.) 
 
 The curves of the percentages of total starch and the 
 entire number of grams completely gelatinized tend in 
 general to correspond in their courses; but both may 
 differ in varying ways, relatively and absolutely, in 
 accordance with the kind of starch and the reagent, 
 excepting, of course, when the reactions are too fast 
 or too slow for definite differentiation. 
 
 When starch is gelatinized it passes into an imperfect 
 or pseudo-solution, and the grains, like solid particles 
 or masses of other substances passing into solution, show 
 differences in solubility of both grains in their entirety 
 and parts of individual grains. Some grains may 
 undergo complete gelatinization, while others do not 
 exhibit any obvious change ; and other grains show very 
 variable proportions that have undergone a breaking 
 down. These peculiarities have been observed in all 
 kinds of starch with the same reagent. They are con- 
 stant for the same starch with the same reagent ; variable 
 with the same starch with different reagents ; and variable 
 with different starches with the same reagent. The 
 behavior of each starch with the different reagents is, as 
 a whole, so characteristic and specific as to be diagnostic. 
 These several points will be found to be well illustrated 
 if there be taken a number of starches that are represen- 
 tative of different generic and subgeneric divisions, plot- 
 ting in curves the data of the reactions of one of the 
 starches with one reagent, and supplementing this group 
 with curvea of the reactions of a few arbitrarily selected 
 starches with several reagents. Thus, taking the pyro- 
 gallic-acid reactions (Charts D 635 to D 649), it will 
 be found that the curves of the percentages of total starch 
 and the entire number of grains completely gelatinized 
 differ widely; that the two curves of each starch tend 
 in general to correspondence in their courses; that the 
 degree of correspondence varies from marked closeness 
 to an almost lack of any likeness; and that the degree 
 of separation of the curves varies in the different starches 
 and also during the progress of the reactions. It is 
 obvious that the farther the separation of the curves 
 the smaller relatively the percentage of the entire num- 
 ber of grains completely gelatinized, and the higher rela- 
 tively the proportion of the total starch gelatinized in 
 the partially gelatinized grains. 
 
 In some of the starches it will be seen that during 
 the progress of the reactions the increasing height of the 
 curve of the percentage of total starch gelatinized is 
 almost if not directly proportional to the increase in 
 percentage of the entire number of grains completely 
 gelatinized in other words, the total per cent gela- 
 tinized is not appreciably or but little contributed to by 
 the amount of gelatinization in grains that have under- 
 gone only varying degrees of partial disorganization ; in 
 
 others, there will be found the reverse, the major por- 
 tion of the percentage of total starch gelatinized being 
 yielded by grains that have been only in part, but to vary- 
 ing degrees, broken down; in others, there are various 
 gradations between the former. These peculiarities are 
 constant with each starch with each reagent, except in 
 very rare instances, indicating thereby that they are in 
 part expressions of inherent constitutional properties 
 of starch molecules that differ in accordance with the 
 plant source. In reactions that are completed within 2 to 
 5 minutes or so, or which are so slow that a very small 
 percentage of the starch is gelatinized by .the end of 60 
 minutes, the differences between the two percentages 
 may be so small as to be undetectable, or if detectable 
 of little or no value in demonstrating this peculiarity. 
 This is found, for instance, in Lilium tenuifolium (Chart 
 D 644), 99 per cent of the total starch is gelatinized in 5 
 minutes, 93 of this 99 per cent being contributed by grains 
 completely gelatinized and the remaining 6 per cent of 
 grains being only partially gelatinized, and 1 per cent 
 unaffected. Additional instances are found, but in the 
 opposite direction, in the reactions of Hcemanthus kather- 
 ince (Chart D639), 7ns iberica (Chart D 684), and 
 Kichardia albo-maculata (Chart D 652). 
 
 Taking, in turn for comparative purposes, several 
 selected charts of this series, and beginning with those 
 of Lilium tenuifolium (Chart D 644) and Hcemanthus 
 katherince (Chart D639), which represent opposite ex- 
 tremes of reaction-intensities, and wherein the two per- 
 centage curves in each are almost identical, variations 
 in the courses of these curves will be found that are 
 coupled with variations in the degree of separation of 
 the curves during the progress of reactions, each chart 
 being in one or both respects different from the other 
 charts, and therefore characteristic of starch plus rea- 
 gent. In Cymbidium loivianum (Chart D 657) the reac- 
 tions occur rapidly, gelatinization being practically 
 complete in 15 minutes, 98 per cent of the total starch 
 being gelatinized in 5 minutes, of which quantity 87 
 was made up of the starch of completely gelatinized 
 grains; while in Richardia albo-maculata only 11 
 per cent of the total starch was gelatinized in 60 
 minutes, of which quantity 6 per cent was made 
 up of the starch of grains completely gelatinized. In 
 some of the other charts gelatinization is shown to pro- 
 ceed with fair to moderate activity, but during the earlier 
 part of the 60-minute period the proportion of gelatinized 
 starch contributed by grains that are entirely broken 
 down is decidedly less than that by the partially gela- 
 tinized grains. This peculiarity is well illustrated, for 
 instance, in Iris iberica (Chart D646), Iris tro- 
 jana (Chart D647), and Phaius grandifolius (Chart 
 D655). In Iris iberica, at the end of 5-miimte 
 period, 20 per cent of the total starch was gelatinized, 
 of which quantity only 2 per cent was contributed by 
 grains that were entirely gelatinized; at 15 minutes the 
 figures are 62 and 30, respectively; at 30 minutes, 81 
 and 42, respectively; at 45 minutes, 86 and 53, respec- 
 tively ; and at 60 minutes, 54 and 90, respectively. Simi- 
 lar data are recorded in the other two charts, the 
 proportions in each varying at the different periods 
 at the end of 60 minutes, in frit iberica, 54 : 70, in I. tro- 
 jana, 63 : 96, and in Phaius grandifolius, 28 : 67, of the 
 gelatinized starch was contributed by the grains that 
 
REACTION-INTENSITIES WITH EACH AGENT AND REAGENT. 
 
 171 
 
 were entirely gelatinized. In Xarcittut tazetta grand 
 monarqut. during the first 15 minutes leas than 0.5 per 
 cent of the grain.*, hut .'" JXT .-.-nt of the toUl starch, 
 were gelatinized, and during the pragma of the reaction 
 i-.th cunes rise, but the curve of the percentage of total 
 itarch rises somewhat more rapidly than the other. In 
 certain of the charts thin progressive separation is seen, 
 as in Amaryllis brlltulunna (Chart 1)635) and TYi'/unta 
 polLtii (Chart I '..' I i ; in others, there is for a time 
 separation, this UMII,' f..ll",-,l by approximation, as in 
 Hifi/if ii.it rum titan (Chart 1> ':!') aiul Ilifinanthus puni- 
 criu (Chart HtMO); and in others, there is an early 
 marked separation followed in time by approximate 
 parallcliMii. an in Gladiolus trittit (Chart 1)650) and 
 Catanlhe rotea (Chart D658), and so on with various 
 differences. 
 
 While no two charts are identical some are quite 
 Minilar. yet readily differentiated. Such similarity is apt 
 to be found in very closely related varieties and species 
 
 nstance, in /A'/>/>r<ufrum titan, II. ostultan, and 
 //. dooms (Charts D636, D637, and D638), and in 
 Iris (Charts D 646, D 647, and D 648). Those of the 
 several species of I.iiium differ markedly (Charts 
 and D 645). Those of widely separated 
 species, each as Hirmanthus katkerina and //. punicrus. 
 are decidedly diiT.-r. nt from each other, which species for 
 reasons as stated, probably represent subgeneric groups. 
 The same peculiarities are true in Iris, those of /. ibenca 
 (Chart in; 10), /. trojana (Chart D647) and /. cen- 
 yialti (Chart D 648) having a close general resemblance, 
 and markedly contrasted with the curves of the appa- 
 rently distantly related /. pertica Tar. purpurra (Chart 
 
 ' i , which curves are quite different from the former. 
 (iladiolus and Tritonia (Charts D 650 and D 651), while 
 representing closely related genera and exhibiting at the 
 em! of the 60-minute period the same percentages of 
 'th total starch and entire number of grains completely 
 L'I l.itun.v,!. iii-v.-rtheleas present differences in the courses 
 of the curves that are quite definitely distinctive. 
 
 In some of the charts it will be seen that there is an 
 early period of resistance of the starch to gelatinization. 
 
 is manifest in some instances in the percentage of 
 completely gelatinized grains, but not in the percentage of 
 total starch gelatinised, as in Iris ibenca and /. trojana 
 (Charts D 646 and D 647), and in Lilium chalcedonicum 
 (Chart D 645) ; in others, it may be the reverse, as in 
 
 ntut tairtla grand monarque (Chart D642) ; and 
 in others, in both percentages, as in Amaryllis bella- 
 donna (Chart D635) and Hippeastrum titan (Chart 
 
 '). In other charts both curves may begin at once 
 
 v rapidly, but the percentage curve of total starch 
 rises more rapidly than the other, as in Hcemanthus 
 puniceus (Chart D640), L. martagon (Chart DC.l.ti. 
 MUM arnoltiiana (Chart D 654), and MUtonia vexUlaria 
 (Chart D 656). In the different starches these changes 
 
 Kon with varying rapidity and relationship*. w> that 
 . the end of the 5-minute period not only may the 
 two curve* of any given starch be well separated hut their 
 courses may be quite different Thus, the figures for the 
 percentages of total starch and number of grains com- 
 pletely gelatinized in 5 minutes in the above four species 
 are 33 and 65, 30 and 77, 30 and 86, and 27 and 50, 
 respectively. It is to be noted that while in the four cases 
 the percentages of the entire number of grains com- 
 
 ... gelatinized are the same or nearly the same, the 
 percentages of total starch are in all distinctly different 
 This is of diagnostic importance because it indicates 
 inherent individual peculiarities of the several larches. 
 The preceding groups of charts indicate to what degree 
 the reactions of different starches with a given reagent 
 may differ in the percentages of both total starch aii<l 
 entire number of grains completely gelatinized, and also 
 the tendencies in general to similarities of the pair of 
 curves of closely related starches and to dissimilarities 
 of distantly or unrelated starches. 
 
 \\lien similarities are observed, as in the very closely 
 related Hippeastrums, such jnvuliahty is to be expected 
 in the reactions of the same starches with other reagents. 
 Fur instance, in the reactions with chloral hydrate 
 (Charts D659, D660, and D661) the three pain of 
 curves are closely alike, the type of curve is the same as 
 is seen in the pyrogal lie-acid reactions (Charts DC36, 
 D 637, and D 638), but the positions of the curves in the 
 two reactions are different, owing to the distinctly lower 
 reactivities of these starches with chloral hydrate. When, 
 however, the reactions of the starches of well-separated 
 or unrelated species are studied it is found that there 
 may be the widest variations in the relationships of the 
 two curves, not only with different agenta but also with 
 the same reagent, even to the extent that the percentage 
 of total starch gelatinized will give a type of curve 
 entirely different from that of the percentage of grains 
 completely gelatinized. Thus, examining the pyrogallic- 
 acid reactions of the various starches (Charts 1) G35 to 
 D658), it will be found that there is with few excep- 
 tions a well-marked tendency to separation of the two 
 curves, and that in some instances the two curves are 
 not of the same type, as in Lilium chalcedonicum (Chart 
 D645) and Iris trojana (Chart D647). In contrast 
 with this, in the chloral-hydrate reactions (Charts D 659 
 to D 667) both curves tend to marked closeness in course 
 and hence to the game type. Comparisons of the pyro- 
 gallic-acid and chloral-hydrate reactions of the same 
 starch bring out many interesting points. For instance, 
 in Amaryllis belladonna (Charts D635 and D662) in 
 the pyrogallic-acid reaction the two curves become widely 
 separated during their progress, the percentage of M.III- 
 pletely gelatinized grains ceases to increase after 30 
 minutes, but the quantity of gelatinized starch is mate- 
 rially being added to by the grains that are undergoing 
 partial gelatinization ; while in the chloral-hydrate reac- 
 tion the curves keep very close throughout. The most 
 marked difference between the reactions of the two rea- 
 gents is seen in the curves of the percentage of the entire 
 number of grains completely gelatinized, which differ 
 greatly, while the total percentage curve* differ compara- 
 tively very little. In Ilcemanthu*. punifrus (('harts 
 D640 and D664) the pyrogallic-acid and chloral-hy- 
 drate curves are of different types; and the curves of 
 both pairs of percentages tend to closeness, more particu- 
 larly the chloral-hydrate curves. In \arcis*us tazrtta 
 grand monarque (Charts D 648 and D665) both pair* 
 are again different, not only from those of the preceding 
 charts, but also from each other, and as markedly in the 
 Utter as in the former case. Here the types of the pairs 
 of curves are distinctly different, and while the two 
 curves in the pyrogallic-acid reaction tend to progressive 
 separation, those of the chloral-hydrate reaction tend to 
 
172 
 
 REACTION-INTENSITIES OP STARCHES. 
 
 continued closeness. In Iris iberica (Charts D 646 and 
 D 666) there is a difference in the type of the two curves 
 in the pyrogallic-acid reaction, but not in the chloral- 
 hydrate reaction, and in the former the curves tend to 
 marked separations, but in the latter to marked closeness. 
 In Phaius grandifolius (Charts D 655 and D 667) the 
 same peculiarities are observed. Similar pairs of charts 
 of the curves of other starches with these and other 
 reagents exhibit corresponding characteristics. It is 
 of importance to recognize that the differences be- 
 tween the two curves may be as marked in the 
 reactions of the same starch with different reagents 
 as it is in the case of different starches with the 
 same reagent. Indications of these differences have 
 had incidental reference in the immediately preceding 
 statements, and they may be sufficiently accentuated by 
 reference to a single generic group of reactions, as, for 
 instance, the reactions of 7ns iberica with different rea- 
 gents (Charts D 668 to D 688), that which is found here 
 being taken as a rough index or suggestion of the records 
 of the other starches. 
 
 3. COMPOSITE REACTION-INTENSITY CURVES WITH 
 DIFFERENT AGENTS AND REAGENTS. 
 
 (Charts E 1 to E 46. and D 1 to D 691.) 
 In the construction of the composite reaction-inten- 
 sity curves the abscissae are, in the polarization, iodine, 
 gentian-violet, and safranin reactions in terms of gross 
 quantitative light and color values based on an arbitrary 
 scale of 105 in divisions of twentieths; in the tempera- 
 tures of gelatinization, in the centigrade scale in divisions 
 of 2.5 ; and in the reactions with the chemical reagents 
 on a duplex scale, the upper portion giving the time of 
 complete or practically complete gelatinization (95 per 
 cent or more of the total starch), and the lower portion 
 of the scale the percentage of total starch gelatinized 
 when complete or practically complete gelatinization has 
 occurred within not less than an hour. The ordinates 
 represent the agents and reagents used in the reactions. 
 The reaction-intensity of each agent and reagent is 
 marked upon its ordinate and upon the proper abscissa, 
 and then a line is continued from ordinate to ordinate, 
 making an irregular curve. This form of chart is espe- 
 cially useful in the differentiation and recognition of 
 varieties, species, subgenera and genera, and in compari- 
 sons of the peculiarities of parents and hybrids. The 
 method of construction is, however, faulty, and the curves 
 are at times misleading because differences that have 
 been recorded antecedent to the record used in the chart 
 may be of very different significance, on which account 
 there will be found here and there what appear to be 
 discrepancies from what should be expected upon the 
 basis of the data of the systematist ; but as previously 
 stated, each of these different kinds of charts brings 
 out in a particular way certain features, and it is of pri- 
 mary importance to note that there are presented in 
 Charts D 1 to D 691 data of the progress of the reactions 
 that are of essential importance in connection with 
 understanding and proper interpretation of these com- 
 posite charts. In a word, the composite charts exhibit 
 in a gross and by no means accurate way comparative 
 reaction-intensities. For instance, the reaction-intensi- 
 ties of two or more starches may be shown to be 95 per 
 cent of the total starch gelatinized in 30 minutes, or pre- 
 
 cisely the same, whereas the records for the preceding 
 periods may or may not have shown any differences. 
 This is illustrated in the uranium-nitrate reactions of 
 Amaryllis belladonna, Phaius grandifolius, and Miltonia 
 vexillaria (Chart D689), wherein at the end of the 
 5-minute period the figure for both Amaryllis and Phaius 
 is the same or 65 per cent; and that of Milfonia 83; 
 and at 15 minutes, and thence onward, they are practi- 
 cally exactly the same for all three. Then again, the 
 curves of gelatinization of any given starch may undergo 
 a complete change in its relationships to other curves 
 during its progress. This is well shown in the cobalt- 
 nitrate reactions with the same starches (Chart D 690). 
 At the end of the 5-minute period the order of reactivity 
 is Miltonia, Amaryllis, and Phaius; at 15 minutes, 
 Amaryllis, Miltonia, and Phaius; and at the end of the 
 30, 45, and 60 minute intervals, Amaryllis, Phaius, and 
 Miltonia. 
 
 In making the composite charts the records of these 
 species at the end of 60 minutes are taken, and quite a 
 different impression is given of relative reaction-intensi- 
 ties than if the records had been used at the 5- or 15- 
 minute periods. Another source of fallacy is to be found 
 in the tendency in most of the reactions for convergence 
 or divergence of the curves, this being apparent not only 
 in the charts of the reactions of the starches of parents 
 and hybrid, but also when the curves of arbitrarily 
 selected starches are compared. This latter is set forth 
 in the pyrogallic-acid reactions of the Amaryllis, Phaius, 
 and Miltonia starches (Chart D691). Here it will be 
 noted that while the Miltonia curve is highest, that of 
 Amaryllis lowest, and that of Phaius intermediate, at 
 the end of the 5-minute period the figures are 50, G, and 
 5 per cent, respectively; at the end of the 15-minute 
 period 34, 40, and 72 per cent, respectively ; at the end 
 of the 30-minute period 50, 75, and 84 per cent, respec- 
 tively ; and at the end of 60 minutes 94, 90, and 67 per 
 cent, respectively. In a word, at the end of the 5-minute 
 period there was no practical difference between Amaryl- 
 lis and Phaius, but a wide difference between them and 
 Miltonia; and during the progress of the reactions, while 
 gelatinization in Phaius tends to keep about parallel in 
 intensity with that in Miltonia, that in Amaryllis tends 
 to approach more and more closely the intensity of reac- 
 tion in Miltonia, so that by the end of the hour the 
 figures for Miltonia and Amaryllis are very nearly the 
 same (94 and 90 per cent, respectively) while the figure 
 for Phaius is only 67 per cent. Notwithstanding the 
 grossness of this method of charting and the manifest 
 tendency to introduce fallacies, it will be apparent by 
 even a cursory survey of these charts from the aspect of 
 taxonomy that they are not without very considerable 
 value, and that by necessary modifications in the plan of 
 charting we shall arrive at a positive means by which 
 plants can be identified and classified by the physico- 
 chemical peculiarities of their starches and other complex 
 metabolites, in other words, by a strictly scientific 
 method. 
 
 In Publication 173 similar charts were presented. In 
 their formulation the number of reactions wa less, the 
 reagents somewhat different from those used in the pres- 
 ent research, and the values expressed were in terms <>f 
 complete or practically complete gelatinization time. At- 
 tempts were made in the present investigation to lessen 
 
!.!.\- I!"N-IVIKNMMK> \\III1 KM 1! A'. KM AMI lil.\i.INI 
 
 17:; 
 
 the sources of fallacy wing the number and 
 
 changing the concentration of the reagent* and in 
 m;; tin- -Mnil.inl of \ulu v .th the abscis- 
 
 sa; here u-ed. Notwith-t.iinliii;; the crudities of the 
 in< ti: '- a<! ;' I ami the fallacies introduce. I in the 
 
 f.innulati f the composite charts in the former 
 
 Mowing wu rendered apparent: That the 
 
 f members of a genus constitute a well-defined 
 
 . the mean f the character-values constituting a 
 
 dMinrt L-i-iierii- t\ . j>e tending to be similar to 
 
 the t\ ]>: of very closely related genera and dissimilar 
 
 to the types of dixtantl'y related or unrelated genera; 
 
 that the r.-a. tions of different species of a geniu yield 
 
 HIM' nd to be closely in conformity with the 
 
 generic type of rune, hut when there are representative* 
 
 1 'genera or similar _. M.TI.- subdivisions there may 
 
 ires or aberrati"iis from tin- generic type so 
 
 that there may be as many subgeneric or group type* as 
 
 nera or sul>geiieric groups; that the reac- 
 
 >4ofasp> i curves that very closely 
 
 1 with thnae of the species ; and that the generic, 
 
 . and species differentiations arc in general 
 
 e accord with established botanical data. The rc- 
 
 >f the present research are in harmony with those 
 nf tin- prei-cdini: investigation, but some unexpected 
 variations have been found, especially in the extent of 
 
 i'Tie and subgeneric dilTerentiations which will 
 
 I to here with sufficient detail. 
 
 Taking up first those genera which arc bent repre- 
 
 ! by -|XM j.-s ainl varieties, but in which there are 
 
 not inrliideil Mih-.'cneric or similar generic group rcpre- 
 
 !i a.< ll\i>i*atrvm (Charts K 2, E 3, and 
 
 . Chart> K 10. K 11, and E 18), Narcissus 
 
 -.'I. inclusive), and Lilium (Charts 
 
 I, inclusive), it will be apparent UJMUI 
 
 -u|HTticial examination that the starches of the 
 
 varieties or species, or of both varieties and species, of 
 
 each genus have curves that are in general very similar 
 
 in form and that the type form of the curve in each genus 
 
 t from that of any other, and so markedly 
 
 so that the curves of the members of one genus could 
 
 not he confounded with those of another any more than 
 
 could the plants themselves. It will also be noted that 
 
 when the starches are from very closely related plants, 
 
 as in the Ilipiwastrumx, the curves arc very closely alike, 
 
 while in \erinf and .Vomwus, respectively, where there 
 
 are instances of both botanical closeness and separation, 
 
 the variation* from the mean or the generic type of 
 
 tend to be more and more marked as the repn- 
 
 : ives of the genus are botanically farther separated. 
 
 The curves of Lilium. while yielding a generic type very 
 
 different from the //i'/i/w.frum, fferine, and .YarrtMtM 
 
 types, arc of little usefulness in the differentiation of 
 
 .arious member? of the genus represented because 
 
 very rapid gelatinization of the starches with 
 nearly all of the reagents. In order to satisfactorily 
 differentiate th.-e starches reagents of such modified 
 
 :ui*t be used as will render gelatinization very 
 much less rapid, and probably additional reagents may 
 
 '-;;iry. In <>thT genera studied, where there are 
 nnly the two parental and the hybrid representative* of 
 
 _renu*, as in Qlatliolus (('hart K31). Trilnnia 
 On (Chart E40). MUM (Chart 
 Kill. /V...V fihart Miltonia (Chart I 
 
 Cymbidium (' ^ponding peculiarities 
 
 will l>c found, although in HlnJiolus ami Trilonia. closely 
 related gem m, tin- curves are so much alike a* to indi- 
 rate different species rather than different genera. There 
 is also much resemblance between th>> Amaryllis and 
 1'haiiu charts which represent very widely separated 
 genera, but this singular peculiarity will If rvferr 
 particularly later on. In the Amaryllin-Hrunfvigia reac- 
 tions (Chart El), where there is bigcncric representa- 
 tion, the curves are quite different . 
 
 When genera are represented by subgcnera or cub- 
 ic groups, as in Iliiinnnthus (Chart K < I. Cn'num 
 (Charts E7, E8, and E9), Iris (Charts E 30, E31, 
 and E 33), and Begonia (Chart E 30), the curves 
 of the subgeneric representatives may differ not only 
 markedly but to even a much more marked degree than 
 the curves of different genera generally of the same 
 family a most curious and n yet inexplicable phe- 
 nomenon. In llirmanlhu* the curve of //. puniftut is so 
 variant in comparison with those of //. kallirrintr. II. 
 magnifinu, and both hybrids that it seems that this spe- 
 cies must be separated botanically sufficiently far from 
 the other two to be regarded a* bclon^in^ to a different 
 subgenus, although this differentiation may not have IHI-H 
 recognized by the systematist. In Crinum the curves of 
 the representatives of the hardy and tender forms (C. 
 moorrt and C. longifolium, hardy ; C. ;ri/lnni' inn. tender ) 
 differ so markedly as to suggest mcmlxTs of different 
 genera. In Iris, in the first three sets (Charts K :?". 
 E 31, and K 32), the reactions of rhyzomatou* form- are 
 represented, and it will be Keen that all of the curves 
 conform closely to a common type; but in the fourth set 
 (Chart E33) the reactions are of tultcrous forms, all 
 three curves conform with great closeness to a common 
 type, and they all differ materially from the rhyzomatous 
 type, and in fact so different are they that they would 
 certainly not in the present stages of the investigation 
 be recognized as belonging to the same genus. In llr- 
 gonia there is found an even more remarkable instance 
 of subgeneric differentiation in the curves of the tuU-rou. 
 and semituherous forms, the former l>eing repre*' 
 by four garden varieties and the latter hy //. socotrana, 
 a very exceptional and isolated species of the genus. 
 Comparing the curves of these charts (Charts E 36 to 
 K3!) it will be seen that the curve- of the tuberous 
 forms are in close conformity to a common type, while 
 the curve of B. socolrana. is so very unlike the curves of 
 the former in a large number of the reactions with the 
 chemical reagents as to suggest anything but generic 
 relationship to the tuln-nms forms, rnfortunately. the 
 number of reactions of the latter were with a single ex- 
 ception very limited, hut the curve of the reactions of B. 
 tingle crimton tear! ft (Chart E30) can with perfect 
 safety be taken as very closely typifying the curves of 
 the others. 
 
 The Amarytlix and Phaitut curves (Charts El and 
 E42), while representing wholly unrelated and widely 
 separated genera, give the impression of curves of closely 
 relsted genera or even of species of a genus; in far* 
 reaemblance is much closer than that of related crenera 
 here represented, as, for instance, of A marylli* and Brunt- 
 rigia (Chart E 1). "f t'haiu* and Miltonia (Chart* 
 and K ID. or of PAoiiw and CymbMium (Chart* 
 and K II). While there is some resemblance l-tween 
 
174 
 
 REACTION-INTENSITIES OF STARCHES. 
 
 Phaius and Miltonia, there is exceedingly little between 
 Phaius and Cymbidium. Obviously, from what is mani- 
 fest by the curves generally of these charts, this resem- 
 blance must be seeming rather than actual, and due to 
 faultiness in the methods of experiment and charting. 
 That the Amaryllis and Phaius starches differ far more 
 than is indicated by the composite curves is shown by the 
 records of the velocity reactions (Charts D 1 to D 21, and 
 D 574 to D 594), and it is obvious that in the construc- 
 tion of composite charts the recognition of such differ- 
 ences is essential to even an approximately accurate 
 presentation of the reaction peculiarities of any starch. 
 It will probably be found that taxonomic differences of 
 much value will be brought out by differences in the ratios 
 of the reaction-intensities of different pairs or combina- 
 tions of certain pairs of reagents, and there undoubtedly 
 yet remain many reagents that can be employed to advan- 
 tage in these studies, it being not improbable that the 
 differences in reactions of a very few reagents may be 
 specific in the differentiation of certain genera, as has 
 been found, for instance, in the tests for proteins, all 
 proteins responding to certain of the protein tests, but 
 eome only to certain tests to which others do not respond. 
 Similar restricted methods of differentiation are by no 
 means rare even to the systematist. Then again, in com- 
 paring these curves it will be seen that no less than 7 of 
 the 21 reagents have, apparently at least, proved useless 
 because of the energy with which they cause gelatiniza- 
 tion. Modifications of the strengths of these alone, or 
 in conjunction with the other reagents, may elicit generic 
 differences of such a character as to indicate the wide 
 separation of these genera. 
 
 These composite charts were studied individually 
 in Chapter III, Section 6, of the comparisons of the 
 reactions of the members of each set of parent- and 
 hybrid-stocks, and two or more of them were considered 
 comparatively whenever there were two or more sets 
 belonging to the same genus. The main object in these 
 studies was to bring out the relations of the hybrids in 
 their reactions, individually and collectively, to one or 
 the other or both parents. If now these charts are stud- 
 ied collectively, with especial reference to the relation- 
 ships of the hybrid curves to the parental curves, much 
 data of comparative interest will be elicited that is likely 
 to be missed otherwise. When the parental curves run 
 very closely together, the hybrid curve tends to similar 
 closeness; but when the parental curves tend to separa- 
 tion, and especially with variance in their courses, the 
 hybrid curve may tend to follow the curve of one or the 
 other parent, to be intermediate, or to be more or less 
 distinctly independent of both parental curves. Inter- 
 mediateness is much more of an exception than a rule, 
 and therefore, except in few instances is far from being 
 a criterion of a hybrid. (See also Tables F and H.) In 
 Hippeastrum (Charts E2 to E4), Narcissus (Charts 
 E 13 to E 24), Iris (Charts E 30 to E 33), and Richardia 
 (Chart E 40) the parental curves tend in each group and 
 genus to marked closeness in their positions and courses, 
 and the hybrid curves similarly tend to closeness to the 
 parental curves, but varying from reaction to reaction 
 in their parental relationships. When the parents are 
 well separated species, as in Hcemanthus (Chart E5), 
 Crinum (Chart E 9), Nerine (Charts E 10 to E 12), 
 Narcissus (Chart E 14), etc., and the parental curves 
 
 are generally well separated and somewhat variant in 
 their courses, though on the whole conforming to generic 
 types, the hybrid curves tend to equal or greater degrees 
 of variance. And when the parents are representatives 
 of different genera, as in the Amaryllis-Brunsvigia 
 group (Chart E 1), or of subgenera or subgeneric groups, 
 as in Hcemanthus (Chart E6), Crinum (Charts E7 
 and E 8), and Begonia (Chart E36) where the paren- 
 tal curves are not only well separated but tend to more 
 or less markedly different courses the hybrid curves 
 show their greatest variabilities in their relations to the 
 parental curves, in some instances tending to have in 
 general marked closeness to the curves of one parent, in 
 others to have a position of intermediateness which is 
 usually closer to one of the parents than to the other, and 
 in others to have a more or less wide departure from 
 both parental curves. When there are two hybrids of the 
 same parentage, as in Amaryllis-Brunsvigia (Chart El), 
 Nerine (Charts E 10 and Ell) and Narcissus (Chart 
 E 13), the hybrids of each pair of parents tend to differ 
 less from each other, as a rule, than the parents differ 
 from each other; unless, as in case of Amaryllis-Bruns- 
 vigia, the parents are so far separated as to give well 
 separated curves, in which case the curves of the hybrids 
 may not only be quite at variance with the parental 
 curves, but also be distinctly better separated from each 
 other, and show even more marked differences from the 
 parental curves than the latter show in relation to each 
 other. 
 
 In a number of sets of parent- and hybrid-stocks 
 studied a given parent is found to be the seed parent in 
 one set and the pollen parent in another, or the seed 
 parent or the pollen parent in both sets, but with an as- 
 sociated parent that is different in each of the two sets 
 as in Hcemanthus (H. katherince, which is the seed parent 
 in two sets, the pollen parents being different) ; Crinum 
 (C. moorei, C. zeylanicum, and C. longifolium, which 
 are differently paired in the three sets) ; Nerine (N. 
 sarniensis corusca major) ; Narcissus (N. poeticus or- 
 natus, N. poeticus poetarum, N. abscissus, N. albicans, 
 N. madame de graaff, and 2V. triandrus albus) ; Lilium 
 (L. martagon album and L. maculatum) ; Iris (I. iberica 
 and I. cengialti) ; and Calanthe (C. vestita var. rubro- 
 oculata). In connection therewith many interesting 
 features have been recorded in the histologic and polari- 
 scopic properties and in the reactions with heat and 
 various chemical reagents which show most varying trans- 
 missibilities in both kind and degree of parental charac- 
 ters to the hybrid, but a detailed review is not necessary 
 and is prohibited by want of space in an already too volu- 
 minous report. The most important of such data will be 
 found presented for the most part and in succinct form 
 in Chapter III, and in detail in Part II, Chapter I, under 
 the appropriate headings. 
 
 4. SERIES OF CHARTS. 
 
 The various charts of the reaction-intensities are re- 
 ferred to particularly or incidentally with frequency 
 throughout Part I, and it was found in the final arrange- 
 ment of the report that it was desirable chiefly for conven- 
 ience of reference to bring all of them together in one 
 section. In addition to these a series, F 1 to F 14, is in- 
 cluded, but which belongs in the next chapter, in several 
 of which certain reaction-intensities are also recorded. 
 
175 
 
 ( 'M\RT A 1. Polarisation Reaction*. 
 
 CHART A 2. Iodine Readiont. 
 
 
176 
 
 CHART A 3. Gentian-violet Reactions. 
 
 wrtium or uorr Am COLOR i 
 
 8 8 8 8 $ g 
 
 NAKCISSDI POFTICUS OR[fAT. 
 IARCISSPS POETICUS POF.TAR. 
 KARCISSDS POCTICUS MtRPtCZ 
 -- POKTICVS DAKTE 
 
 FAKC1SSUS TAZ. GRAND MOI* 
 NARCISSUS POETICUS OBKATIT1 
 KARCISSUS POETA1 TRtllUrH 
 
 AXCISSO9 r.tORU HTVDI 
 ARCISSVS POET1CVS OfKATOI 
 AKCISSUS FIERY CROSS 
 
 lARCISSOS TrLAMOBirs PLIH. 
 (IARC1SSDS POKIICU1 ORNAICt 
 KAROSSVS DUBLOON 
 
 ARC1S5US PRINCESS MARY 
 ARCISSUS POETICUS POETAJL 
 ARCISSUS CUSSET 
 
 ARC1S.SCS AftSCI1S03 
 AtCISSt'S POETICDS P^ITAJI. 
 ARCtSSDS WILL SCARLII 
 
 ARC1SS0S ALICAHS 
 ARCISSUS AB&C1SSU3 
 ARCISSUS HCOLOR APWODT 
 
 AHOSSOS IMPRESS 
 ARCtSSUl AIBICAKS 
 ARC1S6US MADAM! 01 OUAT? 
 
 RCISSCS WTARDALI prrtrf. 
 
 AOBSQS NAOAMI OS ORAATT 
 AJtCISSDS PTRAMUS 
 
 AKOSSttS MONARCH 
 ARCISSUS MADAME Hf r.mir 
 LORD KOMRT!- 
 
 HIPPEASTRUM TrTAIf 
 
 tmsjanant CLIONIA 
 
 IUPPEASTRUM TtTAH-CtEOIHA 
 
 EA5TRUM OS5PLTAJI 
 FASTHTM PYRR1IA 
 EASTRUM OSSl'lT PYRH. 
 
 T ASTRO M DCONFS 
 
 rAsm'M 7F.PHY* 
 
 MlPPEASTRUM P*OB-ZTH1. 
 
 KjTMANTinJS XATITZRIX 
 
 *!rn)'% M*i-.!inct; 
 
 A.t I HI'S AffDROMEDA 
 
 rMAKTHrs KATHERINX 
 'MAKTHDS PUNtCFUi 
 1HAHTHVS EO*NIG ALBUT 
 
 mTM MOORTI 
 INUM tFYIANICtTM 
 IJfBM HYBRJDCM J t H 
 
 :U)TM URCAPE 
 
 RfNGM LONCtrOLIUM 
 It I'M MOORM 
 CRINUM POWELLB 
 
 lERINt rn-.j't 
 
 NERINE BOWDENI 
 
 VAR. COIL AJ. 
 
 E r.UKIESS 
 t ABUKDAJ1CI 
 
 BFH1HT SAHN 1 
 
 IERIHE omv i 
 
 ERIPE GLORY 
 
 'AIL CO* MAI. 
 AR EOTH KAJ. 
 
 or SARJ<U 
 
 LFEDSn MIH )[UMt 
 TR1ANDROS AUUS 
 ARCISSUS ACRES HARTIT 
 
 ,RClS!ttn EMPUOX 
 JiCISSUS TBIARDHUS ALVC9 
 
 ARCISSCS j i. unnttT en 
 
 I-IWM MARTACOK ALBUM 
 MUM MACVLATUM 
 -IUM MARJUH 
 
 tI"M MARTACOK 
 n.R'M MACULATUM 
 LJfM DAIHAJISONI 
 
 . 'M TIMUIVOttUM 
 LILIUM MARTAr,QN A1BUM 
 JLIVM GOLDEN GUAM 
 
 CIIALCEDONICVM 
 
 CANDIDUM 
 
 TE1TACIDM 
 
 HUM BURlAJHU 
 
 US ISMAU 
 
 IRIS [BERICA 
 
 I OORAK 
 
 I CENOIALT1 
 
 1 PALLIDA OWEN OF MAT 
 
 > MM ALAN GREY 
 
 IRIS WRSICA VAR PCRPCUA 
 " SJNDJAREHS1S 
 
 I1IKMND 
 
 LADIOICS CARDTNA1IB 
 LADIOLUS COLVILLEI 
 
 roma 
 
 CROCO.SMIA AOTtCA 
 TWTOHIA CROCOSMJirtOKA 
 
 UOOKIA MNC CPIIM KAK. 
 OOKIA SfCt>TR>BA 
 GONU MRS. REAL 
 
 IA DOtTB li'-lir BOSS 
 fiOfllA AOCOTRANA 
 RtOOHlA If WOU 
 
 EOON1A D01TB ntPr c'.J 
 lOOHtA BOCOTRAXA 
 GOKU SDCCK&a 
 
 CIIARMA ALBO-MACUUTA 
 
 ruiorruHA 
 
 MI", l"i- ' . . II 
 
 UTOHU nULLAUA 
 HTON1A ilZLU 
 U.TONU BUUANA 
 
 'MKDfOM LOW1AN1TM 
 
 CHART A 4. Safranin Reactions. 
 
 orrSKsm or twm AND COLOR REACTIONS. 
 
 _fe ft 8 8 8 8 3 S 8 8 8 
 
 lUPPtASTRUM OSStn.T.-PTRO. 
 
 . 
 HjCMAIfTHUS AflDROVIl'A 
 
 HXMANTHTTS KATHFftin* 
 AnTHUS PUN1CEUS 
 AITTBUS KfiniO AI !f T 
 
 rFIWTTM MOOREI 
 IRINUM ZEn-ANICIJM 
 CRJNUM UYBR1DDM T C II. 
 
 f. ELEGAN9 
 
 E DAINTY MAID 
 
 E QVtKX OF BOSE8 
 
 IER1NI ABDNDAN.CI 
 
 lERm SABN TAR. COR. MA). 
 
 NFRINE cnRV VAR FOTH MAJ. 
 
 KB GLORY OF SARNIA 
 
 TAHCISKTTS TAI GRAND V>t 
 (ARCISSUS POCTA2 TRIVMVII 
 
 GLORIA MUNTII 
 NARCISSUS POETICCS OUNATrS 
 NARCISSUS FIERT CPO'.S 
 
 1ARCIS5US POETICDS OBHAHJS 
 NARCISSUS OUBLOOH 
 
 PB1NCT5S MART 
 NARCIS.SUS POETICUS PUEIAB. 
 NARCISSUS CR15SET 
 
 lARCISStTS ABSCISStTS 
 
 I ARCISSUS POETIC-US POFTAB. 
 
 IARCISSUS wiu SCARLET 
 
 LIIKANS 
 
 HM-I--M". 
 BICOLOR ATBICOT 
 
 EMPPFSS 
 IAKCISSUS MADAME Dl CRJUF? 
 
 . WFARPAIF PEHFTET. 
 
 NARCISSUS MAHAMK I'F OHAAFF 
 NARCISSUS PTXAMU3 
 
 lARaSSITS MONARCH 
 
 'ARCISSUS MADAMS. DI niAAIV 
 'ARCISSUS LC1HI) ROfikRTR 
 
 ABCISSDS A 
 
 APTIVsrs EMPIROR 
 
 RCISSUS TRIAKDRUS Aim>* 
 ARCUSUS ;. T BXltHETT PWi 
 
 ILItTM MARTAGON ALBUM 
 
 I MACULATUM 
 ILIUM MARHAN 
 
 n ri'M MARtACOIt 
 H.IUM MAcrLATtJM 
 DALUANSOM 
 
 illl'M TAPHVI 
 ILIUM BURBAJfU 
 
 iis nnucA 
 
 RIS TROJAKA 
 UUS ISMAU 
 
 AFRICA 
 CBMU1.TI 
 
 nua DORAX 
 
 I CENGIALTI 
 
 , PALLiriA QITEFW OF MAT 
 
 ) MRS. ALAN GREY 
 
 LADIOLDS r ARCH* AMI 
 I At.loiilv TRISTIS 
 
 LADIOLUS COLVILLEI 
 
 1ITONIA CROCOSMIA AORTA 
 RITON1A CROCOSM^nORA 
 
 GON1A UNO CRIM. SCAR- 
 
 :OONIA IOTOTRANA 
 .GONU MRS. HEAL 
 
 EGONU DOU1 I " (IT n - 
 I1A SOCnTRANA 
 U INSIGH 
 
 IA Doom.* in IF 
 
 '.ONIA SOCOTRAHA 
 EGONU JULIUS 
 
 tGORIA DOUH Tittf BOU 
 
 '.'INIA '.' "THAU* 
 tOONU SUCCESS 
 CltARDtA AUIO MAOTUT1 
 CHARDLA MRS. ROOSITTBLT 
 A ARNOtDUKA 
 JSA HYBRIDA 
 
 IAIUS ciuin>i?oinja 
 
 IAIUS WAMM Pill 
 1AIDS HVBUPOS 
 
 ILTOKU VFXILLAKIA 
 II TON U R(B7LO 
 [LTONU EUUAJU 
 
 MMlllI'M IX>W1ANTTM 
 MhlMIIM EBURNEUM 
 
 BBORNEO LOW1ANUH 
 
 RO4BA 
 
177 
 
 ( HAKI A 5. Temperature of Gelatinimtion Rtadwnt. 
 
 < ii MIT A 6. Chloral-hydrate Reactions. 
 
 
178 
 
 CHART A 7. Chromic-acid Reactions. 
 
 TOTAt tTABCV OBLAnPUBO IF M MTWCTK. 
 
 TtKB Of C00UTB OILATIWIZAT10H IF UQIUTZ1. 
 
 CHART A 8. Pyrogallic-acid Reactions. 
 
 CJBIT Or TOTAL STARCH OKUTUnZBD IN TO MOTTJTIS T1MI Or COWTLBTB OtLATDnZATTOtt IK BIOTtl*. 
 
 ! 8 8 8 8 3 8 8 Us 8 S i 8 8 8 8 a 5 
 
 UOOUt 
 
 ZBTLAf.ccif 
 
 HTBUDCIM J. C. B. 
 
 ZRTLAIflCITM 
 CRIHUM LOKGirOLTOM 
 
 cmnm vxcu-t 
 UKUH uooiii 
 
 CXI1TOM POWSLUI 
 
 iriRiiiB onizM or ROSBS 
 
 imuKi BowDun 
 nmm SAJUI. YAJL co*. MA;. 
 
 i KAMI. TAR. COIL MAJ 
 wi CORV. VAIL FOTH luj. 
 xi GLORT or BAJUUA 
 
 BAROSSDS FOBTTCITS OWIAT. 
 NARCISSUS porncns POETAJI. 
 
 IIAJtClSSBS PoniCOS HIRfK K 
 
 HARCISSnS TAI. GRAHI) MOIf. 
 MAMCIS30S POETICUS ORKATIi) 
 JSWi POKT AZ TUVH kli 
 
 IAKOSSCS ALSICAKS 
 
 IARCIS5DS ABSaSSCS 
 N AJtCUSDS BJCOLOB APUCOT 
 
 S MOFAICB 
 
 8 MADAM! ni OliiTf 
 
 I LOftD IOUBI) 
 
 UEDSD KIR. !FIXI 
 
 niAjiMtvs *uci 
 
 HAJtOSmS ACMIS HAKTCT 
 
 I OUT 
 fAlt 
 
 B rummo 
 
 TVTOHU OOCOSMIA ArtU 
 
 HMOPU DODB. UORT 1O41 
 HOONU BIIMOH 
 
 JAJLD1A ALBO-MACTTUTA 
 A1DU HUOTTIA.fA 
 
 1. 100BBTB.T 
 
 IPPFASTItOM TTTAB 
 
 MrM ainnt 
 
 tSTKCH TITAJKIIOI1 
 
 I'IKCM O&SVLTAH 
 *MBtm pnuuu 
 
 U'PIASTHUH OSSUIT-PTH 
 
 HIPPEASTRUM DCOMU 
 D'PFASTRPM I>KYt 
 JPPI AiTBCM P*OH Jll 
 
 M MOOMI 
 
 M reuANicir*. 
 
 RIKUM HYBWDDM ). C 
 
 ztruincni 
 
 RJNUM LOIfCirOLIUH 
 RJRUM K1RCAP1 
 
 ERJNE ELEGAIO 
 FRirtE DAINTY HA 
 EWHE OUIEK Of M)SM 
 
 EHIHI AJUKDAMCB 
 
 IAJICI&SDS POETtcoB L 
 
 lABCtSSCS TA2 GRAFT' M 
 AUDSSUS P<JFT1CD5 ]* 
 
 IAACISSUS POITAI nn 
 
 IAKCIS10S CLOWA Mild 
 
 KADC1SSUS TltAMOim^ 
 HARCTSSCS PorilCCI 
 DAJICI&SDS D0BLOO* 
 
 tARTLtn BriiADom-n 
 
 UBSVIG1A JOMPHJJH! 
 UKSDOI1IIA SAHD AIB* 
 UHSOOltKA SAjfDUO 
 
 A! UK IX* 
 
 IIL-OLnI t:l 
 
 II IMPUM 
 
 S ALBICAR* 
 t MADAMB 1 1 
 
 WIARDALB F 
 MADAM1 II 
 
 miAMVi 
 a MOKAICI 
 
 S MADAMI M 
 I LOW) I 
 
 n AUCISSDS tUDm Kit 
 
 HAMCISSD9 TRUNDRCJ i 
 BARHSSUB AGIOS BUt)n 
 
 ABCtSSUS 
 
 lARcibsus 
 
 AJtCISSC* 
 
 'AKCISTOS 
 IARCISSUS 
 
 IACtSSDS 
 
 ABCIMSUS TRUKDROS * 
 
 .aiUM t>ALBAJIOKt 
 
 illl-M UAXTAGOH Altnl 
 .OJUM COLOIN C-LIAM 
 
 LILJUM TESTACBDH < 
 
 Kill TMnlAKA 
 IM 1SMAJ4 
 
 IIS CBNOIA1T1 
 
 PALLIDA orrrzw F 
 
 MBS A1A CUT 
 
 LADIOtUS CAKDnWU 
 GLADIOLUS TWm 
 GLADIOL08 COLVUU 
 
 MTOITU tvma 
 
 RITOTflA CKOCO<IW 'C 
 ftlTONJA CBOCOSIKn 
 
 IOORU UltO C*. * 
 NIA SOCOTKAHA 
 
 niA Mrs IIIAI 
 
 )FU DOVBLE WH1I 
 BBOOHU OC6TRAHA 
 BEGOK1A JUUCI 
 
 BEGOFU DOCB. Dtf I 
 )HU SOCOTRAJl- 
 )H1A BDCCBM 
 
 RICHARDU AtBOIUCTU 
 Ji HAWlIA IUJOTTIA'* 
 IICKARDU M HOC * 
 
 IVBA ARJIOLCIAXA 
 
 i/'A MT11IDA 
 
 -. 
 
 PKATCI EYBUDOI 
 
 i rxumiUM tBV*ni 
 
 ,!TTH I0m 
 
 i vxrrcxa 
 WST > 
 
 
CHART A 9. Nitric-acid Reaction*. 
 
 179 
 CHART A 10. Sulphuric-acid Reaction*. 
 
180 
 
 
 SaS 
 
 3|S3 o 
 
 fill pi III 111 
 
 Nil 
 fill 
 
 TTT 
 
 CHART A 11. Hydrochloric-acid Reactions. 
 
 
 533 333 
 
 liS ssj ^" 
 
 i- 
 
 P as 
 
 40 
 8 45 
 
 65 
 | <00 
 
 5 BO 
 
 t 
 
 B 80 
 
 S 20 
 
 111 
 
 ..I 
 
 ill ??5 i 
 
 6 
 
 to 
 
 IB 
 
 20 
 2B 
 30 
 
 8 46 
 
 g-0 
 
 x> 
 
 S go 
 
 I 
 
 B 00 
 
 3 
 
 K 40 
 
 I- 
 
 8 20 
 
 & ,0 
 
 I 
 
 CHART A 12. Potassium-hydroxide Reactions. 
 
 Bn t J^ if* i i ' 
 
 A . J ! ffl s!l 1 -fc S >. 
 
 is 
 
 33* il 
 :is 3li 
 
 3 S B 
 
 ill lei ill iff I 
 a asa ii i 
 
 II i 
 
181 
 
 < IUUT A W.Folairivm-ioditle lit actions. 
 
 CHART A 14. Potatrium-tulphocyanate Readiont. 
 
 Li 
 
182 
 
 CHART A 15. Potassium-sulphide Reactions. 
 
 6 
 i to 
 
 E 1S 
 | 20 
 
 i 25 
 
 300 
 r 36 
 9 4O 
 
 S 46 
 MO 
 
 6S 
 
 1 10 
 
 i 00 
 
 < 
 
 E 80 
 
 1 T 
 
 i 40 
 
 5 so 
 
 1 40 
 
 1- 
 
 8 20 
 
 i .0 
 1 
 
 ill IJ 
 
 i BE 
 
 23 i|| q 53 ps as s ig x i g ; 1 IH i l ill iii s 5Si l!i 11 
 
 III 1 III ill ill lei nil mi ill III III ill h i ill in in in iii 111 II 111 iii 111 iii IP! 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 1 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 CHART A 16. Sodium-hydroxide Reactions. 
 
 
 
 I * %2 >P 
 
 d WC* tf>- 
 
 il $ s!3 |=g 
 
 d 8 i^iS ^ s SS *5 
 
 III MI yl 2 " ^ 
 
 321 i 3ii sss ii 
 
 sS Ss 3 
 
 m 
 
 6 
 
 . 
 
 la 
 
 :' 
 II 
 
 1 i 
 
 
 
 jji 
 
 E EBB -"- "-" - 
 
 
 IP 
 
 i 1 
 
 B CC9 aSa ooo Mt-E- 38 XXX a-iS SIX* CCb 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 ]l 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1" 
 
 
 
 1 Ml 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 s 1P 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 p 
 
 8 80 
 
 1 
 
 B 80 
 
 1 T 
 3 * 
 
 S 60 
 
 6 40 
 1- 
 
 8 ao 
 
 S ,0 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
is:; 
 
 CHART A 17. Sodtwn-tulpkide Reaction*. 
 
 CHART A 18. Sodium-aalicylaU Reactions. 
 
184 
 
 CHART A 19. Calcium-nitrate Reactions. 
 
 
 LI y J , 
 
 f If! i ffi li li 1 1 1 Si 1 
 
 MU.TOHIA TCIILLAAU 
 MILTOItU fca/LIl 
 WLTOHU BLSUAJ7A 
 
 cnomnrM LOWUKTTU 
 
 CYMBIJja'M UHKJ>VM 
 CTIiiUDHiM UDJUTLO-LOlriAinTl 
 
 !" 
 
 I 16 
 
 120 
 30 
 
 jj as 
 
 S 40 
 
 8 
 1- 
 
 66 
 
 F 
 
 I 00 
 
 t 
 
 B 00 
 9 TO 
 
 i 60 
 
 U 40 
 
 8 20 
 g ,0 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I'l 
 
 '1 III 1 
 
 n 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 ' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 CHART A 20. Uranium-nitrate Reactions. 
 
 ill ill 
 
 B 5 
 
 "^a 
 
 d! 
 
 i s 
 
 
 | |!l fil ill in ill ill i iii 
 
 jl 88 pa saa m Sa gig sa Si 
 
l.V, 
 
 ( 'ii ART A 21. Strontium-nitrate Reaction*. 
 
 CHART A 22. Cobalt-nitrate Reactions. 
 
186 
 
 CHART A 23. Copper-nitrate Reactions. 
 
 
 fit 
 
 
 
 
 I il R 
 
 ! i if Iff III 
 
 |II ||g IBS i!3 11 
 
 sis sla ill m It 
 
 % S33S Has igS 
 
 UUQ 2oa 2Co 5c 
 
 SSS 33 s! 3 3> Hi 35 
 
 | Hi HI els ESI: !h s? 
 
 1 il 
 
 3 IP If! ss 
 
 o 5^; SE" gg 
 
 O UChX KkO^ K 
 
 3 saa ifi |; 
 
 1 
 
 o 
 
 
 1 III 111 lit ill III III II 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i" i" ii ' in rT r 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 III 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 u 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i *> 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 : 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 f> 00 - 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 d 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 j eo 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 S 20 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 10 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 XI 
 
 CHART A 24. Cupric-chloride Reactions. 
 
 iiiii 
 
 -' 
 
 il 
 
 i 3O 
 
 F as 
 4O 
 
 S 48 
 
 goo 
 
 88 
 I 10 
 
 9 so 
 
 i 
 
 E 80 
 
 3" 
 
 C 40 
 
 | 30 
 
 8 20 
 
is: 
 
 < if \RT A 2!>. Barium-chloride Reaction*. 
 
 imnktil 
 
 CHART A 26. Mercuric-chloride Readioru. 
 
188 
 
 \_/HAn 
 
 100 42. 
 08 48- 
 90 47. 
 86 SO' 
 80 62. 
 76 68* 
 ; 70 67. 
 
 j SO 3 62. 
 8 65 J 66- 
 5 60 5 C7 
 g 46 | 70- 
 4O 1 72 
 38 B 75- 
 t 3O 77 
 26 00 
 2O 82 
 
 is as 
 
 10 87 
 5 80 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 ! 
 
 i 
 i 
 
 ', 
 
 9 
 9 
 
 r 
 
 r 
 r 
 r 
 
 r, 
 
 r 
 
 5 5 a I 8 i 
 
 V li " 
 
 c . \ 
 
 .fteach'ons. 
 
 i i I I l ! iii] 
 
 l"**Illlllif! 
 
 NEIUXI CUSPA 
 KIROn BOWDEKI 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 SI 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 \ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 \ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 \ 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 \ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 " 
 
 ~"^ 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 \ 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 \ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 \ 
 
 
 
 k 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^^^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 \ 
 
 
 / 
 
 \ 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 X 
 
 / 
 
 \ 
 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .s* 
 
 ?**' 
 
 
 \ 
 
 
 
 
 \ 
 
 
 / 
 
 5 
 
 x 
 
 j 
 
 
 
 z 
 
 
 
 \ 
 
 
 | 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 S 
 
 
 / 
 
 '."' 
 
 
 
 
 
 V. 
 
 
 / 
 
 \ \ 
 
 2 
 
 
 zz 
 
 -N 
 
 vt. 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 x' 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 v\ 
 
 
 // 
 
 \ 
 
 
 
 
 
 \ : 
 \ \ 
 
 
 7 
 
 fl 
 
 // * 
 
 ! \ 
 
 / 
 
 \ 
 
 Jb 
 
 
 / 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 \ 
 
 ,x 
 
 / 
 
 \ 
 
 
 / 
 
 \ 
 
 
 \ 
 
 /* 
 
 
 \ 
 
 /?,' 
 
 
 
 \ 
 
 J 
 
 
 S 
 
 2 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 // 
 
 \ 
 
 ___,.- '*" 
 
 
 
 
 
 \ 
 
 / 
 
 \ 
 
 
 2 
 
 \s 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 ' / 
 
 
 
 \ 
 
 1 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 / 
 
 \^ x 
 
 'V... 
 
 iU 
 
 S 
 
 '// 
 
 \ 
 
 
 \ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ~7 
 
 / 
 
 \ 
 
 
 
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 X 
 
 
 7 
 
 \ 
 
 \ 
 
 // 
 
 v\\ 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 \ 
 
 ,^ ' 
 
 
 \ 
 
 
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 N 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 \~ 
 
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 // 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 / 
 
 
 
 
 ' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 - 1 
 
 
 \ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 \ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 \ 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 \ 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 CHART B 2. Gentian-violet 
 
 Mill 
 
 ^ 
 
 and Safranin ( 
 
 \ 1 
 
 ?eadions. 
 
 1 III! 
 
 I ! lit 
 
 / 
 
 I i 
 
 5 S 
 
 : a 
 
 
 
 ) ' 
 
 H ! 
 
 KM 
 
 es 
 eo 
 
 86 
 
 eo 
 
 76 
 
 r TO 
 
 | SB 
 
 I 60 
 
 8 66 
 S SO 
 46 
 
 8 40 
 
 f 3 
 B 90 
 26 
 2O 
 IS 
 K> 
 6 
 
 1 
 
 - 
 
 J 
 
 F 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 - 
 
 i 
 
 1*1 " 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 . i 
 
 k 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ss= 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 y 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^~zss 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 -^* 
 
 
 
 
 
 \\ 
 
 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 / 
 
 \ 
 
 \ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 \\ 
 
 / 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 \ 
 
 \ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 I 
 
 \ 
 
 
 \ 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 \ 
 
 
 // 
 
 
 
 
 S 
 
 x^ 
 
 N 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 \ 
 
 / 
 
 
 z 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 \ 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 \, 
 
 
 i^- 
 
 \ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
1X11 
 
 * ii M.r B 3. Temperature ( ) and Iodine (- 
 
 /....,: | . 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 | 
 
 
 I 
 
 j 
 
 1 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 , 
 
 1 
 
 . 
 
 ! 
 
 ' 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 \ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 V 
 
 
 / 
 
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 ' 
 
 
 
 
 
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 // 
 
 \ 
 
 
 
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 \ 
 
 
 / 
 
 
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 / 
 
 A 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 s 
 
 
 
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 ^ 
 
 
 > 
 
 \ 
 
 \ 
 
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 ^ 
 
 
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 E 
 
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 V 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 \ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 1 
 
 ' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ( HAKT B 4. Temperature (- 
 
 1 1 1 , 1 ! 
 
 ) and Chloral-hydrate (- 
 ? I 
 
 -) Reactions. 
 
 -'I 
 
 " i 
 
 LP 
 
 : r i 
 
 XT I 
 
190 
 
 CHART B 5. Temperature ( ) and Pyrogallic-acid ( ) Reactions. 
 
 CHART B 6. Temperature (standard 
 
 and new calibrations') and Nitric-acid (- 
 
 1 
 
191 
 
 (HART B l.Nitne-add (- 
 
 -) and Polarisation (- 
 
 ! I 
 
 -) Reactions 
 
 i 
 
 ( ii MIT B 8. Nitric-odd ( ) and Iodine (standard 
 
 II 
 
 and new calibration*) Reactions. 
 
 J 
 
192 
 
 CHAHT B 9. Nitric-acid ( ) and Gentian-violet ( ) Reactions. 
 
 V 
 
 CHART B 10. Nitric-acid ( - ) and Safranin ( ) Reactions. 
 
 I 
 
CHART B 11. Nitric-acid ( ) and Chloral-hydrate ( ) Reaction*. 
 
 193 
 
 Mh Hi 
 
 CHAKT B 12. Nitric-acid ( ) and Chromic-acid ( 
 
 III.... 
 
 -) Reactions. 
 
 P= 
 
 , 
 
 13 
 
194 
 
 CHART B 13. Nitric-acid ( 
 f 
 
 ) and Pyrogallic-acid (- 
 I 
 
 -) Reactions. 
 
 CHART B 14. Nitric-acid ( ) and Sulphuric-acid '( ) Reactions. 
 
CHART B 15. \itric-acid (- 
 
 -) and Hydrochloric-acid (- 
 I I 
 
 ) Reactwnt. 
 
 I 
 
 Itt 
 
 CHABT B 16. Nitric-acid (- 
 
 ) and Potassium-hydroxide ( ) Reactions. 
 
 !! . I 
 Illi 1 
 
 f 
 
 r 
 
196 
 
 CHART B 17. Nitric-acid ( ) and Potassium-iodide ( ) Reactions. 
 
 i 
 * s 
 
 5 
 
 3 
 
 | ( I I i ! ! i I I l I I J I I 
 
 3 a g g g g e 
 
 CHART B 18. Nitric-acid (- 
 
 -) and Potassium-sulphocyanate (- 
 
 3 I 
 
 g 
 
 -) Reactions. 
 
 I 
 
CHART B 19. Nitric-acid ( 
 
 I! HI 
 
 -) and Potastium-sulphidt (- 
 \ I 
 
 CHART B 20. Nitric-acid (- 
 
 \ I! 
 
 ) and Sodium-hydroxide ( 
 ? I 
 
 -) Reactions. 
 
198 
 
 CHART B 21. Nitric-acid ( ) and Sodium-sulphide ( ) Reactions. 
 
 CHART B 22. Nitric-acid ( ) and Sodium-salicylate ( ) Reactions. 
 
< HART B 23. \\trit-acid ( 
 
 ) and Calcium-nitrate (- 
 
 !!i 
 
 /:>.'. 
 
 I ! 
 
 il !!!! 
 
 CHART B 24. Nitric-acid (- 
 
 hlllhii 
 
 -) and Uranium-nitrate (- 
 
 I!, 
 
 -) Reaction!. 
 
 \ 
 
 
200 
 
 CHART B 25. Nitric-acid ( ) and Strontium-nitrate ( ) Reactions. 
 
 CHART B 26. Nitric-acid ( ) and Cobalt-nitrate ( ) Reactions. 
 
 I I | 
 
 i I t I 1 I 
 
201 
 
 CIMKT B 27. \itric-acid (- 
 
 ) and Copper-nitrate (- 
 
 I 
 
 A'..;.' , 
 
 ! ill 
 
 CHART B 28. Nitric-acid ( ) and Cupric-chloride ( ) Reaction*. 
 
 I 
 
202 
 
 CHART B 29. Nitric-acid ( ) and Barium-chloride ( ) Reactions. 
 
 CHART B 30. Nitric-acid ( ) and Mercuric-chloride ( ) Reactions. 
 
: 
 
 CHART B 31. Ckromic-atid ( ) and Puroqallic-arid (- 
 
 \ I 
 
 
 ! !>!! 
 
 CHART B 32. Xitric-acid ( ), Sulphuric-acid ( 
 
 ) , and Hydrochloric-acid ( ) Reactions. 
 
 i, ilnhi 
 
 lill.i ! 
 
204 
 
 CHART B 33. Potassium-hydroxide ( ) and Sodium-hydroxide ( ) Reactions. 
 
 CHART B 34. Potassium-sulphide ( ) and Sodium-sulphide ( ) Reactions. 
 
906 
 
 CHAUT II 35. Potauium-iodide (- 
 
 -) and I'o(as\um~sulphocy<inatc ( ) Reaction*. 
 
 i! ' ' 
 
 CHART B 36. Sodium-hydroxide ( ) and Sodium-salicylatt ( ) Reaction*. 
 
 
 ' 
 
206 
 
 CHART B 37. Calcium-nitrate ( ) and Strontium-nitrate ( ) Reactions. 
 
 CHART B 38. Uranium-nitrate ( ) and Cobalt-nitrate ( ) Reactions. 
 
207 
 
 CHART B 39. Copper-nitrate (- 
 
 ) and Cupric-fhloride (- 
 
 ! I 
 
 CHART B 40. Barium-chloride (- 
 
 ) and Mercuric-chloride (- 
 
 \ I 
 
 -) Reactions. 
 
208 
 
 CHART B 41. Points of Inversion and Recrossing of the Curves. 
 
 ! s i 
 
 i i 
 
 ! I 
 
 I I 
 
 6 
 
 e 
 7 
 e 
 
 8 
 10 
 11 
 12 
 13 
 14 
 IS 
 16 
 IT 
 18 
 IB 
 20 
 23 
 22 
 
 23 
 24 
 
 2S 
 2 
 
 2T 
 
 26 
 
 29 
 
 ao 
 at 
 
 32 
 
 33 
 34 
 
 36 
 
 36 
 3T 
 3R 
 
 I T 
 
 11 18 7" 
 
 CHART B 42. Average Reaction-Intensities ( ) and Temperatures of Gelatinization (- 
 
Jll'.l 
 
 CHART C 1. Height, Sum, and Average of Reaction-Intensitie* of Starche* 
 Hybrid-Stocks and Parent-Stndu. 
 
 14 
 
210 
 
 TOIOD OF UACTTOH W KUTTTft 
 
 raiOD or lurnott m Hnrrm*. 
 
 1- 
 
 i 7o 
 
 6 50 
 
 
 
 
 ~ 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 f=r 
 
 '_: 
 
 
 100 
 
 
 
 
 
 ,-t 
 
 *? 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 100 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 .... 
 
 U 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 ,. 
 
 -- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 -/i 
 
 ^< 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 /" 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 --- 
 
 -' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 r^ 
 
 
 ' 
 
 
 
 
 r- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 f 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 --- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 // 
 
 
 ',- 
 
 ' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 fi fin 
 
 
 
 /// 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 ' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 /', 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 If 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 u 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 / 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 f/ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 L 
 
 
 'f 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 s v 
 
 
 / 
 
 : 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 8 40 
 * M 
 
 
 /I 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 8 , 
 
 
 f 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i ^ 
 
 
 '/v 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 R 
 
 / 
 
 f 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 ; 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 g 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 E 
 
 : 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 g 
 
 ~f 
 
 I 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 /' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 * 10 
 
 ' 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 -- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 6 10 15 20 23 30 33 40 43 60 63 80 
 
 pouot> or RZAcnoK oi mmms, 
 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 60 65 60 
 
 PSMOD Of REACTIOrT HI KUTUTIS. 
 
 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 6* 60 
 
 6 * 
 
 ^ 
 
 ~ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 100 
 
 F 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 B0 
 i 70 
 
 S 80 
 
 ji 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Of TOTAL RAXCH OUjlTTBIJCTi. 
 
 ! 8 8 8 3 8 ! 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 TH 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ; 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i: 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ,; 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 u 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 6 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 8 30 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i! 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 fi . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i ., 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 8 ,0 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 8 M 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 nuoo OF M*cnor* at uonrru. 
 5 10 15 20 25 3O 35 40 45 00 85 6C 
 
 100 
 
 1" 
 1" 
 
 i 7 
 
 " 60 
 | 40 
 8 30 
 
 nuoo or UACTIOH n httmTiu. 
 6 10 15 2O 25 30 35 4O 45 50 00 M' 
 
 6 ' 10 15 20 23 30 35 40 45 80 69 99 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ~r-- 
 
 - ^~ 
 
 
 .T--= 
 
 ,T=- 
 
 
 
 
 ' 
 
 
 
 
 90 
 l3 70 
 
 !" 
 
 I 
 
 l" 
 
 
 
 
 
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 100 
 
 I 90 
 
 r 
 
 3 70 
 
 860 
 H 80 
 | 40 
 
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 &L 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 ~A 
 
 &= 
 i i 
 
 nvi 
 
 1 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 ~" ' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 nnaD or Ruction n 
 10 15 20 25 30 3 
 
 none. 
 
 9 40 46 60 66 W 
 
 muoD oi uAcnor. at uattfm. 
 6 10 15 20 29 30 35 40 45 60 69 t 
 
 in or UACTtOH in Mnrurts. 
 5 20 25 30 55 40 45 00 55 60 
 
 100 
 
 f 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 f 
 
 
 ,- 
 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 rt 
 
 
 
 -. 
 
 .... 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 - 
 
 
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 // 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 ~^- 
 
 
 
 
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 8 80 
 60 
 
 i 
 
 r 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 uu 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 11 
 
 
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 i 
 
 
 
 
 
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 j 
 
 
 
 
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 ^^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 =n 
 I 
 
 Film 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 nut 
 
 5 10 1 
 
 B or tucnor. or mmrna 
 20299035404960 66 N 
 
 nuoo or uucnoi m KDIWTU. 
 6 10 10 20 29 30 30 40 45 00 65 60 
 
 
 D or uucnoit w Mnur 
 20 25 30 35 4 
 
 M. 
 45 90 65 80 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 -- 
 
 ~ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 -- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 :^ 
 
 1 
 
 >/7 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 / 
 
 
 
 .., 
 
 - 
 
 -*" 
 
 
 
 
 
 B e 
 
 Ej 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ! * 
 
 i 
 
 
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 -' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ! 80 
 
 
 
 ,' 
 
 -"' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 M 
 
 fz 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 j 
 
 i 
 
 i 
 
 x 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
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 1 
 
 Q oo 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 fi 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 c . n 
 
 ft 
 
 
 
 
 13 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 S M 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 
 14 
 
 ^- 
 
 ^ *^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 60 
 
 ( 
 
 ' 
 
 
 
 
 15 
 
 ^ 
 
 -' 
 
 
 
 
 
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 n 
 
 > i 
 
 
 
 
 ^* 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I: 
 
 
 
 
 
 / x 
 
 
 
 
 
 , 
 
 ? 
 
 JD 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 P40 
 
 e 4o 
 
 g 
 
 ,: 
 
 
 J 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 a 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 iX 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 fi 
 
 n 
 
 i 
 
 
 ? 
 
 ^~- 
 
 ^^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 ! ; 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 - 
 
 .-"^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 CHARTS D 1 TO D 15. Velocity-Reactions of Starches of Amaryllis belladonna ( ), Brunsvigia Josephines 
 
 ( ), Brunsdonna sanderce alba ( ), and Brunsdonna sanderas ( ). 
 
 1. With Choral Hydrate. 
 
 2. With Chromic Acid. 
 
 3. With Pyrogallic Acid. 
 
 4. With Nitric Acid. 
 
 6. With Sulphuric Acid. 
 
 6. With Hydrochloric Acid. 
 
 7. With Potassium Hydroxide. 
 
 8. With Potauium Iodide. 
 
 9. With 1'otasBium Sulphoeyanate. 
 10. With Potassium Sulphide. 
 
 11. With Sodium Hydroxide. 
 
 12. With Sodium Sulphide. 
 
 13. With Hodium Salicylate. 
 
 14. With Calcium Nitrate. 
 
 15. With Uranium Nitrate. 
 
211 
 
 J 
 
 II 
 
 CHARTS D 16 TO D 21. Velocity-Reactions of Starches of Amaryllis belladonna ( ), Brunsviyia joephince 
 
 ( ), Brunsdonna tanderae alba ( ), and Bruntdonna sandera ( ). 
 
 1 With Strontium Nilrtu. 
 
 IT .lhlo6.1t NlUU 
 
 1*. With CopiMr NltraU 
 19. With Cpri CUoridt. 
 
 20. With lUrium Chloride. 
 
 21. With Mrrcurie ChlofiO.. 
 
 :.-. 
 
 
 
 too 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 p 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 
 
 " 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ' 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 | 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 \ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 t 
 
 * X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 : ; 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 . - 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 : 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 | 
 
 
 
 
 
 ; 
 
 g 
 
 . ; 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i: 
 
 
 
 t 
 
 
 ' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ! 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 lij 
 
 I 
 
 n 
 
 -' 
 
 CHARTS D 22 TO D 27. Velocity-Reactions of Starchet of Hippeattnun Man ( - - - ), //. cfeonia ( ), and 
 
 //. titan-cleonia (). 
 
 U. Will, Cklonl RrdrmM 
 . W,U CfaMM Acid. 
 
 24. With rrroclB Add. 
 2i. With Nilne And. 
 
 M. W,U 
 
 17. W,th 
 
212 
 
 naoo or U&CTKW n 
 
 10 IS 20 25 30 36 40 49 50 SB 00 
 
 ntioo or tiAcnov or 
 
 8 10 IB 20 26 30 35 40 43 60 65 
 
 
 wo 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 100 
 
 . so 
 
 | 8C 
 
 i '"' 
 | 
 
 ; so 
 
 | 40 
 
 i: 
 
 B 20 
 
 8,0 
 
 100 
 
 . eo 
 
 I 80 
 
 i 70 
 
 5 60 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 too 
 
 . 90 
 
 \ 8C 
 
 I- 
 
 B eo 
 
 S 50 
 140 
 
 i; 
 
 1. 
 
 100 
 
 do 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 T- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 28 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 " 
 
 SIW1 
 
 
 
 
 
 -- 
 
 ^ - 
 
 
 
 
 .- 
 
 -.. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .0 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 > 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 
 --- 
 
 -- 
 
 ... 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 29 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 30 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 . 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^^ 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 /< 
 
 ^ 
 
 , 
 
 ,- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 '/, 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 .... 
 
 A 
 
 
 I 
 
 ' 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 r:X 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 in 
 
 
 /.' 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 r-X 
 
 ,' 
 
 
 
 
 
 8 , 
 
 / 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 --- 
 
 .-= 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 ,- 
 
 ...<^ 
 
 & 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 L 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 _-:- 
 
 1= 
 
 S5 
 
 -" - 
 
 
 
 
 
 its 
 
 /Z 
 
 .'- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 tmoD ot Rucnox w towns. 
 6 10 IS 20 25 30 35 40 45SO 55 flj 
 
 RUOO or KMCTIOH m MOTTTCT. 
 6 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 BO 55 M 
 
 PHUOD O? KUCTtOR n 
 
 6 10 16 20 26 .10 3 
 
 9 40 46 00 65 60 
 
 too 
 
 i eo 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 9 uo 
 
 6 00 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 31 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 32 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 " SO 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 ^- 
 
 ^- 
 
 _~ - 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 8 .,, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 . ' 
 
 
 
 
 
 j: 
 
 o :o 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 - ' 
 
 _._ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^x- 
 
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 -- 
 
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 wo 
 
 
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 ni 
 
 n i 
 
 in ? 
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 irj 
 
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 1 3 
 
 rn 
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 KTTTT 
 ^ 4 
 
 n 
 
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 ( 
 
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 PT 
 3 1 
 
 n r- 
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 r 'J 
 
 3 2 
 
 C7IO 
 ^ 3 
 
 i a 
 
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 Mt^r 
 ft 4 
 
 r-n. 
 
 A 
 
 
 D ft 
 
 , ffr 
 
 100 
 
 flo 
 1- 
 
 " 60 
 g 40 
 
 I 30 
 
 
 5 
 
 rat 
 
 1 
 
 in o 
 
 5 2 
 
 r tzj 
 
 2 
 
 cno 
 
 3 
 
 N IK 
 
 , 
 
 MTirr 
 5 
 
 Tl 
 
 
 
 Ifl t 
 
 fl 
 
 ^ n 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 , - 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 y\ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 R no 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 f 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 s ^ 
 
 
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 & 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ho 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 D 20 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ,t 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 -i 
 
 100 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 rauon or tiAcnoM n trmmt 
 a 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 49 60 85 e< 
 
 nuoD Of Riucnoi n MCTUTM. 
 ft 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 65 8C 
 
 10 15 20 26 30 33 40 46 BO 69 60 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 100 
 
 l! 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ! : 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i M 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 !<m 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ; 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 3S 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3!) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 8 . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 8 * 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 \l 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 8 ,o 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 __ 
 
 
 
 -- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 g 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 M 
 
 t+= 
 
 :=. 
 
 
 
 . - 
 
 
 
 
 
 . .- 
 
 mm* 
 
 LfcM 
 
 *.' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 -,! 
 
 r'tl 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 , , 
 
 1 
 
 hi 111 
 
 m 
 
 pj 
 
 
 n 
 
 nuoD or tucTio 
 10 15 20 25 3 
 
 i m Mmvn*. 
 35 40 45 00 65 DO 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 40 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 *^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ., 
 
 km 
 
 
 
 > 
 
 !* 
 
 1 
 
 in ( 
 
 i .' 
 
 r pi 
 3 
 
 ' T!' 
 | 
 
 t IN 
 
 g 
 
 Mi*I 
 ) / 
 
 rrs. 
 ') 
 
 -, - 
 
 ' 
 
 i ."0 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 e eo 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 41 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ? , 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 fi. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 TTI 
 
 100 
 
 r 
 
 eo 
 
 mioo or uucnoR n Hnrvn& 
 6 10 19 20 29 30 39 40 49 BO M 60 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 g 7 
 
 R An 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 B SO 
 
 (m 
 
 * v 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 42 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 *!! 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 8 , u 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 CHARTS D 28 TO D 42. Velocity-Reactions of Starches of Hippeastrum titan ( ), //. cleonia ( ), and 
 
 H. titan-cleonia ( ). 
 
 28. With Potassium Hydroxide. 
 
 29. With Potawuum Iodide. 
 
 30. With PotaeBium Sulphocyanate. 
 
 31. With Potassium Sulphide. 
 
 32. With Sodium Hydroxide. 
 
 33. With Sodium Sulphide. 
 
 34. With Sodium Sahcylate. 
 
 35. With Calcium Nitrate. 
 
 36. With Uranium Nitrate. 
 
 37. With Strontium Nitrate. 
 
 38. With Cobalt Nitrate. 
 
 39. With Copper Nitrate. 
 
 40. With Cuprio Chloride. 
 
 41. With Barium Chloride. 
 
 42. With Mercuric Chloride. 
 
41 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 14 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ; 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 l" 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ' 
 
 
 
 
 ," 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4., 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 , 
 
 
 
 
 , 
 
 
 
 
 t | 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 . 
 
 . ' 
 
 
 
 IM 
 
 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 J 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 -i 
 
 S 
 
 - 
 
 ' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 40 < JO 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 m 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ! 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1,. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 IM 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 " 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 r >-' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 U 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 L ] 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 l' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i " 
 t _ 
 
 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1. 
 
 
 
 
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 ' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 , 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 ' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 . . 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 l" 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 l" 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 , 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 i. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ' 
 
 ' 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 In 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 ' 
 
 
 
 
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 4n 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 ,' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 1 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 s* 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 < , 
 
 . 
 
 1. 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 
 9 
 ' 
 
 !- 
 
 
 r 
 
 | 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 1,1 
 " 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 |0 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 * V 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 ' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 CHARTS D 43 TO D 57. Velocity-Reactions of Starches of Hippeastrvm ossultan ( ), //. pyrrha ( 
 
 and H. ostmllan-pyrrha ( ). 
 
 '.-. Chio..! HrdrtU 
 44 WuhChrofnK- And 
 44 With Pnn>llu Artd 
 44 Wiifc NhHi Add. 
 
 4* ith Hrdrayorfe AU. 
 4* M .th PowiB Uy4naU 
 
 40 With faumtmm lodhti 
 
 41 With HoUMOB IWpl>oryuMt 
 if With l-<*~mam fWphuto. 
 
 :\ WtAt 
 
 M u 
 
 Nltrat* 
 
 47 With t r.mum NilraU. 
 
214 
 
 PSUOD or UAcnon w imfrrrxa. 
 
 10 15 20 25 30 39 40 49 SO 55 60 
 
 pnuoD or RucTtoM n mmma. 
 6 JO 19 2d 29 30 39 40 49 50 99 80 
 
 100 
 
 90 
 
 i 7C 
 t 
 
 | 40 
 
 r 
 
 X 
 
 " K 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 100 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 too 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 8C 
 
 370 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I ro 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 -,s 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 5!) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 60 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 8 30 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 g 40 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 E 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 *- 
 
 ^ 
 
 -z- 
 
 ^. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 E ., 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 100 
 
 8" 
 
 !" 
 
 1" 
 
 H 90 
 | 40 
 
 \ X 
 " 20 
 
 
 A-.J 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 . - 
 
 j 
 
 
 -_ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 -- 
 
 -- 
 
 -- 
 
 -- 
 
 rvuoD or mcnon MBTDTI& 
 8 10 15 20 29 30 35 40 45 90 85 80 
 
 FIBIOD 01 
 6 10 19 2 
 
 r 
 
 i : 
 
 CTTG1 
 
 LI 
 
 T .1 
 
 KiXV 
 S J 
 
 n. 
 
 4 
 
 S 5 
 
 D 5 
 
 1 60 
 
 100 
 
 . 80 
 
 a eo 
 i 70 
 
 8 60 
 
 l" 
 
 i: 
 i. 
 
 
 
 mi 
 
 1 
 
 ID 
 S ? 
 
 r m 
 
 o r 
 
 
 CT 
 
 _ 
 
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 L RT8 D 58 TO D 63. Velocity-Reactions of Starches of Hippeastrur 
 and H. ossultan-pyrrha ( ). 
 
 58. With Strontium Nitrate. 60. With Copper Nitrate. 
 6. With Cobalt Nitrate. 61. With Cuprio Chloride. 
 
 nuoo of ftucnoii a MWUTI* muoo or lucre* Mnnm* 
 8 10 19 2O 29 30 39 40 49 80 69 00 5 10 19 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 8G 
 
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 CHARTS D 64 TO D 69. Velocity-Reactions of Starches of Hippeastrum dceones ( ), H. zephyr ( 
 
 and //. daones-zephyr ( ). 
 
 64. With Chloral Hydrate. 
 66. With Chromic Acid. 
 
 66. With Pyrogallic Acid. 
 07. With Nitric Acid 
 
 68. With Sulphuric Add. 
 
 69. With Hydrochloric Aoid. 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 and II . 
 
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 6 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 6 10 19 20 25 3 
 
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 35 40 45 50 55 6O 
 
 
 
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 PIMOD Or UACTtOH 01 MtNGIIl 
 
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 CHARTS D 85 TO D 99. Velocity-Reactions of Starches of Hoemanthus katherince ( ), H. magnificus (- 
 
 and H. andromeda ( ). 
 
 96. With Sodium Hydroiido. 
 96. With Sodium Sulphide 
 
 85. With Chloral Hydrate 
 
 86. With Chromic Acid. 
 87 With Pyrogallic Acid 
 88. With Nttril Arid 
 
 8. With Sulphuric Acid. 
 
 90. With Hydrochloric Acid. 
 
 91. With Potassium Hydroiide. 
 
 92. With Potassium Iodide. 
 
 93. With Potassium Bulphocyanate. 
 'it With Potassium Sulphide. 
 
 97 With Sodium Salicylate. 
 08. With Calcium Nitrate 
 99. With Uranium Nitrate. 
 
 
217 
 
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 (in UTS I) 100 TO D 105. Velocity-Reactions of Starches of Hctmanthuskatherina ( ), //. magnificut ( ), 
 
 and H. andromcda ( ). 
 
 100 With Huoatium SilrmU. 
 
 101. With CapfMt Nur.t. 
 101 Wltk Capri* ChWid*. 
 
 104 With Bwiw CkloriiU 
 IDS. With MvmiHc ChlocM* 
 
 I- 
 
 &' 
 
 
 
 10* 
 
 fi. 
 
 
 
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 (MARTS D 106 TO D 111. Velocity -Reactions of Starches of Hcmanthut kalherina ( ), llamanOnu 
 
 punictus ( ), and Hcrmanthus kdnig albert ( ). 
 
 ' ' .. .- 
 
 107. W,th Chrom* Aad 
 
 108 
 
 109 With 
 
 110. With HolphiNM A<d 
 
 111. With Hydrc*lort A. 
 
218 
 
 PUUOD or KEACT10H Dt I 
 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 
 
 in 
 
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 6 10 15 20 28 30 35 40 45 rO 05 60 
 
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 6 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 SO 55 60 
 
 PKUOD or IMACTK* w unnma. 
 6 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 43 60 S5 60 
 
 or kucnon a MOTOTW. 
 8 10 IS 20 2 30 39 4O 46 60 65 00 
 
 12 
 
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 6 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 SO 55 C< 
 
 12 
 
 nuoc or Bicnun n 
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 CHARTS D 112 TO D 126. Velocity-Reactions of Starches of Hcemanthus katherince ( ), Hcmanthus puniceus 
 
 ( ), and Hcemanthus konig albert ( ). 
 
 112. With Potassium Hydroxide. 
 
 113. With Potassium Iodide. 
 
 114. With Potassium Sulphocyanate. 
 I 1 ' With Potassium Sulphide. 
 
 116. With Sodium Hydroxide. 
 
 117. With Sodium Sulphide. 
 
 118. With Sodium Salicylate. 
 
 119. With Calcium Nitrate. 
 
 120. With Uranium Nitrate. 
 
 121. With Strontium Nitrate. 
 
 122. With Cobalt Nitrate. 
 
 123. With Copper Nitrate. 
 
 124. With Cupric Chloride. 
 
 125. With Barium Chloride 
 
 126. With Mercuric Chloride. 
 
219 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 HABTS D 127 TO D 141. Velocity-Reactions of Starches of Crinum moo 
 and Crinum hybridum j.c.k. ( 
 
 1ST With Chloral Hydra*. IM. With HyditMhlori* Arid. 
 in With Chromic Arid. IM. With PotMiun Hydrodd*. 
 IN With Prraonu Arid. IM. With Poturiai Iodide 
 
 rei ( ) t Crinum Kylanicum ( 
 
 o. 
 
 s^asaE 
 
 130. With Vitht Acid. IU With PetMrioa fWphocyMMto. 140 With (!<* Nitr.i* 
 
 Ul With fclphrt. Arid. IM. With PoUMiUB itulphxi.. 1 4 1 With IrMUu. N.u.u 
 
220 
 
 > or uucnni n uvum. 
 ft HI 19 20 25 30 35 40 49 60 99 80 
 
 MO 
 
 ""on 
 
 
 
 
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 | 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 100 
 
 mioe or Rucnox w Honms. 
 
 6 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 60 59 60 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 70 
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 100 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 1 70 
 
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 9 10 19 20 25 30 38 40 49 90 99 60 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 70 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 CHARTS D 142 TO D 147. Velocity-Reactions of Starches of Crinum moorei ( ), Crinum zeylanicum ( ), 
 
 and Crinum hybridum j.c.h. ( ). 
 
 142. With Strontium Nitrate. 
 
 143. With Cobalt Nitrate. 
 
 144. With Copper Nitrate. 
 
 145. With Cuprio Cbloride. 
 
 146. With Barium Chloride. 
 
 147. With Mercuric Chloride. 
 
 > o* UACTIOW at 
 
 K 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 R eo 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 90 
 80 
 
 nsioD o> ii ICT*> or tcnnma 
 
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 6 10 15 20 25 30 3S 40 46 60 56 60 
 
 too 
 
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 CHARTS D 148 TO D 153. Velocity-Reactions of Starches of Crinum zeylanicum ( ), Crinum longifolium 
 
 ( ), and Crinum kircape ( ). 
 
 148 With Chloral Hydrate 
 140. With Chromic Acid. 
 
 150. With Pyrogallic Acid. 
 
 151. With Nitric Acid. 
 
 152. With Sulphuric Acid. 
 
 153. With Hydrochloric Acid. 
 

 154 
 
 
 
 : 
 
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 - - 1 
 
 
 
 
 
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 (. JIAKT8 D 154 TO D 168. Velocity-Reaction* of Starchet of Cn'nuro ceyianicum ( ..... >, Crinum lonyifolium 
 
 ( ....... ), and Crt'nvm kircape ( - ). 
 
 lii 
 
 IV, 
 
 1M 
 
 WiUi POUMU& 
 
 1M. Witk HodituB 8lphid 
 
 160. Witfc hxttm. BmlbyUto. 
 
 161. Wltfc CtMum Nltnu. 
 161. Wiik f rmntua Nur.t. 
 16*. Wtok 8u<U NitraM 
 
 IM. WithColMll Niirtu. 
 16t. WhkCopfMr Nilraw 
 
 166. Whfc C^ri* Cklorid*. 
 
 167. Witk BMUW Cklorul* 
 166. Witk Mr*vi CUond* 
 
222 
 
 100 
 
 1 eo 
 
 i 7o 
 
 i: 
 
 rruoD or IIACTIOII cr imnrns. FEIIOO or UACTIOF m KCIU. MUOD or WACTTOW w KnnrrBS/ 
 B 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 60 55 60 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 46 50 55 D 5 10 1-s 20 2S> SO 35 4O 45 sb 66 M 
 
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 6 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 5O 55 60 5 10 IS 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 
 
 "too 
 
 PERIOD or UACTIOK ci Honms. 
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 2 
 
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 3 70 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 9 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 SO 
 
 100 
 
 TOUOD op Kacnon ot imnTTta. 
 6 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 60 55 60 
 
 PERIOD Or REACTION HI WIHUTIS. 
 
 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 
 
 "7s 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 6 (0 15 20 25 30 36 40 45 50 65 60 . M 
 
 rauOD or UACTIOH in iuiurrr. 
 6 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 60 55 60 
 
 PERIOD or UAcnoN n Monnu. 
 6 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 60 65 60 
 
 100 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 90 
 
 i 
 
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 9 10 15 20 25 30 38 40 49 50 96 91 
 
 i 
 100 
 
 4 * 
 
 i o 
 
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 . 
 
 PERIOD or UACTIOH v Mcnnrs. 
 6 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 60 55 60 
 
 5 
 
 PZR10D OP UACTlOIt 01 MUnTTIl 
 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 
 
 
 
 i 
 
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 CHARTS D 169 TO D 183.- 
 
 169. With Chloral Hydrate. 
 
 170. With Chromic Acid. 
 
 171. With Pyrogallio Acid. 
 
 172. With Nitric Acid. 
 
 173. With Sulphuric Acid. 
 
 -Velocity-Reactions of Starches of Crinum longifolium ( ), Crinum moorei (- 
 
 and Crinum powellii ( ) . 
 
 174. With Hydrochloric Acid. 
 
 175. With Potassium Hydroiide. 
 
 176. With Potassium Iodide. 
 
 177. With Potassium Sulphocyanate. 
 
 178. With Potassium Hydroxide. 
 
 179. With Sodium Hydroiido 
 
 180. With Sodium Sulphide. 
 
 181. With Sodium Salicylat*. 
 
 182. With Calcium Nitrate. 
 
 183. With Uranium Nitrate. 
 
238 
 
 
 isi 
 
 CHARTS D 184 TO D 189. VelocHy-Reactiona of Starches of Crinum lonyifolium ( ),Crinummoorri ( ), 
 
 and Crinum powcllii ( ). 
 
 1M Witk Ptrontium Nitriu 
 US. With Ccb.lt Nitntt. 
 
 186. With Copper Nitrmt.. 
 117. With Capri* CUarkU. 
 
 IRS. With n.rium Chlorid*. 
 US. With M.rrunc Cblorid* 
 
 
 
 
 
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 CHARTS D 190 TO D 195. Velocity-Reactiont of Slarche* of Nerine erupa ( ), Ncrine elegant ( ), Nerine 
 
 dainiy maid ( ), Nerine queen of rotet ( ). 
 
 190 With CUortl 
 
 191. With Chromic Acid 
 
 : . hri < 
 IN. WUhN.tri.Ac* 
 
 1M. Whh MphwU Add. 
 1M. With BHrochlofi* Arfd. 
 
224 
 
 rujoD o* tucno* DI i 
 S >0 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 60 55 PO 
 
 Of REACTION Dl MDICTtS 
 
 too 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 191 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 6 tO 19 20 29 30 39 40 49 50 95 00 
 
 100 
 
 I ^ 
 
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 it / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 6 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 
 
 too 
 
 90 
 
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 6 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 
 
 100 
 
 6 10 16 20 25 30 35 40 45 60 65 60 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 ) 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 
 
 vmop or UNCTION tit Munms. 
 6 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 puuoo or uucnoN nt XDnma. 
 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 
 
 H Hi Monms. 
 30 35 40 45 50 55 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 25 30 36 40 45 50 56 60 . 
 
 roioD or BEACTWII or ttaum. 
 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 60 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 60 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 ^: 
 
 
 
 
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 D or KXACTIOI* m Mnnnrs. 
 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 8 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 5 70 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I ' Q 
 
 M 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 20 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 , 
 
 50 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 !10 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 f 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 8 JO 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ,n 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ctions of Starches of Nerine crispa 
 
 
 , Nerine elegans ( ), Neri 
 }. 
 
 f 
 
 198. With PotMsium Hydroxide. 
 167. With Potomium Iodide. 
 108. With Potumium Sulphocyanate. 
 190. With Potauium Sulphide. 
 200. With Sodium Hydroxide. 
 
 201. With Sodium Sulphide. 
 
 202. With Sodium Salicylate. 
 
 203. With Calcium Nitrate. 
 
 204. With Uranium Nitrate. 
 
 205. With Strontium Nitrate. 
 
 206. With Cobalt Nitrate. 
 
 207. With Copper Nitrate. 
 
 208. With Cupric Chloride. 
 
 209. With Barium Chloride. 
 
 210. With Mercuric Chloride. 
 
J-J.-l 
 
 223 
 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 . 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 
 . . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 '. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 MS 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ? 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 * K 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1.1 
 
 B 
 
 CHARTS D 211 TO D 225. YelocU ^-Reaction* of Starchet of Nerine bowdtni ( ), Nerine tarnientu tar. corutea 
 
 major ( ), Nerine ffianteu ( ), and Nerine abundance ( ). 
 
 211 With Chloral Hrdrtt*. 
 *I2. With Chrami* Acid. 
 
 . , 
 *I4 With Xiine Ar 
 
 II*. Witk Rrdrakloric Acid. 
 117. Wltk Pw 
 
 ii*. with r 
 
 119. Witk I 
 MO. With I 
 
 Ml Wltk Sodttui H 
 Ml. WUkSo* 
 M*. WltkB*L 
 M4. WithCW Niu.w 
 ~ auo, N.u.w 
 
226 
 
 
 IvO 
 A * 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 i= 
 
 -' 
 
 ^m= 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^= 
 
 wo 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 100 
 
 S * 
 1 80 
 
 | 70 
 | 
 
 6 50 
 | 
 g 40 
 
 S 30 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 ,7 
 
 ^- 
 
 
 -' 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 70 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 If 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 g 70 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 | M 
 
 1' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 60 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 27 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 !28 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 g 
 
 A1 ' 
 
 
 
 
 26 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 8 V 
 
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 8 M 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 E 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 620 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 _ - 
 
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 r., 
 
 
 M 
 R 
 
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 15 
 
 tai 
 
 D or 
 
 2C 
 
 " 
 
 
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 6 10 15 2O 25 30 35 40 45 SO 60 60 
 
 n 
 
 10 15 
 
 D or KUCTIOH at ttatum. 
 20 25 30 35 40 45 60 55 9O 
 
 25 30 35 40 49 50 55 M 
 
 too 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 100 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 | 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 eo 
 
 i 70 
 
 K 50 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 70 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 g 70 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 | M 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 !29 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 I 6 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 8 ,. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 830 
 
 8 JO 
 fi , 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 8 v, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 l! 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 8 50 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 -Reactio 
 erine gi 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 t~B 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 CHARTS D 226 
 
 ro 
 w 
 
 8. 1 
 7. 1 
 
 9 U 
 
 >0 
 
 D 
 
 KIJ 
 
 Vit 
 
 Vit 
 
 wmo 
 S 
 
 2,1 
 or 
 
 ,St 
 
 jc: 
 
 rt 
 
 
 1. Vel 
 ( 
 
 oc 
 
 ), 
 
 itr 
 te. 
 
 
 
 ''/ 
 
 A' 
 
 lie. 
 
 ^ 
 
 ns 
 
 ui 
 
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 tes 
 
 2 
 2 
 
 5 
 
 ,S Y ! 
 ( 
 
 28. 
 
 n. 
 
 For 
 
 
 
 archt 
 
 s < 
 
 ), 
 
 op 
 up 
 
 ACTTT 
 '5 
 
 >/; 
 
 rt/i 
 
 >er 
 
 ir 
 
 m 
 
 
 
 Vc 
 
 rfj 
 
 Nit 
 "Ll 
 
 WIW 
 
 35 
 
 in 
 
 Nc 
 
 rnl( 
 jrid 
 
 ma 
 
 
 C t 
 
 n'; 
 
 . 
 
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 45 
 
 ou 
 & ( 
 
 
 
 (/(' 
 (fcl 
 
 !i e 
 
 
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 , Nerine sarniensis var. corusca 
 \ 
 
 * V 
 
 mdance 
 
 230. 
 231. 
 
 c 
 
 wo 
 
 9C 
 
 
 1 
 
 n 
 
 
 
 22 
 22 
 
 00 < 
 
 1 
 
 \ 
 
 rontium > 
 >balt Nitn 
 
 9 40 45 ( 
 
 WithC 
 WithC 
 
 too ot u 
 5 20 
 
 \ y 
 
 With Barium Chloride. 
 With Mercuric Chloride. 
 
 6 10 15 20 25 30 35 
 
 TTM- 
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 45 50 85 60 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 " 
 
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 0152023303940*960 
 
 is eo 
 
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 K) 15 20 25 30 38 40 45 60 59 90 
 
 PM 
 
 6 10 
 
 (ID Of UACnOtf IK M1HU1I& 
 S 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 85 60 
 
 , M 
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 rs D 232 TO D 237. Velocity-Reactions of Starches of Nerine sarniensis var. co 
 curviflora var. fothergilii major ( ), and Nerine glory of sarnie 
 
 232. With Choral Hydrate. 234. With Pyrogallic Acid. 230. With 
 233. With Chromic Acid. 235. With Nitric Aoid. 237. With 
 
 lisca w 
 
 (T 
 
 ajar ( ), Ner 
 ). 
 
 Acid, 
 fio Acid. 
 
 Sulphuric 
 Hydroohlc 
 
227 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 - 
 
 -- 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 -- 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 M 
 
 II 
 
 
 
 CHARTO D 238 TO D 252. Velociiy-Rfnrtiont of Starchet of N 'trine tarnientu tar. eonuea major ( ), Nerine 
 
 cunifiam tar. Jotkergilii major ( ), and Nerint glory of tarnia ( ). 
 
 SM Wlibl 
 
 . 
 
 :i- 
 
 I 
 
228 
 
 o* UAcno* a> ttaarm. 
 
 254 
 
 9 K> 15 20 25 30 35 M 49 90 55 00 
 
 WO 
 
 * 
 
 
 
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 255 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 iii 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 mioD of wucno* a mmrm. 
 6 10 10 20 25 3O 35 40 45 60 65 60 
 
 /I 
 
 256 
 
 rauott or uicncm n i 
 P 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 60 55 ' 
 
 257 
 
 ration or UA 
 6 10 19 20 2 
 
 CTIOI n nanrn* 
 
 5 90 35 40 45 5O 50 60 
 
 CHARTS D 253 TO D 258. Velocity-Reactions of Starches of Nerine curvifolia var. fothergilli major ( 
 N. elegans ( ), N. sarniensis var. corusca major ( ), N. crispa ( ), and N. bowdeni ( 
 
 263. With Hydrochloric Acid. 
 254. With Chloral Hydrate. 
 
 255. With Nitric Acid. 257. With Potassium Sulphide. 
 
 256. With Potassium Sulphooyanate. 258. With Strontium Nitrate. 
 
 of RIACTIOII 
 
 10 ID 28 30 38 <0 4g 80 
 
 259 
 
 no 
 
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 260 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 tO IS 10 25 3 
 
 Hi tranrna, 
 36 40 45 60 BO 60 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 ) Of UACT10B II 
 
 I. 
 
 t 
 
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 g K) IS 20 2t M 35 40 
 
 60 60 6O 
 
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 )2029309S40499009m 
 
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 g" 
 
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 # 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 264 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 CHARTS D259, D 260, D 262 TO D 264. Velocity-Reactions of Starches of Narcissus poeticus ornatus ( ), 
 
 N. poeticus poetarum ( - ), N. poelicus herrick ( ), and N. poeticus dante ( ). 
 
 259. With Chloral Hydrate. 
 
 260. With Chromic Acid. 
 
 262. With Pyrogallic Acid. 
 
 263. With Nitric Acid. 
 
 264. With Sulphuric Acid. 
 
 CHART D261. Velocity-Reactions of Pyrogallic Acid with the Starch of Narcissus poelicus ornatus. Percentage 
 of entire number of grains ( ) and of total starch ( ) gelatinized. 
 
229 
 
 
 II 
 
 I 
 
 1 
 
 n 
 
 i. 
 
 n 
 
 n 
 
 : 
 
 M 
 
 5 
 
 / 
 
 
 n 
 
 
 
 CHAR-TO D 265 TO D 207. D 269 TO D 279.\'elocity~Keaetion* of Starchet of Narcutiu tateUa grand monarque 
 ( ), Narntnu poet ietu ontahu ( ), and Narcitnu poetat triumph ( ). 
 
 sr 
 
 l Wilfc Hyfcmfcliril A4d 
 ITJ WHk P ! Bvd^l 
 
 t74 w'.U I 
 
 *7i Wnkl 
 
 m 
 m. w 
 in 
 
 S7t 
 
 < IIAKT D 268 Yrlocity-Krartwns of Pyroyollif Acid wtih the Starch of Narcunu tatetta grand monarque. Per- 
 centaot of entire number of grain* ( ) and of total tlnreh ( ) oflatinited. 
 
230 
 
 c* UACTto.x oi Murorn 
 
 POUOD Of KKACTION Of 
 
 
 6 '0 15 20 25 30 35 -W 45 60 69 6C 
 
 3 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 6C 
 
 
 B 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 60 
 50 
 40 
 
 Ii 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 - 
 
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 281 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
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 tx. 
 
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 5 40 49 90 55 M 
 
 I 60 
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 40 
 30 
 
 20 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 wo 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 100 
 
 so 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 70 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1C 
 
 jj 5C 
 8 2C 
 
 8 ic 
 
 t-mm 
 
 K3= 
 5 
 
 rr 
 
 FIR 
 
 
 
 r; 
 
 OD 
 
 5 3 
 
 na 
 
 F El 
 
 2 
 
 3C1 
 
 CTIO 
 
 3r: 
 
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 UINU 
 
 5 ' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 45 M 60 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 SM 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 83 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 284 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 28( 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 -' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 ^ 
 
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 ^ 
 
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 ^=: 
 
 
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 100 
 6 * 
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 1 70 
 M 
 
 ta -' " -- _ aa ma is. '= '*' ""--=" -- - E 
 
 re D 280 TO D 286. Velocity-Reactions of Starches of Narcissus tazetta gr 
 poeticus ornatus ( ), and Narcissus poetaz triumph 
 
 280. With Uranium Nitrate. 282. With Cobalt Nitrate. 28S. 
 281. With Strontium Nitrate. 283. With Copper Nitrate. 286. 
 284. With Cuprio Chloride. 
 
 KFJOD OF tiACT.ON or Munrna PUUOD OF UACTXOII a Mijnm& 
 > 10 15 20 29 30 35 40 49 90 59 90 10 19 20 25 30 39 40 49 50 59 fJO 
 
 1 i niir 
 
 ind mo 
 ) 
 
 S 
 
 K/5 
 
 ii in 
 cur 
 
 D 01 
 
 2 
 
 gwe ( ) , Narcissus 
 
 With Bar 
 With Mer 
 
 9 10 1' 
 
 Chloride, 
 c Chloride. 
 
 UACnox at Mnnu 
 1 29 30 35 40 45 50 55 90 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 100 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 288 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
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 3 7C 
 
 | H 
 
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 ft 
 
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 5 
 
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 ^-" 
 
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 ^ 
 
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 100 of MUCTIOII in uiinnia pmoo OF mcnon n mxrm vox* ' "cn m mums. 
 S a M in xn 45 50 55 80 '" '" ~ < " ", fm Vl flft .m,.. 5 20 25 30 5 5 50 5 90' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 -^ 100 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 * 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 act 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 jy 
 
 
 
 ^^ 
 
 
 
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 291 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 II 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 70 
 
 R M 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 - 
 
 
 
 
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 ^~ 
 
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 >-* 
 
 II 
 
 
 
 
 
 292 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 -? S 
 
 S ^i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 x ^ 
 
 ~, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ii 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 M 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 
 f 
 
 P 
 
 g 40 
 
 * 30 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 R - 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 -' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 '.'-H 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ii 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 t 
 
 
 
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 - 
 
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 C-. rf * f .l M jl T .K M taM w Ik. Sttrth* of 
 
 CHARTS D 287 TO D 289 AND D 291. D 292. Velocity-Reactions of Starches of Narcissus gloria mundi (-- --). 
 
 
 Narcissus poeticus ornatus ( ), onii Narcissus fiery cross ( ). 
 
 287. With Chloral Hydrate. 289. With Pyrogallic Acid. 291. With Nitric Acid. 
 
 288. With Chromic Acid. 
 
 292. With Sulphuric Acid. 
 
 CHART D290. Velocity-Reactions of Pyrogallic Acid unlh the Starch of Narcissus gloria mundi. Percentage of 
 entire number of grains ( ) and of total starch ( ) gelatinized. 
 
231 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 T 
 
 
 f~ 
 
 " '. 
 
 MM "* 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 In 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 r - 
 
 r" 
 
 
 
 
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 ! 
 
 - - 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 * f y 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 -; 
 
 ji 
 
 
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 , 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 , < 
 
 r - 
 
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 ' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 _.,,. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 j 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 l! 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 ( 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 ~~ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 - 
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 I_ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 tticusor 
 
 >/ PIP* 
 
 r of gra 
 
 1 
 
 * 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 CHARTS D 293 TO D 295, D 297, 
 Narcissus 
 
 >M Witk CUonl Hrdrau 
 4. With Ckromi* Aeid. 
 
 < ' 1 1 A RT D 29C . Velocity-Reaction 
 of entire nun 
 
 MMMMMI 
 
 E 
 
 ; 
 k 
 
 * 
 
 
 
 r, 
 
 M 
 
 ri 
 
 ]-. 
 
 IN 
 
 1 
 
 H 
 
 M 
 
 1 
 
 ', 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 .1 
 
 -Reactu 
 
 ^ 
 
 '- 
 
 i 
 
 I 
 
 < 
 
 -i 
 
 1 
 
 ',' 
 
 . 
 
 n 
 
 - 
 
 r 
 
 \ 
 
 Mi 
 M 
 
 
 'torches 
 
 arcissvt 
 
 . 
 
 rchof 1 
 il starch 
 
 of Narc 
 doubloo 
 
 M7 
 
 Varcissu 
 ( i 
 
 ... 
 
 n 
 m 
 
 w. 
 
 1 
 
 tu* tclamonius 
 
 pltnu* 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 ' 
 
 ni 
 
 / 
 
 bPyro 
 
 vith 
 ) ant 
 
 >mfom 
 
 ik Nitric Add 
 h Sulpkmi* Add. 
 
 efamomW plenus. Percentage 
 tlalinised. 
 
 K>lMnKM4041MMM 
 
 n>- 
 
 < ^ 
 
 
 !" 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 , 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 , 
 
 
 
 
 ^-^ 
 
 NO 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 m 
 
 
 
 
 
 -J 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 f! 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 ^-^ 
 
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 gj 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 r. 
 
 - < 
 
 i. 
 
 
 
 
 : 
 
 M 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .> 
 
 ; - 
 
 M. 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 ... 
 
 M 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 , 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ll 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 
 =-* 
 
 r^ 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 l" 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 n 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 ^n 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 II : 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 | 
 
 -" 
 
 . 
 
 * 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 1 n 
 
 ! H 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 ' 
 
 
 
 1," 
 
 
 
 /, 
 
 -' 
 
 
 
 - - 
 
 -* 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 M 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 r 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 , 
 
 ' 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 J 
 
 
 [f 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 * 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ll * 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i!! 
 
 
 
 ' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 r 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 " 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 * 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 CHARTS D 299 TO D301, D303, D 3<M. Velocity-Reactions of Starches of Narcissus princess mary ( ), 
 Narcissus porticus poetarum ( ), and Narcissus cresset ( ). 
 
 Witk CUrnl Bjrdrat*. Ml. Witk PrrafdU Arid. M*. Wilk Nttii. A4d. 
 am Witk Cltioaii And KM Witk tiil>>lll AU. 
 
 KT D 302. Velocity-Reactions of Pyrogallic Acid in'/A the Starch of Narcissus princess nary. Percentage of 
 entire number of grains ( ) and of total starch ( ) gelatinised. 
 
232 
 
 M 
 
 r 
 r 
 
 i ' 
 |" 
 
 60 
 l" 
 
 1 X 
 B 20 
 
 E ,. 
 
 PCUOD Of UACTIOII DI MDRjm- nrjOD OTUACTIOR a KonrTtt- 
 6 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 BO 55 90 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 4O 45 50 55 
 
 100 
 
 80 
 
 rmou or UAcnoK m mvuna 
 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 49 50 99 90 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 xr-4 
 
 -I 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 | 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .-tf 
 
 
 
 
 
 ..- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^- 
 
 -*" 
 
 ^ 
 
 . 
 
 ^ - 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 a Tn 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 _ 
 
 .- 
 
 
 
 | 80 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 -' 
 
 -^ 
 
 ^- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 g 70 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 .-- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 t go 
 
 
 
 
 "' 
 
 
 // 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 SOS 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i: 
 
 40 
 * 30 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 / 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 // 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 7 
 
 
 10i, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 g 40 
 
 i 3 
 
 20 
 6,0 
 
 ,00 
 
 eo 
 I eo 
 
 1 70 
 8 eo 
 
 C 60 
 | 40 
 8 30 
 8 20 
 
 E .. 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 (07 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 j 
 
 f 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 -t 
 
 r 
 
 / 
 
 ^ / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 r= 
 
 " 
 
 
 /, 
 
 '/ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 ' ,. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 100 
 
 1 
 
 
 *=* 
 
 Sfi 
 
 o= 
 
 IB 
 
 ----- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 too 
 
 . 60 
 
 1 eo 
 
 a 70 
 n ... 
 
 
 (<' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Lz 
 
 /' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 raioD or UAcnoff w mmrm 
 6 tO 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 59 BC 
 
 8 10 15 20 23 30 35 40 43 50 93 t< 
 
 muOD or mcnoii n umtrnr. 
 e 10 ,9 20 29 30 35 40 45 50 55 90 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 JOS 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^- 
 
 -^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 / 
 
 _^ 
 
 
 rr- 
 
 ~- 
 
 _ 
 
 .^ 
 
 HI 
 
 -- 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 | 1 70 
 
 i 
 
 r 
 
 1 M 
 II 
 
 
 
 
 
 j. 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ! 
 
 -' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .- 
 
 -- 
 
 
 Y 
 
 f 
 
 - 
 
 ' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ..-. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 1" 
 
 f 
 
 t 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 310 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 ' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ? 
 
 \ ' 
 
 
 
 -- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 B 'O 
 
 e ... 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 309 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 t 
 
 ' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 t 
 
 ho 
 
 i , 
 
 /.'] .' 
 
 r 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 A 
 
 ' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 /' y 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 CHART 
 CHART 
 
 100 
 
 r 
 
 In 
 
 8 eo 
 
 ' 50 
 
 ^ 
 B 20 
 
 e,o 
 
 too 
 
 53- 
 
 jl*. 
 
 / 
 
 ,4' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 310. 1 
 
 etarum 
 
 if Pyroc, 
 grains ( 
 
 i 
 
 y\ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 s D 305 TO D 307, D 309, E 
 poeticus pi 
 
 305. With Chloral Hydrate. 
 306. With Chromic Acid. 
 
 1 D 308. Velocity-Reactions 
 number of 
 
 rauo or UACTKB ra uonmn 
 9 10 15 20 29 30 35 40 45 50 65 
 
 feloc 
 (.... 
 
 30 
 
 attic 
 
 ity-Readions of Si 
 ..-), and Narcissi 
 
 7. With Pyrogallic Acid 
 
 Acid with the Sta 
 ) and of total sta 
 
 PIUOD or RZAcnofl n MUTOTBI 
 13 20 23 30 35 40 t 
 
 ((r 
 
 is 
 
 . 
 
 fd 
 ]<) 
 
 j ' 
 
 in 
 n 
 
 >o. 
 
 ( 
 
 ?..' 
 
 sc 
 Is 
 
 n 
 
 / Narcissus i 
 
 ibscissus ( ) , Narcissus 
 ). 
 
 Citric Acid. 
 <ulphuric Acid. 
 
 C188U8. Percentage of entire 
 9d. 
 
 ruuoD or UACnoi n ummzi 
 
 309. 
 310. 
 
 fardssu 
 
 Withl 
 WithS 
 
 s abs 
 liniz 
 
 9 t 
 
 9 
 
 5 S, 
 
 too 
 
 90 
 3 '0 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 100 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 -- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 j- 
 
 i 
 
 ^ 
 
 -*' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 -' 
 
 
 
 F- ...' 
 
 -^: 
 
 ,- 
 
 _- -" 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 t 
 
 ? 
 
 
 // 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^'" 
 
 ^ 
 
 ' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I , 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 311 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 l 
 
 
 
 1 
 ( 
 
 
 //' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 '/ 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 __ 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 31 
 
 Z 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 31 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 __ ^ 
 
 -- 
 
 " 
 
 
 
 
 g 3U 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 // 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 g 
 
 
 // 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 , 
 
 -' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 B 20 
 
 
 1 
 
 /- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 r 
 
 
 f f 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 '' 
 
 
 
 -r< 
 
 
 
 =^ 
 
 .-:= 
 
 
 '/ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ,- 
 
 - 
 
 -^ 
 
 r*' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 y 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 10 16 20 25 30 35 *40 45 50 55 X 
 
 1 
 
 too 
 
 90 
 
 i B0 
 
 8 60 
 
 KUOD Of UACT10M n MHIVT1*. 
 6 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 49 60 59 90 
 
 nrjoD or U4CTK>* n mmjni 
 ,0 ,5 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 90 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 P 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 .~-'- 
 
 .- 
 -^ 
 
 - 
 
 .^_ 
 
 . 
 
 i eo 
 a TO 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 -' 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 ~ ~~ 
 
 
 
 , 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 - 
 
 I" 
 
 x 
 
 ~*~~ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 5 70 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ,' 
 
 
 , 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 J 
 
 X 
 
 -^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 31 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 ' 
 
 31 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 /'/ 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 31 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 * 3 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 J 
 
 
 ^ I 
 
 ' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 B 
 
 t / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 M 
 
 /. 
 
 .' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 CHARTS D311 TO D313, D 315, D 316. Velocity-Reactions of Starches 
 abscissus ( ), and Narcissus bicolor apn 
 
 311. With Chloral Hydrate. 313. With Pyrogallic Acid. 
 312. With Chromic Acid. 
 
 CHART D 314. Velocity-Reaction of Pyrogallic Acid with the starch of 1 
 
 number nf nrn^na ( _ . . _ ^ nnti rtf tntnl stnrrh ( 
 
 of Narcisi 
 
 rnf ( ' 
 
 ws albicans ( ), Narcissus 
 
 . 
 
 th Nitric Acid. 
 ,h Sulphuric Acid. 
 
 zlbicans. Percentage of entire 
 fctMri 
 
 315. Wi 
 316. Wi 
 
 Varcissus 
 
 ^ nplntit 
 
233 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 -, 
 
 
 
 M 
 
 
 - 
 
 5 
 
 r 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 ' 
 
 
 
 
 !" 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 J 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 " 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 * 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 | 
 
 
 
 II 
 
 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ii 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 : 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 
 i ; 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ii 
 
 H 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I > 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^'^ 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 s * 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 s 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 , 
 
 
 
 l 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i. 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 
 ' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 L 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 n. 
 
 " 
 
 11. 
 
 
 
 B 
 
 --r 
 
 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 MM 
 1* H 
 
 MM* 
 M f 
 
 
 
 
 
 M M M *j t tiyiyypyt'l* 1 ; 
 
 ' 
 
 
 
 ( " 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 lOi 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 * 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Jl 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 , 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 L 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 H 
 
 ' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 " 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 --* 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 r 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 
 
 : 
 
 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 
 : 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Ii 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1- 
 
 
 ' 
 
 
 
 ' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 it 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 . - 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 I " 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 > 1C 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 !i * 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 * 
 
 
 ' 
 
 ' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i * 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 ' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i .* 
 
 
 . ' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I/ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I) 317 TO D319 
 
 I 
 1 
 
 . i 
 
 - 
 , 
 
 >:, 
 ; - 
 
 d 
 
 <-' 
 
 n 
 
 -: 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 k. 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 >322. 
 
 Vcloc 
 ],ani 
 
 SI 
 
 fa//i<; 
 
 '. 
 II 
 
 ' 1 
 
 4 
 ' 
 
 .r. 
 
 :. 
 
 r 
 
 M 
 
 H 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 .. 
 ii 
 
 it 
 
 .1. 
 
 
 
 .-. 
 
 >' 
 
 H 
 f 
 
 
 / 
 
 M 
 
 I ' 
 
 .. 
 
 . 
 
 M 
 
 ^ 
 
 I 
 
 i \ 
 
 1 
 
 :/. 
 
 l 
 j 
 
 r i 
 
 ;' : 
 
 ! 
 
 M 
 h 
 
 
 ,-; 
 
 :: 
 M 
 
 -'- 
 J 
 
 U 
 
 rcAe of Nan 
 de graaff ( 
 
 Ml. 
 SM. 
 
 fc o/ A'arcwi 
 t ^ /,;/, 
 
 iuu* emprets 
 
 r.. ^ 
 
 Narciuut 
 
 
 
 
 J17 
 lit. 
 
 MIT D320. V 
 
 CUbC-Mon 
 fitb C kroi 
 
 , ' .,-,' -J 
 
 . 
 
 of Pyre 
 
 grains ( 
 
 MO 
 
 With Nllrio Acid. 
 With Sulphur!. Acid. 
 
 u empreu. Percentage of entire 
 [United. 
 
 
 r 
 
 
 
 
 n. 
 
 
 
 1. 
 
 
 
 
 
 ' 
 
 .--r 
 
 
 ~ 
 
 
 
 
 
 U 
 
 - 
 
 :., 
 
 
 ** 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 * 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 - ) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i ; 
 
 
 
 
 
 f 
 
 / ' 
 
 
 ** 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^~-- 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 , 
 
 - 
 i 
 
 > 
 
 ' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ' 
 
 
 
 
 
 * 
 
 
 '" 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 < 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 " 
 
 
 
 
 
 s 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 r 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 I 
 
 / 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 / 
 
 f 
 
 * 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 
 ( * 
 
 
 
 ; 
 
 2 
 
 
 <: 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 / 
 
 s 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I ** 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 r~ 
 
 
 
 
 
 , 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 10 
 
 
 
 S 
 
 ' 
 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i! 
 
 
 
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 ' 
 
 - 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 
 
 * 
 
 p 
 
 i 
 
 
 , 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i, 
 
 
 / 
 
 | 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i ^ 
 
 
 g 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 f 
 
 - - 
 
 
 t 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 , 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 /, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 . 11 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 
 ' 
 
 
 
 
 
 m 
 
 
 
 .. 
 
 
 Mi 
 
 T 
 
 
 
 
 
 MM 
 
 - i 
 
 1 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 :-- 
 
 '1. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i " 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 : 
 
 
 
 -- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Si' 
 ' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 327 
 
 v -^- 
 
 P 
 
 ,_ - 
 
 g 
 
 
 -- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 " 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^^~ 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ; 
 
 
 
 
 , - 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 , 
 
 ~- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 \: 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ? 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ,. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 * 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 , 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 * id 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 if" 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i" 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 |, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 k * 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 : 
 
 " 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I " 
 J'Hiii 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ,' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 T n ma m n .IOA n 397 n ra> l v/v./n-P^i/-///* nt x//ir/-A of A'arrts*u wtardole verfection ( 
 
 ATarctMU madame de graaff ( ....... ), and Narciuitt pyroimu ( - ). 
 
 ' HKKT D326. Vtlocity-R*M*i< of Pp-oQaUic Acid uiA the Starch of Ncuru^ Percentage 
 
 of entire number of grains ( ..... ) and o/ toto/ dare* ( - ) gelatinised. 
 
234 
 
 putioD of MUCTIOH o MIKI/JW 
 
 ruuot) or nftcnoit m Mmum 
 
 6 10 IS 20, 26 30 35 40 J?_SQ_ 55 60 
 
 100 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 HI CFJt I Of TOTAL CTAXCH CtLATDtinD. 
 
 ooooooooo 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 
 -- 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 1001 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 S 
 
 
 
 ..- 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .. 
 
 p 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 g 90 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 '" 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^- 
 
 ^ 
 
 *" 
 
 1- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 29 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 ' 
 
 
 x 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 S 
 
 
 
 
 ,' 
 
 
 ^-* 
 
 - 
 
 '* 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^,. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I* 
 
 * M 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 -- 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ,' 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .* 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ' 
 
 
 '' 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 S 30 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 31 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 a , 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 __ 
 
 i 
 
 
 / 
 
 / 
 
 
 53( 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 / 
 
 // 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 7" 
 
 -ff* 
 
 -S--T 
 
 i^ 
 
 "" 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 ' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 S 10 
 
 /v 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 >< 
 
 " 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 -/ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 PBMOO Or tXACTIOM lit MtOTTtt. 
 
 B 10 15 20 23 30 35 40 49 90 55 60 
 
 rauoD or UACTioit w UIKCTU. 
 9 K) 15 20 2S 30 35 40 45 50 55 90 
 
 100 
 
 ruuoo or rjucnon a umuTES. 
 S 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 90 
 
 100 
 
 I 
 
 f c 
 
 5 a ' c 
 jl" 
 
 i: 
 
 It* 
 
 1 k 
 
 t " 
 
 CHART 
 CHART 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 KM 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 90 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 g 
 
 1 eo 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i-"- 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 6 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ii 
 
 ^r^ 
 
 - 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 f 70 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ; 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 
 
 f 
 
 -- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 z> 
 
 i=> 
 
 
 
 
 ..- 
 
 5 60 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^- 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 
 ,... 
 
 ,-- 
 
 
 
 
 50 
 
 
 
 
 
 (34 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 ' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 B . 
 
 
 I/ 
 
 
 x 
 
 ~^~ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 S 3C 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 * 
 
 
 
 33 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 B 
 
 B . 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 i33 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 B 20 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 / 
 
 I/ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ~j 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 * 10 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Cnnti el IM V0citr-Ructi of Uw SUi 
 
 s D 329 TO D 3S 
 
 .-. .,i 
 
 i, 
 
 U 
 
 oni 
 
 OIII 
 
 /-/ 
 
 K 
 
 UIMI: 
 
 , - 
 
 NARt 
 
 D 
 
 UK 
 
 nr 
 
 c A 
 
 ie< 
 
 ID) 
 
 rzi 
 
 ) 4 
 
 
 
 3c 
 
 '? 
 
 dr 
 <-ul 
 
 C/( 
 
 ik 
 
 "i 5 
 
 MOKARCH 
 
 3, D 
 
 ie de 
 
 >te. 
 
 ons o 
 rofi 
 
 } 55 90 
 
 334.- 
 
 graaff ( 
 
 f Pyroc, 
 rains ( 
 
 too 
 
 90 
 
 i ao 
 
 1. 
 
 50 
 1 40 
 * 30 
 8 2C 
 
 ,c 
 
 100 
 i >o 
 
 I" 
 
 B to 
 
 g 40 
 
 r 
 
 20 
 
 " 10 
 
 feloc 
 
 33 
 
 attic 
 
 ihj 
 o 
 
 i. ^ 
 
 A 
 
 )t 
 
 P1H] 
 
 1 
 
 -R 
 ,< 
 
 V'it 
 
 *id 
 im 
 
 jn o 
 
 i r 
 
 C(U 
 
 im 
 -P. 
 
 1C 
 
 lo, 
 
 r u 
 
 o : 
 
 ti( 
 
 'A 
 
 /ros 
 
 itft 
 
 f < 
 
 C1VJ 
 
 9 : 
 
 /(S 
 
 far 
 
 all 
 
 <;< 
 
 Oti 
 1 111 
 
 
 
 o/ 
 
 CM 
 
 o A 
 
 el 
 As 
 
 MINI 
 ', - 
 
 s 
 
 si; 
 
 cid 
 
 a 
 tai 
 
 ns. 
 
 j 
 
 tar 
 si 
 
 re} 
 ch 
 
 1 5 
 
 chcs 
 yrd n 
 
 i of 1 
 ( 
 
 :>/ Narcissus monarch ( 
 
 
 ), Narcissus 
 
 
 329. With Chi 
 330. With Chi 
 
 D 332. Velocih 
 
 333. W 
 334. W 
 
 Varcissus 
 
 ith Nitric Acid, 
 ith Sulphuric Acid. 
 
 monarch. Percentage of entire 
 nized. 
 
 KUOD or UACTIOM a wmuru. 
 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 95 9^ 
 
 nuoD or UACTIOI* m 
 5 10 1 20 25 30 3 
 
 t 
 
 55 90 
 
 100 
 . 90 
 
 1 70 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 , 
 
 ..- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 f 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 *3 
 
 
 
 ^* 
 
 _. 
 
 _- 
 
 -" 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 33" 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .X 
 
 ^X 
 
 .* 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 3 70 - 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 fj^ 
 
 ** 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 '/ 
 
 .' 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 i '" 
 
 
 
 
 
 _y 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 ,- 
 
 * 
 
 
 
 6 60 
 
 i 30 
 
 6 20 
 
 .o 
 
 s B0 
 
 8 C <0 
 
 E : "' j 
 
 p ' 
 
 CHART 
 CHART 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 (35 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 / 
 
 
 ,'' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .'/ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 (V 
 
 .- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ,' 
 
 x 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 8 30- 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 / 
 
 ' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 //. 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I - 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 , 
 
 rrr 
 
 , 
 
 i 1 
 
 
 
 
 ./, 
 
 ' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 8 , c . 
 
 
 
 ,' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 *< 
 
 
 ill 
 i 
 
 rra: 
 
 T '. 
 
 
 
 
 =r. 
 
 jj 
 
 i*' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ~d?' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 io or uucnoii n wnnms. 
 1 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 95 90 
 
 PUIOD or UAcrtoir m MmDm. 
 e 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 95 90 
 
 ratoo or UACTIOK w UIHUTO. 
 9 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 90 55 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 339 
 
 
 
 ^r" 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 )3b 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 * 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ,- 
 
 
 
 
 O 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 -" 
 
 
 
 
 X 1 
 
 '' 
 
 
 __ 
 
 -- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 (4( 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 ? 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ..x- 
 
 
 - 
 
 '' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 " 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 ,,,' 
 
 '- 
 
 -' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ' 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 ,y 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 r 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 * 
 
 ' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i* 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 C , 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 ' 
 
 ,. 
 
 -' 
 
 ' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 8l 
 
 E 
 
 D 335 TO D 337, D 339, D 
 
 Narcissus triar 
 
 335. With Sulphuric Acid. 
 336. With Chloral Hydrate. 
 
 I 338. Velocity-Reactions q 
 
 340. Velocity-Reactions of Starches of Narciss 
 drus albus ( ) and Narcissus agnes harvey 
 
 337. With Chromic Acid. 339. W 
 338. With I'yrngallic Acid. 340. Vi 
 
 /" Pyrogallic Acid with the Starch of Narcissus It 
 
 T n{ nrn-ins ( .. .-~\ nntl nt total stnrrh ( 1 a 
 
 us leedsii minnie hume ( ) , 
 
 ( -} 
 
 ith Nitric Acid, 
 ith Sulphuric Acid. 
 
 edsii minnie hume. Percentage 
 e.latinized. 
 
286 
 
 
 , 
 
 in 
 
 " 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 -^ 
 
 * 
 
 1 
 
 | 
 
 
 
 r 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 
 -' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ' 
 
 
 \ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ', 
 
 
 
 ' 
 
 
 ' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 
 , 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i " 
 
 i _, 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 
 
 ii 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 '. 
 
 
 
 
 ,' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i j 
 
 ' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 in 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ; ' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 j 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 j 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 f 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i " 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 t 
 
 , 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 11 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 
 I 
 
 : ; 
 
 C'IIAHTS D 34 1 TO D 343, D 345, D 346. V tlocily-Rcadiont of Starche* of Narcitttu emperor (-- --),Narciuu 
 triandrus albut ( ), and Narcittut j. t. bennett poe ( ). 
 
 .141 With Cfclonl H r dr*t Ml. With Pyrofklllc Add. M. With Nitric AM. 
 
 342. WiU. Ckromi, idd. M. With Sulphuric Add. 
 
 :T D 344. Velociiy-Reactions of Pyrogallic Acid with the Starch of Narcittut emperor. Percentage of entire 
 number of grains ( ) and of total starch ( ) gelatinized. 
 
 CHARTS D 347 TO D 349, D 352, D 353. Velocity-Reaction* of Starchet of Lilium martagon album ( 
 
 Lilium maculatum ( ), and Lilium marhan ( ). 
 
 ), 
 
 w.th Chloral H 
 J4 W,UChro 
 
 Hnbmto. 
 
 Arid 
 
 M*. With PyraoJU* Acid. 
 
 US. With 
 Ul. 
 
 HTS D 350 AHD D 351. Velocity-Reaction* of Pyrogallic Acid viih the Slarchnt of l.ilium martagon album 
 /. maculatum. Percentage of entire number of grain* ( ..... ) and of total ttarck ( ) gelatinised. 
 
236 
 
 *_V>_ 15 20 25 3Q 35 40 45 50 99 HO 
 
 354 
 
 K 
 
 4 80 
 
 | 60 
 
 rf 'n 
 
 nmioD of UAcnoH m MI*UTO. 
 
 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 BO 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 ~- 
 
 r~* 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 -~ 
 
 f f 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 6 50 
 | 40 
 
 !: 
 Ij 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 
 *55 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Ptiuoa or MACTIO* m UIKUTU. 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .. 
 
 __ 
 
 
 
 "i r 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 f 
 
 
 
 
 
 i5C 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 t; 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ft 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 or tucnoi n imrxrm 
 5 10 15.. M .25. 30 
 
 100 
 
 4 90 
 
 1 80 
 
 i 
 
 i < 
 
 2 80 
 g 41 
 3 
 
 
 
 puioo or UUCTI.II n ujnorra 
 K) 15 20 25 30 
 
 ,'( 
 
 
 ^, 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 f f 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ; 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ! 
 
 
 
 
 
 359 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 { 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 \ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 100 
 
 6 9C 
 1 o 
 
 1' 
 
 S 60 
 & 00 
 I 40 
 
 i" 
 
 B 20 
 1. 
 
 ,7 
 
 i 
 
 
 PZBl 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 in o 
 i 2 
 
 P UACT1OH Iff MlflDTt* 
 25 30 35 40 4 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 -- 
 
 "' 
 
 "" 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 x 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ! 
 
 
 
 
 
 300 
 
 
 
 
 r 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ! 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 CHARTS D 354 TO D 356, D 358 TO D 360. Velocity-Reactions of Starc)ies of Lilium martagon ( ), Lilium 
 
 maculatum ( ), and Lilium dalhansoni ( ). 
 
 354. With Chloral Hydrate. 
 
 355. With Chromic Acid. 
 
 356. With Pyrogallio Acid. 
 358. With Sodium Salicylate. 
 
 359. With Cobalt Nitrate. 
 
 360. With Barium Chloride. 
 
 CHART D 357. Velocity -Reactions of Pyrogallic Acid with the Starch of Lilium martagon. Percentage of entire 
 number of grains ( ) and of total starch ( ) gelatinized. 
 
 rvuOD t* uucnoi n MOTTO, 
 > K> J 2O 29 30 >9 4O 45 SO 
 
 61 
 
 raioo 07 iumon B uonntt 
 B 10 18 20 25 30 38 40 48 65 C 
 
 62 
 
 KWOD OF kUCTTOH W 
 
 19 20 29 80 35 40, 
 
 46_BO 8S M 
 
 PMIOD ot tucno* v icmrm 
 6 10 t5 20 29 30 S5 40 4S 60 6 
 
 f 
 
 164 
 
 mioD or lucnoii n Knvnt 
 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 48 BO 85 M 
 
 36S 
 
 ttitiOD or UAcnoit in MWITTSI. 
 ft 10 tS 20 25 30 35 40 4 
 
 5 60 C5 60 
 
 CHARTS D 361 TO D 364. Velocity-Reactions of the Starches of Lilium tenuifolium (-- --), Lilium martagon 
 
 album (- ), and Lilium golden gleam ( ). 
 
 361. With Chloral Hydrate. 
 
 362. With Chromic Acid. 
 
 363. With Sodium Salicylata. 
 304. With Barium Chloride. 
 
 ODZ. TT IIH V^OruullC YIUIU. OVJ-B. "itll Lanuu4 ^xujwiiuv. 
 
 CHARTS D 365 and D 366. Velocity-Reactions of Pyrogallic Acid with the Starches of Inlium tenuifolium and 
 L. golden gleam. Percentage of entire number of grains ( ) and of total starch ( ) gelatinized. 
 
.. 
 
 171 
 
 < IIAKTS D 367 TO D 372. Velocity-Reactions of Starches of Lilium chalcedoniatm ( ), Lilium eandidum 
 
 ( ), and Lilium testaceum ( ). 
 
 M7. With Chloral HrdraU. 
 M* With Chrari Aovi 
 
 100 With PrrooW* Add. 
 170. With Sodiiun 8byUu. 
 
 171. With Coblt Nitru 
 S72 With BMiwo CUond*. 
 
 
 
 : 
 
 CHARTS D 373 TO D 378. Velocity-Reactions of Starches of Lilium pardalinum ( ), Lilium parryi ( ), 
 
 and Lilium burbanki ( ). 
 
 S73. With Chloral HrdraU. *74 With I 
 
238 
 
 m 
 
 j: 
 
 1 1 
 
 
 : 
 
 !* 
 
 r 
 
 100 
 
 6 * 
 
 1 60 
 
 a , c 
 
 
 10 15 20 25 30 33 40 45 60 65 60 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ,-.- 
 
 , 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .^ 
 
 .^ 
 
 i - 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 r ..^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 s' f 
 
 * 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 -- 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 1 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 ,-- 
 
 -" 
 
 
 
 
 jj 40 
 
 II ,. 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 /, 
 
 -- 
 
 " f 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 V' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i ; 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 8 ,u 
 
 ^ 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 PHUOD or UAcnoit nt 
 5 10 I 20 2i 30 35 40 4 
 
 15 SO 55 CO 
 
 382 
 
 rmoD OF KUCTIOR w nnnmn. 
 ft' 10 IB 20 25 30 &5 40 45 SO 55 6l 
 
 mjOD or EiACnoR tn IUHDTM. 
 6 10 15 20 M 30 35 40 45 50 59 ft 
 
 388 
 
 rax>D or UACTKM v i 
 
 6 10 1 ?0 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 CO 
 
 331 
 
 6 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 65 60 
 
 100 
 00 
 
 1 so 
 
 1" 
 
 B 60 
 t jo 
 j> 40 
 
 I: 
 
 8,0 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 ..-- 
 
 ^f* 
 
 
 -rs 
 
 -- 
 
 -- 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 : 
 
 ^, 
 
 <| 
 
 ,- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 11 
 
 / 
 
 s 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 III 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 r 
 
 /' 
 
 
 
 S80 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 /i 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 //, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 f 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 & 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 PERIOD or uicnon mtnms. 
 6 10 IB 20 25 30 35 4 *> SO S5 JO 
 
 100 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 d 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 333 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 a IU 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 E 4U 
 
 , n 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 e J0 
 
 H ,, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 p 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 PKBIOD or KiAcnoR m Humrts. 
 S 10 15 20 25 30 35 4Q 45 60 55 CO 
 
 JHf 
 
 PIRIOD or Kucnon DI mnrms. 
 6 tO 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 SO 85 
 
 389 
 
 D of BJUCTIOH n iranrns. 
 8 10 IS 20 25 30 35 40 45 SO 55 90 
 
 H 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 !S2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ...- 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 "^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 ' 
 
 ~- 
 
 _^- 
 
 
 "' 
 
 H 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 -"' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 j 
 
 
 x< 
 
 ^^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 /i 
 
 r 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 /"' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 D OP ttiAcnon a imrvna 
 
 6 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 60 6Q 
 
 100 
 
 
 I 'o 
 
 | 60 
 2 50 
 | 40 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^l 
 
 ^ 
 
 .- 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 
 It 
 
 ^. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 J81 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 jli 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 >/ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 l" 
 
 j 
 
 [ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 100 
 . 
 
 1 e 
 
 "j 
 
 
 K 60 
 
 i" 
 
 D 20 
 
 r 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 PSRIOD or RIACTIOH DI Miwris. 
 6 tO 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 00 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 =^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 _, 
 
 -- 
 
 --- 
 
 
 .< 
 
 '/ 
 
 
 
 
 *.- 
 
 -' 
 
 
 
 
 
 if 
 
 
 .-- 
 
 -" 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 E 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 : 
 
 
 
 
 
 384 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 * 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 PERIOD Or UACT1OH Qt MUIDTIS 
 6 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 60 6 61 
 
 
 (00 
 
 BO 
 1 60 
 
 i' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 390 
 
 
 
 
 ._ 
 
 JJ^ 
 
 ~ 
 
 
 
 
 
 .,. 
 
 
 
 *" 
 
 ^, 
 
 
 
 S 60 
 
 i 4 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 X" 
 
 _, 
 
 .-- 
 
 -" 
 
 
 
 -- 
 
 
 S* 
 
 
 
 Si 
 
 ^' J 
 
 ' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 , 
 
 
 /f 
 
 ft.' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 s 
 
 / 
 
 /, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 8,0 
 
 i 4 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 100 
 
 M 
 
 00 
 
 50 
 
 tg 
 
 ruuoD or BKACTIO 
 5 10 15 20 25 
 
 K DI MOTCTTS. 
 
 tO 35 40 45 50 55 M 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 39.- 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 r--- 
 
 i 
 
 ^ ' 
 
 . 
 
 ..- 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 '' / 
 
 --'' 
 
 
 
 , 
 
 _-, 
 
 
 
 .-- 
 
 -- 
 
 " ~~ 
 
 
 / 
 
 ,^ 
 
 <~ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 /A 
 
 '' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 CHARTS D 379 TO D 393. Velocity-Reactions of Starches of Iris iberica ( ), Ins Irojana ( ), and 
 
 Iris ismali ( ). 
 
 379. With Chloral Hydrate. 
 
 380. With Chromic Acid. 
 
 381. With Pyrogallic Acid. 
 
 382. With Nitric Acid. 
 
 383. With Sulphuric Acid. 
 
 384. With Hydrochloric Acid. 
 
 385. With Potassium Hydroxide. 
 
 386. With Potassium Iodide. 
 
 387. With Potauium Sulphocyanate. 
 
 388. With Potawium Sulphide. 
 
 389. With Sodium Hydroxide. 
 
 390. With Sodium Sulphide. 
 
 391. With Sodium Sahcylate. 
 
 392. With Calcium Nitrate. 
 
 393. With Uranium Nitrate. 
 
289 
 
 V4 
 
 i: 
 
 i 
 
 ' 
 
 
 
 M 
 
 t . 
 
 i, 
 i . 
 
 ' in'.: - I > .i'.H TO D399. Velocity-Reactions of Slarchet of Iri* ibcrica ( ), /ns trojana ( ), and 
 
 Iri itmali ( ). 
 
 M*. With B.num Chtocid*. 
 
 394. With UtrontiuiB Nilrt. 
 SM. With Cubli Nitrmu. 
 
 1M. With Coppw Niru. 
 W7. With Cuora Chlwid*. 
 
 CHARTS D 400 TO D 405. Velocity-Reaction* of Starchc* of Irit iberica (-- -), 7ru ctngialti ( ), and 
 
 Iru dorak ( ). 
 
 400. With Chloral Brdrat*. 40 
 
 40l! W,thChf*.Aod 40 
 
240 
 
 HJUOD or UACTTO* m Murom. 
 5 10 t9 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 S9 60 
 
 FHUOD or uifnoit m imnrm. 
 B 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 
 
 , 
 
 pnuoD or ftiACTion m Momna. 
 6 10 15 20 25 30 36 40 49 50 99 80 
 
 409 
 
 ICO 
 
 mioo or RUCTION m itnnma. 
 9 tO 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 60 66 60 
 
 
 
 
 ^^ 
 
 y* 
 
 > 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 // 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 II 
 
 
 //I 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 [ 
 
 ''/ 
 
 
 
 
 412 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 j\ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 B 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 100 
 
 90 
 
 nuoo or wucnon at Mimrru. 
 9 10 19 20 29 30 39 40 49 90 99 
 
 415 
 
 muoo or RUCTIOR m MIJIITOS. 
 10 19 20 29 30 39 40 49 90 99 
 
 100 
 | 80 
 
 i 70 
 
 B 60 
 
 * 60 
 j> 40 
 
 \ X 
 8 20 
 
 t lu 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 418 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^= 
 
 
 -=- 
 
 tr~ 
 
 '-* 
 
 " 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 , " 
 
 , 
 
 ** * 
 
 -' 
 
 ~** 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 x ' x 
 
 
 ' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 f 
 
 ' / 
 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 /> 
 
 ' 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 / 
 
 x 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 /'! 
 
 ,* 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2.0 
 
 t 60 
 
 rSSS? 
 
 410 
 
 PSHJOD or UACTtOIt Dl HDTOTW. 
 6 10 19 20 29 30 39 40 49 90 99 60 
 
 100 
 
 eo 
 
 80 
 70 
 
 eo 
 
 60 
 40 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 412 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 _ 
 
 V* 
 
 ~~- 
 
 
 
 
 
 , 
 
 ^x- 
 
 ^^^ 
 
 
 -^. 
 
 -- 
 
 -' 
 
 ' 
 
 
 
 
 ..' 
 
 * 
 
 ^ 
 
 ' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 * 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 <^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / J 
 
 ' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 PKRIOD or RIACTIO* n if mints- 
 S 10 15 20 25 30 39 40 45 90 55 CO 
 
 416 
 
 muoD or UACTTOS n HQTUTIS. 
 10 19 20 29 30 39 40 48 60 99 
 
 419 
 
 5 tO 15 20 25 3O 35 40 45 90 99 W 
 
 
 
 
 g 
 
 
 ^i^ 
 
 iii= 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 JOS 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 PEJUUD OP REACTION IB UIHITTV9 
 
 100 
 
 I'" 
 r 
 
 i 7 
 |. 
 
 6 so 
 j> -i 
 
 o' 
 
 1: 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 41 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 **"= 
 
 
 
 
 "- 
 
 
 
 
 
 s* 
 
 * 
 
 
 
 ,_- 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 -- 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 -- 
 
 ~" 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 /_, 
 
 --" 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 j 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 /_, 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 p 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 PUUOD Or REACTION IF UDTUT8S. 
 6 10 15 20 25 30 39 40 45 50 '* tQ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 414 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .^- 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 , 
 
 ' 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 ..- 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 -1* 
 
 
 - 
 
 -- 
 
 
 
 
 *fi 
 
 S^S 
 
 ,f 
 
 ..' 
 
 " 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 ' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 PIRIOO or REACTOR m Mmrrrts. 
 5 tO 19 20 25 30 35 4O 45 50 M 8 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 417 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 -T 
 
 1* 
 
 >Sfc 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 <; 
 
 f' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 S 
 
 </ 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 /' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I'"" 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 PR cnrr or TOTU STUCK OXUTTVIZBX 
 oooooooSRS 
 
 
 B 
 
 rtuoo or KKACTIOH at nonms 
 15 20 29 30 39 40 49 50 ?,5 M 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 420 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 rfr- 
 
 
 
 o_ 
 
 -T 
 
 r^; 
 
 
 
 -ff 
 
 r 
 
 -^ 
 
 ^r= 
 
 -r= 
 
 ^ 
 
 <= 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 _.. 
 
 
 
 
 CHARTS D406 TO D420. Velocity-Reactions of Starches of Iris iberica ( ), 
 
 and Iris dorak ( ). 
 
 cengialti ( - 
 
 406. With Potassium Hydroxide. 
 
 407. With Potassium Iodide. 
 
 408. With Potassium Bulphocyanate. 
 
 409. With Potassium Sulphide. 
 
 410. With Sodium Hydroxide. 
 
 411. With Sodium Sulphide. 
 
 412. With Sodium Sahcylate. 
 
 413. With Calcium Nitrate. 
 
 414. With Uranium Nitrate. 
 
 415. With Strontium Nitrate. 
 
 415. With Cobalt Nitrate. 
 
 417. With Copper Nitrate. 
 
 418. With Cupric Chloride. 
 410. With Barium Chloride. 
 420. With Mercuric Chloride. 
 
241 
 
 4JJ 
 
 t 
 
 \ 
 
 j 
 
 426 
 
 CHARTS D 421 TO D 435. Velocity-Reaction* of Starchet of Irit cengialti ( 
 
 may ( ), and 7rw mrt. a/an grty (). 
 
 421. With CUanl Hrdnto. 4M. Wiih HrdrorWoci. AoM. 4JI. 
 
 477 Will, CkrMM. A4M. 417. Wlik PotM^rai Hf<itrilJ < 
 
 4 Wit* Tmfmt **d. 4M. With PaUMfaM ledU*. ' 
 
 >v,ihNiimAcU. 4 Wttli FnlinlM Mjl >!> 4J4 
 
 -t ^^^^ r i Attfi- j^j Wtlk PatA^ttKM BttlDkMiC * 
 
 ), /rtf pallida queen of 
 
242 
 
 natoD or MACHO* DI Mortrrts. 
 S 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 60 65 60 
 
 100 
 
 r 
 r 
 
 d 70 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 436 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ,-- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 :tr ~- 
 
 
 
 --* 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 SBO 
 
 
 
 
 
 ,,' 
 
 ** 
 
 
 
 
 ..- 
 
 ..- 
 
 * 
 
 50 
 ? . 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 l i 
 
 . 
 . - 
 
 -^ 
 
 =- 
 
 
 
 ' 
 
 
 
 
 
 /,' 
 
 ' 
 
 
 
 f 40 
 
 * ir 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 \s 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i" 
 
 
 ,- 
 
 
 x 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 * u 
 
 
 '^ 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 psRtoD or uucrtoit A KDTorta. 
 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 4Q 45 50 55 60 
 
 
 100 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 100 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 7 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i eo 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 438 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 437 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .... 
 
 ..i 
 
 -- 
 
 - . 
 
 
 * . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ' DO 
 
 | 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 '' 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 .-- 
 
 
 
 
 2 40 
 S 33 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 S 
 
 
 
 
 s 
 
 
 +. 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i! 
 
 
 
 '' 
 
 *"* 
 
 
 
 ~^ 
 
 .^ 
 
 -^ 
 
 
 
 
 r 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 , 
 
 | 
 
 v 4 
 
 r! 
 
 ?*** 
 
 K- 
 
 ^^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 nuoD OF UAcnoH m MINCIIS 
 
 ptuoo Of BiAcnox IB mums. 
 
 > or MACTion w unnma. 
 
 
 s 
 
 1 
 
 ^ 2 
 
 o ; 
 
 5 , 
 
 o ; 
 
 > < 
 
 ^ 
 
 S -i 
 
 n ' 
 
 ^ P- 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 1 
 
 ) ? 
 
 n ? 
 
 n i 
 
 1 1 
 
 F\ t 
 
 n << 
 
 
 
 1 flC 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 n < 
 
 n 4 
 
 i n 
 
 1 5 
 
 i no 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 100 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 100 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i:: 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 439 
 
 
 
 
 
 -- 
 
 ..- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 k-' 
 
 .** 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 MO 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 441 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 s 40 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 y 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i K 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ;' 
 
 V 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 8 M 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i " 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .. 
 
 :- 
 
 d 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Mft, 
 
 ^M 
 
 (* 
 
 Ml. 
 
 UM 
 
 LJU 
 
 fcja 
 
 Mb 
 
 MU 
 
 J 
 
 <IA 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 rV*'** 
 
 -a-J 
 
 fsrs- 
 
 r-'- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 C HARTS D 436 TO D 44 1 . Velocity-Reactions of Starches of Iris cengialti ( ) , Iris pallida queen of may ( ) , 
 
 and Iris mrs. alan grey ( ). 
 
 436. With Strontium Nitrate. 
 
 437. With Cobalt Nitrate. 
 
 438. With Copper Nitrate. 
 
 439. With Cuprio Chloride. 
 
 440. With Barium Chloride. 
 
 441. With Mercuric Chloride. 
 
 FMJOD Or UACTtOH HI MOTTrro. 
 
 or Kucnoa n 
 5 20 29 30 35 40 45 80 55 CO 
 
 100 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .^-^ 
 
 
 - 
 
 r=- 
 
 r=- 
 
 rr= 
 
 rr= 
 
 -m 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i- 
 
 "" 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 a 70 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 /' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 g 70 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 445 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 443 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 g 40 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 g 4C 
 
 
 /A 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 * r 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 -^J 
 
 
 
 
 
 30 
 
 
 /A 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 h 
 
 
 
 
 f . 
 
 -< 
 
 >^ 
 
 __ 
 
 ""1 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 " 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 j 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 >u 
 
 
 'rr\ 
 
 - 
 
 ?* 
 
 *~ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 ,0 
 
 2 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 r 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 100 
 
 miOD of UACTIO* at mmrna. 
 6 10 15 20 25 3O 35 4O 45 60 65 M 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 80 
 
 
 X,J 
 
 x" 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 ,v' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 
 
 444 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 f 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ;j 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 B 10 15 ZO 25 30 35 4O 
 
 nuoo or UACTIOM m Morms. 
 
 445 
 
 100 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 70 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 U 70 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 S 50 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 wJ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 S AT 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 s J3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 a j 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 ,c 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 SS I 
 
 447 
 
 CHARTS D442 TO D447. Velocity-Reactions of Starches of Iris persica var. purpurea ( ), Iris sindjarensis 
 
 ( ), and Iris pursind ( ). 
 
 442. With Chloral Hydrate. 
 
 443. With Chromic Acid. 
 
 444. With Pyroicallic Acid. 
 
 445. With Nitric Acid. 
 
 446. With Sulphuric Acid. 
 
 447. With Hydrochloric Acid. 
 
243 
 
 4SI 
 
 461 
 
 4&3 
 
 KTS D 448 TO D462.\'eloniy-Rfaction4 of Slarche* of 7ru perrica wr. purpwrta ( ), 7rii rindjartnn 
 
 ( ), and Iru purrind ( ). 
 
 tt. Wit* 
 4M Witfc 
 4*7. Wttfc 
 
 M? WIU BMtw CUorid*. 
 Ml. Wiifc MOTOT. CUn>. 
 
244 
 
 FEVIO3 OP UACTIOII IF 
 9 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 90 68 80 
 
 KX 
 9C 
 
 ec 
 
 7C 
 ! 
 " 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 100 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 _- 
 
 -- 
 
 
 
 
 
 100 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 _.. 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 ^ 
 
 -^ 
 
 ' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ' 
 
 " 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 | eo 
 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 7 
 
 .' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 a 70 
 
 
 
 
 -- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 46 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 60 
 60 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 s 
 
 
 
 y 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 _ . 
 
 
 .=-- 
 
 xz- 
 
 
 
 .-= 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 464 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ; 
 
 
 
 165 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I* 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 x 
 
 -- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 g 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 8 20 
 100 
 
 to 
 1 
 
 3 70 
 
 H eo 
 
 / 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 , 
 
 
 
 -^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 /, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 s M 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 ~? 
 
 ^ 
 
 --- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 6 3 ' 
 
 
 ./ 
 
 / 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 g 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ill 
 
 ""^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 // 
 
 ,' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 -- 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 r 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 f 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 __ - 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 PDJOD op UACnon ci MOTTT*. puioD op REACTION n unrolls. 
 10 ,9 20 29 30 39 40 45 90 55 60 6 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 90 95 OX 
 
 .00 
 
 PERIOD OP ItZACTIOH O, unnTTls 
 S 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 95 60 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 . 90 
 
 
 
 .^ 
 
 tj. 
 
 ^=- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 f 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 70 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 |70 
 
 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 -- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 f 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ,' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 166 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 U (W1 
 
 ' 
 
 
 
 
 
 167 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 , 
 
 
 e 
 
 
 
 
 168 
 
 
 
 
 ,,' 
 
 * 
 
 
 l" 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 g 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 , 
 
 ,' 
 
 
 
 
 8 w 
 
 8 ,. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 s ,. 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 S 30 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ,'' 
 
 
 _^ 
 
 
 
 ~~~^ 
 
 
 \. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 il 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i; 
 
 j 
 
 
 J 
 
 .- 
 
 * - 
 
 ^.^ 
 
 ^~ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 8 IU 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ..- 
 
 ..- 
 
 
 -'- 
 
 " 
 
 
 
 
 r 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 j 
 
 -'' 
 
 ^ 
 
 ** 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 100 
 
 J eo 
 
 Ml 
 
 :> 
 
 ^=~ 
 
 rifu 
 I 
 
 M 
 
 .-- 
 
 _^ 
 
 ^= 
 
 ^^ 
 
 ^13 
 
 _-" 
 
 u r" - 
 
 __^ 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 on op xiAcnov w Knvm. 
 5 20 25 30 35 40 49 90 95 60 
 
 ptuoD op UAcnoH 01 Knnnvs. 
 9 .0 19 20 29 30 39 40 49 90 99 TO 
 
 PUUOD or UACTIOII DI unnms. 
 
 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 90 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 100 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 IOC 
 
 BC 
 
 1 ec 
 5 ec 
 
 I: 
 
 j: 
 
 ,00 
 
 1 eo 
 
 K 90 
 
 1- 
 
 8 3d 
 
 * ,0 
 
 ,00 
 
 90 
 
 I eo 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 ! 
 " 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 r 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 B no 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 10 19 20 2 30 39 40 49 90 65 S< 
 
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 9 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 60 55 90 
 
 miiOD op tucr.311 0) Mimrra 
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 rwino op tXACTTox n tmvna 
 9 .0 19 20 29 30 35 40 49 90 95 
 
 
 
 
 
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 [ARTS D 463 TO D 477. Velocity-Reactions of Starches of Gladiolus cardinalis ( ) , Gladiolus 
 
 nnrl nindinlui rnlmllpi ( \ 
 
 <m<w ( 
 
 483. With Chloral Hydrt. 468. With Hydrochloric Acid. 473. With Sodium Hydroiide. 
 
 474. With Sodium Sulphide. 
 
 464. With Chromio Acid. 
 
 465. With Pyrogllio Acid. 
 
 466. With Nitric Acid. 
 
 467. With Sulphuric Acid. 
 
 489. With Potassium Hydroiide. 
 
 470. With Potassium Iodide. 
 
 471. With Potassium Sulphocyanatc. 
 
 472. With Potassium Sulphide. 
 
 475. With Sodium Sallcylate. 
 
 476. With Calcium Nitrate. 
 
 477. With Uranium Nitrate. 
 
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 < ' ii AMI s I ) 1 78 TO D 483. Velocity-Reactions of Starches of Gladiolus cardinalis ( 
 and Gladiolus colmllei ( ). 
 
 47 With StroMio. N.ir.i. 4M. With Copper NitrtU. <J 
 4Tt. Wuh Cobalt Nitrtu. 4S1. With Cuprw Chlortd* 4*3 
 
 
 
 , Gladiolus tristis ( 
 
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 CBARTS D484 TO D489. Velocity-Reactions of Starches of Tritonia pottrii (- --), Tritonia crocotmia aurea 
 ( ), and Tritonia crocotntaftora ( ). 
 
 4*4 With Chloral Hrdrtu. 4M. With PrnwtAb A*d. . With gdhjtorto AU. 
 4M WMkCWMttiaZ 4*7. W,th NIUM Acid 
 

 246 
 
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 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 4O 49 50 S5 80 
 
 10 15 20' 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 
 
 100 
 
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 nuoD or IKACTIOH at imrom. PUIOD or HXACTION in MIMDTU. 
 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 49 50 65 60 6 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 
 
 PERIOD or REACTION IK lUrDTtS. 
 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 pn dMT Off TOTAL fTAHCH OEUTOflZB \ 
 SoSSSoSooS c 
 
 
 
 "' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 raiOD or UACTKM m Kijnrnti. 
 6 10 15 2O 25 30 39 40 45 SO 55 60 
 
 100 
 
 90 
 
 a 70 
 
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 6 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 St. 00 
 
 PERIOD Or REACTION MOTITTES. 
 6 10 IS 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 00 
 
 100 
 
 
 
 
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 10 35 40 45 50 55 M 
 
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 nuoo or UACIIOII m Moroni 
 
 UmOR Dl MUIUT1S. 
 5 30 35 40 45 50 55 00 5 
 
 PUUOD Of UACTIOF Dl M1MUIU. 
 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 60 55 M 
 
 
 H 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 potlsii ( 
 
 _ 
 
 == 
 
 ), Tritonia crocosmia au 
 
 490. With Potassium Hydroxide. 
 
 491. With Potassium Iodide. 
 
 492. With Potassium Sulphocyanate. 
 
 493. With Potassium Sulphide. 
 4U4 With Sodium Hydroxide. 
 
 495. With Sodium Sulphide. 
 
 496. With Sodium Sahcylate. 
 
 497. With Calcium Nitrate. 
 
 498. With Uranium Nitrate 
 
 499. With Strontium Nitrate. 
 
 500. With Cobalt Nitrate. 
 
 601. With Copper Nitrate. 
 
 602. With Cupric Chloride. 
 
 603. With Barium Chloride. 
 
 604. With Mercuric Chloride. 
 
LM7 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 ,11 
 
 u 
 
 If o f 
 
 17 
 
 ' 
 
 
 12 
 
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 (18 
 
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 13 
 
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 ICM.OM40.ttO 
 
 19 
 
 < HABT9 D505 TO D 507, D 509 TO D 519. Velocity-Reactions of Starches of Begonia tingle crimson tcarld ( 
 
 Begonia tocotrana ( ), and Begonia mrt. heal ( ). 
 
 KM. Witfc CMonl Bnfamu. 
 KM Witk CbroM- And 
 07 WUkPmctlL 
 to Witk Slim AoJ 
 io WkkMptari* 
 
 *ll Wltk BHnxUofie Add 
 41 J WiU POIA^WB Hrtlroci< 
 
 113 llh Pol 
 &I4 With P 
 
 sis -in rm 
 
 , 
 
 Sl W.th 
 IT WUfc, 
 51i WiUH 
 ftlt. Witk ' 
 
 - 1 i - 
 
 9 Cn 
 
 
 'inu i 1 ) 508. Velocity-Reaction* of Pyrogattic Add uilH the Starch of Begonia tingle crimton scarlet. Percentage 
 of entire number of grain* ( ) and total starch ( ) gelatinized. 
 
248 
 
 
 or Rucnott at MHRRM. 
 
 6 10 15 20 28 3O _35 40 45 60 65 60 
 
 X 
 
 520 
 
 MUOO ot uucnon n MUTOTS* 
 6 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 59 6O 
 
 
 
 < 
 
 *Ult 
 
 ZL. 
 
 r sj.i 
 
 cnu 
 
 5 ; 
 
 j 
 
 UOTL 
 
 5 - 
 
 Tn. 
 
 -. 
 
 5 r 
 
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 ; 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 / 
 
 "^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 pniOD ot uicnoH t> utxtrrm 
 6 10 15 20 25 30 39 40 45 60 MM 
 
 526 
 
 CHARTS D 520 TO D 526. Velocity-Reactions of Starches of Begonia single crimson scarlet (-- --), Begonia 
 
 socotrana (-..-..-), and Begonia mrs. heal ( ). 
 
 620. With Uranium Nitrate. 
 521. With Strontium Nitrate. 
 
 622. With Cobalt Nitrate. 
 
 623. With Copper Nitrate. 
 
 524. With Cuprio Chloride. 
 
 525. With Barium Chloride. 
 
 526. With Mercuric Chloride. 
 
 80 28 30 39 40 49 00 B 80 
 
 527 
 
 t ot Buenos 
 6 tO J9 20 26 30 38 4O 43 6Q__56_gO 
 
 mc.D or UAcno* a ttnvru. 
 S 10 15 20 25 30 38 40 45 60 65 60 
 
 100 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I" 1 
 
 B 90 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^x 1 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 
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 a " 
 
 8 i 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 - - 
 
 i^ * 
 
 
 1 
 
 t D0 
 
 
 
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 X" 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 8 in 
 
 
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 / 
 
 
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 529 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 * ,u 
 
 
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 : 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 nuoi> ot UAcno* i 
 a 10 18 20 25 90 39 40 46 60 6ft 60 
 
 mjoo or tXAcnon i 
 
 530 
 
 6 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 48 6O 66 60 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 J 
 
 ..- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 - 
 
 ""* 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 31 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 40 <; 60 BO 
 
 CHARTS D 527 TO D 529, D 531, D 532. Velocity-Reactions of the Starches of Begonia double light rose ( ), 
 
 Begonia socotrana ( ), and Begonia ensign ( ) 
 
 529. With Pyrogallio Acid. 
 
 627. With Chloral Hydrate. 
 528. With Chromic Acid. 
 
 531. With Nitric Acid. 
 
 532. With Strontium Nitrate. 
 
 CHART D 530. Velocity-Reactions of Pyrogallic Acid wth the Starch of Begonia double light rose. Percentage of 
 entire number of grains ( ) and of total starch ( ) gelatinized. 
 
L'1'.i 
 
 i 
 
 M7 
 
 at 
 
 rn MITS D 533 TO D 535, D 537, D 538. Velocity-Reaction* of Starches of Begonia double white ( ), Begonia 
 
 tocotrana ( ), and Begonia juliut ( ). 
 
 3J. With CUonl Hydrmu. MS. With PyrocalUe Add. M7. With Nllric Add. 
 
 &M. With Chronic Add. US. With Strontium Nltnu. 
 
 ("II.IKT D 536. Velocity-Reactions of Pyrogallic Acid with the Starch of Begonia double white. Percentage of 
 entire number of grain* ( ) and total starch ( ) gelatinized. 
 
 ; 
 
 1 ' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ! 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 >.. 
 
 
 
 
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 -" 
 
 
 
 
 
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 s 
 
 I 
 
 ', 
 
 re D 539 TO D 541, D 543, D 544. Velocity-Reaction* of Starches of Begonia double deep rote ( ), 
 
 Begonia tocotrana ( ), and Begonia success ( ). 
 
 
 
 LT trr2i 
 
 541. With Prrocmlli* Add. 
 
 Ml. With KltH Acid. 
 
 M4. With OlraBliM NlMte. 
 
 . " >IM Btnmnmm nnimt*. 
 
 H SHT D 542. Ve/ori/y-ffeaefuww o/ PyngoMic Acid with the Starch of Begonia double deep rote. Percentage of 
 entin number of grain* ( - - - - ) and total starch ( ) ,---*-- 
 
250 
 
 FCUOD ftXACTIOl CT 
 
 >00 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 100 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 m 
 
 >l 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 >r 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 g 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 54 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 54 
 
 & 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 54 
 
 j 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 8 30 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 B 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 OD G 
 
 12= 
 
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 :3: 
 
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 ^p.^: 
 
 
 
 
 
 fODoo of UAcaoB n wnvnt 
 10 13 20 2 30 35 40 49 60 59 60 
 
 rauoD or UACTIOII in mmma. 
 5 10 15 20 25 30 3ft 40 43 50 55 60 
 
 p KACTION u umms. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 100 
 00 
 
 | BO 
 
 S' 
 
 D 20 
 
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 | 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 puuoo or UNCTION u Monma. 
 9 10 16 20 25 30 35 49 50 55 
 
 KBJOD Or UACT1OH IR HDrUTU. 
 6 10 15 20 23 30 35 40 45 30 33 60 mm*m 
 
 PUUOD OP UACT1OH IB muTmi 
 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 49 60 55 60 
 
 100 - 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 100 
 
 . 90 
 1 60 
 3 70 
 B 90 
 U 90 
 
 1- 
 
 S jo 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 rmoo or UACTIOR n MOTCTM. 
 6 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 SO SS 60 
 
 FUUOD or kt^cnoR w Honnu. 
 6 10 IS 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 
 
 rtuoo or UACTIOR itnnfTi*. 
 6 tO 15 20 25 30 3S 40 45 50 55 SO 
 
 100 - 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 ..- 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 too 
 
 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 -- 
 
 ~ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 aoC I*** 
 
 
 
 ^.Tt 
 
 j^a 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 f 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 554 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
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 s 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 E 5oW 
 
 
 
 
 
 56 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 55 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 [ 
 
 
 t 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 I 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 PtWO 
 6 10 IS 
 
 D op uuno* m Mmrm. 
 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 65 M 
 
 
 6 
 
 nuo 
 
 10 15 
 
 D or UUCTIOR at Muron* 
 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 
 
 
 1 
 
 riticjD or UACTIOV t> Huron*. 
 10 13 20 25 30 35 40 49 SO 65 00 
 
 too 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I * 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 80 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 | 60 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 B '" 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 57 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 58 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 5S 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 M 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 | 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 * so 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 r 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 " 20 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 - li. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 CHARTS D 545 TO D 559. Velocity-Reactions of Starches of Richardia albo-maculata ( ), Richardia elliotliuna 
 
 ( ), and Richardia mrs. roosevelt ( ). 
 
 M.I. With Chloral Hydrate. 
 
 Mr, With Chromic Acid. 
 
 647. With Pyrojallic Acid. 
 
 648. With Nitric Acid. 
 
 649. With Sulphuric Acid. 
 
 650. With Hydrochloric Acid. 
 
 661. With Potassium Hydroiide. 
 
 652. With Sodium Kalicylate. 
 
 653. With Chloral Hydrate. 
 
 654. With Chromic Acid. 
 
 655. With Pyrogallic Acid. 
 
 556. With Nitric Acid. 
 
 557. With Sulphuric Acid. 
 
 558. With Hydrochloric Acid. 
 659. With Potaasium Hydruiide. 
 
i 
 
 M 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 ' 
 
 
 j 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ! 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 M 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1.. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 M 
 
 i n A KTB D 560 TO D 565. Velocity-Reaetiont of Slarchet o/ Richardia albo-maculata ( ) , Richardia eUioUiana 
 
 ( ), and Richardia mrt. rooteveli ( ). 
 
 MO With P 
 Ml. WilhP 
 
 Ml. With Pouom BnlpUd*. 
 Ml. With Sodium 
 
 M4. With Sodium Hulphid*. 
 Mi. With Sodium 
 
 <MARTS 
 
 , and 
 
 Mt. With 
 
 M*. With Cotah Nitnl*. 
 
 ^^sarsat 
 
 r. 
 
252 
 
 PtWOC OF UACnOX Hi MlJnTTl* 
 
 PHUOD or aucno* a KXOTTU. 
 ft 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 58. 60 
 
 P1WOD 0V UACTlOff Or MO7TU. 
 9 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 46 SO 85 60 
 
 TOO 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 100 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^? 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 100 
 
 1: 
 
 a 70 
 
 
 
 i 6C 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .. - 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 90 
 
 
 
 ' 1 
 
 
 r 
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 - 
 
 
 
 ^^ 
 
 ! 
 
 i 70 
 o 
 
 5 eo 
 
 6 90 
 
 r- 
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 s 
 
 
 
 
 
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 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^. 
 
 >'l 
 
 ' 
 
 ^-* 
 
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 100 
 
 . eo 
 1 BO 
 
 5 eo 
 
 * 90 
 | 40 
 
 \: 
 
 r 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 mioo or uucnoir m Munms. 
 
 PKBJOD or pOAcnon DI HOnms. 
 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 6C 
 
 100 
 
 I* 
 
 feo 
 
 3 70 
 
 5 60 
 6 so 
 j> 40 
 8 JO 
 
 * ,0 
 
 PVPJOD OP PJUCTIOH DI MDrtTTES 
 
 too 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 j 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 | uc 
 
 ' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 577 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 57fc 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 579 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 K 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 j 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 f 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 * 10 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 100 
 
 r 
 r 
 
 d 70 
 
 MOD or Kucnoi n Konms. 
 S 10 19 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 59 
 
 
 3 6C 
 nH 
 
 100 
 
 pimiOD OP pjucnon o> uonrrvs. 
 6 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 '_-. 
 
 - -.- 1 
 
 
 T* 
 
 ~y^. 
 
 ^i 
 
 
 
 s-*1 
 
 =-=- 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 '/' 
 
 f 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 | 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 8 co 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 e 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 J 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 58C 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 581 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 r 
 
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 582 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 i 
 
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 it 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 rsuoo or UACTKm n Mmrm. ruuoo or UACTION in MHVTIS 
 15 20 25 30 39 40 45 60 55 80 9 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 
 
 mioD or UACnoK m tiamnt. 
 5 10 15 20- 25 30 35 40 49 50 55 90 
 
 ! 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ft 
 
 r- 
 
 s^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 100 
 
 !: 
 
 j 70 
 
 6 90 
 | 
 
 s 30 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 go 
 
 f 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 58.1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 | 
 
 
 
 
 
 58-1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 
 
 585 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 8 |_ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 !: 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 f 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 IJ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 '4n 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 !;i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 f 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ruuoo of UACTKMI m Kurorts. 
 ft 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 95 5C 
 
 100 
 
 rUUOO O* tXACTK> IK lUmTXB. 
 
 90 
 
 ruioo or IUCTIOR a UDnmta 
 6 10 15 20 25 30 39 40 45 SO 55 80 
 
 100 
 
 
 [i 
 
 fifi 
 
 & 
 * 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 .. 
 
 - ' 
 
 ^-* 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^' 
 
 << 
 
 ^ 
 
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 -^t 
 
 
 
 
 
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 3 70 
 
 ! eo 
 
 
 
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 a 70 
 
 h 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 | 
 
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 ^' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 if 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 // 
 
 
 
 
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 581 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 K go 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 58S 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 8 20 
 
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 a D 574 TO D 588. Velocitv- 
 
 is of Starches of Phaius arandifolius ( ) , Phaius wallichii ( 
 
 574. With Chlorl Hydrate. 
 675. With Chromic Acid 
 678. With Pyrogallic Acid. 
 
 677. With Nitric Acid. 
 
 678. With Hulphurio Acid. 
 
 and Phaius hybridus ( ). 
 
 579. With Hydrochloric Acid. 
 
 680. With Potasuium Hydroxide. 
 
 681. With Potaaeium Iodide. 
 
 682. With Potasamm Sulphocyanate. 
 
 683. With Potaxiium Bulphide. 
 
 584. With Sodium Hydroxide. 
 
 686. With Sodium Sulphide. 
 
 580. With Sodium Salicylate. 
 
 587. With Calcium Nitrate. 
 
 688. With Uranium Nitrate. 
 
 
258 
 
 CHARTS D 589 TO D 594. Velocity-Reactions of Starches of Phaius grandifolius ( ), I'haiuswallichii ( 
 
 and Phaius hybridiu ( ). 
 
 IM. With fXnatium Niirtu. 
 WO. With Colwll Niu.u. 
 
 Ml . With Corixr Nilr.tr. 
 Ml. W,th Cupiie Chlundi. 
 
 593. With P.tium Chloride. 
 M4. With Mcrcom Chlarid*. 
 
254 
 
 PERIOD O UACTtOK IB MDTOTli. 
 
 6 )0 IS 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 
 
 595 
 
 PUUOD or EZACTIO* at Hnrtms. 
 6 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 H Tn 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 g 
 
 H eo 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 59f 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 fi ! 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 nuoD or RucnoH in MIKOTXS. 
 6 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 
 
 PEUOD or RZACTIOH m 
 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 80 
 
 mioD or niAcnox 01 
 10 15 20 25 30 35 <0 45 50 59 60 
 
 07 
 
 PUUOD or nucnon n Moams. 
 6 10 15 20 M 30 .33 40 45 50 55 6O 
 
 100 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 "x 1 
 
 -- 
 
 _ 
 
 .. - 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 /,' 
 
 "* 
 
 j 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 TO 
 u 
 
 
 I 
 
 1 1 
 t 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 r\ 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 /. 
 
 j 
 
 
 
 596 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 '/ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 s ,. 
 
 u 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 P ; 
 
 t 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 , 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 PKBJOD Or REACTION Ql 
 
 6 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 
 
 7 
 
 597 
 
 too 
 
 90 
 I 80 
 
 I" 
 | M 
 
 80 
 | 40 
 
 i' 
 
 PBUOD Of MACTIOH IB MOTDTW. PERIOD OF RZACT105 CT MDItrTW 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 100 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 K 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 u 
 5 60 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 S91 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 60C 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 t 
 
 S *n 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 t ' 
 
 5 30 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 E 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 ,0 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 PERIOD OP REACTION W MIKOTES 
 
 9 10 13 20 25 30 35 AO 4* *ft *.* an 
 
 I'EKJOD (W tlACnOIf HI MmUTES. 
 
 5 10 t5 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 35 80 
 
 
 [^ 
 
 1' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i> ^ 
 
 
 ' 
 
 
 -- 
 
 -' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 \f' 
 
 .-^ 
 
 ., 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 13 70 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 a ,. 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 .' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 K on 
 
 50 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ;o2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 - 50 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 603 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 K An 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 e ^rir 
 8 30 UL 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 S 30 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ! 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 , 
 
 PEJUOD Or REACTION IK lUNlTTES. 
 6 10 ^15 20 25 30 35 4Q 45 50 SS 60 
 
 05 
 
 rauoD or REACTION at icmurcs. 
 B 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 
 
 606 
 
 PERIOD or RUCTION Dt lumnts. 
 10 15 10 25 30 35 40 50 55 60 
 
 608 
 
 PERIOD Or REACTION DT I 
 6 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 
 
 CHARTS D 595 TO D 609. Velocity-Reactions of Starches of Miltonia vexillaria ( ),MilloniarcEzlii(- 
 
 and Miltonia bleuana ( ). 
 
 895. With Chloral Hydrate. 
 696. With Chromic Acid. 
 597. With Pyrogallic Acid. 
 898. With Nitric Acid. 
 890. With Sulphuric Acid. 
 
 600. With Hydrochloric Acid. 
 
 601. With Potassium Hydroiide. 
 
 602. With Potassium Iodide. 
 
 603. With Potassium Sulphocyanatt. 
 
 604. With Potassium Sulphide. 
 
 605. With Sodium Hydroiide. 
 
 606. With Sodium Sulphide. 
 
 607. With Sodium Salicylate. 
 
 608. With Calcium Nitrate. 
 
 609. With Uranium Nitrate. 
 
2S5 
 
 
 
 - ' - 
 
 11 
 
 m t m i m m m 
 
 .15 
 
 ure D 610 TO D 615. Velocity-Reaction* of Starches of Miltonia vexillaria ( ), Miltonia rtezlii ( ), 
 
 and Miltonia bltuana ( ). 
 
 10. With Strontium NilmU. 
 fill. WithCobtU Nurau. 
 
 II. With Copptr Nitnu. 
 u! With Cupri. Chlood.. 
 
 14. With n.num Cblorid*. 
 8I&. With Mwcvrie CUond*. 
 
 16 
 
 f. 
 
 CHARTB D 616 TO D 618. Velocity-Reaciioru of the Starehc* of Cymbidium Unrianum ( ), Cymbidium 
 
 ebvrnewn ( ), and Cymbidium ttmrneo-lowianvm ( ). 
 
 U. Wlih Chlol HH*. (IT. WUh rjm^K* AM. !. WUh Bn. ChUrkl.. 
 
256 
 
 m too or DACTIOV a 
 6 10 15 20 29 30 3 
 
 619 
 
 40 45 60 83 M 
 
 POJOD or OACTTOB OT 
 8 >0 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 80 65 60 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 ... 
 
 
 
 // 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 ^'' 
 
 ^' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 f 
 
 1 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 : 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 520 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 1 f 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 \\i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 rauoo or UACTIOM n 
 fe TO 15 20 29 30 3 
 
 WETUTES 
 
 15 40 45 SO 55 I 
 
 X* 
 
 90 
 
 I M 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^" 
 
 -=r- 
 
 -^; 
 
 
 -r^r, 
 
 -i^: 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .'/ 
 
 
 
 
 
 '7 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 5 r- 
 
 
 
 
 'V 
 
 ' 
 
 
 j/ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 B 60 
 40 
 
 I" 
 S 20 
 
 ,. 
 
 
 
 // 
 
 / 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 / 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 '/ 
 
 
 i 
 
 >' 
 
 321 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 y 
 
 ,v 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 y 
 
 .-" 
 
 ..^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 KUOD or auction n Monrm. 
 6 10 15 20 25 80 35 *5 SO 5S CO 
 
 PZJUOD Or REACTION IB MLWTVS 
 
 6 .0 IS 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 5? CO 
 
 100 
 
 f 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i S S S S 3 S , 
 
 QZZIMUTTIO B3WJS TflOl *O UOC 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 \ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 \ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 \ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 
 
 02.1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 J 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 PHUOD or RKACTIOH in 
 10 15 20 Z5 30 3 
 
 5 40 46 60 05 60 
 
 62-1 
 
 o> IURK 01 
 10 a 20 ;s 30 35 40 4 
 
 625 
 
 ,5 50 50 61 
 
 nuoD or lAcnoit a ttuiv 
 10 16 20 25 30 35 40 
 
 626 
 
 CHARTS D 619 TO D 626. Velocity-Reactions of Starches oj Calanthe rosea ( ), Calanthe vestita var. rubro- 
 
 oculata ( - -), and Calanthe veitchii ( ). 
 
 019. With Chloral Hydrate. 
 
 620. With Chromic Acid. 
 
 621. With Pyrogallic Acid. 
 
 622. With Nitric Acid. 
 
 623. With Sulphuric Acid. 
 
 624. With Hydrochloric Acid. 
 
 625. With Potassium Hydroxide. 
 
 626. With Sodium Salicylate. 
 
J.-.7 
 
 KTS D 627 TO D 034. Velocity-Reactions oj Starchet of Calanthe vettita cor. rubro-oculata ( ), Calanthe 
 
 regmeri ( ), and Calanthe bryan ( r ). 
 
 MO With Ntlfi* AM. 
 til. With B 
 13. With H 
 
 . With PotMdoi Hrdmid^ 
 . Wllh 8odi. S^UyUu. 
 
 17 
 
258 
 
 too 
 
 i 
 
 PERIOD Or REACnOW IN MINUTES. 
 
 B 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 48 50 55 60 
 
 CtNT Or BNTIRfi WUMBEH OF GRAINS AND Ot 
 TOTAt STARCH GELATmiZKD. 
 OOOOOOOOO 
 
 PERIOD OP RIACTlOrt 171 MICTTTES. 
 
 \ 
 
 H g 
 
 3 
 
 3 40 
 
 1 
 
 6 10 IS 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 SO 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 _ -- 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 _.. 
 
 
 
 
 
 ( 
 
 535 
 
 
 
 ^** 
 
 _- 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 -~ 
 
 
 
 
 ^. 
 
 ^* 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^-" 
 
 ^""^ 
 
 
 
 ,^- 
 
 &"" 
 
 a R 70 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ) 
 
 -" 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
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 '' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^\ 
 
 *** 
 
 
 
 -- 
 
 --" 
 
 
 
 S 3 60 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 j* 
 
 
 
 
 f ,' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 i 
 
 ^"" 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 *r 
 
 ji * 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 ,' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 ., 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 s 
 
 
 536 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 637 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 si M 
 
 
 
 / 
 
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 --' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 *g 3 ' 
 
 
 L 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 jj 2 j 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 li- ! 
 
 
 r 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 E lu 
 
 100 
 8 90 
 
 5 .0 
 
 ,1. 
 
 | 50 
 
 M x 
 
 \- 
 
 dfi 
 
 / ,' 
 
 S 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 g '" 
 i , llw ; 
 
 ^t 
 
 ' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^_ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 PERIOD 01 RiACTiGN IN MINUTES. 
 
 S 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 46 50 55 6C 
 
 PERIOD Or REACTION IN MINUTES. 
 
 B 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 
 
 PERIOD Or RfACTIOK IB MOTTTTE*. 
 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 60 55 60 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 S n 
 
 
 
 f 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 y 
 
 
 
 ,,. 
 
 -- 
 
 
 
 
 
 nmu ETCIUER or GRAMS AND 
 rAl STARCH GELATtBUBX 
 * 9 9 "** * * 
 
 > O O O O C 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 : 
 
 
 
 /, 
 
 .- 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 * 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Si 60 
 
 , 
 
 / 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 f 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 63 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 a| 
 
 /I ' 
 
 
 
 
 64C 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 1| 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 53 30 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 // 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 s J " 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 / 
 
 II 
 
 // 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 fi ' L 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 fe " 
 
 /;' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 8 10 
 
 ^*f 
 
 r- 
 
 r=^ 
 
 =^r 
 
 
 i io n 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 PIRJOD or KUcnoH m Hnnrrts. 
 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 65 60 
 
 H 
 
 s 90 
 
 . 60 
 \ 1 '0 
 
 si- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 g 
 
 
 
 
 
 64 
 
 1 
 
 ,*- 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 J 
 
 ,- 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 .-- 
 
 -" 
 
 
 
 cawT or jrrna m 
 
 TOTU THCH 
 8 S 8 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 '' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 t 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 / 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 / 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 tf 
 
 K- 
 
 -- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 I'EII 
 
 1 1 
 
 D O 
 
 2 
 
 KFA 
 3 2 
 
 'TIO 
 5 3 
 
 ra 
 
 3 
 
 Mtnr 
 5 4 
 
 -EO. 
 d 
 
 5 5 
 
 3 5 
 
 5 fiQ 
 
 s IW 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 S 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 3 uu 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 642 
 
 
 
 
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 fe au 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 Ej JU 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 X" 
 
 **^ 
 
 
 
 
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 sfe JU 
 
 
 
 
 ^^ 
 
 ^' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 X 
 
 
 k ' u 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ? 
 
 
 
 2 ,o 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 r- 
 
 
 
 
 
 --" 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 PERIOD OT KEACTION DC IHHUTES. 
 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 flQ 
 
 ruuoo or tzACnoit IP 
 
 puuoo or UAcnoR 01 MUTUTES. 
 
 FKVOD ur KZACT1OR IK MWUIE9. 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 1 1 
 
 i 
 
 i ? 
 
 ^ ? 
 
 T 3 
 
 i 4 
 
 4 
 
 5 5 
 
 ) 5 
 
 , 60 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 3 1 
 
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 3 ? 
 
 5 3 
 
 3 
 
 5 1 
 
 4 
 
 5 5 
 
 D 5 
 
 5 ec 
 
 
 i 
 
 i 
 
 1 1 
 
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 i 3 
 
 3 
 
 5 a 
 
 4 
 
 5 5 
 
 ) 9 
 
 5 60 
 
 100 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 S DO 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 I 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 ^ 
 
 
 
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 S c 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 x 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 [ 
 
 
 
 
 
 644 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i|; 
 
 
 
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 54b 
 
 
 
 ^. 
 
 -- 
 
 ... 
 
 -- 
 
 l^ su 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 645 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 h 
 
 
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 B a 
 
 
 t 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 E d , n 
 
 
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 n 
 
 
 
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 | 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 j 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 10 
 
 ' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i lu 
 
 i / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 t 
 
 / 
 
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 vtluoD or UACTIOII in Konrm. 
 
 u or UACTIOK n wnnts 
 
 100 
 S 90 
 
 t 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 _ - 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 * ' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 -~~- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ii- 
 
 J | 70 
 8 I 00 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 _ - 
 
 g S 8 8 S S 
 
 tnntfiirao Havru ittoi 
 , umo .0 mruu. noun 
 
 
 
 l 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 547 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 _. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 1 I 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
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 100 
 
 I " 
 60 
 
 li 60 
 
 3 M 50 
 
 E 1 
 
 PERIOD Or REACTION IN MOfOTXa. 
 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 
 
 1 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 ^' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 ^ x- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 / 
 
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 sc JJ 
 
 / 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 1 ' 
 
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 7 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 CHARTS D 635 TO D 649. Velocity-reactions o/ pyrogallic acid with various starches, showing the percentage oj the 
 entire number o/ grains ( ) and oj the total starch ( ) gelatinized. 
 
 635. With Amaryllis belladonna. 
 
 636. With Hippeastrum titan. 
 
 637. With Hippeastrum ossultan. 
 
 638. With Hippeaatrum dnonea. 
 
 639. With HeemnnthuB katherina. 
 
 840. With HtemanthuH puniceus. 
 
 641. With Crinum leylanicum. 
 
 642. With Narcissus tax. grand mon. 
 
 643. With Lilium martagon. 
 
 644. With Lilium tenuifolium. 
 
 645. With Lilium chalcedonicum. 
 
 646. With Irisibcrica. 
 
 647. With Iris trojana. 
 
 648. With Iris cengialti. 
 
 649. With Iris pcrsica var. purpurea. 
 
 
380 
 
 i: 
 
 i 
 i 
 
 si 
 
 * 
 
 II. 
 
 1 ' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 ll" 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 ^^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 .- 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .re D 650 TO D 658. Velocity-reactiont of pyrogaUic acid with rariout starchet, ihowing the percentage of the 
 entire number of grain* ( ), and of the total starch ( ) gelatinized. 
 
 i tratM. Ml. With B*ioni erim. I 
 
 SO. WiU 
 Ml. With 
 Ml! Witk 
 
 643. With Btom n 
 M. With MM* *r ' 
 Ml. WUhPtwu 
 
 8eeboCharta: 
 
 MI. 
 
 
 K 
 
 dort. 
 
 no. 
 
 *J6. 
 
 44. N 
 
 SM. UNmi 
 Ml. '" 
 
 M. With M.ltonl* v.iill.ri*. 
 657. Wilk Crn>b44i 
 M. With CiJutk* i 
 
 U7. 
 MO. 
 1 ' 
 Ml. 
 
260 
 
 muoD or REACTION m Mtnrms. 
 
 rnioD or REACTION m 
 
 PERIOD Or RIACTtOIl HI MtHUTES. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 s 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 too 
 * so 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 . GO 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 70 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 is 80 
 II _ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 o 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 S l 60 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 S5i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 9 i 
 
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 360 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 li 
 
 
 
 
 
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 61 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 11 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 si 30 
 
 
 
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 g 10 
 
 ^- 
 
 * 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 t io 
 
 ^ 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 S IU 
 
 / 
 
 ' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 PSRJOD Or REACTtOH Dl HDIUTES. 
 6 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 SO SB 60 
 
 TBUOD Or OACnOH W 
 
 100 
 
 1 
 
 sr 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 -^ 
 
 . 
 
 
 - 
 
 100 
 S 90 
 80 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 ^^ 
 
 
 
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 "" 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 363 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 f 
 
 62 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 l| 30 
 
 
 
 
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 it 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 r 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 s 
 
 ''' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 PERIOD Or REACTION Dl MHTUTZS. 
 6 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 
 
 OF' CILUKS AHD Of 
 
 n -j os o> C 
 
 > O O 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i-=r 
 
 rm 
 
 
 
 
 
 S* 
 
 x** 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
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 -- 
 
 """ 
 
 
 
 
 
 CK5T or urrnut HUVTJER 
 
 TOTAL STARCH GO. 
 
 8 8 S 8 $ 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 ^ 
 
 * 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / f / 
 
 
 
 564 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 // 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 , 
 
 y 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 muoD or Kuerten DI Hnruns. 
 
 PERIOD Of REACTION IH 
 
 PEBIOD Or SEACTIOn Dl HDIOTES. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 100 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 8 ' 
 
 90 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 g 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 g 80 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 667 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^,- 
 
 ^-- 
 
 --- 
 
 ... 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 565 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 M 60 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 566 
 
 
 
 
 
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 || 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 ' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 ^, 
 
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 --- 
 
 
 -" 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 <- 
 
 r f 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 E| 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^. 
 
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 S b 40 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 -' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 || 
 
 
 
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 ^* 
 
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 M 30 
 
 
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 X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 ^ n 
 
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 8 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 si ju 
 
 
 
 // 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 II K 
 
 C 20 
 
 / 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 --' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 8 20 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 // 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 ^,' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 '' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 t' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 CHARTS D 659 TO D 667. Velocity-Reactions of chloral hydrate with various starches, showing the percentage of 
 entire number of grains ( ) and total starch ( ) gelatinized. 
 
 659. With Hippeastrum titan. 
 680. With Hippeastrum ossultan. 
 661. With Ilippeastrum dseones. 
 
 662. With Amaryllis belladonna. 
 
 663. With Hmmanthus katherina. 
 
 664. With Hemanthiu puniceus. 
 
 665. With Narcissus taz. grand mon. 
 
 666. With Iris iberica. 
 
 667. With Phaius urandifolius. 
 
J.,1 
 
 N 
 
 f y M 
 
 1 
 
 
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 ^** 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 ./ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 ( MARTS 668 TO D 682. VdoeHy-Rtaetunt of Starch of Irit ibmca with variant reagentt, thawing the percentage of 
 the entire number of graint ( ) and of the total itareh ( ) gelatimted. 
 
 M*. WhhCUonl 
 W Wllk ~ 
 
 
 
 :. 
 
 , - ; ii. : : UM 
 74. Wtah Po- ' "-' "- 
 
 TS. wiu 
 
 T. Wtekl 
 
 .-- 
 
 Ml. WHk Uiuim Nttnto. 
 
262 
 
 KRIOD or UACTIOII a Kurorts. 
 
 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 
 
 PCUOD Of UACT1OH IK lUKtTTIS. 
 
 100 
 
 ! ; 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 100 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 i^-^- 
 
 
 5 M 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 In 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 G83 
 
 
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 jl 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 |350 
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 2 
 
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 Br 
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 C= 
 t 
 
 =r 
 
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 n o 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 nuoo or uicnoii n nauru. 
 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 80 
 
 REACTION IN MINUTES. 
 ) 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 8 (K, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 fi 60 
 
 | C 40 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 8 3 60 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 586 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 k Z" 
 
 
 
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 -" 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 f 
 
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 2 
 
 s ' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 g 1(> 
 
 MK 
 
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 HKIOD OF REACTION HI 
 
 S 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 
 
 8 ' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 sfe 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 S8f 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 s' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 5 4 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 sfe JU 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 - 
 
 i I 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 CHARTS D 683 TO D 688. Velocity-Reactions of Starch of Iris iberica with various reagents, showing the percentage 
 of entire number of grains ( ), and total starch ( ) gelatinized. 
 
 683. With Strontium Nitrate. 
 
 684. With Cobalt Nitrate. 
 
 685. With Copper Nitrate. 
 
 686. With Cupric Chloride. 
 
 687. With Barium Chloride. 
 
 688. With Mercuric Chloride. 
 
 mioD or UACTIOII w Moron* 
 10 15 30 25 30 33 40 5 M K 60 
 
 689 
 
 PtRIOD Of REACnOK 01 MINUTES. 
 5 10 15 20 25 3O 35 4O 45 50 55 < 
 
 S 
 
 100 
 90 
 | 80 
 3 70 
 
 8 eo 
 
 K 50 
 
 ? ,u 
 
 PERIOD OP REACTION IN MUTOTH 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 -^- 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^* 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 _ 
 
 -- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 x- 
 
 ** 
 
 / 
 
 -- ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 .-" 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
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 --' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 t 
 
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 .- "* 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 ft .. 
 
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 / 
 
 -' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 \ , 
 
 if 
 
 
 
 691 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 t , 
 
 V 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 CHARTS D 689 TO D 691. Velocity-Reactions of Starches of Amaryllis belladonna ( ), Phaius grandifolius 
 
 ( ), and Miltonia vexillaria ( ). 
 
 689. With Uranium Nitrate. 690. With Cobalt Nitrate. 691. With Pyrogallic Acid. 
 
 
288 
 
 Mill! I 
 
 (HART E 1. Compotite Curvet of the Starches of Amaryllis belladonna (-- --), Bnmmigia jotephina ( ), 
 
 Bruntdonna sandera alba ( ), and Brwudonna sandera ( ). 
 
 CIIABT E 2. Composite Curvet of the Starchet of Hippeattntm titan (- ), Hippeaitrum deonia 
 
 and Hippeattntm titan-deonia ( ). 
 
 ( ), 
 
264 
 
 CHART E3. Composite Curves of the Starches of Hippeastrum ossultan ( ), Hippeastrum pyrrha (- ), 
 
 and Hippeastrum ossultan-pyrrha ( ). 
 
 I 
 
 CHART E 4. Composite Curves of the Starches of Hippeastrum dceones (-- --), Hippeastrum zephyr ( ), 
 
 and Hippeastrum dceones-zephyr ( ). 
 
. 
 
 CHART E 5. Composite Curve* of the Starehesof Hamanthu* katherina ( ),Hamanthvsmagnificut( ), 
 
 and Hamanthut andromeda ( ). 
 
 CHAKT E 8. CompotiU Curvet of the Starches of Hamanihut katherina ( ), Hamanthu* puniceiu ( ), 
 
 and Hamonthu* k&nig albert ( ). 
 
266 
 
 
 CHART E7. Composite Curves of the Starches of Crinum moorei ( ), Crinum zeylanicum ( -) an d 
 
 Crinum hybridum j. c. h. ( ). 
 
 \ 
 
 1 
 
 B I! 
 
 CHART E 8. Composite Curves of the Starches of Crinum zeylanicum ( ), Crinum longifolium ( ), 
 
 and Crinum kircape ( ). 
 
jr,7 
 
 VKT E9. Composite Curvet of the Starches ofCrinum lonyijolium ( ), Crinum moorei( ), and 
 
 Crinum powellii ( ). 
 
 l 1 1 1 1 ! i 
 
 CHART E 10. Componte Curves of the Starches of Nerine crispa ( - - -- ), Nerine elegant ( ), Nerine dainty 
 
 maid ( ), and Nerine queen of rotes ( ). 
 
268 
 
 CHART E 11. Composite Curves of the Starches of Nerine bowdeni ( ), Nerine sarniensis var. corusca major 
 
 ), Nerine giantess ( ), and Nerine abundance ( 
 
 100 42.S- 
 
 S 48* 
 
 00 47.8' 
 
 88 SO- 
 
 BO 82.8* 
 
 78 88* 
 
 I TO ST.6- 
 I |T j 
 
 * 80 |-s- 8 
 
 1 88 388- 60 
 
 81 
 80 8 87.8" 
 
 48 TO* 
 4O I 72.8* 
 38 B76- 
 30 TT.e- 
 
 f 1OO 
 
 S eo 
 
 t 
 
 B 80 
 I 7O 
 3 80 
 
 IS OS' C 40 
 
 W 7.5- K 30 
 
 B 00* S 20 
 
 2.8* 8 <O 
 
 1 
 
 CHART E 12. Composite Curves of the Starches of Nerine sarniensis var. corusca major (-- --), Nerine curviflora 
 var. fothergilii major ( ), and Nerine glory of sarnia ( ). 
 
969 
 
 r L 1 \.-Compotite Curvet of the Slarchct of Narcittut tateUa grand monarque ( ), Narcittut poeticut 
 
 ornatut ( ), and Narcittut poelaz triumph ( ). 
 
 i. : 1 13. ComponU Cunet of the Starchet of 
 
 Narcittut poeticut ornatut ( ), Narcittut poeticut 
 
 poetarum ( ), Narcittut poeticut herrick ( ), 
 
 and \arcutut poeticut dante ( ). 
 
 CHART E 15. ComponU Curvet of the Starehet of 
 Narcittut gloria mundi ( --), Nardttut poeticut 
 ronatut ( ), and Narcittut fiery erott ( ). 
 
270 
 
 CHART E 16. Composite Curves of the Starches of 
 Narcissus telamonius plenus (-- - - ) , Narcissus poeticus 
 ornatus ( - -), and Narcissus doubloon ( ). 
 
 I 
 
 CHART E 18. Composite Curves of the Starches of 
 Narcissus abscissus (-- --), Narcissus poeticus poeta- 
 rum ( ), and Narcissus will scarlet ( ). 
 
 * 
 
 - 
 
 I 
 
 
 5 
 
 * \ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 g TO 6T.5' 8 35 
 
 es geo- S 40 
 
 * 80 3 82.6* g 46 
 
 8 66 gee- eo 
 
 S 60 gT.5* 85 
 46 | TO' E 1OO 
 4O | TS.6' a 9O 
 I 36 " T6' B 60 
 " 3O TT.6' I TO 
 26 BO' J 80 
 2O 62.6' B 60 
 16 86* tt 40 
 1O 8T.6* | 30 
 5 BO* S 20 
 B2.6' B 10 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 \ 
 
 
 
 
 
 jS 
 
 \ 
 
 / 
 
 V 
 
 
 
 
 ^ P 
 
 ,' 
 
 
 r 
 
 \ 
 
 
 I 
 
 ' \ 
 
 ^J 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 ft / 
 
 
 \ 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 
 \ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 \\ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 W 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 CHART E 17. Composite Curves of the Starches of 
 Narcissus princess mary (-- --)i Narcissus poeticus 
 poetarum ( ), and Narcissus cresset ( ). 
 
 CHART E 19. Composite Curves of the Starches of 
 
 Narcissus albicans (-- --), Narcissus abscissus ( ) , 
 
 and Narcissus bicolor apricot ( ). 
 
271 
 
 IART E 20. Composite Curvet of the Starches of 
 
 Narcissus empress ( ), Narcissus aQncans ( ), 
 
 and Narcistut madame de graaff ( ). 
 
 CHART E 22. Composite Curvet of the Starches of 
 
 Narcissus monarch ( ), Narcissus madame de 
 
 ), and Narcissus lord roberts ( ). 
 
 r I 
 
 CHART E 21. Composite Curvet of the Starches of 
 
 Narcissus wear dale perfection ( ), Narcissus 
 
 madame de graaff ( ), and Narcissus pyramus 
 
 CHART E 23. Composite Curvet of the Starches of 
 
 Narcittut leedsii minnie hume ( ), Narcissus 
 
 Iriandrut aOms ( ), and Narcittut agues honey 
 
272 
 
 CHART E 24. Composite Curves of the 
 Starches of Narcissus emperor (-- --)> 
 
 Narcissus triandrus albus ( ), and 
 
 Narcissus j. t. bennet poe ( ). 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 i 
 i 
 
 i 
 
 \ 
 
 \ 
 \ 
 
 
 \ 
 
 M 
 
 1 | 
 
 
 1 
 i 
 
 1 i 
 
 ! ! 
 
 i 
 
 ! 1 
 
 y 
 
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 I i 
 
 ! 
 
 i 
 
 i i 
 
 \ 
 
 1 
 
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 i 
 
 s 
 
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 \ 
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 1 
 
 i 
 
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 ft* 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 rf^**\ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 I 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 t 
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 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 ^ 
 
 \ 
 
 x 
 
 ~t_ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 CHART E 25. Composite Curves of the Starches of Lilium martagon album ( ) , Lilium maculatum ( ) , 
 
 and Lilium marhan ( ). 
 
273 
 
 *. 1- 
 
 :J 
 
 tm* i 
 
 :J 
 
 'I 
 r I 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 i 
 
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 | 
 
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 s 
 
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 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 '- 
 
 
 
 5 
 
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 i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 1 
 
 
 
 X, 
 
 
 y 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 ' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 \ 
 
 \ 
 
 I 
 
 ! 
 
 i 
 
 
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 Lilium 
 
 1 } ! 
 
 dol 
 
 ! 
 
 ^aru 
 
 1 
 
 loni 
 
 ("" ^ 
 
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 X, 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 CIIAHT K 27. Composite Curvet o/ <A Starches of Lilium lenui/olium ( -- ), LtUum mariagon album ( -), 
 
 and Lilium goldtn gleam ( ). 
 
274 
 
 I I I I 
 
 
 | 
 
 I 
 
 '. 
 
 1 
 t 
 
 | 
 
 !e 
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 \ 
 
 
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 j 
 
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 \ 
 
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 b 
 
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 i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 \ / 
 
 
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 I/' 
 
 
 
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 \ 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 X 
 
 N 
 
 } 
 
 
 \ 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1*11 
 
 \ N 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 \ 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 \ 
 
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 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 \ 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 CHABT E 28. Composite Curves of the Starches of Lilium chalcedonicum (-- -- ), Lilium candidum ( - -). 
 
 and Lilium testaceum ( ). 
 
 CHART E 29. Composite Curves of the Starches of Lilium pardalinum (-- --), Lilium parryi ( ), and 
 
 Lilium burbanki ( ). 
 
! I ! I I I i 
 
 CHART E 30. Composite Curves of the Starches of Irit iberica ( ), Irit trojana ( ),andlrisismali ( ). 
 
 it ill 
 
 CHAKTE31. CompotiUCvrvetof the Starches of Iris iberica( ),lritcenyiaUi( ), and Irit dorak ( ). 
 
276 
 
 CHART E 32. Composite Curves of the Starches of Iris cengialti (-- -- )> Iris pallida queen of may (- 
 
 Iris mrs. akin grey ( ). 
 
 --), 
 
 10O 42. S' 
 85 45' 
 SO 47.5* 
 
 as oo" 
 
 DO 52. S- 
 T3 65* 
 TO 67.5' 
 
 5 seo* 
 
 6O 3 62. 5' 
 89 36S- 
 
 s 
 
 SO ST.S' 
 45 JJW 
 
 40 iTZ.s- 
 
 35 S 75' 
 3O 77.S' 
 25 BO- 
 2O 62.S* 
 
 ts as* 
 
 10 87.S- 
 8 00- 
 92.5- 
 
 CHART E 33. Composite Curves of the Starches of Iris persica var. purpurea (-- --), Iris sindjarensis ( 
 
 and Iris pursind ( ). 
 
277 
 
 ; 
 
 
 AJ I' 
 
 : 
 
 k i 
 
 : 
 
 I rr I 
 
 L : 
 
 \ 
 
 r I 
 r i 10 
 
 I 
 
 - 
 
 hi.fi 
 
 \ 
 
 ir 
 
 ( nvitr !:.{. ComponU Curvet of the Slarchet of Gladiolus cardinalis (-- --), Gladioliu trittit ( ), 
 
 and Gladiolus colrillei ( ). 
 
 ihiiii ! MM 
 
 r K 35. ComponU Curt** of ike Starehet of Tntonia potltii ( ), Tritonia crocomia aurta 
 
 and Tritonia crocosmaflora ( ). 
 
278 
 
 CHART E 36. Composite Curves of the Starches of Begonia single crimson scarlet ( ), Begonia socotrana ( ), 
 
 and Begonia mrs. heal ( 
 
 I I 
 
 CHART E 37. Composite Curves of the Starches of 
 
 Begonia double light rose ( ), Begonia socotrana 
 
 ( ), and Begonia ensign ( ). 
 
 CHART E 38. Composite Curves of the Starches 
 
 of Begonia double white ( ), Begonia socotrana 
 
 ( ), and Begonia Julius ( ). 
 
hi! ill! 
 
 I in 
 
 CHART E M.Compotite Curvet of the Starche* CHART E 40. CompotiU Curves of the Starches of Rich- 
 
 of Btgonia double deep rote (- --), Begonia toco- ardia albo-maculata (- --), Richardia elliottiana ( ), 
 
 trana ( ), and Begonia tucceu ( ). and Richardia mrt. rootevtU ( ). 
 
 : ,i 
 
 (HART 41 
 
 'ompotUe Curve* of the Starchet of MUM arnoldiana ( 
 
 Muta hybrida ( ). 
 
 ), Muta gitletii( ), and 
 
280 
 
 CHART E 42. Composite Curves of the Starches of Phaius grandifolius ( ), Phaius wallichii ( ), 
 
 and Phaius hybridus ( ). 
 
 CHART E 43. Composite Curves of the Starches of Miltonia vexillaria ( ), Millonia rcezlii ( 
 
 and Miltonia bleuana ( ). 
 
L'M 
 
 ll 
 
 CHART E 44. Composite Curve* of the Starches of Cymbidium lowianvm ( ),Cymbidium eburneum ( 
 
 and Cymbidium eburneo-lowianum ( ). 
 
 - 
 
 A 
 
 E 45. Composite Curves of the Starches of Calanthe ( MART E 46. Composite Curvet of the Starches of 
 
 roan ( ), Calanthe rettita var. rubro-ocvlata ( ), and Calanthe vtstita var. rubro-oculata ( ), Calanthe 
 
 Calanthe veitchii ( ). reonieri ( ), and Calanthe bryan ( ). 
 
282 
 
 33 3 
 
 ' ! 
 
 s| | 
 I 
 
 46 
 40 
 36 
 30 
 26 
 20 
 16 
 10 
 6 
 
 
 
 
 \ / 
 
 l 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 \,* 
 
 /^, 
 
 \ 
 t 
 
 
 
 i 
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 i 
 
 / 
 
 t 
 
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 \\ 
 
 
 
 i 
 
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 / 
 
 8 
 
 
 
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 // 
 
 
 s 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 1 
 
 t 
 'x. 
 
 
 ; 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 : ^: 
 
 
 
 
 ! 
 
 | 
 
 50 
 45 
 40 
 35 
 30 
 25 
 20 
 15 
 10 
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 5 I s 1 i 
 
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 i 
 
 
 
 
 
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 t 
 
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 !\ 
 
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 N 
 
 60 
 55 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
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 f 
 
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 35 
 
 
 
 i 
 
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 \\ 
 
 
 
 
 
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 15 
 
 
 
 
 
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 ^-' 
 
 
 ,,''_ 
 
 
 \ 
 i 
 
 
 
 -r*- 
 
 
 
 \ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 N 
 
 F l.Ipomoea tloteri. 
 
 F 2. Lcclia-Cattlya cankamiana. 
 
 F 3. Cymbtdtum eburneo-lowianum. 
 
 CHARTS F 1 TO F 3. Percentages of Macroscopic ( ) and Microscopic ( ) Characters. 
 
 40 
 35 
 30 
 26 
 20 
 16 
 10 
 5 
 
 'a 3 3 " : 
 I 1 1 
 
 S 
 
 E9 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ' 
 
 \ 
 
 
 
 
 1 1 
 
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 s 
 
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 / 
 
 
 
 / ; 
 
 \ 
 
 .^ 
 
 J 
 
 -[/ 
 
 
 
 y . 
 
 -J 
 
 
 
 '''' 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 F 4. Dtndrobivm eybele. 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 35 
 30 
 25 
 20 
 15 
 10 
 5 
 
 j p f i 
 
 3 3 E a s 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 \ 
 
 
 , \ 
 
 
 \ 
 
 
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 n 
 
 \\ 
 
 t 
 
 ( 
 
 N 
 \ 
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 v\ 
 
 / 
 
 
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 l 
 
 ii 
 
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 \ 
 
 V 
 
 f 
 
 
 \ 
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 i 
 
 Ii 
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 V 
 
 \ 
 
 
 ^< 
 
 1 
 
 | 
 
 
 \ 
 
 \ 
 
 ,-" 
 
 
 
 
 > 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 86 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 80 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 76 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 JO 
 
 
 
 J 
 
 
 
 65 
 60 
 65 
 60 
 45 
 40 
 35 
 30 
 26 
 20 
 16 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 > 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
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 i 
 
 
 
 
 l / 
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 J / 
 
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 n 
 
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 / 
 
 
 
 
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 ^ 
 
 
 
 ~\ 
 ^ 
 
 N 
 
 y K 
 - I' 
 
 
 
 
 j 
 
 
 
 JU 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 j 
 
 
 Go 
 
 
 
 
 S 
 
 
 tiU 
 
 
 
 
 j 
 
 
 OL 
 
 
 
 | 
 
 ; 
 
 
 
 
 
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 I 
 
 
 4b 
 
 
 
 i f 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
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 \ 
 
 F 5. Miltonia 
 
 F 6. Cvpriptdium lathamianum. F 7. Cvpriptdium iaMamianum intfrum. 
 
 CHARTS F 4 TO F 7. Percentages of Macroscopic ( ) and Microscopic ( ) Characters. 
 
L>S:< 
 
 l s l s !. 
 
 if l| a| 
 I 5 ! S I 5 
 
 
 
 H 
 
 4?, 
 *0 
 3C 
 30 
 2'. 
 20 
 1C, 
 10 
 6 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 \ 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 \ 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 \ 
 
 V 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 1 
 
 X \ 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 
 li 
 
 
 V 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 \ ^ 
 
 \ V 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 
 \J 
 
 \ 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 I 
 
 A 
 
 \ 
 "-^ 
 
 +*** 
 
 i 
 i 
 
 
 ' 
 
 
 
 * 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 ; 
 
 H 
 H 
 H 
 
 u 
 
 6 
 
 L fc i ( 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 \ 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 \ 
 \ 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 ^ 
 
 \ 
 
 
 
 V 
 
 
 \ 
 
 V 
 
 x, 
 
 / 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 41, 
 
 l 
 
 / 
 
 F 10. T 
 
 ) and Microscopic ( ) Character*. 
 
 -) and Starch Readion-Intenntitt 
 
 CHART F 8. Ptnmtaga of Macroteopie ( - 
 
 CHART F 9. Ptrcentagei of Macroscopic and Microscopic Characters ( 
 
 ( ) of Hybrid-Stocks in regard to Samrness, Intermedtatentss, and Excess and Deficit of Development in relation 
 
 to I'arent-Slocks. 
 
 (.'HART F 10. Percentage of Macroscopic ( ) and Microscopic ( ) Characters and Starch Reaction- 
 Intensities ( ) of Hybrid-Stocks in regard to Sameness, Intermediateness, and Excess and Deficit of Development 
 
 in relation to Parent-Stocks. 
 
 CHARTS F 1 1 AND F 12. Percentages of Macroscopic ( ) and Microscopic ( ) Characters and Starch 
 
 Reaction-Inlemities ( ) in regard to Sameness, Inlcrmediatness, and Excess and Deficit of Development in 
 
 relation to Parent-Stocks. 
 
 CHARTS F 13 AND F 14. Percentages of Sameness and Inclination of Macroscopic (- ) and Microscopic 
 ) Tissue Characters and Starch Reaction- Intensities ( ) in relation to those of Parent-Stocks. 
 
CHAPTER V. 
 
 SUMMARIES OF THE HISTOLOGIC CHARACTERS, ETC. 
 
 This chapter is devoted to the summaries of the histo- 
 logic characters and qualitative and quantitative reac- 
 tions of the starches of hybrid-stocks in relation to the 
 starches of the parent-stocks, and of the microscopic and 
 macroscopic characters of the hybrid-stocks in relation to 
 the parent-stock plants. 
 
 1. THE STARCHES. 
 
 HISTOLOGIC CHARACTERS AND CERTAIN QUALITA- 
 TIVE AND QUANTITATIVE REACTIONS. 
 
 (Tables C, 1 to 17; D; E, 1 to 22; F, 1 to 50; G; H, 1 to 26; and 
 I, 1 to 8.) 
 
 The methods used in this research in the differentia- 
 tion of starches are both quantitative and qualitative. 
 From a glance at the large number of charts and tables 
 that set forth quantitative results the impression may be 
 gained that much more importance is to be attached 
 to the former than to the latter method of investigation ; 
 but this will be found to be unwarranted by the consider- 
 able space that has been given to and the remarkably 
 valuable results that have been recorded under qualita- 
 tive reactions. In fact, the qualitative method has been 
 found to have far the larger and more varied, and an at 
 least equally important, field of usefulness. Unfortu- 
 nately very little data included under histologic and 
 qualitative records lend themselves to chart-making, or to 
 such forms of tabulation, as have proven so valuable in 
 the preceding chapter and elsewhere in this memoir. 
 Hence, the records herein summarized are presented in 
 a modified arrangement that is particularly well adapted 
 to set forth only a certain but an important aspect of 
 the comparative peculiarities of hybrid and parental 
 properties. 
 
 From the records found in various parts of this work 
 it will be noted that the starch of the hybrid exhibits, his- 
 tologically, physically, and physico-chemically, not only 
 both uniparental and biparental inheritance, but also 
 individualities that are not observed in either parent; 
 and that any given parental character that appears in the 
 hybrid may be found in quality and quantity to be the 
 same or practically the same as that of one parent or both 
 parents, or of some degree of intermediateness, or de- 
 veloped in excess or deficit of parental extremes. More- 
 over, each unit character and unit character-phase (see 
 Preface and Chapter I, Section 8) is to such a degree 
 independent of the others that one unit-character or 
 character unit-phase may be identical with or very close 
 to that of one parent, while another bears the same rela- 
 tion to the other parent, etc. Thus, in regard to the unit- 
 characters (especially the lamellae), the hybrid may show 
 a very close relationship in the distinctness of the lamellae 
 to one parent, but in the forms of the lamellae to the other 
 parent; in fineness or coarseness it may be exactly inter- 
 mediate ; while in variety, or distribution, or number 
 it may be found at the same time to have the most vary- 
 ing relationships. In a word, in the summing up of the 
 parental relationships it is usually recorded in each of 
 the designations of study (hilum, lamella?, size, polari- 
 284 
 
 scopic reactions, iodine reactions, and gelatinization 
 reactions with each of the different reagents) that a num- 
 ber of correlated unit-characters or unit-character-plmses 
 are separable, and that there is a most remarkable and 
 inexplicable swinging to one or the other parent of 
 unit character-development and unit character-phase - 
 development. 
 
 These records show collectively an extraordinary 
 variability in the character relationships of the hybrid 
 to the parents; an independence of each unit-character 
 and unit-character-phase of every other in the direction 
 and degree of its development; an absolute unpredicta- 
 bility at the present embryonic stage of our knowledge 
 of the form, in which, if at all, any given unit-character 
 or unit-character-phase of either or both parents may 
 appear in the hybrid ; and the closer relationship usually 
 of the hybrid in the sum-total of the group-characters 
 or character-phases included in every designation, and 
 of these designations collectively, to one or the other 
 parent. For instance, among the data pertaining to the 
 histologic properties of Brunsdonna sanderce alba, under 
 the designation form it will be noted that the starch 
 grains are more like those of Amaryllis belladonna than 
 those of Brunsvigia josephince in that they are usually 
 simple and isolated, in their regularity of outline, and in 
 their conspicuous forms; yet in other respects they are 
 more like those of Brunsvigia josephinw because of the 
 presence of a relatively large number of compound 
 grains, of a few small aggregates that consist of 2 or 3 
 components, and of a peculiar form of compound grain, 
 both of which latter are found in this parent but not in 
 Amaryllis belladonna. In the data relating to the la- 
 mellae, the hybrid is closer in form and arrangement to the 
 corresponding parts of the grains of Amaryllis bella- 
 donna; but in average number it is closer to the other 
 parent. In the chloral-hydrate reactions the hybrid in its 
 quantitative reactions shows a decidedly greater sensitiv- 
 ity than either parent, but it is distinctly closer to A mary l- 
 lis belladonna than to Brunsvigia josephince. In other 
 reactions the starch is the same or practically the same as 
 one parent or the other or both parents, or of some degree 
 of intermediateness, or of less or even very decidedly less 
 sensitivity than in either parent, very commonly of the 
 latter category. In the qualitative reactions it is in cer- 
 tain well-defined respects closer to Amaryllis belladonna 
 than to the other parent, and in others the reverse; but 
 on the whole the inclination is distinctly toward Amaryl- 
 lis belladonna. 
 
 Moreover, forms of gelatinization are seen in the hy- 
 brids that are individual. In this hybrid it will be found 
 that in the aggregate the gelatinization phenomena re- 
 corded under each reagent incline more or less markedly 
 toward Amaryllis belladonna. With other hybrids the 
 greatest variability of parental relationships may be 
 noted, as, for instance, in Tlippeastrum, where it will 
 be found that with one reagent the relationship may be 
 closer to one parent and with another to the other, and 
 more or less marked differences may be noted in the 
 
SUMMARIES OF Till, m lOLOGIC CHARA< 
 
 286 
 
 .U from the 
 again in the 
 
 -.1111. i rots (we Bmntdoitna) ; luit 
 here again in the final dimming up there i* usually 
 found t<> U> a .II-ML ; iii.ij,.r.t\ of the reactions leaning 
 
 tlxT par. nt. It i- unfortunate that 
 
 frequently the data have not l*vn reoordfld in accord- 
 
 . itli the plan adopt, d at tin- outotart <>( the research 
 
 so as to leave iu> ilul>t in each character or character- 
 
 phai" i rental relationships of the hybrid, such a 
 
 ir-u-.i in mik.!',;; t : ipuantitat n nation*. 
 
 this .1. necessary to present theae 
 
 in a modified tabular form, and with the \ u-w 
 part: the fluctuating relationship* of 
 
 In the preparation of the 
 
 follow (Tables C 1 to C 17 i. th- properties of 
 
 : tli.'ir parental relationships have been 
 
 I,-..! llectivcl n Id -. << ni _ : thd 
 
 sion* of the tables, those of form 
 
 n as one designation, those with a given rea- 
 ie designation, ami o on. The p/tu *i<jn is to 
 
 as meaning that in the final summing up 
 
 .ta of each designation the hybrid in it-* unit- 
 
 i-haractcr and unit- liara- tor-phase bears, on the whole, 
 
 -nship to the parent indicated at the head 
 
 linn. The r/iiiiux sign is, of course, the nega- 
 
 !ie former ; while tin- />/n.-minu.< sign 
 
 null. :ie hybrid r. -emMes in degree one as ma h 
 
 a- tl. ;rent. In tlu> last itilumn tin- terms tXCttt 
 
 and in that a unit-character or unit-character- 
 
 phac is developed in excess or deficit <>f parental ex- 
 
 trvmcs; \ndiridtial means that a unit-character or unit- 
 
 character-phase has been discovered in the hybrid that 
 
 wax not observed in either parent 
 
 ruin apparently minor peculiarities have been dis- 
 regarded in this tabulation. In some instance.- it i* 
 <rl)itrary whether we regard a given property as 
 (1 in excess or deficit of parental extremes. 
 Thus, if the grains of the hybrid be more irregular, or 
 
 ntttm** to reagents greater, than those of the 
 parents, are we to look upon the difference as being an 
 . ticreased or decreased development ? Ten- 
 rcnces have been taken as represent- 
 icreased derelopm< nt ; and, if there be leas irregu- 
 or lees resist n i; e, the opposite. It is obvious that 
 these tablet indicate merely very grossly certain promi- 
 ; >basea of hybrid and parental relationships, and that 
 the coeUati must be studied therewith in order that the 
 
 (a) Brurudonna tandcrec alba (tame parentage as foUouing hybrid). 
 TABLE C \.-Bruntdonmatmdrrmelba. 
 
 qualitative and quantitative ilu> tuations ,,f tlie Inbrid in 
 . each parent can properlv be understood. In 
 the several sets of tables that follow, the symbols 9, d* 
 and 9 = <J are used as sex designation* to indicate nearer 
 the seed parent, nearer the poll, n parent, and equally 
 related to both, rv> , The symbol $ in Tables 
 
 F. 1 to :.". and II. 1 to ': indicates that the reactions 
 are too fast or too slow for satisfactory different i 
 or that because of fluctuations in the courses of gela- 
 t miration there is either no satisfactory differentiation 
 or sufficiently definite inclination t<> either parent. The 
 data of the quantitative reaction* are taken from the 
 various tables of the reaction intensities expressed by 
 the percentage of total Ktar.li -.Lit m >. .1 at definite t 
 intervals that cuiistitute tin- third M-etion ,.i eaeh MIIII- 
 mary in Chapter III, and also tabulated in modified ar- 
 rangement in Set tion 4 of this chapter. These data have 
 also been presented in the form of chart* in Chapter IV. 
 
 It is important to note that in the studies of the quali- 
 t4iti\e rcHrtionM the reagents selected varied somewhat 
 in number and kind in the different seta of parent) and 
 hybrids and that in the formulation of these tables the 
 quantitative reactions given arc limited to those of the 
 reagents ucd to elicit the qualitative reactions. Hence, 
 in the summing up in these tallies of the relationships of 
 the reactions of the hybrids to those of the parents there 
 may seem to be some discrepancies when the figures are 
 coinpare.1 with tin*.- of Tables E, 1 to 28, F, 1 to 50, 
 and II, 1 to 26. For instance, in the quantitative reac- 
 tions of Ilruiijtiliinna Mnilrnr alba it will be noted that 
 of the H reaction* with the chemical reagents none is like 
 that of the seed parent, pollen parent, or l>th parents, 
 1 is intermediate, 1 is lusher than that of either parent, 
 and 6 arc lower than thorn of cither parent. When, 
 however, all of the VM reactions are summed up it is 
 found (Tahlc F, 1) that 4 arc the same as those of seed 
 parents, none the same as those of the pollen parent, 1 
 the same as those of both parents, 5 intermediate. 3 
 higher than those of the parent*, and 13 lower than tho e 
 of the parents. 
 
 The limited quantitative data given in Tables C 1 
 to C 17 arc mainly for comparisons with the qunlr 
 reactions with the same reagents, the data of this kind 
 being tabulated in full in tables E, F, and II. Limited 
 comment only is necessary in explaining this series of 
 
 M what*, to UM- 
 
 8c*d parrot. Pollen paraoi. 
 
 I:. :...:.. 
 
 l 
 
 (UUMitjr) practically tune M 9 
 
 8am* 9 
 MM* I 
 
 Very 
 Vry 
 
 lowrr Uuui rithw parrot <f 
 lower than Mktt parrot 9 
 parrot 9 
 
 MMk km than Um parent <? 
 Murfa low* than (Hkw parrot <f 
 Much lower than citber parent <f 
 
286 
 
 SUMMARIES OF THE HISTOLOGIC CHARACTERS, ETC. 
 
 TABLE C 2. Hippeastrum. 
 
 Designation, agent or reagent. 
 
 Closer, as a whole, to the 
 
 Excess, deficit, or 
 individual. 
 
 Quantitative reactions. 
 
 Seed parent. 
 
 Pollen parent. 
 
 1. Hippcastrum titan-cleonia: 
 Histologic peculiarities 
 Form 
 
 + 
 + 
 
 + 
 + 
 
 + 
 + 
 
 + 
 + 
 + 
 
 Number 
 + 
 
 + 
 + 
 + 
 + 
 
 + 
 + 
 
 + 
 + 
 
 + 
 + 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 db 
 
 + 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 + 
 Character 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 + 
 
 Larger grains 
 
 + 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 Excess 
 Excess 
 
 Excess 
 Excess 
 Excess 
 Excess 
 Excess 
 Excess 
 
 Excess 
 
 Excess 
 Excess 
 
 Excess, deficit 
 Excess 
 Excess, individual 
 
 Excess, individual 
 
 Excess 
 Excess 
 
 Deficit 
 
 Deficit 
 Excess 
 Excess 
 Excess 
 Excess 
 Excess 
 
 Excess, deficit 
 
 (Intensity) higher than either parent 9 
 
 Higher than either parent cT 
 Lower than either parent 9 
 Intennediate 9=cr 
 Intermediate 9 = cf 
 Intermediate 9 = cf 
 Lower than cither parent 9 
 
 (Intensity) higher than either parent c? 
 
 Intermediate 9 = c? 
 Intermediate 9 
 Higher than cither parent 9 
 Higher than cither parent 9 
 Slightly higher than either parent 9 
 Slightly lower than either parent a* 
 
 (Intensity) higher than either parent <? 
 
 Same as d 1 
 Lower than either parentc? 
 Higher than either parent cf 
 Intermediate 9 
 Intermediate 9 = d 1 
 Slightly lower than either parent 9 
 
 Hilum 
 
 Lamella? 
 
 Size 
 
 Qualitative reactions 
 Polarization (figure) 
 
 Selenite 
 
 
 Chloral hydrate 
 
 
 Potassium iodide 
 
 
 Sodium salicy late 
 
 2. Hippeastrum ossultan-pyrrha: 
 Histologic peculiarities 
 
 
 Laracllffi 
 
 Size . 
 
 Qualitative reactions 
 
 Selenite 
 
 
 Chloral hydrate 
 
 Nitric acid 
 
 
 Potassium sulphocy anate 
 
 Sodium sal icy late 
 
 3. Hippeastrum dseones-zephyr : 
 Histologic peculiarities 
 Form 
 
 
 
 Size 
 
 Qualitative reactions 
 
 Selenite 
 
 
 Chloral hydrate 
 
 Nitric acid 
 
 
 
 
 
 (b) Brunsdonna sanderce (same parentage as preceding 
 hybrid). 
 
 The foregoing table is with five differences dupli- 
 cated by the records of this hybrid. These hybrids differ 
 more in certain particulars (both qualitatively and quan- 
 titatively) from each other than do either from their 
 parents or the parents from each other. This hybrid, like 
 its mate, bears, on the whole, a decidedly closer rela- 
 tionship to Amaryllis belladonna than to Brunsvigia 
 Josephines, and is closer than the first hybrid to Amaryllis 
 belladonna. 
 
 The dissociation of lamellar characteristics (the form 
 and arrangement being closer to one parent, and the 
 number to the other) is very interesting, but by no means 
 an uncommon phenomenon in the starches of hybrids. 
 Moreover, as will be found by reference to the context, 
 similar splitting occurs of the characters of the hilum 
 and in the size of the grains. 
 
 That the quantitative and qualitative reactions are 
 also as independent of each other in the direction <jf 
 
 their parental relationships is strikingly shown in the 
 table. Throughout the qualitative reactions the hybrids 
 incline to the seed parent, but in the quantitative reac- 
 tions wide variations are shown in the parental rela- 
 tionships. Thus, in the polarization reactions the first 
 hybrid is the same as the seed parent, while the second 
 is intermediate but closer to the seed parent; in the 
 potassium-iodide reactions both have reactivities lower 
 than those of the parents, the first being closer to the 
 seed parent and the second as close to one as to the other 
 parent; in the sodium-sal icyl ate reactions the first is 
 intermediate but closer to the seed parent, and the second 
 is the same as the seed parent ; and in the cobalt reactions 
 both have reactivities lower than those of the parents, but 
 one is closer to the pollen parent while the other is as 
 close to one as to the other parent. Otherwise they are 
 essentially the same in their parental relationships. 
 Curiously, while in the qualitative reactions with chloral 
 hydrate, nitric acid, potassium iodide, potassium sulpho- 
 cyanate, and sodium salicylate it is closer than the other 
 
SUMMARIES OF THE HISTOLOGIC CHARACTERS, EH 
 
 JS7 
 
 hybrid to .-1 maryllit btllaJonna, in the copper-nitrat*- and 
 OBprifrUorida nations it is not to close u the oilier 
 hybrid. 
 
 Hn-MEAJtrmrM. (TABLBC2.) 
 
 In ..nii'.iri!: these record* and keeping in view UM 
 
 boUnical closeness of th* parents in each case, and also 
 
 a corresponding . |.>seness of the offspring to the parent*, 
 
 together with the great importance that i commonly 
 
 attached t<> intermetliateneei a* a criterion of hybrid*, 
 
 one in Mrurk l>y ( 1 ) the fn-|uenrv of the development 
 
 f propertie-i <'f the hybrid in excess or deficit of parental 
 
 i the appearance of reaction* in the hybrid 
 
 WML -.!! in the |iur.-nt- ; and ( :l) the twinging 
 
 <>f hybrid development to one or the other parent in an 
 
 utterly inexplicable manner. Among the 36 designations 
 
 of the three seta, in no less than 23 tome property or 
 
 rties were developed in exceea of parental extreme*, 
 
 and in 4 there waa deficient development. In two in- 
 
 stance* properties were noted in the hybrid that were 
 
 not apparent in either parent The hybrid of the first 
 
 m form clo*er to the seed parent, bat in the second 
 
 and third sets it if closer to the pollen parent; in hilum, 
 
 m the first and third seta, closer to the seed parent, but 
 
 in the second set closer to the pollen parent ; in lamella;, 
 
 in the first set closer to the pollen parent, in the third 
 
 er to the seed parent, and in the second set closer 
 
 seed parent in number and to the pollen parent in 
 
 il characters; in size, in the first set rlooer to the 
 
 n the second set closer to the seed parent, 
 
 and in the third set equally like both parent* in common 
 
 'lit like the pollen parent in the larger grains. 
 
 In polariscopic figures and reactions with selenite, in the 
 
 first and second seta the hybrid* are more like the aeed 
 parent, but in the third set the likeness is to the pollen 
 parent. The Qualitative reactions with the chemical 
 reagents are full of interest. In the first set, with all 
 five reagents the reactions are, on the whole, closer to 
 those of the seed parent ; in the second set those of three 
 of the reagent* (chloral hydrate, potassium iodide, and 
 potassium lulphocyanate) are closer to those of the 
 seed parent, and two (nitric acid and sodium salicylate) 
 closer to those of the pollen parent ; and in the third set 
 those of four of the reagents are closer to the seed parent 
 and that of one (sodium salicylate) as close to that 
 of one a* to that of the other parent The relationships, 
 on the whole, are somewhat closer to the seed parent 
 The quantitative and qualitative reactions show com- 
 paratively the most variable relationships. 
 
 HMAxnirg. (TABU C 3.) 
 
 The hybrid in the first set, in form and hilum, in 
 closer to the seed parent ; in lamella? it resembles both 
 parent* in equal degree; and in size it U nearer the 
 pollen parent In the second set, in all four histologic 
 designations, it is nearer the pollen parent. In the 
 polariscopic figures and selenite reactions and in the 
 qualitative reactions with the chemical reagents the 
 resemblance (except the iodine reaction in the second 
 set) is closer to the seed parent In three instances 
 development in excess of parental extremes, and in one 
 instance individuality, were recorded. The quantitative 
 reactions are most vagarious in their relations to the 
 qualitative reactions. It is of interest to note that the 
 aeed parent is the same in both seta and that in both 
 
 TABLB CS.HrnmanUnu, 
 
 Clow. M a whole, to the 
 
 Bead parent. Polka parent. 
 
 EXOMI, deficit, < 
 individual. 
 
 Quantitative reactions. 
 
 1 II 
 
 Excee*. individual 
 
 (InteMity) intermediate 9 -< 
 
 Intermediate 9 -o" 
 Intermediate 9 - o* 
 Intermediate 9 
 
 a. 9 
 
 s9 
 
 serf 
 
 Eitw 
 
 (InteMfty) hihr than cither parent <f 
 
 Intermediate 9 <? 
 Lower than either parent 9 
 
 9 
 M 9 
 
 M 9 
 
 as 9 
 
 Intermediate if 
 
288 
 
 SUMMARIES OF THE HISTOLOGIC CHARACTERS, ETC. 
 
 hybrids there is clear evidence of biparental inheritance. 
 The relationships, on the whole, are distinctly closer to 
 the seed parent. 
 
 CRINIUM. (TABLEC4). 
 
 The parents in each of these three sets of Crinums 
 are recognized species that belong to the hardy and 
 tender groups C. moorei and C. longtfolium to the 
 former and C. zeylanicum to the latter. In each set the 
 
 hybrid shows very markedly in each of the designations 
 biparental inheritance, varying in degree in relation to 
 the various unit-characters and unit-character-phascs. 
 Occasional individualities of the hybrids are recorded, 
 and excessive and deficient developments are noted rarely 
 in the first and second sets, but not infrequently in the 
 third set. In the first and third sets C. moorei was a 
 parent in the first the seed parent, and in the third 
 
 TABLE C 4. Crinum. 
 
 Designation, agent and reagent. 
 
 Closer, as a whole, to the 
 
 Excess, deficit, or 
 individual. 
 
 Quantitative reactions. 
 
 Seed parent. 
 
 Pollen parent. 
 
 1. Crinum hybridum j. c. harvcy: 
 Histologic peculiarities 
 
 Length 
 
 + 
 Character 
 
 + 
 + 
 
 + 
 + 
 + 
 + 
 + 
 + 
 + 
 + 
 + 
 + 
 + 
 + 
 + 
 + 
 
 Eccentricity 
 
 + 
 + 
 + 
 Length, breadth 
 
 + 
 + 
 + 
 + 
 + 
 + 
 + 
 + 
 + 
 + 
 + 
 + 
 + 
 + 
 
 Eccentricity 
 
 + 
 Character 
 
 + 
 + 
 
 + 
 + 
 
 + 
 -f 
 + 
 + 
 + 
 + 
 + 
 + 
 + 
 + 
 
 Excess, individual 
 Excess 
 
 Individual 
 
 Individual 
 Excess, individual 
 
 Excess, deficit 
 
 Excess 
 Excess 
 Excess 
 Deficit 
 Deficit 
 Deficit 
 
 (Intensity) higher than either parent 9 
 
 Same as cf 
 Intermediate cf 
 Same as cf 
 Same as cf 
 Lower than cither parent cf 
 Lower than either parent cf 
 Same as cf 
 Intermediate cf 
 Intermediate cf 
 Intermediate cf 
 Same as cf 
 
 (Intensity) higher than either parent 9 
 
 Intermediate cf 
 Same as 9 
 Intermediate 9 
 Intermediate 9 
 Intermediate 9 
 Intermediate cf 
 Same as 9 
 Intermediate 9 
 Lower than either parent 9 
 Intermediate 9 
 Intermediate 9 
 Nearly same as 9 
 
 (Intensity) same as cf 
 
 Intermediate 9 =cf 
 Higher than either parent cf 
 Higher than cither parent cf 
 Higher than either parent cf 
 Higher than either parent cf 
 Higher than either parent cf 
 Intermediate cf 
 Higher than either parent cf 
 Higher than either parent cf 
 Higher than cither parent cf 
 
 
 
 Sue 
 
 Qualitative reactions 
 
 
 Iodine 
 
 
 Nitric acid 
 
 
 
 
 Potassium sulphide 
 
 
 Sodium salicylate 
 
 
 Cupric chloride 
 
 
 2. Crinum kircape: 
 Histologic peculiarities 
 Form 
 
 Hilum 
 
 Lamellae 
 
 Size 
 
 Qualitative reactions 
 Polarization (figure) 
 
 Selenite 
 
 Iodine 
 
 Chloral hydrate 
 
 Nitric acid 
 
 Potassium hydroxide 
 
 Potassium iodide 
 
 Potassium sulphocyanate 
 
 Potassium sulphide 
 
 Sodium sulphide 
 
 Sodium salicylate 
 
 Copper nitrate 
 
 Cupric chloride 
 
 Mercuric chloride 
 
 3. Crinum powellii: 
 Histologic peculiarities 
 Form 
 
 Hilum 
 
 Lamellae 
 
 Size 
 
 Qualitative reactions 
 Polarization (figure) 
 
 Selenite 
 
 Iodine 
 
 Chloral hydrate 
 
 Potassium iodide 
 
 Potassium sulphocyanate 
 
 Potassium sulphide 
 
 Sodium sulphide 
 
 Sodium salicylate 
 
 Copper nitrate 
 
 Cupric chloride 
 
 Mercuric chloride 
 
 
 
SUMMARIES OF THE HISTOLOGIC CHARACTERS, ETC. 
 
 tin- pollen parent. In the histologic properties and 
 qualitative reactions, in the first set the hybrid show* 
 throughout the designation* a markedly closer relation- 
 chip, on the whole, to ('. trylann-um (the pollen parent) 
 than to C. moorri (the seed parent) ; while in the third 
 M t tin- hybrid shows a eloser relationship. n the whole, 
 
 riumrri (the pollen parent) than to C. lowifolium 
 
 (the seed parent). In the first set C. moorei (hardy) 
 
 is croMed with C. :rylanirum (tender), the two specie* 
 
 being well separated, the hybrid leaning strongly to the 
 
 p:irmt I'. :ryliinirnm. In the second set C. nry- 
 
 lanifvm (tender) is crossed with C. longifoli urn (hardy), 
 
 the specie* are well separated, the hybrid leaning 
 
 -;r..!,_'l\. hut leas strongly than in the preceding set, 
 
 tlanifuim. In the third not C.*longi folium 
 
 (hardy) is crossed with C. moorei (hardy), the species 
 
 comparatively close, the hybrid tending to be, on 
 
 id- whole, distinctly closer to C. moorei (the pollen 
 
 t ) than to C. longifolium. The shifting of paren- 
 tal potency in relation to hybrid development is of inter- 
 est, C. xeylanifvm being the more potent aa both pollen 
 and seed parent in relation to C. moorei and C. longi- 
 folium, respectively, and C. moorei being more potent 
 than C. longifolium. The quantitative in comparison 
 with the qualitative reactions are of great interest. In 
 the first set there is strong leaning to the pollen parent; 
 in the second set to intermediatenees and to the seed 
 
 rather than to the pollen parent ; and in the third set 
 almost wholly to the pollen parent, in each the inclina- 
 tion* being in harmony with the leanings, on the whol , 
 of the qualitative reactions. 
 
 NEUNB. (TABLE C 6.) 
 
 The first two hybrids vary in a most interesting man- 
 ner in their resemblances and differences in regard to 
 each other and to their parents ; and they differ from each 
 other almost as much as they do from the parents, or 
 as the parents differ from each other. Piparental inheri- 
 tance showing varying degrees of influence of each parent 
 is manifest throughout the designations. The hybrid 
 2V. quern of reset differs in the form of the grains from 
 the other hybrid by a greater resemblance to N. erispa 
 because of its grains having a more regular form, more 
 aggregates, and more compound grains. The hybrids 
 more closely resemble each other than either parent in 
 the character of the hilum, and both are closer in this 
 feature of N. elegant than to N. erispa. The lamella; of 
 \. i/uftn of roses are clow* than those of the other hybrid 
 to those of N. erispa, while those of .V. dainty maid are 
 closer to those of the other parent. The size of the 
 grains of .V. queen of roses ia less than that of the other 
 hybrid, but it is closer to that of the latter than the 
 latter is to either parent, yet not so close as is that of 
 A*, dainty maid to that of .V. elegant. In the polari- 
 
 TABLB C 5. Nerint. 
 
 Deai(BaUon. accnt and rracrnt. 
 
 Cloaw. u a whole, to too 
 
 ExOtJM, deficit. Off 
 
 indiridual. 
 
 Quantitative reactions. 
 
 Seed parent 
 
 Pollen parent. 
 
 1 (). Nerine dainty maid (Mine parental* 
 as the following hybrid): 
 Histolotie peculiarities 
 Form 
 
 Character. 
 
 Character. 
 arrancaoMnt 
 
 Gelatinised 
 (rains 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 + 
 Fineness 
 
 + 
 + 
 + 
 
 + 
 + 
 
 + 
 + 
 
 + 
 N * ' 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 + 
 Raw (rain* 
 
 + 
 + 
 + 
 + 
 
 DdWt 
 
 (Intensity) same as <f 
 
 Same a* <^ 
 Intermediate <f 
 Intermediate 9 
 Intermediate 9 - <f 
 Hlchar than either parent 9 
 Same as both parents 
 Intermediate <f 
 
 (Intensity) lower than either parent <f 
 Same as <f 
 
 Hi(ber than either parent cf 
 Intermediate 9 -<f 
 Intermediate 9 
 Biber than either parent 9 
 aticfaUy Uanar than either parent <f 
 Hicher than either parent <f 
 
 
 UMHAB 
 
 Pise 
 
 Qualitative fraction* 
 Polarisation (figure) 
 
 RalmiU 
 
 InHfn* 
 
 < Moral hydrate 
 
 
 Potassium iodide 
 
 Potassium sulphocyanate 
 
 
 Sodium salicylate 
 
 Kb). Nerine queen of roses dameparant- 
 * as the forepaiw hybrid): 
 Histoloafe peculiarities 
 
 Form ,. 
 
 m 
 
 Lssarfh 
 
 Sue 
 
 Qualitative reaction* 
 
 Satenite... 
 
 Mhs 
 
 Chloral hydrate 
 
 ncacid 
 
 
 ! ft* 
 
 PotA^Mum MilrJifa^ 
 
 Sodium lalicy late 
 
 
 : 
 
290 
 
 SUMMARIES OF THE HISTOLOGIC CHARACTERS, ETC. 
 
 scopic figure and selenite reactions N. queen of roses is 
 closer than N. dainty maid to N. elegans. In the iodine 
 reactions with the raw grains N. queen of roses is closer 
 than N. dainty maid to N. elegans; but with the gela- 
 tinized grains they closely resemble those of N. crispa, 
 while those of the other hybrid resemble those of the 
 other parent. In the qualitative reactions with chloral 
 hydrate both are closer to N. elegans than to N. crispa, 
 but N. queen of roses is not so close to N. crispa as is 
 N. dainty maid to N. elegans, and there is nearly as much 
 difference between the hybrids as there is between N. 
 queen of roses and N. elegans. In the reactions of nitric 
 acid, potassium iodide, potassium sulphocyanate, and 
 potassium sulphide the hybrids are close to one another, 
 and N. queen of roses is not so close as is N. dainty maid 
 
 to N. elegans. In the sodium-salicylate reactions N. 
 queen of roses is not so close to N. crispa as is N. dainty 
 maid to N. elegans, and there is nearly as much differ- 
 ence between the hybrids as there is between N. queen 
 of roses and N. elegans. The reactions of chloral hy- 
 drate and sodium salicylate are of especial interest be- 
 cause of the reversal of the hybrid and parental relation- 
 ships, 2V. queen of roses being closer to N. elegans, and 
 N. dainty maid closer to N. crispa, in both reactions; 
 while both hybrids incline, as a whole, to N. elegans, N. 
 dainty maid is closer than the other hybrid. The quan- 
 titative reactions bear the most variable relationships to 
 the qualitative reactions, showing, as in preceding sets, 
 the independence of qualitative and quantitative reac- 
 tions with the same agent and reagent. 
 
 TABLE C 5. Nerine. Continued. 
 
 Designation, agent and reagent. 
 
 Closer, as a whole, to the 
 
 Excess, deficit, or 
 individual. 
 
 Quantitative reactions. 
 
 Seed parent. 
 
 Pollen parent. 
 
 2 (a) . Nerine giantess (same parentage as 
 the following hybrid) : 
 Histologic properties 
 Form 
 
 + 
 + 
 
 + 
 + 
 Gelatinized 
 grains 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 Character 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 + 
 Raw and gela. 
 grains 
 
 + 
 + 
 + 
 
 + 
 + 
 + 
 
 + 
 + 
 + 
 
 + 
 -f- 
 + 
 
 + 
 + 
 + 
 + 
 + 
 + 
 
 + 
 + 
 
 Raw grains 
 
 + 
 + 
 + 
 + 
 
 + 
 Eccentricity 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 Deficit 
 Deficit, excess 
 
 (Intensity) lower than either parent 9 
 Same as d* 
 
 Same as cf 
 Lower than either parent cf 
 Intermediate 9 
 Intermediate rf 1 
 Intermediate d" 
 Same as d" 
 
 (Intensity) lower than either parent 9 
 
 Same as 9 
 Higher than either parent <? 
 Lower than either parent <? 
 Same as cf 
 Lower than cither parent d* 
 Intermediate a* 
 Same as cf 
 
 (Intensity) same as 9 
 
 Lower than either parent 9 
 Lower than either parent 9 
 Lower than either parent <? 
 Same as both parents 
 Same as <? 
 Lower than either parent & 
 Lower than cither parent 9 
 
 Hilurn 
 
 Lamcllffi 
 
 Size 
 
 Qualitative reactions 
 Polarization (figure) , , . 
 
 Selenite 
 
 Iodine 
 
 Chloral hydrate 
 
 Nitric acid 
 
 Potassium iodide 
 
 Potassium sulphocyanatc 
 
 Potassium sulphide 
 
 Sodium salicylate 
 
 2(b). Nerine abundance (same parentage 
 as foregoing hybrid) : 
 Histologic properties 
 Form 
 
 Hilum 
 
 Lamellae 
 
 Size 
 
 Qualitative reactions 
 Polarization (figure) 
 
 Selenite 
 
 Iodine 
 
 Chloral hydrate 
 
 Nitric acid 
 
 Potassium iodide 
 
 Potassium sulphocyanate 
 
 Potassium sulphide 
 
 Sodium salicylate 
 
 3. Nerine glory of sarnia: 
 Histologic properties 
 Form 
 
 Hilum 
 
 Lamellce 
 
 Size 
 
 Qualitative reactions 
 Polarization (figure) 
 
 Selenite 
 
 Iodine 
 
 Chloral hydrate 
 
 Nitric acid 
 
 Potassium iodide 
 
 Potassium sulphocyanate . 
 
 Potassium sulphide 
 
 Sodium sulphide 
 
 
SUMMARIES OF THE HIBTOLOCIC CHARACTERS, ETC. 
 
 -'.II 
 
 The second two hybrids differ almost u much from 
 each other a* they do from th-ir parent*, or n thf parent* 
 differ from ra<-h other. Kiparental inlirr nuini- 
 
 feat in all of the designations, varying < 1 1 tTereiictw in tin- 
 
 <* of influence of one or tin- other pa;. 
 quite apparent throughout. In form, the grains 
 yianttta incline to If. boirdfni. and those of N. abund- 
 ance to the other parent ; but the grain* of the hybrids 
 
 iirv wry clow to one another. In hilum. .V. giantta 
 it cloaer to N. tarniennt var. rorwca major; whereat 
 in N. abundancr it UK linen in character to .V. lux 
 l.tit in eccentricity to the other parent. In character, 
 .V. abundance is nearer than N. giant ru to N. bou 
 In both lamella? and sin there are reversals in both In - 
 drills of parental relationship*. In aiie ff. abundance 
 U nearer than .V. giantrst to N. bowdrni. In the 
 
 TABUC C6. Nareitnu. 
 
 Deeicnation. afmt and mcnV 
 
 Cloeer. aia 
 
 rbole. to the 
 
 Exeea*. deficit, or 
 
 
 
 Seed parent. 
 
 I 1 I :. ; : 
 
 * ' > 
 
 
 I. () Narrumu poeelem berriek (eame 
 parataav a* tb*foUowia hybrid): 
 
 II:-'.! Bj ;r ;.::.- 
 
 4. 
 
 
 
 
 
 4. 
 
 
 
 
 I !! . ! 
 
 4. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 PoUhutioa (flmn) 
 
 
 4. 
 
 
 (lotenauty) tntrrniliAl< 9 
 
 ffilinlti 
 
 
 4. 
 
 
 
 1 -llM 
 
 
 4. 
 
 
 
 Chloral hydrate 
 
 
 4. 
 
 Deficit 
 
 
 Chromic acid.. 
 
 ^^ 
 
 4. 
 
 
 IntrrmediAto ^ 
 
 PyrocaUie add 
 
 
 4. 
 
 
 Same M ^ 
 
 Nitric add 
 
 
 4. 
 
 
 Hichrr thin iMtber puvnt ^ "(f 
 
 Sulphuric wad 
 
 
 4. 
 
 
 
 1. (b) NarawM poeticu* duto (MOM 
 
 1 BVBkVI ( HSJ BM k*M ! 
 Hirtotogic ptopvtM* 
 
 4. 
 
 
 Deficit 
 
 
 Hflum 
 
 
 4. 
 
 
 
 
 
 -j- 
 
 
 
 8b* 
 
 
 4. 
 
 
 
 QumliUtiv* rMctiotM 
 PolmriwOioD (ficure) . . . 
 
 
 4. 
 
 
 (lutcn-uty) int<-niHxliAt 9 
 
 Bclenito 
 
 
 
 4. 
 
 
 
 Iodine 
 
 
 4- 
 
 
 
 Chloral hydrate 
 
 
 4- 
 
 
 Intermediate 9 ^ 
 
 ( 'hrotnic >dd 
 
 ^ 
 
 4- 
 
 Deficit 
 
 InlrrnifxJintc ^ 
 
 PyrocBilic acid . . 
 
 
 4. 
 
 
 Hijchrr th&n either parent 9 "d 1 
 
 Nitric acid 
 
 
 4- 
 
 
 IntrmcduiU 9 d* 
 
 Sulphuric acid 
 
 
 4. 
 
 
 About the une a* 9 
 
 2. NarriaMM poeUi triumph: 
 Hirtolocic propwtie. 
 Fonn... 
 
 4. 
 
 
 Ezoeei 
 
 
 Hflom 
 
 
 Character 
 
 Exceai 
 
 
 
 4. 
 
 
 
 
 Sue 
 
 4. 
 
 
 Exeee* 
 
 
 Qualitative ""^ty^tt 
 PoUrimation (fifure) 
 
 
 4. 
 
 
 (Intensity) MUD* M <^ 
 
 
 ^ ^ 
 
 4. 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 lodiat 
 
 
 4. 
 
 
 flama au r? 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Chrankadd 
 
 4. 
 
 
 
 Hicher than either parent 9 
 
 Pyrogmllk aoid .. 
 
 4. 
 
 
 
 Hicber than either parent <? 
 
 Nitric acid 
 
 4. 
 
 
 
 Hifhirr than either parent tf 
 
 Sulphuric acid 
 
 4- 
 
 
 
 About the eame ai <? 
 
 3. Naraami fiery oraai: 
 
 
 
 
 
 Form 
 
 4. 
 
 
 
 
 Hilum 
 
 Character 
 
 Eccentricity 
 
 
 
 
 4- 
 
 
 
 
 - I- 
 
 4. 
 
 ^_ 
 
 ^^ 
 
 ^ m 
 
 QualiUUre reaction* 
 Polarisation (ficnra) 
 
 
 4. 
 
 
 (Inteneity) Mine ai cf 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 4- 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 Iodine .. 
 
 k 
 
 * 
 
 _ 
 
 Same at 9 
 
 Chloral hydrate 
 
 4- 
 
 
 4- 
 
 Lower than either parent <f 
 
 Chromic acid.... 
 
 4. 
 
 _ 
 
 
 Lawtr than either parent 9 
 
 PyrocaUk acid. . . 
 
 4. 
 
 
 ^^ 
 
 Hicber than either parent <? 
 
 Nitric aoid... 
 
 4. 
 
 _ 
 
 ^^ 
 
 Lower than either parent 9 tf 
 
 Sulphuric acid 
 
 4. 
 
 ^ m 
 
 . 
 
 Intermediate 9 -tf 
 
 
 
 
 
 
292 
 
 SUMMARIES OF THE HISTOLOGIC CHARACTERS, ETC. 
 TABLE C 6. Narcissus. Continued. 
 
 Designation, agent and reagent. 
 
 Closer, as a whole, to the 
 
 Excess, deficit, or 
 individual. 
 
 Quantitative reactions. 
 
 Seed parent. 
 
 Pollen parent. 
 
 4. Narcissus doubloon : 
 Histologic properties 
 
 Character 
 
 it. 
 
 + 
 
 Character 
 Character 
 Large 
 
 Character 
 
 Common 
 Character 
 
 Deficit 
 Deficit 
 
 Individual 
 
 Excess 
 Deficit 
 
 (Intensity) same as 9 
 
 Same as 9 
 Lower than either parent 9 = cf 
 Lower than either parent 9 
 About the same as both parents 
 Intermediate 9 
 Intermediate 9 
 
 (Intensity) same as cf 
 
 Same as cf 
 Higher than cither parent 9 
 About the same as 9 
 Lower than either parent 9 
 Higher than either parent 9 
 Higher than either parent 9 
 
 (Intensity) same as 9 
 
 Same as cf 
 About same as both parents 9 = cf 
 Higher than either parent cf 
 Intermediate 9 
 Higher than either parent 9 
 Same as 9 
 
 (Intensity) same as 9 
 Intermediate 9 
 Same as 9 
 Intermediate 9 
 Lower than cither parent cf 
 Lower than either parent cf 
 Same as both parents. 
 
 (Intensity) same as cf 
 
 
 
 Size 
 
 Qualitative reactions 
 
 Selenite 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Sulphuric acid 
 
 5. Narcissus cresset: 
 Histologic properties 
 
 
 
 Size 
 
 Qualitative reactions 
 
 Selenite 
 
 
 Chloral hydrate 
 
 
 Pyrogallic acid 
 
 
 Sulphuric acid 
 
 6. Narcissus will scarlet: 
 Histologic properties 
 Form 
 
 Hilum 
 
 Lamellae 
 
 Size 
 
 Qualitative reactions 
 
 Selenite 
 
 
 Chloral hydrate 
 
 
 Pyrogallic acid 
 
 
 Sulphuric acid 
 
 7. Narcissus bicolor apricot: 
 Histologic properties 
 Form 
 
 Hilum 
 
 
 Size 
 
 Qualitative reactions 
 Polarization (figure) 
 Selenite 
 
 
 Chloral hydrate 
 
 
 Pyrogallic acid 
 
 Nitric acid 
 
 Sulphuric acid 
 
 8. Narcissus madame de graafl": 
 Histologic properties 
 Form 
 
 Hilum 
 
 Lamella) 
 
 Size 
 
 Qualitative reactions 
 Polarization (figure) 
 
 Selenite... 
 
 
si MMAIUKS I.K i UK iiiMOLOGIC CHARACTERS, BTC. 
 TABL C 8. Nurdmt*. CmHmili. 
 
 293 
 
 Deaicnalion. acent and 
 
 Ctoeer. ai wbol*. to UM 
 
 ,,: 
 
 r , , . 
 
 .:. ! . . : 
 
 t.' :.:.', ,',.. ,. , . - 
 
 . i clean martame de craaff. CenJ. 
 Qualitative reaction* 
 
 lodta. Raw 
 
 ( -Moral hydrate ... + 
 
 Chromic . i.l + 
 
 Pyrocallicedd. 
 
 NiinrariJ + 
 
 Sulphuric acid . ... + 
 
 9. N.rdeMepyramua: 
 
 llutolocie propertie* 
 
 Form 
 
 Httum._.... 
 
 SiM 
 
 Qualitative reactioM 
 PolarUation (ficure) 
 
 Chloral hydrate .'. 
 
 Chromir acid. 
 
 Nitric acid 
 Sulphuric arid. ... 
 
 10. Narcuwu lord roberte: 
 Hwtolocic properUa* 
 
 m 
 
 Hilum -r- 
 
 + 
 
 Qualitative reaction* 
 
 ,(flcure) 
 
 Iodine..... 
 
 Chloral hydrate 
 
 Chromic acid 
 
 Pyrocallie add. 
 
 Nitric acid 
 
 Sulphuric acid + 
 
 11 NarciaHuacneaharvejr: 
 Hietolocio propertie* 
 
 Form + 
 
 Character 
 
 * 
 Qualitative reaction* 
 
 Polaruation (ficure) + 
 
 -.:..... 
 
 Iodine + 
 
 Chloral hydrate 
 
 Chromic acid -f- 
 
 PyrocaUie add 
 
 Nitric acid 
 
 Sulphuric acid + 
 
 !.' Narciij. t. benneltpoe: 
 11,-' ' .: -;r p*J|a| 
 
 Form + 
 
 + 
 
 Polaruation (Bcnre). 
 
 Raw 
 
 Chloral hydrate + 
 
 Chromic acid.. 
 Pyrocallie acid. 
 
 Nitric acid 
 
 Sulphuric acid + 
 
 Ham* a* 9 
 MM 
 
 Lower than either parent 9 
 Interrodiate 9 
 Lower than either parent 9 
 Same a* 9 
 
 Untenaity) hicher than either parent 9-< 
 
 Same at 9 
 
 Lower than either parent 9 
 Higher than either parent 9 
 Richer than either parent 9 
 Hicher than either parent 9 
 ai both parent* 
 
 (Intenaity) aaroe a* <? 
 
 Same u both parent* 
 
 Intermediate 9 
 
 Lower than either parent <f 
 
 Intermediate <? 
 
 Intermediate 9 
 
 Sameai 9 
 
 Deficit 
 
 (Intenaity) aame ai 9 
 
 Sameai 9 
 
 Intermediate <? 
 
 Lower than either parent 9 
 
 Intermediate 9 - <? 
 
 Richer than either parent 9 
 
 About the aame at 9 
 
 Deficit 
 Deficit 
 
 + 
 f 
 
 + 
 
 (Intenaity) aame u 9 
 
 Same a* 9 
 
 Richer than either parent 9 
 
 Richer than either parent 9 
 
 Richer than either parent d> 
 
 Hicher than either parent 9 
 
 II.. ,:..",: ; ,-.,.: . 
 
294 
 
 SUMMARIES OF THE HISTOLOGIC CHARACTERS, ETC. 
 
 polariscopic reactions both incline to N. bowdeni, 
 but N. abundance is not so close as N. giantess. 
 In the iodine reactions with the raw grains the 
 hybrids are as well separated from each other 
 as they are from the parents. In N. giantess the gela- 
 tinized grains behave more like those of N. bowdeni, 
 while the raw grains lean to the other parent; but in 
 the other hybrid there was not found any difference 
 in the parental inclinations of both gelatinized and raw 
 grains. The qualitative reactions with the chemical 
 reagents show curious differences, N. giantess in only two 
 of the six reactions inclining to N. bowdeni and in the 
 other four to the other parent; while the other hybrid 
 inclines all six reactions to N. bowdeni. In the reac- 
 tions of chloral hydrate, potassium sulphocyanate, and 
 sodium salicylate N. abundance is closer than N. giantess 
 to N. bowdeni; and in the potassium-sulphocyanate reac- 
 tion the hybrids are closer to each other than to either 
 parent. In the nitric-acid reaction N. giantess is closer 
 to N. sarniensis var. corusca major than is N. abundance 
 to N. bowdeni, but the hybrids themselves are very close. 
 In the potassium-iodide reaction N. giantess leans to 
 N. sarniensis var. corusca major, while the other hybrid 
 inclines to the other parent; but the hybrids are closer 
 to each other than is either to the parent to which it 
 is the more closely related. The quantitative and quali- 
 tative reactions show most interesting differences and 
 independence. 
 
 It will be seen by an examination of the preceding 
 table how variable and absolutely unpredictable is the 
 shifting of hybrid properties toward one or the other 
 parent. Biparental inheritance in each of the designa- 
 tions is manifest; but in some instances hybrid and 
 parents are very closely alike, and in others the hybrids 
 are more alike or more different than are the parents, or 
 they differ more from the parents or resemble more 
 closely one or the other parent than do the parents them- 
 selves appear to be the same or different. With the first 
 pair of hybrids, N. dainty maid inclines in the histologic 
 properties and qualitative reactions, with the exception 
 of the character and arrangement of the lamellae, in every 
 designation to N. elegans: while its mate, N. queen of 
 roses, leans in only about two-thirds of the designations 
 to the same parent. With the second pair, N. giantess 
 inclines in about one-half of the designations to N. bow- 
 deni, while N. abundance inclines almost wholly to the 
 same parent. With the last hybrid, N. glory of sar- 
 nia, the inclination with the exception of a single desig- 
 nation is to N. sarniensis var. corusca major. Excess 
 and deficit of development are rarely noted, and no indi- 
 viduality of the hybrid in any case was recorded. In the 
 quantitative reactions there is obvious independence of 
 the qualitative reactions, inasmuch as they may or may 
 not correspond. In N. dainty maid, while in both histo- 
 logic properties and qualitative reactions the inclination 
 is positively to the pollen parent, in the quantitative 
 reactions there is a tendency to intermediateness, and 
 to the pollen parent. In N. queen of roses there is an 
 inclination of about two-thirds of the histologic proper- 
 ties and qualitative reactions to the pollen parent, while 
 in the quantitative reactions there is more of a leaning 
 to the pollen than to the seed parent. In N. giantess 
 about one-half of the histologic properties and qualitative 
 reactions lean to the seed parent, in the quantitative 
 
 reactions six of the eight reactions lean to the pollen 
 parent. In N. abundance the histologic properties and 
 qualitative reactions incline almost wholly to the seed 
 parent, in the quantitative reactions six of the eight in- 
 cline to the pollen parent. In N. glory of sarnia the 
 histologic properties and qualitative reactions incline 
 almost wholly to the seed parent and the quantitative 
 reactions incline equally to each of the two parents. 
 
 NARCISSUS. (TABLE C 6.) 
 
 The first two hybrids, while showing throughout the 
 various designations biparental inheritance, usually bear 
 a closer relationship to N. poeticm poetarum than to 
 N. poeticus ornatus; and on the whole are closer to one 
 another than to either parent. It is strange that while 
 N. poeticus herrick is in form, hilum, and lamellae closer 
 to a, poeticus ornatus than to the other parent, the rela- 
 tionship in size and all other designations is closer to N. 
 poeticus poetarum. N. poeticus dante is in form closer 
 to N. poeticus ornatus, but in all other designations 
 closer to the other parent. In form both hybrids are 
 closer to N. poeticus ornatus, but N. poeticus herriok 
 is the closer of the two. In hilum and lamellae, N. poeti- 
 cus herrick shows as close relationship to N. poeticus 
 ornatus as does N. poeticus dante to N. poeticus poe- 
 tarum. In size, N. poeticus herrick is closer than N. 
 poeticus dante to N. poeticus poetarum. In both polari- 
 scopic figure and selenite reactions both hybrids are 
 closer, and in equal degree, to if. poeticus poetarum. 
 In the iodine reactions the hybrids do not differ and are 
 therefore equally close to N. poeticus poetarum. 
 Throughout the qualitative chemical reagent designa- 
 tions the hybrids are closer to N. poeticus poetarum. 
 In the chloral-hydrate and nitric-acid reactions N. poeti- 
 cus dante is closer than N. poeticus herrick to N. poeti- 
 cus poetarum; but in the chromic-acid and pyrogallic- 
 acid reactions the reverse. Only rare records of deficient 
 development were recorded; in no instance was there 
 excess of development or individuality. In the quanti- 
 tative reactions N. poeticus herrick is mid-intermediate 
 or shows a closer relationship to the pollen parent; while 
 N. poeticus dante is mid-intermediate in three of the 
 seven reactions and shows a closer relationship in two 
 to the seed parent, and in two to the pollen parent. It 
 is of interest to note that while in the qualitative reac- 
 tions both hybrids are throughout very much closer to 
 the pollen parent than to the seed parent, in the quantita- 
 tive reactions the first leans markedly to the pollen parent 
 and the second to one as much as to the other parent. 
 
 There is seen throughout the designations of the 
 various sets of Narcissi the same swinging of hybrid 
 development to one or the other parent, the independence 
 of each unit-character and unit-character-phase of every 
 other in its direction and degree of development, the 
 absolute impossibility of forecasting the parental rela- 
 tionship of any designation, and the usually close rela- 
 tionship of the hybrid in its properties, as a whole, to 
 one or the other parent, as is evident in preceding sets. 
 Special features of the Narcissi group are attached to 
 the relative potencies of certain of the parents that occur 
 in a number of sets, and to the hybrid 2V. madame de 
 graaff, which in two sets is the pollen parent. N. poeti- 
 cus ornatus is the seed parent in Set 1 and the pollen 
 parent in Sets 2, 3, and 4. As the seed parent, it exhibits 
 
M'MMAKIKS ,,K TIIK II I - |. .|..,, , |r . H Mi \< III;-. Kh 
 TABU C7.-Li7i urn. 
 
 
 Cloeer. a* a 
 
 rhole,lothe- 
 
 Exnva. defleH. or 
 
 
 
 -..:;.. 
 
 Pollen parent. 
 
 iMHridual 
 
 QtiAotiUUr* rvttctiofM. 
 
 1. Uliura marhaa: 
 
 II:-' .: |Mp r:.. - 
 I Tt:, 
 
 
 4. 
 
 } \ 
 
 
 
 
 4. 
 
 
 
 
 
 4- 
 
 
 
 
 Bise 
 
 
 4. 
 
 
 
 Uuml.tmlive reaction* 
 
 Polarisation (ficure) 
 
 
 4. 
 
 
 
 Selenite 
 
 
 4. 
 
 
 
 Iodine 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 
 Chloral hydrate .... 
 
 4. 
 
 
 
 lllJJM MLfuUslljl Jt 
 
 Chromic Mid 
 
 
 4. 
 
 
 ft&nwt ** ff 
 
 1* (A^BUlin k ii tmn mtitf 
 
 ^ m 
 
 4. 
 
 
 
 Cobalt nitrmte 
 
 
 4. 
 
 
 f nt*rnLRj1i.Li. ^ 
 
 < upric chloride. ... 
 
 
 
 4. 
 
 
 AlwMlt tikJt em W< 
 
 2. Lilium dalhaneoni: 
 Hietoioafa properties 
 
 4. 
 
 
 I>. , , , . . .. 
 
 
 HUum 
 
 
 4. 
 
 
 
 LMMsta 
 
 Character 
 
 Number 
 
 
 
 8u 
 
 '. 
 
 
 DoAril 
 
 
 Qualitative reactions 
 Polaritatioo (ficure) 
 
 4. 
 
 
 
 
 Belenite 
 
 4. 
 
 
 
 
 lodiae 
 
 4- 
 
 
 
 
 Chloral hydrate 
 
 
 4. 
 
 
 
 Chromic acid 
 
 4. 
 
 
 
 
 Potaawum hydroxide 
 
 4. 
 
 
 
 ** 1 ^ t 
 
 Cobalt nitrate 
 
 4. 
 
 
 
 IntcrrtifvltBUi rV 
 
 Cuprie chloride... 
 
 4- 
 
 
 
 Inte^mMiiatA /4* 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Form 
 
 4. 
 
 
 &ram d^Mt 
 
 
 HUum. . 
 
 4. 
 
 
 EXOM 
 
 
 LMMSS* 
 
 4. 
 
 
 I . ( ir, 
 
 
 8iM 
 
 4. 
 
 
 
 
 Qualitative reectiooe 
 PolariiaUoo (ficurr) 
 
 4- 
 
 
 
 
 Beleoito... 
 
 4. 
 
 
 
 
 lodiae 
 
 4. 
 
 
 
 
 Chloral hydrate . 
 
 
 4. 
 
 
 SAHII* M ^ 
 
 Chromic acid 
 
 4. 
 
 
 
 
 
 4. 
 
 
 
 
 Cobalt nitrate.... 
 
 4. 
 
 
 
 
 Cuprie chloride . 
 
 4. 
 
 
 
 
 4. Uliuro tretaraum: 
 Bietelosie propertiee 
 Form 
 
 4. 
 
 
 Deficit iodividtud 
 
 
 .m 
 
 ( ' , i ' . r 
 
 
 
 
 
 4. 
 
 
 De6dt 
 
 
 MM 
 
 
 4. 
 
 
 
 Qualitative reactione 
 Polarisation (flcnre) 
 
 4. 
 
 
 
 (Intensity) >mine M 9 
 
 
 4. 
 
 
 
 
 lodiae 
 
 4- 
 
 
 
 
 Chloral hydrate 
 
 4. 
 
 
 
 
 Chromic acid 
 
 4. 
 
 
 
 
 r..! m*m ,N ir i,!.. 
 
 4. 
 
 
 
 Sftme M both p*roU. 
 
 Cobalt nitrate . .. 
 
 4. 
 
 
 
 IntonMdiftto <f 
 
 Cuprie chloride. .. 
 
 4- 
 
 
 
 SMM cT 
 
 8. Ulhan burbanki: 
 
 H.-t .: K. ;r ;-r-..- 
 
 Form 
 
 4. 
 
 
 Deficit, nc*m 
 
 
 
 
 4. 
 
 
 
 I .i:i.--;; i 
 
 4- 
 
 
 
 
 8Ue 
 
 4. 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Polarisation (ficurc) 
 
 _ 
 
 4. 
 
 
 (Intenaity) same aa <f 
 
 
 
 4. 
 
 
 
 I - 1 i 
 
 4. 
 
 
 
 Same a* 9 
 
 Chloral hydrate 
 
 4. 
 
 
 
 [ntermcdiate 9 
 
 Chromie acid 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Lower than either parent 9 
 
 ' ,.: ,.,-, 
 
 + 
 4- 
 
 ^* 
 
 
 Same ae both parent*. 
 Lower than either parent 9 
 
 Coptic chloride . . 
 
 4- 
 
 ^ 
 
 mm 
 
 Lower than either parent 9 
 
 
 
 
 
 
296 
 
 SUMMARIES OF THE HISTOLOGIC CHARACTERS, ETC. 
 
 very much less influence on the properties of the hybrids 
 than the pollen parent; in Sets 2 and 3, as the pollen 
 parent, it is less effective than the seed parent; and in 
 Set 4 it is about equally effective as the seed parent. 
 N. poeticus poctarum appears in Sets 1, 5, and G as the 
 pollen parent. In Set 1 it greatly dominates the seed 
 parent in its influence; in Set 5 it is of somewhat less 
 potency than the other parent ; and in Set 6 it is almost 
 completely dominated by the seed parent. N. abscissus 
 
 is the seed and the pollen parent, respectively, in Sets 7 
 and 8. In the former, it somewhat dominates the pollen 
 parent, and in the latter it is distinctly subordinate to the 
 seed parent. N. iriandms albus is the pollen parent in 
 Sets 11 and 12, in the former it being almost wholly sub- 
 ordinate, and in the latter of about equal value to the 
 other parent, in influencing the properties of the off- 
 spring. N. madame de graaff is of especial interest 
 because of its being a hybrid in Set 8, and the seed 
 
 TABLE C 8. Iris. 
 
 Designation, agent and reagent. 
 
 Closer, as a whole, to the 
 
 Excess, deficit, or 
 individual. 
 
 Quantitative reactions. 
 
 Seed parent. 
 
 Pollen parent. 
 
 1. Iris Umali : 
 Histologic properties 
 Form ... 
 
 + 
 Character 
 + 
 + 
 
 + 
 + 
 + 
 + 
 + 
 + 
 
 + 
 Character 
 Number 
 + 
 
 + 
 + 
 + 
 
 + 
 + 
 + 
 + 
 + 
 
 + 
 + 
 Indistinctness 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 Character 
 
 + 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 + 
 + 
 f 
 + 
 
 Eccentricity. 
 
 + 
 + 
 
 Eccentricity 
 Character 
 
 Character 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 + 
 + 
 + 
 
 Eccentricity 
 
 + 
 
 Excess, deficit 
 
 Deficit 
 Deficit 
 
 Excess 
 
 Excess 
 Deficit 
 
 Excess 
 Deficit 
 
 + 
 
 Excess 
 Excess 
 
 (Intensity) lower than either parent 
 
 Same as 9 
 Intermediate c? 
 Intermediate of 
 About the same as d* 
 About the same as both parents 
 Same as d 1 
 
 (Intensity) same as 9 
 
 Same as 9 
 Lower than either parent 9 = cf 
 Same as d" 
 Higher than either parent cf 
 About the same as 9 
 Slightly lower than either parent 9 
 
 (Intensity) lower than either parent 
 
 Higher than either parent 9 
 Higher than either parent d" 
 Lower than either parent c? 
 Lower than either parent d 1 
 Lower than either parent 9 = cT 
 Higher than either parent d" 
 
 (Intensity) lower than either parent 
 
 Same as cf 
 About the same as both parents 
 About the same as both parents 
 About the same as both parents 
 About the same as both parents 
 Higher than either parent 9 
 
 d" 
 
 rf 1 
 9 
 
 Hilum 
 
 Lamella 4 L L . . . 
 
 Size 
 
 Qualitative reactions 
 
 Selenite 
 
 
 Chloral hydrate 
 
 
 Potassium iodide 
 
 
 Sodium salicytate 
 
 2. Iris dorak: 
 Histologic properties 
 Form 
 
 Hilum . . . 
 
 Lamella? 
 
 Size 
 
 Qualitative reactions 
 Polarization (figure) 
 Selenite 
 
 Iodine 
 
 
 Hydrochloric acid 
 
 
 Sodium hydroxide 
 
 
 3. Iris mrs. ulan gray: 
 Histologic properties 
 
 Hilum 
 
 LaiuelUe 
 
 Size 
 
 Qualitative reactions 
 Polarization (figure) 
 
 Selenite 
 
 Iodine 
 
 Chloral hydrate 
 
 Hydrochloric acid 
 
 Potassium iodide ... 
 
 Sodium hydroxide 
 
 Sodium aalicylate .... 
 
 4. Iris pursind: 
 Histologic properties 
 Form 
 
 Hilum 
 
 Lamella} 
 
 Sue 
 
 Qualitative reactions 
 Polarization (figure) 
 
 Selenite 
 
 Iodine 
 
 Chloral hydrate 
 
 Hydrochloric acid 
 
 Potassium iodide 
 
 Sodium hydroxide 
 
 Sodium salicylate 
 
 
SUMMARIES OP THE HI8TOLOOIC CHARACTERS, ETC. 
 TABU CO.-GMUhu. 
 
 
 Clcner. a* a 
 
 hole, totae 
 
 1 . . I.'..!,, 
 
 
 
 Seed parent. 
 
 Pollen parrot 
 
 individual. 
 
 
 II... - ... 
 
 1! . ;: 
 Form 
 
 4. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Character 
 
 Eccentricity 
 
 
 
 LaflMllflt 
 
 * 
 
 * 
 
 Ex mat 
 
 
 MM 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 Qualitative reaction* 
 ivj^ i ^^!LMI tHf\in>\ 
 
 4- 
 
 
 
 i Intensity) intrrtntxliate 9 
 
 
 4. 
 
 
 
 
 i |H 
 
 4. 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 ral hydrate 
 
 4- 
 
 
 
 
 Lower than either parent <f 
 
 Hydrochloric acid 
 
 4. 
 
 _ 
 
 Individual 
 
 
 
 4. 
 
 !^ 
 
 
 
 fLwifatMl W*l n ! rl 
 
 + 
 
 m m 
 
 
 
 Sodium ft&licrUte 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 Lower than either parent 9 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 parent in Sets 9 and 10. As a hybrid it exhibit* mark- 
 edly biparental inheritance in all of the designations 
 in varying degrees in relation to one or the other parent, 
 but leaning, un the whole, strongly to the seed parent; 
 not e\ln!>it:ii_' any notable peculiarity that is not ob- 
 served in one or the other parent, nor showing any de- 
 ment in excess or deficit of parental development, 
 
 in certain hiitologic feature* of minor character. 
 As a wed parent it shows in Set 9 leas potency, and in 
 Set 10 about equal potency, compared with the other 
 parent in determining the properties of the hybrid. 
 ,V. madame de graaff shows in its qualitative reactions 
 with the various chemical reagents the peculiar processes 
 of gelatinization that were recorded in the reactions of 
 one parent or both parents ; and the processes of this hy- 
 
 >re manifested in its offspring in a manner not dis- 
 tinguishable from that which on general principles 
 should be expected were it a species or a variety and 
 not a hybrid. 
 
 The quantitative reactions bear to the histoloeric prop- 
 erties and qualitative reactions the most variable rela- 
 
 hips in their parental leanings. 
 
 I jut M. (TABLE C 7.) 
 
 In histologic properties and qualitative reactions 
 /,. marlian bears in three-fourths of its designations a 
 
 closer relationship to the pollen parent. In form and 
 size of the grains the relationship is closer to the pollen 
 parent; but in hilum and lamella* the reverse. Apart 
 from the chloral hydrate reaction, which is closer to the 
 seed parent, all of the qualitative reactions are closer to 
 the pollen parent. L. dalhansoni in form, size, charac- 
 ter, and arrangement of the lamella- is closer to the 
 seed parent, but in hilum and number of the lamella; 
 is closer to the pollen parent. In only the chloral- 
 hydrate reaction is the hybrid closer in the qualitative 
 reactions to the pollen parent, and in the others closer 
 to the seed parent, the opposite to what was noted in 
 the first hybrid. Each of these hybrids has the same 
 pollen parent, but there is an almost entire reversal 
 of the parental relationships in the various designations. 
 In //. golden gleam the relationship is, with the single 
 exception of the chloral-hydrate reaction, closer to the 
 seed parent. The pollen parent of //. marhan is the 
 same as the seed parent of L. golden gleam, the hybrid 
 relationships of each being closer to th<* seed parvnt, 
 L, maculaium and //. tenuifolium, respectively. L. tei- 
 laceum in form and in character of the hilum and lamella: 
 is closer to the seed parent, but in eccentricity of the 
 hilum and in size it is closer to the pollen parent. In 
 all of the qualitative reactions it is shown to be closer 
 
 TAIU K C 10. Trttonta. 
 
 
 Clossr, aaw 
 
 bole, to the 
 
 Exctw. dcfidt, or 
 
 Quantitative mfcctioo*. 
 
 
 Seed parent. 
 
 Pollen parent. 
 
 individual. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 : . ' 
 
 
 4- 
 
 
 
 
 Eccentricity 
 
 Character 
 
 
 
 _ 
 
 1 . r 
 
 4- 
 
 
 ^^ 
 
 _ 
 
 MM 
 
 4- 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 _ 
 
 QtuJiUtir* reaction* 
 Polarisation (figure) 
 
 4- 
 
 
 
 (Intotuity) lower than ettfeer pareot 9 
 
 Sefcoito 
 
 4- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Iodine . . 
 
 4. 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 lateraiodiaU 9 
 
 Chloral hydrate 
 
 
 4. 
 
 _,_ 
 
 Lower than either parent 9 
 
 
 ^^ 
 
 
 
 
 Intermediate 9 
 
 PotaAvum Wxiiiie 
 
 
 
 4- 
 
 
 
 Intennediato 9 
 
 Sodttm aTjIrfliu*^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 latermediate 9 
 
 |B|u||^_- *T ,|-f^ 
 
 
 
 o. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
298 
 
 SUMMARIES OF THE HISTOLOGIC CHARACTERS, ETC. 
 
 to the seed parent. L. burbanki in form, lamellae, and 
 size is closer to the seed parent, but in hilum closer to 
 the pollen parent. Except the polariscopic ligure and 
 selenite reaction it is closer in all of the qualitative 
 designations to the seed parent. Excess and deficit of 
 development are recorded only among the histologic prop- 
 erties, and no individuality is noted in any of the five 
 hybrids in any of the designations. 
 
 The quantitative reactions bear most variable and in- 
 dependent relationships to the qualitative reactions in 
 each of the sets of parents and hybrid. 
 
 IBIS. (TABLE C 8.) 
 
 I. ismali inclines to the seed parent in all of the 
 designations of histologic properties and qualitative re- 
 actions, except in eccentricity of the hilum, polariscopic 
 
 TABLE C 11. Begonia. 
 
 Designation, agent and reagent. 
 
 Closer, as a whole, to the 
 
 Excess, deficit, or 
 individual. 
 
 Quantitative reactions. 
 
 Seed parent. 
 
 Pollen parent. 
 
 1. Begonia mrs. heal: 
 Histologic properties 
 Form 
 
 Character 
 
 + 
 + 
 + 
 + 
 + 
 + 
 + 
 + 
 
 -f 
 Character 
 Character 
 Smaller grains 
 
 + 
 + 
 + 
 + 
 + 
 + 
 + 
 
 + 
 Sizes 
 
 
 rik 
 Gelat. grains 
 
 + 
 + 
 + 
 + 
 + 
 
 Character 
 
 + 
 + 
 + 
 
 + 
 + 
 
 + 
 Eccentricity 
 
 + 
 + 
 
 Eccentricity 
 Number 
 Larger grains 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 Length 
 breadth 
 
 
 
 Raw grains 
 
 + 
 Eccentricity 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 + 
 
 Deficit 
 Excess 
 
 (Intensity) lower than either parent 9 = cf 
 
 Same as 9 
 Intermediate 9 
 Intermediate 9 
 Intermediate 9 
 Same as 9 
 Intermediate 9 
 
 (Intensity) intermediate 9 
 
 Intermediate 9 
 Higher than either parent 9 
 Intermediate 9 
 Intermediate 9 
 Intermediate 9 
 Intermediate 9 
 
 (Intensity) same as cf 
 
 Higher than either parent cT 
 Higher than either parent 9 
 Intermediate 9 
 Intermediate 9 
 Same as 9 
 Intermediate 9 
 
 (Intensity) same as cf 
 
 Same as o" 
 Intermediate 9 
 Higher than either parent 9 
 Higher than either parent 9 
 Same as 9 
 Higher than either parent 9 
 
 Hilufri .... 
 
 Lamella 
 
 Size 
 
 Qualitative reactions 
 Polarization (figure) 
 
 Selenite 
 
 I* idini- , . . , , 4 , , j , R , , 
 
 Chloral hydrate 
 
 Chromic acid . . 
 
 Pyrogallic acid 
 
 Nitric acid 
 
 Strontium nitrate 
 
 2. Begonia ensign: 
 Higtologic propertiea 
 Form 
 
 Hilum 
 
 Lamella 
 
 Size 
 
 Qualitative reactions 
 Polarization (figure) 
 
 Selenite 
 
 Iodine 
 
 Chloral hydrate 
 
 Chromic acid 
 
 Pyrogallic acid 
 
 Nitric acid 
 
 Strontium nitrate 
 
 3. Begonia Julius 
 Histologic properties 
 Form 
 
 Hilum 
 
 Lamella 
 
 Sue 
 
 . Qualitative reactions 
 Polarization (figure) 
 
 Selenite 
 
 Iodine 
 
 Chloral hydrate 
 
 Chromic acid 
 
 Pyrogallic acid 
 
 Nitric acid 
 
 Strontium nitrate 
 
 4. Begonia success: 
 Histologic properties 
 Form 
 
 Hilum 
 
 Lamella 
 
 Size 
 
 Qualitative reactions 
 Polarization (figure) 
 
 Selenite 
 
 Iodine 
 
 Chloral hydrate 
 
 
 Pyrogallic acid 
 
 Nitric acid 
 
 Strontium nitrate 
 
 
SUMMARIES OF THE HI8TOLOOIC CHARACTERS, ETC. 
 
 figure, and selenite reactions. 7. dorale shown even a 
 . the iced parent, closer resemblances 
 
 l |i..l!.-n |..ir.-iit being recorded in only the eocen- 
 tru ity !' tin- hilum and lamella}. The seed parent of 
 hybrids is the same and it show* in both hybrids 
 inu. h -r. uter potency than the other parent. In /. mn. 
 aliin tjrry tb> f.irin, hilum, and indistinctness of the 
 luui.-lhv Jean to the teed parent, but the general charac- 
 
 f th>> lamella- and the size of the grains incline 
 t<> the |Ni|l.-n parent. Among the qualitative reactions, 
 in t !>.> with imline alone is there greater closeness to 
 the wed parvnt. /. ,lnrat and /. mn. alan grey hare 
 /. erngialti as their pollen and seed parent, respectively; 
 in earh hybrid tins parent exhibits the lesser influence 
 on the histologic characters and qualitative reactions 
 of the hybrids. /. jiurnnd shows, with the exception 
 : u ity of the hilum and qualitative reactions 
 with iodine, a closer relationship to the seed parent. De- 
 
 and excess of development, mostly in histologic 
 properties, are occasionally noted; but individualities of 
 the hybrids are absent 
 
 The independence and vagariousness of the quantita- 
 
 ractions in relation to the qualitative reactions are 
 very striking in all of the sets. 
 
 GLADIOLUS. (TABLB C 9.) 
 
 The seed parent of 0. colvillei shows throughout 
 the histologic properties and qualitative reactions, the 
 more pofent influence on the hybrid, excepting in the 
 eccentricity of the hilum and the lamella?, in the former 
 respect being subordinate, and in the latter of equal 
 value, to the seed parent. Excess of development of 
 parental extremes was noted in the lamella-, and indi- 
 viduality was recorded in the hydrochloric-acid reaction. 
 
 I n the quantitative reactions there is mostly a tend- 
 ency to sameness as both parents, together with some 
 inclination to excess and deficit of development ; but, on 
 the whole, th." leaning is rather toward the seed parent. 
 
 TUTONIA. (TABLB C 10.) 
 
 This hybrid in its designations shares about equally 
 in closeness to one or the other parent. In eccentricity 
 of the hilum, lamella?, and size it is closer to the seed 
 parent, but in form and character of the hilum closer to 
 the pollen parent. In the polariscopic figure, and in the 
 
 wlenite and iodine reactions it is closer to the twd 
 parent, but in all the other Qualitative reactions it is 
 closer to the pollen parent, Rroeas and deficit of de- 
 velopment and individualities were not noted. Curi- 
 ously, while in the qualitative reactions with the various 
 chemical reagents the leaning of the hybrid is to the 
 !>olleii ].:in m. in the quantitative reactions the inclina- 
 tion is in all seven reactions to the seed parent. This 
 almost complete reversal of qualitative ana quantitative 
 parental relationships is by no means uncommon, as will 
 be seen in other tables. 
 
 BsnoNiA. (TABuCll.) 
 
 II. tocotrana is the pollen parent in all four hybrids, 
 it belonging to the semi-tuberous group ; the seed parents 
 are horticultural varieties that belong to the tuberous 
 group. In all four hybrids there is among the histo- 
 logical properties a manifest tendency to a splitting 
 of the characters in their parental relationships (except 
 solely in the form of the grains) and to fluctuation ( 
 given characters in different hybrids to one parent or the 
 other. The form of the grains in B. mn. heal, B. Julius, 
 and B. success is closer to the pollen parent, but in B. 
 ensign closer to the other parent. The hilum in charac- 
 ter is in B. mn. heal, R. ensign, and B. success closer 
 to the seed parent, but in B. juliut closer to the pollen 
 parent; while in eccentricity it ia closer in all to the 
 pollen parent. The lamella; in character are in B. en- 
 sign and H. Julius closer to the pollen parent, while in 
 number this property is in all four closer to the pollen 
 parent. In size, in common sizes it is in /?. mn. heal and 
 B. success closer to the seed parent, in the larger grains 
 in B. ensign closer to the pollen parent, and in propor- 
 tion of length to breadth in It. Julius closer to the pollen 
 parent. The polariscopic figure is in B. mn. heal closer 
 to the seed parent, but in the other three the same as 
 both parents or closer to the pollen parent. The selenite 
 reactions are closer to those of the seed parent in B. mn. 
 heal and B. ensign; closer to those of the pollen parent 
 in B. success; and the same as both parents in B. Julius. 
 The independence of polariscopic figure and selenite 
 reaction is illustrated in B. ensign. In the iodine reac- 
 tions the inclinations may be to one or the other parent, 
 but in B. Julius there is a splitting so that the reactions 
 of the gelatinized grains are closer to the seed parent, 
 
 C12. RickarJia. 
 
 Dotcnatioo agent nH rmgMt 
 
 Clam. aiaw 
 
 hole, to the 
 
 EXOMB, deficit, or 
 
 QuAotiUUv* mrUxu. 
 
 
 Seed parent. 
 
 Pollen parent. 
 
 individual. 
 
 
 IHrlnntii mn. rooawelt: 
 
 I! - -..-.. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Form 
 
 
 + 
 
 Deficit, excca* 
 
 
 
 Hilum 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 _ 
 
 Lamella) 
 
 
 * 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 8be 
 
 + 
 
 
 Deficit 
 
 _ 
 
 Qualitative raaetfcma 
 Polarisation (6ure) 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 (Inteneity) intermediate 9 -<f 
 
 8clut 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 M 
 
 
 Iodine 
 
 - 
 
 + 
 
 - 
 
 Same a* 9 
 
 Chlonl hydrate.... 
 Chromic Mid 
 
 + 
 
 4. 
 
 ^* 
 
 ~ 
 
 About tit* aune a* both parent* 
 
 
 4. 
 
 ^^ 
 
 _ 
 
 Lower than either parent tf 
 
 Potaaaum hydroxide. 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 M 
 
 Bicker than either parent <? 
 
 Sodium MlieyUte 
 
 + 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 Same M both parente 
 
 
 
 
 
 
300 
 
 SUMMARIES OF THE HISTOLOGIC CHARACTERS, ETC. 
 TABLE C 13. Musa. 
 
 Designation, agent and reagent. 
 
 Closer, as a whole, to the- 
 
 Excess, deficit, or 
 individual. 
 
 Quantitative reactions. 
 
 Seed parent. 
 
 Pollen parent. 
 
 Musa hybrida: 
 Histologic properties 
 Form 
 
 Number 
 
 Character 
 
 Excess 
 Excess 
 Excess 
 
 (Intensity) higher than either parent d 1 
 
 Same as d 1 
 Lower than either parent d* 
 Lower than either parent d* 
 Same as d 1 
 Lower than either parent c? 1 
 Lower than either parent d 1 
 
 
 
 Size 
 
 Qualitative reactions 
 
 Selenite . . ; 
 
 Iodine 
 
 Chloral hydrate 
 
 
 
 
 Cobalt nitrate 
 
 
 TABLE C 14. Phaius. 
 
 Designation, agent and reagent. 
 
 Closer, as a whole, to the 
 
 Excess, deficit, or 
 individual. 
 
 Quantitative reactions. 
 
 Seed parent. 
 
 Pollen parent. 
 
 Phaius hybridus: 
 Histologic properties 
 Form 
 
 + 
 
 Character, 
 arrange 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 + 
 
 + 
 + 
 + 
 + 
 + 
 + 
 + 
 + 
 + 
 + 
 + 
 
 Character 
 
 + 
 
 Excess 
 
 (Intensity) higher than either parent 9 
 
 Intermediate cf 
 Lower than either parent o* 
 Intermediate 9 =<? 
 Intermediate 9 
 Same as t? 
 Same as both parents. 
 Intermediate 9 = d* 
 Same as both parents. 
 Lower than either parent 9 = c? 
 Lower than either parent d* 
 Same as of 
 Same as d* 
 
 HUum 
 
 
 Size 
 
 Qualitative reactions 
 
 Selenite 
 
 
 Chloral hydrate 
 
 
 
 
 Potassium hydroxide . . 
 
 Potassium iodide 
 
 
 Potassium sulphide 
 
 
 Sodium sulphide 
 
 
 
 TABLE C 15. Millonia. 
 
 Designation, agent and reagent. 
 
 Closer, as a whole, to the 
 
 Excess, deficit, or 
 individual. 
 
 Quantitative reactions. 
 
 Seed parent. 
 
 Pollen parent. 
 
 Miltonia blcuana: 
 Hiatologic properties 
 Form 
 
 + 
 Character 
 Character 
 
 + 
 + 
 + 
 
 + 
 + 
 + 
 + 
 + 
 
 Eccentricity 
 
 + 
 
 Excess 
 Excess 
 
 (Intensity) higher than either parent V 
 
 Same as 9 
 Intermediate 9 
 Higher than either parent 9 
 Same as both parents 
 Higher than either parent 9 
 Higher than either parent 9 
 
 Hilum 
 
 Lamellffi 
 
 Size 
 
 Qualitative reactions 
 Polarization (figure) 
 
 Selenite 
 
 Iodine 
 
 Chloral hydrate 
 
 Chromic acid 
 
 Hydrochloric acid 
 
 Potassium iodide 
 
 Sodium salicylate 
 
 
SUMMARIES OK Mil IIISTOLOGIC CHARACTERS, ETC. 
 TABUS C 16.- 
 
 301 
 
 
 Ooeer. at a w 
 
 bole, to the 
 
 I:..- I,,., 
 
 
 
 Seed parent. 
 
 Potlea parent. 
 
 !. : .. 
 
 
 Cymbtdium burneo-lotrianum 
 
 
 
 
 
 II:--- *. I:.-:'-- 
 
 Form 
 
 4. 
 
 
 
 
 Hiluin 
 8m* 
 
 Character 
 
 8iM 
 
 1 .:.-:. H| 
 
 Length, width 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 Quantitative reaction* 
 Polariiation (ncure) 
 
 
 
 
 (Intenaitv) aame aa 9 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 Iodine 
 
 4. 
 
 
 
 _ > 
 
 Same ae 9 
 
 Chloral hydrate 
 
 
 _ 
 
 
 Lower MMH either parent 9 <J 
 
 i hrotnic acid 
 
 4 
 
 m 
 
 ^ 
 
 Lower *k** either parent 9 cf 
 
 Sodium uliryUtr 
 
 4. 
 
 
 
 Lower than either parent 9 ^ 
 
 
 4. 
 
 > 
 
 ^ 
 
 Lower than either parent 9 * c^ 
 
 Mercurie chloride. . 
 
 4. 
 
 
 
 Lower than either parent 9 <^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 while those of the raw grains are closer to the pollen 
 ;. \\ith one exception, in all of the qualitative 
 mctioDB of all four hybrids the relationship is closer 
 to the seed parent. Excess of qualitative development 
 was noted once, deficit once, and individuality not at all. 
 The quantitative reactions are frequently intermediate, 
 imes the same as or higher or lower than both 
 parents; usually very much closer to the seed parent 
 ami far separated from the pollen parent, and rarely 
 the same as or closer to the pollen parent. 
 
 KHHARDU. (T*BUcC 12.) 
 
 In form, polariscopic figure, selenite reaction, and 
 iodine reaction the hybrid inclines to the pollen parent ; 
 
 in lamellw it is equally related to both parents ; and in 
 all other designations closer to the seed parent Deficit 
 of development was noted twice, excess of development 
 once, and indiriduality not at all. 
 
 The quantitative reactions are quite variable in their 
 parental relationships, and without other than casual 
 correspondence in their bearings with Uic qualitative 
 reactions. 
 
 Mrs A. (TABLE C 13.) 
 
 With the exception of the number of the lamelUc, 
 the designations of this hybrid are toward the pollen 
 parent. The quantitative reactions are in all seven 
 designations toward the pollen parent. 
 
 TABLB C 17. Calanllu. 
 
 
 Clonr. M w 
 
 hole. totbe- 
 
 Exceai, deficit, or 
 
 
 
 Seed parent. 
 
 Pollen parent. 
 
 individual. 
 
 
 1. ( alaothe vettchii: 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Mott 
 
 - .-.. 
 
 
 
 Hilom 
 
 4. 
 
 
 _ 
 
 m 
 
 UoMlte . 
 
 4. 
 
 
 
 
 MI- 
 
 
 4. 
 
 
 
 
 Qualitative reaction* 
 Polarisation (figure) 
 
 4. 
 
 
 
 (Intenaity) intermediate O 
 
 Myu 
 
 4- 
 
 __ 
 
 > 
 
 
 ItdbM 
 
 4. 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 Intermediate 9 
 
 Chloral hydrate 
 
 
 4. 
 
 mm 
 
 Higher than either parent 9 
 
 Chronic acid 
 
 4- 
 
 
 m ^ 
 
 Same a* 9 
 
 Hydrochloric Mid 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Lower than either parent 9 
 
 
 
 
 
 Intermediate 9 
 
 
 
 4. 
 
 
 Hifhrr than either parent 9 
 
 2. Calanth* btyu: 
 Hiatolocie propcrtM. 
 Fora 
 
 - ::. 
 
 M - 
 
 
 
 .m 
 
 
 4 
 
 mm 
 
 _ . 
 
 
 
 4- 
 
 
 
 
 
 8iw 
 
 Lencth. width 
 
 Sue 
 
 Exeeei 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 PoUriBktioa (Bfvn) 
 
 
 4. 
 
 
 
 (Intimity) intermediate ef 
 
 Bakaftc 
 
 mm 
 
 4- 
 
 
 
 
 Mhi 
 
 + 
 
 
 mt 
 
 Intemediate 9 - <f 
 
 Chloral hydrate . 
 
 4. 
 
 ^ 
 
 _ 
 
 Intermediate 9-<f 
 
 Chromic arid . 
 
 4. 
 
 _ 
 
 ^ 
 
 Intermediate <f 
 
 Hydrochloric acid 
 
 
 + 
 
 - 
 
 Hi^Mr than either parrot <f 
 
 
 4. 
 
 + 
 
 _ 
 
 latarmanikte 9 -d 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
302 
 
 SUMMARIES OF THE HISTOLOGIC CHARACTERS, ETC. 
 
 PHAIUS. (TABLE C 14.) 
 
 With the exception of the character of the hilum 
 and the reaction with iodine the hybrid in its histologic 
 properties and qualitative reactions is closer to the seed 
 parent. Excess of development is noted once; deficit 
 and individuality not at all. 
 
 The quantitative reactions are very variable in their 
 parental relationships, exhibiting sameness in relation to 
 one parent or the other or both parents, intermediateness, 
 and excess or deficit in relation to parental extremes, as 
 the case may be. 
 
 MILTONIA. (TABLE C 15.) 
 
 Except in the eccentricity of the hilum and size of 
 the grains all of the designations of this hybrid incline 
 toward the seed parent. 
 
 The qualitative reactions while variable in their 
 parental relationships tend with one exception to the 
 seed parent, but in none to the pollen parent. 
 
 CTMBIDIUM. (TABLE C 16.) 
 
 The hybrid bears a closer relationship to the seed 
 parent in all of the histologic and qualitative designa- 
 tions with the exception of eccentricity of the hilum and 
 of ratio of length to breadth of the grains. 
 
 In the quantitative reactions the inclination is, with 
 one exception, to lower reactivity than in either parent, 
 the hybrid being in the latter reactions lower than in 
 either parent but as close to one as to the other parent. 
 The leaning is generally very doubtful because of the 
 great rapidity of the reactions. 
 
 C ALAXTHE. (TABLE C 17.) 
 
 In C. veitchii two-thirds of the designations incline 
 to the seed parent. In form most of the grains are more 
 like those of C. rosea, and only some like those of the 
 other parent. In hilum and lamellae the hybrid is close 
 to the seed parent, but in size closer to the other parent. 
 In the polarization figure, selenite reaction, and iodine 
 reaction it is closer to the seed parent. In the qualita- 
 tive reactions with chloral hydrate, potassium hydroxide 
 and sodium salicylate it is closer to the pollen parent; 
 but in those with chromic acid and hydrochloric acid it 
 is closer to the seed parent. In the quantitative reactions 
 throughout the hybrid is the same as or closer to the 
 seed parent. 
 
 In C. bryan the designations are about equally divided 
 in their parental closeness. In form some of the grains 
 are more like those of the seed parent, but most are like 
 those of the pollen parent the reverse of what was 
 recorded in the other hybrid (in this set the seed parent 
 is the same as the pollen parent in the preceding set). 
 There is in this hybrid in comparison with the other hy- 
 brids reversal of the relations of the hilum and lamellae 
 to the parents, and there is a splitting of the characters 
 pertaining to size the grains in ratio of length to 
 breadth being closer to the seed parent, but in size gener- 
 ally closer to the pollen parent. While the polariscopic 
 figure and selenite reaction are in comparison with the 
 foregoing hybrid reversed, the iodine reaction remains 
 closer to the seed parent. The qualitative reactions like- 
 wise show curious differences. Here the chloral hydrate, 
 chromic acid, and sodium salicylate reactions are closer 
 to the seed parent, while the hydrochloric acid and po- 
 tassium hydroxide reactions are closer to the pollen parent 
 
 (the reactions of chloral hydrate, hydrochloric acid, and 
 sodium salicylate being reversed, but those of chromic 
 acid and potassium hydroxide remaining the same in 
 comparison with those of C. veitchii). 
 
 The quantitative reactions exhibit a tendency to mid- 
 intermediateness,' and otherwise mostly to closeness to 
 the pollen parent. In only one of the seven quantitative 
 designations is there manifest greater closeness to the 
 seed parent than to the pollen parent. 
 
 HISTOLOGIC PROPERTIES OF STAECHES OF HYBRIDS 
 IN KELATION TO THOSE OF THE PARENTS. 
 
 In the preceding section, in the consideration of the 
 peculiarities of each starch, reference was made to the 
 remarkable shifting of the various histologic characters 
 in their parental relationships. These peculiarities are 
 of exceptional interest and significance, and they have 
 been presented for the most part in a succinct form in 
 Table D. One would not unnaturally be led to the 
 conclusion that if the grains of the hybrid are closely 
 like those of the seed parent or the pollen parent in form, 
 lamella?, and size, the same would hold good for the 
 hilum, but such may in fact be far from the rase. 
 Moreover, not only may there be different parental rela- 
 tionships of the hybrid starch in form, hilum, lamellae, 
 and size, but there may also be a splitting of characters 
 in each of these designations, so that in a certain respect 
 the hilum, for instance, may be close in its relationship 
 to one parent, but in another respect equally as close to 
 the other parent. In other words, not only are form, 
 hilum, lamellae, and size independent characters that 
 may be modified in the starch of any hybrid in their 
 parental relations in like or unlike directions, but each 
 may be split into a variable number of components which 
 in like manner may swing to one or the other parent in 
 an absolutely unpredictable and inexplicable way. It is 
 unfortunate that in making the laboratory records the 
 data pertaining to variations in form were not so syste- 
 matically made as to make it possible to present in a 
 consistent way the splitting of properties such as was 
 recorded in the properties of the hilum, lamellae, and 
 size, especially of the two former. Sufficient data were 
 accumulated to show that such splitting is a common 
 phenomenon, as, for instance, where it has been found 
 that the hybrid is close to one parent in the characters 
 and numbers of compound grains, but close to the other 
 parent in the characters and numbers of the aggregates ; 
 where a certain type of compound grain or aggregate is 
 closer to that of one parent, but another type closer to 
 that of the other; where the kinds of irregularity of the 
 grains incline to one parent, but the frequency of irregu- 
 larity to the other, etc. Similarly, only little analytic 
 attention was given to the peculiarities of sizes, but 
 enough to show that a splitting of characters must be 
 quite common. On the other hand, the records of the 
 peculiarities of the hilum and lamellae, while capable 
 of much and important extension, are rich in instances 
 of splitting. Taking several concrete examples for illus- 
 tration, we find that both Brunsdonna hybrids are 
 closer to the seed parent in form, hilum, and size, but 
 closer to the pollen parent in the form, arrangement, and 
 number of the lamellae. Hippeastrum titan-clennia is 
 closer to the seed parent in form and hilum ; but closer to 
 
SUMMARIES OF THE HISTOLOGIC CHARACTERS, BTC. 
 
 the pollen parent in lamella- and *iz>. llinpratlrvnt 
 o,uullan-i>yrrHa is closer to the sew! pmvnt in the numU-r 
 of tin' lamella- an. I in niz-; Imt closer !> the pollen 
 parent in fnii, luluiii, anil rharactiTK of the liu 
 In* dnrai r t the ed pan-nt in form, size, 
 
 characters of tin' lulum, and numlH-r of the lamella- : l>ut 
 closer to the |>ollpn parent in erwitrieitv of the liilum, 
 and in the character >f tin- lamella-, etc. 
 
 In only two of the hybrids (llcemanthua kUnig albrrt 
 and I.itium goldrn tjlfam I is the parental relationship 
 in all four dentations the same, i.e., the hybrid is in 
 form, hilum. lamella, and sin closer to one parent ; the 
 
 (Winer in cloeer to the pollen parent, and the latter to the 
 seed parent In otlx-r hybrids, M in lirwudonna. 
 f'rtii urn hybridtun j. e. A., N trine dainty moid, and 
 JVarrunu cresttt. aa many as three designations may be 
 closer to one parent ; but there are seldom more than two, 
 aa is seen in Hippeaslrum titan-cUonia and Httnmnthtu 
 andromrda. In others, there may be only one, the other 
 three being split in various ways, aa in Begonia tntign, 
 in which hybrid the form of the grains is cloeer to the 
 seed parent, and the character of the hilum cloeer to the 
 eeed parent, but in eccentricity cloeer to the pollen 
 parent ; the character of the lamella; ia cloeer to the eeed 
 
 TABLX D. 
 
 Hybrida. 
 
 Form. 
 
 Hilum. 
 
 LamelUm. 
 
 Sbe. 
 
 Cloeer. on the whole, lo- 
 
 Ctoeer. on tb 
 
 B whole, to 
 
 Cloeer. on the whole, to 
 
 Cloeer. on the whole, to 
 
 ll : ; , : . : 
 
 Pollen parent 
 
 Seed parrot. 
 
 r 
 
 Seed parent 
 
 Pollen parent 
 
 Seed parent. 
 
 Pollen parent 
 
 
 + 
 4- 
 4- 
 
 4- 
 
 4- 
 4- 
 
 4- 
 4- 
 
 4- 
 4- 
 4- 
 
 4- 
 
 4- 
 4- 
 4- 
 
 4- 
 4- 
 
 4- 
 
 4- 
 4- 
 4- 
 
 Moet 
 
 4- 
 4- 
 4- 
 
 4- 
 4- 
 
 Char. 
 
 earn 
 DMi '.'- 
 
 Char. 
 
 4- 
 4- 
 
 Char. 
 Char. 
 
 4- 
 Char. 
 
 + 
 Char. 
 
 4- 
 
 4- 
 Char. 
 
 Char. 
 Char. 
 
 4- 
 Char. 
 Char. 
 
 sag*. 
 Char. 
 Char. 
 
 Char. 
 
 Char. 
 Char. 
 
 4- 
 
 4- 
 
 Form, arranc. 
 Form, arranc. 
 
 No. 
 
 4- 
 
 4- 
 
 Char., arranc 
 
 4- 
 
 4- 
 
 4- 
 
 4- 
 4- 
 4- 
 4- 
 Char. 
 Char. 
 
 4- 
 4- 
 
 4- 
 Cbar., arranc 
 4- 
 4- 
 4- 
 4- 
 No. 
 lodiet. 
 4- 
 
 4- 
 
 Cbar. 
 
 4- 
 
 No. 
 Char., arranc 
 Char. 
 
 4- 
 
 + 
 
 No. 
 No. 
 + 
 Char. 
 
 + 
 4- 
 
 4- 
 Finenrei 
 
 4- 
 4- 
 
 4- 
 
 4- 
 4- 
 
 4- 
 No. 
 
 Char. 
 Char. 
 
 4- 
 No. 
 
 4- 
 Char., arranc 
 
 4- 
 
 4- 
 4- 
 
 4- 
 
 4- 
 
 Larcrr craint 
 4- 
 4- 
 Lencthto 
 breadth 
 
 4- 
 4- 
 
 4- 
 4- 
 
 4- 
 Common 
 
 4- 
 4- 
 
 4- 
 4- 
 
 4- 
 
 4- 
 
 Lengtai to 
 breadth 
 
 4- 
 4- 
 
 4- 
 Langtk to 
 
 bradth 
 
 4- 
 
 
 II titan-deonia 
 
 H. oevult . -pyrh 
 
 II : i. : I. ; . 
 
 flMIIBnthllB BIMtnMIMtfla 
 
 
 4- 
 4- 
 
 Eeoen. 
 Char. 
 
 Fiam..ehar.,A 
 
 OOOML 
 
 4- 
 Ecoen. 
 
 4- 
 i '.. ir 
 Eeoen. 
 
 Char. 
 
 f 
 
 4- 
 
 4- 
 
 Eoeen. 
 4- 
 Eoeen. 
 Eeeen. 
 
 Eeean. 
 
 1 : 
 
 Eocen. 
 
 4- 
 
 i -. 
 4- 
 
 4- 
 
 C. hybridum j. c. h 
 
 4- 
 
 4- 
 
 4- 
 4- 
 
 4- 
 4- 
 4- 
 
 4- 
 4- 
 4- 
 
 4- 
 f 
 
 4- 
 
 4- 
 4- 
 4- 
 
 4- 
 4- 
 4- 
 
 4- 
 
 4- 
 4- 
 4- 
 
 M ' 
 
 Length 
 
 4- 
 
 4- 
 4- 
 
 4- 
 4- 
 
 4- 
 Large 
 
 4- 
 4- 
 
 4- 
 
 4- 
 4- 
 
 4- 
 4- 
 4- 
 
 f 
 4- 
 4- 
 
 Smaller 
 
 4- 
 4- 
 
 Length to 
 breadth 
 
 C. kircai- 
 C. powrilu 
 
 N. dainty maid . 
 
 N. quneii of roan 
 
 N. cianteei 
 
 
 
 N pocUeoe Derrick 
 
 
 N. porla* triumph 
 
 
 N. doubloon 
 
 N. crrecrt . . . 
 
 N. will erarlrt 
 
 N. bieolor apricot. .. 
 
 N. madam* de craaff 
 
 
 N. lord roberU 
 
 
 N. j. u tiaaaitt poe. 
 
 
 I :x ..--. 
 
 L. golden gleam 
 
 L. Irctacrum 
 
 L. burbanki 
 
 I. iemali 
 
 I. dorak 
 
 I. mn. alan gray 
 
 I. punind 
 
 O. colvOM 
 
 
 B. mn. heal... 
 
 B.enaicn 
 
 B. julm. 
 
 
 
 R mn. rooeevelt. . . 
 
 M.hybrida 
 
 Pkvts.Hf4... 
 
 M.bleuaoa 
 
 C. eburneo-lowianam 
 
 C. Tdtehii .... 
 C. bryan 
 
 
304 
 
 SUMMARIES OF THE HISTOLOGIC CHARACTERS, ETC. 
 
 parent, but in number is closer to the pollen parent ; and 
 the smaller sizes are closer to the seed parent, but the 
 .larger sizes closer to the pollen parent. A similar split- 
 ting and shifting is seen in Miltonia bleuana, in which 
 the form is closer to the seed parent; the character of 
 the hilum closer to the seed parent, but eccentricity is 
 closer to the pollen parent ; the character of the lamella? 
 is closer to the seed parent, but certain other features 
 closer to the pollen parent, or as close to one as to the 
 other parent; and the common sizes are closer to the 
 pollen parent. These last two instances are exceptional, 
 probably, merely because of inadequate data. In over 
 half the hybrid is the same as or closer to one parent in 
 only two designations, and in less than half in three 
 designations. In only two are all four designations alike, 
 and in only two are all four designations different, in 
 their parental relationships. 
 
 It is of especial interest to note that in 15 of the 50 
 hybrids (nearly one-third) character and eccentricity 
 of the hilum are separated in their parental relation- 
 ships, character in 12 being closer to the seed parent and 
 in 3 being closer to the pollen parent; while eccentric- 
 ity in 12 is closer to the pollen parent and in 3 closer to 
 the seed parent (an exact reversal), a most remarkable 
 peculiarity and one that is very suggestive in connection 
 with the processes concerned in the formation of the 
 starch grain. Another of the several forms of splitting 
 is instanced in Nerine queen of roses, where the hilum in 
 distinctness is closer to the seed parent, but in. fissura- 
 tion, character, and eccentricity closer to the pollen 
 parent ; and it is very much less often fissured but more 
 eccentric than in either parent. The lamellae appear to 
 show less tendency to a splitting of their characters in 
 their parental relationships, but this may be merely 
 apparent and not actual, as will probably be brought out 
 by a sufficiently detailed study. In 9 of the hybrids 
 there occurred an obvious splitting of lamellar properties, 
 this being noted in a separation of character and num- 
 ber; but here, unlike in the ease of the hilum, there 
 is not a definite inclination generally of one or the other 
 of these features to one or the other parent. In the split- 
 ting of the hilum into character and eccentricity, charac- 
 ter tends to the seed parent and eccentricity to the pollen 
 parent; but in the lamellae split, character, and number 
 swing apparently indifferently to one or the other parent. 
 In size, splitting of characters seems to be comparatively 
 uncommon, though here as elsewhere in these studies it 
 is probably not so much an absence of commonness as of 
 careful investigation and analysis. Such splitting as has 
 been recorded under this designation has been manifested 
 chiefly in the ratios of length to breadth of the grains 
 and of the common sizes to other types and different 
 types of grains. 
 
 QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE REACTIONS OF 
 STARCHES OF HYBRIDS WITH ESPECIAL REF- 
 ERENCE TO REVERSAL OF THESE REACTIONS IN 
 THEIR PARENTAL RELATIONSHIPS. 
 
 (Table E, Parti 1 to 21 and Summary.) 
 
 In the first section, in the tabulations of the starches 
 
 in regard to histologic and polariscopic properties and to 
 
 the reactions with iodine and various chemical reagents, 
 
 data were collected to indicate that the characters em- 
 
 braced under the designations form, hilum, lamellae, and 
 size, respectively, may in each designation collectively be 
 independently heritable ; or that each designation may be 
 split into several independently heritable characters, so 
 that a given hybrid may have a starch that is like 
 that of the seed parent in form, but like that of the 
 other parent in the lamellae; or that it may be like one 
 parent in the general characters of the hilum, but like 
 the other parent in the eccentricity of the hilum, and 
 so on. In the second section, further consideration was 
 given to these peculiarities with reference to histological 
 inheritance. It was shown, moreover, that each reaction 
 is, in its qualitative and quantitative manifestations, 
 heritable independently of each other, so that while with 
 a given reagent there may be sameness or near sameness in 
 the qualitative reaction to the seed parent, with another 
 reagent the relationship may correspond to the pollen 
 parent; that while a given qualitative reaction may cor- 
 respond to that of the seed parent, the correlative quanti- 
 tative reaction may correspond to that of the pollen 
 parent, etc.; and that while with one reagent the rela- 
 tionship may be to the seed parent, with another reagent 
 it may be to the pollen parent, and so on. These parental 
 similarities and dissimilarities are of such interest and 
 suggestiveness in connection with both the constitutional 
 peculiarities of different starches and the mechanism 
 of heredity that it seems desirable to tabulate such data 
 more fully and with especial reference to the reversals 
 of the qualitative and quantitative reactions of each agent 
 and reagent in their parental relationships. Of Table E 
 it will be noticed that with only three of the agents and 
 reagents were the reactions of all of the 50 hybrids re- 
 corded; and that in the others the number of hybrids 
 varied from 1 to 32 (in seven less than 10, and in eleven 
 10 or more the restricted numbers being due to the 
 limitations of studies of the qualitative reactions). 
 
 The most conspicuous features of these tables, apart 
 from those already referred to, are : 
 
 (1) The absence in members of a genus of constancy 
 of both qualitative and quantitative reactions as regards 
 sameness of the reactions in their parental bearings; 
 (2) the tendency to the appearance of a definite ratio 
 in the qualitative reactions in their inclinations to the 
 seed and pollen parent; (3) the tendency to an absence 
 of such a ratio in the quantitative reactions in their in- 
 clinations to the seed and pollen parent; (4) the large 
 percentage of instances of reversal of the parental rela- 
 tionships of qualitative and quantitative reactions with 
 given agents and reagents. 
 
 It will be noted that in the reactions with each rea- 
 gent there does not exist generic constancy or uniformity 
 of either qualitative or quantitative reactions in their 
 parental closeness. For instance, while in the chloral 
 hydrate qualitative reactions of Brunsdonna, TTippeas- 
 trum, Hcrmanthus, and Begonia all of the hybrids bo- 
 longing to each genus incline to the seed parent, in all 
 other genera represented in which there are two or more 
 members some of the hybrids of each genus incline to one 
 parent and others to the other parent. Thus, in Crinum 
 one hybrid inclines to the seed parent and two to the 
 pollen parent; in Nerine four incline to the seod parent 
 and one to the pollen parent ; in Narcissus eleven incline 
 to the seed parent and two to the pollen parent ; in 
 Lilium three incline to the seed parent and two to the 
 
M'MMAKlr> i'K 1IIK 1! I- I . >l.< ,\< c HAKA. IKIO. IK 
 
 MM 
 
 pollen parent ; in /ri< three incline to the need parent 
 and otic t<> the jollen parent; and in 1'iilanlke one in- 
 ilini-i t.. th.- Heed parent and one to the pollen parent 
 In the i/u<:'i!ilnlii-r reactions this absence of constancy 
 
 or the other parent is uiuch more marked; thus, 
 in Miih /.Vufi-./..fi/i.i and lifijonia do all of these chloral- 
 hydrate ! to the seed parent ; but in no 
 
 .- do all of thorn incline to the pollen parent. Exam- 
 ining the different generic groups we note that in Hip- 
 ptattrum in two h\hrids the reactions incline to the teed 
 parent and in one to the pollen parent ; in Harmanthiu 
 in one hybrid >n incline* to one an much u to 
 
 iher parent, and in the other to the aeed parent; 
 -mum <>ne inclines to the need parent and two to the 
 
 i parent ; in \rrinr one inclines to the feed parent 
 and fur t<> the pollen parent; in .\arcimnu five incline 
 to the seed parent, gix to the pollen parent, and two in- 
 cline to one a.- much aa to the other parent ; in l.ilium two 
 im-line to the *vd parent and three to the pnllon parent; 
 in Iris tn incline to one aa much u to the other parent, 
 and two incline to the pollen parent ; and in Calanthf 
 one incline* to the seed parent and the other inclines to 
 one as much as to the other parent. Of exceptional 
 interest is the fart, several times noted, that in case of 
 any hybrid the qualitative and quantitative reactions 
 may nr may not correspond in their parental inclinations. 
 ::!;. remarkable that with a given reagent the 
 qualitative reaction may correspond with that of the seed 
 parent and the quantitative reaction with that of the 
 
 ; parent, or rice versa, and so on in other varied 
 relationships. 
 
 Th.- tendency in general to a ratio of approximately 
 
 :i the qualitative reactions in their relations to the 
 seed and pollen parents is well marked. This ratio 
 varie* from 4 : to 1:1, but in about half of the cases it 
 will he found to be as first stated. Totaling these rec- 
 
 it will be seen that 62.8 per cent of these reactions 
 incline to the seed parent and 35.8 per cent to the pollen 
 parent, a ratio of 1.8 : 1. In other words, there is 
 approximately twice the tendency for the qualitative 
 reaction to be closer to the seed parent than to the pollen 
 parent. 
 
 There is not a corresponding tendency to such a com- 
 mon ratio in the quantitative reactions, but to a marked 
 inconstancy. In the qualitative reactions the ratio is 
 always in favor of the seed parent; but in the quantita- 
 -i-adions it may be in favor of either or of neither 
 parent. Thus, it is found that there may be a ratio 
 
 I in favor of the seed parent, or one of 1 : 3 or 1 : 4 
 in favor of the pollen parent, and intermediate grada- 
 S itnming up these reactions, 44 per cent incline 
 to the seed parent and 40 per cent to the pollen parent 
 a ratio of approximately 1:1. In .-tudying the quanti- 
 tative records the large number of reactions that are 
 recorded as being the same as those of both parents 
 should be taken into consideration, because had these 
 been shown to have had in each ca.e, or even in most 
 cases, definite uniparental inclinations these ratios would 
 of course be subject to more or less modification. Nearly 
 all these reactions showed no difference from the parental 
 reactions because of gelatinization occurring with too 
 great a rapidity or slowness for differentiation. Modi- 
 fied strengths of reagents would doubtless have elicited 
 differences that are wholly obscured by very quick or 
 
 <dow reactions. It i, however, not probable that there 
 uould be brought about any iui|>ortant change, aa a 
 whole, in these ratios. Why the qualitative ratios !. 
 be so different from the quantitative ratio* IK entirely 
 problematical, wry interesting, and very suggestive of 
 stereochemic peculiarities of the starches. 
 
 feature of these records is more remarkable than 
 the reversal of the qualitative and quantitative reactions 
 of a given stan-h with a given reagent in their pm 
 inclinations. It is of importance to note that this phe- 
 nomenon is not peculiar to any starch or reageut, but is 
 common, and doubtless common to all starches and to all 
 reagents. With not a single starch was it found that 
 there was not such reversal ; and with onlv four of the 
 reagents (strontium nitrate, barium chloride, and mer- 
 curic chloride) was reversal not recorded, the rea-on for 
 which is doubtless to be found in the small number of 
 qualitative reactions recorded with these reagents (four 
 us with the first, one with the second, and four 
 with the third). Not lexs remarkable than tho reversal 
 of the reactions is the frequency with which this phe- 
 nomenon occurs, the percentages ranging from 6 in the 
 iodine reactions to as nigh as 50 in the cobalt-nit rate and 
 cupric-chloride reactions with the different starches. The 
 mean is 22.5, or close to one-fourth. 
 
 TABU R. 
 
 Hybrid*. 
 
 Qualitative 
 reactions.* 
 closer as a 
 whole to 
 
 Quantitative 
 reactions,* 
 closer asa 
 whole to 
 
 8Md 
 
 parent 
 
 Polka 
 parrot 
 
 tad 
 
 . : ' 
 
 Pollen 
 parent. 
 
 1. Polarisation reactions: 
 
 + 
 + 
 + 
 + 
 
 + 
 + 
 
 + 
 + 
 + 
 
 + 
 + 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 + 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 + 
 
 + 
 + 
 + 
 
 + 
 + 
 + 
 + 
 + 
 + 
 
 + 
 + 
 
 + 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 1 1 +++ 1 ++ 1 +++ 1 + 1 1 +++ ++ 1 1 1 + 1 1 1 1 +++ 
 
 + 
 + 
 * 
 
 + 
 + 
 
 + 
 + 
 
 + 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 + 
 
 Brunsdonna sandercE . 
 
 HiDbeaitruru titan-rhtmisi , 
 
 
 
 
 HsMnanlhua ktaif Albert 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Narcissus poeticus duite 
 
 Narcissus poetai triumph 
 
 
 Ytfttn-i^HM i4ntiKl/vm 
 
 Nan-l^HtB fff^^ft 
 
 Narcissus will scarlet 
 
 Narcissus bicolor apricot 
 
 Narcissus raadaine de (naff 
 
 
 
 Narcissus acnre harvry 
 
 Narcissus j. t. baa*tt pet 
 
 Lilium marhan 
 
 
 
 m JijtjJjgBiii 
 
 LOfam burbanki 
 
 Iris l.n.ali 
 
 
 Qualitative reaction. - polarisation ten* : qtuoUtatir* reaction 
 - polarisation intensity. 
 
306 
 
 SUMMARIES OF THE HISTOLOGIC CHARACTERS, ETC. 
 
 TABLE E. Continued. 
 
 TABLE E. Continued. 
 
 Hybrids. 
 
 Qualitative 
 reactions, 
 closer as a 
 whole to 
 
 Quantitative 
 reactions, 
 closer as a 
 whole to 
 
 Seed 
 parent. 
 
 Pollen 
 parent. 
 
 Seed 
 parent. 
 
 Pollen 
 parent. 
 
 1. Polarization reactions. Con*.: 
 
 + + 4444 1 1 I I 1 4444 1 4444444 1 ++ ft+++ M + * 1 1 1 ++ 1 1 1 1 + 1 ++ 1 + 1 ++ 1 + + + + 1 1 1 If 1 4444 1 + 
 
 sfc 
 
 4- 
 4- 
 4- 
 
 4- 
 
 4- 
 4- 
 
 4- 
 
 4- 
 
 4- 
 
 4- 
 
 4- 
 4- 
 4- 
 
 4- 
 4- 
 
 
 
 4- 
 
 4- 
 
 4- 
 4- 
 
 4- 
 4- 
 
 4-4- If 4-4-4- 114-11 4-4-4- 1 1 4-4-1-4-4-4-4- 1 4-4- If 4-4-4- 1 1 4-4- 1 1 1 +4- 1 1 1 If 1 1 If If 1 If 1 +4- 1 4-4-4-4- 1 If 1 1 4- If 4-4-4- 1 + 
 
 4- 
 
 it 
 
 4- 
 4- 
 
 4- 
 
 4- 
 4- 
 
 4- 
 4- 
 
 4- 
 4- 
 
 4- 
 
 4- 
 4- 
 4- 
 
 4- 
 4- 
 
 4- 
 
 4- 
 4- 
 
 4- 
 4- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Cymbidium eburneo-lowianum .... 
 Calanthe veitchii 
 
 
 2. Iodine reactions: 
 
 
 
 
 
 H fie man thus andromeda 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Narcissus pyramus 
 
 
 Narcissus agnes harvey 
 
 
 Lilium marhan 
 
 
 Lilium golden gleam 
 
 
 Lilium burbanki 
 
 Iris ismali 
 
 Iris dorak 
 
 Iris mrs. alan grey 
 
 Iris pursind 
 
 Gladiolus colvillei 
 
 Tritonia crocosmeflora 
 
 Begonia mrs. heal 
 
 Begonia ensign 
 
 Begonia Julius 
 
 Begonia success 
 
 Richardia mrs. roosevelt 
 
 Musmhybrida 
 
 Phaius hybridus 
 
 Miltonia bleuana 
 
 Cymbidium eburneo-lowianum .... 
 Calanthe veitchii 
 
 Calanthe bryan 
 
 3. Chloral-hydrate reactions: 
 Brunsdonna sanderce alba 
 
 Brunsdonna sanderce 
 
 
 Hybrids. 
 
 Qualitative 
 reactions, 
 closer as a 
 whole to 
 
 Quantitative 
 reactions, 
 closer as a 
 whole to 
 
 Seed 
 parent. 
 
 Pollen 
 parent. 
 
 Seed 
 parent. 
 
 Pollen 
 parent. 
 
 3. Chloral-hydrate reactions. Cont. : 
 
 f ++++ ++ 1 1 + 1 ++ 1 ++ 1 ++ 1 1 +1 ++ + 1 +++++ i ++ 1 ++++ 1 1 ++ +++ + ++++++ 1 1 ++++ 1 14- 1 +++++ 
 
 t 
 
 4-4-4-4-4-4- 1 1 4-4- 1 4-4-4- 1 4-4-4-4- 1 1 if 4- If 4- 1 1 4-4-4-4-4-4- 1 If 1 If 1 4-4- 1 1 1 4- 1 4-4- 1 1 If 4- 1 1 4- if 1 + 1 1 1 1 1 4- 1 4- If 1 4-4- 
 
 rih 
 
 4- 
 
 4- 
 
 4- 
 
 4- 
 
 4- 
 
 4- 
 4- 
 
 4- 
 
 4- 
 4- 
 4- 
 
 4- 
 
 4- 
 
 db 
 
 4- 
 4- 
 
 4- 
 4- 
 
 4- 
 
 4- 
 4- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Nerine dainty maid 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Iris dorak 
 
 
 Iris pursind 
 
 
 Tritonia crocosmjeflora 
 
 
 
 Begonia Julius 
 
 
 
 
 Phaius hybridus 
 
 
 Cymbidium eburneo-lowianum .... 
 
 Calanthe bryan 
 
 4. Chromic-acid reactions: 
 
 
 
 
 Narcissus doubloon 
 
 
 Narcissus will scarlet 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Narcissus j. t. bennett poe 
 
 Lilium marhan 
 
 Lilium dalhansoni 
 
 
 Lilium testaceum 
 
 Lilium burbanki 
 
 Begonia mrs. heal 
 
 
 Begonia Julius. . 
 
M'MM\Hlr> OK IIIK II |>| , .|., i, .|, .-|I\H\. , K H>. I |, 
 
 TAMJI E. roH/iimM 1 . TABM E. C 
 
 3()7 
 
 Hybrid*. 
 
 Qualitative 
 reaction*, 
 aloeer ai a 
 
 Mm 
 
 QuaatitaUr* 
 doaeraia 
 
 Hybrid*. 
 
 Qualitative 
 reaction*, 
 loeeraea 
 whole lo- 
 
 eloear a* a 
 whole to 
 
 .-.,.i 
 ,..... 
 
 Pollen 
 parent 
 
 ,.-.:.' 
 
 i- ..... 
 
 . :.' 
 
 haj 
 
 c ..:.. 
 
 (Wd 
 
 as 
 
 
 h 1 4-4-4- 1 4-4-4-4- 1 4- 1 4- 1 1 4-4-4-4-4- 1 1 4-4-4-4-4- 1 4-4- 
 
 4- 
 
 4- 
 4- 
 
 4- 
 4- 
 
 4- 
 
 4- 
 
 4- 
 4- 
 
 4- 
 4- 
 
 4- 
 4- 
 
 4- 
 4- 
 4- 
 4- 
 
 4- 
 
 4- 
 4- 
 
 4- 
 4- 
 
 4- 
 4- 
 4- 
 
 4- 
 4- 
 4- 
 4- 
 
 4- 
 4- 
 
 4- 
 
 4- 
 
 T 
 4- 
 
 4- 
 
 7. Sulphuric-acid rMeUoM.-Cnl. : 
 
 4- 
 4- 
 
 4- 
 
 4- 
 4- 
 
 4- 
 4- 
 
 + 
 4- 
 4- 
 4- 
 
 4- 
 
 
 
 4- 
 4- 
 4- 
 4- 
 4- 
 4- 
 
 4- 
 4- 
 4- 
 4- 
 4- 
 4- 
 4- 
 
 4- 
 
 4- 
 4- 
 4- 
 4- 
 
 4- 
 4- 
 
 4- 
 4- 
 
 + 
 
 4- 
 4- 
 
 4- 
 
 4- 
 4- 
 4- 
 
 4- 
 4- 
 
 4- 
 4- 
 4- 
 
 4- 
 
 4- 
 4- 
 4- 
 
 4- 
 4- 
 
 4- 
 
 + 
 4- 
 4- 
 
 
 
 
 NfcrrioMM lord robota 
 
 
 
 Milt" iila U.-UMUI 
 
 Na\rriaVMn i I haMfelMtt tVM 
 
 CalanUM witaMI.. 
 
 - Ih !,M .- ..,,lr., (.,,. 
 
 Calaath* bryaa 
 
 Iricdorak 
 
 aUc-actd nactiona: 
 
 Iriamn. alan gray 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Richardia mn. roowrelt 
 
 
 
 4- 
 4- 
 
 4- 
 4- 
 4- 
 4- 
 4- 
 
 4- 
 
 4- 
 4- 
 
 4- 
 4- 
 
 4- 
 
 
 Miltonia bleuana 
 
 4- 
 4- 
 
 
 
 4- 
 
 4- 
 4- 
 
 MM will acartet 
 
 Calanth* reitchii 
 
 jo* taeootor apricot 
 
 Calanth* bryaa 
 
 
 0. Potaeeium-hydroiide reaction*: 
 Crinum hybridum J. e. h 
 
 
 ,u k,rj robarU 
 
 4- 
 4- 
 
 4- 
 
 4- 
 4- 
 
 4- 
 4- 
 
 4- 
 4- 
 4- 
 
 4- 
 4- 
 
 
 
 Crinum powellii 
 
 
 4- 
 4- 
 4- 
 
 Ijlium marhan 
 
 
 Lilium dalhanaoni 
 
 j . . i . 
 
 Lilium golden gleam 
 
 Haxoua juliue 
 
 Lilium teetaoeum 
 
 
 LUiuro burbaaki 
 
 Muiahybrida 
 
 Rkhardia mn. nxMeralt 
 
 Nanc-acid reaction*: 
 
 Phaiu* hybridu* 
 
 Calantb* veitchii 
 
 Bninfdoona aaodara 
 HippMetrum titan-deonia 
 aatrum owult.-pyrh 
 
 10. Potaeaiuro-iodid* reaction*: 
 Brunedonna aandera alba 
 
 Ha*nanlhu* konig albert 
 
 ' .. 
 C nnum powellii 
 Neriae dainty maid 
 Nerine queen of rone 
 Nerine panic** 
 N>nn* al.uiitianre 
 Nrnae glory of aarnia 
 <u poetieu* berrick 
 Narnuui poetieui danle 
 Narrurai poetai triumph 
 
 u doubloon 
 Narcueu* emtrt 
 Narcueu* will rarlel 
 Narruaut bieolor apricot 
 Narruen* madame de graaff 
 
 4- 
 4- 
 
 4- 
 
 
 4- 
 4- 
 
 4- 
 4- 
 4- 
 4- 
 4- 
 
 4- 
 4- 
 
 4- 
 
 4- 
 
 
 
 4- 
 4- 
 4- 
 
 4- 
 4- 
 
 4- 
 4- 
 
 Hippeaetrum titan-cieonia 
 
 Hlppeaetrum daron. **ph 
 Hannanthu* andromeda 
 Hamanthu* konig albert 
 Crinum hybridum j. e. h. 
 Crinum kircap* 
 
 Nerin* dainty maid 
 
 Nerine glnt* 
 Nerin. abundance 
 Nerine glory of earnia 
 Irieiamali 
 Iriidorak 
 Iriemn. alan grey 
 Iriepuniod 
 Gladiolue colrillei 
 
 Phaiu* hybridu* 
 kl Utoaia blcoaaa 
 11. Potaaaum lplini ji*Unactioa: 
 
 4- 
 
 4- 
 4- 
 4- 
 4- 
 
 4- 
 4- 
 
 Narrow* j. t. bennett pot 
 Begonia mn. beat 
 
 7. Sulphuric-acid reaction.: 
 < poeticn. berriek 
 
 < potU* triumph 
 
 ui doubloon 
 Narrtam eneaet 
 NraawM will ararlet 
 Narcumi bieolor apricot 
 
 4- 
 4- 
 4- 
 4- 
 4- 
 
 4- 
 4- 
 
 4- 
 4- 
 
 4- 
 
 4- 
 4- 
 
 4- 
 4- 
 
 f4-4-4-4-4- 1 4-1 14-4-4-1 
 
 4- 
 4- 
 
 i , -. | , 
 
 Hmanthu* kAnig albert 
 Crtnom hybridum j. e. h. 
 Crinum kirape 
 
 Nertee dainty maid 
 
 N: _* 
 
 Nerine abundance 
 
 + 
 4- 
 4- 
 4- 
 4- 
 
 4- 
 
 f 
 
 4- 
 
 4- 
 
 4- 
 4- 
 
 4- 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 11111 14-4-4-1 I4-4-4-1 
 
308 
 
 SUMMARIES OF THE HISTOLOGIC CHARACTERS, ETC. 
 
 TABLE E. Continued. 
 
 TABLE E. Continued. 
 
 Hybrids. 
 
 Qualitative 
 reactions, 
 closer as a 
 whole to 
 
 Qualitative 
 reactions 
 closer as a 
 whole to 
 
 Seed 
 parent. 
 
 Pollen 
 parent. 
 
 Seed 
 parent. 
 
 Pollen 
 parent. 
 
 12. Potassium-sulphide reactions: 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 + 
 
 + 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 + 
 
 + 
 + 
 + 
 
 zfc 
 
 + 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 + 
 + 
 + 
 + 
 
 + 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 + 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 + 
 + 
 
 + 
 + 
 
 + 
 + 
 + 
 + 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 + 
 + 
 
 + 
 + 
 
 + 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 + 
 
 db 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 =fc 
 =t 
 
 + 
 
 
 =fc 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 + 
 
 d= 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 + 
 =t 
 
 + 
 
 dc 
 
 + 
 d= 
 
 + 
 + 
 + 
 + 
 
 + 
 + 
 
 
 
 + 
 + 
 
 =t 
 
 + 
 + 
 + 
 .+ 
 
 db 
 
 d= 
 
 d= 
 db 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 dc 
 
 + 
 + 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 + 
 
 + 
 + 
 
 + 
 + 
 
 dfc 
 
 + 
 + 
 
 d= 
 dc 
 
 + 
 + 
 
 + 
 + 
 
 + 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 13. Sodium-hydroxide reactions: 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 14. Sodium-sulphide reactions: 
 
 
 
 
 15. Sodium-sal icy late reactions: 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Crinum powellu 
 
 
 Nerine queen of roses 
 
 
 Nerine abundance 
 
 
 Iris ismali 
 
 
 Iris mrs. alan grey 
 
 Iris pursind 
 
 Gladiolus colvillei 
 
 Tritonia crocosmte flora .... 
 
 Richardia mrs. roosevelt 
 
 Musft hybrida 
 
 Phaiua hybridus 
 
 Miltonia bleuana 
 
 
 Calanthe veitchii 
 
 CsJanthe bryan 
 
 16. Strontium-nitrate reactions: 
 Begonia mm. heal 
 
 Begonia ensign 
 
 
 Begonia success 
 
 17. Cobalt-nitrate reactions: 
 Brunsdonna sanderoe alba 
 
 Brunsdonna sanderoe 
 
 I, ilium marhan 
 
 Lilium dalh&nsoni 
 
 Lilium golden gleam 
 
 Lilium testaceum 
 
 Lilium burbanki 
 
 Musa hybrida 
 
 
 Hybrids. 
 
 Qualitative 
 reactions, 
 closer as a 
 whole to 
 
 Qualitative 
 reactions, 
 closer as a 
 whole to 
 
 Seed 
 parent. 
 
 Pollen 
 
 parent. 
 
 Seed 
 parent. 
 
 Pollen 
 parent 
 
 + 
 + 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 + 
 + 
 + 
 
 dc 
 
 + 
 + 
 
 =fc 
 
 18. Copper-nitrate reactions: 
 Brunsdonna sanderce alba 
 Brunsdonna sanderoe 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 + 
 + 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 + 
 
 d 
 
 + 
 
 4= 
 
 Crinum hybridum j. c. h. 
 
 Crinum kircape 
 
 Crinum powellii 
 
 19. Cupric-chloride reactions: 
 Brunsdonna sandcrce alba 
 Brunsdonna sanderoe . 
 
 Crinum hybridum j. c. h. . 
 
 
 Crinum powellii 
 
 
 Lilium dalhansoni .... 
 
 
 
 Lilium burbanki 
 
 20. Barium-chloride reaction: 
 Cymbidium eburneo-lowianum 
 21. Mercuric-chloride reactions: 
 Crinum hybridum j. c. h 
 
 
 Crinum powellii 
 
 Cymbidium eburneo-lowianum 
 
 SUMMARY OF TABLE E. Qualitative and Quantitative Reaction! 
 of the Starches of Hybrid-stocks in regard to Sameness and 
 Inclination to one or the other or both Parent-stocks. 
 
 / 
 
 Agents 
 and 
 Reagents. 
 
 o 
 
 a 
 
 & 
 
 ea 
 J3 
 
 a 
 
 
 o 
 
 1| 
 
 o' 
 55 
 
 Qualitative 
 reactions. 
 
 Quantitative 
 reactions. 
 
 Qualitative and quantitative re- 
 versed in parental closeness. 
 
 Closer, 
 on the 
 whole, 
 to the 
 
 3 
 
 a 
 
 01 
 
 
 a 
 
 5 
 
 3 
 
 V 
 
 Closer, 
 on the 
 whole, 
 to the 
 
 4 
 
 a 
 S 
 a 
 
 .C 
 
 a 
 o 
 
 ~ 
 
 s 
 
 to 
 
 *> 
 a 
 
 o, 
 
 TJ 
 1 
 
 a 
 
 I 
 a, 
 
 a 
 
 a> 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 a 
 
 ** 
 
 c 
 
 S 
 
 1 
 a 
 
 a 
 _aj 
 
 "o 
 Oi 
 
 Polarization 
 
 50 
 50 
 50 
 29 
 18 
 32 
 13 
 11 
 11 
 23 
 16 
 10 
 7 
 4 
 28 
 4 
 
 B 
 
 5 
 10 
 1 
 4 
 
 24 
 28 
 38 
 21 
 11 
 22 
 9 
 7 
 7 
 15 
 11 
 5 
 4 
 2 
 18 
 4 
 6 
 3 
 7 
 1 
 2 
 
 25 
 20 
 12 
 8 
 7 
 10 
 4 
 4 
 4 
 8 
 5 
 5 
 3 
 2 
 9 
 
 2 
 2 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 27 
 26 
 23 
 18 
 8 
 19 
 8 
 2 
 2 
 10 
 5 
 2 
 2 
 1 
 10 
 4 
 2 
 1 
 3 
 1 
 2 
 
 19 
 18 
 20 
 9 
 7 
 9 
 2 
 7 
 3 
 7 
 6 
 6 
 2 
 3 
 14 
 
 6 
 4 
 7 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 6 
 7 
 2 
 3 
 4 
 3 
 2 
 6 
 6 
 5 
 2 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 6 
 3 
 15 
 5 
 2 
 8 
 3 
 5 
 2 
 6 
 5 
 2 
 2 
 1 
 8 
 
 4 
 2 
 5 
 
 
 
 
 Chloral hydrate .... 
 
 Chromic acid 
 
 
 Nitric acid 
 
 
 
 
 Potassium iodide 
 
 Potassium sulphocyanate. . . 
 Potassium sulphide 
 
 
 Sodium sulphide 
 
 
 Strontium nitrate 
 
 
 Copper nitrate 
 
 
 Barium chloride 
 
 
 Total number 
 
 374 
 
 235 
 62.8 
 
 134 
 35.8 
 
 5 
 
 1.34 
 
 166 
 44 
 
 150 
 
 40 
 
 59 
 15.8 
 
 84 
 22.5 
 
 
 
SUMMARIES OK THE HI8TOLOG1C CHARACTERS, TC. 
 
 OF E.M II livUKIU 
 (Tabla f. Part* 1 to 60 and Summary: U and II. Part* 1 to Mud 
 8ummari 1 i. 
 
 particular reference was made 
 
 recognition <>f int<-rmc.liaieneaa a* one of the primary 
 . this ;ii. i. Km.: if.t ..nly to macroscopic 
 ami iniiTi>*tii[>ic c 1 ara. te:- of plants, but also t 
 
 >f starches. Int.Tin.-.liateness of 
 starched wan therein shown to have been rtH-orded by 
 
 larluiii- (pau'e : I in Itibtt, Bryantkua, and y/rc/y- 
 ekium, and by l>arl.\hire (page 8) in /'uurn. Mats 
 Farlane slates that in Ribet grouularia, R. culvfrvrllii 
 (intirid) and /;. niyrum the starch graina of the three 
 are very variable in site, but in the first the largest 
 are In and the average V: in the third the large** are 
 3 M and the average l l /^> *nd in the second the largest 
 
 u and the average -V In Mentitnit empertriformu 
 var., Hry>intliu.< rrrrtiu (hybrid) and Hlioduilfttdron 
 cham(T>-ixtu.< he found that in the thirl the starch grains 
 are -V across the largest, though most are from V to 
 
 n the first the largest granules are 6/t across, and 
 in all canes they are larger than in the third ; and in the 
 second the size of the granules falls rather toward the 
 third. In llrdychium gardnenanum . H. tad If nan urn 
 
 rid), and //. coronarium he notes that in the first 
 ra. h -larch grain is a small triangular plate, measuring 
 l<y to r.v. from hilum to base, and that the lamination 
 u not :n. t ; in the third each grain is ovate, or in 
 
 OHM cases tapered rather finely to a point at the hilum, 
 ''" I..HIT fmin hilum to base, and the lamination 
 is very marked; in the second "the grains may best 
 be described if we suppose a rather reduced one of the 
 : to be set on the reduced basal half of one of 
 the latter. The lamination also is more pronounced than 
 in the first, less so than in the second." Darbyshire 
 records that the round starch grain of the F, generation 
 is a blend between the type of grain of the round pea 
 
 ! otato-shaped ) and the type of grain of the wrinkled 
 pea (th.- coin|tund) in respect to the three characters: 
 
 i-hreadth-index, distribution of componndness, 
 
 'egree of compoundness. While these data are very 
 meager they are concordant and in harmony with the 
 dictum of interm.-diateness of histologic and naked-eye 
 characters of hybrids. 
 
 In the present research it was found in the studies of 
 the histologic peculiarities that in case of every hybrid 
 there are certain characters that are intermediate, the 
 dfg** of intermediatcness varying from mid-interme- 
 diateness to almost identity with one or the other parent. 
 vied lateness was found to be, on the whole, far 
 
 common than a degree of interned iateneas that 
 closely approached one or the other parent; identity 
 >f a given character with that of one or the other parent 
 was quite common; development of a given character 
 
 iracter-pha*e in excess or deficit of those of both 
 parent* quite frequent ; and the appearance of individ- 
 ualities in the hybrid that are not seen in either parent 
 was by no means rare. In fact, it seems clear that the 
 more in detail these studies are carried out the farther 
 we are taken fr.-m the conception of generality of inter- 
 mediateneos of the properties of the hybrid. The records 
 f the histologic peculiarities of the starches are fully 
 supported by those of the hi.tologio and macroscopic 
 character* of plants a set forth in this chapter and in 
 
 II. ' :..i;.r. r II, and also by the Qualitative and 
 quantitative reactions of the starches throughout the 
 entire range of agents and reagents as shown by the data 
 that are represented especially in Chapter III and I'art 
 1 1. < liapter 1. In preceding parts of the present chap- 
 arious tabular statements exlul.it from different 
 aspect* parental relationship of the hybrids. It seems 
 desirable at this point to tabulate the rea< -tum intensi- 
 ties of the hybrids with reference to ttnmnfus to one or 
 the other parent or both parent*, intermedia tenets, and 
 excess and deficit of development in relation to the 
 parents, so that one may see at a glance, as it were, the 
 relative importance of the several phases of parent-charac- 
 ter development in regard to the reaction-intensities of: 
 (a) Each hybrid starch with different agents and rea- 
 gents, which will exhibit particularly the differences in 
 the behavior of each starch in comparison with the reac- 
 tion of other starches in the presence of the same agents 
 and reagents ; (b) each hybrid starch as regards iimtinses 
 and inclination in its properties in relation to one or 
 the other or both parents, which will exhibit particularly 
 the comparative potencies of the parents in determining 
 the properties of the starch of the hybrid; and (r) all 
 of the hybrid starches with each agent and reagent, 
 which will exhibit particularly the independence of the 
 behavior of each agent and reagent, and also all of the 
 hybrid starches with each agent and reagent, as regards 
 sameness and inclination in the properties to one or 
 the other parent or both parents, which will exhil.it 
 particularly the independent tendencies of each agent 
 or reagent to elicit definite and specific parent-phases. 
 While all of these tabulations are most intimately cor- 
 related, each brings out certain features with marked 
 accentuation in a form not elicited by the others. 
 
 REACTION-INTENSITIES or EACH HYBRID STARCH WITH 
 DIFFERENT AOBNTS AND HKAORNTS. 
 
 (Table. F. Parti 1 to 60 and Summary.) 
 
 It is to be noted in an examination of the results 
 formulated in the accompanying table that in only 32 of 
 the 60 hybrids recorded all of the 26 reactions, 16 record- 
 ed only 10 reactions, and 2 only 13 reactions. Taking up 
 this table, even a most cursory examination will indi- 
 cate the very wide variations of the numerical values of 
 the 6 phases of parent-development of the different 
 starches in their parental relationships, and each part of 
 the table is different from every other part and is specifi- 
 cally distinctive of the hybrid, even in the cases of hybrids 
 that have resulted from the same cross as in 
 
 xandfnr alba and R. tandem (Table F, 1 and 2). and 
 Narcisfut potlicun herridc and N. poeticv* danlr (Table 
 F, 16 and 17). Moreover, in one hybrid intermediateneas 
 may be relatively so very conspicuous that the other 
 phases sink into insignificance, while in another this 
 phase may be as markedly conspicuous by its almost or 
 entire absence, and so on in other tables with the other 
 phases. It is also very obvious that the hybrid is leas 
 apt to be characterized by a prominence of infrrmediate- 
 ness than by a conspicuonaness of highest or lowest de- 
 velopment or even of other phase of parental relationship. 
 The several parts of this table may, for convenience of 
 study, be grouped into four classes: (1) those in which 
 one of the phases of development very markedly domi- 
 nates the others, one-half or more of the reactions being 
 
310 
 
 SUMMARIES OP THE HISTOLOGIC CHARACTERS, ETC. 
 
 included in this phase; (2) those in which two phases are 
 definitely dominant, but which may be quite different in 
 value; (3) those in which three phases are dominant, 
 but which may have different values; and (4) those in 
 which the parental relationships of the hybrid seem to 
 be directed largely indifferently to the several phases. 
 Among the starches that were studied in all of the 26 
 reactions it is rare, as, for instance in /rife dorak, to 
 find that the assignment is not unmistakable. Where 
 the number of reactions is restricted to 10 to 13 the 
 classification is often indefinite. The grouping in 
 accordance with the foregoing is as follows : 
 
 Hybrids. 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 8^ 
 
 i 
 
 a 
 
 Same as pollen 
 parent. 
 
 3 
 2 
 s s 
 
 a a 
 
 03 
 
 
 
 Intermediate. 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 Lowest. 
 
 First class: 
 Brunsdonna sanderce alba . . 
 
 4 
 
 | 
 
 
 
 n 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 5 
 
 | 
 
 3 
 1 
 
 13 
 
 14 
 
 
 4 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 18 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 ( 'rim nn powellii 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 n 
 
 9 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 Narcissus poetaz triumph. . . 
 Narcissus j. t. bennett poe. . 
 
 2 
 2 
 ? 
 
 2 
 
 
 i 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 A 
 
 20 
 8 
 
 
 1 
 (10)* 
 16 
 
 Irifl mrs. alan grey 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 17 
 
 
 2 
 
 i 
 
 2 
 
 16 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 Begonia ensign 
 
 n 
 
 n 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 1 
 
 2 (10)* 
 
 
 i 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 ? 
 
 
 
 20 
 
 Miltonia bleuana 
 
 8 
 
 n 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 17 
 
 2 
 
 
 i 
 
 n 
 
 
 
 11 
 
 1 
 
 (13)* 
 
 Second class: 
 Hippeastrum ossult.-pyrha . . 
 Hffimanthus konig albert... . 
 
 3 
 5 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 8 
 
 
 7 
 
 3 
 
 7 
 3 
 
 11 
 
 1 
 11 
 
 1 
 3 
 2 
 
 Nerine abundance 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 7 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 9 
 
 Narcissus poeticus dante .... 
 Narcissus lord roberts 
 
 1 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 i 
 n 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 4 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 (10)* 
 1 (10)* 
 1 (10)* 
 
 Iris ismali 
 
 3 
 
 ? 
 
 f, 
 
 1? 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 
 7 
 
 n 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 o 
 
 14 
 
 Begonia mra. heal 
 
 9 
 1 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 2 
 
 
 14 
 4 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 (10)* 
 
 Phaius hybriduB 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 6 
 
 11 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 Cymbidium eburneo-lowia- 
 num 
 
 4 
 
 n 
 
 
 
 n 
 
 n 
 
 13 
 
 
 ? 
 
 i 
 
 f) 
 
 5 
 
 4 
 
 1 (13)* 
 
 Third class: 
 Hsemanthus andromeda .... 
 Crinum hybridum j. c. h ... . 
 
 8 
 
 1 
 
 
 12 
 
 ? 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 11 
 5 
 
 n 
 
 
 2 
 
 8 
 
 1 
 
 7 
 2 
 
 Nerine glory of sarnia 
 
 1 
 ? 
 
 6 
 1 
 
 8 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 n 
 
 10 
 2 (10)* 
 
 Narcissus will scariet 
 
 2 
 4 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 u 
 
 2 
 9 
 
 4 
 
 ? 
 
 (10)* 
 1 
 
 Richardia mrs. rooaevelt. . . . 
 Fourth class: 
 Hippeastrum titan-cleonia . . 
 Hippeastrum dceones-cephyr 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 3 
 2 
 6 
 
 4 
 
 8 
 9 
 
 7 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 6 
 
 n 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 6 
 1 
 
 1 (10)* 
 
 4 
 4 
 4 
 
 Narcissus poeticus herrick . 
 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 ? 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 3 
 
 ? 
 
 3 
 
 ? 
 
 2 (10)* 
 3 (10)* 
 
 Narcissus cresset 
 
 ? 
 
 3 
 
 n 
 
 n 
 
 3 
 
 2 (10)* 
 
 Narcissus bicolor apricot 
 Narcissus madame de graaff 
 
 3 
 4 
 1 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 n 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 2 
 
 i 
 
 ? 
 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 3 (10)* 
 2 (10)* 
 2 (10)* 
 
 I, ilium marhan 
 
 n 
 
 5 
 
 9 
 
 n 
 
 1 
 
 6 (10)* 
 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 ? 
 
 7 
 
 4 
 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 ? 
 
 7 
 
 ft 
 
 4 
 
 
 5 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 i 
 
 11 
 
 4 
 
 
 3 
 
 f, 
 
 i 
 
 i; 
 
 fi 
 
 e 
 
 Begonia succeaa 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 (10)* 
 
 * Number of reactiona when less than 26. 
 
 The distribution of the hybrids among the four 
 classes is fairly uniform except in the third class, there 
 being 13 (26 per cent) in the first class, 14 (28 per cent) 
 in the second class, 8 (6 per cent) in the third class, 
 and 15 (30 per cent) in the fourth class. In the first 
 class, 4 of the hybrids are characterized by the con- 
 spicuousness of intermediateness, this phase of parental 
 relationship being noted in one hybrid in 18 of the 26 
 reactions, in another in 16 of 26 reactions, in another 
 in 7 of 10 reactions, and in another in 11 of 13 reactions. 
 In 4 hybrids the characterization is especially in de- 
 velopment in excess of parental extremes, this phase 
 being recorded in one in 21 of the 26 reactions, in 
 another in 20 of the 26 reactions, in another in 8 of 10 
 reactions, and in another in 17 of 26 reactions. In 5 
 hybrids the characterization is especially by development 
 in deficit of parental extremes, this being found in one 
 in 13 of 26 reactions, in another in 14 of 26 reactions, 
 in another in 16 of 26 reactions, in another in 17 of 26 
 reactions, and in another in 20 of 26 reactions. In the 
 second class, the dominant figure of the couple is found 
 in 1 hybrid under the phase the same as the seed parent, 
 in 5 under intermediate, in 2 under highest, and in 3 
 under lowest; in 1 there is duplication of the figures 
 under the phases the same as the pollen parent and inter- 
 mediate, and in another under intermediate and high- 
 est. This coupling is more marked in the instances 
 where 26 reactions were studied than when the number 
 is 10 or 13. In the third class there is not only less 
 tendency to a very marked degree of characterization 
 as regards any one or more of these phases, but also to 
 the characterization being present in three phases usually 
 with slight gradation, as, for instance, in Nerine dainty 
 maid where the values are 7, 6, and 8 under same as 
 both parents, intermediate, and highest, respectively; 
 and in Nerine glory of sarnia, where the values are 6, 8, 
 and 10 under same as pollen parent, same as both parents, 
 and lowest, respectively. Or there may be some dupli- 
 cation, as, for instance, in Lilium dalhansoni, where the 
 values are 4, 9, and 9 under same as seed parent, same 
 as both parents and intermediate, respectively, etc. 
 
 Prom this limited data one may expect that further 
 studies will elicit various combinations of both phases 
 and values. In one hybrid the highest number of the 
 triple is found under same as seed parent, in two under 
 intermediate, in two under highest, and in one, under low- 
 est. In one there is duplication of the highest values 
 under same as both parents and intermediate ; and in an- 
 other under same as both parents and highest. In the 
 three hybrids with which in each only 10 reactions were 
 recorded the grouping of the phases in triplets does not 
 yield the striking comparisons that are observed when 
 the reactions number 26, or 21/2 times larger. In the 
 fourth class, with 7 of the 15 hybrids only 10 reactions 
 were recorded in each, and in these instances the values 
 are (with possibly two exceptions, Narcissus pyramus 
 and N. madame de graaff) so distributed among the dif- 
 ferent phases that there is not the convincing evidence 
 of a well-defined inclination of the hybrids in their 
 parental relationships that was found in corresponding 
 cases in the preceding classes. Among the remaining 
 8 there is marked dominance of 1 phase of the 6 in a 
 single hybrid (Iris doralc) in which 11 of the 26 reac- 
 tions fall under highest, the other values being 5, 3, 2, 1, 
 
8UMMAKIES OF THE HISTOLOCIC CHARACTERS, ETC. 
 
 311 
 
 and 4. This hybrid should perha) be assigned to the 
 first or second class. In several other instances there 
 is evident tendency t-> dominance in one phase especially, 
 as in Hippfoftrum lifan-cleonia, II. dtrvm+tephyr, and 
 Ltiium marhan. 
 
 Apropos of intermediatenesa aa a criterion of hybrids, 
 it is of inter, -t to note that 4 of the hybrid* (\arcisttu 
 pottat triunijrh, X. j. t. brnnftt pot, AT. crtutt. and 
 Cy in I' i,l ium fliumto-lmrianum) do not in a single reac- 
 tion exhibit intcnnediaU-nesw, Two of these belong to 
 the tint class, both being conspicuous because four- 
 fifths of the reactions of each hybrid are higher than 
 those of the parents. One belongs to the fourth class, 
 and there are no very definite parental leanings. One in 
 found in the third class, with very definite inclinations 
 to activities that are the lowest or the same as those of 
 both parents, especially the first and in the order given 
 (13, S, and 4, respectively). 
 
 In recapitulating the totals exhibited by these tables 
 several very interesting points of comparison are elicited 
 (summary of Table F). All together 1,018 reactions were 
 recorded, which are distributed as follows : Same as seed 
 parent 137 ( 13.4 per cent) ; same as pollen parent 94 
 per cent); same as both parents 138 (13.6 per 
 ; intermediate 236 (23.2 per cent) ; highest 187 
 (18.4 per cent) ; and lowest 226 (2?.2 per cent). It is 
 very obvious that there are much more marked tenden- 
 cies to intennediateness. highness, and lowness than to 
 sameness of development in relation to one or the other 
 parent or both parents, there being somewhat less than 
 two-thirds of the reactions (63.8 per cent) that tall 
 within the first, and 36.2 per cent within the second 
 category. There is about an equal tendency to inter- 
 mediateness (23.2 per cent) as to lowest development 
 ( .'.'.' per cent) and distinctly less tendency to highest 
 development (18.2 per cent) than to either of the for- 
 mer; and there is on an average approximately only 
 about one-half the tendency to sameness to the seed 
 parent (13.4 per cent) and to both parents (13.6 per 
 cent) as there is to intermediateness, the least tendency 
 being shown in sameness to the pollen parent (9.2 per 
 cent). Comparing the tendency to intermediateness 
 with the tendencies to highest plus the lowest react i\i- 
 ties, it is found that the latter predominate in the pro- 
 portion of 23.2 to 40.6 per cent, or approximating 1:2; 
 in other word*, there is only a little more than one-half 
 the tendency to an intermediate reaction as there is to 
 one that is above or below parental extremes; and there 
 is an equal tendency to sameness as one or the other 
 parent as there is to intermediateness. If a comparison 
 is made the number of intermediate reactions with the 
 total of other reactions the proportion is found to be 
 23.;; to 76.8 per cent or approximately 1 : 3, that is, 
 there is in general a likelihood of only 1 reaction in 4 
 being intermediate. When these intermediate reaction* 
 are analyzed only 54 of 236, or somewhat more than 
 one-fifth and less than one-fourth (23 per cent), are 
 mid-intermediate, the larger proportion being closer to 
 one or the other parent than to mid-intermediatenesa. 
 
 1 
 
 
 TALI 
 
 *F. 
 
 
 
 
 AM)t or reacenl. 
 
 1 
 
 a 
 
 j 
 
 i 
 
 i 
 
 i* 
 
 J 
 
 a 
 
 J 
 
 ] 
 
 i 
 
 j 
 
 1. BraaadotioaaajMUra 
 
 alba: 
 Polarisation 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Iodine 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Gentian vioUt 
 
 
 m 
 
 
 
 
 4-ff 
 
 
 S*frmn 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 4- ft* 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 M 
 
 
 4- 
 
 
 
 Cblonl hydrate 
 Chromic add 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 4. o mf f 
 
 + 9 
 
 - 
 
 Pyrocallic acid 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4- O 
 
 Nitric arid 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 -i-sw* 
 
 Sulphuric acid 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Hydrochloric add . . . 
 Potaatium hydroxide 
 Potaaaium iodide 
 Potesaium mlpboc) 
 anal* 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 +<r 
 
 + 9 
 
 + O _ J> 
 
 Potaaaium sulphide . . 
 Sodium hydroxide . . 
 Sodium sulphide 
 Sodium aalicylate. . . 
 Calcium nitrate 
 Uranium nitrate. . . . 
 Strontium nitrate . . . 
 Cobalt nitrate 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 + 9-d- 
 + 9 
 + 9-rf 
 
 - 
 
 +<r 
 
 + 9 
 
 +<f 
 +<f 
 
 4- rP 
 
 Copper nitrate 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 
 
 4-rf 
 
 Cupric chloride 
 Barium chloride .... 
 Mercuric chloride. . . . 
 
 + 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 - 
 
 ^ m 
 
 + <f 
 
 + 9 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 6 
 
 I 
 
 11 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Polarisation. . 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 
 
 Iodine 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Gentian violet 
 
 
 
 
 
 -Lff 
 
 
 Satranin 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 
 Temperature 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Chloral hydrate 
 
 
 
 
 
 4- 9 
 
 
 Chromic acid 
 Pyrocallic acid 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 +<f 
 
 + 9 
 
 Nitric acid 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 -j-nf 
 
 Sulphuric acid 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Hydrochloric acid... 
 Potaarium hydroxide. 
 Poteaaium iodide. . . . 
 Potaaaium eolphory- 
 aaato 
 
 
 - 
 
 e 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 +<f 
 
 f 9-<f 
 
 m<f 
 
 Potassium sulphide.. 
 Sodium hydroxide . . 
 Sodium sulphide 
 Sodium aalirylate.. . . 
 Calcium nitrate . 
 
 + 
 + 
 
 - 
 
 = 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 + <f 
 
 + 9 
 + tf 
 
 Uranium nitrate.. .. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 +tf 
 
 Strontium nitrate... 
 Cobalt nitrate 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 - 
 
 <) -<? 
 
 Copper nitrate 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 + cf 
 
 Cupric chloride 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 +<f 
 
 Barium chloride 
 Mercuric chloride... 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 t 
 
 a 
 
 14 
 
312 
 
 SUMMARIES OF THE HISTOLOGIC CHARACTERS, ETC. 
 TABLE F. Continued. TABLE F. Continued. 
 
 Agent or reagent. 
 
 * fc 
 "> S 
 
 i - 
 
 
 a| 
 
 I s 
 
 !i 
 
 on 
 
 Intermediate. 
 
 Highest. 
 
 Lowest. 
 
 3. Hippeastrum titan- 
 cleonia: 
 Polarization 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Gentian violet 
 
 _ 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 _ 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 
 Chloral hydrate 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 + 9 
 -i-r? 
 
 Pyrogallic acid 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 4- 9 =cT 
 
 - 
 
 + 9 
 
 Sulphuric acid 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 
 Hydrochloric acid.. . . 
 Potassium hydroxide 
 Potassium iodide .... 
 Potassium sulphocy 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 + 9 
 4- 9 d" 
 
 
 - 
 
 Potassium sulphide.. 
 Sodium hydroxide.. . 
 Sodium sulphide. . . . 
 Sodium salicylate . . . 
 Calcium nitrate .... 
 Uranium nitrate .... 
 Strontium nitrate. . . 
 Cobalt nitrate 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 e 
 
 
 
 
 
 + "_ 
 
 + 9 
 
 Copper nitrate 
 Cupric chloride 
 Barium chloride .... 
 Mercuric chloride. . . 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 ffi 
 ffi 
 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 4. Hippeastrum ossul- 
 tan-pyrha: 
 Polarization 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 8 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 4 
 
 Iodine 
 
 
 
 
 4- 9 ef 
 
 
 
 Gentian violet 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 
 Saf ranin 
 
 
 
 
 
 4- 9 
 
 
 Temperature 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Chloral hydrate 
 Chromic acid 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 + 9 
 
 + 9 
 
 - 
 
 Pyrogallic acid 
 Nitric acid 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 4-0" 
 
 + 9 
 
 '- 
 
 Sulphuric acid 
 
 4. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Hydrochloric acid . . . 
 Potassium hydroxide 
 Potassium iodide . . . 
 Potassium sulphocy- 
 anate 
 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 + 9 
 + 9 
 
 4- 9 
 
 - 
 
 Potassium sulphide.. 
 Sodium hydroxide . 
 Sodium sulphide 
 Sodium salicylate.. . 
 Calcium nitrate .... 
 Uranium nitrate .... 
 Strontium nitrate. . . 
 Cobalt nitrate 
 Copper nitrate 
 Cupric chloride 
 Barium chloride .... 
 Mercuric chloride. . . 
 
 \ 
 
 - 
 
 ffi 
 
 
 
 ffi 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 
 f 
 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 3 
 
 11 
 
 1 
 
 Agent or reagent. 
 
 1 
 
 ! 
 
 a S 
 
 G C- 
 
 &1 
 
 a| 
 
 is 
 
 a~ 
 
 OQ 
 
 _c 
 o 
 
 
 a| 
 
 a * 
 
 02 
 
 Intermediate. 
 
 
 | 
 
 H 
 
 Lowest. 
 
 5. Hippeastrum deeones- 
 zephyr: 
 Polarization 
 
 
 
 
 
 + c? 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 Gentian violet 
 
 _ 
 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 
 + cf 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 Temperature 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 _ 
 
 + 9 - cT 
 
 
 Chloral hydrate 
 Chromic acid 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 + 9 
 
 +d" 
 
 Pyrogallic acid 
 
 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 + 9 
 
 
 Nitric acid 
 
 
 
 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 
 Sulphuric acid 
 
 _ 
 
 + 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 Hydrochloric acid.. . . 
 Potassium hydroxide. 
 Potassium iodide .... 
 Potassium sulphocy- 
 anate 
 
 - 
 
 
 - 
 
 + 9=cf 
 + 9 
 + 9. 
 
 + 9 =cf 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 Potassium sulphide . . 
 Sodium hydroxide . . . 
 Sodium sulphide 
 Sodium salicylate .... 
 Calcium nitrate 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 e 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 = 
 
 + 9 = d" 
 + 9 
 
 Uranium nitrate 
 Strontium nitrate .... 
 Cobalt nitrate 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 
 + 9=tf 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 Copper nitrate 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Cupric chloride 
 
 
 
 _ 
 
 <? 
 
 
 
 
 
 Barium chloride 
 Mercuric chloride. . . . 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 9 
 
 6 
 
 5 
 
 4 
 
 6. Hii'innuthus andro- 
 meda 
 Polarization 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 =cf 
 
 
 
 Iodine ... . 
 
 
 
 
 _ 
 
 + 9 =cf 
 
 
 
 Gentian violet 
 
 _ 
 
 
 _ 
 
 + 9 =d" 
 
 
 
 Saf ranin 
 
 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 + 9 =cT 
 
 Temperature 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 
 
 Chloral hydrate 
 
 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 + 9 =cf 
 
 
 
 Chromic acid 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 + 9=o" 
 
 
 
 Pyrogallic acid 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 _ 
 
 Nitric acid 
 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 + 9 
 
 
 
 Sulphuric acid . . 
 
 
 
 
 _ 
 
 + 9 = c? 
 
 
 _ 
 
 Hydrochloric acid. . . 
 Potassium hydroxide 
 Potassium iodide .... 
 Potassium sulphocy- 
 anate 
 
 + 
 + 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 + 9 
 
 + 9=0" 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 Potassium lulphide.. 
 Sodium hydroxide . . 
 Sodium sulphide. . . . 
 Sodium salicylate.. . 
 Calcium nitrate 
 Uranium nitrate. . . . 
 Strontium nitrate 
 
 + 
 + 
 
 + 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 ffi 
 
 + 9 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 Copper nitrate 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 
 __ 
 
 ffi 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Barium chloride 
 Mercuric chloride. . . . 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 ffi 
 ffi 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 11 
 
 
 
 1 
 
SUMMARIES OK I III II18TOLOGIC CHARACTERS, ETC. 
 TABLE K. C<mti*<*4. TL K. CVm/mW 
 
 313 
 
 Acrut or rca(*ot 
 
 jl 
 
 Iioandsj*! 
 -tort r song 
 
 jl 
 
 i 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 7. Hamtanthue konic al- 
 bert: 
 
 Pularisation 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 _ 1 
 
 ^ 
 
 4- 9 m <f 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 Gentian violet 
 
 _ , 
 
 __ 
 
 .. 
 
 
 
 __ 
 
 f 9 
 
 Safranin 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 __ 
 
 _ 
 
 + 9 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 pp 
 
 
 ral hydraU 
 
 _ 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 _ 
 
 + 9 
 
 Chromic add 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 Pyroollk add 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 + 9 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 Nitrir arid 
 
 
 
 ^ m 
 
 mt 
 
 + 9 
 
 _ 
 
 H, 
 
 Sulphuric arid 
 Hydrochloric add 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 + 9 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 Potaaaium iodide 
 Potaaaium lulpbocy- 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Potassium sulphide, 
 Booiim hjrdfoxMM . . 
 Sodium sulphide. . 
 Sodium salicylaU 
 Calrium nitraU. . . 
 1 raniurn nitraU.. . 
 Strontium nitraU. . 
 Cobalt nitraU 
 
 | 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 I 
 
 " 
 
 - 
 
 Copper nitrate . . 
 
 i 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 ,^ 
 
 _ 
 
 Cupric chloride 
 
 i 
 
 _ 
 
 ^ 
 
 ,_, 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 Barium chloride 
 Mercuric chloride.... 
 
 J 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 IS 
 
 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 . Cnnuni hybridum j 
 c. harvey: 
 Plantation 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^T 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 4. 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 _ 
 
 Gentian violet . 
 
 
 
 ^ m 
 
 ^^ 
 
 
 
 
 Safranin 
 
 . 
 
 < 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 Tempers furs 
 
 _ 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 Chloral hydraU.... 
 Chromic acid 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 +f 
 
 
 
 
 
 Pyroollic add 
 Nitric add 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 y 
 
 Sulphuric acid 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 _ 
 
 pj^ 
 
 -t*d* 
 
 Hydrochloric acid . . . 
 Potassium hydroxide 
 Potassium iodide . . . 
 Potassium sulpbocy- 
 aoate 
 
 - 
 
 i 
 
 - 
 
 T 
 
 - 
 
 *^ ^r 
 
 Q n itliiJ. * J 
 
 m - .mil) ij\ ir> x; .* 
 
 Sodium sulphide... . 
 Sodium salicy late . . . 
 Calcium nitrate .... 
 Uranium nitraU. . . . 
 Strontium nitraU. . . 
 Cobalt nitrate 
 
 - 
 
 t 
 
 - 
 
 w 
 
 - 
 
 *^ c/ 
 
 Copper nitrate 
 
 ^ 
 
 i. 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 _ 
 
 Cupric chloride 
 
 - 
 
 4- 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 Mercuric chloride 
 
 - 
 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 
 13 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 2 
 
 7 
 
 AfWitorrwflMt 
 
 Si 
 
 ii 
 i 1 
 
 i) 
 
 M 
 
 1 
 
 I 
 
 0. Crinuni kircape: 
 Polarisation 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 
 Iodine 
 
 
 
 L 
 
 + <f 
 
 
 
 Gentian violet 
 
 w 
 
 j. 
 
 ^^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 Rafranin 
 
 ^^ 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 
 Temperature 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 
 
 
 Chloral hydraU . 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Chromic add 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 
 
 Pyrotallie add 
 
 
 
 
 + <f 
 
 
 
 Nitric acid . 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 
 
 Sulphuric acid .... 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 
 
 Hydrochloric acid . . . 
 Potaaaiuin hydroxide 
 Potaaeium iodide .... 
 Potaaaium ulphocy- 
 anato 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 + 9 
 + 9 
 -1-9 
 
 + <f 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 Poteaaium euiphide. 
 Sodium hydroxide . . 
 Sodium eulphide 
 Sodium ealicylaU 
 Calcium nitrate 
 
 + 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 -t-9 
 + 9 
 
 + 9 
 
 - 
 
 + 9 
 
 Uranium nitrate 
 
 ^ 
 
 _ 
 
 ^ 
 
 + 9 
 
 
 
 _ 
 
 Strontium nitrate. . . . 
 Cobalt nitrate . 
 
 4. 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 + 9 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 Copper nitrate 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 
 _ 
 
 Cuprie chloride 
 
 ^^ 
 
 
 m 
 
 + 9 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 Barium chloride 
 Mercuric chloride . . . 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 + 9 
 
 - 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 4 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 18 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 10. Crinum powellii: 
 Polarisation 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 Iodine 
 
 m ^ 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 -<? 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 Gentian riolet 
 
 _ 
 
 + 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 _ 
 
 .. 
 
 Safranin 
 
 __ 
 
 + 
 
 ^ 
 
 _ 
 
 __ 
 
 mi 
 
 Temperature 
 
 _ 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 _ 
 
 + <f 
 
 .. 
 
 Chloral hydrate 
 Chromic add 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 -f-9-d- 
 + o" 
 
 
 
 Pyrotallic acid 
 Nitric add 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 + o" 
 -r-tf 
 
 
 
 Sulphuric acid 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 
 
 _ 
 
 +<f 
 
 _ 
 
 Hydrochloric add . . . 
 Potaanum hydroxide 
 Potaanum Iodide . . . 
 Potaeaium eulpbocy- 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 fo" 
 
 +<r 
 +<r 
 
 +<? 
 
 - 
 
 Potaaaium eulphide 
 Sodium hydroxide 
 Sodium sulphide. . 
 Sodium ealicylate. 
 Calcium nitrate... 
 Uranium nitrate . . 
 Strontium nitraU. 
 Cobalt nitrate 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 + <f 
 
 +<f 
 +<? 
 
 +<r 
 
 +<f 
 +<r 
 +<f 
 +<f 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 + ef 
 
 __ 
 
 Cupric chloride... 
 Barium chloride 
 Mercuric ealofide 
 
 ~ 
 
 _ 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 + <f 
 
 + 9-<r 
 +<? 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 n 
 
 
 
314 
 
 SUMMARIES OF THE HISTOLOGIC CHARACTERS, ETC. 
 TABLE F. Continued. TABLE F. Continued. 
 
 Agent or reagent. 
 
 3 
 c 
 1 
 * - 
 
 1 & 
 
 CO 
 
 "o ** 
 
 ^ 
 
 3 
 
 a 
 
 3 
 
 i 
 
 * d 
 
 Intermediate. 
 
 .g 
 
 Lowest. 
 
 11. Nerine dainty maid 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 Iodine 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 + o" 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 -f 
 
 
 
 __ 
 
 
 
 
 Safranin 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 + o" 
 
 _. 
 
 
 
 Chloral hydrate 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 
 
 + <? 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 
 
 _ _ 
 
 
 
 
 
 _ 
 
 
 Nitric acid 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 
 
 
 _ 
 
 __ 
 
 _ 
 
 
 + <? 
 
 
 Hydrochloric acid. . . . 
 Potassium hydroxide. 
 Potassium iodide .... 
 Potassium sulphocy- 
 anate 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 + 9=d" 
 
 + 9 = c7 
 + 9 
 
 + 9=o" 
 
 Potassium sulphide . . 
 Sodium hydroxide . . . 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 e 
 
 
 
 +<? 
 
 
 - 
 
 Sodium sal icy la to . . . . 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 
 +<? 
 
 + 9 
 
 - 
 
 Uranium nitrate 
 Strontium nitrate. . . . 
 Cobalt nitrate 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 + 9 
 
 +<r 
 
 
 
 Copper nitrate . 
 
 __ 
 
 __ 
 
 
 _ 
 
 + 9 
 
 
 Cupric chloride 
 
 
 
 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 Barium chloride 
 Mercuric chloride. . . . 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 e 
 e 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 2 
 
 7 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 2 
 
 12. Nerine queen of 
 roses: 
 Polarization 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 + cT 
 
 Iodine 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 Gentian violet 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Temperature 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 + c? 
 
 
 Chromic acid 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 Pyrogallic acid 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Nitric acid 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 =c" 
 
 
 
 Sulphuric acid . . . 
 
 
 
 
 
 + cT 
 
 
 Hydrochloric acid 
 Potassium hydroxide. 
 Potassium iodide .... 
 Potassium sulphocy- 
 anate 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 e 
 
 + 9 
 
 + 9-0" 
 + 9 
 
 - 
 
 Potassium sulphide.. . 
 Sodium hydroxide . . . 
 Sodium sulphide 
 Sodium salicylate. . . . 
 Calcium nitrate 
 
 _ 
 
 - 
 
 e 
 
 E 
 
 +d" 
 
 +o" 
 
 +o" 
 + 9 
 
 \ 
 
 Uranium nitrate 
 
 _ 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 -1-0 
 
 
 Strontium nitrate. .. . 
 Cobalt nitrate 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 + o" 
 
 - 
 
 Copper nitrate 
 
 
 
 
 
 4- 9 
 
 
 Cupric chloride 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Barium chloride 
 Mercuric chloride. . . . 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 e 
 e 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 7 
 
 3 
 
 11 
 
 2 
 
 Agent or reagent. 
 
 TJ 
 
 h 
 I* 
 
 
 
 00 
 
 if 
 
 2 ca 
 a a 
 a 
 
 J3 
 
 ?! 
 
 QJ [3 
 
 Intermediate. 
 
 8 
 I 
 
 a 
 
 Lowest. 
 
 13. Nerine giantess: 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 Iodine 
 
 _ 
 
 + 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Safranin 
 
 + 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 
 
 Chloral hydrate 
 
 - 
 
 + 
 
 - 
 
 + 9 -0* 
 
 
 - 
 
 Pyrogallic acid 
 
 _ 
 
 
 ffl 
 
 
 
 _ 
 
 Nitric acid 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 
 
 + tf 
 
 Sulphuric acid 
 
 _ 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 Hydrochloric acid .... 
 Potassium- hydroxide . 
 Potassium iodide .... 
 Potassium sulphocy- 
 
 - 
 
 
 e 
 
 + 9 
 + o" 
 
 - 
 
 + 9=o* 
 
 Potassium sulphide.. . 
 Sodium hydroxide . . . 
 Sodium sulphide 
 Sodium salicylate.. . . 
 Calcium nitrate ... . 
 
 - 
 
 + 
 -j- 
 
 
 
 + 0" 
 
 - 
 
 + cT 
 
 Uranium nitrate 
 Strontium nitrate. . . . 
 Cobalt nitrate 
 
 - 
 
 + 
 
 w 
 
 + 9=o" 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 Copper nitrate 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 =o" 
 
 
 
 
 
 Cupric chloride 
 
 
 _ 
 
 w 
 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 Barium chloride 
 Mercuric chloride .... 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 2 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 6 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 14. Nerine abundance: 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 Iodine 
 
 + 
 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 mm 
 
 
 
 
 
 Safranin 
 
 _ 
 
 
 _ 
 
 + 9 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Chloral hydrate 
 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 + <? 
 
 + 0* 
 
 Pyrogallic acid 
 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 __ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 0* 
 
 Sulphuric acid 
 
 + 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Hydrochloric acid 
 Potassium hydroxide . 
 Potassium iodide .... 
 Potassium sulphocy- 
 
 
 + 
 
 e 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 + 9=c? 
 + o" 
 
 Potassium sulphide. . . 
 Sodium hydroxide . . . 
 Sodium sulphide 
 Sodium salicylate. . . . 
 Calcium nitrate 
 
 - 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 + o" 
 
 - 
 
 + <? 
 + o" 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 __ 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 + o" 
 
 Strontium nitrate... . 
 Cobalt nitrate 
 
 
 
 
 
 ff> 
 
 + o" 
 
 
 
 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 _ 
 
 + 0* 
 
 Cupric chloride 
 
 
 
 
 * 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Barium chloride 
 Mercuric chloride. . . . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 e 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 7 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 
 
SUMMARIES OF TDK MI8TOLOOIC CHARACTERS, ETC. 
 TABLE F. Ctmtt***! TAILS 
 
 315 
 
 A*Dtor rrfrtlt 
 
 !' 
 
 !i 
 
 J J 
 
 I, 
 
 If 
 
 1 S 
 
 m 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 \S. NOTIIM i'ry ' ' 
 
 n, 
 Plan*ation 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Iodine 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 Gentian violet... 
 
 ^ m 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 Skfranin 
 
 ^^ 
 
 4. 
 
 ^ m 
 
 ^- 
 
 tm 
 
 
 Trm peratura 
 
 
 
 
 JJ 
 
 4.0 
 
 
 _ 
 
 Chloral hydrate 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 Chmmic acid 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 + <f 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 mt 
 
 
 
 Nitric acid 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 + <f 
 
 Sulphuric add 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 _ r 
 
 
 
 4-9 -o" 
 
 Hydrochloric Mid ... 
 P>.urum hydroxide 
 Pota-iumiodid. ... 
 Pouaaum .ulphocy- 
 anale , , 
 
 - 
 
 4. 
 
 e 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 + 9 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4-/JI 
 
 BfwUnM W 11 A* L LJ^ 
 
 . : i . . * 1 r > 1 : 1 
 
 f^wiiitm ^tlnkutA 
 
 Sodium aalieyUte . 
 Calcium nitrate 
 
 _ 
 
 + 
 
 -r- 
 4. 
 
 _ 
 
 - 
 
 ^ 
 
 + 9 
 
 Uranium nitrate 
 
 
 4- 
 
 ^^ 
 
 
 
 ^^ 
 
 Strontium nitrate 
 Cobalt nitrate 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 + tf 
 
 Copper nitrate 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 __ m 
 
 
 __ 
 
 ir chloride 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Barium chloride 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 _ 
 
 Mercuric chloride. . . . 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 10. Narcieeut poetieaa 
 herrick: 
 Polarisation 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 
 
 Iodine 
 
 ^^ 
 
 4. 
 
 
 
 
 ^^ 
 
 < '.Titian violet .... 
 
 ^^ 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^^ 
 
 
 4-9 
 
 Safranin 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 Temperature 
 
 ^ m 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 + 9 
 
 
 
 Chloral hydrate 
 Chromioedd 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 -r-cf 
 
 
 
 
 
 Pyrocallie add 
 
 
 
 4. 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 Nitric acid 
 
 ^^ 
 
 
 
 
 + 9-0* 
 
 
 Sulphuric acid 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 ^ m 
 
 ^ 
 
 -f-cf 
 
 j^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 S 
 
 I 
 
 S 
 
 17 Narciawa povUeoe 
 dante: 
 Polarisation 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 
 
 Iodine 
 
 ^^ 
 
 4- 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 Gentian violet 
 
 ^ . 
 
 4. 
 
 _ 
 
 ^ 
 
 aja, 
 
 BU 
 
 Safranin 
 
 ^^ 
 
 
 ^ m 
 
 ._ 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 Temperature 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^_ 
 
 ^ 
 
 + 9 
 
 ^ 
 
 ._ 
 
 Chloral hydrate 
 
 ^^ 
 
 4- 
 
 ^_ 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 __ 
 
 Chromic add 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 4-d 1 
 
 , 
 
 paj 
 
 Pyrocallic add 
 
 ^ m 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^^ 
 
 
 + 9<f 
 
 ^ 
 
 Nitric add 
 Sulphuric add 
 
 4. 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 9-d 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 Acent or reaceot 
 
 s 
 
 11 
 
 I 1 
 
 h 
 
 ! 
 
 J 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 uinpli : 
 Polarisation 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 Iodine 
 
 _ 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 _ 
 
 ^^ 
 
 ._ 
 
 Gratimn violet 
 
 + 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 S.tramu 
 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 ._ 
 
 ^ m 
 
 + 9-^ 
 
 Temperature 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 _ 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 Chloral hydrate 
 
 
 agj, 
 
 ^ 
 
 ._ 
 
 + 9 
 
 > _ 
 
 Chronic acid 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 + 9 
 
 j_ 
 
 Prrocallic Mid . . . 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 a^ 
 
 + <? 
 
 .. 
 
 Nitric acid 
 
 __ 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 
 
 + <f 
 
 ^ 
 
 Sulphuric acid 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 a^ 
 
 + <? 
 
 mm 
 
 Hydrochloric acid. . . 
 Potaaeium hydroxide 
 PotaaBium iodide.... 
 PoUaniun eulphocy- 
 anatr 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 +<r 
 f<f 
 +<f 
 
 + 0* 
 
 - 
 
 Potaaaium eulphide 
 Sodium hydroxide . . 
 Sodium .ulph.de . . . 
 Sodium ealicylate. . . 
 Calcium nitrate 
 
 - 
 
 _ 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 + 9-o 
 +<f 
 +<f 
 +<f 
 + <f 
 
 - 
 
 Uranium nitrate. . . . 
 Strontium nitrate. . . 
 Cobalt nitrate 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 M 
 
 + o 
 +rf 
 
 -t-v-o" 
 
 - 
 
 Copper nitrate 
 
 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 aj 
 
 + <f 
 
 mm 
 
 Cupric chloride 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 + 9-0* 
 
 __ 
 
 Barium chloride 
 Mercuric chloride . . . 
 
 - 
 
 ^ 
 
 e 
 
 - 
 
 + tf 
 
 - 
 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 I 
 
 10. Narderoa fiery eroae 
 Polarisation 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 Iodine 
 
 + 
 
 
 _ 
 
 .. 
 
 IB 
 
 MB 
 
 Gentian violet 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 -r-O-J' 
 
 ^ 
 
 BBI 
 
 Saf ranin 
 
 _ 
 
 + 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 Temperature 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 + 9 
 
 a,. 
 
 Chloral hydrate 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 + <y 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 ^ 
 
 g.^ 
 
 __ 
 
 + 9 
 
 I'y rof allic acid 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 _. 
 
 ga. 
 
 +d" 
 
 
 Nitric acid 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 ^ag 
 
 
 + 9-(f 
 
 Sulphuric add 
 
 
 
 __ 
 
 ^ 
 
 + 0-CT 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 > 
 
 
 
 t 
 
 a 
 
 a 
 
 20. NardeMH doubloon : 
 Polarisation 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Iodine 
 
 + 
 
 ._ 
 
 .^ 
 
 _ 
 
 agi 
 
 .. 
 
 Gentian violet 
 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 -f<y 
 
 M 
 
 _ 
 
 Safranin 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 
 ^^ 
 
 
 _ 
 
 -l-d 1 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 Chloral hydrate 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 gag 
 
 + 9-o* 
 
 Chromic acid 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 ._ 
 
 _ 
 
 + 9 
 
 Pyrogalhc add 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 9 
 
 ^ 
 
 BB 
 
 
 Nitric acid 
 
 ^^ 
 
 _ 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 Sulphuric Mid , . 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 BB 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 S 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 I 
 
316 
 
 SUMMARIES OF THE HISTOLOGIC CHARACTERS, ETC. 
 TABLE F. Continued. TABLE F. Continued. 
 
 Agent or reagent 
 
 h 
 
 |R 
 
 03 
 
 "o ** 
 
 1 
 
 a| 
 
 a a 
 
 -= 
 ** 
 
 3g 
 
 g 
 
 Intermediate. 
 
 1 
 i 
 
 3 
 
 Lowest. 
 
 21. Narcissus cresset: 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 Iodine 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 -f- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Safranin 
 
 
 4. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4- 9 
 
 Chloral hydrate 
 
 + 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 + 9 
 
 
 Pyrogallic acid 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4- 9 
 
 Nitric acid. . 
 
 
 
 _ 
 
 
 4- 9 
 
 
 Sulphuric acid 
 
 
 
 
 
 4- 9 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 22. Narcissus will scar- 
 let: 
 
 Polarization 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Iodine 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 Gentian violet 
 
 
 
 
 
 4-ri" 
 
 
 Safranin 
 
 
 
 
 
 4-d 1 
 
 
 Temperature 
 
 
 
 
 4- 9 
 
 
 
 Chloral hydrate 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Chromic acid 
 
 
 
 
 
 + ef 
 
 
 Pyrogallic acid 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 
 
 Nitric acid 
 
 
 
 
 
 4- 9 
 
 
 Sulphuric acid 
 
 -(- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 23. Narcissus bicolor 
 apricot: 
 Polarization .... 
 
 -f- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Iodine 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 
 
 Gentian violet 
 
 -f 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Safranin 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Tern perature . . . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4- 9 
 
 Chloral hydrate 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 Chromic acid 
 
 
 
 
 4- 9 
 
 
 
 Pyrogallic acid 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4-d" 
 
 Nitric acid 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4-f-i* 
 
 Sulphuric acid 
 
 
 
 (ft 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 24. Narcissus madame 
 de graaff: 
 Polarization 
 
 
 -f- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Gentian violet . . 
 
 4- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Temperature 
 
 
 -f 
 
 
 
 
 
 Chloral hydrate 
 
 
 
 
 
 +d" 
 
 
 Chromic acid 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 
 4- 9 
 
 Pyrogallic acid 
 
 
 
 
 4- 9 
 
 
 
 Nitric acid 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4- 9 
 
 Sulphuric acid 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 Agent or reagent. 
 
 on J 
 
 
 S * 
 
 tl 
 
 S a 
 
 S . 
 
 02 
 
 3 
 
 2- 
 
 a| 
 
 a $5 
 
 1 
 03 
 
 Intermediate. 
 
 Highest. 
 
 Lowest. 
 
 25. Narcissus pyramus: 
 Polarization 
 
 
 
 
 
 4- 9 - cf 
 
 
 
 4- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Gentian violet . . . 
 
 
 
 
 4-cT 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4-cf 
 
 
 
 Temperature .... 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 
 
 4-d* 
 
 Chloral hydrate 
 Chromic acid 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 4- 9 
 
 4-9 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4- 9 
 
 
 Nitric acid 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 
 4- 9> 
 
 
 Sulphuric acid 
 
 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 26. Narcissus lord rob- 
 erts: 
 Polarization 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 
 Gentian violet 
 
 4- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Temperature 
 
 
 
 _ 
 
 4-cf 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4- 9 
 
 
 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 
 
 4-o" 
 
 
 _ 
 
 
 _ 
 
 4-cf 
 
 
 
 Nitric acid 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 4-9 
 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 27. Narcissus agnes har- 
 vey: 
 Polarization 
 
 4- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 _ 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 
 Temperature 
 
 
 
 
 4-cf 
 
 
 
 Chloral hydrate 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 4-rf 1 
 
 - 
 
 4- 9 
 
 Pyrogallic acid 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 4- 9 =cT 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 
 4-9 
 
 
 Sulphuric acid 
 
 4- 
 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 28. Narcissus j. t. ben- 
 nett poe: 
 
 4- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Iodine 
 
 4- 
 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 
 
 4- 9 
 
 __ 
 
 
 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 4-9 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 
 
 4-ci" 
 
 
 
 Chloral hydrate 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 4-9 
 4-9 
 
 
 
 Pyrogallic acid 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 
 
 4-c? 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 4- 9 
 
 
 
 Sulphuric acid 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 
 
SUMMARIES OF T1IK II l> Il.< X.K CHARACTERS, ETC 
 TAUC K Co*tiHutd. TABU P. C< 
 
 317 
 
 Agent or reagent. 
 
 s 
 
 Same M pol- 
 knpanat. 
 
 jt 
 
 ! 
 
 I 
 
 i 
 
 30. Lilium marhan: 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Iodide 
 
 
 
 
 . . 
 
 
 
 Gentian riolet 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 ^ m 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 .mi 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 ^ m 
 
 
 
 4- tf 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 + ef 
 
 Chloral hydrate . . . 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 4-cf 
 
 
 
 . : 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Pyrogallie add 
 
 _.J 
 
 4. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ic acid 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 
 Sulphuric add 
 
 ^ m 
 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 
 Hydrochloric add 
 PoUaaum hydroxide 
 Potaauum iodide .... 
 uMium ulphocy- 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 9 
 9 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 . . I*J14- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 R*w4t k 1 i4* 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Sodium ealicylate! '. 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 9 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 4-9 
 
 Calcium nitrate... . 
 Uranium nitrate.. 
 Strontium nitrate. 
 Cobalt nitrate 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 4-9 
 4-ef 
 
 _ 
 
 4-9 
 
 
 
 4. 
 
 
 
 
 
 ( 'upric chloride 
 
 
 4. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Barium chloride 
 
 
 
 
 4- 9 
 
 
 
 Mercuric chloride. . . . 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 
 49-J 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 9 
 
 6 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 30. Lilium dalhaneoni: 
 Polarisation 
 
 4. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Iodine 
 
 
 
 
 
 4- 9 
 
 
 Gentian riolet 
 
 4. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Sairanin 
 
 4. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Temperature 
 
 
 
 
 4-cf 
 
 
 
 Chloral hydrate 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 Chromic add 
 
 ^ m 
 
 
 ^^ 
 
 4-cf 
 
 
 
 Pyrocallie add 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Nitric add 
 
 ^^ 
 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 
 Sulphuric add 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 
 Hydrochloric add.. . 
 
 *>_*__ i , , 
 
 rouMRiin nyoroxMw 
 Poteamum iodide.. . 
 Poueaium ulphoey 
 
 anato 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 9 
 9 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 Potaanum lulphide 
 Sodium hydroxide 
 Sodium ulphide.. 
 Sodium aalieylate. 
 Calcium nitrate... 
 I'ranium nitrate.. 
 Strontium nitrate. 
 Cobalt nitrate 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 9 
 9 
 9 
 
 4-9 
 
 + <f 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 
 
 . j. 
 
 
 
 Cuprie chloride 
 
 
 
 
 4 9 -cP 
 
 
 
 Barium chloride 
 Mercuric chloride. . . . 
 
 -" 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 + * 
 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 S 
 
 1 
 
 Agrnt or reagent. 
 
 |i 
 
 1.. . 
 -tod m wins 
 
 j! 
 
 M 
 
 J 
 
 i 
 
 31. Lilium golden 
 gleam: 
 Polarisation 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 9 
 
 Iodine 
 
 ^ 
 
 == 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 49 
 
 Gentian riolet . . . 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ m 
 
 
 
 4-cf 
 
 Safranin 
 
 ^ m 
 
 ^ m 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 Temperature 
 
 ^ m 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 + 9 
 
 
 
 Chloral hydrate 
 
 ^ m 
 
 4 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 Chromic acid 
 
 i 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 Pyrogallie acid 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 ^ m 
 
 
 
 
 Nitric acid 
 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 ^ m 
 
 
 
 Sulphuric acid 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 9 
 
 mf 
 
 ^ m 
 
 
 Hydrochloric acid.. . . 
 Potaauum hydroxide. 
 Potaeeium iodide 
 Potaeeium eulphocy- 
 anate 
 
 4. 
 
 - 
 
 9 
 9 
 9 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 Potaanum ulphide.. 
 Sodium hydroxide . . , 
 Sodium eulphide 
 Sodium aalieylate.. .. 
 Calcium nitrate 
 
 
 1 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 + "-<f 
 
 - 
 
 Uranium nitrate 
 Strontium nitrate. . . . 
 Cobalt nitrate 
 
 - 
 
 ^ 
 
 ~ 
 
 4-9 
 
 49 
 4- 9 
 
 ~ 
 
 Copper nitrate 
 
 ^ m 
 
 
 
 B 
 
 _ 
 
 4 9 
 
 
 Cuprie chloride... . 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 _ 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 Barium chloride 
 Mercuric chloride. . . . 
 
 ; 
 
 "" 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 49 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 6 
 
 2 
 
 7 
 
 4 
 
 33. Lilium teaUceum: 
 Polarisation 
 
 4. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Iodine 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 mm 
 
 _ 
 
 4-9 
 
 Gentian riolet 
 
 ^ 
 
 4. 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 Safranin 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 ^ m 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4-9 
 
 
 
 Chloral hydrate . . . 
 
 ^ 
 
 _ 
 
 M 
 
 _ 
 
 
 49 
 
 Chromic acid 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 4-9 
 
 
 
 
 Pyrogallie arid . . 
 
 _, 
 
 _ 
 
 . 
 
 4-9 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 ^ m 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 9 -cT 
 
 Sulphuric arid. . .. 
 
 
 
 _ 
 
 ^^ 
 
 + 9 -o" 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 Hydrochloric add.. . . 
 
 Potaanuffl iodifie .... 
 Potaanum ulpboey- 
 
 ? 
 
 - 
 
 9 
 
 4-9 
 
 + 9 
 
 - 
 
 Potaanum eulphide ! 
 Sodium hydroxide . . 
 Sodium eVulpoKM. . . . 
 Sodium aaliry late. .. 
 Calcium nitrate . . 
 
 i 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 4-9 
 
 4-9 
 4-9 
 
 mm 
 
 Uranium nitrate.. . . 
 Strontium nitrate. . . 
 Cobalt nitrate 
 
 - 
 
 ^ 
 
 ~~ 
 
 +<f 
 
 4-9 
 
 49 
 
 mm 
 
 Copper nitrate 
 
 ^ 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 
 _ 
 
 , 
 
 Cuprie chloride .. 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 ^ 
 
 .^ 
 
 Barium chloride 
 Mercuric chloride. . . . 
 
 
 
 
 "- 
 
 + 9 
 
 " 
 
 4~c? 
 
 
 4 
 
 a 
 
 a 
 
 7 
 
 6 
 
 4 
 
318 
 
 SUMMARIES OF THE HISTOLOGIC CHARACTERS, ETC. 
 TABLE F. Continued. TABLE F. Continued. 
 
 Agent or reagent. 
 
 *l 
 
 a * 
 
 !i 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 5 ji 
 o> 
 
 1, 
 
 a| 
 
 = 5 
 
 g a 
 GO 
 
 Intermediate. 
 
 Highest. 
 
 Lowest. 
 
 33. Lilium hurbanki: 
 
 
 4- 
 
 
 
 
 
 Iodine 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4-d 1 
 
 
 _ 
 
 Saf rani n 
 
 
 
 
 4-d 1 
 
 
 
 Temperature 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 Chloral hydrate 
 Chromic acid ... . 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 + 9 
 
 - 
 
 + 9 
 
 Pyrogallic acid 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 Nitric acid 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 = d" 
 
 Sulphuric acid 
 
 
 
 
 -f-d 1 
 
 
 
 Hydrochloric acid.. . . 
 Potassium hydroxide. 
 Potassium iodide 
 Potassium sulphocy- 
 anate 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 e 
 
 
 - 
 
 + 9 
 
 4-9d" 
 + 9 = d" 
 
 Potassium sulphide. . . 
 Sodium hydroxide . . . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 + 9=c7 
 + 9=0" 
 4- 9 tf 
 
 Sodium salicylate. . . . 
 Calcium nitrate 
 
 4. 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 4-d 1 
 
 - 
 
 
 Uranium nitrate 
 Strontium nitrate. . . . 
 Cobalt nitrate 
 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 + 9 
 + 9 
 
 Copper nitrate . 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 
 
 4- 9 d" 
 
 Cupric chloride 
 Barium chloride . 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 + 9 
 
 - 
 
 + 9 
 
 Mercuric chloride. . . . 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 
 - 
 
 + 9 
 
 34. Iris ismali : 
 Polarization 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 16 
 +<? 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 
 Gentian violet 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Raf rani n 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Temperature 
 
 
 
 
 4- 9 cf 
 
 
 
 Chloral hydrate 
 Chromic acid 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 4-d 1 
 + 9 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 Pyrogallic acid 
 
 
 
 
 + 90* 
 
 
 
 Nitric acid 
 
 
 
 
 4-9 =d" 
 
 
 
 Sulphuric acid 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 = d" 
 
 
 
 Hydrochloric acid.. . . 
 Potassium hydroxide. 
 Potassium iodide .... 
 Potassium sulphocy- 
 anate 
 
 - 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 4-d 1 
 
 - 
 
 + 9 
 
 Potassium sulphide.. . 
 flxliinii hydroxide . . . 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 + 9=cf 
 
 4-9=0" 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 Sodium salicylate. . . . 
 Calcium nitrate 
 
 - 
 
 + 
 
 - 
 
 + 9 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 Uranium nitrate 
 Strontium nitrate. . . . 
 Cobalt nitrate 
 Copper nitrate . 
 
 _ 
 
 + 
 
 - 
 
 + 9 
 + 9 
 
 + <? 
 
 4-9-d 1 
 
 Cupric chloride 
 Barium chloride 
 Mercuric chloride. . . . 
 
 - 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 
 _ 
 
 + 9 
 + 9=cf 
 + 9 
 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 12 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 Agent or reagent. 
 
 i 
 
 n 
 
 "M 
 
 a| 
 
 11 
 S 
 
 a 
 
 9 
 B 
 
 11 
 
 * cfl 
 CD 
 
 Intermediate. 
 
 Highest. 
 
 d 
 
 35. Iris dorak : 
 Polarization 
 
 4. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Iodine 
 
 4- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 -i-r^ 
 
 
 Safranin 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 -1- Q 
 
 
 Chloral hydrate 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4- r? 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4- 9 
 
 
 Pyrogallic acid . . . 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 
 Nitric acid 
 
 
 
 
 
 4- Q 
 
 
 Sulphuric acid .... 
 
 
 
 
 
 4- 9 
 
 
 Hydrochloric acid .... 
 Potassium hydroxide. 
 Potassium iodide .... 
 Potassium eulphocy- 
 
 - 
 
 + 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 4-rf 1 
 
 4-d" 
 4-d 1 
 
 Potassium sulphide.. . 
 Sodium hydroxide . . . 
 Sodium sulphide 
 Sodium salicylate. . . . 
 Calcium nitrate 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 - 
 
 + 9 
 
 4-d" 
 
 4-9 
 
 Uranium nitrate 
 Strontium nitrate. .. . 
 Cobalt nitrate 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4-9=cf 
 
 - 
 
 Copper nitrate 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 
 Cupric chloride 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 
 Barium chloride 
 Mercuric chloride. .. . 
 
 4- 
 + 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 5 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 11 
 
 4 
 
 36. Iris mm. alan grey: 
 Polarization 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4-d 1 
 
 Iodine 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 
 Gentian violet 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4-9 
 
 Safranin 
 
 
 
 
 _ 
 
 
 4-9 
 
 Temperature 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 
 4-d 1 
 
 
 Chloral hydrate 
 Chromic acid 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 4-d 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4-d 1 
 
 Nitric acid 
 
 
 
 ff> 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ($ 
 
 __ 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 Hydrochloric acid.. . . 
 Potassium hydroxide. 
 Potassium iodide .... 
 Potassium eulphocy- 
 anate 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 4-d 1 
 
 4-9=^ 
 4-d 1 
 
 4-d 1 
 
 Potassium sulphide.. . 
 Sodium hydroxide . . . 
 Sodium sulphide 
 Sodium fmlicylate. . . . 
 
 _ 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 + <? 
 
 4-9=0" 
 4-9=d 1 
 4-d 1 
 
 4-d 1 
 
 Uranium nitrate 
 Strontium nitrate. . . . 
 Cobalt nitrate 
 
 
 
 -|- 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 4-9 
 4-9 
 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4-d 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 __ 
 
 4-d 1 
 
 Barium chloride 
 Mercuric chloride. . . . 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4-9 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 17 
 
MMMAItIK- or llli: lll.-K'l.oi.lr ( II \ H \( I KIIS. KM 
 TABLE r. Continued. TABLB F. 
 
 319 
 
 Xi<-ut ur rrrnt. 
 
 |1 
 
 II 
 
 I J 
 
 ]i 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 37. Iriepureiad: 
 
 PuUruatiiin 
 
 I. -line 
 
 _ . 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 + 9 
 
 Gvntian violrt 
 
 _, 
 
 
 ^ m 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 +d* 
 
 Safranin 
 
 ^^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ m 
 
 
 
 + <f 
 
 Temperature 
 < lil..rl hydrate 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 + 9 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 l'\r .;> i I 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 m 
 
 -fd 1 
 
 mm 
 
 Nltrir .,.! 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 + d" 
 
 
 
 Sulphuric eid 
 
 ^ 
 
 + 
 
 _. 
 
 
 J _ [ 
 
 mm 
 
 1 1 \ Jrochloric acid. . . . 
 PotaiMum hydroxide 
 PoUMfam iodide .... 
 IVtuMum Mlpbocy- 
 
 an*U> 
 
 - 
 
 
 9 
 
 e 
 A 
 
 - 
 
 +<y 
 
 - 
 
 I'uUuMum culpbide . 
 
 Sodium hydroxide 
 
 Sodium eulphide. . . 
 Sodium talicylate. . 
 Calcium nitrate 
 I'rauium nitrate.. 
 :tium nitrate. 
 Cobalt nitrate .... 
 
 + 
 4. 
 
 - 
 
 e 
 
 + 6-(f 
 
 -f-o-d 1 
 -r-d 1 
 
 + 9 
 
 + 9 
 
 
 
 ^ m 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 Cupric chloride 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 f-9 -<y 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 _ 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 Mercuric chloride 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 + 9 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 6 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 38. Gladiolus col villei: 
 I'.-larimation 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 
 
 Iodine 
 
 ^^ 
 
 _ 
 
 ^ m 
 
 
 
 + 9-<y 
 
 Gentian violet 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 + 9 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 Safranin 
 
 -f- 
 
 ^^ 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 + 9 
 
 ^^ 
 
 wm 
 
 Chloral hydrate 
 
 
 ^_ 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 ( 'Kmmic acid 
 
 + 
 
 .._ 
 
 
 
 m 
 
 
 
 Pyrocmllic acid 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 
 
 N itric acid 
 
 -}- 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Sulphuric acid. . . 
 
 
 
 __ 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 Hydrochloric acid.... 
 Poteaeium hydroxide. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 + 9 
 + 9 
 
 4- O 
 
 Potaieium eulpbocy- 
 
 AeUttfF 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 Poteeaium Nlphide . 
 BtxHum hydroxide 
 
 ^ , 
 
 Sodium ealievUto! 
 Calcium nitrate . . 
 
 - 
 
 ~ 
 
 ^_ 
 
 ^^ 
 
 - 
 
 + 9-<f 
 + 9 
 + 9 
 + 9 
 + 9 
 
 I ranium nitrate.. 
 Strontium nitrate. . 
 Cobalt nitrate 
 
 + 
 
 " 
 
 w 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 Copper nitrate . 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 + 9 
 
 
 + 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 mm 
 
 
 
 Barium chloride 
 Mercuric chloride.... 
 
 + 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 14 
 
 
 
 s 
 
 H 
 
 i j 
 
 ii 
 
 M 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 30. Tritooia croeoemev 
 flora: 
 Polariiatioa 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4- 
 
 Iodine 
 
 
 
 
 4-9 
 
 
 
 Grntiao violet 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Safranin 
 
 
 
 
 
 J.O 
 
 
 Temperature ..... . 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Chloral hydrate 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 Chromic acid 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 
 
 Pyrogallic add 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 
 
 Nitric acid 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 
 Sulphuric acid 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 Hydrochloric add.. . . 
 Poteeaium hydroxide. 
 Poteeeium iodide .... 
 Potaaeium eulpbocy- 
 anate 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 
 + 9 
 + 9 
 + 9 
 
 + 9 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 Poteaaium eulphide.. 
 Sodium hydroxide . . 
 Sodium eulphide 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 +<r 
 
 + 9 
 + 9 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 Sodium aalicylate.... 
 Calcium nitrate 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 + 9 
 + 9 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 Uranium nitrate 
 
 ^ m 
 
 _ 
 
 
 + <f 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 Strontium nitrate. .. . 
 Cobalt nitrate 
 
 - 
 
 + 
 
 - 
 
 
 + <f 
 
 - 
 
 Copper nitrate 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 
 
 
 ^ m 
 
 
 _ 
 
 + 9 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Mercuric chloride. . . . 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 
 3 
 
 i 
 
 a 
 
 18 
 
 8 
 
 2 
 
 40. Beconia rare, heal : 
 Polarisation 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 ~<f 
 
 Iodine 
 
 -}- 
 
 
 
 ^ m 
 
 
 
 Gentian violet 
 
 4- 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 mm 
 
 _ 
 
 Safranin 
 
 4- 
 
 
 
 ^ m 
 
 
 ^ _ 
 
 Temperature 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 mm 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 Chloral hydrate 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 
 __ 
 
 Chromic add 
 Pyrogallic add 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 + 9 
 + 9 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 Nitric acid . . . 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ m 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 m 
 
 _ _ 
 
 mm 
 
 Hydrochloric add.. . . 
 PoUoium hydroxide. 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 PolAMiufD ml pbocy 
 
 1 ' '1 ' 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 PotoMiam eulphide 
 Boanm njrdfoxKM 
 Sodium eulphide.. . 
 Sodium eelicytate. . 
 
 + 
 
 ^ 
 
 - 
 
 f 9 
 f 9 
 + 9 
 + 9 
 
 ^ 
 
 - 
 
 Uranium nitrate.. 
 Strontium nitrate. 
 Cobalt nitrate 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 + 9 
 + 9 
 
 + 9 
 
 - 
 
 wm 
 
 
 ^^ 
 
 ^^ 
 
 ^ m 
 
 + 9 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 _ 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 + 9 
 
 _ 
 
 mm 
 
 Barium chloride 
 Mercuric chloride.... 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 + 9 
 
 ^ 
 
 "" 
 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 14 
 
 
 
 1 
 
320 
 
 SUMMARIES OF THE HISTOLOGIC CHARACTERS, ETC. 
 TABLE F. Continued. TABLE F. Continued. 
 
 Agent or reagent. 
 
 3 | 
 
 (y l-j 
 
 | 0. 
 
 m 
 
 a ! 
 l 
 
 ii 
 
 
 02 
 
 J3 
 
 a 
 o 
 
 H 
 
 * eJ 
 
 GO 
 
 1 
 
 a 
 
 ! 
 i 
 N 
 
 Lowest. 
 
 41. Begonia ensign: 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 + c? 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 _ 
 
 + <? 
 
 
 
 
 __ 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 
 
 
 Chloral hydrate 
 
 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 + 9 
 
 + 9 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 
 _ 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 
 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 
 
 Strontium nitrate. . . . 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 + 9 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 42. Begonia juliua: 
 Polarization 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 
 +d" 
 
 
 Gentian violet 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 
 + cf 
 
 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 
 + cf 
 
 
 Temperature 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 
 
 Chloral hydrate 
 Chromic acid 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 + 9 
 
 + 9 
 
 - 
 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 
 
 Nitric acid 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Strontium nitrate. . . . 
 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 + 9 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 43. Begonia success: 
 
 
 -)- 
 
 
 
 
 
 Iodine 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 Gentian violet 
 
 _ 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 Saf ranin 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 
 
 Chloral hydrate 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 
 
 Chromic acid 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 
 Pyrogallic acid . . 
 
 + 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 + 9 
 
 - 
 
 Strontium nitrate 
 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 + 9 
 
 - 
 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 44. Ri chard ia mr. 
 roosevelt 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 **<? 
 
 
 
 Iodine 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 4-O* 
 
 
 Saf ranin 
 
 
 
 
 
 + C" 
 
 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 + 9 =a" 
 
 
 
 Chloral hydrate 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 
 + <? 
 
 - 
 
 Pyrogallic acid 
 
 
 
 ff 
 
 
 
 
 Nitric acid 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 
 + 9 =cf 
 
 
 
 Sulphuric acid 
 
 
 
 ffi 
 
 
 
 
 Hydrochloric acid 
 Potassium hydroxide. 
 Sodium salicylate. . . . 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 e 
 
 _ 
 
 + <? 
 
 + cT 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 Agent or reagent. 
 
 13 
 
 ^ 
 
 1 
 
 i & 
 
 oo 
 
 "M 
 
 a| 
 
 s 
 
 - OJ 
 
 oo 
 
 J3 
 
 \t 
 
 
 1 * 
 /- 
 
 Intermediate. 
 
 +J 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 m 
 
 Lowest. 
 
 45. Musa hybrida: 
 Polarization 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 + <? 
 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Gentian violet .... 
 
 _ 
 
 + 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 
 
 _ 
 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 + d" 
 
 Chloral hydrate 
 Chromic acid 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 + d" 
 + d" 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Nitric acid 
 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 + cf 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 + c? 
 
 Hydrochloric acid .... 
 Potassium hydroxide. 
 Potassium iodide .... 
 Potassium sulphocy- 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 + 0" 
 
 + 9=cT 
 
 - 
 
 + cf 
 
 -\-r? 
 
 Potassium sulphide . . 
 Sodium hydroxide . . . 
 Sodium sulphide 
 Sodium salicylate. . . . 
 Calcium nitrate 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 I'b'b'b'b't 
 
 
 
 
 , 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 + cf 
 
 Strontium nitrate... . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 + cT 
 + cf 
 
 
 
 
 L , 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4-5 1 
 
 
 _ 
 
 . 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 
 +5 1 
 
 Barium chloride 
 Mercuric chloride. . . . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 4-rf 1 
 
 + 0" 
 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 20 
 
 46. Phaius hybridus: 
 Polarization 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 _ 
 
 + o" 
 
 
 
 Gentian violet 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 
 
 Temperature 
 
 _ 
 
 + 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 Chloral hydrate 
 Chromic acid 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 =d" 
 
 
 
 + 0" 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 _ 
 
 + 9 =cf 
 
 
 
 
 
 Nitric acid 
 
 _ 
 
 mm 
 
 _ 
 
 + 9 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 __ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 _ 
 
 ..._ 
 
 Hydrochloric acid.. . . 
 Potassium hydroxide. 
 Potassium iodide .... 
 Potassium sulphocy- 
 anate 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 e 
 
 
 
 
 + 9=c? 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 Potassium sulphide.. . 
 Sodium hydroxide . . . 
 Sodium sulphide 
 Sodium salicylate.. . . 
 Calcium nitrate 
 Uranium nitrate 
 Strontium nitrate .... 
 Cobalt nitrate 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 + 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 + 9 
 
 + tf 
 
 - 
 
 + 9=c? 
 + cf 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 w 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Cupric chloride 
 Barium chloride 
 Mercuric chloride .... 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 9=cf 
 + 9 
 + 9=cT 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 6 
 
 11 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 % 
 
St'MMAH 
 TABUI r.-C. 
 
 OF THE HISTOLOG1C CHARACTERS, 1TC. 
 
 TAHUI 
 
 321 
 
 Atml or reagent. 
 
 1 
 
 11 
 
 n 
 i j 
 
 i. 
 
 i^ 
 
 j 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 47. Millonia bleuaaa: 
 PoUrUalion 
 
 r 
 
 + 
 
 __ 
 
 M 
 
 _ 
 
 + 9 
 
 _ 
 
 Gentian violet 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 ^ m 
 
 + 9 
 
 Hafranm 
 
 + 
 
 ^ m 
 
 ^ 
 
 1 
 
 _ 
 
 
 Traiprrature 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 (Moral hydri. 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 _ 
 
 + 9 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 Chronic Mid 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 
 Prrocallie add 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 ^ m 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 
 Nilnc arid 
 
 _ 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ m 
 
 + 9-d* 
 
 ^ m 
 
 Sulphuric add 
 
 ^^ 
 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 
 Hydrochloric > 
 Potaanum hydroxide 
 PotaHium iodide.... 
 Pounium ulphocy- 
 
 4. 
 
 - 
 
 9 
 9 
 
 - 
 
 + 9 
 
 - 
 
 Potaaaum nlphide 
 Sodium hydroxide . . . 
 Sodium lulphide 
 Sodium laJicylate. . . . 
 ( 'aJcium uitrftte 
 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 -f-9 
 + 9 
 + 9 
 + 9 
 + 9 
 
 - 
 
 I'rmnium nitrt* . 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 
 Strontium nitrate. . . . 
 Cobalt nitrate 
 Copper nitrate 
 
 ^ 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 -f-9 
 + <? 
 + 9 
 
 - 
 
 t .i|>n. rl.;..n i- 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 \-rf 
 
 
 Mereuric chloride . . . 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 + 9 
 
 - 
 
 4ft. Cymbidium ebum- 
 eo-lowiaaam: 
 PoUrualion 
 
 4. 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 MBB 
 
 1 
 
 ^^^BSS 
 
 17 
 
 i 
 
 Iodine 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Gotian violet. . . 
 
 -f. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Raf rmnin 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Trmpornture 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 + <? 
 
 Chloral hydrate 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ m 
 
 -f- 9 "<f 
 
 Chromieadd 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 t- ? -d" 
 
 Pyromllic arid 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 -(- 9 - d" 
 
 Nitric add 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 -r-9 -t? 
 
 Sulphuric acid 
 
 ^ m 
 
 ._ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Hydrochloric add 
 Potucium hydroxide. 
 Poteamm iodide.... 
 
 *^. .: !!. nm 
 
 rtMamm uipoocy- 
 nate 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 Potaeaum ulphide. . 
 Sodium hydroxide . . . 
 
 1 
 
 : 
 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 ~ 
 
 
 
 Axenl or ramfant. 
 
 1 
 
 il 
 
 \\ 
 I J 
 
 !j 
 i 1 
 
 i 
 
 i 
 
 ) 
 
 48. Cymbidium ebura- 
 ao4owiaoum CeH . : 
 Sodium Milphide 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Sodium wlirylate.. .. 
 Citlriuni nitrate 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 + 9-cf 
 4-9 ef 
 
 
 ^ m 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 
 -t- 9 -cf 
 
 Strontium nitrate .... 
 Cobalt nitrate 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 f-9 -d* 
 
 Copper nitrate 
 
 _ 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 4- 9 d 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 "tf 
 
 Barium chloride 
 
 ^^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 -d" 
 
 Mercuric chloride 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 + 9-d 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 
 
 13 
 
 40. Calantbeveitchii: 
 Polarisation 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 
 
 Iodine 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 ^ m 
 
 + 9 
 
 
 
 Gentian violet 
 
 ^^ 
 
 ^ m 
 
 _ 
 
 + 9 u' 
 
 
 
 Safranin 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 + 9 
 
 
 < Moral hydrate 
 Chromic acid 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 + 9 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 -f 
 
 ^^ 
 
 + 9 
 
 
 
 Nitrir arid . . 
 
 ^ 
 
 _ 
 
 ^^ 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 m ^ 
 
 -. 
 
 
 
 
 Hydrochloric acid.. . . 
 Potaadum hydroxide. 
 Sodium aalicylate 
 
 
 _ 
 
 - 
 
 + 9 
 
 + 9 
 
 + 9 
 
 60. Calanthe bryan: 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 + d" 
 
 4 
 
 *IMMMMa- 
 
 1 
 
 ^a^aMMM 
 
 Iodine 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 -d" 
 
 
 
 Gentian violet 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 ^ m 
 
 -t-9 -d" 
 
 
 
 _ 
 
 Saf rmnin 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 + 9 **d* 
 
 _ 
 
 - 
 
 Temperature 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ m 
 
 + 9 
 
 _ 
 
 ^ 
 
 Chloral hydrate 
 
 ^ 
 
 _ 
 
 ^ 
 
 -r-9 -d" 
 
 __ 
 
 _ 
 
 Chromic acid 
 
 ^ m 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 -r-d* 
 
 ^ - 
 
 ^ - 
 
 Pyrocallic arid 
 
 ^ m 
 
 ^ 
 
 _ 
 
 + d* 
 
 ^ 
 
 _ 
 
 Nitric acid 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 + 9 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 + d* 
 
 
 
 T 
 
 Hydrochloric acid.. . . 
 Potaaaum hydroxide. 
 Sodium adicylate 
 
 -r- 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 + 9-d* 
 
 +d 
 
 - 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 11 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 21 
 
322 
 
 SUMMARIES OF THE HISTOLOGIC CHARACTERS, ETC. 
 
 SUMMARY or TABLE F. Recapitulation of the Sum-totals of the Reaction-intensities of the Starches of all of the Hybrids as regards 
 Sameness, Intermediateness, Excess, and Deficit of Development of Different Hybrids in relation to the Parents. 
 
 Hybrids. 
 
 Same as 
 
 seed 
 parent. 
 
 Same as 
 pollen 
 parent. 
 
 Same as 
 
 both 
 parents. 
 
 Inter- 
 mediate. 
 
 Highest. 
 
 Lowest. 
 
 Brunsdonna sanderoe alba 4 
 
 Brunsdonna sanderoa 6 
 
 Hippeastrum titan-cleonia 
 
 Hippeastrum ossultan-pyrrha 3 
 
 Hippeastrum dseones-zephyr 
 
 Htemanthus andromeda 8 
 
 Hsemanthus konig albert 15 
 
 Crinum hybridum j. c. h 12 
 
 Crinum kircape 4 1 
 
 Crinum powellii 3 
 
 Nerine dainty maid 1 
 
 Nerine queen of roses 2 1 
 
 Nerine giantess 6 
 
 Nerine abundance 3 3 
 
 Nerine glory of sarnia 1 6 
 
 Narcissus poeticus herrick 3 
 
 Narcissus poeticus dante 1 4 
 
 Narcissus poetaz triumph 2 
 
 Narcissus fiery cross 1 
 
 Narcissus doubloon 2 1 
 
 Narcissus cresset 3 
 
 Narcissus will scarlet 2 1 
 
 Narcissus bicolor apricot 3 1 
 
 Narcissus madame de graaff 4 2 
 
 Narcissus pyramus 1 
 
 Narcissus lord roberts 3 1 
 
 Narcissus agnes harvey 4 
 
 Narcissus j. t. bcnnett poe 2 
 
 Lilium marhan 5 
 
 Lilium dalhansoni 4 1 
 
 Lilium golden gleam 4 4 
 
 Lilium testaceum '. 4 3 
 
 Lilium burbanki 1 
 
 Iris ismali 3 
 
 Iris dorak 5 3 
 
 Iris mrs. alan grey 1 
 
 Iris pursind 
 
 Gladiolus col villei 7 
 
 Tritonia crocosmteflora 2 1 
 
 Begonia mrs. heal 9 
 
 Begonia ensign 
 
 Begonia Julius 1 1 
 
 Begonia success 2 
 
 Richardia mrs. roosevelt 1 
 
 Musa hybrida 1 
 
 Phaius hybridus 1 
 
 Miltonia bleuana 
 
 Cymbidium eburneo-lowianum 4 
 
 Calanthe veitchii 2 1 
 
 Calanthe bryan 1 
 
 Total number of reactions 137 94 
 
 Per cent of 1018 reactions 13.4 9.2 
 
 Per cent of sameness and of intermediatcness, highest and lowest . 36 . 2 
 
 1 
 1 
 8 
 8 
 9 
 6 
 
 
 
 
 7 
 7 
 7 
 7 
 8 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 
 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 
 
 9 
 9 
 5 
 2 
 1 
 2 
 2 
 3 
 5 
 1 
 2 
 2 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 3 
 9 
 
 
 
 138 
 13.6 
 
 5 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 6 
 11 
 
 7 
 
 5 
 18 
 
 2 
 
 6 
 
 3 
 
 6 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 9 
 
 2 
 
 7 
 
 6 
 12 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 
 4 
 16 
 14 
 
 7 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 11 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 11 
 
 236 
 23.2 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 5 
 11 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 21 
 
 8 
 11 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 20 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 8 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 7 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 1 
 11 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 3 
 17 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 187 
 18.4 
 
 13 
 14 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 7 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 9 
 10 
 
 2* 
 
 0* 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 2* 
 
 2* 
 
 0* 
 
 3* 
 
 2* 
 
 2* 
 
 1* 
 
 1* 
 
 0* 
 
 5 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 16 
 16 
 
 4 
 17 
 
 6 
 14 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 2* 
 
 0* 
 
 0* 
 
 1* 
 
 20 
 3 
 
 2 
 13 
 1* 
 0* 
 
 226 
 22.2 
 
 
 * Number of reactions = 10 or 13. 
 
 REACTION-INTENSITIES OF EACH HYBRID STARCH IN 
 
 RELATION TO SAMENESS AND INCLINATION TO 
 
 EACH PARENT AND BOTH PARENTS. 
 
 (Table G.) 
 
 The data included in Table F, Parts 1 to 50, can be 
 given a setting that will show quite clearly, although 
 somewhat grossly, the comparative degrees of influence 
 that have been exerted by each of the parents on the 
 properties of the starch of the hybrid. Such a presenta- 
 tion will be found in Table G. From the figures here 
 formulated it will be seen that the various hybrids ex- 
 
 hibit the widest differences in their parental bearings, 
 there being all gradations between one extreme where 
 with the exception of 3 reactions of 26 there is same- 
 ness or inclination to the seed parent (as in Htrmanthus 
 l-onig albert and Begonia mrs. heal) and the other ex- 
 treme where with the exception of 1 or 2 reactions of 
 26 the corresponding relationship is borne to the pollen 
 parent (as in Crinum hybridum j. c. h., C. powellii, 
 Gladiolus colvillei, and Musa Jujbrida). In most of the 
 hybrids there is a quite definite leaning to one or the 
 other parent. In summing up the total number of reac- 
 tions in each column it is found that of 1,018 reactions 
 
M MM.' 
 
 OF TIIK IIIVTOLOGIC CHARACTERS, ETC. 
 
 828 
 
 t ) fall unil.T Hune u or inclined to 
 seed parent, .i:t' (.'I'M JHT cent) under same M r in 
 clme.j t<> |MilliMi p.innt. 1 in i 1 ; .; ) under same 
 
 u both pan-tit*, and 111 (11.1 percent) under M dona 
 an t.> the other parent. Nearly all of the reaction* 
 recorded aa being the aame aa thoae of both parenta have 
 been found ao because of too rapid or too alow gelatiniza- 
 ti<>n. ami therefore doubtless misleading and def 
 in classification. It U of especial iutereat to note that 
 
 TABiaG I. -Summary t/8mt*n<ndIcU*otio* of U* Rviciim- 
 int.n,,i,t* of tkt Slarektt j to Hybrid* in relation to |A 
 
 > / 
 
 1 . . 
 
 Bmiudonna aandarca alba. 
 Hninwinnna 
 Rippaaatrum tit 
 Hippamatmm oawllan-pyrrha. 
 
 kAoia albert . 
 
 .m hybridum j. e. h . 
 
 ( r mum kirrape 
 
 ( 'riiiuin puwt41ii 
 
 :,, dainty maid 
 
 lMj.rilL> ntMaMt ftf H^m 
 
 Nnineaianteai ... 
 Nrrine abundance . 
 
 Neriaa afery of avnia 
 
 NafcMMsa poaucoa Derrick . 
 
 Nutaawa poetieua daate . . 
 
 Naraam poetaa triumph. . 
 
 Naraaauafia 
 
 Na 
 
 Na 
 
 Nardana will aoarirt 
 
 Narcuaua bieolor apricot 
 
 Narciaaue madama de graaff . 
 
 Naraaau* pyramua 
 
 Naraiaaua lord robarta 
 
 Naroiaaui J. t bennatt poa!! ! 
 
 I.iliurn marfaaa 
 
 l.iluim ilalhm in 
 
 I .ilium aolden (lorn 
 
 I .ilium teetaeaom 
 
 I .ilium burbanki 
 
 Iriaiamali 
 
 Iria dorak 
 
 Iria mr. alan rry 
 
 Iria puniod 
 
 Oladioluaeolrillei 
 
 Tritooia erocoanuaflorm . . 
 
 i-w - 
 
 Rfahardia mra. rooaevalt . 
 
 Muaa hybrida 
 
 Phaius hybridui 
 
 Miltonial 
 
 l -alanthe eithH. 
 Calantbe hryan . . 
 
 Total number of react ioaM. . 
 Par cent of 1018 i 
 
 a or 
 indined to- 
 
 H 
 
 ll 
 13 
 
 a 
 
 ii 
 
 7 
 19 
 
 
 1 
 
 22 
 
 
 7 
 
 ! 
 
 12 
 
 17 
 
 13 
 
 10 
 
 13 
 
 7 
 
 10 
 
 . : 
 
 H 
 
 23 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 - 
 
 4 
 11 
 3 
 
 10 
 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 25 
 
 4 
 
 - l 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 10 
 
 12 
 
 10 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 17 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 S 
 
 2 
 
 12 
 
 10 
 
 8 
 
 6 
 
 5 
 
 a 
 
 9 
 
 13 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 4 
 3 
 6 
 25 
 7 
 2 
 1 
 1 
 5 
 
 434 330 
 42.7 32.4 
 
 75.1 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 - 
 1 
 I 
 - 
 I 
 I 
 
 ; 
 
 2 
 I 
 
 a 
 i 
 
 g 
 
 i 
 
 l 
 
 i 
 
 140 
 13.8 
 
 . 
 Jl 
 
 . 
 I 
 I 
 I 
 I 
 
 I 
 I 
 I 
 I 
 
 I 
 I 
 
 1 
 2 
 4 
 3 
 I 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 7 
 8 
 2 
 
 3 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 3 
 1 
 
 I 
 
 12 
 1 
 5 
 
 114 
 11.1 
 
 . l | 
 
 764 (75.1 per cent) of the reactions fall under the first 
 two column*, 455.7 per cent of the 75.1 |T < -nt. or dm- 
 
 tin. tlv :. than one-half, being in favor of the aeed 
 
 parent and tin- n-inninin^ .>;'. 1 JUT <vnt U-ing in favor of 
 the pollen parent, showing a distinctly greater influence 
 of the seed parent. The last column includes many of 
 the intermediate, excess, and deficit reactions of the hy- 
 brids, some of which will likely be traced by further 
 investigation to closeness to one or the other parent 
 Thus when a reaction of the hybrid exceeds parental 
 limits and is as close to one as to the other parent it is aa 
 likely that the peculiarity of the hybrid is due to one of 
 the parents as to both. At present we hate not the data 
 to permit of this differentiation. 
 
 REACTION-INTENSITIES OF Al.l. TIIK HviilUI. SrAKCHE* 
 will! Hull AOENT AND ItRAOBNT AND AH KEOARDti 
 
 SAMEVK88 AND INCLINATION OF TlIKIR 1'llOPEKTIEN 
 IN RELATION TO ONE OR THE OTHER OR BOTH 
 PARENTS. 
 
 (Table H. Part* 1 to 20 and Summaries 1 and 2.) 
 
 In Table F, 1 to 50, in a preceding subsection it ia 
 shown that combinations of the reactions of starches with 
 different agents and reagents give in the case of each 
 starch a mosaic picture that is specific to the starch, no 
 two tablet) being the same, or even very much alike, even 
 when the hybrids are of the same cross ; and that, as a 
 corollary, each hybrid starch can positively l>e diagnosed 
 from every other by the peculiarities of the parental rela- 
 tionships. It was also rendered evident that this demon 
 ^(ration of individuality ix dependent upon both specifi- 
 city of the starch and specificity of the acrent or reagent, 
 as is manifest by the fnct that if one starch he substituted 
 for another or one reagent oubstitutcd for another the 
 react ions may be like or unlike. Thus, taking the three 
 C'rinums. it will be wen that the iodine reactions of the 
 seed parenta are in all three the came or practically the 
 '.nine as those of the corresponding pollen parents. In 
 the temperature reactions one ((\ hybridum j. r. h.) 
 has a higher reactivity than that of either parent and 
 closer to the pollen parent; another (C. Irirenpf) has an 
 intermediate reactivity and is closer to the seed parent; 
 and another (C. potrtllii) has a higher reactivity than 
 that of either parent ami closer to the pollen parent 
 In the chloral-hydrate reactions ore hybrid M inter- 
 mediate and closer to the pollen parent ; another the aame 
 as the seed parent ; and another the highest, and as close 
 to one as to the other parent. In the pyrogallic acid 
 reactions one hybrid is the lowest and closer to the pollen 
 parent ; another intermediate and closer to the pollen 
 parent; another highest and closer to the pollen parent, 
 ; In other words, the nature of the reaction is deter- 
 mined by the character of the starch plus the character 
 of the agent or reagent ; each starch has inherently poten- 
 tialities of both parents that are expressed by reaction- 
 intensities, either or both of which may be elicited in 
 accordance with conditions; different agents and reagents 
 may behave the same or differently in relation to theae 
 potentialities; and either parental potentiality can be 
 developed at will by proper selection of the agent or 
 reagent. 
 
 Theae facts are of such fundamental importance and 
 broadness in their bearings that it seems to be highly 
 
324 
 
 SUMMARIES OF THE HISTOLOGIC CHARACTERS, ETC. 
 
 desirable to inquire somewhat critically into the evidence 
 at hand so as to learn to what extent, if any, each of the 
 various agents and reagents exhibits a definite propensity 
 to elicit one or the other parent-phases. Consequently, 
 the data recorded in the preceding tables have been given 
 a resetting in Table H, Parts 1 to 26, in each of which 
 division will be found the reactions of all of the hybrid 
 starches with each agent and reagent, thus presenting in 
 a most succinct and striking form the peculiarities mani- 
 fested by each agent and reagent in the elicitation of such 
 reactions. Each division of the table is, as in the pre- 
 ceding set, so characteristic of the agent or reagent that 
 each is specific and diagnostic in the former set, specific 
 and diagnostic in relation especially to the starch ; in this 
 set, specific and diagnostic in relation especially to the 
 agent or reagent. Even the tables representing the off- 
 spring of the same cross (Brunsdonna sanderce alba and 
 B. sandercs; and Narcissiis poeticus herrick and N. poeti- 
 cus dante) can be distinguished from each other at a 
 glance. In the present table of agents and reagents we 
 find parallels in pairs that are similar to the pairs of 
 hybrids in the preceding tables, as, for instance, in potas- 
 sium hydroxide and sodium hydroxide and potas- 
 sium sulphide and sodium sulphide which are comparable 
 to two hybrids of the same cross, in each of which pairs 
 the two tables will be found to be so definitely unlike in 
 so many respects as to be as specific and diagnostic as are 
 the tables of the pairs of Brunsdonnte and Narcissus hy- 
 brids, respectively. 
 
 It has been pointed out particularly that different 
 starches in their reactions with different agents and rea- 
 gents exhibit marked variations in both kind and dis- 
 tribution of the reactions among the six parental phases, 
 there being all gradations between one extreme that is 
 characterized by almost universal sameness of the hybrid 
 starch to the starch of the seed parent and the other ex- 
 treme where a corresponding relationship was found to- 
 ward the pollen parent; or a striking proneness to 
 intermediateness ; or for the reactions to be in excess of 
 deficit of parental extremes. In other words, certain 
 starches show in their reactions marked likeness to the 
 seed or pollen parent, or intermediateness, etc., while 
 others exhibit a two-phase peculiarity which may be mani- 
 fested in sameness to both parents associated with de- 
 velopment in excess of the parental extremes, or in other 
 forms of combination as pointed out in Table C 17 under 
 Calanthe. Inasmuch as the reactions of the different 
 starches were obtained by means of the same agents and 
 reagents, one would naturally be led to the conclusion 
 that with the starch as the varying factor and the agents 
 and reagents as the constant factor the propensities of 
 different starches to exhibit especially seed or pollen 
 parent propensities, intermediateness, etc., are inherent 
 to the starch molecules, and that the agents and reagents 
 may be inert or indifferent, or in other words, that they 
 do not have any especial propensity of themselves to elicit 
 any given parent-phase in preference to any other. There- 
 fore, in differentiating the part played by starch mole- 
 cule and reagent, respectively, when a given parent-phase 
 is developed, it seems that we should take into account 
 in the reaction whether or not the starch molecule has 
 been altered, for if not altered the peculiarity of the 
 reaction would naturally be attributed to the starch alone 
 
 and would represent an existent phase in contradistinc- 
 tion to a developed phase that is owing to the reagent 
 bringing to light a potential or latent phase. 
 
 In some instances as pointed out the starch molecule 
 is either not. in the least modified or but extremely 
 slightly modified in the reaction, whereas in others it 
 is partially or completely broken down by presumably 
 simple processes of hydration, or by a process of hydra- 
 tion plus some additional reaction or reactions that de- 
 pended upon some peculiar component or components 
 of the reagent. Inasmuch as in the polarization reaction 
 the molecules are unchanged the reaction must depend 
 solely upon inherent properties of the molecules and 
 indicate an existent parent-phase, comparable to the 
 obvious parent-phases that are exhibited in the histologic 
 properties of the starch grains; and it might be taken 
 for granted, as a corollary, that any agent or reagent that 
 yields a reaction with the starch molecules without break- 
 ing down the molecules, would elicit the same parent- 
 phase reaction. That is, if in the polarization reaction 
 sameness to the seed parent is noted the same would be 
 seen in the iodine and aniline reactions ; but as this is, in 
 fact, not the case, any parent-phase of this complex may 
 be demonstrated without or with molecular disorganiza- 
 tion. Thus, in Crinum kircape, we find that the polariza- 
 tion reaction is higher than in either parent, but closer to 
 the reaction of the seed parent; the iodine reaction is 
 intermediate, but closer to that of the pollen parent; 
 the gentian-violet reaction is the same as that of the pol- 
 len parent ; and the saf ranin reaction higher than in either 
 parent, but nearer the reaction of the seed parent, and so 
 on in different starches in varying forms of combination 
 of these reactions. In other words, in the starch mole- 
 cule as in the albumin molecule the components or 
 potentials are in the form of a complex labile aggregate, 
 so that it is easy to elicit any parent-phase component or 
 potential of the starch molecule. Not only are these 
 parent-phases readily separable and demonstrable by 
 proper agents and reagents, but there is also evidence that 
 different agents and reagents exhibit marked differences 
 in their propensities to elicit a given phase or given 
 phases. This is rendered very obvious by the data as reset 
 in the summaries of Table H (page 336) in which, how- 
 ever, those recorded under " same as both parents " should 
 be omitted because in nearly all instances there was no 
 satisfactory differentiation owing to extremely rapid or 
 extremely slow gelatinization. 
 
 It will be seen by the first summary of this Table 
 that while in case of many of the agents and rea- 
 gents there is no manifest propensity to elicit sameness 
 as the seed parent, or sameness as the pollen parent, or 
 intermediateness, etc., the opposite holds good in varying 
 degree for others. Thus, in the polarization reactions 
 the reactions of the 50 starches are distributed quite 
 equally among the 6 phases. In the iodine reactions 
 there is an obvious increase in the number of reactions 
 that fall in the first column, this being associated par- 
 ticularly with a falling off in the " highest " and " low- 
 est" columns. In the temperatures of gelatinization 
 there is a marked lessening in sameness as the seed 
 parent and sameness as the pollen parent, this being asso- 
 ciated with a corresponding increase in the intermediate 
 column, showing that in 21 of the 50 starches heat, in 
 
SI M MARIES OF THE HI8TOLOG1C CHARACTERS, ETC. 
 
 836 
 
 cmoiiog gelatinixation, gives rise to coiupicuonaness of 
 an intermediate parent-phase. In I" .-f the 4? starches 
 sulphuric a. i.l developed muueiieas as the wed parent, and 
 in unly 3 umeneM at the pollen parent; potassium ral- 
 |iliin \anate i!.-\. l..pi-.l sameness as wed parent in of 
 th.- ;;' r.-a. t mil* and samenew as the pollen patvnt in on- 
 only; |.,.ta nun MI||>!I:,|.-. in .*> an. I 1, respectively; 
 htmntiuin nitrate, in ;. and <>, respectively, and to on. 
 i Yrtain tlicr reagents <-\lnl<it a reversal of Uiene pro- 
 pensities, a* i noted particularly in the reactions of 
 chloral hydrate, sodium -all- \ hit.-, and < u;>rii- chloride, in 
 which an- fminil ratio* 1 : (!, 1 : 1. and ' : :i, respectively. 
 Hut in tlu- intermediaU', highest, and lowest columns, 
 many reactions are recorded that are closer to one than tu 
 tin- other parent, and when these are added to the first 
 two columns, as in the summary of Table E, the pro- 
 -.tics an- in .->m.- in-tan. ea practically unaltered, 
 in others accentuated, and in others lessened or reversed. 
 It will be seen by comparing the two summaries that in 
 the first in the polarization reactions 11 are the same as 
 those of the seed parent and 11 the same as those of the 
 pollen parent; and in the second an almost equal division, 
 26 and 20, respectively. In the iodine reactions the 
 figures in the two tables are 16:12 and 25 : 18, respec- 
 tiv.lv a ratio of 1:0.75 and 1 : n.7'.', re*|Hi -lively ; in 
 Mh'of these reactions there being no essential difference 
 in the two tables. In tin t. mix-nature of gelatin izatiou 
 ons the first table gives 7 : 3, and the second 20 : 18, 
 or ratios of 1 : 0.43 and 1 : 0.62, which show a slight 
 falling off in the Utter. In the chloral-hydrate reactions 
 the first table shows a marked propensity to the pollen 
 parent, and the second a propensity to one about as much 
 as to the other; on the other hand, in the chromic- 
 acid reactions in the first table there is shown a ratio 
 of 4 : 3 and in the second table 31 : 12, or in the latter 
 two and a half times the propensity to develop sameness 
 or closeness to the wed parent as to the pollen parent. In 
 other words, it seems that certain reagents, while having 
 definite propensities to develop a seed or pollen phase, 
 show varying degrees in their propensities to elicit same- 
 ness or closeness, some tending comparatively largely to 
 sameness and little to closeness, and others the reverse, 
 and so forth. Moreover, while a given reagent may have 
 a propensity to elicit *nwff- as one parent, it may 
 have at the same time a marked propensity to develop 
 closeness to the other parent in other starches, so that 
 in the summing up of the reactions with different 
 -taivhes one may counterbalance the other. This is 
 illustrated in the chloral-hydrate reactions, in which it 
 is shown in the two summaries that the propensity to 
 dint sameness to the pollen parents is 6 times greater 
 than to sameness to the other parent, while it is also 
 shown that because of a propensity to develop closeness 
 to the seed parent the former difference is dissipated and 
 an equal tendency is manifested to develop either the 
 seed or pollen parent phase, the ratio being 2:t : ;'. 
 It seems, therefore, that a better picture is to be obtained 
 of these propensities if those to sameness are included 
 with those to closeness, A cursory examination of the 
 figures of the first two columns of the latter table (the 
 fast columns may be omitted to advantage and without 
 leading to misunderstanding), will n-mli-r it evident 
 that the agents and reagents fall into 3 classes in accord- 
 
 ance with their propensity to elicit sameness and close- 
 new to the wed parent, sameness or closeness to the 
 pollen parent, or an absence of propensity to elicit either 
 parental relationship in preference to the other, and that 
 
 *>> iutw CBIU uiuci, mm luiiu 
 
 wu. 
 
 
 
 
 
 .!.' 
 
 
 Seed 
 parent. 
 
 r 
 
 ;,:,:. 
 
 Polarisation... 
 
 
 
 Iodine 
 
 
 
 cWnnin 
 
 
 
 Tempenluretof cdatiniulion 
 
 -, 
 
 18 
 
 Chloral hydrate 
 
 
 20 
 
 Chromic add 
 
 , 
 81 
 
 12 
 
 Pytosallicadd. . 
 
 33 
 
 IS 
 
 Nitric Mid 
 
 l 
 
 
 Sulphuric add 
 
 18 
 
 11 
 
 I'oUMum iodide 
 
 13 
 
 g 
 
 I'oteeduiu Mlphocyanate 
 
 13 
 
 9 
 
 Sodium milphiiie 
 
 12 
 
 g 
 
 Calcium nitrate . . 
 
 10 
 
 12 
 
 Uranium nitrate 
 
 15 
 
 10 
 
 Strontium nitrate.. . 
 
 16 
 
 10 
 
 H&riiim chloride 
 
 13 
 
 4 
 
 Mercuric chloride 
 
 14 
 
 g 
 
 Copper nitrate 
 
 12 
 
 10 
 
 Sodium uliryUte 
 
 16 
 
 16 
 
 Pobueium hydroxide 
 
 g 
 
 g 
 
 Cupric chloride 
 
 g 
 
 g 
 
 Hydrochloric add 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 
 Gentian violet 
 
 21 
 
 26 
 
 PotMciuin ulphldr 
 
 7 
 
 10 
 
 Sodium hydroxide 
 
 11 
 
 14 
 
 Cobalt nitrate 
 
 g 
 
 11 
 
 
 
 
 With very few exceptions the ratios appear to be 
 .-urli as to make the assignment quite definite. From 
 thew groups it will be seen that most of the agents and 
 reagents (17 of the 26) tend, m...-t of them markedly, to 
 elicit the seed parent phase ; somewhat less than one-sixth 
 (4 of the 26), seldom markedly, tend to elicit the pollen 
 parent phase; and the remaining lent than one-fifth (5 of 
 the 26) tend with about or equal propensity to elicit one 
 or the other parent-phase. Perhaps, several that have 
 been assigned to the first group, especially chloral hy- 
 drate, should be transferred to the hut group, and other 
 redistribution made. 
 
 It seems from the foregoing data that the develop- 
 ment of the various parent-phases is dependent upon two 
 fundamental factors: One, inherent properties of the 
 starch by virtue of which different starches exhibit with 
 the same agent or reagent specific parent-phase reactions, 
 one starch reacting the same as the seed parent, another 
 the same as the pollen parent, another intermediate be- 
 tween the two parents, etc., as shown in preceding table ; 
 and the other, inherent properties of the agents and 
 reagents by virtue of which, in association with the plas- 
 tic starch molecule, any parent-phase desired may be de- 
 veloped at will in any given starch. Inasmuch as there 
 are thus two factors which may tend in like or unlike 
 directions in the evolution of a parent-phase, it is clear 
 that the greatest variations in these manifestations must 
 be expected in the reactions, both when there is a single 
 starch reacting with various reagents or a single reagent 
 reacting with various starches. 
 
326 
 
 SUMMARIES OF THE HISTOLOGIC CHARACTERS, ETC. 
 
 TABLE H. 
 
 TABLE H. Continued. 
 
 Hybrids. 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 I 
 
 Same as pol- 
 len parent. 
 
 li 
 
 Intermediate. 
 
 Highest. 
 
 Lowest. 
 
 1. Polarization reactions: 
 Brunsdonna sandero3 
 alba 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Brunsdonna sanderce . 
 Hippeastrum titan- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 + 9 
 
 
 
 Hippeastrum ossul- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Hippeastrum daeones- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Heemanthus andro- 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 =cT 
 
 
 
 Heemanthus kouig al- 
 bert 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Ci m urn hybridum j. 
 c h 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Crinum kircape 
 ( 'i iiium powellii .... 
 Nerine dainty maid. 
 Nerine queen of roses 
 Nerine giantess 
 Nerine abundance . . 
 Nerine glory of sarnia 
 Narcissus poeticus 
 
 ; 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 + 9 
 
 + 9 
 + 9 
 
 Narcissus poeticus 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 
 
 Narcissus poetaz tri- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Narcissus fiery cross 
 Narcissus doubloon . 
 Narcissus cresset . . . 
 Narcissus will scarlet 
 Narcissus bicolor apri 
 cot 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 Narcissus madame de 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Narcissus pyramus . . 
 Narcissus lord roberts 
 Narcissus agnes har- 
 vey 
 
 - 
 
 + 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 + 9=d" 
 
 - 
 
 Narcissus j. t. bennet 
 poe 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Lilium marhan 
 Lilium dalhansoni . . 
 Lilium golden gleam 
 Lilium testaceum. . . 
 Lilium burbanki .... 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 + 9 
 +d" 
 
 
 
 
 _ 
 
 J _ 
 
 
 
 
 Iris mrs. alan grey. . 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 + 9 
 
 Gladiolus colvillei . . . 
 Tritonia crocosmae- 
 flora 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 Begonia mrs. heal . . . 
 Begonia ensign 
 
 ~ 
 
 
 
 ~ 
 
 + 9 
 
 - 
 
 
 Begonia success .... 
 Itichanlia mrs. rooso- 
 vclt 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 + 9 **<? 
 
 
 
 
 
 M usa hybrida .... 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 _ 
 
 i ji 
 
 Phaius hybridus .... 
 Miltonia blcuana . . . 
 Cymbidium eburneo- 
 lowianum 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 + 9 
 + 9 
 
 - 
 
 Calanthe veitchii . . . 
 Calantbe bryan 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 + 0" 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 
 11 
 
 H 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 Hybrids. 
 
 3 
 
 3 g 
 
 3 Q. 
 Q 
 
 3 ** 
 
 a> C 
 
 g ju 
 
 If 
 
 CQ 
 
 Intermediate. 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 m 
 
 Lowest. 
 
 2. Iodine reactions: 
 Brunsdonna sandcrca 
 alba 
 
 4- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Brunsdonna sanderce . 
 Hippeastrum titan- 
 cleonia 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 + d" 
 
 
 
 Hippeastrum oasul- 
 tan-pyrrha 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 ~cT 
 
 
 
 Hippeastrum-daeoncs- 
 zephyr 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Htemanthus andro- 
 meda 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 = d" 
 
 
 
 Haemanthus konig al- 
 bert 
 
 
 
 
 + 9=cf 
 
 
 
 Crinum hybridum j. 
 c. h. . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Crinum kircape 
 Crinum powellii 
 Nerine dainty maid. 
 Nerine queen of roses 
 Nerine giantess 
 Nerine abundance. . . 
 Nerine glory of sarnia 
 Narcissus poeticus 
 
 I 
 
 + 
 
 - 
 
 + 9 =o" 
 
 +> 
 
 + 9 
 
 Narcissus poeticus 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Narcissus poetaz tri- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Narcissus fiery cross 
 Narcissus doubloon . 
 Narcissus cresset 
 Narcissus will scarlet 
 Narcissus bicolor apri 
 
 t 
 
 I 
 
 - 
 
 + 9* 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 Narcissus madame de 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Narcissus pyramus . . 
 Narcissus lord roberts 
 Narcissus agnea har- 
 
 + 
 
 - 
 
 e 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 Narcissus j. t. bennett 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Lilium marhan 
 Lilium dalhanaoni . . . 
 Lilium golden gleam 
 Lilium testaceum . . . 
 Lilium burbanki.. .. 
 
 + 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 + 9 
 
 + 9 
 + 9 
 
 Iris dorak 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Iris mrs. alan grey. . 
 Iris pursind 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 + 9 
 
 - 
 
 Gladiolus colvillei.. . 
 Tritonia crocosmae- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 
 
 + 9=c? 
 
 Begonia mrs. heal . . . 
 Begonia ensign 
 Begonia Julius 
 
 t 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 Begonia success 
 Itichardia mrs. roose- 
 velt . . 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Musa hybrida 
 
 
 i 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 Phaius hybridus. . . . 
 Miltonia bleuana . . . 
 Cymbidium eburneo- 
 lowianum 
 
 I 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 + 0" 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 Calanthe veitchii . . . 
 Calanthe bryan 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 
 16 
 
 12 
 
 i 
 
 12 
 
 6 
 
 4 
 
-i \i\!.\i:il> T mi: Hi.vrOfc06 < H \i:\' n i:-. I I- 
 
 TAHUC II. -f Wiiiwri. TABU 
 
 rida. 
 
 1 
 
 : 
 
 8am a* pol- 
 
 
 
 :' 
 
 J 
 
 H 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 3. Grotiao-Yiolrt rrao- 
 
 Ufunedonna aadera 
 alba 
 
 
 
 
 
 4-eP 
 
 
 llruiMdonna nutden* 
 *lruni Utao- 
 deooia 
 
 
 
 4. 
 
 
 
 
 
 +<f 
 
 
 
 llii>|ica*trum oaMiI- 
 
 
 
 
 
 4-0 
 
 
 lli[.l*tnim dwMMB- 
 i.-l.hvr 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 + ff 
 
 Hwnanthu* aodro- 
 
 
 
 
 4- V 
 
 
 
 Ibrmaathiu konic al- 
 
 1- rt 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 + o 
 
 Cfioum hybridum j. 
 
 .- h 
 
 
 
 
 
 + <f 
 
 
 . im kirrii|- 
 
 ^ 
 
 4. 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 .. .. 
 
 
 4- 
 
 
 
 
 
 Nerin. dainty maid, 
 rw qaeM of TOM 
 
 \. rn,' irnt.t. " 
 
 + 
 
 4. 
 
 + 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 
 
 NeriM abuDdaoe* 
 *ldaryof*anua 
 .NardMM poetiou 
 brrriok 
 
 
 4- 
 
 ' 
 
 ^~ 
 
 ^ m 
 
 + 9 
 
 4- O 
 
 NarruMU portion 
 dante 
 
 
 4. 
 
 
 
 
 
 N'arcMm* poeUi tri- 
 
 umph 
 
 4. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 NATCMMB ooubloon . . 
 N.rciu. will Karict 
 
 + 
 
 ^ 
 
 ~ 
 
 + v "cr 
 + cf 
 
 + <f 
 
 n 
 
 cot 
 
 4. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 NarcuMi* madam* de 
 KraalT 
 
 4. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 \trrim ni-rmii< 
 
 
 
 
 i j 
 
 
 
 NarriMU lord roberto 
 NarciMu anea bar- 
 -. . -, 
 
 + 
 4. 
 
 
 
 
 
 TO^ 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 Nkrrunuj.t.beanett 
 poe 
 
 
 
 
 
 4- 9 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 + ef 
 
 I. ilium dalbaiMooi. . . . 
 I ilium coldeo (learn 
 
 I. ilium burbacki 
 
 + 
 
 4- 
 
 _ 
 
 + cf 
 
 - 
 
 + <f 
 
 Iri* iamali 
 
 4- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Ira dorak 
 
 
 
 
 
 + ef 
 
 
 Ira mn. alan (ray . . . 
 Irupumnd . .. 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 
 4-9 
 
 4-rf 
 
 Cladioluicolrfllei.... 
 Trit* ni cmet^fnm 
 
 tan 
 
 4- 
 
 
 
 
 
 +<? 
 
 
 
 
 Rooia mn. heal 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 + rf 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 4-ef 
 
 
 * tnTTTTM 
 
 
 4. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Kir hArdi* mn. roon 
 
 Tdt 
 
 
 
 
 
 + <f 
 
 
 MM t. ..liarJrta 
 
 __ 
 
 4. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4- O 
 
 
 M: ' ' , MM 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 
 4-9 
 
 lowiaoom , . . . 
 
 4- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 CalantheTaHeUI.... 
 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 + 9-<f 
 
 4- O M ^* 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 13 
 
 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 Hybrid^ 
 
 ii 
 
 SUM a* pot- 
 
 ' 
 
 . 
 
 H 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 4. Safranln irarlioM: 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 alba. . 
 
 
 
 
 
 4- .4* 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 HippeaMram titan- 
 cleoola 
 
 
 -f 
 
 
 
 T 9 
 
 
 Hippautnim oawl- 
 tao-pyrrha 
 
 
 
 
 
 4- O 
 
 
 lli|,pastnnndBoix*- 
 icphyr 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 HaMnanthui aodro- 
 meda 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4- O W 
 
 Ha-manthu* konic al- 
 bert 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4- O 
 
 Crinura hybridum j. 
 r. h 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4- o 
 
 num kircape 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 4- 
 
 
 < nnum pnwrllii 
 
 
 4. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Nerine dainty mud. . 
 Nerine queen of nee* 
 Nerine giantm. 
 
 + 
 + 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 
 
 NeriM abundance . . . 
 Nerioe glory of aarnia 
 Nucumi* porlicu* 
 benick .. 
 
 
 4- 
 
 - 
 
 + 9 
 
 - 
 
 4- O 
 
 NarHam pocticu* 
 dante 
 
 
 4. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Nardami* poetu tri- 
 innph 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4- O J" 
 
 Narrumu flry croai 
 Narcianu doubloon 
 Narciamu enmet .... 
 Nardanu will acarlet 
 Narcumbicolorapri- 
 cot 
 
 -|- 
 
 + 
 + 
 + 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 + <? 
 
 
 Xarriwuu madame de 
 (raaff ... , , , , 
 
 4. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Nairiamu pyramu* . . 
 NardaMU lord roberto 
 Narrianu afnci har- 
 vey . . . 
 
 + 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 +<? 
 
 - 
 
 ^ m 
 
 NarcuniBJ.t.beonrtt 
 poe 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 
 I. ilium marhan 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 + <f 
 
 1. ilium dalhaiwoni 
 
 I ilium anMiin >lmtn 
 
 + 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 ji 
 
 I jlium teataeenm 
 UliumburtMuld.!!! 
 Iru umali 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 - 
 
 + <? 
 
 
 
 T<T 
 
 ln dorak 
 
 
 4. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Iris mra. alan crejr. . . 
 Irw puniivi 
 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 + 9 
 
 + <f 
 
 Gladioltucolrillei.... 
 Tritonia croeoemg- 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4.0 
 
 
 Becooia mra. heal 
 Begonia enacn 
 
 + 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 
 + (f 
 
 Btonia juliiu 
 
 
 
 
 
 + (? 
 
 
 Becooia meen* 
 
 Richard ia mn. rooac- 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 + <f 
 
 
 
 MUM hybrMa 
 
 
 4- 
 
 
 
 
 
 Phaiua hybridoa 
 Miltnni* hleuaoa 
 Cymbidium cbtiriMo. 
 lowianum 
 
 + 
 + 
 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 + 9 
 
 - 
 
 Calanlh* vritr!. 
 Calantbe bryan 
 
 
 4- 
 
 - 
 
 + 9-<f 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 13 
 
 11 
 
 > 
 
 4 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
328 
 
 SUMMARIES OF THE HISTOLOGIC CHARACTERS, ETC. 
 TABLE H. Continued. TABLE H. Continued. 
 
 Hybrids. 
 
 j 
 1 
 
 si 
 
 I* 
 
 2 
 
 tl 
 
 aR 
 
 fl 
 
 3 OJ 
 
 1" 
 
 Same as both 
 parents. 
 
 Intermediate. 
 
 Highest. 
 
 Lowest. 
 
 Hybrids. 
 
 a 
 
 X *> 
 
 "' 
 | a 
 
 ii 
 
 " a 
 
 8 
 
 H .S 
 
 J3 
 
 2.8 
 
 3 g 
 
 3 - 
 w 
 
 Intermediate. 
 
 Highest. 
 
 Lowest. 
 
 5. Mean temperatures 
 of gelatinization: 
 Brunsdonna sanderoe 
 alba 
 
 
 
 
 -f 9 
 
 
 
 6. Chloral-hydrate reac- 
 tions : 
 Brunsdonna sandcroe 
 alba 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 
 Brunsdonna sandero3 . 
 Hippeastrum titau- 
 
 + 
 
 -i- 
 
 -- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Brunsdonna sanderce. 
 Hippeastrum titan- 
 cleonia 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 + 9 
 
 Hippeastrum ossul- 
 
 
 
 
 
 +rf 
 
 
 Hippeastrum ossul- 
 tan-py rrha 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 
 
 Hippeastrum daeones- 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 =d' 
 
 
 Hippeastrum daeones- 
 ephyr 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 +tf 
 
 Heemanthus andro- 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 
 
 Haamanthus andro- 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 ~ cT 
 
 
 
 Ha-manthus konig al- 
 bert 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Haamanthus kdnig al- 
 bert 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4- 9 
 
 Crinum hybridum j. 
 c h 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 + d" 
 
 Crinum hybridum j. 
 c. h 
 
 
 
 
 + d" 
 
 
 
 Crinum kircape 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 
 
 
 Crinum kircape 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 + <? 
 
 
 Crinum powellii 
 
 
 
 
 _ 
 
 
 + 9 <? 
 
 
 Nerine dainty maid. 
 Nerine queen of roses 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 +<P 
 
 + 9 
 
 + 9 
 
 - 
 
 Nerine dainty maid. . 
 Nerine queen of roses 
 Nerine giantess 
 
 - 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 + J 
 
 + cf 
 
 - 
 
 Nerine abundance . . 
 Nerine glory of sarnia 
 Narcissus poeticus 
 
 + 
 
 : 
 
 - 
 
 + 9 
 + 9 
 
 
 - 
 
 Nerine abundance . . 
 Nerine glory of sarnia 
 Narcissus poeticus 
 herrick 
 
 - 
 
 + 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 +d" 
 
 + 9 
 
 Narcissus poeticus 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 
 
 Narcissus poeticus 
 dante 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 Narcissus poetas tri- 
 
 -)- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Narcissus poetai tri- 
 umph 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 
 Narcissus fiery cross 
 Narcissus doubloon . 
 Narcissus cresset .... 
 Narcissus will scarlet 
 Narcissus bicolor apri 
 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 +<* 
 
 + 9 
 
 + 9 
 
 + 9 
 + 9 
 
 Narcissus fiery cross 
 Narcissus doubloon . 
 Narcissus cresset . . . 
 Narcissus will scarlet 
 Narcissus bicolor apri 
 cot 
 
 - 
 
 + 
 
 e 
 
 - 
 
 + 9 
 
 4-d" 
 
 + 9=<f 
 
 Narcissus madame de 
 
 
 4. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Narcissus madame de 
 
 
 
 
 
 + CJ" 
 
 
 Narcissus pyramus. . 
 Narcissus lord roberts 
 Narcissus agnes bar- 
 
 - 
 
 
 : 
 
 + & 
 + cT 
 
 - 
 
 + c? 
 
 Narcissus pyramus . . 
 Narcissus lord roberts 
 Narcissus agnes har- 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 + 9 
 + <7 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 Narcissus j. t. bennett 
 
 
 
 
 
 +d" 
 
 
 Narcissus j. t. bennett 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 + cT 
 
 Lilium marhan 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 + cT 
 
 
 
 
 I. ilium dalhansoni . . 
 Lilium golden gleam 
 I. ilium testaceum . . . 
 Lilium burbanki.. . . 
 
 - 
 
 = 
 
 j 
 
 + rf 
 + 9 
 
 + 9-d" 
 
 + 9 
 
 + 9 
 
 Lilium dalhansoni. . . 
 Lilium golden gleam 
 Lilium testaceum. . . 
 Lilium burbanki.. . . 
 Iris ismali 
 
 - 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 - 
 
 + 9 
 
 + cf 
 
 - 
 
 + 9 
 
 Iris dorak . . 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 _ 
 
 Iris dorak 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 =d* 
 
 Iris mrs. alan grey. . 
 Iris pursind . . 
 
 + 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 + c? 
 
 
 
 Iris mrs. alan grey. . 
 Iris pursind 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 + tf 
 
 
 Gladiolus colvillei. . . 
 Tritonia crocosmso- 
 flora 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 + <? 
 
 
 
 
 
 ~ 
 
 Gladiolus colvillei. . . 
 Tritonia crocosmas- 
 flora 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 ~~ 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 + 9 
 
 Begonia mrs. heal . . . 
 
 + 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 + 9 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 Begonia mrs. heal . . . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 + 9 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 
 
 Begonia Julius 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 ... 
 
 + 9 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 _ 
 
 
 Begonia success 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 
 
 
 Richardia mrs. roose- 
 velt 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 =? 
 
 
 
 Richardia mrs. roose- 
 velt 
 
 
 
 
 
 + cP 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 +d" 
 
 Musa hybrida 
 
 = 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^^ 
 
 
 + cf 
 
 Phaius hybridus. . . . 
 Miltoriia bleuana . . . 
 Cymbidium eburneo- 
 
 - 
 
 + 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 + 9 
 + d" 
 
 Phaius hybridus. . . . 
 Miltonia bleuana . . . 
 Cymbidium eburneo- 
 lowianum 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 + 9 
 
 - 
 
 + <? 
 + 9=^ 
 
 Calanthe veitchii . . . 
 OaUnthe bryan 
 
 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 + 9 
 
 + 9 
 
 
 Calanthe veitdiii 
 Calanthe bryan 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 9=c? 
 
 + 9 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 21 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 i 
 
 14 
 
 14 
 
 14 
 
SUMMARIES OK I UK III8TOLOGIC CHARACTERS, ETC. 
 
 828 
 
 TALC H Confinumi. 
 
 TABU H.Co*liHul 
 
 H>bnd. 
 
 J! 
 
 11 
 
 r 
 
 l! 
 
 \ 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 !!>!. 
 
 : 
 
 Sane aa pal- 1 
 lenpareat. 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 r .mic-acid reac 
 
 : . : . ' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 H. PyroaU-add raae- 
 UOM: 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 alt* 
 
 
 
 
 J.O mff 
 
 
 
 n. . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 L./4* 
 
 llnin_li,nn> m*nA*rrm 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .-Minim titan- 
 oleooia 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 + <f 
 
 Hippeaatnim titan- 
 cicooU 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4-9 
 4. O 
 
 HIJ l*atruiu oeeul- 
 
 
 
 
 
 4.0 
 
 
 Hippaaitnun ovul- 
 taD'py rrha .... 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4-tf 
 
 
 lli|j|x utruui tiannie 
 phyr 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 
 HippaaiUum daMMM*- 
 Mphyr . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4- 9 
 
 
 llrniaiiihu* andro- 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 -d" 
 
 
 
 llvnianlbui andro- 
 meda 
 
 4. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Ilvinintliui kunift al- 
 bert 
 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 Hamanthui konif al- 
 bert 
 
 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 ( rioum hybndum j 
 r h 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 Crinum hybridum j. 
 a. h 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 + rf 
 
 mi kirrapr 
 
 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^^ 
 
 ^ m 
 
 + 
 
 f 
 
 
 
 tin puwellu 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ m 
 
 
 <f 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 + cf 
 
 
 Ncriar dainty maid. 
 Nerine tjueen of rota* 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 + 9 -cf 
 
 
 + 9 
 + 9 
 
 Narina dainty maid. . 
 Nerine queen of roeea 
 Nerine ciantw 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ue abundance . . 
 
 \. :.:.. ^ :\ . '. -:.::, ., 
 
 Nirciawu poetirui 
 hrmck 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 + <f 
 
 ' 
 
 +o 
 +<f 
 
 Nerine abundance . . . 
 Nerine (lory of aarnia 
 NardaKU poetictu 
 nerriek 
 
 " 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 N fcrcttme poeucue 
 dante 
 
 
 
 
 + <? 
 
 
 
 Narcianu poetictu 
 dante 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4-9 - cf 
 
 
 Narriamu poetai tri- 
 
 .!: ' '. 
 
 
 
 
 
 4.0 
 
 
 Narciamu poetai tri- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 + tf 
 
 
 Narruuu fiery eroa* 
 N nrcucui doubloon . 
 N arc ueu creaatt . . . 
 Narciatui will eoariet 
 
 + 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 +<F 
 
 + 9 
 -f-9 
 
 Narcimii fiery croe* 
 Narcianu doubloon . 
 NarciaMuereaHt.. . 
 Narcianu will ararlrt 
 Mm l^nlli nil I anri 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 9 
 
 + <f 
 
 4-9 
 
 cot 
 
 
 
 _ 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 
 
 cot 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ m 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 4-0* 
 
 "in iau '<- 
 fraaff 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 Narciamu madune de 
 mmtf 
 
 
 
 
 -f 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 NarciaM* pyramu* . 
 NarciawulordroberU 
 Nmrriaws acne* har- 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 + 9 
 
 -f-o" 
 + 9 
 
 Narcianu pyramut. . 
 Narcianu lord roberta 
 Narcianu acnee har- 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 f 
 
 + 9 
 
 <f 
 o* 
 
 + 9 
 
 - 
 
 NtrcieaueJ.t. be*ett 
 poe 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 
 Narcunu j. t. bennett 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4-o" 
 
 
 I. ilium narban 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 ^ m 
 
 Ijliuni dalbanaooi . . . 
 I.ilium golden (learn 
 I. ilium I<M<IIIIII . . 
 I. ilium burfaank 
 Iris iflnali 
 
 + 
 
 
 - 
 
 + d- 
 + 9 
 + 9 
 
 _ 
 
 -9 
 
 I.ilium dalbanaoni. . . 
 IJlii|m golden fleam 
 Iritirn teataomini . . 
 Lilium burbanki 
 Irk iamali 
 
 + 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 f- 
 + 
 + 9 
 
 o" 
 9 
 
 -cT 
 
 ^ 
 
 4-9 
 
 Iri* d..rmk 
 
 
 
 _ 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 
 Irie dorak 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 __ 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 ^ 
 
 Iri* mn. alan gny . . 
 Irii punind 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 
 - 
 
 Iru mra. alan rey. . 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 
 
 4-o" 
 
 4d" 
 
 GladioluacolvilM... 
 Thtuaia ciuroam*- 
 
 n,,ru 
 
 + 
 
 ~ 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 
 
 
 
 Gladiolu. colrillei 
 Tritonia crocoama>- 
 flora 
 
 " 
 
 
 
 ~ 
 
 4 
 4 
 
 9 
 9 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 Bccooiamn. heal... 
 ' g"V' '; 
 
 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 + 9 
 + 9 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 Beconia mn. heal... 
 Begonia nieigji 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 4 
 
 9 
 9 
 
 
 
 
 
 Beonia juliu 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 
 
 Beconia julitu 
 
 ^ 
 
 _ 
 
 -B 
 
 4 
 
 9 
 
 _ 
 
 .^ 
 
 Hrffi nlm Mim^a 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 
 t ,,,,1,1,,, 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^^ 
 
 ^^ 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 
 
 Kirhanlia mra. rooa 
 
 Telt 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 
 Kichardia mra. rooee- 
 
 Tlt 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Mtua hybrid* 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ m 
 
 
 ^ m 
 
 
 + d" 
 
 Muaa hybrida 
 
 4. 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 _ 
 
 Phaiu. hybridu. . . . 
 MUtonia bleuana 
 Cymbidium butao- 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 + 9-J 
 
 + 9 
 
 f 9 -<f 
 
 Pbaiua hybridu. . . . 
 kiatonia bleuana. . 
 
 1 -,';.';! l f ; . '' i ::.- 
 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 + 9 
 
 -o" 
 
 4-9 
 
 -9 -<y 
 
 Calantn* rcitcl. 
 CalanUw bo'n 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 +<r 
 
 
 
 
 CmUotb* vcitehii . . . 
 CaUotb* bry.ut 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 4 
 4 
 
 9 
 o" 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 9 
 
 18 
 
 10 
 
 14 
 
 
 a 
 
 3 
 
 7 
 
 
 7 
 
 12 
 
 9 
 
330 
 
 SUMMARIES OF THE HISTOLOGIC CHARACTERS, ETC. 
 
 TABLE H. Continued. 
 
 TABLE H. Continued. 
 
 Hybrids. 
 
 a *> 
 
 g 
 
 ^ c3 
 
 1 
 
 "o ** 
 
 g 
 
 3R 
 
 s a 
 
 " 
 
 5 
 
 \l 
 
 I a 
 
 Intermediate. 
 
 I 
 
 43 
 W) 
 
 H 
 
 Lowest. 
 
 9. Nitric-acid reactions: 
 Brunsdonna sanderce 
 alba 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 + cf 
 
 Brunsdonna sanderce 
 Hippeastrum titan- 
 cleonia 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 =d* 
 
 
 
 + 0" 
 
 Hippeaatrura ossul- 
 tan-py rrha 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 
 Hippeastrum doeones- 
 zephyr 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 
 Hcemanthus andru- 
 meda 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 
 
 Haemanthus konig al- 
 bert 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 
 
 Crinum hybridum j. 
 c. h 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 
 
 Crinum powellii 
 Nerine dainty maid. . 
 Nerine queen of roses 
 
 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 + 9 
 + 9=d" 
 
 + 0" 
 
 4-r? 1 
 
 Nerine abundance . . . 
 Nerine glory of sarnia 
 Narcissus poeticus 
 herrick . , 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 + 9 -<? 
 
 + d* 
 +d" 
 
 Narcissus poeticus 
 dante . . 
 
 
 
 
 -|-9 -cf 
 
 
 
 Narcissus poetaz tri- 
 umph . . 
 
 
 
 
 
 + d" 
 
 
 Narcissus fiery cross . . 
 Narcissus doubloon . . 
 Narcissus cresset .... 
 Narcissus will scarlet. 
 Narcissus bicolor apri- 
 cot 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 + 9 
 
 + 9 
 
 + 9 
 
 + 9=cf 
 
 cf 
 
 Narcissus madame de 
 groan* . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4- 9 
 
 Narcissus pyramus. . . 
 Narcissus lord roberts 
 Narcissus agnea har- 
 vey 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 + 9 
 
 + 9 
 + 9 
 
 
 Narcissus j. t. bennett 
 poe 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 
 I .ilium marhan 
 
 
 
 
 
 ffl 
 
 
 
 
 I. ilium dalhansoni . . . 
 Lilium golden gleam . 
 Lilium testaceum. . . . 
 Lilium burbanki 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 + 9=rf- 
 + 9 d" 
 
 Iris ismali 
 
 
 
 __ 
 
 
 -f- 9 =cf 
 
 
 
 Iris dorak 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 
 Iris mrs. alan grey. . . 
 Iris pursind 
 
 
 
 
 
 e 
 
 + <? 
 
 
 - 
 
 Gladiolus colvillei 
 Tritonia crocosmie- 
 flora .... 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 
 
 Begonia mrs. heal 
 Begonia ensign 
 
 + 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 + 9 
 
 
 - 
 
 Begonia Julius 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Begonia success 
 Richardia mrs. roosc- 
 velt 
 
 + 
 
 ~ 
 
 
 
 + 9 =cf 
 
 
 
 
 
 Musa hybrida 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 
 
 + <? 
 
 Phaius hybridus 
 Miltonia bleuana .... 
 Cymbidium eburneo- 
 lowianum 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 + 9 
 
 + 9=c7 
 
 4- Q rp 
 
 Calanthe veitchii .... 
 Calanthe bryan 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 + 9 
 
 + 9 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 i 
 
 4 
 
 IS 
 
 14 
 
 12 
 
 Hybrids. 
 
 3+i 
 a 
 
 ll 
 
 00 
 
 t| 
 
 s| 
 
 fi 
 
 jg 
 n 
 
 ! 
 
 1 1 
 t/3 
 
 Intermediate. 
 
 Highest. 
 
 Lowest. 
 
 10. Sulphuric-acid reac- 
 tions: 
 Brunsdonna sanderce 
 alba 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Brunsdonna sandcroc 
 Hippeastrum titan- 
 cleonia 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 
 
 Hippeastrum ossul- 
 tan-py rrha 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Hippeastrum dseones- 
 zephyr 
 
 
 -1- 
 
 
 
 
 
 Hcemanthua andro- 
 meda 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 =<? 
 
 
 
 Haemanthus konig al- 
 bert 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 
 
 Crinum hybridum j. 
 c. h 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4-cT 
 
 
 _,_ 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 
 
 Crinum powellii 
 Nerine dainty maid . . 
 Nerine queen of roses 
 Nerine giantess 
 
 - 
 
 + 
 
 - 
 
 
 + c7 
 + 0" 
 
 + d" 
 
 ": 
 
 Nerine abundance . . . 
 Nerine glory of sarnia 
 Narcissus poeticus 
 
 + 
 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 + cf 
 
 + 9=c? 
 
 Narcissus poeticus 
 dante 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Narcissus poetaz tri- 
 umph ....... 
 
 
 
 
 
 +<f 
 
 
 Narcissus fiery cross 
 Narcissus doubloon . . 
 Narcissus cresset .... 
 Narcissus will scarlet. 
 Narcissus bicolor apri- 
 cot 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 9=d" 
 
 + 9 
 
 + 9 
 
 - 
 
 Narcissus madame de 
 graaff 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Narcissus pyramus. . . 
 Narcissus lord roberts 
 Narcissus agnes har- 
 vey 
 
 + 
 + 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 Narcissus j. t. bennett 
 pee 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 
 Lilium marhan 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 _ 
 
 Lilium dalhansoni.. . . 
 Lilium golden gleam . 
 Lilium testaceum. . . . 
 Lilium burbanki 
 
 Ill- i: nirili 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 
 + 9=c7 
 + <? 
 + 9=0" 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 Iris dorak 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 _ 
 
 Iris mrs. alan grey. . . 
 Iris pursind 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Gladiolus colvillei .... 
 Tritonia crocosmro- 
 flora 
 
 ~ 
 
 
 <D 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 Begonia mrs. heal 
 Richardia mrs. roose- 
 velt 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ~ 
 
 V 
 
 
 
 Musa hybrida 
 
 , 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 + <f 
 
 Phaius hybridus 
 Miltonia bleuana .... 
 Cymbidium eburneo- 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 
 Calanthe veitchii .... 
 Calanthe bryan 
 
 + 
 
 - 
 
 
 +<? 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 
 10 
 
 3 
 
 12 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 4 
 
 
BUMMA1UKS OF THK MISTOLOOIC CHARACTERS, ETC. 
 
 881 
 
 TABU 
 
 :: 
 
 : 
 
 i-i 
 
 li 
 
 j 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 II. Hydrochloric-acid 
 rrarttooa: 
 llrunadunna landerce 
 alba 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 II. . -i .':.:. MM 
 ,':!> i,.. 
 
 ~" 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 + 9 
 
 
 
 4? 
 
 HippMutnim oaaul* 
 
 
 
 
 
 4-d 1 
 
 
 aephyr 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 -<? 
 
 
 
 Havnanlhui andro- 
 meda 
 
 
 
 
 4-9 
 
 
 
 Herman ttiui kuni al- 
 Mrl 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 
 
 .am hybridum j. 
 
 C ll 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 am kircapr 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^^ 
 
 m m 
 
 4.0 
 
 
 
 uni powellu 
 Nerine dainty maid 
 Nerine queen of roeea 
 Nerine ftantotf 
 
 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 4-9-d" 
 
 4-9 e? 
 
 Nerine abundance . . . 
 Nerine dory of aamia 
 NarciaMia poetai tri- 
 vnph 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 : 
 
 - 
 
 -f-9 
 
 I. ilium marhan 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 . _ 
 
 
 
 Lilium dalhanaoni . 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 : 
 
 4- O 
 
 
 
 
 
 Ulium burbanki 
 Iru iamali 
 
 " 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 
 - 
 
 4-9 
 
 Irudorak 
 
 ^ 
 
 f 
 
 ^^ 
 
 
 
 
 Iria mra. alan rey. . . 
 Iru puraind 
 
 
 
 
 :. 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 + <f 
 
 GladioluacolrOM.... 
 
 * 
 
 ~~ 
 
 
 4.0 
 
 
 
 4-9 
 
 Beannia mra. heal... 
 Ricbardia mra. rooee- 
 relt 
 
 + 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 -{f 
 
 Muaa hybrid* 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 Phahia by bridua 
 Mil tonia Hanana 
 Cymbidium eburneo- 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 Calanthe reltchii . . 
 Calanthe bryan.. 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 4-9 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 7 
 
 10 
 
 ' 
 
 10 
 
 12. Polaanuin- hydroxide 
 reactiona: 
 Hrunadonna aandcra 
 alba 
 
 
 
 :. 
 
 
 
 
 Brunadonna aandero 
 Ilippeaatrum titan- 
 deonia 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Hippeaatnim oeaul- 
 tan-pyrrha . . . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 HippMutrum rlaionea 
 aephyr 
 
 
 
 
 4-9 
 
 
 
 Hannanthui andro- 
 
 
 
 
 4- 9 "d" 
 
 
 
 Homanthui kunic al- 
 bert 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Crinum hybridum j. 
 
 c h .... 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 'im kireape 
 
 ^ m 
 
 _ 
 
 ^^ 
 
 + 9 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 ( nnum powellii 
 Nerine dainty maid. . 
 
 N mO* QUMQ of TOMB 
 
 Nerine (iantea.. 
 
 IMMI t. q etMB . 
 
 ~ 
 
 " 
 
 ; 
 : 
 1 
 
 
 
 " 
 
 + 9_-d- 
 
 II.-,.:. 
 
 
 a 
 
 : 
 
 ]! 
 
 
 1 
 
 I 
 
 IS. Potaaaiunvhydroilde 
 fwetioM CanfV 
 Nareiawa poeUa tri- 
 umph 
 
 
 
 
 
 X ff 
 
 
 Lilium marhan 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Lilium dalbanaoni 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I ilium MililMi aliMin 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Lilmm burbankl ! 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 e 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 Iriabmali 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 -i- O 
 
 Irudorak 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 T W 
 
 ji 
 
 Iria mra. alan grey. . . 
 Iru puraind 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 ^.rf 
 
 ~<r 
 -9-<f 
 
 Gladiolus oolvilM.... 
 Tritoola enwtMBua- 
 flora 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 + o 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 Ragoni mn. heal 
 Rkhardia mra. rooaa 
 Tell 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 LiP 
 
 
 
 Muaahyhrida 
 
 
 
 
 -4-9 if 
 
 
 
 I'!, rf !.,' :. ! :- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 MUloniablaoan*.... 
 Cymbidium buroeo- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Calaothe vcvtrlm 
 Calantha bryan 
 
 4. 
 
 - 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 is 
 
 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 13. PoUaium-iodide ra- 
 actiona: 
 Bmnadonna aandanB 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 alba 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4- O 
 
 Brunadonna andaro 
 Hipiicailruru titan- 
 daonia 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4-9 if 
 
 
 
 -9-<f 
 
 Hippeaatrum oaaul- 
 tan-pyrrha 
 
 
 
 
 
 4- O 
 
 
 Hippraatnun daonea- 
 aephyr 
 
 
 
 
 4- 9 
 
 
 
 Hamanttiui andro- 
 meda 
 Hnmantbui kOnii al- 
 bert 
 
 + 
 4. 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 Crinum hybridum j. 
 e. h 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 -f-d" 
 
 C*rinum kircape . , . 
 
 ^_ 
 
 ^ m 
 
 
 
 4-9 
 
 
 
 Crinum powellii 
 Nrrine dainty maid. . 
 Narina queen of roaea 
 Nerine gianteaa .... 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 + 9-<f 
 + 9 
 4-9 
 
 4-d 1 
 
 _ 
 
 Nerin* abundance 
 Nerine dory of aarnia 
 Narciania poeUa Ui- 
 iim Dh 
 
 - 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 4-rf 
 
 : 
 
 
 
 
 <f> 
 
 
 
 
 Lilium dalhanaoni. 
 I jlium (olden fleam 
 IJlium tMUeenm 
 Lilium l,urinki 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 4-9 -d" 
 
 Iruiamali 
 
 ^ 
 
 + 
 
 * 
 
 ^ m 
 
 
 
 Irudorak 
 
 _ . 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 + <f 
 
 ^ 
 
 Iria mn. alan grey. . . 
 Iru punind 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 4-<f 
 
 Gladiolui rolrillei . . . 
 Tritonia eroeoemav 
 ora 
 
 ^ 
 
 ~ 
 
 
 4-9 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 Baconia mra. heal... 
 Muaa hyl.rvU 
 
 + 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 4-d" 
 
 Phaiu. hybridua 
 Miltooia bteuana 
 
 , . , 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 -f-9-d 1 
 
 -r-9 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 t 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
332 
 
 SUMMARIES OF THE HISTOLOGIC CHARACTERS, ETC. 
 TABLE H. Continued. TABLE H. Continued. 
 
 Hybrids. 
 
 a| 
 
 
 a a 
 
 CO 
 
 ii 
 
 o c 
 
 ja 
 
 -*j 
 
 2* 
 
 S| 
 
 1 * 
 
 Intermediate. 
 
 4 
 
 I 
 
 m 
 
 Lowest. 
 
 14. Potassium-sulpho- 
 cyanate reactions: 
 Brunsdonna sanderce 
 alba 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4- 9 if 
 
 Brunsdonna sanderce 
 Hippeastrum titan- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4-Q rf 
 
 
 
 + 9=0* 
 
 Hippeastrum ossul- 
 tan-pyrrha 
 Hippeastrum dseones- 
 zephyr 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 4- 9 if 
 
 + 9 
 
 - 
 
 Htemanthus andro- 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Heemanthus kdnig al- 
 bert 
 
 -j- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Crinurii hybridum j. 
 c. h 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4-r? 
 
 Crinum kircape 
 
 
 
 
 + c? 
 
 
 
 Crinum powellii 
 Nerine dainty maid. . 
 N'erine queen of roses 
 Nerine giantess 
 
 
 
 _ 
 
 - 
 
 4. ,-71 
 
 + <? 
 
 + 9 
 
 + 9 
 
 - 
 
 Nerine abundance . . . 
 Nerine glory of sarnia 
 Narcissus poetaz tri- 
 umph 
 
 - 
 
 + 
 
 - 
 
 
 + ef 
 
 +<* 
 
 Lilium marhan 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 Lilium dalhansoni. . . . 
 1. ilium golden gleam . 
 Lilium teataceum. . . . 
 Lilium burbanki 
 Iris ismali 
 
 + 
 
 - 
 
 
 <B 
 
 - 
 
 + 9 
 
 + 9=c? 
 
 Iris dorak 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 -4-r? 1 
 
 Iris mrs. alan grey. . . 
 Iris pursind. . . 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 +<* 
 
 Gladiolus col villei 
 Tritonia crocosmse- 
 fiora 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 Begonia mrs. heal 
 Musa hybrida 
 
 + 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 
 - 
 
 + cf 
 
 Phaius hybridus 
 MUtonia bleuana .... 
 Cymbidium eburneo- 
 lowianum 
 
 + 
 
 - 
 
 e 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 : 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 C 
 
 9 
 
 15. Potassium-sulphide 
 reactions. 
 Brunsdonna sanderce 
 alba 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 e? 
 
 
 
 Brunsdonna sanderce 
 Hippeastrum titan- 
 cleoDia 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 <B 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Hippeastrum ossul- 
 tan-pyrrha 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Hippeastrum dieoncs- 
 sephyr 
 
 
 
 ffl 
 
 
 
 
 Hiemanthus andro- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Hsemanthus kdnig al- 
 bert 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Crinum hybridum j. 
 c. h. . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 + tf 
 
 Crinum kircape 
 Crinum powellii 
 Nerine dainty maid. . 
 Nerine queen of rocs 
 Nerine giantess 
 Nerine abundance . . . 
 Nerine glory of sarnia 
 
 + 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 + <? 
 + <? 
 
 + <? 
 
 +<F 
 
 + cf 
 
 Hybrids. 
 
 3 "l 
 
 OS 
 
 a o. 
 
 7." 
 
 i- 
 s| 
 
 l 
 
 S o 
 
 S j 
 
 03 
 
 Same as both 
 parents. 
 
 Intermediate. 
 
 Highest. 
 
 Lowest. 
 
 15. Potassium-sulphide 
 reactions. Cont'd : 
 Narcissus poetaz tri- 
 
 
 
 
 
 -4- rf 
 
 
 I. ilium marhan .... 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Lilium dalhansoni . . 
 Lilium golden gleam 
 Lilium testaceum .... 
 Lilium burbanki 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 e 
 
 + Q rf 
 
 - 
 
 + 9=0" 
 
 Iris dorak 
 
 _ 
 
 + 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 
 Iris mrs. alan grey. . . 
 Iris pursind 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 + 9=cT 
 
 Gladiolus colvillei. . . . 
 Tritonia crocosmae- 
 flora 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 + cf 
 
 
 
 + 9=cf 
 
 Begonia mrs. heal.. . . 
 Musa hybrida 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 + c? 
 
 Phaius hybridus 
 
 
 
 __ 
 
 
 
 
 
 + Q rf 
 
 Miltonia bleuana .... 
 Cymbidium eburneo- 
 lowianum 
 
 
 
 
 
 ff 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 2 
 
 8 
 
 5 
 
 4 
 
 7 
 
 1G. Sodium-hydroxide 
 reactions : 
 Brunsdonna sanderoa 
 alba ... 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 + rf 
 
 Brunsdonna sanderce. 
 Hippeastrum titan- 
 cleonia 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 + cf 
 
 + (? 
 
 Hippeastrum ossul- 
 tan-pyrrha . 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 
 
 Hippeastrum daeonea- 
 zephyr. . . . 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 
 
 Hffimanthus andro- 
 meda 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Hirriianthus konig al- 
 bert 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Crinum hybridum j. 
 c. h 
 
 
 -f 
 
 
 
 
 
 Crinum kircape 
 Crinum powellii 
 Nerine dainty maid. . 
 Nerine queen of roses 
 Nerine giantess 
 
 - 
 
 
 - 
 
 + 9 
 
 + 0" 
 
 + tf 
 
 + cT 
 
 + (? 
 
 Nerine abundance . . . 
 Nerine glory of sarnia 
 Narcissus poetaz tri- 
 umph 
 
 - 
 
 + 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 + cT 
 
 +<f 
 
 Lilium marhan 
 
 _ 
 
 
 fft 
 
 
 
 
 Lilium dalhansoni . . . 
 Lilium golden gleam. 
 Lilium testaccum .... 
 Lilium burbanki 
 Iris ismali 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 (g 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 + 9-cf 
 
 Iris dorak 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Iris mrs. alan grey. . . 
 Iris pursind 
 
 
 - 
 
 ffl 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 -r-9-rf 1 
 
 Gladiolus colvillei .... 
 Tritonia crocosmae- 
 flora 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 Begonia mrs. heal 
 Musa hybrida 
 Phaius hybridus 
 Miltonia bleuana .... 
 Cymbidium eburneo- 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 fp 
 
 + 9 
 
 + 9 
 
 + cf 
 + <? 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 5 
 
 9 
 
M MMARIK8 OF THE HISTOI/KJK II ARACTER8, ETC 
 TABLE HCmtimu*. TABU 
 
 888 
 
 Hybrida. 
 
 !] 
 
 r 
 
 ii 
 
 V 
 
 ii 
 
 r 
 
 2 
 
 I 
 
 1 
 
 Hybrida. 
 
 \ 
 
 i* 
 
 f| 
 I J 
 
 1- 
 
 a 
 
 H 
 
 1 
 
 I 
 
 17. 8odium-ilphkM r- 
 rlioiu: 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 18. Sodium-Mlieylau 
 raaotiooi Ctufd. 
 
 T ilium tn.pK.n 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 alb* 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^^ 
 
 m m 
 
 
 
 4. a 
 
 laliiim (i&lkAHaMffif 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 Rnuudoona andero> 
 
 lli|>la.tnim titn- 
 ctaonii 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 ~ 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 Lilium coldra eroai . 
 Ulium twtamum. . 
 l.ilura burbanki 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 J. ^< 
 
 T<T 
 
 + 9+cf 
 4-9 
 
 - 
 
 Ili:>l-ulnuu omul- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 l:i- laV . ; 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 T<T 
 
 
 
 IAII i'\rrli 
 
 + 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 Iru dorak 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 -i. O 
 
 niinma.li nin ilaniini 
 
 !; tur 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 -<f 
 
 Iris mr. alao gray... 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 +<? 
 
 X O 
 
 
 H*a>anlhu* andro- 
 
 r... : , 
 
 f 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 OUdiolm eolvflM. . . 
 Tritonia etotxmum- 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 Hannanlhtu k6oig al 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 flora 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 
 
 bert 
 
 + 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ m 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i ft 
 
 
 
 < nnum hybridum j. 
 r. h 
 
 
 
 
 + <? 
 
 
 
 Riohardia mr. roon 
 rait 
 
 
 
 
 T V 
 
 
 
 Crintun kireapr 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 -. 
 
 + 9 
 
 ^ 
 
 .. 
 
 MUM hybrida 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 + <f 
 
 (nnum powdlu 
 Narin* dainty maid 
 
 ^ :.:,- ,.''. ! : - - 
 
 = 
 
 - 
 
 e 
 $ 
 
 
 +d 
 
 
 
 Phaiu* hybridui . . . 
 Miltoniableuana. 
 Cymbidium eburiMo- 
 
 - 
 
 + 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 
 Narine giantw. 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 _ 
 
 ^ 
 
 _ 
 
 lowianum 
 
 ^ m 
 
 
 
 ^ m 
 
 
 
 -f-9 -d" 
 
 Nerineabundanc... 
 NeriM glory of awnia 
 NirHaw. poeCai tri- 
 
 - 
 
 + 
 
 e 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 CalanUt* reitohii . 
 Calaothe bryan.. .. 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 + 9~-rf 
 
 + 9 
 
 
 umph 
 
 _ 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 g^ 
 
 + d" 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ m 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Ijliym dalhaiuoni 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 LUium golden gUam. 
 
 I -ilium tcataceum. 
 1 ilium burbanki 
 In* um*li 
 
 - 
 
 + 
 
 
 + v-d- 
 
 + 9 
 
 4-9-<? 
 
 10. Caletum-nitrato ra- 
 aeiiooi: 
 Brunadonna aaoderci 
 alba 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 + <f 
 
 Iru dorak 
 Iru mr. alan cray- 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 j. O _ jl 
 
 +d 
 
 +<f 
 
 HippMwtnim UUn- 
 oleooim 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 + <f 
 
 Gladioli* oolrilloi.... 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 T V ~<r 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 Hippeutnim omul- 
 t*n-pyrrh . . . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 flora 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 
 
 HippeMtnim daoDM- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Mphyr. . . 
 
 ^ m 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 mf 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 Begonia mr*. heal 
 Muaa hybrida. 
 
 ~ 
 
 
 
 -i- 9 
 
 ^ 
 
 + d" 
 
 ffflMnanth*!* nd(t>- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 roedji . 
 
 + 
 
 __ 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ m 
 
 ^ 
 
 Phaiu. hybridu* 
 Miltooia bleuaaa . 
 
 - 
 
 T 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 + 9 
 
 
 
 IlAfnanthtu konic al- 
 bert 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 lowianum 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 Crioum hyhridum j. 
 o. h 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 7 
 
 t 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 Crinum kirrape 
 C noum powrilii 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 + <f 
 
 
 
 18. Bodium-aalieylat* 
 reactioDi: 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Nerin* dainty maid.. 
 Narine queen of roan 
 Nerine gianteai . . . 
 
 - 
 
 -f. 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 + 9 
 + 9 
 
 - 
 
 Bruiudonna a*ndan 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 MdwitftA ttKllrwlMnfsn 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 L Jl 
 
 alba. . 
 
 
 _ 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ro^ 
 
 Bnuwdoooa undrna 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 HippoMtmm Utao- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 umph 
 
 
 
 
 
 + <? 
 
 
 dconia 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 _ 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4-9 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I. ilium dalhannni 
 
 m ^ 
 
 ^ m 
 
 ^ 
 
 +<f 
 
 
 
 t*D-pyrrha 
 
 .. 
 
 _, 
 
 ^^ 
 
 
 
 
 ,f 
 
 Ijlium golden gleam 
 
 
 
 
 
 + cf 
 
 
 BipfMMtrnm dmoott- 
 tphyr 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 Ulium burbanki 
 
 + 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 + 9 
 
 
 - 
 
 HavnanUra* andro- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Irb iamali . . . 
 
 
 ^_ 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 nwda 
 
 ^^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 _ 
 
 + 9 
 
 
 
 Iru dorak 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 
 
 Hirmtnthiu k6tu al- 
 bart 
 
 
 
 
 + <? 
 
 
 
 Iria mn. alan grey. . . 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 
 - 
 
 + <f 
 4- 9 
 
 C nnuin ajrbnduni j. 
 e. h 
 
 
 
 
 + <f 
 
 
 
 GladioliuoolrilMi.... 
 
 Tritooia ninrramai 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 + 9 
 
 Crinuin kircape 
 
 
 
 ^ m 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 flora 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 
 'nnum powellii 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 +<f 
 
 - 
 
 
 Begonia mra. heal 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 + 9 
 
 
 NfrineaiaBteM... 
 Nerin* abuodanw 
 Nvhae glory of awnia 
 
 - 
 
 + 
 + 
 
 - 
 
 + <T 
 
 4-d 1 
 
 + 9 
 
 Muaa hybrida 
 Phaiu. hybridu. 
 afafayntf bleoaaa 
 
 lowianum 
 
 ~ 
 
 - 
 
 ~ 
 
 + 9 
 
 -r-9 
 
 + J 
 
 9 J 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^_ 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^_ 
 
 
 + <? 
 
 _ t 
 
 
 | 
 
 s 
 
 I 
 
 g 
 
 A 
 
 e 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
334 
 
 SUMMARIES OF THE HISTOLOGIC CHARACTERS, ETC. 
 TABLE II. Continued. 
 
 Hybrids. 
 
 o 
 v 
 
 3 
 
 *a 
 g 
 
 t! 
 
 I S 
 
 &l 
 
 s| 
 
 II 
 
 .-. 
 CO 
 
 5 
 ^1 
 it 
 
 Intermediate. 
 
 Highest. 
 
 Lowest. 
 
 20. Uranium-nitrate re- 
 actions: 
 Brunsdonna sanderce 
 alba 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 + <? 
 
 Brunsdonna sanderce. 
 Hippeastrum titan- 
 
 
 
 <P 
 
 
 
 
 
 + d" 
 
 H. ossultan-pyrrha . . 
 H. dseones-zephyr . . . 
 Heemanthus andro- 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 - 
 
 e 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 H konig albert 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Crinum hyb. j. 0. h. . 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 Crinum powellii 
 Nerine dainty maid. . 
 Nerine queen of roses 
 
 - 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 + <? 
 + 9 
 
 + 9 
 
 - 
 
 Nerine abundance . . . 
 Nerine glory of sarnia 
 Narcissus p. triumph 
 
 - 
 
 + 
 
 - 
 
 + <f 
 
 + 0" 
 
 + cf 
 
 Lilium dalhansoni . . . 
 Lilium golden gleam 
 Lilium testaceum. . . . 
 Lilium burbanki 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 + 9 
 
 + 9 
 + 9 
 
 + 0* 
 
 + 9 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 (& 
 
 
 
 
 Iris mrs. alan grey. . . 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 + 9 -<? 
 
 - 
 
 + 9 
 
 Gladiolus colvillci. . . . 
 Trit. crocosmseflora. . . 
 Begonia mrs. heal. . . . 
 
 + 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 + d" 
 + * 
 
 - 
 
 + ci" 
 
 Phaius hybridus 
 Miltonia bleuana .... 
 Cymbidium eburneo- 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 + 9 
 
 + 9 
 
 4-9-0" 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 21. Strontium-nitrate 
 reactions: 
 Brunsdonna sanderce 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 =ti" 
 
 
 
 Brunsdonna sanderce . 
 Hippeastrum titan- 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 
 
 
 
 H. oesultan-pyrrha . . 
 H. dteones-zephyr . . . 
 Heemanthus andrc- 
 
 + 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 + 9=d" 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 H. konig albert 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 Crinum hyb. j. c. h. . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 + tf 
 + 9 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 Crinum powellii 
 Nerine dainty maid. . 
 Nerine queen of roses 
 
 - 
 
 
 '- 
 
 + 9=c? 
 
 + 0" 
 + 0" 
 
 + d" 
 
 
 
 Nerine abundance . . . 
 Nerine glory of sarnia 
 Narcissus p. triumph 
 
 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 + cf 
 + 9 
 
 + <? 
 
 + 0" 
 
 Lilium dalhansoni . . . 
 Lilium golden glow. . 
 Lilium testaceum. . . . 
 Lilium burbanki 
 Iris ismali 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 + 9 
 + 9 
 
 + 9 
 
 + 9 
 
 Iris dorak 
 
 
 
 
 
 _ 
 
 
 f 9 =d" 
 
 
 Iris mrs. alan grey. . . 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 + d" 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 Gladiolus colvillci. . . . 
 Trit. crocogmfflflora . 
 Begonia mrs. heal .... 
 
 _ 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 + 9 
 
 +<? 
 
 + 9 
 
 TABLE H. Continued. 
 
 Hybrids. 
 
 3 
 
 |S 
 
 H Q. 
 
 GO 
 
 !i 
 
 as 
 
 <D e 
 a ~ 
 
 Same as both 
 parents. 
 
 Intermediate. 
 
 J 
 9) 
 V 
 
 1 
 i 
 
 Lowest. 
 
 21. Strontium - nitrate 
 reactions. Cont'd: 
 Musa hybrida 
 Phaius hybridus 
 Miltonia bleuana .... 
 Cymbidium eburneo- 
 
 + 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 + 9 
 
 +<? 
 
 22. Cobalt-nitrate reac- 
 tions: 
 Brunsdonna sanderoe 
 alba 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 12 
 
 8 
 
 5 
 
 + <? 
 + 9=d" 
 
 + 9 
 + 9=d" 
 
 + tf 
 + 9=cf 
 
 + 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 + cf 
 
 +<? 
 
 +<? 
 
 + 9 
 +<* 
 
 + 0" 
 
 + 9=cf 
 + 9 
 
 + cT 
 
 Brunsdonna sanderce . 
 Hippeastrum titan- 
 
 H. ossultan-pyrrha . . 
 H. daeones-zephyr . . . 
 Hecmanthus andro- 
 meda 
 
 
 Crinum hyb. j. c. h. . 
 
 Crinum powellii. . . . 
 
 Nerine dainty maid. . 
 Nerine queen of roses 
 Nerine giantess 
 
 Nerine abundance . . . 
 Nerine glory of sarnia 
 Narcissus p. triumph 
 Lilium marham 
 
 1 .ilium dalhansoni . . . 
 Lilium golden gleam. 
 Lilium testaccum .... 
 Lilium burbanki 
 
 Iris dorak 
 
 Iris mrs. alan grey. . . 
 Iris pursind 
 Gladiolus col villei .... 
 Trit. crocosnueflora.. . 
 Begonia mrs. heal .... 
 
 Phaius hybridus 
 Miltonia bleuana .... 
 Cymbidium eburneo- 
 
 23. Copper-nitrate re- 
 actions: 
 Brunsdonna sanderce 
 alba 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 11 
 
 5 
 
 4 
 
 + d" 
 + 9 
 + 9 
 
 + 9=0" 
 
 + c? 
 + cT 
 
 6 
 
 +d" 
 +<? 
 
 + 0" 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 Brunsdonna sandcroe 
 Hippeastrum titan- 
 
 H. ossultan-pyrrha . . 
 H. djDones-zephyr . . . 
 Hffimanthus andro- 
 
 H. konig albert 
 
 Crinum hyb. j. e. h. . 
 Crinum kircape 
 
 Crinum powellii 
 Nerine dainty maid. . 
 Nerine queen of roses 
 Nerine giantess 
 Nerine abundance . . . 
 Nerine glory of sarnia 
 Narcissus p. triumph . 
 Lilium marhan 
 Lilium dalhansoni . . . 
 
 
SUMMARIES OF I UK IIISTOLOGIC CHAI 
 rAi.ii: II -r..r,/, nu ..j. TABLK H frnHnmtd. 
 
 888 
 
 rife 
 
 ^ 
 
 Same a* pol- 1 
 Ian parent. 
 
 ]i 
 
 i 
 
 J 
 
 1 
 
 23. Copper-nitrate re- 
 action*. Cewl'a 1 . 
 1 ilium (olden (leajn. 
 .m teatanemn. . . . 
 Liliuni burbanki 
 
 ^ m 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 4-9 
 
 4-9 ~{f 
 
 I ru uaital i 
 
 __ 
 
 ^_ 
 
 __ 
 
 4-9 
 
 ^ n 
 
 
 lank 
 
 ^ 
 
 _ 
 
 _ . 
 
 
 4-9 
 
 p 
 
 Iru mn. alan (rey. . . 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 4-9 
 
 Cila<liulu* colrilM 
 1 nt. croeoaBMeDora . . 
 Begonia mn. heal.. . . 
 Muaa hybrida 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 4-9 
 4-9 
 
 - 
 
 4-9 
 
 V ' ,' . . 
 
 -fc- - , - , 
 
 11 . 
 
 lowianum .... 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 e 
 
 - 
 
 4-9 
 
 + 9 -d" 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 :l>rir~chlorid re- 
 action*: 
 I iruiudonna nandera 
 
 nil* 
 
 I 
 
 J 
 
 akVBaK 
 
 7 
 
 * 
 
 4 
 
 mm^asss^ 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 llriinadonna undera 
 Hippeaetrum titan- 
 oleonia 
 
 ~ 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 ~ 
 
 
 
 If 
 
 M .wulUn-pyrrha 
 1 1 .laoora laphyr . . 
 Havnanthua andro- 
 meda 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 II Ionic albert 
 
 i 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 mi hyb. j. c. h. . 
 ( rinviin kirra(>*- 
 
 - 
 
 4- 
 
 - 
 
 4-9 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 < 'niium [towrllu 
 
 ^ 
 
 mm 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 i . 
 
 
 :e dainty maid, 
 tie queen o( roee* 
 
 ^ 
 
 tm 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 Nerine abundance . . 
 Nerine (lory of aarnia 
 NarciaMia p. triumph 
 1, ilium marhan 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 4-9-cf 
 
 - 
 
 I. ilium dalhaneooi... . 
 1 .ilium (oldea (learn. 
 LjliuBi taateoauB. 
 Liliuni burbank 
 
 
 
 ; 
 
 - 
 
 4-9-d- 
 
 + ? 
 
 4-9 
 
 Iru iamali 
 
 T _ 
 
 M 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 J- 
 
 Iru dorak 
 
 ^ m 
 
 ^ m 
 
 
 
 4-9 
 
 
 Iria mra. alan (rey. . . 
 Iru punind. . . 
 
 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 4-9 "<f 
 
 ^r ^T 
 
 CladioHucolvillei. . 
 
 Begonia mra. heal 
 Muaa hybrida 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 _ 
 
 4-9 
 4-9 
 
 
 _ 
 
 haiu* nybridu*. .... 
 Miltonia hleuana. .. 
 i ymbidium ebomeo- 
 lowianum 
 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 4-9_-d" 
 
 + 9 
 
 4-9 " <? 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 3 
 
 9 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 25. Barium-chloride re- 
 action.: 
 Brunadonna aaadant 
 alba . 
 
 4. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 nruoedonna aandera. 
 Hippeaatrum titan- 
 rleonia 
 
 
 " 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 H 'waultan-pyrrha. . . 
 M 'laooat atpl 
 Hawianthu* andro- 
 meda . 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 ii 
 
 Same aa pol- 1 
 
 : ' ' 
 
 I 1 
 
 pi 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 25. Barium-chloride re 
 actiona. Cttd: 
 11 kOni(albrrt 
 .-im hyb. j. c. h 
 :><im kirrape . 
 
 + 
 .f. 
 
 + 
 
 - 
 
 : 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 4-9 - cf 
 
 
 Nerino dainty maid. . 
 Neriao qinan of rom 
 NerinegianUw 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 e 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 - 
 
 iDeabondaaoa. . 
 Nerine dory ol aarnia 
 Nardawa p. triumph 
 l.iljuni marhan 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 
 
 -f-9 
 
 _ 
 
 - 
 
 I jlium dalhanaoni. 
 Ijlium (olden (toam. 
 I.ihuni tntaoeum. . . . 
 I .ilium hiirhanki .... 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 E 
 
 + <f 
 
 + 9 
 + 9 
 
 + 9 
 
 _ 
 
 Iris initial) 
 
 fm 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 4- 9 mtf 
 
 Iria dorak 
 
 + 
 
 ^^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 Iru mn. alan (rey. . . 
 Iris punand. . 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 4. o 
 
 Gladiolua oolvillei. . . 
 
 Tril FTnwmmlLirm. 
 
 + 
 
 - 
 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 
 MOBB hybrida. . 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 - 
 
 + ff 
 
 Phaiufl li>l>riilti 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 
 
 Miltonia Mruana .... 
 Cymbidium eburneo- 
 
 lowi&Dum 
 
 
 
 ~ 
 
 
 
 
 + <f 
 
 + 9 -d" 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 4 
 
 20. Mercuric-chloride 
 reaction*: 
 Brunadonna atndero 
 alba 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 Brunadonna aaodero] 
 Hippaaatnnn titan- 
 dconia . . 
 
 ~ 
 
 ~ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 R. oaaultan-pyrrha . 
 H. daooaa-aephyr .. . 
 Hannanthui andro- 
 meda 
 
 - 
 
 " 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 H. kdnif albert 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 Crinum hyb. j. c. h. 
 Crinum kircape 
 
 
 -t- 
 
 ~" 
 
 + 9 
 
 +<f 
 
 - 
 
 Nerine dainty maid. 
 Nenne Queen of roaca 
 Nerina (iantcai .... 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 
 Nerine abundance . . 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 _ 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 Nerine dory of aarnia 
 Narciaaui p. triumph 
 LUium marhan 
 
 -~ 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 ~ 
 
 +<f 
 
 + 9 -<f 
 
 
 
 I jlium dalhanaooi 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 .. 
 
 _ 
 
 
 + <f 
 
 Ulium (olden (learn. 
 Ijlium teataewon 
 UliumburbanV: 
 Iriaiamali 
 
 + 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 + <f 
 + 9 
 + 9 
 
 Iria dorak 
 
 + 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 __ 
 
 
 Iria mra. alan (rey. . . 
 
 Iru punind 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 4-9 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 RfignnU mr. bcal 
 
 M^_ a i t J^ 
 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 + 9 
 + 9 
 
 - 
 
 +<f 
 
 i i ' 
 
 nWlOal ByOTHIIIJ 
 
 Miltonia hleuana .. 
 Cymbidram eburneo- 
 lowianum 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 + 9-<f 
 
 + 9 
 
 4-9 -t? 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 : 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 t 
 
 9 
 
336 
 
 SUMMARIES OF THE HISTOLOGIC CHARACTERS, ETC. 
 
 1. SUMMART or TABLE H. Totals of Reaction-intensities of Starches of Hybrids with each Agent and Reagent as regards Sameness, 
 Intermediateness, Excess, and Deficit of Development in relation to the Parents. 
 
 Agents and reagents. 
 
 Same as 
 seed 
 parent. 
 
 Same as 
 pollen 
 parent. 
 
 Same as 
 both 
 parents. 
 
 Inter- 
 mediate. 
 
 Highest. 
 
 Lowest. 
 
 No. of 
 starches. 
 
 
 11 
 
 11 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 50 
 
 
 16 
 
 12 
 
 1 
 
 12 
 
 5 
 
 4 
 
 50 
 
 
 13 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 50 
 
 
 13 
 
 11 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 50 
 
 
 7 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 21 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 50 
 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 1 
 
 14 
 
 14 
 
 14 
 
 50 
 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 18 
 
 10 
 
 14 
 
 50 
 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 7 
 
 17 
 
 12 
 
 9 
 
 50 
 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 15 
 
 14 
 
 12 
 
 50 
 
 
 10 
 
 3 
 
 12 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 4 
 
 47 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 7 
 
 10 
 
 6 
 
 10 
 
 35 
 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 15 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 5 
 
 35 
 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 5 
 
 7 
 
 32 
 
 
 6 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 9 
 
 32 
 
 
 5 
 
 2 
 
 8 
 
 5 
 
 4 
 
 7 
 
 32 
 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 5 
 
 9 
 
 32 
 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 7 
 
 6 
 
 5 
 
 7 
 
 32 
 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 10 
 
 Q 
 
 10 
 
 35 
 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 8 ' 
 
 6 
 
 9 
 
 32 
 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 7 
 
 g 
 
 7 
 
 32 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 12 
 
 8 
 
 5 
 
 32 
 
 Cobalt nitrate . . 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 11 
 
 5 
 
 4 
 
 6 
 
 32 
 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 7 
 
 4 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 32 
 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 9 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 32 
 
 
 6 
 
 1 
 
 12 
 
 6 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 32 
 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 9 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 9 
 
 32 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2. SUMMARY OF TABLE H. SamenetsandlnclinationoftheReaction-intemitietofallof Hybrid Starches with each Agent and Reagent. 
 
 Agents and reagents. 
 
 Same as or closer to 
 
 Same as both 
 parents. 
 
 As close to 
 one as to the 
 other parent. 
 
 Number of 
 starches. 
 
 Seed parent. 
 
 Pollen parent. 
 
 
 26 
 25 
 21 
 24 
 29 
 23 
 31 
 23 
 24 
 18 
 11 
 8 
 13 
 13 
 7 
 11 
 12 
 16 
 16 
 15 
 15 
 6 
 12 
 9 
 13 
 14 
 
 20 
 18 
 25 
 21 
 18 
 20 
 12 
 15 
 11 
 11 
 12 
 8 
 8 
 9 
 10 
 14 
 9 
 15 
 12 
 10 
 10 
 11 
 10 
 9 
 4 
 6 
 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 2 
 7 
 4 
 12 
 7 
 15 
 6 
 6 
 8 
 6 
 7 
 1 
 3 
 3 
 2 
 11 
 7 
 9 
 12 
 9 
 
 4 
 6 
 4 
 3 
 3 
 6 
 5 
 5 
 11 
 6 
 5 
 4 
 5 
 4 
 7 
 2 
 4 
 3 
 1 
 2 
 5 
 4 
 3 
 5 
 3 
 3 
 
 50 
 50 
 50 
 50 
 50 
 50 
 50 
 50 
 50 
 47 
 35 
 35 
 32 
 32 
 32 
 32 
 32 
 35 
 32 
 32 
 32 
 32 
 32 
 32 
 32 
 32 
 
 
 Gentian violet 
 
 
 Temperature 
 
 Chloral hydrate ... 
 
 Chromic acid 
 
 
 
 
 Hydrochloric acid 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Strontium nitrate 
 
 
 Copper nitrate 
 
 
 
 
 
 437 
 
 328 
 
 140 
 
 113 
 
 1018 
 
 765 
 
 253 
 
SUMMARIES OF PLANT ( II \H VOTERS, ETC. 
 
 3:57 
 
 J Till: I'l.ANT TISsri 
 
 ID .MHKOSOOPIC CHARACTERS or 
 
 II \ liUllftilnrks IN ( 'iiMPARUO.N \M I II I UK IvEAC- 
 
 ITIES or STARCHES or UYBRIU- 
 NEsa, EXCESS, AXD DxriciT or DEVELOPHI 
 
 RELATION TO THE I'ABEXT-STOCKS. 
 (TUe I. I'arU I to 8. and Summariv 1 to 7. Charta F. 1 to 14.) 
 
 Inasmuch as the macrocopic and microscopic char- 
 acters of plaiife art-, like tin- microscopic characters and 
 i starches, expressions of physico-chemical 
 processes, it follow*, a corollary, if starche* exhibit 
 wrll .1. lin.il [( -uliarities in their parental relationships, 
 MII h a- ha\e Ijeen shown very dearly in preceding pages 
 that corres|M. n .linj; characteristics should be manifested 
 l>v the plant tissue*. This is not only what has been 
 found. Imt also a remarkable eongruity of the data eon- 
 Mdering tin- exceptional diversity of the methods of 
 investigation in tin; two entirely distinct although co- 
 
 tive lines of investigation. In the studies of the 
 
 .es the records show that each form of starch ex- 
 lulut.- in its histologic, polariscopic, and chemical proper- 
 
 arying relationships to the parents, some of these 
 profMTtie* (\arym;: in kind and miml>er in different 
 hybrids) being the same or practically the same as the 
 projuTty of the seed parent, or of the pollen parent, or 
 of both parents ; others being intermediate between the 
 i.'rr.-|M,ii(lin^ projKTties of the parents; and others 
 showing development in excess or deficit of parental 
 extremes. As exceptionally striking facts it was also 
 observed that the distribution of the data of parental 
 relationship under the six parent-phase divisions varied 
 with the different hybrid starches so markedly and 
 characteristically that each table of the characters of 
 each starch is diagnostic of the starch ; that the propor- 
 
 "f intermediate and non-intermediate characters 
 vary within wide limits in different starches; that the 
 development of characters in excess or deficit of parental 
 extremes is more conspicuous than intennediateness or 
 sameness to either parent or both parents; and that the 
 comparative degree of influence of the seed and pollen 
 parents varied within extremes characterized by an almost 
 
 rsal dominance of one or the other parent. Tables 
 < . and H give recapitulations and summaries of 
 the reaction-intensities of the starches of hybrids which 
 are not only exceptionally well adapted for comparison" 
 of certain fundamental data of the peculiarities of 
 starches, but also for bases of comparison of starch and 
 tissue characteristics. 
 
 In Table I the macroscopic and microscopic data of 
 hybrid-stocks are formulated in correspondence with the 
 
 n-intensity data of the starches in Tables F and H. 
 Comparing in a general way the two sets of tables one 
 gets at first glance the impression of concordance, and 
 of so definite a character that it seems obvious that if 
 the two sets of tables were intermingled, the botanical 
 names having been removed, it would be impossible 
 to distribute them to their proper plant and starch 
 groups. The tiwne tables differ from each other as do 
 ireh taldes, and each is as individualized and diag- 
 nostic of the plant as is each starch table. In comparing 
 the data of Table 1 and its summaries the most con- 
 
 22 
 
 us feature* an: The general or gross agreement 
 between the figures of the corresponding columns ; the 
 small number of characters and reactions that are the 
 same as one or the other or both parents in comparison 
 with the number that are intermediate, highest, and low- 
 est; the distinctly smaller number that are intermediate 
 in comparison with the combined numbers that are 
 highest and lowest ; the comparatively small number that 
 are intermediate (in view of intennediateneas being a 
 criterion ,,f h\linds); and the many or leas marked 
 dissimilarities in the distribution of the macroscopic and 
 microscopic data among the six parent-phases. In mak- 
 ing these comparisons it is preferable to take percentage*, 
 inasmuch as the numbers of characters and reactions 
 are not the same. 
 
 Referring to the first summary, it will be found 
 that of the 959 tissue characters 17.8 per cent are the 
 same as one or the other parent or both parents, and 
 that 82.2 per cent are intermediate, highest, and lowest; 
 while with the reactions of the starches (Table F) the 
 figures are 36.2 and 63.8 per cent, respectively, the 
 ratio of the former being 1 : 4.7 and of the latter 1 : 1.8. 
 Comparing the figures of the corresponding columns of 
 the two tables, the following percentages will be noted, 
 the first figure being for the tiasues and the second 
 for the starches: Same aa aeed parent 5.8 and 1.1.4; 
 same as pollen parent 6.8 and 9.2 ; same as both parents 
 5.2 and 13.6- intermediate 43.2 and 23.2; highest 21.9 
 and 18.4; and lowest 14.1 and 22.2. Intermediate char- 
 acters in the tissue represent 43.2, and highest and lowest 
 characters 39, compared with 23.2 and 40.6 in the reac- 
 tions, showing in both cases that the percentages of 
 characters and reactions developed in excess or deficit 
 of parental extremes are very large, and in the reactions 
 very much larger than the intermediate percentages. It 
 therefore would seem to follow, as a corollary, that if 
 intermediateness is of given value as a criterion of hy- 
 brids, development in excess and deficit of parental 
 extremes is a criterion of greater value. 
 
 One of the most unexpected features exhibited by 
 these data is the presence or absence of dote correspond- 
 ence in the form of distribution of the macroscopic and 
 microscopic characters among the six parent-phases. One 
 would naturally be led to the assumption that if, for in- 
 stance, a given percentage of macroscopic characters 
 were the same as those of the seed parent a similar or 
 very closely similar percentage of microscopic characters 
 would fall under the same heading ; but, strange enough, 
 there may be a range of relationship between almost or 
 practical identity and very marked divergence, and even 
 inversion, of the percentages of the two groups of 
 characters. Thus, in Ipomaa ttottri (Chart P 1, Table 
 I, Part 1 and Summary 1 ) there is in general closeness of 
 the two curves, the only marked variation being in the in- 
 termediate characters. The percentages of characters 
 that are the same as those of the pollen parent and both 
 parents, and that are developed in deficit of parental 
 extremes, are in each case Terr close. The percentages 
 of macroscopic characters under each of these parent- 
 phases is lower than the corresponding percentages of 
 microscopic characters except in intermediate characters. 
 In the latter the percentages are not only markedly dif- 
 ferent (macroscopic 47.4 and microscopi but 
 there is also an inversion of the percentages, and then- 
 
338 
 
 SUMMARIES OF PLANT CHARACTERS, ETC. 
 
 fore of the relative positions of the curves. The percent- 
 age of microscopic characters developed in excess of 
 parental extremes is precisely the same as the percentage 
 of macroscopic intermediate characters; and the com- 
 bined percentages of macroscopic and microscopic charac- 
 ters developed in excess and deficit of parental extremes 
 is much larger than the combined percentages of macro- 
 scopic and microscopic intermediate characters, the pro- 
 portions being 51.9 to 36.9. It is remarkable and inex- 
 plicable that the percentage of macroscopic characters 
 should exceed the percentage of microscopic characters 
 among intermediate groups and be the reverse in all of 
 the other five parent-phase groups. 
 
 In Ltelia-Cattleya canhamiana (Chart F 2, Summary 
 1 of Table I, Part 2 and Summary 1) there is similar 
 gross correspondence and lack of correspondence in per- 
 centages and in curves, but the curves so differ from 
 those of Ipomaa sloteri as to be readily distinguishable. 
 In this hybrid the differences between the macroscopic 
 and microscopic data are, as a whole, distinctly more 
 marked ; the percentages of macroscopic characters are 
 less than those of the microscopic characters in 5 of the 6 
 parent-phases, the most marked difference being noted 
 among the characters that are developed in deficit of 
 parental extremes, while the percentages of both macro- 
 scopic and microscopic characters that are intermediate 
 are notably in excess of the percentages of characters fall- 
 ing under the other 5 parent-phases. Among the inter- 
 mediate characters, 52.9 per cent are macroscopic and 
 35.3 per cent microscopic. Taking the characters as a 
 whole, 40.3 per cent are intermediate and 34.4 per cent are 
 developed in excess or deficit of parental extremes. 
 
 In Cymbidium eburneo-lowianum (Chart F 3, Table 
 I, Part 3 and Summary 1) the percentages of char- 
 acters differ, on the whole, only slightly more than in 
 either Ipomcea sloteri or Lcelia-Cattleya canhamiana. The 
 percentages of macroscopic characters are higher than 
 those of the microscopic characters in 3 and lower in 3 of 
 the six parent-phases, and the most marked differences 
 are found among the characters that are intermediate and 
 that are developed in excess and deficit of parental ex- 
 tremes. The percentage of macroscopic intermediate 
 characters is very much higher than the percentage of 
 microscopic characters (62.9 and 36, respectively) ; the 
 combined percentages of both macroscopic and micro- 
 scopic intermediate characters is close to one-half (44.6 
 per cent) of the total of all of the characters, and nearly 
 double the combined percentages (25.4 per cent) of char- 
 acters that are developed in excess and deficit of parental 
 extremes. It is extraordinary that while the ratio of 
 macroscopic characters that are intermediate to those 
 which are developed in excess and deficit of parental 
 extremes is 62.9 : 5.7, the ratio of microscopic characters 
 is 36 : 34.7. 
 
 In Dendrobium cybele (Chart F 4, Table I, Part 4 
 and Summary 1) the percentages of characters differ 
 in degree, with one exception, from distinct to well 
 marked, the greatest divergence being noted among the 
 characters that fall under those which are the same as 
 those of the pollen parent, the same as those of both 
 parents, and which are developed in deficit of parental 
 extremes, especially the latter. In 3 of the 6 parent- 
 phases the macroscopic characters show higher percent- 
 
 ages than the microscopic characters, in 2 lower per- 
 centages, and in 1 practically the same percentages. The 
 percentages of microscopic characters that are interme- 
 diate represent much more than one-third (43.3 per cent) 
 of the total characters and distinctly more than the com- 
 bined percentages (29.9 per cent) of characters that are 
 developed in excess and deficit of parental extremes. The 
 intermediate macroscopic characters represent a percent- 
 age (37 per cent) somewhat lower than the macroscopic 
 characters and distinctly lower than the combined per- 
 centages of characters developed in excess and deficit of 
 parental extremes (52.5 per cent). This inversed re- 
 lationship of the percentages that are intermediate and 
 developed in excess and deficit in comparison with the 
 macroscopic characters is extremely interesting. The 
 total percentage of intermediate characters is 37 in com- 
 parison with 46.6 per cent of characters developed in 
 excess or deficit of parental extremes. 
 
 In Miltonia bleuana (Chart F 5, Table I, Part 5 and 
 Summary 1) there is a marked tendency to variation in 
 the distribution of percentages of macroscopic and micro- 
 scopic characters among the 6 parent-phases, the per- 
 centages being close in 3 and well apart in 3. The most 
 marked differences noted are in the percentages that fall 
 under characters that are the same as the seed parent, the 
 same as the pollen parent, and which developed in deficit 
 of parental extremes. The differences are not only well 
 marked, but much accentuated because of the relatively 
 small differences found under the other parent-phases. 
 The macroscopic character percentages are higher than 
 the microscopic percentages in 2 of the 4 parent-phases. 
 The macroscopic characters that are intermediate rep- 
 resent 31 per cent of the total characters, distinctly 
 higher than the combined percentages of characters de- 
 veloped in excess and deficit of parental extremes (17.2 
 per cent). The microscopic characters that are inter- 
 mediate show a somewhat higher percentage than the 
 macroscopic characters, but distinctly lower than the 
 combined percentages of characters developed in excess 
 and deficit of parental extremes, the ratio being 
 36.4 : 45.9, a reversal of values in comparison with the 
 macroscopic characters. The total percentage of inter- 
 mediate characters is 35.1 compared with the combined 
 percentages (38.7 per cent) of characters developed in 
 excess and deficit of parental extremes. 
 
 The two Cypripedium hybrids C. lathianum and C. 
 lathianum inversum are offspring of reversed crosses. 
 In Cypripedium lathamianum (Chart F 6, Table I, Part 
 6 and Summary 1) the records are remarkable on ac- 
 count chiefly of the comparatively high percentages of 
 characters that are intermediate and that are developed 
 in excess of parental extremes, and the correspondingly 
 low percentages that fall under all of the other parent- 
 phases; the very marked differences between the per- 
 centages of macroscopic and microscopic characters that 
 are intermediate, and that are developed in excess of 
 parental extremes ; and the inversion of the macroscopic 
 and microscopic values in these two phases. The macro- 
 scopic percentages are lower than the microscopic per- 
 centages among the characters that are the same as those 
 of the pollen parent, developed in excess of parental ex- 
 tremes, and developed in deficit of parental extremes; 
 and lower in the other three phases. Among characters 
 
SUMMARIES OF PLANT < 1IARACTER8, BTC. 
 
 339 
 
 that are the same u one or the other parent or both 
 parents tin- differences arc omall. Among the macn>- 
 scopic character*, 85.3 per rent an- intermediate, and 
 there is a very (mail combined percentage of character! 
 developed in excess and deficit of parental extr. m<>- 
 (5.9 per cent). Among the microscopic character* 
 I' 1 l (XT cent are intermediate and 42.5 per cent are 
 jH-,1 beyond parental extreme*. Summing up the 
 F r. :' character* that are intermediate and that 
 
 are developed beyond parental extreme*, respectively, 
 it is een that of the total character* 60 per cent are 
 intermediate and 32.4 per cent developed beyond 
 parental extreme*. 
 
 In the companion hybrid, Cypripfdium lathamianum 
 IT- 17. table I, 1), the macroscopic and 
 mil rosoopic character* are found to be closely in accord 
 in their percentage* with those of the C. loihamianiun . 
 the most noticeable difference* being in the percentage* 
 that fall under the character* that are the same a* the 
 pollen parent and those that are intermediate. In thi- 
 hybrid the percentage of macroscopic character* that 
 are the same as those of the pollen parent is larger than 
 the percentage of microscopic characters; but in the 
 other hybrid the reverse. The percentages of both macro- 
 scopic and microscopic intermediate characters are less, 
 especially M regard* the former. In thig hybrid 73.5 
 per cent and in the other 85.3 per cent of the macro- 
 scopic character* are intermediate, while the figures for 
 the microscopic characters are 46.6 and 49.4, respec- 
 tively. Summing up the characters that are interme- 
 diate and those that are developed beyond parental ex- 
 tremes, respectively, it i* seen that of the total character* 
 54.1 per cent are intermediate and 36.5 per cent de- 
 veloped beyond parental extremes. This gives in thin 
 hybrid in comparison with the other a lower percentage 
 of characters that are intermediate and a larger percent- 
 age that are developed in excess and deficit of parental 
 extremes. The corresponding percentages and hence 
 the corresponding curves of these hybrid* are so closely 
 alike that one should at a glance inspect that the plant* 
 are very closely related. In fact, the similarities and 
 dissimilarities noted are generally in accord with what 
 should naturally be expected from the data of hybrid*. 
 
 The remarkable degree of concordance of the data 
 of these two hybrid* i* a matter of pre-eminent impor- 
 tance because of the data of one being in the nature of 
 a check-off or test experiment in relation to the other. 
 >bvious if the data do not agree within limits that 
 hare been found by the systematic in his descriptions 
 of the naked-eye character* of plant*, that they would be 
 regarded a* being undependable, and that if, on the 
 other hand, they do agree that the differences in the 
 corresponding percentages in the macroscopic and micro- 
 scopic characters are not fallacious. It scarcely seems 
 within the realm of possibility, if the data were not 
 reliable within reasonable or small limits of error of 
 observation, that the two seta of curves would be to 
 nearly alike and differ only to about the degree that 
 should be expected in the case of offspring of reciprocal 
 crosses. There is also, as will be seen, a distinct likeness 
 of the courses of the curves of the chart of Cypriprdium 
 nittnx to those of the preceding Cypriprdium charts, and 
 the difference* between the former and the latter are defi- 
 
 nitely more marked, thus indicating that the parentage 
 in the two cases U not identical. The likeness can bs 
 accounted for in part by the fact that one of the parents 
 <>f C. nilrnt (C. nV/ofum) is also a parent of each of 
 the other hybrids the pollen parent in the firt and 
 the seed parent in the second. The charts of 
 and C. Inihamianum invertvm are more alike than those 
 of ( \ nitfn* and C. lathamianum ; in both of the former 
 the seed parent is the same; and, aa will be pointed 
 out later in sufficient detail, (\ i i77.um is more potent 
 in influencing the characters of the hybrids than is either 
 of the other parents, which in a measure will account for 
 similarities of all three charts. 
 
 In Cypripedium nitftu (Chart F8, Table I, 1) the 
 percentages of both macroscopic and microscopic charac- 
 ters that are the same as those of the seed parent and 
 that are developed in excess of parental extreme* are dis- 
 tinctly larger, and there are notable lowcrings of per- 
 centages of both macroscopic and microscopic interme- 
 diate characters. There is a more marked difference be- 
 tween the percentages of macroscopic characters that are 
 the same as those of both parents, with, moreover, an 
 inversion of the macroscopic and microscopic values in 
 this phase; and the macroscopic and microscopic per- 
 centages of characters that are developed in excess of 
 parental extremes are practically the same, whereas in 
 the other two hybrids they are very different. The 
 macroscopic percentages are higher than the microscopic 
 percentages among the characters that are the same aa 
 those of the seed parent and that are intermediate, but 
 lower in the other four sex-phases. Of the total num- 
 ber of macroscopic characters 50 per cent are interme- 
 diate and 34.4 per cent are developed in excess and 
 deficit of parental extremes; and of the microscopic 
 characters 35 per cent are intermediate and 47 per cent 
 are developed in excess or deficit of parental extremes. 
 Summing both macroscopic and microscopic characters, 
 39 per cent are intermediate and 42.4 per cent are de- 
 veloped beyond parental extremes. The corresponding 
 figures for C. Jaihamianum are 60 and 32.4, and for 
 C. lathamianum invermm 54.1 and 36.5, showing in 
 C. nitent an inversion of these sex-phase values com- 
 pared with the values of the other two hybrids. 
 
 By comparing Charts F 1 to F 8 it will be seen that 
 while there are throughout certain well-defined resem- 
 blances, no two are so similar, even in the case of the 
 two Cypnptdium hybrids that have come from recipro- 
 cal crosses, as to lead to one being mistaken for an- 
 other. A common plan of distribution of percentages 
 of characters among the six parent-phases is evident 
 in all of the charts and is only exceptionally departed 
 from that is, in general, comparatively low percentages 
 of characters that are the same u one or the other 
 parent or both parents, generally higher percentages 
 of characters that are developed in excess or deficit of 
 parental extremes, and still higher percentages of char- 
 acters that are intermediate. Departures of modifi- 
 cations of this plan are seen particularly in Ipomtra 
 nloieri, in the higher percentage of characters developed 
 in excess of parental extremes than of intermediate char- 
 acters; and in Mil Ionia, blrnana in the high percentage 
 of macroscopic character* that are the same aa those 
 of the seed and pollen parent. Perhaps there is nothing 
 
340 
 
 SUMMARIES OF PLANT CHARACTERS, ETC. 
 
 BO remarkable among these records as the marked ten- 
 dencies in the several sets of parents and hybrids to 
 inverted relations of macroscopic and microscopic values ; 
 and the tendency for macroscopic values to be higher 
 than the microscopic values in the intermediate charac- 
 ters, and for the reverse in the characters that are de- 
 veloped in excess and deficit of parental extremes. 
 
 Recapitulating the sums of both macroscopic and 
 microscopic characters that fall under the six sex-phases 
 (Table I, Summary 1) it is found that of the 959 charac- 
 ters 5.8 per cent are the same as those of the seed parent, 
 6.8 the same as those of the pollen parent, 5.2 the same as 
 those of both parents, 43.2 intermediate, 24.9 developed 
 in excess of parental extremes, and 14.1 in deficit of 
 parental extremes. It will also be seen that 17.8 per cent 
 are the same as those of one or the other parent or both 
 parents; that 82.2 per cent are intermediate and de- 
 veloped beyond parental extremes; and that 43.2 per 
 cent are intermediate against 39 per cent that are de- 
 veloped beyond parental extremes. 
 
 Further studies of the separate percentages of macro- 
 scopic and microscopic characters show, as presented in 
 the second summary of Table I, in the former as com- 
 pared with the latter, lower percentages in the characters 
 that are the same as one or the other parent or both 
 parents and that are intermediate, but higher percentages 
 in the characters that are developed beyond parental ex- 
 tremes, especially in those which are developed in deficit 
 of parental extremes. The figures in relation to sameness 
 to one or the other parent or both parents run closely, but 
 in the other three parent-phases they show marked 
 divergence. 
 
 The frequent absence of agreement between the dis- 
 tribution of the macroscopic and microscopic data of the 
 hybrids among the six. parent-phases is at present inex- 
 plicable. As before stated, it seems, if in any hybrid 
 given proportions of macroscopic characters would be 
 found to be the same as those of the seed parent and as 
 those of the pollen parent, that the corresponding pro- 
 portions of the microscopic characters would be found; 
 but the proportions may not only be quite different but 
 even reversed. The proportions of macroscopic and 
 microscopic characters that are the same as or inclined 
 to the seed and pollen parents, respectively, are approxi- 
 mately in Ipomwa sloteri (Table I, Summary 4) about 
 2 to 1 and 3 to 1, respectively; in Lcelia-Cattleya can- 
 hamiana, 1 to 2 and 1 to 2; in Cymbidium eburneo- 
 lowianum, 3 to 2 and nearly 1 to 1 respectively ; in Den- 
 brobium cybele, 1 to 3 and about 1 to 1 respectively; 
 in Miltonia bleuana, 4 to 3 and 1 to nearly Vfa respec- 
 tively; in Cypripedium lathamianum, about 1 to 1 and 
 nearly 1 to I 1 /*, respectively; in C. lathamianum inver- 
 sum, 2 to 1 and iy 2 to 1 respectively, and in C. nitens 
 1% to 1 and 1 to 1%, respectively. With such marked 
 and unaccountable variations of macroscopic and micro- 
 scopic values, it is to be expected that owing to the 
 great dissimilarity in the methods and characters of the 
 data of the tissue and starch investigations the two sets 
 of data may differ even more widely than the macro- 
 scopic and microscopic data just examined ; and such is 
 found to be the case, as will be shown in the following 
 section wherein additional consideration of the tissue 
 characters is given. 
 
 3. TISSUES AND STAKCHES OF SAME 
 
 PARENT- AND HYBRID-STOCKS. 
 COMPARISONS OF CHARACTERS OF THE TISSUES AND 
 OF THE HlSTOLOGIC AND OTHER PROPERTIES AND 
 REACTION-INTENSITIES OF THE STARCHES OF 
 HYBRID-STOCKS AS REGARDS SAMENESS, INTER- 
 MEDIATENESS, EXCESS AND DEFICIT OF DEVELOP- 
 MENT IN RELATION TO THE PARENT-STOCKS. 
 
 (Table I, Parts 1 to 8. and Summaries 1 to 9. Charts F 1 to F 14.) 
 
 When the present research was planned it was the 
 intention, as stated in the introduction, to make coinci- 
 dent studies of the tissues and starches of each parent 
 and hybrid specimen, with the especial object of show- 
 ing what relationships, if any, exist between the macro- 
 scopic and microscopic characters of the plants and the 
 histological and other properties and reaction-intensi- 
 ties of the starches, but various conditions combined to 
 render this project impracticable. One might be led 
 to the assumption, upon superficial thought, that if, for 
 instance, the macroscopic plant-characters of any hy- 
 brid are distributed in certain percentages among the 
 six sex-phase divisions a closely corresponding division 
 of the microscopic characters would be found, and that 
 starch characters, physical and physico-chemical, would 
 be in similar agreement. In other words, a universality 
 of type or plan of distribution of characters, so that if, 
 for example, in Ipomcea sloteri the distribution of macro- 
 scopic characters among the six parent-phases be (Table 
 I, Summary 1) 2.6, 2.6, 0, 47.4, 42.1, and 5.3 per cent, re- 
 spectively, the distribution of the microscopic characters 
 would be essentially or closely the same ; but, in fact, 
 there are more or less marked differences, as is evident 
 by the following figures for the latter: 8.4, 3.2, 2.1, 32.6, 
 47.4, and 6.3 per cent, respectively. By such compari- 
 sons it will be noted that, among the macroscopic char- 
 acters as compared with the number of microscopic char- 
 acters, less than one-third will be the same as those of 
 the seed parent (2.6 : 8.4) ; a slightly smaller percentage 
 the same as pollen parent (2.6 : 3.2) ; a smaller percent- 
 age the same as both parents (0:2.1); a very much 
 higher percentage intermediate (47.4:32.6); a smaller 
 percentage developed to excess of parental extremes 
 (42.1 : 47.4) ; and a slightly smaller percentage devel- 
 oped in deficit of parental extremes (5.3:6.5). Such 
 differences vary in the different hybrids in both quantity 
 and direction, and when the percentages for all of the 
 hybrids are summed up, as in Table I, Summary 2, the 
 macroscopic characters show distinctly higher percent- 
 ages than the microscopic characters in regard to same- 
 ness as the seed parent, pollen parent, and both parents, 
 and also to intermediateness, especially the latter; and 
 markedly lower percentages in the characters developed 
 beyond parental extremes. 
 
 In view of such extraordinary differences in percent- 
 ages of microscopic and macroscopic characters, interest 
 is at once aroused in regard to the relative peculiarities 
 of the tissues and starches in their parental relationships. 
 On general principles it seems probable that if two 
 groups of characters which are so closely related as the 
 naked eye and microscopic characters differ so notably 
 that the group of characters consisting of reaction-inten- 
 sities of the starches should differ as much or more from 
 
SIMMAIUKS OK n.AM ( H \ H \i I >:i;-. Mr. 
 
 341 
 
 the tissue groups u do the latter from each other. 
 paring th. i...\ lt . chancier* and starch reactmtie 
 (Table I. Summary :t). it is found that the former 
 huw distantly lower percentage* in regard to samene* 
 a* the *eed parent, jHilU-n parent, and Mb p.i 
 markedly hi>rhT [HTcenta^cs in regard t<> m 1 
 new and character* that arc di-\ rlu].-d m excea* of paren- 
 tal extreme* ; and a distinctly lower ]H-r,viita^r de\clu|>,d 
 in di lint { parental evtreinc-. It deem* obvious fr>m 
 this that tin- li^uriM recorded in urn -he>e modes 
 
 nf imcstij.Mti.in ran not be taken as an index of what 
 ! found by another, if the percentage* of tho 
 iraeters and starch character* are charted (Chart 
 it will be seen that there i* only a very grow, if 
 any, correspondence between the two curves. If three 
 curves are const ructed to show the macroscopic, micro- 
 scopic, and reaction data respectively (Chart F 10), a 
 ni'xliti.d picture is presented. It will be noted that the 
 macroscopic and microscopic curves show similarities 
 and that neither appears to be related to the starch curve. 
 The comparative degree* of influence of each of the 
 parents in determiiiiiiir the characters of the hybrid 
 varies not only with the different *-ta, but also in the 
 'ntages of macroscopic and microscopic characters 
 in each set. Table H, Summary 2, gives a summary of the 
 sameness and inclination of the reaction-intensities of 
 the starches of hybrids to one or the other parent or both 
 parents. Table I, Summary 4, preset) U similar data of 
 the macroscopic and microscopic plant characters. Tak- 
 ing the macroscopic and microscopic characters together, 
 it will IN- found that there is marked dominance of the 
 eed parent in Ipomcta tloteri (58:23) and Cypripe- 
 dium lathamianum inrrnum (60: 43), and of the pollen 
 parent in Isrlia-Caitlfya canhamiana (31 : 61), and that 
 there is little dominance of either parent in Cymbidium 
 tburneo-lovianum (41 : 35), .Miltunia bleuana (39: 47), 
 Cttirrifitdium luihamianum (39:48), and Cypripedium 
 nitfns (41:47). In none of these hybrids is there noted 
 in the tissue characters the extreme dominance recorded 
 in the reaction-intensities and histological properties of 
 some of the hybrids in the starch investigation, but such 
 dominance will undoubtedly be brought out in researches 
 with other parents and hybrids. 
 
 In summing up the numbers and percentages of the 
 tissue characters and starch reaction-intensities that are 
 the same as or inclined to the seed parent, the pollen 
 parent, and to both parents, and which are as close to one 
 as to the other parent, respectively, it is found that the 
 different hybrids show the widest variations in dip 
 and degree (Table I. Summary 6, and Table 0). Thus, 
 in Ipomeea tloteri the ratio of macroscopic charac- 
 ters that are the same as or inclined to the seed parent 
 to those that are the same as or inclined to the pollen 
 parent is about 2:1. while of the microscopic characters 
 it is almost 3:1. In Lrrlia-Cattlrya canhamiana the 
 ratios are about 1:2 and 1:2 respectively. In Cym- 
 bidium rburnro-loirianum the ratios are 1V&: 1, and 1: 1, 
 respectively. In Dendrobium cyltle the ratios are 1 : 3 
 and 1:1, respectively, and so on. In the case of the 
 ftarches the ratios are far more varied, ranging from 
 23 : at one extreme to : 25 at the other extreme, with 
 great variations in between. In summing up the figure* 
 and percentages for the tissues and comparing them with 
 the corresponding figures for the starches, it is found that 
 
 tin- figure!* fur the >mbined macroscopic and n. 
 
 --.pic character* that are the Mine aa or inclined to the 
 
 Mad parent and the pollen parent, respectively, are 36.8 
 
 'i.:. while for the starches they are 42.7 and 32.4. 
 
 haracters that are the Mine u those of both 
 
 parent* the figures for the tissues and starches are 5.2 and 
 
 3.8, respectively. In group of characters first stated the 
 figures are almost the same in the first couple, while in 
 the second couple the first figure is about one-third higher 
 than the second. In the m-cond group the first figure is 
 amall in comparison with the second, this probably being 
 due to the fact that in the study <>f the tissue characters 
 many characters that were found in the hybrid to be the 
 same or practically the same as the characters in the 
 parent* were not recorded. Of characters that are aa 
 close to one aa to the other parent the tissue character 
 percentage is 21.1, while that of the starches is 11.1. 
 Finally, among the tissue characters, 73.7 per cent are 
 the same as or inclined to the seed or the pollen parent ; 
 and among the starch characters 75.1 per <rnt, or prac- 
 tically the same. 
 
 In case of two set* of parents and hybrids (Cym- 
 bidium and Miltonia), studies were made coincident ly 
 of both tissue and starch characters, but unfortunately 
 in one (Cymbidium) the reactions of the starches were 
 with few exceptions so very rapid that satisfactory data 
 for differential purposes were not obtained. These data 
 are summarized in Tables I, 3, and 6, and F, 47 and 
 48, and also in Charts F3, F6, F 11, and F 12. Re- 
 ferring to the characters and character-phases of Cym- 
 bidium fburneo-lou-ianum it will be apparent upon com- 
 parison of the data pertaining to the several parental- 
 phases (Chart F3) that the percentages of macroscopic 
 characters are smaller than those of the microscopic 
 characters that are the same a* those of the seed parent, 
 and which are developed in excess and in deficit of 
 parental extremes; but larger among those which are 
 the same as those of the pollen parent and of both parents, 
 and which are intermediate. Hence, there are inver- 
 sions of the curves in the chart. The quantitative differ- 
 ences between the plant and the reaction characters vary 
 in the several parental-phases (Chart K 11). the differ- 
 ences being distinct among the characters that are the 
 same as those of one or the other parent or both parents, 
 marked among those which are developed in excess or 
 deficit of parental extremes, and very marked among 
 those which are intermediate. While there are some 
 correspondence* in the percentages and curves of the 
 macroscopic and microscopic data, there is no corre- 
 spondence between theae and the starch reaction-inten- 
 sity curve. In fact, there seems to be a tendency to 
 nver*e rather than direct relationship. In Milionio 
 ileuana the macroscopic and microscopic figure* and 
 curve* differ in some respect* lea* and in others more 
 ban in Cymbidium rburnro-lotnanum (Chart F12). 
 The percentage* of the macroscopic character* are higher 
 than those of the macroscopic character* among the 
 characters that are the same a* those of the wed parent 
 and the name a* those of the pollen parent, but lower 
 among the character* that fail under the other four 
 tarental-phaaea, so that here also there is invention of the 
 wo curve*. The percentage* and curve* of the rtarch 
 reaction-intensities bear, a* in the foregoing hybrid, 
 ipparently no relationship to either macroscopic or 
 
342 
 
 SUMMARIES OF PLANT CHARACTERS, ETC. 
 
 microscopic character curve, and here also it appears as 
 though there is a tendency to inverse rather than direct 
 relationship. While the starch reaction-intensity data 
 in Cymbidium are of little value, for reasons stated, the 
 data of Miltonia are to be regarded as being quite as 
 dependable as those of either macroscopic or microscopic 
 characters. 
 
 In further comparisons to bring out specifically 
 the comparative influences of the seed and the pollen 
 parent on the properties of the hybrids (Table I, Sum- 
 mary 5, Charts F 11 and F 12) it will be found in Cym- 
 bidium eburneo-lowianum that the macroscopic and 
 microscopic percentages and curves tend to correspond- 
 ence in their courses with varying degrees of separation, 
 and also to inversions in their positions. The percentages 
 of macroscopic characters compared with those of micro- 
 scopic characters are lower among the characters that are 
 the same as those of the seed parent, that are highest and 
 that are lowest; and higher among those that are the 
 same as those of the pollen parent, that are the same as 
 those of both parents and that are intermediate. 
 
 Comparing now the starch-reaction data with the 
 foregoing, it will be seen that while the percentages 
 and curves of the tissue data have some correspondence, 
 the starch data and curve appear to be quite independ- 
 ent, the starch curve being higher than the tissue curve 
 in respect to characters that are the same as those of 
 the seed parent, the same as those of both parents and 
 those which are lowest; and zero in characters that are 
 the same as those of the pollen parent, intermediate and 
 highest. In Miltonia bleuana the macroscopic and micro- 
 scopic values and curves are quite different from the 
 preceding. The curve of the macroscopic characters is 
 higher than that of the microscopic characters among the 
 characters that are the same as those of the seed parent 
 and the same as those of the pollen parent, and lower 
 in the other four parental designations. The starch curve 
 here is also very variant, bearing no relationship to the 
 tissue curves. It is intermediate between the macro- 
 scopic and microscopic curves in regard to characters 
 that are tha same as those of the seed parent and that 
 are lowest, lower in characters that are the same as those 
 of the pollen parent and that are intermediate, and 
 higher in characters that are the same as those of both 
 parents and that are highest. In Cymbidium eburneo- 
 loivianum (Table I, Summary 5) 30 per cent of the tissue 
 characters are the same as those of one or the other parent 
 or both parents ; 44.5 per cent intermediate ; and 25.4 per 
 cent developed in excess or deficit of parental extremes. 
 The starch reactions show 50.1, 0, and 50 per cent, re- 
 spectively, the figures in the several columns differing 
 markedly from those of the tissues. In Miltonia bleuana 
 the figures for the tissues are 26.2, 35.1 and 38.6, respec- 
 tively; and for the starch 23, 3.8, and 73.1, respectively. 
 
 The comparative degrees of influence exerted by 
 each parent on the properties of the hybrid are shown 
 in Table I, Summary 6, and presented in chart form in 
 
 Charts F 14 and F 15. In Cymbidium eburneo-lowianum, 
 in the macroscopic characters the seed parent has exerted 
 a much greater influence than the pollen parent, but in 
 the microscopic characters very little more than the pollen 
 parent. In Miltonia bleuana, in the macroscopic charac- 
 ters the seed parent is distinctly more potent, but in the 
 microscopic characters the pollen parent is the more 
 potent, the values being practically reversed. Summing 
 up the macroscopic and microscopic characters it is 
 found that in Cymbidium eburneo-lowianum the seed 
 parent is but little more potent than the pollen parent 
 (37.3: 31.8 per cent), and that in Miltonia blueana the 
 seed parent is decidedly less potent than the pollen 
 parent (34.2:41.2 per cent). As to the starches in 
 Cymbidium eburneo-lowianum the influences of the seed 
 parent are far greater than those of the pollen parent 
 as shown by the ratio of 15.4 : 3.8 ; and in Miltonia blue- 
 ana the difference is very much greater, the ratio here 
 being 77 : 7.7 in the former 4 times greater and in the 
 latter almost 10 times greater. Little or no importance, 
 however, is to be attached to the data of the starch of 
 Cymbidium for reasons already given. 
 
 In the histological examinations of the starches it was 
 found that the starch of Cymbidium eburneo-lowianum 
 in the form of the grains, character of the hilum, lamellae, 
 and size is closer, as a whole, to the seed parent ; and in 
 eccentricity of the hilum and ratio of length to width of 
 the grains closer, as a whole, to the pollen parent. In 
 the qualitative reactions it is in all respects closer to the 
 seed parent. In Miltonia bleuana the starch is in the 
 form of the grains, character of the hilum, and character 
 of the lamellae closer, as a whole, to the seed parent ; but 
 in eccentricity of the hilum and size of the grains it is 
 closer, as a whole, to the pollen parent. In all of the 
 qualitative reactions it is closer to the seed parent. 
 
 Apropos of intermediateness as a criterion of hy- 
 brids, it is worth while to compare the percentages of 
 microscopic and macroscopic characters and starch reac- 
 tion-intensities that are intermediate and non-interme- 
 diate. These data are given in Table I, Summary 7, by 
 which it will be seen that of 264 macroscopic characters 
 recorded 56.4 per cent are intermediate and 43.6 per cent 
 non-intermediate ; of the 695 microscopic characters, 38.2 
 per cent are intermediate and 61.8 per cent non-interme- 
 diatejand of the 1,018 starch reaction-intensities, 23. 2 per 
 cent are intermediate and 76.8 per cent non-intermediate. 
 
 The data recorded are so numerous and of such a 
 character that considerable space could be devoted to 
 their study, but this seems unnecessary because they 
 have been so thoroughly systematized and clearly pre- 
 sented in tables and charts as to be instantly understood 
 and readily available for any who may be particularly 
 interested in any or all of the various phases represented ; 
 nor is it necessary, because such detailed consideration 
 as has been given meets the requirements of the objects 
 of the research. 
 
SUMMARIES OF PLANT CHARACTERS, ETC. 
 TABLE I. TABU 
 
 
 I 
 
 i 
 
 11 
 
 I 
 
 h 
 
 1 
 
 ! 
 
 i 
 
 1 . IpomoM alotari. m*e- 
 roeeopic chmrmo- 
 ten: 
 Cotyledon*: 
 Shape 
 
 
 
 
 4- 
 
 
 
 Length of midrib 
 I -riigth of petiole. 
 
 AHfM bttWMQ lOtM 
 
 Root: 
 Length ol primary 
 root before 
 
 branching 
 
 + 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 -f- 
 + 9 
 + 9-d* 
 
 ^ 
 
 E 
 
 Diameter 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 ^ pj 
 
 + 9 
 
 ^ 
 
 Extent of root *y*- 
 tern 
 
 Itai 
 
 Diameter 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 + 9 
 + 9 
 
 - 
 
 Growth 
 
 ^_ 
 
 ^ 
 
 _ 
 
 ^ 
 
 + 9 
 
 ^ 
 
 Diitane* from 
 (round before 
 branching . . . 
 
 
 
 
 + <f 
 
 
 
 Length of braaobe* 
 Leaf: 
 Number 
 
 "~ 
 
 ~ 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 + <f 
 
 ^ 
 
 Duration 
 
 ^^ 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 + 9-<f 
 
 
 Flrmnaai of textun 
 Reiel.fipi to in- 
 erU 
 
 " 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 " 
 
 + 9-<f 
 + 9 -<? 
 
 ~ 
 
 Hie rn of lamina. . . 
 Length of lamina. . 
 
 >^. lib uf lamina... 
 Length of petiole.. 
 
 Flower: 
 Length of flow* 
 
 talk 
 
 1 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 -r-9-d 1 
 f 9 
 
 + 9 
 
 + 9 
 + 9 
 
 - 
 
 Number of flower, 
 per flower .talk 
 Ralationehip of pe- 
 duncle to pedicle 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 + 9-<f 
 f V-d 1 
 
 
 - 
 
 Shape of eorolla 
 limb 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Diameter of corolla 
 limb 
 
 
 
 
 
 4-9 -cT 
 
 
 Color of eorolla 
 limb 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Length of eorolla 
 tube 
 
 
 
 
 
 -t-d" 
 
 
 Diameter of corolla 
 tube 
 
 
 
 
 
 +d* 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Color of anther*. . . 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 f-ff-d- 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 Length of filament* 
 
 Capmle: 
 Number maturing 
 OB one Bower 
 talk 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 -r-9-d 1 
 
 
 Shape 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 f-9-d 1 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 Number of eeed* in 
 capeule 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 +<? 
 
 Proportion ol weds 
 that germinate . 
 Length of atede... . 
 Width of teed* 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 +<f 
 
 + 9 
 
 4-9-d 1 
 
 Total 38 
 
 i 
 
 i 
 
 o 
 
 18 
 
 10 
 
 J 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 S< 
 
 11 
 P 
 
 ]! 
 
 M 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 IpomoM eloteri. micro- 
 
 i , rvT..i'L 
 
 Upper epidermal: 
 Wavioaat of wall* 
 Length of cell. 
 Width of eelb.... 
 Number of (laad* 
 Bbeof gUndi 
 Number of ttomata 
 MM of stomata 
 
 Lower tpidermk: 
 Wavineei of wall*. 
 Length of eelb .... 
 Width of rail* 
 Number of gland*. 
 Siae of gland* 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 + 9-rf 
 + <f 
 
 + 9-<f 
 -f-9 
 
 -f-9 
 f-(f 
 
 + 9 
 + 9 
 
 -1-9 
 
 + 9-<y 
 
 + 9 
 
 -f-9 
 
 rfHeta < .:...n.:a 
 Sbeof tomata 
 
 Root: 
 Number of cork 
 layer* 
 
 4. 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 + 9 
 
 +<r 
 
 Length of cork Mils 
 Width of cork cell. 
 Length of cork cam- 
 bialcelU . 
 
 
 1 
 
 : 
 
 : 
 
 -1-9 
 + 9-o" 
 
 +{f 
 
 - 
 
 Width of cork cam- 
 bial cell* 
 
 
 
 
 
 + ef 
 
 
 Number of oortex 
 layer* .... 
 
 
 
 
 4.0 -ft 
 
 
 
 Length of oortex 
 cell* 
 
 
 
 
 
 + <f 
 
 
 Width of cortex 
 cell* 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 
 Number of clrren- 
 chyma patebee. . 
 Grouping of pitted 
 vend* 
 
 - 
 
 + 
 
 - 
 
 + 9-<f 
 
 
 - 
 
 PoaUion of largeet 
 Teml* 
 
 
 
 
 + 9-d* 
 
 
 
 Average diameter 
 of pitted reeaeU. . 
 Diameter of larger 
 pitted ve**el> . . . 
 Width and di*tinc- 
 tion* of ~**i l> - 
 
 + 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 ~ 
 
 Stem: 
 Width ol epidermal 
 
 cell* 
 
 
 
 
 
 +cy 
 
 
 l>. ; ft .< .;. i i.-.-n.V 
 cell* 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 Number of cork 
 layer* 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 -<f 
 
 
 Length of cork cam - 
 Mai cell* 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 
 Width of cork cam- 
 
 bialcell* 
 
 
 
 
 
 f-9-o" 
 
 
 Number of cortex 
 
 layer* 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Length endodermal 
 cell* 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 
 Width endodermal 
 cell* 
 
 
 
 
 
 f 9 
 
 
 Diameter of nler- 
 
 oeedeeU* 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 
 
 Number of *eere- 
 tory cell* 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
344 
 
 SUMMARIES OF PLANT CHARACTERS, ETC. 
 TABLE I. Continued. TABLE I. Continued. 
 
 
 M 
 
 a a 
 
 Same as pol- 
 len parent. 
 
 J3 
 
 ri 
 
 * 
 
 Intermediate. 
 
 Highest. 
 
 Lowest. 
 
 Ipomcea sloteri, micro- 
 scopic characters 
 Continued: 
 
 Stem Continued: 
 Number of cham- 
 bered crystal cells 
 Development of 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 + 9 
 
 
 Diameter of larg- 
 est vasa 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 
 Number of proto- 
 xylem patches. . . 
 Number of crystal 
 cells in intra- 
 xylaryphlcem .... 
 
 Leaf Lamina : 
 Upper epidermis at 
 base: 
 Waviness of cell 
 walls 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 + 9 = 0" 
 + 9 = d" 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 Length of cells. . . . 
 Width of cells 
 Number of sto- 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 + 
 
 + 9 
 
 + 9 
 
 - 
 
 Number of glands 
 Diameter o 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 4.9 
 
 
 
 Position of sto- 
 m a t a a n c 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 =c? 
 
 
 
 Number of hairs. . 
 Length of hairs. . 
 Stiffness of hairs. . 
 Length of papil- 
 Iffi along veins . . 
 Length of margi- 
 nal papille 
 Upper epidermis at 
 apex: 
 Length of cells 
 Width of cells 
 Number of sto- 
 
 a. 
 
 + 
 
 - 
 
 + 9-<f 
 + 9=rf 
 + 9 
 + 9 
 
 + c? 
 + 9=tf 
 
 - 
 
 Number of glands 
 Diameter o: 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 9=cf 
 
 + 9 
 
 
 
 Length of hairs. . . 
 Length of papilla 
 long veins 
 Lower epidermis at 
 base: 
 Length of cells .... 
 Width of cells 
 Number of sto- 
 mata 
 
 + 
 
 - 
 
 ; 
 
 : 
 
 W 
 
 + 9=d" 
 
 + 9 
 
 + 9 
 
 Number o : 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 =c? 
 
 
 
 Diameter o: 
 glands 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 
 Lower epidermis a 
 apex: 
 Length of cells. . . . 
 Width of cells 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 + 9 
 -j-rf 1 
 
 _ 
 
 Number of sto- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 Number of glands 
 Diameter 01 
 elands 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 f 9 =o" 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 *J 
 
 g 
 
 0) 
 
 CO 
 
 If 
 
 3 
 
 S o 
 
 8 ja 
 
 <n 
 
 J3 
 
 1l 
 
 w GJ 
 
 " S 
 
 Intermediate. 
 
 Highest. 
 
 Lowest. 
 
 Ipomcea sloteri, micro- 
 scopic characters 
 Continued: 
 
 Petiole, transverse sec- 
 tion: 
 Angle between 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 
 
 Outline 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 =d" 
 
 
 
 Depth of epidermis 
 Number of cortex 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 <? 
 
 
 
 
 
 Diameter of cor- 
 
 
 
 
 
 + cf 
 
 
 Diameter of largest 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 
 Epidermis at base: 
 Length of cells .... 
 Width of cells 
 Number of glands. . 
 Diameter of glands 
 Length of multicel- 
 lular protuber- 
 ances 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 + 9 
 
 + c? 
 + 9=cf 
 + 9=0" 
 
 + 9 
 
 - 
 
 Corolla, limb: 
 Upper epidermis: 
 Length of cells .... 
 Width 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 + 9 *<? 
 
 
 
 Mesophyll cells 
 shape 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 =<f 
 
 
 
 Lower epidermis : 
 Waviness of cells. . 
 Thickening at an- 
 gles 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 + 9=0* 
 + 9 =d" 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 
 _ 
 
 
 + ef 
 
 
 
 Corolla tube: 
 Outer epidermis: 
 Length of cells. . . . 
 Width of cells 
 Waviness of walls. 
 Thickness of walls. 
 Size of chromoplast 
 Stamens: 
 Length of multicel- 
 lular glands at 
 base 
 
 - 
 
 + 
 
 - 
 
 + 9+d- 
 + 9-d" 
 
 + 9 =cT 
 
 + 9 
 + 9=0^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Total 95 
 
 1 
 
 a 
 
 a 
 
 31 
 
 45 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2. Lffilia-cattleya can- 
 hamiana, macro- 
 scopic characters 
 Root: 
 Size and character 
 of root 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 Pseudobulb: 
 Length 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 + cf 
 
 Width 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 -f <j" 
 
 Ridging of old pseu- 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 
 
 Leaf: 
 Thicknen 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 Color 
 
 __ 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Length 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 =d" 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 Width 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
THL 
 
 M MMAKIES OF IM.\M n AKACTEBB, ire. 
 
 TABU I. C< 
 
 Ml 
 
 
 i 
 
 n 
 
 ttame a. pot- 1 
 |Wj MM 
 
 ]i 
 
 s. 
 
 } 
 
 1 
 
 Lath* ritUvya oanhanv 
 iana. tnaeroecopk 
 character* Ce- 
 
 tUMMf 
 
 riower: 
 Lencth of flower 
 
 talk 
 
 
 
 
 +<f 
 
 
 
 >ii.- f ,!,,iil, 
 
 ^ 
 
 + 
 
 ^^ 
 
 
 
 
 Color of ahead* 
 Number of flowen 
 Lencth of pedicel*. 
 
 MI 
 
 Lencthofdoreal .. 
 Lncth of lateral. . 
 Difference in lencth 
 between lalrral 
 and donal erpali 
 
 Width Of aepaU. 
 
 flkftpe of lateral ee- 
 
 Mfc 
 
 - 
 
 + 
 + 
 
 f 
 
 - 
 
 -r-V 
 
 + v-d- 
 
 + 9-<f 
 
 +<r 
 +<f 
 
 
 
 Nectary at apex . . . 
 Color 
 
 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 + 9-<f 
 -r-9-d 1 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 Lateral petals: 
 Lencth 
 
 
 
 
 +d" 
 
 
 
 Width. 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^^ 
 
 fm ^ 
 
 +d" 
 
 ^ m 
 
 
 Color 
 
 e* 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 + 9 -d" 
 
 
 
 Labdlum: 
 Lracth 
 
 
 
 -f. 
 
 
 
 
 Width 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 4. 
 
 ^ 
 
 + 9 -d" 
 
 
 Wavinem of ante- 
 
 rior marfio 
 Cleft in anterior 
 martin 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 
 + V 
 + 9 
 
 
 - 
 
 Color of baee . 
 
 P 
 
 
 
 _ - 
 
 + 9 -d" 
 
 
 
 Color of apical half. 
 Column: 
 
 |.-,,Ktt, 
 
 + 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 -f-9-d 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 Width . 
 
 
 ^^ 
 
 ^^ 
 
 -f-9 -d" 
 
 
 
 Color of anterior 
 fait 
 
 
 
 
 -r-9-d* 
 
 
 
 Color of poeterior 
 far* 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 -d* 
 
 
 PoUinia, eie . 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 -t-9 -d" 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Total 84 
 
 7 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 18 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Lalia-rattleya "- 
 iana, microecopic 
 
 Pwwdobulb. traiv- 
 ren* xetton: 
 Dn*h of cuticle . . 
 Shape of epidermal 
 
 + 
 
 ^ 
 
 . 
 
 . 
 
 + 9-<r 
 
 . 
 
 Depth of epidermal 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Width of' epidermal 
 
 Mil 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 + d" 
 
 Depth of fin* layer 
 beneath 
 
 
 
 
 + 0* 
 
 
 
 Width of cell* of 
 6nt layer beneath 
 Thickneei of wall. 
 of fir* layer be- 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 -f 9 
 
 - 
 
 + <f 
 
 Unti 
 
 Upper epidende: 
 Leocth of e*U> at 
 
 apex 
 
 
 
 
 f o* 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 |i 
 
 ii 
 i j 
 
 r 
 si 
 
 i 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 Letlia-cattlejr* **ltnrr- 
 iana. mieroecopir 
 eharaeten Ce- 
 
 Leaf-Ce^iniMif. 
 Width of eelU at 
 apex 
 
 
 
 
 4-9 -rf 
 
 
 
 Uncth of eetU at 
 middle 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 + tf 
 
 Width of eelU at 
 middle 
 
 
 4- 
 
 
 
 
 
 Length of eelb at 
 beM . . 
 
 
 
 
 4-tf 
 
 
 
 Width of cell* at 
 twee 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 Lower epidermje: 
 Lencth of eelU at 
 apex 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 Width of cell, at 
 apex 
 
 
 -f. 
 
 
 + <f 
 
 
 
 Number of rtomaU 
 
 at apex 
 
 
 
 
 
 -r-d* 
 
 
 Uncth of eelU at 
 middle 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 + <f 
 
 Width of cell* at 
 middle 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 fo" 
 
 Number of itomata 
 at middle.. 
 
 
 
 
 
 + d* 
 
 
 Lencth of cdU at 
 
 baae 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4.0 
 
 Width of cell* at 
 baee 
 
 
 
 
 4-tf 
 
 
 
 Number of tomata 
 at baee 
 
 
 
 
 
 -f-d' 
 
 
 Leaf, traiMvene tt- 
 t i o n at m i d- 
 rib: 
 Depth of cuticle. . . 
 Amount of deno- 
 tation of upper 
 epidermal eelU . . 
 Lencth of upper ep- 
 idermal rU> ... 
 Lencth of Mbepi- 
 dermaleelk 
 Depth of cu tide on 
 
 
 + 
 
 - 
 
 + 9-<y 
 
 + 9 
 
 + 9 
 
 - 
 
 Depth of lower epi- 
 dermie 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 f-9 
 
 Arrancement and 
 
 MM | Ml ,;. 
 dermia 
 
 
 
 
 -f 9-d" 
 
 
 
 Depth of midrib 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 -f-d* 
 
 Width of midrib 
 bundle 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 +<? 
 
 !..;' of|U ,n, 
 Depth of xytem.... 
 Depth of ederen- 
 ehyma heath.... 
 At firat main vete: 
 Depth of upper eu- 
 eutiele 
 
 - 
 
 4- 
 
 
 
 + 9-o" 
 
 *' 
 
 + 9 
 +<f 
 
 Depth of upper epi- 
 dermal celU 
 Width of upper epi- 
 
 Depth of fint layer 
 
 
 
 f- 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 
 + <f 
 
 -r-0 
 
346 
 
 SUMMARIES OF PLANT CHARACTERS, ETC. 
 TABLE I. Continued. TABLE I. Continued. 
 
 
 1 
 
 si 
 
 a"~* *> 
 g 
 
 a| 
 
 11 
 I 
 
 j 
 
 i* 
 
 ll 
 
 Intermediate. 
 
 Highest. 
 
 Lowest. 
 
 
 S+j 
 S 
 
 a * 
 
 a"~* *J 
 g 
 
 *! 
 
 4) g 
 
 S v 
 
 5 
 
 !* 
 
 J! 
 
 - 
 
 en 
 
 Intermediate. 
 
 Highest. 
 
 Lowest. 
 
 Lsslia-cattleya eanham- 
 iaua, microscopic 
 characters Con- 
 tinued: 
 At first main vein: 
 Width of cells of 
 first layer be- 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 Lajlia-cattleya canham- 
 iana, microscopic 
 characters Con- 
 tinued: 
 1. ul it'll uin : 
 Upper epidermis 
 middle lobe: 
 
 
 
 
 
 + rf 
 
 
 Depth of cuticle on 
 lower epidermis. . 
 Depth of lower epi- 
 
 - 
 
 
 - 
 
 + 9=<? 
 + 9 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 Width of cells 
 Length of papillte. . 
 Lower epidermis, 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 : 
 
 + 9 
 
 +<f 
 
 - 
 
 Width of lower epi- 
 dermal cells 
 Depth of cells be- 
 neath lower epi- 
 dermis 
 
 - 
 
 + 
 
 - 
 
 + 9 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 Length of cells .... 
 Width of cells 
 Length of papillae... 
 Number of stomata 
 
 \ 
 
 + 
 
 - 
 
 + 9 
 + 9 
 
 + 0" 
 
 - 
 
 Width of cells be- 
 neath lower epi- 
 dermis . 
 
 
 
 
 +<? 
 
 
 
 proximal parts of 
 label! urn: 
 Length of cells .... 
 
 
 
 
 + d" 
 
 
 
 Number of scleren- 
 
 chyma strands 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Width of cells 
 Papillae 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 + 9=0" 
 
 +<f 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 mm 
 
 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 
 Total 85 
 
 6 
 
 14 
 
 
 
 30 
 
 14 
 
 21 
 
 Diameter of these.. 
 Number beneath 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 lower epidermis.. 
 Diameter of these. . 
 Flower stalk, trans- 
 verse section: 
 Depth of epidermal 
 cells 
 
 + 
 + 
 
 ^~ 
 
 * 
 
 
 
 
 
 +<f 
 
 3. Cymbidium eburneo- 
 lowianum, macro- 
 scopic characters: 
 Root: 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Width of epidermal 
 cells 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 + & 
 
 Size and character 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 Regularity of hypo- 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 Pseudobulb: 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 Depth of hypoder- 
 inal cells 
 
 
 
 
 4-cP 
 
 
 
 Leaf: 
 Amount of droop- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Width of hypodcr- 
 
 
 4- 
 
 
 
 
 
 ing previous 
 
 
 
 
 + c? 
 
 
 
 Width of cortex . . . 
 Length of bundles. 
 Width of bundles. . 
 Proportion of 
 phloem in bundle 
 Flower: 
 Sepal, upper epider- 
 
 - 
 
 
 - 
 
 + 9=d" 
 
 - 
 
 + c? 
 W 
 
 + cf 
 
 Length of old leaves 
 Width of old leaves 
 Length of this 
 year's leaves .... 
 Width of this 
 year's leaves .... 
 Number of leaves 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 w 
 
 + 9 =d" 
 
 
 
 
 
 Length of cells .... 
 Width of cells 
 Size of papilla? 
 
 - 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 + <? 
 
 + 9 
 
 
 
 Flower: 
 Length of flower 
 stalk 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 
 
 Number of stomata 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 
 - 
 
 + 0" 
 
 Diameter of flower 
 stalk 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 Length of cells .... 
 Width of cells 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 +<? 
 + 9 
 
 
 
 
 
 Length of bracts. . . 
 Length of pedicels. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 + 9 
 
 
 
 
 
 Number of stomata 
 Number of hairs. . . 
 
 ~ 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 + 9 
 
 + 9 
 
 +<? 
 
 Number of flowers . 
 Dorsal sepal : 
 
 4. 
 
 ~ 
 
 
 
 + 6=cf 
 
 ~ 
 
 ~* 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Width 
 
 
 __ 
 
 _ 
 
 + 9 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 Length of cells .... 
 Width of cells 
 
 
 
 + 
 + 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 Lateral sepals: 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 Papilln 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 ~<f 
 
 
 
 Width 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 
 
 
 
 Number of stomata 
 Absence of hairs. . . 
 
 - 
 
 + 
 
 - 
 
 + 9 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 Color - background 
 of upper surface 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 =<? 
 
 
 
 Length of cells .... 
 Width of cells 
 
 Papillae 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 9-c? 
 
 +<? 
 + 9 
 
 - 
 
 Color lines on upper 
 surface sepals . . . 
 Color lower surface 
 
 - 
 
 _ 
 
 - 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 _ 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 + 9 =d" 
 
 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
SUMMARIES OF PLANT CHARACTERS, ETC. 
 TABLE 1. r<mfimterf. T, 
 
 347 
 
 
 il 
 
 ti 
 
 5 - 
 
 P 
 
 i. 
 
 || 
 
 I 1 
 
 | 
 
 ( 
 
 I 
 
 CjrmUdium uanno 
 lowianum, maoro- 
 eoopie character* 
 twinned.- 
 
 lateral petal*: 
 Lrnath 
 
 
 
 
 f 9 -u* 
 
 
 
 Wi.lth 
 
 
 
 
 
 __ 
 
 + 9 
 
 
 
 . ,r 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 + 9-tf 
 
 
 
 Label) um: 
 L*ncth 
 
 
 
 
 
 + cf 
 
 
 Width 
 
 ^ m 
 
 _ 
 
 ^ 
 
 4.0 
 
 
 
 Color of outer eur- 
 faee 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 Color of inner eur- 
 face of tab*. . . . 
 Color of inner eur- 
 faeeattipafereet 
 Color of mark on 
 anterior lob* 
 Column: 
 1^-ncth 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 9-<f 
 
 f 9-<r 
 
 + 9 
 
 + cf 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 _ 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 Main eolor of inner 
 eurf ace 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 Color of epeck* on 
 inner eurf ace. .. . 
 lor of outer eur- 
 face . 
 
 - 
 
 
 - 
 
 + 9-<r 
 
 + 9 -<? 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Total 85 
 
 ? 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 23 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Mieroeoopic character*: 
 Root (trmnsverw erc- 
 Uon): 
 Arerace width of 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 
 
 Width of epidermal 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 
 Depth of epidermal 
 eelb 
 
 
 
 
 
 + <? 
 
 
 8fc*vpe> of pidcmiAJ 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 Width of cortex : 
 Number of Mter- 
 oeedeeiUin cor- 
 tex . . 
 
 
 
 
 + 9-<f 
 
 + <f 
 
 ' 
 
 
 Thiekneai of wall* 
 of thoje 
 
 
 
 
 + <f 
 
 
 
 Depth of eododer- 
 
 maleeUe 
 
 
 
 
 + 9-<? 
 
 
 
 Width of codomeral 
 ceil* 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Number of phlom 
 patchce 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 Diameter of larger 
 vua 
 
 
 
 
 + <? 
 
 
 
 Leaf: 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Shape of eelb 
 Preetoee of cry.tal 
 Thickneee of wall* 
 Lenkth of cell* at 
 apex .... 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 + 
 + 
 + 
 
 - 
 
 + <f 
 
 - 
 
 Width of eelb at 
 
 apex 
 
 
 
 
 
 + <f 
 
 
 Lenth of cell, at 
 middle 
 
 
 
 
 + <f 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ii 
 
 ii 
 p 
 
 !i 
 
 | 
 
 1 
 
 I 
 
 CymUdfawi etwnMo- 
 
 - Tundr,^^ 
 
 LMf-CnruHM*V 
 Width of eelb at 
 middle 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Unth of eelb at 
 hM 
 
 
 
 
 
 f o* 
 
 
 Width of celb at 
 
 baa* 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 f 9 
 
 Lower epidermle: 
 Shape of eelb 
 
 
 
 4- 
 
 
 
 
 Thick one. of wall*. 
 Length of eelb at 
 apex 
 
 ~ 
 
 ^ 
 
 + 
 
 + 9 
 
 
 
 
 
 Width of eelb at 
 apex 
 
 
 
 
 + 9-o* 
 
 
 
 Number of ftomata 
 at apex 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 Lencth of eelb at 
 middle 
 Width of celb at 
 middle 
 
 + 
 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 +# 
 
 - 
 
 Number of etoraata 
 at middle 
 Lencth of eelb at 
 baa* 
 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 + 9 
 
 - 
 
 +<f 
 
 Width of celb at 
 heee 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 
 
 Number of etomata 
 at baee 
 
 
 
 
 + 9-<f 
 
 
 
 Leaf, (traaererae eec- 
 
 t,.,,,i 
 At midrib: 
 Depth of upper epi- 
 dermb 
 
 
 
 
 
 + <f 
 
 
 Depth of aqueuui 
 tiawerell* 
 
 
 
 
 
 +<r 
 
 
 Width of aqueoue 
 
 IUBUC r. Hi 
 
 4- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Depth of midrib 
 bundb 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 fo" 
 
 Width of midrib 
 Imndfo . 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 Diameter of Urejeet 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 Depth of lower epi- 
 dcrmM 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 
 
 Between midrib and 
 martin: 
 Depth of upper 
 BjUajmih 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 -<f 
 
 
 
 Depth of upper 
 
 II 1 1 1 II i !! 
 
 etrande 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 Width of upper 
 elerenchyma 
 (trande . . . 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 Number of upper 
 elereochjrma 
 (trande 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Number of mew- 
 phyll layen 
 Depth of lower 
 cl erenehyma 
 etrande 
 
 
 4- 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 + 9 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
348 
 
 SUMMARIES OP PLANT CHARACTERS, ETC. 
 TABLE I. Continued. TABLE I. Continued. 
 
 
 | 
 
 "0 +5 
 
 ft g 
 
 a 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 .5 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 3 1 
 
 % a. 
 
 '! 
 
 to 
 
 i 
 
 ts 
 
 
 * a 
 
 "-' fl 
 
 a a 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 E 
 
 
 1 
 
 1" 
 
 a 
 XI 
 
 a 
 
 H 
 
 a 
 
 Cymbidum eburneo- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 lowianum, micro- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 scopic characters 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Continued: 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Between midrid and 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 margin Con- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 tinued: 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Width of lower 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 a c 1 e r e n c hyma 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 strands 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 + 9 ="=0" 
 
 Number of lower 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 s c 1 e r e nchyma 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 strands 
 
 
 
 
 
 _ 
 
 + 9 
 
 
 
 __ 
 
 Depth of lower epi- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 dermis 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 + c^ 
 
 
 
 _ 
 
 Flower: 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Dorsal sepal : 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Upper epidermis: 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Shape of cells 
 
 
 
 _ 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Thickness of 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 walla 
 
 
 
 __ 
 
 i 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 Length of cells 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 _ 
 
 + 9 
 
 
 Width of cells 
 
 
 
 -{- 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Lower epidermis: 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Length of cells. . . . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 
 
 
 
 Width of cells 
 
 -J- 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 Lateral petal : 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Upper epidermis: 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Length of cells .... 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 = 0" 
 
 
 
 
 
 Width of cells 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 + o* 
 
 _ 
 
 Lower epidermis: 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Length of cells .... 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 
 
 
 
 Width of cells 
 
 -f- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Labellum: 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Upper epidermis, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 anterior lobe: 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Shape of papilla). . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 9=d" 
 
 
 
 
 
 Length of papila) . . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 =6* 
 
 
 
 
 
 Color of papilla). . . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 9=0" 
 
 
 
 
 
 Lower epidermis. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 anterior lobe: 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Length of cells. . . . 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 _ 
 
 + 9 <f 
 
 Width of cells 
 
 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i ^i 
 
 Upper epidermis, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 lateral lobe: 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Length of cells 
 
 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 _ 
 
 + 1 
 
 Width of cells 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 + o" 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 Shape of papilla). . . 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 + 9=d" 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 Length of papilla; . . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 
 
 
 
 Color of papilla!. . . 
 
 
 
 
 
 -|- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Lower epidermis, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 lateral lobe: 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Length of cells 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 + 9 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 Width of cells 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 _ 
 
 Inner epidermis, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 above band: 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Length of cells. . . . 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 + 9 
 
 Width of cells 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 Epidermis above 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 crest: 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Length of papil- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 la) 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 jt 
 
 
 
 
 
 Width of papilla). . . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 =<? 
 
 
 
 
 
 Column: 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Inner epidermis at 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 base: 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Length of cells. . . . 
 
 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 
 
 Width of cells 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 0" 
 
 Total 75 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 27 
 
 12 
 
 14 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 J 
 
 
 *j 
 
 
 i a 
 
 GO 
 
 ti 
 
 l 
 
 a 
 
 S 
 
 3 
 
 it 
 
 
 
 a 
 a o. 
 
 as 
 
 Intermediate. 
 
 Highest. 
 
 Lowest. 
 
 4. Dendrobium cybele, 
 macroscopic char- 
 acters: 
 Root: 
 Size and character 
 of root system . . . 
 Stem: 
 Color 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 + 9 =<? 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 Amount of ridging 
 of internodes. . . . 
 Length of inter- 
 nodes 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 + 9 = 
 
 - 
 
 + d" 
 
 Diameter of nar- 
 rowest part of 
 
 
 
 
 +<? 
 
 
 
 Amount of swelling 
 
 
 
 
 + d" 
 
 
 
 Diameter of nodal 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 Leaf: 
 Length of petiole . . 
 Width of petiole. . . 
 Length of lamina. . 
 Width of lamina. . . 
 Flower: 
 Time of flowering. . 
 Length of pedicels . 
 Color of pedicels. . . 
 Size of sepals 
 
 - 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 + 
 
 + d" 
 
 + 0" 
 
 + 6=d" 
 
 + 9 
 + 9 
 
 Color of sepals. . . . 
 Size of petals . 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 -f 
 
 
 
 + <? 
 
 - 
 
 Color of petals .... 
 Waviness of mar- 
 gin of petal 
 Length of labellum. 
 Width of labellum 
 Depth of labellum . 
 Apex of labellum. . 
 Smoothness of ex- 
 terior tubular 
 part of labellum 
 
 -f 
 
 - 
 
 
 + 9=d" 
 + 9 
 + 9=d" 
 + 9 = d" 
 + 9=c? 
 
 + d" 
 
 
 
 Color of exterior 
 tubular part of 
 labellum (appar- 
 ent) 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 Color of interior 
 tubular part of 
 labellum (appar- 
 ent) 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 + d" 
 
 
 Color of apex ...... 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 + 9 *<? 
 
 _ 
 
 Color of concave 
 face of column. . 
 Color of anther case 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 + 9=c? 
 + 9=c? 
 
 
 _ 
 
 Total 30 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 13 
 
 5 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Dendrobium cybele, mi- 
 croscopic charac- 
 ters: 
 Root: 
 Width of velamen. . 
 Depth of epider- 
 mal cells 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 + 9 
 
 - 
 
 + 9 
 
 Width of epidermal 
 cells 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 Width of cortex. . . 
 Depth of endoder- 
 mal cells 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 + 0" 
 + 
 
 
SUMMARIES OF PLANT < IIAK.M TKIO, K T< 
 
 IAI I 
 
 
 ; 
 
 i! 
 
 Same M pot- 
 
 '. i .:' , 
 
 H 
 
 
 i 
 
 ! 
 
 
 i? 
 
 1! 
 i j 
 
 li 
 
 w 
 
 J 
 
 I 
 
 ;...:, ; .- . .' 
 
 ' - 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Dodroblum<-yb.mi- 
 
 ten foiim**t 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 K/"t CulHMrf 
 
 ,;:. ..( endoder- 
 IlinJ rcll 
 
 
 _ 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 
 
 I ,' !.: . , < -. 
 
 timiW: 
 Numl*r of iwik*O 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 uneter ol raacu- 
 lar cylinder 
 N umtnr of protoxy- 
 lem patrbe* 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 + 9 
 
 + 9 m <? 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 epidermal odU at 
 baw 
 Upper epidermic 
 Lenctb of eella at 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 +<f 
 
 - 
 
 1 MmliH'trr of large* 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 apex 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 
 
 _ 
 
 4- 8 
 
 vaa 
 
 - 
 
 4- 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 Width of Mil* at 
 apex 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4-d 1 
 
 ,.:.',. : . 
 
 rnllinc: 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Number of eunken 
 cell* at apex. . . . 
 Number of itomata 
 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 +<f 
 
 4-9 
 
 
 ancteroftiem* 
 
 SIM ol intanellular 
 
 ~ 
 
 " 
 
 " 
 
 + 9-tf 
 
 " 
 
 
 Leocth of rail* a 
 middle 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4-9 
 
 . . . 
 
 _^ 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 mm 
 
 mH 
 
 +ef 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Dbtributioa of 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 \Vilih at 01U ft 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ... . 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 _ 
 
 4-d 1 
 
 
 
 "* 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 + V 
 
 Amount of (torch 
 SIM of train* at 
 3d interned*.. 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 + 9-d- 
 4-9 
 
 
 Numbr of Miikcn 
 cclUal middle.. 
 Number of UmiaLa 
 At middle 
 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 4-0- 
 4-o" 
 
 - 
 
 Depth of cuUcU. . . 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 4-9-d 1 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 edit 
 
 
 
 
 + C? 
 
 
 _ 
 
 Leoth of cell* at 
 beee 
 
 
 
 
 1 J( 
 
 
 
 1.. . . .;.!. r:,.., 
 
 oelb 
 
 
 
 
 +<r 
 
 
 _ 
 
 Width of cell, a 
 t-_ 
 
 
 
 
 T<T 
 
 
 1 Jl 
 
 flfcariii of hypoder- 
 mal eelb 
 
 
 
 
 4.0 H( f 
 
 
 
 Number of *unken 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 T<T 
 
 \\Mth of hypoder 
 nial ccJlx 
 
 
 
 
 
 +<f 
 
 
 ooll* at baa*. . . . 
 Number of etomaU 
 
 
 
 
 
 4-0* 
 
 4. -* 
 
 Depth of hypoder 
 mml oalb 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 
 Leaf, tnoiverae *eo- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 8iM of ioteirellu 
 Ur p*cr 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 tion at midrib: 
 Depth of upper epi- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Number of bundln 
 . of buodlw 
 Width of bundle* 
 C o m p r* t i v 
 widtbi of ider 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 4- 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 + 9 
 
 dermal cell 
 above midrib .. 
 Depth of ridM. . 
 Depth of cell* form- 
 
 in ridge* 
 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 +<r 
 
 - 
 
 4-d 1 
 4-9 
 
 oehym* and by 
 
 !:>. 
 
 
 
 
 4- 9 "d" 
 
 
 
 Depth of lower epi- 
 dermal cell. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4-d 1 
 
 I >uunrtr of largn 
 
 
 
 
 + ef 
 
 
 
 Depth of midrib 
 
 bundle 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4-0* 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Width of midrib 
 bundle 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4-9 
 
 \jftJ. lamina: 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Midrib between 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 TlurkiMM of Oil 
 walU 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 
 
 midrib bund) 
 and martin: 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 -L O 
 
 Lmctb of oelb 
 
 i; - x 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 
 
 Depth ol cuucJe. . 
 Depth of upper epi- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 T" V 
 
 Width of cell* 
 
 
 
 
 * 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 dermal cell* . . 
 Width of upper epi- 
 
 
 
 
 Ttf 
 
 t o 
 
 
 
 Numbrr of wnkr 
 eptdcrmal ocU 
 apex . 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 
 dermal eeOe.. .. 
 Lrncth of lower epi- 
 dermal cell* 
 
 
 
 
 _ 
 
 4- 
 
 
 
 4-9-d 1 
 
 LwU> of oelb a 
 nuddle 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 n idth of lower epi- 
 dermal eelb. ... 
 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 +<r 
 
 Width of odb a 
 
 middle 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4-d 1 
 
 Leocth of eunken 
 epidermal cell* 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 4-9 
 
 Number of wnkra 
 pidrrmal cell* a 
 middle 
 
 
 
 
 
 4-d 1 
 
 
 Leaf, petiole: 
 Lower epidermi* aeai 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Lrncth of oelU a 
 
 1 i 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 
 
 : . ' 
 Width of eelb . . . 
 
 ^^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 ~" 
 
 4-tf 
 
 4-9~-<f 
 
 Width of cdU a 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Number of unkr 
 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 4-9-<y 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
350 
 
 SUMMARIES OF PLANT CHARACTERS, ETC. 
 TABLE I. Continued. TABLE I. Continued. 
 
 
 1 
 
 '1 
 
 o b 
 
 e* 
 
 so 
 
 ii 
 
 '-_ a 
 
 Same as both 
 parents. 
 
 Intermediate. 
 
 1 
 
 Highest. 
 
 Lowest. 
 
 
 -w 
 
 is 
 
 1* 
 
 OQ 
 
 Is 
 
 >g 
 
 2 c 
 
 S 
 
 I 
 
 ji 
 
 3,* 
 
 Sg 
 
 I 1 
 
 Intermediate. 
 
 Highest. 
 
 Lowest. 
 
 Dendrobium cybele, mi- 
 croscopic charac- 
 ters Continued: 
 At base: 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 
 
 Miltonia bleuana, mac- 
 roscopic charac- 
 ters Con/inued . 
 Leaf: 
 
 
 -i- 
 
 
 
 
 
 Width of cells 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 =cf 
 
 _ 
 
 
 Width 
 
 
 
 
 
 + cf 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Color. 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 + tf 
 
 
 
 cells 
 
 
 
 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 
 
 Number of leaves 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Upper epidermis near 
 lamina: 
 Length of cells .... 
 Width of cells 
 
 -1- 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 in one growth. . . 
 Flower: 
 Length of flower 
 stalk 
 
 
 
 
 + 9=c? 
 
 + O =(-? 
 
 
 Number of hairs. . . 
 At base: 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 + v 
 
 + 9 
 
 
 
 Length of pedicel . . 
 Sepals: 
 Shape 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 tf 
 
 
 + 9=c? 
 
 Width of rells 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 _u 
 
 
 
 
 
 Number of hairs. . 
 Average length of 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 4-rf 1 
 
 Length of dorsal . . . 
 Width of dorsal.... 
 Length of lateral.. . 
 
 + 
 + 
 + 
 
 9 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 Flower, lateral sepal: 
 Upper epidermis: 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 + & 
 
 Width of lateral . . . 
 Petals: 
 Shape 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 + Q rf 
 
 
 
 
 
 Width of cells 
 
 
 _; 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 
 + <? 
 
 Length 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Width 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 __ 
 
 + 9 
 
 
 
 
 Color of base 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Width of cells 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 Color of apical f . . . 
 
 
 4- 
 
 
 
 
 
 Lateral petal: 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Labellum : 
 Length 
 
 
 -L 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 
 + cf 
 
 Width . . 
 
 
 -I- 
 
 
 
 
 
 Width of cells 
 Lower epidermis: 
 Length of cells .... 
 Width of cells 
 
 + 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 
 
 _ 
 
 + <? 
 + 9 
 
 Length of cleft in 
 comparison with 
 length of label- 
 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 Label lum: 
 Outer surface: 
 
 
 
 
 +<? 
 
 
 
 Angle between lobes 
 Length of apex. . . . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 + 9=o" 
 
 J-rT 
 
 
 
 Width of cells . 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 
 
 Color of rest of la- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 
 
 
 
 4. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Length of hairs. . . . 
 Color 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 + 9 
 + 9 =<? 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 Column : 
 Length 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Width 
 
 
 
 
 + 9-o" 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 + <f 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 -f 
 
 
 
 
 Total 29 
 
 8 
 
 e 
 
 i 
 
 g 
 
 4 
 
 j 
 
 Color 
 
 
 
 _ 
 
 
 4-9-d 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Upper epidermis of 
 rim: 
 Length of hairs. . . . 
 Number of hairs. . . 
 Color of chromo- 
 plasts 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 + 
 
 + 9 
 
 + 9 = d" 
 
 - 
 
 Miltonia bleuana, micro- 
 scopic characters: 
 Pseudobulb: 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Upper epidermis at 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Thickness of cell 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 apex: 
 Length of cells .... 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 + 9 
 
 _ 
 
 Length of epider- 
 
 
 
 
 + cf 
 
 
 
 Width of cells 
 
 m 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 + 9 
 
 __ 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Length of hairs. . . . 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 + <? 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 Width of epidermal 
 cells 
 
 
 
 
 
 4- 9 
 
 
 Number of hairs. . . 
 Color of red violet 
 sap 
 
 
 
 
 + J 
 
 + 9 *<? 
 
 
 Pseudobulb, trans- 
 verse section: 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Length of epider- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Total 97 
 
 3 
 
 6 
 
 3 
 
 34 
 
 10 
 
 32 
 
 mal cells 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Depth of epidermal 
 cells 
 
 _ 
 
 
 _ 
 
 w 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Thickness of outer 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 
 
 macroscopic char- 
 acters: 
 Pseudobulb: 
 Length 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 
 Length of bundles. 
 Width of bundles. . 
 I-eaf: 
 Upper epidermis: 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 +P 
 
 + 9=tf 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 Width 
 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 __ 
 
 + 9 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 _ 
 
 Thickness 
 
 + 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
SfMMAKIES OF PLANT UIAK \(TER8, BTC. 
 
 351 
 
 
 
 
 
 -.:' s 
 
 
 
 l 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 h 
 
 1 BMW poU 1 
 
 ,...;,-.: 
 
 r 
 if 
 
 .; 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 ]i 
 
 ii 
 
 i j 
 
 s 
 
 ; 
 
 1 
 
 I 
 
 Uiltoina Uruana. nn- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 MUtooia bleuaaa, mi- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 tm Conri nwrf . 
 L**f-CmruHM.- 
 
 Lencth ot eWU at 
 apex 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4-9 rf 
 
 l.r. (W.nu^/ 
 Leaf-CMKuMMf. 
 
 At firet main rein: 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 \\ Mlh ol crll. .1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 dermal r*ll. 
 
 
 
 4- 
 
 
 
 
 apex 
 
 Number u( hair at 
 apex 
 
 
 ~ 
 
 ~ 
 
 ~" 
 
 + 9+d- 
 
 4-tf 
 
 Depth of upper epi- 
 dermal c.-ll ... 
 Width of upper ept- 
 
 - 
 
 + 
 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 Lencth of cell, at 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 dwmaleelk 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 +<f 
 
 
 
 midiiir 
 
 _ 
 
 ^^ 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 Depth of oalU of 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Width ..( rrll, al 
 
 middle 
 
 
 
 
 
 fcf 
 
 
 lir-' I ,'..r..( i;; (H r 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Lracth ol erll. at 
 b*etl 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 J- 
 
 Width of eell* of 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Width of cell* at 
 
 MM 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 
 
 aqueoue tiaeue .. . 
 Depth of handle 
 
 " 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 + 9 
 
 - 
 
 t 
 
 Number of bain at 
 
 t.aur 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 + <f 
 
 Width of bundle .. 
 Depth of cell* of 
 
 + 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 -rV 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 T-nwM iilMiiiU 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Shape of cell. .. . 
 
 _ 
 
 
 -i- 
 
 
 
 
 lower ajQQeovti 
 
 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 
 Lracth of cell, at 
 
 
 
 
 + cf 
 
 
 
 Width of oelle of 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Width of ceil* at 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 tiaeue 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 4. 
 
 + 9 
 
 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 + 9 
 
 wm 
 
 ^ 
 
 Depth of lower epl- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 N umber of (toma ta 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 dermal cell* 
 
 
 
 == 
 
 ^ 
 
 _ 
 
 ^ m 
 
 + d 
 
 
 _ 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 _ 
 
 
 4-cT 
 
 Width of lower epi- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Lencth of cell* at 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 dermal cell* 
 
 _ 
 
 ^ , 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 tm 
 
 + <f 
 
 middle 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 _ i[ 
 
 -(- 9 -cT 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Width of cell, at 
 middle 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 
 
 Flower, dorsal npal 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Number of atomata 
 at middle 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 + d* 
 
 Ix-nglh of rrll. . . . 
 Width of r-ll 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 +<r 
 +<f 
 
 Length of cell* at 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Papilb) 
 
 __ 
 
 mm 
 
 __ 
 
 + 9-c? 
 
 
 
 
 hue 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 _ 
 
 ^ 
 
 + <? 
 
 Lracth of hain 
 
 ^ 
 
 _ 
 
 .. 
 
 + 9 
 
 M 
 
 ^ 
 
 Width of cell, at 
 bam 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 
 
 Number of hair. .. 
 Color 
 
 
 
 -f 
 
 
 
 
 +<* 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 at baae 
 
 
 _ 
 
 
 + 9-cf 
 
 
 
 Shape of ceUa 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 _ 
 
 Leaf, transrene aee- 
 tion at midrib: 
 Thirkne.* of leaf. 
 Ancle between 
 halve* of lamina 
 Depth of upper epi- 
 
 
 
 
 _ 
 
 +<f 
 + 9-d- 
 
 4.O 
 
 _ 
 
 I >^ijtt n of OHM .... 
 Width of cell* 
 Number of .toroata 
 Lateral petal: 
 Upper epidermia: 
 Shape of edla... 
 Lracth of retla . 
 Width of cell. . 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 +<r 
 +<f 
 
 +<f 
 
 - 
 
 +<f 
 
 Width of upper epi- 
 dermu 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 
 Lencth of hair*. 
 Number of hain 
 
 
 
 -r 
 
 
 
 
 + <f 
 
 
 
 Depth of 6rat la ver 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Color 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 _ 
 
 __ 
 
 PJ 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 f n-|JJ illlllMillU 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 beaalh upper 
 
 
 4. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Lencth of cella .... 
 Width of cell* . . . 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 + 9 
 + 9-^ 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 Depth of middle 
 bundle . 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 
 
 Number of .tomata 
 LabeUmn: 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 
 
 
 
 Width of middle 
 bundle 
 
 
 
 
 +<f 
 
 
 
 Upper epidermi* at 
 kMK 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Depth of cell* of 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 , 
 
 _ 
 
 + 9 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 lower aqueour 
 
 tJMII 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 -cf 
 
 Lracth of cell* 
 Width of orfle 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 +ef 
 
 Width of cell* of 
 lower aqueoa* 
 UMHII . . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 N amber of ha 
 Lencth of hair- 
 I^nctb of papill*. 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 ^ 
 
 +<f 
 
 -t-cf 
 
 +<f 
 
 
 Depth of lower epi- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 + cf 
 
 Shade of red-violet 
 
 
 
 _ 
 
 + 9-f 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 WidUi of lower epi- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 + <f 
 
 Extent of red-riolet 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 9-<r 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
352 
 
 SUMMARIES OF PLANT CHARACTERS, ETC. 
 TABLE I. Continued. TABLE I. Continued. 
 
 
 3 
 
 Sw 
 g 
 
 1 * 
 GO 
 
 "o ** 
 
 a g 
 
 3 0. 
 
 - a 
 
 S J 
 
 t 
 
 1 - 
 
 03 
 
 Intermediate. 
 
 Highest. 
 
 Lowest. 
 
 Miltonia bleuana, mi- 
 croscopic charac- 
 ters Continued : 
 Flower Continued : 
 Upper epidermis at 
 middle of lobe: 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 Length of cells. . . . 
 Width of cells 
 Number of hairs. . . 
 Length of hairs .... 
 Lower epidermis at 
 middle: 
 Length of cells .... 
 Width of cells 
 Number of stomata 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 
 + 9=cf 
 
 + <7 
 + 9 
 
 + 9 
 
 + c? 
 + c^ 
 
 + c^ 
 
 Total 85 
 
 ? 
 
 5 
 
 8 
 
 31 
 
 15 
 
 24 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 6. Cypripedium latha- 
 mianum, macro- 
 scopic characters: 
 Leaf: 
 Shape 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 Thickness 
 
 
 
 __ 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 T| _ 
 
 Length 
 
 
 
 
 
 + d" 
 
 
 
 Width 
 
 __ 
 
 __ 
 
 
 
 + cC 
 
 
 _ 
 
 Colored area at base 
 Length of spottec 
 area 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 + cf 
 
 
 
 
 
 Length of youngest 
 leaf 
 
 
 
 
 + cf 
 
 
 
 Relative shortness 
 of youngest lea 
 Flower: 
 Flowering period. . . 
 Length of flower 
 stalk 
 
 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 + 9=0" 
 4-d 1 
 + (f 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 Color of flower stalk 
 Length of bract. . . 
 Length of ovary. . . 
 Color of ovary . . . 
 Dorsal sepal: 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 9=cf 
 + 9 
 + 9=0" 
 + 9=cf 
 
 + 9 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 Width ... 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 
 Ratio of length to 
 width . . 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 =cf 
 
 
 
 Shape 
 
 
 
 = 
 
 : 
 
 + 9 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 Color. . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 t + 9 
 
 __ 
 
 
 
 Anterior sepal : 
 Length . . . 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 
 
 Width 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 = 
 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 Color . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 + c? 
 
 
 
 
 
 Lateral petals: 
 Length . . 
 
 
 
 
 + cf 
 
 
 
 Width 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 
 
 
 
 Shape. . 
 
 __ 
 
 _ 
 
 _. . 
 
 + 9 
 
 
 
 
 
 Crisping of dorsa 
 margin 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 
 
 Color 
 
 
 
 
 
 _ _ 
 
 + 9-cf 
 
 
 
 
 
 Labcllum: 
 
 
 
 
 4-9 
 
 
 
 Width 
 
 __ 
 
 
 
 = 
 
 
 +d* 
 
 ^_ 
 
 Color of exterior. 
 Color interior .... 
 Btaminode: 
 Shape 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 + 9 = rf- 
 + 9=cf 
 
 + 9 =cf 
 
 
 - 
 
 Width 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 +<P 
 
 ^_ 
 
 . 
 
 Color 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 __ 
 
 + 9-cf 
 
 ^ 
 
 __ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Total . ..34 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 29 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 J! 
 
 If 
 s| 
 
 a 
 oo 
 
 J3 
 
 ^1 
 
 g 
 
 09 
 
 Intermediate. 
 
 Highest. 
 
 Lowest. 
 
 Cypripedium lathamia- 
 nnin, microscopic 
 characters: 
 
 Leaf: 
 Upper epidermis : 
 Thickness of walls 
 
 
 
 
 _i_ Q 
 
 
 
 Length of cells at 
 
 
 
 
 4- 9 
 
 
 
 Width of cells at 
 
 
 
 
 + ef 
 
 
 
 Thickness of walls 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 Length of cells at 
 
 
 
 
 + C? 
 
 
 
 Width of cells at 
 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 Length of cells at 
 
 
 
 
 
 + cT 
 
 
 Width of cells at 
 
 
 
 
 
 + <? 
 
 
 Lower epidermis: 
 Length of cells at 
 
 
 
 
 + c? 
 
 
 
 Width of cells at 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 
 
 Number of stomuta 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 =d" 
 
 
 
 Length of cells at 
 
 
 
 
 + cf 
 
 
 
 Width of cells at 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 9=^ 
 
 
 Number of stomata 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 Length of cells at 
 
 
 
 
 
 +rf 
 
 
 Width of cells at 
 
 
 
 
 
 + C? 
 
 
 Number of stomata 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 =<? 
 
 
 
 Leaf, transverse sec- 
 tion: 
 Depth of cuticle 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 + d" 
 
 Depth of upper epi- 
 dermal cells 
 Depth of cuticle on 
 lower epidermis. . 
 Depth of lower epi- 
 dermal cells 
 Width of lower epi- 
 dermal cells 
 Depth of midrib 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 + 0" 
 frf 
 
 + c? 
 
 + <? 
 
 + 9 
 
 Width of midrib 
 
 
 
 
 
 + <? 
 
 
 Thickness of trans- 
 verse section at 
 
 
 
 
 
 + d" 
 
 
 Flower stalk : 
 Epidermis at top: 
 Length of cells. . . . 
 Width of cells 
 Kind of hairs pre- 
 
 + 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 + cf 
 
 + 0" 
 
 - 
 
 Numbcr of hairs. . . 
 Length of pointec 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 ~~ 
 
 + d" 
 + 9 
 
 
 
 Color 
 
 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 + 9=c? 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
SUMMARIES Or PLAN! 11 ARACTERS, ETC. 
 
 858 
 
 TABL. I.-C 
 
 
 1 
 
 |1 
 
 |i 
 
 r 
 
 ]! 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 vtliuiu Utbamia- 
 nuin. uiicroeoopie 
 t b v ac ton Cea- 
 
 (UMMrf: 
 
 r lower lalke C- 
 MMC* 
 .rum at mid- 
 
 Lcocthufcell 
 
 W ,.|lh ..( crll. 
 
 hind of bain promt 
 Number ui b> 
 Lrncth of pointed 
 hair. 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 
 +tf 
 + 9-<T 
 +<f 
 
 + 9 
 
 + <f 
 
 - 
 
 L*ncth of dub- 
 chaped bain ... 
 Color . 
 
 - 
 
 
 - 
 
 +<r 
 
 + 9 -d" 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 Flower ctalk. trane- 
 verwMctioo: 
 Thieknea* of oUr 
 epidermal wall 
 
 p.;'*, i ajlcwaaej 
 oa* 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 + 9 
 
 rrlU 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 -cf 
 
 
 
 lib of eottas. . . 
 Number of layen in 
 
 H 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 + 9-d 
 
 f V -0 s 
 
 M 
 
 
 
 Doraaleepal: 
 Upper epidermic at 
 
 uS 
 
 Lmclh of eetle 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 +d- 
 
 + 9 
 
 ] 
 
 Numbrrof bain . 
 Length of hair- 
 Color above mi.lnl 
 Upper epidermic at 
 ban: 
 Lnwthofc.ll. 
 Width of cede 
 
 - 
 
 ^ 
 
 - 
 
 + 9-d 
 
 + d" 
 
 + 9 
 f 9 
 
 +<f 
 
 
 
 Number of hr 
 Lrncth of bain 
 Color 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 + tf 
 
 -H 9 -cT 
 
 + 9 
 
 - 
 
 Lower epidermic at 
 middle: 
 Ratio of pointed to 
 club-ehaped bain 
 Leacth of pointed 
 bain 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 + 9-d- 
 + 9 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 Lenitb of club- 
 shaped bain 
 
 Col. 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 + 9 
 + 9-d* 
 
 - 
 
 * " 
 
 Loww epidermic at 
 haw: 
 
 I-.-llirtlinf r..||. 
 
 
 
 LMWth of pointed 
 bain 
 
 - 
 
 
 - 
 
 + 9 
 
 4-9 
 + <? 
 
 - 
 
 Lmcta of club- 
 baped bain 
 Ratio of pointed to 
 Hub-ebaped bain 
 Color of edU . . 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 4. 
 
 + 9 
 
 - 
 
 4-9 
 
 Color of bain 
 
 ^ m 
 
 ^^ 
 
 
 + 9-<f 
 
 
 
 Lateral petal* : 
 Upper epidemic at 
 middle: 
 LencUtofeeUa.... 
 Width of erIU 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 4-d 1 
 - 9 
 
 4. 
 
 Color.. 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 + 9-d* 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ii 
 
 
 
 
 j 
 
 i 
 
 i 
 
 ,.:.,. 
 
 rikm :.. i .. 
 
 RJHM.V 
 
 Lateral petaUCen- 
 ^^^j^. 
 
 Lower epidermic at 
 middle: 
 Lencth of eelU 
 U idth of oelU 
 
 
 
 
 
 +<f 
 
 4- 
 
 
 Shape of eelii 
 
 ^ 
 
 4. 
 
 
 
 
 
 WavioeMofwalb. . 
 Upper epidemu at 
 baee: 
 Leocth of bain 
 Color.. 
 
 
 + 
 
 " 
 
 4- 9 -rf 
 
 4-<f 
 
 ; 
 
 Labellum: 
 Upper epidermic at 
 beMi 
 Lencth of cell - 
 Width of oelU 
 
 
 
 
 4-9-<f 
 
 + rf 
 
 
 Length of bain . 
 Color 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 4-ef 
 
 4-9 
 
 Upper epidermic at 
 moct anterior 
 part: 
 
 I.<-IH-t||i.f c-. IU 
 
 
 
 
 
 4.0 . J 
 
 
 \\ Kith of crlU 
 
 
 
 
 J.Q 
 
 
 
 Lencth of bain.... 
 Color 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 4-9 -if 
 
 4-d 1 
 
 - 
 
 Lower epidermic 
 between apei 
 and most an- 
 terior part: 
 Lentth of crll. 
 Width of oellc 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 4-d 1 
 
 
 Color 
 
 
 
 
 4-9 "<f 
 
 
 
 Lower epidermic at 
 baee: 
 UBccBefwBi 
 Width of oellc 
 
 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 
 4-9 
 4-9 
 
 _ 
 
 Color 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 4-9 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Total 87 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 j 
 
 4) 
 
 10 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 7. Crpripedium latha 
 mianum inrer- 
 cum. maeraeeopie 
 charaeten: 
 Leaf: 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 
 Thick neai 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Lencth 
 
 ^ m 
 
 ^ m 
 
 _ 
 
 4-9 
 
 ^ m 
 
 
 Width 
 
 
 
 
 4-9 
 
 
 
 Colored ana at 
 ban 
 
 
 
 
 4-9 
 
 
 
 Leacth of epotted 
 
 :ir' 't 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 4-9 
 
 
 
 Lencth of youoceet 
 leaf 
 
 
 
 
 + <? 
 
 
 
 Relative chortnecc 
 of jroonceet leaf . 
 
 1 ' -A. r 
 i t 
 
 - 
 
 + 
 
 - 
 
 x o 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 Lmcth of flower 
 
 talk 
 
 
 
 
 +<f 
 
 
 
 Color of flower ctelk 
 Leacth of tract 
 Length of ovary. .. 
 Color of ovary 
 
 + 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 4-9 
 +<? 
 
 4-9 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 23 
 
354 
 
 SUMMARIES OF PLANT CHARACTERS, ETC. 
 TABLE I Continued. TABLE I. Continued. 
 
 
 "8 
 3 
 
 *i 
 
 " - 
 
 I* 
 
 CO 
 
 H 
 
 o 
 2 
 
 & 
 
 JS 
 
 a 
 lj 
 
 21 
 
 S& 
 
 00 
 
 Intermediate. 
 
 S 
 | 
 
 a 
 
 Lowest. 
 
 Cypripedium lathamia- 
 nuin inversum, 
 macroscopic char- 
 acters Contin'd: 
 Flower Continued: 
 Dorsal sepal: 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 
 
 Width 
 
 mm 
 
 __ 
 
 
 
 +0 
 
 
 Ratio of length to 
 width 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 =c7 
 
 
 
 Shape 
 
 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 + 9 =cT 
 
 
 
 
 _ 
 
 __ 
 
 
 -i- 9 =cT 
 
 
 
 Anterior sepal: 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 
 
 Width 
 
 .-.- 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Color 
 
 _ 
 
 
 _ 
 
 + 9=c? 
 
 
 
 Lateral petals: 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 
 
 Width .... 
 
 
 
 __ 
 
 __ 
 
 + <? 
 
 
 
 Shape 
 
 . 
 
 _ 
 
 
 + d" 
 
 
 
 Crisping of dorsal 
 
 
 
 
 + d" 
 
 
 
 Color 
 
 __ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 
 Label! um : 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 
 
 Width 
 
 
 
 __ 
 
 _ 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 
 Color of exterior. . . 
 Color of interior. . . 
 Staminode: 
 Shape 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 + 9 
 
 + 9=0" 
 
 + 9 
 
 
 - 
 
 Width 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 _ 
 
 
 Color .' 
 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 + 9 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Total 34 
 
 f 
 
 ? 
 
 ? 
 
 25 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Cypripedium lathamia- 
 num inveraum, 
 microscopic char- 
 acters: 
 Leaf: 
 Upper epidermis: 
 Thickness of walls 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 
 
 Length of cells at 
 
 
 
 
 + c? 
 
 
 
 Width of cells at 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 
 
 Thickness of walls 
 
 
 
 -1- 
 
 
 
 
 Length of cells at 
 middle 
 
 
 
 
 
 +cP 
 
 
 Width of cells at 
 
 
 
 
 
 + d" 
 
 
 Length of cells at 
 base 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 
 
 Width of cells at 
 base 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 
 Lower epidermis: 
 Length of cells at 
 
 
 
 
 
 -f v 
 
 
 Width of cells at 
 
 
 
 
 +<? 
 
 
 
 Number of stomata 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 + cF 
 
 Length of cells at 
 middle 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Width of cells at 
 middle . 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 9-d" 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 it 
 
 i & 
 
 & ! 
 
 sR 
 
 11 
 
 01 
 
 oE 
 
 -Z 
 
 1,1 
 !1 
 
 83 
 
 ! a 
 
 GO 
 
 Intermediate. 
 
 Highest. 
 
 Lowest. 
 
 Cypripedium lathamia- 
 num inversum, 
 microscopic char- 
 acters Contin'd : 
 lie&t Continued: 
 
 Number of stomata 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 -4- O 
 
 Length of cells at 
 base 
 
 
 
 
 + cf 
 
 
 
 Width of cells at 
 
 
 
 
 
 -1- 
 
 
 Number of stomata 
 at base 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 
 
 Leaf, transverse sec- 
 tion: 
 Depth of cuticle 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 -I- O 
 
 Depth of upper cpi- 
 
 
 
 
 -1- 
 
 
 
 Depth of cuticle on 
 lower epidermis. . 
 Depth of lower epi- 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 
 4- 
 
 + cT 
 
 Width of lower epi- 
 dermal cells 
 Depth of midrib 
 bundle 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 + 9 <? 
 
 + 0" 
 
 - 
 
 Width of midrib 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 
 
 Thickness of leaf at 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 
 Flower stalk : 
 Epidermis at top: 
 Length of cells .... 
 Width of cells 
 Kind of hairs pres- 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 + tf 
 + o" 
 
 + 9 
 
 - 
 
 Number of hairs. . . 
 Length of pointed 
 hairs 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 + cT 
 + d" 
 
 
 
 
 
 Length of club- 
 shaped hairs .... 
 Color 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 + 9 
 + 9 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 Epidermis at mid- 
 dle: 
 Length of cells .... 
 Width of cells 
 Kind of hairs pres- 
 ent 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 + 9 
 
 + 9 
 
 + tf 
 
 Number of hairs. . . 
 Length of pointed 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 + <f 
 
 + 9 
 
 
 
 Length of club- 
 shaped hairs .... 
 Color 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 + 9 
 + 9 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 Flower stalk, trans- 
 verse section: 
 Thickness of outer 
 epidermal walls. 
 Depth of epidermal 
 cells 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 + 9 
 
 + c? 
 
 - 
 
 Width of epidermal 
 rells 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 
 
 Width of cortex . . . 
 Number of layers 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 + <? 
 
 
 
 """ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
M MM \IUE8 0- PLAN! <M\I<\< MM, ETC. 
 
 355 
 
 TABUI I. Contimitd. 
 
 I u.l r I 
 
 
 i 
 il 
 
 
 
 '! 
 
 r 
 
 r 
 
 
 Ij 
 
 : ; 
 
 H 
 
 , 
 
 I 
 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 1 
 
 ll 
 
 , 
 
 I 
 I 
 
 j 
 
 i 
 
 I 
 
 : ii.mni UthamUaun 
 
 . 
 
 IilvrtWUPI, UdTjeOOptC 
 
 rhoXBCten tWm'rf: 
 
 Doraalwpal: 
 l'|>|ier r |> i d r r lu i * .1 
 middle: 
 Length of mil* 
 
 + 
 + 
 
 - 
 
 f- 
 
 + 9-<f 
 
 +<f 
 + 9 
 
 + 9+<r 
 
 + 9 
 
 -r-9-cf 
 -f-9 
 
 +<f 
 + <? 
 + 9-<f 
 -r-9-tf 
 
 +<f 
 + 9-<f 
 
 + 9 
 
 +<r 
 +<f 
 +<r 
 
 + 9 
 
 +<f 
 +<? 
 
 + 9 
 + 9 
 
 + "o 
 
 -f-d 1 
 h<f 
 
 uJ*~* efc "~ 1 *" : 
 
 Li-ncth 
 
 + 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 - 
 
 -r-9-cT 
 + <f 
 + 0" 
 
 + 9-0" 
 + ef 
 
 + 9-tf 
 + <f 
 
 + 9-<f 
 + 9 
 
 + 9 
 + 9 
 
 + 9 
 + 9 
 
 + 9 
 + 9 
 
 + 9 
 +<f 
 
 +<y 
 
 + 
 
 Width 
 
 Colorad an* at hav 
 LaBCUl of dotted aira 
 Uogth of younMt Ual 
 Hrl.iiv, abortaM of 
 
 . 
 
 bar of bain 
 
 Lancthof bain 
 
 i:. .., 
 Mowerinc period 
 
 Color bov, n.i.inl. 
 
 l'l> per epidermic at ba*e: 
 
 li nf rrlU 
 
 Leocth of flower (talk 
 Color of flowrr *talk 
 
 1 '.i." ! 1 ... 
 
 
 Numlier of hain 
 
 1 :. " 1] ff ,^ 
 
 Lrngth of hain 
 
 1 ! ..( M IB 
 
 Color 
 
 Donalaopal: 
 l^nctb. . . . 
 
 Lowerepidermia at middle: 
 LMKth of pointed bmin 
 Lrnclh <-f rlub-ahaped 
 hair* 
 
 
 Color ol upper urf are 
 Anterior *epal: 
 IxwcUi. . 
 
 Rmlio of pointed to club- 
 duped hain 
 
 Width 
 
 Color 
 
 Color 
 
 Lower epidermi* at ba*e: 
 Length of cell* 
 
 Lateral peUI*: 
 Lracth 
 
 Width o( n-ll. 
 
 Width 
 
 Lencth of pointed bain 
 Length of rlut>-haprd 
 hair. 
 
 Shape 
 
 <'ri.|>iri of nmrcin... 
 Color 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 +<r 
 
 Ratio of pointed to rlub- 
 ilmirij hair* 
 
 UMhMi 
 
 Lencth 
 Wi.lt 1, 
 
 ^ 
 
 _ 
 
 - 
 
 + 9-<f 
 
 Color of mil* 
 
 Color of hair* 
 
 ( 'ijnr nf V99rinr 
 
 Lateral petal*: 
 Upper epidermi* at 
 middle: 
 Length of ceil* 
 
 Color of interior 
 
 
 
 
 
 Staminode: 
 Ix-ncth of apex 
 
 + 
 + 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 
 Width 
 
 tt.lthofcelU 
 
 Color 
 
 Lower epidermal at 
 middle: 
 
 - 
 
 + 9 
 
 +<f 
 
 + 9 
 + 9 
 
 f 9-d 1 
 + <f 
 
 + 9 
 + 9 
 -f-9 
 
 + <f 
 + <f 
 
 Total 30 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 15 
 
 8 
 
 Cjrpripedium niten*. micro- 
 ropic character*: 
 Leaf: 
 Upper epidermi.: 
 Shape of cell* 
 
 Ix-ngt h nf edu 
 Width of eefla 
 
 -r-9-d 1 
 
 + 9 
 + 9 
 
 + 
 
 + o 
 + <f 
 
 + 
 + 
 
 - 
 
 + 
 + 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 9-<f 
 
 -f-9 
 
 + <f 
 + tf 
 
 +<f 
 
 + 9 
 + 9 
 +cf 
 
 9-cf 
 
 + 9 
 + 9 
 
 -f-tf 
 
 + 9 
 +~9 
 
 >pe of eell* 
 
 Wavinre* of wall*. .... 
 
 
 l.'iit oof hain... 
 
 :. r 
 
 Thick aem of wall* al 
 apex 
 
 I ,'-,. 
 Upper epidermi* al baae: 
 Length of rrll. 
 
 Lrrurth of rrll* at apex 
 Width of cell* at apex 
 Thirknea* of wall* at 
 
 nn. Ml.- 
 
 , of cell* 
 
 Lroth of bain 
 
 Color 
 
 I^mrthofrrlbatmiddb 
 Wi.lt h nf rrlUat mi.MI. 
 I^nrth nf rrll* at baa*. . 
 Width of cell* at ban. . 
 Lower epidermi.: 
 
 t'jiinr rpidenni* at moct 
 anterior part: 
 Ix-nth of 41i .... 
 
 \\ i.|h of frHt 
 
 lynitth of hain 
 
 Color... 
 
 Lrncth of ecll. al apex 
 
 VS i.lth of cell* at apex. . 
 Number of ctomata at 
 aprx 
 
 Lower pidemi* betwn-n 
 apex and mo*t ante- 
 rior part: 
 Length of rdU 
 
 Lencth nf rrll* at middle 
 .! *t middlr 
 Numtirr of tomata at 
 .abMIr 
 
 Width of mil* . . 
 
 Color 
 
 Lower epidermi* at baae: 
 Lriurth of n4U 
 
 l>rnrth .4 rrll. at baa*. 
 Ith of eafl* at baa. . 
 Ahernre of itomala al 
 
 ' i.. 
 
 Ithof rrll. 
 
 Color... 
 
 
 fotal 88 
 
 8 
 
 I 
 
 3 
 
 41 
 
 i . 
 
 
 
 Color at rm 
 
 
 
356 
 
 SUMMARIES OF PLANT CHARACTERS, ETC. 
 TABLE I. Continued. TABLE I. Continued. 
 
 
 | 
 
 8 
 
 S-4-s 
 g 
 
 2 a 
 - 
 
 CO 
 
 i 1 
 
 s| 
 
 2 a 
 S _ 
 
 CO 
 
 Same as both 
 parents. 
 
 d 
 
 "3 
 
 1 
 
 a 
 
 M 
 
 i 
 
 B 
 
 Lowest. 
 
 Cypripedium nitens, micro- 
 scopic characters 
 Continued: 
 Leaf , transverse section: 
 Depth of cuticle and wax 
 Depth of upper epider- 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 + <? 
 + 9 
 
 Depth of cuticle on 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 + cf 
 
 Depth of lower epider- 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 
 Width of lower epider- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 Depth of midrib bundle 
 Width of midrib bundle 
 Thickness of transverse 
 section at midrib .... 
 Flower stalk: 
 Epidermis at top: 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 + 
 
 + 9 
 
 + 9 
 + 9 
 
 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 
 
 -r-cf 
 
 Width of cells 
 
 
 
 _ 
 
 +d" 
 
 
 
 Thickness of walls 
 Ratio of pointed to club- 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 + 9+d" 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 _ 
 
 
 + 9=d" 
 
 
 
 Length of pointed hairs 
 Length of club-shaped 
 hairs 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 +d" 
 
 
 
 
 
 Color .... 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Epidermis at middle: 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 + Cf" 
 
 Width of cells 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 _ 
 
 + 9 
 
 
 Ratio of pointed to club- 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 =cf 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 0" 
 
 
 
 Length of pointed hairs 
 Length of club-shaped 
 hairs 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 + <? 
 
 
 
 -l-r? 1 
 
 Flower stalk, transverse 
 section: 
 Thickness of outer epi- 
 dermal wall 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 Shape of epidermal cells 
 Depth of epidermal cells 
 Width of epidermal cells 
 Width of cortex . 
 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 + 9 
 + 9=rf 
 + <? 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 Number of layers in 
 cortex 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 Dorsal sepal : 
 Cpper epidermis at 
 middle: 
 Length of cells 
 
 
 
 
 
 + <? 
 
 
 Width of cells 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 + <? 
 
 
 
 Color 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 + d" 
 
 
 
 
 Upper epidermis at base: 
 Length of cells 
 
 
 
 
 
 -t-rf 1 
 
 
 Width of cells . . 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 4 
 
 
 00 
 
 (. *- 
 
 *l 
 
 !& 
 
 CO 
 
 ~M 
 
 a| 
 
 S B 
 
 i- 2 
 
 co 
 
 J3 
 1, 
 
 al 
 
 "> S 
 
 1 & 
 CO 
 
 Intermediate. 
 
 Highest. 
 
 Lowest. 
 
 Cypripedium nitens, micro- 
 scopic characters 
 Continued: 
 Dorsal sepal Continued: 
 Color ... 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 + 9 ~ <? 
 
 
 
 Lower epidermis at 
 middle: 
 Length of pointed hairs 
 Length of club-shaped 
 
 - 
 
 
 - 
 
 + 9 
 
 - 
 
 + <? 
 
 Ratio of pointed to club- 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 
 
 Color 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 Lower epidermis at base : 
 Length of cells 
 
 
 
 
 
 + d" 
 
 
 Width of cells 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 
 
 Ratio of pointed to club- 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 -d 1 
 
 
 
 Color 
 
 
 
 
 4- 9 -cT 
 
 
 
 Lateral petals: 
 Upper epidermis at 
 middle: 
 
 
 
 
 
 + c? 
 
 
 Width of cells 
 
 
 
 
 
 + c? 
 
 
 Color 
 
 
 
 
 + cf 
 
 
 
 Lower epidermis at 
 middle : 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4-rf 
 
 Width of cells 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 
 Upper epidermis at base: 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 
 Color 
 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 + 9 
 
 
 
 Label! um: 
 Upper epidermis at base 
 along mid-line: 
 
 
 
 
 
 -f 9 
 
 
 Width of cells 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 + r? 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 9 
 
 
 Color ' . . 
 
 
 
 
 + d" 
 
 
 
 Upper epidermis at most 
 anterior part along 
 mid-line: 
 
 
 
 
 
 + cf 
 
 
 Width of cells 
 
 
 
 
 _ 
 
 + cf 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 + V 
 
 Color 
 
 + 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 
 Lower epidermis be- 
 tween the apex and 
 most anterior part : 
 
 
 
 
 
 + <? 
 
 
 Width of cells 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 + d" 
 
 
 
 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 
 
 + c? 
 
 
 
 Lower epidermis at base 
 along mid-line: 
 
 
 
 
 
 + c? 
 
 
 Width of cells .... 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 + cf 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Total 83 
 
 5 
 
 4 
 
 7 
 
 2<) 
 
 24 
 
 14 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
1. 8i'MMA*Y or Txut I . 
 
 -I MM \H1KS OK PLAN! CIIAHAi Hi. I i< 
 
 o ttu Mat. of tkt MwrNO|Me and jtfacrtMMptt Cferwfcr* o/ (A 
 la *< /'am**. 
 
 U* of plant* hybrid-atooka. 
 
 \ 
 parent. 
 
 | 1 1 
 parant. 
 
 ' >.' 
 pu*oU. 
 
 lotar- 
 
 I.. 1. .'- 
 
 ,,.. 
 
 LOVMI. 
 
 ToUl. 
 
 \.. 
 
 
 No. 
 
 
 N 
 
 H ri 
 
 N 
 
 P. ct. 
 
 
 P.et. 
 
 No. 
 
 P.et. 
 
 No. 
 
 IpoBMMalotori: 
 Marraaropie 
 
 1 
 8 
 
 
 
 3.0 
 
 8.4 
 
 1 
 3 
 
 3.0 
 3.J 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 . 
 
 
 2.1 
 
 Is 
 
 ai 
 
 40 
 
 32.0 
 M.O 
 
 10 
 4ft 
 
 01 
 
 47.4 
 
 IM 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 S3 
 04 
 
 e 
 
 3M 
 Oft 
 
 1 . : 
 
 Mi, r. -.,|.i.- 
 
 
 4 
 
 M >. t<M.-1l|.ll- 
 
 9 
 
 
 8 
 
 ..i 
 7 
 
 4 
 M 
 
 11 - 
 lfl.ft 
 
 4 
 
 
 11 s 
 
 
 
 18 
 30 
 
 ..- 
 
 4 
 M 
 
 ii - 
 lOJk 
 
 a 
 
 21 
 
 B.O 
 
 .1 
 
 
 
 Mi r ,. 
 
 < \ m Indium f>burnat*4owtanuiii : 
 MaaoMopie 
 
 , 
 
 DamlinUiim ejrbala: 
 Macraacopic 
 Uicraacop. 
 
 MUtoDuMeuaiui: 
 Muvaaoopie 
 Mhnwvli 
 
 18 
 
 4 
 
 48 
 
 K. ; 
 
 18 
 
 1A.I 
 
 M 
 
 104 
 
 110 
 
 a 
 
 7 
 
 tt.3 
 
 4 
 7 
 
 1! 1 
 83 
 
 :. 
 8 
 
 II : 
 10.7 
 
 1 1 : 
 3.1 
 
 3.4 
 
 0.4 
 
 ft.O 
 2.2 
 
 -- 
 
 a? 
 
 .,.' i 
 30 
 
 .' 
 12 
 
 ,'. 7 
 10 
 
 n 
 14 
 
 14 
 
 (i 
 is: 
 
 . 
 7ft 
 
 9 
 
 11 
 
 13 
 
 40 
 
 44.0 
 
 14 
 
 12.7 
 
 12.7 
 
 no 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 3.1 
 2.3 
 
 1 1 
 
 4 
 
 
 13.3 
 0.2 
 
 -> 7 
 
 6.9 
 
 IP 
 4.0 
 
 6.9 
 
 11 
 
 : 
 ft 
 
 4 
 3 
 
 M 
 34 
 
 1 , : 
 3ft 
 
 A 
 
 10 
 
 H, i, 
 19.4 
 
 i 
 82 
 
 1 : . 
 
 " 
 
 07 
 
 m 
 
 .-> 
 
 Hft 
 
 4 
 
 8 
 2 
 
 10 
 
 
 ft 
 
 7 
 
 1 
 
 8 
 
 47 
 
 
 
 31 
 
 37 
 
 II 
 30.4 
 
 34 
 
 mmmm 
 
 4 
 1ft 
 
 10 
 
 I , - 
 17.7 
 
 36 
 
 
 
 1 
 24 
 
 MMM* 
 
 3.4 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 40 
 
 .', l 
 
 H 
 
 ^m^m 
 
 2 
 30 
 
 10.7 
 
 2ft 
 
 
 7 
 
 33 
 
 114 
 34 
 
 121 
 
 M... r. .,.,.!.- 
 Mieroaeop" 
 
 Cypripedium latiuun. inren.: 
 
 M l.-p.-'. .(.! 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 .-. 
 43 
 
 -.-, 
 40.4 
 
 A.O 
 34.5 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 72 
 
 00 
 
 32 
 
 20.4 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 3.4 
 
 2 
 1 
 
 3 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 6.0 
 2.2 
 
 .:, 
 41 
 
 7 . -, 
 I., | 
 
 3 
 33 
 
 .* 
 37* 
 
 
 8 
 
 
 0.1 
 
 34 
 
 
 
 122 
 
 Mi. r,,- ..J.H- 
 
 
 ft 
 
 3 
 
 00 
 
 M.I 
 
 30 
 
 30 
 
 8 
 
 OS 
 
 MacroMopie. 
 MicroMopio 
 
 ToUl number of rliaracU-n ... 
 Per rant of MO enaractfTt 
 
 4 
 A 
 
 ! . . 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 8.2 
 
 ~ 
 
 1ft 
 20 
 
 80 
 38 
 
 8 
 24 
 
 .: 7 
 30 
 
 2 
 M 
 
 0.7 
 17 
 
 30 
 
 83 
 
 
 
 * 
 
 ft 
 
 ^ 
 
 * 
 
 
 
 30 
 
 
 
 
 
 M ; 
 
 > 
 
 10 
 
 = 
 
 14.1 
 
 ~ 
 
 113 
 
 ~ 
 
 
 2. SUMMABT or TABLE I. Nttmberi md Ptrentagu 
 Sammm, Inttrmtdiatfneti, Bxteu. 
 
 of Ike Sfaeroteopie and Microscopic Ckaraderi of Hybrid-flock* a ngardt 
 and Deficit of Development in Kf lotion to tk Partnt-ttodu. 
 
 Lttt of pUnU hybrid-Mock*. 
 
 mtA 
 
 parent. 
 
 Same u 
 pollen 
 parent. 
 
 Sanaa* 
 both 
 
 parent*. 
 
 Inter- 
 mediate. 
 
 Hicneat. 
 
 LowwC 
 
 ToUl. 
 
 Mx-nMcopic chanctm: 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 is 
 
 10 
 
 2 
 
 
 Ljrlis-catUrym eanhamwiui 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 Is 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 34 
 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 ft 
 
 22 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 .', 
 
 Deodrobium eybele 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 13 
 
 ft 
 
 3 
 
 30 
 
 Mi'i.,, i , ;. ,i ,r,i 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 20 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 20 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 M 
 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 26 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 34 
 
 " : .' i. :.- 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 16 
 
 8 
 
 2 
 
 20 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 21 
 
 22 
 
 18 
 
 140 
 
 44 
 
 10 
 
 /'.I 
 
 
 
 8.7 
 
 0.8 
 
 60.4 
 
 10.0 
 
 3.8 
 
 
 Uieronopio ehanurtcra: 
 IpomcM rioUvl 
 
 8 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 31 
 
 4ft 
 
 
 
 Oft 
 
 i , ... . , 
 
 a 
 
 14 
 
 
 
 30 
 
 14 
 
 21 
 
 H 
 
 f vmfrMtfiinm ^^MtrfMW^ Ifv^riA ni i m 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 27 
 
 12 
 
 14 
 
 7ft 
 
 n^ M i..j>.i-. njijil! 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 M 
 
 10 
 
 - 
 
 07 
 
 MUtonia hlnnaoa 
 
 2 
 
 ft 
 
 8 
 
 31 
 
 16 
 
 34 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 43 
 
 30 
 
 7 
 
 87 
 
 
 , 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 41 
 
 . : 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 
 ft 
 
 4 
 
 7 
 
 20 
 
 M 
 
 14 
 
 si 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Ti>tJ numliT o( characters ... 
 
 3ft 
 
 44 
 
 :. 
 
 . 
 
 102 
 
 120 
 
 006 
 
 Percmtaceof pfaarartrn 
 
 A. 
 
 86 
 
 4.7 
 
 :-- 
 
 27.0 
 
 !> 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
358 
 
 SUMMARIES OF PLANT CHARACTERS, ETC. 
 
 3. SUMMARY OF TABLE I . Numbers and Percentages of Tissue Characters and Starch Reaction-intensities of the Hybrid-slocks in 
 regard to .Sameness, Intermediateness, and Excess, and Deficit of Development in Relation to the Parent-stocks. Charts F 9 and F 10. 
 
 Parent-relationships. 
 
 Tissue characters, 
 macroscopic. 
 
 Tissue characters, 
 microscopic. 
 
 8 hybrid plants 
 (959 characters). 
 
 50 hybrid starches 
 (1,018 reactions). 
 
 No. 
 
 P. ct. 
 
 No. 
 
 P. ct. 
 
 No. 
 
 P. ct. 
 
 No. 
 
 P. ct. 
 
 
 21 
 22 
 18 
 149 
 44 
 10 
 
 7.9 
 8.7 
 6.8 
 56.4 
 16.6 
 3.8 
 
 35 
 44 
 
 32 
 266 
 192 
 126 
 
 5 
 
 6.5 
 4.7 
 38.2 
 27.6 
 18.1 
 
 56 
 66 
 50 
 415 
 236 
 126 
 
 5.9 
 6.9 
 5.2 
 43.2 
 24.9 
 14.1 
 
 130 
 101 
 
 138 
 236 
 187 
 226 
 
 12.7 
 9.9 
 13.6 
 23.2 
 18.4 
 22.2 
 
 
 
 
 Highest 
 
 
 
 4. SUMMARY OK TABLE I. Summary of Sameness and Inclination of the Macroscopic and Microscopic Characters of the Hybrid- 
 stocks in Relation to the Parent-stocks. 
 
 List of plants hybrid-stocks. 
 
 Same as or 
 inclined to seed 
 parent. 
 
 Same as or 
 inclined to pollen 
 parent. 
 
 Same as both 
 parents. 
 
 As close to one 
 as to other 
 parent. 
 
 Number. 
 
 Macro- 
 scopic. 
 
 Micro- 
 scopic. 
 
 Macro- 
 scopic. 
 
 Micro- 
 scopic. 
 
 Macro- 
 scopic. 
 
 Micro- 
 scopic. 
 
 Macro- 
 scopic. 
 
 Micro- 
 scopic. 
 
 Macro- 
 scopic. 
 
 Micro- 
 scopic. 
 
 
 13 
 6 
 12 
 4 
 12 
 12 
 18 
 12 
 
 45 
 25 
 29 
 40 
 27 
 27 
 42 
 29 
 
 7 
 11 
 8 
 12 
 9 
 10 
 9 
 9 
 
 16 
 50 
 27 
 38 
 38 
 38 
 34 
 38 
 
 
 4 
 5 
 4 
 1 
 2 
 2 
 
 
 2 
 
 8 
 3 
 8 
 2 
 2 
 7 
 
 18 
 13 
 10 
 10 
 7 
 10 
 5 
 9 
 
 32 
 10 
 11 
 16 
 12 
 20 
 10 
 9 
 
 38 
 34 
 35 
 30 
 
 29 
 34 
 34 
 30 
 
 9 
 
 95 
 
 85 
 75 
 97 
 85 
 87 
 88 
 83 
 
 59 
 
 
 
 Dendrobium cybele 
 
 
 
 
 Cypripedium nitens 
 
 
 353 
 
 36.8 
 
 354 
 36.9 
 
 50 
 5.2 
 
 202 
 21.1 
 
 
 Per cent of 1018 Starch Reactions 
 
 73.7 
 42.7 32.4 
 
 26.3 
 13.8 11.1 
 
 
 75.1 
 
 24.9 
 
 5. SUMMARY op TABLE I. Summary of the Macroscopic and Microscopic Characters and of the Starch React ion- Intensities of 
 Cymbidium eburneo-lowianum and Miltonia bleuana in regard to Sameness, Intermediateness, and Excess 
 and Dffirit of Development in relation to the Parent-Stocks. Charts F 11 and F 12. 
 
 Plants. 
 
 Same as 
 seed 
 parent. 
 
 Same as 
 pollen 
 parent. 
 
 Same as 
 both 
 parents. 
 
 Inter- 
 mediate. 
 
 Highest. 
 
 Lowest. 
 
 Total. 
 
 No. 
 
 P. ct. 
 
 No. 
 
 P. ct. 
 
 No. 
 
 P. ct. 
 
 No. 
 
 P. ct. 
 
 No. 
 
 P. ct. 
 
 No. 
 
 P. ct. 
 
 No. 
 P. ct. 
 
 Cymbidium eburneo-lowianum : 
 
 2 
 
 7 
 
 5.9 
 9.3 
 
 4 
 
 7 
 
 11.4 
 9.3 
 
 5 
 8 
 
 14.3 
 10.7 
 
 22 
 27 
 
 62.9 
 36.0 
 
 2 
 12 
 
 6.7 
 16 
 
 
 14 
 
 
 18.7 
 
 35 
 75 
 
 Microscopic 
 
 Starch 
 
 9 
 
 4 
 
 8 
 2 
 
 8.2 
 15.5 
 
 27.6 
 2.3 
 
 11 
 
 
 6 
 5 
 
 10 
 
 
 13 
 
 9 
 
 11.8 
 34.6 
 
 49 
 
 
 9 
 31 
 
 44.5 
 
 
 14 
 
 
 12.7 
 
 
 14 
 13 
 
 12.7 
 60 
 
 110 
 26 
 
 Miltonia bleuana: 
 
 20.7 
 6.9 
 
 1 
 
 8 
 
 3.4 
 9.4 
 
 31 
 
 36.4 
 
 4 
 15 
 
 13.8 
 17.7 
 
 1 
 
 24 
 
 3.4 
 28.2 
 
 29 
 85 
 
 
 Starch 
 
 10 
 3 
 
 8.7 
 11.5 
 
 11 
 
 
 
 9.6 
 
 
 9 
 3 
 
 7.9 
 11.5 
 
 40 
 1 
 
 35.1 
 
 3.8 
 
 19 
 
 17 
 
 16.7 
 65.4 
 
 25 
 2 
 
 21.9 
 
 7.7 
 
 111 
 
 20 
 
 
SUMMARIES Of PLANT t H Ml \< ' I KK-. IK 
 6. St'UMABT or TABLB I. Summary of Sammeit and 
 
 U tf Ai 
 Ckmrtt f 18 vnt F H 
 
 Plant*. 
 
 (Urn 
 
 Ml 
 wd 
 
 MOT 
 
 Bi 10 
 
 pot. 
 
 tm 
 , i 
 ;..,;.., 
 
 MOT 
 
 Md to 
 
 !. in :,' 
 
 tern 
 
 . :. 
 both 
 
 MOT 
 
 ,., i ,.. 
 
 ..!. 
 
 |j 
 ulol 
 
 I- 
 
 -toon. 
 
 jMOtlM* 
 
 MIL 
 
 itu 
 
 
 No. 
 
 P. OC 
 
 No. 
 
 I' H 
 
 No. 
 
 P.H. 
 
 No. 
 
 P.M. 
 
 Hi 
 
 I' ,1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 MxToaooptn 
 
 11 
 
 S44 
 
 g 
 
 909 
 
 I 
 
 14 3 
 
 
 - , 
 
 
 MKCUKUPM 
 
 . i 
 
 .1- f. 
 
 17 
 
 M 
 
 ( 
 
 107 
 
 II 
 
 14 7 
 
 7', 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 41 
 
 373 
 
 S5 
 
 :n s 
 
 U 
 
 l\M 
 
 It 
 
 19.1 
 
 110 
 
 Str.-h 
 
 4 
 
 18.4 
 
 1 
 
 3.8 
 
 9 
 
 34 .8 
 
 11 
 
 1> 
 
 K 
 
 VI lit. .1. IB tJ*Mltttt- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 MircMcotjie . 
 
 12 
 
 41.4 
 
 
 
 31 
 
 I 
 
 3.6 
 
 7 
 
 14 I 
 
 10 
 
 
 V 
 
 :il s 
 
 as 
 
 44.7 
 
 g 
 
 0.4 
 
 12 
 
 14 i 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 M 
 
 84.2 
 
 47 
 
 41.3 
 
 
 
 7.0 
 
 19 
 
 18.7 
 
 IM 
 
 BUnh 
 
 30 
 
 77 
 
 1 
 
 7.7 
 
 | 
 
 11.6 
 
 1 
 
 SJ 
 
 M 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 7. SUMIIAAY or TABLE I -Tim* Ckaraeleri and Starek Reactio*i 
 a* liegardi I nlrmtdiattii*u and Non-1 nttrmd\alr*<u of (A* 
 Hybriat. 
 
 i'hmnrtrn 
 
 Mi. r..-..i.,.- 
 
 SUuvh ri. ti -in 
 
 No. 
 
 IK 
 M 
 
 416 
 
 P. ct. 
 
 68.4 
 
 38.2 
 
 43.2 
 
 . 
 
 No. 
 
 116 
 
 429 
 
 644 
 
 P. et. 
 
 43.8 
 81.8 
 
 ru 
 
CHAPTER VI. 
 
 APPLICATIONS OF RESULTS OF RESEARCHES. 
 
 In considering the applications of the results of these 
 researches to the explanation of the developmental 
 changes in the germplasm, and of variations, fluctua- 
 tions, sports, mutations, Mendelism, the genesis of spe- 
 cies, etc., it must be borne in mind that the investiga- 
 tions (Publications Nos. 116, 173, and the present) 
 have been of a purely exploratory character and no 
 serious attempt has been made to do more than lay a 
 substantial foundation for future investigation, theoreti- 
 cal and practical. Hence, in the present chapter noth- 
 ing more than mere suggestions will be offered in the 
 applications of the results of fundamental problems of 
 biology ; nor would more here be possible, if for no other 
 reason than the enormity of the field to be covered.* 
 
 SPECIFICITY OF STEREOISOMERIDES IN RELATION TO 
 GENERA, SPECIES, ETC. 
 
 These researches have as their essential basis the con- 
 ception that in different organisms corresponding com- 
 plex organic substances that constitute the supreme 
 structural components of protoplasm and the major 
 synthetic products of protoplasmic activity are not in 
 any case absolutely identical in chemical constitution, 
 and that each such substance may exist in countless 
 modifications, each modification being characteristic of 
 the form of protoplasm, the organ, the individual, the 
 sex, the species, and the genus. This conception was sup- 
 ported not only by the extraordinary differences noted 
 between the albuminous substances of venom and those 
 of other parts of the serpent, f but also by the results of 
 the investigations of Hanriot, who described marked dif- 
 ferences in the properties of the lipases of the pancreatic 
 juice and the blood; of Hoppe-Seyler and others who 
 stated that the pepsins of cold- and warm-blooded ani- 
 mals are not identical; of Wroblewsky and others who 
 recorded differences in the pepsins of mammals; of 
 Kossell and his students who found that the protamins 
 obtained from the spermatozoa of different species of fish 
 are not identical ; and of various observers who have 
 noted that the erythrocytes of one species when injected 
 into the blood of another are in the nature of foreign 
 bodies and rapidly destroyed. During subsequent years, 
 and especially very recently, data have been rapidly 
 accumulating along many and diverse lines of investi- 
 gation which collectively indicate that every individual 
 is a chemical entity that differs in characteristic par- 
 ticulars from every other. To any one familiar with 
 the advances of biochemistry and with the trend of scien- 
 tific progress toward the explanation of vital phenom- 
 ena on a physico-chemical basis, it will be obvious that 
 if the conception of the non-uniform constitution of 
 
 *The first three sections of this chapter are reproduced, with 
 some alteration and addition, from an article that was published 
 in Science, 1914, n.s., XI., 649-661. 
 
 fResearches upon the Venoms of Poisonous Serpents. By S. 
 Weir Mitchell and Edward T. Reichert. Smithsonian Contributions 
 to Knowledge, Publication No. 647, 1886. 
 360 
 
 corresponding proteins and other corresponding complex 
 organic substances in different organisms and parts of 
 organisms wore found to be justified by the results of 
 laboratory investigation a bewildering field of specu- 
 lation, reasoning, and investigation would be laid open 
 a field so extensive as to include every domain of bio- 
 logical science, and seemingly to render possible, and 
 even probable, a logical explanation of the mechanisms 
 underlying the differentiations of individuals, sex, varie- 
 ties, species, and genera; of the causes of fluctuations 
 and mutations; of the phenomena of Mendelism and 
 heredity in general ; of the processes of fecundation and 
 sex-determination ; of the tolerance of certain organisms 
 to organic poisons that may be extremely virulent to 
 other forms of life ; of tumor formation, reversions, mal- 
 formations, and monsters; of anaphylaxis, certain tox- 
 emias, immunities, etc. ; and of a vast number of other 
 phenomena of normal and abnormal life which as yet 
 are partially or wholly clothed in mystery. 
 
 Some years previous to the discovery of the nature 
 of the lethal constituents of venoms, Pasteur found that 
 there exist three kinds of tartaric acid which, because 
 of different effects on the ray of polarized light, are dis- 
 tinguished as the dextro-, Isevo- and racemic-tartaric 
 acids, the dextro form rotating the ray to the right, the 
 laevo form to the left, and the racemic form not at all. 
 When these acids were subjected in separate solutions 
 to the actions of Penicillium glaucum fermentation pro- 
 ceeded in the dextro form, but not in the laevo form, 
 while in the solution of the racemic acid, which is a 
 mixture of the dextro and laevo acids, the dextro form 
 disappeared, leaving the loevo moiety unaffected. All 
 three acids have the same chemical composition and 
 chemical properties, but differ strikingly in their effects 
 on polarized light and in nutritive properties. Identi- 
 cal or corresponding peculiarities have since been re- 
 corded in relation to a large number of substances. 
 Thus, of the twelve known forms of hexoses, or glu- 
 coses, only the dextro forms are fermentable, that is, 
 capable of being used by certain low organisms as food, 
 but not all are thus available, and, moreover, those which 
 are show marked differences in the degrees of fcrmen- 
 tability. In the case of other substances Penicillium 
 may consume the laevo form, but not the dextro form. 
 Other organisms show similar selectivity's, using either 
 dextro or laevo form, or both, but in the latter case in 
 unequal degree. Even more striking instances have 
 been recorded in the actions of poisons, as, for instance, 
 dextro-nicotine is only half as toxic as the laevo form; 
 dextro-ad renal in has only one-twelfth the power of the 
 laevo form; racemic-cocaine has a quicker and more in- 
 tense but less lasting action than the lajvo form ; the 
 asparagines, hyoscines, hyoscyamines and other sub- 
 stances have been found to exhibit marked differences in 
 accordance with variations in their optical properties. 
 With other bodies belonging to this category it may be 
 
APPLICATIONS OF RESULTS Or 
 
 161 
 
 found that <>!)!> f<>rm is sweet while toother is tasteless; 
 another may be odorous, but its enantimorphou form 
 without <>dor. 
 
 To tli.- foregoing there may le added examples o( 
 other substance- t 1 
 
 phy.'inM hemieally In-long to a different claM. Thus. 
 nitroglycerine ma\ forms that are so dilT 
 
 that umliT given roii.litM.n-i of teni|H-rature ami j>ercus- 
 ,>l<wive ami the other ii"ii cxpl.i.-nc. l>if- 
 f.Tencf* in si! ;r.- f.>utiil in allotnpic 
 
 forms may be as marked as in any of thr pr.-ocding illus- 
 trations, a.-, for in.-tance, in the case of phosphorus, which 
 is familiar as the \ellow. white, hlack, and red varieties, 
 all of which with the exception of red phosphorus are 
 lingly poisonous, while the latt. r is inert. The 
 ortho, metu, an.l para forms of a given substance may 
 fxhil.it more or lesa marked physiological and toxicologi- 
 cml variations, and so n. 
 
 Tlie explanation <>f the remarkable differences shown 
 .ese substances, which differences are paralleled by 
 tboae manifested by tlie lethal and mocuous proteins of 
 the sT]..-nt. the pepsins, the protamins and the red-blood 
 i <>r|iuitcle8,i8to l- found in the result* of two ind<-|>< intent 
 but intimately related lines of physico-chemical re- 
 search : ( 1 ) The investigations of Yaii't HolT and LeBcI 
 and subsequent observers which have laid the foundation 
 of a now, and to tlie hi.ilogist and physician an extra- 
 ordinarily important, development of chemistry known 
 aa itereochenii-try a department that treats of the 
 arrangements of the atoms, groups and masses of mole- 
 cules, or in other words of intramolecular arrangement 
 or configuration of molecular components in the three 
 dimensions of space. (2) The investigations of \Villard 
 Uibbs and others which have given us the " phase rule," 
 which defines the phases or forms in which a given sub- 
 
 or combination of substances may exist owing to 
 differences in intramolecular and extra molecular ar- 
 r.iii.'. ni.-m- and MMMrintftt -f tli.-:r MBpOMBti 111 
 relation to temperature and pressure. 
 
 According to stereochemistry a given substance may 
 n multiple forms dependent upon differences in the 
 configuration of the molecule, all of which forms have 
 miuon the fundamental chemical characteristics of 
 a given prototy|>e. yet each may have certain properties 
 which positively distinguish it from the others. Theo- 
 retically, such substances as serum albumin, serum glo- 
 bulin, hemoglobin, March, glycogen, and chlorophyl may 
 be produced by nature in countless modified forms, owing 
 to differences in intramolecular arrangements. Miescher 
 haa estimated that the serum globulin molecule may exist 
 in a thousand million forms. Substances that exist in 
 u. h multiple forms of a prototype an 1 di-tinirui-hed as 
 
 isomere. The r.-mnrkable fact has been noted by 
 I.T and others that stereoisomers may exhibit as 
 
 great or even greater differences in thoir properties 
 than tli..-.- manifested by even closely related isomere. 
 which hitter in comparison with stereoisomers are dis- 
 tantly if at all chemically related. A- already instanced, 
 so alight a change in molecular configuration aa gives 
 rise to dextro and la>vo forms may be sufficient to cause 
 definite and characteristic and even profound differences 
 in physical, nutritive, and physiological properties. 
 
 In accordance with the "phase rule" .1 sut^tance 
 or a combination of substances may eii-t in the form of 
 
 geneoua or homogeneous systems,'* 
 
 -\-t.lll c..ll-1-tlllg of a llUIIli.T .."i holu-il.vn.-oll-. .\.tcIIM. 
 
 each of which latter is a manift- .dual 
 
 phase and distinguishable from the others by ph 
 
 M:. al. chemical, or physiological properties. The 
 number of phases of a heterogeneous system increases 
 with the number of component systems and the number 
 of the latter is in direct rclation-hip to the numl 
 independent variable conntit l.y means 
 
 of variationa of either or Mli intramolecular or . 
 molecular arrangement the numU-r of forms of a sub- 
 stance or combination of substances may range from 
 few to infinite. 
 
 Our means of differentiating stereoisomers are, on 
 the whole, limited, and for the most part crude, and 
 while it has been found that differences so marked as 
 those referred to may be detected by the ordinary pro- 
 cvdures, it seems obvious that the inherent limitations of 
 such methods render them inadequ a large 
 
 numlHT of stereoisomerides or related bodies which may 
 exhibit only obscure modifications are to be definitely 
 differentiated, so that other and more sensitive methods 
 must be sought, or at least special methods that are 
 adapted to exceptional conditions. The results of much 
 preliminary investigation in this direction l.-d in one 
 research to the adoption of the crystallographie method, 
 especially the use of the polarizing microscope, which 
 in its very modern developments of analysis has demon- 
 strated that substances which have different molecular 
 structures exhibit corresponding diffen-nees in cr 
 line form and polariacopic |>r<>perties; and, moreover, 
 that the " optical reactions may be found to lie as 
 distinctive and as exact analytically as the react in- 
 obtained by the conventional methods of the chemist. 
 Furthermore, the necessities of the hypothesis dem.r 
 the selection of a substance for study of a diameter 
 which upon theoretical grounds might be exjiocted to 
 n nature widely distributed and readily procura- 
 ble, and, as a con- m was -.!., tod. 
 
 In the study of the hemoglohin* the author had as a 
 co-worker Professor Amos Peaalee Brown.* Hemoglo- 
 bins were examined from over 100 animalx, representing 
 a large variety of species, genera, and families. From 
 the data recorded certain facts are especially conspic- 
 uous, among which may be mentioned the followin 
 
 1. The constant recurrence of certain angles, plane 
 and dihedral, in the hemoglobins of various species, even 
 when the species are widely separated and the crystal* 
 belong to various crystal systems. This feature indi- 
 cates a common structure of the hemoglobin molecules, 
 whatever their sour 
 
 2. The constant recurrence of certain type* of twin- 
 ning in the hemoglobins, and the prevalence of mimosie. 
 This has the same significance as the foregoing. 
 
 3. The constancy of generic characters in the crys- 
 tals. The crystals of the various species of any genns 
 
 : to a crystallographic group. When their charac- 
 ters are tabulated they at once recall crystallogrn 
 groups of inorganic compounds. The crystals of the 
 genns Felit constitute an isomorphous group which is as 
 \ isomorphous as the groups of rnombobedral and 
 rhomhic carbonates among minerals, or the more 
 
 CWMM In* WMk. Pub No 116 
 
362 
 
 APPLICATIONS OP RESULTS OF RESEARCHES. 
 
 complex molecules of the members of the group of 
 monosymmetric double sulphates. 
 
 4. The crystallographic specificity in relation to spe- 
 cies. The crystals of each species of a genus, when they 
 are favorably developed for examination in the polariz- 
 ing microscope, can usually be distinguished from each 
 other by definite angles and other properties, while 
 preserving the isomorphous character belonging to the 
 genus. Where, on account of difficulty of measurement, 
 the differences can not be given a quantitative value, 
 variations in habit and mode of growth of the crystals 
 often show specific differences. 
 
 5. The occurrence of several types' of oxy-hemoglobin 
 in members of certain genera. In some species the oxy- 
 hemoglobin is dimorphous and in others trimorphous. 
 Where several types of crystals occur in this way in the 
 species of a genus the crystals of each type may be 
 arranged in an isomorphous series. In other words, 
 certain genera as regards the hemoglobins are isodimor- 
 phous and others isotrimorphous. 
 
 6. When orders, families, genera, or species are well 
 separated the hemoglobins are correspondingly mark- 
 edly differentiated. For instance, so. different are the 
 hemoglobins of Aves, Marsupialia, Ungulata, and Ro- 
 dentia that there would be no more likelihood of con- 
 founding the hemoglobins than there would be of mis- 
 taking the animals themselves. Even where there is 
 much less zoological separation, as in the case of the 
 genera of a given family, but where there is well-marked 
 zoological distinction, the hemoglobins are so different as 
 to permit readily of positive diagnosis. When, however, 
 the relationships are close the hemoglobins are corre- 
 spondingly close, so that in instances of an alliance such 
 as in Canis, Vulpes, and Urocyon, which genera years ago 
 were included in one genus (and doubtless correctly) 
 the hemoglobins are very much alike, and in these cases 
 they may exhibit closer resemblances than may be found 
 in general in specimens obtained from well-separated 
 species of a genus. 
 
 So distinctive zoologically are these modified forms 
 of hemoglobins that we had no difficulty in recognizing 
 that the common white rat is the albino of Mus nor- 
 vegicus (Mus norvegicus albus Hatai) and not of Mus 
 radius, as almost universally stated, and that Ursidae 
 are related to Phocidae (as suggested by Mivart 30 years 
 ago), but not to Canidse, as stated in modern works on 
 zoology. Moreover, we were quick to detect errors in 
 labeling, as, for instance, when a specimen marked as 
 coming from a species of Papio was found to belong to 
 one of the Felidae. Generic forms of hemoglobin when 
 obtained from well-separated genera are, in fact, so dif- 
 ferent in their molecular structures that when any two 
 arc together in solution they do not fuse to form a single 
 kind of hemoglobin or a homogeneous solution, but con- 
 tinue as discrete disunited particles, so that when crystal- 
 lization occurs each crystallizes independently of the 
 other and without modification other than that which is 
 dependent upon such incidental conditions as are to be 
 taken into account ordinarily during crystallization. 
 Thus, the hemoglobin of the dog crystallizes in rhombic 
 prisms which have a diamond-shaped cross-section ; that 
 of the guinea-pig in tetrahedra ; that of the squirrel in 
 hexagonal plates ; and that of the rat in elongated six- 
 sided plates. When any two of these hemoglobins are 
 
 together in solution and crystallization occurs, each ap- 
 pears in its own form. Such phenomena indicate that 
 the structures of the hemoglobin molecules are quite 
 different; in fact, more differentiated than the mole- 
 cules of members of an isomorphous group of simple 
 carbonates, such as the carbonates of calcium and mag- 
 nesium, which in separate solutions crystallize in rhom- 
 bohedrons whose corresponding angles differ 2 15', but 
 in molecular union, as in the mineral dolomite, crystal- 
 lize as a single substance which has an intermediate 
 angle. 
 
 Upon the basis of our data it is not going too far to 
 assume that it has been satisfactorily demonstrated theo- 
 retically, iuferentially, and experimentally that at least 
 this one substance (hemoglobin) may exist in an incon- 
 ceivable number of stereoisomeric forms,* each form 
 being peculiar to at least genus and species and so de- 
 cidedly differentiated as to render the " hemoglobin 
 crystal test " more sensitive in the recognition of ani- 
 mals and animal relationships than the " zooprecipitin 
 test." 
 
 Subsequent to the research referred to, investigations 
 have been pursued in the study of hemoglobins from 
 various additional sources, especially from representa- 
 tives of Primates, with the result in the latter case of 
 finding indubitable evidence of an ancestral alliance of 
 man and the man-like apes. 
 
 More or less elaborate studies by crystallographic 
 and other methods have also been made with other albu- 
 minous substances and with starches, glycogens, pliyto- 
 cholesterins, chlorophyls, and other complex synthetic 
 products of animal and plant life, especially with 
 starches, of which over 300 specimens were examined, 
 obtained from representatives of a considerable number 
 of families, genera, species, varieties, and hybrids. In 
 all of these investigations the results are not only in full 
 accord with those of the hemoglobin researches but, in 
 some instances of broader significance, because by better 
 methods of differentiation it was found possible to recog- 
 nize not only peculiarities as regards genus or species, 
 but also varieties and hybrids, and even to trace in hy- 
 brids with marked ddinitcncs.s the transmission of 
 parental characteristics. 
 
 Summing up the results of these independent but 
 interwoven researches, we find that the modified forms 
 of each of these substances lend themselves to a very 
 definite system of classification, and to one that is in 
 general accord with that of the botanist and zoologist, 
 that is, each genus is characterized by a distinctive type 
 of hemoglobin, albumin, starch, etc., as the case may be, 
 which may be designated the generic-type ; every species 
 of thje genus will have a modification of this type, which 
 is a species-type, or generic primary sub-type ; and every 
 variety of a species will have a modification of the species- 
 type, that is a variety-type, or generic secondary sub- 
 type, or species sub-type. In fact, it seems clear that 
 with revisions of present classifications that are certain 
 to come there will be found definite family types; and, 
 moreover, that with improved methods of differentiation 
 there will be discovered positively distinctive sex- and 
 
 *Even if we assume that the different forms are not, strictly 
 speaking, stereoisomcrs it must be admitted thnt hemoglobin exists 
 in forms that are specifically modified in relation to genera and 
 species. 
 
AI'l'I.ir.YllKNS OF RESULTS OF 
 
 iM.|i\i.luii!-t\|M-s. This last statement already has sup 
 l*>rt in tlio r- .r.\[ line* of r*sta 
 
 bear U|H>II tin- .-JK-* ii'u itics of en/urn-*, anaphylaxi 
 i i|>itni rca< tion-i. immune MTU. 
 
 Fruin tin- f. r. _'!! i - data it seems obvious that (A 
 complex onj'i incrx which may be assumed to 
 
 'ttutt thf .-.iftitial fundamental constituents of 
 protoplasm and thf immediate complex synthetic prod- 
 ucts of protoplasmic activity may exist M exceedingly 
 numerous or >( less stertoitomeric forms, tack 
 
 form being peculiarly and 'y modified in rela- 
 
 tion to genus, specie*, larifty. tn.iu t<lual, or 
 
 even part of an individual. 
 
 ...l'l.A.-M A < ..M. ItKOlHOM ^-ITEM. 
 
 The next logical -; ;> in "iir investigation is maiii- 
 fe.-tly the .-tu.lv .-i I:..- U-.irings of these storeoisomers, as 
 Mich niitl in their v.inaMc c.>ii!liiiiati(iii8 and associ.r 
 u|...ii the .-trui nm i , processes, and products <>f , 
 pla-lii. I'rotopla.-m. M tu tin' modern develop- 
 
 nn-nt.i nf biochemistry, is to IK- regarded u being in the 
 nature of an extr. 1, \, labile aggregate of pro- 
 
 . carl..'h\. (rates, and other substances that are 
 (fdiliarly associated to con.-titute a phy-i. o-ch. 
 me, hani.-m. The possible number of " phases " in which 
 -.1. h a system can exist varies with the forms of the 
 tercoisomerides and in general with the number anil in- 
 :::!. ility of the components. In such a 
 me. hanism we conceive that the numlwr <>f variables is 
 ibly great. Kr<>in analogy we believe that such 
 mechanisms an so extremely .-en-iti\e that the proper- 
 ties and processes may be modified by even so si: 
 change an the sulistitution of one form of stereoison. 
 for another of the same prototype. Were it practicable 
 to examine all of the most complex of the organic struc- 
 tural components of protoplasm, it doubtless would Le 
 fi.uii.l that every one exists in a form peculiar to the 
 individual and his position in classification. Moreover, 
 we must conceive that the components of protoplasm 
 are as specific in relation to the form of protoplasm as 
 are the peculiar forms of stereoisomers, so that differ- 
 ent form* of protoplasm are characterized physico-chemi- 
 cal ly ( 1 ) by the peculiarities of the storeoisomerides, and 
 '.y the peculiarities of the kinds, combinati ns 
 associations, and arrangements of the components in 
 the thr.-e dimensions of space. 
 
 In accordance with the foregoing the human organ- 
 ism may be regarded as being a highly organized com- 
 posite of heterogeneous physico-chemical systems that 
 are composed of a vast number of parts, each such part 
 ng a particular " phase " of the system and 
 ly. nieohani.-ally, ehemioallv, and func- 
 tionally an individual interne; HILT unit of the aggregate. 
 follows that the sum or totality of these pecu- 
 liarly modified stereoisc r arrange- 
 ments with the associated components, constitutes a 
 system " peculiar to the cell ; that the 
 fum of the cell-systems is peculiar to the tissue ; that the 
 sum of the tissue-systems is peculiar to the organ; and 
 that the sum of the organ-systems is peculiar to the 
 individual. 
 
 While the living organism had been for years recog- 
 nized as being in the nature of an exree ; 
 
 o-chemical aggregate of interacting independent 
 
 interdependent parts that consUtat* a single <>rk- 
 nit in only recent yean hare the ""^"Sr- that 
 bring about co-opcratn< of the various parU 
 
 been made clear. The governing influences of the ner- 
 vous system were found inadequate even in the highest 
 organisms, not to speak ,,f life , 
 
 :>ut in ulueh there is apparently a total 
 absence of nervous matter. As an associate of the ner- 
 vous system, and doubtless far antedating it in organic 
 evolution, is a correlative mechanism of a chemical 
 acter of the greatest importance, and doubtless equally 
 so throughout the whole range of hung organisms from 
 the lowest to the highest Kv.n living cell, whether 
 it be in the form of a unicellular organism or a com- 
 l-.neiit of a multicellular organ :! .uhtedly in 
 
 the nature of a heterogeneous steraochemic system, each 
 of the component parts of the system forming substances 
 which may affect directly or indirectly the ucti\itios of 
 the processes of the other parts; likeu v cell of a 
 
 multicellular organism is not only in iUelf a !>. 
 geneous system, but a part of a number of associated 
 heterogeneous systems and which by virtue ,if <vrtain 
 of its products, with or without the agency of the blood- 
 vascular or lymph-vascular systems, may exercise in- 
 fluences upon other structures, which structures may 
 have or Htvmiiigly not have either Mriictural or |.' 
 logical relationship. Thus we find that a set ret in formed 
 in the pyloric glands of the gastric mucosa may excite 
 the glands of the cardia; that growth is determined by 
 some product or products of the pituitary body that are 
 carried to the various structures; that the liver, pan- 
 creas and intestinal glands are excited to secretory activ- 
 ity by a peculiar substance formed in the duodenal and 
 jejunal mucosae; that carbohydrate nictaUliMii in the 
 liver and muscles is influenced to a profound degree by 
 hormones that are formed in the pancreas; that lactation 
 is determined essentially by substances derived from the 
 corpus luteum, placenta, and involuting womb; that the 
 penods of ovulation and menstruation are inhibited by 
 secretions of the corpus luteum ; that vitally important 
 states of activity of the generative organs are directly asso- 
 ciated with functions of the adrenal and other glands ; and 
 that normal development, especially of secondary sexual 
 characters, is intimately related to the ovaries and tes- 
 ticles. To these extraordinary correlations might be 
 added many others. Some of the bodily structure* are 
 in this way so definitely associated in their activities as 
 to constitute co-operating or interacting systems, so that 
 the tissue products are complementary, supplementary, 
 synergistic, or antagonistic in their" influence* upon 
 given structures. Such correlations must be, for per- 
 fectly obvious reasons, one of the most primitive forms 
 of interprotonlasmic correlation, and we are justified, 
 upon the basis of our present knowledge, in the con- 
 clusion that each active part of a cell, each cell, each 
 tissue and each organ contributes products which may 
 affect the activities of functionally related or unrelated 
 parts. !! I would follow the dictum that not only it 
 every part of a cell, every cell, every (wtuf, and trrry 
 organ an individualited tlfreochemic unit, but alto that 
 its operation f. and hence the nature of its product*, mutt 
 be wbject directly or indirectly to the influence of tvtiy 
 other active part of the organism, korntr different the 
 tinctures and functions may be. 
 
364 
 
 APPLICATIONS OF RESULTS OF RESEARCHES. 
 
 THE GERMPLASM A STEREOCHEMIC SYSTEM. 
 
 The Germplasm is a Stereochemic System that is, a 
 Physico-chemical System Particularized by the Char- 
 acters of its Stereoisomers and the Arrangements of 
 its Components in the Three Dimensions of Space. 
 
 If during the progress of development there arise 
 the multiple forms of differentiated protoplasm that are 
 represented in the nerve cells, muscles, glands, etc., 
 which exhibit such diversity of form, functions, com- 
 position, and products, each part being correlated to 
 other parts by the agency of tissue products, it is logical 
 to assume that in the development of the ovaries and 
 testicles these organs have been so specialized as to en- 
 dow them with the attribute of producing a form of 
 protoplasm that embodies in a germinal state the funda- 
 mental peculiar stereoisomerides and the peculiar ar- 
 rangements or phases of the associated proteins, fats, 
 carbohydrates, and other substances which inherently 
 characterize the organism; and, moreover, that owing 
 to the influences of the products of activity of the vari- 
 ous tissues upon these organs, such changes in the organ- 
 ism as give rise to acquired characters may through the 
 actions of modified or new tissue products or foreign 
 substances affect the operations of these organs and thus 
 alter the germplasm and consequently become mani- 
 fested in some form in the offspring. The ovule in its 
 incipiency is conceived to be comparable to a complex 
 unequilibrated solution in which changes go on until 
 the attainment of full development, at which time it is 
 equilibrated and remains inactive because of the absence 
 of some disturbing influence, but in which energy-reac- 
 tions may be initiated physically, mechanically, or chem- 
 ically, and proceed according to definite physico-chemi- 
 cal laws in definite directions to a definite end. For 
 instance, when a solution of boiled starch and diastase 
 is at a temperature below the minimal of activity and the 
 temperature is raised, causing immediate developmental 
 activation ; or when the equilibrated molecules of nitro- 
 glycerine are exploded by percussion ; or when an equili- 
 brated maltose-dextrose-glucase solution is rendered 
 active by dilution with water. 
 
 The nature of the germplasm or transmissive material 
 that serves as the bridge of continuity between parents 
 and offspring has been the subject of speculation from 
 time immemorial. Such hypotheses and theories as have 
 been advanced have had reference almost wholly to its 
 physical constitution or ultimate morphological struc- 
 ture. Most of them are micromcric, that is, they hold 
 that the germplasm is made up of an infinite number of 
 discrete ultramicroscopic particles which are endowed 
 with both determinate structural and vital attributes. 
 A considerable degree of ingenuity has been displayed in 
 thoir formulation. Thus, we have the "organic mole- 
 cules" of Buffon, the "microzymes" of liechainp, the 
 " life units " of Spencer, the " plastidules " of Maggi, 
 the "bioplasts" of Altmann, the " stirps " of Galton, 
 the " gemmules " of Darwin, the " biophors " of Weis- 
 mann, the "pangens" of DeVries, etc., each author 
 attributing to the units certain inherent peculiarities. 
 To the foregoing might be added particularly the con- 
 ceptions that belong to the chemical category, such as the 
 " cheniism " of Le Dantec and the " physico-chemical " 
 theory of Delage. Some of these conceptions are so fan- 
 
 ciful in the light of modern science as to be unworthy of 
 more than passing consideration, while none of them'has 
 led anywhere beyond the field of speculation and reason- 
 ing. Even the very recent and extremely interesting 
 and important additions to our knowledge of the histo- 
 logical phenomena of the developing ovum, especially 
 of the chromosomes, have not taken us appreciably nearer 
 the ultimate constitution or mechanism of the germ- 
 plasm, or even to the nature of the reactions which occur 
 immediately antecedent to and cause the formation of 
 the chromosomes. 
 
 A theory to be ideal must not only have as its basis 
 well-defined principles that are consistent with facts, 
 but also be capable of substantiation by laboratory in- 
 vestigation. Given as the basis of scientific study a 
 germplasm that has inherently the power of develop- 
 ment, that is in the form of a stereochemic system that 
 is peculiar to the organism, that is highly impression- 
 able to stimuli, and that has the marked plasticity 
 inherent to organic colloidal matter, we have all the 
 postulates that are needed as a foundation upon which, 
 according to the laws of physical chemistry, can be built 
 a logical explanation of the essential fundamental ele- 
 ments of the mechanism of heredity. 
 
 The inherent potentiality that determines the de- 
 velopment of the egg along a line of definite sequential 
 processes must be recognized as being common to Iwth 
 animate and inanimate matter and subject to the same 
 laws, so that the phenomena of living and dead matter 
 are inseparably linked and reciprocally explanatory. The 
 typical condition of matter of definite composition is crys- 
 talline, and the crystalline form is the result of develop- 
 ment that becomes manifested in a separation and orderly 
 and progressive arrangements of components in the three 
 dimensions of space. Having a homogeneous solution 
 of various selected crystalline substances of appropriate 
 chemical composition and constitution, and given con- 
 ditions attendant to crystallization, the successive stages 
 of crystalline development will proceed along fixed and 
 definitely recognized lines, and the interactions and 
 interaction-relationships between the various substances 
 constituting the physico-chemical mechanism become 
 obvious to a greater or less extent in the peculiarities 
 of form, composition, and other properties of the crys- 
 tals. Having in the germplasm an analogous physico- 
 chemical system, but one which is markedly different 
 especially because of its organic and colloidal character 
 
 and infinitely greater molecular complexity and s ii- 
 
 tivity, the phenomena of development likewise proceed 
 in conformity with the same laws along definite lines. 
 but they are for perfectly manifest reasons more com- 
 plex and varied, more difficult of analysis, and neces- 
 sarily in many very important respects quite different. 
 Each step in this orderly development leads not merely 
 to changes of the physico-chemical mechanism by the 
 modification, rearrangement, or splitting off of com- 
 ponent parts, but also to alterations which automati- 
 cally determine the characters of the next succeeding 
 step, and so on to the establishment of physico-chemical 
 equilibrium and the consequent termination of the 
 reactions. 
 
 In living matter the chemical processes are depend- 
 ent to a preeminent degree upon en/ymes that are 
 formed by the different kinds of protoplasm to serve as 
 
.\ITU<-.\T1MN> OK RESULTS OF 
 
 M6 
 
 iinpleinc! ut ojHT.it ions that are 
 
 to their . ..-, are m* 
 
 my ami quality in a 
 internal iiinl external conditions. Tin- natu 
 
 i I products of enzyra lep - - 
 tin- con.-titution and coinpo-ition of the phy-iio . henii 
 "ic. -banisui of which tli. pin 
 
 \\ li< tln-r or ii rea. lions a i 
 
 i-f pri'-fM.-tin^ d modified or a new 
 
 ; i* formal w!, - an essential part 
 
 if tin- particular phaw of the .t known, 
 
 I'ut T the other occurs is apparently without 
 
 ' "II. It ; It .-ome l if the 
 
 low i : -i*. rach as the y. a-t plant, have the prop- 
 
 thc rhu: vmea pro- 
 
 ! in rela' -'udies 
 
 df the animal organism show that the -am.- phenomenon 
 <H,ur- in iH.th tiues ami blood ; and our knowledge 
 proceaws o in the cataholism and ana- 
 
 Mi of complex substances-, such as starch, is fully in 
 Miji|irt of such a conception. In other words, as each 
 pment is readied the alterations which 
 physic..-, lieinii -a! iiierhaiii-in absolutely 
 automatically predetermine the diameters of the dbtOgtt 
 "f tli' -tep, and so on to the end. I 
 
 it follows that the peculiarities of any given physico- 
 chemical inivhunism pri-detenniiie the characters of the 
 phenomena which ensue under . vlitinns. 
 
 An illustration of the probahle modiu operand* of 
 Midi a mechanism is found in the phenomena of the 
 and analysis of starch: During the production 
 irch through t \ of the chloroplast T leuco- 
 
 plast we . ihat then' are instituted a jiredet.-r- 
 
 niined. orderly. indci>endeiit and interdc|>ciident series 
 e first of which is manifested in an intcr- 
 water and carbon dioxide through the 
 ne in the form of an oxidate to form 
 formaldehyde. I>urin_' this process there is formed an- 
 other which tentatively may be designated an 
 aldchydase, that reacts with formaldehyde and by poly- 
 i and condensation of six molecules gives rise 
 to a MIM: . such as dextrose. At the same time 
 pears in the form of maltase, which. 
 "Be causes the formation of mal- 
 tose, during which reaction another enzyme, a dex- 
 trine -hich reacts with the maltose to 
 yield dextrin on with this reaction, another 
 ie which may be designated an amylase appears, 
 whic "'.triii. forms soluble starch. 
 I'urr them arises another enzyme, a coajru- 
 lase, which converts the starch from the soluble to the 
 iiiMiluble form or ordinary stJirdi. At this sta^' 1 ' th- 
 
 have reached th<>ir eml bcca 
 
 state il (i|iiililiriuni has In-come estab- 
 
 i'lirpose of the processes being 
 
 attaine<i. that is, a form of pabulum of extremely high 
 nutritive value and of extremely low molecular 
 
 hihle form, so that it may entirely and rapidly 
 
 disappear without disturbance of physico-chemical eqni- 
 
 librium i: h-bearing cella. The mechanism con- 
 
 I in Mar aralleled 
 
 in the synthe- 
 
 organic substances, and it is luit a step from the indi- | 
 vidual serial processes concerned in the formation of i 
 
 each of these rabaUocM to iMOctottd prooeMM wfatrtbjf 
 there are formed and combined the \ariuu.. ub^ 
 that constitute the organ: ,rl cotnpOoeiiU of 
 
 pmtopla>iii. M..r. rerer- 
 
 -iM.- at any stage, and so simple a >. as a 
 
 ehangi- in the pcrcenta,ge of wat*r may, * in the maltotc- 
 -e-glucam- reaction, cause H 
 
 /'. i tiro in both synthetic and an.i like 
 
 thoae whi serial steps i 
 
 and breaking down of stanh. protnn. fat, and other 
 complex organic substances, there does not occur in any 
 
 n. as far as known, either a tranaformatioi 
 production of enzyme such as occurs in riro. hence, 
 when a single enzyme is present it carriex out hut one 
 step of the reactions, but when, as in the case of diastases 
 as ordinarily prepared, the enzyme is not a > 
 stance or unit body but a composite of a number of 
 enzymes or modifications of a given basic enzyme, serial 
 steps may occur as in in... Thus if only a single 
 enzyme be present formaldehyde may be converted mt 
 a monosaccharose, or a monosaccharose into a duac- 
 charose, or a disacchamse into a polysaccharose such a< 
 dextrin, or a dextrin into a higher form of polyvaccharose 
 such as soluble starch, according to the enzyme or modi- 
 fied enzyme and initial substance present; or the reverse 
 of any one of these processes may occur if proper con- 
 ditions are present, but never do any two successive 
 progressive or regressive steps occur unless through the 
 agency of two different enzymes or modified forms of 
 one enzyme which are present. 
 
 It will thus be apparent that the first step of syn- 
 thesis is determined by the character of the initial 
 physico-chemical mechanism and that all subst-uu nt 
 reactions under given conditions an- definitely prede- 
 termined; in other words, the entire train of reactions 
 depi-nds inherently U|M>II the nature of the initial physico- 
 chemical mechanism of which the enzyme that starts the 
 serial changes is an integral part. 
 
 Having a specific sterox-hemii *\ ha sys- 
 
 tem in accordance with the laws of physical-chemistry 
 can exist in either a latent or active etate, and that when 
 in an active state the reaction or reactions are always in 
 the direction of the establishment of equilibrium of 
 solution, every reaction or series of reactions being as 
 definitely predetermined as is every reaction familiar to 
 the inorganic chemist. The germpla>m in the form in 
 which it is secreted may be regarded as U-ing in the 
 nature of an exceedingly complex Ktcn< !;. mic system 
 which is from it- im i; soon is in a state 
 
 of physico-chemical unequilihrium, and in which, as a 
 consequence, reactions are set up which are manifested 
 especially in histological dc\clpmenU that ultimately 
 c-hara fully ,!.. :..|-d ovule, at which time a 
 
 state of ph\-h o-.-liemicsj equilibrium is established, as 
 lent liv the arrested developmental activities. Thi* 
 state of physico-chemical equilibrium of the matured 
 ovule may be instantly chanjred to one leading to rial 
 
 i by means of an acti- 
 
 .stance or condition, such as certain ions or 
 
 .mic salts, a spermatozoon, or a needle prick, by 
 
 the first step of the reactions, the nature of 
 
 the succeed in}? re.i ng predetermined primarily 
 
 l.y the inherent nature of the physico-chemical system 
 
366 
 
 APPLICATIONS OF RESULTS OF RESEARCHES. 
 
 and secondarily by the factor that activates it. In other 
 words, from this initial stereodicmic system there arises 
 a complex heterogeneous system that ultimately is mor- 
 phologically expressed in the histology of the matured 
 ovule and from which are formed a composite of cor- 
 related, independent, interdependent, and differentiated 
 masses which represent different phases of the compon- 
 ents of the initial system which have been modi lied 
 not only physico-chemically as expressed by changes in 
 physical, mechanical, and chemical properties, but also 
 in developmental energies; and from this composite art? 
 developed successively other systems. 
 
 Owing to the great impressionability and plasticity 
 of such an exceedingly complex stereochemic system as 
 the germplasm, it follows that the germplasm. must be 
 extremely sensitive to changes in internal and external 
 conditions, and that its operations and products may 
 be so materially modified by changes in its molecular 
 arrangements or components as to give rise to variables 
 that are manifested in the transmutability of sex, varia- 
 tions, fluctuations, mutations, deformities, retrogres- 
 sions, tumor formation, immunities, etc. 
 
 Assuming in accordance with our conception that 
 the germplasm is in its incipiency an unequilibrated 
 stereochemic system that is characteristic of the inherent, 
 fundamental stereochemic system of the parent, it fol- 
 lows, as a corollary, that having a highly specialized 
 form of parental structural material with peculiar 
 energy-properties, the offspring must of necessity pos- 
 sess essentially the same fundamental characteristics as 
 the parents when normal fecundation has occurred, and 
 that it would be quite as impossible to have any other 
 result than in ordinary chemical reactions under given 
 conditions of experiment. The essential characters cf 
 the building material as regards substances, arrange- 
 ments, and energy-properties are definitely fixed within 
 narrow limits of variation. 
 
 That the peculiar forms of stereoisomerides or inti- 
 mately related bodies that are inherent in the parent 
 are conveyed in the germplasm to the offspring, and 
 hence of necessity serve to distinguish a given form of 
 germplasm from that of any other species or genus, and 
 that the stereochemic conception of the nature of the 
 germplasm is capable of laboratory demonstration, are 
 instanced in the results of the investigations of Kossell 
 and his students who found that simple forms of pro- 
 tein, known as protamins, obtained from the sperma- 
 tozoa of different species of fish are different, each being 
 apparently of a form peculiar to the source. Here is 
 one substance at least that seems to be in specific stereo- 
 isomeric forms in the sperm of different species, which 
 obviously must affect the properties of the gcrmplani, 
 and which when brought in contact with the germplasm 
 of the egg plays its part in determining the phenoin"na 
 of development. Moreover, by the " precipitin reaction " 
 method Blakeslee and Gortner have found evidence that 
 is consistent with the conclusion that there are not only 
 " species proteins " but also " sex proteins," and this 
 receives support in a number of very recent investiga- 
 tions, especially those of Steinach, who found that the 
 corresponding hormones secreted by the ovaries and 
 testicles are different, and that by virtue of these differ- 
 ences the secondary sexual characters, female and male, 
 
 are determined. Thus he found in castrated young 
 males, in which transplantation of ovaries had been 
 practised, that the development of masculine peculiari- 
 ties is inhibited and female traits substituted, so that 
 the individuals tend to assume the female type and be- 
 come to a striking degree feminizcd-males, as shown in 
 bodily form, in a development of the mammary glands, 
 in lactation, and in an alteration of psycho-sexual char- 
 acters. Lillie, in studies of the explanation of the steril- 
 ity of females of opposite-sexed twins, has presented evi- 
 dence of the existence of sex hormones, and both Lip- 
 schiitz and Morgan have recorded facts to justify the 
 belief that the testicular hormone furthers the develop- 
 ment of male characters and inhibits the development of 
 female characters, while the ovarian hormone favors the 
 development of female characters and inhibits the devel- 
 opment of male characters. This dual property is ob- 
 viously of great fundamental importance in the explana- 
 tion of various sex phenomena which have been quite 
 inexplicable. Furthermore, Riddle has found that the 
 ova of the pigeon are dimorphic, one-half having an in- 
 herent tendency to produce males and the other half 
 females ; that eggs with the male tendency have a higher 
 percentage of water, a smaller size, and a lower percent- 
 age of potential energy; and that the " sex-foundation " 
 of the germplasm is transmutable, so that an egg that lias 
 inherently the male tendency may become female, and 
 that such females exhibit secondary male sexual charac- 
 ters. The transmutability of the germplasm is compara- 
 ble in its physico-chemical mechanism to the reversion 
 of the maltose-dextrose-glucase reaction caused by a 
 change in concentration of the solution, the dextrose 
 being reverted into isomaltose and not to the antecedent 
 maltose the male egg is not changed into a female 
 egg, but into a modified or feminized-male egg. 
 
 In considering the transmissibility of parental sub- 
 stances it is essential to distinguish positively between 
 the stereoisomerides and intimately related bodies that 
 are inherent in the parent and those which are acquired 
 through infection or otherwise. Thus antibodies ac- 
 quired by the mother may be without influence upon 
 the ovary during the formation of the germplasm and 
 not even become a constituent of the latter. On the 
 other hand, an immunity may be established in the 
 mother that may be conveyed to the offspring, yet, 
 curiously enough, such an immunity may not be trans- 
 mitted by the immunized male. In processes of the 
 production of the germplasm the ovary may be as insen- 
 sitive to the presence of many acquired sub-tance-s of 
 the blood as are some or all other organs, and there is no 
 more reason in general for expecting the ovary ami its 
 product to be affected by such bodies or conditions than 
 there is for the pancreas and the pancreatic juice or any 
 other secretory structure and its product to be affected. 
 Every acquired substance must in its relations to the 
 ovaries be governed by the same physico-chemical laws 
 as determine specific select ivitics or react.ivilies in con- 
 nection with the tissues generally. Hence, any such 
 substance may be reactive in relation to one structure, 
 but not to another. 
 
 Plasticity as regards sex-determination has been dem- 
 onstrated in the studies of the development of a male 
 (drone) bee from the unfertilized egg, and of a female 
 
APH.K AII.'N- OF REMI.I> 
 
 RKHKA 
 
 887 
 
 from the fcrtili/.rii i-fs. ' -.eloping female 
 
 bee when fill cin orilinnry food U-.o in. n common female 
 " worker." hut when f. . ps into 
 
 i|ii< 
 
 Tho ronliniiitit of thr builtling malrriiil between 
 
 pan-lit iiinl I'lT-pi i:._- i- s<fii in iiianifeeta- 
 
 nivn,' prot-7'M i.y binary fiaainn 
 
 and huddnnr. by whi. h the part .<e,.arteil from th 
 par. nt mas* is in all essential respect* like the iian-nt, 
 having the (-ame fumlamuntal physico-clicniicni 
 |NiMtiiui iiinl constitution. That in such in 
 
 ing should be a segmental counterpart of the parent 
 nuaa seems as obvious as that halve* of a on 
 should be alike. Similarly, if we h iv !: th-- ovule 
 and (i|Tin form* of protoplasm which as stereo hemic 
 
 :i< are in all fundamental respect* <-uir 
 those from which th.- parents w .it follow* 
 
 that under normal conditions in ac- 
 
 cordance with the law >,al chemistry hav the 
 
 same fundamental parental characteristics, as much so 
 as separated portions of any c..iiipl.-.\ s:er < hcmic sys- 
 tem must possess the properties of the initial mass. 
 Moreover, if the ster. M lieniic systems of gcrmplasms of 
 the female and niale differ, as must be admitted, it 
 is manifest that the stcrcochcmic system of the egg that 
 has been activate*] artificially or naturally, as the case 
 mav U'. mu-t !K> different and hence undergo develop- 
 ment differences that will be obvious in the offspring. 
 In the first instance, the serial reactions which load to 
 the formation of the different tissues, etc., are activated 
 hy a mere disturbance of physico-chemical equilibrium, 
 which may be due to the conversion of a proen/yrne into 
 enzyme or a prosecrctin to a sccretin, or in other words 
 of an inactive body into an active one. In the second 
 
 >ce, there is not only activation, but the extremely 
 important addition of the male stereochemic system 
 which by admixture with the female system constitutes 
 a female-male system. Therefore, in the first place the 
 offspring is developed solely from the female stcreo- 
 chemic system, and in the second place from the com- 
 bined female and male systems, one or the other of 
 which may be wholly or in part accountable in determin- 
 ing certain peculiarities in the developmental changes. 
 
 ver, owing to the transmutahility of stereoisome- 
 nid the multiphase transmutability of stereochemic 
 systems, coupled with the reversibility of metabolic 
 processes which may be due to even the simplest of 
 changes in physico-chemical mechanisms, we have a 
 logical basis for the explanation of the phenomena of 
 
 ' dimorphism that is expressed in the so-called male 
 and f i, and male and female spermatozoa; of 
 
 primary and secondary hcrmaphroditism ; of paradoxi- 
 cal sex developments where the unfertilized egg develops 
 into either male or female offspring; and of sexual trans- 
 mutability of the inherently male or female ovule. 
 
 It follows upon the basis of our theory that because 
 of the inherent peculiarities of the stereochemic systems 
 of the germplasms and the definitely predetermined 
 nature of the entire series of reactions in accordance with 
 the laws of physical chcmi-try that "like begets like" 
 because like every other p' mical phenomenon, 
 
 individual or serial, single or complex, under given 
 tions, it is a physico-chemical fatality. 
 
 PROTOPLASMIC STRRKOCIIEMIC SYSTEM An-i irn TO 
 
 TH 'KTIIB M ,IUA- 
 
 no 
 
 Among the most constant phenomena of living mat 
 it inconstancy or variation. The fundamental 
 reasons for this p 
 
 treme comph -eaaionability. and pla 
 
 the molecules of protoplasm in association with uuoa* 
 ing and varying kinds and degree .-nt.il 
 
 changes. I'ln-ticity is a property that i doubt lex* 
 moil to every form of matter, the degree varying within 
 wide limits in different sul*tanre* and under va: 
 condition*. Oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, sulphur, c 
 him. phosphorus, ar-M-ni.-, tin, iridiimi, piilla-liiim, and 
 other have long been known to be 
 
 calcium nitrate and metaphosphatc, ammonium nitrate 
 and tluo-ili( ate, silver nitrate and iodide, calcium car- 
 bonate, silica, copper sulphate, iron i-ulph.iti>. magne- 
 sium sulphate, mercuric chloride nnd ii*! 
 ride, arscnimis and antimonioiis oxides, potassium hi- 
 eliminate and ammonium parntungstate. re only a few 
 of the simple inorganic compounds that have been found 
 to be dimorphous or polymorphous; and the known 
 organic or carbon compounds that exist in multiple 
 forms are so numerous as to make a- u'lv largo 
 
 list. In some instances tho differences in form are said 
 to indicate merely differences in physical nature, 
 being variations in color, hardness, density, melt ins- 
 point, crystalline form, etc., without change in chemical 
 properties; but in others the differences are Mli p 
 cal and chemical and the latter may complete! v over- 
 shadow the former. Perhaps, there is no more remark- 
 able or suggestive instance of difference in properties 
 that is associated with differences in modular form 
 than that of strychnine in ordinary and mlloiilal | 
 the latter having only one-fourth the txicitv < 
 former; and one wonders, apart from anything 
 what changes have occurred in the properties of the 
 various non-colloidal substances such as inorganic salts 
 when they have become an intesrral part of the mo'. 
 of the most complex of all colloids protoplasm. ' 
 over, change from one state or phase into 'another is 
 usually brought about by very simple means, such as 
 mere solution, heat, sunlight, repeated recrvKtAllixation. 
 gelation, chemical reagents, etc. (See Pub'ication 
 173. Introduction, page 9.) 
 
 Water, while among the simplest rabsUnrts of 
 nature, is endowed with mot extraordinary properties, 
 especially in connection with living matt< ihita 
 
 a remarkahlo dezroo of plasticity in it" molecular stru-- 
 ture. The universal conception up to very recent years 
 that water is correctly rcpresentwl by th- symbol H,n 
 has been shown to be untenable except ing under very 
 limited condition*, and it acems clear that the molecule 
 ! looked upon as heine in the form of a molecular 
 i that consists of H n fri.oii .',.. !r !>. f}{ 
 (dihydrol), and (H,O). (trihydrol), which vary in pro- 
 portions in relation to temperature and pressure, end 
 which are readily convertible from one form into an 
 other by changes in attendant conditions. It is ass i 
 that when polymerization occurs there take* place a 
 chemical combination of the simple molecules and that 
 with this combination change* occur in properties, such, 
 
368 
 
 APPLICATIONS OF RESULTS OF RESEARCHES. 
 
 for instance, as has been referred to in the synthesis of 
 starch (see Publication 173, page 156), when six mole- 
 cules of formaldehyde are polymerized and condensed to 
 form dextrose. Moreover, it is to be assumed that the 
 molecular system consists of these three forms of mole- 
 cules in chemical combination, and therefore if the pro- 
 portions vary the system will vary in its properties. The 
 chief component of this system when water is in the form 
 of ice is (H 2 0) 3 and of steam (H 2 0), while in the form of 
 liquid water it is (H 2 0) 2 . 
 
 Each of these forms of water is, therefore, a ternary 
 mixture of molecules in chemical combination, the pro- 
 portions of the three kinds of molecules differing, and 
 alterable in relation to changes in temperature and 
 pressure, and in the direction of the maintenance of 
 physico-chemical equilibrium. It is also probable that 
 there may be higher polymers, and that each polymer 
 may exist in more than one form, thus indicating a 
 further and by no means unimportant degree of plastic- 
 ity in stereochemic phenomena, especially in relation to 
 vital processes. Even the proportions of these molecules 
 in ice prepared under varied conditions are almost cer- 
 tainly different, inasmuch as some forms of ice are 
 heavier and other forms lighter than water, and as one 
 form crystallizes in the hexagonal system, another in 
 the tetragonal system, and another in the regular system. 
 
 Further evidence of the plasticity of water is seen 
 in the variety of forms of snow crystals, all of which are 
 said to belong to the hexagonal system. It is easy to 
 account for these different forms if, as is indicated, the 
 proportions of these three kinds of molecules vary with 
 temperature; if water in vapor form in the clouds has 
 like eteam a maximum proportion of the (H 2 0) mole- 
 cules, and if cooling to the freezing-point brings about 
 (as the temperature falls) progressive changes in the 
 proportions of the molecules, and hence of the molecular 
 system, so that at any given temperature the composi- 
 tion of the system is different from that at any other 
 temperature; if these changes in proportions may be 
 further influenced by the rapidity of the fall of tempera- 
 ture, the velocity of the change not keeping pace with 
 the temperature change; and if crystallization may be 
 influenced by incidental conditions, as is manifested in 
 the variety of crystalline figures when ice forms on a win- 
 dow pane. It has recently been found that when con- 
 densation takes place in highly supersaturated ascend- 
 ing air, and the air temperature is much below freezing- 
 point, both snow crystals and rain-drops are formed. 
 If such plasticity is to be found in substances so simple 
 as water it seems that almost any conceivable degree is 
 to be expected in complex substances, such as the pro- 
 teins, fats, carbohydrates, and other organic metabo- 
 lites, and to the very ultimate degree in protoplasm. 
 The plasticity of proteins has been demonstrated in the 
 modifications of the hemoglobins in specific relationship 
 to the source ; and of carbohydrates in the starches in the 
 same respect, and especially in the diversified reactions 
 in which properties are elicited that are the same as 
 those of one or the other parent, or both parents, or 
 which are not exhibited by either parent, and which 
 are therefore peculiar to the hybrid, and in all the 
 phases of the reactions seem to be limited only by the 
 number of reagents. 
 
 Having now in protoplasm a molecular system of 
 extreme complexity, affectibility, and plasticity, unceas- 
 ing changes in internal and external conditions and a 
 knowledge of the fundamentals of biochemistry such as 
 is indicated in preceding sections, it requires no more 
 effort of the imagination, than in the reactions of organic 
 substances generally, to picture the underlying factors 
 and processes that become expressed in the differences in 
 form, structure, and vital characteristics that are mani- 
 fested in variations, sports, fluctuations, and kindred phe- 
 nomena, and in individuals, varieties, species, and genera. 
 It seems that the mechanisms of Mendelian inheritance 
 and sex have striking analogies in the evolution of a and 
 ft forms of stereoisomers, as, for instance, in the case of 
 a- and /8-glucose, as was pointed out in the preceding 
 memoir, page 10. 
 
 PROTOPLASMIC STEREOCHEMIC SYSTEM APPLIED TO 
 THE GENESIS OF SPECIES. 
 
 The importance of hybridization in the genesis of 
 species has undoubtedly been greatly underestimated, 
 chiefly because of a false valuation that has been placed 
 upon intermediateness as a criterion of hybrids and the 
 belief that the hybrids between species are very commonly 
 infertile. But it seems obvious from the records of this 
 research that such characters of a hybrid as may be in- 
 termediate may be overshadowed by others, some of 
 which are the same as those of one or the other parent 
 or both parents, or developed beyond parental extremes, 
 or which may be peculiar to the hybrid. De Vrics, in 
 his exposition of the laws of mutation of Oenotkera, 
 states as follows : 
 
 | 
 
 "The mutations to which the origin of new elementary 
 species is due appear to be indefinite, that is to say, the changes 
 may affect all organs and seem to take place in almost every 
 conceivable direction. The plants become stronger (gigas) or 
 weaker (albida), with broader or with smaller leaves. The 
 flowers become larger (gigas) and darker yellow (ruprinervis), 
 or smaller (oblonga and scintillans) and paler (albida). The 
 fruits become longer (rubrinervis) or shorter (gigas, albida, 
 lata). The epidermis becomes more uneven (albida) or 
 smoother (Icevifolia); the crumples on the leaves either in- 
 crease (lata) or diminish (scintillans). The production of 
 pollen is either increased (rubrinervis) or diminished (scin- 
 tillans); the seeds become larger (gigas) or smaller (scintil- 
 lans), more plentiful (rubrinervis) or more scanty (lata). 
 The plant becomes female (lata) or almost entirely male 
 (brevistylis) ; many forms which are not described here were 
 almost entirely sterile, some almost destitute of flowers. 0. 
 gigas, 0. scintillans, 0. oblongata tends to become biennial 
 more than O. lamarckiana; and 0. lata tends to become less 
 so; whilst 0. nanella cultivated in the usual way scarcely ever 
 runs into the second year. This list could easily be extended, 
 but for the present it may suffice. To regard the new forms 
 from another point of view, some of them are fitter, some 
 unfitter, than the parent form and others neither the one nor 
 the other." 
 
 In reference to 0. lamarckiana, he states that nearly 
 all organs and all characters mutate, and in almost every 
 conceivable direction and combination. The foregoing 
 quotation is of especial interest at the present juncture 
 because the data are applicable to hybrids, and as it seems 
 to have been satisfactorily established that these mutants 
 nrc actually hybrids. Moreover, when they are taken 
 in connection with the data quoted from Focke in 
 the Introduction, we have facts that arc in entire accord 
 with the results of the studies of the physico-chemical 
 properties of the starches. Again, Ipomcea sloteri, one 
 
APIM.li \ll' - OK HKSRAKCIl 
 
 of the hvhrnl- stii'lie.l in this research HI respect to it* 
 macroscopic nml nn< r-. opi. <-|ir found 
 
 to o ilitTi-r from it* parents that w, re it not known to 
 be hybrid th.-r. would IK- amp!.- justification I" regard 
 it n- a -) /;>m<t. Part II). It is well known 
 
 to tin' l"'tam-t that many <>f the hyhnd- included among 
 the hundreds! referred to by Fockc are an indnidualizcd 
 as to warrant their assignment * -: -iiU|>ecies. 
 
 Finally, it mvin- from tin- pre-< nt -tat. <>( our knowl- 
 edge that tin- ditlirulty "f hybridisation, th> 
 to infertility f the offspring, tin- tendency to the develop 
 incut "f <har.nt.-t> in tin- hybrid in excess of parental ex- 
 trrm.-, iin.l thi- tfiiil.'iu \ to i|i- \.-lop new charactorH in tin- 
 hylirnl. >M>ur ii-u.i!!\ an HIM -r.-i- n-latin.-hi|) to tin- near- 
 Den of the par. in-, while the ! intcrtiieiliate- 
 new ln-ar* usually a ilimt n-liiti<>nslnp. Owmir. huw- 
 tr.inr |la-tinty cf protoplasm the moat 
 variaMe results in hyliniliTaition are to be expected, u 
 iu-ateil l-y the r.-iilt.- of thi- -tmliw of the starche*, 
 a- |!r.->.-nt.-il partu ularly in Tal.le II, 1'arU 1 to 26, and 
 summaries. 
 
 The -tiidy of the s;eiieBi of species it without doubt 
 a stit>lv of the evolution of > hemiral compound*, and 
 essentially of int>-ra< lion*, rearrangements, and com- 
 binations of 8tereoohemir -\st.-in- an<l th'-ir i-onipon- 
 ents. In tho origin of - . h\hridi/ation there is, 
 
 according to the conce[>tion 8tate<l in the ponultiin.ite 
 n, a union of two gtcreoisomeric systems of rary- 
 in>; ] . fmiale and male, in ea<-h of which there 
 
 an assumed to be potentially tvery or practically every 
 character and chractor-ph*- of' the parent More- 
 
 ihia varialiihty of plu-tinty applies not only to the 
 system, as a whole. l>ut alM> to <ii. nteffral stono- 
 
 chrmii- tr \ ing extremely complex, plasti< 
 
 t.-ra. tin.' nystems, and applying thereto a fundani 
 knowledge of physical cnemiMtry, especially of organic 
 eoll,.idn, M i in.|i.-.ite.|. it xcenvi that there should be 
 no more difficulty than in the P aim- sub- 
 
 tancfi generally in reaching K;I un- 
 
 .- of the diverae derelopmental changes that 
 .-. nr in the hyliri<l t!i:it in, why some characters are 
 like those of one or the other parent or Mh parents, or 
 n<) parental extreme*, or new character! 
 appear; or why one parent may be of equal or greater 
 |M>ten< v in influencing the development of the characters 
 of the hybrid ; or why species of remote genera cai 
 be crossed, or, on the other hand, why varieties of the 
 same species may readily be crossed ; or why characters 
 that may hare existed in ancestral generations, but which 
 are riot apparent in the parents, may appear in the off> 
 spring; or why there may or may not be Mendelian 
 inheritance; or why mutations can be induced arti- 
 ficially by the injection of certain substance* into the 
 ovaries, etc.. etc. rnfortunately thi* subject is so Tsst 
 that a detailed consideration of xuch point.- would take us 
 far beyond the possible limits of space of this report, and 
 th.-r. for.-, as previously stated, nothing more can be 
 offered at present than mere suggestions. 
 
CHAPTER VII. 
 
 NOTES AND CONCLUSIONS. 
 
 HYPOTHESIS UNDERLYING THESE RESEARCHES. 
 
 These investigations (Publications Nos. 116, 173, and 
 the present) have as their essential basis the conception 
 that in different organisms corresponding complex 
 organic substances that constitute the supreme struc- 
 tural elements of protoplasm and the major synthetic 
 products of protoplasmic activity are not in any case 
 absolutely identical in chemical constitution, and that 
 each substance may exist in countless modifications, each 
 modification being characteristic of the form of proto- 
 plasm, the organ, the individual, the sex, the species, 
 the genus, etc., and that the possible number of modified 
 forms of each substance is in direct relationship to the 
 complexity of the molecules. 
 
 EXPLORATORY CHARACTER EVIDENCE IN SUPPORT 
 OF THE HYPOTHESIS, ETC. 
 
 These inquiries have for certain reasons been 
 practically of a purely exploratory character and there- 
 fore no serious attempt has been made to do more than 
 gather sufficiently convincing evidence to amply sustain 
 the hypothesis and thus lay a satisfactory foundation for 
 subsequent inquiries. It is obvious, from the results of 
 each of these studies, that considering the difficulties met 
 in pioneer investigations the measure of success has been 
 beyond that which should reasonably have been expected. 
 
 Hemoglobins from 107 species were examined, 
 mostly from mammals, including representatives of 
 Pisces, Batrachia, Aves, Marsupialia, Edenta, Sirenia, 
 TTngulata, Rodentia, Otariidia, Phocidse, Mustclidse, 
 Procyonidfe, Ursidse, Canidae, Felidae, Viveridoe, Insec- 
 tivora, Chiroptera, and Primates. The number seems 
 large in comparison with the numbers studied by various 
 previous investigators, yet it is an insignificant fraction 
 of the number existent in vertebrates and invertebrates. 
 Moreover, in antecedent investigations the crystallo- 
 graphic examinations were, with scarcely an exception 
 of a single hemoglobin, limited to geometric form, while 
 in the studies embraced in this series of researches both 
 geometric form and optic reactions were recorded, the 
 latter being here very important and often as distinctive 
 and as exact in differentiation as chemical reactions. 
 
 The starches studied have been so numerous as to 
 cover a far broader field, including in the precnling 
 research 300 that represent 105 genera and 35 families, 
 and in the present research 47 sets of parent- and hybrid- 
 stocks, and representing 17 genera and 7 families. The 
 total number examined compared with those available 
 for similar investigation 'is, as in the hemoglobins, an 
 exceedingly small or almost negligible fraction. 
 
 Not only have the hemoglobins and starches been 
 scarcely more than touched, but there remains an enor- 
 mous list of complex metabolites included among the 
 proteins, fats, carbohydrates, enzymes, coloring matters, 
 cholesterols, organic acids, alkaloids, etc., and also a 
 very large number of compounds, which as yet have been 
 370 
 
 subjected to extremely little or absolutely no investi- 
 gation in regard to their constitutional properties in rela- 
 tion to biological source. Some or even many of these 
 metabolites are not unit substances that is, they are 
 combinations, physical or chemical, of like or unlike sub- 
 stances. Moreover, there are derivatives of many of 
 these primary or initial substances for instance, the 
 crystalline chlorophyls (cthylchlorophylides) that are 
 most promising for such investigations. An unlimited 
 field of investigation in both material and promise 
 is opened by the facts that probably every sub- 
 stance, elementary and compound, may exist in more 
 than one form; that when molecules are associated 
 during polymerization there is chemical combination, 
 and that in these combinations the arrangements of the 
 components in the three dimensions of space may yield 
 different forms of the same substance (as in water), or 
 entirely different substances (as in the polymerization 
 of formaldehyde to form dextrose) ; that the possible 
 number of stereoisomeric forms increases directly with 
 the complexity of the molecular organization; and that 
 in all probability these various stereoisomeric forms of 
 substances produced by protoplasmic activity are spe- 
 cifically modified in relation to biologic origin. 
 
 METHODS EMPLOYED AND RECOMMENDED. 
 
 The crystallographic method used in the investiga- 
 tions of the hemoglobins is, in so far as the require- 
 ments of these investigations are concerned, not only 
 exact but also a very sensitive means of differentiation 
 of different forms of these substances. Differences in 
 chemical constitution can readily be demonstrated which 
 as yet are too obscure for detection by any known chemi- 
 cal procedures ; differences have been shown that can not 
 be brought out by any of the biologic tests; repeated 
 experiments with the hemoglobins from different indi- 
 viduals of the same species have yielded practically or 
 absolutely the same results; biologic differences elicited 
 by this means are in accord with the data of the syste- 
 matist wherever the latter is not open to question ; and 
 these records have had confirmation in the results of 
 anaphylactic reactions. The methods for differentiat- 
 ing stereoisomers are with rare exceptions quite crude, 
 but even those which are inexact may be not only checks 
 upon each other but also collectively and even individ- 
 ually be of much usefulness in such investigations. It 
 was pointed out that differences had been recorded in the 
 hemoglobins from different species in their solubilities, 
 crystallizabilities, water of crystallization, extinction co- 
 efficients and quotients, and decomposability ; and it is 
 evident, inasmuch as differences that may be exhibited 
 by one method may not be brought out by another, or in 
 varying degree, that much is to be gained by the use of 
 many or all methods. Very much is possible by means 
 of further development of biologic tests. 
 
 In the differentiation of starches, both in the pre- 
 ceding and present researches, the methods employed 
 
NOTES AND >\< \\ -!..\ 
 
 
 arc the wiinc I. ut modified in their applicat rUin 
 
 inii-Ttant respects. In l">th investiirations 
 
 < iodine ami aniline r>a lion*, and 
 tin 1 gelatinixation ri a< lions with heat and \anotij, r 
 cal reap : 
 
 in tlu- in. ill- 1 <>f record i ni; the reactions with the chemi- 
 cal reagent.*, an<l in tin- kinds and concentrations 
 reagent*. In the form, r re-, arch tin- qu.intu 
 fercntiation- |.\ means of the chemical reagents were 
 made by determining the time of the : ooni- 
 
 r pra.ti.ally complete gelatioization, ami the 
 prcp.i tin- rva. nut ade- 
 
 .(uat.lv protected from the air and evaporation. It was 
 found 'iur.!..,' the progress of tin* work that fictitious 
 values may lie recorded owing to the existence in nearly 
 
 form of March of dilTerciit kind* of grain* which 
 vary in proportions ami gclutinizabilities. together with 
 varying decrees of influence of the air (probably chiefly 
 
 ly differences in oxidation), and effects that are 
 
 due U> varying rapidity and degrees of evaporation. 
 
 Such sources of falla. y illy eliminated 
 
 in tlie pr. - t research by making records of the progress 
 
 of gclatini/ation in regard to both tlie entire nuraU-r of 
 
 grains completely gelatinized and the |>ercentage of the 
 
 latinized at definite time-int.Tvala; and 
 
 prevention nf oxidation and evaporation by seal- 
 
 lie preparation^. In nearly every form of starch 
 
 there are grains, usually very small, and also part* of 
 
 graii i quite reistant to reagents. The former 
 
 i. mmonly represent much less than '> per cent of the 
 
 quantity of starch, and it has been assumed that 
 
 L'e|atim/at'..'li letc when It.") |MT i 
 
 the total March hu- The methods used 
 
 and their values in the differentiation of starches have 
 
 rtii in full in the preceding memoir on pages 
 
 Kt, and supplementary statements are to be 
 
 found in the present memoir in Chapter* II. IV. and V. 
 
 Tl :ic method employed in this research is 
 
 the same in all respects as in the prcivding investigation, 
 in tin- rejwrt of which it has been discussed with suffi- 
 cient fulness (page .')<>? ). Its value ha. not only been sub- 
 stantiated hut accentuated by the results of the present 
 ,-tiiilv of : | parent- and hybrid-stocks. 
 
 The jxilari-i-opic, iodine, and aniline methods are so 
 crude that the jxTsonal equation enters largely into the 
 determination of the values recorded, and while they 
 have proved of u able usefulness they are so 
 
 inferior t<> the geJatinization method that they should 
 .en a very MiUinlinate place. The polarization and 
 aniline im-tlmd. are by fur ' of all o' 
 
 he anilines will be found of much value in the 
 differentiation of different lamella? of individual grains, 
 as h:i own h\- the work of Denniston (see pre- 
 
 Meinoir, page "><). Iiniino. like the anilines, can 
 be nv it advantage in the studv of the -trudnre 
 
 of the starch prain. It is aim of usefulness by showing 
 Iiy variation- in the color re.ntioii- differences in the 
 constitution of starches from different sources; of dif- 
 ferent kinds of grains of the same starch ; of the capsular 
 and intracapsular parts of the grains; anfl of the cap- 
 sules themselves. The method used in determining the 
 temperature of gelatinizti< act, as has 
 
 been shown by the fact that when the experiments are 
 made with proper care the figures recorded are quite as 
 
 uniform as t!i M . obtained in the determination of lot 
 melting-points of various substance*. 
 
 The gelatinization method by means of various 
 i -henncal reagents as here pursued has proven to be so 
 
 that the records of I experiment* 
 
 ry rarely, been found to be exactly or prac- 
 tically exactly the same, even though made at widely 
 > ami with varying temperature and 
 hum; \ rarely, for HOtt inexplicable reason, a 
 
 markedly aberrant n-o>rd has been i 
 every instance this error was detected because of 
 absence of agreement with what was 
 
 editions. In fac<. as was found < and as 
 
 will be obvious by the context, the records of the re.i 
 obtained by means of the various I arc 
 
 in the case of each agent an . ami of all c. 
 
 lively, in a very huge measure checks upon each other. 
 In other words, the values for the starch of a given spe- 
 cies serve as prototype or generic standard with v 
 the records of all other species and varieties of the genus 
 inn t conform, unless there are represented members 
 of subgenera or other subgeneric divisions. The closer 
 botanically the sjx-cies or the varieties the closer will 
 the records collectively agree with the given standard. 
 Varieties of a species exhibit remarkable closeness, and 
 their values represent a species type. V ibers 
 
 of subgenera or other form of subgeneric division are 
 represented they may exhibit differences that are as 
 marked, and even more marked, than those of members 
 of closely related genera. 
 
 (~Tt is to be borne in mind that the method of classi- 
 fication of the systematist is of an arbitrary chan 
 as is evident, for instance, in the shifting of species from 
 one to another genus, the remodeling of genera, families, 
 etc. This classifying and reclassifying that has been in 
 progress for generations continues at the present time, 
 and even now the most generally accepted classification 
 can not be accepted as being more than tentative. If, 
 therefore, the results of these investigations seem to be 
 or are not in accord in isolated instances with the classi- 
 fication of the systematist it docs not follow that the 
 former are wrong. As evidence of the mutual checking 
 of the records one need examine only the very similar 
 curves of the starchc* of the clow-ly related members of 
 /rvTjn'tarts E 30 to K 33) and llir'l,ar,lia (Ch.. 
 the dissimilar curves of the starches of members of 
 subgcneric divisions, such as the hardy and tender 
 species of Crintim (Charts ' the dissimilar 
 
 curves of the starches of members of subgenera of Be- 
 nonia (Chart- Ur curvns of 
 
 arches of the closely related genera /( maryf/i* and 
 Hrun.*i-i'ji>i (Chart ]'. I), and of ami 7V. 
 
 (Charts E 34 and E3.1); and the dissimilar curve*, 
 usually highly characteristic, of the starches of various 
 ime and different families that are shows 
 in this series of charts (El to E 46), as a whole. These 
 similsrities and dissimilarities are in degree variable in 
 accordance with what in general should be expected, or 
 what is at least in accord with unquestionable botanical 
 classification. 
 
 The differentiation of starches br heat, as in tile 
 temperature of gvlatinization method, is to be recom- 
 mended s- ' much value, both quantitatively and 
 qualitatively. It was shown in the preceding invest!- 
 
372 
 
 NOTES AND CONCLUSIONS. 
 
 gation that the temperatures of gelatinization of starches 
 from different sources vary within a range of over 40 
 C. ; and that the figures for the starches of different 
 members of a genus usually tend to keep within limits 
 of about 5, the closer the plant sources the closer the 
 temperatures. Moreover, qualitative differences similar 
 to those elicited by the various chemical reagents have 
 been observed, and they are worthy of detailed study. 
 These it seems will be found Jo differ not only in dif- 
 ferent starches, but also to differ from the reactions 
 elicited by the chemical reagents and to differ as much 
 from them as they do from each other. These qualitative 
 reactions have been found, as a whole, to have such 
 values as to recommend them for extensive use. In the 
 present research these reactions with heat and chemical 
 reagents have yielded records that are of especial interest 
 in the differentiation of the starches of the hybrid- and 
 parent-stocks, and they have not only shown peculiari- 
 ties of the hybrid that are the same as those of one or 
 the other parent or both parents, but also individualities 
 not observed in either parent and corresponding to what 
 was found in the records of the histologic and other 
 characters and character-phases. The extraordinary 
 plasticity and complexity of the starch molecules and its 
 character and character-phase potentialities offer endless 
 opportunities in this form of investigation. 
 
 The quantitative data appeal more to both experi- 
 menter and reader because they lend themselves so 
 admirably to reduction to tables and charts. The possi- 
 bilities for additions to our knowledge of this kind are 
 unlimited. As previously indicated, the number of 
 starches available for such investigations is enormous 
 and the number of the reagents can be considerably 
 amplified. Moreover, there can often be used, to much 
 advantage, several concentrations of the same reagent 
 and also combinations of certain reagents. 
 
 These various reagents differ markedly in their 
 values in the quantitative and qualitative reactions, 
 respectively, and some are better for the former than the 
 latter and vice versa; moreover, a reagent that may be 
 particularly good for qualitative reactions with one form 
 of starch may be inferior for another form, and so on. 
 Recognition of these points will be of great advantage 
 in subsequent investigations. 
 
 STAECH SUBSTANCES AS NON-UNIT SUBSTANCES. 
 
 Starch from any given plant is a heterogeneous col- 
 lection of grains which vary in microscopical and 
 molecular properties ; even the individual grains, except 
 perhaps the very small embryonic, spherical, and seem- 
 ingly amorphous forms, are likewise of non-uniform 
 composition. The differences in the behavior of the 
 inner and outer parts or (according to general ideas) 
 of the so-called amylose and cellulose can be demon- 
 strated with the greatest ease and in ways to show that 
 these parts represent different forms of starch-substance. 
 As already repeatedly pointed out, the individualities of 
 these two parts arc markedly shown in their different 
 behavior towards various reagents. As a rule, the outer 
 part is the more resistive, but toward some reagents it is 
 the less resistive. In relation to moist heat, when the 
 grains re boiled in water the outer part is always the 
 last to disappear, sometimes resisting boiling for many 
 minutes, appearing in suspension in the form of empty 
 
 capsules from which the less resistive inner starch has 
 escaped in semi-liquid form and passed into a pseudo 
 solution. 
 
 The different lamellae of the mature starch-grain are 
 of less and less density from without inward. These 
 peculiar variations are, it seems clear, not owing to an 
 increase in the density of each additional lamella as it 
 is deposited, but to a gradual transition of the molecular 
 states of the inner or older lamellfe to a less dense con- 
 dition. Such a change is explicable in the light of the 
 ready transmutability of one stereoisomeric form into 
 another owing to slight differences in attendant con- 
 ditions. (See preceding memoir Publication No. 173, 
 page 9.) The mere separation of the starch from direct 
 contact with the plastid or the cell-sap by the later-de- 
 posited starch, age, and other incidental conditions, are 
 of themselves doubtless sufficient to satisfactorily account 
 for this transmutation. Likewise, differences in other 
 parts, such as in primary and secondary lamellae, pro- 
 tuberances, etc., in relation to other parts of the grains, 
 may be explained in the same way. 
 
 EACH STAECH PROPERTY AN INDEPENDENT PHYSICO- 
 CHEMICAL UNIT-CHARACTER. 
 
 CEach starch property, whether it be manifested in 
 peculiarities in size, form, hilum, lamellation, or fissura- 
 tion, or in reactions to light, or in color reactions with 
 iodine or anilines, or in gelatinization reactions with 
 heat or chemical reagents, is an expression of an inde- 
 pendent physico-chemical unit-character that is an index 
 of specific peculiarities of intramolecular configuration, 
 the sum of which is in turn an index which expresses 
 specific peculiarities of the constitution of the proto- 
 plasm that synthetized the starch molecule. The unit- 
 character represented by the form of the starch grain is 
 independent of that size ; that of lamellation independent 
 of that of fissuration, etc. This is evident in the fact 
 that in different starches variations in one may not be 
 associated with variation in another, and that wlien 
 variations in different properties are coincidently ob- 
 served they may be of like or unlike character^] Gela- 
 tinizability is one of the most conspicuous properties of 
 starch and it represents a primary physico-chemical 
 unit-character, which character may be studied in as 
 many quantitative and qualitative phases as there are 
 kinds of starches and kinds of gelatinizing reagents, the 
 phenomena of gelatinization by heat being distinguish- 
 able from those by a given chemical reagent, and those 
 by one reagent from those by another, and those of one 
 starch by a given rengent from those of another starch. 
 The gelatinization of the starch grain is not only a very 
 definite chemical process but one that must vary in 
 character in accordance with the reagent entering into 
 the reaction. It follows, as a corollary, that the prop- 
 erty of gelatinizability of any specimen of starch may be 
 expressed in as many independent physico-chemical unit- 
 charactcr-phases as there are reagents to elicit them. 
 
 INDIVIDUALITY OR SPECIFICITY OF EACH AGENT AND 
 REAGENT. 
 
 The methods employed in the research, all micro- 
 scopic, have, a.s stilted, included inquiries into histo- 
 logic characters; polariscopic, iodine and aniline reac- 
 tions; temperatures of gelatinization; and quantitative 
 
NOTES AND CONCLUSIONS. 
 
 
 nd qualitative gflatinization ,. with a variety 
 
 of chemical reagent* which represent a wide rang? of 
 different-! * in BMMVlBr ewnposatiott. Ill wiinc in-tan.?* 
 tin- starch mol.-vules alone or largely determi: 
 
 on. while 111 other- li.'th stnrvh .in.l reagent play 
 important part*, as in chemical r g.-n. rally. 
 
 Thus, in tin- cr\.-tall<igra|>lii. .if the 
 
 gMiin crj-taU .11,.! in ill,' polarization nl, 
 
 > ih-- ni no change; hence tin- 
 
 on- i-xpn--- p.. 'Hilarities that an- inherent : 
 niol.-ciiles. In i>i: ntian- 
 
 ii"lrt an. I *afnmiii reaction-, the organization of the 
 molecule* is cither uniitTcrt<>d or affected t> an und-- 
 
 ! dcgn-e, the reui -lions I.. 
 
 tion phenomena; in t! reaction* there is DVOO* 
 
 alily a f.vKle chemical combination of the iodine and 
 
 i. lint without .ij']>.ir.'iit intcrmlccular ili-nrgan- 
 
 ii ; in the temperature ami . h. in.,- 1! i, :u'. 'it reac- 
 
 there if nn inteniiolerular hr.-akm.' .|..ti bj a 
 
 -s of hydration. with which process there may be 
 
 asocial^! n-a.-tion. that \ar\ 111 character ami numlier in 
 
 :an. e with |N-cuhariti.'S MI the c..mp.i-iti..n of the 
 
 reagents. If the molecules of the starches from different 
 
 f are in the form of - .era, it follows, ng a 
 
 eorollary. that they imi-t .-xliil.it differences in their 
 
 hehaxior with different agents and reagents, and .-how 
 
 ditTeren.es that ure relat.-d to \anation in the kind of 
 
 agent and in the composition and concentration of the 
 
 In other words, the reaction in each case i* 
 
 conditioned by the kind of starch and the kind of 
 
 (lot or reap 
 
 VBIMTY OF MKTHOIW A8 SlIOWS BV ClIAKTS AMD 
 
 i.iKMiiv OF RESULTS COLLICTIVBLY. 
 
 It is ohvi.ms that testa of the reliahility of the 
 methods employed in the differentiation of starches 
 from various sources are to be found in the agreement 
 of the results of r \periments and in th- 
 
 formitv of the results with established data of the gynte- 
 \a stated in preceding paragraphs, the polari- 
 
 , iodine, and aniline methods are, notwithstanding 
 their crudity and limitations, reliable if the experiment* 
 
 irried out with siilli. lent rare; the temperature ( 
 gelatinization method is accurate within verj- narrow 
 limits of error; and the gelatinization method used in 
 the present research by means of chemical reagents is 
 
 i.-ally exact. The fir-4 three me<h<Hl are, owing 
 to their usually very re*tri,t-<l ruu-e <>f values, of very 
 much more usefulness in the differentiation of memliers 
 of a genus than of different genera, and this applies, 
 although to a less degree, to the temperatun? of gela- 
 tinizat!<>n method; while the chemical reagent method 
 has unlimited application to Iwth intrageneric and in- 
 tngencric differentiation, though the different rea- 
 have widely varying values. In comparing 
 these records with those of the systematic it is im- 
 portant t- . that a slight chanifi> in molecular 
 
 tution may give rise t" \.-rv marked changes in 
 properties and that distinction must lie made between 
 that which is definitely established and that which is ten- 
 tative in ev.n the ino-t advanced taxonomic system. All 
 things if.n-id.-r. <!. it i- remarkable how close in general 
 is the greement of the data of these exceeding 
 lar meth. -ti^ation. In fact, they are evidently 
 
 mutually cnrrr-ti\i 
 
 or a. tual duagreemeuU etist it doulitlca* will U- fond 
 thai further applications of the phyK-o^hcmic*J method 
 will dHMMtnto the 
 
 i the several charU are of 
 
 in sh.iwin- the : the meth 
 
 particularly thorn- which are included in the groups 1) 1 
 I.. I' 69] and I! 1 ! 
 soinewli.il dcUiile.l a in >,,n..ii 2 and 
 
 i IV. Kven a most cursory examination wpar- 
 -iher will ileinoiihtra:. 
 'ii|i 1' I in which are pre- 
 
 the progress of gelatinization at r\als, 
 
 in the char. > ill in 
 
 courses in the individual charts and in the parent ! 
 and the generic grou|M, that they are quite as dependable 
 as the data of the systematisi U re these records not 
 reliahle, it seems clear that (lie curves would not take 
 regular but irregular or xigxag circumlinear courses, or 
 instead of being straight or practically straight lines be 
 
 ular, etc.; moreover, there would not U- the con- 
 formity of the curves of the reactions with each reagent 
 that is found in each set of parent- and hyl> 
 or in the sets belonging to each genus, excepting in the 
 when subgenem diusions are represented. The 
 more or less marked suhp-n.-nc .liir.-r.-n.vH attest the 
 value of the method, and if in some instance* they may 
 seem to be disproportionate to the difference!* of the sys- 
 tematist, this may be and d.mlitleas is owing to a gr 
 sensitivity of the ph\>ic.. chemical method. 
 
 The plan adopted in the preparation of Charts E 1 to 
 
 in whi.-h composite curves of the reaction-intensi- 
 ties are exhibited, has proved in a very large measure 
 successful in eliciting \arietal, species, Mihgcncric. and 
 generic peculiarities, but its essential defect is to be 
 found in the neglect of differences that were found dar- 
 ing the earlier periods of experiment. In the formula- 
 tion of these charts terminal data were used (hat is, the 
 time of complete or practically complete gelatinization 
 in an hour or of the jMTcentage of total tar. h p-latu 
 within the same period. In many instances such figures 
 may be the same, yet there may have been more or leas 
 marked differences in the progress of gelatinization dur- 
 ing the early f>criods of the experiments. Notwithstand- 
 ing such defects, there is in general a remarkable degree 
 of conformity of these curves with taxonomic data. Then 
 should be considered with the foregoing the figures pre- 
 
 ! in Table B 1 which give the numlMT- f ory high, 
 high, moderate, low, and very low res sums of 
 
 : and average reaction -in tensities of 
 each starch and each parcnt-lnlirid - t of starchea. 
 
 OEXER.U. ' * DRAWN FROM RnrL-ra or 
 
 THE HEMOOLOBI.X RKSKARCHBS. 
 
 The results of the crystallographic studies of the 
 hemoglobins indicate : that there is a common strn 
 of the hemoglobin molecule, whatsoever the source of the 
 hemoglobin ; that the crystals of the species of a genus 
 belong to a crntallographic group which represents 
 grner vstaN of each species of a genus 
 
 when favorably developed can be distinguished from 
 r species of the genns; that in some spe- 
 cies there may Ix- found one. two. or three forms of bBO 
 , and that this seems to be a generic peculi 
 
374 
 
 NOTES AND CONCLUSIONS. 
 
 inasmuch as if in one species there be found, say, three 
 forms the same number will exist in other members of 
 the genus ; that the crystals of different genera differ as 
 definitely and specifically as those of crystalline groups 
 of mineral substances differ chemically and as generic 
 groups differ zoologically or botanically; and that by 
 means of peculiarities of the hemoglobins phylogenetic 
 relationships can be traced, as has been found in the case 
 of the bear and seal and other animals. 
 
 GENERAL CONCLUSIONS DEAWN FROM THE STAKCII 
 RESEARCHES. 
 
 The results of the hemoglobin and starch researches 
 are mutually confirmatory in support of the existence of 
 stereoisomeric forms of complex organic substances that 
 are specifically modified in relation to varieties, species, 
 subgenera, and genera, and that these specificities indi- 
 cate corresponding peculiarities of the protoplasms in 
 which the substances are formed. The records of the 
 starch researches indicate: that each starch property is 
 an independent physico-chemical unit-character, and that 
 the unit-character represented by the property of gela- 
 tinizability may be manifested in an indefinite number 
 of quantitative and qualitative unit-character-phases, the 
 number varying with the form of starch and the number 
 of gelatinizing reagents employed ; that qualitative reac- 
 tions are as distinctive and important as the quantitative 
 reactions; that the reactions of different starches with 
 a given reagent vary within wide limits, and that those 
 of each starch vary with each reagent independently of 
 the variations of other starches; that the reactions of 
 varieties of a species very closely correspond to those of 
 the species and are in accord with botanical characters ; 
 that the reactions of members of a genus are in general 
 in close accord with taxonomic data and constitute a 
 generic type, the varieties and species tending to exhibit 
 closeness or separation in their relationships in close 
 accord with botanical peculiarities ; that when a genus is 
 represented by subgenera or other form of subgeneric 
 division (such as rhizomatous and tuberous plants, or 
 hardy and tender species, etc.), the reactions may exhibit 
 as many different groupings as there are subgeneric 
 divisions, and that these divisions may show very marked 
 differences, even more marked than what may be noted 
 in the case of closely related genera; that the reactions 
 of closely related genera tend to be similarly close ; that 
 in hybrids any one of the six parent-phases (the same 
 as the seed parent, the same as the pollen parent, the 
 same as both parents, intermediate, higher than either 
 parent, and lower than either parent) can be developed 
 at will by the selection of the proper reagent; that the 
 tendencies of different reagents to elicit in the hybrid 
 any given parent-phase varies with reagent and starch, 
 certain reagents tending to develop sameness to the seed 
 parent or to the pollen parent, etc., and a given reajent 
 may elicit one phase with one starch and another phase 
 with another starch, etc., so that by the selection of the 
 reagent any parent-phase can bo developed in any given 
 starch ; that the starches of hybrids tend to show marked 
 closeness to the properties of the parental starches when 
 the parents are closely related, and to exhibit a tendency 
 to more and more divergence as the parents are more and 
 more distantly related, in some instances tending by 
 comparatively numerous intermediate characters to 
 
 bridging the parental characters and in others to be par- 
 ticularly characterized by being very closely related to 
 one parent, or in others (by excess or deficit of develop- 
 ment) to be quite variant from the parental types, etc.; 
 that the starches of different hybrids show a very wide 
 range in their parental relationships, some being almost 
 throughout very close to the seed parent, others very 
 close to the pollen parent, others for the most part inter- 
 mediate, etc.; that the starches of hybrids of reciprocal 
 crosses and of the same cross, respectively, are different, 
 the former differing from each other far more than the 
 latter from each other; that the relationships of the 
 properties of starches of hybrids to the properties of the 
 parents are in harmony with the data of the macroscopic 
 characters collected by Fockc, with the data of DeVries 
 mutants (hybrids), and with the macroscopic and micro- 
 scopic tissue characters recorded in this research, in 
 showing that in any given hybrid the development of dif- 
 ferent characters may take on different directions so that 
 some properties are like those of one or the other parent 
 or both parents, or developed in excess or deficit of 
 parental extremes, and also that new characters and 
 character-phases may appear. 
 
 GENERAL CONCLUSIONS DRAWN FROM INVESTIGA- 
 TIONS OF THE MACROSCOPIC AND MICROSCOPIC 
 CHARACTERS OF THE PLANT. 
 
 The results of the studies of macroscopic and micro- 
 scopic tissue characters are in harmony with those re- 
 corded by Focke and of the researches with the starches 
 in showing that in any given hybrid certain characters 
 may be the same as those in one or the other parent or 
 both parents, intermediate, or developed in excess or 
 deficit of parental extremes, and that the distribution 
 of these directions of character development is most vari- 
 able. A surprising result is found in a common lack of 
 correspondence between the percentages of macroscopic 
 and microscopic characters of any given hybrid that arc 
 the same as those of the seed parent or pollen parent, 
 or intermediate, etc. Why, for instance, in any hybrid 
 the percentage of macroscopic characters that are the 
 same as those of the seed parent are relatively large in 
 comparison with the percentage of microscopic charac- 
 ters or vice versa is as yet inexplicable. What pertains 
 to one of the six parent-phases applies equally to all. 
 Moreover, there is not a constant quantitative agreement 
 between the macroscopic and microscopic characters, 
 separately or combined, and between either of these and 
 the starch characters of the same plant in the percentage 
 distributions among the parent-phases. 
 
 THE RELATIVE POTENTIALITIES OF THE SEED 
 PARENT AND THE POLLEN PARENT IN INFLUENC- 
 ING THE CHARACTERS OF THE HYBRID. 
 The relative potentialities of the parents in determin- 
 ing tin 1 characters of the hybrids and in the distribution 
 of characters among the six parent-phases varies within 
 wide limits. In the starch reactions it is shown that in 
 some hybrids the influences of one parent are almost or 
 practically negligible, in others they appear to be about 
 equally divided, and in others there are various grada- 
 tions in degree and kind between these extremes. In the 
 tissue characters concordant results were recorded, but 
 here the variations were found to be very much restricted, 
 
 
NOTES AND CONCLUSIONS. 
 
 
 doubtless because chiefly of the email number and Un- 
 kind* of hybrids studied. In i-uniming up the elm 
 that are thesanie a.-, or in.'iin.-.l to the sovd parent and the 
 pollen parent, respectively, it was found id 
 
 xxl parvi the wliole, 
 
 di.-tmctly m.>n> potent than the pollen parent, while in 
 959 tissue character- the parental influences are equal. 
 
 Srt tam I'M:I nil M:M UUC.NTS. 
 
 The parental pro|H-rtics referred to in the preo 
 
 n arc. in an important M-n-r. illusory, because they 
 indicate se\ual instead of species characti in-m- 
 
 seed parent and pollen parent have !-.-n u-.-l in this rc- 
 i in the comciitiiiiial sense of th. and horti- 
 
 eulturi.st. that is. without necessarily implying or 
 inferring uni-cMiality of the plant 
 gethcr with the employment of tbt { 9 and i , may 
 n tlnit the jwrcnts of tin- hybrid's 
 arc . y female and male, bat all of the 
 
 :s are tlowenny plants in which in each individual 
 tlierv are prodiuvd U>th female and male gamete*, 
 plant is, therefore, female or male in reproduction in 
 e with whether it furnishes the seed or the 
 ;x>llen, ir <>f the actual sex of the orgn 
 
 A concrete illustration of this |>aradoxu-al statement in 
 found, for instance, in ('iijiriptdium sitencrrianum and 
 'lofum. which have Uvn ndpVMuh crossed, yield- 
 "ie hybrids ('. lathamianum and ('. lathiamianum 
 unt. these hybrids not being identical but very 
 ly resembling each other (page :W8 r( *<</.). In the 
 first eross the need of ( \,nnim was fertilized by 
 
 the |M.Heii of r. \-\ll<:*um, and in the s<-cond cross the 
 |H)||en of f. $pcnceritiniim fertilised the seed of < 
 losum, thu* re\er-in<; the parentage. Inasmuch as each 
 plain --ly the simc in both en-;-.- . idi-nt 
 
 that the properties nscriled to C. sprnctnanum as the 
 seed parent and the |x>Ileii |>arent, respectively, are identi- 
 cal and therefore that they arc, as far as we can discern, 
 f s|x-cies and not of sex. However, the 
 dinVrcmvs in the offspring of n-cipnx-al crosses show that 
 while the vd and the |x.llen carry species-characters 
 they nlo transmit ii-rtain obscure properties that arc 
 j>cculiar to each of the sex elem. 
 
 living tissues have without question fp*rif*-type* 
 of nietalxilism, and, as a corolla r 
 
 organic nietalx.lites (see pn-o-dinu' memoir. C'ar- 
 negie Institution of Wn-ihin^ton, 1'ub 
 and if the tissues are further charaotiri/.e.l by femaleneso 
 or malenww. they mu.*t have the corresponding *ei-type*. 
 In bisexual or >ua organisms, such as the plants 
 
 search for the sources of the starches and 
 tissu' processes, and products, with the 
 
 of th'*> In-longing to the primary sex organs, 
 arc without determinal . yet for well- 
 
 known reasons it is certain that they possem inherently 
 potentialities of both sexes. In unisexual < . as in 
 
 certain plant* and in all normal mammalia, there mint 
 be both *|>c< ies-types and HX-I n-. in the 
 
 first group of the properties are broadly speaking or pre- 
 eminently those of species, and in the second those of 
 species and sex. 
 
 That there are species-types i* convincingly shown 
 by the distinjniishing features of species; and that there 
 are very definite sex-types has been rendered positive, 
 
 especially by recent investigations. For '"tttmrt! in 
 
 Iromorpha (u noted in a bulltim-! in a 
 
 chaffinch by Weber, in a pheasant by Bood, and in OMB, 
 dogs, guinea-pigs, crabs, bee*, anU, but i- r :! . .. and moths 
 
 th<> structure* of the two aidei 
 1 interior parts of the body, or of <i 
 <rgans or of parts of an organ are 
 mixed. Geoffrey Smith found that tho bloods of female 
 and male spider .-nil* dilTer, and Stcrke in iuvtwtigationa 
 w ith moths noted that not only do th< f the sexes 
 
 i tier but also are as much unlike as are those of 
 viduaU of the same- sex of different specioa. The bloods 
 of woman and man. and of the -e\. .,f certain other 
 mammals, are not identical. The orariea and testicles 
 are specifically female and male organs, and the "ggi 
 spermatozoon, and sex hormones are similarly send. 
 Moreover, during the existence of the gcrmplasm, and 
 even in some organism* long after meat has 
 
 proceeded, there is a period of sexual pla 
 which various factors may be directly operative on the 
 egg or indirectly through the parent, or directly on the 
 >lic processes of the individual, to lead to the 
 development of either sex or of either female or male 
 secondary characters, as the case may be, and hence to 
 corresponding female or male types of metabolism and 
 metabolites. In studies of the pupa of butterflies. Stand- 
 fuss found that by the influence of temperature the 
 female can be made to assume the male type, Qeoffn-v 
 Smith noted that the sacculinatcd male spider crab (that 
 is partially or completely paraaitically castratnl i 
 comes markedly feminized, even to the extent of rudi- 
 mentary eggs being formed in the testes. Kiddle ni-ord 
 in studies of pigeon eggs a tranomu lability so marked 
 that eggs having one sex tendency may be caused to be- 
 come oppositely sexed. Steinach and others in ovarian 
 and testieular transplantation experiment* hare shown 
 that the female can be masculinized and the male femi- 
 nized. Moreover, the potent influent-en of food, of an 
 excess or deficit of water in the cjrg. of the energy of 
 oxidative metabolism, and of light on * 1 are 
 
 well known. And in the human being indication* of 
 female and male types of mctaholium and metabolites 
 are to be found among difference* in the sexes in l.!ilv 
 structure*, in the composition of the blood and certain 
 other parts, in the actions of a number of medicinal sub- 
 stances and certain internal secretions, in the prop- 
 of the sex hormones and of some other substances that 
 are produced by sex organs other than the ovaries and 
 testes, in basal metabolism, in psychic phenomena, etc. 
 
 The factor or factors that determine species-types are 
 not known, nor have we much definite knowledge of those 
 which control sex -types, but it may justly be assumed thai 
 what is learned of one is applicable in principle to the 
 ndior. Since the discovery of the sex hormones them bus 
 been a tendency generally to attribute to them the deter- 
 mination of secondary sex characters, but there an 
 reasons for believing that other substances, as yet un- 
 known, may be similarly potent. Thus, Meisenheimer 
 showed by the result* of experiments with the larva* of 
 the gypsy moth thai secondary sex characters are devel- 
 oped without material modification after the removal of 
 the ovaries and testea ; and it is evident that in gynar 
 morphs both sex hormones circulate throughout the 
 organism, and thus reach every tissue, yet some parts 
 
376 
 
 NOTES AND CONCLUSIONS. 
 
 become specifically female and others male. Moreover, 
 in addition to these sex hormones and hypothetical sub- 
 stances there are the influences of environmental con- 
 ditions which are effective in unknown ways. 
 
 If, as seems manifest, there are species-types of 
 metabolism, if these types are undoubtedly modifiable by 
 environmental conditions, if these types give rise to 
 corresponding species-types of metabolites, and if these 
 metabolites have inherently the potentialities of both 
 parents that can, as has been shown, be elicited in any 
 one or more of the six parent-phases by the selection 
 of the proper agent or reagent, it seems to follow, as a 
 corollary, that corresponding properties should be mani- 
 fested by sex-types. These statements suggest that in 
 artificial parthenogenesis and artificial fertilization the 
 selection of a proper agent or reagent may render it pos- 
 sible to give rise to either sex, or before or after develop- 
 ment has begun, to gynandromorphism. In a word, from 
 present knowledge and indications (and all that they 
 imply), species, parthenogenesis, fertilization, sex, sec- 
 ondary sex characters, and sex control are problems of 
 physical chemistry. 
 
 INTERMEDJATENESS AS A CRITERION OF HYBRIDS. 
 
 Whether or not intermediateness is a criterion of hy- 
 brids depends upon the sense in which these two terms are 
 used that is, whether or not intermediateness is to be 
 taken as meaning mid-intermediateness, and where the 
 line is to be drawn where dntermediateness in either 
 a broad or a narrow sense is or is not a criterion. Some 
 authorities, as is evident by references in the introduc- 
 tion, look upon intermediateness in the sense of mid- 
 intermediateness or " exact intermediateness," and upon 
 this developmental peculiarity as being a criterion when 
 all or nearly all of the characters of the hybrid are mid- 
 intermediate ; but it is manifest that such a conception 
 is not justified by literature and is untenable. Viewing 
 intermediateness from a broad point of view that is, to 
 include all characters which show stages of character 
 development between those of the parents, it is an open 
 question as to whether a character that is intermediate 
 but exhibits almost identity with that of one parent 
 should be classified as intermediate or as being the same 
 as the character of the parent. Many of both the starch- 
 reaction and the tissue characters that herein have been 
 classified as intermediate have been so close in their 
 development to the parent characters that it is question- 
 able if they should not have been assigned to the charac- 
 ters that are the same or practically the same as those 
 of the parent. Then again, what percentage of inter- 
 mediate characters must be intermediate to justify the 
 application of the term criterion? Among the 1.018 
 starch reactions, 236 were recorded as being intermediate, 
 while 53 were mid-intermediate. Among the 959 macro- 
 scopic and microscopic tissue characters 415 were inter- 
 mediate, and 160 were mill-intermediate. The differences 
 in the figures of the starch and tissue records are prob- 
 ably due chiefly to differences in both number and kind of 
 material. Moreover, the percentages of characters devel- 
 oped beyond parental extremes are very high, those in the 
 starch reactions exceeding (nearly doubling) the per- 
 centage in intermediate characters (40.6:23.2), and in 
 the tissue characters being almost as high as the latter 
 (39 : 43.2). It seems from these data that if intermedi- 
 
 ateness is a criterion, development in excess and deficit 
 of parental extremes may or should have an equal or 
 greater degree of importance, and even a far greater value 
 if only mid-intermediate characters are taken as the 
 criterion. 
 
 GERMPLASM A STEREOCHEMIC SYSTEM. 
 The recognition that the germplasm is a stereochemic 
 system that is characterized by the kinds and arrange- 
 ments of its stereoisomers in the three dimensions of 
 space; that it is of great complexity, impressionability, 
 and plasticity; that it presumably possesses potentially 
 the characters and character-phases of the parent; that 
 the germplasms of the sexes are different, varying in 
 plasticity, etc.; and that in normal fecundation there 
 occurs a union of the two sex systems with interactions, 
 rearrangements, and combinations, and therefore a new 
 physico-chemical state is developed that possesses the 
 potentialities of both sexes; that stereoisomerides are 
 readily transmuted with attendant change of properties, 
 and that the directions and propensities of the reactions 
 are determined by peculiarities of the compounds and 
 attendant conditions; and, finally, that we have, in a 
 word, in the germplasm a form of protoplasm that must 
 like all colloidal substances be studied upon the basis 
 of physical chemistry, opens up a unique and promising 
 field for investigation of the laws that determine organic 
 growth, form, and function. 
 
 APPLICATIONS TO THE EXPLANATIONS OF THE OC- 
 CURRENCE OF VARIATIONS, SPORTS, FLUCTUA- 
 TIONS AND THE GENESIS OF SPECIES. 
 The characters of the germplasm and of protoplasm, 
 and incidentally the extraordinary plasticity of the starch 
 molecule, as set forth by the results of this research, 
 seem readily to induce clear conceptions of the mechan- 
 isms that underlie variations, sports, fluctuations, Men- 
 delism, reversions, monstrosities, etc., and also the genesis 
 of strains, subspecies, and species by gradual and progres- 
 sive changes and ultimate fixation. And it also seems, 
 from the data presented in conjunction with biological 
 literature, that we have all of the postulates that are 
 necessary to warrant the assumption that probably the 
 chief method in the genesis of species is> by hybridization. 
 
 SCIENTIFIC BASIS FOR CLASSIFICATION OF PLANTS 
 AND ANIMALS AND FOR THE STUDY OF PHOTO- 
 PLASM. 
 
 The discovery of the existence of highly specialized 
 stereoisomers that arc specifically modilied in relation to 
 genera, species, varieties, etc., has brought to light one 
 of the most extraordinary phenomena of living matter,, 
 and it not only gives us a strictly scientific basis for tho 
 classification of all forms of life, but also leads us to 
 the varying constitutions of protoplasm of the same and 
 nf different organisms, and to the differences in vital 
 phenomena that are dependent upon these variations. 
 The dictum set forth in the hemoglobin investigation 
 that "vital peculiarities may be resolved to a physico- 
 chemical basis " has been most substantially supported, 
 and it may be safely predicted that important and even 
 epochal advances in the elucidation of many of the great 
 problems of biology will be made in the near future 
 along such or closely related lines of investigation as 
 have been pursued in these researches. 
 
C. A-l 
 
 \ 
 
 1 and 4. .\marylti* btUodtmita. 
 1 and 5. Hruiutrifia jatepUmr. 
 
 3. HrtintdaMtt ttHlmr alha . 
 
PLAT! t 
 
 12 
 
 7. HippraMtrum titan. 
 X. llippra*tnm rlfonia. 
 9. Ilippnutrvm tttnn-rli 
 
 10 
 
 1 1 lltppnutnim 
 
 12. 
 
PLATI3 
 
 1.1 
 
 IK 
 
MATE 4 
 
 -I) 
 
 21 
 
 24 
 
 19. llirmanltiuM katkmiut. 22. Crinum moorri. 
 
 'JO. Ilirmnnlhut miittmu. 23. ('mini" crytomnim. 
 
 21. Wirman/Aw* iUniy o/irrf. 24. f'nnKM kybrvlum j. r. karrry. 
 
f. ATI 
 
 
 
 m urn 
 
 'Jit. I'rtnum 
 J7 * r,num kiraipr. 
 
 rtnum bmft/a/i 
 
 . fVinum 
 

PtATIt 
 
 31 mm! 34. .Ymiw rritpa. 
 
 32 and 35. \tri*r rbgatu 
 
 33. Krrimt ,ia,l* maul. 
 35. firrim* fm ^ raw*. 
 
. . ATI 
 
 m 
 
 38 and 4 1 . .Vmne *ar* i/ M vr. 
 
 ;> \. 
 
 I.' \ 
 
PLATH 
 
 4.-. 
 
 4K 
 
 43 and 46. .Vmrw tarmmtit var. rartum major. 
 
 44 and 47. .Vmn rum/n/ui vmr fatkrrgiUt major. 
 
 45 and 48. .NVrtnr 0f<D> o/ aomu. 
 
HATI - 
 
 M 
 
 49 mad K2. \am**n* partirta oowWiu. 
 90 and 53. .Vomwiu portion porlamm. 
 
 A I. .Van-tun* parfmu krrrvlt. 
 M. .Varrunu paHtnu <tmt*. 
 

PLATE 10 
 
 <iA*ut latrlln grand mm 
 irftMtia pnrtiria nrnaluM. 
 rrujuj portal Irtumpli. 
 
 rriUKJ f/OTM MWMr/l 
 
 A0. .Vonrunu pnrttru* armtfiu. 
 00. .VorrUnu >nv 
 
PLAT! It 
 
 61. A'orruftu IrlamiMiui fJmtu. 
 
 62. .Vorrunu partifu* anal**. 
 
 64. A'orrwnu jmnrru Mary. 
 66. A'orrtMiu /nrfirw pnrimv 
 66. A'amwiu rrnwf . 
 
KAII 
 
 '7 \ BJ ab*ri*nu. 
 > \amjjiM porfu-iu 
 00. .Vorruvw 
 
 7<) \ rciMu> !/' 
 71 \ .!. tif.ri. 
 7.' NiirnuiM htfiJor a 
 
I All 
 
 ..I 
 
 irnttut rmpnu. 
 74 . ,\ urn MIM alhtrnttt. 
 7 '. Vamnu madamt de yroaf 
 
 ii .Vorrunu tetarjalr prrfrrtiim. 
 77 Vorrunu modame dr gnaf 
 78. A'omwiu pyramiu. 
 
PLAT! 14 
 
 SI 
 
 7'i \ ,-tui 
 
 " NorruuruJ mmlnmr <lr grnaf . 
 
 s| \ tin IIM 
 
 xj \>tn-uiu Imlfit HiiitKir tiumr 
 >ti Ir Hindi** ottnt* 
 
FLAT! 15 
 
 > 
 
 K.V \arri*tia rmptrar. 88. 
 
 88. .Vamutnj triamlrta albtu. 88. 
 
 87. Kamtnuj. I. bmitftt ftt. W. 
 
 

. I AM 
 
 
 
 
 ;tl /.I/IUJH martago*. 94. Mi MM lrv>/nl,tim. 
 
 92. IMtum marulnlum 05. /.i/twm mnrlnfM alhttm. 
 
 93 MIMH <iaUuaMi. 96. /./ dU *"* 
 
PLATt 17 
 
 gg 
 
 102 
 
 C I. ilium dialmlimirum. |m. /.i/n 
 
 urn rnn/Mum. |O| f.i/i 
 
 90. /.l/l urn I 
 
PLAT! It 
 
 105 
 
 108 
 
 1 'i /r,. .fcrrMM. 
 
 104. Iru Irnjaoa. 
 
 105. Iru umali. 
 
 105. /rn 
 
 IO7. 
 
 IOH. 
 
PLATE 19 
 
 110 
 
 ft*_ 
 
 114 
 
 I in I n* crngtalli . 
 
 I III /n /.I//L/.I < /u /rn <>/ may. 
 
 111. /rw dim. a/an ffirf. 
 
 I IJ /ri. fmrttra vnr. yory 
 I I : /rn itu.ljai. 
 Ill l',.p*r.,~t 
 
Pi ATI 20 
 
 117 
 
 ll.'i (, 
 
 \ lii (,/.i./i.Ju. In. I,. 
 
 117 r.7Ji.,/iMrn/.i//M 
 
 1rilia.ui 
 
 1 l' 7 ......( i r> 
 IJII Tnlimia mrtt*m<tflan> 
 

KATI91 
 
 I VI 
 
 IJ1 lirgimia *inglr mmtntt trarlri. 
 I'/J Htgunin farolmiui. 
 123. Hrgm,,a mn. kral. 
 
 l.'l Hfa doMt 
 
PLATIM 
 
 ( 
 
 HI 
 
 l-'T IkqiHxH ilnulJr irktle. 
 IJx lt-ii-">"i "rntrana. 
 I '.* I HrpHi HI jul I u* 
 
 I ill 
 
 It.' HtfOHUi 
 

PtATB J3 
 
 I 
 
 1.13. MHMI arnoMuttia 
 
 i:u .t/M wii'i" 
 I.C. UuMAyArvia. 
 
 I I'lkaiu* 
 
 137. /'fciiiu 
 
 138. /'* *6rW 
 

PLAT! 24 
 
 Ml 
 
 III 
 
 !ill,,t,,,i rrfillarut 
 I in I/I/I..IM.I r.rr/n 
 141. 
 

 . 
 
PtATIfft 
 
 r 
 
 I.V.' 
 
 147 
 
 IV I 
 
 145. Ipamaa rnrnnm. Cotyledon, (bowing Icing prtmlr, long timlriK blunt wide Inhm. with an ftnglr of 0O*hrt 
 
 I Is Ipamaa fnomorlil. The name, (bowing nbort prtiolr. nhort midiib. long nairow pointed lobe*, and an nglc al 
 
 I iO nrt n it *n Ioo0a. 
 151. Ipnmaa ilalm Tbr itamr, nhnwing mnlium U-ngih prtiolr and midrib, lobm of mrdium width and mmrwhat 
 
 taprnng, and an angle of I 'JO* hrtwrrn lobm. 
 ll>' Ipamtra ramnm. l^itrrel branch, nfxming rntirr Iravc*. 
 149. Ipamaa <putmnrlU. Thr nmr, nbing pinnatr Irarr*. 
 1 '..' Ipomaa datrn. Thr nunr, nhowing ilrrply lohrd leavM. 
 147. Ipamaa coenmta. Klowpr, nhowmg rnuncinl lobn. 
 \M. lpnmaa<i<tamarltl. The mmr, (htm mg ixuntrd lobe*. 
 153. Ipamaa tlolrri. Thr itamr, nhtmmg olighlly |iintr<l lx-v.igrKi.il outline. 
 
 Fin. 145, 148, and 151 n> .Inhtlr. but rqtully. miumi Kite*. 1 46 and 149 arr rrdurd r]ully.aod Km IS2i.fr.|,,,J 
 morr than the fonwr. Fi|t 147. 150, and 153 arr natural aiw. 
 
PLATIM 
 
 154. Ipomm fnrm,,<i S-rimti of upprr rpiiirrniM nl tr of ntaturr Inf. .,< in numrrotM XoouU. rrcular di- 
 
 UilMitioti of nloniala. t might -utallnl crIU, ind DO tail*. 
 
 155. Ipnmaa quamarlil. Thr NMIM>. nhnwinc frvrr utimuiU ; rtommU cmuprd mainly t mrw. wary-wmllrd rrlU and 
 
 horl <Unti-r-likr hair* 
 
 156. Ipomm tldm. Tkr VUIM-. K.miii mnrp li>ninlji than in /. qttantarlil. but frrr Itan in /. rnmiM, modmlrljr 
 
 vy--llrl rrllx. longrr hnim. and Urpr <-rll and ulnrnaU. 
 
 157. lfomo rarrtnm. Section of nanir at margin <>f Iraf. *h<iwinK prnt ulirninmi frnm marinnal rrlb 
 15M. Ipomm quamaetil. Thr mix-. i>hom|i flat marginal nrlln. m> pmlutirrBnrpii. 
 
 159. Ipomma ttotrrt. The n>p. nhrnrinn muillrr pmlubrranmi from mancinal rrlb. 
 
PLAT! 17 
 
 Itt) 
 
 Ittt 
 
 
 llil 
 
 101. / 
 
 182. / 
 
 183. / 
 164. / 
 1A5 / 
 
 |>|irr<-|M<l<TniiiiBt |NW<>( matiirr lrf ,ovrr win. nhtnrinc l 
 (fuamacltt. The mate. h<m ing no papilbp ovw VMM. 
 tlalert. Thr mmr. nhowinK Miullrr papillv k vnn and that ihr (tooMU M lihlly 
 nimxriHiii at the vrim. 
 
 I ramitni. Section of r|wirntiM at bup of filamml AowUHC *lwn (UnduUr - gy Kjur 
 OMorlit. TV MUW. *ho IIIK much kidflpr jfaathlUf -"^gft bun. 
 
 Wdtn. The nunr. (bovine (UnduUr 
 
 | ... 
 
PLATE 
 
 lf.7 
 
 170 
 
 
 106. Ipomaa Mrriiwa. Trmrawnp Mvlioa ; prtiolp of malurr InJ rquidiManl f nun ihe kmina nd (hr IMP 
 
 167. Ipomaa quamaelit. The mate. 
 
 108. Ipamaailatm. The mate. 
 
 189. Ipomra rarnnra. MullirrlluUr pcntuhrnUM** ! hup of prliolr. 
 
 170. Ipomra q*amorll. The miw. 
 
 171. IpommUtm The mate. 
 
PlATItt 
 
 -*v- **' ;7 
 
 
 
 177 
 
 172. luamaa rarnitni. I'lHirr rjwirrniw. limb uf rundla. 
 
 173. I porno* ,/,/ the nr 
 
 174. Ipomav tlotrri. The aamr, howinc lararr rrlln than in rithrr / rorriiw* or /. , 
 
 175. Ipamtm camera. Ixmrr rpidmnv. limb uf contlla nhciwini li(thilv mv> rrll wall* 
 
 176. Ipamao quamarltl. Thr nainr, *himinK vrr>- wavy rrll walla. 
 
 177. lpom*a floUrt. Thr ajur. ahowioc wavmrai tirtwrm that of tin- two |rrtil. 
 
PIATIM 
 
 178 
 
 1M 
 
 179 
 
 1X0 
 
 178. Ixr/iu purimraia. Trannvrnw arrtion of iMrii<l<>liiilt> at tnwMk- (bowing 
 thirk-wallrd rrlU of two layrr* lirnralh ppidrmn* 
 
 pp rulirlr. 
 
 179. Cattlrya Mouur. Thr MIIM-. -hem in* iihallctwrr rpxlcniial rrlln. rulirlr uVrp a* in /. jntrfntrvla. crib of two 
 
 UVPIK bptMWth the ppKlrrniw not rkm|(ntnl ami "lily tbovp of firnt Uyrr Kvr ihirkrnml vail* 
 
 180. L*Ha-t'atUna rankamiana. Thr nanir. RbimiiiK rpwirnnal rrlln. <Wprr than thtxr in '' mtan but not quiU 
 
 u <lrrp u thoar in L. nurpurato. cutirlr, drrprr than in rithrr I', moan* or /.. fiurfimlf. and two 
 layrni brnrath tbr ppulpniiin nnt a* rloagatrd nor an thirk-wailrd an in /. fmr 
 more rlonnUd and thirkrr wallrd than in ( '. motntr. 
 
 181 . Laiia piajmrata. Tranmrerar arctKm of In/ near aprx. abowinjc lihtly rlooKatrd crib of fin( Uyrr of 
 
 tiwur at midrib, and lantr bundlr. 
 
 1K2. Caltlrya motna. TV aamr. HhowinK morr rlongatod rplln of aqurou* tiiwir and rather wnall bundlr. 
 1K3. Isrtin-laltlryacnnknmiann Thr unc, howin< crll> of aguroiM tiair of mmf Irnglh a in ('. 
 
 bundlr than in rithrr ('. matna or L. p*rptvala. 
 
PLATI 31 
 
 
 
 V, 
 
 184 
 
 num TraMverae *ertmn of tool, abowina: vaaeular cylinder und port of Mirroumimc carles. 
 
 bowing one wry rare. li|thil\ M-lrnwrd cell in cortex, narrow endndermal crib. IA phkrtn rwlrfcr*. 
 
 and Untr vam. 
 U5. CymMium rtnmnm. Thr aune. hnwinit numrrou* thirkly M-lrnMn) crib. <Wprr radodrnml orlk. I* pub*** 
 
 patchf*. and umall ram. 
 188. CymMivm rtnmm-Una*>im. The name, nhowiaff aderoacd rrll* not a* ihiri-walM nr a* numrrmi* a* in 
 
 ' rfcumnm but morr niunerou* than in ('. Itmimmvm: eadodernial rrlU runly aud-inlpnnMiiato 
 
 betwrrn thr two parrnU in depth. 1 1 phhrm patrbe* and raaa in *iir hrtarrp tonv of two parrou. 
 
 187. CymMtum tmnanum Trannvrnp pction of leaf near apex, ahowmc mmparalirrlT (hallow upper rpidenna! 
 
 cell*, ihort rrlln of layer beneath upper epidermi*. 
 
 188. CfwAviium fhta-itfum. The aune. ihowinR deeper upper epidermal crlU, lnng rrlU of Uyrr beneath upper 
 
 epidennw. 
 
 189. Cymbvittim rMtnvo4nv-inin. The name, ahowwc deeper eptdrmial crlk than in either f (MTMMMN or C. 
 
 ; crib of layer beneath upper 
 
 than in either < '. latnmaim otC. 
 
PLATItt 
 
 I TO 
 
 '' 
 
 
 I ".I 
 
 
 
 190. IknilriJnum hHilln! f an>" n Tramn-rmr ivrtina l mot, ntHminR fiarnnr vrUmtti und mull v**rulr r>lindr. 
 
 191. hmiirulnum natnlf. Thr wnir. nhnwing nlr vrUn rn nl VK!T vniK-iiUr rylinlrr 
 
 192. Ittnilrahium ryhrlt. The **mr. h<m iri( vrUmrn nd vmnnilar r\ Imrlrr in m ulh lirlvrrn Ihr Iwa |rrti(> 
 
 193. Itrndrnktum ftmltayaitvm . TraiMvrnr iprtioa i>f Iraf n.idway krtwra iprx and hur. howtnc <Wp 
 
 larnr lowrr Fpiiirmial rrlln n<l l.irp- liundk-. 
 
 194. Dntdrolnum nnlalr. Thr mmr. !>.. inr li(hll> UrRrr iwljTm. UritP lowrr r|wirmuil rrlU. and dichlly 
 
 ttundlr. 
 
 195. Itrndrotntim rybrlr TV name, nhowinc Uitil nd|e(. mullrr rpidrrawl rrlU. and mwUrr bundli- ihmn in Uwr 
 
 parrot. 
 
PLATIM 
 
 197 
 
 .1*1 
 
 1'ts 
 
 198. MUlonia rrjtllana. Tram-verm- MTtum irf leaf l equal dMtanom from apr* and HMT, h>iu>( rl<>nclr<l krl. 
 
 rkinfcatni tvlU l-l<m up|T i-|iHlrniu>. Inner iiviil Inimllr 
 197. MUlonia rasln. The mmr. chominK nmrh h<>rlrr kwl. mon> unitr nU- nl nmlnli. Inn rkifigxtrtl crlk tirbm 
 
 ihr up|irr rpHlrrtnin. nnd * miiall nlmoiit rimiUr bundlr. 
 IW. \lilii-nin Utuana Thr mmr. RlMminR krrl fairly mtrrmniulp, W unglr ( mxlnli fniriy tnlrnnniulr. rlm>- 
 
 KBtml ii-\\- <>f layer hrnmlh up|n-r rpiilrrmin \>x>t in .W nrtin. oval Imrxlb- nmrly (ante u n 
 I/ urtllaria. 
 19B. I'kaitu gmndijoliv* Trarwvrnr nrrtioa prliolr of malurr Icmf. kbowiiiK nmlnh Ixitxllr with upfirr and 
 
 nrlorrnrhyma ohrmlhu. 
 
 JOO. I'kniu* uvlltrkn. 'The amp. nhowuiK midnb hundlr with mnlinuou* rlrrrnrhyma hralh 
 201. /'A<niMAyfcri</u*. TV mrnr. nhcminn midrib bundlr with upprf and towrf rk-r>orriyro ahraltui. IKI! 
 
 joining mrh otbrr than in /'. ymndifnliut. an appfnximalr mmn hHwtvn ihr two parmU. 
 

. A't 
 
 204 
 
 207 
 
 202. Cyprtpnlium tpiemmum. Tratwvrrw o-rtHin at Ira/ midway lietwem |ir and hair, honing iWp aqueoiM 
 
 iMiur and narrow leaf at midrib region. 
 
 vpnpniium nUonm. The xaror. ibowinit narmw aquroun IMMIT and wide Iraf al midnh rt-cmn 
 .'" Cypnptdmm lalkamtniotm The moor. K>wmj( oarmwrr aquraun IMMN- and Ira/ wider al uixlril. than in 
 
 eilhrr parrnt. 
 
 I'ypripniium latltamutttum inrrrmm. Thr akinp, howimt aquroua IMMIT in width Ivlwrrn thr lo (urMMa, 
 and widrr Ira/ than in nthrr parrnt. 
 
 206. <'fpripnftum iiuiynf maulri. Thr nunr. ahowinK aqurou* tiwur almoat nainr wnllh a* in C. nlUmm, but 
 
 narrower Ira/ at midnb rrfpon. 
 
 207. CypripeHitim mitnu. Thr namr. nhowinK narrower aquruu* twrnir than in rithrr parml. and width of leaf 
 
 hrtwrrn the two parrnt* 
 

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