UJ 
 
 01 
 
 MU 
 
 ^ 
 
 z 
 
 3 
 
 
 01 
 
 m 
 
 OL 
 UJ 
 
 Q 
 
 s 
 
 
 U. 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 j 
 
 
 < 
 
 2 
 
 
 u 
 
 
 
 u 
 
 li !> 
 
 C 
 
 CM 
 
 I 
 
 5E 
 
 U- r 
 
 O m 
 
 Lb 
 
 a* 
 
 * 
 
 m 
 
 >- 
 
 B 
 
 
 
 
 UI 
 
 t 
 
 W 
 
 
 H 
 
 z 
 
 K 
 
 CO 
 
 
 t 
 (D 
 
 
 
 z 
 
 UJ 
 J 
 
 UJ 
 
 LU 
 U. 
 
 O 
 
 cc 
 
 CL 
 
 
 
 > 
 
 
 
 
 
 u 
 
 
 
 
'TY OF CALIFORNIA, 
 
 OF CIVIL ENGINEER! NO 
 u*.EY. CAUFOKNIA 
 
National Tube Company 
 
 BOOK OF STANDARDS 
 
 AND 
 
 USEFUL INFORMATION 
 
 CONTAINING 
 
 TABLES OF SIZES AND 
 
 OTHER USEFUL INFORMATION PERTAINING 
 TO TUBULAR GOODS 
 
 THE ENGINEERING DATA FOR THIS BOOK 
 
 EDITED BY 
 PROF. REID T. STEWART 
 
 1872 
 
 Price, $1.00 
 1902 
 
Engineering 
 Library 
 
 COPYRIGHT, 1902, BY 
 
 NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY 
 
 PITTSBURGH, PA. 
 
 CENTRAL BUREAU OF ENGRAVING 
 NEW YORK 
 
National Tube Company 
 
 MANUFACTURERS OF 
 
 BLACK AND GALVANIZED 
 
 WROUGHT MERCHANT PIPE 
 
 Of All Kinds in Sizes from }i to 30 inches. 
 
 BOILER TUBES 
 
 OF MILD STEEL AND CHARCOAL IRON 
 
 For Stationary, Locomotive and Marine Work. 
 
 CASING, TUBING AND DRIVE PIPE 
 
 FOR WELL PURPOSES. 
 
 GAS AND OIL LINE PIPE. 
 
 CYLINDERS, 
 
 Lapwelded and Seamless, tested 100 Ibs. to 3,700 Ibs., for Com- 
 pressed Air, Carbonic Acid Gas, Anhydrous Ammonia, 
 Etc., Etc., Etc. 
 
 WATER AND GAS MAINS, 
 
 CONVERSE AND MATHESON 
 LEAD JOINT PIPE FOR MAINS. 
 
 Seamless Tubes, 
 Shrapnel, Projectiles and Miscellaneous Forgings, 
 
 800375 
 
National Tube Company 
 
 WORKS AT 
 
 MCKEESPORT . . . PENNSYLVANIA 
 
 PITTSBURGH 
 
 MIDDLETOWN . 
 
 PHILADELPHIA . 
 
 CHESTER 
 
 OIL CITY 
 
 ELLWOOD CITY 
 
 CHRISTY PARK . 
 
 VERSAILLES 
 
 WHEELING . ' . . WEST VIRGINIA 
 
 YOUNGSTOWN OHIO 
 
 WARREN 
 
 SYRACUSE NEW YORK 
 
 COHOES 
 
 NEW CASTLE .... DELAWARE 
 
 GENERAL OFFICE 
 
 FRICK BUILDING, PITTSBURGH, PA. 
 
 LOCAL SALES OFFICES 
 
 HAVEMEYER BUILDING . . NEW YORK CITY, N. Y. 
 420 CALIFORNIA STREET . . SAN FRANCISCO, CAL. 
 267 SOUTH FOURTH STREET . . PHILADELPHIA, PA. 
 WESTERN UNION BUILDING . . . CHICAGO, ILL. 
 THE FRICK BUILDING .... PITTSBURGH, PA. 
 NATIONAL TUBE WORKS .... ST. LOUIS, MO. 
 
 FOREIGN OFFICE 
 
 DOCK HOUSE, BILLITER STREET, LONDON, E. C., ENG. 
 
 TELEGRAPHIC ADDRESS, TUBULIFORM, LONDON 
 
^PREFACE 
 
 In the following tables of Standard dimen- 
 sions of Tubular Goods, it has been our aim to 
 group together in one book all of the dimensions 
 and data pertaining to standards as manufac- 
 tured by National Tube Co. at this date, with 
 the object of making this book a practical and 
 valuable aid to all users of 'Pipes, Tubes, etc. 
 The use of Tubular Goods has become so ex- 
 tensive that a great variety of articles necessary 
 for different purposes has to be manufactured, 
 and a large amount of data has accumulated 
 on the subject, and we trust that our effort to 
 put this before the public in a compact form 
 will prove of *balue. 
 
 We have also taken up certain subjects 
 closely related to the use of pipes, tubes, etc., 
 and furnished such general information and 
 engineering data pertaining to same, as, we 
 think, *h>ill be useful and appropriate in a book 
 of this kind, vjith the idea of popularizing such 
 information that would lead to the intelligent 
 application of tubular goods for purposes where 
 engineering skill and judgment should be exercised. 
 This data was prepared for publication by Prof. 
 c fyid T. Stewart and is largely compiled from 
 modern welt-known engineering authorities on 
 the subjects. 
 
TABLES 
 
 OF 
 
 STANDARD DIMENSIONS 
 
 OF 
 
 Tubular Goods 
 
 AS MANUFACTURED 
 BY THE 
 
 NATIONAL TUBE Co. 
 
NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 -I THOO ^ ~ - ~ 
 
 CSt-iaGO-<*OOC5CSCOTHl 
 
 O5C1COCOC31O1O 
 
 - 03 <N CO CO TH Iffl GO O T-H CO ^ 
 
 5-rH C3 CJ -^ 
 
 T-H TH T-I <M CO O 5D i> O5 
 
 OC300OCO 
 O 5D i> O5 TH 
 
 dCQiOJ 
 
 5*^l3S 
 
 H TH TH d CO -* 10 CO i> 05 TH d ^ 10 OS CQ 10 00 
 
 - 
 
 TH d ^ 10 OS CQ 10 
 
 TH-tlT IT lTH(?5C^C 
 
 t-OSdCOOlCOTHOCDCOOSCOCOOt^THlOOSCOt^THL 
 HTHddCO^lOiOt^OSOd-rhiOt^OCOt^OCOCDC 
 
 THTHTHTHTHC<lCiC<lCOCOCO^ 
 
 O TH OS CO -* O lO *& rj< t- CO - CD OS O TH O? ** CD O O 
 
 ' TH TH TH C* C3 CO OO ^ "<* IO to *> t> 00 O TH C 
 
 
 s 
 
 oST) 
 v$ 
 
 z 
 
 rt^ 
 
 i<9 
 
 :! 
 
 o . 
 ~f 
 <! c 
 
k 
 
 NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 .-oo,^. , = , ,-g , j-s , . , , ** 
 
 I* " 
 
 CO W O tO OO CO Cl 
 
 I 
 
 OTHCOlOaSCSCOaSt-COCOC 
 
 13 c OOTHC*^^^^^ 9 " 
 
 l';" 
 
 ^THOO^^^OOSCOCO^CO^^t 
 
 T 
 I 
 
 -i-HO?G<iCO^COJ>O5pi-ICOOOOOCOt^OCO 
 
 g ^M '"' g3 
 
 IQ>< 
 
 J> CO C 
 
 V4 ^3J T-fT-l-rH^-iTHT-lT-IC^C^C^COCOCOCOCO^U 
 
 < h c x^.5 
 
 OiOOOlOOdiOiOOOOOCOOOiOOOO .5 .S 
 lOCCGOOCOCOOiOOOOOOlCOlOCOCOCOCOJ>i> 
 
 co ^ -^ 10 10 co' t> 06 os o oi 
 
 . 
 TH TH TH C<* W CO CO T* "* iO CO t> 00 05 O GO 
 
 an 
 
4 NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY 
 
 f= 
 
 NATIONAL TUBE CO.-Standard Double Extra Strong Pipe. 
 
 fe- 
 ll 
 
 ^^xx 
 
 er cent, above and 5 per cent, below standard in weight per foot, 
 oser than T V inch. Shipped plain ends unless otherwise ordered. 
 
 Nom.Wgt. 
 per ft. 
 Ibs. 
 
 *.3SS8SB3SS-S8 
 
 -33aS; 8 Sg SP 
 
 TRANSVERSE AREAS. 
 
 11 
 
 lllSllilEISilil 
 
 ..^..-jgcgjH 
 
 Internal. 
 
 
 THO?^iCt>OS^OO^t^ 
 
 External. 
 
 siiiiiiiiiiiiii 
 
 TH<MC<?-^DOSC5i005^^lOg 
 
 CIRCUMFERENCE . 
 
 Internal. 
 
 glllSs'SsflllSilSI 
 
 THTH<Nco^iai>ooosTHC3ioooTH 
 
 External. 
 
 ||S2|S|||||KS|| 
 
 GQCO^0OI>050W^Ct-jOCO^ 
 
 1.1 
 
 isgiifiiiiciggi 
 
 
 DIAMETER. 
 
 Internal. 
 
 iiiigigiggg 
 
 1 Allow variation of 5 p 
 Cannot cut to length cl 
 
 THTHTH(MCOC0^^10CO 
 
 External. 
 
 Slslilsiilillll 
 
 
 o 
 2 
 
 *.^^^^.. 
 
NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 w 
 
 vj 
 <! 
 
 I -J . 
 
 i|H 
 
 *li 
 
 ESL 
 
 gW" 
 
 
 5O5"^Z>l>T-lCOt 
 
 ftoo^oSS^o 
 
 -lO^COC?C<JO>i-<i-lTH 
 
NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 i! 
 !1 f= 
 
 a! 
 
 I 
 
 Jll ^. oce ^^^ool'^~'^ J 
 
 2 >^ f^ -M CO 
 
 3* ?? w 10 ' :D1> " GOC: '^^^2i5^^^^^;^o^2^ I 
 
 ^ -^ ^- -M, *, '"'^i^^^H^i^H^H^^cQcqicQCNl^c^ 
 -rHOi^OlCO-r-it-^O5THT-l?Dt-OOCOOC<JOOiOOlCl 
 
 t^-cpiccoic^GQo^oiceoco^ht-" 
 5 "^ 
 
 1 * =3' a 
 
 I -S ^ ^ 
 
 uw 
 
 5 b ^ ^ ! 
 
 'j-'COWOiWT-lT-lT-Hpp -50 -OOiOS -CO 
 ) 
 
 1 
 
 111 ... 
 
 I 
 
 Q H ^^^ 
 
 w 
 
NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 s s 
 J 
 
 Q 
 
 i 
 
 8 
 
 ! 
 
8 NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 National Tube Co. Standard Line Pipe. 
 
 Nominal 
 Inside 
 Diameter. 
 
 ijj 
 
 Nominal 
 Thickness. 
 
 Nom'l Weight 
 per foot 
 in Pounds. 
 
 Number of 
 Threads per 
 inch of Screw. 
 
 Nominal 
 Inside 
 Diameter. 
 
 Actual 
 Outside 
 Diameter. 
 
 Nominal 
 Thickness. 
 
 Nom'l Weight 
 per foot 
 in Pounds. 
 
 Number of 
 Threads per 
 inch of Screw. 
 
 2 
 3 
 4 
 5 
 
 7 
 
 2.375 
 2.875 
 3.5 
 4. 
 4.5 
 5. 
 5.563 
 6.625 
 7.625 
 
 .154 
 .204 
 .217 
 .226 
 .237 
 .246 
 .259 
 .28 
 .301 
 
 3.609 
 5.739 
 7.536 
 9.001 
 10.665 
 12.49 
 14.502 
 18.762 
 23.271 
 
 8 
 8 
 8 
 8 
 8 
 8 
 8 
 8 
 
 8 
 8 
 9 
 10 
 10 
 10 
 12 
 12 
 
 8.625 
 8.625 
 9.625 
 10.75 
 10.75 
 10.75 
 12.75 
 12.75 
 
 .281 
 .322 
 .344 
 .2865 
 .3145 
 .366 
 .340 
 .375 
 
 25.00 
 28.177 
 33.701 
 32.00 
 35.00 
 40.065 
 45.00 
 48.985 
 
 8 
 8 
 8 
 8 
 8 
 8 
 8 
 8 
 
 National Tube Co. Standard Oil Well Tubing. 
 
 Nominal 
 Inside 
 Diameter. 
 
 lj 
 
 Nominal 
 Thickness. 
 
 Nom'l Weight 
 per foot 
 in Pounds. 
 
 Number of 
 Threads per 
 inch of Screw. 
 
 Nominal 
 Inside 
 Diameter. 
 
 Actual 
 Outside 
 Diameter. 
 
 * 
 .H fl 
 S3 
 
 Ig 
 
 .246 
 .259 
 .28 
 .301 
 .322 
 .363 
 .344 
 .366 
 .375 
 
 bo w 
 
 'o5o" 
 
 Number of 
 
 oo oo oo oo oo oo oo oo oo Threads per 
 inch of Screw. 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 3 
 3 
 
 4 
 4 
 
 2.375 
 2.375 
 2.875 
 2.875 
 3.5 
 3.5 
 3.5 
 4. 
 4.5 
 4.5 
 
 .1725 
 .1935 
 .204 
 .221 
 .217 
 .2445 
 .2925 
 .226 
 .237 
 .2595 
 
 4. 
 4.50 
 5.739 
 6.25 
 7.536 
 8.50 
 10.00 
 9.001 
 10.665 
 11.75 
 
 8 
 8 
 8 
 
 5 
 6 
 7 
 8 
 8 
 9 
 10 
 12 
 
 5. 
 5.563 
 6.625 
 7.625 
 8.625 
 8.625 
 9.625 
 10.75 
 12.75 
 
 12.49 
 14.502 
 18.76 
 23.271 
 28.177 
 32.00 
 33.701 
 40.065 
 49.98 
 
 National Tube Co. Standard Drive Pipe. 
 
 Nominal 
 Inside 
 Diameter. 
 
 Actual 
 Outside 
 Diameter. 
 
 Nominal 
 Thickness. 
 
 Nom'l Weight 
 per foot 
 in Pounds. 
 
 Number of 
 Threads per 
 inch of Screw. 
 
 i-i >-i Nominal 
 rcoooo-do> Inside 
 1 Diameter. 
 
 Actual 
 Outside 
 Diameter. 
 
 Npminal 
 Thickness. 
 
 Nom'l Weight 
 per foot 
 in Pounds. 
 
 Number of 
 Threads per 
 inch of Screw. 
 
 2 
 3 
 4 
 5 
 
 2.375 
 2.875 
 3.5 
 4. 
 4.5 
 5. 
 5.563 
 
 .154 
 .204 
 .217 
 .226 
 .237 
 .246 
 .259 
 
 3.609 
 5.739 
 7.536 
 9.001 
 10.665 
 12.49 
 14.502 
 
 8 
 8 
 8 
 8 
 8 
 8 
 
 6.625 
 7.625 
 8.625 
 9.625 
 10.75 
 12.75 
 
 .28 
 .301 
 .322 
 .344 
 .366 
 .375 
 
 18.76 
 23.271 
 28.177 
 33.701 
 40.065 
 49.98 
 
 8 
 8 
 8 
 8 
 8 
 8 
 
 
NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 
 3|S* 
 
 
 .2- ^ 
 
 i fl <U 
 3 it S >-< "^ 
 
 i-cy Q 
 
 1 
 
 || S * 
 
 SyQ 
 
 a .2- 3 
 
 Jll l=g 
 
 r^ i 
 
 pfi 1 " 1 i 
 
 a 
 
 a|SS "t 
 
 j5 ^> 5 oJ oi\ 
 
 s 
 
 "u'o" 
 
 ^i[]Q 
 
 ja 
 
 1 
 
 || - 
 
 ^ O< ^ 
 
 E 
 
 "S'S "" 
 
 f|jjj 
 
 1 
 
 c .2* 
 
 2* 8^ 
 
 3 
 
 gfi|S a 
 
 111** 
 
 8 
 
 II s 
 
 li * 
 
 oS 
 
 H 
 
 ^ 
 
 (X) 
 
 1 
 
 O 
 
 
 
 _e 
 
 
 
 c 
 
 w S 
 
 
 55 " 
 
 oo "o 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 c 
 c. 
 
NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 Tubes. 
 
 CO. 
 
 NATION 
 
 ^Jcr 
 
 d* 
 
 LENGT OF TUBE 
 PER SQUARE FT. 
 
 Nearest 
 B.W.G. 
 
 :>OCOT ICDIO^COCDOO i> i> 00 CD 
 3 T-i TH rH 07 CJ CO CO CO TJH ^' 1C CO t> O T 
 
 
 
 T- 
 
 OC^t^CDOJCOt 
 S-i IC?COCDOOC 
 
 TH TH T-l T-lT-l O? CO CO 
 
 D SrH rHC^CO 
 
 liSl8lS55 
 
 ^H rH T-l T-l Oi CO 
 
 COCOCOCOCOCO(MC?C^T-lT-lT-IOOO50OOO 
 
 
 OO5C9^ 
 
NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 W 
 
 
 om. 
 pe 
 Ib 
 
 TUB 
 FT. 
 
 LE 
 PE 
 
 DIA 
 
 Nearest 
 B.W.G. 
 
 10COOOOCOOOOOOOOO 
 Ot>OOK300OC*00000 
 
 SaSSSSS 
 
 !5 CO i> O OJ * 
 
 H O5 (M CO CO CO 
 
 CDlOOf-it-OSC-O^-i-lTHCOOSt^C 
 
 OlOCO<NCi3OTHTi<TOCSO 
 
 OS-i (C01Oi>OO-rHOOlOOOTH 
 
 Oi-iTHT-lO)CO^^JOt>OOO5OCOCOOO 
 
 iCOC 
 
 CJCOlClOi 
 
 T-i05CO^oi>CST-(C01CI>Oi 
 IT IT- IT lTHT-lT-!THCQOiC^WO5 
 
 and 
 inch. 
 
 5 per cent, 
 th closer th 
 
NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 g ^ -r-l Olfr WO>COCOCOCOCO^-*CD 
 
 *JL 
 
 ^co w 
 
 o< " 
 
 5 p 
 
 o^*Oic^j>ooocoo5ot^ i :5c<5^HCO5i;bo3i>coT-t 
 
 t--^T-lO^OCX)Ot)00505CB050SOOOCQTHT-lWC5 
 <U O* CO ^ O D t-i> i>GO OO 00 O5 O OS O Oi CO CO ^ 1O i> 
 2 a 
 
 "3 
 
 ^ 
 
 3g 
 3g 
 
 3* 1 ! p2 iS ^i ^r ^ rr! ri rr! SP ? ^ 22 92 99 
 
 ^ fe . ; -. , . . ."".- 
 
 W 
 
 w 
 w 
 o 
 
 W 
 
 " S -3 wt-o^oocoeococRaa^^^oiowwott.^0 S 
 
 W 
 
 1 
 
 PQ 
 
 s 
 
 M 
 
 ^* 15 ! ^ 
 
 p as f 3 SSSwooSoowSSSIsoSpoopGoasSo 
 
 W .O T-lT-lT-lT-li-lTHC<JC5-rH 
 
 o a 
 u . 
 
 O Q 
 
NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 13 
 
 NATIONAL TUBE CO. 
 SPECIAL SIZES OF BOILER TUBES NOT ELSEWHERE LISTED. 
 
 & . 
 
 f m 
 fl *l 
 
 g ex- 
 fc ' 
 
 ^(NO>COOO^OOO<MCOI>0 
 OC<??Oi>OCOT-lOOOO5CO 
 
 standard in weight per foot. 
 
 
 LENGTH OF TUBE 
 PER SQUARE FT. 
 
 u 
 
 5 
 
 M 
 
 
 
 
 T^COCOOXM-r-l-r-i-i-l 
 
 h 
 3 
 C0 
 
 N 
 
 W 
 
 |SgS|g|||||| 
 
 000*0*<NC*T-lT-rTH 
 
 TRANSVERSE AREAS. 
 
 *3 
 $ 
 
 
 TH -I-H W O> 
 
 Internal. 
 
 ?D O5 TH ?D O3 C5 J> O 
 
 TH-r-lC^CQCOlOT-l-rHT-lO^ 
 
 External. 
 
 OOO5OiO?O-r-iOO 
 ^CO"^CO-rHOOi-H?OOOOOQO 
 
 T-lTHOJ05CO^0^t'-r-ICO 
 
 TH T-l W C<J 
 
 1 "3 
 
 U C 
 
 ^> -^ 
 
 ft * 
 
 1 1 
 
 ii 
 
 rt o 
 
 ^ ^ 
 !* M 
 o S 
 
 1 3 
 -a ^ 
 
 OJ 
 
 1 1 
 
 3 5 
 . 
 
 CIRCUMFERENCE. 
 
 Internal. 
 
 COC<JCQOO5J>D^T-lOOCO^ 
 C5lOt>lOC3OOOCOiOOlOCO 
 
 WCOC0^1OOCDOOC<-^100 
 
 External. 
 
 II11I15I111I 
 
 co^^iojoot-oseo^cot- 
 
 THICKNESS. 
 
 B.W.G. 
 
 COCOCOCOCOC005W000505 
 
 
 g 
 
 Q 
 
 lOlOKSlOiOHSIOGS^f^OOOC 
 
 1 DIAMETER. 
 
 Internal 
 
 lOC^iOlOlOiOOi^-CiO^^"^ 
 
 i-iTH-r-tT-'i-icQe'ico^^ic 
 
 4J 
 
 X 
 
 H 
 
 ^-S^^^^^^X^^:^ 
 
 
14 NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 I NATIONAL TUBE CCX-Bedstead Tubing. 
 
 IH! 
 
 0> w, 
 
 ^^ 
 
 COCO-rHCOlOlO^O 
 
 22P$THTHTHo;jcoooio^ioo3 
 
 CO O5 IO Ci t- O T- (JOi i t> W TH 
 C^CO^iOCOi>OOGOTHTHT*T* 
 
 ' TH TH TH OJ 
 
 Lap-Welded Tuyere Pipe. 
 
 Threads 
 per 
 Inch. 
 
 ^^ . 
 
 III! 
 
 O 1 ^ w, O 
 
 ^SP* 
 
 CQ CO 
 W CO 
 
 TRANSVERSE AREAS. 
 
 3 
 
 <v 
 
 s 
 
 iOOOCDOi^lOi-iC<>OO 
 OOCDC^COt-OOiO-OOiOi 
 COO5COt>OiOCOOO?^-i-iO 
 OOi-iTHTHOiOJOiCOCO^i> 
 
 
 TRANSVERSE AREAS. 
 
 1 
 S 
 
 <N OJ 
 
 O O5 
 
 Internal. 
 
 C5W5(MOiGOOOCOi>C<J 
 
 Internal. 
 
 II 
 
 -I-H -rH 
 
 "rt 
 
 x 
 W 
 
 ^eoooooc<?co^O5 
 
 External. 
 
 1O CD 
 CO T-I 
 
 THC? 
 
 TH iH TH CO 
 
 CIRCUMFERENCE. 
 
 Internal. 
 
 v 
 
 lOQOOCi>r^OJ>THOOO5 
 OJ-rHOOCOT-'CJCJi^CDiOT-HC^ 
 t>TH^OOi-HC*COI>COlO-i-iC 
 
 CIRCUMFERENCE. 1 
 
 Internal. 
 
 TH CO 
 
 CO O 
 
 
 
 cico 
 
 T-iTHi-iWCQOiOiCOOO^lO 
 
 External. 
 
 1-H JO 
 CO TH 
 
 rH<M 
 "*' 10 
 
 External. 
 
 
 rHT-lTHC<?(MCQCOCOCOTt<^CC> 
 
 THICK- 
 NESS. 
 
 si 
 
 THO) 
 
 THICKNESS. 
 
 llglllllllil 
 
 
 DIAMETER. 
 
 Internal. 
 
 1O 
 
 o o? 
 
 38 
 
 j DIAMETER. 
 
 Internal. 
 
 r-l?Oi-i^"^Oi^^C?O? 
 COOI>OOl^OCOOOt>CO-i-i?O 
 C^CO-*iOOI>OOOOOi-HCOl> 
 
 External. 
 
 o 
 
 T ( CO 
 
 CO 
 
 ^HrHrHrH 
 
 External. 
 
 c o oo o 10 o 
 
 DoSSt^^OOOOWCoSo 
 
 | Nominal. 
 
 THT? 
 
 ^ ,_, ,_ ^ rH CJ 
 
4 : T) 
 
 NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 15 
 
 STANDARD DIMENSIONS OF COUPLINGS 
 
 FOR 
 
 STEAM, GAS AND WATER PIPE, 
 
 BLACK AND GALVANIZED. 
 
 Size of 
 Pipe. 
 Nominal 
 Inside 
 Diameter 
 
 Inside 
 Diameter 
 of 
 Coupling 
 
 Outside 
 Diameter 
 ' of 
 Coupling 
 
 Length 
 of 
 Coupling 
 
 Thread 
 per Inch of 
 Screw. 
 
 Average 
 Weight of 
 Coupling 
 in Pounds. 
 
 Inches. 
 
 Inches. 
 
 Inches. 
 
 Inches. 
 
 
 
 # 
 
 H 
 
 if 
 
 H 
 
 27 
 
 .031 
 
 X 
 
 M 
 
 If 
 
 If 
 
 18 
 
 .046 
 
 H 
 
 If 
 
 II 
 
 1 
 
 18 
 
 .078 
 
 % 
 
 II 
 
 1 
 
 1A 
 
 14 
 
 .124 
 
 X 
 
 II 
 
 If* 
 
 i* 
 
 14 
 
 .250 
 
 1 
 
 Hi 
 
 1& 
 
 i 
 
 lltf 
 
 .455 
 
 IX 
 
 IK 
 
 iJi 
 
 2^ 
 
 UK 
 
 .562 
 
 iK 
 
 ix 
 
 3A 
 
 2^ 
 
 UK 
 
 .800 
 
 2 
 
 % 
 
 2^ 
 
 2^ 
 
 UK 
 
 1.250 
 
 2K 
 
 SB 
 
 A 
 
 2^ 
 
 8 
 
 1.757 
 
 3 
 
 3X 
 
 8H 
 
 3^ 
 
 8 
 
 2.625 
 
 3K 
 
 SB 
 
 4yV 
 
 3^ 
 
 8 
 
 4.000 
 
 4 
 
 4U 
 
 5 
 
 3^ 
 
 8 
 
 4.125 
 
 4K 
 
 4^ 
 
 5K 
 
 3^ 
 
 8 
 
 4.875 
 
 5 
 
 5A 
 
 6A 
 
 4^ 
 
 8 
 
 8.437 
 
 6 
 
 6H 
 
 -T 5 ^ 
 
 4^ 
 
 8 
 
 10.625 
 
 7 
 
 7^ 
 
 8 T 5 ^ 
 
 4^ 
 
 8 
 
 11.270 
 
 8 
 
 8^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 4^ 
 
 8 
 
 15.150 
 
 9 
 
 9iV 
 
 10^ 
 
 5^ 
 
 8 
 
 17.820 
 
 10 
 
 io T v 
 
 Utt 
 
 6^ 
 
 8 
 
 27.700 
 
 11 
 
 HM 
 
 12H 
 
 6^ 
 
 8 
 
 33.250 
 
 12 
 
 12 T V 
 
 18# 
 
 6^ 
 
 8 
 
 43.187 
 
 13 
 
 13H 
 
 15 T V 
 
 6^ 
 
 8 
 
 49.280 
 
 14 
 
 14ff 
 
 16^ 
 
 6^ 
 
 8 
 
 63.270 
 
 15 
 
 15H 
 
 17^ 
 
 6^ 
 
 8 
 
 66.000 
 
 ( - 
 
16 NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 STANDARD DIMENSIONS OF COUPLINGS 
 
 FOR 
 
 REGULAR CASING. 
 
 Size of 
 Casing. 
 Nominal 
 Inside 
 Diameter 
 
 Inside 
 Diameter 
 of 
 Coupling 
 
 Outside 
 Diameter 
 of . 
 Coupling 
 
 Length 
 of 
 Coupling 
 
 .Thread 
 per Inch of 
 Screw. 
 
 Average 
 Weight 
 of 
 Coupling 
 in Lbs. 
 
 Inches. 
 
 Inches. 
 
 Inches. 
 
 Inches. 
 
 
 
 llf 
 
 \7/ & 
 
 2 rV 
 
 2^ 
 
 14 
 
 .90 
 
 2 
 
 %~$? 
 
 2|| 
 
 2$ 
 
 14 
 
 1.31 
 
 2^ 
 
 3^1. 
 
 g2 9 
 
 2$ 
 
 14 
 
 1.50 
 
 2/^ 
 
 2^T 
 
 3 5 
 
 2fy 
 
 14 
 
 1.62 
 
 2% 
 
 2H 
 
 3fff 
 
 2$ 
 
 14 
 
 1.75 
 
 3 
 
 8* 
 
 3|^ 
 
 3/4 
 
 14 
 
 2.62 
 
 3^ 
 
 41 
 
 4 
 
 3/^ 
 
 14 
 
 2.87 
 
 
 319 
 
 4j/ 
 
 31^ 
 
 14 
 
 3.06 
 
 3^ 
 
 3! 7 
 
 4K 
 
 3/^ 
 
 14 
 
 2.25 
 
 4 
 
 4 ' 
 
 4f| 
 
 3^ 
 
 14 
 
 3.62 
 
 4X 
 
 4i^ 
 
 5 
 
 3^ 
 
 14 
 
 3.93 
 
 4/^5 
 
 444 
 
 5A 
 
 35*6 
 
 14 
 
 4.06 
 
 5^ 
 
 1 
 
 sf! 
 
 5|| 
 
 4^ 
 
 14 
 
 4.93 
 
 5.68 
 
 5$ 
 
 aft 
 
 
 4/^ 
 
 u&lly 2 
 
 5.93 
 6.37 
 
 6^ 
 
 6.L5. 
 
 7 S 
 
 4/^ 
 
 14 & 11 ji 
 
 7.93 
 
 65*6 
 
 651 
 
 7|| 
 
 4f^ 
 
 14 & ll/^ 
 
 9.68 
 
 7X 
 
 7!! 
 
 
 4^ 
 
 14 & 11^ 
 
 9.93 
 
 
 735 
 
 8 83 
 
 51^ 
 
 11^ 
 
 14.00 
 
 8// 
 
 3^1 
 
 93/ 
 
 51^ 
 
 ll/^ 
 
 15.37 
 
 8$A 
 
 8?6 
 
 yj>/ 
 
 5/^ 
 
 11 /^ 
 
 15.93 
 
 9^6 
 
 9a/ 
 
 1086 
 
 
 11 /^ 
 
 24.60 
 
 10* 
 
 10/ 
 
 H>| 
 
 6/^ 
 
 11^ 
 
 26.00 
 
 
 1Q26 
 
 \~\_7/. 
 
 gi^$ 
 
 11^ 
 
 27.83 
 
 11^ 
 
 lifl 
 
 \%7/ 
 
 6/^ 
 
 11^ 
 
 29.75 
 
 125^ 
 
 ^2al 
 
 14 
 
 6/^ 
 
 11 M 
 
 35.00 
 
 13^ 
 
 13f| 
 
 15 
 
 6/^ 
 
 H>^ 
 
 42.50 
 
 14 /^ 
 
 
 16 1/ 
 
 gr^ 
 
 UK 
 
 50.00 
 
 # 
 
 15* 
 
 17/8 
 
 6JS 
 
 UK 
 
 52.50 
 
 
NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 17 
 
 STANDARD DIMENSIONS OF COUPLINGS 
 
 FOR 
 
 LINE PIPE. 
 
 Size of 
 Pipe, 
 Nominal 
 Inside 
 Diameter 
 
 Inside 
 Diameter 
 of 
 Coupling 
 
 Outside 
 Diameter 
 of 
 Coupling 
 
 Length 
 of 
 Coupling 
 
 Thread 
 per Inch of 
 Screw. 
 
 Average 
 Weight 
 of 
 Coupling 
 in Pounds. 
 
 Inches. 
 
 Inches. 
 
 Inches. 
 
 Inches. 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 H 
 
 fi 
 
 IT B ^ 
 
 18 
 
 .06 
 
 H 
 
 II 
 
 u 
 
 Itt 
 
 18 
 
 .17 
 
 % 
 
 If 
 
 1* 
 
 lit 
 
 14 
 
 .29 
 
 X 
 
 if 
 
 1/8 
 
 2A 
 
 14 
 
 .41 
 
 \ 
 
 Hi 
 
 1# 
 
 2A 
 
 UK 
 
 .64 
 
 w 
 
 IK 
 
 2M 
 
 3 
 
 UK 
 
 1.10 
 
 w 
 
 in 
 
 A 
 
 HI 
 
 UK 
 
 1.18 
 
 2 
 
 a* 
 
 2^ 
 
 3^ 
 
 UK 
 
 2.50 
 
 2K 
 
 3tt 
 
 3 T V 
 
 3^ 
 
 8 
 
 3.12 
 
 3 
 
 3& 
 
 4A 
 
 3^ 
 
 8 
 
 3.85 
 
 3K 
 
 3^ 
 
 4H 
 
 4 T \ 
 
 8 
 
 5.00 
 
 4 
 
 4& 
 
 5 T 3 ff 
 
 4A 
 
 8 
 
 6.50 
 
 4K 
 
 4ff 
 
 5^ 
 
 4 T 3 ^ 
 
 8 
 
 7.70 
 
 5 
 
 5X 
 
 Z& 
 
 5^ 
 
 8 
 
 11.21 
 
 6 
 
 6 T B TT 
 
 ftt 
 
 5^ 
 
 8 
 
 12.00 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 8H 
 
 6^ 
 
 8 
 
 14.75 
 
 8 
 
 8tt 
 
 9 T V 
 
 5^ 
 
 8 
 
 23.25 
 
 9 
 
 m 
 
 10^ 
 
 6>g 
 
 8 
 
 26.48 
 
 10 
 
 IOH 
 
 HH 
 
 6^ 
 
 8 
 
 29.50 
 
 11 
 
 11% 
 
 12ii 
 
 6^ 
 
 8 
 
 34.75 
 
 12 
 
 12 T V 
 
 13^ 
 
 6^ 
 
 8 
 
 39.50 
 
 18 
 
 13H 
 
 15 T V 
 
 6^ 
 
 8 
 
 46.00 
 
 14 
 
 14|| 
 
 16 T V 
 
 6^ 
 
 8 
 
 59.75 
 
 15 
 
 15H 
 
 17k 
 
 6^ 
 
 8 
 
 62.25 
 
 \i 
 

 18 NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 STANDARD DIMENSIONS OF COUPLINGS 
 
 FOR 
 
 DRIVE PIPE. 
 
 Size of 
 Pipe 
 Nominal 
 Inside 
 Diameter 
 
 Inside 
 Diameter 
 of 
 Coupling 
 
 Outside 
 Diameter 
 of 
 Coupling 
 
 Length 
 of 
 Coupling 
 
 Thread 
 per Inch of 
 Screw. 
 
 Average 
 Weight of 
 Coupling 
 in Pounds. 
 
 Inches. 
 
 Inches 
 
 Inches. 
 
 Inches. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 i i 
 
 ll^i* 
 
 1.10 
 
 l/^ 
 
 !% 
 
 2 3 9 5 
 
 gi| 
 
 l\% 
 
 1.18 
 
 2 
 
 JJC 
 
 2% 
 
 3'M 
 
 \\\4> 
 
 2.50 
 
 
 gs? 
 
 3 15 
 
 3i 
 
 8 
 
 3.12 
 
 3" 
 
 3J4 
 
 ^ts 
 
 3% 
 
 8 
 
 3.85 
 
 3&j 
 
 3i 5 
 
 423 
 
 4^3 
 
 8 
 
 5.00 
 
 4 
 
 4J4 
 
 5^ 
 
 4-3 s 
 
 8 
 
 6.50 
 
 4^4 
 
 4% 
 
 5% 
 
 43 
 
 8 
 
 7.70 
 
 5 
 
 517 
 
 gi 
 
 5/^ 
 
 8 
 
 11.21 
 
 
 
 g_s 
 
 71 3 
 
 51^ 
 
 8 
 
 12.00 
 
 7 
 
 7* 1 
 
 41 
 
 gix 
 
 8 
 
 14.75 
 
 8 
 
 gi i 
 
 9 ? 
 
 6V^ 
 
 8 
 
 23.25 
 
 9 
 
 9j| 
 
 
 y& 
 
 8 
 
 2648 
 
 10 
 
 10% 
 
 nil 
 
 giz 
 
 8 
 
 29.50 
 
 11 
 
 11% 
 
 
 gi^ 
 
 8 
 
 34.75 
 
 12 
 
 12 7 jt 
 
 13% 
 
 giz 
 
 8 
 
 39.50 
 
 13 
 
 isle 
 
 15rs 
 
 gi^ 
 
 8 
 
 46.00 
 
 14 
 
 14 2 ? 
 
 jg^ 
 
 gi^ 
 
 8 
 
 59.75 
 
 15 
 
 15f! 
 
 17W 
 
 6^ 
 
 8 
 
 62.25 
 
 STANDARD DIMENSIONS OF COUPLINGS 
 
 FOR 
 
 TUBING. 
 
 Size of 
 Tube 
 Nominal 
 Inside 
 Diameter 
 
 Inside 
 Diameter 
 of 
 Coupling 
 
 Outside 
 Diameter 
 of 
 Coupling 
 
 Length 
 of 
 Coupling 
 
 Thread 
 per Inch of 
 Screw. 
 
 Average 
 Weight of 
 Coupling 
 in Pounds. 
 
 Inches. 
 
 Inches. 
 
 Inches. 
 
 Inches. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1.10 
 
 ji7 
 
 J23 
 
 2_9 
 
 2ri 
 
 11/4 
 
 1.18 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 2% 
 
 39i 
 
 11^ 
 
 2.50 
 
 
 0?9 
 
 s2 
 
 3% 
 
 llifj 
 
 3.12 
 
 3 
 
 g 3 7^ 
 
 41 
 
 3^ 
 
 H/^j 
 
 3.85 
 
 gix 
 
 sii 
 
 423 
 
 4 ^ 
 
 8 
 
 5.00 
 
 4 
 
 4v 
 
 gj 5 
 
 
 8 
 
 6.50 
 
 
 423 
 
 gK/ 
 
 
 8 
 
 7.70 
 
 5 
 
 5J4 
 
 6 T I 
 
 
 8 
 
 11 21 
 
 6 
 
 
 rfl 
 
 
 8 
 
 12.00 
 
 1 ; n 
 
NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 19 
 
 SPECIAL LIGHT LAP- WELDED PIPE 
 
 FITTED WITH 
 
 CAST IRON LUGGED FLANGES. 
 
 Shrunk on, Beaded and Expanded, and Finished with Bolts, Nuts and Gaskets, Complete. 
 
 
 
 1A11 quotations based on random lengths, 16 to 18 feet. Suitable for water at pressure not exceeding 80 Ibs 
 per square inch. For compressed air. For gas, and for exhaust steam. (See illustration, page 25.) 
 
 Q "O }O^X3 
 
 c - - 
 
 oja 's^og 
 8*Id W* 
 
 adi<j ;qSiq 
 jo }ooj jad 
 ^AV 'UIOK 
 
 ^ 8 8 S 8 S S i8 5 
 
 1^ ' 10 00* 0* Ot ^j i-t OJ 
 
 Size of Gasket. 
 
 s^N)^l(^|tva) > >>xp 
 
 $ $ ? $ $ f 
 
 .xxx, xxxx^ 
 
 lii^^g^^g 
 HHHMHHHP 
 
 ^^^^^^^^ 
 
 saStreijj 
 
 JO JlT?d 
 
 jo itiSpM 
 
 22J2S883SS 
 
 S}[og 
 jo azig 
 
 a"^^^^^^^^ 
 
 stnog 
 jo qjSuaq 
 
 5 ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^! 
 
 Cr)Tl-j<oioiO?Dl> 
 
 salon liog 
 jo aj^uaQ 
 
 r N 5P^P x iP > i' :> 'i! :i ' v ?' s ? ) 
 
 |s * * f 3 
 
 aSuB[^;ui 
 salon aiog 
 jo Jtaquin^ 
 
 
 
 aSuBi^ 
 jo ojiH 
 jo ssau^oiitx 
 
 " ^1 oS! eS ^!^!^^ 
 C-r-r-lr-l<NC(Me*eO 
 
 aSuBiji jo 
 
 a-o 
 
 w^^ 1 ^SP^ 1 ^^^ 1 
 
 fi^^o ^^^^^ 
 
 
 spug -yd 
 'adid jo ;ooji 
 aad ^SiaAV 
 
 S S S 3 55 S 3 
 
 J co *' <p 00 O Ot > 
 
 aanssajj 
 
 9JBS 
 
 Ss&ssssss 
 
 adirf jo 
 
 ^ax inw 
 
 SI 1 1 1 1 1 1 
 
 adjd jo 
 ssainpittx 
 
 Sl^SS * 05 ^^ 
 
 adij jo 
 Q 'Ol^xa 
 
 geo-*oot-Qooo* 
 
NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 duinj jo }00 
 
 r~< 
 
 jo a 
 
 JO 9ZT S 
 
 jo 
 
 JO 9J1U9O 
 
 ui S9IOH ; 
 jo aaqui 
 
 pus 'Id 
 j jo }oo 
 
 9dij jo 
 
 gdtj jo 
 '6 P* X 3 
 
 O- . 
 
 ' ' 
 
 o<a 
 
NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 I 
 
 S 
 
 ti! 
 
 S.j 
 !; 
 
 < a ; 
 *J 6" 
 
 81 
 
 II 
 
 gll 
 |fl 
 
 in 
 
 Si 
 
 uBU u; 
 H }] o a 
 jo j 3 quin N 
 
 3d H JO 
 
 CTO "Bx 
 
NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 CO 9 
 
 & J 
 2 s 
 
 a 
 
 III 
 
 S 3 3 
 
 o ^ 
 
 n 
 
 p 
 
 fe 
 oo < 
 
 < O 
 
 S < 
 
 t 
 
 6* ^ 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 U! 
 
 j j 
 o ^ 
 
 03 o 
 
 s 
 
 S 
 
 9dtj jo 
 Q "O P 
 
 019 'S^ 
 
 l saSuBT 
 <9di d jo ;obj 
 
 saSuBtJ^o p'o2|g|||||||g|||| 
 
 jo q 
 
 93UBU Ul 
 
 alon liog jo 
 
 9J1U93 
 
 jo ss9ti>piqx 
 
 JO 
 
 9dlJ JO ^00 j 
 
 9dlJ JO 
 
 J9d ?HSi 
 
 jo ^59^ IUH 
 
 fdfd jo | g j 
 
NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 8 
 
 Q 2 
 H o 
 
 3 
 II 
 
 to 
 
 J-. cc 
 
 rr ^ 
 
 P 
 
 N 
 
 eo" c 
 
 5 J 
 
 S o 
 
 w lg 
 
 S s 
 
 fe 5 
 
 a I 
 
 9di<i jo 
 Q 'O 133 
 
 019 'snog 
 
 9dlJ JO 100 
 
 J9d iq3i9A 
 
 JO 9ZIS 
 
 S9JOH ;iog jo 
 
 JO SS9U3piqj, 
 
 9SUBU JO 
 
 Q '0 
 
 spug 'i 
 
 d ld J 10 
 
 9JT3S 
 
 MMMMMMMMMMMMHMMH 
 
 5SlgIi 
 
 j 
 
 S^^SS^^^^iS^^ ^^ 
 
 ^s ^ 
 
 9dlJ JO 
 
 ' 
 
NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 'ssSuBj j HIJAV 
 
 SdlJ JO 100 j[ 
 
 J3d 1H3I3M 
 
 S3SUBJ J JO 
 
 BI J JO 
 
 iqSiSAY 
 
 snog 
 
 JO 9ZI S 
 
 oeccoweo^T^ 
 
 jo 
 
 jo s 
 
 3dij 
 
 jo 
 
 jo 
 
 
NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 25 
 
 SPECIAL LIGHT LAP- WELDED PIPE LAP- WELDED PUMP COLUMNS 
 
 Fit ted with Cast Iron Lugged Flanges. Fitted wlt c2i 
 
 LAP-WELDED PIPE LAP-WELDED PIPE 
 
 Fitted with Cast Iron Collar Flanges. Fltted with Ca st Iron Single Riveted 
 
 Flanges. 
 
 LAP-WELDED PIPE LAP-WELDED PIPE 
 
 Fitted with CasUronDouble Riveted FiUed whh SoHd Wdded p , anges 
 
NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 CAST IRON 
 
 THREADED 
 
 FLANGES. 
 
 Master Steam Fitters' 
 Standard Sizes* 
 
 Bolting for Light Pressures 
 
 Not Exceeding 
 Seventy-Five Pounds. 
 
 Pipe 
 Size. 
 
 Outside 
 Diameter 
 of 
 Flange. 
 
 Thickness 
 of Face. 
 
 Number 
 of 
 Bolts. 
 
 Size of 
 Bolts. 
 
 Bolt 
 Hole 
 Circle. 
 
 Weight 
 per Pair 
 in Lbs. 
 
 Inches. 
 
 Inches. 
 
 Inches. 
 
 
 Inches. 
 
 Inches. 
 
 
 2 
 
 6 
 
 % 
 
 4 - 
 
 % 
 
 4^ 
 
 8 
 
 2</ 2 
 
 7 
 
 H 
 
 4 
 
 v* 
 
 5j^ 
 
 12 
 
 3 
 
 7^ 
 
 # 
 
 4 
 
 % 
 
 6 
 
 14 
 
 3^ 
 
 Sy 2 
 
 If 
 
 4 
 
 y* 
 
 7 
 
 20 
 
 4 
 
 9 
 
 11 
 
 4 
 
 % 
 
 7^ 
 
 24 
 
 4K 
 
 9X 
 
 if 
 
 8 
 
 # 
 
 7# 
 
 25 
 
 5 
 
 10 
 
 if 
 
 8 
 
 % 
 
 8^ 
 
 30 
 
 6 
 
 11 
 
 1 
 
 8 
 
 % 
 
 9K 
 
 34 
 
 7 
 
 iStf 
 
 IxV 
 
 8 
 
 % 
 
 10^ 
 
 46 
 
 8 
 
 18# 
 
 i# 
 
 8 
 
 # 
 
 11^ 
 
 54 
 
 9 
 
 15 
 
 i# 
 
 12 
 
 % 
 
 13X 
 
 66 
 
 10 
 
 16 
 
 IT"* 
 
 12 
 
 x 
 
 14X 
 
 74 
 
 12 
 
 19 
 
 i# 
 
 12 
 
 X 
 
 17 
 
 112 
 
 14O.D. 
 
 21 
 
 1/8 
 
 12 
 
 H 
 
 18# 
 
 147 
 
 15 " 
 
 22^ 
 
 1/8 
 
 16 
 
 # 
 
 20 
 
 162 
 
NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 SPECIAL 
 
 Steel Lap -Welded Pipe, 
 
 FITTEI> WITH 
 
 CONVERSE PATENT LOCK JOINT. 
 
 (Cast Iron Hub.) 
 
 SILVERTIN. 
 
 SIZE. 
 
 APPROXIMATE WEIGHT. 
 
 0. D. 
 
 Inches. 
 
 Nearest 
 B'g'm 
 Wire 
 Gauge. 
 
 Plain 
 Ends, 
 per foot. 
 Ibs. 
 
 Hub. 
 Ibs. 
 
 Lead, 
 one side. 
 Ibs. 
 
 Complete, 
 per foot. 
 Ibs. 
 
 2 
 
 13 
 
 1.91 
 
 5 
 
 1 
 
 2.00 
 
 3 
 
 12 
 
 3.33 
 
 9 
 
 2 
 
 3.94 
 
 4 
 
 11 
 
 4.89 
 
 14 
 
 2^ 
 
 5.81 
 
 5 
 
 10 
 
 6.85 
 
 19 
 
 3 
 
 8.02 
 
 6 
 
 10 
 
 8.26 
 
 21 
 
 4 
 
 9.65 
 
 7 
 
 9 
 
 10.65 
 
 32 
 
 5/2 
 
 12.74 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 12.21 
 
 35 
 
 7 
 
 14.54 
 
 9 
 
 8^ 
 
 14.58 
 
 37^ 
 
 ?K 
 
 17.08 
 
 10 
 
 8^ 
 
 16.18 
 
 41 
 
 8 
 
 18.90 
 
 12 
 
 7 
 
 22.35 
 
 58 
 
 10 
 
 26.13 
 
 14 
 
 7 
 
 25.25 
 
 73 
 
 12 
 
 30.00 
 
 15 
 
 W 
 
 30.00 
 
 85 
 
 15 
 
 36.40 
 
 16 
 
 5 
 
 39.60 
 
 132 
 
 17# 
 
 46.25 
 
 18 
 
 X 
 
 47.00 
 
 149 
 
 30 
 
 56.25 
 
 20 
 
 
 65.15 
 
 217 
 
 38 
 
 78.50 
 
 22 
 
 u 
 
 78.50 
 
 280 
 
 50 
 
 96.00 
 
 24 
 
 y% 
 
 93.50 
 
 342 
 
 58^ 
 
 114.50 
 
 26 
 
 H 
 
 102.00 
 
 380 
 
 70 
 
 138.00 
 
 28 
 
 X 
 
 110.00 
 
 430 
 
 85 
 
 151.00 
 
 30 
 
 ft 
 
 136.60 
 
 475 
 
 100 
 
 168.60 
 
NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 WEIGHTS OF FITTINGS. 
 Converse Joint, 
 
 As a matter of convenience and to give an idea of the 
 average weight of Converse Patent Lock Joint Fittings, 
 we submit the following list of a few standard patterns. 
 
 All ends are Converse L/ock Bells, except where other- 
 wise stated. Bell connections for cast iron pipe are 
 indicated by an asterisk (*) ; bell connections for threaded 
 pipe, by a single dagger (f). 
 
 REDUCING TEES. 
 
 Size. 
 
 Weight 
 Ibs. 
 
 Size. 
 
 Weight 
 Ibs. 
 
 Size. 
 
 Weight 
 Ibs. 
 
 3x2x2 
 
 34 
 
 6x5x5 
 
 81 
 
 14x14x10 
 
 
 3x2x3 
 
 30 
 
 6x6x5 
 
 97 
 
 14x14x12 
 
 
 3x3x2 
 
 36 
 
 7x4x7 
 
 
 16xl6x 4 
 
 330 
 
 3x4x3 
 
 35 
 
 7x7x4 
 
 'si 
 
 16xl6x 6 
 
 355 
 
 4x2x4 
 
 43 
 
 7x5x7 
 
 
 16xl6x 8 
 
 
 4x3x2 
 
 39 
 
 7x7x5 
 
 
 16x16x10 
 
 
 4x4x2 
 
 35 
 
 7x6x7 
 
 
 16x16x12 
 
 
 4x3x4 
 
 36 
 
 7x7x6 
 
 
 16x16x14 
 
 
 4x4x3 
 
 37 
 
 7x6x6 
 
 
 18xl8x 6 
 
 
 4x3x3 
 
 40 
 
 8x4x8 
 
 107 
 
 18x18x10 
 
 
 4x4x6 
 
 55 
 
 8x8x4 
 
 91 
 
 18x18x12 
 
 
 5x3x5 
 
 
 8x5x8 
 
 117 
 
 18x18x16 
 
 
 5x5x3 
 
 57 
 
 8x8x5 
 
 118 
 
 20x20x 6 
 
 
 5x4x5 
 
 
 8x6x5 
 
 100 
 
 20x20x 8 
 
 640 
 
 5x5x4 
 
 60 
 
 8x6x8 
 
 103 
 
 20x20x10 
 
 
 5x5x6 
 
 70 
 
 8x8x6 
 
 97 
 
 20x20x12 
 
 
 6x3x3 
 
 60 
 
 8x6x6 
 
 87 
 
 20x20x14 
 
 
 6x3x6 
 
 60 
 
 10x10x4 
 
 118 
 
 20x20x16 
 
 
 6x4x5 
 
 76 
 
 10x10x5 
 
 
 24x24x 6 
 
 
 6x4x6 
 
 68 
 
 10x6x10 
 
 
 24x24x 8 
 
 
 6x6x3 
 
 59 
 
 10x10x6 
 
 iii 
 
 24x24x10 
 
 
 6x6x4 
 
 70 
 
 10x10x8 
 
 136 
 
 24x24x12 
 
 
 6x5x4 
 
 79 
 
 12x12x4 
 
 161 
 
 24x24x14 
 
 
 6x4x4 
 
 58 
 
 12x12x6 
 
 156 
 
 24x24x16 
 
 
 6x5x6 
 
 
 12x12x8 
 
 160 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 29 
 
 CONVERSE JOINT FITTINGS. 
 CROSSES. 
 
 SIZE. 
 
 Weight' 
 Ibf. 
 
 SIZE. 
 
 Weight 
 Ibs. 
 
 SIZE. 
 
 Weight 
 Ibs. 
 
 2x2x2x2 
 3x3x3x3 
 4x4x4x4 
 5x5x5x5 
 6x6x6x6 
 
 21 
 39 
 
 57 
 71 
 104 
 
 8x 8x 8x 8 
 10x10x10x10 
 12x12x12x12 
 14x14x14x14 
 16x16x16x16 
 
 156 
 205 
 306 
 
 18x18x18x18 
 20x20x20x20 
 22x22x22x22 
 24x24x24x24 
 
 
 
 
 
 REDUCING CROSSES. 
 
 SIZE. 
 
 Weight 
 Ibf. 
 
 SIZE. 
 
 Weight 
 Ibs. 
 
 SIZE. 
 
 Weight 
 Ibs 
 
 3x3x2x2 
 3x2x3x2 
 4x4x2x2 
 4x4x3x3 
 4x3x4x3 
 5x5x3x3 
 5x3x5x3 
 5x5x4x4 
 5x4x5x4 
 5x5x5x4 
 6x6x4x4 
 6x6x3x3 
 6x3x6x3 
 6x6x5x5 
 6x5x6x5 
 
 '39 
 46 
 60 
 50 
 
 71 
 
 'i\ 
 
 77 
 67 
 
 120 
 102 
 
 6x 4x 6x 4 
 6x 6x 6x 3 
 
 8x 8x 4x 4 
 8x 4x 8x 8 
 8x 6x 8x 6 
 8x 6x 4x 4 
 8x 8x 6x 6 
 8x 8x 5x 5 
 lOxlOx 4x 4 
 lOx 4xlOx 4 
 lOxlOx 5x 5 
 lOx SxlOx 5 
 lOxlOx 6x 6 
 lOx 6xlOx 6 
 lOxlOx 8x 8 
 
 78 
 103 
 98 
 131 
 129 
 132 
 118 
 127 
 125 
 123 
 162 
 
 166 
 i98 
 
 lOx 8xlOx 8 
 12xl2x 6x 6 
 12x 6xl2x 6 
 12xl2x 8x 8 
 12x 8xl2x 8 
 12x10x12x10 
 14x14x12x12 
 16x16x10x10 
 16x16x12x12 
 18xl8x 6x 6 
 18x18x10x10 
 18x18x12x12 
 20x20x 6x 6 
 20x20x10x10 
 20x20x16x16 
 
 218 
 166 
 
 261 
 646 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS CROSSES. 
 
 SIZE. 
 
 Weight 
 Ibf. 
 
 SIZE. 
 
 Weight 
 Ibf. 
 
 SIZE. 
 
 Weight 
 Ibs. 
 
 4x4x6x4 
 6x5x6x4 
 6x4x4x4 
 6x4x6x3 
 
 92 
 
 110 
 90 
 93 
 
 6x6x6x4 
 6x6x6x3 
 
 8x6x8x5 
 8x4x8x8 
 
 105 
 103 
 126 
 131 
 
 8x6x8x4 
 8x4x6x6 
 
 136 
 
 Some of the weights in these tables of Converse Joint Fittings 
 are not given ; the reason being that there are not Standard pat- 
 terns for the sizes where weights are omitted, and the patterns of 
 some other sizes are made adaptable for same. This would cause 
 a variation in weights, and for this reason it is thought best to 
 give no fixed weights for fittings so manufactured. 
 ' 
 
30 NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 TEES, 
 
 SIZE. 
 
 Weight, 
 Ibf. 
 
 SIZE. 
 
 Weight, 
 Ibf. 
 
 SIZE. 
 
 Weight, 
 Ibf. 
 
 2x2x2 
 3x3x3 
 4x4x4 
 5x5x5 
 6x6x6 
 7x7x7 
 
 17 
 29 
 45 
 56 
 70 
 84 
 
 8x 8x 8 
 9x 9x 9 
 10x10x10 
 12x12x12 
 13x13x13 
 14x14x14 
 
 127 
 
 178 
 192 
 
 359 
 
 15x15x15 
 16x16x16 
 18x18x18 
 20x20x20 
 22x22x22 
 24x24x24 
 
 957 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS TEES. 
 
 SIZE. 
 
 Weight, 
 Ibf. 
 
 SIZE. 
 
 Weight, 
 Ibf. 
 
 SIZE. 
 
 Weight, 
 Ibs. 
 
 6x 5x 4 
 lOx 4x10 
 lOx 5x10 
 lOx 6x 6 
 
 79 
 
 iio 
 
 lOx 8x10 
 10x10x12 
 lOx 8x 8 
 12x 6x12 
 
 135 
 
 182 
 
 12x 8x12 
 12x 8x 8 
 14x12x14 
 16x 8x16 
 
 282 
 600 
 
 REDUCERS. 
 
 SIZE. 
 
 Weight, 
 Ibf. 
 
 SIZE. 
 
 Weight, 
 Ibf. 
 
 SIZE. 
 
 Weight, 
 Ibf. 
 
 3 to 2 
 4 to 2 
 4 to 3 
 5 to 3 
 5 to 4 
 6 to 2 
 6 to 3 
 6 to 4 
 6 to 5 
 7 to 5 
 8 to 3 
 8 to 4 
 
 27 
 22 
 27 
 39 
 36 
 55 
 36 
 40 
 46 
 52 
 60 
 53 
 
 8 to 5 
 8 to 6 
 10 to 4 
 10 to 5 
 10 to 6 
 10 to 8 
 12 to 5 
 12 to 6 
 12 to 8 
 12 to 10 
 13 to 12 
 14 to 13 
 
 70 
 63 
 90 
 94 
 94 
 107 
 154 
 154 
 138 
 
 '90 
 
 88 
 
 16 fco 6 
 16 to 8 
 16 to 10 
 16 to 12 
 18 to 16 
 20 to 12 
 20 to 18 
 20 to 16 
 24 to 12 
 24 to 18 
 24 to 20 
 
 295 
 
 256 
 256 
 
 442 
 395 
 505 
 
 608 
 
 
 
 ) 
 
NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 31 
 
 ELLS. 
 
 
 Wt. 
 
 
 wt. 
 
 
 Wt. 
 
 SIZE. 
 
 
 SIZE. 
 
 
 SIZE. 
 
 
 
 Ibs. 
 
 
 Ibs. 
 
 
 Ibs. 
 
 2x2x90 
 
 12 
 
 7x 7x45 
 
 
 14xl4x22i 6 
 
 
 2x2x60 
 
 
 7x 7x30 
 
 
 14x14x10 
 
 
 2x2x45 
 
 '9 
 
 7x 7x224 
 
 39 
 
 15x15x90 
 
 
 2x2x30 
 
 8 
 
 7x 7x10 
 
 
 15x15x60 
 
 
 2x2x224 
 
 
 8x 8x90 
 
 95 
 
 15x15x45 
 
 
 2x2x10 
 
 
 8x 8x60 
 
 71 
 
 15x15x30 
 
 
 3x3x90 
 
 25 
 
 8x 8x45 
 
 69 
 
 15x15x224 
 
 
 3x3x60 
 
 
 8x 8x30 
 
 
 15x15x10 
 
 
 3x3x45 
 
 12 
 
 8x 8x224 
 
 64 
 
 16x16x90 
 
 420 
 
 3x3x30 
 
 
 8x 8x10 
 
 50 
 
 16x16x60 
 
 
 3x3x224 
 
 13 
 
 10x10x90 
 
 148 
 
 16x16x45 
 
 265 
 
 3x3x10 
 
 
 10x10x60 
 
 
 16x16x30 
 
 
 4x4x90 
 
 32 
 
 10x10x45 
 
 93 
 
 16x16x224 
 
 
 4x4x60 
 
 25 
 
 10x10x30 
 
 
 16x16x10 
 
 
 4x4x45 
 4x4x30 
 
 23 
 
 17 
 
 10x10x224 
 10x10x10 
 
 
 18x18x90 
 18x18x60 
 
 
 4x4x224 
 
 
 12x12x90 
 
 205 
 
 18x18x45 
 
 
 4x4x10 
 
 
 12x12x60 
 
 
 18x18x30 
 
 
 5x5x90 
 
 41 
 
 12x12x45 
 
 132 
 
 18x18x224 
 
 
 5x5x60 
 
 
 12x12x30 
 
 108 
 
 18x18x10 
 
 
 5x5x45 
 
 32 
 
 12x12x224 
 
 112 
 
 20x20x90 
 
 840 
 
 5x5x30 
 
 
 12x12x10 
 
 95 
 
 20x20x60 
 
 
 5x5x224 
 
 
 13x13x90 
 
 230 
 
 20x20x45 
 
 
 5x5x10 
 
 
 13x13x60 
 
 
 20x20x30 
 
 620 
 
 6x6x90 
 
 57 
 
 13x13x45 
 
 
 20x20x224- 
 
 365 
 
 6x6x60 
 
 48 
 
 13x13x30 
 
 
 20x20x10 
 
 
 6x6x45 
 6x6x30 
 
 41 
 39 
 
 13x13x224 
 13x13x10 
 
 
 24x24x90 
 24x24x60 
 
 1143 
 
 6x6x224 
 
 30 
 
 14x14x90 
 
 247 
 
 24x24x45 
 
 
 6x6x10 
 
 30 
 
 14x14x60 
 
 
 24x24x30 
 
 
 7x7x90 
 
 72 
 
 14x14x45 
 
 163 
 
 24x24x224 
 
 550 
 
 7x7x60 
 
 
 14x14x30 
 
 
 24x24x10 
 
 
 Y'S. 
 
 SIZE. 
 
 wt. 
 
 SIZE. 
 
 Wt. 
 
 SIZE. 
 
 Wt. 
 
 
 Ibs. 
 
 
 Ibs. 
 
 
 Ibs. 
 
 3x3x3 
 
 33 
 
 6x6x6 
 
 123 
 
 12x12x12 
 
 350 
 
 4x4x4 
 
 70 
 
 8x8x8 
 
 180 
 
 18x18x18 
 
 1145 
 
 5x5x5 
 
 95 
 
 10x10x10 
 
 262 
 
 20x20x20 
 
 2400 
 
 
32 NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 PLUGS. 
 
 SIZE. 
 
 Wt. 
 
 Ibs. 
 
 SIZE. 
 
 Wt. 
 Ibs. 
 
 SIZE. 
 
 Wt. 
 Ibs. 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 25 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 7 
 
 14 
 
 12 
 
 30 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 8 
 
 19 
 
 14 
 
 40 
 
 5 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 22 
 
 16 
 
 54 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS. 
 
 CROSSES. 
 
 TEES. 
 
 ELLS. 
 
 SIZE. 
 
 Wt. 
 Ibs. 
 
 SIZE. 
 
 Wt. 
 Ibs. 
 
 SIZE. 
 
 Wt. 
 
 Ibs. 
 
 3x3xlfxlf 
 
 22 
 
 2x 2 x ff 
 
 11 
 
 6x 4fx90 
 
 70 
 
 4x4x2fx2f 
 4x4x6*x6* 
 
 56 
 124 
 
 2x 2 xlif 
 3x 3 xl f 
 
 11 
 22 
 
 6x 5fx90 
 12xl2fx60 
 
 65 
 
 180 
 
 4x4x4 x2f 
 
 6x6x8*x8* 
 
 75 
 184 
 
 3x 2fx3 
 4x 4 x2 f 
 
 43 
 
 44 
 
 REDUCERS. 
 
 6x6x4x2f 
 
 83 
 
 5x 3 x2 f 
 
 40 
 
 SIZE. 
 
 Wt. ibs 
 
 
 
 6x 6 x2 f 
 
 97 
 
 4 to 2f 
 
 17 
 
 
 
 10x10 x4i-- 
 
 163 
 
 12 to 12* 
 
 247 
 
 
 
 10x10 x7 
 
 165 
 
 16 to 16* 
 
 450 
 
 
 
 4x 4 x4 
 
 49 
 
 8 to 8 * 
 
 61 
 
 
 
 2x 2 x2 f 
 
 16 
 
 8* to 6 
 
 62 
 
 
 
 6x 6 x6 * 
 
 115 
 
 6* to 6 
 
 46 
 
 Fittings 
 
 on the above Miscellaneous List may vary 
 
 in weight 15 per cent. All combinations of Converse 
 
 and threaded pipe, and Converse and cast-iron pipe 
 
 connections 
 
 will be uncertain weights, as patterns are 
 
 changed for each requirement. 
 
 
 
NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 SPECIAL 
 
 Steel Lap- Welded Pipe 
 
 FITTED WITH 
 
 MATHESON PATENT JOINT. 
 
 0. D. 
 
 Thick- 
 ness 
 Nearest 
 B. W. G. 
 
 Approximate Weights. 
 
 Lead 
 Space. 
 
 Size of 
 Rings. 
 
 Per Foot 
 Complete. 
 
 Pounds of 
 Lead 
 in Joint. 
 
 2 
 
 13 
 
 1.91 
 
 # 
 
 X 
 
 A*# 
 
 3 
 
 12 
 
 3.40 
 
 1 
 
 % 
 
 A*tf 
 
 4 
 
 io# 
 
 5.25 
 
 1^ 
 
 A 
 
 X*^ 
 
 5 
 
 9^ 
 
 7.30 
 
 2 
 
 A 
 
 X*x 
 
 6 
 
 9^ 
 
 8.75 
 
 3^ 
 
 T 3 ir 
 
 Ail 
 
 7 
 
 9 
 
 10.75 
 
 4 
 
 A 
 
 A^i 
 
 8 
 
 8K 
 
 13.00 
 
 5 
 
 A 
 
 ^xl 
 
 9 
 
 8^ 
 
 14.65 
 
 6X 
 
 -^ 
 
 #*1 
 
 10 
 
 8 
 
 17.08 
 
 7/8 
 
 A 
 
 T 7 ^l 
 
 12 
 
 6 
 
 25.12 
 
 11^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 KxlX 
 
 14 
 
 5K - 
 
 31.00 
 
 13^ 
 
 X 
 
 ^xiy 
 
 15 
 
 4K 
 
 35.42 
 
 15 
 
 X 
 
 ^xlX 
 
 16 
 
 3K 
 
 42.00 
 
 16 
 
 X 
 
 >^xlX 
 
 18 
 
 1* 
 
 56.00 
 
 26^ 
 
 N 
 
 ^xlX 
 
 20 
 
 0^ 
 
 67.00 
 
 30 
 
 H 
 
 ^xlX 
 

 . |j^ 
 
 34 NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 WEIGHT OF FITTINGS. 
 
 
 Matheson Joint, 
 
 Heavy-faced figures indicate openings tapped for 
 
 Standard Pipe. 
 
 
 TEES. 
 
 SIZE. 
 
 Wgt. Ibs. 
 
 SIZE. ^ 
 
 Wgt. Ibs. 
 
 2 x 2 x 
 
 2 
 
 11 
 
 6x6x4 
 
 96 
 
 3 x 3 x 
 
 3 
 
 19 
 
 6x6x3 
 
 93 
 
 3 x 3 x 
 
 4 
 
 35 
 
 6x4x4 
 
 100 
 
 4 x 4 x 
 
 4 
 
 35 
 
 6x3x6 
 
 90 
 
 4 x 4 x 
 
 4 
 
 39 
 
 7x7x7 
 
 
 4 x 4 x 
 
 8 
 
 35 
 
 7x7x6 
 
 lis 
 
 4 x 4 x 
 
 3 
 
 35 
 
 8x8x8 
 
 159 
 
 4 x 4 x 
 
 2 
 
 37 
 
 8x8x6 
 
 173 
 
 4 x 4 x 
 
 2 
 
 36 
 
 8x8x4 
 
 172 
 
 4 x 4 x 
 
 1 
 
 34 
 
 8x6x8 
 
 176 
 
 4 x 4 x 
 
 6 
 
 98 
 
 9x9x9 
 
 
 4 x 3 x 
 
 4 
 
 35 
 
 10 x 10 x 10 
 
 256 
 
 5 x 5 x 
 
 5 
 
 41 
 
 10 x 10 x 8 
 
 270 
 
 5 x 5 x 
 
 4 
 
 58 
 
 10 x 10 x 6 
 
 268 
 
 5 x 5 x 
 
 4 
 
 58 
 
 10 x 10 x 4 
 
 285 
 
 5 x 3 x 
 
 5 
 
 56 
 
 11 x 11 x 11 
 
 353 
 
 6 x 6 x 
 
 6 
 
 91 
 
 12 x 12 x 12 
 
 
 ELBOWS. 
 
 SIZE. 
 
 Degree. Wgt Ibs. 
 
 SIZE. 
 
 Degree 
 
 Wgt. Ibs. 
 
 2x2 
 
 90 9 
 
 8x8 
 
 30 
 
 60 
 
 3x3 
 
 45 11 
 
 8x8 
 
 45 
 
 77 
 
 3x3 
 
 90 18 
 
 8x8 
 
 90 
 
 137 
 
 4x4 
 
 45 22 
 
 9x9 
 
 45 
 
 
 4x4 
 
 90 33 
 
 9x9 
 
 90 
 
 
 4x3 
 
 90 32 
 
 10 x 10 
 
 13 
 
 66 
 
 5x5 
 
 45 36 
 
 10 x 10 
 
 16 
 
 78 
 
 5x5 
 
 90 45 
 
 10 x 10 
 
 18 
 
 79 
 
 6x6 
 
 30 29 
 
 10 x 10 
 
 25 
 
 90 
 
 6x6 
 
 45 45 
 
 10 x 10 
 
 28 
 
 98 
 
 6x6 
 
 45 45 
 
 10 x 10 
 
 30 
 
 98 
 
 6x6 
 
 90 79 
 
 10 x 10 
 
 36 
 
 110 
 
 7x7 
 
 45 57 
 
 10 x 10 
 
 45 
 
 126 
 
 7x7 
 
 90 100 
 
 10 x 10 
 
 90 
 
 235 
 
 n 1 
 

 
 NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 35 
 
 ELBOWS. 
 
 SIZE. Degree 
 
 Weight. 
 Ibs. 
 
 SIZE. 
 
 Degree 
 
 Weight 
 ' Ibs. 
 
 11 x 11 45 
 
 160 
 
 12 x 12 
 
 45 
 
 
 11 x 11 60 
 
 192 
 
 12 x 12 
 
 90 
 
 372 
 
 11 X 11 90 
 
 255 
 
 
 
 
 CROSSES. 
 
 SIZE. 
 
 Weight. 
 
 SIZE. 
 
 Weight. 
 
 
 Ibs. 
 
 Ibs. 
 
 2x2 x 2 x 2 
 
 13 
 
 6x4 x 3x 3 
 
 125 
 
 3x3 x 3x 3 
 
 28 
 
 7x7 x 7x 7 
 
 135 
 
 4x4 x 4x 4 
 
 42 
 
 7x7 x 6x 6 
 
 153 
 
 4x4 x 4x 3 
 
 43 
 
 8x8 x 8x 8 
 
 200 
 
 4x4 x 3 x 3 
 
 46 
 
 8x8 x * 
 
 x 4 
 
 229 
 
 4x4 x 2x 2 
 
 45 
 
 8x8 x 8x 6 
 
 230 
 
 4x4 x 2x 2 
 
 43 
 
 8x8 x 4x 4 
 
 209 
 
 4x3 x 3x 3 
 
 45 
 
 8x8 x 14 x 16 
 
 1190 
 
 5x5 x 5 x 5 
 
 66 
 
 8x6 x 8x 6 
 
 220 
 
 5x5 x 5 x 4 
 
 69 
 
 8x6 x g 
 
 x 4 
 
 235 
 
 5x5 x 4x 4: 
 
 74 
 
 8x6 x 3 x 3 
 
 238 
 
 5x4 x 5 x 5 
 
 72 
 
 8x4 x 4x 4 
 
 218 
 
 6x6 x 6x 6 
 
 108 
 
 9x9 x 9x 9 
 
 
 6x6 x 4x 4 
 
 117 
 
 10 x 10 x 10 x 10 
 
 337 
 
 6x6 x 4x 3 
 
 120 
 
 10 x 10 x 10 x 8 
 
 339 
 
 6x4 x 4x 4 
 
 127 
 
 12 x 12x12 x 12 
 
 
 Heavy faced figures indicate openings tapped for 
 
 Standard Pipe. 
 
 
 
 
' 36 NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 REDUCERS. 
 
 SIZE. 
 
 Weight 
 Lbs. 
 
 SIZE. 
 
 Weight 
 Lbs. 
 
 SIZE. 
 
 Weight 
 Lbl 
 
 3x2 
 
 
 6x4 
 
 21 
 
 9x8 
 
 
 4x3 
 
 11 
 
 6x3 
 
 
 9x7 
 
 
 4x3 
 
 14 
 
 6x3 
 
 25 
 
 9x6 
 
 
 4x2 
 
 12 
 
 7x6 
 
 
 10 x 9 
 
 
 5x5 
 
 19 
 
 7x5 
 
 
 10 x 8 
 
 50 
 
 5x4 
 
 17 
 
 8x7 
 
 
 10 x 6 
 
 46 
 
 5x3 
 
 
 8x6 
 
 39 
 
 10 x 4 
 
 52 
 
 6x5 
 
 
 8x4 
 
 43 
 
 12 xlO 
 
 75 
 
 6x4 
 
 22 
 
 
 
 
 
 PLUGS. 
 
 SIZE. 
 
 Weight 
 Lbs. 
 
 SIZE. 
 
 Weight 
 Lbs. 
 
 SIZE. 
 
 Weight 
 Lbf. 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 10 
 
 23 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 7 
 
 13 
 
 12 
 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 8 
 
 15 
 
 14 
 
 58 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 9 
 
 
 16 
 
 88 
 
 Heavy-faced figures indicate openings tapped for 
 Standard Pipe. 
 Some of the weights in these tables of Matheson Joint 
 Fittings are not given ; the reason being that there are 
 not Standard patterns for sizes where weights are omitted 
 and the patterns of some other size are made adaptable 
 for same. This would cause a variation in weights, and 
 for this reason it is thought best to give no fixed weights 
 for fittings so manufactured. 
 
 $n n? 
 
NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 
 PLAIN UPSET. 
 
 UPSET TUBES are becoming very generally used for 
 Marine Boiler work ; in many cases the ordinary, as well 
 as the Stay Tubes, are thickened or upset on ends, 
 greater durability and strength being claimed for same. 
 
 The difficulties encountered in upsetting ends of tubes 
 are not generally appreciated, and upsets are often asked 
 for that are either very difficult or practically impossible 
 to make. As a guide for ordering such tubes a set of 
 tables has been prepared showing the practicable limits 
 that should be observed in tubes of this kind. If a 
 greater diameter is required for upset end than that 
 shown on table giving maximum upset this can be 
 accomplished by expanding the end after upsetting as 
 is shown in the cut below. The tables are all based on 
 an upset 2^ inches long which is the usual length for 
 Boiler Stay Tubes. If shorter length will answer a heavier 
 upset than those shown on maximum table can be 
 secured. 
 
 UPSET AND 
 SWELLED. 
 
NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 TIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 ING ORDINARY UPSET FOR TUB 
 
 tpuj jo iB 
 u ! ssqn 
 jo ssaujp 
 
 ipuj JOUOUDBJJ 
 
 P UB '0 'A '9 
 
 3 - 
 
 ^__ 
 
 -^^^^^^^ ^ 
 
 QOOC^^IOOOOOCOOC 
 OOOSOSOSO5OSO5OOOC 
 
 O5O5O5O5O5O5OOOO-1 IT-IT- I 5j 
 
 3 
 
 c<?(y?cj^g<?(^oje<?03(^c<?<yj(y|cj 
 <y? g? oj cj <y? c^ oj g? cq i oj <yl o?' co' 
 
 llillilllill; 
 
 1-HT-IO5C5CQWWCOCOOO-' 
 
 ^5!ae 
 
 -J? 
 
NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 p 
 
 o 
 
 - 
 
 8 
 
 w 
 
 2 
 
 S o 
 
 8 g 
 
 a 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 s 
 
 w 
 
 i4 
 
 PQ 
 
 g 
 
 l|OUI JO j 
 ui saq 
 jo ssau 
 
 O 
 
 ocQioaoocooaot- 
 
 <?* O? CQ O"J CO CO CO CO ^ -^ 
 
 tO 10 to 10 to 10 10 10 to 10 _ 
 
 lOJ>OCOlOQOTHCCi>C?-i> 
 
 OS OS O O O O -i-H T-I TH C3 C4 
 
 lOlOtOlO _ 
 
 OOCQi>WO 
 
 OOOiOiOO 
 
 isg&ss 
 II^sIss 
 
 lOJ>OCOlOOO-r-lOOt-O3l>T-l?C>-r-l 
 OS OS O O O O i-H TH T-H O? CO CO ^ 
 
 OC4OOOOSOOOO<Ml>(7?CO-i-HO 
 t- i> i> t- 00 00 00 00 OS OS O O rH -r-H 
 
 CO CO CO CO gQ CO CO CO CO CO TJH T)H TH ^' 
 tOt^OCOlOOO-rHCOt-Cit-THCO-i-l 
 
 -* -<* 10 to to to o o ?o t- i> oo oo os 
 
 OC?lOOOOCOCDOOC^t-G<?CD-r-t?D 
 C<J CQ OJ Oi 00 CO 00 00 rJJ -^ 1O 1O D O 
 
 lOJ>OCOlOGO-rHCOt^O?t^fH?OT-( 
 OS O5 O O O O T-I I-H -I-H Oi Oi CO CO -^ 
 
 ^^oo'co'oo'ooco'eo'eo'co'co'co'eo'co 
 
 OOJlOOOOCOOaOO?i>CQ?O-rHD 
 t>t>J>l>OOQOQOOOOSOSOC>THTH 
 
 <?^ c<? co' oj ec? <y? <y? <y? <y? <y? co co ec eo 
 
 iCOt^GQt-T-iCO-T-l 
 ?DDi^i>OOOOO5 
 
 g<? CQ CQ <M Oj C<? Oj 
 
 OOCOCOCO^^lOlOCpCO 
 Qj Qj Qj C<? CQ O^ Cj Qj Qj CQ g^ Qj <y? 
 
 t-OCOlOOOi-IOt)J>C<)r^TH?O-rH 
 05 O O O O TH TH TH <N O? CO CO T 
 
 PUB 
 
 ui 
 
 jo ss 
 
 O O5 00 l> CO 1C ^ 
 
NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 FFICULT) FOR TUB 
 
 COMP 
 
 BLE UPSET 
 
 NA 
 
 TABLE SHOWING 
 
 o 
 
 => ^ 33 $ 
 
 1Q 1Q 1Q 1Q >O IQ 1Q 
 
 3 
 
 5 
 
 3 >O 
 
 IB 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 ^ N i> OO GO OO Oi OJ Oi O O T-I -i-l <M CO CO 
 
 Q w eo eo co* co' co eo' co ^ ^' -^ ^ 
 
 H ~? -. -. '. -.-.-.-.-. ". ~. -* ^ . ^ ^ 
 
 ^ ^ eoeococoeocococoeococo^^H^ * 
 
 O 
 
 cocococococococoeococoeoeoco 
 
 ^' 03* Qj <?>' C 
 
 5TH-?H^Ho5o5coo 
 
 ~fti 
 
 OIEU1I03Q 
 
 ui saqnx 
 
 JOS 
 
 P UB -o -A -a 
 
 ui ssqnx 
 jo ssaujpiqj, 
 
 O OS 00 i> CD JO T 
 
 ^n 
 
NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 PIPE BENDS. 
 
 The attached table gives the advisable radius and the 
 greatest and least radii to which standard thickness 
 pipe may be bent. 
 
 If the radius must be reduced from the minimum given 
 in the table, the thickness of the pipe must be increased. 
 For such bends it is best to submit sketch. 
 
 When the radius is greater than the maximum given 
 in the list, the bend is apt to look like a series of kinks, 
 owing to the Bender having to take short heats, unless 
 the radius is so great that the pipe may be bent cold. 
 
 With offset bends try to make according to Drawing 
 F.-26i, rather than Drawings F.-257 or 262. The 
 straight length between the bends is of advantage to the 
 pipe Bender. 
 
 With the welded flanges there must be a short straight 
 length of pipe adjacent to each flange. On sizes under 
 4 inches this should equal, at least, one and a half diam- 
 eters. On sizes over 4 inches it should equal, at least, 
 one diameter of the pipe. In all cases it is better if equal 
 to two diameters of straight pipe. 
 
 BENT TUBES. 
 
 These are more difficult to bend than standard weight 
 pipe. Try not to vary from the advisable radius given in 
 the table. With tubes it is frequently necessary to in- 
 crease the thickness over that of standard boiler tubes in 
 order to bend them. 
 

 42 NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 TABLE OF RADH 
 
 FOR 
 
 PIPE BENDS. 
 
 Pipe Size. 
 
 Minimum 
 Radius. 
 
 Maximum 
 Radius. 
 
 Advisable 
 Radius. 
 
 Inches. 
 
 Inches. 
 
 Inches. 
 
 Inches. 
 
 2K 
 
 10 
 
 25 
 
 15 
 
 3 
 
 12 
 
 30 
 
 18 
 
 3K 
 
 14 
 
 35 
 
 21 
 
 4 
 
 16 
 
 40 
 
 24 
 
 *K 
 
 18 
 
 45 
 
 27 
 
 5 
 
 20 
 
 50 
 
 30 
 
 6 
 
 24 
 
 60 
 
 36 
 
 7 
 
 28 
 
 70 
 
 42 
 
 8 
 
 32 
 
 80 
 
 48 
 
 9 
 
 36 
 
 90 
 
 54 
 
 10 
 
 40 
 
 100 
 
 60 
 
 11 
 
 44 
 
 110 
 
 66 
 
 12 
 
 48 
 
 120 
 
 72 
 
 14 o. d. 
 
 60 
 
 140 
 
 84 
 
 15 " 
 
 68* 
 
 145 
 
 90 
 
 16 " 
 
 76 
 
 150 
 
 100 
 
 18 " 
 
 90 
 
 165 
 
 125 
 
 20 " 
 
 120 
 
 180 
 
 150 
 
 22 " 
 
 132 
 
 198 
 
 165 
 
 24 " 
 
 144 
 
 216 
 
 180 
 
 
NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 43 
 
 STOCK PIPE BENDS 
 
 AMERICAN OR ENGLISH STANDARD 
 
 THREADS AND COUPLINGS. 
 
 Irt 
 
 * -A * 
 
 Pipe Size. 
 
 Radius 
 "R." 
 
 Centre To 
 Face "A." 
 
 Inches. 
 
 Inches, 
 l/^ 
 
 Inches. 
 2 
 
 H 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 | 
 
 
 3 
 
 ?* 
 
 3 
 
 8 
 
 10 
 
 4 
 
 10^ 
 
 m 
 
 5 
 
 14# 
 
 18^ 
 
 1 : 
 
NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 OFFSET BEND, No. F. 257. ANGLE BEND, No. F. 260. 
 
 OFFSET BEND, No. F. 261. 
 
 1800 BEND, No. F. 258. 
 
 go" BEND, No. F. 259. 
 
DIMENSIONS 
 
 National Trolley Poles 
 
 DEFLECTIONS 
 UNDER STATED LOADS 
 
If & 
 
 46 NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 S Length of Pole, 34 feet. End of Pole 6 feet in ground. 
 
 TABLE OF DEFLECTIONS MEASURED AT FREE END. 
 
 TOP LINE GIVES LOADS IN POUNDS APPLIED 18" FROM END. 
 
 I 
 
 ^ TH 
 GO* OS 
 
 CO OS 
 
 co 
 
 Z> GO 00 
 
 i 
 
 l> J> GO 
 
 J> 
 
 00 
 
 i 
 
 co co i> 
 
 s 5 
 
 t> 00 
 
 s 
 
 CO TH IO 
 
 10 co' co 
 
 TH CO CO 
 
 10 CO 
 
 t^ i> GO* 
 
 i 
 
 CftCOi^tHlOCOCO^S 
 
 T* IO 10 
 
 CD CO *> J> OO OS 
 
 1 
 
 CO 10 00 
 
 CD "^H TH -rtl CO CO 
 CO CO CO CD CO CO 
 
 ThlT^^lOlOCOCOi>00 
 
 I 
 
 CO CO i> 
 IO OO O 
 
 CO CO* ^ 
 
 OO O OS ^ CO CO 
 CO J> TH JO O OO 
 
 i 
 
 5.* f 
 
 SCO IO CO CO OS 
 > TH -^ 00 "^ 
 
 CO CO TjJ rjl -HH 10 
 
 
 
 CO CO CO 
 
 CO CO TH CO TH CO 
 
 CO 00 TH CO CO TH 
 
 CO* CO' CO CO* CO rjl 
 
 i 
 
 3 s 3 
 
 IO GO GO CO TH T^ 
 t> OO O CO Tf > 
 
 TH TH CO CO CO CO 
 
 
 
 g 55 
 
 CO 
 
 i> M* ^1 TH O t> 
 
 00 05 TH CO CO 
 
 C5 O O 
 
 O O TH TH TH TH 
 
 g ? 
 
 W oo 
 
 HO.HX 
 
 CO TH TH 
 
 TH GO OO 
 CO CO CO 
 
 O 
 
 O 
 
 *Q 'O 
 
 8 2 : 
 
 - g g - 
 
 MIDDLE. 
 10'-10 ff 
 
 XDIHX 
 
 COOOTHOOTHGOOOO 
 H^-r^rHCOCOCOCOCOCO 
 
 OOOOOOOGJO 
 
 -a-o 
 
 SCO O CO O 
 co: ocoo- 
 
 GO GO OO GO OO 
 
 BUTT. 
 
 17-8' 
 
 HHX 
 
 o o o 
 
 l> CO 10 CO 10 CO 
 
 o o o o o o 
 
 Q O 
 
 CO 
 
 . '.. ' - 5 8 . *,..'i 
 
 OS 
 
 OS 
 
 W*!M 
 
 ill 
 
 t^ i>- OS OS IO IO 
 
 O CO CO CO CO OS 
 
 aaquzuN 
 
 TH CO CO 
 
 T^ 10 CD i> GO OS 
 
NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 END. 
 
 FR 
 
 DE 
 
 i> T}< to OS 00 T^ 00 
 CO OS - W CO CO CO 
 
 OWCO?OiCOOJOCOOJOO 
 COlXNlOO^OOrfiOOOlOCOCOTHlOOOCO 
 
 -i oa co o? oj co 
 
 O O O O O O O >. .. 
 - O O O O W O IO v. 
 
 CO OJ - OJ - - CO W ^ <M " O? <M - 
 G5OO OOOOO 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 & 
 
 o o o o o o o o o o o d o o o o o 
 
 00 00 
 
 -COCOi>-COl 
 
 CT^ 
 
48 NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 Length of Pole, 33 feet. End of Pole 6 feet in ground. 
 
 TABLE OF DEFLECTIONS MEASURED AT FREE END. 
 
 TOP LINE GIVES LOADS IN POUNDS APPLIED 18" FROM END. 
 
 1 
 
 t- 06 II co 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 1O i> 1O 
 05 10 
 
 CD e^ 06 
 
 1 
 
 co co i> j> 
 
 1 
 
 05 05 05 CO 
 
 CO TH 10 TH 
 
 1O CO CO J> 
 
 g 
 
 is 
 
 1 
 
 SCO CO TH 
 10 00 CO 
 
 10 10 10 CO 
 
 co co 
 
 CO *> 
 
 1 
 
 TH CO CO CO 
 TH OO TH IO 
 
 TH TH 10 lO 
 
 TH CO CO CO CO 
 OS 1O O5 O5 CD 
 
 to co co z> oo 
 
 I 
 
 8 8. 3 2 
 
 S S $ S 5 
 
 
 
 innri 
 
 CO CO l> 1O CO 
 CO CO O5 TH TH 
 
 1 
 
 S 3 TH 
 CO CO CO CO 
 
 CO t- O5 1O O5 
 
 I 
 
 CO O i> 
 CO CO 
 
 TH CO CO CO 
 
 1O OO O5 TH i> 
 CO CO* C<j CO CO 
 
 1 
 
 $ 58 
 
 CO 00 O5 CO TH 
 
 ^HTHTHTHTHTHTHCOCO 
 
 1 
 
 CO OO CO CO 
 
 o o o o 
 
 O* TH TH' 
 
 Q 
 N 
 
 y 
 
 00 
 
 M 
 
 CO CO - CO 
 00 0* 
 
 o o* 
 
 Q'O 
 
 O v. CO 
 
 : ! S S : 
 
 MIDDLE. 
 
 
 
 ....HX 
 
 O 
 
 OO TH CO O OO 
 CO CO CO CO CO 
 
 o* o' o" o* o' 
 
 Q'O 
 
 1O 
 
 o co 
 
 00 00 
 
 O CO O 
 
 O CO O 
 
 00 00 00* 
 
 BUTT. 
 
 t- 
 
 -x 
 
 O O O 
 
 CD O CO >O CO 
 O* O 
 
 Q'0 
 
 8 . . 
 
 ^ 
 
 50 
 05* 
 
 05* 
 
 WIJ* 
 
 l 1 1 s/l 1 I 1 i 
 
 jaqumN 
 
 cococococococococo 
 
 ! ^ 
 
NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 gro 
 
 E 
 
 FREE END. 
 
 < 
 H 
 
 W T-H! t>00 
 
 I" 
 
 ils 
 
 1O CO CD 1> l> OO 
 
 CO CO ? W ^ 00 
 
 DOOOCOOO5OOOOOOOIO 
 COOOOlOOOTHCOCOOCDCOrHOO 
 
 07 CO CO CO CO 
 
 O O O O O O T 
 
 33 feet 
 
 h o 
 
 - o- ^ 
 
 10 CQ1C tOlQ^lC^r^ 
 
 ^ ^ OO ^ 
 
 OJ - ~ COW- 
 
 OO O 
 
 O ^ OO J>^ 00 <* OO , ^ OO ^ O IO -^ 1-1 lO 
 OOOOOOOO OO O O O O* O 
 
 s : ; : 
 
 ^rr: 
 
60 NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 3 Length of Pole, 32 feet. End of Pole 6 feet in ground. 
 
 TABLE OF DEFLECTIONS MEASURED AT FREE END. 
 
 TOP LINE GIVES LOADS IN POUNDS APPLIED 18" FROM END. 
 
 | 
 
 ! * 
 
 1 
 
 8 
 
 00 
 
 1 
 
 HH O CD 
 00 CO J> 
 
 CO Z> Z> 
 
 1 
 
 CD CO i> 
 
 1 
 
 t^ O ^ 
 
 10 co co' 
 
 CO 
 
 
 I 
 
 1O *> CO 
 
 TH -* OO 
 
 10 10 10 
 
 CD' 
 
 CD 
 
 1 
 
 OO CO OO 
 1O 00 TH 
 
 8 
 
 10 
 
 8 8 
 
 CD CD 
 
 1 
 
 m 
 
 OS 
 OO 
 
 CO - TH t> CD 
 
 to 10' co CD' t^ 
 
 1 
 
 CO 1O OO 
 ^f CO OO 
 
 co' co' co 
 
 os 
 
 TH 
 
 1C OS CO t> 1O 
 
 TH -^ 10' 10' co 
 
 
 
 OO O O2 
 
 OS 
 
 co' 
 
 CO CO CO TH OS 
 CO* -rj" ^ TjJ 10 
 
 
 
 00 
 
 CO "^ 1O 
 
 co' co co" 
 
 8 
 
 O CO 1O OS 
 OO 1O OO CO 
 
 I 
 
 TH CO ^f 
 
 t OO OS 
 
 os 
 o 
 
 CO 
 
 CO xt< CO OO CO 
 
 CO CO CO CO CO 
 
 1 
 
 rJH CO OS 
 TH CO CO 
 
 OS 
 CO 
 
 1O CD i> OS CO 
 
 g ? 
 
 a oo 
 
 HO 
 
 ,* 
 
 CO CO - 
 O 
 
 o* 
 
 o o o o 
 
 Q'O 
 
 8 5 : 
 
 ! 
 
 : 8 8 : 
 
 1 T 
 
 Q o 
 
 SDIHJ, 
 
 C- CO 
 
 o o 
 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 
 o 
 
 00 TH OO O 00 
 CO CO CO CO CO 
 
 O O 
 
 Q-0 
 
 8 5 - 
 
 00 
 
 00* 
 
 = 8 S 8 5 
 
 OO OO OO 
 
 H o 
 
 *0,HX 
 
 O 
 
 
 
 f 10 CO 10 CO 
 CO CO CO CO 
 O O 
 
 a o 
 
 CO 
 
 
 . 
 
 OS 
 
 
 OS 
 
 ^SPM 
 
 CO CO OS 
 
 3 
 
 OO CO 00 TH OO 
 
 o o os os ac> 
 
 uaquiuN 
 
 10 10 10 
 
 CD 
 
 to 
 
 S co CO 
 
 nf 
 
NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 END. 
 
 FR 
 
 MEASURED 
 
 DE 
 
 BLE 
 
 ^ 1-1 CD 
 
 COOS t- 
 1C C CO 
 
 TH O? 00 CO 
 OOCOOIC 
 
 ~i5 ic co co 
 
 10 10 tC CD J> 00 OS 
 
 CO ^ T* 10 10 CD CO i> Z> 00 OS 
 
 COCOOO-rHCOeOC^C^CO-rH^OOOOWCOCJ 
 T-H COt-OS (MTt< CO TH 1005 r^OO^OOSJ> > 
 
 " 
 
 ?"^i>OS(MOOSO7)OD 
 
 O'O'OO'OO'OT 
 
 CO 
 
 
 O OO 
 
 oooooo^ o ,. 
 
 - O O O O 1C O lO - - O - - 
 
 10 o 10 10 10 
 
 * I - COW- CQ- - COO?- O?(M(M( 
 
 OO O OO OOOO 
 
 cro 
 
 8: : : - S-- 5 
 
 CO *>CO CO 1C CO 1C 1C 
 
 O CO t-t 1C CO "H CO T 
 ^OOt^"^OO"^O 
 CO CJ CO CO O3 CO 
 
 oooooooo oo ooooo 
 - 2 0= * c- : 8: : - 8- - 
 
 SOOl>OOJ>t-l>COC 
 
52 NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 fl Length of Pole, 31 feet. End of Pole 6 feet in ground. 
 
 TABLE OF DEFLECTIONS MEASURED AT FREE END. 
 
 Q 
 
 8 
 
 o 
 
 S 
 
 k 
 
 Q 
 M 
 J 
 
 Cu 
 a. 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 to 
 S 
 
 S 
 8 
 
 o 
 
 H 
 
 g 
 
 PL, 
 
 1 
 
 9 s II i 
 
 CO* t- II OJ 
 
 CO* 
 
 o 
 
 I 
 
 a 8 a 
 
 10* CO* CO 
 
 I 
 
 1O 1O CO 
 
 I- 
 
 JH T oo oi 
 H IO 1O CO* 
 
 
 ^ 05 TH 10 
 ^ ^H 10* IO 
 
 10 
 
 1 
 
 S S J 8 
 
 IO IO 
 
 1 
 
 ^ S o^ 
 
 CO* CO CO "^ 
 
 ^ 10 10 10 co 
 
 1 
 
 CD CO O OD 
 05 05 ^ CO 
 
 oi co co co 
 
 S S g S 8 
 
 CO ^ "^ 10 10 
 
 1 
 
 l__l_l_l 
 
 T-I CO -rH IO -^ 
 CO CO 05 05 00 
 
 1 
 
 S " 
 
 TH oi oi oi 
 
 g 8 S 5 88 
 
 oj oi co co co 
 
 I 
 
 ^ s g s 
 
 05 00 10 10 
 
 O5 i-H CO IO O5 
 
 TH oi oa o CQ 
 
 1 
 
 cS ^ ol 
 
 O) IO CD O ^ 
 CO <*< IO t- O5 
 
 Q 
 fc 
 
 S 
 
 XO.HX 
 
 co oS - w 
 do d 
 
 r i i * s 
 
 d d 
 
 *Q 'O 
 
 o ^ , o? 
 
 : 8 g 8 : 
 
 MIDDLE. 
 
 o 
 1 
 
 O5 
 
 HH* 
 
 1 1 5 S 
 
 OO TH OO O OO 
 OJ CO Oi CO O? 
 
 o o o 
 
 O O O 
 
 'Q 'O 
 
 o - " S 
 
 00* 00 
 
 : 8 S 8 : 
 
 00 OO 00 
 
 BUTT. 
 
 2 
 
 'XDIHJ, 
 
 d d d d 
 
 CO IO O? IO O) 
 ^ W CO 00 CO 
 
 d d d d d 
 
 Q'O 
 
 'CO 
 0? 
 
 : s = S - 
 
 05 
 
 05 
 
 VI** 
 
 CO W ^ 
 
 8OO O5 ^dn O^ 
 O5 00 O5 00 
 
 jaqumN 
 
 ^oooooooooooooooo 
 
NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 n gro 
 
 FREE 
 
 ECTIONS ME 
 
 TA 
 
 ooooooooo 
 
 TH-rHi-lT-lr-l-i-lTHC 
 
 o oo 
 
 S: : S = 88S8fgS: = 8: : 
 
 DDLE. 
 
 'XOIHJ, 
 
 - " cow" c* - - cow- ^2 wci" 
 o ooo oooo'o 
 
 Q ^ O5DO5O. ^ O^ 
 
 gt 
 
 o'o'o'oo'o'o'o oo o'o'o'oo 
 
 s 2 8= : : : 8- s : Sc : 
 
 00 OO l> l> CO O* 
 
 633 & 
 
64 NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 Length of Pole, 30 feet. End of Pole 6 feet in ground. 
 
 TABLE OF DEFLECTIONS MEASURED AT FREE END. 
 
 * 
 
 O || O 
 
 TH CO 
 CO CO II CO 
 
 co' 
 
 
 t> -^ CO 
 CO TH 10 
 
 10 CO CD I 
 
 ? 1 
 
 s 
 
 ^ $ g 
 
 10 1O CO* I 
 
 1 I 
 
 O CO O5 "* 
 OO O5 1O O5 
 
 "^H 10 10 10 
 
 Cu O 
 Pu O 
 
 8 g . g . 3 
 
 "^ ^' 10 10 
 
 * 
 
 10 I 
 
 1 I 
 s - 
 
 g ol g g 
 
 10 10 I 
 
 
 OS 00 O5 O? 
 CO CO "* TjJ 
 
 CO 00 CO 00 1 
 CD TH Tfrl O5 J> 1 
 
 -* 1O 1O 1O CD 1 
 
 M 
 
 O TH OO 
 co 10 i> 
 
 i> I> O5 O5 1O 
 O *! i> O5 Oi 
 
 -* ^' ^ 10 10 
 
 U TH 
 
 co ac> o w 
 
 05 05 CO CO* 
 
 O O5 O 00 00 
 10 00 TH . -* 
 
 CO CO ^' ^' 10 
 
 > o 
 w T ~ l 
 
 OO CO TH O 
 TH CO 10 i> 
 
 05* 05 05 05* 
 
 O5 TH Tt< i> O5 
 
 
 T}< O5 TH ?O 
 
 i> oo o TH 
 
 TH TH 05" 05 
 
 O5 O5 O5 O5 CO 
 
 O 
 
 EH CO 
 
 2 - * .- S ' 2 
 
 IO TH 1O "^ ^ 
 
 - O5 O O5 1O 
 
 ?f 
 
 K fc- 
 
 *0,HX 
 
 CO Ctt 2 W 
 
 o o o 
 
 - O5 O5 ~ - 
 
 O O 
 
 Q '0 
 
 I - = = 2 S ! : 
 
 MIDDLE. 
 9'-6" 
 
 SOIHJ, 
 
 O O 
 
 O O 
 
 a-o 
 
 O O5 
 00 00 
 
 : 8 1 8 : 
 
 OO OO 00 
 
 [D so 
 
 PQ *-i 
 
 ,HX 
 
 O O O 
 
 CO 1O O5 1O O5 
 ^f CO CO CO CO 
 
 o o o o o 
 
 a o 
 
 .. s = 
 
 05 
 
 05* 
 
 WPM 
 
 -^ CO O5 O 
 
 I 1 1 1 
 
 aaqmuN 
 
 1O CD i> OO 
 
 o o o o 
 
 05 O TH 05 CO 
 
 
NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 2 
 
 M 
 
 .s 
 
 FREE END. 
 
 MEASURED 
 
 DEFL 
 
 TA 
 
 1O CO TH CO 
 
 588S 
 
 TH^CDlOOSt>OSlOOOOSlOOOC<?Oi 
 asO3COOiCOCOOSlOOt>COO5001O 
 
 
 05 C? CO CO CO CO -* " 10 JO CO CO *> 00 OS 
 
 1-1 i 05 GQ 05 CQ CO CO CO ^ 1C 1C CO CO I> 
 
 -r-l T-! -rH -r-l -rH -r-l -r 
 
 H <M GQ C3 C3 CO CO CO 
 
 OOOOOOOOOOT 
 
 
 Ci - <?3 Ci - 
 
 o o'o 
 
 Q-0 
 
 - OOlOOlOOiO- - O- - 
 
 10 CO 10 10 10* 
 
 o 
 
 a 
 
 So 
 
 ,. -^-ciO^CO,. OOCO^ 
 - OO C3 - <M - <N C3 - 
 
 oo o oo 
 
 1O 1C 1O O? O* 
 
 OJ ^ Ci O C? , O CO O CO ^ O^ 
 
 o - - co- o co - 010010- - o- - 
 
 z>c coiocoio 
 
 COCO IO CO TH CO TH CO TH OSCOO5OS 
 
 O -^ 00 t- rf< OO -^ OO ^ -^00^ O 1O "^ TH 1O 
 
 ooo'o'o'o'o'o' oo o'o'o'o'o 
 
 ^ -^ 
 
 06 oc 
 
56 NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 a 
 
 g 
 So 
 
 a 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 V 
 
 
 
 "8 
 
 TABLE OF DEFLECTIONS MEASURED AT FREE END. 
 
 Q 
 
 6 g 
 
 05 i> II O 
 
 00 05 Q 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 10 JO D* 
 
 00 c 
 
 "^ CO OS 
 T^ CD 
 
 10 10 JO 
 
 Q O 
 
 3 * 
 
 CO O5 CD O5 
 CO 05 CD 
 
 TH 10 10 JO 
 
 < 1 
 
 ol 8g S 
 
 10 
 
 JO 
 
 13 O5 
 
 i~s~~8"~i 
 
 JO JO 
 
 B 1 
 
 OS CO "^ TH 
 "^ i> OS O5 
 
 CO CO CO -rJH 
 
 JO O JO 
 10 CO 
 
 "* JO JO 
 
 1 S 
 
 TH CO JO J> 
 CO CO CO' CO 
 
 r^ -rj ^ JO JO 
 
 s i 
 
 05* 05 CO* CO 
 
 ^ OS CD JO i-l 
 JO OO -i-t JO O5 
 
 5 05 
 
 05* 05 05* 05* 
 
 S S, S S 5? 
 
 *3 S 
 
 iriinrEiJLO 
 
 g s 
 
 JO J> JO i> 
 
 g 1 S 8 Ss 
 
 P 
 
 W t- 
 
 -.O.HX 
 
 o o o 
 
 O 
 
 a -o 
 
 O^ , 05.. O050^ 
 
 MIDDLE. 
 
 9'-2" 
 
 ,0,HX 
 
 O O 
 
 0^ CO CO 0* 
 
 o o o o o 
 
 a-o 
 
 00 
 
 - g - 
 
 00 00 00 
 
 fi ^ 
 
 g 2 
 
 .- 
 
 O O O 
 
 CO JO O5 JO O5 
 O O O 
 
 a - o 
 
 05 
 
 8- 
 
 OS 
 
 OS 
 
 *mSl9A^ 
 
 JO OS O OS 
 ^ O5 O5 O 
 
 00 O5 "^ OS i> 
 
 uaqnmx 
 
 CO CO CO CO 
 
 .O CD J> OO OS 
 
 CO CO CO CO CO 
 
 
NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 END. 
 
 DE 
 
 TA 
 
 . |3S 
 
 g a I .i.0 
 
 S8S3B 
 
 __ 
 
 
 
 OOOOTH-rH TH TH TH TH TH <M Q) S3 O) CO 
 
 OOOOOOOOOOOr 
 
 *- . o, e*o^ ,. ,. 
 
 J- - OJ - O - - i - - - 
 
 > O OO 
 
 <* 00 ,. U3 TH 10 CO, 00 CO , 
 COCJ- Ci- - COW- <M- OCJ- 
 
 OO O* OO O OO 
 
 C O (M OCOOCO^ , O^ 
 CO t>CO COifflCOJO 1C 
 
 OOOOOOOO OO OOOOO 
 
 \~. = 8: r 8= 2 8- : 8: 8: = 
 fr* go so- 
 
 >i> t> COCOCOlCl 
 
 
58 NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 ^ Length of Pole, 28 feet. End of Pole 6 feet in ground. 
 
 TABLE OF DEFLECTIONS MEASURED AT FREE END. 
 
 TOP LINE GIVES LOADS IN POUNDS APPLIED 18" FROM END. 
 
 1 
 
 o co no 
 
 CO t- 
 10 10* II CO 
 
 CD 
 10 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 % S 
 
 TH 1O 
 
 1 
 
 3> CO 
 TH 10 10* 
 
 1 
 
 C<* OO J> CD 
 CO CO OS CO 
 
 TH TH TH 10 
 
 
 3$ 
 
 OO O? OO TH 
 OS CO 1O OS 
 
 1 
 
 1O CD O CO 
 CO OS O* 1O 
 
 CO* CO* TH* TH 
 
 00 lO 
 00 CO 
 
 TH 1O 
 
 8 
 8 
 
 O O O? <M 
 
 CO CO OO TH 
 
 TH TH 
 
 1 
 
 09 CO* CO* CO 
 
 t~ OO TH CO 
 CO CD TH t- 
 
 TH TH TH 10 10 
 
 1 
 
 1O 00 CO O 
 CO 00 O CO 
 
 IO OS CO TH CQ 
 
 10 ao TH 10 T- 
 
 1 
 
 CO 1O CO OO 
 
 q $ s 5 
 
 O 
 
 
 
 OS TH (?) TH 
 
 TH C3* <** CQ 
 
 g S S g s 
 
 05 CJ CO* CO CO 
 
 
 
 CO 00 OS O 
 
 (M CO O TH O 
 <M TH CD 00 <M 
 
 C? C<* C5 OJ CO 
 
 d = 
 
 fc 
 
 w 
 
 XDIHJ, 
 
 CO CJ " <?? 
 O 
 
 o d 
 
 Q 'O 
 
 : : g 
 
 CO i 
 
 MIDDLE. 
 
 8'-10" 
 
 XDIHJ, 
 
 O O* 
 
 <M CO OJ CO CQ 
 
 o' o d o d 
 
 Q 'O 
 
 00 00 
 
 1O 
 
 o <? o 
 
 - O CO - 
 00 OO 00 
 
 1 1 
 
 33.HX 
 
 o o o o 
 
 O t> TH i> TH 
 
 d d d d d 
 
 -a-o 
 
 
 
 - - - - 
 
 OS* 
 
 d 
 
 WSPAV 
 
 OJ TH TH 00 
 CO C5 TH O 
 
 10 TH CD 10 
 
 aaqmnN 
 
 Iboiococococococo 
 
 
NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 be 
 
 . 
 
 ti 
 
 s 
 
 DE 
 
 TA 
 
 T-l 1C1C I I T-t | 1C 
 
 TH I CO^-^ 1C 
 
 COCOCOTft^lClCCO 
 
 WWCOCOCO^^TftlClCCO 
 
 1 ; 
 
 co co co co ^' ^ 10 10 o 
 
 OOOOO-r 
 
 C<* ^ ^ OOCOOOOO. . O 
 
 CD: r c- ooicoicoo^ - o- - 
 
 1C CO 1C 1C 1C ^ 1C "*' ^ 
 
 o* - : cow- c- - cow- o - ww- 
 
 O OO O OO O OO 
 
 hglsSISS: :8: S 
 
 > t> CD CO 1C CD 1C 1C 
 
 < CO W CO CO W CO W - CO W - CO W CO CO W 
 
 o'o'o'o'o'oo'o o'o o'o'oo'o 
 
 - -O. .W,. ^0^ i <? 
 
 co- -o: -co. -o- -co-o- 
 
 00 OO I> i> CO CO 
 
60 NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 Length of Pole, 27 feet. End of Pole 6 feet in ground. 
 
 TABI,E OF DEFLECTIONS MEASURED AT FREE END. 
 
 TOP LINE GIVES LOADS IN POUNDS APPLIED 18" FROM END. 
 
 | 
 
 3 8 II 8 
 
 1 
 
 CO CO 
 
 1 
 
 3 s 3 
 
 1 
 
 |3T3 
 
 1 
 
 CO* CO CO* T|* 
 
 1 
 
 CO CO* CO CO TH Tp 
 
 1 
 
 00 O CO O Tt< 00 
 00 TH CO CO 00 TH 
 
 1 
 
 1111^1^3 
 
 o 
 
 g 
 
 [JJJJsfTl 
 
 cococococococococo 
 
 I 
 
 THrH-rHCOCOCOCOCOCO 
 
 
 
 "^iOCOOCOOSCOTHOO 
 
 ' ^ 
 
 W co 
 
 x 
 
 COCO- CO- COCO" - 
 00 0* O O 
 
 Q'O 
 
 ::- g 8 s 
 
 MIDDLE. 
 
 8'-6" 
 
 ..O.HX 
 
 1>CO COTHCOTHO-rH 
 
 oo oo'o'ooo 
 
 a-o 
 
 =::: 
 
 g ^ 
 
 TH 
 
 NDIHJ. 
 
 iOCOO*>COlOCOOCO 
 
 o'o'oo'ooo'o'o 
 
 'Q 'O 
 
 2 . 
 
 05 OS 
 
 *.aM 
 
 || | S.I I 1 1 i 
 
 ' U " IU " 1M 
 
 COTHW5COi>OOOSOTH 
 
 ooooooooooooooosos 
 
 
NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 o 
 
 .q 
 
 ^H I O? 00 00 CO 
 
 5J>CODOOO?OO 
 -GC^lOi>i-lt--rHlO 
 
 * CQ CO* CO* CO ^ T to 10 
 
 5 T-I g 00 r-J W O6 ^ 
 
 acoeoeo^^ioiogo 
 
 S-i-iOOCO^OOOOCOOlCOWWO 
 -0000050T-IO)COIOOOOOW10 
 
 O O O O O O O r 
 
 T It lO 
 5OT-HO? 
 
 OOOOOooOOOOOOO 
 
 s : = : 
 
 1O CO 10 to t 
 
 OO O 00 O OO 
 
 : 5 : : 
 
 O^ODJ>^OO^OO^ Tj^OO 0>0^^-iiO 
 Tt< CO O5 CO CO <?3 CO Oi - CO <73 - CO Ci CO CO C5 
 
 OOOOOOOO OO OOOOO 
 
 8: - 
 
 <N ^ O^ 
 
 to go 
 
 JOOOOiiO-^t^T^T-iOCO^lO'^Ci 
 THCOIOCQIOC^ "" " ^^ : - " 
 
 jaqiunx 
 
62 NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 ^ Length of Pole, 26 feet. End of Pole 6 feet in ground. 
 
 TABLE OF DEFLECTIONS MEASURED AT FREE END. 
 
 TOP LINE GIVES LOADS IN POUNDS APPLIED 18" FROM END. 
 
 
 
 CO 
 CO 
 
 O CO || 
 
 ? 
 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 CO 
 
 $ 
 
 1 
 
 ^ s 
 
 1 
 
 5 g S 
 
 CO* CO* CO CO 
 
 1 
 
 ex? co' co co 
 
 * 
 
 CO 
 
 1 
 
 *: . 3 
 
 C> CO CO 
 
 s s 
 
 CO* CO 
 
 I 
 
 CD CO TH CO 
 rt< CD 00 
 
 CJ 04 <N CO 
 
 00 00 00 
 C? CO OO <?? i^ 
 
 1 
 
 T-I O5 CD IO 
 W CO 1C i> 
 
 tO rj< O5 OO O 
 O5 C5 "* t- CO 
 
 OJ CO CO CO ^ 
 
 I 
 
 ^1^111111 
 
 1 
 
 O? CD O5 T$< 
 t- 00 05 TH 
 
 T-H T-I T-I CJ 
 
 C3 OJ C? CX* CO 
 
 1 
 
 ^ 
 
 O5 T-t CQ 1C OO 
 
 T-I o? oi cxi cxj 
 
 1 
 
 ^ g 9 S 
 
 "* ^ 05 
 
 CD 00 05 T-H CO 
 
 T-I T-I T-I O? O* 
 
 d 9 
 
 g i 
 
 '3IOIHX 
 
 CXi T-I O 
 T-< OO CQ 
 CO C? O? 
 
 o o* o 
 
 OO O 
 
 o> <w - - 
 
 O 
 
 <3 '0 
 
 (M 
 
 : 8 8 c 
 
 MIDDLE. 
 
 8-2" 
 
 *X 
 
 O 
 
 W CO CJ CO O 
 
 o o o o o 
 
 'a 'o 
 
 s = = s 
 
 OO 00 
 
 S cf = 
 OO OO 00 
 
 BUTT. 
 14'-4" 
 
 3 IHi 
 
 o o o o 
 
 O 
 
 Q'O 
 
 IO 
 
 - 
 
 O5* 
 
 05* 
 
 '^PAV 
 
 111211 
 
 uaqranN 
 
 05 T-I <M 
 
 CO ^ tO CO i> 
 
 WC<<MCN}ClOJ<M<MOi 
 
NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 2 
 
 bo 
 . 
 
 END. 
 
 FR 
 
 DE 
 
 O O * O? O C3 TH 
 
 00 TH 1O 00 OJ O 00 
 
 ext eo eo co Tji TJH ^' 
 
 t>COCOTt*OO 
 OOOCOOOOO 
 
 CQOO5COt>THC 
 
 OOOOTH-rH-rHTHT-lT 
 
 TH TH o* oa <?* ext eo 
 
 W(MC5CO 
 
 OTHO)T^lOi>O5TH 
 
 OOOOOOOOOT 
 
 OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOr 
 
 O->^ , CO.. OOCOOOOO O 
 
 - OO1OO1OO1O- - O- 
 
 CO IQ CO It 
 
 00 . -rri OO W5 ^ ^ TH O CO, OO CO >. 
 
 01 - CO O? Oi - - CO O5 - CNJ ~ Ct Ct ~ 
 
 O OO O OO O OO 
 
 Iz 8Ss S- = = r 
 
 CO t>CO* COlCCo'lO IQ 
 
 ^c^ c8cococ5co c5 - cow- cowcoco^ 
 o'oooo'o'oo o'o o'oo'o'o 
 
 
 ^ 
 
64 NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 f Length of Pole, 25 feet. End of Pole 6 feet in ground. 
 
 TABLE OF DEFLECTIONS MEASURED AT FREE END. 
 
 TOP LINE GIVES LOADS IN POUNDS APPLIED 18" FROM END. 
 
 1 
 
 CO OO 
 CO CO 
 
 C CO 
 
 | 
 
 JO OS *> 
 
 TH CO JO 
 
 1 
 
 co" co co 
 
 3 
 
 CO 
 
 1 
 
 CO ^ OS 
 i> OS O 
 
 co co' co 
 
 CO C^ 
 
 CO CO* 
 
 1 
 
 CO CO ^H 
 JO *> 00 
 
 CO* CO* CO 
 
 CO OO OO 
 
 1 
 
 i-HO5COCOOi>C5CO 
 
 CO CO CO 
 
 CO CO CO CO CO 
 
 1 
 
 OCOOOOCOCOCOCD-^i 
 THCOCOCOOOOCOJOO 
 
 CO CO CO 
 
 CO CO CO CO CO ^ 
 
 I 
 
 00 TH 
 
 ^ ^ JO CO O -^ 
 CO JO i> OS CO CO 
 
 1-1 CO CO 
 
 CO CO CO CO CO CO 
 
 
 
 & 00 8 
 
 OO CO JO TH JO CO 
 O CO "* CO 00 CO 
 
 TH-rHTHCococo'cococo 
 
 1 
 
 H/l JO CO 
 
 CO t> ^ 00 OS CO 
 00 OS TH CO "tf OO 
 
 TH TH CO CO CO* CO 
 
 I 
 
 $ S 5 
 
 CO OS "* JO -^ CO 
 
 JO CO OO OS TH ^ 
 
 | 
 
 JO CO 00 
 
 O TH TH 
 
 O TH CO CO 00 CO 
 CO ^ JO CO J> O 
 
 Q co 
 fc J 
 
 W co 
 
 ,0,HX 
 
 TH OO 
 
 CO CO " 
 
 
 O OO O 
 O 00 
 
 a -o 
 
 8 : = 
 
 i> 
 
 ^ CO 
 
 CO - O CO 
 
 MIDDLE. 
 
 7'-10" 
 
 30.HX 
 
 t- CO 
 
 CO O 
 
 O 
 
 TH S TH- 00 8 SO 
 
 CO CO CO CO CO CO 
 
 o* o o o o o 
 
 a*o 
 
 8 - - 
 
 00 
 
 O CO O 
 ; o co o - 
 
 00 . OO OO 00 
 
 T3 
 
 .O.HX 
 
 JO CO O 
 CO CO O 
 CO JO JO 
 
 t- CO JO CO JO CO 
 
 CO O t TH i> TH 
 
 ^ ^ CO CO CO CO 
 
 o o o 
 
 o o o o o o 
 
 cro 
 
 
 
 - - - - - 
 
 OS* 
 
 OS* 
 
 VU*AL 
 
 COTHOOSOOOOi>J>*CO 
 
 jaqumN 
 
 cococococococococo 
 
NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 p 
 
 I 
 
 H 
 H 
 
 H 
 
 w 
 
 Q 
 
 Q ^ COTK 
 
 SO -rH *& 
 
 tO T_| T^H ,-( 
 
 J>-r-llOOO 
 
 ! CO CO CO 
 
 CDCOTt<COOCOO3O 
 CO CO O 03 CO 00 T-I CD 
 
 03* 03* CO CO CO CO -^ TE__ 
 
 HO3O3O3cocoeoeo^H^ioio 
 
 'd'O 
 
 -I0303030303COCO 
 
 ^OOCOCOCOi-IOSOT-iOS'i-l. . 
 
 OiO3tOt^OO3'*OO'-iCOO^OtO"^OO 
 THO3OiO3COCOCOCO^^tOlOCDCO>OOO5 
 
 ooooo'o'oooo'o'ooo'ooo 
 
 CO O CO 
 ~ 
 
 51OOIO" " O- 
 
 CD 1O 1O to ^ 1O ^ 
 
 OO O 00 O OO 
 
 3 , OCOOCO 
 3 ~ O tO O 10 - 
 
 ggi }> CD CO 1O CD 1O 
 
 
 H 
 H 
 
 CQ 
 
 OOOOOOOO OO OOOQO 
 
 cro 
 
 <N^ ^ O^ ^ 03 ^ 0_ . 03^ O^ 
 CO- - O- - CO- - O- - CO" O- - 
 
 00 00 i> t> CO CO* 
 
66 NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 pj Length of Pole, 24 feet. End of Pole 6 feet in ground. 
 
 TABLE OF DEFLECTIONS MEASURED AT FREE END. 
 
 TOP LINE GIVES LOADS IN POUNDS APPLIED 18" FROM END. 
 
 i 
 
 1O CO OO II O 
 
 10 00 
 CO CO 
 
 
 1 
 
 O ^f CO 00 
 00 O CO -* 
 
 CO CO CO CO 
 
 1 
 
 1O CO OO O CO 
 
 
 
 1 1 1 I 1 
 
 CO CO CO CO CO 
 
 CO 
 CO 
 
 1 
 
 CO CO CO CO CO 
 
 CO CO CO 
 
 1 
 
 OS CO ^ CD 
 TH CO CO CO CO 
 
 00 O CO i> 
 CO CO* CO CO 
 
 CO 
 
 10 ^* 00 
 i> OS O TH CO 
 
 OO OO CO -rH 
 JO i> O -^ 
 
 CO CO -CO CO 
 
 1 
 
 OO TH -^ CO CO 
 10 i> 00 OS TH 
 
 g g TH- 
 
 THTHi-lTHCOCOCOCOCO 
 
 1 
 
 S g 8' S 3 
 
 CO CO CO 10 
 O CO "* i> 
 
 CO CO CO CO 
 
 IS 2 2 * 2 
 
 TH 1O TH TH 
 TH TH CO CO 
 
 i 
 
 TH CO CO 55 
 
 10 CD 00 O 
 
 1 
 
 i> T^ CO OS OO 
 
 CO CO 10 J> 
 
 i' ? 
 
 w 
 
 =,O:HX 
 
 TH 00 CO 
 CO CO - CO 
 
 00 O 
 
 CO CO - - 
 
 
 Q 'O 
 
 o co 
 
 co o 
 CO O - 
 
 MIDDLE. 
 
 7-6" 
 
 mx 
 
 t- CO CO TH 
 CO O TH 00 
 
 <* * co co 
 
 00 O O 
 
 TH 00 00 
 CO CO CO CO 
 
 O 
 
 a-o 
 
 00 00 
 
 8 8 = 
 
 OO OO OO 
 
 E 2 
 
 w 
 
 HO.HX 
 
 1 1 S 1 II ! 
 
 o o o o o 
 
 0000 
 
 a'o 
 
 CO 
 
 8^ 
 
 OS* 
 
 OS 
 
 -^fM 
 
 ^ CO OS CO 
 CO TH O 00 OO 
 
 OS CO CD OO 
 00 TH W5 g 
 
 qu,n N 
 
 CD CD CO CD CD 
 CO CO CO CO CO 
 
 CO CO CO CO 
 
NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 be 
 
 . 
 
 FREE END. 
 
 TIONS MEASURED 
 
 DE 
 
 TA 
 
 T-H I 0303 03 CO 
 
 21 
 
 ? C 03 O CO CO CO 
 
 OOOOOOOOr 
 
 OO'OOOOOOOOOOT 
 
 I ooooo o'o'oo'oo'o'o'oo'o'o' 
 
 30IHJL 
 
 d'O 
 
 = :: - - 
 
 o 
 A 
 
 bi) 
 
 DDLE. 
 
 ^fOO 1C 1 ilO^CO OOCO^ 
 
 CO(M- CJ- - COC3- CJ- C3C5- 
 
 O OOOOO 
 
 O x^ OO O -^ 00 ^ OO 
 ^ CO CQCOCOC? CC 0? - 
 
 co oi co co w 
 o'o'o'o'o'o'o'o o'o o'o'o'o'o 
 
 Q'O 
 
 QO 00 
 
SEAMLESS 
 TUBULAR GOODS 
 
NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 SEAMLESS DRAWN TUBING. 
 
 In submitting the following information on the subject 
 of Seamless Tubing, together with the accompanying 
 tables, etc., we call attention to the rapid strides made in 
 the demand and in process of manufacture of this grade 
 of Tubes in the last few years. These Tubes are becom- 
 ing generally used for high grade Boiler work, where 
 high steam pressures are required , especially for Marine 
 Boilers, the Navy Department of all first-class Naval 
 powers having extensively adopted the same. In both 
 I/ocomotive and Stationary Boilers the use of this Tubing 
 is becoming recognized as a high grade quality. The 
 extending use of compressed air and other gases under 
 high pressures has developed a good demand for these 
 tubes for storage tanks, high pressure bottles, transmis- 
 sion lines, etc. The absence of all laps or seams, together 
 with uniformity of size, gauge and quality, recommends 
 this grade of material as very superior where unquestion- 
 ed uniformity and strength are required, in connection 
 with the lightest weight available for the purpose. 
 
 Seamless Tubes with varying thicknesses of walls are 
 also being used quite extensively for Mechanical and 
 Engineering purposes ; for bushings, collars, hollow 
 shafts, spindles, axles, etc., in the construction of 
 different classes of machinery. 
 
 Different grades of steel can be used, giving a wide 
 range of ductility and tensile strength, which allows a 
 selection of material suited and adaptable to the require- 
 ments demanded. The method of manufacture of Seam- 
 less Tubes is such that the possibilities of physical de- 
 fects in material are reduced to a minimum. 
 
NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 Extract from Proceedings of Niagara Falls Society of 
 
 American Mechanical Engineers. 
 
 December, 1808. 
 
 What Constitutes a Seamless Tube? 
 
 41 Henry Souther said, in the discussion of this question, 
 that the scientific and technical designation of a tube, 
 ' whether seamed or seamless, depended solely upon the 
 tube itself, and not upon the process followed in its 
 manufacture. Referring to the dictionary you will find 
 that the word "seamless" means without seam, which 
 conveys no light upon the subject. Turning to the word 
 "seam" it is found that it is defined as a joint, suture, 
 or line of union, and here in the last term we find the 
 key. A tube jointed in any way cannot be seamless. If, 
 in the primary stages of its manufacture, it be lap, butt 
 or lock- jointed, it cannot by any subsequent operation 
 be deprived of the seam, and therefore cannot be con- 
 sidered, when completed, as being seamless A strictly 
 seamless tube may be made by any one of three opera- 
 tions. First, a billet may be, by successive steps, 
 punched into the form of a tube with extremely thick 
 sides ; and these may then, by the ordinary drawing pro- 
 cesses, be reduced to a tube with thin walls. Next, the 
 billet may be bored, or the blank may be cast with a hole 
 in it, and in either case then drawn to the required di- 
 mensions. Thirdly, the tube may be made by the cup- 
 ping process, which consists in taking a disk of the 
 metal, forming it into a cup shape, gradually elongating 
 the cup and reducing it in diameter, and finally by this 
 means producing a tube. Each and all of these processes 
 yield a tube which is absolutely seamless and about 
 which there is and can be no dispute. In all tubes formed 
 with a seam the edges have first been separated, then 
 united, either by lap or butt weld, or by some lock-joint 
 system, and in these the joint cannot be eliminated by any 
 after processes. The Custom House of the United States 
 recognizes the difference between a seam and a seamless 
 tube. A seamless tube is one in which the walls have 
 never been separated from the time the metal was in a 
 molten condition to the time of the completion of the 
 tube." 
 
NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 COLD DRAWN TUBES. 
 
 The Weight Sheet for Seamless Cold Drawn Tubes, as 
 given on following page, is applicable for Tubes intended 
 for many different purposes. The sizes from ^ inch to 
 \y 2 inch diameter and from 16 to 23 gauge inclusive are 
 generally classified as Bicycle Tubing, on account of 
 their very general use in Bicycle construction. They are 
 used, however, for many other different purposes. These 
 Tubes are manufactured from Open Hearth Steel of 
 analysis best suited for the purpose. They have a fine 
 finish and are drawn accurate to size and gauge. These 
 tubes are admirably adapted for all construction requir- 
 ing a maximum strength and minimum weight. They 
 have great rigidity and are suited for high transverse 
 strains. 
 
 Tubes for boiler purposes, from i inch to 4 inches, and 
 and from 13 to 6 gauge inclusive, are made of mild Open 
 Hearth Steel, of analysis best suited to give toughness 
 and ductility. The process of manufacture is such that 
 only material free from laps, seams, cracks and all 
 physical imperfections can be used. This insures a high 
 uniformity of quality and reduces the possibility of acci- 
 dent, due to imperfections of material, laps and welds, to 
 a minimum. 
 
 Tubes of thicknesses other than those given above are 
 generally termed " Mechanical Tubes, " and are used in 
 the construction of many classes of machinery for bush- 
 ings, hollow shafts and spindles, axles, collars, rings, 
 ferrules, pump barrels, etc., etc. Often a considerable 
 saving in machine work is effected by the use of these 
 tubes in place of parts heretofore made by boring and 
 turning round bars, the tubes admitting of a lighter and 
 stronger construction than by using the former material. 
 
NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 OH 
 
 .9 
 
 csaooo-^ojcoi-iosocsfNioa 
 
 i-; O Tf OV Tf< 05 C O J> 1C 1-1 
 
 ec ec Tt rji <* 10 10 o od oi r-J ec 
 
 ji cc cd t' ** 10 id so t~ od o i-' s 
 
 w co eo eo *' -*' ^ 10* <o oo a o a 
 
 ^sc8o^co<5jS2aoS2oj- 
 
 S8ss2J2a2J8?sja = 
 
 >SKiS 
 
 llllllil 
 
 
74 NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 Table showing Weight per Foot in Pounds of Various 
 
 Diameters and Thicknesses of 
 
 HOT FINISHED TUBES. 
 
 :| 
 
 THICKNESS OF WALL. 
 
 || 
 
 M 
 
 * 
 
 H 
 
 A 
 
 M 
 
 A 
 
 M 
 
 H 
 
 H 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 4.60 
 
 5.54 
 
 6.40 
 
 7.18 
 
 7.88 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ix 
 
 4.93 
 
 5.96 
 
 6.90 
 
 7.76 
 
 8.54 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 M 
 
 5.26 
 
 6.37 
 
 7.40 
 
 8.34 
 
 9.20 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 32 
 
 5.59 
 
 6.78 
 
 7.89 
 
 8.92 
 
 9.86 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 LX 
 
 5.92 
 
 7.19 
 
 8.38 
 
 9.49 
 
 10.52 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 % 
 
 6.25 
 
 7.61 
 
 8.88 
 
 10.07 
 
 11.18 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3X 
 
 6.58 
 
 8.02 
 
 9.38 
 
 10.65 
 
 11.84 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 H 
 
 6.91 
 
 8.43 
 
 9.87 
 
 11.23 
 
 12.50 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 7.24 
 
 8.84 
 
 10.36 
 
 11.80 
 
 13.16 
 
 14.43 
 
 15.62 
 
 
 
 
 
 7.57 
 
 9.26 
 
 10.86 
 
 12.38 
 
 13.82 
 
 15.18 
 
 16.45 
 
 
 
 
 ixf 
 
 7.90 
 
 9.67 
 
 11.36 
 
 12.96 
 
 14.48 
 
 15.92 
 
 17.28 
 
 
 
 
 % 
 
 8.23 
 
 10.08 
 
 11.85 
 
 13.54 
 
 15.14 
 
 16.66 
 
 18.10 
 
 
 
 
 ix 
 
 8.56 
 
 10.49 
 
 12 36 
 
 14.11 
 
 15.80 
 
 17.40 
 
 18.92 
 
 
 
 
 KX 
 
 8.89 
 
 10.91 
 
 12.84 
 
 14.69 
 
 16.46 
 
 18.15 
 
 19.75 
 
 
 
 
 % 
 
 9.22 
 
 11.32 
 
 13.34 
 
 15.27 
 
 17.12 
 
 18.89 
 
 20.58 
 
 
 
 
 % 
 
 9.55 
 
 11.73 
 
 13.83 
 
 15.85 
 
 17.78 
 
 19.63 
 
 21.40 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 9.88 
 
 12.14 
 
 14.32 
 
 16.42 
 
 18.44 
 
 20.37 
 
 22.22 
 
 25.68 
 
 28.80 
 
 
 
 10.21 
 
 12.56 
 
 14.82 
 
 17.00 
 
 19.10 
 
 21.12 
 
 23.05 
 
 26.67 
 
 29.96 
 
 
 M 
 
 10.54 
 
 12.97 
 
 15.32 
 
 17.58 
 
 19.76 
 
 21.86 
 
 23.88 
 
 27.66 
 
 31.12 
 
 
 32 
 
 10.87 
 
 13.38 
 
 15.81 
 
 18.16 
 
 20.42 
 
 22.60 
 
 24.70 
 
 28.65 
 
 32.27 
 
 
 12 
 
 11.20 
 
 13.79 
 
 16.30 
 
 18.73 
 
 21.08 
 
 23.34 
 
 25.52 
 
 29.64 
 
 33.42 
 
 
 % 
 
 11.53 
 
 14.21 
 
 16.80 
 
 19.31 
 
 21.74 
 
 24.09 
 
 26.35 
 
 30.63 
 
 34.58 
 
 
 ax 
 
 11.86 
 
 14.62 
 
 17.30 
 
 19.89 
 
 22.40 
 
 24.83 
 
 27.18 
 
 31.62 
 
 35.74 
 
 
 % 
 
 12.19 
 
 15.03 
 
 17.79 
 
 20.47 
 
 23.06 
 
 25.57 
 
 28.00 
 
 32.61 
 
 36.89 
 
 
 5 
 
 12.52 
 
 15.44 
 
 18.28 
 
 21.04 
 
 23.74 
 
 26.31 
 
 2S.82 
 
 33.60 
 
 38.04 
 
 42.16 
 
 
 12.85 
 
 15.86 
 
 18.78 
 
 21.62 
 
 24.40 
 
 27.06 
 
 29.65 
 
 34.59 
 
 39.20 
 
 43.48 
 
 y. 
 
 13.18 
 
 16.27 
 
 19.28 
 
 22.20 
 
 25.06 
 
 27.80 
 
 30.48 
 
 35.58 
 
 40.36 
 
 44.80 
 
 32 
 
 13.51 
 
 16.68 
 
 19.77 
 
 22.78 
 
 25.72 
 
 28.54 
 
 31.30 
 
 36.57 
 
 41 51 
 
 46.12 
 
 i 
 
 13.85 
 
 17.10 
 
 20. 7 
 
 23.36 
 
 26.39 
 
 29.29 
 
 32.13 
 
 37.57 
 
 42.67 
 
 47.45 
 
 % 
 
 14.18 
 
 17.52 
 
 20.77 
 
 23.94 
 
 27.05 
 
 30.04 
 
 32.96 
 
 38.56 
 
 43.83 
 
 48.77 
 
 ax 
 
 14.51 
 
 17.93 
 
 21.27 
 
 24.52 
 
 27.71 
 
 30.78 
 
 33.79 
 
 39.55 
 
 44.99 
 
 50.09 
 
 il 
 
 14.85 
 
 18.35 
 
 21.77 
 
 25.11 
 
 28.38 
 
 31.53 
 
 34.62 
 
 40.55 
 
 46.15 
 
 51.42 
 
 6 
 
 15.18 
 
 18.77 
 
 22.27 
 
 25.69 
 
 29.05 
 
 32.28 
 
 35.45 
 
 41.55 
 
 47.31 
 
 52.75 
 
 
 15.51 
 
 19.18 
 
 22.77 
 
 26.27 
 
 29.71 
 
 33.03 
 
 36.28 
 
 42.54 
 
 48.47 
 
 54.07 
 
 1? 
 
 15.84 
 
 19.59 
 
 23.26 
 
 26.85 
 
 30.37 
 
 33.77 
 
 37.11 
 
 43.53 
 
 49. 3 
 
 55.39 
 
 3| 
 
 16.17 
 
 20.01 
 
 23.76 
 
 27.43 
 
 81 04 
 
 34.52 
 
 37.94 
 
 44.53 
 
 .50.79 
 
 56.72 
 
 1^ 
 
 16.50 
 
 20.42 
 
 24.26 
 
 28.01 
 
 31.70 
 
 35.27 
 
 38.77 
 
 45.53 
 
 51.95 
 
 58.05 
 
 sx 
 
 16.83 
 
 20.83 
 
 24.75 
 
 28.59 
 
 32-36 
 
 36.01 
 
 39.60 
 
 46.52 
 
 53.11 
 
 59.37 
 
 ax 
 
 17.17 
 
 21.25 
 
 25.25 
 
 29.17 
 
 33.01 
 
 36.76 
 
 40.43 
 
 47.52 
 
 54.28 
 
 60.70 
 
 K 
 
 17.60 
 
 21.67 
 
 25.75 
 
 29.75 
 
 33.67 
 
 37.51 
 
 41.26 
 
 48.52 
 
 55.44 
 
 62.03 
 
 

 NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 75 
 
 Table showing Weight per Foot in Pounds of Various 
 
 Diameters and Thicknesses of 
 
 HOT FINISHED TUBES. 
 
 (CONTINUED.) 
 
 -Ss 
 
 THICKNESS OF WALL. 
 
 11 
 
 5 
 
 14 
 
 i 5 s 
 
 % 
 
 T 7 * 
 
 w 
 
 A 
 
 % 
 
 % 
 
 % 
 
 1 
 
 7 
 
 17.83 
 
 22.08 
 
 26.25 
 
 30.33 
 
 34.33 
 
 38.25 
 
 42.09 
 
 49.51 
 
 66.60 
 
 63.36 
 
 & 
 
 18.17 
 
 22.50 
 
 26.75 
 
 30.92 
 
 35.00 
 
 38 99 
 
 42.92 
 
 50.51 
 
 57.79 
 
 64.69 
 
 
 18.50 
 
 22.92 
 
 27.25 
 
 31.49 
 
 35.67 
 
 39.74 
 
 43.75 
 
 51.51 
 
 58.95 
 
 66.02 
 
 % 
 
 18.83 
 
 23.33 
 
 27.75 
 
 32.07 
 
 36.33 
 
 40.49 
 
 44.58 
 
 52.50 
 
 60.11 
 
 67.35 
 
 L^ 
 
 19.16 
 
 23.74 
 
 28.24 
 
 32.66 
 
 36.99 
 
 41.23 
 
 45.41 
 
 53.49 
 
 61.27 
 
 68.67 
 
 % 
 
 19.49 
 
 24.16 
 
 28.74 
 
 33.24 
 
 37.66 
 
 41.98 
 
 46.24 
 
 54.49 
 
 62.43 
 
 70.00 
 
 ax 
 
 19.82 
 
 24.57 
 
 29.24 
 
 33.82 
 
 38.32 
 
 42.73 
 
 47.07 
 
 55.49 
 
 63.57 
 
 71.33 
 
 % 
 
 20.15 
 
 24.98 
 
 29.73 
 
 34.40 
 
 38.98 
 
 43.47 
 
 47.90 
 
 56.48 
 
 64.73 
 
 72.65 
 
 8 
 
 20.48 
 
 25.39 
 
 30.22 
 
 34.97 
 
 39.64 
 
 44.21 
 
 48.72 
 
 57.47 
 
 65.89 
 
 73.97 
 
 % 
 
 20.80 
 
 25.80 
 
 30.71 
 
 35.54 
 
 40.29 
 
 44.95 
 
 49.54 
 
 58.46 
 
 67.04 
 
 75.29 
 
 
 21.12 
 
 26.20 
 
 31.20 
 
 36.11 
 
 40.94 
 
 45.68 
 
 50.36 
 
 59.44 
 
 68.19 
 
 76.61 
 
 % 
 
 21.44 
 
 26.61 
 
 31.68 
 
 36.68 
 
 41.59 
 
 46.41 
 
 51.17 
 
 60.42 
 
 69.34 
 
 77.92 
 
 U 
 
 21.77 
 
 27.02 
 
 32.17 
 
 37.25 
 
 42.25 
 
 47.15 
 
 51.99 
 
 61.41 
 
 70.49 
 
 79.24 
 
 
 22.10 
 
 27.44 
 
 32.66 
 
 37.82 
 
 42.90 
 
 47.89 
 
 52.81 
 
 62.39 
 
 71.64 
 
 80 56 
 
 M 
 
 22.43 
 
 27.85 
 
 33.15 
 
 88.39 
 
 43.55 
 
 48.62 
 
 53.63 
 
 63.37 
 
 72.79 
 
 81.87 
 
 9 
 
 22.76 
 
 28.26 
 
 33.64 
 
 38.96 
 
 44.20 
 
 49.36 
 
 54.44 
 
 64.35 
 
 73.93 
 
 83.18 
 
 9 
 
 23.08 
 
 28.67 
 
 34.13 
 
 39.53 
 
 44.85 
 
 50.09 
 
 55.25 
 
 65.33 
 
 75.07 
 
 84.49 
 
 i^ 
 
 23.41 
 
 29.08 
 
 34.63 
 
 40.11 
 
 45.51 
 
 50.83 
 
 fi6.07 
 
 66.31 
 
 76 22 
 
 85.80 
 
 N 
 
 23.74 
 
 29.48 
 
 35.12 
 
 40.69 
 
 46.17 
 
 51.57 
 
 56.89 
 
 67.29 
 
 77.37 
 
 87.11 
 
 s2 
 
 24.07 
 
 29.88 
 
 35.61 
 
 41.26 
 
 46.83 
 
 52.31 
 
 57.71 
 
 68.27 
 
 78.51 
 
 88.42 
 
 H 
 
 24.40 
 
 30.29 
 
 36.10 
 
 41.83 
 
 47.48 
 
 53.05 
 
 5S.53 
 
 69.25 
 
 79.65 
 
 89.73 
 
 g 
 
 24-73 
 
 30.71 
 
 36.60 
 
 42.41 
 
 48.14 
 
 53.79 
 
 59.36 
 
 70.24 
 
 80.80 
 
 91.04 
 
 9 
 
 25.06 
 
 31.12 
 
 37.10 
 
 42.99 
 
 48.80 
 
 54.53 
 
 60.18 
 
 71.23 
 
 81.95 
 
 92.35 
 
 9 
 
 25.39 
 
 31 53 
 
 37.59 
 
 43.57 
 
 49.46 
 
 55.27 
 
 61.00 
 
 72.22 
 
 83.10 
 
 93.66 
 
 10 
 
 25.72 
 
 31.94 
 
 38.08 
 
 44.14 
 
 50.12 
 
 56.01 
 
 61.82 
 
 73.20 
 
 84.25 
 
 94.97 
 
 % 
 
 26.04 
 
 32.35 
 
 38.57 
 
 44.71 
 
 50.77 
 
 56.75 
 
 62.64 
 
 74.18 
 
 85.40 
 
 96.28 
 
 p 
 
 26.36 
 
 32.75 
 
 39.06 
 
 45.28 
 
 51.42 
 
 57.48 
 
 63.46 
 
 75.16 
 
 86.54 
 
 97.59 
 
 
 26.68 
 
 33.15 
 
 39.54 
 
 45.85 
 
 52 07 
 
 58.21 
 
 64.27 
 
 76.14 
 
 87.68 
 
 98 90 
 
 1^ 
 
 27.01 
 
 33.56 
 
 40.03 
 
 46.42 
 
 52.73 
 
 58.95 
 
 65.09 
 
 77.13 
 
 88.83 
 
 100.21 
 
 I 
 
 27.34 
 
 33.97 
 
 40.52 
 
 46.99 
 
 53.37 
 
 59.69 
 
 65.91 
 
 78.11 
 
 89.98 
 
 101.52 
 
 y 
 
 27.67 
 
 34.38 
 
 41.01 
 
 47.56 
 
 54.02 
 
 60.42 
 
 66.73 
 
 79.09 
 
 91.13 
 
 102.83 
 
 8 
 
 28.00 
 
 34.79 
 
 41.50 
 
 48.13 
 
 54.68 
 
 61.15 
 
 67.54 
 
 80.07 
 
 92.27 
 
 104.14 
 
 11 
 
 28.32 
 
 35.20 
 
 41.99 
 
 48.70 
 
 55.33 
 
 61.88 
 
 68.35 
 
 81.05 
 
 93.41 
 
 105.45 
 
 1^ 
 
 28.65 
 
 35.61 
 
 42.49 
 
 49.28 
 
 55.99 
 
 62.62 
 
 69.17 
 
 82 03 
 
 94.56 
 
 106.76 
 
 N 
 
 28.98 
 
 3R.02 
 
 42.98 
 
 49.8? 
 
 56.65 
 
 63.36 
 
 69.99 
 
 83.01 
 
 95.71 
 
 108.07 
 
 G 
 
 29.31 
 
 36.43 
 
 43.47 
 
 50.44 
 
 57.31 
 
 64.10 
 
 70.81 
 
 83.99 
 
 96.85 
 
 109.38 
 
 L< 
 
 29.64 
 
 36.84 
 
 43.96 
 
 51.01 
 
 57.96 
 
 64.84 
 
 71.63 
 
 84.97| 97.99 
 
 110.69 
 
 p 
 
 29.97 
 
 37.26 
 
 44.46 
 
 51.59 
 
 58.60 
 
 65.58 
 
 72.46 
 
 85.961 99.14 
 
 112.00 
 
 iS 
 
 30.30 
 
 37.67 
 
 44.96 
 
 52.17 
 
 59.26 
 
 66.32 
 
 73.28 
 
 86.95 
 
 100.29 
 
 113.31 
 
 | 
 
 30.63 
 
 38.08 
 
 45.45 
 
 52.74 
 
 59.92 
 
 67.06 
 
 74.10 
 
 87.94 
 
 101.44 
 
 114.62 
 
 
76 NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 Table showing Weight per Foot in Pounds of Various 
 
 Diameters and Thicknesses of 
 
 HOT FINISHED TUBES. 
 
 (CONTINUED.) 
 
 S| 
 
 THICKNESS OF WALL. 
 
 y 
 
 X 
 
 A 
 
 
 
 ft 
 
 H 
 
 * 
 
 * 
 
 H 
 
 * 
 
 1 
 
 12 
 
 30.96 
 
 38.49 
 
 45.94 
 
 53.31 
 
 60.58 
 
 67.80 
 
 74.92 
 
 88.92 
 
 102.59 
 
 115.93 
 
 
 31.28 
 
 38.90 
 
 46.43 
 
 53.88 
 
 61.23 
 
 68.54 
 
 75.74 
 
 89.90 
 
 103.73117.24 
 
 /4 
 
 31.60 
 
 39.30 
 
 46.92 
 
 54.45 
 
 61.88 
 
 69.27 
 
 76.56 
 
 90.88 
 
 104.87118.55 
 
 ax 
 
 31.92 
 
 39.70 
 
 47.40 
 
 55.02 
 
 62.53 
 
 70.00 
 
 77.37 
 
 91.86 
 
 106.01 
 
 119.86 
 
 IX 
 
 32.25 
 
 40.11 
 
 47.89 
 
 55.59 
 
 63.19 
 
 70.74 
 
 78.19 
 
 92.85 
 
 107.16 
 
 121.17 
 
 % 
 
 32.58 
 
 40.52 
 
 48 38 
 
 56 16 
 
 63.84 
 
 71.48 
 
 79.01 
 
 93.83 
 
 108.31 122.48 
 
 a^ 
 
 32.92 
 
 40.94 
 
 48.88 
 
 56.74 
 
 64.50 
 
 72.22 
 
 79.84 
 
 94.82 
 
 109.47,123.80 
 
 % 
 
 33.26 
 
 41.36 
 
 49.38 
 
 57.32 
 
 65.16 
 
 72.96 
 
 80.66 
 
 95.81 
 
 110.62125.12 
 
 13 
 
 33.60 
 
 41.79 
 
 49.89 
 
 57.91 
 
 65.83 
 
 73.71 
 
 81.49 
 
 96.81 
 
 111.78126.45 
 
 ix 
 
 33.94 
 
 42.21 
 
 50.40 
 
 58.50 
 
 66.50 
 
 74.46 
 
 82.32 
 
 97.80 
 
 112.94 
 
 127.77 
 
 IX 
 
 34.28 
 
 42.64 
 
 50.91 
 
 59.10 
 
 67.18 
 
 75.22 
 
 83.16 98.80 
 
 114.11 
 
 129.10 
 
 % 
 
 34.62 
 
 43.06 
 
 51.42 
 
 59.69 
 
 67.86 
 
 75.98 
 
 84.00 
 
 99.80 
 
 115.28130.43 
 
 IX 
 
 34.96 
 
 43.49 
 
 51.93 
 
 60.29 
 
 68.54 
 
 76.75 
 
 84.85 
 
 100.81 
 
 116.45 131.77 
 
 % 
 
 35.28 
 
 43.89 
 
 52.42 
 
 60.86 
 
 69.20 
 
 77.49 
 
 85.68ll01.80 
 
 117.60133.08 
 
 ft 
 
 35.59 
 
 44.29 
 
 52.90 
 
 61.43 
 
 69.85 
 
 78.28 
 
 86.50,102.79 
 
 118.75 
 
 134.39 
 
 % 
 
 35.90 
 
 44.68 
 
 53.38 
 
 61.99 
 
 70.50 
 
 78.96 
 
 87.32103.78 
 
 119.90 
 
 135.70 
 
 14 
 
 36.20 
 
 45.07 
 
 53.85 
 
 62.55 
 
 71.14 
 
 79.69 
 
 88.13104.76 
 
 121.05 
 
 137.01 
 
 
 36.52 
 
 45.45 
 
 54.32 
 
 63.10 
 
 71.78 
 
 80.41 
 
 88.94 
 
 105.74 
 
 122.20 
 
 138.32 
 
 IX 
 
 36.85 
 
 45.86 
 
 54.79 
 
 63.66 
 
 72.42 
 
 81.14 
 
 89.75 
 
 106.72 
 
 123.35 
 
 139.64 
 
 sx 
 
 37.19 
 
 46.28 
 
 55.29 
 
 64.22 
 
 73.07 
 
 81.87 
 
 90.57 
 
 107.71 
 
 124.51 
 
 140.97 
 
 /^ 
 
 37.54 
 
 46.71 
 
 55.80 
 
 64.81 
 
 73.72 
 
 82.61 
 
 91.39108.70 
 
 125.67 
 
 142.30 
 
 fix 
 
 37.90 
 
 47.15 
 
 56.32 
 
 65.41 
 
 74.40 
 
 83.35 
 
 92.22'109.70 
 
 126.84 
 
 143.64 
 
 ax 
 
 38.25 
 
 47.59 
 
 56.84 
 
 66.01 
 
 75.08 
 
 84.11 
 
 93. 04)110.69 
 
 128.00 
 
 144.97 
 
 fl 
 
 38.60 
 
 48.03 
 
 57.37 
 
 66.62 
 
 75.77 
 
 84.88 
 
 93.89 
 
 111.69 
 
 129.17 
 
 146.31 
 
 15 
 
 38.94 
 
 48.46 
 
 57.89 
 
 67.23 
 
 76.46 
 
 85.65 
 
 94.74 
 
 112.68 
 
 130.33 
 
 147.64 
 
 ix 
 
 39 27 
 
 48.88 
 
 58.40 
 
 67.83 
 
 77.15 
 
 86.42 
 
 95.59 
 
 113.69 
 
 131.49 
 
 148.97 
 
 IX 
 
 39.60 
 
 49.29 
 
 58.90 
 
 68.42 
 
 77.83 
 
 87.19 
 
 96.44 
 
 114.70 
 
 132.64 
 
 150.29 
 
 a| 
 
 39.92 
 
 49.70 
 
 59.39 
 
 69.00 
 
 78.50 
 
 87.95 
 
 97.29 
 
 115.71 
 
 133.81 
 
 151.61 
 
 ix. 
 
 40.24 
 
 50.10 
 
 59.88 
 
 69.57 
 
 79.16 
 
 88.70 
 
 98.13 
 
 116.72 
 
 134.98 
 
 152.92 
 
 RX 
 
 40.56 
 
 50.50 
 
 60.36 
 
 70.14 
 
 79.81 
 
 89.44 
 
 98.96 
 
 117.73 
 
 136.15154.25 | 
 
 M 
 
 40.88 
 
 50.90 
 
 60.84 
 
 70.70 
 
 80.46 
 
 90 17 
 
 99.78 
 
 118.73 
 
 137.32 
 
 155.58 
 
 fl 
 
 41.20 
 
 51.30 
 
 61.32 
 
 71.26 
 
 81.12 
 
 90.90 
 
 100.59 
 
 119.72 
 
 138.49 
 
 156.91 
 
 16 
 
 41.52 
 
 51.70 
 
 61.80 
 
 71.82 
 
 81.76 
 
 91.62 
 
 101.40 
 
 120.70 
 
 139.65 
 
 158.24 
 
 ix 
 
 41.84 
 
 52.10 
 
 62.28 
 
 72.38 
 
 82.40 
 
 92.34 
 
 102.20J121.67 
 
 140.80 
 
 159.57 
 
 M 
 
 42.14 
 
 52.48 
 
 62.74 
 
 72.92 
 
 83.02 
 
 93.04 
 
 102.98 122.62 
 
 141.92 
 
 160.87 
 
 % 
 
 42.45 
 
 52.87 
 
 63.21 
 
 73.47 
 
 83.65 
 
 93.75 
 
 103.77 
 
 L28.57 
 
 143.04 
 
 162.17 
 
 IX 
 
 42 76 
 
 53.26 
 
 63.68 
 
 74.02 
 
 84.28 
 
 94.45 
 
 104.56 
 
 124.52 
 
 144.16 
 
 163.46 
 
 sx 
 
 43.13 
 
 53.71 
 
 64.21 
 
 74.63 
 
 84.97 
 
 95.23 
 
 105.41 
 
 125.53 
 
 145.33 
 
 164.80 
 
 M 
 
 43.47 
 
 54.11 
 
 64.69 
 
 75.19 
 
 85.61 
 
 95.95 
 
 106.21 
 
 126.49 
 
 146.45 
 
 166.09 
 
 % 
 
 43.82 
 
 54.55 
 
 65.19 
 
 75.77 
 
 86.27 
 
 96. 69 
 
 107.03 
 
 127.47 
 
 147.59 
 
 167.39 
 
 17 
 
 44.19 
 
 55.00 
 
 65.73 
 
 76.37 
 
 86.95 
 
 97.45 
 
 107.87 
 
 128.47 
 
 148.75 
 
 168.71 
 
 
NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 3 
 I 
 I 
 
 11 
 
 OOOOOOOOl-lTHTHTHl-HT-l-HT-lr-lTH 
 
 "SSSS 3 82S5?SSSS38 
 
 O O O O i- -4 i-4 r4 T-I TH I-H' TH" i-i TH TH' O C* 
 
 O O O O i-i i-< i-1 1-4 i-4 i-I i-4 ,-4 TH* TH* 0* CJ 01 S* 
 00 3 O TH W 00 TP O it t- O5 O -TH 0* CO -<T O CO 
 
 o o TH' i-4 T4 1-4 TH' T-I TH TH 1-4 ai si oi vi ei o* ci 
 
 -s 
 
 * si si si eo' co" ec ec" oo oo 
 i ci si ec ec* eo TC eo ^' ^" 
 
 DOsJ^S^pS^CO 
 
 j so cc eo co eo" -*' TI< * *' 
 ? eo eo os ^ 
 
 SSSS25S 
 SSSSIgg 
 SS88S88Sg . 
 
 S -IS 
 
 * ,_._.. TOOSO 
 
 g tJ 
 
 fc rS 
 
 r 
 
& 
 
 NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 of 
 
 Weight Per Foot in Lbs, of Various Di 
 
 COLD-DRAWN TUBES. 
 
 (CONTINUED.) 
 
 rest Frac 
 of 1 Inch. 
 
 (N<N<N<N<* 
 
 W- 
 [51 
 f*3 
 :S 
 
 co so co oo eo so cc n 
 ec'eccc^'^^Tj:^ 
 
 a ^ 
 
 a 
 
 K 
 
 ._ ._ ._ ._ -'---- ^ QO" 06 06 oo oi os os o. 
 
 o o t- 1-' i> t- ad oo" oo" oo* os os o os o o ^ JH 
 
 issiiSs 
 
 QO ao" GO os" as os' o o o ** ** ~ ff* oi o* m eo n 
 
 H5 
 
NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 ges of 
 
 Weight Per Foot in Lbs. of Vario 
 
 COLD-DRAWN TU 
 
 rest Fracti 
 of 1 Inch. 
 
 eoeocoeoeocoeosoeoTi 
 ec'eocoec^ 
 "& 
 
 >odeo: 
 
 HB 
 
 iQOjQjQOO5Oococ 
 
 3 
 
 0' OS OS 0> O O O O O JH ^j j4 rn 0* CJ J 2* 32 
 
 ^ TH T-J oj oj w oi w w w o -^ 
 
 if 
 
 ^ jot so 05 sceo 5 
 
 SB 
 91 
 
NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 >0 tO >0 >0 to U3 to to to O 50 D 5 O O O 
 
 10 wi d so to to o 
 
 > c- oo x QO co oo oo' 06 oo" o> os os o os* os os' 
 
 o' 00 Os' OS* OS 03 05 OS Os' O O O O O O O -j TH 
 
 
 
NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 ! 
 
 1 
 
 >**- 
 
 sg; g 
 J^s 
 
 3 <| 
 
 .5^8 
 1^" 
 
 fiq 
 
 I 8 
 
 Ho 
 
 co' CD' co CD co' co co' CD' CD CD co' co' co t> i> i- 1- 
 
 ^ 88 > &S$8 > 38$&3$3S 
 
 co* co' co' t> t- J> i> t- z> i> t-' t-' t- 1> oo' oo' oo' 
 
 B 
 
 z>t-"t-"z>i>o6o6o6o6oo'oo"cpoDa6ooo6cs 
 
 ng 
 
 06 06 06 os os oj os os os os os os o o o o o 
 
 HB 
 
 os" o o" o o o d p o - 
 
 ^ sisSssSi 
 X 
 
 *. 
 
 4 
 
 '-9'S 
 
 R* 
 
 " 
 
 SS'35S3g'S^sy55e''5S 
 8S38SSS&S8S 
 
 M^5S?i5<^^^gS^S 
 
 m 
 B 
 
 S8 
 
 88 
 
 ~" nm'tf. 
 
82 NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 TABLE OF LENGTHS AND WEIGHTS 
 
 OF 
 
 WORKING BARRELS. 
 
 f /Working Barrel ^^j ' A 
 
 i m >| 1 
 
 iTT5 P 
 Itli L J b i r 
 
 * i^^psypl^^ j 
 
 r^^gi 2*' Working Barrel fc^^l . 
 
 JJ W ^^^ ffe j 
 
 >~* Threads ^ | | > o ^ K > ^ 
 
 T 1 perl " * irT 1 U K T f 
 
 riiF^^^^^^S"^ 5 ^^ L^L^^r . * 
 
 J J W J 
 
 * Threads ^ 
 1 ^ " J 
 
 ra iki 
 
 1 *T T L1F 7 1 I 
 
 / W\4^^w^v\^ ; k i . 4 
 
 
 Length 2 Inch Barrel 
 in Feet. Weight in Ibs. 
 
 2J/2 Inch Barrel 3 Inch Barrel 
 Weight in Ibs. Weight in Ibs. 
 
 5 32 to 37 
 6 35 " 40 
 7 38 " 43 
 8 41 " 46 
 9 44 " 49 
 
 37 to 43 47 to 55 
 43 " 49 54 " 62 
 49 " 55 61 " 69 
 55 " 61 68 " 76 
 61 " 67 75 " 83 
 
 
 
NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 ILLUSTRATIONS 
 
 Standard and Special Seamless Cylinders. 
 
 [5 inch Standard Seamless Cylinder. 
 
 (See Table, page 84.) 
 
 8 inch Standard Seamless Cylinder. 
 
 (See Table, page 85.) 
 
 TENSILE STRENGTH or MATERIAL '= 90.000 LBS. 
 
 8 inch Special Seamless Cylinder. 
 
 (See Table, page 86.) 
 
84 NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 Table of Weights and Capacities of 5 inch Standard 
 
 Seamless Cylinders. 
 
 Outside Diameter, 5^ B inches. Thickness of Wall, inch. 
 
 (See illustration, page 83.) 
 
 Tested to 3700 Ibs. per square inch Hydrostatic Pressure. 
 
 Length 
 over all 
 in inches. 
 
 Average 
 Weight 
 in IDS. 
 
 Capacity in 
 Cubic inches. 
 
 Capacity in 
 Cubic feet. 
 
 Capacity 
 Gallons. 
 
 Capacity in 
 Ibs. Liquid 
 Carbonic 
 Acid Gas. 
 
 36 
 
 39.00 
 
 653 
 
 0.3779 
 
 2.83 
 
 15. 
 
 
 39.47 
 
 663 
 
 0.3839 
 
 2.87 
 
 15.2 
 
 37 
 
 39.94 
 
 673 
 
 0.3900 
 
 2.92 
 
 15.4 
 
 37^3 
 
 40.41 
 
 683 
 
 0.3961 
 
 2.96 
 
 15.6 
 
 38 
 
 40.88 
 
 694 
 
 0.4022 
 
 3.01 
 
 15.8 
 
 38)4 
 
 41.35 
 
 704 
 
 0.4083 
 
 3.05 
 
 16. 
 
 39 
 
 41.82 
 
 714 
 
 0.4143 
 
 3.10 
 
 16.2 
 
 39^2 
 
 42.29 
 
 725 
 
 0.4204 
 
 3.14 
 
 16.4 
 
 40 
 
 42.76 
 
 735 
 
 0.4265 
 
 3.19 
 
 16.6 
 
 40^ 
 
 43.23 
 
 745 
 
 0.4326 
 
 3.23 
 
 16.8 
 
 41 
 
 43.71 
 
 756 
 
 0.4387 
 
 3.28 
 
 17. 
 
 
 44.18 
 
 766 
 
 0.4447 
 
 3.32 
 
 17.2 
 
 42 
 
 44.65 
 
 776 
 
 0.4508 
 
 3.37 
 
 17.4 
 
 42^ 
 
 45.12 
 
 786 
 
 0.4569 
 
 3.41 
 
 17.6 
 
 43 
 
 45.59 
 
 797 
 
 0.4630 
 
 3.46 
 
 17.8 
 
 
 46.06 
 
 807 
 
 0.4691 
 
 3.50 
 
 18. 
 
 44 
 
 46.53 
 
 817 
 
 0.4751 
 
 3.55 
 
 18.2 
 
 44^ 
 
 47.00 
 
 828 
 
 0.4812 
 
 3.59 
 
 18.4 
 
 45 
 
 47.47 
 
 838 
 
 0.4873 
 
 3.64 
 
 18.6 
 
 45^ 
 
 47.94 
 
 848 
 
 0.4934 
 
 3.68 
 
 18.8 
 
 46 
 
 48.42 
 
 859 
 
 0.4995 
 
 3.73 
 
 19. 
 
 46^ 
 
 48.89 
 
 869 
 
 0.5055 
 
 3.77 
 
 19.2 
 
 47 
 
 49.36 
 
 879 
 
 0.5116 
 
 3.81 
 
 19.4 
 
 47^ 
 
 49.83 
 
 889 
 
 0.5177 
 
 3.85 
 
 19.6 
 
 48 
 
 50.30 
 
 900 
 
 0.5238 
 
 3.90 
 
 19.8 
 
 48U 
 
 50.77 
 
 910 
 
 0.5299 
 
 3.94 
 
 20. 
 
 49 
 
 51.24 
 
 920 
 
 0.5359 
 
 3.99 
 
 20.2 
 
 49^ 
 
 51.71 
 
 931 
 
 0.5420 
 
 4.03 
 
 20.4 
 
 50 . 
 
 52.18 
 
 941 
 
 0.5481 
 
 4.08 
 
 20.6 
 
 50U 
 
 52.65 
 
 951 
 
 0.5542 
 
 4.12 
 
 20.8 
 
 51 
 
 53.13 
 
 962 
 
 0.5603 
 
 4.17 
 
 21. 
 
 
 53.60 
 
 972 
 
 0.5663 
 
 4.21 
 
 21.2 
 
 52 
 
 54.07 
 
 982 
 
 0.5724 
 
 4.26 
 
 21.4 
 
 
 54.54 
 
 992 
 
 0.5785 
 
 4.30 
 
 21.6 
 
 53 
 
 55.01 
 
 1003 
 
 0.5846 
 
 4.35 
 
 21.8 
 
 53^ 
 
 55.48 
 
 1013 
 
 0.5907 
 
 4.39 
 
 22. 
 
 54 
 
 55.95 
 
 1023 
 
 0.5967 
 
 4.44 
 
 22.2 
 
 54^ 
 
 56.42 
 
 1034 
 
 0.6028 
 
 4.48 
 
 22.4 
 
 55 
 
 56.89 
 
 1044 
 
 0.6089 
 
 4.53 
 
 22.6 
 
 
 57.36 
 
 1054 
 
 0.6150 
 
 4.57 
 
 22.8 
 
 56 
 
 57.84 
 
 1065 
 
 0.6211 
 
 4.62 
 
 23. 
 
 56^ 
 
 58.31 
 
 1075 
 
 0.6271 
 
 4.66 
 
 23.2 
 
 
 58.78 
 
 1085 
 
 0.6832 
 
 4.71 
 
 23.4 
 
 57^ 
 
 59.25 
 
 1095 
 
 0.6393 
 
 4 75 
 
 23.6 
 
 58 
 
 59.72 
 
 1106 
 
 0.6454 
 
 4.80 
 
 23.8 
 
 58^ 
 
 60.19 
 
 1116 
 
 0.6515 
 
 4.84 
 
 24. 
 
 59 
 
 60.66 
 
 1126 
 
 0.6575 
 
 4.89 
 
 24.2 
 
 59^ 
 
 61.13 
 
 1137 
 
 0.6636 
 
 4.93 
 
 24.4 
 
 60 
 
 61.60 
 
 1147 
 
 0.6697 
 
 4.97 
 
 24.6 
 
 

 NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 85 
 
 Table of Weights and Capacities of 8 inch Standard 
 
 Seamless Cylinders* 
 
 Outside Diameter, 8 T 9 a inches. Thickness of Wall, & inch. 
 
 (See illustration, page 83.) 
 
 Tested to 3700 Ibs. per square inch Hydrostatic Pressure. 
 
 Length 
 over all 
 in inches. 
 
 Average 
 WeigKt 
 in Ibs. 
 
 Capacity in. 
 Cubic inches. 
 
 Capacity in 
 Cubic feet. 
 
 % p u ad s ty 
 
 Gallons. 
 
 Capacity in 
 Ibs. Liquid 
 Carbonic 
 Acid Gas. 
 
 36 
 
 69.4 
 
 1781 
 
 1.0307 
 
 7.71 
 
 37. 
 
 36^ 
 
 70.25 
 
 1806 
 
 1.0454 
 
 7.82 
 
 37.5 
 
 37 
 
 71.1 
 
 1832 
 
 .0601 
 
 7.94 
 
 38. 
 
 37^ 
 
 71.95 
 
 1857 
 
 .0783 
 
 8.05 
 
 38.5 
 
 38 
 
 72.8 
 
 1883 
 
 .0895 
 
 8.16 
 
 39. 
 
 38^ 
 
 73.65 
 
 1908 
 
 .1042 
 
 8.27 
 
 39.5 
 
 39 
 
 74.5 
 
 1934 
 
 .1189 
 
 8.38 
 
 40. 
 
 39U 
 
 75.35 
 
 1952 
 
 .1336 
 
 8.49 
 
 40.5 
 
 40 
 
 76.2 
 
 1985 
 
 .1483 
 
 8.60 
 
 41. 
 
 40}^ 
 
 77.05 
 
 2010 
 
 .1630 
 
 8.71 
 
 41.5 
 
 41 
 
 77.9 
 
 2036 
 
 .1778 
 
 8.82 
 
 42. 
 
 41>^ 
 
 78.75 
 
 2061 
 
 .1925 
 
 8.93 
 
 42.5 
 
 42 
 
 79.7 
 
 2087 
 
 .2072 
 
 9.04 
 
 43. 
 
 42^ 
 
 80 55 
 
 2112 
 
 .2219 
 
 9.15 
 
 43.5 
 
 43 
 
 81.4 
 
 2138 
 
 .2368 
 
 9.26 
 
 44. 
 
 43^ 
 
 82.25 
 
 2163 
 
 .2515 
 
 9.37 
 
 44.5 
 
 44 
 
 83.1 
 
 2189 
 
 .2662 
 
 9.48 
 
 45. 
 
 44^ 
 
 83.95 
 
 2214 
 
 .2809 
 
 9.59 
 
 45.5 
 
 45 
 
 84.8 
 
 2240 
 
 2956 
 
 9.70 
 
 46. 
 
 45^ 
 
 85.65 
 
 2265 
 
 .3103 
 
 9.81 
 
 46.5 
 
 ' 46 
 
 86.5 
 
 2291 
 
 .3251 
 
 9.92 
 
 47. 
 
 46^ 
 
 87.35 
 
 2316 
 
 .3398 
 
 10.03 
 
 47.5 
 
 47 
 
 88.2 
 
 2342 
 
 .3545 
 
 10.14 
 
 48. 
 
 47^ 
 
 89.05 
 
 2367 
 
 3692 
 
 10.25 
 
 48.5 
 
 48 
 
 89.9 
 
 2393 
 
 .3839 
 
 10.36 
 
 49. 
 
 48J^ 
 
 90.75 
 
 2418 
 
 .3966 
 
 10.47 
 
 49.5 
 
 49 
 
 91.6 
 
 2444 
 
 .4113 
 
 10.58 
 
 50. 
 
 49^ 
 
 92.45 
 
 2469 
 
 .4260 
 
 10.69 
 
 50.5 
 
 50 
 
 93.3 
 
 2495 
 
 .4407 
 
 10.80 
 
 51. 
 
 50^ 
 
 94.1 
 
 2520 
 
 .4554 
 
 10.91 
 
 51.5 
 
 51 
 
 95. 
 
 2546 
 
 .4702 
 
 11.02 
 
 52. 
 
 51H 
 
 95.85 
 
 2571 
 
 .4849 
 
 11.13 
 
 52.5 
 
 52 
 
 96.7 
 
 2597 
 
 .4996 
 
 11.24 
 
 53. 
 
 52\4 
 
 97.55 
 
 2622 
 
 .5143 
 
 11.35 
 
 53.5 
 
 53 
 
 98.4 
 
 2648 
 
 .5290 
 
 11.46 
 
 54. 
 
 53^ 
 
 99.25 
 
 2673 
 
 .5437 
 
 11.57 
 
 54.5 
 
 54 
 
 100.1 
 
 2699 
 
 .5585 
 
 11.68 
 
 55. 
 
 54^3 
 
 100.95 
 
 2724 
 
 .5732 
 
 11.79 
 
 55.5 
 
 55 
 
 101.8 
 
 2750 
 
 .5879 
 
 11.90 
 
 56. 
 
 55^ 
 
 102.65 
 
 2775 
 
 .6026 
 
 12.01 
 
 56.5 
 
 56 
 
 103.5 
 
 2801 
 
 .6174 
 
 12.12 
 
 57. 
 
 56^ 
 
 104.35 
 
 2826 
 
 .6321 
 
 12.23 
 
 57.5 
 
 57 
 
 105.2 
 
 2852 
 
 .6468 
 
 12.34 
 
 58. 
 
 57}^ 
 
 106.05 
 
 2877 
 
 .6615 
 
 12.45 
 
 58.5 
 
 58 
 
 106.9 
 
 2903 
 
 .6762 
 
 12.56 
 
 59. 
 
 58J^ 
 
 107.75 
 
 2928 
 
 ; .6909 
 
 12.67 
 
 59.5 
 
 59 
 
 108.6 
 
 2954 
 
 i .7056 
 
 12.78 
 
 60. 
 
 59J^ 
 
 109.45 
 
 2979 
 
 1.7203 
 
 12.89 
 
 60.5 
 
 60 
 
 110.5 
 
 3005 
 
 1.7303 
 
 13.00 
 
 61. 
 
 , J 
 
86 NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 Table of Weights and Capacities of 8 inch Special Seamless 
 
 Cylinders for Holding Carbonic Gas. 
 
 Outside Diameter, 8 inches. Thickness of Wall, & inch. 
 
 (See illustration, pae 83.) 
 
 Tested to 3000 Ibs. per square inch Hydrostatic Pressure. 
 
 Length 
 over all 
 in inches. 
 
 Average 
 Weight 
 in IBs. 
 
 Capacity in 
 Cubic inches. 
 
 Capacity in 
 Cubic feet. 
 
 <&* 
 
 Gallons. 
 
 Capacity in 
 Ibs. Liquid 
 Carbonic 
 Acid Gas. 
 
 36 
 
 74.2 
 
 1459 
 
 [8443 
 
 ~~6731 
 
 30. 
 
 36^ 
 
 75.0 
 
 1482 
 
 .8573 
 
 6.41 
 
 30.4 
 
 37 
 
 75.8 
 
 1504 
 
 .8703 
 
 6.51 
 
 30.9 
 
 37!^ 
 
 76.6 
 
 1526 
 
 .8833 
 
 6.60 
 
 31.3 
 
 38 
 
 77.4 
 
 1549 
 
 .8963 
 
 6.70 
 
 31.8 
 
 38^ 
 
 78.2 
 
 1571 
 
 .9093 
 
 6.80 
 
 32.2 
 
 39 
 
 79.0 
 
 1594 
 
 .9223 
 
 6.89 
 
 32.7 
 
 39^ 
 
 79.8 
 
 1616 
 
 .9353 
 
 6.99 
 
 33.1 
 
 40 
 
 80.6 
 
 1639 
 
 .9483 
 
 7.09 
 
 33.6 
 
 40^ 
 
 81.4 
 
 1661 
 
 .9613 
 
 7.19 
 
 34. 
 
 41 
 
 82.2 
 
 1684 
 
 .9744 
 
 7.28 
 
 34.5 
 
 41^ 
 
 83.0 
 
 1706 
 
 .9874 
 
 7.38 
 
 34.9 
 
 42 
 
 83.8 
 
 1729 
 
 1.0004 
 
 7.48 
 
 35.4 
 
 W 
 
 84.6 
 
 1751 
 
 1.0134 
 
 7.58 
 
 35.8 
 
 43 
 
 85.4 
 
 1773 
 
 1.0264 
 
 7.68 
 
 36.3 
 
 43^ 
 
 86.2 
 
 1796 
 
 1.0394 
 
 7.77 
 
 36.7 
 
 44 
 
 87.0 
 
 1818 
 
 1.0524 
 
 7.87 
 
 37.2 
 
 44^ 
 
 87.8 
 
 1841 
 
 1.0654 
 
 7.96 
 
 37.6 
 
 45 
 
 8S.6 
 
 1863 
 
 1.0784 
 
 8.06 
 
 38.1 
 
 45^ 
 
 89.4 
 
 1886 
 
 1.0914 
 
 8.16 
 
 38.5 
 
 46 
 
 90.2 
 
 1908 
 
 1.1045 
 
 8.26 
 
 39. 
 
 46J^ 
 
 91.0 
 
 1931 
 
 1.1175 
 
 8.35 
 
 39.4 
 
 47 
 
 91.8 
 
 1953 
 
 1.1305 
 
 8.45 
 
 39.9 
 
 47^ 
 
 92.6 
 
 1976 
 
 1.1435 
 
 8.55 
 
 40.3 
 
 48 
 
 93.4 
 
 1998 
 
 1.1565 
 
 8.65 
 
 40.8 
 
 48^ 
 
 94.2 
 
 2020 
 
 1.1695 
 
 8.74 
 
 41.2 
 
 49 
 
 95.0 
 
 204:1 
 
 1.1825 
 
 8.84 
 
 41.7 
 
 49^ 
 
 95.8 
 
 2067 
 
 1.1955 
 
 8.94 
 
 42.1 
 
 50 
 
 96.6 
 
 2090 
 
 1.2085 
 
 9.04 
 
 42.6 
 
 50^ 
 
 97.4 
 
 2112 
 
 1.2215 
 
 9.13 
 
 43.0 
 
 51 
 
 98.2 
 
 2135 
 
 1.2346 
 
 9.23 
 
 43.5 
 
 51^ 
 
 99.0 
 
 2157 
 
 1.2476 
 
 9.33 
 
 43.9 
 
 52 
 
 99.8 
 
 2180 
 
 1.2606 
 
 9.42 
 
 44.3 
 
 52^ 
 
 100.6 
 
 2202 
 
 1.2736 
 
 9.52 
 
 44.8 
 
 53 
 
 101.4 
 
 2225 
 
 1.2866 
 
 9.62 
 
 45.2 
 
 531^ 
 
 102.2 
 
 2247 
 
 1.2996 
 
 9.72 
 
 45.7 
 
 54 
 
 103.0 
 
 2269 
 
 1.3126 
 
 9.81 
 
 46.1 
 
 54^ 
 
 103.8 
 
 2292 
 
 1 3256 
 
 9.91 
 
 46.6 
 
 55 
 
 104.6 
 
 2314 
 
 1.3386 
 
 10.01 
 
 47.0 
 
 55^ 
 
 105.4 
 
 2337 
 
 1.3516 
 
 10.11 
 
 47.5 
 
 56 
 
 106.2 
 
 2359 
 
 1.3647 
 
 10.20 
 
 47 9 
 
 56^ 
 
 107.0 
 
 2381 
 
 1.3777 
 
 10.30 
 
 48.4 
 
 57 
 
 107.8 
 
 2403 
 
 1.3907 
 
 10.40 
 
 48.8 
 
 57^ 
 
 108.6 
 
 2426 
 
 1.4037 
 
 10.49 
 
 49.3 
 
 58 
 
 109.4 
 
 2449 
 
 1.4167 
 
 10.59 
 
 49.7 
 
 58^ 
 
 110.2 
 
 2471 
 
 1.4297 
 
 10.69 
 
 50 2 
 
 59 
 
 111.0 
 
 2493 
 
 1.4427 
 
 10.79 
 
 50.6 
 
 59^ 
 
 111.8 
 
 2516 
 
 1.4558 
 
 10.88 
 
 51.1 
 
 60 
 
 112.6 
 
 2538 
 
 1.4687 
 
 10.98 
 
 51.5 
 
 
 
NATIONALITUBE COMPANY. 
 
 Table of Weights and Capacities of Seamless Cylinders 
 of various diameters. 
 
 Tested 3700 Ibs. per square inch Hydrostatic Pressure. 
 
 14 
 15 
 16 
 17 
 19 
 20 
 21 
 22 
 24 
 25 
 27 
 28 
 30 
 33 
 
 43 
 46 
 50 
 53 
 56 
 
 66 
 70 
 74 
 79 
 85 
 90 
 94 
 98 
 103 
 
 6.8 
 7.2 
 7.8 
 8.2 
 8.7 
 9.2 
 9.6 
 10. 
 10.6 
 11. 
 11.8 
 12. 
 12.6 
 15. 
 16. 
 17. 
 18. 
 20.5 
 21.2 
 21.7 
 22.4 
 26. 
 26.7 
 27.5 
 28.1 
 32.5 
 33. 
 34. 
 85.2 
 39.4 
 40.5 
 
 <*H C-U 
 
 o o u 
 
 .5 
 .57 
 .6 
 .67 
 
 .7 
 .76 
 .78 
 
 .91 
 .98 
 
 1. 
 
 1.05 
 
 1.3 
 .4 
 .43 
 .5 
 .7 
 .8 
 .8* 
 .88 
 
 2.1 
 
 2.22 
 
 2.3 
 
 2.4 
 
 2.7 
 
 2.8 
 
 2.9 
 
 3. 
 
 3.3 
 
 3.4 
 
 219 
 251 
 
 358 
 397 
 438 
 471 
 526 
 573 
 622 
 673 
 724 
 778 
 834 
 891 
 950 
 1010 
 1072 
 1136 
 1200 
 1267 
 1336 
 1406 
 1477 
 1550 
 1623 
 1699 
 1775 
 1854 
 
 1H 
 
 riT3 C3 
 
 *1| 
 
 84.8 
 99.5 
 115.4 
 132.5 
 150.7 
 169.9 
 190.8 
 212.6 
 235.5 
 259.7 
 285. 
 311.5 
 
 461.7 
 495.4 
 
 603. 
 641.4 
 680.9 
 721.5 
 763.3 
 806.4 
 850.5 
 895.9 
 942.5 
 990. 
 1039. 
 
 8.29 
 9.62 
 11.04 
 12.56 
 14.18 
 15.90 
 17.72 
 19.63 
 21.64 
 23.75 
 25.96 
 28.27 
 30.68 
 33.18 
 35.78 
 38.48 
 41.28 
 44.17 
 47.17 
 50.26 
 53.45 
 56.74 
 60.13 
 63.61 
 67.20 
 70.88 
 74.66 
 78.54 
 
88 NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 Table of Weights and Capacities of Seamless Cylinders 
 
 of various diameters. 
 
 (CONTINUED.) 
 
 
 
 s 
 
 l| bb 
 
 VM C^ 
 
 O O bo 
 
 *o o bo 
 
 .S^6i 
 
 oM 
 
 o bo 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 E v 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 11 
 5 
 
 a 
 
 j> 
 
 }l 
 
 m 
 
 m 
 
 
 
 Si 
 
 li 
 
 11 
 
 11??. 
 
 u 
 
 109 
 
 41.2 
 
 3.47 
 
 1932 
 
 1140.3 
 
 95.03 
 
 
 
 i(! 
 
 114 
 
 42.7 
 
 3.62 
 
 2012 
 
 1192.8 
 
 99.40 
 
 IJL| 
 
 
 |l 
 
 119 
 
 47. 
 
 3.9 
 
 2093 
 
 1245.6 
 
 103.87 
 
 11% 
 
 [2V, 
 
 /'s 
 
 125 
 
 48. 
 
 4. 
 
 2176 
 
 129U.8 
 
 108.43 
 
 12 
 
 
 :/; -'s 
 
 132 
 
 49. 
 
 4.05 
 
 2261 
 
 1356. 
 
 113.10 
 
 
 13 
 
 ! 's 
 
 137 
 
 50. 
 
 4.1 
 
 2347 
 
 1414.3 
 
 117.86 
 
 12}/ 
 
 13,-,. 
 
 13 
 
 143 
 
 55. 
 
 4.5 
 
 2433 
 
 1472.4 
 
 122.72 
 
 12% 
 
 I8 fi 
 
 1 ; : j 
 
 150 
 
 56.4 
 
 4.7 
 
 2521 
 
 1532. 
 
 127.68 
 
 13 
 
 
 ''! - 
 
 162 
 
 57.4 
 
 4.8 
 
 2610 
 
 1592. 
 
 132.73 
 
 
 |.j 'T 
 
 - 1 ' 
 
 168 
 
 58.5 
 
 4.9 
 
 2700 
 
 1664.7 
 
 137.89 
 
 13/ 4 ) 
 
 I4 : ' ; s 
 
 1 ? (T 
 
 174 
 
 64.5 
 
 5.4 
 
 2790 
 
 1717.2 
 
 143.14 
 
 13% 
 
 1 4"'s 
 
 7^ 
 
 180 
 
 65.5 
 
 5.5 
 
 2883 
 
 1781.9 
 
 148.49 
 
 14 
 
 1 1 ' S 
 
 7^ 
 
 187 
 
 66.2 
 
 5.55 
 
 2976 
 
 1846.8 
 
 153.94 
 
 
 l5 l /6 
 
 jr 
 
 193 
 
 67.2 
 
 5.6 
 
 3074 
 
 1913.7 
 
 159.48 
 
 wi2 
 
 i r. ~ 
 
 J f; 
 
 200 
 
 74. 
 
 6.1 
 
 3173 
 
 1981.2 
 
 165.13 
 
 14% 
 
 |JJU 
 
 M 
 
 209 
 
 75.6 
 
 6.2 
 
 3265 
 
 2050.4 
 
 170.87 
 
 15 
 
 JglB 
 
 Li 
 
 220 
 
 76.6 
 
 6:3 
 
 3357 
 
 2120.4 
 
 176.71 
 
 
 IfiJJg 
 
 3 | 
 
 227 
 
 77.6 
 
 6.45 
 
 3452 
 
 2191.8 
 
 182.65 
 
 15Vi 
 
 1 r, 1 ' ., 
 
 V^> 
 
 235 
 
 84.3 
 
 7. 
 
 3548 
 
 2263.2 
 
 188.69 
 
 15% 
 
 10>i 
 
 y 
 
 244 
 
 85.7 
 
 7.1 
 
 3650 
 
 2337.9 
 
 194 83 
 
 16 
 
 
 ]Z 
 
 255 
 
 87. 
 
 7.2 
 
 3753 
 
 2412. 
 
 201.06 
 
 16^ 
 
 17H 
 
 1/1 
 
 263 
 
 88.7 
 
 7.4 
 
 3855 
 
 2487.6 
 
 207.39 
 
 wB 
 
 17* 
 
 lj_ 
 
 272 
 
 95.5 
 
 8. 
 
 3957 
 
 2565.6 
 
 213.82 
 
 16% 
 
 
 'l7 
 
 282 
 
 96.7 
 
 8.1 
 
 4058 
 
 2646.6 
 
 220.35 
 
 17 
 
 18ft 
 
 \i 
 
 291 
 
 98.3 
 
 8.2 
 
 4160 
 
 2722.8 
 
 226.98 
 
 
 1 S'''' 
 
 17 
 
 299 
 
 99.7 
 
 8.3 
 
 4274 
 
 2804.4 
 
 233.71 
 
 WH 
 
 S-V'. 
 
 J 9 (J 
 
 309 
 
 107. 
 
 8.6 
 
 4389 
 
 2886. 
 
 240.53 
 
 17% 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 320 
 
 108.7 
 
 9.06 
 
 4484 
 
 2968.8 
 
 247.45 
 
 18 
 
 !''' s 
 
 A 
 
 331 
 
 110.2 
 
 9.2 
 
 4580 
 
 3052.8 
 
 254.47 
 
 
 1 '>C 
 
 9 
 
 340 
 
 111.5 
 
 9.3 
 
 4686 
 
 3139. 
 
 261.59 
 
 18V6 
 
 IflH 
 
 ' ^i 
 
 350 
 
 119.6 
 
 9.9 
 
 4793 
 
 3225.6 
 
 268.80 ' 
 
 jga/ 
 
 
 19 
 
 361 
 
 121.3 
 
 10.1 
 
 4900 
 
 3313,4 
 
 276.12 
 
 19 
 
 ._<)].:" 
 
 n 
 
 373 
 
 122.6 
 
 10.2 
 
 5008 
 
 3402. 
 
 283.53 
 
 
 20 ^'-i 
 
 i' ii 
 
 382 
 
 126.5 
 
 10.5 
 
 5117 
 
 3492. 
 
 291.04 
 
 191^ 
 
 ](p',' 
 
 5^ 
 
 392 
 
 132.7 
 
 11. 
 
 5226 
 
 3583.2 
 
 298.65 
 
 19% 
 
 21 " 
 
 K2 
 
 403 
 
 134.4 
 
 11.2 
 
 5336 
 
 3676.2 
 
 306.35 
 
 20 
 
 21 M 
 
 % 
 
 415 
 
 136.4 
 
 11.4 
 
 5446 
 
 3769.2 
 
 314.16 
 
 
NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 Table of Weights and Capacities of 5 inch Standard 
 
 Lap-Welded Cylinders (Class B). 
 Outside Diameter, 5 T 9 B inches. Thickness of Wall, Y inch. 
 
 Tested to 3700 Ibs. per square inch Hydrostatic Pressure. 
 
 Length 
 over all 
 in inches. 
 
 Average 
 Weight 
 in Ibs. 
 
 Capacity in 
 Cubic inches. 
 
 Capacity in 
 Cubic feet. 
 
 Capacity 
 
 in u. s: 
 
 Gallons. 
 
 Capacity in 
 Ibs. Liquid 
 Carbonic 
 Acid Gas. 
 
 36 
 
 49.14 
 
 618. 
 
 6T3576~ 
 
 2.68 
 
 14. 
 
 
 49.67 
 
 628. 
 
 0.3636 
 
 2.72 
 
 14.2 
 
 37 
 
 50.20 
 
 638. 
 
 0.3696 
 
 2.77 
 
 14.4 
 
 37^ 
 
 50.73 
 
 648. 
 
 0.3756 
 
 2.81 
 
 14.6 
 
 38 
 
 51.26 
 
 658. 
 
 0.3816 
 
 2.86 
 
 14.8 
 
 
 51.79 
 
 668. 
 
 0.3876 
 
 2.90 
 
 15. 
 
 39 3 
 
 52.32 
 
 679. 
 
 0.3930 
 
 2.95 
 
 15.2 
 
 39^ 
 
 52.85 
 
 689. 
 
 0.3996 
 
 2.99 
 
 15.4 
 
 40 
 
 53.38 
 
 699. 
 
 0.4056 
 
 3.04 
 
 15.6 
 
 40^ 
 
 53.91 
 
 709. 
 
 0.4116 
 
 3.08 
 
 15.8 
 
 41 
 
 54.44 
 
 719. 
 
 0.4176 
 
 3.13 
 
 16. 
 
 41^6 
 
 54.97 
 
 730. 
 
 0.4236 
 
 3.17 
 
 16.2 
 
 42 
 
 55.50 
 
 740. 
 
 0.4296 
 
 3.22 
 
 16.4 
 
 42^ 
 
 56.03 
 
 750. 
 
 0.4356 
 
 3.26 
 
 16.6 
 
 43 
 
 56.56 
 
 760. 
 
 0.4416 
 
 3.31 
 
 16.8 
 
 43^ 
 
 57.09 
 
 770. 
 
 0.4476 
 
 3.35 
 
 17. 
 
 44 
 
 57.62 
 
 781. 
 
 0.4536 
 
 3.40 
 
 17.2 
 
 44^ 
 
 58.15 
 
 791. 
 
 0.4596 
 
 3.44 
 
 17.4 
 
 45 
 
 58.68 
 
 801. 
 
 0.4656 
 
 3.49 
 
 17.6 
 
 45^ 
 
 59.21 
 
 811. 
 
 0.4716 
 
 3.53 
 
 17.8 
 
 46 
 
 59.74 
 
 821. 
 
 0.4776 
 
 3.58 
 
 18. 
 
 
 60.27 
 
 831. 
 
 0.4836 
 
 3.62 
 
 18.2 
 
 47 
 
 60.80 
 
 842. 
 
 4896 
 
 3.67 
 
 18.4 
 
 47^ 
 
 61.33 
 
 852. 
 
 0.4956 
 
 3.71 
 
 18.6 
 
 48 
 
 61.86 
 
 862. 
 
 0.5016 
 
 3.76 
 
 18.8 
 
 48^ 
 
 62.39 
 
 872. 
 
 0.5076 
 
 3.80 
 
 19. 
 
 49 
 
 62.92 
 
 882. 
 
 0.5136 
 
 3.85 
 
 19.2 
 
 49^ 
 
 63.45 
 
 892. 
 
 0.5196 
 
 3.89 
 
 19.4 
 
 50 
 
 63.98 
 
 903. 
 
 0.5256 
 
 3.94 
 
 19.6 
 
 50V*> 
 
 64.51 
 
 913. 
 
 0.5316 
 
 3.98 
 
 19.8 
 
 51'"" 
 
 65 04 
 
 923. 
 
 0.5376 
 
 4.03 
 
 20. 
 
 51 V^ 
 
 65.57 
 
 933. 
 
 0.5436 
 
 4.07 
 
 20.2 
 
 52 
 
 66.10 
 
 943. 
 
 0.5496 
 
 .12 
 
 20.4 
 
 52^ 
 
 66.63 
 
 954. 
 
 0.5556 
 
 .16 
 
 20.6 
 
 53 
 
 67.16 
 
 964. 
 
 0.5616 
 
 .21 
 
 20.8 
 
 53^ 
 
 67.69 
 
 974. 
 
 C.5676 
 
 .26 
 
 21. 
 
 54 
 
 68.22 
 
 984. 
 
 0.5736 
 
 .31 
 
 21.2 
 
 
 68.75 
 
 994. 
 
 0.5796 
 
 4.35 
 
 21.4 
 
 55 
 
 69.28 
 
 1005. 
 
 0.5856 
 
 4.40 
 
 21.6 
 
 55^ 
 
 69.81 
 
 1015. 
 
 0.5916 
 
 4.44 
 
 21.8 
 
 56 
 
 70.34 
 
 1025. 
 
 0.5976 
 
 4.48 
 
 22. 
 
 56^ 
 
 70.87 
 
 1035. 
 
 0.6036 
 
 4.52 
 
 22.2 
 
 57 
 
 71.40 
 
 1045. 
 
 0.6096 
 
 4 57 
 
 22.4 
 
 57^ 
 
 71.93 
 
 1055. 
 
 0.6156 
 
 4.61 
 
 22.6 
 
 58 
 
 72.46 
 
 1066. 
 
 0.6216 
 
 4.66 
 
 22.8 
 
 58^ 
 
 72.99 
 
 1076. 
 
 0.6276 
 
 4.70 
 
 23. 
 
 59 
 
 73.52 
 
 1086. 
 
 0.6336 
 
 4.73 
 
 23.2 
 
 59H 
 
 74.05 
 
 1096. 
 
 0.6396 
 
 4.76 
 
 23.4 
 
 60 
 
 74.58 
 
 1106. 
 
 0.6456 
 
 4.80 
 
 23.6 
 
NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 Illustrations of Various Hydraulic Forgings, 
 
 Various Styles of Valve Protecting Caps used on Carbonic 
 Acid Gas Cylinders. 
 
 These Caps are made of light material in various sizes, suitable 
 for the Valves of Cylinders. 
 
 Boiler Shells. Seamless Floats 
 
 For Feed Water Regulators. 
 
 These Shells are made in var- 
 ious sizes from 6" Diameter, by 
 i foot long, to 24" Diameter, x 
 3 feet long. They are made 
 from Steel of 55,000 to 60,000 
 Tensile Strength. 
 
 These Floats are made from Steel 
 of High Tensile Strength, so as 
 to make them as light as possible. 
 They are subjected to a Hydros- 
 tatic Collapsing Test of sco Ibs. 
 per square inch. 
 
 Shrapnel Forging. 
 
 These jShrapnels are made of a' Special Grade of Steel, and 
 Forged from a Solid Billet. 
 
 Shrapnel^Forging. 
 
 These Shrapnels are made of a 
 
 Special Grade of Steel, and 
 
 Forged from a Solid Billet. 
 
 Shrapnel Forging. 
 
 These Shrapnels are made of a 
 
 Special Grade of Steel, and 
 
 Forged from a Solid Billet. 
 
NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 Illustrations of Various Hydraulic Forgings. 
 
 Projectile Forging. 
 
 Made from Special Grade of Steel, and Forged from a Solid Billet. 
 
 Bushing Forging for 
 Axle Bearings* 
 
 Separator Tubular 
 Forging. 
 
 These are made from High 
 
 Grade Steel, and forged 
 
 from a Solid Billet. 
 
 These Tubulars are made from 
 High Grade Steel of 85,000 to 
 90,000 Tensile Strength. 
 
 Separator Bowl Forging. 
 
 These Bowls are made from High Grade Steel of 85,000 to 90, coo 
 
 Tensile Strength. 
 Separator Bowl Forging. Separator Bowl Forging. 
 
 These Bowls are made from 
 High Grade Steel of 85,000 
 to 90,000 Tensile Strength. 
 
 These Bowls are made from 
 High Grade Steel of 85,000 
 to 90,000 Tensile Strength. 
 
USEFUL INFORMATION 
 
 RELATING CHIEFLY TO 
 
 TUBULAR CONSTRUCTION 
 
 COMPILED BY 
 
 NATIONAL TUBE CO. 
 
NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY 
 
 WATER. 
 
 Water is composed of two gases, hydrogen and oxygen, 
 in the ratio of two volumes of former to one of the latter. 
 It is never found pure in nature, owing to the readiness 
 with which it absorbs impurities from the air and soil. 
 Water boils under atmospheric pressure (14.7 Ib.) at 212, 
 passing off as steam. Its greatest density is at 39.1F., 
 when it weighs 62.425 Ibs. per cubic ft. 
 
 Weight of Water per Cubic Foot at Different Temperatures. 
 
 N 
 
 jl 
 
 N 
 
 j| 
 
 2'S 
 
 M 
 
 -O O 
 
 5'S 
 
 jrl 
 
 OJ . 
 
 3 '^ 
 
 ,o 
 
 
 
 
 
 rdrCi 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 >i G 
 
 8,2 
 
 II 
 
 , 
 
 II 
 
 OJ H 
 
 fl 
 
 v- G 
 
 0,2 
 
 || 
 
 a 
 
 1| 
 
 II 
 
 $% 
 
 |l 
 
 *j 
 
 II 
 
 
 la 
 
 s 
 
 || 
 
 Is 
 
 
 ft 
 
 
 ex 
 
 
 ft 
 
 
 a 
 
 
 ft 
 
 32 
 
 62.42 
 
 140 
 
 61.37 
 
 240 
 
 59.10 
 
 350 
 
 55.52 
 
 460 
 
 51.26 
 
 40 
 
 62.42 
 
 150 
 
 61.18 
 
 250 
 
 58.81 
 
 360 
 
 55.16 
 
 470 
 
 50.85 
 
 50 
 
 62.41 
 
 160 
 
 60.98 
 
 260 
 
 58.52 
 
 370 
 
 54.79 
 
 480 
 
 50.44 
 
 60 
 
 62.37 
 
 170 
 
 60.77 
 
 270 
 
 58.21 
 
 380 
 
 54.41 
 
 490 
 
 50.05 
 
 70 
 
 62.31 
 
 180 
 
 60.55 
 
 280 
 
 57.90 
 
 390 
 
 54.03 
 
 500 
 
 49.61 
 
 80 
 
 62.23 
 
 190 
 
 60.32 
 
 290 
 
 57.59 
 
 400 
 
 53.64 
 
 510 
 
 49.20 
 
 90 
 
 62.13 
 
 200 
 
 60.07 
 
 300 
 
 57.26 
 
 410 
 
 53.26 
 
 520 
 
 48 78 
 
 100 
 
 62 02 
 
 210 
 
 59.82 
 
 310 
 
 56.93 
 
 420 
 
 52.86 
 
 530 
 
 48.36 
 
 110 
 
 61.89 
 
 212 
 
 59.71 
 
 320 
 
 56.58 
 
 430 
 
 52.47 
 
 540 
 
 47.94 
 
 120 
 
 61.74 
 
 220 
 
 59.64 
 
 330 
 
 56.24 
 
 440 
 
 52.07 
 
 550 
 
 47.52 
 
 130 
 
 61.56 
 
 230 
 
 59.37 
 
 340 
 
 55.88 
 
 450 
 
 51.66 
 
 560 
 
 47.10 
 
 One ft. of water column at 39.1F = 62.425 Ibs. on the square ft. 
 
 = 0.0295 atmospheric pressure 
 
 " " " " " " =0.8826 in. mercury column at 
 
 32. F. 
 
 " ' " " " " =773.3 ft. of air column at 32".F. 
 
 and atmospheric pressure. 
 
 One Ib. pressure on sq. ft. = 0.01602 ft. water column at 39.1F. 
 
 " u " " " in - 2.307 " ' " " 39.1F. 
 
 One atmospheric pressure = 29.92 in. mercury column 33.9 ft. 
 
 water column. 
 
 One inch of mercury column at 32F. = 1.133 ft water column. 
 One foot of air column at 32F. and 1 atmospheric pressure = 
 0.001293 ft. water column. 
 
NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 BOILER INCRUSTATION AND 
 CORROSION. 
 
 Water, from natural sources, as a rule contains more or 
 less carbon dioxide, which holds in solution carbonates 
 of lime and magnesia. On boiling the water, the carbon 
 dioxide is driven out and the lime and magnesium in so- 
 lution are thrown down in the form of a white or grayish 
 mud, that may be easily removed from the boiler by 
 thorough washing. The presence of other impurities, 
 such as organic matter or sulphate of lime, is likely to 
 make the deposit hard and adhering. 
 
 Sulphate of lime is more soluble in cold than in hot 
 water, and is entirely thrown down at a temperature of 
 280 Fahrenheit. It forms a hard and adhering scale and 
 has a bad effect upon scales and deposits, composed chief- 
 ly of carbonates. 
 
 The evident treatment of water containing sulphate of 
 lime is to heat the feed water, before entering the boiler, 
 to a temperature of at least 280 Fahrenheit. This should 
 be done in such a manner as to give time for the deposi- 
 tion of the sulphate of lime when thrown out of solution. 
 
 A deposition may arise from the settling of clay and 
 other matter held in suspension in the water. In water 
 otherwise free from impurities this matter commonly de- 
 posits in the form of a soft mud that may be easily re- 
 moved from the boiler. In conjunction, however, with 
 other impurities, as, for example, sulphate of lime, it may 
 form an adhesive scale, in which case it is usually best to 
 free the feed water from suspended matter by filtration. 
 
 In some cases chemical treatment, either internally or 
 externally, should be resorted to. This is especially the 
 case with feed waters containing much free acid, in 
 which case the free acid should be neutralized by chem- 
 ical treatment, preferably before entering the boiler. 
 
NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 If more than 100 parts per 100,000 of total solid residue 
 be present in the water, it will ordinarily cause trouble 
 from scale, and should be condemned for use in the 
 boiler unless a better supply be unattainable. Scale re- 
 duces the efficiency of the heating surface by detracting 
 from the conducting quality of the metal and is apt to 
 cause overheating or burning of the metal, or even bulg- 
 ing of the plates that are subjected to the intense heat of 
 the furnace. Grease, owing to its adhesive nature, may , 
 by collecting impurities contained in the water, become 
 sufficiently heavy to sink. In this condition it is apt to 
 attach itself to a plate or pipe near the furnace and may, 
 owing to its non-conducting qualities, cause serious over- 
 heating, resulting in burning, bulging or even blowing 
 out. 
 
 If water contains more than 5 parts per 100,000 of free 
 sulphuric or nitric acid, serious corrosion will ensue not 
 only in boiler plates, but also in tubes, pipes, cylinders 
 and other parts with which the steam comes in contact. 
 
 Animal and vegetable oils and greases decompose into 
 fatty acids when subjected to the temperature of high 
 pressure steam. Because of this their presence in a high 
 pressure steam engine or boiler will cause serious corro- 
 sion. 
 
 Experiments have shown that pure water, into which 
 air has been forced, on boiling causes corrosion. 
 
 Highly heated surfaces in contact with water contain- 
 ing common salt corrode and pit rapidly. The sides of 
 the furnace, the tube plates and the hottest tubes suffer 
 most. 
 
 It is clear then that feed- water, free from solids, com- 
 bined or in suspension, organic matter, acids of all kinds, 
 and air, would be best for the life of boilers. 
 
NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 TROUBLESOME 
 
 SUBSTANCE. 
 
 TABULAR VIEW. 
 
 TROUBLE. 
 
 REMEDY OR 
 PALLIATION. 
 
 Sediment, mud, clay, Incrustation. Filtration ; blowing 
 
 etc. 
 Readily soluble salts. 
 
 Bicarbonatesof lime, j 
 magnesia, iron. \ 
 
 
 off. 
 Blowing off. 
 
 Heating feed. Addi- 
 tion of caustic soda, 
 lime, or magnesia, 
 etc. 
 
 {Addition of carbon- 
 ate soda, barium 
 chloride, etc. 
 
 Chloride and sul- , 
 
 phate of magne- Corrosion. 
 
 Carbonate of soda in ) p . . ( Addition of barium 
 large amounts. f J img< "j chloride, etc. 
 
 Acid (in mine waters). Corrosion. Alkali. 
 
 Dissolved carbonic / 
 acid and oxygen, l" 
 
 Grease (fromconden- j 
 sed water). j 
 
 Organic matter (sew- ) 
 age). f 
 
 Heating feed. Addi- 
 tion of caustic soda, 
 slacked lime, etc. 
 
 {Slacked lime and filt- 
 ering. 
 Carbonate of soda. 
 Substitute mineral 
 oil. 
 
 Precipitate with al- 
 um or ferric chlo- 
 ride and filter. 
 
 Organic matter. 
 
 Corrosion, Ditto. 
 

 NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 Analyses in Parts per J00,000 of Water giving Bad Results in 
 Steam-boilers. (A. K. Hunt.) 
 
 
 <U bC 
 
 rf-'S 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 
 J-"~ 
 
 Sffi 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 -3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 d 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 00 
 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 
 CO 
 
 
 || 
 
 g| 
 
 s 
 *3 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 
 CO 
 
 a 
 
 
 n 
 
 | 
 
 o 
 w 
 
 IS 
 
 
 h'| 
 
 -2-S 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 '5 
 
 03 
 
 1 
 
 'g 
 
 
 
 3.2 
 
 
 
 
 
 ~ 
 
 ^ 
 
 o 
 
 B 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 
 K-S 
 
 CQO; 
 
 h 
 
 h 
 
 in 
 
 U 
 
 M 
 
 o 
 
 ^ 
 
 U 
 
 Coal-mine water 
 
 110 
 
 25 
 
 119 
 
 39 
 
 890 
 
 590 
 
 780 
 
 30 
 
 640 
 
 
 Salt-well 
 
 151 
 
 38 
 
 1 90 
 
 48 
 
 360 
 
 990 
 
 38 
 
 21 
 
 30 
 
 13.10 
 
 
 75 
 130 
 
 89 
 
 '95 
 161 
 
 120 
 33 
 
 310 
 210 
 
 21 
 38 
 
 75 
 70 
 
 10 
 
 80 
 
 36 
 
 Monongahela River.. 
 
 ' <k 
 
 80 
 
 70 
 
 94 
 
 81 
 
 219 
 
 210 
 
 90 
 
 
 
 
 
 32 
 
 82 
 
 61 
 
 1.04 
 
 28 
 
 1.90 
 
 38 
 
 
 
 
 Allegheny River near 
 Oil-works 
 
 30 
 
 50 
 
 41 
 
 68 
 
 890 
 
 42 
 
 23 
 
 
 
 
 In cases where water containing large amounts of total 
 solid residue is necessarily used, a heavy petroleum oil, 
 free from tar or wax, which is not acted upon by acids or 
 alkalies, not having sufficient wax in it to cause saponi- 
 fication, and which has a vaporizing-point at nearly 600 
 F., will give the best results in preventing boiler-scale. 
 Its action is to form a thin greasy film over the boiler 
 linings, protecting them largely from the action of acids 
 in the water and greasing the sediment which is formed, 
 thus preventing the formation of scale and keeping the 
 solid residue from the evaporation of the water in such a 
 plastic suspended condition that it can be easily ejected 
 from the boiler by the process of "blowing off." If the 
 water is not blown off sufficiently often, this sediment 
 forms into a "putty " that will necessitate cleaning the 
 boilers. 
 
 Oxidation of pipes may be prevented by coating the 
 pipe with some protecting material. Galvanizing is coat- 
 ing the pipe with zinc, which, being practically unacted 
 upon by water from most natural sources, preserves it. 
 A coating of hot coal tar is very effective as a preventive 
 of corrosion by fresh or salt water. 
 
NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 WATER PRESSURE. 
 
 The pressure of still water in pounds per square inch 
 against the sides of any pipe or vessel of any shape what- 
 ever, is due alone to the head, or height of the surface 
 of the water above the point considered pressed upon, 
 and is equal to 0.434 pounds per square inch for every 
 foot of head. The fluid pressure per square inch is equal 
 in all directions. 
 
 To find the total pressure of quiet water against and 
 perpendicular to any surface, whether vertical, horizontal 
 or inclined at any angle, whether it be flat or curved ; 
 multiply together the area in square feet of the surface 
 pressed, the vertical depth of its center of gravity below 
 the surface of the water, and the constant 62.5. The 
 product will be the required pressure in pounds. This 
 may be expressed by formula as follows : 
 
 P = 62.5 A D, 
 In which P = the pressure in pounds of quiescent water on the 
 
 surface considered. 
 
 A = the area pressed upon in square feet, and 
 D = the vertical depth in feet of center of gravity of 
 surface considered. 
 
 Pressures in Pounds per Square Inch in Pipes, Etc., under 
 different Heads of Water. 
 
 a 
 
 g 
 
 &S 
 
 TTC 
 
 1 
 
 i- . 
 
 0,0 
 
 | 
 
 &s 
 
 T3 
 rt 
 
 &S 
 
 | 
 
 N 
 
 E 
 
 - 
 g 
 
 ffi 
 
 s 
 
 ffi 
 
 ' 
 
 ffi 
 
 || 
 
 ffi 
 
 OJ.S 
 
 2 
 
 ! 
 
 w rt 
 
 V 3 
 
 I 
 
 tn ol 
 
 <u 
 
 D 3 
 
 i 
 
 iSS 
 
 u 
 
 9 
 
 fe 
 
 sr 
 
 
 
 sr 
 
 to 
 
 ? 
 
 to 
 
 
 
 h 
 
 .1 
 
 i 
 
 0.43 
 
 15 
 
 6.49 
 
 ~29~ 
 
 12.55 
 
 43 
 
 18.62 
 
 57 
 
 24 69 
 
 8 
 
 O.b6 
 
 16 
 
 6.93 
 
 30 
 
 12.99 
 
 44 
 
 19.05 
 
 58 
 
 25.12 
 
 8 
 
 1.30 
 
 17 
 
 7.36 
 
 31 
 
 13.42 
 
 45 
 
 19.49 
 
 59 
 
 25.55 
 
 4 
 
 1.73 
 
 18 
 
 7.79 
 
 32 
 
 13.86 
 
 46 
 
 19.92 
 
 60 
 
 25.99 
 
 5 
 
 2.16 
 
 19 
 
 8.22 
 
 33 
 
 14.29 
 
 47 
 
 20.35 
 
 61 
 
 26.42 
 
 1 
 
 a. 59 
 
 20 
 
 8.66 
 
 34 
 
 14.72 
 
 48 
 
 20.79 
 
 62 
 
 26.85 
 
 7 
 
 3.03 
 
 21 
 
 9.09 
 
 35 
 
 15.16 
 
 49 
 
 21.22 
 
 63 
 
 27.29 
 
 8 
 
 3.46 
 
 22 
 
 9.53 
 
 36 
 
 15.59 
 
 50 
 
 21.65 
 
 64 
 
 27.72 
 
 9 
 
 3.89 
 
 23 
 
 9.96 
 
 37 
 
 16.02 
 
 51 
 
 22.09 
 
 65 
 
 28.15 
 
 10 
 
 4.33 
 
 24 
 
 10.39 
 
 38 
 
 16.45 
 
 52 
 
 22.52 
 
 66 
 
 28 58 
 
 11 
 
 4.76 
 
 25 
 
 10.82 
 
 39 
 
 16.89 
 
 53 
 
 22.95 
 
 67 
 
 29.02 
 
 19 
 
 5.20 
 
 26 
 
 11.26 
 
 40 
 
 17.32 
 
 54 
 
 23.39 
 
 68 
 
 29.45 
 
 18 
 
 5.63 
 
 27 
 
 11.69 
 
 41 
 
 17.75 
 
 55 
 
 23.82 
 
 69 
 
 29 88 
 
 14 
 
 6.06 
 
 28 
 
 12.12 
 
 42 
 
 18.19 
 
 56 
 
 24.26 
 
 70 
 
 30.32 
 

 100 NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 Pressures in Pounds per Square Inch in Pipes, Etc,, under 
 different Heads of Water. 
 
 (CONTINUED.) 
 
 1 
 
 s-s 
 
 
 
 &8 
 
 1 
 
 fa 
 
 rt" 
 
 M 
 
 i 
 
 IH 
 
 o/o 
 
 8 
 
 ffi 
 
 g.S 
 
 s 
 
 E 
 
 i' 
 
 ffi 
 
 || 
 
 V 
 
 ffi 
 
 g.S 
 
 8 
 
 35 
 
 11 
 
 
 
 
 w rt 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 V 
 
 
 <u 
 
 
 V 
 
 
 
 0) 3 
 
 V 
 
 
 to 
 
 
 
 to 
 
 sr 
 
 
 
 
 
 to 
 
 
 to 
 
 
 
 71 
 
 30.75 
 
 121 
 
 52.41 
 
 171 
 
 74.07 
 
 221 
 
 95.73 
 
 271 
 
 117.39 
 
 72 
 
 31.18 
 
 122 
 
 52.84 
 
 172 
 
 74.50 
 
 222 
 
 96.16 
 
 272 
 
 117.82 
 
 73 
 
 31.62 
 
 123 
 
 53.28 
 
 173 
 
 74.94 
 
 223 
 
 96.60 
 
 273 
 
 118.26 
 
 74 
 
 32.05 
 
 124 
 
 53.71 
 
 174 
 
 75.87 
 
 224 
 
 97.03 
 
 274 
 
 118.69 
 
 75 
 
 32.48 
 
 125 
 
 54.15 
 
 175 
 
 75.80 
 
 225 
 
 97.46 
 
 275 
 
 119.12 
 
 76 
 
 32.92 
 
 126 
 
 54.58 
 
 176 
 
 76.23 
 
 226 
 
 97.90 
 
 276 
 
 119.56 
 
 77 
 
 33.35 
 
 127 
 
 55.01 
 
 177 
 
 76.67 
 
 227 
 
 98.33 
 
 277 
 
 119.99 
 
 78 
 
 33.78 
 
 128 
 
 55.44 
 
 178 
 
 77.10 
 
 228 
 
 98.76 
 
 278 
 
 120.42 
 
 79 
 
 34.21 
 
 129 
 
 55.88 
 
 179 
 
 77.53 
 
 229 
 
 99.20 
 
 279 
 
 120.85 
 
 80 
 
 34.65 
 
 130 
 
 56.31 
 
 180 
 
 77.97 
 
 230 
 
 99.63 
 
 280 
 
 121.29 
 
 81 
 
 35.08 
 
 131 
 
 56.74 
 
 181 
 
 78.40 
 
 231 
 
 100.06 
 
 281 
 
 121.72 
 
 82 
 
 35.52 
 
 132 
 
 57.18 
 
 182 
 
 78.84 
 
 232 
 
 100.49 
 
 282 
 
 122.15 
 
 83 
 
 35.95 
 
 133 
 
 57.61 
 
 183 
 
 79.27 
 
 233 
 
 100.93 
 
 283 
 
 122.59 
 
 84 
 
 36.39 
 
 134 
 
 58.04 
 
 184 
 
 79.70 
 
 234 
 
 101.36 
 
 284 
 
 123.02 
 
 85 
 
 36.82 
 
 135 
 
 58.48 
 
 185 
 
 80.14 
 
 235 
 
 101.79 
 
 285 
 
 123.45 
 
 86 
 
 37.25 
 
 136 
 
 58.91 
 
 186 
 
 80.57 
 
 236 
 
 102.23 
 
 286 
 
 123.89 
 
 87 
 
 37.68 
 
 137 
 
 59.34 
 
 187 
 
 81.00 
 
 237 
 
 102.66 
 
 287 
 
 124.32 
 
 88 
 
 38.12 
 
 138 
 
 59.77 
 
 188 
 
 81.43 
 
 238 
 
 103.09 
 
 288 
 
 124.75 
 
 89 
 
 38.55 
 
 139 
 
 60.21 
 
 189 
 
 81.87 
 
 239 
 
 103.53 
 
 289 
 
 125.18 
 
 90 
 
 38.98 
 
 140 
 
 60.64 
 
 190 
 
 82 30 
 
 240 
 
 103.96 
 
 290 
 
 125.62 
 
 91 
 
 39.42 
 
 141 
 
 61.07 
 
 191 
 
 82.73 
 
 241 
 
 104.39 
 
 291 
 
 126.05 
 
 92 
 
 39.85 
 
 142 
 
 61.51 
 
 192 
 
 83.17 
 
 242 
 
 104.83 
 
 292 
 
 126.48 
 
 93 
 
 40.28 
 
 143 
 
 61.94 
 
 193 
 
 83.60 
 
 243 
 
 105.26 
 
 293 
 
 126.92 
 
 94 
 
 40.72 
 
 144 
 
 62.37 
 
 194 
 
 84.03 
 
 244 
 
 105.69 
 
 294 
 
 127.35 
 
 95 
 
 41.15 
 
 145 
 
 62.81 
 
 195 
 
 84.47 
 
 245 
 
 106.13 
 
 295 
 
 127.78 
 
 96 
 
 41.58 
 
 146 
 
 63.24 
 
 196 
 
 84.90 
 
 246 
 
 106.56 
 
 296 
 
 128.22 
 
 97 
 
 42.01 
 
 147 
 
 63.67 
 
 197 
 
 85.33 
 
 247 
 
 106.99 
 
 297 
 
 128.65 
 
 98 
 
 42.45 
 
 148 
 
 64.10 
 
 198 
 
 85.76 
 
 248 
 
 107.43 
 
 298 
 
 129.08 
 
 99 
 
 42.88 
 
 149 
 
 64.54 
 
 199 
 
 86.20 
 
 249 
 
 107.86 
 
 299 
 
 129.51 
 
 100 
 
 43.31 
 
 150 
 
 64.97 
 
 200 
 
 86.63 
 
 250 
 
 108.29 
 
 300 
 
 129.95 
 
 
 43.75 
 
 151 
 
 65.40 
 
 201 
 
 87.07 
 
 251 
 
 108.73 
 
 310 
 
 134.28 
 
 102 
 
 44.18 
 
 152 
 
 65.84 
 
 202 
 
 87.50 
 
 252 
 
 109.16 
 
 320 
 
 138.62 
 
 103 
 
 44.61 
 
 153 
 
 66.27 
 
 203 
 
 87.93 
 
 253 
 
 109.59 
 
 330 
 
 142.95 
 
 104 
 
 45.05 
 
 154 
 
 66.70 
 
 204 
 
 88.36 
 
 254 
 
 110.03 
 
 340 
 
 147.28 
 
 105 
 
 45.48 
 
 155 
 
 67.14 
 
 205 
 
 88.80 
 
 255 
 
 110.46 
 
 350 
 
 151.61 
 
 106 
 
 45.91 
 
 156 
 
 67.57 
 
 206 
 
 89.23 
 
 256 
 
 110.89 
 
 360 
 
 155.94 
 
 107 
 
 46.34 
 
 157 
 
 68.00 
 
 207 
 
 89.66 
 
 257 
 
 111.32 
 
 370 
 
 160.27 
 
 108 
 
 46.78 
 
 158 
 
 68.43 
 
 208 
 
 90.10 
 
 258 
 
 111.76 
 
 380 
 
 164.61 
 
 109 
 
 47.21 
 
 159 
 
 68.87 
 
 209 
 
 90.53 
 
 259 
 
 112.19 
 
 390 
 
 168.94 
 
 110 
 
 47.64 
 
 160 
 
 69.31 
 
 210 
 
 90.96 
 
 260 
 
 112.62 
 
 400 
 
 173.27 
 
 111 
 
 48.08 
 
 161 
 
 69.74 
 
 211 
 
 91.39 
 
 261 
 
 113.06 
 
 500 
 
 216.58 
 
 112 
 
 48.51 
 
 162 
 
 70.17 
 
 212 
 
 91.83 
 
 262 
 
 113.49 
 
 600 
 
 259.90 
 
 113 
 
 48.94 
 
 163 
 
 70.61 
 
 213 
 
 92.26 
 
 263 
 
 113.92 
 
 700 
 
 303.22 
 
 114 
 
 49.38 
 
 164 
 
 71.04 
 
 214 
 
 92.69 
 
 264 
 
 114.36 
 
 800 
 
 346.54 
 
 115 
 
 49.81 
 
 165 
 
 71.47 
 
 215 
 
 93.13 
 
 265 
 
 114.79 
 
 900 
 
 389.86 
 
 116 
 
 50.24 
 
 166 
 
 71.91 
 
 216 
 
 93 56 
 
 266 
 
 115.22 
 
 1000 
 
 433.18 
 
 117 
 
 50.68 
 
 167 
 
 72.34 
 
 217 
 
 93.99 
 
 267 
 
 115.66 
 
 
 
 118 
 
 51.11 
 
 168 
 
 72.77 
 
 218 
 
 94.43 
 
 268 
 
 116.09 
 
 
 
 119 
 
 51.54 
 
 169 
 
 73.20 
 
 219 
 
 94.86 
 
 269 
 
 116.52 
 
 
 
 120 
 
 51.98 
 
 170 
 
 73.64 
 
 220 
 
 95.30 
 
 270 
 
 116.96 
 
 
 
 
NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY: 
 
 FLOW OF WATER IN PIPES. 
 
 The vertical height of the source of water above the 
 outlet is called the head. The greater the head the 
 greater will be the velocity of efflux if the length and di- 
 ameter of the pipe remain constant. 
 
 To find the velocity of water discharged from a pipe line 
 longer than 4 times its diameter, knowing the head, 
 length and inside diameter, use the following formula : 
 
 In which v = approximate mean velocity in feet per second, 
 m = coefficient from table below, 
 d = diameter of pipe in feet, 
 h = total head in feet, 
 L = total length of line in feet. 
 
 VALUES OF COEFFICIENT M. 
 
 hd 
 
 DIAMETER OF PIPE IN FEET. 
 
 0.05 
 
 0.10 
 
 0.50 
 
 1 
 
 1.5 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 Iv+54d 
 
 0.005 
 0.01 
 0.02 
 0.03 
 0.05 
 0.10 
 0.20 
 
 M 
 29 
 34 
 39 
 41 
 44 
 47 
 48 
 
 M 
 31 
 35 
 
 40 
 43 
 47 
 50 
 51 
 
 M 
 33 
 37 
 42 
 47 
 52 
 54 
 55 
 
 M 
 35 
 39 
 45 
 50 
 54 
 56 
 58 
 
 M 
 37 
 42 
 
 49 
 54 
 56 
 
 58 
 60 
 
 M 
 40 
 45 
 52 
 57 
 60 
 62 
 64 
 
 M 
 44 
 49 
 56 
 60 
 64 
 66 
 67 
 
 M 
 47 
 53 
 59 
 63 
 67 
 70 
 70 
 
 The above coefficients are averages deduced from a 
 large number of experiments. In most cases of pipes 
 carefully laid and in fair condition, they should give 
 results within 5 to 10 per cent, of the truth. 
 
 Example. Given the head, h 50 ft. ; the length, 
 Z, = 5280 ft.; and the diameter, d = 2 ft.; to find the 
 velocity and quantity of discharge. 
 
NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 Substituting these values in above formula, we get : 
 
 /innr / 2 X so /w 
 
 T L+54d = r 2580+108 T 5388 = u>1 * ' 
 
 In column headed A/ hd find 0.10, which is the 
 * L/+54d 
 
 value nearest to 0.136, and look along this line until 
 column headed " 2 " is reached, then read 62 as the value 
 of coefficient ra. 
 
 Then v = 62x0.136 = 8.432 ft. per sec., the required 
 velocity. 
 
 To find the discharge in cu. ft. per sec., multiply this 
 velocity by area of cross section of pipe in sq. ft. 
 
 Thus, 3. 1416 x (I) 2 x 8.432 = 26.49 cu. ft. per sec. 
 
 Since there are 7.48 gal. in a cu. ft., the discharge in 
 gal. per sec. = 26.49x7. 48 = 198.2. 
 
 The above formula is only an approximation, since the 
 flow is modified by bends, joints, incrustations, etc. 
 Wrought Iron and Steel Pipes are smoother than cast 
 iron ones, thereby presenting less friction and less en- 
 couragement for deposits ; and, being in longer lengths, 
 the number of joints is reduced, thus lessening the 
 undesirable effects of eddy currents. 
 
 To find the head in feet necessary to give a stated dis- 
 charge in cu. ft., use the formula.* 
 
 ,.0.000704 Q 2 (L+54d) 
 d 5 
 
 In which h = total head in feet, 
 
 L = total length of line in feet, 
 
 d = diameter of pipe in feet, 
 
 Q = quantity of water in cu. ft. per second. 
 
 Example. Given the diameter of pipe, ^=0.5 ft.; the 
 length of pipe, L 20 ft. ; and the quantity of water to 
 be discharged, #- = 3.07 cu. ft. per sec.; to find the neces- 
 sary head. 
 
NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 Substituting these values in the above formula,* we get : 
 
 0.000704 x 9.4 x (20+27) 
 (0.5)' 
 
 = 0.000704^9.4x47 
 
 The following formula* is simpler and can be used when 
 54 d in relation to L is so small as to be negligible. 
 
 0.000704 Q 8 x L 
 d^ 
 
 If the pipe, instead of being straight, has easy curves 
 (say with radius not less than 5 diameters of the pipe) 
 either horizontal or vertical, the discharge will not be 
 materially diminished, so long as the total heads, and 
 total actual lengths of pipe remain the same, but it is ad- 
 visable to make the radius as much more than 5 diameters 
 as can conveniently be done. 
 
 To find the diameter of a pipe ^bf given length to de- 
 liver a given quantity of water under a given head, use 
 the following : 
 
 = 0.234 
 
 fi 
 
 In which d diameter of pipe in feet, 
 
 Q cu. ft. per second delivered, 
 L length of line in feet, 
 h head in feet. 
 
 Example. Given the head, h 700 feet ; the length of 
 pipe, L 3000 feet; the quantity to be delivered, Q-4 
 cu. ft. per. sec. ; required the diameter of pipe necesssary. 
 
 Substituting these values in the above formula,* we 
 get: 
 
 d=0.234 A/ 16x3000=0.234 4/68.57=0.545 ft.=6.54 in. 
 
NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 The diameter of a pipe may also be found by using the 
 following formula : * 
 
 = 125 
 
 In which D = diameter of pipe in inches, 
 
 q = gallons per second, 
 " L = length of line in feet, 
 h = head in feet. 
 
 If, in formula v = m.\/ x we substitute 
 V Iy-}-54d 
 
 average value for m, we get : 
 
 dxh 
 
 The following table, calculated by the above formula 
 shows the velocities and discharges through a pipe one 
 mile long and one foot in diameter, under different heads. 
 But they will be very nearly the same for any greater 
 lengths ; and also quite approximate for shorter ones not 
 less than 1000 or even 500 diameters long, provided that 
 in all cases they have the same RATE; OF HEAD ; that is, if 
 the given pipe of one foot diameter is 2 or 3 miles long, 
 it must have 2 or 3 times as much head as the pipe in the 
 table in order to have very nearly the same velocity and 
 discharge. 
 
 * When solving examples by the use of these formulas use 
 the table of Fifth Powers and Fifth Roots. Solutions may also 
 be easily effected by the use of logarithms. 
 

 NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 105 
 
 The velocities and discharges through a straight, smooth 
 
 pipe one foot in diameter, and one mile or 5280 diameters 
 
 in length* 
 
 Head in 
 feet per 
 100 feet. 
 
 Head in 
 feet 
 per mile. 
 
 Velocity in 
 feet per 
 second. 
 
 Discharge 
 in cubic feet 
 per second. 
 
 Discharge 
 in cubic feet 
 per 24 hours. 
 
 .0019 
 
 .1 
 
 .208 
 
 .1633 
 
 14,114 
 
 .0038 
 
 .2 
 
 .293 
 
 .2301 
 
 19,880 
 
 .0057 
 
 .3 
 
 .359 
 
 .2819 
 
 24,360 
 
 .0076 
 
 .4 
 
 .415 
 
 .3267 
 
 28,229 
 
 .0095 
 
 .5 
 
 .464 
 
 .3638 
 
 31,435 
 
 .0114 
 
 .6 
 
 .508 
 
 .3989 
 
 34,464 
 
 .0132 
 
 .7 
 
 .549 
 
 .4311 
 
 37,247 
 
 .0151 
 
 .8 
 
 .585 
 
 .4602 
 
 39,760 
 
 .0170 
 
 .9 
 
 .623 
 
 .4901 
 
 42,343 
 
 .0189 
 
 1. 
 
 .656 
 
 .5144 
 
 44,431 
 
 .0237 
 
 .25 
 
 .735 
 
 .5753 
 
 49,701 
 
 .0284 
 
 .5 
 
 .805 
 
 .6322 
 
 54,604 
 
 .0331 
 
 .75 
 
 .871 
 
 .6832 
 
 59,011 
 
 .0379 
 
 2. 
 
 .928 
 
 .7276 
 
 62,870 
 
 .0426 
 
 .25 
 
 .984 
 
 .7696 
 
 66,484 
 
 .0473 
 
 .5 
 
 1.04 
 
 .8168 
 
 70,572 
 
 .0521 
 
 .75 
 
 1.08 
 
 .8482 
 
 73,284 
 
 .0568 
 
 3. 
 
 1 13 
 
 .8914 
 
 76,982 
 
 .0758 
 
 4. 
 
 1.31 
 
 1.028 
 
 88,862 
 
 .0947 
 
 5. 
 
 1.47 
 
 1.150 
 
 99,403 
 
 .1136 
 
 6. 
 
 1.61 
 
 1.264 
 
 109,209 
 
 .1325 
 
 7. 
 
 1.74 
 
 1.366 
 
 118,022 
 
 .1514 
 
 8. 
 
 1.86 
 
 1.455 
 
 125,740 
 
 .1703 
 
 9. 
 
 1.96 
 
 1.539 
 
 132,969 
 
 .1894 
 
 10. 
 
 2.08 
 
 1.633 
 
 141,145 
 
 .2273 
 
 12. 
 
 2.27 
 
 1.782 
 
 153,964 
 
 .2652 
 
 14. 
 
 2.45 
 
 1.924 
 
 166,233 
 
 .3030 
 
 16. 
 
 2.62 
 
 2.057 
 
 177,724 
 
 .3409 
 
 18. 
 
 2.78 
 
 2.183 
 
 188,611 
 
 .3', 88 
 
 20. 
 
 2.93 
 
 2.301 
 
 198,806 
 
 .4735 
 
 25. 
 
 3.28 
 
 2.572 
 
 222,156 
 
 .5682 
 
 30. 
 
 3.59 
 
 2.819 
 
 243,604 
 
 .6629 
 
 35. 
 
 3.88 
 
 3.047 
 
 263,260 
 
 .7576 
 
 40. 
 
 4.15 
 
 3.267 
 
 282,288 
 
 .8523 
 
 45. 
 
 4.40 
 
 3-451 
 
 298,209 
 
 .9470 
 
 50. 
 
 4.64 
 
 3.638 
 
 314,352 
 
 1.136 
 
 60. 
 
 5.08 
 
 3.989 
 
 344,649 
 
 1.326 
 
 70. 
 
 5.49 
 
 4.311 
 
 372,470 
 
 1.515 
 
 80. 
 
 5.85 
 
 4.602 
 
 397,613 
 
 E ^ P i 
 
106 NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 The velocities and discharges through a straight, smooth 
 
 pipe one foot in diameter, and one mile or 5280 diameters 
 
 in length. 
 
 Head in 
 feet per 
 
 Head in 
 feet 
 
 Velocity in 
 feet per 
 
 Discharge 
 in cubic feet 
 
 Discharge 
 in cubic feet 
 
 100 feet. 
 
 per mile. 
 
 second. 
 
 per second. 
 
 per 24 hours. 
 
 1.704 
 
 90. 
 
 6.23 
 
 4.900 
 
 423,435 
 
 1.894 
 
 100. 
 
 6.56 
 
 5.144 
 
 444,312 
 
 2.083 
 
 110. 
 
 6.87 
 
 5.395 
 
 466,128 
 
 2.272 
 
 120. 
 
 7.18 
 
 5.639 
 
 487,209 
 
 2.462 
 
 130. 
 
 7.47 
 
 5.866 
 
 506,822 
 
 2.652 
 
 140. 
 
 7.76 
 
 6.094 
 
 526,521 
 
 2.841 
 
 150. 
 
 8.05 
 
 6.322 
 
 546,048 
 
 3.030 
 
 160. 
 
 8.30 
 
 6.534 
 
 564,576 
 
 3.219 
 
 170. 
 
 8.55 
 
 6.715 
 
 580,176 
 
 3.408 
 
 180. 
 
 8.80 
 
 6.903 
 
 596,418 
 
 3.596 
 
 190. 
 
 9.04 
 
 7.100 
 
 613,440 
 
 3.788 
 
 200. 
 
 9.28 
 
 7.276 
 
 628,704 
 
 4.261 
 
 225. 
 
 9.84 
 
 7.696 
 
 664,848 
 
 4.735 
 
 250. 
 
 10.4 
 
 8.168 
 
 705,728 
 
 5.208 
 
 275. 
 
 10.8 
 
 8.482 
 
 732,844 
 
 5.682 
 
 300. 
 
 11.3 
 
 8.914 
 
 769,824 
 
 6.629 
 
 350. 
 
 12.3 
 
 9.621 
 
 831,168 
 
 7.576 
 
 400. 
 
 13.1 
 
 10.28 
 
 888,624 
 
 8.532 
 
 450. 
 
 13.9 
 
 10.91 
 
 943,056 
 
 9.47 
 
 500. 
 
 14.7 
 
 11.50 
 
 994,032 
 
 10.41 
 
 550. 
 
 15.4 
 
 12.09 
 
 1,044,576 
 
 11.36 
 
 600. 
 
 16.1 
 
 12.64 
 
 1,092,096 
 
 12.30 
 
 650. 
 
 16.7 
 
 13.11 
 
 1,132,704 
 
 13.25 
 
 700. 
 
 17.4 
 
 13.66 
 
 1,180,224 
 
 14.20 
 
 750. 
 
 18.0 
 
 14.13 
 
 1,220,832 
 
 15.15 
 
 800. 
 
 18.6 
 
 14.55 
 
 1,257,408 
 
 16.09 
 
 850. 
 
 19.1 
 
 15.00 
 
 1,296,000 
 
 17.04 
 
 900. 
 
 19.6 
 
 15.39 
 
 1,329,696 
 
 17.99 
 
 950. 
 
 20.3 
 
 15.94 
 
 1,377,216 
 
 18.94 
 
 1000. 
 
 20.8 
 
 16.33 
 
 1,411,456 
 
 22.73 
 
 1200. 
 
 22.7 
 
 17.82 
 
 1,539,648 
 
 26.52 
 
 1400. 
 
 24.5 
 
 19.24 
 
 1,662,336 
 
 30.30 
 
 1600. 
 
 26.2 
 
 20.57 
 
 1,777,248 
 
 34.08 
 
 1800. 
 
 27.8 
 
 21.83 
 
 1,886,112 
 
 37.87 
 
 2000. 
 
 29.3 
 
 23.01 
 
 1,988,064 
 
 47.35 
 
 2500. 
 
 32.8 
 
 25.72 
 
 2,221,560 
 
 56.81 
 
 3000. 
 
 35.9 
 
 28.19 
 
 2,436,040 
 
 
NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 107 
 
 Head is the vertical distance from the surface of the 
 water in the reservoir to the center of gravity of the 
 lower end of the pipe when the discharge is into the air ; 
 or to the level surface of the lower reservoir when the 
 discharge is under water. 
 
 To reduce cubic feet to U. S. Gallons, multiply by 7.48. 
 
 To find either the area of pipe, the mean velocity, or the 
 quantity discharged, when the other two are given, use the 
 
 
 
 ischarge in cubic feet per second, 
 Area in square feet = Mea n velocity in feet per second. 
 
 Mean velocity in _ Discharge in cubic feet per second, 
 feet per second. . Area in square feet. 
 
 Discharge in cubic feet Area in Mean velocity in 
 per second. square f eet A feet per second. 
 
 [The terms may be in inches instead of feet ; and in 
 minutes or hours instead of seconds.] 
 
 For the diameter of a long pipe required to deliver either 
 more or less water than that of a J foot diameter, and under 
 the same rate of inclination, or of head in feet per mile, see 
 table on next page. 
 
 The use of this table is not sufficiently correct for pipes 
 less than about 1,000 (or at furthest 500) diameters long. 
 
~ 
 
 108 NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 
 S, 
 
 & 
 
 rtO n 
 
 3 
 
 a 
 
 rt a; 
 
 I* 
 
 'ft 
 
 jM* 
 
 
 'ft 
 
 *0 oj 
 
 O a; !- rt ^j 
 
 rt 
 
 .2 
 
 *|f|| S 
 
 P 
 
 I s 
 
 
 3 
 
 Q 
 
 ^tS W 
 
 Q 
 
 P 
 
 'O'S 
 
 1 
 
 .0833 
 
 .0020 
 
 12^ 
 
 1.042 
 
 1.106 
 
 \iL 
 
 .1250 
 
 .0055 
 
 13 2 
 
 1.083 
 
 1.221 
 
 2 
 
 .1667 
 
 .0113 
 
 14 
 
 1.167 
 
 1.470 
 
 2^ 
 
 .2083 
 
 .0198 
 
 15 
 
 1.250 
 
 1.746 
 
 3 
 
 .2500 
 
 .0310 
 
 16 
 
 1.333 
 
 2.053 
 
 3j^ 
 
 .2917 
 
 .0458 
 
 17 
 
 1.417 
 
 2.388 
 
 4 
 
 .3333 
 
 .0643 
 
 18 
 
 1.5 
 
 2.754 
 
 4j 
 
 .3750 
 
 .0857 
 
 19 
 
 1.583 
 
 3.153 
 
 5 
 
 .4167 
 
 .1119 
 
 20 
 
 1.667 
 
 3.585 
 
 55^ 
 
 .4583 
 
 .1422 
 
 21 
 
 1.75 
 
 4.051 
 
 6 
 
 .5 
 
 .1767 
 
 22 
 
 1.833 
 
 4.551 
 
 6^ 
 
 .5417 
 
 .2159 
 
 23 
 
 1.917 
 
 5.084 
 
 7 
 
 .5833 
 
 .2600 
 
 24 
 
 2. 
 
 5.649 
 
 7K 
 
 .6250 
 
 .3090 
 
 245-6 
 
 2.052 
 
 6.000 
 
 8 
 
 .6667 
 
 .3631 
 
 26 
 
 2.167 
 
 6.912 
 
 8^ 
 
 .7083 
 
 .4220 
 
 28 
 
 2.333 
 
 8.319 
 
 9 
 
 .75 
 
 .4871 
 
 30 
 
 2.5 
 
 9.822 
 
 Q/4 
 
 .7917 
 
 .5575 
 
 30^ 
 
 2.521 
 
 10. 
 
 10 
 
 .8333 
 
 .6337 
 
 32 
 
 2.667 
 
 11.6 
 
 10^ 
 
 .8750 
 
 .7157 
 
 34 
 
 2.833 
 
 13.5 
 
 11 
 
 .9167 
 
 .8044 
 
 36 
 
 3. 
 
 15.5 
 
 11 tf 
 
 .9583 
 
 .8987" 
 
 38 
 
 3.167 
 
 17.8 
 
 12 
 
 1. 
 
 1. 
 
 40 
 
 3.333 
 
 20.2 
 
 To find the discharge from a pipe (not less than 1,000, 
 
 or at least 500 times its own diameter in length) when 
 
 the head is given, take from the first table the discharge 
 
 through a pipe one ft. in diameter for the given head, 
 
 and divide the required discharge by this tabular one; 
 
 then look for the quotient in the column of the second 
 
 table, headed "Ratio of Discharge," and opposite it, in 
 
 columns 1 and 2, will be found the required diameter. 
 
 . 
 
NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 From this table we see that a 14 inch pipe will deliver 
 nearly 1J^ times as much as a 12 inch pipe, and a 16 inch 
 one fully twice as much as a 12 inch, all having the same 
 length and head. 
 
 EXAMPLE. Having given the head from a reservoir 
 to a certain point of delivery, as 20 ft. in a distance of 
 1,860 ft., what must be the diameter of a pipe to deliver 
 6 cubic feet of water per second ? 
 
 We find that a fall of 20 ft. in 1,860, is equal to a fall 
 of 1.075 ft. in 100; or 1,860: 20 = 100: 1.075. Then we see 
 by the first table that with a fall of 1.075 ft. in 100, a 
 long pipe of 1 ft. diameter discharges about 3.8 cubic 
 feet per second. But we want 6 1.58 times as much 
 as the 1 ft. pipe can deliver ; then by the second table, 
 we see that the pipe to do this, under the same rate of 
 head, must be about 14^ in. in diameter. In practice 
 we should adopt at least 15 in. 
 
NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 13 
 
 1 
 
 8 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 5 
 
 . 
 
 ' vi T-I -i-I T-I i ot oi so" so 
 
 3d J33J Ut 
 
 puooas 
 
 J3d J33J UI 
 
 frpopA 
 
 lg8.9t:s988S88si8 
 
 ' r4 i-H r-< <N ei <N CO Co' Co' T* ^1* 10 CO 
 
 3S3$388S$983 
 
 "THTHT-ilNoicOTt 
 
 SfcS$$SS3S8fc:8$ 
 
 * i-I si C* 03 -^ to CD 00 O 
 
 DUOD3S 
 J3d J33J UI 
 
 ^POPA 
 
 |B8SSSS8688q8SSS 
 
 ' i-I i-l o <M' co eo *' TiJ 10 io o i> 
 
 8Sl88S8S88^S 
 
 ' i-i r-i (N OJ CO *" -rh to 
 
 tS^8S99^8&9 
 
 ' i-t IN CO rf to I> OS TH' CO 
 
 iad joaj ui 
 ^JPOPA ' 
 
 B"S 
 
 ^Icaslsesss 
 
 't-H'r-ioico*TjJiot>oo 
 
 *j [3JSSSS2fefegS88 
 
 1-1 <M Tfi 50 00 O CO (0 C 
 
 jad jaaj u; 
 ^popA 
 sjnoq jnoi 
 
 -AJU3MJ 43d 
 
 paSjBqosip 
 suo([B3 -s 'n 
 
 8.8838.1(88986 
 
 ' TH o co' co' T^' o co i> i> 06 
 
 ggfes 
 
 ! 
 
 ?.^? 
 
NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 EXAMPLE. Given 120 feet head and 600 feet length 
 of 18 inch pipe, discharging 3500 gallons per minute : To 
 find effective head: Look in column headed "18 inch 
 Pipe," and opposite 3500 in. first column read "4.7 ft." 
 (which is the loss of head by friction for an 18 in. pipe 
 1000 ft. long), and multiplying this by 600/1000, or 0.6, 
 we get 2.82 ft., the loss of head. The effective head re- 
 quired then equals 120 ft. less 2.8 ft. or 117.2 ft. 
 
 Flow of Water in Pipes for a Velocity of JOO Ft. per Minute. 
 
 Diameter 
 in 
 Inches. 
 
 Area in 
 Square 
 Feet. 
 
 Flow in 
 Cubic Feet 
 perMinute. 
 
 Flow in U. S. 
 Gallons per 
 Minute. 
 
 Flow in 
 U.S. Gallons 
 per Hour. 
 
 % 
 
 .00077 
 
 0.077 
 
 .57 
 
 34 
 
 i/ 
 
 .00136 
 
 0.136 
 
 1.02 
 
 61 
 
 X 
 
 .00307 
 
 0.307 
 
 2.30 
 
 138 
 
 1 
 
 .00545 
 
 0.545 
 
 4.08 
 
 245 
 
 1% 
 
 .00852 
 
 0.852 
 
 6.38 
 
 383 
 
 *# 
 
 .01227 
 
 1.227 
 
 9.18 
 
 551 
 
 W 
 
 .01670 
 
 1.670 
 
 12.50 
 
 750 
 
 2 
 
 .02182 
 
 2.182 
 
 16.32 
 
 979 ' 
 
 &A 
 
 .0341 
 
 3.41 
 
 25.50 
 
 1,530 
 
 3 
 
 .0491 
 
 4.91 
 
 36.72 
 
 2,203 
 
 4 
 
 .0873 
 
 8.73 
 
 65.28 
 
 3,917 
 
 5 
 
 .136 
 
 13.6 
 
 102.00 
 
 6,120 
 
 6 
 
 .196 
 
 19.6 
 
 146.88 
 
 8,813 
 
 7 
 
 .267 
 
 26.7 
 
 199.92 
 
 11,995 
 
 8 
 
 .349 
 
 34.9 
 
 261.12 
 
 15,667 
 
 9 
 
 .442 
 
 44.2 
 
 330.48 
 
 19,829 
 
 . 10 
 
 .545 
 
 54.5 
 
 408.00 
 
 24,480 
 
 11 
 
 .660 
 
 66.0 
 
 493.68 
 
 29,621 
 
 12 
 
 .785 
 
 78.5 
 
 587.52 
 
 35,251 
 
 To find the quantity in gallons a pipe will deliver, the 
 velocity of flow being 100 ft. per minute : Square the di- 
 ameter in inches and multiply by 4.08. 
 
8* ' IB 
 
 NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 118 
 
 Flow of Water in House-service Pipes. 
 
 (Thomson Meter Co.) 
 
 Condition 
 of 
 Discharge. 
 
 2-g 
 3-3 
 
 SST 
 
 ij 
 
 Z 
 
 Discharge in Cubic Feet per Minute from 
 the Pipe. 
 
 Nominal Diameters of Iron or Lead Ser- 
 vice-pipe in Inches. 
 
 M 
 
 % 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 1^ 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 6 
 
 Through 35 
 feet of 
 service- 
 
 ES no 
 
 pressure. 
 
 30 
 40 
 50 
 60 
 75 
 100 
 130 
 
 1.10 
 1.27 
 1.42 
 1.56 
 1.74 
 2.01 
 2.29 
 
 .92 
 2.22 
 2.48 
 2.71 
 3.03 
 3.50 
 3.99 
 
 3.01 
 3.48 
 3 89 
 4.26 
 4.77 
 5.50 
 6.28 
 
 6.13 
 7.08 
 7.92 
 8.67 
 9.70 
 11.20 
 12.77 
 
 16.58 
 19.14 
 21.40 
 23.44 
 26.21 
 30.27 
 34.51 
 
 33.34 
 38.50 
 43.04 
 47.15 
 52.71 
 60.87 
 69.40 
 
 88.16 
 101.80 
 13.82 
 24.68 
 139.39 
 160.96 
 183.52 
 
 173.85 
 200.75 
 224.44 
 245.87 
 274.89 
 317.41 
 361.91 
 
 444.63 
 513.42 
 574.02 
 628.81 
 703.03 
 811.79 
 925.58 
 
 Through 
 100 feet of 
 service- 
 pipe, no 
 back 
 pressure. 
 
 80 
 40 
 50 
 GO 
 75 
 100 
 130 
 
 0.66 
 0.77 
 0.86 
 0.94 
 1.05 
 1.22 
 1.39 
 
 0.55 
 0.66 
 0.75 
 0.83 
 0.94 
 1.10 
 1.26 
 
 1.16 
 1.34 
 1.50 
 1.65 
 1.84 
 2.13 
 2.42 
 
 1.84 
 2.12 
 2.37 
 2.60 
 2.91 
 3.36 
 3.83 
 
 3.78 
 4.36 
 4.88 
 5.34 
 5.97 
 6.90 
 7.86 
 
 10.40 
 12.01 
 13.43 
 14.71 
 16.45 
 18.99 
 21.66 
 
 21.30 
 24.59 
 27.50 
 30.12 
 33.68 
 38.89 
 44.34 
 
 58.19 
 67.19 
 75.13 
 82.30 
 92.01 
 106.24 
 121.14 
 
 118.13 
 136.41 
 152.51 
 167.06 
 186.78 
 215.68 
 245.91 
 
 317.23 
 366.30 
 409.54 
 448.63 
 501.58 
 579.18 
 660.36 
 
 Through 
 100 feet of 
 service- 
 pipe, and 
 15 feet 
 vertical 
 rise. 
 
 30 
 40 
 50 
 60 
 75 
 100 
 130 
 
 0.90 
 1.15 
 1.31 
 1.45 
 1.64 
 1.92 
 2.20 
 
 1.52 
 1.81 
 2.06 
 2.29 
 2.59 
 3.02 
 3.48 
 
 3.11 
 3.72 
 4.24 
 4.70 
 5.32 
 6.21 
 7.14 
 
 8.57 
 10.24 
 11.67 
 12.94 
 14.64 
 17.10 
 19.66 
 
 17.55 
 20.95 
 23.87 
 26.48 
 29.96 
 35.00 
 40.23 
 
 47.90 
 57.20 
 65.18 
 72.28 
 81.79 
 95.55 
 109.82 
 
 97.17 
 116.01 
 132.20 
 146.61 
 165.90 
 193.82 
 222.75 
 
 260.56 
 311.09 
 354.49 
 393.13 
 444.85 
 519.72 
 597.31 
 
 Through 
 100 feet o 
 service- 
 pipe, and 
 30 feet 
 vertical 
 rise. 
 
 3C 
 4C 
 
 
 6C 
 
 7 
 IOC 
 13( 
 
 0.44 
 0.55 
 0.65 
 
 0.73 
 0.84 
 1.00 
 1.15 
 
 0.77 
 0.97 
 1.14 
 1.28 
 1.47 
 1.74 
 2.02 
 
 1.22 
 1.53 
 1.79 
 2.02 
 2 32 
 2.75 
 3.19 
 
 2.50 
 3.15 
 3.69 
 4.15 
 4.77 
 5.65 
 6.55 
 
 6.80 
 8.68 
 10.16 
 11.45 
 13.15 
 15.58 
 18.07 
 
 14.11 
 17.79 
 20.82 
 23.47 
 26.95 
 31.93 
 37.02 
 
 38.63 
 48.68 
 56.98 
 64.22 
 73.76 
 87.38 
 101.33 
 
 78.54 
 98.98 
 115.87 
 130.59 
 149.99 
 177.67 
 206.04 
 
 211.54 
 266.59 
 312.08 
 351.73 
 403.98 
 478.55 
 554.96 
 
 ~ir i m n 
 
NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 J5 
 
 O g 1 
 
 Is 
 
 igsss; 
 
 COt-3-*SO<NC*T-lT-(r-l 
 
 7) t- O "* W (N i- T-C 
 
 TO&J$2SJ 
 
NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 115 
 
 ' SAFE PRESSURES AND EQUIVALENT HEADS OF WATER FOR CAST IRON PIPE OF 
 DIFFERENT SIZES AND THICKNESSES. 
 (Calculated by F. H. Lewis, from Fanning's Formula.) 
 
 SIZE OF PIPE. 
 
 > 
 
 }39d 
 UI p*9H 
 
 
 
 spunoj ut 
 aanssajj ' 
 
 S ^^SSI11 
 
 So 
 
 J99J 
 UT P B9 H 
 
 8 SiSllfl 
 
 spunoj ui 
 9jnss9ij ' 
 
 Tt<OO5TH-rJ<5DOSi-( 
 
 D 
 
 }99J 
 UI pB9H 
 
 mills 
 
 spunoj ui 
 ajnssajj " 
 
 SSSS|| 
 
 T*< 
 
 laaj 
 
 UI P B3 H 
 
 t- o 3 to <yt m eg oj 
 
 ^^nwecw^SS 
 
 spunoj ui 
 ajnssajj ' 
 
 ^^ISIlil 
 
 0* 
 
 ?33J 
 Ul pB3H 
 
 to -^ S i-i o ^ t- 
 
 spunoj ui 
 ajnssajj ' 
 
 S8 ssssi 
 
 
 
 }39J 
 UI pB3H 
 
 spunoj ui 
 gjnssgaj ' 
 
 '193^ 
 UI pB9H 
 
 spunoj ui 
 9jnssajj ' 
 
 593J 
 
 ^SS&:| :::::: 
 SSSS :::::::: 
 
 
 
 SS9U5| 
 
 UI pB3H 
 
 spunoj ui 
 
 3JnSS3J < J ' 
 
 }33J 
 Ul PB3H 
 
 spunoj ui 
 
 9JnSS3JJ ' 
 
 ^iqj. 
 
 ssig jji 1 1 j- ! ! 
 
 S& ::::::::: 
 
 ^OT^;g: 
 
NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 (Cont 
 
 Thickn 
 
 1 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 3 
 
 j 
 I 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 1 
 
 
 
 <8 
 1 
 
 UI P B9 H 
 
 spunoj ui 
 9inss9.ij ' 
 
 spunoj ui 
 ' 
 
 UI pB 
 
 spunoj ui 
 
 9JinSS9JJ ' 
 
 spunoj ui 
 
 9jnSS9JJ ' 
 
 spunoj ui 
 
 9jnSS3J[J ' 
 
 spunoj ui 
 
 9JnSS9JJ ' 
 
 UI pB 
 
 spunoj ui 
 
 9jnSS9JJ " 
 
 spunoj ui 
 
 9JnSS9JJ ' 
 
 
 
 
 oao|jS5cig?3coS3j 
 
NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 117 
 
 WEIGHTS OF CAST IRON PIPE TO LAY 12 FEET 
 LENGTHS. 
 Weights are in Pounds and include Hub. 
 (Calculated by F. H. Lewis.) 
 
 Thickness. 
 
 Inside Diameter. 
 
 Inches. 
 
 Equiv. 
 Decimals. 
 
 4" 
 
 6" 
 
 8" 
 
 10" 
 
 12" 
 
 14" 
 
 16" 
 
 18" 
 
 20" 
 
 
 .375 
 .40625 
 .4375 
 .4687 
 .5 
 .53125 
 .5625 
 .59375 
 .625 
 .6875 
 .75 
 .8125 
 .875 
 .9375 
 1. 
 1.125 
 1.25 
 1.375 
 
 209 
 828 
 247 
 968 
 286 
 806 
 887 
 
 30 1 
 331 
 
 35s 
 
 38(5 
 414 
 442 
 470 
 498 
 
 400 
 435 
 470 
 505 
 541 
 577 
 013 
 OKI 
 080 
 
 581 
 621 
 
 008 
 712 
 750 
 
 soi 
 
 H45 
 935 
 1020 
 
 092 
 744 
 795 
 8-10 
 899 
 951 
 1003 
 1110 
 1216 
 1321 
 1 132 
 
 804 
 968 
 
 922 
 983 
 
 1013 
 1103 
 1163 
 12S5 
 
 1 IDS 
 
 1531 
 L656 
 L788 
 
 1909 
 
 1050 
 1118 
 1186 
 1254 
 1322 
 1460 
 1598 
 1738 
 1879 
 2021 
 2163 
 
 1177 
 1253 
 1329 
 1405 
 1481 
 1635 
 1789 
 1945 
 2101 
 2259 
 2418 
 2738 
 3002 
 
 1640 
 1810 
 1980 
 2152 
 2324 
 2498 
 2672 
 3024 
 3380 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Thickness. 
 
 Inside Diameter. 
 
 Inches. 
 
 Equiv. 
 Decimals. 
 
 W 
 
 84- 
 
 27- 
 
 30' 
 
 33" 
 
 36" 
 
 42" 
 
 48" 
 
 60' 
 
 If 
 i 
 
 I 
 
 \ 
 
 i 
 
 .625 
 .6875 
 .75 
 .8125 
 .875 
 .9375 
 1. 
 1.125 
 1.25 
 1.375 
 1.5 
 1.625 
 1.75 
 1.875 
 2. 
 2.25 
 2.5 
 2.75 
 
 1799 
 1985 
 2171 
 B859 
 
 2547 
 2737 
 8927 
 
 :;:!!( > 
 3698 
 
 2100 
 
 2362 
 2505 
 2769 
 2975 
 3180 
 3598 
 
 to 10 
 
 1139 
 
 2 122 
 
 26 IS 
 2875 
 3 in:; 
 3332 
 3562 
 4027 
 1 192 
 1961 
 5139 
 
 -.'93 1 
 3180 
 3137 
 3090 
 3912 
 1 15(1 
 1970 
 5191 
 6012 
 0539 
 
 3221 
 3490 
 
 3771 
 10 IS 
 1325 
 4880 
 5147 
 6015 
 65X1 
 7 I.V.I 
 7737 
 
 .5507 
 3S06 
 1105 
 1106 
 4708 
 531 
 592 1 
 6510 
 715S 
 7782 
 8405 
 
 4426 
 4773 
 5122 
 5472 
 6176 
 6880 
 7591 
 8303 
 9022 
 9742 
 10468 
 11197 
 
 6442 
 5839 
 6236 
 7034 
 7833 
 8640 
 9447 
 10260 
 11076 
 11898 
 12725 
 14385 
 
 9742 
 10740 
 11738 
 12744 
 13750 
 14763 
 15776 
 17821 
 19880 
 21956 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 H_ 
 
118 NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 Contents in Cubic Feet and U. S. Gallons of Pipes and 
 
 Cylinders of Various Diameters and One Foot in Length. 
 
 1 gallon=231 cubic inches. 1 cubic foot=7.4805 gallons. 
 
 
 For 1 Foot in 
 
 
 For 1 Foot in 
 
 
 For 1 Foot in 
 
 'H 
 
 Length. 
 
 V u* 
 
 Length. 
 
 . 
 
 Length. 
 
 1 
 
 Cubic ft. 
 
 U.S. 
 
 * "5 
 
 G a 
 
 Cubic Ft. 
 
 U.S. 
 Gals. 
 
 a is 
 
 CubicTt. 
 
 U.S. 
 Gals. 
 
 P 
 
 in Sq. ft 
 
 231 
 Cu. In. 
 
 Q 
 
 a so Area 
 in Sq. Ft. 
 
 231 
 Cu. In. 
 
 S~ 
 
 also Area 
 inSq. Ft. 
 
 231 ' 
 Cu. In. 
 
 M 
 
 .0003 
 
 .0025 
 
 6M 
 
 .2485 
 
 1.859 
 
 19 
 
 1.969 
 
 14.73 
 
 j^ 
 
 .0005 
 
 .004 
 
 7 
 
 .2673 
 
 1.999 
 
 
 2.074 
 
 15.51 
 
 2 
 
 .0008 
 
 .0057 
 
 7^4 
 
 .2867 
 
 2.145 
 
 20 
 
 2.182 
 
 16.32 
 
 TS 
 
 .001 
 
 .0078 
 
 71^3 
 
 .3068 
 
 2.295 
 
 20^ 
 
 2.292 
 
 17 15 
 
 (2 
 
 .0014 
 
 .0102 
 
 7% 
 
 .3276 
 
 2.45 
 
 21 
 
 2.405 
 
 17.99 
 
 1% 
 
 .0017 
 
 .0129 
 
 8 
 
 .3491 
 
 2.611 
 
 21/4 
 
 2.521 
 
 18.86 
 
 IB 
 
 .0021 
 
 .0159 
 
 8*4 
 
 .3712 
 
 2.777 
 
 22 
 
 2.640 
 
 19.75 
 
 11 
 
 .0026 
 
 .0193 
 
 giz 
 
 .3941 
 
 2.948 
 
 22J4 
 
 2.761 
 
 20.66 
 
 a^ 
 
 .0031 
 
 .0230 
 
 834 
 
 .4176 
 
 3.125 
 
 23 
 
 2.885 
 
 21.58 
 
 n 
 
 .0036 
 
 .0269 
 
 9 
 
 .4418 
 
 3.305 
 
 23J4 
 
 3.012 
 
 22.53 
 
 7<C 
 
 .0042 
 
 .0312 
 
 9M 
 
 .4667 
 
 3.491 
 
 24 
 
 3.142 
 
 23.50 
 
 n 
 
 .0048 
 
 .0359 
 
 9^s 
 
 .4922 
 
 3.682 
 
 25 
 
 3.409 
 
 25.50 
 
 1 
 
 .0055 
 
 .0408 
 
 9% 
 
 .5185 
 
 3.879 
 
 26 
 
 3.687 
 
 27.58 
 
 1/4 
 
 .0085 
 
 .0638 
 
 10 
 
 .5454 
 
 4.08 
 
 27 
 
 3.976 
 
 29.74 
 
 1}^ 
 
 .0123 
 
 .0918 
 
 
 .5730 
 
 4.286 
 
 28 
 
 4.276 
 
 31.99 
 
 1% 
 
 .0167 
 
 .1249 
 
 10*2 
 
 .6013 
 
 4.498 
 
 29 
 
 4.587 
 
 34.31 
 
 2 
 
 .0218 
 
 .1632 
 
 1034 
 
 .6303 
 
 4.715 
 
 30 
 
 4.909 
 
 36.72 
 
 
 .0276 
 
 .2066 
 
 11 
 
 , .66 
 
 4.937 
 
 31 
 
 5.241 
 
 39.21 
 
 2^2 
 
 .0341 
 
 .2550 
 
 11U 
 
 .6903 
 
 5.164 
 
 32 
 
 5.585 
 
 41.78 
 
 2% 
 
 .0412 
 
 .3085 
 
 
 .7213 
 
 5.396 
 
 33 
 
 5.940 
 
 44.43 
 
 3 
 
 .0491 
 
 .3672 
 
 HM 
 
 .7530 
 
 5.633 
 
 34 
 
 6.305 
 
 47.16 
 
 3J4 
 
 .0576 
 
 .4309 
 
 12 
 
 .7854 
 
 5.875 
 
 35 
 
 6.681 
 
 49.98 
 
 3^1 
 
 .0668 
 
 .4998 
 
 
 .8522 
 
 6.375 
 
 36 
 
 7.069 
 
 52.88 
 
 3% 
 
 .0767 
 
 .5738 
 
 13 
 
 .9218 
 
 6.895 
 
 37 
 
 7.467 
 
 55.86 
 
 4 
 
 .0873 
 
 .6528 
 
 
 .994 
 
 7.436 
 
 38 
 
 7.876 
 
 58.92 
 
 4J4 
 
 .0985 
 
 .7369 
 
 14 
 
 1.069 
 
 7.997 
 
 39 
 
 8.296 
 
 62.06 
 
 48 
 
 .1134 
 
 .8263 
 
 
 1.147 
 
 8.578 
 
 40 
 
 8.727 
 
 65.28 
 
 4% 
 
 .1231 
 
 .9206 
 
 15 3 
 
 .227 
 
 9.180 
 
 41 
 
 9.168 
 
 68.58 
 
 5 
 
 .1364 
 
 1.020 
 
 15^ 
 
 .310 
 
 9.801 
 
 42 
 
 9.621 
 
 71.97 
 
 
 .1503 
 
 1.125 
 
 16 
 
 .396 
 
 10.44 
 
 43 
 
 10.085 
 
 75.44 
 
 51^ 
 
 .1650 
 
 1.234 
 
 16*4 
 
 .485 
 
 11.11 
 
 44 
 
 10.559 
 
 78.99 
 
 5*& 
 
 .1803 
 
 1.349 
 
 
 .576 
 
 11.79 
 
 45 
 
 11.045 
 
 82.62 
 
 6 
 
 .1963 
 
 1.469 
 
 17J4 
 
 .670 
 
 12.49 
 
 46 
 
 11.541 
 
 86.33 
 
 
 .2131 
 
 1.594 
 
 18 
 
 .768 
 
 13.22 
 
 47 
 
 12.048 
 
 90.13 
 
 6*J 
 
 .2304 
 
 1.724 
 
 
 .867 
 
 13.96 
 
 48 
 
 12.566 
 
 94.00 
 
 To find the capacity of pipes greater than those given, look in 
 
 the table for a pipe of one half the given size, and multiply its 
 
 capacity by 4 ; or one of one third its size, and multiply its capac- 
 
 ity by 9, etc. 
 
 To find the weight of water in any of the given sizes multiply 
 
 the capacity in cubic feet by the weight of a cubic foot of water 
 
 at the temperature of the water in the pipe. 
 
 To find the capacity of a cylinder in U. S. gallons, multiply the 
 
 length by the square of the diameter and by 0.0034. 
 
NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 119 
 
 CYLINDRICAL VESSELS, TANKS, CISTERNS, ETC. 
 
 Diameter in Feet and Inches, Area in Square Feet, and 
 
 U. S. Gallons Capacity for One Foot in Depth. 
 
 1 gallon = 231 cubic inches = 0.1337 cubic foot. 
 
 Diam. 
 
 Area. 
 
 Gals. 
 
 Diam. 
 
 Area. 
 
 Gals. 
 
 Diam. 
 
 Area. 
 
 Gals. 
 
 Ft. In. 
 
 Sq.ft. 
 
 One foot 
 depth. 
 
 Ft. In. 
 
 Sq. ft. 
 
 One foot 
 depth. 
 
 Ft. In. 
 
 Sq. ft. 
 
 One foot 
 depth. 
 
 1 
 
 .785 
 
 5.87 
 
 3 4 
 
 8.727 
 
 65.28 
 
 5 8 
 
 25.22 
 
 188.66 
 
 1 1 
 
 .922 
 
 6.89 
 
 3 5 
 
 9.168 
 
 68.58 
 
 5 9 
 
 25.97 
 
 194.25 
 
 1 2 
 
 1.069 
 
 8.00 
 
 3 6 
 
 9.621 
 
 71.97 
 
 5 10 
 
 26.73 
 
 199.92 
 
 1 3 
 
 1.227 
 
 9.18 
 
 3 7 
 
 10.085 
 
 75.44 
 
 5 11 
 
 27.49 
 
 205.67 
 
 1 4 
 
 1.396 
 
 10.44 
 
 3 8 
 
 10.559 
 
 78 99 
 
 6 
 
 28.27 
 
 211.51 
 
 1 5 
 
 1.57S 
 
 11.79 
 
 3 9 
 
 11.045 
 
 82.62 
 
 6 3 
 
 30.68 
 
 229.50 
 
 1 6 
 
 1.767 
 
 13.22 
 
 3 10 
 
 11.541 
 
 86.33 
 
 6 6 
 
 33.18 
 
 248.23 
 
 1 7 
 
 1.969 
 
 14.73 
 
 3 11 
 
 12.048 
 
 90.13 
 
 6 9 
 
 35.78 
 
 267.69 
 
 1 8 
 
 2.182 
 
 13.32 
 
 4 
 
 12.566 
 
 94.00 
 
 7 
 
 38.48 
 
 287.88 
 
 1 9 
 
 2.405 
 
 17.99 
 
 4 1 
 
 13.095 
 
 97.96 
 
 7 3 
 
 41.28 
 
 308.81 
 
 1 10 
 
 2.640 
 
 19.75 
 
 4 2 
 
 13.635 
 
 102.00 
 
 7 6 
 
 44.18 
 
 330.48 
 
 1 11 
 
 2.885 
 
 21.58 
 
 4 3 
 
 14.186 
 
 106.12 
 
 7 9 
 
 47.17 
 
 352.88 
 
 2 
 
 3.142 
 
 23.50 
 
 4 4 
 
 14.748 
 
 110.32 
 
 8 
 
 50.27 
 
 376.01 
 
 2 1 
 
 3.409 
 
 25.50 
 
 4 5 
 
 15.321 
 
 114.61 
 
 8 3 
 
 53.46 
 
 399.88 
 
 2 2 
 
 3.687 
 
 27.58 
 
 4 6 
 
 15.90 
 
 118.97 
 
 8 6 
 
 56.75 
 
 424.48 
 
 2 3 
 
 3.976 
 
 29.74 
 
 4 7 
 
 16.50 
 
 123.42 
 
 8 9 
 
 60.13 
 
 449.82 
 
 2 4 
 
 4.276 
 
 31.99 
 
 4 8 
 
 17.10 
 
 127.95 
 
 9 
 
 63.62 
 
 475.89 
 
 2 5 
 
 4.587 
 
 34.31 
 
 4 9 
 
 17.72 
 
 132.56 
 
 9 3 
 
 67.20 
 
 502.70 
 
 2 6 
 
 4.909 
 
 36.72 
 
 4 10 
 
 18.35 
 
 137.25 
 
 9 6 
 
 70.88 
 
 530.24 
 
 2 7 
 
 5.241 
 
 39.21 
 
 4 11 
 
 18.99 
 
 142.02 
 
 9 9 
 
 74.66 
 
 558.51 
 
 2 8 
 
 5.585 
 
 41.78 
 
 5 
 
 19.63 
 
 146.88 
 
 10 
 
 78.54 
 
 587.52 
 
 2 9 
 
 5.940 
 
 44.43 
 
 5 1 
 
 20.29 
 
 151.82 
 
 10 3 
 
 82.52 
 
 617.26 ' 
 
 2 10 
 
 6.305 
 
 47.16 
 
 5 
 
 20.97 
 
 156.83 
 
 10 6 
 
 86.59 
 
 647.74 
 
 2 11 
 
 6.681 
 
 49.98 
 
 5 
 
 21.65 
 
 161.93 
 
 10 9 
 
 90.76 
 
 678.95 
 
 3 
 
 7.069 
 
 52.88 
 
 5 
 
 22.34 
 
 167.12 
 
 11 
 
 95.03 
 
 710.90 
 
 3 1 
 
 7.467 
 
 55.86 
 
 5 
 
 23.04 
 
 172.38 
 
 11 3 
 
 99.40 
 
 743.58 
 
 3 2 
 
 7.876 
 
 58.92 
 
 5 
 
 23.76 
 
 177.72 
 
 11 6 
 
 103.87 
 
 776.99 
 
 3 3 
 
 8.296 
 
 62.06 
 
 5 
 
 24.48 
 
 183.15 
 
 11 9 
 
 108.43 
 
 811.14 
 
 1 .1 
 
120 NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 CYLINDRICAL VESSELS, TANKS, CISTERNS, ETC. 
 
 Diameter in Feet and Inches, Area in Square Feet, and 
 
 U. S. Gallons Capacity for One Foot in Depth. 
 
 1 gallon = 231 cubic inches = 0. 1337 cubic foot. 
 
 (CONTINUED.) 
 
 Diam. 
 
 Area. 
 
 Gals. 
 
 Diam. 
 
 Area. 
 
 Gals. 
 
 Diam. 
 
 Area. 
 
 Gals. 
 
 Ft. In. 
 
 Sq.ft. 
 
 One foot 
 depth. 
 
 Ft. In. 
 
 Sq.ft. 
 
 One foot 
 depth. 
 
 Ft. In. 
 
 Sq.ft. 
 
 One foot 
 depth. 
 
 12 
 
 113.10 
 
 846.03 
 
 19 
 
 283.53 
 
 2120.9 
 
 26 
 
 530.93 
 
 3971.6 
 
 12 3 
 
 117.86 
 
 881.65 
 
 19 3 
 
 291.04 
 
 2177.1 
 
 26 3 
 
 541.19 
 
 4048.4 
 
 12 6 
 
 122.72 
 
 918.00 
 
 19 6 
 
 298.65 
 
 2234.0 
 
 26 6 
 
 551.55 
 
 4125.9 
 
 12 9 
 
 127.68 
 
 955.09 
 
 19 9 
 
 306.35 
 
 2291.7 
 
 26 9 
 
 562.00 
 
 4204.1 
 
 13 
 
 132.73 
 
 992.91 
 
 20 
 
 314.16 
 
 2350.1 
 
 27 
 
 572.56 
 
 4283.0 
 
 13 3 
 13 6 
 
 137.89 
 143.14 
 
 1031.5 
 1070.8 
 
 20 3 
 20 6 
 
 322.06 
 330.06 
 
 2409.2 
 2469.1 
 
 27 3 
 27 6 
 
 583.21 
 593*96 
 
 4362.7 
 4443.1 
 
 13 9 
 
 148.49 
 
 1110.8 
 
 20 9 
 
 338.16 
 
 2529.6 
 
 27 9 
 
 604.81 
 
 4524.3 
 
 14 
 
 153.94 
 
 1151.5 
 
 21 
 
 346.36 
 
 2591.0 
 
 28 
 
 615.75 
 
 4606.2 
 
 14 3 
 
 159.48 
 
 1193.0 
 
 21 3 
 
 354.66 
 
 2653.0 
 
 28 3 
 
 626.80 
 
 4688.8 
 
 14 6 
 
 165.13 
 
 1235.3 
 
 21 6 
 
 363.05 
 
 2715.8 
 
 28 6 
 
 637.94 
 
 4772.1 
 
 14 9 
 
 170.87 
 
 1278.2 
 
 21 9 
 
 371.54 
 
 2779.3 
 
 28 9 
 
 649.18 
 
 4856.2 
 
 15 
 
 176.71 
 
 1321.9 
 
 22 
 
 380.13 
 
 2843.6 
 
 29 
 
 660.52 
 
 4941.0 
 
 15 3 
 
 182.65 
 
 1366.4 
 
 22 3 
 
 388.82 
 
 2908.6 
 
 29 3 
 
 671.96 
 
 5026.6 
 
 15 6 
 
 188.69 
 
 1411.5 
 
 22 6 
 
 397.61 
 
 2974.3 
 
 29 6 
 
 683.49 
 
 5112.9 
 
 15 9 
 
 194.83 
 
 1457.4 
 
 22 9 
 
 406.49 
 
 3040.8 
 
 29 9 
 
 695.13 
 
 5199.9 
 
 16 
 
 201.06 
 
 1504.1 
 
 23 
 
 415.48 
 
 3108.0 
 
 30 
 
 706.86 
 
 5287.7 
 
 16 3 
 
 207.39 
 
 1551.4 
 
 23 3 
 
 424.56 
 
 3175.9 
 
 30 3 
 
 718.69 
 
 5376.2 
 
 16 6 
 
 213.82 
 
 1599.5 
 
 23 6 
 
 433.74 
 
 3244.6 
 
 30 6 
 
 730.62 
 
 5465.4 
 
 16 9 
 
 220.35 
 
 1648.4 
 
 23 9 
 
 443.01 
 
 3314.0 
 
 30 9 
 
 742.64 
 
 5555.4 
 
 17 
 
 226.98 
 
 1697.9 
 
 24 
 
 452.39 
 
 3384.1 
 
 31 
 
 754.77 
 
 5646.1 
 
 17 3 
 
 233.71 
 
 1748.2 
 
 24 3 
 
 461.86 
 
 3455.0 
 
 31 3 
 
 766.99 
 
 5737.5 
 
 17 6 
 
 240.53 
 
 1799.3 
 
 24 6 
 
 471.44 
 
 3526.6 
 
 31 6 
 
 779.31 
 
 5829.7 
 
 17 9 
 
 247.45 
 
 1851.1 
 
 24 9 
 
 481.11 
 
 3598.9 
 
 31 9 
 
 791.73 
 
 5922.6 
 
 18 
 
 254.47 
 
 1903.6 
 
 25 
 
 490.87 
 
 3672.0 
 
 32 
 
 804.25 
 
 6016.2 
 
 18 3 
 
 261.59 
 
 1956.8 
 
 25 3 
 
 500.74 
 
 3745.8 
 
 32 3 
 
 816.86 
 
 6110.6 
 
 18 6 
 
 268.80 
 
 2010.8 
 
 25 6 
 
 510.71 
 
 3820.3 
 
 32 6 
 
 829.58 
 
 6205.7 
 
 18 9 
 
 276.12 
 
 2065.5 
 
 25 9 
 
 520.77 
 
 3895.6 
 
 32 9 
 
 842.39 
 
 6301.5 
 
 ; " i 
 
NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 121 
 
 Weight of Water in Foot Lengths of Pipe 
 
 of Different Bores. 
 
 (62.425 Lbs. Per Cubic Foot.) 
 
 Bore 
 
 Water 
 
 Bore 
 
 Water 
 
 Bore 
 
 Water 
 
 Bore 
 
 Water 
 
 In. 
 
 Lbs. 
 
 In. 
 
 Lbs. 
 
 In. 
 
 Lbs. 
 
 In. 
 
 Lbs. 
 
 % 
 
 0.0053 
 
 3 
 
 3.0643 
 
 7y 
 
 20.450 
 
 17 
 
 98.397 
 
 k 
 
 0.0213 
 
 31^ 
 
 3.3250 
 
 8 4 
 
 21.790 
 
 17% 
 
 104.27 
 
 % 
 
 0.0479 
 
 3/4 
 
 3.5963 
 
 8k 
 
 23.174 
 
 18 
 
 110.31 
 
 i/ 
 
 0.0851 
 
 3% 
 
 3.8782 
 
 
 24.599 
 
 18% 
 
 116.53 
 
 % 
 
 0.1330 
 
 
 4.1708 
 
 8M 
 
 26.068 
 
 19 
 
 122.91 
 
 % 
 
 0.1915 
 
 3 5 '8 
 
 4.4741 
 
 9 
 
 27.579 
 
 19% 
 
 129.47 
 
 % 
 
 0.2607 
 
 3/iL 
 
 4.7879 
 
 9k 
 
 29.132 
 
 20 
 
 136.19 
 
 i 
 
 0.3405 
 
 3/% 
 
 5.1125 
 
 gi/ 
 
 30.728 
 
 21 
 
 150.15 
 
 \y^ 
 
 0.4309 
 
 4 
 
 5.4476 
 
 9% 
 
 32.366 
 
 22 
 
 164.79 
 
 ik 
 
 0.5320 
 
 4k 
 
 6.1498 
 
 10 
 
 34.048 
 
 23 
 
 180.11 
 
 1% 
 
 0.6437 
 
 
 6.8946 
 
 10% 
 
 37.537 
 
 24 
 
 196.11 
 
 \TL/ 
 
 0.7661 
 
 4/4 
 
 7.6820 
 
 11 
 
 41 . 198 
 
 25 
 
 212.80 
 
 \% 
 
 0.8997 
 
 5 
 
 8.5119 
 
 11% 
 
 45.028 
 
 26 
 
 230.16 
 
 1% 
 
 1.0427 
 
 5^ 
 
 9.3844 
 
 12 
 
 49.028 
 
 27 
 
 248.21 
 
 \y 
 
 1.1970 
 
 
 10.299 
 
 12% 
 
 53.199 
 
 28 
 
 266.93 
 
 2 
 
 1.3619 
 
 5% 
 
 11.257 
 
 13 
 
 57.540 
 
 29 
 
 286.34 
 
 2/^5 
 
 1.5375 
 
 6 
 
 12.257 
 
 13% 
 
 62.052 
 
 30 
 
 306.43 
 
 2V 
 
 1.7237 
 
 6k 
 
 13.300 
 
 14 
 
 66.733 
 
 31 
 
 327.20 
 
 2% 
 
 1.9205 
 
 6% 
 
 14.385 
 
 14% 
 
 71.585 
 
 32 
 
 348.65 
 
 
 2.1280 
 
 6% 
 
 15.513 
 
 15 
 
 76.607 
 
 33 
 
 370.78 
 
 2% 
 
 2.3461 
 
 7 
 
 16.683 
 
 15% 
 
 81.799 
 
 34 
 
 393.59 
 
 2% 
 
 2.5748 
 
 7k 
 
 17.896 
 
 16 
 
 87.162 
 
 35 
 
 417.08 
 
 
 2.8142 
 
 
 19.152 
 
 1 
 
 92.694 
 
 36 
 
 441.26 
 
 Weights of water in cylinders of the same length are 
 
 proportional to the squares of the diameters. Therefore, 
 
 to get weight of cylinder of water one foot long and 60 
 
 inches diameter, take from above table weight of water 
 
 of 30 inch pipe and multiply it by the square of 60 -f- 30, 
 
 or the square of two ; thus, 306.43 X 4 = 1225.72 = the 
 
 weight of water in one foot length of a 60 inch pipe. 
 
 *n _ ^, 
 
122 NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 s 
 
 ;oeoooz>i-iocoi-iTj<,-<oas ioioooseoc<io&*iow*oo 
 
 
 eo 1-1 TJ< as co o o" o oo ^ TJH o so <M_ o o 
 
 s l2SSIIllliEil61ilSil g 
 
 o o ^ o QO g gi co & o g g" g oj o jtj 05 TH o^ g cs co g t-| 
 
 s os o m o o jo io oi os co' w' eo w os z> o os <M' 
 - - r 7J - ' fc Sfie H 5nSS 
 
 
 
 

 : " - y^ 
 NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 123 
 
 Number 
 
 of U. S, Gallons in Rectangular Tanks. 
 For One Foot in Depth. 
 
 
 
 at! 
 
 fl 
 
 LENGTH OF TANK IN FEET. 
 
 2 
 
 2.5 
 
 3 
 
 3.5 
 
 1 
 
 4.5 
 
 5 
 
 5.5 
 
 6 
 
 6.5 
 
 7 
 
 2 
 
 2.5 
 3 
 3.5 
 4 
 4.5 
 5 
 5.5 
 6 
 6.5 
 7 
 
 29.92S 
 4 
 
 7.40 
 
 0.75 
 
 44.88 
 50.10 
 67.32 
 
 K.4 
 
 78.5 
 91.0 
 
 6 59. * 
 5 74. { 
 4 89.' 
 4104.' 
 . 119. ( 
 
 J4 
 
 50 
 
 7 
 :! 
 9 
 
 67.3 
 841 
 100.9 
 117.8 
 134.6 
 151.41 
 
 J 74.8 
 5 93.51 
 ) 112.21 
 2 130.91 
 5 149.61 
 J 168.31 
 187.01 
 
 82.2? 
 102.86 
 123.42 
 144.0C 
 164.5? 
 185.14 
 205.71 
 226.28 
 
 89.77 
 112.21 
 134.65 
 157.09 
 179.53 
 201.97 
 224.41 
 246.86 
 269.30 
 
 97.25 
 121.56 
 145.87 
 170.18 
 194.49 
 218.80 
 243.11 
 267.43 
 291.74 
 316.05 
 
 104.73 
 130.91 
 157.09 
 183.27 
 209.45 
 235.63 
 261.82 
 288.00 
 314.18 
 340.36 
 366.54 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Width in I 
 Feet. 
 
 LENGTH OF TANK IN FEET. 
 
 7.5 
 
 8 
 
 8.5 
 
 9 
 
 9.5 
 
 10 
 
 10.5 
 
 11 
 
 11.5 
 
 12 
 
 179.53 
 224.41 
 269.30 
 314.18 
 359.06 
 403.94 
 448.83 
 493.71 
 538.59 
 583.47 
 628.36 
 673.24 
 718.12 
 763.00 
 807.89 
 852.77 
 897.66 
 942.56 
 987.43 
 1032.3 
 1077.2 
 
 2 
 2.5 
 3 
 3.5 
 4 
 4.5 
 5 
 5.5 
 6 
 6.5 
 7 
 7.5 
 8 
 8.5 
 9 
 9.5 
 10 
 10.5 
 11 
 11.5 
 12 
 
 112.21 
 140.26 
 168.31 
 196.36 
 224.41 
 252.47 
 280. 5 
 308.5? 
 330. G* 
 :50l C" 
 392. 7S 
 420. 76 
 
 119.69 
 149.61 
 179.53 
 209.45 
 239.37 
 269.30 
 299.22 
 329.14 
 359.06 
 388.98 
 418.91 
 448.83 
 478.75 
 
 127.17 
 158.96 
 190.75 
 222.54 
 -.>:>}.: il 
 286.13 
 317.92 
 349.71 
 381.50 
 413.30 
 445.09 
 476.88 
 508.67 
 540.40 
 
 134.65 
 168.31 
 202.97 
 235.63 
 269.30 
 302.96 
 186.68 
 370.28 
 103.94 
 187.60 
 171.27 
 504.93 
 538.59 
 572.26 
 505.92 
 
 1-. 
 
 2 
 
 -' 
 
 I 
 
 ;; 
 
 :;. 
 
 :j< 
 
 ( 
 
 41 
 
 1< 
 
 .V 
 5( 
 (i( 
 6! 
 9i 
 
 12.13 
 7.66 
 3.19 
 18.73 
 J4.26 
 9.79 
 5.32 
 (0.85 
 J6.39 
 1.92 
 7.45 
 2.98 
 8.51 
 K4.05 
 9.58 
 5.11 
 
 149.61 
 187.01 
 224.41 
 261.82 
 299.22 
 336.62 
 374.03 
 111.43 
 148.83 
 186.23 
 523.64 
 561.04 
 598.441 
 ;: fcVHl 
 373.25 
 ?10. 65 
 748.05 
 
 157.09 
 196.36 
 235.63 
 274.90 
 314.18 
 353.45 
 392.72 
 432.00 
 471.27 
 510.54 
 549.81 
 589.08 
 128.86 
 >07 C,:{ 
 -00.90 
 746.17 
 ?85.45 
 324.73 
 
 164.57 
 205.71 
 246.86 
 288.00 
 329.14 
 370.28 
 411.43 
 452.57 
 493.71 
 534.85 
 575.99 
 617.14 
 VS8.S6 
 199.42 
 740.56 
 781.71 
 BS8.86 
 804.00 
 905.14 
 
 172.05 
 
 215.06 
 258.07 
 301.09 
 344.10 
 387.11 
 430.13 
 473.14 
 516.15 
 559.16 
 602.18 
 645.19 
 688.20 
 731.21 
 774.23 
 817.24 
 800.20 
 903.26 
 946.27 
 989.29 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 EXAMPLE. To find number of gallons in a rectangular 
 tank that is 7.5 ft. by 10 ft., the water being 4 ft. deep : 
 Look in extreme left hand column for 7.5 and opposite 
 to this in column headed " 10 " read 561.04, which being 
 multiplied by 4, the depth of water in the tank, gives 
 2244.2 the number of gallons required. 
 
NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 . Diameters in Inches. (Ellis.) 
 
 given below, varying with the form of nozzle or 
 d for a good form of tapering smooth nozzle 
 
 or N 
 
 oret 
 
 cal o 
 cent., 
 
 64 
 
 Theoretical Discharge of Circular Orifi 
 
 OTE. The actual discharge will be less than the t 
 through which the water flows. For a ring nozzle 
 t 82 per cent., can be assumed as the actual dischar 
 
 
 
 
 In 
 
 
NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 WATER-POWER. 
 
 (Kent's Pocket Book.) 
 
 Power of a Fall of "Water Efficiency. The gross power 
 of a fall of water is the product of the weight of water 
 discharged in a unit of time into the total head, i. e. , the 
 difference of vertical elevation of the upper surface of the 
 water at the points where the fall in question begins and 
 ends. The term " head " used in connection with water- 
 wheels is the difference in height from the surface of the 
 water . in the wheel-pit to the surface in the pen-stock 
 when the wheel is running. 
 
 If Q cubic feet of water discharged per second, D = 
 weight of a cubic foot of water = 62.36 Ibs. at 60 F., H 
 = total head in feet ; then 
 
 DQH =. gross power in foot-pounds per second, 
 and DQH -f- 550 = 0.1134 QH= gross horse power. 
 
 If Q' is taken in cubic feet per minute, 
 H. P. = 
 
 A water-wheel or motor of any kind cannot utilize the 
 whole of the head H, since there are losses of head at 
 both the entrance to and the exit from the wheel. There 
 are also losses of energy due to friction of the water in its 
 passage through the wheel. The ratio of the power de- 
 veloped by the wheel to the gross power of the fall is the 
 efficiency of the wheel. For 75$ efficiency, net horse- 
 
 power = 0.00142g'//= 
 
 706 
 
NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 Horse-power of "Water Flowing in a Tube* The head due 
 
 to the velocity is ; the head due to the pressure is - ; 
 2^-' w* 
 
 the head due to actual height above the datum plane is h 
 
 feet. The total head is the sum of these 4- h + - 
 
 Kg W 
 
 in feet, in which v velocity in feet per second, f 
 pressure in Ibs. per sq. ft., w = weight of 1 cu. ft. of 
 water 62.4 Ibs. If p = pressure in Ibs. per sq. in., 
 
 L = 2.309/. In hydraulic transmission the velocity and 
 
 the height above datum are usually small compared with 
 the pressure-head. The work or energy of a given quan- 
 tity of water under pressure = its volume in cubic feet X 
 its pressure in Ibs. per sq. ft.; or if Q = quantity in cubic 
 feet per second, and/ = pressure in Ibs. per square inch, 
 
 W= 144/0, and the H. P. = - 0.2618/0. 
 
 550 
 
 Formula for Computing Power of Jet Water-Wheels of the 
 
 Pelton Type. (F. K. Blue). 
 
 Let HP = horse-power delivered by the water-wheel ; 
 d = diameter of nozzle ; w = weight of one cu. ft. of 
 water, or 62.5 Ibs. ; E = efficiency of the water-wheel ; q 
 quantity of water in cubic feet per minute ; c coefficient 
 of discharge from the nozzle, which may be ordinarily 
 taken as 0.9 ; li effective head (actual head less friction 
 head) in feet ; then 
 
 HP = wE ^ h = 0.00189 E q h = 0.00436 E q p. = 
 33,000 
 
 0.00496 E c d 2 |/1T s= 0.0174 E c d 2 |/"p". 
 q = 529 HP = 2.62 c d 8 V"hT= 4 c d 2 4/~p~. 
 
NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 127 
 
 The Pclton Water-wheel. Mr. Ross E. Browne (En^g 
 News, Feb. 20, 1892) thus outlines the principles upon 
 which this water-wheel is constructed : 
 
 The function of a water-wheel, operated by a jet of 
 water escaping from a nozzle, is to convert the energy of 
 the jet, due to its velocity, into useful work. In order to 
 utilize this energy fully the wheel-bucket, after catching 
 the jet, must bring it to rest before discharging it, with- 
 out inducing turbulence or agitation of the particles. 
 
 This cannot be fully effected, and unavoidable difficul- 
 ties necessitate the loss of a portion of the energy. The 
 principal losses occur as follows : First, in sharp or an- 
 gular diversion of the jet in entering, or in its course 
 through the bucket, causing impact, or the conversion of 
 a portion of the energy into heat instead of useful work. 
 Second, in the so-called frictional resistance offered to 
 the motion of the water by the wetted surfaces of the 
 buckets, causing also the conversion of a portion of the 
 energy into heat instead of useful work. Third, in the 
 velocity of the water, as it leaves the bucket, representing 
 energy which has not been converted into work 
 
 Hence, in seeking a high efficiency : 1. The bucket- 
 surface at the entrance should be approximately parallel 
 to the relative course of the jet, and the bucket should 
 be curved in such a manner as to avoid sharp angular de- 
 flection of the stream. If, for example, a jet strikes a 
 surface at an angle and is sharply deflected, a portion of 
 the water is backed, the smoothness of the stream is dis- 
 turbed, and there results 
 considerable loss by im- 
 pact and otherwise. The 
 entrance and deflection 
 in the Pelton bucket are 
 such as to avoid these 
 losses in the main. F>- 134. FIG. 135. 
 
 2. The number of buckets should be small, and the 
 path of the jet in the bucket short ; in other words, the 
 total wetted surface should be small, as the loss by fric- 
 tion will be proportional to this. 
 
128 NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 3. The discharge end of the bucket should be as nearly 
 tangential to the wheel periphery as compatible with 
 the clearance of the bucket which follows ; and great 
 differences of velocity in the parts of the escaping water 
 should be avoided. In order to bring the water to rest 
 at the discharge end of the bucket, it is shown, mathe- 
 matically, that the velocity of the bucket should be one 
 half the velocity of the jet. 
 
 A bucket, such as shown in Fig. 135, will cause the 
 heaping of more or less dead or turbulent water at the 
 point indicated by dark shading. This dead water is 
 subsequently thrown from the wheel with considerable 
 velocity, and represents a large loss of energy. The in- 
 troduction of the wedge in the Pelton bucket (see Fig. 
 134) is an efficient means of avoiding this loss. 
 
 A wheel of the form of the Pelton conforms closely in 
 construction to each of these requirements. 
 
 In a test made by the proprietors of the Idaho mine, 
 near Grass Valley, Cal., the dimensions and results were 
 as follows : Main supply-pipe, 22 in. diameter, 6900 ft. 
 long, with the head of 386} feet above centre of nozzle. 
 The loss by friction in the pipe was 1.8 ft., reducing the 
 effective head to 384.7 ft. The Pelton wheel used in the 
 test was 6 ft. in diameter and the nozzle was 1.89 in. di- 
 ameter. The work done was measured by a Prony brake, 
 and the mean of 13 tests showed a useful effect of 87.3$. 
 
NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 FIG. 136. 
 Miners' Inch Measurements. (Pelton Water Wheel Co.) 
 
 The cut, Fig. 136, shows the form of measuring-box 
 ordinarily used, and the following table gives the dis- 
 charge in cubic feet per minute of a miner's inch of 
 water, as measured under the various heads and different 
 lengths and heights of apertures used in California. 
 
 Length 
 of 
 
 Openings 2 Inches High. 
 
 Openings 4 Inches High. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Opening 
 
 Head to 
 
 Head to 
 
 Head to 
 
 Head to 
 
 Head to 
 
 Head to 
 
 in 
 
 Centre 
 
 Centre 
 
 Centre 
 
 Centre, 
 
 Centre, 
 
 Centre, 
 
 inches. 
 
 5 inches. 
 
 6 inches. 
 
 7 inches. 
 
 5 inches. 
 
 6 inches. 
 
 7 inches. 
 
 
 Cu ft. 
 
 Cu ft. 
 
 Cu. ft. 
 
 Cu. ft. 
 
 Cu. ft. 
 
 Cu. ft. 
 
 4 
 
 1.348 
 
 1.473 
 
 1.589 
 
 1.320 
 
 1.450 
 
 1.570 
 
 6 
 
 1.355 
 
 1.480 
 
 1.596 
 
 1.336 
 
 1.470 
 
 1.595 
 
 8 
 
 1.359 
 
 1.484 
 
 .600 
 
 1.344 
 
 1.481 
 
 1.608 
 
 10 
 
 1.361 
 
 1.485 
 
 .602 
 
 1.349 
 
 1.487 
 
 1.615 
 
 12 
 
 1.363 
 
 1.487 
 
 .604 
 
 1.352 
 
 1.491 
 
 1.620 
 
 14 
 
 .364 
 
 1.488 
 
 .604 
 
 1.354 
 
 1.494 
 
 1.623 
 
 16 
 
 .365 
 
 1.489 
 
 .605 
 
 1.356 
 
 1.496 
 
 1.626 
 
 18 
 
 .365 
 
 1.489 
 
 .606 
 
 1.357 
 
 1.498 
 
 1.628 
 
 20 
 
 .365 
 
 .490 
 
 606 
 
 1.359 
 
 1.499 
 
 1.630 
 
 22 
 
 .366 
 
 .490 
 
 .607 
 
 1.359 
 
 1.500 
 
 1.631 
 
 24 
 
 .366 
 
 .490 
 
 .607 
 
 1.360 
 
 1.501 
 
 1.632 
 
 26 
 
 .366 
 
 .490 
 
 .607 
 
 1.361 
 
 1.502 
 
 1.633 
 
 28 
 
 .367 
 
 .491 
 
 .607 
 
 1.361 
 
 1.503 
 
 1.634 
 
 30 
 
 .367 
 
 .491 
 
 .608 
 
 1.362 
 
 1.503 
 
 1.635 
 
 40 
 
 .367 
 
 .492 
 
 .608 
 
 1.363 
 
 1.505 
 
 1.637 
 
 50 
 
 .368 
 
 .493 
 
 .609 
 
 1.364 
 
 1.507 
 
 1.639 
 
 60 
 
 .368 
 
 .493 
 
 .609 
 
 1.365 
 
 1.508 
 
 1.640 
 
 70 
 
 .368 
 
 1.493 
 
 .609 
 
 1.365 
 
 1.508 
 
 1.641 
 
 80 
 
 .368 
 
 1.493 
 
 .609 
 
 1.366 
 
 1.509 
 
 1.641 
 
 90 
 
 .369 
 
 1.493 
 
 1.610 
 
 1.366 
 
 1.509 
 
 1.641 
 
 100 
 
 1.369 
 
 1.494 
 
 1.610 
 
 1.366 
 
 1.509 
 
 1.642 
 
NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 PUMPS AND PUMPING ENGINES. 
 
 (Kent's Pocket Book.) 
 
 Theoretical Capacity of a Pump. Let Q cu. ft. per 
 min.; G' = Anier. gals, per min. = 7.48050'; d = diam. of 
 pump in inches ; / = stroke in inches ; A 7 ^ = number of 
 single strokes per min. 
 
 Capacity in cu. ft. per min. 
 
 Q = *- = 0.0004545AW ; 
 4 144 12 
 
 Capacity in gals, per min. 
 
 Diameter required for a given capacity per min. 
 
 If v piston speed in feet per min., 
 
 d - 13.54 A/&- -4.95 A/ ' 
 r v r v 
 
 If the piston speed is 100 feet per min. : 
 
 Nl = 1200, and d = 1.354 i/^T = 0.495 \f~G\ 
 
 G' = 4.0&/ 2 per min. 
 
 The actual capacity will be from 60# to 95$ of the theo- 
 retical, according to the tightness of the piston, valves, 
 suction-pipe, etc. 
 
 Theoretical Horse-power required to raise Water to a given 
 Height. 
 
 Let Q = cu. ft. per min.; G' = gals, per min.; W wt. 
 in Ibs.; P pressure in Ibs. per sq. ft.; p = pressure in 
 Ibs. per sq. in.; H height of lift in ft.; W= 62.36<2', P 
 = 144^, p = 0.433 H, H= 2.309/, G' = 7.48050'. 
 
 Hp Q'P Q'HxmxAZZ^Q'H__ G'H . 
 33,000 33,000 529.2 3958.7 ' 
 
 HP = WH - g'X62.36x2.309^ _ Q'p = G'p 
 33,000 33,000 229.2 1714.5 ' 
 
NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 For the actual horse -power required an allowance must 
 be made for the friction, slips, etc., of engine, pump, 
 valves, and passages. 
 
 Depth of Suction* Theoretically a perfect pump will 
 lift water from a depth of nearly 34 feet, corresponding 
 to a perfect vacuum (14.7 Ibs. X 2.309 = 33.95 feet); but 
 since a perfect vacuum cannot be obtained, on account of 
 valve-leakage, air contained in the water, and the vapor 
 of the water itself, the actual height is generally less 
 than 30 feet. In pumping hot water, the water must flow 
 into the pump by gravity. The following table shows 
 the theoretical maximum depth of suction for different 
 temperatures, leakage not considered : 
 
 
 
 
 fi 
 
 
 
 
 ^3 - 
 
 b 
 
 ^ 2:2--' 
 
 'p^b 
 
 &l - 
 
 fe 
 
 ;-2 
 
 'fl^b 
 
 ^1 . 
 
 ex 
 
 
 
 QooS 
 
 cx 
 
 
 
 
 
 J^ftij 
 
 3"o 
 
 . ? 
 
 0) 
 
 J^O.^ 
 
 ||S 
 
 .J3|> 
 
 H 
 
 <|jj| 
 
 ^a 
 
 So 
 
 H 
 
 <|^s 
 
 
 |o 
 
 101.4 
 
 1 
 
 27.88 
 
 31.6 
 
 183.0 
 
 8 
 
 13.63 
 
 15.5 
 
 126.2 
 
 2 
 
 25.85 
 
 29.3 
 
 188.4 
 
 9 
 
 11.59 
 
 13.2 
 
 144.7 
 
 3 
 
 23.81 
 
 27.0 
 
 193.2 
 
 10 
 
 9.55 
 
 10.9 
 
 153.3 
 
 4 
 
 21.77 
 
 24.7 
 
 197.6 
 
 11 
 
 7.51 
 
 8.5 
 
 162.5 
 
 5 
 
 19.74 
 
 22.4 
 
 201.9 
 
 12 
 
 5.48 
 
 6.2 
 
 170.3 
 
 6 
 
 17.70 
 
 20.1 
 
 205.8 
 
 13 
 
 3.44 
 
 3.9 
 
 177.0 
 
 7 
 
 15.66 
 
 17.8 
 
 209.6 
 
 14 
 
 1.40 
 
 1.6 
 
STEAM 
 
 AND 
 
 STEAM APPARATUS. 
 
NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 STEAM. 
 
 Under the ordinary atmospheric pressure of 14.7 pounds 
 per square inch, water boils at 212 Fahr., passing off as 
 steam, the temperature at which it boils varying with a 
 variation in the pressure. 
 
 Dry steam is steam not containing any free moisture. 
 It may be either saturated or superheated. 
 
 Wet steam is steam containing free moisture in the form 
 of spray or mist, and has the same temperature as dry 
 saturated steam of the same pressure. 
 
 Saturated steam is steam in its normal state, that is, 
 steam whose temperature is that due its pressure; by 
 which is meant steam at the same temperature as that of 
 the water from which it was generated and upon which 
 it rests. 
 
 Superheated steam is steam at a temperature above that 
 due to its pressure. 
 
 A British thermal unit is the quantity of heat required 
 to raise one pound of water at 39. 1 Fahr. through one 
 degree of temperature. 
 
 The total heat of the water is the number of British 
 thermal units needed to raise one pound of water from 
 32F. to the boiling point, under the given pressure. 
 
 The latent heat of steam is the number of British thermal 
 units required to convert one pound of water, at the boil- 
 ing point, into steam of the same temperature. 
 
 The total heat of saturated steam is the number of heat 
 units required to raise a pound of water from 32 F. to 
 the boiling point, at the given pressure, plus the number 
 required to evaporate the water at that temperature. 
 
 The specific heat of steam is the quantity of heat required 
 to raise the temperature of one pound of steam through 
 one degree of temperature. In British units and near 
 the saturation temperature it equals, at constant pres- 
 sure, 0.48. 
 
NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 136 
 
 The specific gravity of steam at any temperature and 
 pressure, as compared with air of same temperature and 
 pressure, is approximately 0.622. One cubic inch of 
 water evaporated into steam at 212F. becomes 1646 
 cubic in., that is, nearly one cu. ft. 
 
 Water in contact with saturated steam has the same 
 temperature as the steam itself. Water introduced into 
 superheated steam will be vaporized until the steam be- 
 comes saturated, and its temperature becomes that due 
 its pressure. Cold water, or water at a lower temperature 
 than that of the steam, introduced into saturated steam, 
 will condense some of it, thus lowering both the temper- 
 ature and pressure of the rest until the temperature again 
 equals that due its pressure. 
 
136 NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 PROPERTIES OF SATURATED STEAM. 
 
 Sew 
 
 
 % 
 
 
 sS .^ 
 
 u 
 
 US "$ 
 
 Bri 
 
 .S c 
 
 Sou 
 
 l'h 
 
 5?| 
 
 E'l^ 
 
 M| 
 
 * ^ _o 
 
 leSfa 
 
 Item 
 
 3 ffi ffl 
 
 II *CQ 
 
 |-S 
 
 !! 
 
 
 
 
 ffi'3 
 
 
 h 
 
 ^0 
 
 
 1 
 
 101.99 
 
 70.0 
 
 1043.0 
 
 1113.1 
 
 0.00299 
 
 334.5 
 
 2 
 
 126.27 
 
 94.4 
 
 1026.1 
 
 1120.5 
 
 0.00576 
 
 173.6 
 
 3 
 
 141.62 
 
 109.8 
 
 1015.3 
 
 1125.1 
 
 0.00844 
 
 118.5 
 
 4 
 
 153.09 
 
 121.4 
 
 1007.2 
 
 1128.6 
 
 0.01107 
 
 90.33 
 
 5 
 
 162.34 
 
 130.7 
 
 1000.8 
 
 1131.5 
 
 0.01366 
 
 73.21 
 
 6 
 
 170.14 
 
 138.6 
 
 995.2 
 
 1133 8 
 
 0.01622 
 
 61.65 
 
 7 
 
 176.90 
 
 145.4 
 
 990.5 
 
 1135.9 
 
 0.01874 
 
 53.39 
 
 8 
 
 182.92 
 
 151.5 
 
 986.2 
 
 1137.7 
 
 0.02125 
 
 47.06 
 
 9 
 
 188.33 
 
 156.9 
 
 982.5 
 
 1139.4 
 
 0.02374 
 
 42.12 
 
 10 
 
 193.25 
 
 161.9 
 
 979.0 
 
 1140.9 
 
 0.02621 
 
 38.15 
 
 15 
 
 213.03 
 
 181.8 
 
 965.1 
 
 1146.9 
 
 0.03826 
 
 26.14 
 
 20 
 
 227.95 
 
 196.9 
 
 954.6 
 
 1151.5 
 
 0.05023 
 
 19.91 
 
 25 
 
 240.04 
 
 209.1 
 
 946.0 
 
 1155.1 
 
 0.06199 
 
 16.13 
 
 30 
 
 250.27 
 
 219.4 
 
 938.9 
 
 1158.3 
 
 0.07360 
 
 13.59 
 
 35 
 
 259.19 
 
 228.4 
 
 932.6 
 
 1161.0 
 
 0.08508 
 
 11.75 
 
 40 
 
 267.13 
 
 236.4 
 
 927.0 
 
 1163.4 
 
 0.09644 
 
 10.37 
 
 45 
 
 274.29 
 
 243.6 
 
 922.0 
 
 1165.6 
 
 0.1077 
 
 9.285 
 
 60 
 
 280.85 
 
 250.2 
 
 917.4 
 
 1167.6 
 
 0.1188 
 
 8.418 
 
 55 
 
 286.89 
 
 256.3 
 
 913.1 
 
 1169.4 
 
 0.1299 
 
 7.698 
 
 60 
 
 292.51 
 
 261.9 
 
 909.3 
 
 1171.2 
 
 0.1409 
 
 7.097 
 
 65 
 
 297.77 
 
 267.2 
 
 905.5 
 
 1172.7 
 
 0.1519 
 
 6.583 
 
 70 
 
 302.71 
 
 272.2 
 
 902.1 
 
 1174.3 
 
 0.1628 
 
 6.143 
 
 75 
 
 307.38 
 
 276.9 
 
 898.8 
 
 1175.7 
 
 0.1736 
 
 5.760 
 
 80 
 
 311.80 
 
 281.4 
 
 895.6 
 
 1177.0 
 
 0.1843 
 
 5.426 
 
 85 
 
 316.02 
 
 285.8 
 
 892.5 
 
 1178.3 
 
 0.1951 
 
 5.126 
 
 90 
 
 320.04 
 
 290.0 
 
 889.6 
 
 1179.6 
 
 0.2058 
 
 4.859 
 
 95 
 
 323.89 
 
 294.0 
 
 886.7 
 
 1180.7 
 
 0.2165 
 
 4.619 
 
 100 
 
 327.58 
 
 297.9 
 
 884.0 
 
 1181.9 
 
 0.2271 
 
 4.403 
 
 105 
 
 331.13 
 
 301.6 
 
 881.3 
 
 1182.9 
 
 0.2378 
 
 4.205 
 
 110 
 
 334.56 
 
 305.2 
 
 878.8 
 
 1184.0 
 
 0.2484 
 
 4.026 
 
 115 
 
 337.86 
 
 308.7 
 
 876.3 
 
 1185.0 
 
 0.2589 
 
 3.862 
 
 120 
 
 341.05 
 
 312.0 
 
 874.0 
 
 1186 
 
 0.2695 
 
 3.711 
 
 125 
 
 344.13 
 
 315.2 
 
 871.7 
 
 1186.9 
 
 0.2800 
 
 3.571 
 
 130 
 
 347.12 
 
 318.4 
 
 869.4 
 
 1187.8 
 
 0.2904 
 
 3.444 
 
 140 
 
 352.85 
 
 324.4 
 
 865.1 
 
 1189.5 
 
 0.3113 
 
 3.212 
 
 150 
 
 358.26 
 
 330.0 
 
 861.2 
 
 1191.2 
 
 0.3321 
 
 3.011 
 
 160 
 
 363.40 
 
 335.4 
 
 857.4 
 
 1192.8 
 
 0.3530 
 
 2.833 
 
 170 
 
 368.29 
 
 340.5 
 
 853.8 
 
 1194.3 
 
 0.3737 
 
 2.676 
 
 180 
 
 372.97 
 
 345.4 
 
 850.3 
 
 1195.7 
 
 0.3945 
 
 2.535 
 
 190 
 
 377.44 
 
 350.1 
 
 847.0 
 
 1197.1 
 
 0.4153 
 
 2.408 
 
 200 
 
 381.73 
 
 354.6 
 
 843.8 
 
 1198.4 
 
 0.4359 
 
 2.294 
 
 225 
 
 391.79 
 
 365.1 
 
 836.3 
 
 1201.4 
 
 0.4876 
 
 2.051 
 
 250 
 
 400.99 
 
 374.7 
 
 829.5 
 
 1204.2 
 
 0.5393 
 
 1.854 
 
 275 
 
 409.50 
 
 383.6 
 
 823.2 
 
 1206.8 
 
 0.5913 
 
 691 
 
 300 
 
 417.42 
 
 391.9 
 
 817.4 
 
 1209.3 
 
 0.644 
 
 .553 
 
 325 
 
 424.82 
 
 399.6 
 
 811.9 
 
 1211.5 
 
 0.696 
 
 .437 
 
 350 
 
 431.90 
 
 406.9 
 
 806.8 
 
 1213.7 
 
 0.748 
 
 .337 
 
 375 
 
 438.40 
 
 414.2 
 
 801.5 
 
 1215.7 
 
 0.800 
 
 .250 
 
 400 
 
 445.15 
 
 421.4 
 
 796.3 
 
 1217.7 
 
 0.853 
 
 1.172 
 
 500 
 
 466.57 
 
 444.3 
 
 779.9 
 
 1224.2 
 
 1.065 
 
 0.939 
 
 The absolute pressures given in column one may be converted 
 into gauge pressures by subtracting the constant 14.7 : Thus, 115 
 Ibs., absolute = 115 14.7 = 100.3 Ibs. gauge. > 
 

 NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 137 
 
 FACTORS OF EVAPORATION* 
 
 ill 
 
 oT a 
 
 STEAM* PRESSURE IN POUNDS PER 
 SQUARE INCH, GAUGE. 
 
 HI 
 
 0. 
 
 5. 
 
 15. 
 
 25. 
 
 35. 
 
 45. 
 
 55. 
 
 65. 
 
 75. 
 
 85. 
 
 Dgrs. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 32 
 
 1.187 1.192 
 
 1.199 
 
 1.204 
 
 1.209 
 
 1.212 
 
 1.216 
 
 1.218 
 
 1.221 
 
 1.223 
 
 35 
 
 1.184 1.189 
 
 1.196 
 
 1.201 
 
 1.206 
 
 1.209 
 
 1.213 
 
 1.215 
 
 1.218 
 
 .220 
 
 40 
 
 1.179 
 
 .184 
 
 1.191 
 
 1.196 
 
 1.201 
 
 1.204 
 
 1.208 
 
 1.219 
 
 1.213 
 
 .215 
 
 45 
 
 1.173 
 
 .178 
 
 1.185 
 
 1.190 
 
 1.195 
 
 1.198 
 
 1.202 
 
 1.204 
 
 1.207 
 
 .209 
 
 50 
 
 1.168 
 
 .173 
 
 1.180 
 
 1.185 
 
 1.190 
 
 1.193 
 
 1.197 
 
 1.199 
 
 1.202 
 
 .204 
 
 55 
 
 1.163 
 
 .168 
 
 1.175 
 
 1.180 
 
 .185 
 
 1.188 
 
 1.192 
 
 1.194 
 
 1.197 
 
 .199 
 
 60 
 
 1.158 
 
 .163 
 
 1.170 
 
 1.175 
 
 .180 
 
 1.183 
 
 1.187 
 
 1.189 
 
 1.192 
 
 .194 
 
 65 
 
 1.153 
 
 .158 
 
 1.165 
 
 1.170 
 
 .175 
 
 1.178 
 
 1.182 
 
 1.184 
 
 1.187 
 
 .189 
 
 70 
 
 1.148 
 
 .153 
 
 1.160 
 
 1.165 
 
 .170 
 
 1.173 
 
 1.177 
 
 1.179 
 
 1.182 
 
 .184 
 
 75 
 
 1.143 
 
 .148 
 
 1.155 
 
 1.160 
 
 .165 
 
 1.168 
 
 1.172 
 
 1.174 
 
 1.177 
 
 .179 
 
 80 
 
 1.137 
 
 .142 
 
 1.149 
 
 1.154 
 
 .159 
 
 1.162 
 
 1.166 
 
 1.168 
 
 1.171 
 
 .173 
 
 85 
 
 1.132 
 
 .137 
 
 1.144 
 
 1.149 
 
 .154 
 
 1.157 
 
 1.161 
 
 1.163 
 
 1.166 
 
 .168 
 
 90 
 
 1.127 
 
 .132 
 
 1.139 
 
 1.144 
 
 .149 
 
 1.152 
 
 1.156 
 
 1.158 
 
 1.161 
 
 .163 
 
 95 
 
 1.122 
 
 .127 
 
 1.134 
 
 1.139 
 
 .144 
 
 1.147 
 
 1.151 
 
 1.153 
 
 1.156 
 
 .158 
 
 100 
 
 1.117 
 
 .122 
 
 1.129 
 
 1.134 
 
 .139 
 
 1.142 
 
 1.146 
 
 1.148 
 
 1.151 
 
 .153 
 
 105 
 
 1.111 
 
 .116 
 
 1.123 
 
 1.128 
 
 .133 
 
 1.136 
 
 1.140 
 
 1.142 
 
 1.145 
 
 .147 
 
 110 
 
 1.106 
 
 .111 
 
 1.118 
 
 1.123 
 
 .128 
 
 1.131 
 
 1.135 
 
 1.137 
 
 1.140 
 
 .142 
 
 115 
 
 1.101 
 
 .106 
 
 1.113 
 
 1.118 
 
 .123 
 
 1.126 
 
 1.130 
 
 1.132 
 
 1.135 
 
 .137 
 
 120 
 
 1.096 
 
 .101 
 
 1.108 
 
 1.113 
 
 .118 
 
 1.121 
 
 1.125 
 
 1.127 
 
 1.130 
 
 .132 
 
 125 
 
 1.091 
 
 .096 
 
 1.103 
 
 1.108 
 
 .113 
 
 1.116 
 
 1.120 
 
 1.122 
 
 1.125 
 
 .127 
 
 130 
 
 1.085 
 
 .090 
 
 1.097 
 
 1.102 
 
 .107 
 
 1.110 
 
 1.114 
 
 1.116 
 
 1.119 
 
 .121 
 
 135 
 
 1.080 
 
 .085 
 
 1.092 
 
 1.097 
 
 .102 
 
 1.105 
 
 1.109 
 
 1.111 
 
 .114 
 
 .116 
 
 140 
 
 1.075 
 
 .080 
 
 1.087 
 
 1.092 
 
 .097 
 
 1.100 
 
 1.104 
 
 1.106 
 
 .109 
 
 .111 
 
 145 
 
 1.070 
 
 .075 
 
 1.082 
 
 1.087 
 
 .092 
 
 1.095 
 
 1.099 
 
 1.101 
 
 .104 
 
 .106 
 
 150 
 
 1.065 
 
 .070 
 
 1.077 
 
 1.082 
 
 .087 
 
 1.090 
 
 1.094 
 
 1.096 
 
 .099 
 
 .101 
 
 155 
 
 1.059 
 
 .064 
 
 1.071 
 
 1.076 
 
 .081 
 
 1.084 
 
 1.088 
 
 1.090 
 
 .094 
 
 .095 
 
 160 
 
 1.054 
 
 .059 
 
 1.066 
 
 1.071 
 
 .076 
 
 1.079 
 
 1.083 
 
 1.085 
 
 .088 
 
 .090 
 
 165 
 
 1.049 
 
 1.054 
 
 1.061 
 
 1.066 
 
 .071 
 
 1.074 
 
 1.078 
 
 1.080 
 
 .083 
 
 .085 
 
 170 
 
 1.044 
 
 1.049 
 
 1.056 
 
 1.061 
 
 .066 
 
 1.069 
 
 1.073 
 
 1.075 
 
 .078 
 
 .080 
 
 175 
 
 1.039 
 
 1.044 
 
 1.051 
 
 1.056 
 
 .061 
 
 1.064 
 
 1.068 
 
 1.070 
 
 .073 
 
 .075 
 
 180 
 
 1.033 
 
 1.038 
 
 1.045 
 
 1.050 
 
 .055 
 
 1.058 
 
 1.062 
 
 1.064 
 
 .067 
 
 .069 
 
 185 
 
 1.028 
 
 1.033 
 
 1.040 
 
 1.045 
 
 .050 
 
 1.053 
 
 1.057 
 
 1.059 
 
 .062 
 
 .064 
 
 190 
 
 1.023 
 
 1.028 
 
 1.035 
 
 1.040 
 
 .045 
 
 1.048 
 
 1.052 
 
 1.054 
 
 .057 
 
 .059 
 
 195 
 
 1.018 
 
 1.023 
 
 1.030 
 
 1.035 
 
 .040 
 
 1.043 
 
 1.047 
 
 1.049 
 
 .052 
 
 .054 
 
 200 
 
 1.013 
 
 1.018 
 
 1.025 
 
 1.030 
 
 1.035 
 
 1.038 
 
 1.042 
 
 1.044 
 
 .047 
 
 1.049 
 
 205 
 
 1.007 
 
 1.012 
 
 1.019 
 
 1.024 
 
 1.029 
 
 1.032 
 
 1.036 
 
 1.038 
 
 1.041 
 
 1.043 
 
 210 
 
 1.002 
 
 1.007 
 
 1.014 
 
 1.019 
 
 1.024 
 
 1.027 
 
 1.031 
 
 1.033 
 
 1.036 
 
 1.038 
 
 212 
 
 1.000 
 
 1.005 
 
 1.012 
 
 1.017 
 
 1.022 
 
 1.025 
 
 1.029 
 
 1.031 
 
 1.084 
 
 1.036 
 
 ^ n r 
 

 138 NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 FACTORS OF EVAPORATION. 
 
 ill 
 
 STEAM PRESSURE IN POUNDS PER 
 SQUARE INCH, GAUGE. 
 
 <i>^ a 
 
 
 ||| 
 
 95. 
 
 105. 
 
 115. 
 
 125. 
 
 135. 
 
 145. 
 
 155. 
 
 165. 
 
 175. 
 
 185. 
 
 Dgrs. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 32 
 
 1.226 
 
 1.228 
 
 .230 
 
 1.231 
 
 1.233 
 
 1.235 
 
 1.236 
 
 1.238 
 
 1.239 
 
 1.240 
 
 35 
 
 1.223 
 
 1.225 
 
 .227 
 
 1.228 
 
 1.230 
 
 1.232 
 
 1.233 
 
 1.235 
 
 1.236 
 
 1.237 
 
 40 
 
 1.218 
 
 1.220 
 
 .222 
 
 1.223 
 
 1.225 
 
 1.227 
 
 1.228 
 
 1.230 
 
 1.231 
 
 1.232 
 
 45 
 
 1.212 
 
 1.214 
 
 .216 
 
 1.217 
 
 1.219 
 
 1.221 
 
 1.222 
 
 1.224 
 
 1.225 
 
 1 226 
 
 50 
 
 1.207 
 
 1.209 
 
 .211 
 
 1.212 
 
 1.214 
 
 1.216 
 
 1.217 
 
 1.219 
 
 1.220 
 
 1.221 
 
 55 
 
 1.202 
 
 1.204 
 
 .206 
 
 1.207 
 
 1.209 
 
 1.211 
 
 1.212 
 
 1.214 
 
 1.215 
 
 1.216 
 
 60 
 
 1.197 
 
 1.199 
 
 .201 
 
 1.202 
 
 1.204 
 
 1.206 
 
 1.207 
 
 1.209 
 
 1.210 
 
 1.211 
 
 65 
 
 1.192 
 
 1.194 
 
 .196 
 
 1.197 
 
 1.199 
 
 1.201 
 
 1.202 
 
 1.204 
 
 1.205 
 
 1.206 
 
 70 
 
 1.187 
 
 1.189 
 
 .191 
 
 1.192 
 
 1.194 
 
 1.196 
 
 1.197 
 
 1.199 
 
 1.200 
 
 1.201 
 
 75 
 
 1.182 
 
 1.184 
 
 .186 
 
 1.187 
 
 1.189 
 
 1.191 
 
 1.192 
 
 1.194 
 
 1.195 
 
 1.196 
 
 80 
 
 1.176 
 
 1.178 
 
 .180 
 
 1.181 
 
 1.183 
 
 1.185 
 
 1.186 
 
 1.188 
 
 1.189 
 
 1.190 
 
 85 
 
 1.171 
 
 1.173 
 
 .175 
 
 1.176 
 
 1.178 
 
 1.180 
 
 1.181 
 
 1.183 
 
 1.184 
 
 1.185 
 
 90 
 
 1.166 
 
 1.168 
 
 .170 
 
 1.171 
 
 1.173 
 
 1.175 
 
 1.176 
 
 1.178 
 
 1.179 
 
 1.180 
 
 95 
 
 1.161 
 
 1.163 
 
 .165 
 
 1.166 
 
 1.168 
 
 1.170 
 
 1.171 
 
 1.173 
 
 1.174 
 
 1.175 
 
 100 
 
 1.156 
 
 1.158 
 
 .160 
 
 1.161 
 
 1.163 
 
 1.165 
 
 1.166 
 
 1.168 
 
 1.169 
 
 1.170 
 
 105 
 
 1.150 
 
 1.152 
 
 .154 
 
 1.155 
 
 1.157 
 
 1.159 
 
 1.160 
 
 1.162 
 
 1.163 
 
 1.164 
 
 110 
 
 1.145 
 
 1.147 
 
 .149 
 
 1.150 
 
 1.152 
 
 1.154 
 
 1.155 
 
 1.157 
 
 1.158 
 
 1.159 
 
 115 
 
 1.140 
 
 1.142 
 
 1.144 
 
 1.145 
 
 1.147 
 
 1.149 
 
 1.150 
 
 1.152 
 
 1.153 
 
 1.154 
 
 120 
 
 1.135 
 
 1.137 
 
 1.139 
 
 1.140 
 
 1.142 
 
 1.144 
 
 1.145 
 
 1.147 
 
 1.148 
 
 1.149 
 
 125 
 
 1.130 
 
 1.132 
 
 1.134 
 
 1.135 
 
 1.137 
 
 1.139 
 
 1.140 
 
 1.142 
 
 1.143 
 
 1.144 
 
 130 
 
 1.124 
 
 1.126 
 
 1.128 
 
 1.129 
 
 1.131 
 
 1.133 
 
 1.134 
 
 1.136 
 
 1.137 
 
 1.138 
 
 135 
 
 1.119 
 
 1.121 
 
 1.123 
 
 1.124 
 
 1.126 
 
 1.128 
 
 1.129 
 
 1.131 
 
 1.132 
 
 1.133 
 
 140 
 
 1.114 
 
 1.116 
 
 1.118 
 
 1.119 
 
 1.121 
 
 1.123 
 
 1.124 
 
 1.126 
 
 1.127 
 
 1.128 
 
 145 
 
 1.109 
 
 1.111 
 
 1.113 
 
 1.114 
 
 1.116 
 
 1.118 
 
 1.119 
 
 1.121 
 
 1.122 
 
 1.123 
 
 150 
 
 1.104 
 
 1.106 
 
 1.108 
 
 1.109 
 
 1.111 
 
 1.118 
 
 1.114 
 
 1.116 
 
 1.117 
 
 1.118 
 
 155 
 
 1.098 
 
 1.100 
 
 1.102 
 
 1.103 
 
 1.105 
 
 1.107 
 
 1.108 
 
 1.110 
 
 1.111 
 
 1.112 
 
 160 
 
 1.093 
 
 1.095 
 
 1.097 
 
 1.098 
 
 1.100 
 
 1.102 
 
 1.103 
 
 1.105 
 
 1.106 
 
 1.107 
 
 165 
 
 1.088 
 
 1.090 
 
 1.092 
 
 1.093 
 
 1.095 
 
 1.097 
 
 1.098 
 
 1.100 
 
 1.101 
 
 1.102 
 
 170 
 
 1.083 
 
 1.085 
 
 1.087 
 
 1.088 
 
 1.090 
 
 1.092 
 
 1.093 
 
 1.095 
 
 1.096 
 
 1.097 
 
 176 
 
 1 078 
 
 1.080 
 
 1.082 
 
 1.083 
 
 1.085 
 
 1.087 
 
 1.088 
 
 1.090 
 
 1.091 
 
 1.092 
 
 180 
 
 1.072 
 
 1.074 
 
 1.076 
 
 1.077 
 
 1.079 
 
 1.081 
 
 1.082 
 
 1.084 
 
 1.085 
 
 1.086 
 
 185 
 
 1.067 
 
 1.069 
 
 1.071 
 
 1.073 
 
 1.074 
 
 1.076 
 
 1.077 
 
 1.079 
 
 1.080 
 
 1.081 
 
 190 
 
 1.062 
 
 1.064 
 
 .066 
 
 1.067 
 
 1.069 
 
 1.071 
 
 1.072 
 
 1.074 
 
 1.075 
 
 1.076 
 
 195 
 
 1.057 
 
 1.059 
 
 .061 
 
 1.062 
 
 1.064 
 
 1.066 
 
 1.066 
 
 1.069 
 
 1.070 
 
 1.071 
 
 200 
 
 1.052 
 
 1.054 
 
 .056 
 
 1.057 
 
 1.059 
 
 1.061 
 
 1.062 
 
 1.064 
 
 1.065 
 
 1.066 
 
 205 
 
 1.046 
 
 1.048 
 
 .050 
 
 1.051 
 
 1.053 
 
 1.055 
 
 1.056 
 
 1.058 
 
 1.059 
 
 1.060 
 
 210 
 
 1.041 
 
 1.043 
 
 .045 
 
 1.046 
 
 1.048 
 
 1.050 
 
 1.051 
 
 1.053 
 
 1.054 
 
 1.055 
 
 212 
 
 1.039 
 
 1.041 
 
 .043 
 
 1.044 
 
 1.046 
 
 1.048 
 
 1.049 
 
 1.051 
 
 1.052 
 
 1.053 
 
 
NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 Explanation of Table of Properties of Saturated Steam: 
 
 The first column shows the absolute pressure of steam as 
 it rises freely from water of the same temperature, and is 
 equal to 14.7 Ibs. -j- the pressure shown by the steam 
 gauge. 
 
 The second column shows the temperatures in degrees 
 Fahrenheit at which water vaporizes under the pressures 
 opposite in column one. 
 
 The third column shows the number of British thermal 
 units required to raise one pound of water from 32F. to 
 the boiling temperatures opposite in column two. 
 
 The fourth column shows the number of heat units 
 that are absorbed, or changed from sensible to latent heat, 
 when one pound of water at the boiling point changes to 
 steam of the same temperature. 
 
 The fifth column shows the number of heat units ab- 
 sorbed when one pound of water at 32F. has its temper- 
 ature raised to the boiling point and is then changed to 
 steam at constant pressure and temperature. This column 
 gives the total heat of formation of steam from water at 
 32F. 
 
 The sixth column shows the weights in pounds per 
 cubic ft. of saturated steam at the corresponding pres- 
 sures and temperatures given in columns one and two. 
 
 The seventh column shows volumes in cubic ft. of one 
 pound of steam. 
 
 Explanation of Table of Factors of Evaporation : The fac- 
 tors in this table were obtained, for the various feed- 
 water temperatures and steam pressures given, by sub- 
 tracting the heat above 32F. in one pound of feed-water 
 from the total heat above 32 in one pound of steam, and 
 then dividing the remainder thus obtained by 965.7, the 
 latent heat of steam at atmospheric pressure. 
 
140 NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 Example: Given the boiler pressure =. 105 Ibs. per 
 square in. guage, and the feed-water temperature =55F. ; 
 to find the factor of evaporation. Look in the column or 
 steam pressures headed 105 and opposite to 55 degrees in 
 the first column, read 1.204, the factor required. It will 
 therefore require 1.204 times as many heat units to evap- 
 orate a certain weight of water from a feed-water tem- 
 perature of 55F. into steam under 105 pounds guage as 
 would be required to evaporate the same weight of water 
 from a temperature of 212F. into steam under one at- 
 mospheric pressure, that is, from and at 2J2F. 
 
 This table is useful in rating boilers and in preparing 
 reports of tests. 
 
 FLOW OF STEAM FROM ORIFICES. 
 
 The flow of steam from a vessel of one pressure into 
 that of another pressure becomes greater the greater the 
 difference in pressure between the two vessels, until the 
 lower is 0.58 the absolute pressure of the higher. Any 
 further reduction of the pressure in the second vessel, 
 even down to a vacuum, fails to enhance the flow of the 
 steam between the two. In flowing through the best 
 shaped nozzle the steam expands to the external pressure 
 and also to the volume corresponding to this pressure, so 
 long as it is not less than 58 per cent, of the internal 
 pressure. For an external pressure of 58 per cent, or 
 less, the ratio of expansion becomes constant and is 
 1.624. 
 
NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 OUTFLOW OF STEAM INTO THE 
 ATMOSPHERE. 
 
 (D. K. CLARK.) 
 
 
 
 
 Velocity 
 
 Actual 
 
 
 Initial 
 Pressure. 
 
 External 
 Pressure. 
 
 Expan- 
 sion in 
 nozzle. 
 
 of out- 
 flow at 
 constant 
 
 velocity 
 of out- 
 flow ex- 
 
 Discharge 
 
 
 
 
 density. 
 
 panded . 
 
 
 Lbs. per 
 sq. in. 
 
 Lbs. per 
 sq. in. 
 
 Ratio. 
 
 Ft. per 
 
 Ft. per 
 
 Lbs. per 
 sq. in. per 
 
 absolute. 
 
 absolute. 
 
 
 sec. 
 
 sec. 
 
 minute. 
 
 25.37 
 
 14.7 
 
 1.624 
 
 863 
 
 1401 
 
 22.81 
 
 30 
 
 14.7 
 
 1.624 
 
 867 
 
 1408 
 
 26.84 
 
 40 
 
 14.7 
 
 1.624 
 
 874 
 
 1419 
 
 35.18 
 
 45 
 
 14.7 
 
 1.624 
 
 877 
 
 1424 
 
 39.78 
 
 50 
 
 14.7 
 
 1.624 
 
 880 
 
 1429 
 
 44.06 
 
 60 
 
 14.7 
 
 1.624 
 
 885 
 
 1437 
 
 52.59 
 
 70 
 
 14.7 
 
 1.624 
 
 889 
 
 1444 
 
 61.07 
 
 75 
 
 14.7 
 
 1.624 
 
 891 
 
 1447 
 
 65.30 
 
 90 
 
 14.7 
 
 1.624 
 
 895 
 
 1454 
 
 77.94 
 
 100 
 
 14.7 
 
 1.624 
 
 898 
 
 1459 
 
 86.34 
 
 115 
 
 14.7 
 
 1.624 
 
 902 
 
 1466 
 
 98.76 
 
 135 
 
 14.7 
 
 1.624 
 
 906 
 
 1472 
 
 115.61 
 
 155 
 
 14.7 
 
 1.624 
 
 910 
 
 1478 
 
 132.21 
 
 165 
 
 14.7 
 
 1.624 
 
 912 
 
 1481 
 
 140.46 
 
 215 
 
 14.7 
 
 1.624 
 
 919 
 
 1493 
 
 181.58 
 
 The weight of steam discharged from a cylindrical 
 nozzle or a short pipe may be approximately found, when 
 the pressure of the atmosphere receiving the steam is 
 less than 58 per cent, of the initial pressure, by the fol- 
 lowing formula (Napier's Rule): Wap-r-^\ in which 
 W flow in pounds per second, a = area of orifice in square 
 inches; and p = absolute initial pressure per square inch 
 of the steam. 
 
 For a circular opening in a thin pla'te multiply the dis- 
 charge as obtained from the above formula by 0.65. 
 
NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 FLOW OF STEAM IN PIPES. 
 
 (KENT'S POCKET BOOK). 
 
 A formula commonly used for velocity of flow of steam 
 in pipes is the same as Downing's for the flow of water 
 in smooth cast iron pipes, viz. : 
 
 V= 604/5 D, 
 
 ' L 
 
 in which V velocity in feet per second, Z,= length, and 
 D = diameter of pipe in feet, //'height in feet of a col- 
 umn of steam, of the pressure of the steam at the en- 
 trance, which would produce a pressure equal to the 
 difference of pressures at the two ends of the pipe. (For 
 derivation of the coefficient 50, see Briggs on " Warming 
 Buildings by Steam," Proc. Inst. C. E., 1882.) 
 
 If Q quantity in cubic ft. per minute, d = diameter 
 in inches, L and //being in feet, the formula reduces to 
 
 Q =4.723 \/^ d > 5 H=0.448 ~^> d =0.537 \/^' 
 
 If P! = pressure in pounds per sq. in. of the steam at 
 the entrance to the pipe, p 2 = the pressure at the exit, 
 then 144 (p\p*) difference in pressure per sq. ft. Let 
 w density or weight per cu. ft. of steam at the pressure 
 p lt then the height of column equivalent to the difference 
 in pressures is 
 
 If W= weight of steam flowing in pounds per minute 
 Qw and d is taken in inches, L being in feet: 
 
 W = 56.68 |/jy (Pi-Pa) d5 ; Q= 56.68 |/S*~P"> d< . 
 d = 0.199 !/ W * L . = 0.199 
 
 Pi Pa 
 
 d 8 
 Velocity in feet per minute V = Qn-0.7854 ^ 
 
 = 10390 J pt ~ p } d ' 
 
 ; j) 
 
NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 For a velocity of 6000 feet per minute, d= 
 
 
 For a velocity of 6000 feet per minute, a steam pressure 
 of 100 pounds gauge, or W=0.264, and a length of 100 
 feet. 
 
 Pi Pa d 
 
 That is, a pipe 1 inch diameter, 100 feet long, carrying 
 steam of 100 pounds gauge pressure at 6000 feet velocity 
 per minute, would have a loss of pressure of 8.8 pounds 
 per sq. inch, while steam traveling at the same velocity 
 in a pipe 8.8 inches diameter would lose only 1 pound 
 pressure. 
 
 G. H. Babcock in "Steam," gives the formula 
 
 ) w (Pi p 8 ) d 6 
 W=87|/L /I + 3.6 \ 
 
 One of the most widely accepted formulae for flow of 
 water is D'Arcy's, which is 
 
 Using D'Arcy's coefficients, and modifying his formula 
 to make it apply to steam, to the form 
 
 a = c i or w = c j .-. 
 
 we obtain for, 
 
 Diam. in. 1 2 3 456 78 
 
 Value of c, 45.3 52.7 56.1 57.8 58.4 59.5 60.1 60.7 
 
 Diam. in. 9 10 12 14 16 18 20 24 
 
 Value of c, 61.2 61.8 62.1 62.3 62.6 62.7 62.9 63.2 
 
 In the absence of direct experiments these coefficients 
 are probably as accurate as any that may be derived from 
 formulae for flow of water. 
 
 Loss of pressure in Ibs. per sq. in.=p l p s = Q w ** . 
 
 c 3 d 6 
 
NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 RESISTANCE TO FLOW BY BENDS, 
 VALVES, ETC 
 
 Mr. Briggs states that in " Warming Buildings by 
 Steam," that the resistance at the entrance to a pipe con- 
 sists of two parts, namely: the head ^ , which is neces- 
 sary to create the velocity of flow, and the head 
 
 v* 
 0.505 - which overcomes the resistance to entrance 
 
 *K 
 offered by the mouth of the pipe* The total loss of head 
 
 at entrance then equals the sum of these, or 1.505-^, 
 in which V velocity of flow of steam in the pipe, in 
 feet per second, and g = acceleration due to gravity, or 
 32.2. 
 
 The Babcock & Wilcox Co. state in " Steam " that the 
 resistance at the opening, and that at a globe valve, are 
 each about the same as that caused by an additional 
 
 length of straight pipe, as computed by the formula, 
 
 r . 114 X diameter of pipe 
 Additional length of pipe = t + (3 . 6 ^ diamet P er ^ - 
 
 from which has been computed the following table: 
 
 Diameter in inches 2 2* 3 3| 4 5 6 7 
 
 Additional length, feet 7 10 13 16 20 28 36 44 
 
 Diameter in inches 8 10 12 15 18 20 22 24 
 
 Additional length, feet 53 70 88 115 143 162 181 200 
 
 The resistance to flow at a right-angled elbow is about 
 equal to % that of a globe valve. 
 
 The above values are to be considered as being only 
 approximations to the truth. 
 
NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 Example. Find the discharge from a steam pipe when 
 the given length = 120 feet and the diameter = 8 inches; 
 the pipe containing 6 right-angled elbows and two globe 
 valves, the pressure at the two ends being respectively 
 
 105 and 103 Ibs. per sq. in. gauge. 
 
 The resistance to entrance, from the above table, for 8 
 inch pipe = 53 feet; the resistance of 6 elbows = 6 X 53 X % 
 = 212 feet; the resistance of two globe valves = 2 X 53 = 
 
 106 feet; making a total resistance=53-{-212 + 106 = 371 
 feet of additional length of pipe. Therefore, the steam 
 would encounter the same resistance flowing through a 
 straight 8-inch pipe, whose length equals 120 -f- 371, or 
 491 feet, as it would in flowing through the given pipe 
 with its various resistances. 
 
 Then in the formula W 
 
 = 0/1 
 
 i P) 
 
 L = 491 feet; p^ = 105 Ibs. per sq. in.; p% = 103 Ibs. per 
 sq. in. ; d 8 inches; , for an 8-inch pipe = 60.7; and w, 
 from table of Properties of Saturated Steam, = 0.27 
 Substituting in formula we get 
 
 W = 60.7 ,/ 0.27 (105-103)8? = m 
 
 r 491 
 
 The pipe, then, under the stated conditions, would dis- 
 charge approximately 364 pounds of steam per minute, 
 or 21,800 Ibs. per hour; which, on the basis of 30 Ibs. 
 per horse-power hour, would have a capacity of 728 
 boiler horse-power. Since one pound of steam at 104 Ibs. 
 gauge has a volume of 3.7 cu. ft., the pipe would dis- 
 charge 1,350 cu.ft. per minute, or 81,000 cu. ft. per hour. 
 
NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY 
 
 i eo^^^"883gir3' 
 
 S l TH i 
 
 SScScSSka S9SS28;. 
 
 M <J CO * 00 CO O i 
 
 05 g/ S2e * S! 
 
 O* r-f t~ (M TH ~ T-KM-^iQ aJ 
 
 w 
 
 ^t-oq^eooS^o^ &55555oB55Si^!5535ciqpropS S 
 N TH o ^ eo d so <M' T-i i-< T-! oi o? co' T)< o s i> 06 o t^ TH w eo 
 
 ''^ 
 
 ^< 
 
 S! 
 
 S^SS^Sli 
 
 " 'S2ssag^^~~ 
 
 *!O 
 
 <I 
 
 & j* 
 
 " 888 S^J, 
 
 fe '-i ^'oi wt-: 
 
 gj <->-.-.2!2SS5S5SxS2gSSSSSfe?22S525?S22??5 
 
 W <NOJ; 
 
 H 
 
NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 The above table was calculated by the formula W OC 
 
 d s 
 
 (varies as) ^77g-g- in which W= weight of fluid de- 
 livered in a given time, and d = diameter (internal) in 
 inches. In the upper right hand triangle of the table 
 the figures refer to nominal diameters, while in the 
 lower triangle they refer to actual diameters. 
 
 Example* To find number of standard 2 inch pipes to 
 deliver as much fluid as one standard 1 inch pipe: In 
 the upper triangle look in column headed 7 and opposite 
 2 in the extreme right hand column, read 29. Twenty- 
 nine 2-inch pipes will then deliver as much as one 7-inch 
 pipe. 
 
 NON-CONDUCTING COVERINGS FOR 
 STEAM PIPES. 
 
 A bare pipe carrying steam, and made of iron, steel or 
 other conducting material, loses heat by convection to 
 the surrounding air and by radiation to the surrounding 
 objects, both of which cause a loss of steam by conden- 
 sation. 
 
 This loss is lessened in practice by covering the outer 
 surface of the steam pipe with a material that will offer 
 a greater resistance to the flow of heat than that offered 
 by the material of the pipe. 
 
 A good material for this purpose should not suffer ser- 
 ious deterioration from the heat or vibration to which it 
 would be subjected in practice; and in all cases where 
 damage from fire might result, it should never consist of 
 combustible matter. Under the conditions of practice, 
 especially in places where it may become damp, a good 
 pipe covering should consist of materials that will not 
 rapidly deteriorate, and should contain nothing that will 
 seriously corrode the pipe. 
 
 Since air does not take up heat by radiation, but re- 
 ceives heat by contact with a hot body only, it would ap- 
 pear that the greater the porosity of a material, that is, 
 the greater the percentage of volume of finely divided 
 
NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 air it contains, the greater will be its non-conducting 
 qualities. This is noticeably the case in the commercial 
 pipe coverings that consist substantially of the same ma- 
 terials, when these materials contain different percent- 
 ages of still air. In every case the more porous the ma- 
 terial, other things being equal, the greater will be its 
 non-conducting properties. 
 
 The following table contains averages made up from 
 results obtained by a number of carefully conducted 
 tests, and represent approximately what may be ex- 
 pected when these materials are properly applied as 
 steam-pipe coverings in practice. The table gives the 
 quantity of heat transmitted through covered steam- 
 pipes, when that transmitted through a naked pipe is 
 taken as 100, the covering, except where otherwise indi- 
 cated, being one inch thick. 
 
 Relative Amount of 
 Kind of Covering. Heat Transmitted. 
 
 Naked pipe 100 
 
 Hair felt, asbestos lined and canvas covered. . . .16 to 18 
 Wool felt, " " " " " ....20 to 22 
 
 Two layers of asbestos paper 70 to 80 
 
 Four " " " " 45 to 55 
 
 Asbestos mixed with some plaster of paris 28 to 34 
 
 Magnesia mixed with a little asbestos fiber, can- 
 vas covered 18 to 20 
 
 Best mineral wool, lined and canvas covered 18 to 20 
 
 Pipe painted with black asphaltum about 105 
 
 Pipe painted with white glossy paint " 95 
 
 For coverings having values less than 25 in the above 
 table, the values for thicknesses of covering of 1*4 and 2 
 inches (those in the table being for one inch, as noted) 
 may be approximately obtained by multiplying respec- 
 tively by 0.78 and 0.58. Thus, a pipe covered with 
 magnesia and canvas covered would transmit an amount, 
 if 1 y z inches thick = (18 to 20) X 0.78 = 14 to 15.5; and if 
 2 inches thick an amount = (18 to 20) X 0.58 = 10.5 to 
 11.5, that transmitted by a similar bare pipe being 100 
 in the same length of time. 
 
ar c 
 
 NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 149 
 
 LOSS OF HEAT FROM BARE IRON STEAM PIPES. 
 
 Steam pressure=100 Ibs. gauge, surrounding air at 62 F. 
 
 Steam temperature = 338 Fahr. 
 
 & 
 
 -55 5 
 
 S, 
 
 - 5 
 
 & 
 
 *-> ^ 
 
 
 
 ~ 5 
 
 D-i 
 
 o^ 
 
 ^On w - 
 
 J^c 
 
 -P" w 
 
 S^ a 
 
 rt&H w 
 
 9 ^ a 
 
 Pi 
 
 |j 
 
 .2^ 
 
 |j 
 
 2 H 
 
 jgJ 
 
 .2 2| 
 
 rjffi^ 
 
 i|j 
 
 H| 
 
 o-2 fl 
 
 si 
 
 5|2 
 
 feo 
 
 1-S.9 
 
 o3o 
 
 ri"" 1 
 Q 
 
 m^S 
 
 rt' rt 
 Q 
 
 CQ (D 
 
 ft 
 
 rt"" 
 
 a 
 
 & 
 
 8 
 
 5 
 
 W o, 
 
 IK 
 
 423 
 
 6 
 
 1221 
 
 12 
 
 2290 
 
 22 
 
 3949 
 
 2 2 
 
 494 
 
 7 
 
 1420 
 
 14 
 
 2645 
 
 24 
 
 4264 
 
 3 
 
 692 
 
 8 
 
 1580 
 
 16 
 
 2961 
 
 26 
 
 4617 
 
 4 
 
 869 
 
 9 
 
 1738 
 
 18 
 
 3315 
 
 28 
 
 4932 
 
 5 
 
 1067 
 
 10 
 
 1935 
 
 20 
 
 3632' 
 
 30 
 
 5288 
 
 CONDENSATION OF STEAM IN BARE IRON PIPES. 
 
 Steam pressure 100 Ibs. gauge, surrounding air at 62 F. 
 
 Steam temperature = 338 Fahr. 
 
 1*1 
 
 3&J 
 
 Condensed 
 . per Hour 
 ot Length. 
 
 3minal 
 ter of Pipe 
 inches. 
 
 Condensed 
 . per Hour 
 ot Length. 
 
 & 
 
 Ip 
 
 Condensed 
 . per Hour 
 ot Length. 
 
 ominal 
 ter of Pipe 
 Inches. 
 
 ||| 
 
 rt -rH 
 
 |3. 
 
 CTj"" 
 
 $3* 
 
 
 3*2 
 
 ^|- H 
 
 |3? 
 
 Q 
 
 c/5.Sa 
 
 Q 
 
 55.Sft 
 
 Q 
 
 c/5.Sa 
 
 Q 
 
 w.2o, 
 
 VA 
 
 0.48 
 
 6 
 
 1.39 
 
 12 
 
 2.61 
 
 22 
 
 4.51 
 
 2 2 
 
 0.56 
 
 7 
 
 1.62 
 
 14 
 
 3.02 
 
 24 
 
 4.87 
 
 3 
 
 0.79 
 
 8 
 
 1.80 
 
 16 
 
 3.38 
 
 26 
 
 5.27 
 
 4 
 
 0.99 
 
 9 
 
 1.98 
 
 18 
 
 3.78 
 
 28 
 
 5.63 
 
 5 
 
 1.22 
 
 10 
 
 2.21 
 
 20 
 
 4.15 
 
 30 
 
 6.04 
 
 i n . 
 
NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 CONDENSATION OF STEAM IN COVERED 
 IRON PIPES. 
 
 Corresponding to a percentage of that in a bare pipe 
 varying from 15 per cent, for a 30-inch pipe to 19 for a 
 1% inch pipe, which approximates to what may be ex- 
 pected in practice from the application of the best com- 
 mercial pipe coverings. 
 
 Steam pressure =100 Ibs. gauge, surrounding air at 62 F. 
 Steam temperature = 338 Fahr. 
 
 & 
 
 US* 
 
 & 
 
 Sfl 
 
 ?1 
 
 -g^; 
 
 & 
 
 S5 
 
 ^{ 
 
 IE* 
 
 
 
 
 Sjgbo 
 
 
 c,2 ^ 
 
 c t o*> 
 
 fy 
 
 c'oj 
 
 * ^J 
 
 fcj 
 
 " ^J 
 
 c'oj 
 
 'c^J 
 
 sp 
 
 *s.s 
 
 53! 
 
 |ii 
 
 P! 
 
 |P 
 
 6^0 
 
 C to O 
 
 <U (3 
 O "oj 1 " 1 
 
 35 8 ^ 
 
 rt"^ 
 
 U ^o 
 
 Q 
 
 .2& 
 
 Q 
 
 c^.2a 
 
 Q 
 
 c/5.2a 
 
 Q 
 
 55.2 a 
 
 !K 
 
 0.09 
 
 6 
 
 0.22 
 
 12 
 
 0.40 
 
 22 
 
 0.68 
 
 2 
 
 0.10 
 
 7 
 
 0.25 
 
 14 
 
 0.46 
 
 24 
 
 0.73 
 
 3 
 
 0.13 
 
 8 
 
 0.28 
 
 16 
 
 0.51 
 
 26 
 
 0.79 
 
 4 
 
 0.16 
 
 9 
 
 0.30 
 
 18 
 
 0.57 
 
 28 
 
 0.84 
 
 5 
 
 0.19 
 
 10 
 
 0.34 
 
 20 
 
 0.63 
 
 30 
 
 0.90 
 
 Example. Find the saving resulting from covering an 
 8-inch steam pipe that is 120 feet long. 
 Condensation in bare pipe = 1.80x120 = 216.0 Ibs. per hr. 
 "covered" =0.28x120=33.6 " " " 
 
 Saving of steam effected by covering = 182.4 " " ' 
 Which on a 10-hour basis would amount to an annual 
 saving of about 550,000 pounds of steam. Assuming 
 that one Ib. of coal evaporates, under actual conditions, 
 9 Ibs. of water, the saving of fuel in this case resulting 
 from the application of a good commercial pipe covering, 
 would amount to about 60,000 Ibs. of coal, or 30 short 
 tons per annum. At two, three and four dollars per ton 
 for fuel this would amount to an annual saving of |60.00, 
 $90.00 and $120.00 respectively. 
 
NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 Since the steam carrying capacity of a pipe of this 
 size, as ordinarily installed for power purposes, would be 
 about 24,000 Ibs. of steam per hour, the above saving 
 would represent about % of one per cent, of its carrying 
 capacity. 
 
 Where fuel is inexpensive and the steam pipes are 
 short, the net saving due to covering the pipes is, of 
 course, insignificant; but even in this case, especially in 
 confined situations, the pipes should be ordinarily cov- 
 ered in order to make the temperature of the space near 
 them less unendurable to workmen and others, in warm 
 weather. 
 
 POWER OF ENGINES AND BOILERS. 
 
 "Work, in the mechanical sense, is the overcoming of 
 resistance through space, and is measured by the amount 
 of the resistance multiplied by the distance through 
 which it is overcome. 
 
 The unit of work, in Great Britain and the United 
 States, is the foot-pound, which is an amount of energy 
 equivalent to the lifting of one pound through a height 
 of one foot. 
 
 The unit of rate of doing work is a quantity of work 
 equivalent to the doing of 33,000 foot-pounds in one min- 
 ute, and is called a horse-power. This is a mechanical 
 horse-power, and should not be confused with the boiler 
 horse-power, which is based upon the evaporation of a 
 stated quantity of water under certain stated conditions. 
 
 The indicated horse-power of a steam engine is the 
 horse-power developed by the steam in the cylinder and 
 delivered to the piston. In a double acting single cylin- 
 
 plan 
 der engine, the indicated horse-power = gg QQQ > in which 
 
 ^ = the mean effective pressure in Ibs. per sq. in., as ob- 
 tained from the indicator card, / length of stroke in 
 feet, a area of piston in sq. inches and n number of 
 working strokes per minute. If the engine has more 
 than one cylinder compute the power of each and take 
 
NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 the sum. If great accuracy is desired the area of cross- 
 section of piston rod should be deducted from the piston 
 area for the crank end, and the powers of the two ends 
 computed separately, since the mean effective pressures 
 of the two ends will not ordinarily be found to be exactly 
 the same. For single acting engines substitute for n 
 the number of working strokes only. 
 
 Net or brake horse-power of an engine is the horse- 
 power delivered by the engine from its shaft, by belt or 
 otherwise. It may be obtained from the indicated horse- 
 power by multiplying by the mechanical efficiency: For 
 example, an engine indicating 300 H.P., with a mechan- 
 ical efficiency of 88 per cent., would have a net or brake 
 horse-power = 300 X 0.88 = 264. 
 
 The unit of evaporation is the number of B.T.U. neces- 
 sary to convert one pound of water at 212F. into steam 
 of the same temperature, and is therefore equal to 965.7 
 B.T.U. , the latent heat of one pound of steam at atmos- 
 pheric pressure. 
 
 Boiler Horse-power. A Committee of the American So- 
 ciety of Mechanical Engineers recommended the unit of 
 boiler power known as the "Centennial Standard, " and 
 this is now generally accepted. They advised that the 
 commercial horse-power be taken as an evaporation of 30 
 pounds of water per hour from a feed water temperature 
 of 100Fahr. into steam at 70 pounds per square inch 
 gauge pressure. This is equivalent to 34} units of 
 evaporation, that is, to 34^ pounds of water evaporated 
 from a feed water temperature of 212 Fahr. into steam 
 at the same temperature. This "Centennial Standard " 
 unit is equivalent to 33,305 British thermal units per hour. 
 
 It was the opinion of this Committee that a boiler 
 rated at any stated power should be capable of developing 
 that power with easy firing, moderate draught, and ordi- 
 nary fuel, while exhibiting good economy; and, at times, 
 when maximum economy is not the most important ob- 
 ject to be attained, at least one-third more than its rated 
 power to meet emergencies. 
 
NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 Example. A battery of boilers evaporate 20,000 Ibs. of 
 feed- water per hour, the temperature of feed-water beijig 
 40F., and the gauge pressure 100 Ibs. per sq. in. Find 
 the equivalent evaporation from and at 2J2F.j also the 
 commercial horse-power. 
 
 The factor of evaporation, from 4OF. and at 100 Ibs. 
 gauge, is (see table of factors of evaporation) 1.219. 
 Therefore the equivalent evaporation from and at 212 = 
 20,000 X 1.219 = 24,380 Ibs. per hr. 
 
 Since one commercial horse-power is equivalent to the 
 evaporation of 34.5 Ibs. of water per hour, from and at 
 212, the commercial horse-power = 24,380-5-34.5 = 707. 
 
 In the above example the steam is assumed to be dry 
 and saturated. In case it is not a correction must be 
 made. 
 
 1. Assume that the steam contains 2 per cent, of mois- 
 ture. Of the 20,000 Ibs. of feed-water, then, 98 per cent, 
 or 19,600 Ibs. will be evaporated and the remaining 400 
 Ibs. will pass from the boiler as water at the temperature 
 of the steam. Each pound of this water will carry away 
 from the boiler an amount of heat necessary to raise its 
 temperature from 40F., the temperature of the feed- 
 water, to 337, the temperature of the steam, or 296 B.T.U. 
 per Ib. of entrained water. Had the entrained water 
 been evaporated each pound would have carried away an 
 additional amount equal to its latent heat at boiler pres- 
 sure, or 876 B.T.U. per Ib., or 876 X 400 = 350,400 B.T.U. 
 per hour, for the total amount of entrained water. Un- 
 der the assumed conditions, then, the boiler imparts 
 350,400 heat units less to the feed-water per hour than 
 would have been the case had there been no entrained 
 water; that is, its capacity is less by 350,400-^33,305 (the 
 heat equivalent of a boiler H.P.) = 10.5 horse-power. The 
 actual commercial horse-power of the boiler then =707 
 10.5 = 696.5. 
 
 2. Assume that the steam is superheated 20 degrees; 
 that is, to a temperature of 337 -f 20 = 357 F. Then the 
 additional heat imparted to each pound of feed- water 
 over that necessary to generate dry saturated steam is 
 20 X 0.48 (the specific heat of steam) = 9.6 heat units per 
 Ib., or 9.6 X 20,000 = 192,000 per hr., or 192.000-^-33,305 = 
 5.8 horse-power. The actual horse-power of boiler then 
 = 707 + 5.8 = 712.8. 
 
x-ri , p^ 
 
 154 NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 Horse-power per Pound Mean Effective Pressure* 
 
 T?nrtnii1* Ar6a in SC 3- in - X piston-Speed 
 
 33,000 
 
 
 
 SPEED OF PISTON IN FEET PER MINUTE. 
 
 J> ., 
 
 6* 
 
 
 rt^- 
 . c 
 ">, 
 
 100 
 
 200 
 
 300 
 
 400 
 
 500 
 
 600 
 
 700 
 
 800 
 
 900 
 
 u 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 .0381 
 
 .0762 
 
 .1142 
 
 .1523 
 
 .1904 
 
 .2285 
 
 .2666 
 
 .3046 
 
 "73427 
 
 4V< 
 
 .0482 
 
 .0964 
 
 .1446 
 
 .1928 
 
 .2410 
 
 .2892 
 
 .3374 
 
 .3856 
 
 .4338 
 
 5 
 
 .0595 
 
 .1190 
 
 .1785 
 
 .2380 
 
 .2975 
 
 .3570 
 
 .4165 
 
 .4760 
 
 .5355 
 
 5V( 
 
 .0720 
 
 .1440 
 
 .2160 
 
 .2880 
 
 .3600 
 
 .4320 
 
 .5040 
 
 .5760 
 
 .6480 
 
 6 
 
 .0857 
 
 .1714 
 
 .2570 
 
 .3427 
 
 .4284 
 
 .5141 
 
 .5998 
 
 .6854 
 
 .7711 
 
 
 .1006 
 
 .2011 
 
 .3017 
 
 .4022 
 
 .5028 
 
 .6033 
 
 .7039 
 
 .8044 
 
 .9050 
 
 7 
 
 .1166 
 
 .233-2 
 
 .3499 
 
 .4665 
 
 .5831 
 
 .6997 
 
 .8163 
 
 .9330 
 
 1.0496 
 
 
 .1339 
 
 .2678 
 
 .4016 
 
 .5355 
 
 .6694 
 
 .8033 
 
 .9371 
 
 1.0710 
 
 1.2049 
 
 8 
 
 .1523 
 
 .3046 
 
 .4570 
 
 .6093 
 
 .7616 
 
 .9139 
 
 1.0662 
 
 1.2186 
 
 1.3709 
 
 
 .1720 
 
 .3439 
 
 .5159 
 
 .6878 
 
 .8598 
 
 .0317 
 
 1.2037 
 
 1.3756 
 
 1.5476 
 
 9 
 
 .1928 
 
 .3856 
 
 .5783 
 
 .7711 
 
 .9639 
 
 .1567 
 
 1.3495 
 
 1.5422 
 
 1.7350 
 
 
 .2148 
 
 .4296 
 
 .6444 
 
 .8592 
 
 1.0740 
 
 .2888 
 
 1.5036 
 
 1.7184 
 
 1.9532 
 
 10 
 
 .2380 
 
 .4760 
 
 .7140 
 
 .9520 
 
 1.1900 
 
 .4280 
 
 1.6660 
 
 1.9040 
 
 2.1420 
 
 11 
 
 .2880 
 
 .5760 
 
 .8639 
 
 1.1519 
 
 1.4399 
 
 .7279 
 
 2.0159 
 
 2.3038 
 
 2.5818 
 
 12 
 
 .3427 
 
 .6854 
 
 1.0282 
 
 1.3709 
 
 1.7136 
 
 2.0563 
 
 2.3990 
 
 2.7418 
 
 3.0845 
 
 13 
 
 .4022 
 
 .8044 
 
 1.2067 
 
 1.6089 
 
 2.0111 
 
 2.4133 
 
 2.8155 
 
 3.2178 
 
 3.6200 
 
 14 
 
 .4665 
 
 .9330 
 
 1 3994 
 
 1 8659 
 
 2 3324 
 
 9, 7989 
 
 3 2654 
 
 3.7318 
 
 4 1983 
 
 15 
 
 .5355 
 
 1.0710 
 
 1.6065 
 
 2.1420 
 
 2.6775 
 
 3.2130 
 
 3.7485 
 
 4.2840 
 
 4.8195 
 
 16 
 
 .6093 
 
 1.2186 
 
 1.8278 
 
 2.4371 
 
 3.0464 
 
 3.6557 
 
 4.2650 
 
 4.8742 
 
 5.4835 
 
 17 
 
 .6878 
 
 1.2756 
 
 1.9635 
 
 2.6513 
 
 3.3391 
 
 4.0269 
 
 4.6147 
 
 5.4026 
 
 6.1904 
 
 18 
 
 .7711 
 
 1.5422 
 
 2.3134 
 
 3.0845 
 
 3.8556 
 
 4.6267 
 
 5.3978 
 
 6.1690 
 
 6.9401 
 
 19 
 
 .8592 
 
 1.7184 
 
 2.5775 
 
 3.4367 
 
 4.2959 
 
 5.1551 
 
 6.0143 
 
 6.8734 
 
 7.7326 
 
 20 
 
 .9520 
 
 1.9040 
 
 2.8560 
 
 3.8080 
 
 4.7600 
 
 5.7120 
 
 6.6640 
 
 7.6160 
 
 8.5680 
 
 21 
 
 1.0496 
 
 2.0992 
 
 3.1488 
 
 4.1983 
 
 5.2479 
 
 6.2975 
 
 7.3471 
 
 8.3966 
 
 9.4462 
 
 22 
 
 1.1519 
 
 2.3038 
 
 3.4558 
 
 4.6077 
 
 5.7596 
 
 6.9115 
 
 8.0634 
 
 9.2154 
 
 10.367 
 
 23 
 
 1.2590 
 
 2.5180 
 
 3.7771 
 
 5.0361 
 
 6.2951 
 
 7.5541 
 
 8.8131 
 
 10.072 
 
 11.331 
 
 24 
 
 1.3709 
 
 2.7418 
 
 4.1126 
 
 5.4835 
 
 6.8544 
 
 8.2253 
 
 9.5962 
 
 10.967 
 
 12.338 
 
 25 
 
 1.4875 
 
 2.9750 
 
 4.4625 
 
 5.9500 
 
 7.4375 
 
 8.9250 
 
 10.413 
 
 11.900 
 
 13.388 
 
 26 
 
 1.6089 
 
 3.2178 
 
 4.8266 
 
 6.4355 
 
 8.0444 
 
 9.6534 
 
 11.262 
 
 12.871 
 
 14.480 
 
 27 
 
 1.7350 
 
 3.4700 
 
 5.2051 
 
 6.9401 
 
 8.6751 
 
 10.410 
 
 12.145 
 
 13.880 
 
 15.615 
 
 28 
 
 1.8659 
 
 3.7318 
 
 5.5978 
 
 7.4637 
 
 9.3296 
 
 11.196 
 
 13.061 
 
 14.927 
 
 16.793 
 
 29 
 
 2.0016 
 
 4.0032 
 
 6.0047 
 
 8.0063 
 
 10.008 
 
 12.009 
 
 14.011 
 
 16.013 
 
 18.014 
 
 30 
 
 2.1420 
 
 4.2840 
 
 6.4260 
 
 8.5680 
 
 10.710 
 
 12.852 
 
 14.994 
 
 17.130 
 
 19.278 
 
 32 
 
 -i.4371 
 
 4.8742 
 
 7.3114 
 
 9.7485 
 
 12.186 
 
 14.623 
 
 17.060 
 
 14.497 
 
 21.934 
 
 34 
 
 2.7513 
 
 6.5026 
 
 8.2538 
 
 1.005 
 
 13.756 
 
 16.508 
 
 19.259 
 
 22.010 
 
 24.762 
 
 36 
 
 3.0845 
 
 6.1690 
 
 9.2534 
 
 12.338 
 
 15.422 
 
 18.507 
 
 21.591 
 
 24.676 
 
 27.760 
 
 38 
 
 3.4367 
 
 6.8734 
 
 10.310 
 
 13.747 
 
 17.184 
 
 20.620 
 
 24.057 
 
 27.494 
 
 30.930 
 
 40 
 
 3.8080 
 
 7.6160 
 
 11.424 
 
 15.232 
 
 9.040 
 
 22.848 
 
 26.656 
 
 30.464 
 
 34.272 
 
 42 
 
 4.1983 
 
 8.3866 
 
 12.585 
 
 16.783 
 
 20.982 
 
 25.180 
 
 29.378 
 
 33.577 
 
 37.775 
 
 44 
 
 4.6077 
 
 9.2154 
 
 3.823 
 
 8.431 
 
 23.038 
 
 27.646 
 
 32.254 
 
 36.861 
 
 41.469 
 
 46 
 
 5.0361 
 
 0.072 
 
 5.108 
 
 20.144 
 
 25.180 
 
 30.216 
 
 35.253 
 
 40.289 
 
 45.325 
 
 48 
 
 5.4835 
 
 0.967 
 
 6.451 
 
 21.934 
 
 27.418 
 
 32.901 
 
 38.385 
 
 43.868 
 
 49.352 
 
 50 
 
 5.9500 
 
 1.900 
 
 7.850 
 
 23.800 
 
 29.750 
 
 35.700 
 
 41.650 
 
 47.600 
 
 53.550 
 
 52 
 
 6.4355 
 
 2.871 
 
 9.307 
 
 25.742 
 
 32.178 
 
 38.613 
 
 45.049 
 
 51.484 
 
 57.920 
 
 54 
 
 6.9401 
 
 3.880 
 
 20.820 
 
 27.760 
 
 34.700 
 
 41.640 
 
 48.581 
 
 55.521 
 
 62.461 
 
 56 
 
 7.4637 
 
 4.927 
 
 22.391 
 
 29.855 
 
 37.318 
 
 44.782 
 
 52.246 
 
 59.709 
 
 67.173 
 
 58 
 
 8.0063 
 
 6.013 
 
 24.019 
 
 32.025 
 
 0.032 
 
 48.038 
 
 56.044 
 
 64.051 
 
 72.057 
 
 60 
 
 8.5680 
 
 7.136 
 
 25.704 
 
 34.272 
 
 42.840 
 
 1.408 
 
 9.976 
 
 68.544 
 
 77.112 
 
 
NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 plan _ 
 The indicated horse-power of an engine equals^g QQQ 
 
 aX I n Xp ^area of piston X piston speed ^ i n ^hichp = 
 
 33,000 33,000 
 
 mean effective pressure in Ibs. per sq. in.; /= length of 
 stroke in f t. ; a effective area of piston in sq. in. ; and 
 n number of impulse strokes per minute. 
 
 The piston speed for a single acting, double acting or 
 a multiple cylinder engine the length of stroke in ft. X 
 number of impulse strokes per minute. 
 
 FEED-WATER HEATERS.-(KENT). 
 
 Percentage of Saving for Each Degree of Increase in Tem- 
 perature of Feed-water Heated by Waste Steam. 
 
 Initial 
 Temp. 
 
 of 
 Feed. 
 
 40 
 50 
 60 
 70 
 80 
 90 
 100 
 110 
 120 
 130 
 140 
 150 
 160 
 170 
 180 
 190 
 200 
 210 
 
 Pressure of Steam in Boiler, Ibs. per sq. in. above 
 Atmosphere. 
 
 20 40 60 
 
 .1018 
 
 1050 
 
 1062 
 
 0847 
 ,0853 
 
 ,0867 
 ,0875 
 
 .0899 
 ,0907 
 ,0915 
 .0924 
 ,0932 
 ,0941 
 ,0950 
 
 100 120 140 160 180 
 
 ,0844 
 ,0850 
 ,0857 
 ,0864 
 ,0872 
 ,0879 
 .0887 
 
 ,0911 
 ,0920 
 
 ,0955 
 ,0965 
 .0974 
 ,0984 
 ,0994 
 ,1004 
 ,1012 
 ,1024 
 .1035 
 
 ,0877 
 ,0884 
 0892 
 ,0900 
 0908 
 0917 
 ,0925 
 ,0934 
 ,0943 
 ,0952 
 ,0961 
 ,0971 
 ,0980 
 ,0990 
 ,1000 
 ,1010 
 ,1020 
 .1031 
 
 .0852 
 
 .0850 
 
 .0867 .0864 
 .0874 .0872 
 .08831.0879 
 .0890 .0887 
 .0898 .0895 
 .0906 .0903 
 .0914 
 .0923 
 .0931 
 .0940 
 
 .0912 
 .0920 
 
 0893 
 0901 
 
 .0875 
 
NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 An approximate rule for the conditions of ordinary 
 practice is: A saving of \% is made by each increase of 11 
 in the temperature of the feed-water. This corresponds 
 to 0.0909 per cent, for each degree. 
 
 The calculation of saving is made as follows : Let 
 total heat of 1 Ib. of steam at the boiler-pressure =H\ 
 total heat of 1 Ib. of feed-water before entering the heater 
 == Aj, and after passing through the heater = h% ; then 
 
 ^2^1 
 the saving made by the heater is TT / 
 
 Example. Given boiler pressure 100 Ibs. gauge; feed 
 water temperature, original = 60F. and final ^209F. ; to 
 find the percentage of saving resulting from heating the 
 feed-water. From the table of properties of saturated 
 steam we find #=1185 B.T.U.; h =60 32 = 28 B.T.U.; 
 >& 2 =209 32=177 B.T.U. 
 
 Then the saving by heater = ^"f 1 = ~ f. = 12.9 
 rl n. HoO do 
 
 per cent. 
 
 To solve by table look in column of steam pressures 
 headed " 100" and opposite to 60 in first column read 
 0.0864, which multiplied by (20960 = 149) the increase 
 of temperature of feed-water, gives 12.9 per cent., as 
 before. 
 
NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 157 
 
 Safe Working Pressures in Cylindrical Shells of Boilers, 
 
 Tanks, Pipes, etc., in Pounds per Square Inch. 
 
 (KENTS POCKET BOOK). 
 
 Longitudinal seams double-riveted. 
 
 (Calculated from formula P = 14 000 X thickness -*- 
 
 diameter.) 
 
 $ o .; 
 
 DIAMETER IN INCHES. 
 
 21 
 
 30 
 
 36 
 
 38 
 
 40 
 
 42 
 
 44 
 
 46 
 
 48 
 
 50 
 
 52 
 
 |S| 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 36.5 
 
 29.2 
 
 24.3 
 
 23.0 
 
 21.9 
 
 20.8 
 
 19.9 
 
 19.0 
 
 18.2 
 
 17.5 
 
 16.8 
 
 2 
 
 72.9 
 
 58.3 
 
 48.6 
 
 46.1 
 
 43.8 
 
 41.7 
 
 39.8 
 
 38.0 
 
 36.5 
 
 35.0 
 
 33.7 
 
 3 
 
 09.4 
 
 87.5 
 
 72.9 
 
 69.1 
 
 65.6 
 
 62.5 
 
 59.7 
 
 57.1 
 
 54.7 
 
 52.5 
 
 50.5 
 
 4 
 
 45.8 
 
 116.7 
 
 97.2 
 
 92.1 
 
 87.5 
 
 83.3 
 
 79.5 
 
 76.1 
 
 72.9 
 
 70.0 
 
 67.3 
 
 5 
 
 82.3 
 
 145.8 
 
 121.5 
 
 115.1 
 
 109.4 
 
 104.2 
 
 99.4 
 
 95.1 
 
 91.1 
 
 87.5 
 
 84.1 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 18.7 
 255.2 
 
 175.0 
 204.1 
 
 145.8 
 170.1 
 
 138.2 
 161.2 
 
 131.3 
 153.1 
 
 125.0 
 145.9 
 
 119.3 
 139.2 
 
 114.1 
 133.2 
 
 109.4 
 127.6 
 
 105.0 
 122.5 
 
 101.0 
 
 117.8 
 
 8 
 
 291.7 
 
 233.3 
 
 194.4 
 
 184.2 
 
 175.0 
 
 166.7 
 
 159.1 
 
 152.2 
 
 145.8 
 
 140.0 
 
 134.6 
 
 9 
 
 28.1 
 
 262.5 
 
 218.8 
 
 207.2 
 
 196.9 
 
 187.5 
 
 179.0 
 
 171.2 
 
 164.1 
 
 157.5 
 
 151.4 
 
 10 
 
 364.6 
 
 291.7 
 
 243.1 
 
 230.3 
 
 218.8 
 
 208.3 
 
 198.9 
 
 190.2 
 
 182.3 
 
 175.0 
 
 168.3 
 
 11 
 
 401.0 
 
 320.8 
 
 267.4 
 
 253.3 
 
 240.6 
 
 229.2 
 
 218.7 
 
 209.2 
 
 200.5 
 
 192.5 
 
 185.1 
 
 12 
 
 437.5 
 
 350.0 
 
 291.7 
 
 276.3 
 
 262.5 
 
 250.0 
 
 238.6 
 
 228.3 
 
 218.7 
 
 210.0 
 
 201.9 
 
 13 
 
 473.9 
 
 379.2 
 
 316.0 
 
 299.3 
 
 284.4 
 
 270.9 
 
 258.5 
 
 247.3 
 
 237.0 
 
 227.5 
 
 218.8 
 
 14 
 
 410.4 
 
 408.3 
 
 340.3 
 
 322.4 
 
 306.3 
 
 291.7 
 
 278.4 
 
 266.3 
 
 255.2 
 
 245.0 
 
 235.6 
 
 15 
 
 546.9 
 
 437.5 
 
 364.6 
 
 345.4 
 
 328.1 
 
 812.5 
 
 298.3 
 
 285.3 
 
 273.4 
 
 266.5 
 
 252.4 
 
 16 
 
 583.3 
 
 466.7 
 
 388.9 
 
 368.4 
 
 350.0 
 
 333.3 
 
 318.2 
 
 304.4 
 
 291.7 
 
 280.0269.2 
 
 |1| 
 
 DIAMETER IN INCHES. 
 
 IS 1 " 1 fl 
 
 54 
 
 60 
 
 66 
 
 72 
 
 78 
 
 84 
 
 90 
 
 96 
 
 102 
 
 108 
 
 120 
 
 h.2 rt 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 t 
 
 16.2 
 
 1476 
 
 IsTs 
 
 1272 
 
 1172 
 
 Io74 
 
 977 
 
 Ti 
 
 ~87~6 
 
 ~87l 
 
 7~3 
 
 2 
 
 32.4 
 
 29.2 
 
 26.5 
 
 24.3 
 
 22.4 
 
 20.8 
 
 19 '.4 
 
 18.2 
 
 17.2 
 
 16.2 
 
 14 '.6 
 
 3 
 
 48.6 
 
 43.7 
 
 39.8 
 
 36.5 
 
 33.7 
 
 31.3 
 
 29.2 
 
 27.3 
 
 25.7 
 
 24.3 
 
 21.9 
 
 4 
 
 64.8 
 
 58.3 
 
 53.0 
 
 48.6 
 
 44.9 
 
 41.7 
 
 38.9 
 
 36.5 
 
 34.3 
 
 32.4 
 
 29.2 
 
 5 
 
 81.0 
 
 72.9 
 
 66.3 
 
 60.8 
 
 56.1 
 
 52.1 
 
 48.6 
 
 45.6 
 
 42.9 
 
 40.5 
 
 36.5 
 
 6 
 
 97.2 
 
 87.5 
 
 79.5 
 
 72.9 
 
 67.3 
 
 62.5 
 
 58.3 
 
 54.7 
 
 51.5 
 
 48.6 
 
 43.8 
 
 7 
 
 113.4 
 
 102.1 
 
 92.8 
 
 85.1 
 
 78.5 
 
 72.9 
 
 68.1 
 
 63.8 
 
 60.0 
 
 56.7 
 
 51.0 
 
 8 
 
 129.6 
 
 116.7 
 
 106.1 
 
 97.2 
 
 89.7 
 
 83.3 
 
 77.8 
 
 72.9 
 
 68.6 
 
 64.8 
 
 58.3 
 
 9 
 
 145.8 
 
 131.2 
 
 119.3 
 
 109.4 
 
 101.0 
 
 93.8 
 
 87.5 
 
 82.0 
 
 77.2 
 
 72.9 
 
 65.6 
 
 10 
 
 162.0 
 
 145.8 
 
 132.6 
 
 121.5 
 
 112.2 
 
 104.2 
 
 97.2 
 
 91.1 
 
 85.8 
 
 81.0 
 
 72.9 
 
 11 
 
 178.2 
 
 160.4 
 
 145.8 
 
 133.7 
 
 123.4 
 
 114.6 
 
 106.9 
 
 100.3 
 
 94.4 
 
 89.1 
 
 80.2 
 
 12 
 
 194.4 
 
 175.C 
 
 159.1 
 
 145.8 
 
 134.6 
 
 125.0 
 
 116.7 
 
 109.4 
 
 102.9 
 
 97.2 
 
 87.6 
 
 13 
 
 210.7 
 
 189.6 
 
 172.4 
 
 158. C 
 
 145.8 
 
 135.4 
 
 126.4 
 
 118. S 
 
 llt.fi 
 
 105.3 
 
 94.8 
 
 14 
 
 226. S 
 
 204. S 
 
 185.6 
 
 170.1 
 
 157.1 
 
 145.8 
 
 136.1 
 
 127.6 
 
 120.1 
 
 113.4 
 
 102.1 
 
 15 
 
 243.1 
 
 218. r 
 
 198. J 
 
 182.1 
 
 168.2 
 
 156. S 
 
 145.8 
 
 136.7 
 
 128.7 
 
 121. C 
 
 109.4 
 
 16 
 
 259.2 
 
 233. 1 
 
 212.1 
 
 194.4 
 
 179. J 
 
 166.7 
 
 155.6 
 
 145.8 
 
 137.2 
 
 129.6 
 
 116.7 
 
 ,. 
 
NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 The preceding table has been computed for externally- 
 fired boilers, with longitudinal seams double-riveted and 
 having an efficiency of 0.7. A factor of safety of 5.5 has 
 been assumed for steel of 55,000 Ibs. tensile strength. 
 
 SIZES OF CHIMNEYS FOR STEAM BOILERS. 
 
 BY WILLIAM KENT, M. E. 
 
 The accompanying tabe of sizes of chimneys for various 
 horse powers of boilers is based on the following data: 
 . 1. The draught power of the chimney varies as the 
 square root of the height* 
 
 2. The retarding of the ascending gases by friction 
 may be considered as equivalent to a diminution of the 
 area of the chimney, or to a lining of the chimney by a 
 layer of gas which has no velocity. The thickness of 
 this lining is assumed to be two inches for all chimneys, 
 or the diminution of area equal to the perimeter X two 
 inches (neglecting the overlapping of the corners of the 
 lining). Expressed algebraically, let D diameter, A 
 area, E= effective area. 
 
 For square chimneys, E = D 9 3% = ^ ~ . ^ 
 
 For round chimneys, E= n( D* ^ \= ^4 0.592 |/^ 
 
 For simplifying calculations, the coefficient of |/ A 
 may be taken as 0.6 for both square and round chimneys, 
 and the formula becomes 
 
 E = A 0.6 V~A- 
 
 3. The power varies directly as this effective area E. 
 
 4. A chimney 80 feet high, 42 inches diameter, has 
 been found to be sufficient to cause a rate of combustion 
 
NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 of 120 pounds of coal per hour per square foot of area of 
 chimney, or if the grate area is to the chimney area as 8 
 to 1, a combustion of 15 pounds of coal per square foot 
 of grate per hour. This is fair practice for a boiler of 
 modern type, in which flues, or tubes are of moderate 
 diameter, gas passages circuitous, and heating surface 
 extensive in proportion to rate of combustion, so as to 
 cool the chimney gases to 400 or 500 Fahr. and produce 
 high economy. 
 
 5. A chimney should be proportioned so as to be capa- 
 ble of giving sufficient draught to cause the boiler to de- 
 velop much more than' its rated power, in case of emerg- 
 encies, or to cause the combustion of 5 pounds of fuel 
 per rated horse-power of boiler per hour. 
 
 Conditions 4 and 5 being assumed, the 80 feet X 42 in- 
 ches chimney, 9.62 square feet area, will cause the com- 
 bustion of 9.62 X 120 = 1154.4 pounds of coal per hour, or 
 at 5 pounds of coal per horse-power per hour, is rightly 
 proportioned for 231 horse-power of boilers. 
 
 The power of the chimney varying directly as the ef- 
 fective area, JS, and as the square root of the height, h, 
 the formula for horse-power of boiler for a given size of 
 chimney will take the form, 
 
 HP. = CE \/ h, in which C is a constant. 
 For the 80' X 42" chimney ,**&& 
 
 t \/ A =7.76 square feet. 
 
 V~h= 8.944 feet. 
 
 Substituting these values in the formula it becomes 
 231 = Cx 7.76 X 8.944, 
 whence C- 3.33, 
 
NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 and the formula for horse-power is 
 HP. = 3.33 E \/~7T, or, HP. = 3.33 (,40.6 
 
 If the horse-power of boiler is given, to find the size of 
 chimney, the height being assumed, 
 
 0.3 HP. 
 
 For round chimneys, diameter of chimney = Diam. 
 of ^ + 4". 
 
 For square chimneys, side of chimney |/ E -f- 4". 
 
 In the formulae and table no account has been taken of 
 the difference which is believed by some authorities to 
 exist in the efficiencies of round and square chimneys of 
 equal area, nor of the differences of friction and of rate 
 of cooling of the gases in -iron and in brick chimneys. 
 Should experimental data of these differences, or of the 
 effect of infiltration of air into brick chimneys, be ob- 
 tained in future, the formulae and table may be corrected 
 accordingly. 
 
NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 ivalent 
 quare 
 imney. 
 ofSquare 
 inches 
 
 S FOR ST 
 
 (KENT.) 
 
 (Assuming 1 H 
 
 SIZE OF 
 
 Equ 
 S 
 Chi 
 ide 
 
 J II p5 
 I**) > 
 
 w<. 
 
 
 
 
 SJSSSS 
 
 y -bs 
 
 

 AIR. 
 
NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 AIR. 
 
 Air consists of a mechanical mixture of the two gases 
 oxygen and nitrogen in the ratio of 20.7 parts of the 
 former to 79.3 of the latter by volume, and 23 of the for- 
 mer to 77 of the latter by weight. In its natural state it 
 contains small quantities of various substances, such as 
 moisture, carbon dioxide, CO 2 , the lately discovered ele- 
 ment argon, etc. 
 
 The weight of dry air at 32 F. and atmospheric pressure 
 (14.7 Ibs. per sq. in.) is 0.0807 Ibs. per cu. ft.; from which 
 the volume of one pound=12.4 cu. ft. At other tem- 
 peratures and pressures its weight in Ibs. per cu. ft. is 
 ^~459^+t' * n wl " c k ^reading of barometer in inches 
 and ^temperature F. 
 
 The absolute zero of temperature, on the Fahr. scale is 
 492 below 32, or 460F. 
 
 The absolute temperature then is obtained by adding 
 460 to the temperature as read from the Fahr. scale. 
 Thus 60F. = 60 + 460 =520 absolute; and 20F.= 
 20-f460=440 absolute. 
 
 Mechanical equivalent of heat. Heat energy and me- 
 chanical energy are mutually convertible, that is, a unit 
 of heat requires for its production, and produces by its 
 disappearance, a definite amount of mechanical energy, 
 namely, 778 foot-pounds of work for each British ther- 
 mal unit. 
 
 Boyle's law states that the product of the pressure and 
 volume of a portion of gas is constant so long as the 
 temperature is constant, that \s,pv=.c, in which p= pres- 
 sure in Ibs. per sq. ft. and z/=:volume in cu. ft. For air 
 at 32F,, this constant quantity is 26,200 foot-pounds, or 
 pv=2Q,2QQ ft. Ibs. 
 
 Charles' and Gay Lussac's law states that when the pres- 
 sure is constant all gases expand alike for the same in- 
 crease of temperature. The amount of this expansion 
 
NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 between 32 and 212F, is 0.365 of the original volume: 
 and for each degree it equals 0.365-^180=0.00203. Simi- 
 liarly, when the volume remains constant the pressure 
 varies in the above ratio. 
 
 Combining Boyle's and diaries' laws we see that the pro- 
 duct of the pressure and volume of a portion of gas is 
 proportional to the absolute temperature. Thus, -j~ 
 , in which p and ^^absolute pressures (that is pres- 
 sures above a vacuum) in Ibs. per sq. ft.; v and v^ vol- 
 umes in cu. ft.; T and 7\=absolute temperatures. 
 
 Transforming the above equation and substituting 32 
 for 7\ and 26,200 for p^, we get 
 
 =53.2 T. 
 
 The specific heat of a gas is the quantity of heat, in heat 
 units, necessary to raise the temperature of one pound of 
 the gas through one degree of temperature. 
 
 The specific heat of air at constant pressure is c p =0.238 
 and at constant volume is c v =0.169 British thermal unit. 
 
 Adiabatic expansion or compression of a gas means that 
 the gas is expanded or compressed without transmission 
 of heat to or from the gas. This would be the case were 
 the expansion or compression to take place in an abso- 
 lutely non-conducting cylinder, in which case the tem- 
 perature, pressure and volume would vary as indicated 
 by the following formulae. 
 
 v 2 /PA0.71. p. /vAl.41. T_,_/vA0.41. 
 
 vI = VpV Pi-^v,' Ti-Vv./ 
 
 v 2 _/TA2.46. p,_/T,\3.46. T^/pAO.Sg. 
 
 v 1 \T,/ Pi7^T 1 / T x V pi y 
 
 in which p lf Vj and T x =initial absolute pressure, vol- 
 ume and absolute temperature and p 2 , v 2 and T 2 =final 
 absolute pressure, volume and absolute temperature of 
 the gas. 
 
D 
 
 166 NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 Table for Adiabitic Compression or Expansion of Air. 
 
 (PROC., INST. M. E., Jan. 1881, p. 123.) 
 
 Absolute Pressure. 
 
 Absolute 
 Temperature. 
 
 Volume. 
 
 p a 
 
 P 1 
 
 T 2 
 
 Ti 
 
 V, 
 
 V 2 
 
 ? " 
 
 P 2 
 
 T, 
 
 T7 
 
 "v; 
 
 "vT 
 
 1.2 
 
 8.33 
 
 1.054 
 
 .948 
 
 1.138 
 
 8.79 
 
 1.4 
 
 7.14 
 
 1.102 
 
 .907 
 
 1.270 
 
 .788 
 
 1.6 
 
 .625 
 
 1.146 
 
 .873 
 
 1.396 
 
 .716 
 
 1.8 
 
 .556 
 
 1.186 
 
 .843 
 
 1.518 
 
 .659 
 
 2.0 
 
 .500 
 
 1.222 
 
 .818 
 
 1.636 
 
 .611 
 
 2.2 
 
 .454 
 
 1.257 
 
 .796 
 
 1.750 
 
 .571 
 
 2.4 
 
 .417 
 
 1.289 
 
 .776 
 
 1.862 
 
 .537 
 
 2.6 
 
 .385 
 
 1.319 
 
 .758 
 
 1.971 
 
 .507 
 
 2.8 
 
 .357 
 
 1.348 
 
 .742 
 
 2.077 
 
 .481 
 
 3.0 
 
 .333 
 
 1.375 
 
 .727 . 
 
 2.182 
 
 .458 
 
 3.2 
 
 .312 
 
 1.401 
 
 .714 
 
 2.284 
 
 .438 
 
 3.4 
 
 .294 
 
 1.426 
 
 .701 
 
 2.384 
 
 .419 
 
 3.6 
 
 .278 
 
 1.450 
 
 .690 
 
 2.483 
 
 .403 
 
 3.8 
 
 .263 
 
 1.473 
 
 .679 
 
 2.580 
 
 .388 
 
 4.0 
 
 .250 
 
 1.495 
 
 .669 
 
 2.676 
 
 .374 
 
 4.2 
 
 .238 
 
 1.516 
 
 .660 
 
 2.770 
 
 .361 
 
 4.4 
 
 .227 
 
 1.537 
 
 .651 
 
 2.863 
 
 .349 
 
 4.6 
 
 .217 
 
 1.557 
 
 .642 
 
 2.955 
 
 .338 
 
 4.8 
 
 .208 
 
 1.576 
 
 .635 
 
 3.046 
 
 .328 
 
 5.0 
 
 .200 
 
 1.595 
 
 .627 
 
 3.135 
 
 .319 
 
 6.0 
 
 .167 
 
 1.681 
 
 .595 
 
 3.569 
 
 .280 
 
 7.0 
 
 .143 
 
 1.758 
 
 .569 
 
 3.981 
 
 .251 
 
 8.0 
 
 .125 
 
 1.828 
 
 .547 
 
 4.377 
 
 .228 
 
 9.0 
 
 .111 
 
 1.891 
 
 .529 
 
 4.759 
 
 .210 
 
 10.0 
 
 .100 
 
 1.950 
 
 .513 
 
 5.129 
 
 .195 
 
 "Work of adiabatic compression of air. If air is compressed 
 
 from a volume v t and pressure p l to a volume v 2 and 
 
 pressure p a , in a non-conducting cylinder without clear- 
 
 ance, the work involved in delivering one pound is as 
 
 follows: 
 
 Work of compression = 2.46 p t Vj [(v^) ' 41 " 1 ] = 
 
NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 167 
 
 Work of expulsion = p a v 3 = p^ (?) - 29 . 
 
 Total work is the sum of the work of compression and 
 expulsion less the work, p^, of the atmosphere done on 
 the piston during admission, or 
 
 Total work = 3.46 p lVl [(P?) ' 29 -!]. 
 
 The mean effective pressure equals the total work -f- the 
 initial volume, v x , or 
 
 Isothermal expansion or compression of a gas means that 
 the gas is expanded or compressed with the addition or 
 rejection of sufficient heat to maintain the temperature 
 constant. In this case, the temperature being constant, 
 the pressure and volume will vary according to Boyle's 
 law, namely 
 
 pv=C, 
 
 in which /^absolute pressure in Ibs. per sq. ft., v=. vol- 
 ume in cu. ft., and C=a constant depending upon the 
 temperature. For a temperature of 32 F. this constant 
 is 26,200 ft. Ibs., and for isothermals corresponding to 
 other temperatures it may be found from the formula 
 0=53.2 7", in which Z=the absolute temperature of the 
 isothermal. 
 
 Work of isothermal compression of air. If air is com- 
 pressed from a volume Vj and pressure pj to a volume v a 
 and pressure p 3 , in a cylinder without clearance, in such 
 manner as to keep the temperature constant, the work 
 involved in delivering one pound is as follows: 
 
 Work of compression = PiV t log Xi. 
 Work of expulsion = p a v a = pjV^ 
 The total work then is the sum of the work of com- 
 pression and expulsion less the work, p^, of the atmos- 
 phere done on the piston during admission, or 
 
 Total work = p x v x log e Xi + p^ p^ = p^ 
 
 ^r* 
 
168 NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 In this formula Naperian, or hyperbolic, logarithms 
 
 must be used. These may be obtained from the common 
 
 logarithms by multiplying by the constant 2.303. 
 
 The mean effective pressure equals the total work -f- 
 
 the initial volume, v 1? or p x log ^i. 
 
 Volumes Mean Pressures per Stroke, Temperatures, etc., 
 
 in the Operation of Air-compression from from J Atmosphere 
 
 and 60 Fahr. (F. RICHARDS, Am. Mach., March 30, 1893.) 
 
 
 i 
 
 z , 
 
 A 
 
 S.^aj 
 
 _T3 
 
 V 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 5! ^-^ 
 
 
 
 <u 
 
 
 
 
 $** 
 
 
 03 
 
 
 a;U 
 
 <u u.'o 
 
 ! 8 a 2 
 
 goo 
 
 S-is'o 
 
 rt w 
 
 1 
 
 s*+! 
 
 a<8 
 
 ^C/DQ^ 
 
 ^wo 
 
 0/^8 
 
 cx 
 
 a 
 
 ! 
 
 "o g 
 
 S s.^a 
 
 jjjkS 
 
 S'OQ 
 
 
 < 
 
 >< 
 
 ^ 
 
 g a ^h 
 
 s a < 
 
 h G 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 60 
 
 1 
 
 1.068 
 
 .9363 
 
 .950 
 
 .96 
 
 .97 
 
 71 
 
 2 
 
 1.136 
 
 .8803 
 
 .910 
 
 1.87 
 
 1.91 
 
 80 
 
 3 
 
 1.204 
 
 .8305 
 
 .876 
 
 2.72 
 
 2.80 
 
 89 
 
 4 
 
 1.272 
 
 .7861 
 
 .840 
 
 3.53 
 
 3.67 
 
 98 
 
 5 
 
 1.340 
 
 .7462 
 
 .810 
 
 4.30 
 
 4.50 
 
 106 
 
 10 
 
 1.680 
 
 .5952 
 
 .690 
 
 7.62 
 
 8.27 
 
 145 
 
 15 
 
 2.020 
 
 .4950 
 
 .606 
 
 10.33 
 
 11.51 
 
 178 
 
 20 
 
 2.360 
 
 .4237 
 
 .543 
 
 12.62 
 
 14.40 
 
 207 
 
 25 
 
 2.700 
 
 .3703 
 
 .494 
 
 14.59 
 
 17.01 
 
 234 
 
 30 
 
 3.040 
 
 .3289 
 
 .453 
 
 16.34 
 
 19.40 
 
 252 
 
 35 
 
 3.381 
 
 .2957 
 
 .420 
 
 17.92 
 
 21.60 
 
 281 
 
 40 
 
 3.721 
 
 .2687 
 
 .393 
 
 19.32 
 
 23.66 
 
 302 
 
 45 
 
 4.061 
 
 .2462 
 
 .370 
 
 20.57 
 
 25.59 
 
 321 
 
 50 
 
 4.401 
 
 .2272 
 
 .350 
 
 21.69 
 
 27.39 
 
 339 
 
 55 
 
 4.741 
 
 .2109 
 
 .331 
 
 22.76 
 
 29.11 
 
 357 
 
 60 
 
 5.081 
 
 .1968 
 
 .314 
 
 23.78 
 
 30.75 
 
 375 
 
 65 
 
 5.423 
 
 .1844 
 
 .301 
 
 24.75 
 
 32.32 
 
 389 
 
 70 
 
 5.762 
 
 .1735 
 
 .288 
 
 25.67 
 
 33.83 
 
 405 
 
 75 
 
 6.102 
 
 .1639 
 
 .276 
 
 26.55 
 
 35.27 
 
 420 
 
 !<n < n 
 
NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 Volumes, Mean Pressures per Stroke, Temperatures, etc. 
 
 (CONTINUED.) 
 
 
 OJ 
 
 B 
 
 5 i ^ 
 
 5 -a 
 
 -a 
 
 S-3 
 
 -o 
 
 i si 
 
 0) 
 
 
 
 
 w.S'o 
 
 
 
 g 
 
 83? 
 l|* 
 
 P| 
 
 s|J| 
 
 S8 
 
 ^o 
 
 S - s 
 
 IS 
 
 a 
 
 
 s 
 
 > 
 
 |&<H 
 
 Sp,* 
 a_3 
 
 h 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 80 
 
 6.412 
 
 .1552 
 
 .2670 
 
 27.38 
 
 36.64 
 
 432 
 
 85 
 
 6.782 
 
 .1474 
 
 .2566 
 
 28.16 
 
 37.94 
 
 447 
 
 90 
 
 7.122 
 
 .1404 
 
 .2480 
 
 28.89 
 
 39.18 
 
 459 
 
 95 
 
 7.462 
 
 .1340 
 
 .2400 
 
 29.57 
 
 40.40 
 
 472 
 
 100 
 
 7.802 
 
 .1281 
 
 .2324 
 
 30.21 
 
 41.60 
 
 485 
 
 105 
 
 8.142 
 
 .1228 
 
 .2254 
 
 30.81 
 
 42.78 
 
 496 
 
 110 
 
 8.483 
 
 .1178 
 
 .2189 
 
 31.39 
 
 43.91 
 
 507 
 
 115 
 
 8.823 
 
 .1133 
 
 .2129 
 
 31.98 
 
 44.98 
 
 518 
 
 120 
 
 9.163 
 
 .1091 
 
 .2073 
 
 32.54 
 
 46.04 
 
 529 
 
 125 
 
 9.503 
 
 .1052 
 
 .2020 
 
 33.07 
 
 47.06 
 
 540 
 
 130 
 
 9.843 
 
 .1015 
 
 .1969 
 
 33.57 
 
 48.10 
 
 550 
 
 135 
 
 10.183 
 
 .0981 
 
 .1922 
 
 34.05 
 
 49.10 
 
 560 
 
 140 
 
 10.523 
 
 .0950 
 
 .1878 
 
 34.57 
 
 50.02 
 
 570 
 
 145 
 
 10.864 
 
 .0921 
 
 .1837 
 
 35.09 
 
 51 .00 
 
 580 
 
 150 
 
 11.204 
 
 .0892 
 
 .1796 
 
 35.48 
 
 51.89 
 
 589 
 
 160 
 
 11.880 
 
 .0841 
 
 .1722 
 
 36.29 
 
 53.65 
 
 607 
 
 170 
 
 12.560 
 
 .0796 
 
 .1657 
 
 37.20 
 
 55.39 
 
 624 
 
 180 
 
 13.240 
 
 .0755 
 
 .1595 
 
 37.96 
 
 57.01 
 
 640 
 
 190 
 
 13.920 
 
 .0718 
 
 .1540 
 
 38.68 
 
 58.57 
 
 657 
 
 200 
 
 14.600 
 
 .0685 
 
 .1490 
 
 39.42 
 
 60.14 
 
 672 
 
 Combined compression of air, is compression under con- 
 ditions that permit of some withdrawal of heat during 
 compression, but not sufficient to keep the temperature 
 of the air constant. In this case the compression curve 
 lies between the isothermal and adiabatic curves, and the 
 relation of pressure to volume may be expressed by the 
 formula 
 
 P 
 
 = C, 
 
 in which p = absolute pressure in Ibs, per sq. ft.; v = 
 volume in cu. ft.; C = a constant; and n = an exponent 
 whose value may vary from 1, that for isothermal, to 
 1.41, that for adiabatic compression or expansion, 
 
NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 "Work of combined compression. If air is compressed 
 from a volume v x and pressure p l to a volume v 2 and 
 pressure p 2 , in a cylinder without clearance, the work 
 involved in delivering one pound is as follows: 
 
 Work of compression = (p 2 v 2 PiVj) = 
 
 v 3 Vl v a 
 
 53.2 (T 3 T A ) . 
 
 Vi v a 
 
 Work of expulsion = Ps v 2- 
 
 The total work is the sum of the work of compression 
 and expulsion less the work, p^, done by the atmos- 
 phere on the piston during admission, or 
 
 Total work = (p 3 v 3 PiV x ) \- p s v 2 p^ 
 
 = (P s v 2 pjVi) . 
 
 Vi v 3 
 
NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 Temperature Fahrenheit 
 
 The results of air compression and expansion are 
 shown by the above diagram. 
 
NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 Useful information on Volume and Pressure Curves of Air. 
 (FROM COMPRESSED AIR MAGAZINE.) 
 
 In the diagram on the preceding page, the figures at 
 the left indicate pressures in atmospheres above a 
 vacuum ; the corresponding figures at the right denote 
 pressures in pounds per square inch, by the gauge. At 
 the top are volumes from one-tenth to one. At the 
 bottom, degrees of temperatures from zero to 1,000 
 degrees Fahrenheit. The two curves which begin at the 
 lower left hand corner and extend to the upper right are 
 the lines of compression, or expansion. The upper one 
 being the "Adiabatic" curve, or that which represents 
 the pressure at any point on the stroke, with the heat 
 developed by compression remaining in the air ; the 
 lower is the "Isothermal," or the pressure curve, when 
 the heat of compression is withdrawn so as to keep 
 the temperature constant. The three curves which begin 
 at the lower right hand corner and rise to the left are 
 heat curves, and represent the increase of temperature 
 corresponding to different pressures and volumes, as- 
 suming in one case that the temperature of the air before 
 admission to the compressor is zero, in another sixty de- 
 grees, and in another one hundred degrees. 
 
 Beginning with the adiabatic curve, we find that for 
 one volume of air, when compressed without cooling, the 
 curve intersects the first horizontal line at a point be- 
 tween 0.6 and 0.7 volume, the gauge pressure being 14.7 
 pounds. If we assume that this air was admitted to the 
 compressor at a temperature of zero, it will reach about 
 100 when the gauge pressure is 14.7 pounds. If the air 
 had been admitted to the compressor at 60, it would 
 register about 176 at 14.7 pounds gauge pressure. If 
 the air were 100 before compression, it would go up to 
 about 230 at this pressure. Following this adiabatic 
 curve until it intersects line No. 5, representing a pres- 
 sure of five atmospheres above a vacuum (58.8 pounds 
 
NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 173 
 
 gauge pressure), we see that the total increase of tem- 
 perature on the zero heat curve is about 270; for the 
 60 curve it is about 370, and for the 100 curve it is 
 435. The diagram shows that when a volume of air is 
 compressed adiabatically to 21 atmospheres (294 pounds 
 gauge pressure), it will occupy a volume a little more 
 than one-tenth; the total increase of temperature with 
 an initial temperature of zero, is about 650; with 60 
 initial temperature it is 800 and with 100 initial it is 
 900. It will be observed that the zero heat curve is 
 flatter than the others, indicating that when free air is 
 admitted to a compressor cold, the relative increase of 
 temperature is less than when the air is hot. This points 
 to the importance of low initial temperature. It is plain 
 that a high initial temperature means a higher tempera- 
 ture throughout the stroke of a compressor. The dia- 
 gram gives the loss of temperature during compression 
 from initial temperatures of 0, 60, 100. If we compare 
 the compression line from zero with the compression 
 line from 100, we observe that in compressing the air 
 from, say 1 atmosphere to 10 atmospheres, the original 
 difference, which .at the start was only 100, has now 
 been about doubled; that is, it has reached 200, and in 
 carrying the compression to 20 atmospheres, the differ- 
 ence now becomes about 250. Each horizontal division 
 represented by the figures at the bottom is equal to 100, 
 and the space between any two adjacent horizontal lines 
 may be sub-divided into 100 equal parts representing 1 
 each. 
 
 Where there is a system of cooling the air during 
 compression, the lines on the indicator cards can be 
 traced between the adiabatic and isothermal curves on 
 the diagram. 
 
 For all practical purposes in using this diagram, it is 
 best to follow the adiabatic curve in all determinations, 
 except where the exact pressure line is known. This 
 diagram will be found convenient to those who are called 
 upon to figure the pressure at different points in the 
 
NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 stroke of an air compressor, and it points out the com- 
 mon error of neglecting to take into consideration in one's 
 figures the fact that, at the beginning of the stroke, one 
 atmosphere in volume already exists. Beginning at the 
 lower left hand corner, the adiabatic pressure curve 
 intersects the first horizontal line at that point in the 
 stroke when the pressure on the gauge will register 14.7 
 pounds. 
 
 The next horizontal line shows where the gauge reaches 
 29.4 pounds, and it is evident here that the piston of an 
 air compressor travels much farther in reaching 14.7 
 pounds than in doubling that pressure or in reaching 
 29.4 pounds; thus an air compressor is an engine of un- 
 evenly distributed resistance. During the early stages 
 of the stroke it has a slowly accumulating load to carry, 
 while later on this load is multiplied very rapidly. This 
 is one of the reasons for heavy flywheels in air com- 
 pressors. 
 
NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY 175 
 
 Compressed Air* 
 
 EFFECT OF COMPOUNDING, COOUNG, INTER-COOKING, 
 AFTER-COOKING AND REHEATING. 
 
 (From Compressed Air Magazine.) 
 
 Builders of air compressors and those who use com- 
 pressed air will agree that the problem of heating or 
 cooling air is a difficult one. Hot air in the cylinder of 
 an air compressor means a reduction in the efficiency of 
 the machine. The trouble is, that there is not sufficient 
 time during the stroke to cool thoroughly by any avail- 
 able means. Water-jacketing is the generally accepted 
 practice, but it does not by any means effect through 
 cooling. The air in the cylinder is so large in volume 
 that but a fraction of its surface is brought in contact 
 with the jacketed parts. Air is a bad conductor of heat 
 and takes time to change its temperature. The piston 
 while pushing the air towards the head rapidly drives it 
 away from the jacketed surfaces; so that little or no 
 cooling takes place. This is especially true of large 
 cylinders where the economy effected by water-jackets 
 is considerably less than in small cylinders. Engineers 
 who are shown indicator cards from large air compres- 
 sors with pressure lines running away from the adiabatic, 
 naturally regard them with suspicion and look for leaks 
 past the piston or through the valves. Such leaks will 
 explain many isothermal cards, and until something 
 better than a water-jacket is devised, it is well to seek 
 economy in air compression through compounding. 
 
 The great advantage of compounding is in the fact 
 that the inter-cooler, which should always be used with 
 compound machines, effects a larger saving by cooling 
 and thereby causing the air to shrink in volume between 
 the stages. A properly designed inter-cooler should 
 reduce the temperature of the air back to the orginal 
 
NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 point, that is, to the temperature of the intake air. It 
 can even do more than this, especially in winter, when 
 the water used in the inter-color is of low temperature. 
 A simple coil of pipe submerged in water is not an 
 effective inter-cooler, because the air passes through tbe 
 coil too rapidly to be cooled to the core, and such inter- 
 coolers do not sufficiently split up the air to enable it to 
 be cooled rapidly. This splitting up of air is an import- 
 ant point. A nest of tubes carrying water and arranged 
 so that the air is forced between and around the tubes is 
 an efficient form of inter-cooler. 
 
 Receiver inter-coolers are more efficient than those of 
 the common type because the air is given more time to 
 pass through the cooling stages and because of the free- 
 dom from wire drawing which may take place in inter- 
 coolers of small volumetric capacity. 
 
 After-coolers are in some installations as important as 
 inter-coolers. An after-cooler serves to reduce the tem- 
 perature of the air after the final compression. In doing 
 this it serves as a drier, reducing the temperature of air 
 to the dew point, thus abstracting moisture before the air 
 is started on its journey. In cold weather with air pipes 
 laid over the ground an after-cooler may prevent accu- 
 mulation of frost in the interior walls of the pipes, for 
 where the hot compressed air is allowed to cool gradually 
 the walls of the pipe in cold weather act like a surface 
 condenser and moisture may be deposited on the inside, 
 for the same reason that we have frost on the inner side 
 of a window pane. Another advantage of the after- 
 cooler is that it keeps the temperature of the line pipe 
 uniform, otherwise this pipe will be hottest near the com- 
 pressor, gradually cooling down and being thus subject 
 to irregularities of expansion and contraction. 
 
 The following table will serve to illustrate the large 
 saving that it is possible to effect by compounding. 
 This table gives the percentage of work lost by the heat 
 of compression, taking isothermal compression, or com- 
 pression without heat, as a base. 
 
NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 
 One Stage. 
 
 Two Stage. 
 
 Four Stage. 
 
 3 
 
 a g 
 
 a 3 
 
 .si. 
 
 (3*3 
 
 ! . 
 
 ft'S 
 
 
 
 '" a 
 
 -^ <3 fl 
 
 o fl 
 
 
 
 
 
 o-S.2 
 
 Jls-i 
 
 
 ill 
 
 Ill 
 
 ol-i 
 
 <u 
 
 511 
 
 ^< g 
 
 Jl! 2 g 
 
 
 ^ s 
 
 S< g 
 
 
 <*H ft 
 
 o ft 
 
 ol"! ft 
 
 O 1 *- ft 
 
 o 1 "" ft 
 
 0-*H ft 
 
 rt 
 
 g 
 
 fco a 
 
 ^ o a 
 
 ^ a 
 
 ^"0 a 
 
 
 O 
 
 ^F 
 
 "8 gU 
 
 o gCJ 
 
 M-, S2 o 
 o gu 
 
 en 
 
 o gU 
 
 -I 5 
 
 60 
 
 30. * 
 
 23. % 
 
 13.38^ 
 
 11.8 # 
 
 4.65^ 
 
 4.45^ 
 
 80 
 
 34. 
 
 25.26 
 
 15.12 
 
 13.12 
 
 5.04 
 
 4.80 
 
 100 
 
 38. 
 
 27.58 
 
 17.10 
 
 14.62 
 
 8.00 
 
 7.41 
 
 200 
 
 52.35 
 
 34.40 
 
 23.20 
 
 18.88 
 
 9.01 
 
 8.27 
 
 400 
 
 68.60 
 
 40.75 
 
 29.70 
 
 22.90 
 
 12.40 
 
 11.04 
 
 600 
 
 83.75 
 
 44.60 
 
 32.65 
 
 24.60 
 
 15.06 
 
 13.10 
 
 800 
 
 90. 
 
 47.40 
 
 35.80 
 
 26.33 
 
 16.74 
 
 14.32 
 
 1000 
 
 96.80 
 
 49.20 
 
 39.00 
 
 28.10 
 
 16.90 
 
 14.45 
 
 1200 
 
 106.15 
 
 51.60 
 
 40.00 
 
 28.60 
 
 17.45 
 
 14.85 
 
 1400 
 
 108. 
 
 52. 
 
 41.60 
 
 29.4 
 
 17.70 
 
 15.00 
 
 1600 
 
 110. 
 
 53.3 
 
 42.90 
 
 30.0 
 
 18.40 
 
 15.54 
 
 1800 
 
 116.80 
 
 54. 
 
 44.40 
 
 30.6 
 
 19.12 
 
 16.05 
 
 2000 
 
 121.70 
 
 54.8 
 
 44.60 
 
 30.8 
 
 20.00 
 
 16.65 
 
 In the above table no account is taken of jacket 
 cooling, it being a well known fact among pneumatic 
 engineers that water jackets, especially cylinder jackets, 
 though useful and perhaps indispensable, are not efficient 
 in cooling, especially so in large compressors. The 
 volume of air is so great in proportion to the surface ex- 
 posed and at the time of compression so short, that little 
 or no cooling takes place. Jacketed heads are useful 
 auxiliaries in cooling, but it has become an accepted 
 theory among engineers that compounding or stage com- 
 pression is more fertile as a means of economy than any 
 other system that has yet been devised. The two and 
 four stage figures in this table (columns 3 and 4), are 
 based on reduction to atmospheric temperature, or 60 
 Fahrenheit, between stages. A rule which might be 
 
NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 observed to advantage among engineers is to specify that 
 the manufacturers should supply a compressor with 
 coolers provided with one square foot of tube cooling 
 surface for every ten cubic feet of free air furnished by 
 the compressor when running at its normal speed. 
 
 Referring again to the table, we learn that when air is 
 compressed to 100 pounds pressure per square inch in a 
 single stage compressor without cooling, the heat loss 
 may be thirty-eight (38) per cent. This condition, of 
 course, does not exist in practice, except perhaps, at 
 exceedingly high speeds, as there will be some absorp- 
 tion of heat by the exposed parts of the machine. It is 
 safe, however, to say that in large air compressors that 
 compress in a single stage up to 100 pounds gauge 
 pressure, the heat loss reaches thirty (30) per cent. This, 
 as shown by the table, may be cut down more than one- 
 half by compressing in two-stages, and with three-stages 
 this loss is brought down to eight (8) per cent, theo- 
 retically, and perhaps to three or five (3 or 5) per cent, 
 in practice. As higher pressures are used, the gain by 
 compounding is greater. 
 
 Efficiency of Air Compressors at 
 Different Altitudes* 
 
 The altitude, where the compressor is to operate, is an 
 important factor because it affects its capacity to a 
 greater or lesser extent, according to the elevation. As 
 the density of the atmosphere decreases with the altitude, 
 a compressor located at a high altitude takes in less 
 weight of air at each revolution, that is to say, the air 
 being taken in at a lower pressure, the early part of each 
 stroke is occupied in compressing the air up to the 
 normal pressure of 14.7 pounds, and the capacity of the 
 air cylinder is correspondingly diminished. The power 
 
NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 required to drive the same compressor is also less than 
 at sea level, but the decrease in power required is not in 
 as great a ratio as the reduction in capacity. Therefore, 
 compressors to be used at high altitudes should have the 
 steam and air cylinders properly proportioned to meet 
 the varying conditions at different places. 
 
 The following table shows the efficiency and loss in 
 capacity of compressors working at different altitudes, 
 also the approximate decrease in power required as com- 
 pared with the same compressor working at sea level, 
 and delivering air at 70 pounds pressure per square inch. 
 
 TABLE OF EFFICIENCIES AT DIFFERENT 
 ALTITUDES. 
 
 THE EFFICIENCY AT SEA LEVEL BEING 100 PER CENT. 
 
 OJ 
 
 Barometric Pressure. 
 
 c S~ 
 
 g 
 
 rt+J 
 
 E 
 
 O-o .J 
 
 1 
 
 Inches, 
 
 Pounds per 
 
 111? 
 
 ftfl 
 rt <u 
 
 uu 
 
 O-i <u a 
 
 g'So 
 rt*- 
 
 < 
 
 Mercury. 
 
 Square 
 Inch. 
 
 m* 
 
 *o <D 
 
 c/>P-i 
 
 $&& 
 
 
 
 
 
 J 
 
 Q 
 
 1000 
 
 28.88 
 
 14.20 
 
 97. 
 
 3. 
 
 1.8 
 
 2000 
 
 27.80 
 
 13.67 
 
 93. 
 
 7. 
 
 3.5 
 
 3000 
 
 26.76 
 
 13.16 
 
 90. 
 
 10. 
 
 5.2 
 
 4000 
 
 25.76 
 
 12.67 
 
 87. 
 
 13. 
 
 6.9 
 
 5000 
 
 24.79 
 
 12.20 
 
 84. 
 
 16. 
 
 8.5 
 
 6000 
 
 23.86 
 
 11.73 
 
 81. 
 
 19. 
 
 10.1 
 
 7000 
 
 22.97 
 
 11.30 
 
 78. 
 
 22. 
 
 11.6 
 
 8000 
 
 22 11 
 
 10.87 
 
 76. 
 
 24. 
 
 13.1 
 
 9000 
 
 21.29 
 
 10.46 
 
 73. 
 
 27! 
 
 14.6 
 
 10000 
 
 20.49 
 
 10.07 
 
 70. 
 
 30. 
 
 16.1 
 
 11000 
 
 19.72 
 
 9.70 
 
 68. 
 
 32. 
 
 17.6 
 
 12000 
 
 18.98 
 
 9.34 
 
 65. 
 
 35. 
 
 19.1 
 
 13000 
 
 18.27 
 
 8.98 
 
 63. 
 
 37. 
 
 20.6 
 
 14000 
 
 17.59 
 
 8.65 
 
 60. 
 
 40. 
 
 22.1 
 
 15000 
 
 16.93 
 
 8.32 
 
 58. 
 
 42. 
 
 23.5 
 
180 
 
 NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 Horse-power Required to Compress JOO Cubic Feet Free Air, 
 from Atmospheric to Various Pressures. 
 
 Gauge 
 Pressure, 
 Pounds. 
 
 One-Stage 
 jCompression, 
 D. H. P. 
 
 Gauge 
 Pressure, 
 Pounds. 
 
 Two-Stage 
 Compression, 
 D. H. P. 
 
 Four-Stage 
 Compression, 
 D H. P. 
 
 10 
 
 3.60 
 
 60 
 
 11.70 
 
 10.80 
 
 15 
 
 5.03 
 
 80 
 
 13.70 
 
 12.50 
 
 20 
 
 6.28 
 
 100 
 
 15.40 
 
 14.20 
 
 25 
 
 7.42 
 
 200 
 
 21.20 
 
 18.75 
 
 30 
 
 8.47 
 
 300 
 
 24.50 
 
 21.80 
 
 35 
 
 9.42 
 
 400 
 
 27.70 
 
 24.00 
 
 40 
 
 10.30 
 
 500 
 
 29.75 
 
 25.90 
 
 45 
 
 11.14 
 
 600 
 
 31.70 
 
 27.50 
 
 50 
 
 11.90 
 
 700 
 
 33.50 
 
 28.90 
 
 55 
 
 12.67 
 
 800 
 
 34.90 
 
 30.00 
 
 60 
 
 13.41 
 
 900 
 
 36.30 
 
 31.00 
 
 70 
 
 14.72 
 
 1000 
 
 37.80 
 
 31.80 
 
 80 
 
 15.94 
 
 1200 
 
 39.70 
 
 33.30 
 
 90 
 
 17.06 
 
 1600 
 
 43.00 
 
 35.65 
 
 100 
 
 18.15 
 
 2000 
 
 45.50 
 
 37.80 
 
 
 
 2500 
 
 
 39.06 
 
 
 
 3000 
 
 
 40.15 
 
 D. H. P., delivered horse-power at compressor cylinder. 
 
 Capacity of Air Compressors. 
 
 To ascertain the capacity of an air compressor in cubic 
 feet of free air per minute, the common practice is to 
 multiply the area of the intake cylinder by the feet of 
 piston travel per minute. The free air capacity of the 
 compressor divided by the number of atmospheres will 
 give the volume of compressed air per minute. To 
 ascertain the number of atmospheres at any given press- 
 ure, add 14.7 Ibs. to the gauge pressure, divide this sum 
 by 14.7 and the result will be the number of atmospheres. 
 
 The above method of calculation, however, is only 
 theoretical and these results are never obtained in actual 
 practice even with compressors of the very best design. 
 
NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 Allowances should be made for losses of various kinds, 
 the principal loss being due to clearance spaces, but in 
 machines of poor design and construction other consider- 
 able losses occur through imperfect cooling, leakages past 
 the piston and through the discharge valves, insufficient 
 area and improper working of inlet valves, etc. We 
 have seen compressors where the total loss was fully 25 
 to 30 per cent., whereas, 3 to 10 per cent, should be the 
 maximum according to the size in compressors of 
 proper design and construction. 
 
 "Weights of Air , Vapor of Water, and Saturated Mixtures 
 of Air and Vapor at Different Temperatures, under the 
 Ordinary Atmospheric Pressure of 29.92 inches of Mercury. 
 
 .0776 
 .0761 
 .0747 
 
 .0707 
 
 MIXTURES OF AIR SATURATED WITH VAPOR 
 
 .044 
 
 .074 
 
 .118 
 
 .181 
 
 .267 
 
 .388 
 
 .556 
 
 .785 
 
 1.092 
 
 1.501 
 
 2.036 
 
 2.731 
 
 3.621 
 
 4.753 
 
 6.165 
 
 7.930 
 
 10.099 
 
 12.758 
 
 15.960 
 
 24.450 
 
 29.877 
 29.849 
 
 29.740 
 29.654 
 29.533 
 29.365 
 29.136 
 
 28.420 
 27.885 
 27.190 
 26.300 
 25.169 
 23.756 
 21.991 
 19.822 
 17.163 
 13.961 
 10.093 
 5.471 
 0.000 
 
 Weight of Cubic Foot 
 
 of the Mixture of 
 
 Air and Vapor. 
 
 .0659 
 .0631 
 
 
 .000202 
 .000304 
 
 .086379 
 .084130 
 
 .080504 
 
 .077227 
 .075581 
 .073921 
 .072267 
 .070717 
 
 .067046 
 .065042 
 .063039 
 .060873 
 .058416 
 .055715 
 
 .049336 
 .045642 
 .041445 
 
 
 .00092 
 .00155 
 .00245 
 .00379 
 .00561 
 .00819 
 .01179 
 .01680 
 .02361 
 .03289 
 .04547 
 .06253 
 .08584 
 .11771 
 .16170 
 .22465 
 .31713 
 .46338 
 .71300 
 1.22643 
 
182 NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 FLOW OF AIR THROUGH AN ORIFICE FROM A 
 RESERVOIR INTO THE ATMOSPHERE, 
 In Cubic Feet of Free Air per Minute for Varying Diameters 
 of Orifice and Gauge Pressures* 
 
 Diam. of Orifice,! 
 Inches. 
 
 Receiver Gauge Pressure. 
 
 2 
 Ibs. 
 
 5 
 Ibs. 
 
 10 
 Ibs. 
 
 15 
 Ibs. 
 
 20 
 Ibs. 
 
 25 
 Ibs. 
 
 30 
 Ibs. 
 
 35 
 Ibs. 
 
 40 
 Ibs. 
 
 1 
 2 
 
 0.038 
 0.153 
 0.647 
 2.435 
 9.74 
 21.95 
 39. 
 61. 
 87.6 
 119.5 
 156. 
 242. 
 350. 
 625. 
 
 0.060 
 0.242 
 0.965 
 3.86 
 15.4 
 34.6 
 61.6 
 96.5 
 133. 
 189. 
 247. 
 384. 
 550. 
 985. 
 
 0.084 
 0.342 
 1.36 
 5.45 
 21.8 
 49. 
 87. 
 136. 
 196. 
 267. 
 350. 
 543. 
 780. 
 
 0.103 
 0.418 
 1.67 
 6.65 
 26.7 
 60. 
 107. 
 167. 
 240. 
 326. 
 427. 
 665. 
 960. 
 
 0.119 
 0.485 
 1.93 
 
 so!s 
 
 69. 
 123. 
 193. 
 277. 
 378. 
 494. 
 770. 
 
 0.133 
 0.54 
 2.16 
 8.6 
 34.5 
 77. 
 138. 
 216. 
 310. 
 422. 
 550. 
 860. 
 
 0.156 
 0.632 
 2.52 
 10. 
 40. 
 90. 
 161. 
 252. 
 362. 
 493. 
 645. 
 1000. 
 
 0.173 
 0.71 
 2.80 
 11.2 
 44.7 
 100. 
 179. 
 280. 
 400. 
 550. 
 715. 
 
 0.19 
 0.77 
 3.07 
 12.3 
 49. 
 110. 
 196. 
 307. 
 442. 
 601. 
 785. 
 
 
 45 
 Ibs. 
 
 50 
 Ibs. 
 
 60 
 Ibs. 
 
 70 
 Ibs. 
 
 80 
 Ibs. 
 
 90 
 Ibs. 
 
 100 
 Ibs. 
 
 125 
 Ibs. 
 
 150 
 Ibs. , 
 
 1 
 
 0.208 
 0.843 
 3.36 
 13.4 
 53.8 
 121. 
 215. 
 336. 
 482. 
 658. 
 860. 
 
 0.225 
 0.914 
 3.64 
 14.50 
 58.2 
 130. 
 232. 
 364. 
 522. 
 710. 
 930. 
 
 0.26 
 1.05 
 4.2 
 16.8 
 67. 
 151. 
 268. 
 420. 
 604. 
 622. 
 
 0.295 
 1.19 
 4.76 
 19.0 
 76. 
 171. 
 304. 
 476. 
 685. 
 930. 
 
 0.33 
 1.33 
 5.32 
 
 21.2 
 85. 
 191. 
 340. 
 532. 
 765. 
 1004. 
 
 0.364 
 1.47 
 5.87 
 23.50 
 94. 
 211. 
 376. 
 587. 
 843. 
 
 0.40 
 1.61 
 6.45 
 25.8 
 103. 
 231. 
 412. 
 645. 
 925. 
 
 0.486 
 1.97 
 7.85 
 31.4 
 125. 
 282. 
 502. 
 785. 
 
 0.57 
 2.33 
 9.25 
 37.2 
 148. 
 334. 
 596. 
 925. 
 
 The above table was computed with the aid of Fliegner's equa- 
 tions and have given results that approximate very closely to the 
 conditions of actual practice. These equations are : 
 
 Yorp^Zpa, G= 0.530 F ^J_; 
 
 A>s/a, =1.060 pJ&yf&Li in which 
 
 G = flow of air through the orifice in Ibs. per sec., F= area of orifice 
 in square inches, pi = pressure in reservoir in Ibs. per sq. in., pa = 
 pressure of atmosphere, 7\ = absolute temperature, Fahrenheit, of 
 air in reservoir. 
 
 ! 
 
NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 FLOW OF AIR THROUGH PIPES.* 
 
 The following new and original tables are based upon 
 D'Arcy's formula adapted to the flow of elastic fluids, 
 namely : 
 
 Discharge in cubic ) = ^ 
 
 feet per minute J r / X W-L 
 
 As it is most convenient in the case of compressed air 
 installations to deal with its equivalent volume of free 
 air, i. e., air at atmospheric pressure, these tables have 
 been specially calculated with this end in view. 
 
 Table L Gives the theoretical volume of equivalent 
 free air in cubic feet that will flow per minute 
 at various pressures through straight pipes of 
 various diameters, each 100 feet long, no re- 
 duction of the final pressure being allowed 
 for. 
 
 The formula by which it is calculated is : 
 
 Theoretical discharge ) c V d* /i 
 
 of free air \~ 10 ^ 
 
 Table II. Is a table of multipliers to be used in connec- 
 tion with FI, as found by Table I., by 
 which may be obtained the theoretical dis- 
 charge of equivalent free air from pipes of 
 various lengths up to 60,000 feet. It is 
 calculated from 
 
 Multiplier for 
 length of pipe 
 
 *Copyright 1899, by the Ingersoll-Sergeant Drill Co., New York, 
 and is reprinted, by permission, from their catalogue of air 
 compressors. 
 
184 NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 Table HI. Is a table of Multipliers to be used in con- 
 nection with F t and M\ as found by Tables I. 
 and II. , to obtain the real volume of discharge 
 of equivalent free air, for reductions of the 
 terminal pressure varying from 1 to 50 pounds. 
 It is calculated from 
 
 Multiplier for ) f% 
 
 real discharge j f^ 
 
 The notation used in above formulas is 
 
 d actual diameter of pipe in inches. 
 
 /^length of pipe in feet. 
 
 c=o. co-efficient, (D'Arcy's) varying with the diameter 
 of the pipe. 
 
 z/ 1 =density of the air at initial gauge pressure. 
 
 p and p 2 ~imtial and terminal gauge pressures. 
 
 /! and/ 2 =factors to reduce compressed air at initial 
 and terminal pressures p t and.p 2 to their corresponding 
 volumes of free air. 
 
 Tables are also added showing the increase in the 
 length of pipe to be allowed for on account of the fric- 
 tion caused by globe valves, elbows and tees. 
 
 Several examples are worked out to show the method 
 of using the tables for the solution of problems likely 
 to be met with by the Engineer. 
 
NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 185 
 
 
 
 o* o 
 
 O5 O O -r-c O 
 
 *OgCOg7-.-OOOTTf.^-T 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 HI 
 
 o> -S 
 
 il 
 
 aj 
 
 w| 
 
 tt 
 
 llii 
 
 Ti'>0*0<Ot>t-OOC30QOCT>0>OrHOtMOt : .g<MOO; 
 
 CD 10 CO 
 
 TH O O CO OJ Oi 1-1 00 SO 1-1 1-1 T-C CO C ^ 1 
 
 " 
 
 t> e oo TH eo ec < t- o 
 
 ' 
 
186 NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 TABLE IL MULTIPLIERS FOR LENGTH OF PIPE. 
 
 Length, 
 
 Multipler 
 
 Length, 
 
 Multipler 
 
 feet. 
 
 Mi. 
 
 feet. 
 
 MX, 
 
 100 
 
 1.0 
 
 6000 
 
 0.129 
 
 200 
 
 0.707 
 
 7000 
 
 0.119 
 
 300 
 
 0.577 
 
 8000 
 
 0.112 
 
 400 
 
 0.500 
 
 9000 
 
 0.105 
 
 500 
 
 0.447 
 
 10000 
 
 0.100 
 
 600 
 
 0.408 
 
 12000 
 
 0.0912 
 
 750 
 
 0.365 
 
 15000 
 
 0.0817 
 
 1000 
 
 0.316 
 
 20000 
 
 0.0707 
 
 1250 
 
 0.283 
 
 25000 
 
 0.0632 
 
 1500 
 
 0.258 
 
 30000 
 
 0.0577 
 
 2000 
 
 0.224 
 
 35000 
 
 0.0534 
 
 2500 
 
 0.200 
 
 40000 
 
 0.0500 
 
 3000 
 
 0.183 
 
 45000 
 
 0.0471 
 
 3500 
 
 0.169 
 
 50000 
 
 0.0447 
 
 4000 
 
 0.158 
 
 55000 
 
 0.0426 
 
 5000 
 
 0.141 
 
 60000 
 
 0.0408 
 
 
NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 n4 
 
 i 
 
 i? 
 
 
 8 
 8 
 
 81 
 
 eo" eo" co eo" eo" eo" co" eo" 
 eo eo co co' co' eo' eo co' co' eo" eo" co eo co eo eo co eo co eo co eo eo 
 
 s 
 
 53 
 
 e*d 
 
 si si si si si si si si si si si si si 
 
 l ~ I si si si si si si si si si si si si si si oi si si si si si si si si si si a* 
 50 si si st si si si si si si si si si si si si si si si si si si si si si si si si st 
 
 o | gsg8gSq2SSSS^?3S8S5353ISS8|IS! 
 
 co 
 
 l_ d d o o d o' o' o d o o o d d d o o o o o o d o d o o 
 
 I 
 
NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 The formulas by which these tables have been calcu- 
 lated show that the following factors enter into their 
 composition : 
 
 The diameter of the pipe ........ =d. 
 
 The length of the pipe .......... =/. 
 
 The initial and final pressures, [ , , 
 
 or the reduction of pressure i l 2 
 The equivalent free air dis- 
 charged . . . . ................ F. 
 
 It being often required to find any one of these factors 
 when the others are known, the following examples are 
 given to show the method of procedure in each case. 
 
 The simple statement of the formula, adapted to the 
 tables becomes 
 
 Free ai 
 
 and by this all problems involving any of the above fac- 
 tors may be solved, as shown in the examples. 
 
 EXAMPLE 1. To find the volume of free air dis- 
 
 charged. 
 
 BXAMPI^E 2. To find the reduction of pressure. 
 ' ' 3. To find a suitable diameter of pipe. 
 " 4. To find the length of pipe which 
 
 may be used. 
 
 Example I Given a 3-inch pipe, 10,000 feet long, 
 initial pressure 1,100 Ibs., terminal pressure 1,050 Ibs.; 
 to find the volume of equivalent free air discharged. 
 By Table I. Under 3" pipe and opposite 1,100 
 
 Ibs. we find 7^=2,906. 
 
 By Table II. For 10,000 feet of pipe, Af ~Q.l. 
 " " III. Under 50 Ibs. reduction and 
 
 opposite 1,100 Ibs., J/ r =6.75. 
 Then as shown 
 
 ^=^tX^iX^r = 2,906x0.1X6.75 = l,961 cubic feet 
 free air. 
 
NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 189 
 
 Example 2. Given a 4-inch pipe, 600 feet long, initial 
 pressure 60 Ibs., required to discharge 1,200 cubic feet 
 free air. What will be the reduction of pressure and the 
 terminal pressure ? 
 
 By Table I. Under 4" pipe and opposite 60 Ibs. , 
 
 we find 7^=1,535. 
 By Table II. For 600 feet, ^=0.408. 
 
 Given F=1,2QO. 
 By transposing the formula 
 
 F 1,200 
 
 Mr = = = 1.9. 
 
 ft X MI 1,535X0.408 
 
 Now by Table III., opposite 60 Ibs. pressure, and 
 under 4 Ibs. reduction, we find M T 1.8Q, so that the 
 terminal pressure will be slightly less than 604=56 
 pounds. 
 
 Example 3. It is required to discharge 1000 cubic feet 
 of free air from a pipe 2,500 feet long. The initial pres- 
 sure is 100 Ibs. and the terminal pressure must not be 
 less than 90 Ibs. What diameter of pipe should be 
 used? 
 
 Here we have given /^=1000. 
 
 By Table II ^=0.200 for 2,500 feet. 
 
 " " III Mr= 2.88 for p = 100 Ibs., 
 
 and A=90 Ibs. 
 By transposing the formula we get 
 
 F 1,000 
 
 Ft= = = 1,736. 
 
 M l ^M r 0.200X2.88 
 
 By Table I. looking along the line of 100 Ibs. pressure 
 we see that the value of Ft for a 3}^-inch pipe is 1,370, 
 and for a 4-inch pipe 1,904, so that this latter size of 
 pipe would have to be used. 
 
 Example 4, It is required to transmit 4,000 cubic feet 
 of free air through a 6-inch pipe, the initial pressure 
 being 200 Ibs. How far can it be carried with a reduc- 
 tion of pressure of 10 Ibs. ? 
 
190 NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 Here we have given 7^=4,000. 
 
 By Table I .F t =7,489 for 200 Ibs. pressure 
 
 and 6" pipe. 
 By Table III M r =3M for 200 Ibs. pressure 
 
 and 10 Ibs. reduction . 
 Then by transposing the formula : 
 
 F 4,000 
 
 MI- = =0. 177 . 
 
 F t xM r 7,489x3.01 
 
 Now by Table II. we see that this is an intermediate 
 value of Mi between 3000 and 3500 feet, so that the dis- 
 tance sought is approximately 3250 feet. 
 
 GLOBE VALVES, TEES AND ELBOWS. 
 
 The reduction of pressure produced by globe valves is 
 the same as that caused by the following additional 
 lengths of straight pipe, as calculated by the formula : 
 
 114 X diameter of pipe 
 
 Additional length of pipe= 
 
 l-f(3.6-f-diameter) 
 
 Diameter of pipe. ) 1 lj 2 2j- 3 3j 4 5 6 inches. 
 Addition'l length, j 2 4 7 10 13 16 20 28 36 feet. 
 
 7 8 10 12 15 18 20 22 24 ins. 
 
 44 53 70 88 115 143 162 181 200 ft. 
 
 The reduction of pressure produced by elbows and 
 tees is equal to f of that caused by globe valves. 
 
 These additional lengths of pipe for globe valves, 
 elbows and tees must be added in each case to the actual 
 lengths of straight pipe. Thus, a 6-inch pipe, 500 feet 
 long, with one globe valve, 2 elbows and three tees, 
 would be equivalent to a straight pipe 500+36-f (2x24) 
 +(3X24)=656 feet long, and 'this is the length which 
 must be used in the tables as the value of MI. 
 
NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 191 
 
 GENERAL EXAMPLE* 
 
 How much free air will a 6-inch pipe, 8,000 feet long, 
 discharge under the following conditions, namely : 
 Initial pressure 150 Ibs., terminal pressure 135 Ibs., with 
 2 globe valves, 3 elbows and 1 tee ? 
 
 The equivalent length of straight pipe must first be 
 found as follows : 
 
 8,000-f (2 X36)+ (3x24)+24=8, 168 feet. 
 Now we have 
 By Table I., /^ t =6,558 for 6 inch pipe and 150 Ibs. 
 
 pressure. 
 By Table II., ^/i=0.112 for 8000 feet, making by 
 
 interpolation say 0.110 for 8,168 feet. 
 By Table III., M r =3A2 forlSO Ibs. pressure and 
 14 Ibs. reduction, and 3.61 for 150 Ibs. pressure 
 and 16 Ibs. reduction, so that by interpolation 
 M r would be 3.51 for 15 Ibs. reduction of pres- 
 sure. 
 
 Then by the formula : 
 Free air discharged =F=F t xMiXM T . 
 ^6,558X0.11X3.51. 
 =2,532 cubic feet equivalent 
 free air per minute. 
 
 FORMULA FOR FLOW OF AIR ESf PIPES. 
 
 Mr. Richards, in Am. Mack., Dec. 27, 1894, published 
 a new formula, viz. : 
 
 V*L 
 
 = 
 
 10,000^ B ' L JS* 
 
 10,000/!> 
 
 in which V= actual volume of compressed air delivered, 
 in cubic feet per minute (not the volume of free air, as 
 
NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 in the other formula), Z,=length of pipe in feet, d in- 
 ternal diameter of pipe in inches, p head or additional 
 pressure in pounds per square inch required to maintain 
 the flow, and a is a coefficient varying with the diameter 
 of the pipe. Its value for different nominal diameters of 
 wrought-iron pipe is given by Mr. Richards as follows : 
 
 Diam. , 
 
 Value 
 
 Diam., 
 
 Value 
 
 Diam., 
 
 Value 
 
 Inches. 
 
 of a. 
 
 Inches. 
 
 of a. 
 
 Inches. 
 
 of a. 
 
 1 
 
 .35 
 
 3^ 
 
 .79 
 
 12 
 
 1.26 
 
 IM 
 
 .44 
 
 4 
 
 .84 
 
 16 
 
 1.34 
 
 IK 
 
 .50 
 
 5 
 
 .93 
 
 20 
 
 1.4 
 
 a 
 
 .56 
 
 6 
 
 1. 
 
 24 
 
 1.45 
 
 2^ 
 
 .65 
 
 8 
 
 1.125 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 .73 
 
 10 
 
 1.2 
 
 
 
 The following values of the fifth power of d and of d s a 
 are given by Mr. Richards to facilitate calculations : 
 
 Fifth Powers of d. 
 
 Value of d s a. 
 
 1" .... 1 
 
 5" 
 6" 
 8" 
 10" 
 12" 
 16" 
 20" 
 
 3,125 
 7,776 
 32,768 
 100,000 
 248,&32 
 . 1,048,576 
 . . 3,200,000 
 . . 7,962,624 
 
 1"... 
 
 2" . . '. 
 
 $':. 
 
 8 H" 
 
 .35 
 1.34 
 3.80 
 18.08 
 63.47 
 177.4 
 413.2 
 . 860.2 
 
 5"... 2,918.75 
 6'... 7,776 
 8".. i 36,864 
 10" ... 120,000 
 12"... 313,528 
 16"... 1,405,091 
 20"... 4,480,000 
 24"... 11, 545,805 
 
 2"..!' 
 
 .. 3.05 
 
 .. 7.59 
 32 
 
 g 
 
 :: 
 
 .. 97.65 
 .. 243 
 .. 525 
 . 1024 
 
 
GAS. 
 
 a 
 ^ 
 
NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 FLOW OF GAS IN PIPES. 
 
 If d = diameter of pipe in inches ; Q = quantity of gas 
 delivered in cu. ft. per hour ; / = length of pipe in yards ; 
 h = pressure in inches of water column ; s ~ specific 
 gravity of the gas, air being one ; then 
 
 Q = 1000 
 
 Q=l3Wd*A/?^, 
 
 r Si 
 
 (Moles worth). 
 
 (King's Treatise on Coal Gas.) 
 
 Q 
 
 '=1290 y- 
 
 >(J - P< Gm > Am - Gas-light Jour., 1894). 
 
 Mr. Gill's formula is said to be based on experimental 
 data, and to make allowance for obstructions by tar, etc., 
 that tend to check the flow of gas through the pipe. 
 
 An experiment made by Mr. Klegg, in London, on a 
 4 inch pipe, 6 miles long, gave a discharge that cor- 
 responds very closely with that computed by the use of 
 Molesworth's formula. 
 
 Maximum Supply of Gas through Pipes in cu. ft. per Hour, 
 Specific Gravity being 0.45. Formula Q= tOOO|/ d *h + si. 
 
 (MOLESWORTH.) 
 LENGTH OF PIPE = 10 YARDS. 
 
 Diameter of 
 Pipe 
 in Inches. 
 
 Pressure by the Water-gauge in Inches. 
 
 0..1 
 
 0.2 
 
 0.3 
 
 0.4 
 
 0.5 
 
 0.6 
 
 0.7 
 
 34 
 70 
 192 
 394 
 689 
 1082 
 2231 
 
 0.8 
 
 0.9 
 
 1.0 
 
 1 4 
 2 
 
 13 
 
 26 
 73 
 149 
 260 
 411 
 843 
 
 18 
 37 
 103 
 211 
 368 
 581 
 1192 
 
 22 
 46 
 126 
 258 
 451 
 711 
 1460 
 
 26 
 53 
 
 145 
 298 
 521 
 821 
 1686 
 
 29 
 59 
 
 162 
 333 
 582 
 918 
 1886 
 
 31 
 
 64 
 187 
 365 
 638 
 1006 
 2066 
 
 36 
 74 
 205 
 422 
 737 
 1162 
 2385 
 
 38 
 79 
 218 
 447 
 781 
 1232 
 2530 
 
 41 
 83 
 230 
 471 
 823 
 1299 
 2667 
 
NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 Maximum Supply of Gas through Pipes, etc. (CONTINUED.) 
 LENGTH OF PIPE _= 100 YARDS. 
 
 Pressure by the Water-gauge in Inches. 
 
 735 1039 1270 1470 
 1080 
 1508 2133 2613 301^ 
 
 0.5 
 
 19 
 
 51 
 105 
 184 
 290 
 596 
 1042 
 1643 
 2416 
 3373 
 
 129 
 225 
 356 
 730 
 1276 
 2012 
 2958 
 4131. 
 
 1.0 
 
 26 
 73 
 149 
 260 
 411 
 843 
 1473 
 
 3416 3820 4184 
 4770 5333 5842 
 
 581 
 1193 
 
 42 
 115 
 236 
 
 412 
 649 
 
 LENGTH OF PIPE = 1000 YARDS. 
 
 Diameter of 
 Pipe 
 in Inches. 
 
 Pressure by the Water-gauge in Inches. 
 
 0.5 
 
 0.75 
 
 41 
 113 
 231 
 403 
 636 
 1306 
 2282 
 3600 
 
 1.0 
 
 47 
 130 
 267 
 466 
 735 
 1508 
 2635 
 4157 
 
 1.5 
 
 2.0 
 
 2.5 
 
 3.0 
 
 1* 
 y 
 
 4 
 5 
 6 
 
 33 
 92 
 
 189 
 329 
 520 
 1067 
 1863 
 2939 
 
 58 
 159 
 327 
 571 
 900 
 1847 
 3227 
 5091 
 
 67 
 184 
 377 
 659 
 1039 
 2133 
 3727 
 5879 
 
 75 
 205 
 422 
 737 
 1162 
 2385 
 4167 
 6573 
 
 82 
 226 
 462 
 807 
 1273 
 2613 
 4564 
 7200 
 
 LENGTH OF PIPE = 5000 YARDS. 
 
 s J 
 
 u* 
 
 5 * 
 
 Pressure by the Water-gauge in Inches. 
 
 1.0 
 
 1.5 
 
 2.0 
 
 2.5 
 
 3.0 
 
 2 
 3 
 
 4 
 5 
 6 
 7 
 8 
 9 
 10 
 12 
 
 119 
 329 
 675 
 1179 
 1859 
 2733 
 3816 
 5123 
 6667 
 10516 
 
 146 
 
 402 
 826 
 1443 
 
 2277 
 3347 
 4674 
 6274 
 8165 
 12880 
 
 169 
 465 
 955 
 1667 
 2629 
 3865 
 5397 
 7245 
 9428 
 14872 
 
 189 
 520 
 1067 
 1863 
 2939 
 4321 
 6034 
 8100 
 10541 
 16628 
 
 207 
 569 
 1168 
 2041 
 3220 
 4734 
 6610 
 8873 
 11547 
 18215 
 
 Where there is apt to be trouble from frost no pipe less than % 
 inch should be used, and in extremely cold climates the smallest 
 size should not be less than one inch. 
 
 To provide for the resistance due to bends, one rule is to allow a 
 pressure of 0.204 inch of water column for each right angled elbow. 
 

 
 
 
 1% 
 
 NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 Services for Burners* 
 
 The following table is the standard of the principal gas 
 works. It governs the size of pipe used by gas fitters 
 for consumers, and will be found of value. Every service 
 
 should have a T so placed as to permit of easily clearing 
 the service pipe should any obstruction occur in it. 
 
 Size 
 
 Threads 
 
 Weight 
 
 Length 
 
 Number of 
 
 of Pipe. 
 
 per Inch. 
 
 per Foot. 
 
 allowed. 
 
 Burners. 
 
 
 
 
 Feet. 
 
 
 I/ 
 
 27 
 
 .243 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 M^ 
 
 18 
 
 .422 
 
 6 
 
 1 
 
 a/ 
 
 14 
 
 .561 
 
 20 
 
 3 
 
 l/ 
 
 14 
 
 -.845 
 
 30 
 
 6 
 
 3 
 
 UK 
 
 1.126 
 
 50 
 
 20 
 
 1 
 
 UK 
 
 1.670 
 
 70 
 
 35 
 
 l/ 
 
 UK 
 
 2.258 
 
 100 
 
 60 
 
 IK 
 
 
 2.694 
 
 150 
 
 100 
 
 2 
 
 8 2 
 
 3.367 
 
 200 
 
 200 
 
 %y 
 
 8 
 
 5.773 
 
 300 
 
 300 
 
 3 
 
 8 
 
 7.547 
 
 450 
 
 450 
 
 4 
 
 8 
 
 10.728 
 
 600 
 
 750 
 
 TABLE OF AQUEOUS VAPOR 
 
 Contained in 1000 Cubic Feet of Gas at Indicated 
 
 
 
 Temperature 
 
 
 Temp. 
 Degrees 
 
 Volume, 
 Aqueous 
 Vapor. 
 
 Temp 
 Degrees 
 
 Volume, 
 Aqueous 
 Vapor. 
 
 Temp. 
 Degrees 
 
 Volume, 
 Aqueous 
 Vapor. 
 
 40 
 
 
 9.33 
 
 
 54 
 
 15.33 
 
 68 
 
 24.06 
 
 41 
 
 
 9.73 
 
 
 55 
 
 15. 8( 
 
 > 
 
 69 
 
 24.83 
 
 42 
 
 
 10.13 
 
 
 56 
 
 16.40 
 
 70 
 
 25.66 
 
 43 
 
 
 10.53 
 
 
 57 
 
 16.93 
 
 71 
 
 26.53 
 
 44 - 
 
 
 10.93 
 
 
 58 
 
 17.53 
 
 72 
 
 27.40 
 
 45 
 
 
 11.33 
 
 
 59 
 
 18.10 
 
 73 
 
 28.30 
 
 46 
 
 
 11.73 
 
 
 60 
 
 18. 6( 
 
 1 
 
 74 
 
 29.23 
 
 47 
 
 
 12.13 
 
 
 61 
 
 19.23 
 
 75 
 
 30.20 
 
 48 
 
 
 12.53 
 
 
 62 
 
 19. 8( 
 
 ) 
 
 76 
 
 31.20 
 
 49 
 
 
 12.93 
 
 
 63 
 
 20.50 
 
 77 
 
 32.20 
 
 50 
 
 
 13.33 
 
 
 64 
 
 21.20 
 
 78 
 
 33.23 
 
 51 
 
 
 13.80 
 
 
 65 
 
 21.90 
 
 79 
 
 34.23 
 
 52 
 
 
 14.26 
 
 
 66 
 
 22.60 
 
 80 
 
 35.33 
 
 53 
 
 
 14.80 
 
 
 67 
 
 23. 3( 
 
 ) 
 
 81 
 
 36.43 
 
 
^ M s 
 
 NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 197 
 1 
 
 TABLE OF THE WEIGHTS OF GAS-HOLDERS. 
 
 1 In Pounds for every One-tenth of an Inch maximum 
 
 Pressure, and for Diameter from 20 to 200 Feet. 
 
 i 
 
 S 
 
 
 
 .o'og 
 
 |j 
 
 oooJ 
 
 <~% 
 
 ,0*0 <u" 
 
 ofe 
 
 "5 S 
 
 *o^ 
 
 .Sci 
 
 gfc 
 
 ui'S 3 
 
 
 w'S w 
 
 fc.S 
 
 G 0) 
 
 ".S 
 
 
 
 .O C jg 
 
 ^.S 
 
 rQ d W 
 
 
 "a Y 
 
 i i 
 
 fl'tfi 
 
 *j 
 
 'S'Yfi 
 
 0) a) 
 
 .sif&i 
 
 62 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 62 
 
 
 
 ,S ou 
 
 ^"o 
 
 rG OO 
 
 rt'S 
 
 rG QO 
 
 nj o 
 
 rC O 
 
 1 
 
 bOgS 
 ||g 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 111 
 
 I 
 
 |ll 
 
 b 1 
 
 O 
 
 i>Sg 
 
 20 
 
 164 
 
 53 
 
 1149 
 
 86 
 
 3026 
 
 119 
 
 5793 
 
 21 
 
 181 
 
 54 
 
 1193 
 
 87 
 
 3097 
 
 120 
 
 5891 
 
 22 
 
 198 
 
 55 
 
 1238 
 
 88 
 
 3168 
 
 121 
 
 5990 
 
 23 
 
 217 
 
 56 
 
 1283 
 
 89 
 
 3241 
 
 122 
 
 6089 
 
 24 
 
 236 
 
 57 
 
 1329 
 
 90 
 
 3314 
 
 123 
 
 6189 
 
 25 
 
 256 
 
 58 
 
 1376 
 
 91 
 
 3388 
 
 124 
 
 6290 
 
 26 
 
 277 
 
 59 
 
 1424 
 
 92 
 
 3463 
 
 125 
 
 6392 
 
 27 
 
 298 
 
 60 
 
 1473 
 
 93 
 
 3538 
 
 126 
 
 6495 
 
 28 
 
 321 
 
 61 
 
 1522 
 
 94 
 
 3615 
 
 127 
 
 6598 
 
 29 
 
 344 
 
 62 
 
 1573 
 
 95 
 
 3692 
 
 128 
 
 6703 
 
 30 
 
 368 
 
 63 
 
 1624 
 
 96 
 
 3770 
 
 129 
 
 6808 
 
 31 
 
 393 
 
 64 
 
 1676 
 
 97 
 
 3849 
 
 130 
 
 6914 
 
 32 
 
 419 
 
 65 
 
 1729 
 
 98 
 
 3929 
 
 131 
 
 7021 
 
 33 
 
 446 
 
 66 
 
 1782 
 
 99 
 
 4010 
 
 132 
 
 7128 
 
 34 
 
 473 
 
 67 
 
 1837 
 
 100 
 
 4091 
 
 133 
 
 7237 
 
 35 
 
 501 
 
 68 
 
 1892 
 
 101 
 
 4173 
 
 134 
 
 7346 
 
 36 
 
 530 
 
 69 
 
 1948 
 
 102 
 
 4256 
 
 135 
 
 7456 
 
 37 
 
 560 
 
 70 
 
 2005 
 
 103 
 
 4340 
 
 136 
 
 7567 
 
 38 
 
 591 
 
 71 
 
 2062 
 
 104 
 
 4425 
 
 137 
 
 7678 
 
 39 
 
 622 
 
 72 
 
 2121 
 
 105 
 
 4510 
 
 138 
 
 7791 
 
 40 
 
 655 
 
 73 
 
 2180 
 
 106 
 
 4597 
 
 139 
 
 7904 
 
 41 
 
 688 
 
 74 
 
 2240 
 
 107 
 
 4684 
 
 140 
 
 8018 
 
 42 
 
 723 
 
 75 
 
 2301 
 
 108 
 
 4772 
 
 141 
 
 8133 
 
 43 
 
 757 
 
 76 
 
 2363 
 
 109 
 
 4861 
 
 142 
 
 8249 
 
 44 
 
 792 
 
 -77 
 
 2426 
 
 110 
 
 4950 
 
 143 
 
 8366 
 
 45 
 
 828 
 
 78 
 
 2489 
 
 111 
 
 5041. 
 
 144 
 
 8483 
 
 46 
 
 866 
 
 79 
 
 2553 
 
 112 
 
 5132 
 
 145 
 
 8601 
 
 47 
 
 904 
 
 80 
 
 2618 
 
 113 
 
 5224 
 
 146 
 
 8720 
 
 48 
 
 943 
 
 81 
 
 2684 
 
 114 
 
 5317 
 
 147 
 
 8840 
 
 149 
 
 982 
 
 82 
 
 2751 
 
 115 
 
 5410 
 
 148 
 
 8961 
 
 50 
 
 1023 
 
 83 
 
 2818 
 
 116 
 
 5505 
 
 149 
 
 9083 
 
 51 
 
 1064 
 
 84 
 
 2887 
 
 117 
 
 5600 
 
 150 
 
 9205 
 
 52 
 
 1106 
 
 85 
 
 2956 
 
 118 
 
 5696 
 
 200 
 
 16364 
 
 - 
 
NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 Example. Find the weight of a gas-holder 80 feet in 
 diameter, the maximum pressure being 3.2 inches water 
 column, or 32/10ths. 
 
 In preceding table, opposite 80 in column of diameters 
 read 2618, the weight for l/10th inch pressure. There- 
 fore the weight required = 2618 X 32 = 83,776 Ibs. 
 
IRON AND STEEL. 
 
NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 IRON AND STEEL. 
 
 Wrought Iron is the product of the puddling process. 
 It is made in a reverberatory furnace by melting pig 
 iron on a hearth of iron oxide, over which passes a 
 reducing flame which causes the carbon to unite with 
 the oxide during the mixing which the puddler gives it, 
 and further causes a large portion of the impurities to 
 enter the surrounding slag. As the impurities carbon, 
 manganese, phosphorus, sulphur, silicon leave the 
 molten iron, the melting point rises so that the iron 
 becomes first viscous, then pasty. When it has been 
 worked into a ball the puddler carries it, still at a 
 welding heat, to the hammer or squeezer where the 
 greater part of the slag which permeated it is expelled 
 from the mass. The roughly shapen slab is then rolled 
 into muck bar, which, when piled, rolled and re-rolled 
 becomes the wrought iron of commerce. 
 
 Steel is the malleable product of either the cementation 
 process, the crucible, the converter or the open hearth 
 furnace. 
 
 Cementation is the earliest process that we know of for 
 making steel, and was founded upon the fact that 
 wrought iron if packed in charcoal and heated to a high 
 temperature, while excluded from air, absorbs carbon. 
 The process consisted in packing bars of wrought iron, 
 of about ^ inch thickness, in charcoal, and then sealing 
 up the vessel and keeping it at a yellow heat until the 
 carbon had penetrated to the centres of the bars and 
 converted them into steel. The carbon penetrates the 
 bar at the rate of about } inch in 24 hours, and while 
 the point of saturation of iron by carbon is about 1.50%, 
 yet the average content of carbon by this process in the 
 finished bars, is about 1% or lower. 
 
 The use of steel made by this process was always 
 limited because of the fact that it contained the old 
 seams and slag [marks which everywhere crossed and 
 
NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 201 
 
 recrossed the iron, causing great trouble in the manu- 
 facture of cutting tools. But by melting this steel 
 (called also blister steel, because its surface was covered 
 with blisters) in a covered crucible, the seams and fibres 
 of slag all disappeared, and a homogeneous ingot was the 
 result. But this was a long way to a steel ingot, and the 
 pursuit of cheapness gave rise to the direct method of 
 melting iron in a crucible, made for the purpose, together 
 with the requisite carbon and other ingredients necessary 
 for imparting hardness, toughness, etc. The molten iron 
 absorbs the carbon very quickly and gives a product 
 which approaches closely the merit of that produced by 
 the older method. 
 
 Up to the middle of the nineteenth century these two 
 processes were the principal ones, yet they were too 
 expensive for a product of general use, except for tools. 
 
 About 1856, Sir Henry Bessemer completed his experi- 
 ments and gave to the world his famous process. In this 
 process the pig iron is melted and poured into a bottle 
 shaped vessel. Air is then blown into it from the bottom, 
 burning out, first the silicon, then the manganese and 
 carbon, (the first two elements entering the slag, the last 
 one going out of the mouth of the converter as gas) but 
 not reducing either the phosphorus or sulphur. When 
 the carbon is burned out a fact recognized by the color 
 of the flame the vessel contains practically pure wrought 
 iron, which becomes steel on the addition of sufficient 
 carbon and manganese to give the requisite hardness and 
 toughness to the cast. 
 
 When the iron is melted in a Converter which has a 
 silicon lining the process is called the Acid Bessemer, 
 and the principal fuel to keep the bath liquid is silicon. 
 If the iron is high in phosphorus and melted in a vessel 
 lined with dolomite or magnesite the process is called the 
 Basic Bessemer and phosphorus is the principal element 
 of fuel. 
 
 Following the introduction of Sir Henry Bessemer's 
 process, William Siemans invented the regenerative 
 
202 NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 furnace, a furnace in which the heat of the waste gases 
 passes through chambers checkered off with fire brick, 
 which so obstruct the passage of the gases to the chimney 
 as to make them give up their heat. The air and fuel gas 
 entering the furnace is then passed through this hot 
 checker work and highly heated, thus returning to the 
 furnace a large part of the heat carried out before by the 
 gases passing to the stack. In a furnace of similar con- 
 struction Open Hearth Steel is made. Pig iron, steel 
 scrap, wrought iron, and iron ore charged together, or 
 separately, (all, one or any two of them) are rendered steet 
 by burning out their impurities with an oxidizing flame. 
 If the metal is melted on a hearth lined with sand, the 
 carbon, manganese and silicon are burned out and the 
 sulphur and phosphorus remain as before. This is the 
 Acid Open Hearth Process. But if, on the other hand, 
 the bottom is made of dolomite or magnesite, and lime 
 is added to hold the phosphorus in the slag formed (as in 
 the case of Basic Bessemer) the phosphorus, silicon, car- 
 bon and manganese are burned out, and sulphur remains 
 as before. This is the Basic Open Hearth process. 
 
 We have, then, steel made by the following processes: 
 
 1st. Cementation. 
 
 2d. Crucible. 
 
 3rd. Bessemer, ] j> f Converter. 
 4th. Open Hearth, j R ^: [ Furnace. 
 
 Standard Specifications for Special Open-Hearth Plate and 
 
 Rivet Steel, as adopted by the Association of 
 
 American Steel Manufacturers. 
 
 Testing and Inspection (1). All tests and inspections 
 shall be made at place of manufacture prior to shipment. 
 
 Test Pieces (2). The tensile strength, limit of elasticity 
 and ductility, shall be determined from a standard test 
 
NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY 203 
 
 piece cut from the finished material. The standard 
 shape of the test piece for sheared plates shall be as 
 shown by the following sketch : 
 
 Piece to be of same thickness as the plate. 
 
 On tests cut from other material the test piece may be 
 either the same as for plates, or it may be planed or 
 turned parallel throughout its entire length. The elon- 
 gation shall be measured on an original length of 8 inches, 
 except when the thickness of the finished material is 
 5-16 inch or less, in which case the elongation shall be 
 measured in a length equal to sixteen times the thickness; 
 and except in rounds of % inch or less in diameter, in 
 which case the elongation shall be measured in a length 
 equal to eight times the diameter of section tested. 
 Four test pieces shall be taken from each melt^>f finished 
 material ; two for tension and two for bending. 
 
 Annealed Test Pieces (3). Material which is to be used 
 without annealing or further treatment is to be tested in 
 the condition in which it conies from the rolls. When 
 material is to be annealed or otherwise treated before use, 
 the specimen representing such material is to be similarly 
 treated before testing. 
 
 Marking (4). Every finished piece of steel shall be 
 stamped with the melt number. Rivet steel may be 
 shipped in bundles securely wired together, with the 
 melt number on a metal tag attached. 
 
 Finish (5). All plates shall be free from surface de- 
 fects and have a workmanlike finish. 
 
NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 Chemical Properties (6). 
 
 Extra soft and [Maximum Phosphorous, .04 % 
 Fire Box Steel. J " Sulphur. .04 % 
 
 Flange or boiler ) " Phosphorous, .06 % 
 
 Steel. J " Sulphur, .04 % 
 
 Boiler Rivet ) " Phosphorous, .04 % 
 
 Steel. f " Sulphur, .04 % 
 
 Physical Properties (7). Steel shall be of four grades 
 EXTRA SOFT, FIRE Box, FLANGE or BOILER, and BOILER 
 RIVET STEEI*. 
 
 Extra Soft Steel (8). Ultimate strength, 45,000 to 55,000 
 pounds per square inch. 
 
 Elastic limit, not less than one-half the ultimate 
 strength. Elongation, 28 per cent. 
 
 Cold and Quench bends, 180 degrees flat on itself, 
 without fracture on outside of bent portion. 
 
 Fire Box Steel (9). Ultimate strength, 52,000 to 62,000 
 pounds per square inch. 
 
 Elastic limit, not less than one-half the ultimate 
 strength. Elongation 26 per cent. 
 
 Cold and Quench bends, 180 degrees, flat on itself, 
 without fracture on outside of bent portion. 
 
 Flange or Boiler Steel (10). Ultimate strength, 52,000 to 
 62,000 pounds per square inch. 
 
 Elastic fimit, not less than one-half the ultimate 
 strength. Elongation, 25 per cent. 
 
 Cold and Quench bends, 180 degrees flat on itself, 
 without fracture on outside of bent portion. 
 
 Boiler Rivet Steel (11). Steel for boiler rivets shall be 
 made of the extra soft quality specified in paragraph 
 No. 8. 
 
 Variation When Ordered to Gauge (12). For all plates 
 ordered to gauge, there will be permitted an average 
 excess of weight over that corresponding to the dimen- 
 sions on the order equal in amount to that specified in 
 the following table, provided no plate shall be rejected 
 for light gauge measuring .01" or less, below the ordered 
 thickness. 
 
NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 Table of Allowances for Overweight for Rectangular 
 Plates J/4 Inch Thick and Heavier. 
 
 NOTE. The weight of 1 cubic inch of rolled steel is 
 taken at 0.2833 pounds. 
 
 THICKNESS OF 
 
 WIDTH OF PLATE. 
 
 PLATE. 
 
 Up to 75 in. 
 
 75 in. to 100 in. 
 
 Over 100 in. 
 
 Min.... 
 
 10 percent. 
 
 14 percent. 
 
 18 percent. 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 
 12 
 
 
 16 
 
 
 % 
 
 
 7 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 13 
 
 
 T 7 tf 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 8 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 7 
 
 
 9 
 
 
 M 
 
 
 4 2 
 
 
 6 2 
 
 
 8 2 
 
 
 Over % 
 
 
 &A 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 6K 
 
 
 Table of Allowances for Overweight for Rectangular 
 Plates less than J/4 Inch in Thickness. 
 
 THICKNESS OF 
 PLATE. 
 
 WIDTH OF PLATE. 
 
 Up to 50 in. 
 
 50 in. and above. 
 
 i^ in. up to -fa in. 
 & f 3 * 
 
 A " K " 
 
 10 per cent. 
 
 8K " 
 
 7 " 
 
 15 per cent. 
 
 12 
 10 
 
 Variation When Ordered to Weight (13). Plates 12^ Ibs. 
 or heavier when ordered to weight, shall not average 
 more variation than 2^ per cent. , either above or below 
 the theoretical weight. 
 
 Plates from 10 to 12^ Ibs., when ordered to weight, 
 shall not average a greater variation than the following : 
 
 Up to 75 inches wide, 2^ per cent., either above or 
 below the theoretical weight. 
 
 75 inches and over, 5 per cent. , either above or below 
 the theoretical weight. 
 
 Plates under 10 Ibs. down to 5 Ibs. when ordered to 
 weight shall not average more variation than 3 per cent, 
 above or 5 per cent, below the theoretical weight. 
 
 Plates under 5 Ibs. when ordered to weight shall not 
 average more variation than 5 per cent, either above 
 or below the theoretical weight. 
 
NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 TENACITY OF METALS AT VARIOUS 
 TEMPERATURES. 
 
 Tensile Strength of Iron and Steel at High Temperatti res. 
 James E. Howard's tests (Iron Age, April 10, 1890), shows 
 that the tensile strength of steel diminishes as the tem- 
 perature increases from until a minimum is reached 
 between 200 and 300F., the total decrease being about 
 4,000 Ibs. per square inch in the softer steels and from 
 6,000. to 8,000 Ibs. in steels of over 80,000 Ibs. tensile 
 strength. From this minimum point the strength in- 
 creases up to a temperature of 400 to 650F. , the maxi- 
 mum being reached earlier in the harder steels, the in- 
 crease amounting to from 10,000 to 20,000 Ibs. per square 
 inch above the minimum strength at from 200 to 300. 
 From this maximum, the strength of all the steels decreases 
 steadily at a rate approximating 10,000 Ibs. decrease per 
 100 increase of temperature. A strength of 20,000 Ibs. 
 per square inch is still shown by 0.10 C. steel at about 
 1000 F., and by 0.60 to 1.00 C. steel at about 1600 F. 
 
 The strength of wrought iron increases with tempera- 
 ture from up to a maximum at from 400 to 600 F., the 
 increase being from 8,000 to 10,000 Ibs. per square inch, 
 and then decreases steadily till a strength of only 6,000 
 Ibs. per square inch is shown at 1,500F. 
 
 Cast iron appears to maintain its strength, with a ten- 
 dency to increase, until 900 is reached, beyond which 
 temperature the strength gradually diminishes. Under 
 the highest temperatures, 1,500 to 1,600 F., numerous 
 cracks on the cylindrical surface of the specimen were 
 developed prior to rupture. It is remarkable that cast 
 iron, so much inferior in strength to the steels at atmos- 
 pheric temperature, under the highest temperatures has 
 nearly the same strength the high-temper steels then have. 
 
 Strength of Iron and Steel Boiler-plate at High Tempera- 
 tures. (Chas. Huston, Jour. K I. , 1877.) 
 
 AVERAGE OF THREE TESTS OF EACH. 
 
 Temperature F 
 
 Charcoal iron plate, tensile strength, Ibs. . 
 
 " " " contr. of area % 
 
 Soft open-hearth steel, tensile strength, Ibs. 
 
 " cpntr. % 
 
 " Crucible steel, tensile strength, Ibs... 
 " " " contr. % 
 
 55,366 
 26 
 
 54,600 
 
 47 
 64,000 
 
 925 
 65,343 
 
 21 
 64,350 
 
 33 
 
 21 
 
NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 Strength of Wrought Iron and Steel at High Temperatures. 
 (Jour. F. /., cxii., 1881, p. 241.) Kollmann's experi- 
 ments at Oberhausen included tests of the tensile strength 
 of iron and steel at temperatures ranging between 70 and 
 2000 F. Three kinds of metal were tested, viz., fibrous 
 iron having an ultimate tensile strength of 52,464 Ibs., 
 an elastic strength of 38,280 Ibs., and an elongation of 
 17.5$; fine-grained iron having for the same elements 
 values of 56,892 Ibs., 39,113 Ibs., and 20$; and Bessemer 
 steel having values of 84,826 Ibs., 55,029 Ibs., and 14.5*. 
 The mean ultimate tensile strength of each material ex- 
 pressed in per cent, of that at ordinary atmospheric tem- 
 perature is given in the following table, the fifth column 
 of which exhibits, for purposes of comparison, the results 
 of experiments carried on by a committee of the Frank- 
 lin Institute in the years 1832-36. 
 
 Temperature 
 Degrees F. 
 
 Fibrous 
 Wrought 
 Iron, p. c. 
 
 Fine-grained 
 Iron, 
 per cent. 
 
 Bessemer 
 Steel, 
 per cent. 
 
 Franklin 
 Institute, 
 per cent. 
 
 
 
 100.0 
 
 100.0 
 
 100.0 
 
 96.0 
 
 100 
 
 100.0 
 
 100.0 
 
 100.0 
 
 102.0 
 
 200 
 
 100.0 
 
 100.0 
 
 100.0 
 
 105.0 
 
 300 
 
 97.0 
 
 100.0 
 
 100.0 
 
 106.0 
 
 400 
 
 95.5 
 
 100.0 
 
 100.0 
 
 106.0 
 
 500 
 
 92.5 
 
 98.5 
 
 98.5 
 
 104.0 
 
 600 
 
 88.5 
 
 95.5 
 
 92.0 
 
 99.5 
 
 700 
 
 81.5 
 
 90.0 
 
 68.0 
 
 92.5 
 
 800 
 
 67.5 
 
 77.5 
 
 44.0 
 
 75.5 
 
 900 
 
 44.5 
 
 51.5 
 
 36.5 
 
 53.5 
 
 1000 
 
 26.0 
 
 36.0 
 
 31.0 
 
 36.0 
 
 1100 
 
 20.0 
 
 30.5 
 
 26.5 
 
 
 1200 
 
 18.0 
 
 28.0 
 
 22.0 
 
 
 1300 
 
 16.5 
 
 23.0 
 
 18.0 
 
 
 1400 
 
 13.5 
 
 19.0 
 
 15.0 
 
 
 1500 
 
 10.0 
 
 15.5 
 
 12.0 
 
 
 1600 
 
 7.0 
 
 12.5 
 
 10.0 
 
 
 1700 
 
 5.5 
 
 10.5 
 
 8.5 
 
 
 1800 
 
 4.5 
 
 8.5 
 
 7.5 
 
 
 1900 
 
 3.5 
 
 7.0 
 
 6.5 
 
 
 2000 
 
 3.5 
 
 5.0 
 
 5.0 
 
 
NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 209 
 
 MECHANICS OF MATERIALS RELATING TO 
 TUBULAR CONSTRUCTION. 
 
 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS. 
 
 A tensile stress is produced in the walls of a cylindrical 
 vessel, such as a pipe, tank, boiler, etc. when it contains 
 a fluid such as water, steam or air, under pressure. 
 
 The ultimate or breaking strength of a material is reached 
 when the tensile stress equals its cohesive force, in which 
 case the material is on the point of being ruptured. 
 
 The working strength of a material is that fraction, or 
 portion, of the ultimate or breaking strength that experi- 
 ence has shown it is best to use in practice, in order to 
 guard against failure due to unforeseen causes, such as 
 defects and the possible action of unknown forces . 
 
 The unit working strength of a material is the working 
 strength of one square inch of cross section of that ma- 
 terial. 
 
 The factor of safety is the factor or number by which 
 the ultimate strength is divided in order to obtain the 
 working strength. The proper factor to use in any given 
 case would depend upon the characteristics of the ma- 
 terial and the nature of the forces, whether quiescent or 
 impulsive. 
 
 In tubular construction, reasonably free from vibration 
 and shock, a factor of safety of from 5 to 6 should be 
 ordinarily used for wrought iron and steel, and from 8 to 
 10 for cast iron. Where there is uncertainty as to the 
 magnitude and nature of the forces acting, or where there 
 is much vibration or shock, such as water hammer in 
 steam pipes or the sudden stoppage of flow in a water 
 pipe, these factors should be increased to from one and 
 one-half to three or more times the values given, depend- 
 ing upon the severity of the vibration or shock. 
 
 It is best, when possible, to compute the straining ac~ 
 tions of shocks, as for example the increase in fluid pres- 
 
 sure in a long water pipe when the flow is more or less 
 quickly checked, in which case they should be added to 
 the normal straining action. Having provided for these 
 
 abnormal forces, the ordinary factors of safety should 
 then be used . 
 
 Stress and Strain. Should the fluid pressure in a cylin- 
 drical vessel be gradually increased from zero, it will be 
 
NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 observed that the walls of the vessel will stretch, thus in- 
 creasing its volume. The stretch of the material consti- 
 tuting the walls is termed the strain due to the force 
 tending to tear the material asunder. 
 
 The molecular actions within the material which oppose 
 the external forces, and which resist deformation, are 
 termed stresses. 
 
 An elastic material when deformed by a straining action 
 recovers its original form when the straining action is 
 removed; as, for example, spring steel, ivory, etc. 
 
 A plastic material when deformed does not recover its 
 original form when the straining action is removed; as, 
 for example, lead, putty, etc. 
 
 Elastic limit. Materials such as wrought iron and low 
 carbon steel are elastic under some conditions and plastic 
 under others. At ordinary atmospheric temperatures, 
 these materials may be strained up to a point, termed the 
 elastic limit, without suffering any permanent deforma- 
 tion when the straining action is removed. 
 
 Should, however, the elastic limit be exceeded, the ma- 
 terial will but partially recover its original form when the 
 straining action is removed, in which case it is said to 
 have received a permanent deformation or set. 
 
 Up to the elastic limit the strain is proportional to the 
 stress, that is, strain -f- stress = a constant. Beyond 
 the elastic limit this constant becomes ordinarily an in- 
 creasing varible. 
 
 The modulus of elasticity of a material is obtained by 
 dividing the unit stress by the strain, for unit length. 
 
 Shearing strength of a material When a cylindrical ves- 
 sel, made up from plates, connected together in the usual 
 manner by riveted joints, is subjected to a fluid pressure, 
 the adjoining plates will tend to separate by sliding one 
 upon the other, thus subjecting the material of the rivets 
 to a shearing action. The ability of a rivet to resist this 
 action is known as its shearing strength, and the stress 
 created by snch action is called the shearing stress . 
 
 Unit shearing strength of a material is the shearing 
 strength of one square inch of cross -section of that ma- 
 terial . 
 
NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 211 
 
 VALUES OF I (Moment of Inertia), AND S. (Section 
 Modulus), FOR USUAL SECTIONS. 
 
 SECTIONS. 
 
 I 
 
 S 
 
 .<&-* 
 
 z _bh 3 
 12 
 
 bh a 
 6 
 
 ' "*! 
 
 
 i4P 
 
 _bh 3 
 
 Min 
 
 36 
 
 24 
 
 
 ** 
 
 Xd 4 
 
 Trd 8 
 
 =0.0491 d 4 
 
 32 
 
 =0.0982 d 3 
 
 ,-*..,, 
 
 -r bh 3 b 1 li 1 3 
 I 
 
 I 
 0.5h 
 
 *'EBf 
 
 12 
 
 
 -<- 
 
 1=0.0491 (d 4 ^! 4 ) 
 
 ,(<,,!.) 
 
 : < b - J'"" 
 
 t b^.+bn^^-b^' 
 
 Min.=JL 
 n 
 
 3 
 
 HH 
 
 T bh^bjb.! 3 
 
 I 
 
 
 12 
 
 0.5h. 
 
 
 x x Denotes position of neutral axis. 
 
Bending Moments and Deflections of Beams under Various 1 
 Systems of Loading. 
 
 JF= total load. 
 /= length of beam. 
 
 7=moment of inertia 
 .Z?=modulus of elasticity. 
 
 (1) Beam fixed at one end and 
 loaded at the other. 
 
 mp. 1- -> 
 
 (2) Beam fixed at one end, and \ 
 uniformly loaded. 
 
 Maximum bending moment at 
 point of support = Wl. 
 Maximum shear at point of sup- 
 Deflection =3^-7 
 
 Maximum bending moment at \ 
 point of support^ 
 Maximum shear at point of \ 
 
 (3) Beam supported at both 
 ends, single load in the middle 
 
 '< / >' 
 
 (4) Beam supported at both 
 ends and uniformly loaded. 
 
 W 
 
 
 1 d 
 
 Maximum bending moment at 
 middle of beam=-j- 
 Maximum shear at points of 
 
 Deflection= , 
 
 ^H|f .... . j||b 
 
 Maximum bending moment at 
 middle of beam = g 
 Maximum shear at points of 
 
 (5) Beams supported at both 
 ends, single unsymmetncal 
 load. 
 
 (6) Beam fixed at both ends 
 and uniformly loaded. 
 
 rtr 
 
 I||L. ^ 1 _ a 
 
 Maximum bending moment un- 
 
 Maximum shear : at support 
 
 Wb 
 near a -y-; at other support 
 
 _Wa 
 Maximum deflection 
 
 
 SSssT / ^^^ 
 
 Maximum bending moment at 
 
 Wl 
 
 point of support= r^- 
 
 Maximum shear at points of 
 Wl* 
 
 *// 
 
 ; 4 
 
NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 213 
 
 DEFLECTION AND STRENGTH OF PIPES TO 
 RESIST BENDING ACTION. 
 
 The bending moment of a force is 
 obtained by multiplying the force, 
 P, in pounds, by the lever arm, /, 
 in inches, with which it acts. Thus 
 in the case of a trolley pole the 
 bending moment at the ground, 
 G, is 
 
 M=P 1, and at G l is M 1 =P1 1 . 
 The deflection of a pipe or tube 
 when loaded transversely, that is, 
 so as to subject it to a bending 
 
 moment, is the deformation in inches produced by the 
 given loading, and is due, of course, to the elasticity of 
 the materials constituting it. In case of a trolley pole 
 the greatest deformation will be at the extreme top of 
 the pole. 
 
 For a horizontal pipe supported at equidistant points 
 the greatest deflection will be midway between supports. 
 The moment of inertia of a section is the sum of the 
 products of each elementary area of the section by the 
 square of its distance from an assumed axis of rotation. 
 It is a necessary factor in formulae for the determination 
 of deflection of structures considered as beams. 
 
 The moment of resistance of cross-section of a beam is 
 the moment that resists a bending action at that cross- 
 section. 
 
 The section modulus is the factor that when multiplied 
 by the unit working strength of the material will give the 
 moment of resistance of cross-section of a structure con- 
 sidered as a beam. 
 
 In every case when a beam, as for example a trolley 
 pole or a horizontal pipe supported at points, is subjected 
 to a bending action the following condition must exist at 
 every cross-section, namely: Bending moment motnent 
 
214 NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 of resistance of cross-section=unit working strength of 
 material X section modulus. 
 
 Example J. A 4 inch 
 steel pipe has one end 
 firmly fixed in a wall so 
 as to project horizontally 
 a distance of 8 feet. Find 
 the greatest safe load it 
 will carry at the free 
 end, also the deflection 
 with this load. 
 
 Solution : From the table of Standard Steam and Gas 
 Pipe, we see that the outside and inside diameters are 
 d=4.500 and d t = 4.026 inch. Assuming an ultimate 
 strength of material = 60,000 Ibs. per sq. inch, and a 
 factor of safety of 6, we get as a working unit strength 
 60,000^-6=10,000 Ibs. From the table of Section Moduli 
 we get 
 
 Section modulus =0.098 ) 
 
 which multiplied by the unit working strength gives 
 Moment of resistance^ 
 
 / d i 4 \ 
 
 V r> 
 
 rking strengt 
 
 / d i 4 
 
 e=980 I d 3 --- 
 
 V d 
 
 d 8 =(4.5) 3 =91.125 (see table of cubes). 
 
 d x * (4.026) 4 
 
 log. =log. -- =4 log. 4.026 log. 4.5=4X0.6049 
 d 4.5 
 
 0.6532 = 1.7664, or = 58.4, the number whose 
 d 
 
 log. is 1.7664 
 
 Then moment of resistance =980 (91.1 58.4)=32,046 inch 
 Ibs. 
 
NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 215 
 
 The bending moment at support = WL = W8X12 = 
 96 W inch Ibs. Since the bending moment equals the 
 moment of resistance, then 
 96 W=32,046, or 
 
 W=333 Ibs., the required load. 
 For this style of loading (see table) the 
 
 Wl 3 
 Deflection = - , 
 
 In which W=333, the safe load as computed; 
 I/ =96, the length of beam in inches; 
 E=26,000,000. the modulus of elasticity; 
 I = 0.049 (d 4 d t *) = 0.049 [ (4.5 4 (4.026) 4 ] = 
 7.21, the moment of inerta of cross-section. 
 Substituting these values in above formula we get 
 
 333 X (96) 3 
 Deflection = 3 x 26>0 OQ,000 X 7.21 = 53 inch ' 
 
 Example 2 A 10 
 inch standard lap 
 welded steel pipe, 
 carrying water, is 
 suspended from the 
 top of a tunnel, as 
 shown in the figure, the points of support being spaced 
 at a distance of 20 feet apart. 
 
 Find the deflection, D, due to the weight of the pipe 
 and its contained water, on the supposition that the pipe 
 bears equally on all of its supports. 
 
 Solution: From the table of Standard Steel Welded Pipe 
 we get weight of pipe per ft. 40.06 Ibs., and weight of 
 contained water per ft. =34. 13 Ibs., making a gross weight 
 per foot of 74.2 Ibs., or for 20 feet a total weight of ap- 
 proximately 1500 pounds. 
 
 Since the pipe is assumed to run continuously from one 
 support to another, the deflection will be greatest midway 
 between supports, and will be the same as that for a beam 
 
 B 
 
NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 fixed at both ends and uniformly loaded. For this style 
 of loading (see page 212) the 
 
 Wl 3 
 
 Deflection , 
 
 384 El 
 In which W=1500 pounds; . * 
 
 1^=20x12=240 inches; 
 E= 26, 000,000, the modulus of elasticity; 
 I = 0.049 (d 4 d x 4 ) = 0.049 [(10.75) 4 (10.02) 4 ] 
 = 160, the moment of inertia of cross-section. 
 
 Substituting these values in above formula we get 
 
 1500 X (240) 3 
 Deflection = 384 x 26,000,000 X 160 =0 ' 014 inch " 
 
 In practice, where the usual rigid joints are used, it is 
 often the case that a pipe does not bear equally upon all 
 the hangers, and in cases of careless erecting or of shifting 
 of hangers, the pipe may not receive any support from 
 one or more of the hangers. 
 
 Should each alternate hanger, in the above example, 
 become inactive, owing to any cause, the maximum de- 
 flection then would be that due to an unsupported length 
 of 40 feet of pipe. An inspection of the formula will show 
 that the deflection of a beam increases directly as the 
 weight X (length)*, or, for uniformly loaded beams, since 
 the weight increases directly as the length, as the 
 (length)*. 
 
 Since in this case the length is doubled, the deflection 
 will be increased 16 fold (that is 2 4 ), or to an amount = 
 0.014X16=0.22 inch. 
 
 In the same manner it can be shown that an unsup- 
 ported portion of 60 feet in length will deflect or sag 
 an amount = 0.014 X 3 4 = 1.13 inch. 
 
NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 217 
 
 Should the pipe be 
 merely supported at the 
 ends, and not straight 
 and continuous from 
 one support to another, 
 then the conditions would be those of a simple beam 
 uniformly loaded and supported at the ends. 
 
 By comparing the deflection formulae for the case just 
 considered and this case, it will appear tliat the deflection 
 for this case will be- Jive times as great; or, for the three 
 cases considered above, 0.07, 1.10 and 5.65 inches respec- 
 tively . 
 
 The maximum deflection, or sag, that should be permit- 
 ted in practice will depend ordinarily upon the effective 
 thickness of wall of pipe and the unit working strength 
 of the material composing it . 
 
 The effective thickness of pipe in any particular case will 
 be the thickness remaining after deducting the depth of 
 screw-thread (for wrought pipe with threaded ends 
 for coupling or flange connections) plus a reasonable 
 amount for the deterioration due to corrosion, or other 
 causes; which amount will depend upon the nature of the 
 service and the expected life of pipe. 
 
 In every practical example the effective thickness of 
 pipe should be used in applying all formulae relating to 
 strength of pipe to resist either bending or bursting. 
 
 STRESS DUE TO INTERNAL BURSTING 
 PRESSURE, 
 
 Owing to the difference in the nature of the stress 
 occuring in thin and thick walls of cylinders, pipes, etc., 
 when subjected to a fluid pressure, it will be necessary 
 to divide them into two classes, namely, those having 
 thin walls and those having thick walls. In the follow- 
 ing discussion only those having thin walls will be con- 
 sidered. 
 
NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 Let d = internal diameter in inches ; 
 
 t = thickness of cylinder wall in inches ; 
 p = internal fluid pressure, Ibs. per sq. inch ; 
 TT= 3.1416; 
 
 f t = unit working strength in tension ; 
 fc= " " " compression ; 
 
 f s " " " " shear ; 
 
 strength of joint, 
 e = efficiency of joint, or strength of plate ' 
 
 c = thickness of metal, in inches, allowed for wast- 
 ing away due to corrosion, or other causes. 
 
 STRENGTH OF THIN CYLINDERS TO RESIST 
 BURSTING, 
 
 The force tending to 
 tear the plate along a 
 line lying circumfer- 
 entially around the 
 cylinder, as, for ex- 
 ample, along the sec- 
 tion lying in the plane A B, will equal the fluid pressure 
 exerted on one end of the cylinder, which equals the 
 area of a cross-section of cylinder in square inches X in- 
 ternal pressure per square inch, or 
 
 Longitudinal bursting pressure ) *&* 
 
 tending to rupture circumferentially f ^ P- 
 
 This bursting pressure will be resisted by the tenacity 
 of the metal whose cross-section lies in the plane A B, 
 which equals the circumference, or distance around the 
 cylinder, multiplied by the thickness of the metal. Hence 
 
 Resistance to bursting pressure ) = T d t f 
 
 tending to rupture circumferentially f 
 
 Since the resistance to the bursting pressure must equal 
 the pressure itself, we have 
 
 Trd 2 dp 4 f 1 1 
 
 Trd t f t . = p, or t = ; p = . 
 
 4 4ft d 
 
NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 219 
 
 The force tending to 
 tear the plate along a 
 k 1-4 line extending longi- 
 tudinally, as, for ex- 
 ample, along the sec- 
 tion lying in the plane C D, will equal the sum of the 
 normal components of the fluid pressures on the inner 
 surface of the cylinder, which it can be shown is the 
 same as the fluid pressure on a surface equal to the 
 length of the cylinder multiplied by its diameter, or d 1. 
 We then have 
 
 Transverse bursting pressure I = d 1 o 
 Tending to rupture longitudinally J 
 
 This bursting pressure will be resisted by the tenacity 
 of the metal whose cross-section lies in the plane C D, 
 which latter equals twice the length of cylinder multi- 
 plied by the thickness of the metal. Hence 
 
 Resistance to bursting pressure ) = 3 1 t f 
 Tending to rupture longitudinally ) 
 
 Since the resistance to the bursting pressure must equal 
 the pressure itself, we have 
 
 dp 2 f 1 1 
 
 2 1 1 f t = d 1 p, or t = ; p = . 
 
 2ft d 
 
 From a comparison of the above formulae, it will be seen 
 that the force due to a fluid pressure within a pipe, boiler, 
 or other cylindrical vessel, that tends to cause rupture 
 longitudinally is twice that which tends to cause rupture 
 transversely, that is circumferentially or around the 
 pipe. 
 
 . From the above relations, then, it will appear that a 
 pipe, or other cylindrical vessel having walls of uniform 
 thickness, when subjected to a fluid pressure only, will 
 always tend to rupture longitudinally. The strength at 
 the joints, resisting rupture transversely, may be reduced 
 by the cutting of threads or riveting to flanges, or other- 
 wise, to an amount equal to one-half the strength of the 
 
NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 metal of pipe in cross-section, without altering the ten- 
 dency of the pipe to rupture longitudinally. 
 
 Example J Find the safe working pressure and also 
 the bursting pressure of a standard 10-inch lap-welded 
 steel pipe, having plain ends, or welded heads. 
 
 Solution: Assuming that the pipe is not subjected to 
 shock or vibration, we will assume a unit working strength 
 of material =10, 000 Ibs., which allows a factor of safety 
 of 6 on the assumption that the ultimate tensile strength 
 is 60,000 Ibs. per sq. inch. 
 
 Then in the formula for the internal fluid pressure. 
 Sfftt 
 
 f t =10,000 Ibs., the unit' working strength of material; 
 t = 0.366 inch, the thickness of wall of pipe; 
 d =10.385, the diameter of pipe. 
 Substituting these values we get 
 
 2 X 10.000 X 0.366 
 P= -- 10385 = 70o Ibs. per sq. in. 
 
 The bursting pressure, on the above assumption, would 
 be six times the working pressure, or 
 
 Bursting pressure =705X6 =4, 230 Ibs. per sq. in. 
 
 Example 2. Find the working ^pressure for the pipe 
 given in example 1, when provision is made for wasting 
 away of the metal by corrosion, or otherwise, so as to 
 reduce the thickness of the walls by y& inch. 
 
 Then t=0.366 0.125=0.241 inch, the thickness of wall 
 after corrosion of y& inch has occurred, the other values 
 remaining the same as before. Substituting in the form- 
 ula for pressure we get 
 
 2 X 10,000 X 0,241 
 p = - = 465 Ibs. per sq. in. 
 
 10.385 
 
 In practice it is often necessary to provide, especially 
 in steam and water pipes, for stresses due to vibration, 
 shock, temperature changes and various other causes, in 
 which case the factor of safety of six assumed in the 
 above examples should be increased to from 8 to 15 for 
 
NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 wrought pipe, depending upon the severity of these 
 actions . 
 
 Assuming a factor of safety of 12, the safe working 
 pressure in the above examples would be for Example 1, 
 350 Ibs. per sq. in., and for example 2, 230 Ibs. per sq. 
 inch. 
 
 Example 3* Find the thickness of a mild steel seamless 
 cylindrical receiver, 20 inches in diameter, to contain 
 air at 2,000 Ibs. per sq. in. gauge pressure . 
 
 Solution: Assuming a unit working strength of material 
 of 12,000 Ibs. then in the formula for thickness, 
 
 2ft 
 
 d 20, the diameter of receiver in inches; 
 p 2,000, the internal pressure in Ibs. per sq. inch; 
 f t 12,000, the working strength persq. in. of material; 
 Substituting these values in the formula we get 
 20 X 2,000 
 
 In tubular construction, having longitudinal riveted 
 joints intended to resist internal fluid pressure, the form- 
 ulae for thickness of wall and for safe working pressure 
 will become 
 
 dp 2e f 1 1 
 
 t= - ; p = - ; 
 
 2e ft d 
 
 In which d= diameter of vessel in inches; 
 t= thickness of wall in inches; 
 p=internal fluid pressure, Ibs. per sq. inch; 
 f t =: unit working strength of material in tension; 
 e=efficiency of riveted joint, from 0.6 to 0.8. 
 To provide in practice for wasting away of the metal, 
 due to corrosion, or other causes, the above formulae will 
 become 
 
 dp 2 ef t (t c) 
 
 t= - -fc; p= -- . 
 
 3ef t d 
 
Or 
 
 222 NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 Where c=reduction in the thickness, in inches, of the 
 metal constituting the wall of the vessel, because of the 
 wasting away of the metal in practice due to corrosion 
 and other causes . 
 
 Example 4 Find the thickness of plate for a 60-inch 
 steam boiler, to carry 100 Ibs. gauge pressure, the longi- 
 tudinal riveted joints having an efficiency of 0.7, the 
 ultimate tensile strength of the material being 60,000 Ibs. 
 per sq. inch. 
 
 Solution: Assuming an actual factor of safety of five 
 and allowing ^ inch for wasting away of plates during 
 the life of the boiler, we have in the above formula for 
 thickness of plate: 
 
 d=60, the diameter of boiler in inches; 
 p=100, the gauge pressure per sq. inch; 
 f t =12,000, the unit working strength of material; 
 e=0.7, the efficiency of longitudinal joint; 
 c=0.125, the allowance for corrosion, etc. 
 Substituting these values in the formula we get 
 
 60 X 100 
 t= SX 0.7 X 12,000 +0.185=0.48^1.. 
 
 Example 5. Find the greatest steam pressure that 
 could be carried by the boiler, in Example 4, when new, 
 that is, before any wasting away of metal has occurred, 
 all other conditions being the same. 
 
 Solution: Making c = in the above equation, we get 
 dp 2 e f 1 1 
 
 t = ; and p = ; 
 
 2ef t d 
 
 Which are the general equations for the thickness, t, in 
 inches and safe fluid pressure, p, in Ibs, per sq. inch, for 
 pipes or other cylindrical vessels having longitudinal 
 riveted joints. 
 
 Substituting the values, given in Example 4, in the 
 above formula for pressure, we get 
 
 2 X 0.7 X 12,000 X 0.48 
 p = = 135 Ibs. gauge. 
 
NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 In Examples 4 and 5 an actual factor of safety at the 
 longitudinal joints is assumed, which makes the apparent 
 factor of safety, that is, the factor of safety on the plate 
 itself, for the assumed conditions, =5-7-0.7=7.1. 
 
 In practice an apparent factor of safety of 5 is often 
 used, for double riveted longitudinal lap joints, resulting 
 in an actual factor of safety of 5 X (0.68 to 0.72)= from 3.4 
 to 3.6. Very often no allowance is made for the wasting 
 away of the metal, which fact in conjunction with the 
 use of too small a factor of safety will account for a large 
 number of the boiler explosions that have occurred in 
 practice. 
 
 STRENGTH OF CYLINDER ENDS OR HEADS. 
 
 / The ends or heads of a 
 
 cylindrical vessel intended 
 to contain a fluid under 
 pressure, should be de- 
 signed so as to be as strong 
 as the cylindrical part of 
 the vessel. This can ordin- 
 arily be best accomplished 
 
 by giving the end the form of a portion of a hollow 
 sphere, as shown in the figure, whose radius equals the 
 diameter of the cylindrical part, in which case to be 
 equally strong throughout the thickness should be the 
 same as that of the cylindrical part. This is because of 
 the fact that for a given internal fluid pressure, the stress 
 created in the walls of a thin hollow cylinder will be the 
 same as that created, for the same pressure, in the walls 
 of a thin hollow sphere of double the diameter. 
 
 The use of flat ends should be avoided, except for con- 
 structions such as tube plates, where they are desirable 
 because of constructional reasons and can be easily 
 stayed . 
 
224 NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY 
 
 f HOLLOW, CYLINDRICAL, WROUGHT IRON PILLARS. BREAKING LOADS IN TONS. 
 
 CALCULATED BY GORDON'S FORMULA (TRAUTWINE.) THICKNESS ^ INCH. 
 
 OUTER DIAMETERS IN INCHES. 
 
 CO 
 
 OCCOJ>0T*<1000001005COI>OOOOC5 
 
 OOt~l>CO0aT*CO<NTHTHOaOOOOZ>Oia<* 
 
 
 
 
 ^THOOC^COt-OOTHCOSOO^OS^COt-^ 
 
 DD1C10'*WOJTH000500<X>J>C > 0O^CO 
 
 
 S 
 
 00100SCOlOD0005TH^t-OiOOtOTH^}>?D 
 
 ^ ^.CO COW 1 -(0050SCt'i>0?010>r5-*CO< 
 
 
 ti 
 
 (N 00 <M to 00 OS TH CO 1C OS 05 <0 t> CO ^H 00 
 
 COO?Wi-HOOi0500t>DOl010^rt<^COC<iGO 
 
 
 * 
 
 ^(MOOS^CO^t^O^OOCOOSlOWOS^O^ 
 
 TH^0050SQOJ>?0010^THCOCOCOC5C-JWrH 
 
 TH 
 
 ^OOS^COCOOTH1000WOOICCO^I>^05 
 
 0050000t-D10lO^^COCOWO?W^-lTH 
 
 \M 
 
 gSSS^SS&538gSS 
 
 OOOOlxniO^^COCOWWWT-lr-li-lTHr-l 
 
 ;? 
 
 8SSSS?SgSSSSSl 
 
 eo^oje-^ ^eooqtsoiTH^iiHtHtH 
 
 - 
 
 S85Sgg5:gSS$38; 
 
 10 "* MCOOTe " H '-" H 
 
 * 
 
 SSSBSSSSS5iS^SSSS3 
 
 CO <?? <?? TH TH TH 
 
 
 
 THCO-*lO>i>OOOSOTHC<CO^lODOOOW 
 
 
NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 J 
 
 < 
 u 
 
 x ? 
 
 ^ 
 
 5 CO (NO C 
 
 ^ O3 W C? T 
 
 odi>coococ<ioc 
 
 Ci(MC^Ci(NWOr 
 
NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 LLAR 
 
 cDsocoioiaiaTti^t<cocQo?T-ic 
 
 W <M CQ (M OiC3C<KNC<*C^CSC<*T 
 
 HOLLOW, CYLINDRICAL, WROUGHT IRON 
 
 
 fC5 COi>-rHC 
 Q 1-4 T-t O O C 
 <?CQ<M <MCJ T 
 
NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 h 
 S 
 
 O 
 
 
 
 J 
 u 
 5 
 
 Q 
 J 
 u 
 
 s 
 
 T-lOOOOOOOOOOOlOOl 
 THO?CO^iO?Oi>0002 OT-IC3 10 t 
 
NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 I 11 
 
 O OO T-H CO I 
 
 T-l 1-1 W Ci 
 
 o o o o o 
 
 CO -i I O O5 OO 
 
 
 SSS&cf 
 fogs $ 
 
 !S)cp 
 
 . 
 
 <2 
 
 CM OOlO CO 
 CO ^t 
 
 CD I>00 Oi-r-l 
 
 c-co 
 
 CO-^ 
 
 > 
 
 GOOT-(J>C 
 
 O i>00 OOO 
 
NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 c/5 
 
 S 
 
 o 
 
 3| 
 
 l g 
 
 -- 
 
 t3j 
 
 Isis 
 
 O O O O O OO OO 
 
 05 0-rH 03 CO "* 10 0i> 
 
 D TH IO Cl CO *>TH to OS 
 
 CO T*^ ^ to IC0 00 
 
 S <" 
 
 S o > 
 
 TH?O C?t O?t- OJt 
 
 WCO COCO ^^ ^10 
 
 I II 1 
 
 -r 
 O i> 00 
 
 J 
 
230 NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 WEIGHT OF RIVETS IN POUNDS PER JOO. 
 
 Length from under head. One cubic ft. weighing 480 Ibs. 
 
 Length 
 
 M" 
 
 K" 
 
 H' 
 
 %" 
 
 y& 
 
 1" 
 
 It/" 
 
 iw 
 
 Inches. 
 
 Diam. 
 
 Diam. 
 
 Diam. 
 
 Diam. 
 
 Diam. 
 
 Diam. 
 
 Diam. 
 
 Diam. 
 
 IK 
 
 5.4 
 
 12.6 
 
 21.5 
 
 28.7 
 
 43.1 
 
 65.3 
 
 91.5 
 
 123. 
 
 1 ix 
 
 6.2 
 
 13.9 
 
 23.7 
 
 31.8 
 
 47.3 
 
 70.7 
 
 98.4 
 
 133. 
 
 1% 
 
 6.9 
 
 15.3 
 
 25.8 
 
 34.9 
 
 51.4 
 
 76.2 
 
 105. 
 
 142. 
 
 2 
 
 7.7 
 
 16.6 
 
 27.9 
 
 37.9 
 
 55.6 
 
 81.6 
 
 112. 
 
 150. 
 
 2^ 
 
 8.5 
 
 18.0 
 
 30.0 
 
 41.0 
 
 59.8 
 
 87.1 
 
 119. 
 
 159. 
 
 2V 
 
 9.2 
 
 19.4 
 
 32.2 
 
 44.1 
 
 63.0 
 
 92.5 
 
 126. 
 
 167. 
 
 sg 
 
 10.0 
 
 20.7 
 
 34.3 
 
 47.1 
 
 68.1 
 
 98.0 
 
 133. 
 
 176. 
 
 3 
 
 10.8 
 
 22.1 
 
 36.4 
 
 50.2 
 
 72.3 
 
 103. 
 
 140. 
 
 184. 
 
 3K 
 
 11.5 
 
 23.5 
 
 38.6 
 
 53.3 
 
 76.5 
 
 109. 
 
 147. 
 
 193. 
 
 31^ 
 
 12.3 
 
 24.8 
 
 40.7 
 
 56.4 
 
 80.7 
 
 114. 
 
 154. 
 
 201. 
 
 ^M 
 
 13.1 
 
 26.2 
 
 42.8 
 
 59.4 
 
 84.8 
 
 120. 
 
 161. 
 
 210. 
 
 4 
 
 13.8 
 
 27.5 
 
 45.0 
 
 62.5 
 
 89.0 
 
 125. 
 
 167. 
 
 218. 
 
 4K 
 
 14.6 
 
 28.9 
 
 47.1 
 
 65.6 
 
 93.2 
 
 131. 
 
 174. 
 
 227. 
 
 4/1> 
 
 15.4 
 
 30.3 
 
 49.2 
 
 68.6 
 
 97.4 
 
 136. 
 
 181. 
 
 236. 
 
 ^M 
 
 16.2 
 
 31.6 
 
 51.4 
 
 71.7 
 
 102. 
 
 142. 
 
 188. 
 
 244. 
 
 5 
 
 16.9 
 
 33.0 
 
 53.5 
 
 74.8 
 
 106. 
 
 147. 
 
 195. 
 
 253. 
 
 5K 
 
 17.7 
 
 34.4 
 
 55.6 
 
 77.8 
 
 110. 
 
 153. 
 
 202. 
 
 261. 
 
 5i/ 
 
 18.4 
 
 35.7 
 
 57.7 
 
 80.9 
 
 114. 
 
 158. 
 
 209. 
 
 270. 
 
 5// 
 
 19.2 
 
 37.1 
 
 59.9 
 
 84.0 
 
 118. 
 
 163. 
 
 216. 
 
 278. 
 
 6 
 
 20.0 
 
 38.5 
 
 62.0 
 
 87.0 
 
 122. 
 
 169. 
 
 223. 
 
 287. 
 
 6 i^ 
 
 21.5 
 
 41.2 
 
 66.3 
 
 93.2 
 
 131. 
 
 180. 
 
 236. 
 
 304. 
 
 7 2 
 
 23.0 
 
 43.9 
 
 70.5 
 
 99.3 
 
 139. 
 
 191. 
 
 250. 
 
 321. 
 
 71^ 
 
 24.6 
 
 46.6 
 
 74.8 
 
 106. 
 
 147. 
 
 203. 
 
 264. 
 
 338. 
 
 8 
 
 26.1 
 
 49.4 
 
 79.0 
 
 112. 
 
 156. 
 
 213. 
 
 278. 
 
 355. 
 
 gjy 
 
 27.6 
 
 52.1 
 
 83.3 
 
 118. 
 
 164. 
 
 223. 
 
 292. 
 
 372. 
 
 9 2 
 
 29.2 
 
 54.8 
 
 87.6 
 
 124. 
 
 173. 
 
 234. 
 
 306. 
 
 389. 
 
 9i/ 
 
 30.7 
 
 57.6 
 
 91.8 
 
 130. 
 
 181. 
 
 245. 
 
 319. 
 
 406. 
 
 10 
 
 32.2 
 
 60.3 
 
 96.1 
 
 136. 
 
 189. 
 
 256. 
 
 333. 
 
 423. 
 
 10^ 
 
 33.8 
 
 63.0 
 
 101. 
 
 142. 
 
 198. 
 
 267. 
 
 347. 
 
 440. 
 
 11 2 
 
 35.3 
 
 65.7 
 
 105. 
 
 148. 
 
 206. 
 
 278. 
 
 361. 
 
 457. 
 
 11/4 
 
 36.8 
 
 68.5 
 
 109. 
 
 155. 
 
 214. 
 
 289. 
 
 375. 
 
 474. 
 
 12 
 
 38.4 
 
 71.2 
 
 113. 
 
 161. 
 
 223. 
 
 300. 
 
 388. 
 
 491. 
 
 Heads 
 
 1.8 
 
 5.7 
 
 10.9 
 
 13.4 
 
 22.2 
 
 38.0 
 
 57.0 
 
 82.0 
 
 ^QC^ j_^ 
 
NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 WEIGHT IN POUNDS OF JOO BOLTS WITH 
 
 SQUARE HEADS AND NUTS, 
 
 One cubic foot weighing 480 Ibs. 
 
 t 
 J 
 
 DIAMETER OF BOLT, INCHES. 
 
 M 
 
 A 
 
 % 
 
 A 
 
 u 
 
 % 
 
 
 
 % 
 
 1 
 
 2 4 
 3 4 
 
 5* 
 
 4^ 
 5 
 
 h 
 
 6H 
 
 3* 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 11 
 12 
 13 
 14 
 15 
 16 
 17 
 18 
 19 
 20 
 
 4.0 
 4.4 
 4.7 
 5.1 
 5.4 
 5.8 
 6.1 
 6.8 
 7.5 
 8.2 
 8.9 
 9.6 
 10.3 
 11.0 
 11.7 
 12.4 
 13.1 
 
 6.8 
 7.3 
 7.8 
 8.4 
 8.9 
 9.5 
 10.0 
 11.1 
 12.2 
 13.2 
 14.3 
 15.4 
 16.5 
 17.6 
 18.6 
 19.7 
 20.8 
 
 10.6 
 11.3 
 12.0 
 12.6 
 13.3 
 14.0 
 14.7 
 16.0 
 17.4 
 18.7 
 20.0 
 21.4 
 22.8 
 24.1 
 25.9 
 27.7 
 29.5 
 33.1 
 36.7 
 40.4 
 44.0 
 
 15.0 
 16.1 
 17.2 
 18.2 
 19.2 
 20.2 
 21.2 
 23.2 
 25.2 
 27.2 
 29.1 
 31.2 
 33.1 
 35.1 
 37.1 
 39.1 
 41.0 
 45.0 
 49.0 
 53.0 
 57.0 
 
 23.9 
 25.1 
 26.3 
 27.7 
 29.0 
 30.4 
 31.8 
 34.7 
 37.5 
 40.2 
 43.0 
 45.7 
 48.4 
 51.2 
 54.0 
 56.7 
 59.4 
 64.8 
 70.3 
 75.8 
 81.3 
 86.7 
 92.2 
 97.7 
 103.1 
 108.6 
 114.1 
 119.5 
 125.0 
 
 40.5 
 42.7 
 44.8 
 47.0 
 49.2 
 51.4 
 53.5 
 57.9 
 62.3 
 66.7 
 71.0 
 75.4 
 79.8 
 84.1 
 88.5 
 92.9 
 97.2 
 106.0 
 114.7 
 123.5 
 132.2 
 140.7 
 149.2 
 157.6 
 166.1 
 174.6 
 183.1 
 191.5 
 200.0 
 
 70.0 
 73.1 
 76.2 
 79.3 
 82.4 
 85.5 
 88.7 
 95.0 
 101.2 
 107.5 
 113.7 
 120.0 
 126.2 
 132.5 
 138.7 
 145.0 
 151.2 
 163.7 
 176.2 
 188.7 
 201.0 
 213.4 
 225.9 
 238.3 
 250.8 
 263.2 
 275.6 
 288.1 
 300.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 m.s 
 
 124.7 
 128.9 
 137.4 
 145.8 
 159.2 
 167.7 
 176.1 
 184.6 
 193.0 
 201.4 
 209.9 
 218.3 
 240.2 
 257.1 
 273.9 
 290.0 
 307.7 
 324.5 
 341.4 
 358.3 
 375.2 
 392.0 
 408.9 
 425.8 
 
 iss'.o 
 
 196.0 
 207.0 
 218.0 
 229.0 
 240.0 
 251.0 
 262.0 
 273.0 
 284.0 
 295.0 
 317.0 
 339.0 
 360.0 
 382.0 
 404.0 
 426.0 
 448.0 
 470.0 
 492.0 
 514.0 
 536.0 
 558.0 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Per in. 
 addi- 
 tional. 
 
 1.4 
 
 2.2 
 
 3.6 
 
 4.0 
 
 5.5 
 
 8.5 
 
 12.4 
 
 16.9 
 
 22.0 
 
 APPROXIMATE WEIGHT OF NUTS AND BOLT 
 HEADS IN POUNDS. 
 
 Diam. of Bolt in Inches 
 
 X 
 
 T 6 B 
 
 % 
 
 T 7 * 
 
 -Jt 
 
 % 
 
 
 
 Weight of Hexagon ) 
 Nut and Head j 
 
 .017 
 
 .042 
 
 .057 
 
 .109 
 
 .128 
 
 .267 
 
 .43 
 
 Weight of Square! 
 Nut and Head f 
 
 .021 
 
 .049 
 
 .069 
 
 .120 
 
 .164 
 
 .320 
 
 .55 
 
 Diam. of Bolt in Inches 
 
 % 
 
 1 
 
 1J4 
 
 1 
 
 1% 
 
 2 
 
 2^ 
 
 Weight of Hexagon j 
 Nut and Head. ...f 
 
 .73 
 
 1.10 
 
 2.14 
 
 3.78 
 
 5.6 
 
 8.75 
 
 17.0 
 
 Weight of Square) 
 Nut and Head ....f 
 
 .88 
 
 1.81 
 
 2.56 
 
 4.42 
 
 7.0 
 
 10.5 
 
 21.0 
 
} 
 
 232 NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 Sizes and Weights of Hot Pressed Hexagon Nuts, 
 
 The sizes are the usual manufacturers', not the Franklin Institute Standard. Both 
 
 weights and sizes are for unfin shed Nuts. One cubic foot weighing 480 Ibs. 
 
 Size of 
 Bolt. 
 
 Weight 
 of 100 
 Nuts. 
 
 Rough 
 Hole. 
 
 Thickness 
 Of Nut. 
 
 Short 
 Dia- 
 meter. 
 
 Long 
 Dia- 
 meter. 
 
 No. of 
 Nuts in 
 100 Ibs. 
 
 % 
 
 1.3 
 
 ft 
 
 / 
 
 M 
 
 .58 
 
 8000. 
 
 5 
 
 2.4 
 
 ii 
 
 6 
 
 5/ 
 
 .72 
 
 4170. 
 
 
 
 4.1 
 
 
 % 
 
 M 
 
 .87 
 
 2410. 
 
 
 6.8 
 
 It 
 
 A 
 
 % 
 
 1.01 
 
 1460. 
 
 % 
 
 7.1 
 
 7 
 
 K 
 
 % 
 
 1.01 
 
 1410. 
 
 /4 
 
 9.8 
 
 TIT 
 
 /4 
 
 l 
 
 1.15 
 
 1020. 
 
 ft 
 
 14.0 
 
 % 
 
 ft 
 
 1^ 
 
 1.30 
 
 710. 
 
 5/ / 
 
 14.7 
 
 ft 
 
 % 
 
 !^ 
 
 1.30 
 
 680. 
 
 5/ 
 
 19.1 
 
 TT 
 
 % 
 
 1M 
 
 1.44 
 
 520. 
 
 % 
 
 22.9 
 
 ft 
 
 % 
 
 IK 
 
 1.44 
 
 440. 
 
 % 
 
 27.2 
 
 11 
 
 % 
 
 1M 
 
 1.59 
 
 370. 
 
 % 
 
 39. 
 
 1? 
 
 ^/ 
 
 \5/ 
 
 1.73 
 
 256. 
 
 % 
 
 44. 
 
 25 
 
 7/ 
 
 ll/ 
 
 1.88 
 
 226. 
 
 
 50. 
 
 ft 
 
 1 
 
 !^ 
 
 1.88 
 
 198. 
 
 \ 
 
 57. 
 
 % 
 
 1 
 
 !^ 
 
 2.02 
 
 176. 
 
 1 
 
 64. 
 
 & 
 
 ^l/ 
 
 13/ 
 
 2.02 
 
 156. 
 
 
 96. 
 
 H 
 
 1M 
 
 2 
 
 2.31 
 
 104. 
 
 i& 
 
 134. 
 
 IT* 
 
 1M 
 
 2J/X 
 
 2.60 
 
 75. 
 
 1% 
 
 180. 
 
 1ft 
 
 11^ 
 
 2% 
 
 2.89 
 
 56. 
 
 1H 
 
 235. 
 
 
 !^ 
 
 2% 
 
 3.18 
 
 42. 
 
 1 
 
 300. 
 370. 
 460. 
 
 i 
 
 I 1 
 
 3 
 
 3.46 
 3.75 
 4.04 
 
 33.4 
 
 26.7 
 21.5 
 
 2 
 
 450. 
 560. 
 
 IS 
 
 2 
 
 33j 
 
 4.04 
 4.33 
 
 22.4 
 
 18.0 
 
 2>| 
 
 560. 
 
 2 
 
 2^ 
 
 
 4.33 
 
 17.7 
 
 2% 
 
 680. 
 
 2i/ 
 
 2M 
 
 4 
 
 4.62 
 
 14.7 
 
 
 810. 
 
 2}J 
 
 
 41^ 
 
 4.91 
 
 12.3 
 
 2?J 
 
 980. 
 
 2 T ff 
 
 2^ 
 
 4 k 
 
 5.20 
 
 10.2 
 
 3 
 
 1150. 
 
 2H 
 
 3 
 
 4% 
 
 5.48 
 
 8.7 
 
 
 1340. 
 
 2 1 5 
 
 3/^ 
 
 5 
 
 5.77 
 
 7.5 
 
 3/^ 
 
 1580. 
 
 3 S 
 
 3J^ 
 
 514 
 
 6.06 
 
 6.3 
 
 
NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 233 
 
 Sizes and Weights of Hot Pressed Square Nuts. 
 
 weights and sizes are for unfinished Nuts. One cubic foot weighing 480 Ibs. 
 
 Size of 
 Bolt. 
 
 Weight 
 of 100 
 
 Nuts. 
 
 Rough 
 Roll 
 
 Thickness 
 Of Nut. 
 
 Side of 
 Square 
 
 Diagonal 
 
 No. of 
 Nuts in 
 100 Ibs 
 
 
 
 1.5 
 
 A 
 
 K 
 
 1^ 
 
 .71 
 
 6800. 
 
 
 2.9 
 
 ft 
 
 
 /'8 
 
 .88 
 
 3480. 
 
 % 
 
 4.9 
 
 H 
 
 E 
 
 /I 
 
 1.06 
 
 2050. 
 
 Tff 
 
 7.7 
 
 H 
 
 A 
 
 ^ 
 
 1.24 
 
 1290. 
 
 ^ 
 
 8.6 
 
 
 /^ 
 
 K 
 
 1.24 
 
 1170. 
 
 H 
 
 11.8 
 
 s 
 
 s 
 
 1 
 
 1.41 
 
 850. 
 
 9 
 
 16.7 
 
 1 
 
 TV 
 
 11^ 
 
 1.59 
 
 600. 
 
 % 
 
 17.7 
 
 A 
 
 5/ 
 
 \y^ 
 
 1.59 
 
 570. 
 
 % 
 
 22.8 
 
 
 1^ 
 
 IK 
 
 1.77 
 
 440. 
 
 
 
 32.3 
 
 H 
 
 M 
 
 1% 
 
 1.94 
 
 310. 
 
 
 39.8 
 
 H 
 
 / 
 
 11^ 
 
 2.12 
 
 251. 
 
 % 
 
 53. 
 
 ft 
 
 Jg 
 
 1^ 
 
 2.30 
 
 190. 
 
 7 /s 
 
 63. 
 
 
 ^8 
 
 !M 
 
 2.47 
 
 159. 
 
 1 
 
 68. 
 
 % 
 
 1 
 
 !M 
 
 2.47 
 
 146. 
 
 . 1 
 
 94. 
 
 -% 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 2.83 
 
 106. 
 
 IL/ 
 
 103. 
 
 16 
 
 jr/ 
 
 2 
 
 2.83 
 
 97. 
 
 1H 
 
 137. 
 
 if 
 
 1^ 
 
 2M 
 
 3.18 
 
 73. 
 
 *K 
 
 145. 
 
 IT* 
 
 IK 
 
 2K 
 
 3.18 
 
 69. 
 
 IK 
 
 186. 
 
 IT* 
 
 IK 
 
 2/^ 
 
 3.54 
 
 54. 
 
 1% 
 
 247. 
 
 !A 
 
 1% 
 
 2M 
 
 3.89 
 
 41. 
 
 IK 
 
 319. 
 
 1 6 
 
 !M 
 
 3 
 
 4.24 
 
 31.3 
 
 15 
 
 400. 
 
 IA 
 
 \S 
 
 3K 
 
 4.60 
 
 24.8 
 
 19^ 
 */8 
 
 500. 
 620. 
 
 1 
 
 1% 
 
 1/Q 
 
 sM 
 
 4.95 
 5.30 
 
 19.9 
 16.2 
 
 2 
 
 750. 
 
 IT! 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 5.66 
 
 13.4 
 
 2/^ 
 
 780. 
 
 \y^ 
 
 2/^ 
 
 4 
 
 5.66 
 
 12.8 
 
 2K 
 
 930. 
 
 2 
 
 2K 
 
 4K 
 
 6.01 
 
 10.7 
 
 2% 
 
 960. 
 
 2^ 
 
 2% 
 
 4M 
 
 6.01 
 
 10.4 
 
 
 1130. 
 
 2K 
 
 
 4^/ 
 
 6.36 
 
 8.9 
 
 2^ 
 
 1370. 
 
 2 T ff 
 
 2M 
 
 4^ 
 
 6.72 
 
 7.3 
 
 3 
 
 1610. 
 
 2 1.1 
 
 3 
 
 5 
 
 7.07 
 
 6.2 
 
 3K 
 
 2110. 
 
 2{| 
 
 3K 
 
 
 7.78 
 
 4.7 
 
 3>| 
 
 2750. 
 
 3i/| 
 
 3K 
 
 6 2 
 
 8.49 
 
 3.6 
 
 rr 
 
' 234 NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 STANDARD GAUGES. 
 
 I 
 
 THICKNESS IN DECIMALS OF AN INCH. 
 
 rt 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 ingham 
 or 
 
 Browne & 
 
 United 
 
 British 
 
 Wash- 
 burn & 
 
 Trenton 
 
 Stubs 
 
 0* 
 
 Stubb's 
 Iron 
 
 Sharpe 
 
 States 
 
 Imperial 
 
 Moen 
 Co. 
 
 Iron Co. 
 
 Steel 
 Wire 
 
 * 
 
 Wire 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ~^0 
 
 
 
 .50000 
 
 .500 
 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 46875 
 
 464 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 .43750 
 
 !432 
 
 
 .45 
 
 
 4 
 
 .'454 
 
 .46000 
 
 .40625 
 
 .400 
 
 .'3938 
 
 .40 
 
 
 3 
 
 .425 
 
 !40964 
 
 .37500 
 
 .372 
 
 .3625 
 
 .36 
 
 
 2 
 
 .380 
 
 .36480 
 
 .34375 
 
 .348 
 
 .3310 
 
 .33 
 
 
 
 
 .340 
 
 .32486 
 
 .31250 
 
 .324 
 
 .3065 
 
 .305 
 
 
 1 
 
 .300 
 
 .28930 
 
 .28125 
 
 .300 
 
 .2830 
 
 .285 
 
 !227 
 
 2 
 
 .284 
 
 .25763 
 
 .26562 
 
 .276 
 
 .2625 
 
 .265 
 
 .219 
 
 3 
 
 .259 
 
 .22942 
 
 .25000 
 
 .252 
 
 .2437 
 
 .245 
 
 .212 
 
 4 
 
 .238 
 
 .20431 
 
 .23437 
 
 .232 
 
 .2253 
 
 .225 
 
 .207 
 
 5 
 
 .220 
 
 .18194 
 
 .21875 
 
 .212 
 
 .2070 
 
 .205 
 
 .204 
 
 6 
 
 .203 
 
 .16202 
 
 .20312 
 
 .192 
 
 .1920 
 
 .190 
 
 .201 
 
 7 
 
 .180 
 
 .14428 
 
 .18750 
 
 .176 
 
 .1770 
 
 .175 
 
 .199 
 
 8 
 
 .165 
 
 .12849 
 
 .17187 
 
 .160 
 
 .1620 
 
 .160 
 
 .197 
 
 9 
 
 .148 
 
 .11443 
 
 .15625 
 
 .144 
 
 .1483 
 
 .145 
 
 .194 
 
 10 
 
 .134 
 
 .10189 
 
 .14062 
 
 .128 
 
 .1350 
 
 .130 
 
 .191 
 
 11 
 
 .120 
 
 .09074 
 
 .12500 
 
 .116 
 
 .1205 
 
 .1175 
 
 .188 
 
 12 
 
 .105 
 
 .08081 
 
 .10937 
 
 .104 
 
 .1055 
 
 .1050 
 
 .185 
 
 13 
 
 .095 
 
 .07196 
 
 .09375 
 
 .092 
 
 .0915 
 
 .0925 
 
 .182 
 
 14 
 
 .083 
 
 .06408 
 
 .07812 
 
 .080 
 
 .0800 
 
 .0800 
 
 .180 
 
 15 
 
 .072 
 
 .05707 
 
 .07031 
 
 .072 
 
 .0720 
 
 .0700 
 
 .178 
 
 16 
 
 .065 
 
 .05082 
 
 .06250 
 
 .064 
 
 .0625 
 
 .0610 
 
 .175 
 
 17 
 
 .058 
 
 .04526 
 
 .05625 
 
 .056 
 
 .0540 
 
 .0525 
 
 .172 
 
 18 
 
 .049 
 
 .04030 
 
 .05000 
 
 .048 
 
 .0475 
 
 .0450 
 
 .168 
 
 19 
 
 .042 
 
 .03589 
 
 .04375 
 
 .040 
 
 .0410 
 
 .0400 
 
 .164 
 
 20 
 
 .035 
 
 .03196 
 
 .03750 
 
 .036 
 
 .0348 
 
 .0350 
 
 .161 
 
 21 
 
 .032 
 
 .02846 
 
 .03437 
 
 .032 
 
 .0317 
 
 .0310 
 
 .157 
 
 22 
 
 .028 
 
 .02535 
 
 .03125 
 
 .028 
 
 .0286 
 
 .0280 
 
 .155 
 
 23 
 
 .025 
 
 .02257 
 
 .02812 
 
 .024 
 
 .0258 
 
 .0250 
 
 .153 
 
 24 
 
 .022 
 
 .02010 
 
 .02500 
 
 .022 
 
 .0230 
 
 .0225 
 
 .151 
 
 25 
 
 .020 
 
 .01790 
 
 .02187 
 
 .020 
 
 .0204 
 
 .0200 
 
 .148 
 
 26 
 
 .018 
 
 .01594 
 
 .01875 
 
 .018 
 
 .0181 
 
 .0180 
 
 .146 
 
 27 
 
 .016 
 
 .01419 
 
 .01719 
 
 .0164 
 
 .0173 
 
 .0170 
 
 .143 
 
 28 
 
 .014 
 
 .01264 
 
 .01562 
 
 .0148 
 
 .0162 
 
 .0160 
 
 .139 
 
 29 
 
 .013 
 
 .01126 
 
 .01406 
 
 .0136 
 
 .0150 
 
 .0150 
 
 .134 
 
 30 
 
 .012 
 
 .01002 
 
 .01250 
 
 .0124 
 
 .0140 
 
 .0140 
 
 .127 
 
 31 
 
 .010 
 
 .00893 
 
 .01094 
 
 .0116 
 
 .0132 
 
 .0130 
 
 .120 
 
 32 
 
 .009 
 
 .00795 
 
 .01016 
 
 .0108 
 
 .0128 
 
 .0120 
 
 .115 
 
 33 
 
 .008 
 
 .00708 
 
 .00938 
 
 .0100 
 
 .0118 
 
 .0110 
 
 .112 
 
 34 
 
 .007 
 
 .00630 
 
 .00859 
 
 .0092 
 
 .0104 
 
 .0100 
 
 .110 
 
 35 
 
 .005 
 
 00561 
 
 .00781 
 
 .0084 
 
 .0095 
 
 .0095 
 
 .108 
 
 36 
 
 .004 
 
 .00500 
 
 .00703 
 
 .0076 
 
 .0090 
 
 .0090 
 
 .106 
 
 37 
 
 
 .00445 
 
 .00664 
 
 .0068 
 
 
 .0085 
 
 .103 
 
 38 
 
 
 .00396 
 
 .00625 
 
 .0060 
 
 
 .0080 
 
 .101 
 
 39 
 
 
 .00353 
 
 
 
 
 .0075 
 
 .099 
 
 40 
 
 " 
 
 .00314 
 
 
 
 
 .0070 
 
 .097 
 
 

 NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 235 
 
 DECIMALS OF AN INCH AND FOOT FOR 
 
 EACH *V 
 
 a 
 
 o 
 
 
 Decimals 
 
 Decimals 
 
 
 
 
 
 Decimals 
 
 Decimals 
 
 5 
 
 *W 
 
 r of an 
 Inch. 
 
 of a 
 Foot. 
 
 1 
 
 aV 
 
 & 
 
 of an 
 Inch. 
 
 of a 
 Foot. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 fa 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 [ .015625 
 
 .0013 
 
 
 
 33 
 
 .515625 
 
 .0430 
 
 
 i 
 
 .031250 
 
 .0026 
 
 
 17 
 
 
 .531250 
 
 .0443 
 
 
 , 
 
 3 .046875 
 
 .0039 
 
 
 
 35 
 
 .546875 
 
 .0456 
 
 T v 
 
 
 .062500 
 
 .0052 
 
 T 9 * 
 
 
 
 .562500 
 
 .0469 
 
 
 
 5 .078125 
 
 .0065 
 
 
 
 37 
 
 .578125 
 
 .0472 
 
 
 3 
 
 .093750 
 
 .0078 
 
 
 19 
 
 
 .593750 
 
 .0495 
 
 
 
 7 .109375 
 
 .0091 
 
 
 
 39 
 
 .609375 
 
 .0508 
 
 y& 
 
 
 .125000 
 
 .0104 
 
 % 
 
 
 
 .625000 
 
 .0521 
 
 
 
 3 .140625 
 
 .0117 
 
 
 
 41 
 
 .640625 
 
 .0534 
 
 
 5 
 
 .156250 
 
 .0130 
 
 
 21 
 
 
 .656250 
 
 .0547 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 .171875 
 
 .0143 
 
 
 
 43 
 
 .671875 
 
 .0560 
 
 T 3 ff 
 
 
 .187500 
 
 .0156 
 
 H 
 
 
 
 .687500 
 
 .0573 
 
 
 1 
 
 3 .203125 
 
 .0169 
 
 
 
 45 
 
 .703125 
 
 .0586 
 
 
 7 
 
 .218750 
 
 .0182 
 
 
 23 
 
 
 .718750 
 
 .0599 
 
 
 1 
 
 5 .234375 
 
 .0195 
 
 
 
 47 
 
 .734375 
 
 .0612 
 
 M 
 
 
 .250000 
 
 .0208 
 
 % 
 
 
 
 .750000 
 
 .0625 
 
 
 1 
 
 7 .265625 
 
 .0221 
 
 
 
 49 
 
 .765625 
 
 .0638 
 
 
 9 
 
 .281250 
 
 .0234 
 
 
 25 
 
 
 .781250 
 
 .0651 
 
 
 1 
 
 9 .296875 
 
 .0247 
 
 
 
 51 
 
 .796875 
 
 .0664 
 
 A 
 
 
 .312500 
 
 .0260 
 
 ft 
 
 
 
 .812500 
 
 .0677 
 
 
 2 
 
 1 .328125 
 
 .0273 
 
 
 
 53 
 
 .828125 
 
 .0690 
 
 
 11 
 
 .343750 
 
 .0286 
 
 
 27 
 
 
 .843750 
 
 .0703 
 
 
 2 
 
 3 .359375 
 
 .0299 
 
 
 
 55 
 
 .859375 
 
 .0716 
 
 M 
 
 
 .375000 
 
 .0313 
 
 % 
 
 
 
 .875000 
 
 .0729 
 
 
 2 
 
 5 .390625 
 
 .0326 
 
 
 
 57 
 
 .890625 
 
 .0742 
 
 
 13 
 
 .406250 
 
 .0339 
 
 
 29 
 
 
 .906250 
 
 .0755 
 
 
 2 
 
 7 .421875 
 
 .0352 
 
 
 
 59 
 
 .921875 
 
 .0768 
 
 
 
 .437500 
 
 .0365 
 
 if 
 
 
 
 .937500 
 
 .0781 
 
 Tff 
 
 2 
 
 9 .453125 
 
 .0378 
 
 
 
 61 
 
 .953125 
 
 .0794 
 
 
 15 
 
 .468750 
 
 .0391 
 
 
 31 
 
 
 .968750 
 
 .0807 
 
 
 3 
 
 1 .484375 
 
 .0404 
 
 
 
 63 
 
 .984375 
 
 .0820 
 
 8 
 
 
 .500000 
 
 .0417 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 1.000000 
 
 .0833 
 
 DECIMALS OF A FOOT FOR EACH INCH. 
 
 In Ft. 
 
 [n. Ft. I 
 
 i. Ft. 
 
 n. Ft. 
 
 n. Ft. 
 
 In. Ft. 
 
 1 .0833 
 
 3 .2500 
 
 5 .4167 
 
 7 .5833 
 
 9 .7500 
 
 11 .9167 
 
 2 .1667 
 
 4 .3333 
 
 6 .5000 
 
 8 .6667 
 
 LO .8333 
 
 121.0000 
 
 ID , 
 

 236 NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 WEIGHTS OF SHEETS AND PLATES OF STEEL, 
 
 WROUGHT IRON, COPPER AND BRASS. 
 
 BIRMINGHAM GAUGE. 
 
 No. of 
 
 Thickness 
 
 WEIGHT PER SQUARE FOOT. 
 
 Gauge. 
 
 in Inches. 
 
 Steel. 
 
 Iron. 
 
 Copper. 
 
 Brass. 
 
 0000 
 
 .454 
 
 18.5232 
 
 18.16 
 
 20.5662 
 
 19.4312 
 
 000 
 
 .425 
 
 17.3400 
 
 17.00 
 
 19.2525 
 
 18.1900 
 
 00 
 
 .380 
 
 15.5040 
 
 15.20 
 
 17.2140 
 
 16.2640 
 
 
 
 .340 
 
 13.8720 
 
 13.60 
 
 15.4020 
 
 14.5520 
 
 1 
 
 .300 
 
 12.2400 
 
 12.00 
 
 13.5900 
 
 12.8400 
 
 2 
 
 .284 
 
 11.5872 
 
 11.36 
 
 12.8652 
 
 12.1552 
 
 3 
 
 .259 
 
 10.5672 
 
 10.36 
 
 11.7327 
 
 11.0852 
 
 4 
 
 .238 
 
 9.7104 
 
 9.52 
 
 10.7814 
 
 10.1864 
 
 5 
 
 .220 
 
 8.9760 
 
 8.80 
 
 9.966 
 
 9.4160 
 
 6 
 
 .203 
 
 8.2824 
 
 8.12 
 
 9.1959 
 
 8.6884 
 
 7 
 
 .180 
 
 7.3440 
 
 7.20 
 
 8.1540 
 
 7.7040 
 
 8 
 
 .165 
 
 6.7320 
 
 6.60 
 
 7.4745 
 
 7.0620 
 
 9 
 
 .148 
 
 6.0384 
 
 5.92 
 
 6.7044 
 
 6.3344 
 
 10 
 
 .134 
 
 5.4672 
 
 5.36 
 
 6.0702 
 
 5.7352 
 
 11 
 
 .120 
 
 4.8960 
 
 4.80 
 
 5.4360 
 
 5.1360 
 
 12 
 
 .109 
 
 4.4472 
 
 4.36 
 
 4.9377 
 
 4.6652 
 
 13 
 
 .095 
 
 3.8760 
 
 3.80 
 
 4.3035 
 
 4.0660 
 
 14 
 
 .083 
 
 3.3864 
 
 3.32 
 
 3.7599 
 
 3.5524 
 
 15 
 
 .072 
 
 2.9376 
 
 2.88 
 
 3.2616 
 
 3.0816 
 
 16 
 
 .065 
 
 2.6520 
 
 2.60 
 
 2.9445 
 
 2.7820 
 
 17 
 
 .058 
 
 8.3664 
 
 2.32 
 
 2.6274 
 
 2.4824 
 
 18 
 
 .049 
 
 1.9992 
 
 1.96 
 
 2.2197 
 
 2.0972 
 
 19 
 
 .042 
 
 1.7136 
 
 1.68 
 
 1.9026 
 
 1.7976 
 
 20 
 
 .035 
 
 1.4280 
 
 1.40 
 
 1.5855 
 
 1.4980 
 
 21 
 
 .032 
 
 1.3056 
 
 1.28 
 
 1.4496 
 
 1.3696 
 
 22 
 
 .028 
 
 1.1424 
 
 1.12 
 
 1.2684 
 
 1.1984 
 
 23 
 
 .025 
 
 1.0200 
 
 1.00 
 
 1.1325 
 
 1.0700 
 
 24 
 
 .022 
 
 .8976 
 
 .88 
 
 .9966 
 
 .9416 
 
 25 
 
 .020 
 
 .8160 
 
 .80 
 
 .9060 
 
 .8560 
 
 26 
 
 .018 
 
 .7344 
 
 .72 
 
 .8154 
 
 .7704 
 
 27 
 
 .016 
 
 .6528 
 
 .64 
 
 .7248 
 
 .6848 
 
 28 
 
 .014 
 
 .5712 
 
 .56 
 
 .6342 
 
 .5992 
 
 29 
 
 .013 
 
 .5304 
 
 .52 
 
 .5889 
 
 .5564 
 
 30 
 
 .012 
 
 .4896 
 
 .48 
 
 .5436 
 
 .5136 
 
 31 
 
 .010 
 
 .4080 
 
 .40 
 
 .4530 
 
 .4280 
 
 32 
 
 .009 
 
 .3672 
 
 .36 
 
 .4077 
 
 .3852 
 
 33 
 
 .008 
 
 .3264 
 
 .32 
 
 .3624 
 
 .3424 
 
 34 
 
 .007 
 
 .2856 
 
 .28 
 
 .3171 
 
 .2996 
 
 35 
 
 .005 
 
 .2040 
 
 .20 
 
 .2265 
 
 .2140 
 
 36 
 
 .004 
 
 .1632 
 
 .16 
 
 .1812 
 
 .1712 
 
 Specific Gravities 
 Weight of a Cubic Ft. 
 1 In. 
 
 7.85 
 489.6 
 0.2833 
 
 7.70 
 480.0 
 
 0.2778 
 
 8.72 
 543.6 
 0.3146 
 
 8.24 
 513.6 
 0.2972 
 
 SL : $ 
 
gf^ ** 
 
 NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY, 237 
 
 WEIGHTS OF SHEETS AND PLATES OF STEEL, 
 
 WROUGHT IRON, COPPER AND BRASS. 
 
 AMERICAN OR BROWNE & SHARPE GAUGE. 
 
 No. of 
 Gauge. 
 
 Thickness 
 n Inches. 
 
 WEIGHT PER SQUARE FOOT. 
 
 Steel. 
 
 Iron. 
 
 Copper. 
 
 Brass. 
 
 0000 
 000 
 00 
 
 .460000 
 .409642 
 .364796 
 
 18.7680 
 16.7134 
 14.8837 
 
 18.4000 
 16.3857 
 14.5918 
 
 20.8380 
 18.5568 
 16.5253 
 
 19.6880 
 17.5327 
 15.6133 
 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 .324861 
 .289297 
 .257627 
 .229423 
 .204307 
 
 13.2543 
 11.8033 
 10.5112 
 9.3605 
 8.3357 
 
 12.9944 
 11.5719 
 10.3051 
 9.1769 
 8.1723 
 
 14.7162 
 13.1052 
 11.6705 
 10.3929 
 9.2551 
 
 13.9041 
 12.3819 
 11.0264 
 9.8193 
 8.7443 
 
 5 
 6 
 7 
 8 
 9 
 
 .181940 
 .162023 
 .144285 
 .128490 
 .114423 
 
 7.4232 
 6.6105 
 5.8868 
 5.2424 
 4.6685 
 
 7.2776 
 6.4809 
 5.7714 
 5.1396 
 4.5769 
 
 8.2419 
 7.3396 
 6.5361 
 5.8206 
 5.1834 
 
 7.7870 
 6.9346 
 6.1754 
 5.4994 
 4.8973 
 
 10 
 11 
 19 
 
 13 
 14 
 
 .101897 
 .090742 
 .080808 
 .071962 
 .064084 
 
 4.1574 
 3.7023 
 3.2970 
 2.9360 
 2.6146 
 
 4.0759 
 3.6297 
 3.2323 
 2.8785 
 2.5634 
 
 4.6159 
 4.1106 
 3.6606 
 3.2599 
 2.9030 
 
 4.3612 
 3.8838 
 3.4586 
 3.0800 
 2.7428 
 
 15 
 16 
 17 
 18 
 19 
 
 .057068 
 .050821 
 .045257 
 .040303 
 .035890 
 
 2.3284 
 2.0735 
 1.8465 
 1.6444 
 1.4643 
 
 2.2827 
 2.0328 
 1.8103 
 1.6121 
 1.4356 
 
 2.5852 
 2.3022 
 2.0501 
 1.8257 
 1.6258 
 
 2.4425 
 2.1751 
 1.9370 
 1.7250 
 1.5361 
 
 20 
 21 
 22 
 23 
 
 24 
 
 .031961 
 .028462 
 .025346 
 .022572 
 .020101 
 
 1.3040 
 1.1612 
 1.0341 
 .92094 
 .82012 
 
 1.2784 
 1.1385 
 1.0138 
 .90288 
 .80404 
 
 1.4478 
 1.2893 
 1.1482 
 1.0225 
 .91058 
 
 1.3679 
 1.2182 
 1.0848 
 .96608 
 .86032 
 
 25 
 26 
 27 
 28 
 29 
 
 .017900 
 .015941 
 .014195 
 .012641 
 .011257 
 
 .73032 
 .65039 
 .57916 
 .51575 
 .45929 
 
 .71600 
 .63764 
 .56780 
 .50564 
 .45028 
 
 .81087 
 .72213 
 .64303 
 .57264 
 .50994 
 
 .76612 
 .68227 
 .60755 
 .54103 
 .48180 
 
 30 
 31 
 32 
 33 
 34 
 
 .010025 
 .008928 
 .007950 
 .007080 
 .006305 
 
 .40902 
 .36426 
 .32436 
 .28886 
 .25724 
 
 .40100 
 .35712 
 .31800 
 .28320 
 .25220 
 
 .45413 
 .40444 
 .36014 
 .32072 
 
 .28562 
 
 .42907 
 .38212 
 .34026 
 .30302 
 .26985 
 
 35 
 36 
 
 .005615 
 .005000 
 
 .22909 
 .20400 
 
 .22460 
 
 .20000 
 
 .25436 
 
 .22650 
 
 .24032 
 .21400 
 
 
238 NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 WEIGHT OF PLATE IRON IN POUNDS PER 
 
 LINEAL FOOT. 
 
 (Based on 480 Ibs. per Cubic Foot. For Steel add 2 per cent.) 
 
 g . 
 
 THICKNESS IN INCHES. 
 
 51 
 
 
 T3 O 
 
 M 
 
 TV 
 
 % 
 
 ft 
 
 X 
 
 T 5 * 
 
 X 
 
 ft 
 
 X 
 
 12 
 
 2.50 
 
 5.00 
 
 7.50 
 
 10.00 
 
 12.50 
 
 15.00 
 
 17.50 
 
 20.00 
 
 13 
 
 2.71 
 
 5.42 
 
 8.13 
 
 10.83 
 
 13.54 
 
 16.25 
 
 18.96 
 
 21.67 
 
 14 
 
 2.92 
 
 5.83 
 
 8.75 
 
 11.67 
 
 14.58 
 
 17.50 
 
 20.42 
 
 23.33 
 
 15 
 
 3 13 
 
 6.25 
 
 9.38 
 
 12.50 
 
 15.63 
 
 18.75 
 
 21.88 
 
 25.00 
 
 16 
 
 3.33 
 
 6.67 
 
 10.00 
 
 13.33 
 
 16.67 
 
 20.00 
 
 23.33 
 
 26.67 
 
 17 
 
 3.54 
 
 7.08 
 
 10.63 
 
 14.17 
 
 17.71 
 
 21.25 
 
 24.79 
 
 28.33 
 
 18 
 
 3.75 
 
 7.50 
 
 11.25 
 
 15.00 
 
 18.75 
 
 22.50 
 
 26.25 
 
 30.00 
 
 19 
 
 3.96 
 
 7.92 
 
 11.87 
 
 15.83 
 
 19.79 
 
 23.75 
 
 27.71 
 
 31.67 
 
 20 
 
 4.17 
 
 8.33 
 
 12.50 
 
 18.67 
 
 20.83 
 
 25.00 
 
 29.17 
 
 33.33 
 
 21 
 
 4.38 
 
 8.75 
 
 13.13 
 
 17.50 
 
 21.88 
 
 26.25 
 
 30.63 
 
 35.00 
 
 22 
 
 4.58 
 
 9.17 
 
 13.75 
 
 18.33 
 
 22.92 
 
 27.50 
 
 32.08 
 
 36.67 
 
 23 
 
 4.79 
 
 9.58 
 
 14.38 
 
 19.17 
 
 23.96 
 
 28.75 
 
 33.54 
 
 38.33 
 
 24 
 
 5.00 
 
 10.00 
 
 15.00 
 
 20.00 
 
 25.00 
 
 30.00 
 
 35.00 
 
 40.00 
 
 25 
 
 5.21 
 
 10.42 
 
 15. 62120.83 
 
 26.04 
 
 31.25 
 
 36.46 
 
 41.67 
 
 26 
 
 5.42 
 
 10.83 
 
 16.25 
 
 21.67 
 
 27.08 
 
 32.50 
 
 37.92 
 
 43.33 
 
 27 
 
 5.63 
 
 11.25 
 
 16.88 
 
 22.50 
 
 28.13 
 
 33.75 
 
 39.38 
 
 45.00 
 
 28 
 
 5.83 
 
 11.67 
 
 17.50 
 
 23.33 
 
 29.17 
 
 35.00 
 
 40.83 
 
 46.67 
 
 29 
 
 6.04 
 
 12.08 
 
 18.13 
 
 24.17 
 
 30.21 
 
 36.25 
 
 42.29 
 
 48.33 
 
 30 
 
 6.25 
 
 12.50 
 
 18.75 
 
 25.00 
 
 31.25 
 
 37.50 
 
 43.75 
 
 50.00 
 
 32 
 
 6.67 
 
 13.33 
 
 20.00 
 
 26.67 
 
 33.33 
 
 40.00 
 
 46.67 
 
 53.33 
 
 34 
 
 7.08 
 
 14.17 
 
 21.25 
 
 28.33 
 
 35.42 
 
 42.50 
 
 49.58 
 
 56.67 
 
 36 
 
 7.50 
 
 15.00 
 
 22.50 
 
 30.00 
 
 37.50 
 
 45.00 
 
 52.50 
 
 60.00 
 
 38 
 
 7.92 
 
 15.83 
 
 23.75 
 
 31.67 
 
 39.59 
 
 47.50 
 
 55.42 
 
 63.33 
 
 40 
 
 8.33 
 
 16.67 
 
 25.00 
 
 33.33 
 
 41.67 
 
 50.00 
 
 58.33 
 
 66.67 
 
 42 
 
 8.75 
 
 17.50 
 
 26.25 
 
 35.00 
 
 43.75 
 
 52.50 
 
 61.25 
 
 70.00 
 
 44 
 
 9.17 
 
 18.33 
 
 27.50 
 
 36.67 
 
 45.84 
 
 55.00 
 
 64.17 
 
 73.33 
 
 46 
 
 9.58 
 
 19.17 
 
 28.75 
 
 38.33 
 
 47.92 
 
 57.50 
 
 67.08 
 
 76.67 
 
 48 
 
 10.00 
 
 20.00 
 
 30.00 
 
 40.00 
 
 50.00 
 
 60.00 
 
 70.00 
 
 80.00 
 
 50 
 
 10.42 
 
 20.83 
 
 31.25 
 
 41.67 
 
 52.08 
 
 62.50 
 
 72.91 
 
 83.33 
 
 52 
 
 10.83 
 
 21.67 
 
 32.50 
 
 43.33 
 
 54.17 
 
 65.00 
 
 75.83 
 
 86.67 
 
 54 
 
 11.25 
 
 22.50 
 
 33.75 
 
 45.00 
 
 56.25 
 
 67.50 
 
 78.75 
 
 90.00 
 
 56 
 
 11.67 
 
 23.33 
 
 35.00 
 
 46.67 
 
 58.33 
 
 70.00 
 
 81.66 
 
 93.33 
 
 58 
 
 12.08 
 
 24.17 
 
 36.25 
 
 48.33 
 
 60.42 
 
 72.50 
 
 84.58 
 
 96.67 
 
 60 
 
 12.50 
 
 25.00 
 
 37.50 
 
 50.00 
 
 62.50 
 
 75.00 
 
 87.50 
 
 100.00 
 
 
NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 239 
 
 WEIGHT OF PLATE IRON IN POUNDS PER 
 
 LINEAL FOOT 
 
 (CONTINUED.) 
 
 c . 
 
 ij 
 
 THICKNESS IN INCHES. 
 
 is 
 
 r 9 * 
 
 H 
 
 H 
 
 X 
 
 H 
 
 % 
 
 if 
 
 1 
 
 12 
 
 22.50 
 
 25.00 
 
 27.50 
 
 30.00 
 
 32.50 
 
 35.00 
 
 37.50 
 
 40.00 
 
 13 
 
 24.38 
 
 27.08 
 
 29.79 
 
 32.50 
 
 35.21 
 
 37.92 
 
 40.63 
 
 43.33 
 
 14 
 
 26.25 
 
 29.17 
 
 32.08 
 
 35.00 
 
 37.92 
 
 40.83 
 
 43.75 
 
 46.67 
 
 15 
 
 28.13 
 
 31.25 
 
 34.38 
 
 37.50 
 
 40.63 
 
 43.75 
 
 46.88 
 
 50.00 
 
 16 
 
 30.00 
 
 33.33 
 
 36.67 
 
 40.00 
 
 43.33 
 
 46.67 
 
 50.00 
 
 53.33 
 
 17 
 
 31.88 
 
 35.42 
 
 38.96 
 
 42.50 
 
 46.05 
 
 49.59 
 
 53.13 
 
 56.67 
 
 18 
 
 33.75 
 
 37.50 
 
 41.25 
 
 45.00 
 
 48.75 
 
 52.50 
 
 56.25 
 
 60.00 
 
 19 
 
 35.67 
 
 39.58 
 
 43.54 
 
 47.50 
 
 51.45 
 
 55.41 
 
 59.37 
 
 63.33 
 
 20 
 
 37.50 
 
 41.67 
 
 45.83 
 
 50.00 
 
 54.17 
 
 58.33 
 
 62.50 
 
 66.67 
 
 21 
 
 39.38 
 
 43.75 
 
 48.13 
 
 52.50 
 
 56.88 
 
 61.25 
 
 65.63 
 
 70.00 
 
 22 
 
 41.25 
 
 45.83 
 
 50.42 
 
 55.00 
 
 59.58 
 
 64.17 
 
 68.75 
 
 73.33 
 
 23 
 
 43.13 
 
 47.92 
 
 52.71 
 
 57.50 
 
 62.30 
 
 67.09 
 
 71.88 
 
 76.67 
 
 24 
 
 45.00 
 
 50.00 
 
 55.00 
 
 60.00 
 
 65.00 
 
 70.00 
 
 75.00 
 
 80.00 
 
 ! 25 
 
 46.88 
 
 52.08 
 
 57.29 
 
 62.50 
 
 67.70 
 
 72.91 
 
 78.13 
 
 83.33 
 
 26 
 
 48.75 
 
 54.17 
 
 59.58 
 
 65.00 
 
 70.42 
 
 75.83 
 
 81.25 
 
 86.67 
 
 27 
 
 50.63 
 
 56.25 
 
 61.88 
 
 67.50 
 
 73.13 
 
 78.75 
 
 84.38 
 
 90.00 
 
 28 
 
 52.50 
 
 58.33 
 
 64.17 
 
 70.00 
 
 75.84 
 
 81.67 
 
 87.50 
 
 93.33 
 
 29 
 
 54.38 
 
 60.42 
 
 66.46 
 
 72.50 
 
 78.55 
 
 84.59 
 
 90.63 
 
 96.67 
 
 30 
 
 56.25 
 
 62.50 
 
 68.75 
 
 75.00 
 
 81.25 
 
 87.50 
 
 93.75 
 
 100.0 
 
 32 
 
 60.00 
 
 66.67 
 
 73.33 
 
 80.00 
 
 86.67 
 
 93.33 
 
 100.0 
 
 106.7 
 
 34 
 
 63.75 
 
 70.83 
 
 77.91 
 
 85.00 
 
 92.08 
 
 99.17 
 
 106.3 
 
 113.3 
 
 36 
 
 67.50 
 
 75.00 
 
 82.50 
 
 90.00 
 
 97.50 
 
 105.0 
 
 112.5 
 
 120.0 
 
 38 
 
 71.25 
 
 79.17 
 
 87.09 
 
 95.00 
 
 102.9 
 
 110.8 
 
 118.8 
 
 126.7 
 
 40 
 
 75.00 
 
 83.33 
 
 91.67 
 
 100.0 
 
 108.3 
 
 116.7 
 
 125.0 
 
 133.3 
 
 42 
 
 78.75 
 
 87.50 
 
 96.25 
 
 105.0 
 
 113.7 
 
 122.5 
 
 131.3 
 
 140.0 
 
 44 
 
 82.50 
 
 91.67 
 
 100.8 
 
 110.0 
 
 119.2 
 
 128.3 
 
 137.5 
 
 146.7 
 
 46 
 
 86.25 
 
 95.83 
 
 105.4 
 
 115.0 
 
 124.6 
 
 134.2 
 
 143.8 
 
 153.3 
 
 48 
 
 90.00 
 
 100.0 
 
 110.0 
 
 120.0 
 
 130.0 
 
 140.0 
 
 150.0 
 
 160.0 
 
 50 
 
 93.75 
 
 104.2 
 
 114.6 
 
 125.0 
 
 135.4 
 
 145.8 
 
 156.3 
 
 166.7 
 
 52 
 
 97.50 
 
 108.3 
 
 119.2 
 
 130.0 
 
 140.8 
 
 151.7 
 
 162.5 
 
 173.3 
 
 54 
 
 101.3 
 
 112.5 
 
 123.8 
 
 135.0 
 
 146.3 
 
 157.5 
 
 168.8 
 
 180.0 
 
 56 
 
 105.0 
 
 116.7 
 
 128.3 
 
 140.0 
 
 151.7 
 
 163.3 
 
 175.0 
 
 186.7 
 
 58 
 
 108.8 
 
 120.8 
 
 132.9 
 
 145.0 
 
 157.1 
 
 169.2 
 
 181.3 
 
 193.3 
 
 60 
 
 112.5 
 
 125.0 
 
 137.5 
 
 150.0 
 
 162.5 
 
 175.0 
 
 187.5 
 
 200.0 
 
 -; 
 
NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 s 
 
 ;f N - b n 
 
 i 
 
 ^looiNnwi^hjiiewng^oWJcioiWJB 
 
 UI 
 
 BIQ SUOT 
 
 
 
 
 'ssau'jpiqx 
 
 H 
 
 G 
 
 < ^^!' c |! D ia^ N U^ a ff'iri'Ti"ifi r< P 
 
 HEADS 
 
 ,S2^x 
 
 C 
 
 ,^^ 5 
 
 Q 
 Z 
 < 
 
 q Sno H 
 
 n 
 
 S-KW XHS.ftSS^ 
 
 C/3 
 
 H 
 
 Suo'q 
 
 I " H 
 
 
 D 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 uiBi'a 
 
 H 
 
 ^asBsas 
 
 H 
 
 ffi 
 
 woqs 
 
 
 
 
 ^ n ,a a 
 
 S 
 
 XSSS^SvS 
 
 
 ;joq S 
 
 
 
 
 saqouj 
 
 
 |S||S||1||| 
 
 
 ;B B9jy 
 
 
 
 
 '?bT? 
 
 
 
 c/5 
 
 Q 
 
 JO B8JV 
 
 
 
 < 
 
 W 
 Pf5 
 ffi 
 
 ia 
 
 JoqiptAV 
 
 a 
 
 o8888ooOOOO 
 
 EH 
 
 
 
 
 Q 
 Z 
 
 < 
 
 PBILL Jo 
 
 . 
 
 
 t/3 
 
 H 
 
 IB 'UIBIQ 
 
 "- 1 
 
 
 O 
 
 PQ 
 
 qaui J9d 
 
 
 oooo^^oooot- 
 
 
 s P B9aqx 
 
 
 
 
 JO "UIBIQ 
 
 G 
 
 ,^^ 
 
NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 OF 
 
 ST 
 
 ED STATES, OR SEL 
 
 UIBIQ SUO^I HH 
 
 qsiuij 
 'ssaujpiqj, 
 
 TUBIQ 
 
 Suo^j 
 
 bg ui 
 pBsaqJL 
 
 JO 100^ 
 
 -b S ui 
 Xpog ip 
 
 JO B3J V 
 
 jo 
 
 JO 'UIBIQ 
 
 
 
 ^H^ 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 WOOTT)-^-^TJ<O 
 
NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 STANDARD SIZES OF SCREW-THREADS FOR 
 BOLTS AND TAPS. 
 
 (CHAS. A BAUER.) 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 A 
 
 
 
 Z? 
 
 d 
 
 h 
 
 / 
 
 D'-D 
 
 D' 
 
 d' 
 
 H 
 
 
 
 20 
 
 Inches 
 .2608 
 
 Inches 
 .1&55 
 
 Inches 
 .0379 
 
 Inches 
 .0062 
 
 Inches 
 006 
 
 Inches 
 .2668 
 
 Inches 
 .1915 
 
 Inches 
 .2024 
 
 
 18 
 
 .3245 
 
 .2403 
 
 .0421 
 
 .0070 
 
 .006 
 
 .3305 
 
 .2463 
 
 .2589 
 
 % 
 
 16 
 
 .3885 
 
 .2938 
 
 .0474 
 
 .0078 
 
 .006 
 
 .3945 
 
 .2998 
 
 .3139 
 
 T5 
 
 14 
 
 .4530 
 
 .3447 
 
 .0541 
 
 .0089 
 
 .006 
 
 .4590 
 
 .3507 
 
 .3670 
 
 5/ 
 
 13 
 
 .5166 
 
 .40CO 
 
 .0582 
 
 .0096 
 
 .006 
 
 .5226 
 
 .4060 
 
 .4236 
 
 A 
 
 12 
 
 .5805 
 
 .4543 
 
 .0631 
 
 .0104 
 
 .007 
 
 .5875 
 
 .4613 
 
 .4802 
 
 a 
 
 11 
 
 .6447 
 
 .5069 
 
 .0689 
 
 .0114 
 
 .007 
 
 .6517 
 
 .5139 
 
 .5346 
 
 % 
 
 10 
 
 .7717 
 
 .6201 
 
 .0758 
 
 .0125 
 
 .007 
 
 .7787 
 
 .6271 
 
 .6499 
 
 
 9 
 
 .8991 
 
 .7307 
 
 .0842 
 
 .0139 
 
 .007 
 
 .9061 
 
 .7377 
 
 .7630 
 
 l" 
 
 8 
 
 1.0271 
 
 .8376 
 
 .0947 
 
 .0156 
 
 .007 
 
 1.0341 
 
 .8446 
 
 .8731 
 
 
 7 
 
 1.1559 
 
 .9394 
 
 .1083 
 
 .0179 
 
 .007 
 
 1.1629 
 
 .9464 
 
 .9789 
 
 1^4 
 
 7 
 
 1.2809 
 
 1.0644 
 
 .1083 
 
 .0179 
 
 .007 
 
 1.2879 
 
 1.0714 
 
 1.1039 
 
 A= nominal diameter of bolt. 
 Z?=actual diameter of bolt. 
 
 d= diameter of bolt at bottom of thread. 
 
 w^number of threads per inch. 
 
 /flat of bottom of thread. 
 
 ^=depth of thread. 
 D' and dTr=diameters of tap. 
 //diameter of hole in nut before tapping. 
 , .2165 
 
 d=A 
 
 1.29904 
 
 .7577 D c 
 
 .125 
 
 H=D'- 
 
 Efficiency of Screw-bolts. Mr. Lewis gives the following 
 approximate formula for ordinary screw-bolts (V threads, 
 with collars): /=pitch of screw, ^^outside diameter of 
 
(T fc 
 
 NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 243 ' 
 
 screw, /''force applied at circumference to lift a unit of 
 
 weight, E= efficiency of screw. For an average case, in 
 which the coefficient of friction may be assumed at 0.15, 
 
 F 
 
 . P + d K P 
 
 ' 3d 
 
 
 ' P + 
 
 
 For bolts of the dimensions given above, ^4-inch pitch, 
 and outside diameters lj, 2^4, 3%, and 4^ in., the 
 
 efficiencies according to this formula would be, respec- 
 
 tively, 0.25, 0.167, 0.125, and 0.10. 
 
 James McBride (Trans. A.S.M.K., xii. 781) describes an 
 
 experiment with an ordinary 2-in. screw-bolt, with a V 
 
 thread, 4^ threads per inch, raising a weight of 7500 Ibs., 
 the force being applied by turning the nut. Of the power 
 applied 89.8$ was absorbed by friction of the nut on its 
 supporting washer and of the threads of the bolt in the 
 nut. The nut was not faced, and had the flat side to 
 
 the washer. 
 
 STRENGTH OF WROUGHT IRON BOLTS. 
 
 (COMPUTED BY A. F. NAGLE.) 
 
 J 
 
 1 
 
 a 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 Stress upon Bolt upon Basis 
 of working strength of 
 
 
 
 O 
 
 W 
 *$$ 
 
 1 
 
 If, 
 
 a 
 
 -A 
 
 *^ TS a 
 
 ^ 
 
 Id 
 
 Ig 
 
 Id 
 
 t 
 
 % 
 
 %% 
 
 o 
 
 |R| 
 
 slg 
 
 |- S 
 
 2* 
 
 JD.S 
 
 I' 2 
 
 -- 
 
 II 
 
 g 
 
 ja 
 
 22*0 
 
 nS ^ 
 
 is 1 
 
 S 5T 
 
 s g 1 
 
 $ 
 
 8 g* 
 
 eu 
 
 
 a 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 PQ 
 
 5 
 
 3 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 1-1 
 
 
 
 " 
 
 Q 
 
 
 Ibs. 
 
 Ibs. 
 
 Ibs. 
 
 Ibs. 
 
 Ibs. 
 
 Ibs. 
 
 X 
 
 13 
 
 .38 
 
 .12 
 
 350 
 
 460 
 
 580 
 
 810 
 
 1160 
 
 5800 
 
 T 9 8 
 
 12 
 
 .44 
 
 .15 
 
 450 
 
 600 
 
 750 
 
 1050 
 
 1500 
 
 7500 
 
 % 
 
 11 
 
 .49 
 
 .19 
 
 560 
 
 750 
 
 930 
 
 1310 
 
 1870 
 
 9000 
 
 % 
 
 10 
 
 .60 
 
 .28 
 
 750 
 
 1130 
 
 1410 
 
 1980 
 
 2830 
 
 14000 
 
 % 
 
 9 
 
 .71 
 
 .39 
 
 1180 
 
 1570 
 
 1970 
 
 2760 
 
 3940 
 
 19000 
 
 1 
 
 8 
 
 .81 
 
 .52 
 
 1550 
 
 2070 
 
 2600 
 
 3630 
 
 5180 
 
 25000 
 
 ll^j 
 
 7 
 
 .91 
 
 .65 
 
 1950 
 
 2600 
 
 3250 
 
 4560 
 
 6510 
 
 30000 
 
 H 
 
 7 
 
 1.04 
 
 .84 
 
 2520 
 
 3360 
 
 4200 
 
 5900 
 
 8410 
 
 39000 
 
 % 
 
 6 
 
 .12 
 
 1.00 
 
 3000 
 
 4000 
 
 5000 
 
 7000 
 
 10000 
 
 46000 
 
 12 
 
 6 
 
 .25 
 
 1.23 
 
 3680 
 
 4910 
 
 6140 
 
 8600 
 
 12280 
 
 56000 
 
 % 
 
 5^ 
 
 .35 
 
 1.44 
 
 4300 
 
 5740 
 
 7180 
 
 10000 
 
 14360 
 
 65000 
 
 % 
 
 5 
 
 .45 
 
 1.65 
 
 4950 
 
 6600 
 
 8250 
 
 11560 
 
 16510 
 
 74000 
 
 ]% 
 
 5 
 
 .57 
 
 1.95 
 
 5840 
 
 7800 
 
 9800 
 
 13640 
 
 19500 
 
 85000 
 
 2 
 
 '' 
 
 .66 
 
 2.18 
 
 6540 
 
 8720 
 
 10900 
 
 15260 
 
 21800 
 
 95000 
 
 2}4 
 
 4'^ 
 
 1.92 
 
 2.88 
 
 8650 
 
 11530 
 
 14400 
 
 20180 
 
 28800 
 
 125000 
 
 2J*<3 
 
 4 
 
 2.12 
 
 3.55 
 
 10640 
 
 14200 
 
 17730 
 
 24830 
 
 35500 
 
 150000 
 
 2% 
 
 4 
 
 2.37 
 
 4.43 
 
 13290 
 
 17720 
 
 22150 
 
 31000 
 
 44300 
 
 186000 
 
 3 
 
 3Mj 
 
 2.57 
 
 5.20 
 
 15580 
 
 20770 
 
 26000 
 
 36360 
 
 52000 
 
 213000 
 
 3^> 
 
 3J4 
 
 3.04 
 
 7.25 
 
 21760 
 
 29000 
 
 36260 
 
 50760 
 
 72500 
 
 290000 
 
 4 ~ 
 
 3 
 
 3.50 
 
 9.62 
 
 28860 
 
 38500 
 
 48100 
 
 67350 
 
 96200 
 
 385000 
 
 
NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 When the greatest load that has to be sustained by a 
 bolt is known, and the working strength per sq. in. of 
 the material constituting it is determined, look in the 
 proper column for the given load. Should the load 
 sought be not found, then take the load next larger as 
 found in the column, and opposite to it in the first col- 
 umn read the required size of bolt. 
 
 Effect of Initial Strain in Bolts. Suppose that bolts are 
 used to connect two parts of a machine and that they are 
 screwed up tightly before the effective load comes on the 
 connected parts. Let P^ = the initial tension on a bolt 
 due to screwing up, and P a = the load afterwards added. 
 The greatest load may vary but little from P l or P 2 , 
 according as the former or the latter is greater, or it may 
 approach the value P l -f- P 2 , depending upon the rela- 
 tive rigidity of the bolts and of the parts connected. 
 Where rigid flanges are bolted together, metal to metal, 
 it is probable that the extension of the bolts with any 
 additional tension relieves the initial tension, and that 
 the total tension is P x or P 2 , but in cases where elastic 
 packing, as india rubber, is interposed, the extension of 
 the bolts may very little affect the initial tension, and 
 the total strain may be nearly P -j- P 2 - Since the 
 latter assumption is more unfavorable to the resistance 
 of the bolt, this contingency should usually be provided 
 for. (See Unwin, " Elements of Machine Design" for 
 demonstration.) 
 
WEIGHTS 
 
 AND 
 
 MEASURES, 
 
NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 WEIGHTS AND MEASURES, 
 
 AVOIRDUPOIS OR COMMERCIAL WEIGHT. 
 
 UNITED STATES AND BRITISH. 
 
 Grains. 
 
 Ounces. 
 
 Pounds. 
 
 Hundred- 
 weight. 
 
 Gross Tons. 
 
 1. 
 
 0.002286 
 
 0.000143 
 
 0.00000128 
 
 0.000000176 
 
 437.5 
 
 1. 
 
 0.0625 
 
 0.00055804 
 
 0.00002790 
 
 7000. 
 
 16. 
 
 I. 
 
 0.0089286 
 
 0.0004464 
 
 784000. 
 
 1792. 
 
 112. 
 
 1. 
 
 0.05 
 
 5680000. 
 
 35840. 
 
 2240. 
 
 20. 
 
 1. 
 
 1 pound avoirdupois = 1.215278 pounds troy. 
 1 net ton = 2000 pounds = 0.892857 gross tons. 
 1 pound troy = 0.82286 pounds avoirdupois. 
 
 LINEAR MEASURE. 
 
 UNITED STATES AND BRITISH. 
 
 Inches. 
 
 Feet. 
 
 Yards. 
 
 Rods. 
 
 Miles. 
 
 1. 
 
 0.08333 
 
 0.02778 
 
 0.0050505 
 
 0.00001578 
 
 12. 
 
 1. 
 
 0.33333 
 
 0.0606061 
 
 0.00018939 
 
 36. 
 
 3. 
 
 I. 
 
 0.1818182 
 
 0.00056818 
 
 198. 
 
 16.5 
 
 5.5 
 
 1. 
 
 0.003125 
 
 63360. 
 
 5280. 
 
 1760. 
 
 320. 
 
 1. 
 
 GUNTER'S CHAIN MEASURE. 
 
 USED IN SURVEYING. 
 
 1 link = 7.92 inches = 0.01 chain = 0.000125 mile. 
 
 1 chain = 100 links = 66 feet = 4 rods=0.0125 mile 
 
 1 mile = 80 chains = 8000 links. 
 
NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 SQUARE OR SURFACE MEASURE, 
 
 UNITED STATES AND BRITISH. 
 
 Square 
 Inches. 
 
 Square Feet. 
 
 Square Yards 
 
 Square 
 Rods. 
 
 Acres. 
 
 Square 
 Miles. 
 
 
 006944 
 
 0007716 
 
 
 
 
 144 
 
 
 o linn 
 
 
 
 
 1296 
 
 g 
 
 1. 
 
 6.03306 
 
 0.0002066 
 
 
 39204 
 6272640 
 
 272.25 
 43560. 
 27878400. 
 
 30.25 
 4840. 
 3097600. 
 
 1. 
 160. 
 102400. 
 
 0.00625 
 1. 
 640. 
 
 6.00000977 
 0.0015625 
 1. 
 
 1 acre = 10 square chains. 
 
 CUBIC MEASURE. 
 
 1728 cubic inches=l cubic foot, 
 27 cubic feet =1 cubic yard =46656 cubic inches, 
 1 cord wood =4 ft. X 4 ft. X 8 ft. =128 cubic feet, 
 1 perch of masonry=16.5 ft.Xl.5 ft.Xl ft. =24. 75 
 cubic feet, but is generally assumed to be 25 cubic feet. 
 
 DRY MEASURE. 
 
 UNITED STATES ONLY. 
 
 Struck 
 Bush. 
 
 Pecks. 
 
 Quarts. 
 
 Pints. 
 
 Gallons. 
 
 Cubic Inch. 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 32. 
 
 64 
 
 8. 
 
 2150.4 
 
 
 1 
 
 8. 
 
 16 
 
 2. 
 
 537.6 
 
 
 
 1. 
 
 2 
 
 0.25 
 
 67.2 
 
 
 
 0.5 
 
 1 
 
 0.125 
 
 33.6 
 
 
 
 4. 
 
 8 
 
 1. 
 
 268.8 
 
 The United States standard unit for dry measure is the 
 old English Winchester bushel, which contains 2,150.42 
 cubic inches, or 1.2445 cubic feet. 
 
 The heaped bushel, the cone of which is 6 inches 
 above the brim of the measure, contains 2,747.7 cubic 
 inches. 
 
NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 In New York a bushel contains 2,218. 2]cubic inches, or 
 1.2837 cubic feet, which is the same as the Imperial 
 bushel of England. 33 .English or Imperial bushels are 
 equal to 34.04 Winchester or United States bushels. 
 
 LIQUID MEASURE. 
 
 UNITED STATES ONLY. 
 
 Cubic Inch. 
 
 Pints. 
 
 Quarts. 
 
 Gallons. 
 
 Barrels. 
 
 Hogs- 
 head. 
 
 28.875 
 
 1. 
 
 0.5 
 
 0.125 
 
 0.003968 
 
 
 57.75 
 
 2. 
 
 1. 
 
 0.25 
 
 0.007937 
 
 
 231. 
 
 8. 
 
 4. 
 
 1. 
 
 0.031746 
 
 
 7276.5 
 
 252. 
 
 126. 
 
 31.5 
 
 1. 
 
 0.5 
 
 14553.0 
 
 504. 
 
 252. 
 
 63. 
 
 2. 
 
 1. 
 
 The British Imperial gallon = 1.20032 U. S. gallons. 
 
 The United States standard unit for liquid measure is 
 the gallon = 231 cu. in. = 8.33888 pounds, avoirdupois, 
 of distilled water at 62 Fahr. 
 
 The English standard is the Imperial gallon = 277.2738 
 cu. in. = 10 pounds, avoirdupois, of distilled water at 
 62 Fahr. 
 
 NAUTICAL MEASURE. 
 
 A knot or nautical mile = 1.1527 statute miles = 6086. 
 feet = length of a minute of longitude of the earth at 
 the equator, at the level of sea, as determined by U. S. 
 Coast Survey. 
 
 3 knots = 1 league. 
 
 SHIPPING MEASURE. 
 
 1 Register ton = 100 cubic feet. 
 
 1 U. S. Shipping ton =40 cubic feet. 
 
 1 British Shipping ton = 42 cubic feet. 
 
NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 MEASURE OF WORK AND POWER. 
 
 A unit of work = one foot pound, or a pressure of one 
 pound exerted .through a space of one foot. 
 A British Thermal unit = 778 foot pounds. 
 
 f 33,000 foot pounds per minute, 
 550 foot pounds per second, 
 
 42.42 heat units per minute. 
 A Horse Power = 4 Q ?()7 heat units per second> 
 
 746 watts, 
 I 0.746 kilowatt. 
 
 THE METRIC SYSTEM OF WEIGHTS AND 
 MEASURES. 
 
 In the Metric System, the Meter is the base of all the 
 weights and measures which it employs. 
 
 The Meter is the primary unit of length and was in- 
 tended to be one-ten millionth part of the distance, 
 measured on a meridian of the earth, from the equator 
 to the pole, and equals about 39.37 inches. 
 
 Upon the Meter are based the following primary units; 
 the Square Meter the Are, the Cubic Meter or Stere the 
 Liter, and the Gram. 
 
 The Square Meter or Centare is the unit of measure for 
 small surfaces. 
 
 The Are is the unit of land measure ; this is a square 
 whose side is ten meters in length, and which contains 
 one hundred square meters or centares. 
 
 The Cubic Meter, or Stere, is the unit of volume; this is 
 a cube whose edge is one meter in length. 
 
 The Liter is the unit of capacity ; this is the capacity 
 of a cube whose edge is one tenth of a meter, that is, 
 one decimeter in length. 
 
 The Gram is the unit of weight ; this is the weight of 
 distilled water at 4 centigrade, contained in a cube 
 whose edge is the one hundredth part of a meter. 
 
 From these primary units the higher and lower orders 
 of units are derived decimally as follows : 
 
250 
 
 NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 Scheme of the Weights and Measures of the Metric System. 
 
 Ratios 
 
 Lengths 
 
 Surface 
 
 5 Volumes 
 
 Weights 
 
 1,000,000. 
 
 
 
 
 Millier, or Tonneau 
 
 100 000 
 
 
 
 
 Quintal 
 
 10,000. 
 1 000. 
 
 Myr'iameter 
 Kil'ometer 
 
 
 
 Myr'iagram 
 
 
 Kil'oliter 
 
 100. 
 10 
 
 Hec'tometer 
 
 Hect'are 
 
 Hec'toliter 
 
 Hec'togram 
 
 I. 
 
 Meter 
 
 Are 
 
 Ll'ter 
 
 Gram 
 
 0.1 
 
 Dec'imeter 
 
 
 Dec'iliter 
 
 Dec'igram 
 
 0.01 
 001 
 
 Cen'timeter 
 Mil'limeter 
 
 Cen'tare 
 
 Cen'tiliter 
 Mil'liliter 
 
 Cen'tigram 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 It will 
 
 be seen, from this table, that ten millimeters 
 
 equal one 
 
 centimeter, ten centimeters 
 
 equal one deci- 
 
 meter, and so on. 
 
 Multiples and sub-multiples of the 
 
 units, meter, liter 
 
 and gram are expressed by the prefixes : 
 
 Deka = 10 
 
 Deci = 
 
 = 0.1 
 
 Hecto = 100 
 
 Centi = 0.01 
 
 Kilo = 1000 
 
 Milli = 
 
 = 0.001 
 
 ABBREVIATIONS COMMONLY IN USE. 
 
 mm, millimeter, 
 
 m 8 , square meter, 
 
 cm, centimeter, 
 
 km 8 
 
 4 ' kilometer, 
 
 dm, decimeter, 
 
 mm 3 , cubic millimeter, 
 
 m, meter, 
 
 cm 3 ) 
 
 " centimeter, 
 
 km, kilc 
 
 >meter. 
 
 
 cc f 
 
 
 mm 8 , square millimeter, 
 
 dm 3 , 
 
 " decimeter, 
 
 cm 8 , " 
 
 centimeter, 
 
 m 3 , 
 
 " meter, 
 
 dm 8 , ' 
 
 
 
 
 a, are ; 
 
 ha, hectare ; cl, centiliter ; 1 
 
 , liter ; hi, hecto- 
 
 liter ; s, stere ; mg, milligram ; eg, centigram ; g, gram; 
 
 kg, kilo, or kilogram 
 
 ; t, tonneau, or metric ton. 
 
NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 METRIC AND U. S. CONVERSION TABLE. 
 
 MEASURES OF LENGTH. 
 METRIC TO U. S. 
 
 1 millimeter = 0.03937 inch. 
 1 centimeter = 0.3937 ." 
 1 meter = 39 . 37 inches. 
 1 " = 3.2808 feet. 
 
 1 kilometer = 0.6214 mile. 
 
 U. S. TO METRIC. 
 
 1 inch =25.4 millimeters. 
 1 " =2.54 centimeters. 
 1 " = 0.254 meter. 
 1 foot = 0.3048 " 
 1 mile = 1.609 kilometers. 
 
 MEASURES OF SURFACE. 
 
 METRIC TO U. S. 
 
 1 sq. millimeter = 0.00155 sq. inch. 
 
 1 " centimeter == 0.155 " " 
 1 " meter =10.764 " feet. 
 
 1 " = 1.196 " yards. 
 
 1 hectare = 2.471 acres. 
 
 1 = 0.00386 sq. mile. 
 
 1 sq. kilometer = 0.3861 " 
 
 U. S. TO METRIC. 
 
 1 sq. inch = 645.14 sq. millimeters. 
 
 1 " " = 6.452 " centimeters. 
 
 1 "foot = 0.0929" meter. 
 
 1 "yard = 0.8361 " 
 
 1 acre = 0.4047 hectares. 
 
 1 sq. mile = 259.00 " 
 
 1 ' " = 2.59 sq. kilometers. 
 
NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 MEASURES OF VOLUME AND CAPACITY. 
 
 METRIC TO U. S. 
 
 1 cu. centimeter 0.061 cu. inch. 
 1 " meter =35.316 " feet. 
 
 1 " = 1.308 " yards. 
 
 1 liter = 1 cu. decimeter = 61.023 cu. inch. 
 
 LIQUID MEASURE. 
 
 1 liter = 1.0567 quart. 
 
 1 " = 0.2642 gallon. 
 
 1 cubic meter = 264.17 gallons. 
 
 DRY MEASURE. 
 
 1 liter =0.908 quart. 
 
 1 hectoliter = 2.8375 bushels 
 
 U. S. TO METRIC. 
 
 1 cu. inch = 16.39 cu. centimeters. 
 1 " foot = 0.0283 " meter. 
 1 " yard = 0.7645" 
 1 " foot = 28.32 liters. 
 
 LIQUID MEASURE. 
 
 1 quart = 0.9463 liter. 
 1 gallon = 3.7854 liters. 
 1 " = 0.0038 cu. meter. 
 
 DRY MEASURE. 
 
 1 quart = 1.1013 litres. 
 
 1 bushel = 0.3524 hectoliter. 
 
 WEIGHTS. 
 
 METRIC TO U. S. 
 
 1 milligram = 0.0154 grain. 
 
 1 gram = 15.432 grains. 
 
 1 kilogram = 2.2046 Ibs. (avoir.) 
 
 1 metric ton = 1.1023 net tons. 
 1 " " = 0.9842 gross ton. 
 
 U. S. TO METRIC. 
 
 1 grain = 64.80 milligrams. 
 
 1 " = 0.0648 gram. 
 
 1 Ib. (avoir.) = 0.4536 kilogram. 
 1 net ton = 0.9076 metric ton. 
 1 gross ton = 1.0161 " tons. 
 
NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 COMPOUND UNITS. 
 
 METRIC TO UNITED STATES. 
 
 1 kilogram per meter = 0.6720 Ibs. per foot. 
 
 1 kilogram per sq. centimeter 14.223 Ibs. per sq. inch. 
 1 kilogram per sq. meter = 0.2048 Ibs. per sq. foot. 
 
 kilogram per cubic meter = . 0624 Ibs. per cubic ft. 
 
 kilogram-meter = 7.233 footpounds. 
 
 chevel vapeur (metric H. P.)= 0.986 horse-power. 
 
 kilo, watt =1.340 
 
 kilo, per chevel = 2.235 Ibs. per H. P. 
 
 UNITED STATES TO METRIC. 
 
 1 Ib. per foot = 1.4882 kilograms per meter. 
 
 1 Ib. per sq. inch = 0.0703 kilo, per sq. centimeter. 
 
 1 Ib. per sq. foot = 4.8825 kilograms per sq. meter. 
 
 1 Ib. per cubic foot =16.0192 kilo, per cubic meter. 
 
 1 footpound = 0.1383 kilogram-meter % 
 
 1 horse-power = 1.014 che vel vapeur (metric H. P.) 
 
 1 " " =0.746 kilo watt. 
 
 1 Ib. per horse-power = 0.447 kilos per chevel. 
 
 HEAT INTENSITY. 
 
 Temp. Centigrade = (temp. Fahr. 32 W 
 
 9 \ 
 
 Temp. Fahrenheit = (temp. C. X 5" 7+ 32. 
 
 HEAT QUANTITY. 
 
 A kilogram calorie =3.968 British thermal units. 
 
 A pound calorie =1.8 " " 
 
 A British thermal unit = 0.252 kilogram calorie 
 A British thermal unit = 0.555 pound calorie. 
 
fir "^ 
 
 254 NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 MECHANICAL, ELECTRICAL AND HEAT 
 
 EQUIVALENTS. 
 
 (H. W. LEONARD.) 
 
 UNIT. 
 
 EQUIVALENT VALUE IN OTHER UNITS 
 
 
 1,000 watt hours. 
 
 
 1 . 34 horse-power hours . 
 
 
 2,654,200 ft.-lbs. 
 
 
 3,600,000 joules. 
 
 
 3, 412 heat units. 
 
 1 
 K. W. 
 
 367,000 kilogram metres. 
 
 Hour = 
 
 0.235 Ib. carbon oxidized with perfect 
 
 
 efficiency. 
 
 
 3.53 Ibs. water evaporated from and at 
 
 
 212 F. 
 
 
 22.75 Ibs. of water raised from 62 to 
 
 
 212 F. 
 
 
 0.746 K. W. hours. 
 
 
 1,980,000 ft.-lbs. 
 
 
 2,545 heat-units. 
 
 
 273,740k. g. m. 
 
 1 
 H P 
 
 0.175 Ib. carbon oxidized with perfect 
 
 Hour = 
 
 efficiency. 
 
 
 2 . 64 Ibs. water evaporated from and at 
 
 
 212 F. 
 
 
 17.0 Ibs. water raised from 62 F. to 
 
 
 212 F. 
 
 
 1,000 watts. 
 
 
 1 . 34 horse-power . 
 
 
 2,654,200 ft.-lbs. per hour. 
 
 
 44,240 ft.-lbs. per minute. 
 
 1 
 Kilowatt 
 
 737. 3 ft.-lbs. per second. 
 3,412 heat-units per hour. 
 
 
 56.9 heat-units per minute. 
 
 
 0.948 heat-unit per second. 
 
 
 0.2275 Ib. carbon oxidized per hour. 
 
 
 3.53 Ibs. water evaporated per hour 
 
 
 from and at 212 F. 
 
 
NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 255 
 
 MECHANICAL, ELECTRICAL AND HEAT 
 EQUIVALENTS. (CONTINUED). 
 
 UNIT. 
 
 EQUIVALENT VALUE IN OTHER UNITS 
 
 1 
 
 H. P. = 
 
 746 watts. 
 0.746 K. W. 
 33,000 ft.-lbs. per minute. 
 550 ft.-lbs. per second. 
 2,545 heat-units per hour. 
 42.4 heat-units per minute. 
 0.707 heat units per second. 
 0.175 Ibs. carbon oxidized per hour. 
 2.64 Ibs. water evaporated per hour from 
 and at 212 F. 
 
 1 
 
 Joule = 
 
 1 watt second . 
 0.000000278 K. W. hour. 
 0.102k. g. m. 
 0.0009477 heat- units. 
 0.7878 ft. -Ib. 
 
 1 
 Ft.-lb. 
 
 1.356 joules. 
 0.1383k. g. m. 
 0.000000377 K. W. hours. 
 0.001285 heat-units. 
 0. 0000005 H. P. hour. 
 
 1 
 
 Watt = 
 
 1 joule per second. 
 0. 00134 H. P. 
 3.412 heat-units per hour. 
 0.7373ft.-lb. per second. 
 0.0035 Ib. water evaporated per hour. 
 44.24 ft.-lbs. per minute. 
 
 1 Watt 
 per sq. 
 
 in. = 
 
 8.19 heat-units per square foot per minute. 
 6371 ft.-lbs. per square foot per minute. 
 0.193 H. P. per square foot. 
 
 X ? 
 
A- 
 
 256 NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 MECHANICAL, ELECTRICAL AND HEAT 
 EQUIVALENTS. (CONTINUED). 
 
 UNIT. 
 
 EQUIVALENT VALUE IN OTHER UNITS. 
 
 1 
 Heat 
 unit. 
 
 1,055 watt seconds. 
 778ft.-lbs. 
 107.6 kilogram metres. 
 0. 000293 K. W. hour. 
 0. 000393 H. P. hour. 
 0.0000688 Ib. carbon oxidized. 
 0.001036 Ib. water evaporated from 
 and at 212 F. 
 
 1 Heat- 
 unit, per 
 Sq.ft. per 
 min. = 
 
 0.122 watt per square inch. 
 0.0176 K. W. per square foot. 
 0.0236 H. P. per square foot. 
 
 1 Kilog- 
 gram 
 Metre = 
 
 7.888 ft.-lbs. 
 
 0. 00000365 H. P. hour. 
 0. 00000272 K. W. hour. 
 0.0093 heat-units. 
 
 lib. 
 Carbon 
 Oxidized 
 with 
 perfect 
 Efficiency 
 
 14,544 heat-units. 
 1.11 Ib. Anthracite coal oxidized. 
 2.5 Ibs. dry wood oxidized. 
 21 cubic feet illuminating-gas. 
 4.26 K. W. hours. 
 5.71 H. P. hours. 
 11,315,000 ft.-lbs. 
 15 Ibs. of water evaporated from and 
 at 212 F. 
 
 1 Ib. 
 Water 
 Evapor- 
 ted from 
 and at 
 212 F.= 
 
 0.283 K. W. hour. 
 0.379H. P. hour. 
 965. 7 heat-units. 
 103,900k. g. m. 
 1,019,000 joules. 
 751,300 ft.-lbs. 
 0.0664 Ib. of carbon oxidized. 
 
 ? 
 
MENSURATION, 
 
 TRIGONOMETRY 
 
 AND 
 
 MATHEMATICAL TABLES. 
 
NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 MENSURATION, TRIGONOMETRY AND 
 MATHEMATICAL TABLES. 
 
 MENSURATION. 
 
 MENSURATION OF SURFACES. 
 
 Area of any parallelogram = base X perpendicular 
 height. . 
 
 " " " triangle = base X K perpendicular 
 
 height. 
 
 " " " circle = (diameter) 2 X (0.7854, or 
 
 approx. 11/14.) 
 
 " " sector of circle = arc X 1/2 radius. 
 
 " " segment of circle . area of sector of equal 
 radius and arc less area 
 of triangle. 
 
 " " parabola = base X 2/3 height. 
 
 " " ellipse = longest diameter X short- 
 est diameter X 0.7854. 
 
 " " cycloid = area of generating circle 
 
 X3. 
 
 " " any regular polygon = sum of its sides X per- 
 pendicular from its cen- 
 ter to one of its sides -r- 2. 
 
 Surface of cylinder = area of both ends -f- 
 
 (length X circumference.) 
 
 " ' cone = area of base + (circum- 
 ference of base X ^ slant 
 height.) 
 
 " " sphere = (diameter) 8 X (3. 1416, or 
 
 approx. 22/7.) 
 
 " " frustum = (sum of girt at both ends 
 
 X K slant height) -f area 
 of both ends. 
 
NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 Surface of cylindrical ring = thickness of ring added 
 to the inner diameter X 
 by the thickness X 9. 8698. 
 
 " " segment = height of segment X by 
 
 whole circumference of 
 sphere of which it is a 
 part. 
 
 AREA OF AN IRREGULAR PLANE SURFACE. 
 
 Divide the surface 
 into any number of 
 parallel strips of 
 equal widths, "d." 
 Take the sum of the 
 middle ordinates h l5 
 h s , etc., to h n , in- 
 clusive ; then the sum of these middle ordinates, multi- 
 plied by " d " will give the area required. 
 
 The result, of course, is only approximate, the close- 
 ness of the approximation depending upon the number 
 of strips into which the surface is divided. 
 
 Any degree of accuracy desired may be attained by 
 making the number of strips sufficiently numerous. In 
 practice it is usually best to determine the area of an 
 irregular figure by the use of a planimeter, an instrument 
 especially designed for measuring areas of plane figures. 
 
 REGULAR POLYGONS. 
 
 1. To find the area of any regular polygon. Square 
 one of its sides, and multiply this square by the corres- 
 ponding number in the third column of the following table. 
 
 2. Having a side of a regular polygon, to find the 
 radius of a circumscribing circle. Multiply the side by 
 the corresponding number in the fourth column. 
 
 3. Having the radius of a circumscribing circle, to 
 find the side of the inscribed regular polygon. Multiply 
 the radius by the corresponding number in the fifth 
 column. 
 
NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 TABLE OF REGULAR POLYGONS. 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 Angle 
 
 CO 
 
 Name of 
 
 Area 
 
 Radius 
 
 Side = 
 
 contained 
 
 "o 
 
 Polygon. 
 
 S 2 X 
 
 = SX 
 
 Rx 
 
 between 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 
 
 two sides. 
 
 3 
 
 / Equilateral \ 
 I triangle / 
 
 .433 
 
 .5774 
 
 1.732 
 
 60 
 
 4 
 
 Square 
 
 1. 
 
 .7071 
 
 1.4142 
 
 90 
 
 5 
 
 Pentagon 
 
 1.7205 
 
 .8507 
 
 1.1756 
 
 108 
 
 6 
 
 Hexagon 
 
 2.5891 
 
 1. 
 
 1. 
 
 120 
 
 7 
 
 Heptagon 
 
 3.6339 
 
 1.1524 
 
 .8678 
 
 128.57 
 
 8 
 
 Octagon 
 
 4.8284 
 
 1.3066 
 
 .7654 
 
 135 
 
 9 
 
 Nonagon 
 
 6.1818 
 
 1.4619 
 
 .684 
 
 140 
 
 10 
 
 Decagon 
 
 7.6942 
 
 1.618 
 
 .618 
 
 144 
 
 11 
 
 Undecagon 
 
 9.3656 
 
 1.7747 
 
 .5635 
 
 147.27 
 
 12 
 
 Dodecagon 
 
 11.1962 
 
 1.9319 
 
 .5176 
 
 150 
 
 In the above table S = side of polygon and R = radius 
 of circumscribing circle. 
 
 PROPERTIES OF THE CIRCLE. 
 
 Diameter X 3.1416 = circumference. 
 
 " X 0.8862 = side of an equivalent square. 
 
 " X 0.7071 = side of an inscribed square. 
 
 (Diameter) 3 X 0.7854 = area of circle. 
 Radius X 6.2832 = circumference. 
 Circumference -f- 3.1416 = diameter. 
 
 The circle contains a greater area than any plane 
 figure, bounded by an equal perimeter, or outline. 
 
 The areas of circles are to each other as the squares of 
 their diameter, radii or circumferences. Thus, a circle 
 whose diameter is double that of another has four times 
 the area of the other. 
 
NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY 
 
 VOLUMES OF SOLIDS. 
 
 Vol. of Cylinder = area of one end X length. 
 
 " " Sphere = cube of diameter X 0.5236. 
 
 " " Segment of sphere . (cube of the height -j- 
 three times the square of 
 radius of base X height) X 
 0.5236. 
 
 " " Cone or pyramid. . . = area of base X % perpen- 
 dicular height. 
 
 *' " Frustum of cone. .. = (product of diameter of 
 both ends -j- sum of their 
 squares) X perpendicular 
 height X 0.2618. 
 
 " " Frustum of pyramid^ (sum of the areas of the 
 two ends -J- square root of 
 their product) X by % of 
 the perpendicular height. 
 
 ' ' " Wedge = area of base X % perpen- 
 dicular height. 
 
 " '* Frustum of wedge. . = % perpendicular height X 
 sum of the areas of the 
 two ends. 
 
 " " Ring = (thickness -f- inner dia- 
 meter) X square of the 
 thickness X 2.4674. 
 
NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 TRIGONOMETRICAL FORMULAE. 
 
 EH 
 
 Sine of Angle E A H = 
 
 A E 
 
 J} Cosine 
 
 Cosecant 
 
 AH 
 A E 
 EH 
 AH 
 A H 
 EE[ 
 E A 
 AH 
 E A 
 EH 
 
 TRIGONOMETRICAL EQUIVALENTS. 
 
 Sin = 
 Sin = 
 
 cot 
 
 Cos = V 1 sin 2 
 
 sin 
 Cos = 
 
 tan 
 
 Cos = sin X cot 
 sin 
 
 Cot = 
 
 Cot = 
 
 Sec = 
 
 Cosec = 
 
 cos 
 
 sin 
 
 1 
 tan 
 
 1 
 cos 
 
 1 
 
 Tan = 
 
 Tan = 
 
 cos 
 
 1 
 
 cot 
 
 Vers =1 cos 
 Covers = 1 sin 
 Sin 2 + cos 2 = 1 
 
NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 FUNCTIONS OF SUM AND DIFFERENCE OF 
 TWO ANGLES. 
 
 Sin (x -}- y) = sin x cos y + cos x sin y 
 Sin (x y) = sin x cos y cos x sin y 
 Cos (x -f- y) = cos x cos y sin x sin y 
 Cos (x y) = cos x cos y -j- s ^ n x si* 1 7 
 tan x -|- tan y 
 
 all ( X ~T y) 1 { an x an y 
 
 tan x tan y 
 
 Tan (x y) = 
 
 1 + tan x tan y 
 cot x cot y 1 
 cot x -|- cot y 
 cot x cot y -f- 1 
 cot y cot x 
 
 FUNCTIONS OF HALF AN ANGLE. 
 Sin K z = + 4/ 1 ~ 2 COSZ 
 
 Tan % z = + .i/ 1 - 0052 
 V 1 - 
 
 SUMS AND DIFFERENCES OF FUNCTIONS. 
 
 Sin (x + y) + sin (x y) = 2 sin x cos y 
 Sin (x + y) sin (x y) = 2 cos x sin y 
 Cos (x + y) -}- cos (x y) = 2 cos x cos y 
 Cos (x y) cos (x -f- y) = 2 sin x sin y 
 
NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 Then by making (x -f y) = A and (x y) = B, we 
 have x = % (A -j- B) and y = y z (A B), whence 
 
 Sin A + sin B = 2 sin % (A -f B) cos ^ (A B) 
 Sin A sin B = 2 cos % (A -f B) sin % (A B) 
 Cos A -f cos B = 2 cos % (A -f B) cos ^ (A B) 
 Cos A cos B = 2 sin % (A -j- B) sin % (A B) 
 
 Sin A -f sin B _ tan ^ (A + B) 
 
 Sin A sin B " " 
 
 Cos A + cos B _ 
 Cos A cos B " ' 
 
 tan 
 cot 
 
 (A B) 
 
 (A + B) 
 
 (A B) 
 
 SOLUTION OF RIGHT TRIANGLE. 
 
 Given A and c, to find B, a and b. 
 
 B = 90 A ; A = c sin A ; b = c cos A. 
 
 Given A and a, to find B, b and c. 
 
 B = 90 A ; b = a cot A ; c = ^-^ . 
 
 Given A and b, to find B, a and c. 
 B = 90->_A; a = btanA;c = ^- 
 
 Given c and a, to find A, B and b. 
 Sin A = ~ ; B = 90 A ; b = a cot A. 
 
 Given a and b, to find A, B and c. 
 
 TanA=;-; B = 90 A ; c = 
 
 a 
 sin A' 
 
NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 SOLUTION OF OBLIQUE TRIANGLE. 
 
 LAW OF* SINES, 
 sin A b 
 
 sin B' 
 
 sin B 
 sinC' 
 
 sin A 
 sin~C 
 
 LAW OF COSINES. 
 
 a 3 = b 2 + c 2 2 b c cos A 
 b 2 = a 2 -{- c 8 2 a c cos B 
 c 2 a a 2 -|- b 2 2 a b cos C 
 
 LAW OF TANGENTS. 
 a b .__ tan % (A B) 
 
 a + b 
 
 a c 
 
 a + c 
 
 b c 
 
 tan 
 tan 
 
 (A + B) 
 (A C) 
 
 (A + C) 
 
 (B C) 
 tan % (B + C) 
 
 tan 
 tan 
 
 Given a, A and B, to find C, b and c. 
 
 = 180 
 
 a sin B 
 
 a sin C 
 
 Given a, b and A, to find B, C and c. 
 
 b sin A a sin C 
 
 Sin B = ; C = 180 (A + B); c = 
 
NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 Given a, b and C, to find A, B and c. 
 
 b sin C a sin C * /TiTT* v r\ 
 
 c = : , or = . , or =A/ a- + b 2 2 a bcosC. 
 
 sin B sin A 
 
 Given a, b and c, to find A, B and C . 
 
 Sin K A =j/ (S ~ b) (S ~* C) ; in which S = % (a+b+c); 
 b c 
 
 Sin 
 
 ab 
 
 a b 
 
 Tan % B = ,/(S a) (S C). 
 
 V s(s-b) ' 
 
 AREA OF A TRIANGLE. 
 
 Area = J^ a c sin B, that is, the area of a triangle 
 equals ^ the product of two sides multiplied by the sine 
 of the included angle. 
 
 Also area =|/S (8 a) (S b) ( S c); 
 Where S = % (a -f- b + c). 
 
NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 267 ' 
 
 MATHEMATICAL TABLES. 
 
 1 
 
 SINE. 
 
 89 
 
 88 
 87 
 86 
 
 85 
 
 0' 
 
 10' 
 
 20' 
 
 30' 
 
 40' 
 
 50' 
 
 60' 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 0.00000 
 0.01745 
 0.03490 
 0.05234 
 0.06976 
 
 0.00291 
 0.02036 
 0.03781 
 0.05524 
 0.07266 
 
 0.00582 
 02327 
 0.04071 
 0.05814 
 0.07556 
 
 0.00873 
 0.02618 
 0.04362 
 0.06105 
 0.07846 
 
 0.01164 
 0.02908 
 0.04653 
 0.06395 
 0.08136 
 
 0.01454 
 0.03199 
 0.04943 
 0.06685 
 0.08426 
 
 0.01745 
 0.08490 
 0.05234 
 0.06976 
 0.08716 
 
 5 
 
 
 8 
 9 
 
 0.08716 
 0.10453 
 0.12187 
 0.13917 
 0.15643 
 
 0.09005 
 0.10742 
 0.12476 
 0.14205 
 0.15931 
 
 0.09295 
 0.11031 
 0.12764 
 0.14493 
 0.16218 
 
 0.09585 
 0.11320 
 0.13053 
 0.14781 
 0.16505 
 
 0.09874 
 0.11609 
 0.13341 
 0.15069 
 0.16792 
 
 0.10164 
 0.11898 
 0.13629 
 0.15356 
 . 17078 
 
 0.10453 
 0.12187 
 0.13917 
 0.15643 
 0.17365 
 
 84 
 83 
 82 
 81 
 80 
 
 10 
 11 
 12 
 13 
 14 
 
 0.17365 
 0.19081 
 0.20791 
 0.22495 
 0.24192 
 
 0.17651 
 0.19366 
 0.21076 
 0.22778 
 0.24474 
 
 0.17937 
 0.19652 
 0.21360 
 0.23062 
 0.24756 
 
 0.18224 
 0.19937 
 0.21644 
 0.23345 
 0.25038 
 
 0.18509 
 0.20222 
 0.21928 
 0.2362? 
 0.25320 
 
 0.18795 
 0.20507 
 0.22212 
 0.23910 
 0.25601 
 
 0.19081 
 0.20791 
 0.22495 
 0.24192 
 0.25882 
 
 79 
 
 78 
 77 
 76 
 75 
 
 15 
 16 
 17 
 18 
 19 
 
 0.25882 
 0.27564 
 0.29237 
 0.30902 
 0.32557 
 
 0.26163 
 0.27843 
 0.29515 
 0.31178 
 0.32832 
 
 0.26443 
 0.28123 
 0.29793 
 0.31454 
 0.33106 
 
 0.26724 
 0.28402 
 0.30071 
 0.31730 
 0.33381 
 
 0.27004 
 0.28680 
 0.30348 
 0.32006 
 0.33655 
 
 0.27284 
 0.28959 
 0.30625 
 0.32282 
 0.33929 
 
 0.27564 
 0.29237 
 0.30902 
 0.32557 
 0.34202 
 
 74 
 73 
 72 
 71 
 70 
 
 20 
 21 
 22 
 23 
 24 
 
 0.34202 
 0.35837 
 0.37461 
 0.39073 
 0.40674 
 
 0.34475 
 0.36108 
 0.37730 
 0.39341 
 0.40939 
 
 0.34748 
 0.36379 
 0.37999 
 0.39608 
 0.41204 
 
 0.35021 
 0.36650 
 0.38268 
 0.39875 
 0.41469 
 
 0.35293 
 0.36921 
 0.3853? 
 0.40142 
 0.41734 
 
 0.35565 
 0.37191 
 0.38805 
 0.40408 
 0.41998 
 
 35837 
 0.37461 
 0.39073 
 0.40674 
 0.42262 
 
 69 
 68 
 67- 
 66 
 65 
 
 25 
 26 
 
 27 
 28 
 29 
 
 0.42262 
 0.43837 
 0.45399 
 0.46947 
 0.48481 
 
 0.42525 
 0.44098 
 0.45658 
 0.47204 
 0.48735 
 
 0.42788 
 0.44359 
 0.45917 
 0.47460 
 0.48989 
 
 0.43051 
 0.44620 
 0.46175 
 0.47716 
 0.49242 
 
 0.43313 
 
 0.44880 
 0.46433 
 0.47971 
 0.49495 
 
 0.43575 
 0.45140 
 0.46690 
 0.48226 
 0.49748 
 
 0.43837 
 0.45399 
 0.46947 
 0.48481 
 0.50000 
 
 64 
 63 
 62 
 61 
 60 
 
 30 
 31 
 32 
 33 
 34 
 
 '0.50000 
 0.51504 
 0.52992 
 0.54464 
 0.55919 
 
 0.50252 
 0.51753 
 0.53238 
 0.54708 
 0.56160 
 
 0.50503 
 0.52002 
 0.53484 
 0.54951 
 0.56401 
 
 0.50754 
 0.52250 
 0.53730 
 0.55194 
 0.56641 
 
 0.51004 
 0.52498 
 0.53975 
 0.55436 
 
 0.56880 
 
 0.51254 
 0.52745 
 0.54220 
 0.55678 
 0.57119 
 
 0.51504 
 0.52992 
 0.54464 
 0.55919 
 0.57358 
 
 59 
 58 
 57 
 56 
 55 
 
 35 
 36 
 37 
 38 
 39 
 
 0.57358 
 0.58779 
 0.60182 
 0.61566 
 0.62932 
 
 0.57596 
 0.59014 
 0.60414 
 0.61795 
 0.63158 
 
 0.57833 
 0.59248 
 0.60645 
 0.62024 
 0.63383 
 
 0.58070 
 0.59482 
 0.60876 
 0.62251 
 0.63608 
 
 0.58307 
 0.59716 
 0.61107 
 0.62479 
 0.63832 
 
 0.58543 
 0.59949 
 0.61837 
 0.62706 
 0.64056 
 
 0.58779 
 0.60182 
 0.61566 
 0.62932 
 0.64279 
 
 54 
 53 
 52 
 51 
 50 
 
 40 
 41 
 42 
 43 
 
 44 
 
 0.64279 
 0.65606 
 0.66913 
 0.68200 
 0.69466 
 
 64501 
 0.658-25 
 0.67129 
 0.68412 
 0.69675 
 
 0.64723 
 0.66044 
 0.67344 
 0.68624 
 0.69883 
 
 0.64945 
 0.66262 
 0.67559 
 0.68835 
 0.70091 
 
 0.65166 
 0.66480 
 0.67773 
 0.69046 
 0.70298 
 
 0.65386 
 0.66697 
 0.67987 
 0.69256 
 0.70505 
 
 0. 65606 
 0.66913 
 0.68200 
 0.69466 
 0.70711 
 
 49 
 48 
 47 
 46 
 45 
 
 i ^ 
 
 60' 
 
 60' 
 
 40' 
 
 30' 
 
 20' 
 
 10' 
 
 0' 
 
 COSINE 
 
 

 268 NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 MATHEMATICAL TABLES, (CONTINUED.) 
 
 1 
 
 COSINE. 
 
 
 Q 
 
 0' 
 
 10' 
 
 20' 
 
 30' 
 
 40' 
 
 50' 
 
 60' 
 
 
 
 
 1.00000 
 
 1.00000 
 
 0.9999 
 
 0.9999 
 
 0.9999C 
 
 0.9998 
 
 0.99985 
 
 89 
 
 1 
 
 0.99985 
 
 0.99979 
 
 0.9997 
 
 0.99966 
 
 0.99956 
 
 0.9994 
 
 0.99939 
 
 88 
 
 2 
 
 0.99939 
 
 0.99929 
 
 0.9991 
 
 0.99905 
 
 0.9989S 
 
 0.9987 
 
 0.99863 
 
 87 
 
 3 
 
 0.99863 
 
 0.99847 
 
 0.9983 
 
 0.99813 
 
 0.99795 
 
 0.9977 
 
 0.99756 
 
 86 
 
 4 
 
 0.99756 
 
 0.99736 
 
 0.99714 
 
 0.99692 
 
 0.9966S 
 
 0.9964 
 
 0.99619 
 
 85 
 
 5 
 
 0.99619 
 
 0.99594 
 
 0.99567 
 
 0.99540 
 
 0.99511 
 
 0.99482 
 
 0.99452 
 
 84 
 
 6 
 
 0.99452 
 
 0.99421 
 
 0.99390 
 
 0.99357 
 
 0.99324 
 
 0.99290 
 
 0.99255 
 
 83 
 
 7 
 
 0.99255 
 
 0.99219 
 
 0.99182 
 
 0.99144 
 
 0.99106 
 
 0.99067 
 
 0.99027 
 
 82 
 
 8 
 
 0.99027 
 
 0.98986 
 
 0.98944 
 
 0.98902 
 
 0.98858 
 
 0.98814 
 
 0.98769 
 
 81 
 
 9 
 
 0.98769 
 
 0.98723 
 
 0.98676 
 
 0.98629 
 
 0.98580 
 
 0.98531 
 
 0.98481 
 
 80 
 
 10 
 
 0.98481 
 
 0.98430 
 
 0.98378 
 
 0.98325 
 
 0.98272 
 
 0.98218 
 
 0.98163 
 
 79 
 
 11 
 
 0.98163 
 
 0.98107 
 
 0.98050 
 
 0.97992 
 
 0.97934 
 
 0.97875 
 
 0.97815 
 
 78 
 
 12 
 
 0.97815 
 
 0.97754 
 
 0.97692 
 
 0.97630 
 
 0.97566 
 
 0.97502 
 
 0.97437 
 
 77 
 
 13 
 
 0.97437 
 
 0.97371 
 
 0.97304 
 
 0.97237 
 
 0.97169 
 
 0.97100 
 
 0.97030 
 
 76 
 
 14 
 
 0.97030 
 
 0.96959 
 
 0.96887 
 
 0.96815 
 
 0.96742 
 
 0.96667 
 
 0.96593 
 
 75 
 
 15 
 
 0.96593 
 
 0.96517 
 
 0.96440 
 
 0.96363 
 
 0.96285 
 
 0.96206 
 
 0.96126 
 
 74 
 
 16 
 
 0.96126 
 
 0.96046 
 
 0.95964 
 
 0.95882 
 
 0.95799 
 
 0.95715 
 
 0.95630 
 
 73 
 
 17 
 
 0.95630 
 
 0.95545 
 
 0.95459 
 
 0.95372 
 
 0.95284 
 
 0.95195 
 
 0.95106 
 
 72 
 
 18 
 
 0.95106 
 
 0.95015 
 
 0.94924 
 
 0.94832 
 
 0.94740 
 
 0.94646 
 
 0.94552 
 
 71 
 
 19 
 
 0.94552 
 
 0.94457 
 
 0.94361 
 
 0.94264 
 
 0.94167 
 
 0.94068 
 
 0.93969 
 
 70 
 
 20 
 
 0.93969 
 
 0.93869 
 
 0.93769 
 
 0.93667 
 
 0.93565 
 
 0.93462 
 
 0.93358 
 
 69 
 
 21 
 
 0.93358 
 
 0.93253 
 
 0.93148 
 
 0.93042 
 
 0.92935 
 
 0.92827 
 
 0.92718 
 
 68 
 
 22 
 
 0.92718 
 
 0.92609 
 
 0.92499 
 
 0.92388 
 
 0.92276 
 
 0.92164 
 
 0.92050 
 
 67 
 
 23 
 
 0.92050 
 
 0.91936 
 
 0.91822 
 
 0.91706 
 
 0.91590 
 
 0.91472 
 
 0.91355 
 
 66 
 
 24 
 
 0.91355 
 
 0.91236 
 
 0.91116 
 
 0.90996 
 
 0.90875 
 
 0.90753 
 
 0.90631 
 
 65 
 
 25 
 
 0.90631 
 
 0.90507 
 
 0.90383 
 
 0.90259 
 
 0.90133 
 
 0.90007 
 
 0.89879 
 
 64 
 
 26 
 
 0.89879 
 
 0.89752 
 
 0.89623 
 
 0.89493 
 
 0.89363 
 
 0.89232 
 
 0.89101 
 
 63 
 
 27 
 
 0.89101 
 
 0.88968 
 
 0.88835 
 
 0.88701 
 
 0.88566 
 
 0.88431 
 
 0.88295 
 
 62 
 
 28 
 
 0.88295 
 
 0.88158 
 
 0.88020 
 
 0.87882 
 
 0.87743 
 
 0.87603 
 
 0.87462 
 
 61 
 
 29 
 
 0.87462 
 
 0.87321 
 
 0.87178 
 
 0.87036 
 
 0.86892 
 
 0.86748 
 
 0.86603 
 
 60 
 
 " 30 
 
 0.86603 
 
 0.86457 
 
 0.86310 
 
 0.86163 
 
 0.86015 
 
 0.85866 
 
 0.85717 
 
 59 
 
 31 
 
 0.85717 
 
 0.85567 
 
 0.85416 
 
 0.85264 
 
 0.85112 
 
 0.84959 
 
 0.84805 
 
 58 
 
 32 
 
 0.84805 
 
 0.84650 
 
 0.84495 
 
 0.84339 
 
 0.84182 
 
 0.84025 
 
 0.83867 
 
 57 
 
 33 
 
 0.83867 
 
 0.83708 
 
 0.83549 
 
 0.83389 
 
 0.83228 
 
 0.83066 
 
 0.82904 
 
 56 
 
 34 
 
 0.82904 
 
 0.82741 
 
 0.82577 
 
 0.82413 
 
 0.82248 
 
 0.82082 
 
 0.81915 
 
 55 
 
 35 
 
 0.81915 
 
 0.81748 
 
 0.81580 
 
 0.81412 
 
 0.81242 
 
 0.81072 
 
 0.80902 
 
 54 
 
 36 
 
 0.80902 
 
 0.80730 
 
 0.80558 
 
 0.80386 
 
 0.80212 
 
 0.80038 
 
 0.79864 
 
 53 
 
 37 
 
 0.79864 
 
 0.79688 
 
 0.79512 
 
 0.79335 
 
 0.79158 
 
 0.78980 
 
 0.78801 
 
 52 
 
 38 
 
 0.78801 
 
 0.78622 
 
 0.78442 
 
 0.78261 
 
 0.78079 
 
 0.77897 
 
 0.77715 
 
 51 
 
 39 
 
 0.77715 
 
 0.77531 
 
 0.77347 
 
 0.77162 
 
 0.76977 
 
 0.76791 
 
 0.76604 
 
 50 
 
 40 
 
 0.76604 
 
 0.76417 
 
 0.76229 
 
 0.76041 
 
 0.75851 
 
 0.75661 
 
 0.75471 
 
 49 
 
 41 
 
 0.75471 
 
 0.75280 
 
 75088 
 
 0.74896 
 
 0.74703 
 
 0.74509 
 
 0.74314 
 
 48 
 
 42 
 
 0.74314 
 
 0.74120 
 
 0.73924 
 
 0.73728 
 
 0.73531 
 
 0.73333 
 
 0.73135 
 
 47 
 
 43 
 
 0.73135 
 
 0.72937 
 
 0.72737 
 
 0.72537 
 
 0.72*37 
 
 0.72136 
 
 0.71934 
 
 46 
 
 44 
 
 0.71934 
 
 0.71732 
 
 0.71529 
 
 0.71325 
 
 0.71121 
 
 0.70916 
 
 0.70711 
 
 45 
 
 
 60' 
 
 50' 
 
 40' 
 
 30' 
 
 20' 
 
 10' 
 
 0' 
 
 I 
 
 
 SINE. 
 
 1 
 
 

 NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 269 
 
 MATHEMATICAL TABLES. (CONTINUED.) 
 
 i 
 
 TANGENT. 
 
 
 I 
 
 0' 
 
 10' 
 
 20' 
 
 30' 
 
 40' 
 
 w 
 
 60' 
 
 
 
 
 0.00000 
 
 0.00291 
 
 0.00582 
 
 0.00873 
 
 0.01164 
 
 0.01455 
 
 0.01746 
 
 89 
 
 1 
 
 0.01746 
 
 0.02036 
 
 0.02328 
 
 0.02619 
 
 0.02910 
 
 0.03201 
 
 0.03492 
 
 88 
 
 2 
 
 0.03492 
 
 0.03783 
 
 0.04075 
 
 0.04366 
 
 0.04658 
 
 0.04949 
 
 0.05241 
 
 87 
 
 3 
 
 0.05241 
 
 0.05533 
 
 0.05824 
 
 0.06116 
 
 0.06408 
 
 0.06700 
 
 0.06993 
 
 86 
 
 4 
 
 0.06993 
 
 0.07285 
 
 0.08578 
 
 0.07870 
 
 0.08163 
 
 0.08456 
 
 0.08749 
 
 85 
 
 5 
 
 0.08749 
 
 0.09042 
 
 0.09335 
 
 0.09629 
 
 0.09923 
 
 0.10216 
 
 0.10510 
 
 84 
 
 6 
 
 0.10510 
 
 0.10805 
 
 0.11099 
 
 0.11394 
 
 0.11688 
 
 0.11983 
 
 0.12278 
 
 83 
 
 7 
 
 0.12278 
 
 0.12574 
 
 0.12869 
 
 0.13165 
 
 0.13461 
 
 0.13758 
 
 0.14054 
 
 82 
 
 8 
 
 0.14054 
 
 0.14351 
 
 0.14648 
 
 0.14945 
 
 0.15243 
 
 0.15540 
 
 0.15838 
 
 81 
 
 9 
 
 0.15838 
 
 0.16137 
 
 0.16435 
 
 0.16734 
 
 0.17033 
 
 0.17333 
 
 0.17633 
 
 80 
 
 10 
 
 0.17633 
 
 0.17933 
 
 0.18233 
 
 0.18534 
 
 0.18835 
 
 0.19136 
 
 0.19438 
 
 79 
 
 11 
 
 0.19438 
 
 0.19740 
 
 0.20042 
 
 0.20345 
 
 0.20648 
 
 0.20952 
 
 0.21256 
 
 78 
 
 12 
 
 0.21256 
 
 0.21560 
 
 0.21864 
 
 0.22169 
 
 0.22475 
 
 0.22781 
 
 0.23087 
 
 77 
 
 13 
 
 0.23087 
 
 0.23393 
 
 0.23700 
 
 0.24008 
 
 0.24316 
 
 0.24624 
 
 0.24933 
 
 76 
 
 14 
 
 0.24933 
 
 0.25242 
 
 0.25552 
 
 0.25862 
 
 0.26172 
 
 0.26483 
 
 0. -26795 
 
 75 
 
 i 
 15 
 
 0.26795 
 
 0.27107 
 
 0.27419 
 
 0.27732 
 
 0.28046 
 
 0.28360 
 
 0.28675 
 
 74 
 
 16 
 
 0.28675 
 
 0.28990 
 
 0.29305 
 
 0.29621 
 
 0.29938 
 
 0.30255 
 
 0.30573 
 
 73 
 
 17 
 
 0.30573 
 
 0.30891 
 
 0.31210 
 
 0.31530 
 
 0.31850 
 
 0.32171 
 
 0.32492 
 
 72 
 
 18 
 
 0.32492 
 
 0.32814 
 
 0.33136 
 
 0.33460 
 
 0.33783 
 
 0.34108 
 
 0.34433 
 
 71 
 
 19 
 
 0.34433 
 
 0.34758 
 
 0.35085 
 
 0.35412 
 
 0.35740 
 
 0.36068 
 
 0.36397 
 
 70 
 
 20 
 
 0.36397 
 
 0.36727 
 
 0.37057 
 
 0.37388 
 
 0.37720 
 
 0.38053 
 
 0.38386 
 
 69 
 
 21 
 
 0.38386 
 
 0.38721 
 
 0.39055 
 
 0.39391 
 
 0.39727 
 
 0.40065 
 
 0.40403 
 
 68 
 
 22 
 
 0.40403 
 
 0.40741 
 
 0.41081 
 
 0.41421 
 
 0.41763 
 
 0.42105 
 
 0.42447 
 
 67 
 
 23 
 
 0.42447 
 
 0.42791 
 
 0.43136 
 
 0.43481 
 
 0.43828 
 
 0.44175 
 
 0.44523 
 
 66 
 
 24 
 
 0.44523 
 
 0.44872 
 
 0.45222 
 
 0.45573 
 
 0.45924 
 
 0.46277 
 
 0.46631 
 
 65 
 
 25 
 
 0.46631 
 
 0.46985 
 
 0.47341 
 
 0.47698 
 
 0.48055 
 
 0.48414 
 
 0.48773 
 
 64 
 
 26 
 
 0.48773 
 
 0.49134 
 
 0.49495 
 
 0.49858 
 
 0.50222 
 
 0.50587 
 
 0.50953 
 
 63 
 
 27 
 
 0.50953 
 
 0.51320 
 
 0.51688 
 
 0.52057 
 
 0.52427 
 
 0.52798 
 
 0.53171 
 
 62 
 
 
 0.53171 
 
 0.53545 
 
 0.53920 
 
 0.54296 
 
 0.54673 
 
 0.55051 
 
 0.55431 
 
 61 
 
 29 
 
 0.55431 
 
 0.55812 
 
 0.56194 
 
 0.56577 
 
 0.56962 
 
 0.57348 
 
 0.57735 
 
 60 
 
 30 
 
 0.57735 
 
 0.58124 
 
 0.58513 
 
 0.58905 
 
 0.59297 
 
 0.59691 
 
 0.60086 
 
 59 
 
 31 
 
 0.60086 
 
 0.60483 
 
 0.60881 
 
 0.61280 
 
 0.61681 
 
 0.62083 
 
 0.62487 
 
 58 
 
 32 
 
 0.62487 
 
 0.62892 
 
 0.63299 
 
 0.63707 
 
 0.64117 
 
 0.64528 
 
 0.64941 
 
 57 
 
 33 
 
 0.64941 
 
 0.65355 
 
 0.65771 
 
 0.66189 
 
 0.66608 
 
 0.67028 
 
 0.67451 
 
 56 
 
 34 
 
 0.67451 
 
 0.67875 
 
 0.68301 
 
 0.68728 
 
 0.69157 
 
 0.69588 
 
 0.70021 
 
 55 
 
 35 
 
 0.70021 
 
 0.70455 
 
 0.70891 
 
 0.71329 
 
 0.71769 
 
 0.72211 
 
 0.72654 
 
 54 
 
 36 
 
 0.72654 
 
 0.73100 
 
 0.73547 
 
 0.73996 
 
 0.74447 
 
 0.74900 
 
 0.75355 
 
 53 
 
 37 
 
 0.75355 
 
 0.75812 
 
 0.76272 
 
 0.76733 
 
 0.77196 
 
 0.77661 
 
 0.78129 
 
 52 
 
 38 
 
 0.78129 
 
 0.78598 
 
 0.79079 
 
 0.79544 
 
 0.80020 
 
 0.80498 
 
 0.80978 
 
 51 
 
 39 
 
 0.80978 
 
 0.81461 
 
 0.81946 
 
 0.82434 
 
 0.82923 
 
 0.83415 
 
 0.83910 
 
 50 
 
 40 
 
 0.83910 
 
 0.84407 
 
 0.84906 
 
 0.85408 
 
 0.85912 
 
 0.86419 
 
 0.86929 
 
 49 
 
 41 
 
 0.86929 
 
 0.87441 
 
 0.87955 
 
 0.88473 
 
 0.88992 
 
 0.89515 
 
 0.90040 
 
 48 
 
 42 
 
 0.90040 
 
 0.90569 
 
 0.91099 
 
 0.91633 
 
 0.92170 
 
 0.92709 
 
 0.93252 
 
 47 
 
 43 
 
 0.93252 
 
 0.93797 
 
 0.94345 
 
 0.94896 
 
 0.95451 
 
 0.96008 
 
 0.96569 
 
 46 
 
 44 
 
 0.96569 
 
 0.97133 
 
 0.97700 
 
 0.98270 
 
 0.98843 
 
 0.99420 
 
 1.00000 
 
 45 
 
 
 60' 
 
 50' 
 
 40 
 
 30' 
 
 20' 
 
 10' 
 
 0' 
 
 Z 
 
 
 
 COTANGENT. 
 
 
 
270 NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 MATHEMATICAL TABLES. (CONTINUED.) 
 
 I 
 
 COTANGENT. 
 
 
 I 
 
 0' 
 
 10' 
 
 20' 
 
 30' 
 
 40' 
 
 50' 
 
 60' 
 
 
 
 
 00 
 
 343.77371 
 
 171.88540 
 
 114.58865 
 
 85.93979 
 
 68.75009 
 
 57.28996 
 
 89 
 
 1 
 
 57.28996 
 
 49.10388 
 
 42.96408 
 
 38.18846 
 
 34.36777 
 
 31.24158 
 
 28.63625 
 
 88 
 
 2 
 
 28.63625 
 
 26.43160 
 
 24.54176 
 
 22.90377 
 
 21.47040 
 
 20.20555 
 
 19.08114 
 
 87 
 
 3 
 
 19.08114 
 
 18.07498 
 
 17.16934 
 
 16.34986 
 
 15.60478 
 
 14.92442 
 
 14.30067 
 
 86 
 
 4 
 
 14.30067 
 
 13.72674 
 
 13.19688 
 
 12.70621 
 
 12.25051 
 
 11/82617 
 
 11.43005 
 
 85 
 
 5 
 
 11.43005 
 
 11.05943 
 
 10.71191 
 
 10.38540 
 
 10.07803 
 
 9.78817 
 
 9.51430 
 
 84 
 
 6 
 
 9.51436 
 
 9.25530 
 
 9.00983 
 
 8.77689 
 
 8.55555 
 
 8.34496 
 
 8.14435 
 
 83 
 
 7 
 
 8.14435 
 
 7.95302 
 
 7.77035 
 
 7.59575 
 
 7. -42871 
 
 7.26873 
 
 7.11537 
 
 82 
 
 8 
 
 7.11537 
 
 6.96823 
 
 6.82694 
 
 6.69116 
 
 6.56055 
 
 6.43484 
 
 6.31375 
 
 81 
 
 9 
 
 6.31375 
 
 6.19703 
 
 6.08444 
 
 5.97576 
 
 5.87080 
 
 5.76937 
 
 5.67128 
 
 80 
 
 10 
 
 5.67128 
 
 5.57638 
 
 5.48451 
 
 5.39552 
 
 5.30928 
 
 5.22566 
 
 5.14455 
 
 79 
 
 11 
 
 5.14455 
 
 5.06584 
 
 4.98940 
 
 4.91516 
 
 4.84300 
 
 4.77286 
 
 4.70463 
 
 78 
 
 12 
 
 4.70463 
 
 4.63825 
 
 4.57363 
 
 4.51071 
 
 4.44942 
 
 4.38969 
 
 4.33148 
 
 77 
 
 13 
 
 4.33148 
 
 4.27471 
 
 4.21933 
 
 4.16530 
 
 4.11256 
 
 4.06107 
 
 4.01078 
 
 76 
 
 14 
 
 4.01078 
 
 3.96165 
 
 3.91364 
 
 3.86671 
 
 3.82083 
 
 3.77595 
 
 3.73205 
 
 75 
 
 15 
 
 3.73205 
 
 3.68909 
 
 3.64705 
 
 3.60588 
 
 3.56557 
 
 3.52609 
 
 3.48741 
 
 74 
 
 16 
 
 3.48741 
 
 3.44951 
 
 3.41236 
 
 3.37594 
 
 3.34023 
 
 3.30521 
 
 3.27085 
 
 73 
 
 17 
 
 3.27085 
 
 3.23714 
 
 3.20406 
 
 3.17159 
 
 3.13972 
 
 3.10842 
 
 3.07768 
 
 72 
 
 18 
 
 3.07768 
 
 3.04749 
 
 3.01783 
 
 2.98869 
 
 2.96004 
 
 2.93189 
 
 2.90421 
 
 71 
 
 19 
 
 2.90421 
 
 2.87700 
 
 2.85023 
 
 2.82391 
 
 2,79802 
 
 2 . 77254 
 
 2.74748 
 
 70 
 
 20 
 
 2.74748J 2.72281 
 
 2.69853 
 
 2.67462 
 
 2.65109 
 
 2.62791 
 
 2.60509 
 
 69 
 
 21 
 
 2.605091 2.58261 
 
 2.56046 
 
 2.53865 
 
 2.51715 
 
 2.49597 
 
 2.47509 
 
 68 
 
 22 
 
 2.47509 
 
 2.45451 
 
 2.43422 
 
 2.41421 
 
 2.39449 
 
 2.37504 
 
 2.35585 
 
 67 
 
 23 
 
 2.35585 
 
 2.&S693 
 
 2.31826 
 
 2.29984 
 
 2.28167 
 
 2.26374 
 
 2.24604 
 
 66 
 
 24 
 
 2.24604 
 
 2.22857 
 
 2.21132 
 
 2.19430 
 
 2.17749 
 
 2.16090 
 
 2.14451 
 
 65 
 
 25 
 
 2.14451 
 
 2.12a32 
 
 2.11233 
 
 2.09654 
 
 2.08094 
 
 2.06553 
 
 2.05030 
 
 64 
 
 26 
 
 2.05030 
 
 2.03526 
 
 2.02039 
 
 2.00569 
 
 .99116 
 
 1.97680 
 
 1.96261 
 
 63 
 
 27 
 
 .96261 
 
 1.94858 
 
 1.93470 
 
 1.92098 
 
 .90741 
 
 1.89400 
 
 1.88073 
 
 62 
 
 28 
 
 .88073 
 
 1.86760 
 
 .85462 
 
 1.84177 
 
 .82906 
 
 1.81649 
 
 .80405 
 
 61 
 
 29 
 
 .80405 
 
 1.79174 
 
 .77955 
 
 1.76749 
 
 .75556 
 
 1.74375 
 
 .73205 
 
 60 
 
 30 
 
 .73205 
 
 1.72047 
 
 .70901 
 
 1.69766 
 
 .68643 
 
 1.67530 
 
 .66428 
 
 59 
 
 31 
 
 .66428 
 
 1.65337 
 
 .64256 
 
 1.63185 
 
 .62125 
 
 1.61074 
 
 .60033 
 
 58 
 
 32 
 
 .60033 
 
 1.59002 
 
 .57981 
 
 1.56969 
 
 .55966 
 
 1.54972 
 
 .53987 
 
 57 
 
 33 
 
 .53987 
 
 1.53010 
 
 .52043 
 
 1.51084 
 
 .50133 
 
 1.49190 
 
 .48256 
 
 56 
 
 34 
 
 .48256 
 
 1.47330 
 
 .46411 
 
 1.45501 
 
 .44598 
 
 1.43703 
 
 .42815 
 
 55 
 
 35 
 
 .42815 
 
 1.41934 
 
 .41061 
 
 1.40195 
 
 .39336 
 
 1.38484 
 
 .37638 
 
 54 
 
 36 
 
 .37638 
 
 1.36800 
 
 .35968 
 
 1.35142 
 
 .34323 
 
 1.33511 
 
 .32704 
 
 53 
 
 37 
 
 .32704 
 
 1.31904 
 
 .31110 
 
 1.30323 
 
 .29541 
 
 1.28764 
 
 .27994 
 
 52 
 
 38 
 
 .27994 
 
 1.27230 
 
 .26471 
 
 1.25717 
 
 .24969 
 
 1.24227 
 
 .23490 
 
 51 
 
 39 
 
 .23490 
 
 1.22758 
 
 .22031 
 
 1.21310 
 
 .20593 
 
 1.19882 
 
 .19175 
 
 50 
 
 40 
 
 .19175 
 
 1.18474 
 
 .17777 
 
 1.17085 
 
 .16398 
 
 1.15715 
 
 .15037 
 
 49 
 
 41 
 
 .15037 
 
 1.14363 
 
 .13694 
 
 1.13029 
 
 .12369 
 
 1.11713 
 
 .11061 
 
 48 
 
 42 
 
 .11061 
 
 1.10414 
 
 .09770 
 
 1.09131 
 
 .08496 
 
 1.07864 
 
 .07237 
 
 47 
 
 43 
 
 1.07237 
 
 1.06613 
 
 .05994 
 
 1.05378 
 
 .04766 
 
 1.04158 
 
 .03553 
 
 46 
 
 44 
 
 1.03553 
 
 1.02952 
 
 1.02355 
 
 1.01761 
 
 .01170 
 
 1.00583 
 
 .00000 
 
 45 
 
 
 60' 
 
 50' 
 
 40' 
 
 30' 
 
 20' 
 
 10' 
 
 0' 
 
 
 
 TANGENT. 
 
 
 
NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY 271 
 
 CIRCUMFERENCES AND AREAS OF CIRCLES. 
 
 Diameter from %\ to JOO, advancing chiefly by Eighths. 
 
 Diam. 
 
 Circum. 
 
 Area. 
 
 Diam. 
 
 Circum. 
 
 Area. 
 
 Diam. 
 
 Circum. 
 
 Area. 
 
 i 
 
 .04909 
 
 .00019 
 
 2.J6 
 
 6.6759 
 
 3.5466 
 
 5. IB 
 
 17.082 
 
 23.221 
 
 i 
 
 .09818 
 
 .00077 
 
 3 
 
 6.8722 
 
 3.7583 
 
 ix 
 
 17 279 
 
 23.758 
 
 3 3 5 
 
 .14726 
 
 .00173 
 
 J4 
 
 7.0686 
 
 3.9761 
 
 T 9 S 
 
 17.475 
 
 24.301 
 
 1 
 
 .19635 
 
 .00307 
 
 5 
 
 7.2649 
 
 4.2000 
 
 5X 
 
 17.671 
 
 24.850 
 
 n 
 
 .29452 
 
 .00690 
 
 % 
 
 7.4613 
 
 4.4301 
 
 H 
 
 17.868 
 
 25.406 
 
 i/ 
 
 .39270 
 
 .01227 
 
 7 
 
 7.6576 
 
 4.6664 
 
 M 
 
 18.064 
 
 25.967 
 
 6^ 
 
 .49087 
 
 .01917 
 
 % 
 
 7.8540 
 
 4.9087 
 
 ii 
 
 18.261 
 
 26.535 
 
 & 
 
 .58905 
 
 .02761 
 
 9 
 
 8.0503 
 
 5.1572 
 
 7X 
 
 18.457 
 
 27.109 
 
 A 
 
 .68722 
 
 .03758 
 
 % 
 
 8.2467 
 
 5.4119 
 
 ii 
 
 18.653 
 
 27.688 
 
 
 
 
 11 
 
 8.4430 
 
 5.6727 
 
 
 
 
 M 
 
 .78540 
 
 .04909 
 
 % 
 
 8.6394 
 
 5.9396 
 
 6. 
 
 18.&50 
 
 28.274 
 
 9 
 
 .88357 
 
 .06213 
 
 13 
 
 8.8357 
 
 6.2126 
 
 IX 
 
 19.242 
 
 29.465 
 
 5 
 
 .98175 
 
 .07670 
 
 % 
 
 9.0321 
 
 6.4918 
 
 i/; 
 
 19.635 
 
 30.680 
 
 n 
 
 1.0799 
 
 .09281 
 
 ii 
 
 9.2284 
 
 6.7771 
 
 % 
 
 20.028 
 
 31.919 
 
 D 
 
 1.1781 
 
 .11045 
 
 
 
 
 IX 
 
 20.420 
 
 33.183 
 
 13 
 
 1.2763 
 
 .12962 
 
 3. 
 
 9.4248 
 
 7.0686 
 
 % 
 
 20.813 
 
 34.472 
 
 7 
 
 1.3744 
 
 .15033 
 
 i 
 
 9.6211 
 
 7.3662 
 
 H 
 
 21.206 
 
 35.785 
 
 II 
 
 1.4726 
 
 .17257 
 
 x6 
 
 9.8175 
 
 7.6699 
 
 
 21.598 
 
 37.122 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 10.014 
 
 7.9798 
 
 
 
 
 7l3 
 
 1.5708 
 
 .19635 
 
 J4 
 
 10.210 
 
 8.2958 
 
 7. 
 
 21.991 
 
 38.485 
 
 17 
 
 1.6690 
 
 .22166 
 
 5 
 
 10.407 
 
 8.6179 
 
 IX 
 
 22.384 
 
 39.871 
 
 3 9 2 
 
 1.7671 
 
 .24850 
 
 % 
 
 10.603 
 
 8.9462 
 
 H 
 
 22.776 
 
 41.282 
 
 19 
 
 1.8653 
 
 .27688 
 
 JL 
 
 10.799 
 
 9.2806 
 
 sx 
 
 23.169 
 
 42.718 
 
 II 
 
 1.9635 
 
 .30680 
 
 Hi 
 
 10 996 
 
 9.6211 
 
 % 
 
 23.562 
 
 44.179 
 
 H 
 
 2.0617 
 
 .33824 
 
 9 
 
 11.192 
 
 9.9678 
 
 5X 
 
 23.955 
 
 45.664 
 
 H 
 
 2.1598 
 
 .37122 
 
 % 
 
 11.388 
 
 10.321 
 
 M 
 
 24.347 
 
 47.173 
 
 11 
 
 2.2580 
 
 .40574 
 
 TB 
 
 11.585 
 
 10.680 
 
 % 
 
 24.740 
 
 48.707 
 
 
 
 
 M 
 
 11.781 
 
 11.045 
 
 
 
 
 ax 
 
 2.3562 
 
 .44179 
 
 13 
 
 11.977 
 
 11.416 
 
 8. 
 
 25.133 
 
 50.265 
 
 5 
 
 2.4544 
 
 \47937 
 
 % 
 
 12.174 
 
 11.793 
 
 
 25.525 
 
 51.849 
 
 |g 
 
 2.5525 
 
 .51849 
 
 ii 
 
 12.370 
 
 12.177 
 
 H 
 
 25.918 
 
 53.456 
 
 2j 
 
 2.6507 
 
 .55914 
 
 
 
 
 sx 
 
 26.311 
 
 55.088 
 
 lyx 
 
 2.7489 
 
 .60132 
 
 4. i 
 
 12.566 
 
 12.566 
 
 /is 
 
 26.704 
 
 56.745 
 
 1 
 
 2.8471 
 
 .64504 
 
 
 12.763 
 
 12.962 
 
 % 
 
 27.096 
 
 58.426 
 
 16 
 
 2.9452 
 
 .69029 
 
 IX 
 
 12.959 
 
 13.364 
 
 a/ 
 
 27.489 
 
 60.132 
 
 Si 
 
 3.0434 
 
 .73708 
 
 & 
 
 13.155 
 
 13.772 
 
 % 
 
 27.882 
 
 61.862 
 
 
 
 
 J4 
 
 13.352 
 
 14.186 
 
 
 
 
 1. t 
 
 3.1416 
 
 .7854 
 
 T*8 
 
 13.548 
 
 14.607 
 
 9. 
 
 28.274 
 
 63.617 
 
 
 3.3379 
 
 .8866 
 
 3X 
 
 13.744 
 
 15.033 
 
 IX 
 
 28.667 
 
 65.397 
 
 |x 
 
 3.5343 
 
 .9940 
 
 T ? B 
 
 13.941 
 
 15.466 
 
 x4 
 
 29.060 
 
 67.201 
 
 A 
 
 3.7306 
 
 .1075 
 
 1^ 
 
 14.137 
 
 15.904 
 
 3X 
 
 29.452 
 
 69.029 
 
 s 
 
 3.9270 
 
 .2272 
 
 J 
 
 14.334 
 
 16.349 
 
 IX 
 
 29.845 
 
 70.882 
 
 i 
 
 4.1233 
 
 .3530 
 
 % 
 
 14.530 
 
 16.800 
 
 % 
 
 30.238 
 
 72.760 
 
 
 4.3197 
 
 .4849 
 
 11 
 
 14.726 
 
 17.257 
 
 7* 
 
 30.631 
 
 74.662 
 
 /e 
 
 4.5160 
 
 .6230 
 
 M 
 
 14.923 
 
 17.728 
 
 
 31.023 
 
 76.589 
 
 IX 
 
 4.7124 
 
 .7671 
 
 13 
 
 15.119 
 
 18.190 
 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 4.9087 
 
 .9175 
 
 7X 
 
 15.315 
 
 18.665 
 
 10. 
 
 31.416 
 
 78.540 
 
 % 
 
 5.1051 
 
 2.0739 
 
 if 
 
 15.512 
 
 19.147 
 
 
 31.809 
 
 80.516 
 
 11 
 
 5.3014 
 
 2.2365 
 
 
 
 
 IX 
 
 32.201 
 
 82.516 
 
 M 
 
 5.4978 
 
 2.4053 
 
 5. 
 
 15.708 
 
 19.635 
 
 /i 
 
 32.594 
 
 84.541 
 
 13 
 
 5.6941 
 
 2.5802 
 
 TB 
 
 15.904 
 
 20.129 
 
 v^ 
 
 32.987 
 
 86.590 
 
 % 
 
 5 8905 
 
 2.7612 
 
 y 
 
 16.101 
 
 20.629 
 
 % 
 
 33.379 
 
 88.664 
 
 18 
 
 6.0868 
 
 2.9483 
 
 T^ 
 
 16.297 
 
 21.135 
 
 % 
 
 as. 772 
 
 90.763 
 
 
 
 
 I/ 
 
 16.493 
 
 21.648 
 
 % 
 
 34.165 
 
 92.886 
 
 2. 
 
 6.2832 
 
 3.1416 
 
 ^ 
 
 16.690 
 
 22.166 
 
 
 
 
 A 
 
 6.4795 
 
 3 3410 
 
 % 
 
 16.886 
 
 22.691 
 
 11. 
 
 34.558 
 
 95.033 
 
 flr. J 
 

 272 NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 CIRCUMFERENCES AND AREAS OF CIRCLES. 
 
 (CONTINUED.) 
 
 Diam. 
 
 Circum. 
 
 Area. 
 
 Diam. 
 
 Circum. 
 
 Area. 
 
 Diam . 
 
 Circum. 
 
 Area. 
 
 11-/6 
 
 34.950 
 
 97.205 
 
 17.% 
 
 54.585 
 
 237.10 
 
 23.% 
 
 74.220 
 
 438.36 
 
 
 35.343 
 
 99.402 
 
 
 54.978 
 
 240.53 
 
 
 74.613 
 
 443.01 
 
 3X 
 
 35.736 
 
 101.62 
 
 % 
 
 55.371 
 
 243.98 
 
 % 
 
 75.006 
 
 447.69 
 
 x^ 
 
 36.128 
 
 103.87 
 
 M 
 
 55.763 
 
 247.45 
 
 
 
 
 % 
 
 36.521 
 
 106.14 
 
 % 
 
 56.156 
 
 250.95 
 
 24. 
 
 75.398 
 
 452.39 
 
 %. 
 
 36.914 
 
 108.43 
 
 
 
 
 
 75.791 
 
 457.11 
 
 % 
 
 37.306 
 
 110.75 
 
 18. 
 
 56.549 
 
 254.47 
 
 /4 
 
 76.184 
 
 461.86 
 
 
 
 
 J| 
 
 56.941 
 
 258.02 
 
 az 
 
 76.576 
 
 466.64 
 
 12. 
 
 37.699 
 
 113.10 
 
 
 57.334 
 
 261.59 
 
 /^ 
 
 76.969 
 
 471.44 
 
 
 38.092 
 
 115.47 
 
 3X 
 
 57.727 
 
 265.18 
 
 KX 
 
 77.362 
 
 476.26 
 
 IX 
 
 38.485 
 
 117.86 
 
 Li 
 
 58.119 
 
 268.80 
 
 3X 
 
 77.754 
 
 481.11 
 
 % 
 
 38.877 
 
 120.28 
 
 % 
 
 58.512 
 
 272.45 
 
 % 
 
 78.147 
 
 485.98 
 
 fij 
 
 39.270 
 
 122.72 
 
 a/ 
 
 58.905 
 
 276.12 
 
 
 
 
 % 
 
 39.663 
 
 125.19 
 
 % 
 
 59.298 
 
 279.81 
 
 25. 
 
 78.540 
 
 490.87 
 
 ax 
 
 40.055 
 
 127.68 
 
 
 
 
 
 78.933 
 
 495.79 
 
 % 
 
 40.448 
 
 130.19 
 
 19. 
 
 59.690 
 
 283.53 
 
 IX 
 
 79.325 
 
 500.74 
 
 
 
 
 
 60.083 
 
 287.27 
 
 % 
 
 79.718 
 
 505.71 
 
 13. 
 
 40.841 
 
 132.73 
 
 ix; 
 
 60.476 
 
 291.04 
 
 IX 
 
 80.111 
 
 510.71 
 
 
 41.233 
 
 135.30 
 
 % 
 
 60.8(58 
 
 294.83 
 
 % 
 
 80.503 
 
 515.72 
 
 IX 
 
 41.626 
 
 137.89 
 
 IX, 
 
 61.261 
 
 298.05 
 
 3X 
 
 80.89(5 
 
 520.77 
 
 % 
 
 42.019 
 
 140.50 
 
 % 
 
 61.654 
 
 302.49 
 
 % 
 
 81.289 
 
 525.84 
 
 1Z 
 
 42.412 
 
 143.14 
 
 % 
 
 62.046 
 
 306.35 
 
 
 
 
 KX 
 
 42.804 
 
 145.80 
 
 % 
 
 62.439 
 
 310.24 
 
 26. 
 
 81.681 
 
 530.93 
 
 % 
 
 43.197 
 
 148.49 
 
 
 
 
 
 82.074 
 
 536.05 
 
 % 
 
 43.590 
 
 151.20 
 
 20. 
 
 62.832 
 
 314.16 
 
 IX 
 
 82.467 
 
 541.19 
 
 
 
 
 M 
 
 63.225 
 
 318.10 
 
 % 
 
 82.860 
 
 546.35 
 
 14. 
 
 43.982 
 
 153.94 
 
 
 63.617 
 
 322.06 
 
 i 
 
 83.252 
 
 551.55 
 
 
 44.375 
 
 156.70 
 
 % 
 
 64 010 
 
 3-26.05 
 
 % 
 
 83.645 
 
 556.76 
 
 M 
 
 44.768 
 
 159.48 
 
 v& 
 
 64.403 
 
 330.06 
 
 % 
 
 84.038 
 
 562.00 
 
 32 
 
 45.160 
 
 162.30 
 
 % 
 
 (54.795 
 
 334.10 
 
 % 
 
 84.430 
 
 567.27 
 
 xii 
 
 45.553 
 
 165.13 
 
 H 
 
 65.188 
 
 338.16 
 
 
 
 
 5/ 
 
 45.946 
 
 167.99 
 
 H 
 
 65.581 
 
 342.25 
 
 27. 
 
 84.823 
 
 572.56 
 
 i 
 
 46.338 
 
 170.87 
 
 
 
 
 ix 
 
 85.216 
 
 577.87 
 
 % 
 
 46.731 
 
 173.78 
 
 21. 
 
 65.973 
 
 346.36 
 
 H 
 
 85.608 
 
 583.21 
 
 
 
 
 /^c 
 
 c,ii.:i(ii; 
 
 350.50 
 
 a2 
 
 8(5.001 
 
 588.57 
 
 15. 
 
 47.124 
 
 176.71 
 
 M 
 
 66.759 
 
 &54.66 
 
 VX, 
 
 86.394 
 
 593.96 
 
 ^ 
 
 47.517 
 
 179.67 
 
 % 
 
 67.152 
 
 358.84 
 
 % 
 
 86.786 
 
 599.37 
 
 
 47.909 
 
 182.65 
 
 L 
 
 67.544 
 
 363.05 
 
 3X 
 
 87.179 
 
 604.81 
 
 32 
 
 48.302 
 
 185.66 
 
 % 
 
 67.937 
 
 3(57.28 
 
 7X 
 
 87.572 
 
 610.27 
 
 /^ 
 
 48.695 
 
 188.69 
 
 M 
 
 68.330 
 
 371.54 
 
 
 
 
 % 
 
 49.087 
 
 191.75 
 
 % 
 
 68.722 
 
 375.83 
 
 28. 
 
 87.965 
 
 615.75 
 
 % 
 
 49.480 
 
 194.83 
 
 
 
 
 x4 
 
 88.357 
 
 621.26 
 
 % 
 
 49.873 
 
 197.93 
 
 22. 
 
 69.115 
 
 380.13 
 
 /x; 
 
 88.750 
 
 626 80 
 
 
 
 
 ix 
 
 69.508 
 
 384.46 
 
 % 
 
 89.143 
 
 632.36 
 
 16. 
 
 50.265 
 
 201.06 
 
 IX 
 
 69.900 
 
 388.82 
 
 IX 
 
 89.535 
 
 637.94 
 
 
 50.658 
 
 204.22 
 
 % 
 
 70.293 
 
 393.20 
 
 % 
 
 H.).>28 
 
 643.55 
 
 IX 
 
 51.051 
 
 207.39 
 
 ix. 
 
 70.686 
 
 397.61 
 
 ax. 
 
 90.321 
 
 649.18 
 
 % 
 
 51.444 
 
 210.60 
 
 % 
 
 71.079 
 
 402.04 
 
 % 
 
 90.713 
 
 654.84 
 
 l 
 
 51.836 
 
 213.82 
 
 ax. 
 
 71.471 
 
 406.49 
 
 
 
 
 B/j 
 
 52.229 
 
 217.08 
 
 % 
 
 71.864 
 
 410.97 
 
 29. 
 
 91.106 
 
 660.52 
 
 9i 
 
 52.622 
 
 220.35 
 
 
 
 
 $ 
 
 91 .499 
 
 666.23 
 
 7^ 
 
 53.014 
 
 223.65 
 
 23. 
 
 72.257 
 
 415.48 
 
 
 91.892 
 
 671.96 
 
 
 
 
 $ 
 
 72.649 
 
 420.00 
 
 sz 
 
 92.284 
 
 677.71 
 
 17. 
 
 53.407 
 
 226.98 
 
 
 73.042 
 
 424.56 
 
 /^ 
 
 92.C.77 
 
 683.49 
 
 
 53.800 
 
 230.33 
 
 % 
 
 73.435 
 
 429.13 
 
 % 
 
 93.070 
 
 689.30 i 
 
 M 
 
 54.192 
 
 233.71 
 
 /^ 
 
 73.827 
 
 433.74 
 
 H 
 
 93.462 
 
 695.13 
 
 
NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 273 
 
 CIRCUMFERENCES AND AREAS OF CIRCLES. 
 
 (CONTINUED.) 
 
 Diam. 
 
 Circum. 
 
 Area. 
 
 Diam. 
 
 Circum. 
 
 Area. 
 
 Diam. 
 
 Circum. 
 
 Area. 
 
 29.% 
 
 93.855 
 
 700.98 
 
 36.^ 
 
 113.490 
 
 1025.0 
 
 42.% 
 
 133.125 
 
 1410.3 
 
 
 
 
 
 113.883 
 
 1032.1 
 
 
 133.518 
 
 1418.6 
 
 30. 
 
 94.248 
 
 706.86 
 
 a2 
 
 114.275 
 
 1039.2 
 
 & 
 
 133.910 
 
 1427.0 
 
 
 94.640 
 
 712.76 
 
 /^ 
 
 114.668 
 
 1046.3 
 
 M 
 
 134.303 
 
 1435.4 
 
 /4 
 
 95.033 
 
 718.69 
 
 5X 
 
 115.061 
 
 1053.5 
 
 TX 
 
 134.696 
 
 1443.8 
 
 % 
 
 95.426 
 
 724.64 
 
 M 
 
 115.454 
 
 1060.7 
 
 
 
 
 12 
 
 95.819 
 
 730.62 
 
 % 
 
 115.846 
 
 1068.0 
 
 43. 
 
 135.088 
 
 1452.2 
 
 % 
 
 96.211 
 
 736.62 
 
 
 
 
 /4 
 
 135.481 
 
 1460.7 
 
 % 
 
 96.604 
 
 742.64 
 
 37. 
 
 116.239 
 
 1075.2 
 
 /4 
 
 135.874 
 
 1469.1 
 
 % 
 
 96.997 
 
 748.69 
 
 K 
 
 116.633 
 
 1082.5 
 
 % 
 
 136.267 
 
 1477.6 
 
 
 
 
 
 117.024 
 
 1089.8 
 
 i^ 
 
 136.659 
 
 1486 2 
 
 31. 
 
 97.389 
 
 754.77 
 
 % 
 
 117.417 
 
 1097.1 
 
 R^ 
 
 137.052 
 
 1494.7 
 
 H 
 
 97.782 
 
 760.S7 
 
 /^ 
 
 117,810 
 
 1104,5 
 
 M 
 
 137.445 
 
 1503.3 
 
 
 98.175 
 
 766.99 
 
 % 
 
 118.202 
 
 1111.8 
 
 % 
 
 137.837 
 
 1511.9 
 
 % 
 
 98.567 
 
 773.14 
 
 a/ 
 
 118.596 
 
 1119.2 
 
 
 
 
 te 
 
 98.960 
 
 779.31 
 
 % 
 
 118.988 
 
 1126.7 
 
 44. 
 
 138.230 
 
 1520.5 
 
 % 
 
 99.353 
 
 785.51 
 
 
 
 
 ^x 
 
 138.623 
 
 1529.2 
 
 
 99.746 
 
 791.73 
 
 38. 
 
 119.381 
 
 1134.1 
 
 H 
 
 139.015 
 
 1537.9 
 
 % 
 
 100.138 
 
 797.98 
 
 /^c 
 
 119.773 
 
 1141.6 
 
 s2 
 
 139.408 
 
 1546.6 
 
 
 
 
 H 
 
 120.166 
 
 1149.1 
 
 & 
 
 139.801 
 
 1555.3 
 
 32. 
 
 100.531 
 
 804.25 
 
 a2 
 
 120.559 
 
 1156.6 
 
 i2 
 
 140.194 
 
 1564.0 
 
 If 
 
 100.924 
 
 810.54 
 
 Jij 
 
 120.951 
 
 1164.2 
 
 % 
 
 140.586 
 
 1572.8 
 
 M 
 
 101.316 
 
 816.86 
 
 % 
 
 121.344 
 
 1171.7 
 
 % 
 
 140.979 
 
 1581 6 
 
 ?B 
 
 101.709 
 
 823.21 
 
 % 
 
 121.737 
 
 1179.3 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 102.102 
 
 829.58 
 
 % 
 
 122.129 
 
 1186.9 
 
 45. 
 
 141.372 
 
 1590.4 
 
 % 
 
 102.494 
 
 835.97 
 
 
 
 
 ix 
 
 141.764 
 
 1599.3 
 
 M 
 
 102.887 
 
 842.39 
 
 39. 
 
 122.522 
 
 1194.6 
 
 H 
 
 142.157 
 
 1608.2 
 
 % 
 
 103.280 
 
 848.83 
 
 ix 
 
 122.915 
 
 1202.3 
 
 3X 
 
 142.550 
 
 1617.0 
 
 
 
 
 24 
 
 128.808 
 
 1210.0 
 
 ^ 
 
 142.942 
 
 1626.0 
 
 33. 
 
 103.673 
 
 855.30 
 
 sx 
 
 123.700 
 
 1217.7 
 
 % 
 
 143.335 
 
 1634.9 
 
 
 104.065 
 
 861.79 
 
 i^ 
 
 124.093 
 
 1225.4 
 
 M 
 
 143.728 
 
 1643.9 
 
 ^4 
 
 104.458 
 
 868.31 
 
 % 
 
 124.486 
 
 1233.2 
 
 7X 
 
 144.121 
 
 1652.9 
 
 % 
 
 104. 851 
 
 874.85 
 
 M 
 
 124.878 
 
 1241.0 
 
 
 
 
 J^> 
 
 105.243 
 
 881.41 
 
 7X 
 
 125.271 
 
 1248.8 
 
 46. 
 
 144.513 
 
 1661.9 
 
 % 
 
 105.1536 
 
 888.00 
 
 
 
 
 i^ 
 
 144.906 
 
 1670.9 
 
 M 
 
 106.029 
 
 894.62 
 
 40. 
 
 125.664 
 
 1256.6 
 
 J4 
 
 145.299 
 
 1680.0 
 
 72 
 
 106.421 
 
 901.26 
 
 
 126.056 
 
 1264.5 
 
 % 
 
 145.691 
 
 1689.1 
 
 
 
 
 H 
 
 126.449 
 
 1272.4 
 
 i^ 
 
 146.084 
 
 1398.2 
 
 34. 
 
 106.814 
 
 907.92 
 
 a? 
 
 126.842 
 
 1280.3 
 
 7& 
 
 146.477 
 
 1707.4 
 
 
 107.207 
 
 914.61 
 
 /^ 
 
 127.235 
 
 1288.2 
 
 M 
 
 146.869 
 
 1716.5 
 
 M 
 
 107.600 
 
 921.32 
 
 &X 
 
 127.627 
 
 1296.2 
 
 7X 
 
 147.262 
 
 1725.7 
 
 % 
 
 107.992 
 
 928.06 
 
 3 
 
 128.020 
 
 1304.2 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 108.385 
 
 934.82 
 
 % 
 
 128.413 
 
 1312.2 
 
 47. 
 
 147.655 
 
 1734.9 
 
 % 
 
 108.778 
 
 941.61 
 
 
 
 
 
 148.048 
 
 1744.2 
 
 9 
 
 109.170 
 
 948.42 
 
 41. 
 
 128.805 
 
 1320.3 
 
 H 
 
 148.440 
 
 1753.5 
 
 % 
 
 109.563 
 
 955.25 
 
 ix 
 
 129.198 
 
 1328.3 
 
 &z 
 
 148.833 
 
 1762.7 
 
 
 
 
 H 
 
 129.591 
 
 1336.4 
 
 \fa 
 
 149.226 
 
 1772.1 
 
 35. 
 
 109.956 
 
 962.11 
 
 32 
 
 129.983 
 
 1344.5 
 
 % 
 
 149.618 
 
 1781.4 
 
 H 
 
 110.348 
 
 969.00 
 
 ^ 
 
 130.376 
 
 1352.7 
 
 M 
 
 150.011 
 
 1790.8 
 
 /4 
 
 110.741 
 
 975.91 
 
 % 
 
 130.769 
 
 1360.8 
 
 % 
 
 150.404 
 
 1800.1 
 
 % 
 
 111.134 
 
 982.84 
 
 M 
 
 131.161 
 
 1369.0 
 
 
 
 
 % 
 
 111.527 
 
 989.80 
 
 8 
 
 131.554 
 
 1377.2 
 
 48. 
 
 150.796 
 
 1809.6 
 
 % 
 
 111.919 
 
 996.78 
 
 
 
 
 IX 
 
 151.189 
 
 1819.0 
 
 K 
 
 112.312 
 
 1003.8 
 
 42. 
 
 131.947 
 
 1385.4 
 
 J4 
 
 151.582 
 
 1828.5 
 
 % 
 
 112.705 
 
 1010.8 
 
 ix 
 
 182.340 
 
 1393.7 
 
 3X 
 
 151.975 
 
 1887.9 
 
 36. 
 
 113.097 
 
 1017.9 
 
 1 J4 
 
 132.732 
 
 1402.0 
 
 ^ 
 
 152.367 
 
 1847.5 
 
 
874 NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 CIRCUMFERENCES AND AREAS OF CIRCLES. 
 
 (CONTINUED.) 
 
 Diam. 
 
 Circum. 
 
 Area. 
 
 Diam 
 
 Circum. 
 
 Area. 
 
 Diam 
 
 Circum. 
 
 Area. 
 
 48.% 
 
 152.760 
 
 1857.0 
 
 54.% 
 
 172.395 
 
 2365.0 
 
 61. 
 
 191.637 
 
 2922.5 
 
 K 
 
 153.153 
 
 1866.5 
 
 
 
 
 ix 
 
 192.030 
 
 2934.5 
 
 ys 
 
 153.545 
 
 1876.1 
 
 55. 
 
 172.788 
 
 2375.8 
 
 M 
 
 192.423 
 
 2946.5 
 
 
 
 
 H 
 
 173.180 
 
 2386.6 
 
 RZ 
 
 192.815 
 
 2958.5 
 
 49. 
 
 153.938 
 
 1885.7 
 
 M 
 
 173.573 
 
 2397.5 
 
 ~L 
 
 193.208 
 
 2970.6 
 
 % 
 
 154.331 
 
 1895.4 
 
 % 
 
 173.966 
 
 2408.3 
 
 % 
 
 193.601 
 
 2982.7 
 
 M 
 
 154.723 
 
 1905.0 
 
 /^ 
 
 174.358 
 
 2419.2 
 
 % 
 
 193.993 
 
 2994.8 
 
 % 
 
 155.116 
 
 1914.7 
 
 % 
 
 174.751 
 
 2430.1 
 
 % 
 
 194.386 
 
 3006.9 
 
 UL 
 
 155.509 
 
 1924.4 
 
 % 
 
 175.144 
 
 2441.1 
 
 
 
 
 % 
 
 155.902 
 
 1934.2 
 
 % 
 
 175.536 
 
 2452.0 
 
 62. 
 
 194.779 
 
 3019.1 
 
 3X 
 
 156.294 
 
 1943.9 
 
 
 
 
 
 195.171 
 
 3031.3 
 
 % 
 
 156.687 
 
 1953.7 
 
 56. 
 
 175.929 
 
 2463.0 
 
 M 
 
 195.564 
 
 3043.5 
 
 
 
 
 12 
 
 176.322 
 
 2474.0 
 
 % 
 
 195.957 
 
 3055.7 
 
 50. 
 
 157.080 
 
 1963.5 
 
 M 
 
 176.715 
 
 2485.0 
 
 H 
 
 196.350 
 
 3068.0 
 
 K 
 
 157.472 
 
 1973.3 
 
 % 
 
 177.107 
 
 2496.1 
 
 % 
 
 196.742 
 
 3080.3 
 
 
 157.865 
 
 1983.2 
 
 LX 
 
 177.500 
 
 2507.2 
 
 ax 
 
 197.135 
 
 3092.6 
 
 H 
 
 158.258 
 
 1993.1 
 
 % 
 
 177.893 
 
 2518.3 
 
 % 
 
 197.528 
 
 3104.9 
 
 Lg 
 
 158.650 
 
 2003.0 
 
 % 
 
 178.285 
 
 2529.4 
 
 
 
 
 % 
 
 159.043 
 
 2012.9 
 
 ? / 8 
 
 178.678 
 
 2540.6 
 
 63. 
 
 197.920 
 
 3117.2 
 
 M 
 
 159.436 
 
 2022.8 
 
 
 
 
 te 
 
 198.313 
 
 3129.6 
 
 % 
 
 159.829 
 
 2032.8 
 
 57. 
 
 179.071 
 
 2551.8 
 
 
 198.706 
 
 3142.0 
 
 
 
 
 12 
 
 179.463 
 
 2563.0 
 
 s2 
 
 199.098 
 
 3154.5 
 
 51. 
 
 160.221 
 
 2042.8 
 
 IX 
 
 179.856 
 
 2574.2 
 
 j/> 
 
 199.491 
 
 3166.9 
 
 x^ 
 
 160.614 
 
 2052.8 
 
 % 
 
 180.249 
 
 2585.4 
 
 % 
 
 199.884 
 
 3179.4 
 
 /4 
 
 161.007 
 
 2062.9 
 
 L^J 
 
 180.642 
 
 2596.7 
 
 ax 
 
 200.277 
 
 3191.9 
 
 32 
 
 161.399 
 
 2073.0 
 
 SX 
 
 181.034 
 
 2608.0 
 
 % 
 
 200.669 
 
 3204.4 
 
 i 
 
 161.792 
 
 2083.1 
 
 % 
 
 181.427 
 
 2619.4 
 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 162.185 
 
 2093.2 
 
 % 
 
 181.820 
 
 2630.7 
 
 64. 
 
 201.062 
 
 3217.0 
 
 H 
 
 162.577 
 
 2103.3 
 
 
 
 
 H 
 
 201.455 
 
 3229.6 
 
 % 
 
 162.970 
 
 2113.5 
 
 58. 
 
 182.212 
 
 2642.1 
 
 IX 
 
 201.847 
 
 3242.2 
 
 
 
 
 K 
 
 182.605 
 
 2653.5 
 
 % 
 
 202.240 
 
 3254.8 
 
 52. 
 
 163.363 
 
 2123.7 
 
 
 182.998 
 
 2664.9 
 
 v& 
 
 202.633 
 
 3267.5 
 
 ^6 
 
 168.75(5 
 
 2133.9 
 
 32 
 
 183.390 
 
 2676.4 
 
 % 
 
 203.025 
 
 3280.1 
 
 H 
 
 164.148 
 
 2144.2 
 
 /^ 
 
 183.783 
 
 2687.8 
 
 ax_ 
 
 203.418 
 
 3292.8 
 
 82 
 
 164.541 
 
 2154.5 
 
 % 
 
 184.176 
 
 2699.3 
 
 % 
 
 203.811 
 
 3305.6 
 
 ^5 
 
 164.934 
 
 2164.8 
 
 % 
 
 184.569 
 
 2710.9 
 
 
 
 
 % 
 
 165.326 
 
 2175.1 
 
 % 
 
 184.961 
 
 2722.4 
 
 65. 
 
 204.204 
 
 3318.3 
 
 94 
 
 165.719 
 
 2185.4 
 
 
 
 
 H 
 
 204.596 
 
 3331.1 
 
 % 
 
 166.112 
 
 2195.8 
 
 59. 
 
 185.354 
 
 2734.0 
 
 
 204.989 
 
 3343.9 
 
 
 
 
 
 185.747 
 
 2745.6 
 
 a| 
 
 205.382 
 
 3356.7 
 
 53. 
 
 166.504 
 
 2206.2 
 
 /4 
 
 186.139 
 
 2757.2 
 
 LX 
 
 205.774 
 
 3369.6 
 
 M 
 
 166.897 
 
 2216.6 
 
 % 
 
 186.532 
 
 2768.8 
 
 % 
 
 206.167 
 
 3382.4 
 
 
 167.290 
 
 2227.0 
 
 T 
 
 186.925 
 
 2780.5 
 
 ax 
 
 206.560 
 
 3395.3 
 
 32 
 
 167.683 
 
 2237.5 
 
 % 
 
 187.317 
 
 2792.2 
 
 72 
 
 206 952 
 
 3408.2 
 
 /^ 
 
 168.075 
 
 2248.0 
 
 3X 
 
 187.710 
 
 2803.9 
 
 
 
 
 % 
 
 168.468 
 
 2258.5 
 
 % 
 
 188.103 
 
 2815.7 
 
 66. 
 
 207.345 
 
 3421.2 
 
 a/ 
 
 168.861 
 
 2269.1 
 
 
 
 
 12 
 
 207.738 
 
 3434.2 
 
 /I 
 
 169.253 
 
 2279.6 
 
 60. 
 
 188.496 
 
 2827.4 
 
 H 
 
 208.131 
 
 3447.2 
 
 
 
 
 M 
 
 188. S88 
 
 2839.2 
 
 32 
 
 208.523 
 
 3460.2 
 
 54. 
 
 169.646 
 
 2290.2 
 
 
 189.281 
 
 2851.0 
 
 12 
 
 208.916 
 
 3473.2 
 
 
 170.039 
 
 2300.8 
 
 2s 
 
 189.674 
 
 2862.9 
 
 % 
 
 209.309 
 
 3486.3 
 
 /4 
 
 170.431 
 
 2311.5 
 
 1^5 
 
 190.066 
 
 2874.8 
 
 ax 
 
 209.701 
 
 3499.4 
 
 a2 
 
 170.824 
 
 2322.1 
 
 7& 
 
 190.459 
 
 2886.6 
 
 % 
 
 210.094 
 
 3512.5 
 
 
 
 171 217 
 
 2332.8 
 
 % 
 
 190.852 
 
 2898.6 
 
 
 
 
 B 
 
 171.609 
 
 2343.5 
 
 7% 
 
 191.244 
 
 2910.5 
 
 67. 
 
 210.487 
 
 3525.7 
 
 *M 
 
 172.002 
 
 2354.3 
 
 
 
 
 H 
 
 210.879 
 
 3538.8 
 
 
|H= ^ 
 
 NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 275 
 
 CIRCUMFERENCES AND AREAS OF CIRCLES. 
 
 (CONTINUED.) 
 
 Diam. 
 
 Circum. 
 
 Area. 
 
 Diam. 
 
 Circum. 
 
 Area. 
 
 Diam. 
 
 Circum. 
 
 Area. 
 
 67. U 
 
 211.272 
 
 3552.0 
 
 73.^ 
 
 230.907 
 
 4242.9 
 
 79. g 
 
 250.542 
 
 4995.2 
 
 
 211.665 
 
 3565.2 
 
 
 231.300 
 
 4257.4 
 
 
 250.935 
 
 5010.9 
 
 if 
 
 212.058 
 
 3578.5 
 
 M 
 
 231.692 
 
 4271.8 
 
 
 
 
 % 
 
 212.450 
 
 3591.7 
 
 H 
 
 232.085 
 
 4286.3 
 
 80. 
 
 251.327 
 
 5026.5 
 
 az 
 
 212.843 
 
 3605.0 
 
 
 
 
 i/i 
 
 251.720 
 
 5042.3 
 
 7Z 
 
 213.236 
 
 3618.3 
 
 74. 
 
 232.478 
 
 4300.8 
 
 y. 
 
 252.113 
 
 5058.0 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 232.871 
 
 4315.4 
 
 % 
 
 252.506 
 
 5073.8 
 
 1 68. 
 
 213.628 
 
 3631.7 
 
 
 233.263 
 
 4329.9 
 
 & 
 
 252.898 
 
 5089.6 
 
 
 214.021 
 
 3645.0 
 
 9s 
 
 233.656 
 
 4344.5 
 
 7S 
 
 253.291 
 
 5105.4 
 
 iz 
 
 214.414 
 
 3658.4 
 
 \&> 
 
 234.049 
 
 4359.2 
 
 M 
 
 253.684 
 
 5121.2 
 
 % 
 
 214.806 
 
 3671.8 
 
 % 
 
 234.441 
 
 4373.8 
 
 % 
 
 254.076 
 
 5137.1 
 
 iz 
 
 215.199 
 
 8685.3 
 
 az 
 
 234.834 
 
 4388.5 
 
 
 
 
 % 
 
 215.592 
 
 3698.7 
 
 H 
 
 235.227 
 
 4403.1 
 
 81. 
 
 254.469 
 
 5153.0 
 
 a/ 
 
 215.984 
 
 3712.2 
 
 
 
 
 iz 
 
 254.862 
 
 5168.9 
 
 n 
 
 216.377 
 
 3725.7 
 
 75. 
 
 235.619 
 
 4417.9 
 
 H 
 
 255.254 
 
 5184.9 
 
 
 
 
 M 
 
 236.012 
 
 4432.6 
 
 sz 
 
 255.647 
 
 5200.8 
 
 \ 69. 
 
 216.770 
 
 3739.3 
 
 
 236.405 
 
 4447.4 
 
 /^ 
 
 256.040 
 
 5216.8 
 
 
 217.163 
 
 3752.8 
 
 8Z 
 
 236.798 
 
 4462.2 
 
 % 
 
 256.433 
 
 5232.8 
 
 H 
 
 217.555 
 
 3766.4 
 
 % 
 
 237.190 
 
 4477.0 
 
 M 
 
 256.825 
 
 5248.9 
 
 sz 
 
 217.948 
 
 3780.0 
 
 % 
 
 237.583 
 
 4491.8 
 
 % 
 
 257.218 
 
 5264.9 
 
 iz 
 
 218.341 
 
 3793.7 
 
 3Z 
 
 237.976 
 
 4506.7 
 
 
 
 
 % 
 
 218.733 
 
 3807.3 
 
 % 
 
 238.368 
 
 4521.5 
 
 82. 
 
 257.611 
 
 5281.0 
 
 az 
 
 219.126 
 
 3821.0 
 
 
 
 
 
 258.003 
 
 5297.1 
 
 % 
 
 219.519 
 
 3834.7 
 
 76. 
 
 238.761 
 
 4536.5 
 
 M. 
 
 258.396 
 
 5313.3 
 
 
 
 
 iz. 
 
 239.154 
 
 4551.4 
 
 % 
 
 258.789 
 
 5329.4 
 
 70. 
 
 219.911 
 
 3848.5 
 
 H 
 
 239.546 
 
 4566.4 
 
 L 
 
 259.181 
 
 5345.6 
 
 
 220.304 
 
 3862 2 
 
 az 
 
 239.939 
 
 4581.3 
 
 % 
 
 259.574 
 
 5361.8 
 
 /4 
 
 220.697 
 
 3876.0 
 
 /^ 
 
 240.332 
 
 4596.3 
 
 % 
 
 259.967 
 
 5378.1 
 
 sz 
 
 221.090 
 
 3889.8 
 
 BX 
 
 240.725 
 
 4611.4 
 
 % 
 
 260.359 
 
 5394 3 
 
 ijj 
 
 221.482 
 
 3903.6 
 
 M 
 
 241.117 
 
 4626.4 
 
 
 
 
 % 
 
 221.875 
 
 3917.5 
 
 % 
 
 241.510 
 
 4641.5 
 
 83. 
 
 260.752 
 
 5410.6 
 
 a 
 
 222.268 
 
 3931.4 
 
 
 
 
 
 261.145 
 
 5426.9 
 
 7Z 
 
 222.660 
 
 3945.3 
 
 77. 
 
 241.903 
 
 4656.6 
 
 M 
 
 261.538 
 
 5443.3 
 
 
 
 
 if? 
 
 242.295 
 
 4671.8 
 
 RZ 
 
 261.930 
 
 5459.6 
 
 71. 
 
 223.053 
 
 3959.2 
 
 H 
 
 242.688 
 
 4686.9 
 
 ty> 
 
 262.323 
 
 5476.0 
 
 ix 
 
 223.446 
 
 3973.1 
 
 3X 
 
 243.081 
 
 4702.1 
 
 KZ 
 
 262.716 
 
 5492.4 
 
 H 
 
 223.838 
 
 3987.1 
 
 \fa 
 
 243.473 
 
 4717.3 
 
 ax 
 
 263.108 
 
 5508.8 
 
 % 
 
 224.231 
 
 4001.1 
 
 % 
 
 243.866 
 
 4732.5 
 
 % 
 
 263.501 
 
 5525.3 
 
 i2 
 
 224.624 
 
 4015.2 
 
 % 
 
 244.259 
 
 4747.8 
 
 
 
 
 1% 
 
 225.017 
 
 4029.2 
 
 % 
 
 244.652 
 
 4763.1 
 
 84. 
 
 263.894 
 
 5541.8 
 
 H 
 
 225.409 
 
 4043.3 
 
 
 
 
 
 264.286 
 
 5558.3 
 
 % 
 
 225.802 
 
 4057.4 
 
 78. 
 
 245.044 
 
 4778.4 
 
 IX 
 
 264.679 
 
 5574.8 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 245.437 
 
 4793.7 
 
 9s 
 
 265.072 
 
 5591.4 
 
 72. 
 
 226.195 
 
 4071.5 
 
 
 245. 830 
 
 4809.0 
 
 1Z 
 
 265.465 
 
 5607.9 
 
 K 
 
 226.587 
 
 4085.7 
 
 % 
 
 246.222 
 
 4824.4 
 
 % 
 
 265.857 
 
 5624.5 
 
 J4 
 
 226.980 
 
 4099.8 
 
 ^a 
 
 246.615 
 
 4839.8 
 
 3X 
 
 266.250 
 
 5641.2 
 
 &z 
 
 227.373 
 
 4114.0 
 
 % 
 
 247.008 
 
 4855.2 
 
 7Z 
 
 266.643 
 
 5657.8 
 
 1^ 
 
 227.765 
 
 4128.2 
 
 M 
 
 247.400 
 
 4870.7 
 
 
 
 
 ?8 
 
 228.158 
 
 4142.5 
 
 % 
 
 247.793 
 
 4886.2 
 
 85. 
 
 267.035 
 
 5674.5 
 
 M 
 
 228.551 
 
 4156.8 
 
 
 
 
 
 267.428 
 
 5691.2 
 
 % 
 
 228.944 
 
 4171.1 
 
 79. 
 
 248.186 
 
 4901.7 
 
 \A 
 
 267.821 
 
 5707.9 
 
 
 
 
 ix 
 
 248.579 
 
 4917.2 
 
 az 
 
 268.213 
 
 5724.7 
 
 73. 
 
 229.336 
 
 4185.4 
 
 u 
 
 248.971 
 
 4932.7 
 
 7& 
 
 268.606 
 
 5741.5 
 
 14 
 
 229.729 
 
 4199.7 
 
 a2 
 
 249.364 
 
 4948.3 
 
 5Z 
 
 268.999 
 
 5758.3 
 
 /4 
 
 230.122 
 
 4214.1 
 
 i2 
 
 249.757 
 
 4963.9 
 
 az 
 
 269.392 
 
 5775.1 
 
 % 
 
 230.514 
 
 4228.5 
 
 % 
 
 250.149 
 
 4979.5 
 
 % 
 
 269.784 
 
 5791.9 
 
 i, JJ 
 
276 NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 CIRCUMFERENCES AND AREAS OF CIRCLES. 
 
 (CONTINUED.) 
 
 Diam. 
 
 Circum. 
 
 Area. 
 
 Diam. 
 
 Circum. 
 
 Area. 
 
 Diam. 
 
 Circum. 
 
 Area. 
 
 86. 
 
 270.177 
 
 5808.8 
 
 90.% 
 
 285.492 
 
 6486.0 
 
 95.% 
 
 300.415 
 
 7181.8 
 
 
 270.570 
 
 5825.7 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 300.807 
 
 7200.6 
 
 IA 
 
 270.962 
 
 5842.6 
 
 91. 
 
 285.885 
 
 6503.9 
 
 % 
 
 301.200 
 
 7219.4 
 
 % 
 
 271.355 
 
 5859.6 
 
 y& 
 
 286.278 
 
 6521.8 
 
 
 
 
 L 
 
 271.748 
 
 5876.5 
 
 14 
 
 286.670 
 
 6539.7 
 
 96. 
 
 301.593 
 
 7238.2 
 
 % 
 
 272.140 
 
 5893.5 
 
 s3 
 
 287.063 
 
 6557.6 
 
 i/ 
 
 301.986 
 
 7257.1 
 
 % 
 
 272.533 
 
 5910.6 
 
 Vz 
 
 287.456 
 
 6575.5 
 
 M 
 
 302.378 
 
 7276.0 
 
 72 
 
 272.926 
 
 5927.6 
 
 PB 
 
 287.848 
 
 6593.5 
 
 % 
 
 302.771 
 
 7294.9 
 
 ' 
 
 
 
 M 
 
 288.241 
 
 6611.5 
 
 V% 
 
 303,164 
 
 7313.8 
 
 87. 
 
 273.319 
 
 5944.7 
 
 % 
 
 288.634 
 
 6629.6 
 
 % 
 
 303.556 
 
 7332.8 
 
 
 273.711 
 
 5961.8 
 
 
 
 
 'itA 
 
 303.949 
 
 7351.8 
 
 H 
 
 274.104 
 
 5978.9 
 
 92. 
 
 289.027 
 
 6647.6 
 
 % 
 
 304.342 
 
 7370.8 
 
 az 
 
 274.49? 
 
 5996.0 
 
 /* 
 
 289.419 
 
 6665.7 
 
 
 
 
 LZ 
 
 274.889 
 
 6013.2 
 
 M 
 
 283.812 
 
 6683.8 
 
 97. 
 
 304.734 
 
 7389.8 
 
 N 
 
 275.282 
 
 6030.4 
 
 % 
 
 290.205 
 
 6701.9 
 
 M 
 
 305.127 
 
 7408.9 
 
 3/: 
 
 275.675 
 
 6047.6 
 
 ^ 
 
 290.597 
 
 6720.1 
 
 
 305.520 
 
 7428.0 
 
 % 
 
 276.067 
 
 6064.9 
 
 % 
 
 290.990 
 
 6738.2 
 
 % 
 
 305.913 
 
 7447.1 
 
 
 
 
 M 
 
 291.383 
 
 6756.4 
 
 \& 
 
 306.305 
 
 7466.2 
 
 88. 
 
 276.460 
 
 6082.1 
 
 % 
 
 291.775 
 
 6774.7 
 
 7& 
 
 306.698 
 
 7485.3 
 
 
 276 853 
 
 6099.4 
 
 
 
 
 H 
 
 307.091 
 
 7504.5 
 
 ix 
 
 277.246 
 
 6116.7 
 
 93. 
 
 292.168 
 
 6792.9 
 
 % 
 
 307.483 
 
 7523.7 
 
 a2 
 
 277.638 
 
 6134.1 
 
 YB 
 
 292.561 
 
 6811.2 
 
 
 
 
 /^ 
 
 278.031 
 
 6151.4 
 
 
 292.964 
 
 6829.5 
 
 98. 
 
 307.876 
 
 7543.0 
 
 % 
 
 278.424 
 
 6168.8 
 
 % 
 
 293.346 
 
 6847.8 
 
 i/ 
 
 308.269 
 
 7562.2 
 
 a/ 
 
 278.816 
 
 6186.2 
 
 L& 
 
 293.739 
 
 6866.1 
 
 M 
 
 308.661 
 
 7581.5 
 
 7 -i 
 
 279.209 
 
 6203.7 
 
 % 
 
 291.132 
 
 6884.5 
 
 % 
 
 309.054 
 
 7600.8 
 
 ' 
 
 
 
 M 
 
 294.524 
 
 6902.9 
 
 L^ 
 
 309.447 
 
 7620.1 
 
 89. 
 
 279.602 
 
 6221.1 
 
 % 
 
 294.917 
 
 6921 3 
 
 % 
 
 309.840 
 
 7639.5 
 
 
 279.994 
 
 6238.6 
 
 
 
 
 % 
 
 310.232 
 
 7658.9 
 
 24 
 
 280.387 
 
 6256.1 
 
 94. 
 
 295.310 
 
 6939.8 
 
 % 
 
 310.625 
 
 7678.3 
 
 
 280.780 
 
 6273.7 
 
 
 295.702 
 
 6958.2 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 281.173 
 
 6291.2 
 
 J4 
 
 296.095 
 
 6976.7 
 
 99. 
 
 311.018 
 
 7697.7 
 
 KX 
 
 281.565 
 
 6308.8 
 
 % 
 
 296.488 
 
 6995.3 
 
 i^ 
 
 311.410 
 
 7717.1 
 
 % 
 
 281.958 
 
 6326 4 
 
 y% 
 
 296.881 
 
 7013.8 
 
 H 
 
 311.803 
 
 7736.6 
 
 % 
 
 282.351 
 
 6344.1 
 
 % 
 
 297.273 
 
 7032.4 
 
 % 
 
 312.196 
 
 7756.1 
 
 
 
 
 a/ 
 
 297.666 
 
 7051.0 
 
 L/j 
 
 312.588 
 
 7775.6 
 
 90. 
 
 282.743 
 
 6361.7 
 
 % 
 
 298.059 
 
 7069.6 
 
 % 
 
 312.981 
 
 7795.2 
 
 W 
 
 283.136 
 
 6379.4 
 
 
 
 
 a/ 
 
 313.374 
 
 7814.8 
 
 
 283.529 
 
 6397.1 
 
 95. 
 
 298.451 
 
 7088.2 
 
 % 
 
 313.767 
 
 7834.4 
 
 32 
 
 283.921 
 
 6414.9 
 
 y 
 
 298.844 
 
 7106.9 
 
 
 
 
 IX 
 
 284.814 
 
 6432.6 
 
 
 299.237 
 
 7125.6 
 
 100. 
 
 314.159 
 
 7854.0 
 
 % 
 
 284.707 
 
 6450.4 
 
 a| 
 
 299.629 
 
 7144.3 
 
 
 
 
 H 
 
 285.100 
 
 6468.2 
 
 g 
 
 300.022 
 
 7163.0 
 
 
 
 
 tp -, 
 

 NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 277 
 
 FIFTH ROOTS AND FIFTH POWERS. 
 
 Power. 
 
 No. or 
 Root. 
 
 Power. 
 
 No. or 
 Root. 
 
 Power. 
 
 No. or 
 Root. 
 
 .0000100 
 
 .1 
 
 .000796 
 
 .240 
 
 .034503 
 
 .51 
 
 .0000110 
 
 .102 
 
 .000883 
 
 .245 
 
 .038020 
 
 .52 
 
 .0000122 
 
 .104 
 
 .000977 
 
 .250 
 
 .041820 
 
 .53 
 
 .0000134 
 
 .106 
 
 .001078 
 
 .255 
 
 .045917 
 
 .54 
 
 .0000147 
 
 .108 
 
 .001188 
 
 .260 
 
 .050328 
 
 .55 
 
 .0000161 
 
 .110 
 
 .001307 
 
 .265 
 
 .055073 
 
 .56 
 
 .0000176 
 
 .112 
 
 .001435 
 
 .270 
 
 .060169 
 
 .57 
 
 .0000193 
 
 .114 
 
 .001573 
 
 .275 
 
 .065636 
 
 .58 
 
 .0000210 
 
 .116 
 
 .001721 
 
 .280 
 
 .071492 
 
 .59 
 
 0000229 
 
 .118 
 
 .001880 
 
 .285 
 
 .077760 
 
 .60 
 
 .0000249 
 
 .120 
 
 .002051 
 
 .290 
 
 .084460 
 
 .61 
 
 .0000270 
 
 .122 
 
 .002234 
 
 .295 
 
 .091613 
 
 .62 
 
 .0000293 
 
 .124 
 
 .002430 
 
 .300 
 
 .099244 
 
 .63 
 
 .0000318 
 
 .126 
 
 .002639 
 
 .305 
 
 .107374 
 
 .64 
 
 .0000344 
 
 .128 
 
 .002863 
 
 .310 
 
 .116029 
 
 .65 
 
 .0000371 
 
 .130 
 
 .003101 
 
 .315 
 
 .125233 
 
 .66 
 
 .0000401 
 
 .132 
 
 .003355 
 
 .320 
 
 .135012 
 
 .67 
 
 .0000432 
 
 .134 
 
 .003626 
 
 .325 
 
 .145393 
 
 .68 
 
 .0000465 
 
 .136 
 
 .003914 
 
 .330 
 
 .156403 
 
 .69 
 
 .0000500 
 
 .138 
 
 .004219 
 
 .335 
 
 .168070 
 
 .70 
 
 .0000538 
 
 .140 
 
 .004544 
 
 .340 
 
 .180423 
 
 .71 
 
 .0000577 
 
 .142 
 
 .004888 
 
 .345 
 
 .193492 
 
 .72 
 
 .0000619 
 
 .144 
 
 .005252 
 
 .350 
 
 .207307 
 
 .73 
 
 .0000663 
 
 .146 
 
 .005638 
 
 .355 
 
 .221901 
 
 .74 
 
 .0000710 
 
 .148 
 
 .006047 
 
 .360 
 
 .237305 
 
 .75 
 
 .0000754 
 
 .150 
 
 .006478 
 
 .365 
 
 .253553 
 
 .76 
 
 .0000895 
 
 .155 
 
 .006934 
 
 .370 
 
 .270678 
 
 .77 
 
 .000105 
 
 .160 
 
 .007416 
 
 .375 
 
 .288717 
 
 .78 
 
 .000122 
 
 .165 
 
 .007924 
 
 .380 
 
 .307706 
 
 .79 
 
 .000142 
 
 .170 
 
 .008459 
 
 .385 
 
 .327680 
 
 .80 
 
 .000164 
 
 .175 
 
 .009022 
 
 .390 
 
 .348678 
 
 .81 
 
 .000189 
 
 .180 
 
 .009616 
 
 .395 
 
 .370740 
 
 .82 
 
 .000217 
 
 .185 
 
 .010240 
 
 .400 
 
 .393904 
 
 .83 
 
 .000248 
 
 .190 
 
 .011586 
 
 .41 
 
 .418212 
 
 .84 
 
 .000282 
 
 195 
 
 .013069 
 
 .42 
 
 .443705 
 
 .85 
 
 .000320 
 
 .200 
 
 .014701 
 
 .43 
 
 .470427 
 
 .86 
 
 .000362 
 
 .205 
 
 .016492 
 
 .44 
 
 .498421 
 
 .87 
 
 .000408 
 
 .210 
 
 .018453 
 
 .45 
 
 .527732 
 
 .88 
 
 .000459 
 
 .215 
 
 .020596 
 
 .46 
 
 .558406 
 
 .89 
 
 .000515 
 
 .220 
 
 .022935 
 
 .47 
 
 .590490 
 
 .90 
 
 .000577 
 
 .225 
 
 .025480 
 
 .48 
 
 .624032 
 
 .91 
 
 .000544 
 
 .230 
 
 .028248 
 
 .49 
 
 .659082 
 
 .92 
 
 .000717 
 
 .235 
 
 .031250 
 
 .50 
 
 .695688 
 
 .93 
 
 T r 
 
278 NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 Fifth Roots and Fifth Powers. (CONTINUED.) 
 
 Power. 
 
 No. or 
 Root. 
 
 Power. 
 
 No. or 
 Root. 
 
 Power. 
 
 No. or 
 Root. 
 
 .733904 
 
 .94 
 
 15.9495 
 
 1.74 
 
 525.219 
 
 3.50 
 
 .773781 
 
 .95 
 
 16.8874 
 
 1.76 
 
 563.822 
 
 3.55 
 
 .815373 
 
 .96 
 
 17.8690 
 
 1.78 
 
 604.662 
 
 3.60 
 
 .858734 
 
 .97 
 
 18.8957 
 
 1.80 
 
 647.835 
 
 3.65 
 
 .903921 
 
 .98 
 
 19.9690 
 
 1.82 
 
 693.440 
 
 3.70 
 
 .950990 
 
 .99 
 
 21.0906 
 
 1.84 
 
 741.577 
 
 3.75 
 
 1. 
 
 1. 
 
 22.2620 
 
 1.86 
 
 792.352 
 
 3.80 
 
 1.10408 
 
 1.02 
 
 23.4849 
 
 1.88 
 
 845.870 
 
 3.85 
 
 1.21665 
 
 1.04 
 
 24.7610 
 
 1.90 
 
 902.242 
 
 3.90 
 
 1.33823 
 
 1.06 
 
 26.0919 
 
 1.92 
 
 961.58 
 
 3.95 
 
 1.46933 
 
 .08 
 
 27.4795 
 
 1.94 
 
 1024.00 
 
 4.00 
 
 1.61051 
 
 .10 
 
 28.9255 
 
 1.96 
 
 1089.62 
 
 4.05 
 
 1.76234 
 
 .12 
 
 30.4317 
 
 1.98 
 
 1158.56 
 
 4.10 
 
 1.92541 
 
 .14 
 
 32.0000 
 
 2.00 
 
 1230.95 
 
 4.15 
 
 2.10034 
 
 .16 
 
 36.2051 
 
 2.05 
 
 1306.91 
 
 4.20 
 
 2.28775 
 
 .18 
 
 40.8410 
 
 2.10 
 
 1386.58 
 
 4.25 
 
 2.48832 
 
 1.20 
 
 45.9401 
 
 2.15 
 
 1470.08 
 
 4.30 
 
 2.70271 
 
 1.22 
 
 51.5363 
 
 2.20 
 
 1557.57 
 
 4.35 
 
 2.93163 
 
 1.24 
 
 57.6650 
 
 2.25 
 
 1649.16 
 
 4.40 
 
 3.17580 
 
 1.26 
 
 64.3634 
 
 2.30 
 
 1745.02 
 
 4.45 
 
 3.43597 
 
 1.28 
 
 71.6703 
 
 2.35 
 
 1845.28 
 
 4.50 
 
 3.71293 
 
 1.30 
 
 79.6262 
 
 2.40 
 
 1950.10 
 
 4.55 
 
 4.00746 
 
 1.32 
 
 88.2735 
 
 2.45 
 
 2059.63 
 
 4.60 
 
 4.32040 
 
 1.34 
 
 97.6562 
 
 2.50 
 
 2174.03 
 
 4.65 
 
 4.65259 
 
 1.36 
 
 107.820 
 
 2.55 
 
 2293.45 
 
 4.70 
 
 5.00490 
 
 1.38 
 
 118.814 
 
 2.60 
 
 2418.07 
 
 4.75 
 
 5.37824 
 
 1.40 
 
 130.686 
 
 2.65 
 
 2548.04 
 
 4.80 
 
 5.77353 
 
 1.42 
 
 143.489 
 
 2.70 
 
 2683.54 
 
 4.85 
 
 6.19174 
 
 1.44 
 
 157.276 
 
 2.75 
 
 2824.75 
 
 4.90 
 
 6.63383 
 
 1.46 
 
 172.104 
 
 2.80 
 
 2971.84 
 
 4.95 
 
 7.10082 
 
 1.48 
 
 188.029 
 
 2.85 
 
 3125.00 
 
 5.00 
 
 7.59375 
 
 1.50 
 
 205.111 
 
 2.90 
 
 3450.25 
 
 5.10 
 
 8.11368 
 
 1.52 
 
 223.414 
 
 2.95 
 
 3802.04 
 
 5.20 
 
 8.66171 
 
 1.54 
 
 243.000 
 
 3.00 
 
 4181.95 
 
 5.30 
 
 9.23896 
 
 1.56 
 
 263.936 
 
 3.05 
 
 4591.65 
 
 5.40 
 
 9.84658 
 
 1.58 
 
 286.292 
 
 3.10 
 
 5032.84 
 
 5.50 
 
 10.4858 
 
 1.60 
 
 310.136 
 
 3.15 
 
 5507.32 
 
 5.60 
 
 11.1577 
 
 1.62 
 
 335.544 
 
 3.20 
 
 6016.92 
 
 5.70 
 
 11.8637 
 
 1.64 
 
 362.591 
 
 3.25 
 
 6563.57 
 
 5.80 
 
 12.6049 
 
 1.66 
 
 391.354 
 
 3.30 
 
 7149.24 
 
 5.90 
 
 13.3828 
 
 1.68 
 
 421.419 
 
 3.35 
 
 7776.00 
 
 6.00 
 
 14.1986 
 
 1.70 
 
 454.354 
 
 3.40 
 
 8445.96 
 
 6.10 
 
 15.0537 
 
 1.72 
 
 488.760 
 
 3.45 
 
 9161.33 
 
 6.20 
 
 

 NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 279 
 
 Fifth Roots and Fifth Powers. (CONTINUED.) 
 
 Power. 
 
 No. or 
 Root. 
 
 Power. 
 
 No. or 
 Root. 
 
 Power. 
 
 No. or 
 Root. 
 
 9924.37 
 
 6.30 
 
 176234. 
 
 11.2 
 
 3043168. 
 
 19.8 
 
 10737. 
 
 6.40 
 
 192541 . 
 
 11.4 
 
 3200000. 
 
 20.0 
 
 11603. 
 
 6.50 
 
 210034. 
 
 11.6 
 
 3363232. 
 
 20.2 
 
 12523. 
 
 6.60 
 
 228776. 
 
 11.8 
 
 3533059. 
 
 20.4 
 
 13501 . 
 
 6.70 
 
 248832. 
 
 12.0 
 
 3709677. 
 
 20.6 
 
 14539. 
 
 6.80 
 
 270271 . 
 
 12.2 
 
 3893289. 
 
 20.8 
 
 15640. 
 
 6.90 
 
 293163. 
 
 12.4 
 
 4084101. 
 
 21.0 
 
 16807. 
 
 7.00 
 
 317580. 
 
 12.6 
 
 4282322. 
 
 21.2 
 
 18042. 
 
 7.10 
 
 343597. 
 
 12.8 
 
 4488166. 
 
 21.4 
 
 19349. 
 
 7.20 
 
 371293. 
 
 13.0 
 
 4701850. 
 
 21.6 
 
 20731 . 
 
 7.30 
 
 400746. 
 
 13.2 
 
 4923597. 
 
 21.8 
 
 22190. 
 
 7.40 
 
 432040. 
 
 13.4 
 
 5153632. 
 
 22.0 
 
 23730. 
 
 7.50 
 
 465259. 
 
 13.6 
 
 5392186. 
 
 22.2 
 
 25355. 
 
 7.60 
 
 500490. 
 
 13.8 
 
 5639493. 
 
 22.4 
 
 27068. 
 
 7.70 
 
 537824. 
 
 14.0 
 
 5895793. 
 
 22.6 
 
 28872. 
 
 7.80 
 
 577353. 
 
 14.2 
 
 6161327. 
 
 22.8 
 
 30771. 
 
 7.90 
 
 619174. 
 
 14 . X 4 
 
 6436343. 
 
 23.0 
 
 32768. 
 
 8.00 
 
 663383. 
 
 14.6 
 
 6721093. 
 
 23.2 
 
 34868. 
 
 8.10 
 
 710082. 
 
 14.8 
 
 7015834. 
 
 23.4 
 
 37074. 
 
 8.20 
 
 759375. 
 
 15.0 
 
 7320825. 
 
 23.6 
 
 39390. 
 
 8.30 
 
 811368. 
 
 15.2 
 
 7636332. 
 
 23.8 
 
 41821. 
 
 8.40 
 
 866171. 
 
 15.4 
 
 7962624. 
 
 24.0 
 
 44371 . 
 
 8.50 
 
 923896. 
 
 15.6 
 
 8299976. 
 
 24.2 
 
 47043. 
 
 8.60 
 
 984658. 
 
 15.8 
 
 8648666. 
 
 24.4 
 
 49842. 
 
 8.70 
 
 1048576. 
 
 16.0 
 
 9008978. 
 
 24.6 
 
 52773. 
 
 8.80 
 
 1115771. 
 
 16.2 
 
 9381200. 
 
 24.8 
 
 55841 . 
 
 8.90 
 
 1186367. 
 
 16.4 
 
 9765625. 
 
 25.0 
 
 59049. 
 
 9.00 
 
 1260493. 
 
 16.6 
 
 10162550. 
 
 25.2 
 
 62403. 
 
 9.10 
 
 1338278. 
 
 16.8 
 
 10572278. 
 
 25.4 
 
 65908. 
 
 9.20 
 
 1419857. 
 
 17.0 
 
 10995116. 
 
 25.6 
 
 69569. 
 
 9.30 
 
 1505366. 
 
 17.2 
 
 11431377. 
 
 25.8 
 
 73390. 
 
 9.40 
 
 1594947. 
 
 17.4 
 
 11881376. 
 
 26/0 
 
 77378. 
 
 9.50 
 
 1688743. 
 
 17.6 
 
 12345437. 
 
 26.2 
 
 81537. 
 
 9.60 
 
 1786899. 
 
 17.8 
 
 12823886. 
 
 26.4 
 
 85873. 
 
 9.70 
 
 1889568. 
 
 18.0 
 
 13317055. 
 
 26.6 
 
 90392. 
 
 9.80 
 
 1996903. 
 
 18.2 
 
 13825281 . 
 
 26.8 
 
 95099. 
 
 9.90 
 
 2109061. 
 
 18.4 
 
 14348907. 
 
 27.0 
 
 100000. 
 
 10.0 
 
 2226203. 
 
 18.6 
 
 14888280. 
 
 27.2 
 
 110408. 
 
 10.2 
 
 2348493. 
 
 18.8 
 
 15443752. 
 
 27.4 
 
 121665. 
 
 10.4 
 
 2476099. 
 
 19.0 
 
 16015681 . 
 
 27.6 
 
 133823. 
 
 10.6 
 
 2609193. 
 
 19.2 
 
 16604430. 
 
 27.8 
 
 146933. 
 
 10.8 
 
 2747949. 
 
 19.4 
 
 17210368. 
 
 28.0 
 
 161051. 
 
 11.0 
 
 2892547. 
 
 19.6 
 
 17833868. 
 
 28.2 
 
 
 
280 
 
 NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 Fifth 
 
 Roots 
 
 and Fifth Powers. 
 
 (CONTINUED.) 
 
 Power. 
 
 No. or 
 Root. 
 
 Power. 
 
 No. or 
 Root. 
 
 ^wer. N0 oo 0r 
 
 18475309. 
 19135075. 
 19813557. 
 20511149. 
 21228253. 
 21965275. 
 22722628. 
 23500728. 
 24300000. 
 26393634. 
 
 28.4 
 28.6 
 28.8 
 29.0 
 29.2 
 29.4 
 29.6 
 29.8 
 30.0 
 30.5 
 
 28629151. 
 31013642. 
 33554432. 
 36259082. 
 39135393. 
 42191410. 
 45435424. 
 48875980. 
 52521875. 
 56382167. 
 
 31.0 
 31.5 
 32.0 
 32.5 
 33.0 
 33.5 
 34.0 
 34.5 
 35.0 
 35.5 
 
 60466176. 36.0 
 64783487. 36.5 
 69343957. 37.0 
 74157715. 37.5 
 79235168. 38.0 
 84587005. 38.5 
 90224199. 39.0 
 96158012. 39.5 
 102400000. 40.0 
 
 _ J 
 
tf ! ^ 
 
 NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 281 
 
 Squares, Cubes, Square Roots, Cube Roots, Logarithms, Re- 
 ciprocals, Circumferences and Circular Areas 
 of Nos. from \ to JOOO. 
 
 (FROM CARNEGIE HAND BOOK.) 
 
 No. 
 
 1 
 2 
 3 
 4 
 5 
 
 Sq. 
 
 1 
 4 
 9 
 16 
 25 
 
 Cube. 
 
 Square 
 Root. 
 
 Cube 
 Root. 
 
 Log. 
 
 1000 
 X 
 Recip. 
 
 No. = Dia. 
 
 Circ'm 
 
 Area. 
 
 1 
 8 
 27 
 64 
 125 
 
 1.0000 
 1.4142 
 1.7321 
 2.0000 
 2.2361 
 
 1.0000 
 1.2599 
 1.4422 
 1.5874 
 1.7100 
 
 0.00000 
 0.30103 
 0.47712 
 0.60206 
 0.69897 
 
 1000.000 
 500.000 
 333. 333 
 250.000 
 200.000 
 
 3.142 
 6.283 
 9.425 
 12.566 
 15.708 
 
 0.7854 
 3.1416 
 7.0686 
 12.5664 
 19.6350 
 
 6 
 7 
 8 
 9 
 10 
 
 36 
 49 
 64 
 81 
 100 
 
 216 
 343 
 512 
 729 
 1000 
 
 2.4495 
 2.6458 
 2.8284 
 3.0000 
 3.1623 
 
 1.8171 
 1.9129 
 2.0000 
 2.0801 
 2.1544 
 
 0.77815 
 0.84510 
 0.90309 
 0.95424 
 1.00000 
 
 166.667 
 142.857 
 125.000 
 111.111 
 100.000 
 
 18.850 
 21.991 
 
 25.133 
 
 28.274 
 31.416 
 
 28.2743 
 38.4845 
 50.2655 
 63.6173 
 78.5398 
 
 11 
 12 
 13 
 14 
 15 
 
 121 
 144 
 169 
 196 
 225 
 
 1331 
 
 1728 
 2197 
 2744 
 3375 
 
 3.3166 
 3.4641 
 3.6056 
 3.7417 
 3.8730 
 
 2.2240 
 2.2894 
 2.3513 
 2.4101 
 2.4662 
 
 1.04139 
 1.07918 
 1.11394 
 1.14613 
 1.17609 
 
 90.9091 
 83.3333 
 76.9231 
 71.4286 
 66.6667 
 
 34.558 
 37.699 
 40.841 
 43.982 
 47.124 
 
 95.0332 
 113.097 
 132.732 
 153.938 
 176.715 
 
 16 
 17 
 18 
 19 
 20 
 
 256 
 289 
 324 
 361 
 400 
 
 4096 
 4913 
 5832 
 6859 
 8000 
 
 4.0000 
 4.1231 
 4.2426 
 4.3589 
 4.4721 
 
 2.5198 
 2.5713 
 2.6207 
 2.6684 
 2.7144 
 
 1.20412 
 1.23045 
 1.25527 
 
 1.27875 
 1.30103 
 
 62.5000 
 58.8235 
 55.5556 
 52.6316 
 50.0000 
 
 50.265 
 53.407 
 56.549 
 59.690 
 62.832 
 
 201.062 
 226.980 
 254.469 
 283.529 
 314.159 
 
 21 
 22 
 23 
 24 
 25 
 
 441 
 
 484 
 529 
 576 
 625 
 
 9261 
 10648 
 12167 
 13824 
 15625 
 
 4.5826 
 4.6904 
 4.7958 
 4.8990 
 5.0000 
 
 2.7589 
 2.8020 
 2.8439 
 2.8845 
 2.9240 
 
 1.32222 
 1.34242 
 1.36173 
 1.38021 
 1.39794 
 
 47.6190 
 45.4545 
 43.4783 
 41.6667 
 40.0000 
 
 65.973 
 69.115 
 72.257 
 75.398 
 78.540 
 
 346.361 
 380.133 
 415.476 
 452.389 
 490.874 
 
 26 
 27 
 28 
 29 
 30 
 
 676 
 
 729 
 784 
 841 
 900 
 
 17576 
 19083 
 21952 
 24389 
 27000 
 
 5.0990 
 5.1962 
 5.2915 
 5.3852 
 5.4772 
 
 2.9625 
 3.0000 
 3.0366 
 3.0723 
 3.1072 
 
 .41497 
 .43136 
 .44716 
 .46240 
 .47712 
 
 38.4615 
 37.0370 
 35.7143 
 34.4828 
 33.3333 
 
 81.681 
 84.823 
 87.965 
 91.106 
 94.248 
 
 530.929 
 572.555 
 615.752 
 660.520 
 706.858 
 
 31 
 32 
 33 
 34 
 35 
 
 961 
 1024 
 1089 
 1156 
 1225 
 
 29791 
 32768 
 35937 
 39304 
 42875 
 
 5.5678 
 5.6569 
 5.7446 
 5.8310 
 5.9161 
 
 3.1414 
 3.1748 
 3.2075 
 3.2396 
 3.2711 
 
 1.49136 
 1.50515 
 1.51851 
 1.53148 
 1.54407 
 
 32.2581 
 31.2500 
 30.3030 
 29.4118 
 28.5714 
 
 97.389 
 100.531 
 103.673 
 106.814 
 109.956 
 
 754.768 
 804.248 
 855.299 
 907.920 
 962.113 
 
 36 
 37 
 38 
 39 
 40 
 
 1296 
 1369 
 1444 
 1521 
 1600 
 
 46656 
 50653 
 54872 
 59319 
 64000 
 
 6.0000 
 6.0828 
 6.1644 
 6.2450 
 6.3246 
 
 3.3019 
 3.3322 
 3.8620 
 3.3912 
 3.4200 
 
 1.55630 
 1.56820 
 1.57978 
 1.59106 
 1.60206 
 
 27.7778 
 27.0270 
 26.3158 
 25.6410 
 25.0000 
 
 113.097 
 116.239 
 119.381 
 122.522 
 125.66 
 
 1017.88 
 1075.21 
 1134.11 
 1194.59 
 1256.64 
 
 41 
 42 
 43 
 44 
 45 
 
 1681 
 1704 
 1849 
 1936 
 2025 
 
 68921 
 74088 
 79507 
 85184 
 91125 
 
 6.4031 
 6.4807 
 6.5574 
 6.6332 
 6.7082 
 
 3.4482 
 3.4760 
 3.5034 
 3.5303 
 3.5569 
 
 1.61278 
 1.62325 
 1.63347 
 1.64345 
 1.65321 
 
 24.3902 
 23.8095 
 23.2558 
 22.7273 
 22.2222 
 
 128.81 
 131.95 
 135.09 
 138.23 
 141.37 
 
 1320.25 
 1385.44 
 1452.20 
 1520.53 
 1590.43 
 
 
282 NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 Squares, Cubes, Square Roots, Cube Roots, Logarithms, Etc. 
 
 (CONTINUED.) 
 
 No 
 
 Sq. 
 
 2116 
 2209 
 2304 
 2401 
 
 Cube. 
 
 Square 
 Root. 
 
 Cube 
 Root. 
 
 Log. 
 
 1000 
 X 
 Recip. 
 
 No = Dia. 
 
 Circ'm 
 
 Area. 
 
 46 
 47 
 48 
 49 
 
 97336 
 103823 
 110592 
 117649 
 
 6.7823 
 6.8557 
 6.9282 
 7.0000 
 
 3.5aso 
 
 3.6088 
 3.6342 
 3.6593 
 
 1.66276 
 1.67210 
 1.68124 
 1.69020 
 
 21.7391 
 21.2766 
 20.8333 
 20.4088 
 
 144.51 
 147.65 
 150.80 
 153.94 
 
 1661.90 
 1734.94 
 1809.56 
 1885.74 
 
 50 
 51 
 52 
 53 
 54 
 
 2500 
 2601 
 2704 
 2809 
 2916 
 
 125000 
 132651 
 140608 
 148877 
 157464 
 
 7.0711 
 7.1414 
 7.2111 
 7.2801 
 7.3485 
 
 3.6840 
 3.7084 
 3.7325 
 3.7563 
 3.7798 
 
 1.69897 
 1.70757 
 1.71600 
 1.72428 
 1.73239 
 
 20.0000 
 19.6078 
 19.2308 
 18.8679 
 18.5185 
 
 157.08 
 160.22 
 163.36 
 166.50 
 169.65 
 
 1963.50 
 2042.82 
 2123.72 
 2206.18 
 2290.22 
 
 55 
 56 
 
 57 
 58 
 59 
 
 3025 
 3136 
 3249 
 3364 
 3481 
 
 166375 
 175616 
 185193 
 195112 
 205379 
 
 7.4162 
 7.4833 
 7.5498 
 7.6158 
 7.6811 
 
 3.8030 
 3.8259 
 3.8485 
 3.8709 
 3.8930 
 
 1.74036 
 1.74819 
 1.75587 
 1.76343 
 1.77085 
 
 18.1818 
 17.8571 
 17.5439 
 17.2414 
 16.9492 
 
 172.79 
 175.93 
 179.07 
 182.21 
 185.35 
 
 2375.83 
 2463.01 
 2551.76 
 2642.08 
 2733.97 
 
 60 
 61 
 62 
 63 
 64 
 
 3600 
 3721 
 3844 
 3969 
 4096 
 
 216000 
 226981 
 238328 
 250047 
 262144 
 
 7.7460 
 7.8102 
 7.8740 
 7.9373 
 8.0000 
 
 3.9149 
 3.9365 
 3.9579 
 3.9791 
 4.0000 
 
 1.77815 
 1.78533 
 1.79239 
 1.79934 
 1.80618 
 
 16.6667 
 16.3934 
 16.1290 
 15.8730 
 15.6250 
 
 188.50 
 191.64 
 194.78 
 197.92 
 201.06 
 
 2827.43 
 2922.47 
 3019.07 
 3117.25 
 3216.99 
 
 65 
 66 
 67 
 68 
 69 
 
 4225 
 4356 
 4489 
 4624 
 4761 
 
 274625 
 287496 
 300763 
 314432 
 328509 
 
 8.0623 
 8.1240 
 8.1854 
 8.2462 
 8.3066 
 
 4.0207 
 4.0412 
 4.0615 
 .0817 
 .1016 
 
 1.81291 
 1.81954 
 1.82607 
 1.83251 
 1.83885 
 
 15.3846 
 15.1515 
 14.9254 
 14.7059 
 14.4928 
 
 204.20 
 207.35 
 210.49 
 213.63 
 216.77 
 
 3318.31 
 3421.19 
 3525.65 
 3631.68 
 3739.28 
 
 70 
 71 
 72 
 73 
 
 74 
 
 4900 
 5041 
 5184 
 5329 
 5476 
 
 343000 
 357911 
 373248 
 389017 
 405224 
 
 8.3666 
 8.4261 
 8.4853 
 8.5440 
 8.6023 
 
 .1213 
 .1408 
 .1602 
 .1793 
 .1983 
 
 1.84510 
 1.85126 
 1.85733 
 1.86332 
 1.86923 
 
 14.2857 
 14.0845 
 13.8889 
 13.6986 
 13.5135 
 
 219.91 
 223.05 
 226.19 
 229.34 
 232 48 
 
 3848.45 
 3959.19 
 4071.50 
 4185.39 
 4300.84 
 
 75 
 76 
 
 77 
 78 
 79 
 
 5625 
 5776 
 5929 
 6084 
 6241 
 
 421875 
 438976 
 456533 
 474552 
 493039 
 
 8.6603 
 
 8.7178 
 8.7750 
 8.8318 
 8.8882 
 
 4.2172 
 
 4.2a58 
 4.2543 
 4.2727 
 4.2908 
 
 1.87506 
 1.88081 
 1.88649 
 1.89209 
 1.89763 
 
 13.3333 
 13.1579 
 12.9870 
 12.8205 
 12.6582 
 
 235.62 
 238.76 
 241.90 
 245.04 
 248.19 
 
 4417.86 
 4536.46 
 4656.63 
 4778.36 
 4901.67 
 
 80 
 81 
 82 
 83 
 84 
 
 6400 
 6561 
 6724 
 6889 
 7056 
 
 512000 
 531441 
 551368 
 571787 
 592704 
 
 8.9443 
 9.0000 
 9.0554 
 9.1104 
 9.1652 
 
 4.3089 
 4.3267 
 4.3445 
 4.3621 
 4.3795 
 
 1.90309 
 1.90849 
 1.91381 
 1.91908 
 1.92428 
 
 12.5000 
 12.3457 
 12.1951 
 12.0482 
 11.9048 
 
 251.33 
 254.47 
 257.61 
 260.75 
 263.89 
 
 5026.55 
 5153.00 
 5281.02 
 5410.61 
 5541.77 
 
 85 
 86 
 87 
 88 
 89 
 
 7225 
 7396 
 7569 
 
 7744 
 7921 
 
 614125 
 636056 
 658503 
 681472 
 704969 
 
 9.2195 
 9.2736 
 9.3274 
 9.3808 
 9.4340 
 
 4.3968 
 4.4140 
 4.4310 
 4.4480 
 4.4647 
 
 .92942 
 .93450 
 .93952 
 .94448 
 .94939 
 
 11.7647 
 11.6279 
 11.4943 
 11.3636 
 11.2360 
 
 267.04 
 270.18 
 273.32 
 276.46 
 279.60 
 
 5674.50 
 5808.80 
 5944.68 
 6082.12 
 6221.14 
 
 
NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 283 
 
 Squares, Cubes, Square Roots, Cube Roots, Logarithms, Etc. 
 
 (CONTINUED.) 
 
 No. 
 
 90 
 91 
 92 
 93 
 94 
 
 Sq. 
 
 Cube. 
 
 Square 
 Root. 
 
 Cube 
 Root. 
 
 Log. 
 
 1000 
 X 
 Recip. 
 
 No. = Dia. 
 
 Circ'm 
 
 Area. 
 
 8100 
 8281 
 8464 
 8649 
 8836 
 
 729000 
 753571 
 778688 
 804357 
 830584 
 
 9.4868 
 9.5394 
 9.5917 
 9.6437 
 9.6954 
 
 4.4814 
 4.4979 
 4.5144 
 4.5307 
 4.5468 
 
 1.95424 
 1.95904 
 1.96379 
 1.96848 
 1.97313 
 
 11.1111 
 10.9890 
 10.8696 
 10.7527 
 10.6383 
 
 282.74 
 285.88 
 289.03 
 292.17 
 295.31 
 
 6361.73 
 6503.88 
 6647.61 
 6792.91 
 6939.78 
 
 95 
 96 
 97 
 98 
 99 
 
 9025 
 9216 
 9409 
 9604 
 9801 
 
 857375 
 884736 
 912673 
 941192 
 970299 
 
 9.7468 
 9.7980 
 9.8489 
 9.8995 
 9.9499 
 
 4.5629 
 4.5789 
 4.5947 
 4.6104 
 4.6261 
 
 1.97772 
 1.98227 
 1 98677 
 1.99123 
 1.99564 
 
 10.5263 
 10.4167 
 10.3093 
 10.2041 
 10.1010 
 
 298.45 
 301.59 
 304.73 
 307.88 
 311.02 
 
 7088.22 
 7238.23 
 7389.81 
 7542.96 
 7697.69 
 
 100 
 101 
 102 
 103 
 104 
 
 10000 
 10201 
 10404 
 10609 
 10816 
 
 1000000 
 1030301 
 1061208 
 1092727 
 1124864 
 
 10.0000 
 10.0499 
 10.0995 
 10.1489 
 10.1980 
 
 4.6416 
 4.6570 
 4.6723 
 4.6875 
 4.7027 
 
 2.00000 
 2.00432 
 2.00860 
 2.01284 
 2.01703 
 
 10.0000 
 9.90099 
 9.80392 
 9.70874 
 9.61538 
 
 314.16 
 317.30 
 320.44 
 323.58 
 326.73 
 
 7853.98 
 8011.85 
 8171.28 
 8332.29 
 
 8494.87 
 
 105 
 106 
 107 
 108 
 109 
 
 11025 
 11236 
 11449 
 11664 
 11881 
 
 1157625 
 1191016 
 1225043 
 1259712 
 1295029 
 
 10.2470 
 10.2956 
 10.3441 
 10.8923 
 10.4403 
 
 4.7177 
 4.7326 
 .7475 
 .7622 
 .7769 
 
 2.02119 
 2.02531 
 2.02938 
 2.03342 
 2.03743 
 
 9.52381 
 9.43396 
 9.34579 
 9.25926 
 9.17431 
 
 329.87 
 333.01 
 336.15 
 339.29 
 342.43 
 
 8659.01 
 8824.73 
 8992.02 
 9160.88 
 9331.32 
 
 110 
 111 
 112 
 113 
 114 
 
 12100 
 12321 
 12544 
 12769 
 12996 
 
 1331000 
 1367631 
 1404928 
 1442897 
 1481544 
 
 10.4881 
 10.5357 
 10.5830 
 10.6301 
 10.6771 
 
 .7914 
 .8059 
 4.8203 
 4.8346 
 4.8488 
 
 2.04139 
 2.04532 
 2.04922 
 2.05308 
 2.05690 
 
 9.09091 
 9.00901 
 8.92857 
 8.84956 
 8.77193 
 
 345.58 
 348.72 
 351.86 
 355.00 
 358.14 
 
 9503.32 
 9676.89 
 9852.03 
 10028.7 
 10207.0 
 
 115 
 116 
 117 
 118 
 119 
 
 13225 
 13456 
 13689 
 13924 
 14161 
 
 1520875 
 1560896 
 1601613 
 1643032 
 1685159 
 
 10.7238 
 10.7703 
 10.8167 
 10.8628 
 10.9087 
 
 4.8629 
 4.8770 
 3.8910 
 4.9049 
 4.9187 
 
 2.06070 
 2.06446 
 2.06819 
 2.07188 
 2.07555 
 
 8.69565 
 8.62069 
 8.54701 
 8.47458 
 8.40336 
 
 361.28 
 364.42 
 367.57 
 370.71 
 373.85 
 
 10386.9 
 10568.3 
 10751.3 
 10935.9 
 11122.0 
 
 120 
 121 
 122 
 123 
 124 
 
 14400 
 14641 
 14884 
 15129 
 15376 
 
 1728000 
 1771561 
 1815848 
 1860867 
 1906624 
 
 10.9545 
 11.0000 
 11.0454 
 11.0905 
 11.1355 
 
 4.9324 
 4.9461 
 4.9597 
 4.9732 
 4.9866 
 
 2.07918 
 2.08279 
 2.08636 
 2.08991 
 2.09342 
 
 8.33333 
 8.26446 
 8.19672 
 8.13008 
 8.06452 
 
 376.99 
 380.13 
 383.27 
 386.42 
 389.56 
 
 11309.7 
 11499.0 
 11689.9 
 11882.3 
 12076.3 
 
 125 
 126 
 127 
 128 
 129 
 
 15625 
 15876 
 16129 
 16384 
 16641 
 
 1953125 
 2000376 
 2048383 
 2097152 
 2146689 
 
 11.1803 
 11.2250 
 11.2694 
 11.3137 
 11.3578 
 
 5.0000 
 5.0133 
 5.0265 
 5.0397 
 5.0528 
 
 2.09691 
 2.10037 
 2.10380 
 2.10721 
 2.11059 
 
 8.00000 
 7.93651 
 7.87402 
 7.81250 
 7.75194 
 
 392.70 
 395.84 
 398.98 
 402.12 
 405.27 
 
 12271.8 
 12469.0 
 12667.7 
 12868.0 
 13069.8 
 
 130 
 131 
 132 
 133 
 134 
 
 16900 
 17161 
 17424 
 17689 
 17956 
 
 2197000 
 2248091 
 2299968 
 235263? 
 2406104 
 
 11.4018 
 11.4455 
 11.4891 
 11.5326 
 11.5758 
 
 5.0658 
 5.0788 
 5.0916 
 5.1045 
 5.1172 
 
 2.11394 
 2.11727 
 2.12057 
 2.12385 
 2.12710 
 
 7.69231 
 7.63359 
 7.57576 
 7.51880 
 7.46269 
 
 408.41 
 411.55 
 414.69 
 417.83 
 420.97 
 
 13273.2 
 13478.2 
 13684.8 
 13892.9 
 14102.6 
 
 L , 
 
284 NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 Squares, Cubes, Square Roots, Cube Roots, Logarithms, Etc. 
 
 (CONTINUED.) 
 
 No 
 
 Sq. 
 
 Cube. 
 
 Square 
 Root. 
 
 Cube 
 Root. 
 
 Log. 
 
 1000 
 X 
 Recip. 
 
 No. = Dia. 
 
 Circ'm 
 
 Area. 
 
 135 
 136 
 137 
 138 
 139 
 
 1822 
 1849 
 1876 
 19044 
 1932 
 
 246037 
 251545 
 257135 
 262807 
 268561 
 
 11.619 
 11.661 
 11.704 
 11.747 
 11.789 
 
 5.129S 
 5.1426 
 5.1551 
 5.1676 
 5.1801 
 
 2.1303 
 2.1335 
 2.1367 
 2.1398 
 2.1430 
 
 7.40741 
 7.35294 
 7.29927 
 7.2463S 
 7.19424 
 
 424.1 
 427.2 
 430.4 
 433.5 
 436.6 
 
 14313.9 
 14526.7 
 14741.1 
 14957.1 
 15174.7 
 
 140 
 141 
 142 
 143 
 144 
 
 19600 
 19881 
 20164 
 20449 
 20736 
 
 2744000 
 280322 
 2863288 
 2924207 
 2985984 
 
 11.832 
 11.874 
 11.9164 
 11.958 
 12.0000 
 
 5.1925 
 5.204 
 5.217 
 5.229 
 5.2415 
 
 2.1461 
 2.1492 
 2.1522 
 2.1553 
 2.1583 
 
 7.14286 
 7.0922 
 7.0422 
 6.9930 
 6.9444 
 
 439.8 
 442.9 
 446.1 
 449.2 
 452.3 
 
 15393.8 
 15614.5 
 15836.8 
 16060.6 
 16286.0 
 
 145 
 146 
 147 
 148 
 149 
 
 21025 
 21316 
 
 21609 
 21904 
 22201 
 
 3048625 
 3112136 
 3176523 
 3241792 
 3307949 
 
 12.041 
 12.0830 
 12.1244 
 12.1655 
 12.2066 
 
 5.2536 
 5.265b 
 5.2776 
 5.2896 
 5.3015 
 
 2.16137 
 2.16435 
 2.16732 
 2.17026 
 2.17319 
 
 6.89655 
 6.84932 
 6.80272 
 6.75676 
 6.71141 
 
 455.5 
 458.6 
 461.8 
 464.96 
 468.10 
 
 16513.0 
 16741.5 
 16971.7 
 17203.4 
 17436.6 
 
 150 
 151 
 152 
 153 
 
 154 
 
 22500 
 22801 
 23104 
 23409 
 23716 
 
 3375000 
 3442951 
 3511808 
 3581577 
 3652264 
 
 12.2474 
 12.2882 
 12.3288 
 12.3693 
 12.4097 
 
 5.3133 
 5.3251 
 5.3368 
 5.3485 
 5.3601 
 
 2.17609 
 2.17898 
 2.18184 
 2.18469 
 2.18752 
 
 6.66667 
 6.62252 
 6.57895 
 6.53595 
 6.49351 
 
 471.24 
 474.38 
 477.52 
 480.66 
 483.81 
 
 17671.5 
 17907.9 
 18145.8 
 18385.4 
 18626.5 
 
 155 
 156 
 157 
 158 
 159 
 
 24025 
 24336 
 24649 
 24964 
 25281 
 
 3723875 
 3796416 
 3869893 
 3944312 
 4019679 
 
 12.4499 
 12.4900 
 12.5300 
 12.5698 
 12.6095 
 
 5.3717 
 5.3832 
 5.3947 
 5.4061 
 5.4175 
 
 2.19033 
 2.19312 
 2.19590 
 2.19866 
 2.20140 
 
 6.45161 
 6.41026 
 6.3(5943 
 6.32911 
 6.28931 
 
 486.95 
 490.09 
 493.23 
 496.37 
 499.51 
 
 18869.2 
 19113.4 
 19359.3 
 19606.7 
 19855.7 
 
 160 
 161 
 162 
 163 
 164 
 
 25600 
 25921 
 26244 
 26569 
 26896 
 
 4096000 
 4173281 
 4251528 
 4330747 
 4410944 
 
 12.6491 
 12.6886 
 12.7279 
 12.7671 
 12.8062 
 
 5.4288 
 5.4401 
 5.4514 
 5.4626 
 5.4737 
 
 2.20412 
 2.20683 
 2.20952 
 2.21219 
 2.21484 
 
 6.25000 
 6.21118 
 6.17284 
 6.13497 
 6.09756 
 
 502.65 
 505.80 
 508.94 
 512.08 
 515.22 
 
 20106.2 
 20358.3 
 20612.0 
 20867.2 
 21124.1 
 
 165 
 166 
 167 
 168 
 169 
 
 27225 
 27556 
 27889 
 28224 
 285C1 
 
 4492125 
 4574296 
 4657463 
 4741632 
 4826809 
 
 12.8452 
 12.8841 
 12.9228 
 12.9615 
 13.0000 
 
 5.4848 
 5.4959 
 5.5069 
 5.5178 
 5.5288 
 
 2.21748 
 2.22011 
 2.22272 
 2.22531 
 
 2.22789 
 
 6.06061 
 6.02410 
 5.98802 
 5.95238 
 5.91716 
 
 518.36 
 521.50 
 524.65 
 527.79 
 530.93 
 
 21382.5 
 21642.4 
 21904.0 
 22167.1 
 22431.8 
 
 170 
 171 
 172 
 173 
 
 174 
 
 28900 
 29241 
 29584 
 29929 
 30276 
 
 4913000 
 5000211 
 5088448 
 5177717 
 5268024 
 
 13.0384 
 13.0767 
 13.1149 
 13.1529 
 13.1909 
 
 5.5397 
 5.5505 
 5.5613 
 5.5721 
 
 5.5828 
 
 2.23045 
 2.23300 
 2.23553 
 2.23805 
 2.24055 
 
 5.88235 
 5.84795 
 5.81395 
 5.78035 
 5.74713 
 
 534.07 
 537.21 
 540.35 
 543.50 
 546.64 
 
 22698.0 
 22965.8 
 23235.2 
 23506.2 
 23778.7 
 
 175 
 176 
 177 
 178 
 179 
 
 30625 
 30976 
 31329 
 31684 
 32041 
 
 5359375 
 5451776 
 5545233 
 5639752 
 5735339 
 
 13.2288 
 13.2665 
 13.3041 
 13.3417 
 13.3791 
 
 5.5934 
 5.6041 
 5.0147 
 5.6252 
 5.6357 
 
 2.24304 
 2.24551 
 2.24797 
 2.25042 
 2.25285 
 
 5.71429 
 5.68182 
 5.64972 
 5.61798 
 5.58659 
 
 549.78 
 552.92 
 556.06 
 559.20 
 562.35 
 
 24052.8 
 24328.5 
 24605.7 
 24884.6 
 25164.9 
 
 
NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 285 
 
 Squares, Cubes, Square Roots, Cube Roots, Logarithms, Etc. 
 
 (CONTINUED.) 
 
 No. 
 
 180 
 181 
 182 
 183 
 184 
 
 Sq. 
 
 Cube. 
 
 Square 
 Root. 
 
 Cube 
 Root. 
 
 Log. 
 
 1000 
 X 
 Recip. 
 
 No. = Dia. 
 
 Circ'm 
 
 Area. 
 
 32400 
 32761 
 33124 
 33489 
 33856 
 
 5832000 
 5929741 
 6028568 
 6128487 
 6229504 
 
 13.4164 
 13.4536 
 13.4907 
 13.5277 
 13.5647 
 
 5.6462 
 5.6567 
 5.6671 
 5.6774 
 5.6877 
 
 2.25527 
 
 2.25768 
 2.26007 
 2.26245 
 2.26482 
 
 5.55556 
 5.52486 
 5.49451 
 5.46448 
 5.43478 
 
 565.49 
 568.63 
 571.77 
 574.91 
 578.05 
 
 25446.9 
 25730.4 
 26015.5 
 26302.2 
 26590.4 
 
 186 
 186 
 187 
 188 
 189 
 
 34225 
 34596 
 34969 
 35344 
 35721 
 
 6331625 
 6434856 
 6539203 
 6644672 
 6751269 
 
 13.6015 
 13.6382 
 13.6748 
 13.7113 
 13.7477 
 
 5.69PO 
 5 7083 
 5.7185 
 
 5.7287 
 5.7388 
 
 2.26717 
 2.26951 
 
 2.27184 
 2.27416 
 2.27646 
 
 5.40541 
 5.37634 
 5.34759 
 5.31915 
 5.29101 
 
 581.19 
 584.34 
 587.48 
 590.62 
 593.76 
 
 26880.3 
 27171.6 
 27464.6 
 27759.1 
 28055.2 
 
 190 
 191 
 192 
 193 
 194 
 
 36100 
 36481 
 36864 
 37249 
 37636 
 
 6859000 
 6967871 
 7077888 
 7189057 
 7301384 
 
 13.7840 
 13.8203 
 13.8564 
 13.8924 
 13.9284 
 
 5.7489 
 5.7590 
 5.7690 
 5.7790 
 5.7890 
 
 2.27875 
 2.28103 
 2.28330 
 2.28556 
 2.28780 
 
 5.26316 
 5.23560 
 5.20833 
 5.18135 
 5.15464 
 
 596.90 
 600.04 
 603.19 
 606.33 
 609.47 
 
 28352.9 
 28652.1 
 28952.9 
 29255.3 
 29559.2 
 
 195 
 196 
 197 
 198 
 199 
 
 38025 
 
 38416 
 38809 
 39204 
 39601 
 
 7414875 
 7529536 
 7645373 
 7762392 
 7880599 
 
 13.9642 
 14.0000 
 14.0357 
 14.0712 
 14.1067 
 
 5.7989 
 5.8088 
 5.8186 
 5.8285 
 5.8383 
 
 2.29003 
 2.29226 
 2.29447 
 
 2.29667 
 2.29885 
 
 5.12821 
 5.10204 
 6.07614 
 5.05051 
 5.02513 
 
 612.61 
 615.75 
 618.89 
 622.04 
 625.18 
 
 29864.8 
 30171.9 
 30480.5 
 30790.7 
 31102.6 
 
 200 
 201 
 202 
 203 
 204 
 
 40000 
 40401 
 40804 
 41209 
 41616 
 
 8000000 
 8120601 
 8242408 
 8365427 
 8489664 
 
 14.1421 
 14.1774 
 14.2127 
 14.2478 
 14.2829 
 
 5.8480 
 
 5.8578 
 5.8675 
 5.8771 
 5.8868 
 
 2.30103 
 2.30320 
 2.30535 
 2.30750 
 2.30963 
 
 5.00000 
 4.97512 
 4.95050 
 4.92611 
 4.90196 
 
 628.32 
 631.46 
 634.60 
 637.74 
 640.89 
 
 31415.9 
 31730.9 
 32047.4 
 32365.5 
 32685.1 
 
 205 
 206 
 207 
 208 
 209 
 
 42025 
 42436 
 42849 
 43264 
 43681 
 
 8615125 
 8741816 
 8869743 
 8998912 
 9129329 
 
 14.3178 
 14.3527 
 14.3875 
 14.4222 
 14.4568 
 
 5.8964 
 5.9059 
 5.9155 
 5.92(50 
 5.9345 
 
 2.31175 
 2.31387 
 2.31597 
 2.31806 
 2.32015 
 
 4.87805 
 4.85437 
 4.83092 
 4.80769 
 4.78469 
 
 644.03 
 647.17 
 650.31 
 653.45 
 656.59 
 
 33006.4 
 33329.2 
 33653.5 
 33979.5 
 34307.0 
 
 210 
 211 
 212 
 213 
 
 214 
 
 44100 
 44521 
 44944 
 
 45369 
 45796 
 
 9261000 
 9393931 
 95-28128 
 96(>3597 
 9800344 
 
 14.4914 
 14.5258 
 14.560-2 
 14.5945 
 14.6287 
 
 5.9439 
 5.9533 
 5.9627 
 5.9721 
 5.9814 
 
 2.32222 
 
 2.32428 
 
 2 ! 32838 
 2.33041 
 
 4.76190 
 4.73934 
 4.71698 
 4.69484 
 4.67290 
 
 659.73 
 662.88 
 666.02 
 669.16 
 672.30 
 
 34636.1 
 34966.7 
 35298.9 
 35632.7 
 35968.1 
 
 215 
 216 
 217 
 218 
 219 
 
 46225 
 46656 
 47089 
 47524 
 47961 
 
 9938375 
 10077696 
 10218313 
 10360232 
 10503459 
 
 14.6629 
 14.6969 
 14.7309 
 14.7648 
 14.7986 
 
 5.9907 
 6.0000 
 6.0092 
 6.0185 
 6.0277 
 
 2.33244 
 2.33445 
 2. ,33646 
 2.338-16 
 2 34044 
 
 4.65116 
 4.62963 
 4.60829 
 4.58716 
 4.56621 
 
 675.44 
 
 678.58 
 681.73 
 684.87 
 688.01 
 
 36305.0 
 36643.5 
 36983.6 
 37325.3 
 37668.5 
 
 220 
 221 
 222 
 223 
 224 
 
 48400 
 48841 
 49284 
 49729 
 5017( 
 
 10648000 
 10793861 
 10941048 
 11089567 
 11239424 
 
 14.8324 
 14.8661 
 14.8997 
 14.9332 
 14.9666 
 
 6.0368 
 6 0459 
 6.0550 
 6.0641 
 6.0732 
 
 2.34242 
 2.34439 
 2.34635 
 2.34&30 
 2.35025 
 
 4.54545 
 4.52489 
 4.50450 
 4.48431 
 4.46429 
 
 691.15 
 694.29 
 697.43 
 700.58 
 703.72 
 
 38013.3 
 38359.6 
 38707.6 
 39057.1 
 39408.1 
 
 t 
 
<3 
 
 286 NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 Squares, Cubes, Square Roots, Cube Roots, Logarithms, Etc. 
 
 (CONTINUED.) 
 
 No. 
 
 Sq. 
 
 Cube. 
 
 Square 
 Root. 
 
 Cube 
 Root. 
 
 Log. 
 
 1000 
 X 
 Recip. 
 
 No = Dia. 
 
 Circ'm 
 
 Area. 
 
 225 
 
 50625 
 
 11390625 
 
 15.0000 
 
 6.0822 
 
 2.35218 
 
 4.44444 
 
 706.86 
 
 39760.8 
 
 226 
 
 51076 
 
 11543176 
 
 15.0333 
 
 6.0912 
 
 2.35411 
 
 4.42478 
 
 710.00 
 
 40115.0 
 
 227 
 
 51529 
 
 11697083 
 
 15.0665 
 
 6.1002 
 
 2.35603 
 
 4.40529 
 
 713.14 
 
 40470.8 
 
 228 
 
 51984 
 
 11852352 
 
 15.0997 
 
 6.1091 
 
 2.35793 
 
 4.38596 
 
 716.28 
 
 40828.1 
 
 229 
 
 52441 
 
 12008989 
 
 15.1327 
 
 6.1180 
 
 2.35984 
 
 4.36681 
 
 719.42 
 
 41187.1 
 
 230 
 
 52900 
 
 12167000 
 
 15.1658 
 
 6.1269 
 
 2.36173 
 
 4.34783 
 
 722.57 
 
 41547.6 
 
 231 
 
 53361 
 
 12326391 
 
 15.1987 
 
 6.1358 
 
 2.36361 
 
 4.32900 
 
 725.71 
 
 41909.6 
 
 232 
 
 53824 
 
 12487168 
 
 15.2315 
 
 6.1446 
 
 2.36549 
 
 4.31034 
 
 728.85 
 
 42273.3 
 
 233 
 
 54289 
 
 12649337 
 
 15.2643 
 
 6.1534 
 
 2.36736 
 
 4.29185 
 
 731.99 
 
 42638.5 
 
 234 
 
 54756 
 
 12812904 
 
 15.2971 
 
 6.1622 
 
 2.36922 
 
 4.27350 
 
 735.13 
 
 43005.3 
 
 235 
 
 55225 
 
 12977875 
 
 15.3297 
 
 6.1710 
 
 2.37107 
 
 4.25532 
 
 738.27 
 
 43373.6 
 
 236 
 
 55696 
 
 13144256 
 
 15.3623 
 
 6.1797 
 
 2.37291 
 
 4.23729 
 
 741.42 
 
 43743.5 
 
 237 
 
 56169 
 
 13312053 
 
 15.3948 
 
 6.1885 
 
 2.37475 
 
 4.21941 
 
 744.56 
 
 44115.0 
 
 238 
 
 56644 
 
 13481272 
 
 15.4272 
 
 6.1972 
 
 2.37658 
 
 4.20168 
 
 747.70 
 
 44488.1 
 
 239 
 
 57121 
 
 13651919 
 
 15.4596 
 
 6.2058 
 
 2.37840 
 
 4.18410 
 
 750.84 
 
 44862.7 
 
 240 
 
 57600 
 
 13824000 
 
 15.4919 
 
 6.2145 
 
 2.38021 
 
 4.16667 
 
 753.98 
 
 45238.9 
 
 241 
 
 58081 
 
 13997521 
 
 15.5242 
 
 6.2231 
 
 2.38202 
 
 4.14938 
 
 757.12 
 
 45616.7 
 
 242 
 
 58564 
 
 14172488 
 
 15.5563 
 
 6.2317 
 
 2.38382 
 
 4.13223 
 
 760.27 
 
 45996.1 
 
 243 
 
 59049 
 
 14348907 
 
 15.5885 
 
 6.2403 
 
 2.38561 
 
 4.11523 
 
 763.41 
 
 46377.0 
 
 244 
 
 59536 
 
 14526784 
 
 15.6205 
 
 6.2488 
 
 2.38739 
 
 4.09836 
 
 766.55 
 
 46759.5 
 
 245 
 
 60025 
 
 14706125 
 
 15.6525 
 
 6.2573 
 
 2.38917 
 
 4.08163 
 
 769.69 
 
 47143.5 
 
 246 
 
 60516 
 
 14886936 
 
 15.6844 
 
 6.2658 
 
 2.39094 
 
 4.06504 
 
 772.83 
 
 47529.2 
 
 247 
 
 61009 
 
 15069223 
 
 15.7162 
 
 6.2743 
 
 2.39270 
 
 4.04858 
 
 775.97 
 
 47916.4 
 
 248 
 
 61504 
 
 15252992 
 
 15.7480 
 
 6.2828 
 
 2.39445 
 
 4 03226 
 
 779.12 
 
 48305.1 
 
 249 
 
 62001 
 
 15438249 
 
 15.7797 
 
 6.2912 
 
 2.39620 
 
 4.01606 
 
 782.26 
 
 48695.5 
 
 250 
 
 62500 
 
 15625000 
 
 15.8114 
 
 6.2996 
 
 2.39794 
 
 4.00000 
 
 785.40 
 
 49087.4 
 
 251 
 
 63001 
 
 15813251 
 
 15.8430 
 
 6.3080 
 
 2.39967 
 
 3.98406 
 
 788.54 
 
 49480.9 
 
 252 
 
 63504 
 
 16003008 
 
 15.8745 
 
 6.3164 
 
 2.40140 
 
 3.96825 
 
 791.68 
 
 49875.9 
 
 253 
 
 64009 
 
 16194277 
 
 15.9060 
 
 6.3247 
 
 2.40312 
 
 3.95257 
 
 794.82 
 
 50272.6 
 
 254 
 
 64516 
 
 16387064 
 
 15.9374 
 
 6.3330 
 
 2.40483 
 
 3.93701 
 
 797.96 
 
 50670.7 
 
 255 
 
 65025 
 
 16581375 
 
 15.9687 
 
 6.3413 
 
 2.40654 
 
 3.92157 
 
 801.11 
 
 51070.5 
 
 256 
 
 65536 
 
 16777216 
 
 16.0000 
 
 6.3496 
 
 2.40824 
 
 3.90625 
 
 804.25 
 
 51471.9 
 
 257 
 
 66049 
 
 16974593 
 
 16.0312 
 
 6.3579 
 
 2.40993 
 
 3.89105 
 
 807.39 
 
 51874.8 
 
 258 
 
 66564 
 
 17173512 
 
 16.0624 
 
 6.3661 
 
 2.41162 
 
 3.87597 
 
 810.53 
 
 52279.2 
 
 259 
 
 67081 
 
 17373979 
 
 16.0935 
 
 6.3743 
 
 2.41330 
 
 3.86100 
 
 813.67 
 
 52685.3 
 
 260 
 
 67600 
 
 17576000 
 
 16.1245 
 
 6.3825 
 
 2.41497 
 
 3.84615 
 
 816.81 
 
 53092.9 
 
 261 
 
 68121 
 
 17779581 
 
 16.1555 
 
 6.3907 
 
 2.41664 
 
 3.83142 
 
 819.96 
 
 53502.1 
 
 262 
 
 68644 
 
 17984728 
 
 16.1864 
 
 6.3988 
 
 2 41830 
 
 3.81679 
 
 823.10 
 
 53912.9 
 
 263 
 
 69169 
 
 18191447 
 
 16.2173 
 
 6.4070 
 
 2.41996 
 
 3.80228 
 
 826.24 
 
 54325.2 
 
 264 
 
 69696 
 
 18399744 
 
 16.2481 
 
 6.4151 
 
 2.42160 
 
 3.78788 
 
 829.38 
 
 54739.1 
 
 265 
 
 70225 
 
 18609625 
 
 16.2788 
 
 6.4232 
 
 2.42325 
 
 3.77358 
 
 832 52 
 
 55154.6 
 
 266 
 
 70756 
 
 18821096 
 
 16.8095 
 
 6.4312 
 
 2.42488 
 
 3.75940 
 
 835.66 
 
 55571.6 
 
 267 
 
 71289 
 
 19034163 
 
 16.3401 
 
 (5.4393 
 
 2.42651 
 
 3.74532 
 
 838.81 
 
 55990.3 
 
 268 
 
 71824 
 
 19248832 
 
 16.3707 
 
 6.4473 
 
 2.42813 
 
 3.73134 
 
 841.95 
 
 50410.4 
 
 269 
 
 72361 
 
 19465109 
 
 16.4012 
 
 6.4553 
 
 2.42975 
 
 3.71747 
 
 845. C9 
 
 56832.2 
 
 
NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 287 
 
 1 Squares, Cubes, Square Roots, Cube Roots, Logarithms, Etc. 
 
 (CONTINUED.) 
 
 1 No. 
 
 Sq. 
 
 Cube. 
 
 Square 
 Root. 
 
 Cube 
 Root. 
 
 LOR. 
 
 1000 
 X 
 Recip. 
 
 No. = Dla. 
 
 Circ'm 
 
 Area. 
 
 1 270 
 1 271 
 1 272 
 1 273 
 I 274 
 
 72900 
 73441 
 73984 
 74529 
 75076 
 
 19683000 
 19902511 
 20123648 
 20346417 
 20570824 
 
 16 4317 
 16.4621 
 16.4924 
 16.5227 
 16.5529 
 
 6.4633 
 6.4713 
 
 6.4792 
 6.4872 
 6.4951 
 
 2.43136 
 2.43297 
 2.43457 
 2.43616 
 2.43775 
 
 3.70370 
 3.69004 
 3.67647 
 3.66300 
 3.64964 
 
 848.23 
 851.37 
 854.51 
 857.66 
 860.80 
 
 57255.5 
 
 57680.4 
 58106.9 
 58534.9 
 58964.6 
 
 1 275 
 1 276 
 1 277 
 I 278 
 1 279 
 
 75625 
 76176 
 76729 
 77284 
 77841 
 
 20796875 
 21024576 
 21253933 
 21484952 
 21717639 
 
 16.5831 
 16.6132 
 16.6433 
 16.6733 
 16.7033 
 
 6.5030 
 6.5108 
 6.5187 
 6.5265 
 6.5343 
 
 2.43933 
 2.44091 
 2.44248 
 2.44404 
 2.44560 
 
 3.63636 
 3.62319 
 3.61011 
 3.59712 
 3.58423 
 
 863.94 
 867.08 
 870.22 
 873.36 
 876.50 
 
 59395.7 
 59828.5 
 60262.8 
 60698.7 
 61136.2 
 
 1 280 
 1 281 
 1 282 
 1 283 
 1 234 
 
 78400 
 78961 
 79524 
 80089 
 80656 
 
 21952000 
 22188041 
 22425768 
 22665187 
 22906304 
 
 16.7332 
 16.7631 
 16.7929 
 16.8226 
 16.8523 
 
 6.5421 
 6.5499 
 6.5577 
 6.5654 
 6.5731 
 
 2.44716 
 2.44871 
 2.45025 
 2.45179 
 2.45332 
 
 3.57143 
 3.55872 
 3.54610 
 3.53357 
 3.52113 
 
 879.65 
 882.79 
 885.93 
 889.07 
 892.21 
 
 61575.2 
 62015.8 
 62458.0 
 62901.8 
 63347.1 
 
 1 285 
 
 286 
 287 
 288 
 289 
 
 81225 
 81796 
 82369 
 82944 
 83521 
 
 23149125 
 23393656 
 23639903 
 23887872 
 24137569 
 
 16.8819 
 16.9115 
 16.9411 
 16.9706 
 17.0000 
 
 6.5808 
 6.5885 
 6.5962 
 6.6039 
 6.6115 
 
 2.45484 
 2.45637 
 2.45788 
 2.45939 
 2.46090 
 
 3.50877 
 3.49650 
 3.48432 
 3.47222 
 3.46021 
 
 895.35 
 898.50 
 901.64 
 904.78 
 907.92 
 
 63794.0 
 64242.4 
 64692.5 
 65144.1 
 65597.2 
 
 290 
 291 
 292 
 293 
 294 
 
 84100 
 84681 
 85264 
 85849 
 86436 
 
 24389000 
 24642171 
 24897088 
 25153757 
 25412184 
 
 17.0294 
 17.0587 
 17.0880 
 17.1172 
 17.1464 
 
 6.6191 
 6.6267 
 6.6343 
 6.6419 
 6.6494 
 
 2.46240 
 2.46389 
 2.46538 
 2.46687 
 2.46835 
 
 3.44828 
 3.43643 
 3.42466 
 3.41297 
 3.40136 
 
 911.06 
 914.20 
 917.35 
 920.49 
 923.63 
 
 66052.0 
 66508.3 
 66966.2 
 67425.6 
 67886.7 
 
 295 
 
 296 
 297 
 298 
 299 
 
 87025 
 87616 
 88209 
 88804 
 89401 
 
 25672375 
 25934336 
 26198073 
 26463592 
 26730899 
 
 17.1756 
 17.204? 
 17.2337 
 17.2627 
 17.2916 
 
 6.6569 
 6.6644 
 6.6719 
 6.6794 
 6.6869 
 
 2.46982 
 2.47129 
 2.47276 
 2.47422 
 2.47567 
 
 3.38983 
 3.37838 
 3.36700 
 3.35570 
 3.34448 
 
 926.77 
 929.91 
 933.05 
 936.19 
 939.34 
 
 68349.3 
 68813.5 
 69279.2 
 69746.5 
 70215.4 
 
 300 
 301 
 302 
 303 
 304 
 
 90000 
 90601 
 91204 
 91809 
 92416 
 
 27000000 
 27270901 
 27543608 
 27818127 
 28094464 
 
 17.3205 
 17.3494 
 17.3781 
 17.4069 
 17.4356 
 
 6.6943 
 6.7018 
 6.7092 
 6.7166 
 6.7240 
 
 2.47712 
 2.47857 
 2.48001 
 2.48144 
 2.48287 
 
 3.33333 
 3.32226 
 3.31126 
 3.30033 
 3.28947 
 
 942.48 
 945.62 
 948.76 
 951.90 
 955.04 
 
 70685.8 
 71157.9 
 71631.5 
 72106.6 
 72583.4 
 
 305 
 306 
 307 
 308 
 309 
 
 93025 
 93636 
 94249 
 94864 
 95481 
 
 28372625 
 28652616 
 28934443 
 29218112 
 29503629 
 
 17.4642 
 17.4929 
 17.5214 
 17.5499 
 17.5784 
 
 6.7313 
 6.7387 
 6.7460 
 6.7533 
 6.7606 
 
 2.48430 
 2.48572 
 2.48714 
 2.48855 
 2.48996 
 
 3.27869 
 3.26797 
 3.25733 
 3.24675 
 3.23625 
 
 958.19 
 961.33 
 964.47 
 967.61 
 970.75 
 
 73061.7 
 73541.5 
 74023.0 
 74506.0 
 74990.6 
 
 310 
 311 
 312 
 313 
 314 
 
 96100 
 96721 
 97344 
 97969 
 98596 
 
 29791000 
 30080231 
 30371328 
 30664297 
 30959144 
 
 17.6068 
 17.6352 
 17.6635 
 17.6918 
 17.7200 
 
 6.7679 
 6.7752 
 6.7824 
 6.7897 
 6.7969 
 
 2.49136 
 2.49276 
 2.49415 
 2.49554 
 2.49693 
 
 3.22581 
 3.21543 
 3.20513 
 3.19489 
 3.18471 
 
 973.89 
 977.04 
 980.18 
 983.32 
 986.46 
 
 75476.8 
 75964.5 
 76453.8 
 76944.7 
 77437.1 
 
 n ,', 
 

 288 NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY, 
 
 Squares, Cubes, Square Roots, Cube Roots, Logarithms, Etc. 
 
 (CONTINUED.) 
 
 No 
 
 Sq. 
 
 Cube. 
 
 Square 
 Root. 
 
 Cube 
 
 Root. 
 
 Log. 
 
 1000 
 X 
 Recip 
 
 No = Dia. 
 
 Circ'm 
 
 Area. 
 
 315 
 
 99225 
 
 31255875 
 
 17.7482 
 
 6.8041 
 
 2.49831 
 
 3.17460 
 
 989.60 
 
 77931.1 
 
 316 
 
 99856 
 
 31554496 
 
 17.7764 
 
 6.8113 
 
 2.49969 
 
 3.16456 
 
 992.74 
 
 78426.7 
 
 317 
 
 100489 
 
 31855013 
 
 17.8045 
 
 6.8185 
 
 2.50106 
 
 3.15457 
 
 995.88 
 
 78923.9 
 
 318 
 
 101124 
 
 32157432 
 
 17.8326 
 
 6.8256 
 
 2.50243 
 
 3.14465 
 
 999.03 
 
 79422.6 
 
 319 
 
 101761 
 
 32461759 
 
 17.8606 
 
 6.8328 
 
 2.50379 
 
 3.13480 
 
 1002.2 
 
 79922.9 
 
 320 
 
 102400 
 
 32768000 
 
 17.8885 
 
 6.8399 
 
 2.50515 
 
 3.12500 
 
 1005.3 
 
 80424.8 
 
 321 
 
 103041 
 
 33076161 
 
 17.9165 
 
 6.8470 
 
 2.50651 
 
 3.11527 
 
 1008.5 
 
 80928.2 
 
 322 
 
 103684 
 
 33386248 
 
 17.9444 
 
 6.8541 
 
 2.50786 
 
 3.10559 
 
 1011.6 
 
 81433.2 
 
 323 
 
 104329 
 
 33698267 
 
 17.9722 
 
 6.8612 
 
 2.50920 
 
 3.0959b 
 
 1014.7 
 
 81939.8 
 
 324 
 
 104976 
 
 34012224 
 
 18.0000 
 
 6.8633 
 
 2.51055 
 
 3.08642 
 
 1017.9 
 
 82448.0 
 
 325 
 
 105625 
 
 34328125 
 
 18.0278 
 
 6.8753 
 
 2.51188 
 
 3.07692 
 
 1021.0 
 
 82957.7 
 
 326 
 
 106276 
 
 34645976 
 
 18.0555 
 
 6.8824 
 
 2.51322 
 
 3.06749 
 
 1024.2 
 
 83469.0 I 
 
 327 
 
 106929 
 
 34965783 
 
 18.0831 
 
 6.8894 
 
 2.51455 
 
 3.05810 
 
 1027.3 
 
 83981.8 1 
 
 328 
 
 107584 
 
 35287552 
 
 18.1108 
 
 6.8964 
 
 2.51587 
 
 3.04878 
 
 1030.4 
 
 84496.3 1 
 
 329 
 
 108241 
 
 35611289 
 
 18.1384 
 
 6.9034 
 
 2.51720 
 
 3.03951 
 
 1033.6 
 
 85012.3 1 
 
 330 
 
 108900 
 
 35937000 
 
 18.1659 
 
 6.9104 
 
 2.51851 
 
 3.03030 
 
 1036.7 
 
 85529.9 1 
 
 331 
 
 109501 
 
 36264691 
 
 18.1934 
 
 6.9174 
 
 2.51983 
 
 3.02115 
 
 1039.9 
 
 86049.0 1 
 
 332 
 
 110224 
 
 36594368 
 
 18.2209 
 
 6.9244 
 
 2.52114 
 
 3.01205 
 
 1043.0 
 
 86569.7 1 
 
 333 
 
 110889 
 
 36926037 
 
 18.2483 
 
 6.9313 
 
 2.52244 
 
 3.00300 
 
 1046.2 
 
 87092.0 1 
 
 334 
 
 111556 
 
 37259704 
 
 18.2757 
 
 6.9382 
 
 2.52375 
 
 2.99401 
 
 1049.3 
 
 87615.9 1 
 
 335 
 
 112225 
 
 37595375 
 
 18.3030 
 
 6.9451 
 
 2.52504 
 
 2.98507 
 
 1052.4 
 
 88141.3 1 
 
 336 
 
 112896 
 
 37933056 
 
 18.3303 
 
 6.9521 
 
 2.52634 
 
 2. 976 19 
 
 1055 6 
 
 88668.3 1 
 
 337 
 
 113569 
 
 38272753 
 
 18.3576 
 
 6.95S9 
 
 2.52763 
 
 2.96736 
 
 1058.7 
 
 89196.9 1 
 
 338 
 
 114244 
 
 38614472 1 
 
 18.3848 
 
 (>.%5S 
 
 2.52892 
 
 2.95858 
 
 1061.9 
 
 89727.0 1 
 
 339 
 
 114921 
 
 38958219 
 
 18.4120 
 
 6.9727 
 
 2.53020 
 
 2.94985 
 
 1065.0 
 
 90258.7 1 
 
 340 
 
 115600 
 
 39304000 
 
 18.4391 
 
 6.9795 
 
 2.53148 
 
 2.94118 
 
 1068.1 
 
 90792.0 1 
 
 341 
 
 116281 
 
 39651821 
 
 18.4662 
 
 6 9864 
 
 2.53275 
 
 8.98255 
 
 1071.3 
 
 91326.9 1 
 
 34* 
 
 116964 
 
 400011)88 
 
 18.4932 
 
 6.9932 
 
 2.53408 
 
 2!92308 
 
 1074.4 
 
 91863.3 1 
 
 343 
 
 117649 
 
 40453607 
 
 18.5203 
 
 7.0000 
 
 2.53529 
 
 2.91545 
 
 1077.6 
 
 92401.3 1 
 
 344 
 
 118336 
 
 40707584 
 
 18.5472 
 
 7.0068 
 
 2.53656 
 
 2.90698 
 
 1080.7 
 
 92940.9 I 
 
 345 
 
 119025 
 
 41063625 
 
 18.5742 
 
 7.0136 
 
 2.53782 
 
 2.89855 
 
 1083.8 
 
 93482.0 
 
 346 
 
 119716 
 
 41421736 
 
 18.6011 
 
 7.0203 
 
 2.53908 
 
 2.89017 
 
 1087.0 
 
 94024.7 
 
 347 
 
 120409 
 
 41781923 
 
 18.6279 
 
 7.0271 
 
 2.54033 
 
 2.88184 
 
 1090.1 
 
 94569.0 
 
 348 
 
 121104 
 
 42111192 
 
 18.6548 
 
 7.0338 
 
 2.54158 
 
 2.87356 
 
 1093.3 
 
 95114.9 
 
 349 
 
 121801 
 
 42508549 
 
 18.6815 
 
 7.0406 
 
 2.54283 
 
 2.86533 
 
 1096.4 
 
 95662.3 
 
 350 
 
 122500 
 
 42875000 
 
 18.7083 
 
 7.0473 
 
 2.54407 
 
 2.85714 
 
 1099.6 
 
 96211.3 
 
 351 
 
 123201 
 
 43243551 
 
 18.7350 
 
 7.0540 
 
 2.54531 
 
 2.84900 
 
 1102.7 
 
 96761.8 
 
 352 
 
 123904 
 
 43614208 
 
 18.7617 
 
 7.0607 
 
 2.54654 
 
 2.84091 
 
 1105.8 
 
 97314.0 
 
 353 
 
 124609 
 
 43986977 
 
 18.7883 
 
 7.0674 
 
 2.54777 
 
 2.83286 
 
 1109.0 
 
 97867.7 
 
 354 
 
 125316 
 
 44361864 
 
 18.8149 
 
 7.0740 
 
 2.54900 
 
 2.82486 
 
 1112.1 
 
 98423.0 
 
 355 
 
 126025 
 
 44738875 
 
 18.8414 
 
 7.0807 
 
 2.55023 
 
 2.81690 
 
 1115.3 
 
 98979.8 
 
 356 
 
 126736 
 
 45118016 
 
 18.8680 
 
 7.0873 
 
 2 55145 
 
 2.80899 
 
 1118.4 
 
 99538.2 
 
 357 
 
 127449 
 
 45499293 
 
 18.8944 
 
 7.0940 
 
 2.55267 
 
 2.80112 
 
 1121.5 
 
 100098 
 
 358 
 
 128164 
 
 45882712 
 
 18.9209 
 
 7.1006 
 
 2.65388 
 
 2.79330 
 
 1124.7 
 
 100660 
 
 359 
 
 128881 
 
 462(58279 
 
 18.9473 
 
 7.1072 
 
 2.55509 
 
 2.78552 
 
 1127.8 
 
 101223 
 
 , 
 

 NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 289 
 
 Squares, Cubes, Square Roots, Cube Roots, Logarithms, Etc. 
 
 (CONTINUED.) 
 
 No. 
 
 Sq. 
 
 Cube. 
 
 Square 
 Root. 
 
 Cube 
 Root. 
 
 Log. 
 
 1000 
 X 
 Recip. 
 
 No = Dia. 
 
 Circ'm 
 
 Area. 
 
 360 
 
 129600 
 
 46656000 
 
 18.9737 
 
 7.1138 
 
 2.55630 
 
 2.77778 
 
 1131.0 
 
 101788 
 
 361 
 
 130321 
 
 47045881 
 
 19.0000 
 
 7.1204 
 
 2.55751 
 
 2.77008 
 
 1134.1 
 
 102354 
 
 362 
 
 131044 
 
 47437928 
 
 19.0263 
 
 7.1269 
 
 2.55871 
 
 2.76243 
 
 1137.3 
 
 102922 
 
 . 363 
 
 131769 
 
 47832147 
 
 19.0526 
 
 7.1335 
 
 2.55991 
 
 2.75482 
 
 1140.4 
 
 103491 
 
 364 
 
 132496 
 
 48228544 
 
 19.0788 
 
 7.1400 
 
 2.56110 
 
 2.74725 
 
 1143.5 
 
 104062 
 
 365 
 
 133225 
 
 48627125 
 
 19.1050 
 
 7.1466 
 
 2.56229 
 
 2.73973 
 
 1146.7 
 
 104635 
 
 366 
 
 133956 
 
 49027896 
 
 19.1311 
 
 7.1531 
 
 2.56348 
 
 2.73224 
 
 1149.8 
 
 105209 
 
 367 
 
 134689 
 
 49430863 
 
 19.1572 
 
 7.1596 
 
 2.56467 
 
 2.72480 
 
 1153.0 
 
 105785 
 
 368 
 
 135424 
 
 49836032 
 
 19.1833 
 
 7.1661 
 
 2.56585 
 
 2.71739 
 
 1156.1 
 
 106362 
 
 369 
 
 136161 
 
 50243409 
 
 19.2094 
 
 7.1726 
 
 2.56703 
 
 2.71003 
 
 1159.2 
 
 106941 
 
 370 
 
 136900 
 
 50653000 
 
 19.2354 
 
 7.1791 
 
 2.56820 
 
 2.70270 
 
 1162.4 
 
 107521 
 
 371 
 
 137641 
 
 51064811 
 
 19.2614 
 
 7.1855 
 
 2 56937 
 
 2.69542 
 
 1165.5 
 
 108103 
 
 372 
 
 138334 
 
 51478848 
 
 19.2873 
 
 7.1920 
 
 2.57054 
 
 2.68817 
 
 1168.7 
 
 108687 
 
 373 
 
 139129 
 
 51895117 
 
 19.3132 
 
 7.1984 
 
 2.57171 
 
 2.68097 
 
 1171.8 
 
 109272 
 
 374 
 
 139876 
 
 52313624 
 
 19.3391 
 
 7.2048 
 
 2.57287 
 
 2.67380 
 
 1175.0 
 
 109858 
 
 375 
 
 140625 
 
 52734375 
 
 19.3649 
 
 7.2112 
 
 2.57403 
 
 2.66667 
 
 1178.1 
 
 110447 
 
 376 
 
 141376 
 
 53157376 
 
 19.3907 
 
 7.2177 
 
 2.57519 
 
 2.65957 
 
 1181.2 
 
 111036 
 
 377 
 
 142129 
 
 53582633 
 
 19.4165 
 
 7.2240 
 
 2.57634 
 
 2.65252 
 
 1184.4 
 
 111628 
 
 378 
 
 142884 
 
 54010152 
 
 19.4422 
 
 7.2304 
 
 2.57749 
 
 2.64550 
 
 1187.5 
 
 112221 
 
 379 
 
 143641 
 
 54439939 
 
 19.4679 
 
 7.2368 
 
 2.57864 
 
 2.63852 
 
 1190.7 
 
 112815 
 
 380 
 
 144400 
 
 54872000 
 
 19.4936 
 
 7.2432 
 
 2.57978 
 
 2.63158 
 
 1193.8 
 
 113411 
 
 381 
 
 145161 
 
 55306341 
 
 19.5192 
 
 7.2495 
 
 2.58093 
 
 2.62467 
 
 1196.9 
 
 114009 
 
 382 
 
 145924 
 
 55742968 
 
 19.5448 
 
 7.2558 
 
 2.58206 
 
 2.61780 
 
 1200.1 
 
 114608 
 
 383 
 
 146689 
 
 56181887 
 
 19.5704 
 
 7.2622 
 
 2.58320 
 
 2.61097 
 
 1203.2 
 
 115209 
 
 384 
 
 147456 
 
 56623104 
 
 19.5959 
 
 7.2685 
 
 2.58433 
 
 2.60417 
 
 1206.4 
 
 115812 
 
 385 
 
 148225 
 
 57066625 
 
 19.6214 
 
 7.2748 
 
 2.58546 
 
 2.59740 
 
 1209.5 
 
 116416 
 
 386 
 
 148996 
 
 57512456 
 
 19.6469 
 
 7.2811 
 
 2.58659 
 
 2.59067 
 
 1212.7 
 
 117021 
 
 387 
 
 149769 
 
 57960603 
 
 19.6723 
 
 7.2874 
 
 2.58771 
 
 2.58398 
 
 1215.8 
 
 117628 
 
 388 
 
 150544 
 
 58411072 
 
 19.6977 
 
 7.2936 
 
 2.58883 
 
 2.57732 
 
 1218.9 
 
 118237 
 
 389 
 
 151321 
 
 58863869 
 
 19.7231 
 
 7.2999 
 
 2.58995 
 
 2.57069 
 
 1222.1 
 
 118847 
 
 390 
 
 152100 
 
 59319000 
 
 19.7484 
 
 7.3061 
 
 2.59106 
 
 2.56410 
 
 1225.2 
 
 119459 
 
 391 
 
 152881 
 
 59776471 
 
 19.7737 
 
 7.3124 
 
 2.59218 
 
 2.55755 
 
 1228.4 
 
 120072 
 
 392 
 
 153664 
 
 60236288 
 
 19.7990 
 
 7.3186 
 
 2.59329 
 
 2.55102 
 
 1231.5 
 
 120687 
 
 393 
 
 154449 
 
 60698457 
 
 19.8242 
 
 7.3248 
 
 2.59439 
 
 2.54453 
 
 1234.6 
 
 121304 
 
 394 
 
 155236 
 
 61162984 
 
 19.8494 
 
 7.3310 
 
 2.59550 
 
 2.53807 
 
 1237.8 
 
 121922 
 
 395 
 
 156025 
 
 61629875 
 
 19.8746 
 
 7.3372 
 
 2.59660 
 
 2.53165 
 
 1240.9 
 
 122542 
 
 396 
 
 156816 
 
 62099136 
 
 19.8997 
 
 7.3434 
 
 2.59770 
 
 2.52525 
 
 1244.1 
 
 123163 
 
 397 
 
 157609 
 
 62570773 
 
 19.9249 
 
 7.3496 
 
 2.59879 
 
 2.51889 
 
 1247.2 
 
 123786 
 
 398 
 
 158404 
 
 63044792 
 
 19.9499 
 
 7.3558 
 
 2.59988 
 
 2.51256 
 
 1250.4 
 
 124410 
 
 399 
 
 159201 
 
 63521199 
 
 19.9750 
 
 7.3619 
 
 2.60097 
 
 2.50627 
 
 1253.5 
 
 125036 
 
 400 
 
 160000 
 
 64000000 
 
 20.0000 
 
 7.3681 
 
 2.60206 
 
 2.50000 
 
 1256.6 
 
 125664 
 
 401 
 
 160801 
 
 64481201 
 
 20.0250 
 
 7.3742 
 
 2.60314 
 
 2.49377 
 
 1259.8 
 
 126293 
 
 402 
 
 161604 
 
 64964808 
 
 20.0499 
 
 7.3803 
 
 2.60423 
 
 2.48756 
 
 1262.9 
 
 126923 
 
 403 
 
 162409 
 
 65450827 
 
 20.0749 
 
 7.3864 
 
 2.60531 
 
 2.48139 
 
 1266.1 
 
 127556 
 
 404 
 
 163216 
 
 65939264 
 
 20.0998 
 
 7.3925 
 
 2.60638 
 
 2.47525 
 
 1269.2 
 
 128190 
 
 
290 NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 Squares, Cubes, Square Roots, Cube Roots, Logarithms, Etc. 1 
 
 (CONTINUED.) 
 
 
 
 
 Square 
 
 Cube 
 
 
 1000 
 
 No. = Dia. 1 
 
 No. 
 
 Sq. 
 
 Cube. 
 
 Root. 
 
 Root. 
 
 Log. 
 
 X 
 Recip. 
 
 Circ'm 
 
 Area. 1 
 
 405 
 
 164025 
 
 66430125 
 
 20.1246 
 
 7.3986 
 
 2.60746 
 
 2.46914 
 
 1272.3 
 
 128825 1 
 
 406 
 
 164836 
 
 66923416 
 
 20.1494 
 
 7.4047 
 
 2.60853 
 
 2.46305 
 
 1275.5 
 
 129462 1 
 
 407 
 
 165649 
 
 67419143 
 
 20.1742 
 
 7.4108 
 
 2.60959 
 
 2.45700 
 
 1-278.6 
 
 130100 1 
 
 408 
 
 166464 
 
 67917312 
 
 20.1990 
 
 7.4169 
 
 2.61066 
 
 2.45098 
 
 1281.8 
 
 130741 1 
 
 409 
 
 167281 
 
 68417929 
 
 20.2237 
 
 7.4229 
 
 2.61172 
 
 2.44499 
 
 1284 9 
 
 131382 1 
 
 410 
 
 168100 
 
 68921000 
 
 20.2485 
 
 7.4290 
 
 2.61278 
 
 2.43902 
 
 1288.1 
 
 132025 1 
 
 411 
 
 168921 
 
 69426531 
 
 20.2731 
 
 7.4350 
 
 2.61384 
 
 2.43309 
 
 1291.2 
 
 132670 1 
 
 412 
 
 169744 
 
 69934528 
 
 20.2978 
 
 7.4410 
 
 2.61490 
 
 2.42718 
 
 1294.3 
 
 133317 1 
 
 413 
 
 170569 
 
 70444997 
 
 20.3224 
 
 7.4470 
 
 2.61595 
 
 2.42131 
 
 1297.5 
 
 133965 1 
 
 414 
 
 171396 
 
 70957944 
 
 20.3470 
 
 7.4530 
 
 2.61700 
 
 2.41546 
 
 1300.6 
 
 134614 1 
 
 415 
 
 172225 
 
 71473375 
 
 20.3715 
 
 7.4590 
 
 2.61805 
 
 2.40964 
 
 1303.8 
 
 135265 1 
 
 416 
 
 173056 
 
 71991296 
 
 20.3961 
 
 7.4650 
 
 2.61909 
 
 2.40385 
 
 1306.9 
 
 135918 1 
 
 417 
 
 173889 
 
 72511713 
 
 20.4206 
 
 7.4710 
 
 2.62014 
 
 2.39808 
 
 1310.0 
 
 136572 1 
 
 418 
 
 174724 
 
 73034632 
 
 20.4450 
 
 7.4770 
 
 2.62118 
 
 2.39234 
 
 1313.2 
 
 137228 I 
 
 419 
 
 175561 
 
 73560059 
 
 20.4695 
 
 7.4829 
 
 2.62221 
 
 2.38664 
 
 1316.3 
 
 137885 1 
 
 420 
 
 176400 
 
 74088000 
 
 20.4939 
 
 7.4889 
 
 2.62325 
 
 2.38095 
 
 1319.5 
 
 138544 1 
 
 421 
 
 177241 
 
 74618461 
 
 20.5183 
 
 7.4948 
 
 2 62428 
 
 2.37530 
 
 1322.6 
 
 139205 1 
 
 422 
 
 178084 
 
 75151448 
 
 20.5426 
 
 7.5007 
 
 2.62531 
 
 2.36967 
 
 1325.8 
 
 139867 1 
 
 423 
 
 1789*9 
 
 75686967 
 
 20.5670 
 
 7.5067 
 
 2.62634 
 
 2.36407 
 
 1328.9 
 
 140531 1 
 
 424 
 
 179776 
 
 76225024 
 
 20.5913 
 
 7.5126 
 
 2.62737 
 
 2.35849 
 
 1332.0 
 
 141196 1 
 
 425 
 
 180625 
 
 76765625 
 
 20.6155 
 
 7.5185 
 
 2.62839 
 
 2.35294 
 
 1335.2 
 
 141863 1 
 
 426 
 
 181476 
 
 77308776 
 
 20.6398 
 
 7.5244 
 
 2.62941 
 
 2.34742 
 
 1338.3 
 
 142531 
 
 427 
 
 182329 
 
 77854483 
 
 20.6640 
 
 7.5302 
 
 2.63043 
 
 2.34192 
 
 1341.5 
 
 143201 1 
 
 428 
 
 183184 
 
 78402752 
 
 20.6882 
 
 7.5361 
 
 2.63144 
 
 2.33645 
 
 1344.6 
 
 143872 1 
 
 429 
 
 184041 
 
 78953589 
 
 20.7123 
 
 7.5420 
 
 2.63246 
 
 2.33100 
 
 1347.7 
 
 144545 1 
 
 430 
 
 184900 
 
 79507000 
 
 20.7364 
 
 7.5478 
 
 2.63347 
 
 2.32558 
 
 1350.9 
 
 145220 1 
 
 431 
 
 185761 
 
 80062991 
 
 20.7605 
 
 7.5537 
 
 2.63448 
 
 2.32019 
 
 1354.0 
 
 145896 1 
 
 432 
 
 186624 
 
 80621568 
 
 20.7846 
 
 7.5595 
 
 2.63548 
 
 2.31482 
 
 1357.2 
 
 146574 1 
 
 433 
 
 187489 
 
 81182737 
 
 20.8087 
 
 7.5654 
 
 2.63649 
 
 2.30947 
 
 1360.3 
 
 147254 1 
 
 434 
 
 188356 
 
 81746504 
 
 20 8327 
 
 -7.5712 
 
 2.63749 
 
 2.30415 
 
 1363.5 
 
 147934 
 
 435 
 
 189225 
 
 82312875 
 
 20.8567 
 
 7.5770 
 
 2.63849 
 
 2.29885 
 
 1366.6 
 
 148617 1 
 
 436 
 
 190096 
 
 82881856 
 
 20.8806 
 
 7.5828 
 
 2.63949 
 
 2.29358 
 
 1369.7 
 
 149301 
 
 437 
 
 190969 
 
 83453453 
 
 20.9045 
 
 7.5886 
 
 2.64048 
 
 2 28833 
 
 1372.9 
 
 149987 1 
 
 438 
 
 191844 
 
 84027672 
 
 20.9284 
 
 7.5944 
 
 2.64147 
 
 2.28311 
 
 1376.0 
 
 150674 1 
 
 439 
 
 192721 
 
 84604519 
 
 20.9523 
 
 7.6001 
 
 2.64246 
 
 2.27790 
 
 1379.2 
 
 151363 
 
 440 
 
 193600 
 
 85184000 
 
 20.9762 
 
 7.6059 
 
 2.64345 
 
 2.27273 
 
 1382.3 
 
 152053 
 
 441 
 
 194481 
 
 85766121 
 
 21.0000 
 
 7.6117 
 
 2.64444 
 
 2.26757 
 
 1385.4 
 
 152745 1 
 
 442 
 
 195364 
 
 86350888 
 
 21.0238 
 
 7.6174 
 
 2.64542 
 
 2 26244 
 
 1388.6 
 
 153439 
 
 443 
 
 196249 
 
 86938307 
 
 21.0476 
 
 7.6232 
 
 2.64640 
 
 2.25734 
 
 1391.7 
 
 154134 
 
 444 
 
 197136 
 
 87528384 
 
 21.0713 
 
 7.6289 
 
 2.64738' 2.25225 
 
 1394.9 
 
 154830 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 j 
 
 
 
 445 
 
 198025 
 
 88121125 
 
 21.0950 
 
 7.6346 
 
 2.64836 
 
 2.24719 
 
 1398.0 
 
 155528 
 
 446 
 
 198916 
 
 88716536 
 
 21.1187 
 
 7.6403 
 
 2.649&S 
 
 2.24215 
 
 1401.2 
 
 156228 
 
 447 
 
 199809 
 
 89314623 
 
 21.1424 
 
 7.6460 
 
 2.65031 
 
 2.23714 
 
 1404.3 
 
 156930 
 
 448 
 
 200704 
 
 89915392 
 
 21.1660 
 
 7.6517 
 
 2.65128 
 
 2.23214 
 
 1407.4 
 
 157633 
 
 449 
 
 2016011 90518849 
 
 21.1896 
 
 7.6574 
 
 2.65225 
 
 2.22717 
 
 1410.6 
 
 158337 
 
 
NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 291 
 
 Squares, Cubes, Square Roots, Cube Roots, Logarithms, Etc. 
 
 (CONTINUED.) 
 
 No. 
 
 450 
 451 
 452 
 453 
 454 
 
 Sq. 
 
 Cube. 
 
 Square 
 Root. 
 
 Cube 
 Root. 
 
 Log. 
 
 1000 
 X 
 Recip. 
 
 No. = Dia. 
 
 Circ'm 
 
 Area. 
 
 202500 
 20:3401 
 204304 
 205209 
 206116 
 
 91125000 
 91733851 
 92345408 
 92959677 
 93576664 
 
 21.2132 
 21.2368 
 21.2603 
 21.2838 
 21.3073 
 
 7.6631 
 7.6688 
 7.6744 
 7.6801 
 7.6857 
 
 2.65321 
 2.65418 
 2.65514 
 2.65610 
 2.65706 
 
 2.22222 
 
 2.21730 
 2.21239 
 2.20751 
 2.20264 
 
 1413.7 
 1416.9 
 1420.0 
 1423.1 
 1426.3 
 
 159043 
 159751 
 160460 
 161171 
 161883 
 
 455 
 456 
 457 
 
 458 
 459 
 
 207025 
 
 207936 
 208849 
 209764 
 210681 
 
 94196375 
 94818816 
 95443993 
 96071912 
 96702579 
 
 21.3307 
 21.3542 
 21.3776 
 21 .4009 
 21.4243 
 
 7.6914 
 7.6970 
 
 7.7026 
 7.7082 
 7.7138 
 
 2.65801 
 2.65896 
 2.05992 
 2 66087 
 2.66181 
 
 2.19780 
 2.19298 
 2.18818 
 2.18341 
 2.17865 
 
 1429.4 
 1432.6 
 1435.7 
 1438.9 
 1442.0 
 
 162597 
 163313 
 164030 
 164748 
 165468 
 
 460 
 461 
 462 
 463 
 464 
 
 211600 
 212521 
 213444 
 214369 
 215296 
 
 97:536000 
 97972181 
 98611128 
 99252847 
 99897344 
 
 21.4476 
 21 .4709 
 21.4942 
 21.5174 
 21.5407 
 
 7.7194 
 7.7250 
 7.7306 
 7.7362 
 
 7.7418 
 
 2.66276 
 2.66370 
 2.66464 
 2.66558 
 2.66652 
 
 2.17391 
 2.16920 
 2.16450 
 2.15983 
 2.15517 
 
 1445.1 
 1448.3 
 1451.4 
 1454.6 
 1457.7 
 
 166190 
 166914 
 167639 
 168365 
 169093 
 
 465 
 466 
 467 
 468 
 469 
 
 216225 
 217156 
 218089 
 219024 
 219961 
 
 100544625 
 101194696 
 101847563 
 102503232 
 103161709 
 
 21.5639 
 21.5870 
 21.6102 
 21.6-333 
 21.6564 
 
 7.7473 
 7.7529 
 7.7584 
 7.7639 
 7.7695 
 
 2.66745 
 2.66839 
 2.66932 
 2.67025 
 2.67117 
 
 2.15054 
 2.14592 
 2.141:33 
 2.13675 
 2.13220 
 
 1460.8 
 1464.0 
 1467.1 
 1470.3 
 1473.4 
 
 169823 
 170554 
 171287 
 172021 
 172757 
 
 470 
 471 
 472 
 
 473 
 
 474 
 
 220900 
 221841 
 
 .'2-j;st 
 
 223729 
 224676 
 
 103823000 
 104487111 
 105154048 
 105823817 
 106496424 
 
 21.6795 
 21.7025 
 
 21.7256 
 21.7486 
 21.7715 
 
 7.7750 
 7.7805 
 7.7860 
 7.7915 
 7.7970 
 
 2.67210 
 2.67302 
 2.67394 
 2.67486 
 2.67578 
 
 2.12766 
 2.12314 
 2.11864 
 2.11417 
 2.10971 
 
 1476.5 
 1479.7 
 1482.8 
 1486.0 
 1489.1 
 
 173494 
 174234 
 174974 
 175716 
 176460 
 
 475 
 476 
 
 477 
 478 
 479 
 
 225625 
 226576 
 227529 
 228484 
 229441 
 
 107171875 
 107850176 
 1085313:33 
 109215352 
 109902239 
 
 21.7945 
 21.8174 
 21 .8403 
 21.8632 
 21.8861 
 
 7.8025 
 7.8079 
 7.8134 
 7.8188 
 7.8243 
 
 2.67669 
 2.67761 
 2.67852 
 2.67943 
 2.68034 
 
 2.10526 
 2.10084 
 2.09644 
 2.09205 
 2.08768 
 
 1492.3 
 1495.4 
 1498.5 
 1501.7 
 1504.8 
 
 177205 
 177952 
 178701 
 179451 
 180203 
 
 480 
 481 
 
 482 
 483 
 
 484 
 
 230400 
 231361 
 2::5:J J 
 233289 
 234256 
 
 110592000 
 111284641 
 111980168 
 112678587 
 113379904 
 
 21.9089 
 21.9317 
 21 .9545 
 21.9773 
 22.0000 
 
 7.8297 
 7.8352 
 7.8406 
 7.8460 
 7.8514 
 
 2.68124 
 2.68215 
 2.68305 
 2.68395 
 2.68485 
 
 2.08333 
 2.07900 
 2.07469 
 2.07039 
 2.06612 
 
 1508.0 
 1511.1 
 1514.3 
 1517.4 
 1520.5 
 
 180956 
 181711 
 182467 
 183225 
 183984 
 
 1485 
 486 
 487 
 488 
 489 
 
 235225 
 236196 
 237169 
 238144 
 239121 
 
 114084125 
 114791256 
 115501303 
 116214272 
 116930169 
 
 22.0227 
 22.0454 
 22.0681 
 22.0907 
 22.1133 
 
 7.8568 
 7.8622 
 7.8676 
 7 8730 
 7.8784 
 
 2.68574 
 2.68664 
 2 68753 
 2.68842 
 2.68931 
 
 2.06186 
 2.05761 
 2.05339 
 2.04918 
 2.04499 
 
 1523.7 
 1526.8 
 1530.0 
 
 isas.i 
 
 1536.2 
 
 184745 
 185508 
 186272 
 187038 
 187805 
 
 490 
 491 
 492 
 493 
 494 
 
 240100 
 241081 
 242064 
 243049 
 244036 
 
 117649000 
 118370771 
 119095488 
 119823157 
 120553784 
 
 22.U359 
 22.1585 
 22.1811 
 22.2036 
 22.2261 
 
 7.8837 
 7.8891 
 7.8944 
 7.8998 
 7.9051 
 
 2.69020 
 2.69108 
 2.69197 
 2.69285 
 2.69373 
 
 2.04082 
 2.03666 
 2.03252 
 2.02840 
 2 02429 
 
 1539.4 
 1542.5 
 1545.7 
 1548.8 
 1551.9 
 
 188574 
 189345 
 190117 
 190890 
 191665 
 
 . 
 
292 NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 Squares, Cubes, Square Roots, Cube Roots, Logarithms, Etc* 
 
 (CONTINUED.) 
 
 No. 
 
 Sq. 
 
 Cube. 
 
 Square 
 Root. 
 
 Cube 
 Root. 
 
 Log. 
 
 1000 
 X 
 Recip. 
 
 No. = Dia. 
 
 Circ'm 
 
 Area. 
 
 495 
 
 245025 
 
 121287375 
 
 22.2486 
 
 7.9105 
 
 2.69461 
 
 2.02020 
 
 1555.1 
 
 192442 
 
 496 
 
 246016 
 
 122023936 
 
 22.2711 
 
 7.9158 
 
 2.69548 
 
 2.01613 
 
 1558.2 
 
 193221 
 
 497 
 
 247009 
 
 122763473 
 
 22.2935 
 
 7.9211 
 
 2.69636 
 
 2.01207 
 
 1561.4 
 
 194000 
 
 498 
 
 248004 
 
 123505992 
 
 22.3159 
 
 7.9264 
 
 2.69723 
 
 2.00803 
 
 1564.5 
 
 194782 
 
 499 
 
 249001 
 
 124251499 
 
 22.3383 
 
 7.9317 
 
 2.69810 
 
 2.00401 
 
 1567.7 
 
 195565 
 
 500 
 
 250000 
 
 125000000 
 
 22.3607 
 
 7.9370 
 
 2.69897 
 
 2.00000 
 
 1570.8 
 
 196350 
 
 501 
 
 251001 
 
 125751501 
 
 22.3830 
 
 7.9423 
 
 2.69984 
 
 1.99601 
 
 1573.9 
 
 197136 
 
 502 
 
 252004 
 
 126506008 
 
 22.4054 
 
 7.9476 
 
 2.70070 
 
 1.99203 
 
 1577.1 
 
 197923 
 
 503 
 
 253009 
 
 127263527 
 
 22.4277 
 
 7.9528 
 
 2.70157 
 
 1.98807 
 
 1580.2 
 
 198713 
 
 504 
 
 254016 
 
 128024064 
 
 82.4499 
 
 7.9581 
 
 2.70243 
 
 1.98413 
 
 1583.4 
 
 199504 
 
 505 
 
 255025 
 
 128787625 
 
 22.4722 
 
 7.9634 
 
 2.70329 
 
 1.98020 
 
 1586.5 
 
 200296 
 
 506 
 
 256036 
 
 129554216 
 
 22.4944 
 
 7.9686 
 
 2.70415 
 
 1.97629 
 
 1589.7 
 
 201090 
 
 507 
 
 257049 
 
 130323843 
 
 22.5167 
 
 7.9739 
 
 2.70501 
 
 1.97239 
 
 1592.8 
 
 201886 
 
 508 
 
 258064 
 
 131096512 
 
 22.5389 
 
 7.9791 
 
 2.70586 
 
 1.96850 
 
 1595.9 
 
 202683 
 
 509 
 
 259081 
 
 131872229 
 
 22.5610 
 
 7.9843 
 
 2.70672 
 
 1.96464 
 
 1599.1 
 
 203482 
 
 510 
 
 260100 
 
 132651000 
 
 22.5832 
 
 7.9896 
 
 2.70757 
 
 1.96078 
 
 1602.2 
 
 204282 
 
 511 
 
 261121 
 
 133432831 
 
 22.6053 
 
 7.9948 
 
 2.70842 
 
 1.95695 
 
 1605.4 
 
 205084 
 
 512 
 
 262144 
 
 134217728 
 
 22.6274 
 
 8.0000 
 
 2.70927 
 
 1.95312 
 
 1608.5 
 
 205887 
 
 513 
 
 263169 
 
 135005697 
 
 22.6495 
 
 8.0052 
 
 2.71012 
 
 1.94932 
 
 1611.6 
 
 206692 
 
 514 
 
 264196 
 
 135796744 
 
 22.6716 
 
 8.0104 
 
 2.71096 
 
 1.94553 
 
 1614.8 
 
 207499 
 
 515 
 
 265225 
 
 136590875 
 
 22.6936 
 
 8.0156 
 
 2.71181 
 
 1.94175 
 
 1617.9 
 
 208307 
 
 516 
 
 266256 
 
 137388096 
 
 22.7156 
 
 8.0208 
 
 2.71265 
 
 1.93798 
 
 1621.1 
 
 209117 
 
 517 
 
 267289 
 
 138188413 
 
 22.7376 
 
 8.0260 
 
 2.71349 
 
 1.93424 
 
 1624.2 
 
 209928 
 
 518 
 
 268324 
 
 138991832 
 
 22.7596 
 
 8.0311 
 
 2.71433 
 
 1.93050 
 
 1627.3 
 
 210741 
 
 519 
 
 269361 
 
 139798359 
 
 22.7816 
 
 8.0363 
 
 2.71517 
 
 1.92678 
 
 1630.5 
 
 211556 
 
 520 
 
 270400 
 
 140608000 
 
 22.8035 
 
 8.0415 
 
 2.71600 
 
 1 92308 
 
 1633.6 
 
 212372 
 
 521 
 
 271441 
 
 141420761 
 
 22.8254 
 
 8.0466 
 
 2.71684 
 
 1.91939 
 
 1636.8 
 
 213189 
 
 522 
 
 272484 
 
 142236648 
 
 22.8473 
 
 8 0517 
 
 2.71767 
 
 1 91571 
 
 1639.9 
 
 214G08 
 
 523 
 
 273529 
 
 143055667 
 
 22.8692 
 
 8.0569 
 
 2.71850 
 
 1.91205 
 
 1643.1 
 
 214829 
 
 524 
 
 274576 
 
 143877824 
 
 22.8910 
 
 8.0620 
 
 2.71933 
 
 1.90840 
 
 1646.2 
 
 215651 
 
 525 
 
 275625 
 
 144703125 
 
 22.9129 
 
 8.0671 
 
 2.72016 
 
 1.90476 
 
 1649.3 
 
 216475 
 
 526 
 
 276676 
 
 145531576 
 
 22.9347 
 
 8.0723 
 
 2.72099 
 
 1.90114 
 
 1652.5 
 
 217301 
 
 527 
 
 27773 
 
 146363183 
 
 22.9565 
 
 8.0774 
 
 2.72181 
 
 1.89753 
 
 1655.6 
 
 218128 
 
 528 
 
 278784 
 
 147197952 
 
 22.9783 
 
 8.0825 
 
 2.72263 
 
 l.S!91 
 
 1658.8 
 
 218956 
 
 529 
 
 279841 
 
 148035889 
 
 23.0000 
 
 8.0876 
 
 2.72346 
 
 1.89036 
 
 1661.9 
 
 219787 
 
 530 
 
 280900 
 
 148877000 
 
 23.0217 
 
 8.0927 
 
 2.72428 
 
 1.88679 
 
 1665.0 
 
 220618 
 
 531 
 
 281961 
 
 149721291 
 
 23.0434 
 
 8.0978 
 
 2.72509 
 
 1.88324 
 
 1668.2 
 
 221452 
 
 532 
 
 28302- 
 
 150568768 
 
 23.0651 
 
 8.1028 
 
 2.72591 
 
 1.87970 
 
 1671.3 
 
 222287 
 
 533 
 
 - 'Sins'. 
 
 151419427 
 
 23.0868 
 
 8.1079 
 
 2.72673 
 
 1.87617 
 
 1674.5 
 
 223123 
 
 534 
 
 285156 
 
 152273304 
 
 23.1084 
 
 8.1130 
 
 2.72754 
 
 1.87266 
 
 1677.6 
 
 223961 
 
 535 
 
 286225 
 
 158130875 
 
 23.1301 
 
 8.1180 
 
 2.72835 
 
 1.86916 
 
 1680.8 
 
 224801 
 
 536 
 
 28725M 
 
 153990656 
 
 23.1517 
 
 8.1231 
 
 2.7291C 
 
 1.86567 
 
 1683.9 
 
 225642 
 
 537 
 
 888861 
 
 154854153 
 
 23.1733 
 
 8.1281 
 
 2.72W; 
 
 l.C)22( 
 
 1687.0 
 
 226484 
 
 538 
 
 28944 
 
 155720872 
 
 23.1948 
 
 8.1332 
 
 2.73078 
 
 1.85874 
 
 1690.2 
 
 227329 
 
 539 
 
 390521 
 
 156590819 
 
 23.2164 
 
 8.1382 
 
 2.73159 
 
 1.85529 
 
 1693.3 
 
 228175 
 
 
NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 293 
 
 Squares, Cubes, Square Roots, Cube Roots, Logarithms, Etc. 
 
 (CONTINUED.) 
 
 No. 
 
 540 
 541 
 542 
 543 
 544 
 
 Sq. 
 
 Cube. 
 
 Square 
 Root. 
 
 Cube 
 Root. 
 
 Log. 
 
 1000 
 X 
 Recip. 
 
 No. = Dia. 
 
 Circ'm 
 
 Area. 
 
 291600 
 292681 
 293764 
 894849 
 295936 
 
 157464000 
 158340421 
 159220088 
 160103007 
 160989184 
 
 23.2379 
 23.2594 
 23.2809 
 23.3024 
 23.3238 
 
 8.1433 
 8.1483 
 8.1533 
 8.1583 
 8.1633 
 
 2 73239 
 2.73320 
 2.73400 
 2.73480 
 2.73560 
 
 1.85185 
 1.84843 
 1.84502 
 1.84162 
 1.83824 
 
 1696.5 
 1699.6 
 1702.7 
 1705.9 
 1709.0 
 
 229022 
 229871 
 230722 
 231574 
 232428 
 
 545 
 546 
 547 
 548 
 549 
 
 297025 
 
 5> ( .S11li 
 299209 
 300304 
 301401 
 
 161878625 
 162771336 
 1 63667323 
 164566592 
 165469149 
 
 23.3452 
 23.3666 
 23.3880 
 23.4094 
 23.4307 
 
 8.1683 
 8.1733 
 
 8.1783 
 8.1833 
 8.1882 
 
 2.73640 
 2.73719 
 2.73799 
 1-73878 
 2.73957 
 
 1.83486 
 1.83150 
 1.82815 
 1.82482 
 1.82149 
 
 1712.2 
 1715.3 
 1718.5 
 1721.6 
 1724.7 
 
 233283 
 234140 
 234998 
 235858 
 236720 
 
 550 
 551 
 552 
 553 
 554 
 
 302500 
 303601 
 304704 
 305809 
 306916 
 
 166375000 
 167284151 
 168196608 
 169112377 
 170031464 
 
 23.4521 
 23.4734 
 23.4947 
 23.5160 
 23.5372 
 
 8.1932 
 8.1982 
 8.2031 
 8.2081 
 8.2130 
 
 2.74036 
 2.74115 
 2.74194 
 2.74273 
 2.74351 
 
 1.81818 
 1.81488 
 1.81159 
 1.80832 
 1.80505 
 
 1727.9 
 1731.0 
 1734.2 
 1737.3 
 1740.4 
 
 237583 
 238448 
 239314 
 240182 
 241051 
 
 555 
 
 556 
 557 
 558 
 559 
 
 30S025 
 309136 
 310249 
 311364 
 312481 
 
 170953875 
 171879616 
 172808693 
 173741112 
 174676879 
 
 23.5584 
 23.5797 
 23.6008 
 23.6220 
 23.6432 
 
 8.2180 
 8.2229 
 
 8.2278 
 8.2327 
 8.2377 
 
 2.74429 
 2.74507 
 
 2.74586 
 2 74663 
 2.74741 
 
 1.80180 
 1.79856 
 1.79533 
 1.79211 
 1.78891 
 
 1743.6 
 1746.7 
 1749.9 
 1753.0 
 1756.2 
 
 241922 
 242795 
 243669 
 244545 
 245422 
 
 560 
 561 
 562 
 563 
 564 
 
 313600 
 314721 
 315844 
 
 316969 
 318096 
 
 175616000 
 176558481 
 177504328 
 178453547 
 179406144 
 
 23 6643 
 23.6854 
 23.7065 
 23.7276 
 
 23.7487 
 
 8.2426 
 8.2475 
 8.2524 
 8.2573 
 8.2621 
 
 2.74819 
 2.74896 
 2.74974 
 2.75051 
 2.75128 
 
 1.78571 
 1.78253 
 1.77936 
 1.77620 
 1.77305 
 
 1759.3 
 1762.4 
 1765.6 
 1768.7 
 1771.9 
 
 246301 
 247181 
 248063 
 248947 
 249832 
 
 565 
 566 
 567 
 568 
 569 
 
 319225 
 320356 
 
 321489 
 :;-J-.v,-j| 
 323761 
 
 180362125 
 181321496 
 182284263 
 183250432 
 184220009 
 
 23.7697 
 23.7908 
 23.8118 
 23.8328 
 23.8537 
 
 8.2670 
 8.2719 
 8.2768 
 8.2816 
 8.2865 
 
 2.75205 
 2.75282 
 2.75358 
 2.75435 
 2.75511 
 
 1.76991 
 1.76678 
 1.76367 
 1.76056 
 1.75747 
 
 1775.0 
 1778.1 
 1781.3 
 1784.4 
 1787.6 
 
 250719 
 251607 
 252497 
 253388 
 254281 
 
 570 
 571 
 572 
 573 
 574 
 
 324900 
 326041 
 327184 
 
 :;>:;.". 
 329476 
 
 185193000 
 186169411 
 187149248 
 188132517 
 189119224 
 
 23.8747 
 23.8956 
 23.9165 
 23.9374 
 23.9583 
 
 8.2913 
 8.2962 
 8.3010 
 8.3059 
 8.3107 
 
 2.75587 
 2.75664 
 2.75740 
 2.75815 
 2.75891 
 
 1.75439 
 1.75131 
 1.74825 
 1.74520 
 1.74216 
 
 1790.7 
 1793.5 
 1797.0 
 1800.1 
 1803.3 
 
 255176 
 256072 
 256970 
 257869 
 258770 
 
 575 
 576 
 577 
 
 578 
 579 
 
 330625 
 331776 
 332929 
 334084 
 335241 
 
 190109375 
 191102976 
 192100033 
 193100552 
 194104539 
 
 23.9792 
 24.0000 
 24.0208 
 24.0416 
 24.0624 
 
 8.3155 
 8.3203 
 8.3251 
 8.3300 
 8.3348 
 
 2.75967 
 2.76042 
 2.76118 
 2.76193 
 2.76268 
 
 1.73913 
 1.73611 
 1.73310 
 1.73010 
 1.72712 
 
 1806.4 
 1809.6 
 1812.7 
 1815.8 
 1819.0 
 
 259672 
 260576 
 261482 
 262389 
 263298 
 
 580 
 
 581 
 
 583 
 584 
 
 336400 
 337561 
 338724 
 339889 
 341056 
 
 195112000 
 196122941 
 197137368 
 198155287 
 199176704 
 
 24.0832 
 24.1039 
 24.1247 
 24.1454 
 24.1661 
 
 8.3396 
 8.3443 
 8.3491 
 8.3539 
 
 8.3587 
 
 2.76343 
 2.76418 
 2.76492 
 2.76567 
 2.76641 
 
 1.72414 
 1.72117 
 1.71821 
 1.71527 
 1.71233 
 
 1822.1 
 1825.3 
 1828.4 
 1831.6 
 1834.7 
 
 264208 
 265120 
 266033 
 266948 
 267865 
 
 i , 
 
294 NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 Squares, Cubes, Square Roots, Cube Roots, Logarithms, Etc. 
 
 (CONTINUED.) 
 
 No. 
 
 Sq. 
 
 Cube. 
 
 Square 
 Root. 
 
 Cube 
 Root. 
 
 Log. 
 
 1000 
 X 
 Recip. 
 
 No. = Dia. 
 
 Circ'm 
 
 Area. 
 
 585 
 
 342225 
 
 200201625 
 
 24.1868 
 
 8.3634 
 
 2.76716 
 
 1.70940 
 
 1837.8 
 
 268783 
 
 586 
 
 848896 
 
 201230056 
 
 24.2074 
 
 8.3682 
 
 2.76790 
 
 1.70649 
 
 1841.0 
 
 269701 
 
 587 
 
 344569 
 
 21 2262003 
 
 24.2281 
 
 8.3730 
 
 2.76864 
 
 1.70358 
 
 1844.1 
 
 270624 
 
 588 
 
 345744 
 
 203297472 
 
 24.2487 
 
 8.3777 
 
 2.76938 
 
 1.70068 
 
 1847.3 
 
 271547 
 
 589 
 
 346921 
 
 204336469 
 
 24.2693 
 
 8.3825 
 
 2.77012 
 
 1.69779 
 
 1850.4 
 
 272471 
 
 590 
 
 348100 
 
 205379000 
 
 24.2899 
 
 8.3872 
 
 2.77085 
 
 1.69492 
 
 1853.5 
 
 273397 
 
 591 
 
 349281 
 
 206425071 
 
 24.3105 
 
 8.3919 
 
 2.77159 
 
 1.69205 
 
 1856.7 
 
 274325 
 
 592 
 
 3.50 J 64 
 
 207474688 
 
 24.3311 
 
 8.3967 
 
 ) 77->:!-> 
 
 1.68919 
 
 1859.8 
 
 275254 
 
 593 
 
 351649 
 
 208527857 
 
 24.3516 
 
 8.4014 
 
 2. 77305 
 
 1.68634 
 
 1863.0 
 
 276184 
 
 594 
 
 352836 
 
 209584584 
 
 24.3721 
 
 8.4061 
 
 2.77379 
 
 1.68350 
 
 1866.1 
 
 277117 
 
 595 
 
 354025 
 
 210644875 
 
 24.3926 
 
 8.4108 
 
 2.77452 
 
 1.68067 
 
 1869.3 
 
 278051 
 
 596 
 
 355216 
 
 211708736 
 
 24.4131 
 
 8.4155 
 
 2.77525 
 
 1.67785 
 
 1872.4 
 
 278986 
 
 597 
 
 356409 
 
 212776173 
 
 24.4336 
 
 8.4202 
 
 2.77597 
 
 1.67504 
 
 1875.5 
 
 279923 
 
 598 
 
 357604 
 
 213847192 
 
 24.4540 
 
 8.4249 
 
 2.77670 
 
 1.67224 
 
 1878.7 
 
 280862 
 
 599 
 
 358801 
 
 214921799 
 
 24.4745 
 
 8.4296 
 
 2.77743 
 
 1.66945 
 
 1881.8 
 
 281802 
 
 600 
 
 3600T>0 
 
 216000000 
 
 24.4949 
 
 8.4343 
 
 2.77815 
 
 1.66667 
 
 1885.0 
 
 282743 
 
 601 
 
 361201 
 
 217081801 
 
 24.5153 
 
 8.4390 
 
 2.77887 
 
 1.66389 
 
 1888.1 
 
 283687 
 
 602 
 
 362404 
 
 218167208 
 
 24.5:357 
 
 8.4437 
 
 2.77960 
 
 1.66113 
 
 1891.2 
 
 284631 
 
 603 
 
 363609 
 
 219256227 
 
 24.5561 
 
 8.4484 
 
 2.78032 
 
 1.65837 
 
 1894.4 
 
 285578 
 
 604 
 
 364816 
 
 220348864 
 
 24.5764 
 
 8.4530 
 
 2.78104 
 
 1.65563 
 
 1897.5 
 
 286526 
 
 605 
 
 366025 
 
 221445125 
 
 24.5967 
 
 8.4577 
 
 2.78176 
 
 1.65289 
 
 1900.7 
 
 287475 
 
 606 
 
 367236 
 
 222.545016 
 
 24.6171 
 
 8.4623 
 
 2.78247 
 
 1.65017 
 
 1903.8 
 
 288426 
 
 607 
 
 368449 
 
 223648543 
 
 24 6374 
 
 8.4670 
 
 2.78319 
 
 1.64745 
 
 1907.0 
 
 289379 
 
 608 
 
 369664 
 
 224755712 
 
 24.6577 
 
 8.4716 
 
 2.78390 
 
 1.64474 
 
 1910.1 
 
 290333 
 
 609 
 
 370881 
 
 225866529 
 
 24.6779 
 
 8.4763 
 
 2.78462 
 
 1.64204 
 
 1913.2 
 
 291289 
 
 610 
 
 372100 
 
 226981000 
 
 24.6982 
 
 8.4809 
 
 2.78533 
 
 1.63934 
 
 1916.4 
 
 292247 
 
 611 
 
 873881 
 
 228099131 
 
 24.7184 
 
 8.4856 
 
 2.78604 
 
 1.63666 
 
 1919.5 
 
 293206 
 
 612 
 
 374544 
 
 229220928 
 
 24.7386 
 
 8.4902 
 
 2.78675 
 
 1.63399 
 
 1922.7 
 
 294166 
 
 613 
 
 375769 
 
 230346397 
 
 24.7588 
 
 8.4948 
 
 2.78746 
 
 1.63132 
 
 
 295128 
 
 614 
 
 376996 
 
 231475544 
 
 24.7790 
 
 8.4994 
 
 2.78817 
 
 1.62866 
 
 I928/J 
 
 296092 
 
 615 
 
 378225 
 
 232608375 
 
 24.7992 
 
 8.5040 
 
 2.78888 
 
 1.62602 
 
 1932.1 
 
 297057 
 
 616 
 
 
 2:33744896 
 
 24.8193 
 
 S.50S6 
 
 2.78958 
 
 1.1W33K 
 
 
 298024 
 
 617 
 
 880680 
 
 234885113 
 
 24.8395 
 
 8 5132 
 
 2.79029 
 
 1.62075 
 
 193814 
 
 298992 
 
 618 
 
 381924 
 
 236029032 
 
 24.8596 
 
 8.5178 
 
 2.79099 
 
 1.61812 
 
 1941.5 
 
 299962 
 
 619 
 
 383161 
 
 237176659 
 
 24.8797 
 
 8.5224 
 
 2.79169 
 
 1.61551 
 
 1944.7 
 
 300934 
 
 620 
 
 384400 
 
 238328000 
 
 24.8998 
 
 8.5270 
 
 2.79239 
 
 1.61290 
 
 1947.8 
 
 301907 
 
 621 
 
 385641 
 
 239483061 
 
 24.9199 
 
 8.5316 
 
 2.79309 
 
 1.61031 
 
 1950.9 
 
 302882 
 
 622 
 
 386884 
 
 240641848 
 
 24.9399 
 
 8.5362 
 
 2.79379 
 
 1.60772 
 
 1954.1 
 
 303858 
 
 623 
 
 388129 
 
 241804367 
 
 24.9600 
 
 8.5408 
 
 2.79449 
 
 1.60514 
 
 1957.2 
 
 304836 
 
 624 
 
 389376 
 
 242970624 
 
 24.9800 
 
 8.5453 
 
 2.79518 
 
 1.60256 
 
 1960.4 
 
 305815 
 
 625 
 
 390625 
 
 244140625 
 
 25.0000 
 
 8.5499 
 
 2.79588 
 
 1.60000 
 
 1963.5 
 
 306796 
 
 626 
 
 391876 
 
 245314376 
 
 25.0200 
 
 8.5544 
 
 2.79657 
 
 1.59744 
 
 1966.6 
 
 307779 
 
 627 
 
 393129 
 
 246491883 
 
 25.0400 
 
 8.5590 
 
 2.79727 
 
 1.59490 
 
 1969.8 
 
 308763 
 
 628 
 
 394384 
 
 247673152 
 
 25.0599 
 
 8.5635 
 
 2.79796 
 
 1.59236 
 
 1972.9 
 
 309748 
 
 629 
 
 868641 
 
 248858189 
 
 25.0799 
 
 8.5681 
 
 2.79865 
 
 1.58983 
 
 1976.1 
 
 310736 
 
 
NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 295 
 
 Squares, Cubes, Square Roots, Cube Roots, Logarithms, Etc. 
 
 (CONTINUED.) 
 
 No. 
 
 Sq. 
 
 Cube. 
 
 Square 
 Root. 
 
 Cube 
 Root. 
 
 Log. 
 
 1000 
 X 
 Recip. 
 
 No. = Dia. 
 
 Circ'm 
 
 Area. 
 
 630 
 
 396900 
 
 250047000 
 
 25.0998 
 
 8.5726 
 
 2.79934 
 
 1.58730 
 
 1979.2 
 
 311725 
 
 631 
 
 398161 
 
 251239591 
 
 25.1197 
 
 8.5772 
 
 2.80003 
 
 1.58479 
 
 1982.4 
 
 312715 
 
 632 
 
 399424 
 
 252435968 
 
 25.1396 
 
 8.5817 
 
 2.80072 
 
 1.58228 
 
 1985.5 
 
 313707 
 
 633 
 
 400689 
 
 253636137 
 
 25.1595 
 
 8.5862 
 
 2.8ul40 
 
 1.57978 
 
 1988.6 
 
 314700 
 
 634 
 
 401956 254840104 
 
 25.1794 
 
 8.5907 
 
 2.80209 
 
 1.57729 
 
 1991.8 
 
 315696 
 
 635 
 
 4032251 256047875 
 
 25.1992 
 
 8 5952 
 
 2.80277 
 
 1.57480 
 
 1994 9 
 
 316692 
 
 636 
 
 404496 
 
 257259456 
 
 25.2190 
 
 8.5997 
 
 2.80346 
 
 1.57233 
 
 1998.1 
 
 317690 
 
 637 
 
 405769 
 
 258474853 
 
 25.2389 
 
 8.6043 
 
 2.80414 
 
 1.56986 
 
 2001.2 
 
 318690 
 
 638 
 
 407044 
 
 259694072 
 
 25.2587 
 
 8.6088 
 
 2.80482 
 
 1.56740 
 
 2004.3 
 
 319692 
 
 639 
 
 408321 
 
 260917119 
 
 25.2784 
 
 8.6132 
 
 2.80550 
 
 1.56495 
 
 2007.5 
 
 320695 
 
 640 
 
 409600 
 
 262144000 
 
 25.2982 
 
 8.6177 
 
 2.80618 
 
 1.56250 
 
 2010.6 
 
 321699 
 
 641 
 
 410881 
 
 263374721 
 
 25.3180 
 
 8.6222 
 
 2 80686 
 
 1.56006 
 
 2013.8 
 
 322705 
 
 642 
 
 412164 
 
 264609288 
 
 25.3377 
 
 8.6267 
 
 2.80754 
 
 1.55763 
 
 2016.9 
 
 323713 
 
 643 
 
 41:3449 
 
 .265847707 
 
 25.3574 
 
 8.6312 
 
 2.80821 
 
 1.55521 
 
 2020.0 
 
 324722 
 
 644 
 
 414736 
 
 267089984 
 
 25.3772 
 
 8.6357 
 
 2.80889 
 
 1.55280 
 
 2023.2 
 
 325733 
 
 645 
 
 416025 
 
 268336125 
 
 25.3969 
 
 8.6401 
 
 2.80956 
 
 1.55039 
 
 2026.3 
 
 326745 
 
 646 
 
 417316 
 
 269586136 
 
 25.4165 
 
 8.6446 
 
 2.81023 
 
 1.54799 
 
 2029.5 
 
 327759 
 
 647 
 
 418609 
 
 270840023 
 
 25.4362) 8.6490 
 
 2.81090 
 
 1.54560 
 
 2032.6 
 
 328775 
 
 648 
 
 419904 
 
 272097792 
 
 25.4558 
 
 8.6535 
 
 2.81158 
 
 1.54321 
 
 2035.8 
 
 329792 
 
 649 
 
 421201 
 
 273359449 
 
 25.4755 
 
 8.6579 
 
 2.81224 
 
 1.54083 
 
 2038.9 
 
 330810 
 
 650 
 
 422500 
 
 274625000 
 
 25.4951 
 
 8.6624 
 
 2.81291 
 
 1.53846 
 
 2042.0 
 
 a31831 
 
 651 
 
 423801 
 
 275894451 
 
 25.5147 
 
 8.6668 
 
 2.81358 
 
 1.53610 
 
 2045.2 
 
 332853 
 
 ' 652 
 
 425104 
 
 277167808 
 
 25.5343 
 
 8.6713 
 
 2.81425 
 
 1.53374 
 
 2048.3 
 
 333876 
 
 653 
 
 426409 
 
 278445077 
 
 25.5539 
 
 8.6757 
 
 2.81491 
 
 1.53139 
 
 2051.5 
 
 334901 
 
 | 654 
 
 427716 
 
 279726264 
 
 25.5734 
 
 8.6801 
 
 2.81558 
 
 1.52905 
 
 2054.6 
 
 335927 
 
 655 
 
 429025 
 
 281011375 
 
 25.5930 
 
 8.6845 
 
 2.81624 
 
 1.52672 
 
 2057.7 
 
 a36955 
 
 i 656 
 
 430336 
 
 282300416 
 
 25.6125 
 
 8.6890 
 
 2.81690 
 
 1.52439 
 
 2060 9 
 
 337985 
 
 I 757 
 
 431649 
 
 283593393 
 
 25 6320 
 
 8.6934 
 
 2.81757 
 
 1.52207 
 
 2064.0 
 
 339016 
 
 758 
 
 432964 
 
 284890312 
 
 25.6515 
 
 8.6978 
 
 2.81823 
 
 1.51976 
 
 2067.2 
 
 340049 
 
 659 
 
 434281 
 
 286191179 
 
 25.6710 
 
 8.7022 
 
 2.81889 
 
 1.51745 
 
 2070.3 
 
 341084 
 
 660 
 
 435600 
 
 287496000 
 
 25.6905 
 
 8.7066 
 
 2.81954 
 
 1.51515 
 
 2073.5 
 
 342119 
 
 661 
 
 436921 
 
 288804781 
 
 25.7099 
 
 8.7110 
 
 2.82020 
 
 1.51286 
 
 2076.6 
 
 343157 
 
 662 
 
 438244 
 
 290117528 
 
 25 7294 
 
 8.7154 
 
 2.82086 
 
 1.51057 
 
 !2079.7 
 
 344196 
 
 i 663 
 
 439569 
 
 291434247 
 
 25.7488 
 
 8.7198 
 
 2.82151 
 
 1.50830 
 
 2082.9 
 
 345237 
 
 664 
 
 440896 
 
 292754944 
 
 25.7682 
 
 8.7241 
 
 2.82217 
 
 1.50602 
 
 2086.0 
 
 346279 
 
 665 
 
 442225 
 
 294079625 
 
 25.7876 
 
 8.7285 
 
 2.82282 
 
 1.50376 
 
 2089.2 
 
 347323 
 
 666 
 
 148660 
 
 295408296 
 
 25.8070 
 
 8.7329 
 
 2.82347 
 
 1.50150 
 
 2092.3 
 
 348368 
 
 667 
 
 444889 
 
 296740963 
 
 25.8263 
 
 8.7373 
 
 2.82413 
 
 1.49925 
 
 2095.4 
 
 349415 
 
 668 
 
 446224 
 
 298077632 
 
 25.8457 
 
 8.7416 
 
 2.82478 
 
 1.49701 
 
 2098.6 
 
 350464 
 
 669 
 
 447561 
 
 299418309 
 
 25.8650 
 
 8.7460 
 
 2.82543 
 
 1.49477 
 
 2101.7 
 
 351514 
 
 670 
 
 448900 
 
 300763000 
 
 25.8844 
 
 8.7503 
 
 2.82607 
 
 1.49254 
 
 2104.9 
 
 352565 
 
 671 
 
 450241 
 
 302111711 
 
 25.9037 
 
 8.7547 
 
 2.82672 
 
 1.49031 
 
 2108.0 
 
 353618 
 
 672 
 
 451584 
 
 303464448 
 
 25.9230 
 
 8.7590 
 
 2.82737 
 
 1.48810 
 
 2111.2 
 
 354673 
 
 673 
 
 452929 
 
 304821217 
 
 25.9422 
 
 8.7634 
 
 2.82802 
 
 1.48588 
 
 2114.3 
 
 355730 
 
 674 
 
 454276 
 
 306182024 
 
 25.9615 
 
 8.7677 
 
 2.82866 
 
 1.48368 
 
 2117.4 
 
 356788 
 
 QL. ., * 
 
296 NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 Squares, Cubes, Square Roots, Cube Roots, Logarithms, Etc. 
 
 (CONTINUED.) 
 
 
 
 
 Square 
 
 Cube 
 
 
 1000 
 
 No. = Dia. 
 
 No. 
 
 Sq. 
 
 Cube. 
 
 Root. 
 
 Root. 
 
 Log. 
 
 X 
 Recip 
 
 Circ'm 
 
 Area. 
 
 675 
 
 455625 
 
 307546875 
 
 25.9808 
 
 8.7721 
 
 2.82930 
 
 1.48148 
 
 2120.6 
 
 357847 
 
 676 
 
 456976 
 
 308915776 
 
 26.0000 
 
 8.77(54 
 
 2.8299: 
 
 1.47929 
 
 2123.7 
 
 358908 
 
 677 
 
 158: 129 
 
 310288733 
 
 26.0192 
 
 8.7H07 
 
 2.83055) 
 
 1.47711 
 
 2126.! 
 
 359971 
 
 678 
 
 159681 
 
 311665752 
 
 26.C384 
 
 8.7850 
 
 2.83123 
 
 1.47493 
 
 2130.0 
 
 361035 
 
 679 
 
 461041 
 
 313046839 
 
 26.0576 
 
 8.7893 
 
 2.83187 
 
 1.47275 
 
 2133.1 
 
 362101 
 
 680 
 
 462400 
 
 314432000 
 
 26.0768 
 
 8.7937 
 
 2.83251 
 
 1.47059 
 
 2136.3 
 
 363168 
 
 681 
 
 4(53761 
 
 315821241 
 
 26.09(50 
 
 8.798C 
 
 2.83315 
 
 1.46843 
 
 2139.4 
 
 364237 
 
 682 
 
 465124 
 
 317214568 
 
 26.1151 
 
 8.802: 
 
 2.83378 
 
 1.46628 
 
 2142.6 
 
 365308 
 
 683 
 
 166189 
 
 318611987 
 
 26.1343 
 
 8. SOW 
 
 2.8314;, 
 
 1.46413 
 
 2145.7 
 
 366380 
 
 684 
 
 467856 
 
 320013504 
 
 26.1534 
 
 8.8109 
 
 2.83506 
 
 1.46199 
 
 2148.9 
 
 367453 
 
 685 
 
 469225 
 
 321419125 
 
 26.1725 
 
 8.8152 
 
 2.83569 
 
 1.45985 
 
 2152.0 
 
 368528 
 
 686 
 
 170.7.16 
 
 322828856 
 
 26.15)16 
 
 8.8194 
 
 2.83632 
 
 1.45773 
 
 2155.1 
 
 369605 
 
 687 
 
 471969 
 
 324242703 
 
 26.2107 
 
 8.8237 
 
 2.8:>,09I 
 
 1.45560 
 
 2158.3 
 
 370684 
 
 688 
 
 47*144 
 
 325660672 
 
 26.2298 
 
 8.8280 
 
 2.83759 
 
 1.45349 
 
 2161.4 
 
 371764 
 
 689 
 
 474721 
 
 327082769 
 
 26.2488 
 
 8.8323 
 
 2.83822 
 
 1.45138 
 
 2164.6 
 
 372845 
 
 690 
 
 476100 
 
 328509000 
 
 26.2679 
 
 8.8366 
 
 2.83885 
 
 1.44928 
 
 2167.7 
 
 373928 
 
 691 
 
 477481 
 
 325)939371 
 
 2(5.28(59 
 
 8.8408 
 
 2.83948 
 
 1.44718 
 
 2170.8 
 
 375013 
 
 692 
 
 478864 
 
 331373888 
 
 26.3059 
 
 8.8451 
 
 2 84011 
 
 1.44509 
 
 2174.0 
 
 376099 
 
 693 
 
 480249 
 
 33281255'! 
 
 26.3249 
 
 8.8493 
 
 2.84073 
 
 1.44300 
 
 2177.1 
 
 377187 
 
 694 
 
 481636 
 
 334255384 
 
 26.3439 
 
 8.8536 
 
 2.84136 
 
 1.44092 
 
 2180.3 
 
 378276 
 
 695 
 
 483025 
 
 335702375 
 
 26.3629 
 
 8.8578 
 
 2.84198 
 
 1.43885 
 
 2183.4 
 
 379367 
 
 696 
 
 484416 
 
 337153536 
 
 26.3818 
 
 8.8621 
 
 2.84261 
 
 1.43678 
 
 2186.6 
 
 380459 
 
 697 
 
 485809 
 
 338(508873 
 
 26.4008 
 
 8.8663 
 
 2.84323 
 
 1.43472 
 
 2189.7 
 
 381554 
 
 698 
 
 487204 
 
 340068392 
 
 26.4197 
 
 8.8706 
 
 2.84386 
 
 1 . 43267 
 
 2192.8 
 
 382649 
 
 699 
 
 488601 
 
 341632099 
 
 26.4386 
 
 8.8748 
 
 2.84448 
 
 1.43062 
 
 2196.0 
 
 383746 
 
 700 
 
 490000 
 
 343000000 
 
 26.4575 
 
 8.8790 
 
 2.84510 
 
 1.42857 
 
 2199.1 
 
 385845 
 
 701 
 
 491401 344472101 
 
 26.4764 
 
 8.8833 
 
 2.84572 
 
 1.42653 
 
 2202.3 
 
 385945 
 
 702 
 
 4928041 34594840H 
 
 26.4953 
 
 8.K875 
 
 2.84634 
 
 1.42450 
 
 2205.4 
 
 387047 
 
 703 
 
 494205) 
 
 847426927 
 
 26.5141 
 
 8 8917 
 
 2.81696 
 
 1.42248 
 
 2208.5 
 
 388151 
 
 704 
 
 495616 
 
 348913664 
 
 26.5330 
 
 8.8959 
 
 2.84757 
 
 1.42046 
 
 2211.7 
 
 389256 
 
 705 
 
 497025 
 
 350402625 
 
 26.5518 
 
 8.9001 
 
 2 84819 
 
 1.41844 
 
 2214.8 
 
 390363 
 
 706 
 
 1981; ill 
 
 35185)581(5 
 
 26.5707 
 
 8.5)043 
 
 2.H4H80 
 
 1.41(543 
 
 2218.0 
 
 391471 
 
 707 
 
 499849 
 
 853893243 
 
 2(5.5895 
 
 8 9085 
 
 2.81912 
 
 1.41443 
 
 2221.1 
 
 392580 
 
 708 
 
 501264 
 
 354894912 
 
 26.6083 
 
 H.9127 
 
 2.85003 
 
 1.41243 
 
 2221.:} 
 
 35)3692 
 
 709 
 
 502681 
 
 356400829 
 
 26.6271 
 
 8.9169 
 
 2.85065 
 
 1.41044 
 
 2227.4 
 
 394805 
 
 710 
 
 504100 
 
 357911000 
 
 26 6458 
 
 8.9211 
 
 2.85126 
 
 1.40845 
 
 2230.5 
 
 395919 
 
 711 
 
 505.521 
 
 359425431 
 
 26.6616 
 
 8.925:! 
 
 2.85187 
 
 1.40647 
 
 2233.7 
 
 397035 
 
 712 
 
 506911 
 
 3(50944128 
 
 26.6888 
 
 8.9295 
 
 2.85248 
 
 1.4044!) 
 
 22-' it; 8 
 
 398153 
 
 713 
 
 506869 
 
 362467097 
 
 26.7021 
 
 8.9337 
 
 2.8530!) 
 
 1.40253 
 
 2240 !o 
 
 399272 
 
 714 
 
 509796 
 
 363994344 
 
 26.7208 
 
 8.5)378 
 
 2.85370 
 
 1.40056 
 
 2243.1 
 
 400393 
 
 715 
 
 511225 
 
 365525875 
 
 26.7395 
 
 8.9420 
 
 2.85431 
 
 1.39860 
 
 2246.2 
 
 401515 
 
 716 
 
 512656 
 
 3(570(5169(5 
 
 26.7582 8.9462 
 
 2.85491 
 
 1.. '59(565 
 
 2249.4 
 
 402639 
 
 717 
 
 514069 
 
 368601813 
 
 26.7769 
 
 8.5150:! 
 
 2.85552 
 
 1.39470 
 
 -.'252.:, 
 
 403765 
 
 718 
 
 515524 
 
 370146232 
 
 26.7955 
 
 8.9545 
 
 2.85612 
 
 1.39276 
 
 2255.7 
 
 404892 
 
 719 
 
 516961 
 
 371694959 
 
 26.8142 
 
 8.9587 
 
 2.85673 
 
 1.39082 
 
 2258.8 
 
 406020 
 
 T 
 
NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 297 
 
 Squares, Cubes, Square Roots, Cube Roots, Logarithms, Etc. 
 
 (CONTINUED.) 
 
 No. 
 
 720 
 721 
 722 
 723 
 724 
 
 Sq 
 
 Cube. 
 
 Square 
 Root. 
 
 Cube 
 Root. 
 
 Log. 
 
 1000 
 X 
 Recip. 
 
 No. = Dia. 
 
 ^irc'm 
 
 Area 
 
 518400 
 519841 
 521284 
 
 5241 76 
 
 :J7324NXM' 
 
 876867048 
 877988067 
 
 379503424 
 
 86.8888 
 26.8514 
 
 BftiSBSi 
 29.9079 
 
 BiOBTO 
 
 8.9711 
 B.9758 
 
 2.85733 
 8.85794 
 
 >.S5S51 
 2.S51M4 
 
 2.85974 
 
 l.:^| 
 
 1 '.38313 
 1.38122 
 
 2261.9 
 8865.1 
 8868.8 
 8871.4 
 
 2274.5 
 
 407150 
 408888 
 
 409416 
 
 410550 
 411687 
 
 725 
 726 
 727 
 
 728 
 729 
 
 525625 
 
 521076 
 
 531441 
 
 381078125 
 
 884940589 
 
 3s.5s-JS3.5-J 
 387420489 
 
 86.9958 
 
 26.9444 
 86.9889 
 86.9816 
 
 27.0000 
 
 B.9888 
 
 B.9876 
 8.9018 
 B.9969 
 
 9.0000 
 
 2.86034 
 
 j.sr.oai 
 
 2i86918 
 
 2.80273 
 
 1.37931 
 1.37741 
 1.37552 
 1.3:363 
 1.37174 
 
 2277.7 
 8880.8 
 
 8987!l 
 
 2290.2 
 
 419886 
 
 413965 
 416108 
 
 416248 
 417393 
 
 7:30 
 731 
 732 
 733 
 734 
 
 532900 
 
 5.",43.jl 
 
 587288 
 
 538756 
 
 389017000 
 
 89222816* 
 
 393832837 
 395446904 
 
 27.0185 
 
 27. 03; < > 
 87.0556 
 27.0740 
 27.0924 
 
 9.0041 
 
 9.0082 
 
 9! 01 64 
 9.0205 
 
 2.86332 
 
 J.S639-J 
 2.86451 
 J.s.151.1 
 
 liWTW 
 
 1.36612 
 1. 3642I 1 
 1.36240 
 
 2293.4 
 8896.6 
 8889.7 
 
 2302 s 
 2305.9 
 
 418539 
 419688 
 
 481986 
 
 423138 
 
 735 
 736 
 737 
 
 738 
 739 
 
 540225 
 
 541696 
 5431 im 
 544Vt4 
 546121 
 
 80M6BB7C 
 
 40081555! 
 
 401947275 
 
 403583419 
 
 27.1109 
 27.1293 
 27.1477 
 87.1668 
 
 27.1846 
 
 9.0246 
 9.0887 
 9.088B 
 9.0888 
 
 9.0410 
 
 2.8ir,25 
 8.8688B 
 
 8.86747 
 
 J.S'VSOO 
 2.86864 
 
 1.36054 
 1.85870 
 L860BE 
 
 l! 35318 
 
 2309.1 
 2312.2 
 2315.4 
 2318.5 
 2321.6 
 
 424293 
 
 425448 
 426604 
 427762 
 428922 
 
 740 
 741 
 742 
 743 
 744 
 
 547600 
 549081 
 5.50.564 
 558041 
 553536 
 
 405224000 
 
 410172407 
 411830784 
 
 27.2029 
 27.2213 
 27.23517 
 27.2580 
 27.2764 
 
 9.0450 
 9.0491 
 9.0532 
 9.0572 
 9.0613 
 
 2.86923 
 
 J.S6'*-J 
 J.S7UU) 
 2.S7W9 
 2.87157 
 
 1.35135 
 1.34953 
 1.34771 
 1.34590 
 1.34409 
 
 2324.8 
 J.",27. ( .t 
 2331.1 
 2334.2 
 2337.3 
 
 430084 
 431247 
 432412 
 433578 
 434746 
 
 745 
 
 740 
 747 
 748 
 749 
 
 555025 
 5WW16 
 558009 
 559.504 
 561001 
 
 413493625 
 
 415160931 
 
 H 850899! 
 
 42iiis'..74'. 
 
 27.2947 9.0654 
 27.3130 9.0694 
 27.3313' 9.0735 
 27.3496J 9.0775 
 27.3679 9.0816 
 
 J.S7J7J 
 
 Z'.878M 
 
 2.87448 
 
 1.34228 
 1.34048 
 1.33865 
 1.33690 
 1.33511 
 
 2340.5 
 8848.6 
 
 2346.8 
 2349.9 
 2353.1 
 
 435916 
 437087 
 438259 
 439433 
 440609 
 
 750 
 751 
 752 
 753 
 754 
 
 562500 
 564001 
 565504 
 567009 
 568516 
 
 421875000 
 423564751 
 
 4 2.52.5'. Mjus 
 
 428661064 
 
 27.3861 9.0856 
 27.4044 9.0896 
 27.4226: 9.0937 
 27.4408! 9.0977 
 27.4591 9.1017 
 
 2.87506 
 8.87564 
 
 J.STti-J-J 
 2'.87737 
 
 1.33333 
 1.33156 
 1.32979 
 1.32802 
 1.32626 
 
 2356.2 
 8899.8 
 8868.6 
 8865.6 
 
 2368.8 
 
 441786 
 442965 
 444146 
 445328 
 446511 
 
 755 
 756 
 757 
 758 
 759 
 
 570025 
 571681 
 578041 
 
 574.561 
 576081 
 
 43a368875 
 432081 21 
 188798001 
 435515)512 
 437245479 
 
 ! 9.1057 
 
 27.4H.V, ( ..Kf.is 
 27.5136 9.1138 
 27.5318 9.1178 
 27.5500 9.1218 
 
 8.87796 
 
 2.S7S.5-J 
 -J.s7.Ui 
 
 nmS& 
 
 1.32450 
 1.32275 
 1.32100 
 1.31926 
 1.31752 
 
 2371.9 
 2375.0 
 8878.8 
 2881. J 
 2384.5 
 
 447697 
 448888 
 460078 
 
 451262 
 452453 
 
 760 
 761 
 762 
 763 
 
 764 
 
 577600 
 579121 
 580644 
 582105 
 
 5S361H 
 
 438976000 
 44071108 
 442450728 
 44419494" 
 44.5943744 
 
 27.5681 9.1258 
 27.5862; 9.1298 
 27.6043 9.1338 
 27.6225 H.i: :',',* 
 27.6405 9.1418 
 
 2.88081 
 
 J>si:is 
 
 J>s-j>,-J 
 2.88309 
 
 1.31579 
 1.31406 
 1.31234 
 1.31062 
 1.30890 
 
 2387.6 
 2390 > 
 8898.9 
 8897.1 
 
 2400.2 
 
 453646 
 454841 
 456037 
 457234 
 458434 
 
 
NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 Squares, Cubes, Square Roots, Cube Roots, Logarithms, Etc* 
 
 (CONTINUED.) 
 
 Sq. 
 
 Cube. 
 
 Square 
 Root. 
 
 451217663 
 
 452984832 27.7128 
 
 5913611 454756609 27!7308 
 
 592900 456533000 27.7489 
 
 594441 458:314011: 27.7669 
 
 595984 460099648 27.7849 
 
 597529 461889917 27.8029 
 
 599076, 463684824 27.8209 
 
 600625 465484375 
 602176 467288576 
 
 605284 470910952 
 606841, 47-2729139 
 
 608400! 474552000 
 609961 476379541 
 611524 478211768 
 613089 480048687 
 614656; 481890304 
 
 617796 485587656 
 619369 487443403 
 
 622521 491169069 
 
 624100 
 085861 
 074M 
 
 106617897 
 
 500566184 
 
 502459875 
 5048688M 
 
 506261573 
 508169592 
 510082399 
 
 640000J 512000000 
 513922401 
 
 519718464 28.3549 
 
 28.3725 
 523608616 28.3901 
 28.4077 
 
 27.8747 
 27.8927 
 27.9106 
 
 27.9285 
 27.9464 
 27.9643 
 
 28.0179 
 28,0357 
 28.0535 
 28.0713 
 
 28.1247 
 
 28.1425 
 28.1603 
 28.1780 
 
 28.1957 
 28.2135 
 
 Cube 
 Root. 
 
 9.1458 
 9.1498 
 9.1537 
 9.1577 
 9.1617 
 
 9.1657 
 9.1696 
 9.1736 
 9.1775 
 9.1815 
 
 9.1855 
 9.1894 
 9.1933 
 9.1973 
 9.2012 
 
 9.2052 
 
 Log 
 
 1000 
 
 X 
 Recip. 
 
 2.887051 
 2.88762; 
 
 2.88874] 
 2.88930; 
 
 1.30719 
 
 1.3C 
 
 1.3C 
 
 1.30208 
 
 1.3C 
 
 1.29870 
 1.29702 
 1.29534 
 1.29366 
 1.29199 
 
 . 
 2415.9 
 
 2419.0 
 2422.2 
 2425.8 
 
 2428.5 
 2431.6 
 
 9.2287 
 9.2326 
 n . 2:165 
 9.2404 
 
 9.2443 
 
 9.2521 
 9.2560 
 
 9.1688 
 
 9.2677 
 9.2716 
 9.2754 
 
 26.2480 
 8B.90M 
 
 28.2843 9.2832 
 28.3019J 9.2870 
 
 28.3196 :__; 
 
 28.3373 9.2948 
 
 9.3025 
 9.3063 
 
 . 
 
 9! 3140 
 9.3179 
 
 . 
 
 2.89042: 
 2.89098 
 2.89154; 
 
 1.29032 2434.'. 
 1.288661 2437.9 
 1.28700) 2441.0 
 1.28535' 2444.2 
 1.28370 2447.3 
 
 2.89542 
 
 2.89597 
 2.89653 
 
 2.89873 
 2.89927 
 
 2.90037 
 2.90091 
 2.90146 
 
 2 .'.it nit X) 
 2.90255 
 
 2.90309 
 2.90363 
 2.90417 
 
 2.90472 
 
 2.90580 
 2.90634 
 
 . 
 
 2.1)0711 
 2.9079-1 
 
 l.: 
 
 1.28041 
 1.27877 
 1.27714 
 1.27551 
 
 1.27389 
 .27226 
 ! 27086 
 
 .20904 
 .26743 
 
 .26103 
 
 .2.7.115 
 
 2450.4 
 2453.6 
 2456.' 
 2459.9 
 2463.0 
 
 2466.2 
 M0B.8 
 
 2472.4 
 2475.6 
 
 2478.7 
 
 . 
 
 2488.1 
 2491.3 
 
 .25786 2497.6 
 "* 2500." 
 
 .25156: 2510.1 
 
 .25000! 2513.3 
 
 .24844! 2516.4 
 
 .24688, 2519.6 
 
 .245.33 2522.7 
 
 .24378 2525.8 
 
 .24224| 2529.0 
 .24069 2532.1 
 
 25:55..'} 
 
 Area 
 
 459635 
 460837 
 462042 
 463247 
 464454 
 
 465663 
 466873 
 
 471730 
 472948 
 474168 
 475389 
 476612 
 
 477836 
 479062 
 480290 
 481519 
 482750 
 
 485216 
 486451 
 
 490167 
 491409 
 492652 
 493897 
 495143 
 
 496391 
 497641 
 498892 
 500145 
 501399 
 
 502655 
 
 503912 
 505171 
 50fJ4:-W 
 507694 
 
 508958 
 510223 
 511490 
 512758 
 514028 
 
.' 
 
 IBM 
 
 * 
 
 I - r. 
 
 ''.I 
 
 - ' 
 
 H 
 
 ;: ' -- j'i ;: i -' ' 
 
 
 - ; 
 
 :%.!: 
 
 nMNt 
 
 in : 
 
 S:.: ' 
 S:-, 
 
300 NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 Squares, Cubes, Square Roots, Cube Roots, Logarithms, Etc. 
 
 (CONTINUED.) 
 
 No. 
 
 Sq. 
 
 Cube. 
 
 Square 
 Root. 
 
 Cube 
 Root. 
 
 Log. 
 
 1000 
 X 
 Recip. 
 
 No. = Dia 
 
 Circ'm 
 
 Area. 
 
 855~ 
 
 731025 
 
 625026375 
 
 29.2404 
 
 9.4912 
 
 2.93197 
 
 1.16959 
 
 2686.1 
 
 574146 
 
 856 
 
 732736 
 
 627222016 
 
 29.2575 
 
 9.4949 
 
 2.93247 
 
 1.16822 
 
 2689.2 
 
 575490 
 
 857 
 
 734449 
 
 629422793 
 
 29.2746 
 
 9.4986 
 
 2.93298 
 
 1.16686 
 
 2692.3 
 
 576835 
 
 858 
 
 736164 
 
 631628712 
 
 29.2916 
 
 9.5023 
 
 2.93:349 
 
 1.16550 
 
 2695.5 
 
 578182 
 
 859 
 
 737881 
 
 633839779 
 
 29.3087 
 
 9.5060 
 
 2.93399 
 
 1.16414 
 
 2698.6 
 
 579530 
 
 860 
 
 739600 
 
 636056000 
 
 29.3258 
 
 9.5097 
 
 2.93450 
 
 1.16279 
 
 2701.8 
 
 580880 
 
 861 
 
 741321 
 
 638277381 
 
 29.3428 
 
 9.5134 
 
 2.93500 
 
 1.16144 
 
 2704.9 
 
 582232 
 
 862 
 
 743044 
 
 640503928 
 
 29.3598 
 
 9.5171 
 
 2.93551 
 
 1.16009 
 
 2708.1 
 
 583585 
 
 863 
 
 744769 
 
 642735647 
 
 29.3769 
 
 9.5207 
 
 2.93601 
 
 1.15875 
 
 2711.2 
 
 584940 
 
 864 
 
 746496 
 
 644972544 
 
 29.3939 
 
 9.5244 
 
 2.93651 
 
 1.15741 
 
 2714.3 
 
 586297 
 
 865 
 
 748225 
 
 647214625 
 
 29.4109 
 
 9.5281 
 
 2.93702 
 
 1.15607 
 
 2717.5 
 
 587655 
 
 866 
 
 749956 
 
 649461896 
 
 29.4279 
 
 9.5317 
 
 2.93752 
 
 1.15473 
 
 2720.6 
 
 589014 
 
 867 
 
 751689 
 
 651714363 
 
 29.4449 
 
 9.5354 
 
 2.93802 
 
 1.15340 
 
 2723.8 
 
 590375 
 
 868 
 
 753424 
 
 653972032 
 
 29.4618 
 
 9.5391 
 
 2.93852 
 
 1.15207 
 
 2726.9 
 
 591738 
 
 869 
 
 755161 
 
 656234909 
 
 29.4788 
 
 9.5427 
 
 2.93902 
 
 1.15075 
 
 2730.0 
 
 5931C2 
 
 870 
 
 756900 
 
 658503000 
 
 29.4958 
 
 9.5464 
 
 2.93952 
 
 1 14943 
 
 2733.2 
 
 594468 
 
 871 
 
 758641 
 
 660776311 
 
 29.5127 
 
 9.5501 
 
 2.94002 
 
 1.14811 
 
 2736.3 
 
 595835 
 
 872 
 
 760384 
 
 663054848 
 
 29.5296 
 
 9.5537 
 
 2.94052 
 
 1.14679 
 
 2739.5 
 
 597204 
 
 873 
 
 762129 
 
 665338617 
 
 29.5466 
 
 9.5574 
 
 2.94101 
 
 1.14548 
 
 2742.6 
 
 598575 
 
 874 
 
 763876 
 
 667627624 
 
 29.5635 
 
 9.5610 
 
 2.94151 
 
 1.14416 
 
 2745.8 
 
 599947 
 
 875 
 
 765625 
 
 669921875 
 
 29.5804 
 
 9 5647 
 
 2.94201 
 
 1.14286 
 
 2748.9 
 
 601320 
 
 876 
 
 767376 
 
 672221376 
 
 29.5973 
 
 9.5683 
 
 2.94250 
 
 1.14155 
 
 2752.0 
 
 602696 
 
 877 
 
 769129 
 
 674526133 
 
 29.6142 
 
 9.5719 
 
 2.94300 
 
 1.14025 
 
 2755.2 
 
 604073 
 
 878 
 
 770884 
 
 676836152 
 
 29.6311 
 
 9.5756 
 
 2.94:349 
 
 1.13895 
 
 2758.3 
 
 605451 
 
 879 
 
 772641 
 
 679151439 
 
 29.6479 
 
 9.5792 
 
 2.94399 
 
 1.13766 
 
 2761.5 
 
 606831 
 
 880 
 
 774400 
 
 681472000 
 
 29.6648 
 
 9.5828 
 
 2.94448 
 
 1.13636 
 
 2764.6 
 
 608212 
 
 881 
 
 776161 
 
 683797841 
 
 29.6816 
 
 9.5865 
 
 2.94498 
 
 1.13507 
 
 2767.7 
 
 609595 
 
 882 
 
 777924 
 
 686128968 
 
 29.6985 
 
 9.5901 
 
 2.94547 
 
 1.13379 
 
 2770.9 
 
 610980 
 
 883 
 
 779689 
 
 688465387 
 
 29.7153 
 
 9.5937 
 
 2.94596 
 
 1.13250 
 
 2774.0 
 
 612366 
 
 884 
 
 781456 
 
 690807104 
 
 29.7321 
 
 9.5973 
 
 2.94645 
 
 1.13122 
 
 2777.2 
 
 613754 
 
 885 
 
 783225 
 
 693154125 
 
 29.7489 
 
 9.6010 
 
 2.94694 
 
 1.12994 
 
 2780.3 
 
 615143 
 
 886 
 
 784996 
 
 695506456 
 
 29.7658 
 
 9.0046 
 
 2.94743 
 
 1 . 12867 
 
 -.'rs.-i.r, 
 
 616534 
 
 887 
 
 786769 
 
 697864103 
 
 29.7825 
 
 9.60H2 
 
 2.94792 
 
 1.12740 
 
 2786.6 
 
 617927 
 
 888 
 
 788544 
 
 700227072 
 
 29 799: J 
 
 9.6118 
 
 2 94841 
 
 1.12613 
 
 2789.7 
 
 619321 
 
 889 
 
 790321 
 
 702595369 
 
 29.8161 
 
 9.6154 
 
 2.94890 
 
 1.12486 
 
 2792.9 
 
 620717 
 
 890 
 
 792100 
 
 704969000 
 
 29.8329 
 
 9.6190 
 
 2.94939 
 
 1.12360 
 
 2796.0 
 
 622114 
 
 891 
 
 793881 
 
 707347971 
 
 29.8496 
 
 9.6226 
 
 2.94988 
 
 1.12233 
 
 2799.2 
 
 623513 
 
 892 
 
 795664 
 
 709732288 
 
 29.8664 
 
 9 621 W 
 
 2.95036 
 
 1.12108 
 
 2802.3 
 
 624913 
 
 893 
 
 797449 
 
 712121957 
 
 29.8831 
 
 9.6298 
 
 2.95085 
 
 1.11982 
 
 2805.4 
 
 626315 
 
 894 
 
 799236 
 
 714516984 
 
 29.8998 
 
 9.6334 
 
 2.95134 
 
 1.11857 
 
 2808.6 
 
 627718 
 
 895 
 
 801025 
 
 716917375 
 
 29.9166 
 
 9.6370 
 
 2.95182 
 
 1.11732 
 
 2811.7 
 
 629124 
 
 896 
 
 802816 
 
 719323136 
 
 29.9*33 
 
 9.6406 
 
 2.95231 
 
 1.11607 
 
 2814.9 
 
 630530 
 
 897 
 
 804(10!) 
 
 721734273 
 
 29.9500 
 
 9.6442 
 
 2.95279 
 
 1.11483 
 
 2818.0 
 
 631938 
 
 898 
 
 806404 
 
 724150792 
 
 29.9666 
 
 9.6477 
 
 2.95328 
 
 1.11359 
 
 2821.2 
 
 633348 
 
 899 
 
 808201 
 
 726572699 
 
 29.9833 
 
 9.6513 
 
 2.95376 
 
 1.11235 
 
 2824.3 
 
 634760 
 
 
NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 301 
 
 Squares, Cubes, Square Roots, Cube Roots, Logarithms, Etc. 
 
 (CONTINUED.) 
 
 
 
 
 Square 
 
 Cube 
 
 
 1000 
 
 No. = Dia. 
 
 No. 
 
 Sq. 
 
 Cube. 
 
 Root. 
 
 Root. 
 
 Log. 
 
 X 
 Recip. 
 
 ^irc'm 
 
 Area. 
 
 900 
 
 810000 
 
 729000000 
 
 30.0000 
 
 9.6549 
 
 2.95424 
 
 1.11111 
 
 2827.4 
 
 636173 
 
 901 
 
 811801 
 
 731432701 
 
 30.0167 
 
 9.6585 
 
 2.95472 
 
 1.10988 
 
 2830.6 
 
 637587 
 
 902 
 
 813604 
 
 733870808 
 
 30.0333 
 
 9.6620 
 
 2.95521 
 
 .10865 
 
 2833.7 
 
 639003 
 
 903 
 
 815409 
 
 736314327 
 
 30.0500 
 
 9.6656 
 
 2.95569 
 
 .10742 
 
 2836.9 
 
 640421 
 
 904 
 
 817216 
 
 738763264 
 
 30.0666 
 
 9.6692 
 
 2.95617 
 
 .10619 
 
 2840.0 
 
 641840 
 
 905 
 
 819025 
 
 741217625 
 
 30.0832 
 
 9.6727 
 
 2.95665 
 
 .10497 
 
 2843.1 
 
 643261 
 
 906 
 
 820836 
 
 743677416 
 
 30.0998 
 
 9.6763 
 
 2.95713 
 
 1.10375 
 
 2846.3 
 
 644683 
 
 907 
 
 822649 
 
 746142643 
 
 30.1164 
 
 9.6799 
 
 2.95761 
 
 .10254 
 
 2849.4 
 
 646107 
 
 908 
 
 
 748613312 
 
 30.1330 
 
 9.6834 
 
 2.95809 
 
 .10132 
 
 2852.6 
 
 647533 
 
 909 
 
 826281 
 
 751089429 
 
 30.1496 
 
 9.6870 
 
 2.95856 
 
 .10011 
 
 2855.7 
 
 648960 
 
 910 
 
 828100 
 
 75-3571000 
 
 30.1662 
 
 9.6905 
 
 2.95904 
 
 1.09890 
 
 2858.8 
 
 650388 
 
 911 
 
 829921 
 
 756058031 
 
 30.1828 
 
 9.6941 
 
 2.95952 
 
 1.09769 
 
 2862.0 
 
 651818 
 
 912 
 
 831744 
 
 758550528 
 
 30.1993 
 
 9.6976 
 
 2.95999 
 
 1.09649 
 
 2865.1 
 
 653250 
 
 913 
 
 883566 
 
 761048497 
 
 30.2159 
 
 9.7012 
 
 2.96047 
 
 1.09529 
 
 2868.3 
 
 654684 
 
 914 
 
 835396 
 
 763551944 
 
 30.2324 
 
 9.7047 
 
 2.96095 
 
 1.09409 
 
 2871.4 
 
 656118 
 
 915 
 
 837225 
 
 766060875 
 
 30.2490 
 
 9.7082 
 
 2.96142 
 
 1.09290 
 
 2874.6 
 
 657555 
 
 916 
 
 83905(5 
 
 768575296 
 
 30.2655 
 
 9.7118 
 
 2.96190 
 
 1.09170 
 
 2877.7 
 
 658993 
 
 917 
 
 SIUSS'.I 
 
 771095213 
 
 30.2820 
 
 9.7153 
 
 2.962437 
 
 1.09051 
 
 2880.8 
 
 660433 
 
 918 
 
 842724 
 
 773620632 
 
 30.2985 
 
 9.7188 
 
 2.96284 
 
 1.08932 
 
 2884.0 
 
 661874 
 
 919 
 
 844561 
 
 776151559 
 
 30.3150 
 
 9.7224 
 
 2.96332 
 
 1.08814 
 
 2887.1 
 
 66*317 
 
 920 
 
 846400 
 
 778688000 
 
 so.asis 
 
 9.7259 
 
 2.96379 
 
 1.08696 
 
 2890.3 
 
 664761 
 
 921 
 
 848241 
 
 781229961 
 
 30.3480 
 
 9.7294 
 
 2.96426 
 
 1.08578 
 
 2893.4 
 
 666207 
 
 922 
 
 850084 
 
 783777448 
 
 30.3645 
 
 9.7329 
 
 2.96473 
 
 1.08460 
 
 2896.5 
 
 667654 
 
 923 
 
 851929 
 
 786330467 
 
 30.3809 
 
 9.7364 
 
 2.96520 
 
 1.08342 
 
 2899.7 
 
 669103 
 
 924 
 
 853776 
 
 788889024 
 
 30.3974 
 
 9.7400 
 
 2.96567 
 
 1.08225 
 
 2902.8 
 
 670554 
 
 925 
 
 855625 
 
 791453125 
 
 30.4138 
 
 9.7435 
 
 2.96614 
 
 1.08108 
 
 2906.0 
 
 672006 
 
 926 
 
 857476 
 
 794022776 
 
 30.4302 
 
 9.7470 
 
 2.96661 
 
 1.07991 
 
 2909.1 
 
 673460 
 
 927 
 
 859329 
 
 796597983 
 
 30.4467 
 
 9.7505 
 
 2.96708 
 
 1.07875 
 
 2912.3 
 
 674915 
 
 928 
 
 861184 
 
 799178752 
 
 30.4631 
 
 9.7540 
 
 2.96755 
 
 1.07759 
 
 2915.4 
 
 676372 
 
 929 
 
 863041 
 
 801765089 
 
 30.4795 
 
 9.7575 
 
 2.96802 
 
 1.07643 
 
 2918.5 
 
 677&31 
 
 930 
 
 864900 
 
 804357000 
 
 30.4959 
 
 9.7610 
 
 2.96848 
 
 1.07527 
 
 2921.7 
 
 679291 
 
 931 
 
 866761 
 
 806954491 
 
 30.5123 
 
 9.7645 
 
 2.96895 
 
 1.07411 
 
 2924.8 
 
 680752 
 
 932 
 
 868624 
 
 809557568 
 
 30.5287 
 
 9.7680 
 
 2.96942 
 
 1.07296 
 
 2928.0 
 
 682216 
 
 933 
 
 870489 
 
 812166237 
 
 30.5450 
 
 9.7715 
 
 2.96988 
 
 1.07181 
 
 2931.1 
 
 683680 
 
 934 
 
 872356 
 
 814780504 
 
 30.5614 
 
 9.7750 
 
 2.97035 
 
 1.07066 
 
 2934.2 
 
 685147 
 
 935 
 
 874225 
 
 817400375 
 
 30.5778 
 
 9.7785 
 
 2.97081 
 
 1.06952 
 
 2937.4 
 
 686615 
 
 936 
 
 876096 
 
 820025856 
 
 30.5941 
 
 9.7819 
 
 2.97128 
 
 1.06838 
 
 2940.5 
 
 688084 
 
 937 
 
 877969 
 
 822656953 
 
 30.6105 
 
 9.7854 
 
 2.97174 
 
 1.06724 
 
 2943.7 
 
 689555 
 
 938 
 
 879844 
 
 825293672 
 
 30.6268 
 
 9.7889 
 
 2 97220 
 
 1.06610 
 
 2946.8 
 
 691028 
 
 939 
 
 881721 
 
 827936019 
 
 30.6431 
 
 9.7924 
 
 2.97267 
 
 1.06496 
 
 2950.0 
 
 692502 
 
 940 
 
 883600 
 
 830584000 
 
 30.6594 
 
 9.7959 
 
 2.97313 
 
 1.06383 
 
 2953.1 
 
 693978 
 
 941 
 
 885481 
 
 833237621 
 
 30.6757 
 
 9.7993 
 
 2.97359 
 
 1.06270 
 
 2956.2 
 
 695455 
 
 942 
 
 887364 
 
 8:35896888 
 
 30.6920 
 
 9.8028 
 
 2.97405 
 
 1.06157 
 
 2959.4 
 
 696934 
 
 943 
 
 889249 
 
 &38561807 
 
 30.7083 
 
 '.(.son: 
 
 2.97451 
 
 1.06045 
 
 2962.5 
 
 698415 
 
 944 
 
 891136 
 
 841232384 
 
 30.7246 
 
 9.8097 
 
 2.97497 
 
 1.05932 
 
 2965.7 
 
 699897 
 
 

 302 NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 Squares, Cubes, Square Roots, Cube Roots, Logarithms, Etc. 
 
 (CONTINUED.) 
 
 
 
 
 Square 
 
 Cube 
 
 
 1000 
 
 No. = Dia. 
 
 No 
 
 Sq. 
 
 Cube. 
 
 Root. 
 
 Root. 
 
 Log. 
 
 X 
 
 Recip 
 
 Circ'm 
 
 Area. 
 
 945 
 
 893025 
 
 843908625 
 
 30.740 
 
 9.813;. 
 
 2.9754 
 
 1.0582 
 
 2968.8 
 
 701380 
 
 946 
 
 894916 
 
 84659053C 
 
 30.757 
 
 9.8167 
 
 2.9758 
 
 1.0570 
 
 2971. 
 
 702865 
 
 947 
 
 896809 
 
 84927812,' 
 
 30.7734 
 
 9.8201 
 
 2.9763 
 
 1.0559 
 
 2975. 
 
 704352 
 
 948 
 
 898704 
 
 851971392 
 
 30.7896 
 
 9.8236 
 
 2.9768 
 
 1.05485 
 
 2978.2 
 
 705840 
 
 949 
 
 900601 
 
 854670349 
 
 30.8058 
 
 9.8270 
 
 2.9772 
 
 1.05374 
 
 2981 4 
 
 707330 
 
 950 
 
 902500 
 
 857375000 
 
 30.822 
 
 9.8305 
 
 2.97772 
 
 1.0526 
 
 2984.5 
 
 708822 
 
 951 
 
 904401 
 
 860085351 
 
 30.8383 
 
 9.8339 
 
 2.97818 
 
 1.05152 
 
 2987. 
 
 710315 
 
 952 
 
 906304 
 
 862801408 
 
 30.854o 
 
 9.8374 
 
 2.97864 
 
 1.05042 
 
 2990.8 
 
 711809 
 
 953 
 
 908209 
 
 86552317" 
 
 30.870" 
 
 9.8408 
 
 2.97909 
 
 1.04932 
 
 2993.9 
 
 713306 
 
 954 
 
 910116 
 
 868250664 
 
 30.8869 
 
 9.8443 
 
 2.9795o 
 
 1.04822 
 
 2997 1 
 
 714803 
 
 955 
 
 912025 
 
 870983875 
 
 30.9031 
 
 9.8477 
 
 2.98000 
 
 1.04712 
 
 3000.2 
 
 716303 
 
 956 
 
 913936 
 
 873722816 
 
 SO. 9192 
 
 9.8511 
 
 2.98046 
 
 1.04603 
 
 3003.4 
 
 717804 
 
 957 
 
 915849 
 
 876467493 
 
 30.9354 
 
 9.8546 
 
 2.98091 
 
 1.04493 
 
 3006.5 
 
 719306 
 
 958 
 
 917764 
 
 879217912 
 
 30.9516 
 
 9.8580 
 
 2.9813" 
 
 1.04384 
 
 3009.6 
 
 720810 
 
 959 
 
 919681 
 
 881974079 
 
 30.967" 
 
 9.8614 
 
 2.98182 
 
 1.04275 
 
 3012.8 
 
 732316 
 
 960 
 
 921600 
 
 884736000 
 
 30.9839 
 
 9.8648 
 
 2.9822" 
 
 1.0416" 
 
 3015.9 
 
 723823 
 
 961 
 
 923521 
 
 887503681 
 
 31.0000 
 
 9,8683 
 
 2.98272 
 
 1.04058 
 
 3019.1 
 
 725333 
 
 962 
 
 925444 
 
 890277128 
 
 31.0161 
 
 9.8717 
 
 2.98318 
 
 1.03950 
 
 3022.2 
 
 726842 
 
 963 
 
 927369 
 
 893056347 
 
 31.0322 
 
 9.8751 
 
 2.98363 
 
 1.03842 
 
 3025.4 
 
 728354 
 
 964 
 
 929296 
 
 895841344 
 
 31.0483 
 
 9.8785 
 
 2.98408 
 
 1.03734 
 
 3028.5 
 
 729867 
 
 965 
 
 931225 
 
 898632125 
 
 31.0644 
 
 9.8819 
 
 2.98453 
 
 1.03627 
 
 3031.6 
 
 731382 
 
 966 
 
 933156 
 
 901428696 
 
 31.0805 
 
 9.8854 
 
 2.98498 
 
 1.03520 
 
 3034.8 
 
 732899 
 
 967 
 
 935089 
 
 904231063 
 
 31.0966 
 
 9.8888 
 
 2.98543 
 
 1.03413 
 
 3037.9 
 
 734417 
 
 968 
 
 937024 
 
 907039232 
 
 31.1127 
 
 9.8922 
 
 2.98588 
 
 1.03306 
 
 3041.1 
 
 735937 
 
 969 
 
 938961 
 
 909853209 
 
 31.1288 
 
 9.8956 
 
 2.98632 
 
 1.03199 
 
 3044.2 
 
 737458 
 
 970 
 
 940900 
 
 912673000 
 
 31.1448 
 
 9.8990 
 
 2.98677 
 
 1.03093 
 
 3047.3 
 
 738981 
 
 971 
 
 942841 
 
 915498611 
 
 31.1609 
 
 9.9024 
 
 2.98722 
 
 1.02987 
 
 3050.5 
 
 740506 
 
 972 
 
 944784 
 
 918330048 
 
 31.1769 
 
 9.9058 
 
 2.98767 
 
 1.02881 
 
 3053.6 
 
 742032 
 
 973 
 
 946729 
 
 921167317 
 
 31.1929 
 
 9.9092 
 
 2.98811 
 
 1.02775 
 
 3056.8 
 
 743559 
 
 974 
 
 948676 
 
 924010424 
 
 31.2090 
 
 9.9126 
 
 2.98856 
 
 1.02669 
 
 3059.9 
 
 745088 
 
 975 
 
 950625 
 
 926859375 
 
 31.2250 
 
 9.9160 
 
 2 98900 
 
 1.02564 
 
 3063.1 
 
 746619 
 
 976 
 
 952576 
 
 929714176 
 
 31.2410 
 
 9.9194 
 
 2.98945 
 
 1.02459 
 
 3066.2 
 
 748151 
 
 977 
 
 954529 
 
 9325748-33 
 
 31.2570 
 
 9.9227 
 
 2.98989 
 
 1.02354 
 
 3069.3 
 
 749685 
 
 978 
 
 956484 
 
 935441352 
 
 31.2730 
 
 9>>m 
 
 2.99034 
 
 1.02249 
 
 3072.5 
 
 751221 
 
 979 
 
 958441 
 
 938313739 
 
 31.2890 
 
 9.9295 
 
 2.99078 
 
 1.02145 
 
 3075.6 
 
 752758 
 
 980 
 
 960400 
 
 941192000 
 
 31.3050 
 
 9.9329 
 
 2.99123 
 
 1.02041 
 
 3078.8 
 
 754296 
 
 981 
 
 962361 
 
 944076141 
 
 31.3209 
 
 9.9363 
 
 2.99167 
 
 1.01937 
 
 3081.9 
 
 755837 
 
 982 
 
 964324 
 
 946966168 
 
 31.3369 
 
 9. 9: 51 1C, 
 
 2.99211 
 
 1.01833 
 
 3085.0 
 
 757378 
 
 983 
 
 966289 
 
 949862087 
 
 31.3528 
 
 9.9430 
 
 2.99255 
 
 1.01729 
 
 3088.2 
 
 758922 
 
 984 
 
 968256 
 
 952763904 
 
 31.3688 
 
 9.9464 
 
 2.99300 
 
 1.01626 
 
 3091.3 
 
 760466 
 
 985 
 
 970225 
 
 955671625 
 
 31.3847 
 
 9.9497 
 
 2.99344 
 
 1.01523 
 
 3094.5 
 
 762013 
 
 986 
 
 972196 
 
 958585256 
 
 31.4006 
 
 9.9531 
 
 2.99388 
 
 1.01420 
 
 3097.6 
 
 763561 
 
 987 
 
 974169 
 
 961504803 
 
 31.4166 
 
 9.9565 
 
 2.99432 
 
 1.01317 
 
 3100.8 
 
 765111 
 
 988 
 
 976144 
 
 964430272 
 
 31.4325 
 
 9.9598 
 
 2.99476 
 
 1.01215 
 
 3103.9 
 
 766662 
 
 989 
 
 978121 
 
 967361669 
 
 31.4484 
 
 9.9632 
 
 2.99520 
 
 1.01112 
 
 3107.0 
 
 768214 
 
 ', _ 
 
NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 Squares, Cubes, Square Roots t Cube Roots, Logarithms, Etc. 
 
 (CONTINUED.) 
 
 990 
 991 
 
 995 
 996 
 997 
 
 Sq. 
 
 Cube. 
 
 980100 970299000 
 
 982081 973242271 
 
 984064 976191488 
 
 986049! 979146657 
 
 988036 982107784 
 
 990025 985074875 
 
 992016 988047936 
 
 994009 991026973 
 
 996004 994011992 
 
 Square 
 Root. 
 
 31.4643 
 31.4802 
 31.4960 
 31.5119 
 31. 
 
 31.5436 
 31.5595 
 31.5753 
 31.5911 
 31.6070 
 
 Cube 
 Root. 
 
 9.9733 
 9.9766 
 
 9.9866 
 9.9900 
 9.9933 
 9. 9967 
 
 Log 
 
 2.99564 
 2.99607 
 2.99651 
 2.99695 
 
 Recip. 
 
 1.01010 
 
 1.00 
 
 1.00806 
 
 1.00705 
 
 1.00604 
 
 2.99782 1.00503 
 .00402 
 2.99870 1.00301 
 2.99913 1.00200 
 2.999571 1.00100 
 
 Circ'm 
 
 3110.2 
 3113.3 
 3116.5 
 3119.6 
 3122.7 
 
 3125.9 
 3129.0 
 3132.2 
 3135.3 
 3138.5 
 
 774441 
 
 776002 
 
INDEX. 
 
NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 INDEX TO TABLES OF STANDARD 
 
 DIMENSIONS OF TUBULAR 
 
 GOODS. 
 
 Axle bearings, bushing forgings for 
 
 Bearings, bushing forgings for 
 
 Bedstead tubing ...... 
 
 Bends, offset pipe bends ..... 
 
 ' ' pipe bends 
 
 " stock pipe bends 
 
 Black standard weight pipe . 
 
 Boiler tubes, cold drawn 
 
 " " special sizes .... 
 
 " " standard ..... 
 Boiler shells, seamless ..... 
 Bowl forgings for separators .... 
 Bushing forgings for axle bearings 
 
 Caps for carbonic acid cylinders. 
 
 Carbonic acid cylinders .... 
 
 Casing, couplings for ..... 
 
 " lap-welded 
 
 Cold drawn tubes, description and uses of 
 " ." tubing for boilers, locomotives, etc. 
 " " tubes, tables of . 
 
 Collar flanges, cast-iron ..... 
 Converse lock joint fittings . 
 
 " patent lock joint for pipe 
 Couplings for drive pipe ..... 
 " " line pipe .... 
 
 " " regular casing .... 
 
 " " steam, gas and water pipe 
 
 " " tubing 
 
 Cylinders, special 8" seamless 
 
 standard 5" and 8" seamless 
 " standard 5" lap- welded 
 
 " 3" to 20" seamless 
 
 PAGE 
 . 91 
 
 . 91 
 . 14 
 
 . 44 
 41-44 
 
 . 43 
 2 
 
 . 73 
 . 13 
 10,11 
 . 90 
 
 . 91 
 . 91 
 
 . 90 
 83-89 
 
 . 16 
 6, 7 
 
 . 72 
 . 73 
 77-81 
 21,25 
 28-32 
 . 27 
 
 . 18 
 . 17 
 
 . 16 
 . 15 
 
 . 18 
 . 86 
 83-85 
 . 89 
 87,88 
 
308 NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 Deflections of National trolley poles . . 46-67 
 
 Double extra strong pipe . . . . . 4 
 
 Double riveted pipe flanges . . . . 23, 25 
 
 Drawn tubing, uses of 70-72 
 
 Drive pipe 8 
 
 " " couplings . . . . . . .18 
 
 Extra strong pipe 3 
 
 Fittings, Converse joint fittings . . . 28-32 
 
 " Matheson " " ... 33-36 
 
 Flanges, cast-iron collar 21, 25 
 
 " ' ' " double riveted ... 23, 25 
 
 " " " single " ... 22, 25 
 
 " " " lugged for special light pipe 19,25 
 
 " " " " pump column . . 20,25 
 
 " Master Steam Fitters' standard . . 26 
 
 " solid welded 24,25 
 
 " threaded, cast-iron ..... 26 
 
 Floats, seamless 90 
 
 Flush joint pipe and tubing 9 
 
 Franklin ite locomotive boiler tubes . . .12 
 
 Galvanized standard weight pipe .... 2 
 Gas pipe couplings . . . _. . .15 
 
 Heating surface of pipe . . . . . 5 
 
 Hot finished seamless tubes .... 74-76 
 
 Hydraulic forgings ... 90, 91 
 
 Joint, Converse lock 27 
 
 " Matheson 33 
 
 Ivap-welded casing 6 
 
 " " cylinders 89 
 
 " " pipe, special light with flanges . 19, 25 
 
 " " with collar flanges . . 21,25 
 
 " " " " double riveted flanges . 23,25 
 
 " " " " single riveted flanges 22,25 
 
 " " " " Converse lock joint . . 27 
 
NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 L,ap-welded pipe with Matheson joint ... 33 
 " " " " solid welded flanges . 24,25 
 
 " " pump columns and flanges . . 20 
 
 " " tuyere pipe . . . . . .14 
 
 Large size O. D. pipe .9 
 
 Light lap-welded pipe with cast-iron lugged flanges 19, 25 
 Line pipe . ....... 8 
 
 Line pipe couplings . . ' . . .17 
 
 Lock joint, Converse 27 
 
 Locomotive boiler tubes, cold drawn ... 73 
 
 " " " lap -welded, special brands 12 
 
 Lugged flanges, cast-iron for special light pipe 19, 25 
 
 " " " " pump column . . 20, 25 
 
 Master Steam Fitters' standard pipe flanges . . 26 
 
 Matheson joint fittings 34-36 
 
 " patent pipe joint ..... 33 
 Mechanical tubes, cold drawn . . . . .73 
 
 National trolley poles 46-67 
 
 Oil well tubing 8 
 
 Pipe bends 41-44 
 
 " couplings, see couplings 
 
 " flanges, see flanges 
 
 " joint, flush , . . . . . .9 
 
 Projectile forgings 91 
 
 Protecting caps for carbonic acid cylinders . . 90 
 
 Pump columns and pump column flanges . . 20 
 
 Radii for pipe bends ...... 42 
 
 Riveted pipe flanges 22, 23, 25 
 
 Salamander locomotive boiler tubes ... 12 
 
 Seamless boiler shells 90 
 
 " cold drawn boiler tubes ... 73 
 
 " tubes . . . . 77-81 
 
 cylinders 83-88 
 
 " " illustrations of . . . 83,87 
 
310 
 
 NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 Seamless cylinders 3" to 20" diameter . 87, 88 
 
 " drawn tubing, description and uses of 70-72 
 
 floats 90 
 
 1 ' hot finished tubes . . . 74-76 
 
 tubular goods .... 70-91 
 
 Separator bowl and tubular forgings 91 
 
 Shrapnel forgings 90 
 
 Single riveted pipe flanges .... 22, 25 
 
 Solid welded flanges 24, 25 
 
 Special 8" seamless cylinders for carbonic acid . 86 
 Special light lap -welded pipe with flanges . . 19, 25 
 
 ' ' sizes of boiler tubes 13 
 
 " steel lap-welded pipe with Converse joint . 27 
 " " " " " " Matheson joint 33 
 
 Standard boiler tubes 10, 11 
 
 " couplings for drive pipe . . . .18 
 " '* " line pipe .... 17 
 
 " " " regular casing . . .16 
 
 " " steam, gas and water pipe 15 
 
 " " " tubing .... 18 
 
 ' ' double extra strong pipe . . . .4 
 
 " drive pipe 8 
 
 " extra strong pipe . . . . .3 
 
 " line pipe ....... 8 
 
 " oil well tubing . . . . . .8 
 
 " seamless cylinders 5" and 8" . . 83-85 
 
 ' ' weight pipe, black and galvanized . . 2 
 
 Steam pipe couplings ...... 15 
 
 Stock pipe bends 43 
 
 Swelled tube ends 37 
 
 Threaded cast-iron pipe flanges . . . .26 
 
 Trolley pole dimensions and deflections. . 46-67 
 
 Tubes, bent 41 
 
 " seamless cold drawn .... 77-81 
 
 " " hot finished .... 74-76 
 
 ' ' special brands locomotive boiler tubes . 12 
 
 " " sizes of boiler tubes . . 13 
 
NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 Tubes, standard boiler tubes .... 10 
 with upset ends 37-40 
 
 Tubing, bedstead 14 
 
 " couplings for . . . . . .18 
 
 " oil well 8 
 
 " seamless cold drawn for boilers, etc . . 73 
 
 Tubular forgings for separators . . . .91 
 
 Tuyere pipe 14 
 
 Upset and swelled tube ends .... 37 
 tube ends 37-40 
 
 Valve protecting caps for carbonic acid cylinders 90 
 
 Water pipe couplings, black and galvanized . . 15 
 Welded flanges, pipe with .... 24-25 
 Working barrels 82 
 
NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 INDEX TO USEFUL INFORMATION. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Absolute temperature ...... 164 
 
 " zero 164 
 
 Acid Bessemer process ...... 201 
 
 " open hearth process 202 
 
 Acids in feed-water 96 
 
 Adiabatic compression and expansion of air, 165, 166, 172 
 After-coolers for air compressors . . . 176 
 
 Air 164-192 
 
 " adiabatic compression and expansion of, 165, 166, 172 
 " Boyle's law for . . . . . . 164 
 
 " Charles' and Gay Lussac's law for . . 164 
 
 " composition of 164 
 
 " compression of 165-171 
 
 " compressors ...... 175-180 
 
 " " after-coolers for . . . .176 
 
 " " compound .... 175-177 
 
 " " capacity of 180 
 
 efficiency of, at different altitudes 178-179 
 " ' ' horse-power required for . . . 180 
 
 " " inter-coolers for . . . 175-178 
 
 " " saving due to compounding . . 177 
 
 " corrosion caused by air in water ... 96 
 
 " expansion of 165, 166 
 
 " flow of, through pipes .... 183-192 
 
 " " " " orifices 182 
 
 ' ' in feed water 96 
 
 " isothermal compression and expansion of 167, 172 
 " pressure curves of ..... 172 
 
 " resistance to flow by valves, etc. . . . 190 
 " saturated with vapor ..... 181 
 
 " specific heat of ...... 165 
 
 ' weight of 164, 181 
 
 " work of compression .... 166-170 
 Analysis of water ....... 98 
 
NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 Basic Bessemer process 201 
 
 ' ' open hearth process 202 
 
 Bearing value of rivets . . . . . 228 
 
 Bending moments of beams, etc . . . . 212,213 
 
 Bessemer process for making steel . . . 201 
 Boilers, acid in feed-water . . . . .96 
 
 " air in feed-water . . . . . 96 
 
 " chimneys for. .... 158-161 
 
 " commercial horse-power of . . . 152 
 " corrosion in ...... 96-98 
 
 " evaporation, unit of . . . . . 152 
 
 " factors of evaporation, table of . . 137 
 
 " feed- water heaters . . . . .154 
 
 " feed water, impurities in . . . 95-98 
 " grease and oil in . .... 96-98 
 
 " horse-power of .... 152, 153 
 
 " impurities in feed-water . . . 85-98 
 
 " incrustation 95-98 
 
 lime in feed-water .... 95.97,98 
 
 " moisture in steam .... 153 
 
 " mud in feed-water . . . . 95, 97 
 
 * " non-conducting coverings . . . 147 
 
 ' oil and grease in 96-98 
 
 " power of boilers .... 152,153 
 
 " pressure, safe working . . 157, 222 
 
 prevention of corrosion . . . 95-98 
 
 " scaling . . .95, 97, 98 
 
 salt in feed- water 96 
 
 strength of . . . . 157, 218, 222 
 
 " treatment of impure feed-water . . 95-98 
 " unit of evaporation .... 152 
 
 Bolts, strain in 244 
 
 ' ' strength of 243 
 
 ' ' weight of 231 
 
 Boyle's law for air and gas ..... 164 
 
 Brake horse-power 152 
 
 Brass plate, weight of . . .236, 237 
 
 British thermal unit .... . 134 
 
NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 Burners, services for ...... 196 
 
 Bursting pressure of pipes, etc. . . . 217-223 
 
 Capacity of air compressors 180 
 
 " " cisterns and tanks . .... 122 
 
 " " cylindrical vessels .... 119 
 
 " " pipes . . . . .118 
 
 " " rectangular tanks .... 123 
 
 Cementation process for making steel . . . 200 
 
 Charles' and Gay Lussac's law .... 164 
 
 Chimneys for boilers ..... 158, 161 
 
 Circle, properties of 260 
 
 table of, by eighths . . . .271 
 
 " " from 1 to 1000 . . . .281 
 
 Cisterns, capacity of 122 
 
 Commercial horse-power of boilers . . .152 
 
 Composition of air ...... 164 
 
 " of water . . . . . .94 
 
 Compound air compressors .... 175, 177 
 
 Compound units, Metric and U. S 253 
 
 Compressors of air 165, 171 
 
 Compressors for air ..... 175, 186* 
 
 Condensation of steam in pipes .... 149 
 Conversion table, Metric and U. S. . . . 251 
 
 Corrosion in boilers and tubes . . . 96, 98 
 
 Cosines, table of 268 
 
 Cotangents 270 
 
 Coverings for steam pipes 147 
 
 Cubes of numbers, table of. . . . . 281 
 Cylinder heads, strength of 223 
 
 Decimals of an inch for each 1-64 .... 235 
 " "a foot for each inch .... 235 
 
 Deflection of beams 212 
 
 " pipes 212-217 
 
 Density of water 94 
 
 Depth of pump suction ...... 131 
 
 Discharge of water from orifices and nozzles . 124 
 
NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 315 
 
 Discharge of water from pipes . 102, 105, 107, 108, 113 
 
 Dry steam, definition of ... 
 
 . 134 
 
 Effective head for water pipes . 
 
 . 112 
 
 " thickness of pipe . 
 
 . 217 
 
 Efficiency of bolts 
 
 . 242 
 
 " " air compressors 
 
 . 178, 179 
 
 Elastic limit, definition of ... 
 
 . 210 
 
 " "of materials 
 
 . 206 
 
 Elastic material 
 
 . 210 
 
 Elasticity, modulus of ... 
 
 206, 210 
 
 Electrical equivalents .... 
 
 . 253-256 
 
 Equivalents, mechanical, electrical and heat 
 
 249, 253-256 
 
 " trigonometrical . 
 
 . 262 
 
 Evaporation, unit of .... 
 
 152 
 
 Expansion of air 
 
 . 165, 166 
 
 Factor of safety ..... 
 
 . 209 
 
 Factors of evaporation, table of 
 
 . 137 
 
 Feed-water heaters .... 
 
 . 154 
 
 Feed- water, impurities in 
 
 95-98 
 
 Fifth roots and fifth powers 
 
 . 277 
 
 Flow of air in pipes .... 
 
 . 183-192 
 
 " " gas " " 
 
 194, 195 
 
 " " steam in pipes .... 
 
 . 142-147 
 
 " " water " " . 101,105, 107, 
 
 110, 112, 113 
 
 " " air through orifices 
 
 . 182 
 
 " " gas " 
 
 194, 195 
 
 " " steam " ... 
 
 . 140, 141 
 
 " " water " "... 
 
 . 124 
 
 Frictional heads 
 
 . 110-112 
 
 Frost, trouble from, in gas pipes 
 
 194, 195 
 
 Gas 
 
 . 194-198 
 
 " flow of, in pipes .... 
 
 194, 195 
 
 4 ' frost, trouble from .... 
 
 . 195 
 
 ' ' holders, weight of . 
 
 197 
 
 " services for burners .... 
 
 . 196 
 
 ' ' vapor contained in 
 
 . 196 
 
 , 
 
NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 Gauges, standard ...... 234 
 
 Gay lyussac's law 164 
 
 Grease in boilers 96-98 
 
 Head, definition of 101, 107 
 
 " effective ....... 112 
 
 frictional 110-112 
 
 " of water for given discharge . . . 102 
 
 table of pressures due to . . .99 
 
 Heads, strength of cylinder .... 223 
 
 Heat equivalents 249, 253-256 
 
 <l intensity 253 
 
 ' ' loss from steam pipes .... 149, 150 
 
 " mechanical equivalent of .... 164 
 
 " specific heat of gases . ... 165 
 
 " " " steam . . . . 134 
 
 Horse-power, definition of .... 151, 152 
 
 ' ' equivalents of . . . . . 249 
 
 " of boilers 152, 153 
 
 of engines . . . .151, 154 
 
 of flowing water . . . . 126 
 
 " of water-wheels .... 126 
 
 " required for air compressors . . 180 
 
 House-service pipes . . . . . . 113 
 
 Impurities in water ... . 95-98 
 
 Incrustation of boilers and pipes . . 95-98 
 Indicated horse-power ..... 151 
 
 Inertia, moment of. .... 211, 213 
 
 Inter-coolers for air compressors . . . 175-178 
 
 Internal bursting pressure .... 217-223 
 
 Iron and steel 200-208 
 
 " " " tenacity of at different temperatures 207, 208 
 
 Iron, weight of plate 236-239 
 
 Isothermal compression and expansion of air, 167, 172 
 
 Latent heat of steam 
 Lime in feed-water 
 Logarithms, table of 
 
 134 
 
 95, 97, 
 
 281 
 
NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 Mathematical tables 267 
 
 Measurement of water . . . . . . 126 
 
 Measures .... ... 246 
 
 Metric System of 249 
 
 Measure of work and power .... 249 
 
 Mechanical equivalents .... 249, 253-256 
 Mechanical equivalent of heat .... 164 
 
 Mensuration 258-261 
 
 Metric conversion tables ..... 251 
 Metric system of weights and measures . . . 249 
 
 Modulus of elasticity 206, 210 
 
 Modulus of section, definition of .... 213 
 
 " " table of .... 211 
 
 Moisture in steam 153 
 
 Moment of inertia, definition of .... 213 
 
 " " table of .... 211 
 
 Mud in feed-water 95, 97 
 
 Non-conducting coverings ..... 147 
 
 Nuts, size of 232, 233 
 
 " weight of 231-233 
 
 Oil in boilers .... 
 
 Pelton water-wheel 
 
 Pillars, strength of wrought iron . 
 
 Pipe, effective thickness of 
 
 " hangers for 
 
 " sag of 
 
 " equivalents ..... 
 Pipes, flow of air in . . . . . 
 
 " " " steam in . . . 
 
 " "water in . . 103,104, 
 
 " relative discharge of steam . 
 
 " " water .. 
 
 " water capacity of ... 
 
 Plastic material 
 Plates, weight of 
 Polygons, regular 
 
 126, 127 
 
 . . 224 
 
 217 
 
 216 
 
 217 
 
 . 114,146 
 
 . 183-192 
 
 . . 142 
 
 107,108,113 
 
 . . 146 
 
 .. 114 
 
 .. 118 
 
 210 
 
 236-239 
 259, 260 
 
NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 Power of boilers, 152, 153 
 
 " " engines 151,154 
 
 " water fall 125 
 
 " " wheels 125-127 
 
 required to raise water .... 130 
 
 Powers, fifth 277 
 
 ' ' second and third . . . . . 281 
 
 Pressure curves of air ...... 172 
 
 " internal bursting .... 217-223 
 
 ' ' of water column 94 
 
 " under different heads .... 99 
 
 Pressures safe for boilers .... 157, 222 
 
 " safe for cast iron pipes . . . 115 
 
 Prevention of corrosion and incrustation . 95-98 
 
 Properties of the circle 260 
 
 " " saturated steam . . . 136, 139 
 
 Pump suction , depth of 131 
 
 Pumping hot water 131 
 
 Pumps and pumping engines .... 130 
 
 Regular polygons 259, 260 
 
 Relative discharging capacities of pipes . .114 
 
 Resistance to flow by bends, etc . . . . 144, 190 
 
 Rivets, strength of 228 
 
 weight of 230 
 
 Roots, table of fifth 277 
 
 " " " square and cube .... 281 
 
 Safety factors 209 
 
 Safe pressures for cast-iron pipes . . . .115 
 Safe working pressures in boilers . . . 157 
 
 Sag of pipe 217 
 
 Salt in feed -water 96 
 
 Saturated steam, definition of .... 134 
 
 properties of . . . 136,139 
 
 Screw-threads . . 240-242 
 
 Services for gas burners. . . . .'"-'-. 196 
 
 Shearing strength of materials . . . 206, 210 
 
 " rivets 228 
 
NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 -^ 
 
 319 
 
 Sheet metal, weight of 
 
 . 236-239 
 
 Sines, table of 
 
 . 267 
 
 Size of nuts 
 
 . 232, 233 
 
 Solids, volumes of . . 
 
 . 261 
 
 Specifications for steel .... 
 
 202 
 
 Specific gravity of steam .... 
 
 . 135 
 
 Specific heat of air .... 
 
 . 165 
 
 " " " steam 
 
 . 134 
 
 Square roots, table of . . . 
 
 . 281 
 
 Squares of numbers, table of ... 
 
 . 281 
 
 Standard gauges 
 
 . 234 
 
 " screw-threads .... 
 
 240-242 
 
 specifications for steel 
 
 . 202 
 
 Steam and steam apparatus 
 
 134-161 
 
 condensation in pipes 
 
 149 
 
 4 ' coverings for steam pipes 
 
 . 147 
 
 " dry, definition of . 
 
 134 
 
 " factors of evaporation, table of 
 
 . 137 
 
 feed-water heaters 
 
 145 
 
 ' ' flow of from orifices 
 
 140, 141 
 
 " " in pipes 
 
 142-147 
 
 " heat loss from pipes 
 
 149, 150 
 
 " horse-power of boilers 
 
 152, 153 
 
 " " " " engines 
 
 151,154 
 
 " latent heat of .... 
 
 134 
 
 " moisture in ..... 
 
 134, 153 
 
 " non-conducting coverings 
 
 147 
 
 ' ' pipe coverings . . . 
 
 147 
 
 " " equivalents 
 
 146 
 
 ' ' power of boilers .... 
 
 152, 153 
 
 " " engines 
 
 151, 154 
 
 " properties of saturated 
 
 136, 139 
 
 *' resistance to flow by bends, etc . 
 
 . 144 
 
 " safe working pressures in boilers . 
 
 157 
 
 " saturated, definition of 
 
 . 134 
 
 ' ' table of properties of 
 
 . 136, 139 
 
 ' ' specific gravity of . 
 
 . 135 
 
 heat of . 
 
 . 134 
 
 
 J 
 
320 
 
 NATIONAL TlTBE COMPANY, 
 
 Steam, super-heated, definition of ... 134 
 
 " " " example of .... 153 
 
 unit of evaporation 152 
 
 " wet, definition of 134 
 
 " " example " 153 
 
 Steel 200-208 
 
 " properties of ...... 206 
 
 " specifications for 202-205 
 
 " tenacity of, at different temperatures 207, 208 
 
 " weight of plate 236-239 
 
 Strain 209 
 
 Strain in bolts 244 
 
 Strength of boilers .... 157, 218, 222 
 
 " bolts 243 
 
 " " cylinders against bursting . . 217-223 
 
 " " cylinder heads .... 223 
 
 " " iron and steel at high temperatures 207, 208 
 
 "materials .A *^- rf / 204-208 
 
 ' rivts J&* 'Vfr-**^*^ . . 228 
 
 " <pfy&*~*^. .... 213-227 
 
 " " wrought iron pillars . . . 224 
 
 Stress 209 
 
 Suction, depth of 131 
 
 Superheated steam, definition of ... 134 
 
 " " example of .... 154 
 
 Tangents, table of 269 
 
 Tanks, capacity of 122, 123 
 
 Temperature conversion formula . . . 253 
 
 Tenacity of metals at different temperatures . . 207 
 
 Treatment of impure feed -water . . . 95-98 
 
 Triangles, solution of ..... 264-266 
 
 Trigonometry . . . . . . . 262-266 
 
 Unit of evaporation ...... 152 
 
 " work 151 
 
 " working strength, definition of . . . 209 
 " shearing " " 210 
 
 Units, compound, Metric and U. S. . . . 253 
 
NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 Vapor contained in air 181 
 
 a 1QA 
 
 gas .. ivv 
 Velocity of discharge . . . . 101, 105, 107 
 Vessels, capacity of cylindrical . . . .119 
 Volumes of solids 261 
 
 Water 94-131 
 
 ' * acids in feed-water 96 
 
 " analysis of 98 
 
 " capacity of cisterns and tanks . . . 122 
 " " " cylindrical vessels . . . 119 
 
 " " " pipes ..... 118 
 
 " " " rectangular tanks . . . 123 
 
 composition of 94 
 
 ' ' depth of suction 131 
 
 4 ' diameter of pipe for given discharge . 103-109 
 
 discharge from orifices and nozzles . 124 
 
 " pipes 102,105,107,108,113 
 
 " " " " relative . . . 114 
 
 " effective head 112 
 
 " flow of , in pipes . 101,105,107,110,112,113 
 " " " " house service pipes . . . 113 
 
 " frictional heads 110 
 
 ' ' grease and oil in boilers .... 96-98 
 ' ' greatest density of ..... 94 
 
 ' head, definition of . . . 101,107 
 
 " "in feet for given discharge . . . 102 
 11 " table of pressures due to ... 99 
 " horse power of flowing water . . 126 
 
 " " " " water-wheels . . . 126 
 
 ' ' impurities in . . . . . 95-98 
 
 " lime in feed-water . . . . 95, 97, 98 
 ( ' measurements of ...... 129 
 
 " miners' inch 129 
 
 " mud in feed -water 95 
 
 4 ' oil and grease in boilers .... 96-98 
 
 " power of water fall ..... 125 
 
 11 " " wheels. . . . 125-127 
 
 4 
 
NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 
 
 Water, power required to raise water . . . 130 
 
 " pressure of water column .... 94 
 
 " under different heads . . .99 
 
 pressures, safe for cast-iron pipes . . 115 
 
 prevention of corrosion and incrustation . 95-98 
 
 pump suction, depth of . . . .131 
 
 pumping hot water . . . .131 
 
 " pumps for water 130 
 
 " relative discharging capacities of pipes . . 114 
 
 ' ' salt in feed-water 96 
 
 " suction, depth of 131 
 
 tabular view of troubles, etc. , caused by im- 
 purities in feed-water .... 97 
 treatment of impure .... 95-98 
 " velocity of discharge . . . 101, 105,107 
 " wheels and motors .... 125-127 
 
 '* weight of ....... 94 
 
 "in pipes 121 
 
 Weight of air 164, 181 
 
 " " bolts and nuts .... 231 
 
 " rivets 230 
 
 " " sheet and plate metal . . . 236 
 
 " " water . . . . . .94 
 
 ' in pipes . . .* . .121 
 
 Weights and measures 246 
 
 " of gas-holders 197 
 
 ' ' Metric system of 249 
 
 Wet steam, definition of 134 
 
 " example of 154 
 
 Work, definition of 151 
 
 " unit of ....... 151 
 
 Work of compression of air .... 167, 170 
 
 Working strength, definition of .... 209 
 

 J _ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 

 TT 
 
 
 


 

 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 5- i 
 
 
 
 i 
 
YA 03 i 
 
 800375 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY