i* 1 "7% Division of Agricultural Sciences 
 
 * ] \ — 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 *'h«\>* \ 
 
 Red Oliver 
 
 Seed 
 
 Production 
 
 L. ©. JONES VICTOR P. OSTERLI 
 
 P. R. BUNNELLE A. D. REED 
 
 CALIFORNIA AGRICULTURAL 
 Experiment Station 
 Extension Service CIRCULAR 432 
 
As <r Cash Crop 
 
 for California legume-seed producers, red clover offers good possibilities. 
 It can be grown for seed nearly anywhere in the state except in the coastal 
 fog belt. New varieties are continually being developed to meet production 
 needs. 
 
 Kenland Rett Clover 
 
 is a recommended forage crop in 29 states, centering in Kentucky, Virginia, 
 Maryland, Ohio, Indiana, and southern Illinois. A short-lived perennial, 
 Kenland is usually used as a biennial for hay, pasture, soiling, and ensilage, 
 and is recommended particularly where southern anthracnose and crown 
 rot are prevalent and frequently destructive to susceptible red clover strains. 
 
 Shaded area shows where Kenland Red Clover is recommended as a 
 forage crop. 
 
 Under California conditions, when grown for seed only, two years of 
 production would normally be expected. In experimental plots at Davis 40 
 to 60 per cent of the old plants die by the end of the second year of produc- 
 tion. 
 
 Estimated N€€(IS of Kenland Red Clover are 
 
 1953 6,691,000 pounds 
 
 1958 18,953,000 pounds 
 
 * From "Estimates of Use of Grass and Legume Seeds" 1951, 1953, and 1958, 
 National Agricultural Mobilization Committee U.S.D.A. The map used above is from 
 "Four New Forage Crops and Where They Will Grow," Crops and Soils, January, 
 1952. 
 
 July, 1953 
 
 THE AUTHORS: 
 
 L. G. Jones is Associate Specialist, Department of Agronomy, Davis. 
 V. P. Osterli is Extension Agronomist, Agricultural Extension Service, Davis. 
 P. R. Bunnelle is Lecturer, Department of Agricultural Engineering, Davis. 
 A. D. Reed is Extension Economist, Farm Management, Agricultural Extension Service, 
 Berkeley. 
 
Rid CLOVER 
 seeo PRODUCTION 
 
 L. G. JONES • VICTOR P. OSTERLI 
 P. R. BUNNELLE • A. D. REED 
 
 To Grow The Seed . • • 
 
 the important things are: preparation of the 
 seedbed . . proper seed . . inoculation and 
 planting methods . . care of stands . . pest control 
 
 Preparation of seedbed 
 
 A FINE, FIRM seedbed is essential. The 
 surface should be firmed by irrigation, 
 rain settling, cultipacking, or ring rolling 
 before seeding. A medium soil of the 
 loam, sandy loam, and clay loam type is 
 preferred. Alkaline and extremely sandy 
 soils should be avoided. 
 
 Choice of seed 
 
 Seed source is important. For produc- 
 tion of certified seed, registered or foun- 
 dation seed must be used. Uncertified 
 seed is difficult to market and brings a 
 lower price. 
 
 Inoculation may be necessary 
 
 Red clover will thrive only if enough 
 proper legume bacteria are present. These 
 may be lacking in soils where true clovers 
 (Trifolium sp.) have not been grown re- 
 cently. The only way to be certain they 
 are present is to inoculate the seed artifi- 
 cially with commercial cultures, available 
 at most seed stores. Good sound advice 
 is — inoculate in all cases of doubt and 
 always on new land. 
 
 Planting methods 
 
 Broadcast seeding requires 10 to 12 
 pounds per acre, while 8 to 10 pounds are 
 
 enough when seeded with a drill. In row 
 plantings l 1 /^ to 2 pounds make satisfac- 
 tory stands. If row plantings are used, 
 row spacings of from 24" to 36" result 
 in maximum yields. The seed should be 
 sown at a depth of about V2 inch. 
 
 Planting in rows is most common in 
 those areas where row cropping is prac- 
 ticed normally. When planted in rows 
 the crop requires less water, and cultiva- 
 tion for control of weeds is possible. 
 
 Row planting on the flat is satisfactory 
 provided the flat surface is maintained. 
 The hypocotyl (small stem) is very short 
 and when planted in furrows or depres- 
 sions is easily covered by soil movement. 
 Seeding on raised beds may aid in estab- 
 lishing fall plantings. Broadcast and 
 close-drill stands are satisfactory also. 
 
 Seeding in early fall will help insure 
 first-year crop production. The seeding 
 should be made early enough to allow 4 
 to 6 true leaves of growth on the seedling 
 plant before the onset of the excessively 
 cold and rainy season. The seedlings are 
 more susceptible to unfavorable growth 
 conditions than either alfalfa or Ladino 
 clover. Spring seedings must be done 
 after the danger of severe frost is over 
 but before hot weather begins. Spring 
 seeding lessens first-year crop yields. 
 
 [3] 
 
Care of stands 
 
 Water requirements of Kenland 
 Red clover are about the same as for al- 
 falfa except that more frequent applica- 
 tions are necessary. To get maximum 
 seed yield keep the plants in a continued 
 vigorous condition throughout the grow- 
 ing and seed-setting period. 
 
 The most satisfactory methods of irri- 
 gation are flooding by means of strip 
 checks and furrow application. Sprinkler 
 irrigation may have limited use only. Re- 
 peated wettings may promote deteriora- 
 tion of the heads and will result in 
 shattering if used after the seed heads 
 begin to mature. The growth and spread 
 of mildew may be favored by sprinkler 
 irrigation. 
 
 Clipping back. This is not generally 
 recommended in red clover seed produc- 
 tion. Except for control of weeds, disease, 
 or insect pests, there is little to be gained. 
 If necessary, it should be done at about 
 the time the first bloom occurs. 
 
 Pollination 
 
 This is essential for a commercial seed 
 crop since the red clover flower is prac- 
 tically self-sterile. Two hives of domestic 
 bees per acre are usually sufficient. These 
 should be placed in the field just as the 
 plants begin to bloom. 
 
 Fertilization 
 
 This often increases yields. In many 
 localities Kenland Red clover seedlings 
 have responded to light applications of 
 nitrogen. Where there is a known or sus- 
 pected phosphorus or sulfur deficiency, 
 these should be supplied. For specific 
 fertilizer recommendations consult the 
 local University of California Farm Ad- 
 visor. 
 
 Pest control 
 
 If not properly controlled, pests can 
 cause severe losses. Consult your Farm 
 Advisor each year for specific control 
 measures. 
 
 Before applying any insecticide, ex- 
 cept sulfur, to a seed field the seed pro- 
 ducer should notify his local Agricultural 
 Commissioner and any beekeepers who 
 may be operating in the immediate vi- 
 cinity. Bees are essential for production 
 of a commercial seed crop. Indiscrimi- 
 nate use of insecticides may kill pollinat- 
 ing insects. Inadequate control of the 
 harmful insects may result through the 
 use of the wrong materials or improper 
 timing of applications. 
 
 Harmful insects. Lygus bugs are 
 sucking insects that can do considerable 
 damage to the flower parts and develop- 
 ing seed. The adults 
 are small greenish to 
 yellowish brown bugs 
 that have a distin- 
 guishing raised "V" 
 on their backs. The 
 young lygus bugs are 
 green-gray to yellow 
 in color with red an- 
 
 Lygus bug 
 
 tennae. Both adults and young are very 
 quick in their movements. 
 
 When only lygus are involved, DDT 
 sprays or dust at the rate of 1.5 pounds 
 of actual DDT per acre are very effective. 
 A 5 per cent DDT, 75 per cent sulfur dust 
 application of 25 to 30 pounds per acre 
 will control lygus bugs and retard likely 
 mite infestations. The time to begin lygus 
 control is when the lygus count reaches 
 six per sweep with a standard insect net. 
 Counts are determined by doubling the 
 nymphal count and adding it to the adult 
 count. For example, two adults and two 
 nymphs per sweep equal a count of six; 
 four adults and one nymph also equal a 
 count of six, as do three nymphs or six 
 adults. 
 
 Grasshoppers can move into seed fields 
 and cause serious damage. When only 
 grasshoppers are involved, toxaphene, 
 chlordane, or aldrin are effective con- 
 trols. The manufacturer's rate recom- 
 
 [4] 
 
mendation should be followed. For fields 
 in bloom toxaphene is recommended. 
 Chlordane and aldrin are very toxic to 
 bees, and so the necessary steps must be 
 taken to protect the bee populations. If 
 both grasshoppers and lygus bugs are 
 present in troublesome numbers, toxa- 
 phene is recommended. 
 
 Armyworms at times could cause dam- 
 age to a red clover seed field. To protect 
 fields from advancing armyworms chem- 
 ical barriers can be used around unin- 
 fested fields. Barriers of 5 to 10 per cent 
 DDT dust 6 inches wide and % inch deep 
 are successful. If the yellow-striped army- 
 worm alone is in the field in damaging 
 numbers or present with lygus bugs, 
 treatments with DDT as for lygus bugs 
 alone are effective. 
 
 Chalcid fly can be controlled only 
 through preventing a build-up of their 
 population. A thorough sanitation pro- 
 gram including elimination of debris and 
 any seed production of small-seeded le- 
 gumes along near-by ditch banks, road- 
 sides, and fence rows will tend to reduce 
 and minimize likely damage from this 
 pest. 
 
 Mites. Spider mites or red spiders can 
 cause widespread damage. Control meas- 
 ures should be started when mites are 
 first noticed. Several different species 
 may be involved. These include Atlantic 
 mite, Brown Almond mite, Pacific mite, 
 and the two-spotted mite. Your Farm Ad- 
 visor can identify these or have them 
 identified. 
 
 Mites are sometimes active on red 
 clover in early February (at Davis) and 
 may by May or June cause serious dam- 
 age. DN 289 or Elgetol 318 are good 
 clean-up sprays, which may be used be- 
 fore the clover comes into full bloom. 
 
 Dusting sulfur at the rate of 30 to 40 
 pounds per acre will control the Atlantic 
 mite. Daytime temperatures must be 80° 
 F. or above for sulfur to be fully effective. 
 Sulfur may cause severe burning of red 
 clover flowers if applied when tempera- 
 tures are above 85° F. 
 
 Aramite and Ovotran sprays and dusts 
 are very effective against mites. Both are 
 safe to use since they are practically non- 
 toxic to bees. Two TEPP sprays applied 
 5 to 7 days apart result in good mite con- 
 trol. TEPP must not be applied during 
 the day when the field force of bees is 
 working, or serious injury will result. 
 Because parathion is so deadly to bees, it 
 cannot be recommended for pest control 
 while the clover is in bloom. 
 
 Weeds. Weed control is essential. 
 Planting the crop on land relatively free 
 of weeds is the first requirement for suc- 
 cessful red clover seed production. Where 
 cultivation is possible, as in row plant- 
 ings, this method is generally most eco- 
 nomical. Hand weeding may be needed 
 to clean up a serious weed pest or remove 
 weeds from the rows. In excessively 
 weedy close-drilled or broadcasted stands 
 it may be necessary to mow, to use herbi- 
 cides, or to rogue in order to eliminate 
 weeds. 
 
 Kenland Red clover seedlings are 
 somewhat more sensitive than alfalfa 
 seedlings to dinitro selectives, and 
 greater caution must be employed when 
 they are used. 
 
 Once the red clover stand is estab- 
 lished, general-contact weed killers can 
 be used. Formulations using 20 to 45 
 gallons of Diesel oil plus 1 quart of gen- 
 eral dinitro in 40 to 70 gallons of water 
 per acre will kill seedling grasses and 
 small broadleaf weeds. Do not let grasses 
 get beyond 1% to 1% inches tall and 
 broadleafed weeds beyond the 2 to 4 
 true-leaf stage of growth before treat- 
 ment. Other proprietary contact weed 
 oils can also be used. 
 
 Where only winter-growing grasses 
 such as ryegrass, annual bluegrass, fox- 
 tail, etc. are present, I.P.C. (O. iso- 
 propyl, N phenyl, carbamate) may be 
 used. It may be applied in the early fall 
 (October 15 through November) and 
 irrigated in, or it can be applied in late 
 February. As a spray the recommended 
 rates are 3 to 5 pounds of active ma- 
 
 [5] 
 
terial in 60 to 100 gallons of water per 
 acre. To be effective I.P.C. must be re- 
 tained in the root zone. Excessive water 
 leaches it below this depth, and insuf- 
 
 ficient amounts may not carry the ma- 
 terial deep enough. The best results are 
 obtained when it is applied just before 
 emergence of the grass seedlings. 
 
 In Harvesting . . • 
 
 check these points: time of harvest . . method 
 of curing . . use of suitable pickup . . adjustment 
 of threshing mechanism . . ground speed . . special 
 attachments for your machinery 
 
 Harvesting should start . . . 
 
 . . . when seed-heads are brown and 90 
 per cent or more of the seed are past the 
 hard-dough stage of maturity. Harvest- 
 ing must be done before an appreciable 
 amount of seed-head deterioration be- 
 gins. On fall plantings (at Davis) the 
 first-year crop normally matures during 
 the months of August and September. 
 Seed from second-year stands, if not cut 
 back, will mature somewhat earlier. 
 
 The harvesting of red clover is divided 
 into two distinct operations: (1) the cur- 
 ing or preparation and (2) the hulling 
 and separation of the seed. The curing 
 is by windrowing and contact spraying. 
 
 Curing methods 
 
 Windrow curing is the most com- 
 monly used method. For windrowing the 
 standard mower with "curler" attach- 
 ment or the windrow swather can be 
 used. The curler, a series of curved bars 
 attached to the rear of the mower cutter 
 bar, leaves a tightly rolled windrow 
 which cures more slowly and is more 
 susceptible to wind and rain damage. 
 When used in row-planted fields or 
 where the stand is sparse, the curler also 
 tends to leave the windrow somewhat 
 bunchy and often noncontinuous. 
 
 The windrow swather has a cutter bar 
 on the front edge of a cross conveyor 
 very much like the header of a combine. 
 It is usually equipped with a pickup reel. 
 The cut material is conveyed either to 
 the center or to one side and deposited 
 
 as a loose, open windrow. Though more 
 expensive, the windrow-swather can be 
 used successfully on all types of stands. 
 
 Windrowing must be done only when 
 the humidity is high or when dew is 
 present on the plants. To minimize shat- 
 tering losses, windrowing is generally 
 done in conjunction with the mowing. 
 
 Spray-curing. Preharvest spraying 
 and direct combining have been very suc- 
 cessful in areas where strong winds and 
 low humidity are a hazard to seed pro- 
 duction. The spray, a dinitro general 
 (Dow or Sinox), applied by airplane at 
 from 1 to 3 pints in 10 to 15 gallons of 
 Diesel oil per acre, is used to condition 
 the crop. Ground-rig application is satis- 
 factory but requires 50 to 100 per cent 
 more oil and sufficient water to make an 
 emulsion that can be applied at rates 
 ranging from 25 to 60 gallons per acre. 
 Spraying is most effective when stands 
 are uniformly mature, open, and erect. 
 Under certain conditions two applica- 
 tions of spray may be desirable. The 
 first will kill the external growth; and 
 the second, a day or two later, will kill 
 the lower and previously protected fo- 
 liage. When two applications are used, 
 1 quart of dinitro in 8 gallons of oil per 
 application is adequate. 
 
 Combining should follow spraying as 
 soon as the leaves are dry — usually about 
 3 to 5 days after treatment. It should be 
 completed within 8 to 10 days or before 
 regrowth, head shatter, pod drop, or 
 popping open of the pods occurs to any 
 
 [6 
 
great extent. The practice of withholding 
 water to dry out stands as a means of 
 curing for direct combining has limited 
 use only. 
 
 Combining. When properly adjusted 
 all commercial harvesters will thresh red 
 clover satisfactorily. The main functions 
 of a combine are concerned with the 
 header in cutting, lifting or feeding the 
 material into the machine, the cylinder 
 in hulling or threshing the seed out of 
 the pods, and the walkers, shoe, and re- 
 turn system, in separating the seed from 
 the straw and chaff. 
 
 Header 
 
 A pickup attachment is used to lift 
 and feed the windrowed material into 
 the harvester. The pickup should be 
 ground-powered, with a peripheral speed 
 10 to 15 per cent faster than the forward 
 speed. This provides a steady tension on 
 the windrow without pulling it apart. 
 The mounting on the header should be 
 such as to prevent back-feeding to the 
 ground. The conventional cutter bar 
 equipped with lifter guards can also be 
 used as a windrow pickup device, but it 
 
 will clip off green stubble that may over- 
 load the tailings-return system. 
 
 For direct combining, the standard 
 cutter bar is used. On lodged or row- 
 planted stands lifters arranged on both 
 sides of the rows or evenly spaced along 
 the cutter bar aid in lifting and properly 
 guiding the material. 
 
 Cylinder and concave 
 
 The hulling is the biggest problem in 
 threshing, and the type of cylinder will 
 affect the efficiency to varying degrees. 
 The rasp-bar cylinder and spike-toothed 
 cylinder do a similarly good job of 
 threshing, except that the latter chops 
 the straw somewhat finer. In limited 
 tests the V-bar has shown a more posi- 
 tive hulling action, and it does a little 
 better job of threshing — but causes 
 slightly more seed damage. 
 
 Avoid seed damage. Excessive 
 seed damage will occur if the peripheral 
 speed of the cylinder (speed of tips of 
 teeth or bars) is too high. The seed from 
 stands conditioned by spraying contains 
 more moisture than windrowed material 
 and is less subject to threshing damage. 
 
 Grain tank 
 
 Cylinder beater 
 Cylinder 
 
 Clean grain elevator 
 
 Straw walker 
 (or rack) 
 
 Tailings return 
 elevator 
 
 Chaffer extension 
 
 Tailings return 
 auger 
 
 Cutter bar -i 
 
 Platform 
 
 Chaffer 
 
 Deflector j £- Cleaning shoe unit 
 Cross section of a typical combine. 
 
 [7] 
 
Under these conditions the cylinder can 
 be run faster, but in no case should it 
 exceed the upper range of the recom- 
 mended speeds (Table 1). Uniform and 
 proper machine load is very important. 
 Even at the proper cylinder speed, in- 
 creasing damage will occur as the cyl- 
 inder load is reduced. 
 
 Cylinder clearance. The clearance 
 between the cylinder and the concave 
 should be from % 2 to % 6 of an inch. 
 Openings in the concave should be 
 blanked off so that the seed pods will 
 travel the entire length of the concave. 
 
 Separation 
 
 Straw carriers (walker, rack, or 
 slatted conveyor) in windrowed red 
 clover normally handle about one third 
 of the total material passing through the 
 machine. When less than this amount is 
 handled, it is either because the cylinder 
 is chopping up the straw excessively or 
 because the openings in the carriers are 
 too large. These openings should then be 
 reduced but not to the point where there 
 is an appreciable loss of free seed over 
 the carriers. 
 
 Cleaning shoe. Chaffers and the air 
 blast in the cleaning shoe must be care- 
 fully adjusted and properly operated to 
 function satisfactorily. An improperly 
 adjusted shoe can cause large amounts 
 of seed to be lost. 
 
 For best performance the chaffer 
 should be well opened. A minimum 
 clearance through the openings of about 
 % inch has been found satisfactory 
 
 under usual conditions. If the openings 
 are too small, separation is inadequate, 
 and excessive amounts of seed may be 
 lost over the rear of the shoe. Openings 
 that are too large result in overloading 
 the lower sieve and the tailings-return 
 system. 
 
 Wind adjustments should be made by 
 starting out with too much air and then 
 gradually reducing it until the adjust- 
 ment for minimum seed loss over the 
 rear of the shoe is found. Too much air 
 causes free seed to be blown out in the 
 air stream above the chaff. Insufficient 
 wind causes seed to be carried out in the 
 main body of the chaff stream and also 
 results in overloading of the lower sieve 
 and the tailings return. In addition, the 
 seed in the bin or sack will have more 
 dirt in it. 
 
 For the best performance the chaffer 
 extension should be raised to slightly 
 above horizontal, and the openings 
 should have a little more clearance than 
 is required for those on the main chaffer. 
 
 A 34o _mcn round-hole sieve under the 
 chaffer is recommended in place of the 
 adjustable sieve with which the machine 
 is normally equipped for grain. 
 
 Ground speed 
 
 Operating ground speed is important 
 in regulating machine load. An insuf- 
 ficient load promotes increasing seed 
 damage, especially with V-bar cylinders. 
 An excessive load may cause feeding 
 difficulties and increased seed losses over 
 the rear of the machine. Correct ground 
 
 Table 1. Recommended Peripheral Cylinder Speeds for Different Types 
 of Cylinders Operating in Windrowed or Spray-cured Red Clover. 
 
 Type of cylinder 
 
 Peripheral cylinder-speed FPM 
 
 Windrowed crop 
 
 Spray-cured crop 
 
 Rasp-bar or spike-tooth 
 
 5,000-5,500 
 4,800-5,300 
 
 5,500-6,000 
 
 V-bar 
 
 5,300-5,700 
 
 
 
 [8] 
 
Table 2. Revolutions per Minute for Various Peripheral Speeds 
 and Cylinder Diameters. 
 
 Cylinder diameter 
 in inches 
 
 RPM 
 
 to give 
 4,500 ft. 
 per min. 
 
 RPM 
 to give 
 
 5,000 ft. 
 
 per min. 
 
 RPM 
 to give 
 5,500 ft. 
 per min. 
 
 RPM 
 to give 
 
 6,000 ft. 
 
 per min. 
 
 14 
 
 1,230 
 1,075 
 955 
 860 
 780 
 715 
 
 1,360 
 
 1,190 
 
 1,060 
 
 955 
 
 870 
 
 795 
 
 1,510 
 1,315 
 1,165 
 1,050 
 950 
 875 
 
 1,645 
 1,435 
 1,270 
 1,145 
 1,040 
 955 
 
 16 
 
 18 
 
 20 
 
 22 
 
 24 
 
 Peripheral speed, feet per minute = 3.1416 X 
 
 cylinder diameter in inches 
 
 12 
 
 X rpm. 
 
 speed is determined by the free seed 
 losses over the cleaning shoe. It is usually 
 not economically practical to try to re- 
 duce seed losses below 5 to 10 pounds 
 per acre because of reduced machine 
 capacities. Ground speeds will vary from 
 0.5 mph in heavy growth to 1 mph or 
 more in medium to light stands. 
 
 Special attachments 
 
 Certain special attachments are op- 
 tional. A pan or canvas suspended under 
 the machine will catch seed that might 
 leak from around the cleaning shoe, ele- 
 vator doors, joints between header and 
 combine, and elsewhere. 
 
 A reel is necessary only when direct- 
 
 combining very thin stands. It should be 
 ground-powered and driven slightly 
 faster than ground speed. 
 
 A reverse gear, or at least a clutch, on 
 the feeder mechanism drive is desirable. 
 
 Flax rolls, though not essential in red 
 clover, do retard the incoming material 
 and hold it so that the cylinder has more 
 of a combing action. 
 
 Care of seed. Threshed seed is 
 moved from the field directly to seed 
 warehouses either in sacks or in bulk. 
 Bulk handling reduces labor require- 
 ments and eliminates the use of sacks. 
 Seed harvested from spray-cured fields 
 should be cleaned or dried immediately 
 to prevent heating. 
 
 Production Costs . . . 
 
 check yours against the examples given here 
 
 Cost of production for Kenland Red 
 clover seed will naturally vary with loca- 
 tion, soil type, and other conditions. The 
 example given in the tables on the follow- 
 ing pages is representative of conditions 
 in most of the areas where production is 
 feasible. The costs are such as should be 
 
 achieved under good management prac- 
 tices. 
 
 The data on cost per pound with vari- 
 ous yields show the importance of getting 
 maximum yields during both production 
 seasons. A low yield either year can run 
 the cost above the market price. 
 
 [9] 
 
Sample Inputs and Costs for Kenland Red Clover 
 
 Cost per acre 
 
 Costs to establish stand 
 
 Seed bed preparation — plow, disc, check, roll— 1 man, medium 
 
 tractor 3.5 hours at $3.50 $ 12.25 
 
 Preirrigate— 1 man-hour at $1.00 $ 1.00 
 
 Water— \i acre-foot at $4.00 1.00 
 
 2.00 
 
 Plant— 1 man, small tractor y z hour at $2.40 80 
 
 Seed— 8 lb. at $.80 6.40 
 
 7.20 
 
 Miscellaneous — Taxes Yv year 2.00 
 
 Interest $400 at 5% for ]/ 2 year 10.00 
 
 12.00 
 
 Total cost to establish stand $ 33.45 
 
 Cultural costs — two years 
 
 Irrigate* — 16 times per year — 16 man-hours at $1.00 16.00 
 
 Water— 8 acre-feet at $4.00 32.00 
 
 48.00 
 
 Bees — 2 hives per acre per year 18.00 
 
 Fertilize — once each year 
 
 Two men and small tractor 0.4 hour at $3.10 1.24 
 
 Fertilizer, if needed (300-600 pounds single superphosphate) . . . 9.60 
 
 10.84 
 
 Spray — 2 times per year 
 
 Man and small tractor 0.4 hour at $2.10 84 
 
 Spray material 10.00 
 
 10.84 
 
 Miscellaneous — Taxes 2 years 8.00 
 
 Interest $433.45 at 5% for 2 years 43.34 
 
 Seed certification 20 
 
 51.54 
 
 Total cost 139.22 
 
 Harvest costs — two years 
 
 Mow and rake — 3 times — 1 hay crop and 2 seed crops 
 
 Man and light tractor 3.5 hours at $2.10 7.35 
 
 Bale— 1 ton at $5.00 5.00 
 
 Combine — 2 times 
 
 One man and combine — 2 hours at $4.00 8.00 
 
 Sacks 50 
 
 8.50 
 
 Total harvest cost 20.85 
 
 Less credit for one ton hay 20.00 
 
 Total cost per acre for uncleaned seed $173.52 
 
 Cleaning seed — 6 cents per pound clean seed 
 
 * The number of irrigations will depend on soil type and locality and may vary from 4 to 16 applications 
 per season. 
 
 [10] 
 
Cost per pound cleaned seed based on two years production 
 
 Pounds clean 
 
 seed per acre 
 
 300 
 
 600 
 
 900 
 
 1,200 
 
 1,500 
 
 Cultural and 
 
 harvest costs, 
 
 cents 
 
 57.8 
 
 28.9 
 
 19.3 
 
 14.5 
 
 11.6 
 
 Cleaning, 
 cents 
 
 6.0 
 6.0 
 6.0 
 6.0 
 6.0 
 
 Per pound 
 
 total cost, 
 
 cents 
 
 63.8 
 
 34.9 
 
 25.3 
 
 20.5 
 
 17.6 
 
 In order that the information in our publications may be more intelligible it is sometimes necessary 
 to use trade names of products or equipment rather than complicated descriptive or chemical iden- 
 tifications. In so doing it is unavoidable in some cases that similar products which are on the market 
 under other trade names may not be cited. No endorsement of named products is intended nor is 
 criticism implied of similar products which are not mentioned. 
 
 Co-operative Extension work in Agriculture and Home Economics, College of Agriculture, University of California, and United States Department of Agriculture 
 cooperating. Distributed in furtherance of the Acts of Congress of May 8, and June 30, 1U14. J Earl Coke, Director, California Agricultural Extension Service. 
 
 10m-7,'53(A7484)AA 
 
 11 
 
* 
 
 AGRONOMY TRAINING 
 
 leads to many careers 
 
 AGRICULTURAL INDUSTRIES 
 
 RESEARCH ORGANIZATIONS 
 
 GOVERNMENT AGENCIES 
 
 FARMING 
 
 Agronomy deals with the production and 
 improvement of field crops, pastures, and 
 rangelands. 
 
 Agronomic crops are grown on more than 
 half of California's agricultural land. 
 
 Trained agronomists are needed to 
 produce more foodstuffs, 
 handle speciality crops, 
 develop improved varieties, 
 devise and apply scientific methods. 
 
 Training at Davis has special advantages: 
 Instructors who are leaders in their fields, 
 and are active in research on today's farm 
 problems. 
 
 The University farm, for practice and ex- 
 periment in one of the nation's richest farm 
 areas. 
 
 Modern facilities, for better study and re- 
 search. 
 
 An uncrowded campus, with many new 
 buildings. 
 
 Letters and Science college on the same 
 campus, broadening the scope of education. 
 
 FOR FURTHER INFORMATION 
 on agronomy write to Maurice L. Peterson, 
 
 opportunities 
 
 on entrance 
 requirements 
 
 on college 
 opportunities 
 
 chairman, agronomy depart- 
 ment. 
 
 write to Howard B. Shontz, 
 office of the registrar. 
 
 see your County Farm Ad- 
 visor for college entrance 
 counsel. 
 
 University of California * Davis, Calif. 
 
 CAREERS IN 
 
 farm management 
 
 farm operation 
 
 seed processing 
 
 seed marketing 
 
 agricultural industry 
 
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 farm service houses 
 
 teaching 
 
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 STUDY INCLUDES 
 
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