jl i!!!;ll!ni!!!i)ii!nil!H;-i.l;!)| ■in.,,. II lllii Mi ..iiiilnilif 'iiiil' ;ji! i \m hi iiii uliii ■m !^".„!i! n;i!i I i!!!! ! LISKARY' UNIVEI^SITY OF CALIFORNIA RIVERSIDE THE CELL/IK r^DOr SliCI ^^b^ l)4d (Ut^Um '^^^JitA'^l^cJC iiAaAy\y R. P. UND^'P '-f=:R 1867 Ai.VA . ON R3. E. CL^-VELAND 12, OHIO LIBERIA DESCRIPTION HISTORY PROBLEMS BY FREDERICK STARR CHICAGO 1913 \)\ Copyrighted, 1913 Bv FREDERICK STARR i ' ! CHICAGO THIS BOOK IS DEDICATED TO WILLIAM N. SELIG OF CHICAGO IN EVIDENCE OF APPRECIATION AND AS A TOKEN OF REGARD PREFACE Africa has been partitioned among the nations. The little kingdom of Abyssinia, in the north, and the Re- public of Liberia, upon the west coast, are all of the continent that remain in the hands of Africans. Li- beria alcme is in the hands of negroes. Will it remain so, or is it destined to disappear? Is it a failure? The reports which have so frequently been printed in books of travel and elementary treatises of ethnology appear almost unanimous in the assertion that it is. Yet there are those who believe that the Black Re- public is far indeed from being a failure. We are not willing to admit that its history and conditions warrant the assumption that the black man is inca- pable of conducting an independent government. A successful Liberia would be a star of hope to the Dark Continent. In Liberian success there lies African Redemption; redemption, not only in the religious sense, but redemption economic, social, governmental. If the black men can stand alone in Liberia, he can stand alone elsewhere ; if the negro is able to organize and maintain a government on the west coast, he can do the same on the east coast, and in the southern part of Africa. Africa is restless under the white man ; it makes no difference whether the ruler be Portu- guese, French, German, Spanish, Belgian, or English, the native is dissatisfied under the present regime. It is recognized that a spark may cause a conflagration through negro Africa. On the other hand, the colonial burden of the European governments grows heavy; the trade advantages of holding Africa might be erjually gained without the expense and trouble of administration; it is mutual jealousy, not great sue- VI PREFACE. cess, which holds the European powers in Africa. Were each convinced that withdrawal would not give advantage to other powers, that abdication would not be recognized as weakness, that free trade with black men might not result in individual national advan- tage, they would be quite ready to withdraw from the Dark Continent. In every colony the native is ad- vancing; education becomes more general; it must continue to diffuse itself, and with diffusion of knowl- edge among the natives, restlessness will be increased ; the colonial burden will become heavier, — not lighter. If Liberia prospers, it will stand as an example of what black men can do to all the other negro popula- tions of the continent; its example would stimulate advance for all; the sight of enterprises originating with negroes and carried out by them would give heart and stimulus to negroes everywhere. This does not mean that all the European colonies should neces- sarily become republics; far from it. Nor would it mean, unless the home governments were blind and ignorant, a necessary severance between the mother country and its colonies; it would, however, lead to a great measure of home rule and to a large develop- ment of self-government. Wauwermans, years ago, recognized the powerful influence which a successful Liberia must needs exert. He says : ' ' From this little state, the size of Belgium, whose population does not surpass, including the natives, a fifth part of the pop- ulation of our country, will go forth perhaps some day the best imaginable missionaries to extend over the Black Continent the benefits of civiliza- tion and to found the free United States of Africa, sufficiently powerful to defy the covetousness of white men and to make justice reign, so far as it can reign among men." One of the most thoughtful writers regarding the Republic is Delafosse who, for a time, was French Consul at Monrovia. He has written upon Liberia on various occasions, and what he says always deserves consideration. On the whole he is not a hostile critic, PREFACE. VU having a rather friendly feeling toward Liberians and being deeply interested in the Republic. We trans- late some passages from his writings, as his point of view is original. He says: "If one consider the Liberians superhcially — civilized, clad, knowing how to read and write, living in relatively comfortable houses, — one will probably hnd them superior to the natives. Actually, they are rather inferior to them, as well from the moral point of view as from the point of view of general well-being." Further on he says : ' ' First, along the coast and in the east, we see the Krumen, a race of workers, ener- getic, proud, and fighters, but honest, rejoicing in a fine physical and moral health, jealous of the virtue of their women, of a most careful cleanliness. What a contrast do they make by the side of the idle and non- chalant Liberians, expecting everything from the State, subject to every kind of congenital disease, and in particular to tuberculosis, never washing them- selves, nourishing themselves with food which a native slave would not accept, decimated by a considerable mortality, having generally very few children, of whom, moreover, the greater part are born scrawny, weak, devoted beforehand to an early death ! If we cast our eyes upon the natives of the west and north, the Vai and other tribes of the Mandingo race, it is a different grade of comparison which offers it- self to us, but always to the disadvantage of the Libe- rians. These natives half islamized, have, much more than the Liberians, the sentiment of human dignity, and their costume, fitted to the climate and the race, far from rendering them ridiculous, as the European does the Liberians, is not devoid of a certain testhetic character. They have, the Vai and the Manienka, above all, a superior intelligence of commercial affairs. The Vai have even a self-civilization which makes this little tribe one of the most interesting peoples of Africa; alone, of all the negroes known, they possess an alphabet suited to the writing of their language, and this alphabet, which they have completely in- Vlll PREFACE. vented themselves, has no relationship with any other known alphabet. A Vai native named Momolu Mas- saquoi has just established at Ghendimah, not far from the Anglo-Liberian boundary, a sort of model village, and in this village, a school where he jjroposes to teach the language and the literature of his coun- try. I do not know what is the result of this attempt, but it seems to me interesting, being an attempt purely indigenous in character toward perfectment, at- tempted alongside of the effort toward perfectionment by adaptation of European civilization which has so badly succeeded in Liberia." Again, after having given an attractive description of the first impression made upon the stranger by Liberia and its inhabitants, our author proceeds to say: "Now, the spectacle which offers itself to the eyes of the visitor is less beautiful. It is the spec- tacle of a nation in decadence. And this fact of a nation not yet a century old which, starting from nothing, raised itself in twenty years to its apogee, and has commenced, at the end of barely sixty years, to fall into decay, this fact, I say, deserves that one should pause, for at first sight it is not natural. And it can only find its explanation in the theory which I attempt to develop here, to wit: That the negroes in general, and the Liberians in particular, are emi- nently susceptible of perfectionment and progress, but that this perfectionment and this progress are destined to a sudden check, and even to a prompt decadence, if one has sought to orient them in the direction of our European civilization. I have said that the spectacle which offers itself today to the eyes of the visitor is that of a nation in decadence. In fact, the beautiful broad streets cut at the beginning still exist, but they are invaded by vegetation and guttered by deep gullies which the rains have cut and which one does not trouble to fill up; the enclosing walls about the different prop- erties are half destroyed, without any one's seeking to repair them; a mass of houses in ruin take away PREFACE. IX from the smiling and attractive aspect of the city; even houses in process of construction are in ruins; a superb college building erected at great expense upon the summit of the cape, is abandoned, and one permits it to be invaded by the forest and weathered by the rain; the stairway which leads to the upper story of Representatives' Hall, having crumbled, has never been reconstructed, and a sort of provisional flight of steps has been for years back the only means of access which permits the cabinet officers to enter their offices ; the landings waste away stone by stone, and it is diflficult to draw boats up to them ; the shops where one formerly constructed vessels and landing- boats, have disappeared; roads, from lack of care, have almost everywhere become native trails again; the plantations of sugar-cane and ginger are matters of ancient history, and fields, which formerly were well cultivated, have returned to the state of virgin forest; coffee plantations have run wild, choked by the rank vegetation of the tropics. The level of in- struction has lowered, the new generations receive only an education of primary grade ; of the University of Monrovia there remains only the najne and some mortarboard caps which one at times sees upon the heads of professors and candidates. All, however, is not dead in the Republic. There is yet a nucleus of Liberians of the ancient time, remarkably instructed and civilized, excellent orators, fine conversationalists, writers of talent. There are also among the young people some choice minds, who desire to elevate the intellectual and moral level of their country and who seek to do so by published articles, by lectures, by literary clubs, and by new schools. ' ' There is much food for thought in these state- ments of Delafosse. Some of his arraignment is true ; on the whole, it is less true to-day than when he wrote. There was a period when the Liberians were quite discouraged and things were neglected. Much of this neglect still exists. It would be possible to-day to X PREFACE. find houses falling to ruins, crumbling walls, guttered streets, unsatisfactory landing-places. But a new energy is rising; the effects of efforts put forth by the nucleus which Delafosse himself recognizes as existing in Liberia are being felt; contact with the outside world with its stimulus, sympathies, and friendships, warrants the hope that the future Liberia will surpass the past. We make no attempt to answer Delafosse in detail; in the body of our book most of the questions raised by his remarks are discussed with some fullness. In this book we attempt to represent the negro republic as it is — Description, History, Problems. We have desired to paint a just picture ; some may think it too favorable; to such we would say that, when there have been so many unfair, unjust, and biased statements, it is necessary that some one should say things that are favorable, so that they be true. We have no right to demand more from Liberia than we would expect from any white colony with everything in its favor ; yet that is precisely what everybody does. We demand perfection. We forget that perfection is not yet attained in any country, among people of any color. It is unreasonable to demand it in a small African republic of black men. There is no fairness even in comparing Liberia with English and French colonies like Sierra Leone and Senegal. They have had much done for them. The financial resources, the trained forces, the wise judgment of rich and powerful nations have aided them. Liberia has worked alone, blindly, in poverty. While to some we may seem to paint an unduly favorable picture, it is probable that Liberians will claim that we have dragged some things to light which should be left unmentioned. We have mentioned many of the weaknesses of Liberia and her people. This has been done for several reasons. It is a good thing to "see ourselves as others see us"; the weak points of Liberia are always emphasized by critics, they can not well be ignored by friends. If we are to PREFACE. XI ' improve, we must clearly realize the opportunity and necessity for improvement. The worst things, after all, about Liberia are largely inherent in its form of government, or are due to the descent of the Americo- Liberians from American slaves. They must fight against these inherent dangers and tendencies of demo- cratic government and against the disadvantages of American inheritance, as we do. From time to time, in reading, we have gathered a considerable number of quotations from Liberians, past and present, which seem to us of special interest and pertinence. These we have prefaced to the chap- ters and sub-divisions of our book. They are all expressions of black men regarding their home and problems. Some of them are eloquent, all of them are sensible. Thoughtful Liberians have never been blind to national dangers, national weaknesses, national problems. The materials which we present have been culled from many sources ; the book contains little that is absolutely new. For its preparation we have read double the literature which has been found mentioned in bibliographies and in books treating of Liberia. "We have made constant use of Johnston, Wauwer- mans, Delafosse, Jore, and Stockwell. As the book is meant for general reading, we have made no precise references. This is not due to neglect of writers and sources, but is in the nature of our treatment. We present no bibliography; it would be easy to fill pages with the titles of books and articles, dealing with Liberia, but such a list would be mere pedantry here, especially as four-fifths of the works named would be absolutely inaccessible even to students with the best library equipment at their disposition. The author has made a considerable collection of pamphlets printed in Liberia, by Liberian authors, dealing with Liberian matters. A list of these almost unknown prints would have real interest for the special student of Liberian affairs and for professional XU PREFACE. librarians; such a list may perhaps be printed later, in separate form. Thanks are due to so many friends and helpers that it is impossible to make individual acknowledg- ment. We were treated with great courtesy, while in Liberia; from President Howard in the Executive Mansion to the school children upon the village streets, every one was kind. It was generally recognized that the author was a white visitor to the Republic without a personal axe to grind. He represented no govern- ment, no commission, no institution, was seeking no concession, had no mission — a rara avis truly. While it would be impossible to name all from whom kind- ness and courtesy were received — for that would be an enumeration of all we met — we may perhaps men- tion as particularly kind Ex-President Barclay, F. E. R. Johnson, T. McCants Stewart, C. B. Dunbar, Bishop Ferguson and Vice-President Harmon. To Major Charles Young, military attache to the Ameri- can Legation, we are under greater obligations than we can mention. Campbell Marvin was our companion and helper throughout our visit to the Republic, and gave us faithful aid in every way. We dedicate the book to William N Selig, of Chicago, whose kindness and interest made the expedition possible. The book is written in the hope of arousing some interest in Liberia and its people and of kindling sympathy with them in the effort they are making to solve their problems. For Liberia is the hope of the Dark Continent. Through her, perhaps, African Redemption is to come. CONTENTS DESCRIPTION. Physiography 1 Political Geography 21 Society 25 Government 36 Economics 43 HISTORY. 1821—1828 52 1828—1838 71 1838—1847 80 1847—1913 88 PROBLEMS. Boundary Questions ICO The Frontier Force 118 Development of Trade and Transportation 131 The Native 144 Education 160 Immigration 185 Public Debt and Foreign Loans 199 Politics 210 The Appeal to the United States 221 REPRINT ARTICLES. The Liberian Crisis (Vniti/, March 25, 1909) 229 The Needs of Liberia (The Open Court, March, 1913) . . .231 A Sojourner in Liberia (The t^pirit of Misstonfi, April, 1913) 231 xiii XIV CONTENTS. Liberia, the Hope of the Dark Continent {JJnitif, March 20, 1913) 235 What Liberia Needs {The Independent, April 3, 1913) . . .235 Should the African Mission be Abandoned {The Spirit of Missions, August, 1913) 241 The People of Liberia {The Independent, August 14, 1913) 244 APPENDICES. Leading Events in Liberian History 251 Declaration of Independence in Convention ......257 Constitution of the Republic of Liberia 261 Suggestions to the United States 273 Presidents and Vice-President^; Secretaries of State.... 276 The National Hymn 277 LIBERIA A more fertile soil, and a more productive country, so far as it is cultivated, there is not, we believe, on the face of the earth. Its hills and its plains are covered with a verdure which never fades; the productions of nature keep on in their growth through all the seasons of the year. Even the natives of the country, almost without farming tools, without skill, and with very little labor, raise more grain and vegetables than they can consume, and often more than they can sell. Cattle, swine, fowls, ducks, goats, and sheep, thrive without feeding, and require no other care than to keep them from straying. Cotton, coffee, indigo, and the sugar cane, are all the spontaneous growth of our forests, and may be cultivated at pleasure, to any extent, by such as are disposed. The same may be said of rice, Indian corn, Guinea corn, millet, and too many species of fruits and vegetables to be enumerated. Add to all this, we have no dreary winter here, for one-half of the year to consume the produc- tions of the other half. Nature is constantly renewing herself, and constantly pouring her treasures, all the year round, into the laps of the industrious. — Address by Liberians : 1827. DESCRIPTION Physiography — 1. There are various inherent difficulties in African Geography. The population of the Dark Continent is composed of an enormous number of separate tribes, each with its own name, each with its own language. Most of these tribes are small and occupy but small areas. For a mountain, or other conspicuous natural landmark, each tribe will have its own name. What name is given by a traveler to the feature will be a matter of accident, depending upon the tribe among which he may be at the time that he inquires about the name; different names may thus be easily applied to the same place, and confusion of course results. Even within the 1, 1 2 LIBERIA, limits of a single tribe different names in the one language may be applied to the same place; thus, it is regular for rivers to have different names in different parts of their course; it is nothing uncom- mon for the same river to have four or five names among the people of a single tribe, for this reason. Throughout Negro Africa, towns are generally called by the name of the chief; when he dies, the name of the town changes, that of the new chief being assumed. Again, throughout Africa, towns change location frequently ; they may be rebuilt upon almost the same spot as they before occupied, or they may be placed in distant and totally new surroundings. For all these reasons, it is difficult to follow the itine- rary of any traveler a few years after his report has been published. All these difficulties exist in Liberia, as in other parts of Africa. More than that, Liberia has itself been sadly neglected by explorers. Few expeditions into the interior have been so reported as to give adequate information. Sir Harry Johnston says that the interior of Liberia is the "least known part of Africa." 2. Liberia is situated on the west coast of Africa, in the western part of what on old maps was known as Upper Guinea. Both Upper and Lower Guinea have long been frequented by European traders; different parts of the long coast line have received special names according to the natural products which form their characteristic feature in trade ; thus we have the Grain Coast, Ivory Coast, Slave Coast, Gold Coast. Liberia is the same as the old Grain Coast and was so called because from it were taken the grains of ' ' Malagueta Pepper, ' ' once a notable import in Europe. Liberia has a coast line of some 350 miles, from the Mano River on the west to the Caballa River on the east and includes the country extending from 7° 33' west to 11° 32' west longitude, and from 4° 22' north to 8° 50' north latitude. Its area is approximately 43,000 square miles — a little more than that of the state of Ohio. DESCRIPTION. 3 3. The coast of Liberia is for the most part low and singularly uninteresting. Throughout most of its extent a rather narrow sandy beach is exposed to an almost continuous beating of surf; there is not a single good natural harbor ; where rivers enter the sea there is regularly a dangerous bar; here and there, ragged reefs of rocks render entrance difficult. There is no place where vessels actually attempt to make an entrance ; they regularly anchor at a considerable distance from the shore and load and unload by means of canoes and small boats sent out from the towns. At Cape Mount near the western limit of the country a promontory rises to a height of 1068 feet above the sea. It is the most striking feature of the whole coast. There is no other until Cape Mesurado, upon which the city of Monrovia stands; it is a notable cliff, but rises only to a height of 290 feet. At Bafu Point, east of the Sanguin River, there is a noticeable height. These three, diminishing from west to east, are the only three actual interruptions in the monotonous coast line. 4. Five-sixths of the total area of the Republic is covered with a forest, dense even for the tropics. Almost everywhere this forest comes close down to the sandy beach and the impression made upon the traveler who sails along the coast is one of perpetual verdure. The highest lands are found in the east half of the country. In the region of the Upper Caballa River just outside of Liberia, French authori- ties claim that Mount Druple rises to a height of 3000 meters. The same authorities claim that the highest point of the Nimba Mountains, which occurs within the limits of Liberia, is about 2000 meters (6560 feet). Further south is the Satro-Nidi-Kelipo mass of highlands bordering the Caballa basin on the southwest; Sir Harry Johnson claims that it offers nothing more than 4000 feet in height. Northeast of the Caballa are Gamutro and Duna which rise to 5000 feet. There are no heights comparable to these found in the western half of the Republic, 4 LIBERIA, though there are peaks of significance among the upper waters of the St. Paul's River and its tribu- taries. In the lower half of this river's course there is a hilly or mountainous region known as the Po Hills, where possible heights of 3000 feet may be reached. In the northwestern part of the country the forest gives way to the Mandingo Plateau, high grass-land. Benjamin Anderson, a Liberian explorer, says that he emerged from the forest at Bulota where the ground rose to the height of 2253 feet. This pla- teau region is open park-like country of tall grass with few trees. Very little as yet is known of the geology of Liberia. On the whole, its rocks appear to be ancient metamor- phic rocks — gneiss, granulite, amphibolite, granites, pegmatite, all abundantly intersected by quartz veins. Decomposition products from these rocks overlie most of the country. The material and structure of the coast region is concealed by deposits of recent allu- vium and the dense growth of forest; a conspicuous lithological phenomenon is laterite which covers very considerable areas and is the result of the distintegra- tion of gneiss. As yet little is known of actual min- eral values. Gold certainly occurs; magnetite and limonite appear to be widely distributed and are no doubt in abundant quantity; copper, perhaps native, certainly in good ores, occurs in the western part of the country; various localities of comndum are known, and it is claimed that rubies of good quality have been found ; companies have been organ- ized for the mining of diamonds, and it is claimed that actual gems are obtained. 5, There are many rivers in Liberia and the country is well watered. Several of these rivers are broad in their lower reaches, but they are extremely variable in depth and are generally shallow. Few of them are navigable to any distance from their mouth, and then only by small boats ; thus the St. Paul 's can be ascended only to a distance of about twenty miles, the Dukwia to a distance of thirty (but along a very DESCRIPTION. 5 winding course, so that one does not anywhere reach a great distance from the coast), the Sinoe for fifteen miles, but by canoes, the Caballa (the longest of all Liberian rivers) to eighty miles. A notable feature in the physiography of Liberia is the great number of sluggish lagoons or wide rivers, shallow, running parallel to the coast behind long and narrow peninsulas or spits of sand; there are so many of these that they practically form a con- tinuous line of lagoons lying behind the sandy beach. These lagoons open onto the sea at the mouths of the more important rivers; smaller rivers in considerable numbers enter them so that in reality almost every river-mouth in Liberia may be considered not the point of entrance of a single river, but of a cluster of rivers which have opened into a common reservoir and made an outlet through one channel. As good examples of these curious lagoons, we may mention from west to east the Sugari River, Fisherman 's Lake, Stockton Creek, Mesurado Lagoon, Junk River, etc., etc. Inasmuch as the rivers are the best known features of Liberian geography, and as they determine all its other details, we shall present here a complete list of them, in their order from west to east, together with a few observations concerning the more important. Mano — Mannah ; Bewa, in its upper course ; the west- ern boundary of the country ; flows through a dense forest ; no town at its mouth ; not navigable to any distance ; Gene, a trading village, twenty miles up ; Liberian settlements a few miles east of the mouth. Shuguri, (Sugary), Sugari, only a few miles in length; extends toward the southeast, parallel to the coast. Behind the peninsula upon which Cape Mount stands is a lagoon called Fisherman's Lake, which parallels the coast for a distance of ten miles; this shallow, brackish, lagoon is about six miles wide at its widest part, and is nowhere more than twelve or thirteen 6 LIBERIA. feet in depth; it is so related to the Marphy and Sugari Rivers that it is said of them, ' ' These rivers with Fisherman's Lake have a common outlet, across which the surf breaks heavily ' ' ; where these three water bodies enter the sea by a narrow mouth there is but three feet depth of water. Half Cape Mount River, Little Cape Mount River, Lofa (in its upper part). Of considerable length; in the dry season a bank of sand closes its mouth; the village of Half Cape Mount is here. Po, Poba. Small stream eight miles from last; here are the Vai village of Digby and the Liberian settle- ment of Royesville. St. Paul's, De; Diani, further up. This great river, the second of Liberia, rises on the Mandingo Pla- teau, about 8° 55' north latitude ; it is perhaps 280 miles long; it receives several important tributa- ries. There is a bar at its mouth, and it is not directly entered from the sea ; it is navigable, after once being entered through Stockton Creek, to White Plains, about twenty miles from its mouth. Mesurado River (Mesurado Lagoon) enters the sea at Monrovia and lies behind the high ridge on which that town is built. Through the same mouth with it Stockton Creek enters the sea, and through Stockton Creek, which runs across to the St. Paul's, the latter is accessible for boats from Monrovia and the sea, although at low water there is but two feet of depth. At White Plains the St. Paul's River is broken by rapids which occur at intervals for a distance of about seventy miles. Above these rapids it is probably possible to ascend the St. Paul's and its tributary Tuma, Toma, might be navigable for a combined distance of about 150 miles. There are many Liberian settlements on the lower St. Paul's River, and it is said that "quite half the Americo-Liberian population is settled in a region between Careysburg and the coast." Junk River parallels the coast and nearly reaches Mesurado Lagoon; a long, winding tidal creek; at DESCRIPTION. 7 its mouth three streams really enter the sea together — the Junk, Dukwia, and Farmington, On account of the near approach of this river to the Mesurado Lagoon, Monrovia is almost on an island thirty- miles long and three miles wide, surrounded by the Mesurado, Junk, and the sea. Dukwia. Very winding; navigable for thirty miles; source unknown; at its mouth is the settlement of Marshall; one of the worst bars of the coast is here. Little Bassa, Farmington. As already stated, enters the sea together with the Junk and the Dukwia. Mechlin, Mecklin. A small stream. St. John's, Hartford. Benson, Bisso (Bissaw). The Mecklin, St. John's, and Benson enter the sea by a common mouth. At or near this mouth are Edina, Upper Buchanan, Lower Buchanan — the latter at a fair harbor, though with a bad bar. Little Kulloh, Kurrah. Small, but accessible to boats. Tembo. Fen. Mannah. Cestos, Cess. A considerable river, rising probably in the Satro Mountains, close to the basin of the Cavalla; very bad bar — rocks in the middle and only three feet of water. Pua. Pobama. New, Bruni. Sanguin. Of some size ; rises in the Nidi Mountains ; entrance beset with rocks; though the bar here is bad, there is a depth of nine or ten feet of water, and a promising port might be developed. Baffni. Tubo, Tuba. Sinu, Sinoe, San Vincento, Rio Dulce. Savage rocks, bad bar ; Greenville is located at the mouth ; canoes « LIBERIA. can ascend for about 15 miles ; rises in the Niete or Nidi Mountains, close to the Cavalla watershed. There are three channels by which boats may enter this river. Here again we have long narrow lagoons paralleling the coast and with a mere strip of land between them and the sea. Going from the west toward the east we find the Blubara Creek and the Sinoe entering with them. The Blubara Creek is supplied by two streams, the Bluba and the Plassa. Uro. Dru. A stream of some magnitude. Esereus, Baddhu, Dewa, Eseravos. It rises in or near the Niete Mountains, not far from the sources of the Sinoe and Grand Sesters. Ferruma, near Sasstown. Grand Sesters. Empties into a lagoon nearly three miles in length. Garraway, Garawe, Try. Accessible at all times to canoes and boats. Within the next eight miles there are three small streams, Gida. Dia — ^with a rock reef stretching out from it. Mano. Hoffman. Another lagoon-river, which forms Cape Palmas harbor; it is one hundred yards wide at its entrance to the sea. The town of Harper is situated upon it. Cavalla; Yubu (in its upper part); also Diugu or Duyu. The largest river of the country ; forms the boundary with French possessions; very bad bar; goods going up the river are landed at Harper and sent across the lagoon which parallels the Atlantic for nine miles and is separated from it only by a narrow strip of land; navigable for small steam vessels for about fifty miles; boats of considerable size ascend to a distance of eighty miles; it rises in the Nimba Mountains at about 8° north latitude ; it receives a number of important tributaries. DESCRIPTION. 9 There are no true lakes in Liberia, althougli the name "lake" is rather frequently applied to the brackish lagoons so often referred to. Thus we hear of Fisherman's Lake, Sheppard Lake, etc. 6. We have already mentioned that there are no natural harbors of any value in Liberia ; boats anchor at a considerable distance from the beach, and all load- ing and landing is done by means of small boats or canoes ; at all points there is a dangerous bar, and it is a common thing for boats to be capsized in crossing it. There are almost no islands of any consequence off the coast. There are indeed many masses of land included in the networks of river-mouths and lagoons, but they are not usually thought of as being islands. There are also many rocky islets and reefs along the coast, particularly from the mouth of the River Cestos eastward. Such, however, are mere masses of bare and jagged rocks. Of actual islands to which names have been given, four are best known, two of which are in Montserrado County and two in Mary- land County. Bushrod Island, named from Bushrod Washington, the first president of the American Colonization Society, is a large, cultivable island near Monrovia, surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, the St. Paul's River, and Stockton Creek. A very small island in the Mesurado, known as Providence or Per- severance Island, is interesting as having been at one time the only land occupied by the colonists. Garawe Island, also called Old Garawe, at the mouth of the Garawe River, is about three miles long. Russwurm, or Dead Island, lies in the Atlantic, opposite Cape Palmas, with about two hundred feet of water be- tween it and the mainland ; it measures about 700 by 120 yards ; the name Dead Island is due to the fact that the aborigines buried their dead here. 7. The climate of Liberia is very imperfectly known. Our most recent data are derived from Sir Harry Johnston, the best informant on all scientific matters. He states that there is probably a marked difference between the climate of the forest region 10 LIBERIA, and that of the Mandingo Plateau. In the forest region the dry season is short ; it is the hottest period of the year and includes the months of December, January, and February; February is the hottest and dryest month of the year and the temperature ranges from 55° at night to 100° in the shade at midday. During the wet season the daily range is almost noth- ing; the constant temperature stands at about 75°. The coolest month of the year is August with a day temperature of 69° and a night temperature of 65°, Upon the Mandingo Plateau the annual rainfall is believed to be not more than from 60 to 70 inches ; the dry season extends from November to May; during that time the vegetation is parched; the nights are cool, becoming cold with an altitude of 3000 feet ; the hottest time of the year is at the beginning and end of the rainy season when the thermometer may mark more than 100° at midday. 8. On the whole, we still have nothing better in regard to the climate than the description given by Dr. Lugenbeel in 1850. He traces the characteristics of the weather through the year month by month. He says: ^^ January is usually the dryest, and one of the warmest months in the year. Sometimes, during this month, no rain at all falls; but generally there are occasional slight showers, particularly at night. Were it not for the sea-breeze, which prevails with almost uninterrupted regularity, during the greater part of the day, on almost every day throughout the year, the weather would be exceedingly oppressive, during the first three or four months of the year. As it is, the oppressiveness of the rays of the tropical sun, is greatly mitigated by the cooling breezes from the ocean ; which usually blow from about 10 o'clock A. M. to about 10 o'clock P. M., the land-breezes occupying the remainder of the night and morning; except for an hour or two about the middle of the night, and about an hour in the forenoon. During these inter- vals, the atmosphere is sometimes very oppressive. DESCRIPTION. 11 The regularity of the sea-breeze, especially during the month of January, is sometimes interrupted by the longer continuance of the land-breeze, which occa- sionally does not cease blowing until 2 or 3 o'clock P. M. This is what is called the harmattan wind; about which a great deal has been written ; but which does not generally fully accord with the forced de- scriptions of hasty observers or copyists. The principal peculiarity of the harmattan wind consists in its drying properties, and its very sensible coolness, especially early in the morning. It seldom, perhaps never, continues during the whole day; and usually not much longer than the ordinary land- breeze, at other times in the year. When this wind blows pretty strongly, the leaves and covers of books sometimes curl, as if they had been placed near a fire; the seams of furniture, and of wooden vessels sometimes open considerably, and the skin of persons sometimes feels peculiarly dry and unpleasant, in consequence of the rapid evaporation of both the sensible and the insensible perspiration. But these effects are usually by no means so great as they have been represented to be. What is generally called the harmattan season usually commences about the mid- dle of December, and continues until the latter part of February. During this time, especially during the month of January, the atmosphere has a smoky appearance, similar to what is termed Indian sum- mer in the United States, but generally more hazy. The average height of the mercury in the ther- mometer, during the month of January, is about 85°, it seldom varies more than 10°, during the 24 hours of the day; and usually it does not vary more than 4° between the hours of 10 A. M. and 10 P. M. During this month, however, I have seen the mercury stand at the lowest mark, at which I ever observed it, in Liberia, that is, at 68°. This was early in the morning during the prevalence of a very strong land- breeze. During this month I have also seen the mer- cury stand at the highest mark, at which I ever 12 LIBERIA. observed it — that is, at 90°. The air is sometimes uncomfortably cool, before 8 o 'clock A. M., during this month. During the month of Fehruary the weather is gen- erally similar to that of January. There are, how- ever, usually more frequent showers of rain; and sometimes, towards the close of this month, slight tornadoes are experienced. The harmattan haze gen- erally disappears about the last of this month; and the atmosphere becomes clear. The range of the thermometer is about the same as in January. March is perhaps the most trying month in the year to the constitutions of new-comers. The atmos- phere is usually very oppressive during this month^ — the sun being nearly vertical. The occasional showers of rain, and the slight tornadoes, which occur in this month, do not usually mitigate the oppressiveness of the atmosphere, as might be supposed. The variation in the state of the atmosphere, as indicated by the thermometer, seldom exceeds 6° during the whole of this month. The average height of the mercury is about 85°. April is signifieantly called the 'tornado month,' the most numerous and most violent tornadoes usually occurring during this month. The ordinary state of the weather, in reference to the degree of heat, and its influence on the system, is not very different from that of the three preceding months. The showers of rain are usually more frequent, however; and the visitations of those peculiar gusts, called tornadoes, are much more common in April, than in any other month. These are sudden, and sometimes violent gusts, which occur much more frequently at night, than during the day. Although they usually approach suddenly and rapidly, yet certain premonitory evi- dences of their approach are almost always presented, which are generally easily recognized by persons who have frequently observed them. They generally com- mence from northeast, or east-northeast, and rapidly DESCRIPTION. 13 shift around to nearly southeast; by which time the storm is at its height. At the commencement of a tornado, dark clouds appear above the eastern horizon, which rapidly ascend, until a dense looking mass spreads over the whole hemisphere. As the heavy mass of clouds ascends and spreads, the roaring sound of the wind becomes stronger and louder, until suddenly it bursts forth in its fury ; sometimes seeming as if it would sweep away every opposing object. Very seldom, however, is any material injury sustained from these violent gusts. The scene is sometimes awfully grand, for fifteen or twenty minutes, during the formation and continuance of a heavy tornado. Sometimes the whole hemisphere presents a scene of the deepest gloom; the darkness of which is momen- tarily illuminated by vivid flashes of lightning, in rapid succession ; and sometimes tremendous peals of thunder burst upon the solemn stillness of the scene. The rain seldom falls, until the violence of the gust begins to subside ; when a torrent of rain usually pours down for a short time, seldom more than half an hour ; after which, the wind shifts around towards the west; and generally, in about an hour from the commencement of the tornado, the sky becomes serene, and sometimes almost cloudless. The weather during the month of May is usually more pleasant, than during the two preceding months. The atmosphere is generally not quite so warm and oppressive. Sometimes copious and protracted show- ers of rain fall, during the latter half of this month ; so that the beginning of the rainy season usually occurs in this month. Tornadoes also occasionally appear, during the month of May. The average height of the mercury in the thermometer is usually two or three degrees less, than during the four pre- ceding months. June is perhaps the most rainy month in the year. More or less rain usually falls nearly every day or night in this month. Although there are sometimes 14 LIBERIA. clear and pleasant days in June ; yet, there are seldom twenty-four successive hours of entire freedom from rain. The sun is, however, seldom entirely obscured for a week at a time; and he frequently shines out brightly and pleasantly, in the interstices between the floating clouds, several times during the day; occa- sionally for several hours at a time. During this month, as during all the other rainy months, more rain always falls at night than in the day time; and, indeed, there are very few days in the year, in which the use of an umbrella may not be dispensed with some time during the ordinary business hours. In the month of June, the atmosphere is always con- siderably cooler than during the preceding month; and I have generally found it necessary to wear woolen outer as well as under garments ; and to sleep beneath thick covering at night, in order to be com- fortably warm. The sensible perspiration is always much less, during the month, and the five succeeding months, than during the other six months in the year. The mercury in the thermometer seldom rises above 80° in this month, the average height being about 75°. During the months of July and August, a great deal of rain also generally falls; but perhaps less in both these months than in the preceding month. There is always a short season of comparatively dry, and very pleasant weather, in one or both of these months. This season usually continues from three to five weeks ; and generally commences about the 20th or 25th of July, Sometimes, for several successive days, the sun shines brilliantly and pleasantly all day ; and no rain falls at night. The air, however, is always refreshingly cool and agreeable. This is per- haps the most pleasant time in the year. This is what is commonly called 'the middle dries.' It seems as if Providence has specially ordered this temporary ces- sation of the rains, for the purpose of permitting the ripening and gathering of the crops of rice, which are generally harvested in August. DESCRIPTION. 15 September and October are also generally very rainy months; especially the former. Sometimes more rain falls in September, than in any other month in the year. Towards the close of October, rains begins to be less copious; and sometimes slight tornadoes appear, indicative of the cessation of the rainy season. The sea-breezes are usually very strong, during these two months; and the atmosphere is generally uniformly cool, and invigorating to the physical system. During the month of November the weather is gen- erally very pleasant, the temperature of the atmos- phere being agreeable to the feelings — not so cool as during the five preceding months, and not so warm as during the five succeeding months, the average height of the mercury in the thermometer being about 82°. Frequent showers of rain usually fall during this month, both in the day and at night ; but generally they are of short duration. Slight torna- does also generally appear in this month. The sun may usually be seen during a part of every day in the month ; and frequently he is not obscured by clouds, during the whole of the time in which he is above the horizon. The middle of this month may be regarded as the beginning of the dry season. December is also generally a very pleasant month. Occasional slight showers of rain fall during this month, sometimes several sprinklings in one day, but seldom for more than a few minutes at a time. The mornings in this month are peculiarly delightful. The sun usually rises with brilliancy and beauty ; and the hills and groves, teeming with the verdure of perpetual spring, are enriched by the mingled melody of a thousand cheerful songsters. Nothing that I have ever witnessed in the United States exceeds the love- liness of a December morning in Liberia." 9. Closely related to climate is health. Here again we have no better information than that supplied us by Dr. Lugenbeel. He asserts that "the rainy sea- son is decidedly more conducive to health than the 16 LIBERIA. dry season in both new-comers and old settlers. The oppressiveness of the atmosphere and the enervating effects of the weather, during the dry season, tend to debilitate the physical system, and thereby to render it more susceptible of being affected. Persons who arrive in Liberia during this season are more liable to attacks of fever than those who arrive during the rainy season." Monrovia is usually ranked with Freetown as being unusually unhealthy; conditions have, however, considerably improved and are by no means so bad as in the early days. All new-comers, white and black alike, must undergo the acclimating fever, but on the whole, blacks seem to suffer least. Remittent and intermittent fevers, diarrhoea and dys- entery are among the more common and serious diseases. Rheumatism occurs, though it is rarely vio- lent either in a chronic or acute form ; dropsical affec- tions are rather common, often due to debility after fever; enlargement of the liver and spleen are com- mon, the latter being most frequent in whites and mulattoes, and usually following upon fevers; the most common eruptive diseases are measles and ery- sipelas — both mild; varioloid, though common, is rarely fatal ; flatulent colics are common ; slight scratches and abrasions give rise readily to ulcers, more common in whites and mulattoes than in blacks. Leprosy is occasional among natives. Curious local diseases are craw craw and yaws, both endemic cuta- neous troubles. The famous sleeping sickness, the scourge of Africa, is more frequent among natives than among the Americo-Liberians, but it has long been known in that region. The list sounds like a long and dreadful one, but is, after all, far from ap- palling. Dr. Lugenbeel says : ' ' Some other diseases, which are common to most countries, may be occa- sionally observed in Liberia; but the variety is much less than in the United States; and except in some old chronic affections, in broken down constitutions, convalescence is generally much more rapid; in con- sequence of the less violence of the attack. Among DESCRIPTION. 17 the many attacks of fever, which I experienced, I never was obliged to remain in my room more than a week, at any one time; and I very seldom was con- fined to my bed longer than twenty-four hours. The danger in new-comers generally consists more in the frequency than in the violence of the attacks of sick- ness. And the majority of colored immigrants, who have sufficient prudence to use such means for the preservation of good health in Liberia as enlightened judgment would dictate, usually enjoy as good health, after the first year of their residence, as they for- merly enjoyed in the United States. In some cases, indeed, the state of the health of the immigrant is decidedly improved by the change of residence from America to Africa." In another place, he says: "In some cases, persons who might have enjoyed tolerable health in the United States, die very soon after their arrival in Liberia, in consequence of the physical sys- tem not being sufficiently vigorous to undergo the necessary change, in order to become adapted to the climate. Hence the impropriety of persons emi- grating to Liberia whose constitutions have become much impaired by previous diseases, by intemper- ance, or otherwise. And hence the necessity of mis- sionary societies being careful to guard the physical as well as the moral qualifications of persons who offer themselves as missionaries to Africa." 10. So far as concerns the flora of the country, four different types present themselves. The beach, the river-swamp, the forest, the grass-lands present their characteristic forms of plant-life. Five-sixths of the Republic are covered with the densest tropical forest; an enormous variety of gigantic trees grow closely crowded together and are bound by a tangle of vines and creeping plants into an almost impene- trable mass. Nowhere perhaps in the world is there a more typical tropical forest. The lower reaches of the rivers are bordered by a thicket of mangroves and pandanus, the former by its curious mode of growth — throwing downward from its branches almost vertical aerial roots which reach the water and 18 LIBERIA. strike down into the soft, oozy mud of the river- bottom — stretching far out from the banks them- selves over the stream. Among the notable trees of Liberia are mahogany, ebonj^, and other valuable timber trees ; camwood is abundant, and was formerly an object of important export for dyeing purposes; cotfee grows wild and is of fine quality; there are various gum-producing trees, among them that which yields the gum arable ; the kola nut is common and has long been exported from the Grain Coast; there are various rubber-producing plants — the funtumia and landalphia, the two most prized rubber-plants of Africa, occur abundantly — the former being a tree, the latter a vine; palms of many species occur; among them are the borassus or fan-palm, the calamus or climbing palm, the oil palm, a raphia, commonly known as the bamboo palm, which yields palm wine and the precious piassava fibre; notable is the great cotton-tree, which is considered sacred by the natives, no doubt on account of its strange appearance, due to enormous, thin, buttressing roots. There are flowers everywhere ; water-lilies are common in the swamps, and lovely epiphytic orchids bloom upon the forest trees. 11. The fauna is especially interesting because it presents an ancient facies, more like that of a by- gone age than of the present. In fact Sir Harry Johnston refers to it as being of the Mioceme type. There are at least a dozen species of apes and mon- keys, among which the most interesting is the chimpanzee; there are many species of bats of all sizes, some being insectivorous and others eating fruits ; there are a variety of wild cats, including the leopard, and the natives make a specialty of killing them for their spotted skins; two species of mon- goose are found ; the red river hog is abundant ; four species of manis. with curious overlapping scales, able to roll themselves up into a ball something like an armadillo, are among the curious forms; the most interesting animal in the fauna perhaps is the water chevrotain, a creature of no great size, but which DESCRIPTION. 19 presents a curious intermediate or connecting form between the pig and camel on the one side and the deer, giraffe, and antelope on the other; true ante- lopes are numerous in many species, some of which are dainty little creatures; the buffalo, perhaps the most dangerous animal of Africa, occurs ; elephants are still found, and ever since the traders first visited the Grain Coast, ivory has been to some degree ex- ported; the most famous of Liberian animals, how- ever, is the pygmy hippopotamus, just like the larger species, but weighing perhaps only four hundred pounds when fully grown. 12. Bird-life, too, is abundant. There are natu- rally great numbers of water birds, both swimmers and waders — such as egrets and other herons, ibis, and the strange finfoot ; hornbills are common ; eagles and vultures occur; one of the commonest and most striking of the birds is the black and w^hite crow; brilliant of plumage is the plantain-eater, but the parrots of the country are dull and inconspicuous. Of reptiles there are plenty. The python is the largest snake, and grows to a length of thirty feet ; there are many species of serpents, including ten which are poisonous; lizards are common, among them the chameleon with its varying color and its strange, inde- pendently movable eyes; crocodiles are common in all the rivers. There are fish in plenty, but the most curious certainly is the little bommi fish which comes out of the water, jumps about upon the bank, and even crawls among the branches and bushes near the water; in appearance and movement it is so like a frog that one at first does not realize that it is in reality a fish. 13. While beasts, birds, and reptiles are varied and numerous, it is surprising how inconspicuous they are. In fact, unless one is really hunting for these creatures, he may rarely see them. One might spend months in Liberia and upon returnincr home declare that forest and stream w-ere almost without inhabitants. There are, however, forms of life which are very much in evidence. Insects and other inver- 20 LIBERIA, tebrate forms abound; no one can overlook them. The termites or white ants are everywhere. Some- times they build their enormous hillocks of clay out in the open country; these are great constructions which rise to a height of six, eight, or ten feet and which, within, present a complicated system of pas- sages and tunnels; in the heart of this great nest the queen lives immured in a clay cell. Another species of the white ant enters houses and works destruc- tion; books, papers, wood, all may be destroyed. This sort dislikes exposure to the sunlight and constructs tunnels to protect themselves from it. Of true ants there are many species, among which of course the driver is the most famous; it travels in droves of millions, running in a continuous black line perhaps an inch in breadth and many rods in length ; they are scavengers and clear everything within their path; their bite is painful, and one must look out for their moving column when he is upon the trail ; they swarm upon and kill small animals which they encounter and clean their skeletons before they leave; when they enter houses people are wise to vacate and leave them to clean out the place. The famous jigger is a recent importation into Liberia, as into Africa generally ; it burrows into human feet, causing an intolerable itch- ing ; ensconced, it develops a sack of eggs, round and of considerable size ; unless this is removed, the eggs hatch and the young burrow out into the sole of the foot ; when itching is felt, search should be made for its cause and the insect, sack and all, carefully removed with a needle ; serious injury to the feet may result if jiggers are neglected. When one walks over the trail during rainy weather, he sees great quanti- ties of earth-worms of enormous size, even two feet six inches or three feet in length. Scorpions end cen- tipedes are not uncommon. We have not even suggested the wide range and diversity of insect-life, but have simply mentioned samples of the more conspicuous. 14. The human population of Liberia consists of the Americo-Liberians, who live in a number of small DESCRIPTION. 21 settlements along the coast and upon some of the more important rivers, and the aborigines. The truly native population consists of many different tribes, each with its own language, territory, government, and life. These tribes linguistically form three or four groups. Delafosse, our best authority in regard to Liberian populations, recognizes four such groups ; Sir Harry Johnston recognizes three. The four divi- sions of Delafosse are Kru, Mandingo, Gola, Gbele — ■ Sir Harry Johnston's are Kru, Mandingo, and Kpwesi. We have already suggested that the tribes are many and diverse; within his Kru group Dela- fosse names eighteen tribes. The black populations of Africa are usually divided into three great divi- sions — true Negroes, Bantu, Negrillos (Pygmies and Bushmen). The Liberian tribes are true Negroes and are to be distinguished from the Bantu popula- tions of Congo, Beige and southern Africa. Most of the native tribes are pagan. In the western half of Liberia, however, Mohammedanism has taken hold of the great tribes of Mandingo and Vai. Among all these natives the tribal organization and govern- ment remain in full force, although most of them recognize the sovereignty of the Republic; native dress, arts, and industries remain ; among the pagan tribes polygamy is common ; domestic slavery still exists; witchcraft is recognized and the ancient ordeals are practiced. Political Geography. — 1. The name Liberia was suggested in 1824 by Robert Goodloe Harper, of Bal- timore, Maryland, and has reference to the fact that the colony was established as a land of freedom; the capital city, Monrovia, was also named on his sugges- tion in honor of the president of the United States at that time, James Monroe. The Republic of Liberia is divided for administrative purposes into four coun- ties — Montserrado, Grand Bassa, Sinoe, and Mary- land. These are named in order from west to east. The portion of Montserrado County lying around Cape Mount forms a territory with Robertsport as its capital and chief city. 22 LIBERIA. 2. It is difficult to learn reliable facts regarding the population of Liberia. Sir Harry Johnston made a careful estimation of the number of Americo- Liberians, listing each of the settlements and stating their probable number of inhabitants. He found the total to be 11,850 persons — or in round numbers 12,000; he estimated that there were 30,000 natives who had been more or less in contact with the white man and knew something of English or some other European language and of civilization; he estimated the total of untouched native population at 2,000,000 persons. Delafosse, an exceptionally cautious ob- server, claims 30,000 civilized inhabitants. Gerard raises the citizen mass of the Republic to 80,000 per- sons, of whom 20,000 are Amerieo-Liberians and 60,000 are natives who have submitted themselves to the laws of the country. It is certain that Sir Harry's estimate of the number of interior natives is at least double the reality ; so far as the other elements of population are concerned, he is probably somewhat near the facts, although it is likely that his number of 12,000 Amerieo-Liberians is an underestimate. 3. Most of the Araerico-Liberian settlements are on the coast, although there are a number along the St. Paul's River and a few upon some of the other rivers. There are four cities in the Republic, with mayor and common council ; Monrovia, Grand Bassa, Edina, and Harper. The townships are Robertsport, Marshall, River Cess, Greenville, Nana Kru, Cavalla. In order to reduce the expense of the government service, the Liberian government has limited the num- ber of open ports where foreigners may trade. The open ports at the present time include the cities and townships above mentioned and also ]\Ianna, Nifu, Sasstown, and Fishtown. The remaining ports are open for trade to Liberians but not to foreign traders. They are, Little Bassa, Tobakoni, New Cess, Trade Town, Grand Kulloh, Tembo, Rock Cess, Bafu Bay, Butu, Kroba, Beddo, Pickanini Cess, Grand Cesters, Wedabo, Puduke, Garawe. DESCRIPTION. 23 4, We reproduce Sir Harry Johnston's table.* It appears to have been carefully made and deserves consideration. We happen to have another set of figures, however, which we can compare with his; we quote them from Ferguson's Handbook of Liberia. In May, 1907, an amendment to the Constitution was submitted to the popular vote ; 6579 votes were cast. Voters must be males of at least twenty-one years and owners of property; the population represented by ♦SUMMARY OF POPULATION— AMEEICO-LIBERIANS Montserrado (Johns- (Fergu- County— ton) son) Eobertsport 400 76 Koyesvllle 50 57 St. Paul's River Settlements — New Georgia 200 88 Caldwell 100 109 Brewerville 200 170 Clay- Ashland 400 484 Louisiana 100 81 New York 50 White Plains 300 Millsburg 250 17 Arthington 800 54 Carey sburg 400 688 Croziervllle 100 109 Bensonville 150 115 RobertsvlUe 150 Harrisburg 250 89 3250 Settlements on the Mesurado River — Barnersville 1 81 Gardnersvllle .... 200 JohnsonviUe J- 215 PayneeviUe | 887 Monrovia J 2500 106 Junk River Settlements — SchleflBn and PowellvlUe 225 Mount Olive 150 Marshall 125 55 Farmlngton River and Owen's Qrove.300 14 800 Grand Bassa County, Grand Bassa Settle- ments — Little Bassa 50 Edina 250 494 Hartford 50 74 St. John's River. . . .350 Upper Buchanan. .. 400 1298 Lower Buchanan... 600 310 Tobakoni 50 1750- Coast: Grand Bassa (Jolins- (Feryu- County— ton) son) Grand Bassa to River Cestos 150 On River Cestos 50 Slnoe County, Slnoe Settlements — SIno River 50 Lexington 100 63 Greenville 350 156 Philadelphia 125 Georgia 125 750 Kru Coast— Nana Kru ] Setra Kru | Nifu }■ 150 Sass Town 1 Garawe J Maryland County, Cape Palmas and Lower Cavalla— Rocktown 100 Harper 900 258 Philadelphia 100 Latrobe 50 Cuttington 100 Half Cavalla 50 Hoffmann 50 Middlesex 50 Jacksonville 75 Bunker Hill 25 Tubman Town 100 New Georgia 25 HllllervUle 25 1650 Scattered In Interior Kellpo, Maryland ] County Boporo Region f- . Upper St. Paul's, | etc., etc. J 11.850 Owing to the use of different names, and the use of the same name in differ- ent ways, a complete comparison Is impossible. 24 LIBERIA. them would surely be at least three times this num- ber — which gives a minimum of 19,737. These figures, however, can not be depended upon without qualifica- tion, because no doubt "natives" were among the voters; in fact, when matters of importance, upon which public opinion is actively aroused, are voted on, the "brother from the bush" is mustered to the polls in considerable numbers. "We copy the numbers voting at different settlements in column parallel to Sir Harry Johnston's figures. Curious discrepancies occur, as for instance, cases where a larger number of votes were cast than Sir Harry's figure, which is supposed to give the total number of population. 5. As vital statistics for Liberia are rare, and it is interesting to know how immigrants survived the acclimating fever, we subjoin a table taken from the African Eepository.* It is interesting * POPULATION MOVEMENT FOR LIBERIA (EXCLUSIVE OF MARYLAND) FROM 1820 TO 1843 rear Arrivals 1820 86 1821 33 1822 37 1823 65 1824 103 1825 66 1826 182 1827 234 1828 301 1829 247 1830 326 1831 165 1832 655 1833 639 1834 237 1835 183 1836 209 1837 76 1838 205 1839 56 1840 115 1841 86 1842 229 1843 19 Deaths Removals Births, Llv. Pop. 15 35 — 36 7 8 54 14 5 3 75 15 8 6 120 21 8 3 200 21 3 6 248 48 6 3 379 29 14 6 576 137 24 12 638 67 25 20 813 110 25 20 1,024 83 12 30 1,117 129 83 13 1,573 217 122 44 1,917 140 31 33 1,016 83 32 48 2,132 145 13 47 2,230 141 6 58 2,217 185 12 56 2,281 135 10 55 2,247 180 6 40 2,218 100 9 78 2,271 91 15 35 2,429 85 2 29 2,390 DESCRIPTION. 25 in various ways. The large uurnber of deaths, nearly one-half the total of immigrants, is not strange in view of the fact that a large part of the persons sent were well on in years, or worn out through service. Such, and small children, were especially liable to die under the new conditions. Under the circum- stances, the number of removals (presumably returns to the United States) is not large. Most interesting of all, however, is the column of viable births. How would it compare with the present? The impression the visitor receives is that the Americo-Liberian pop- ulation is barely holding its own — if it is doing that. Society. — 1. In considering the society of Liberia, and the problems with which the Liberian govern- ment has had to deal, it is necessary to sharply distin- guish the different elements of which it is composed. We have already indicated them, but it will be well here to clearly separate them. We may first recognize inunigrant and aboriginal populations. The immi- grant population, as we use the term, includes negroes who have come from the United States, from the British West Indies, or from South America, and their descendants; this class also includes a number of recaptured Africans and their descendants. The first settlers were of course American freed-men from the United States. They and their descendants have always formed the bulk of the Liberian population. Immigration from the United States has never en- tirely ceased, although in these latter days the new- comers have been people who were born in freedom. There is a very considerable number of so-called "West Indian Negroes" in Liberia; ever since the foundation of the Republic there has been a small but rather steady influx of such individuals. Occa- sionally immigrants have also come from South American colonies and from various British colonies and settlements along the coast of West Africa; all of these new-comers are included under the general term of Americo-Liberians, even though they may have had no relation to America. During the early 26 LIBERIA. days of Liberia it was customary to send Africans who had been captured on slaving ships by American war vessels to Liberia for settlement; these individuals were known as recaptured Africans, and it was cus- tomary to settle them in places by themselves; although such recaptured Africans rapidly acquired the improvements of civilization and showed them- selves industrious, enterprising, and progressive, they were generally looked upon with more or less contempt by the other settlers. The aboriginal popu- lation may be divided into three quite different groups. The coast natives, Kru and others, have long been in constant contact with white men and have acquired considerable knowledge of the outside world; they are constantly employed by steamers both as crews and in loading and discharging cargoes. In the western half of the Republic Mohammedan in- fluence is strong; the Mandingo, most of the Vai, and considerable numbers of such tribes as the Gola are Mohammedans; the influence of Mohammedanism is spreading and the presence of this element is des- tined to have its effect upon the nation. The third element of the native population is the interior natives living the old tribal life. Having thus called atten- tion to the different elements which mingle in Liberian society, it will be understood that our further dis- cussion in this section has reference only to the civi- lized Liberians. 2. The Liberian settlements generally consist of well built houses arranged along broad, straight streets. The style of architecture is, as might be expected, influenced by the plantation houses of our southern states before the war. It was natural that the freed-men, when they had a chance to develop, should copy those things with which they were familiar. Towns, houses, dress, life — all were repro- ductions of what was considered elegant in the days before removal. Of course Monrovia, as the capital city, is the best representative of the development. It is a town of perhaps 7,000 inhabitants ; it is sharply DESCRIPTION. 27 divided into two divisions, a civilized quarter upon the summit of a ridge some 290 feet in height ; here live the Americo-Liberians and the European resi- dents. The buildings are for the most part rather large constructions of one and a half or two stories; the houses have large rooms with high ceilings and are generally supplied with balconies and porches. Krutown, lying along the water 's edge on the seacoast and fronting the interior lagoon, consists of large, rectangular native houses closely crowded together, and its narrow streets swarm with people. Five min- utes' walk takes one from the Executive Mansion in the heart of the civilized quarter to the heart of Krutown. While on the streets of Monrovia one may see a startling range of clothing, due to the fact that there are pagan natives, Kru boj's, ^lohammedans, and Americo-Liberians, all jostling and elbowing each other. The Americo-Liberian dresses very much like civilized people in our ordinary country towns. There are of course differences in wealth, and one may see all grades of dress. On all public occasions men of prominence appear in the regulation dress of our southern states. Sir Harry Johnston says that "Liberia is the land of the cult of the dress-suit." Nowhere else have I ever seen so large a number, pro- portionally, of dress-suits, frock-coats, and stovepipe hats as in Monrovia upon Sundays or days of cele- bration. 3. All speak English, and though Sir Harry does not like their English, it is far better than might be expected, though there are indeed colloquialisms. All who meet you give friendly greetings. At first it is something of a shock to have the children as they pass say "Mawnin, paw," or address one as "daddy," but one soon becomes accustomed to it. On the whole, the life of the people is that of simple country folk. They are well satisfied with tiieir condition and take life easy. They love to sit on the porch and chat with passers. On the whole, it must be admitted that they 28 LIBERIA, lack energy. The number who really think, lead, direct, control, is very small. There is, as among our own colored people here at home, something of over- elegance in both speech and manner. While a very large number of them read, few indeed have even a moderate education. 4. Sociability is largely developed. They love to gather upon every kind of pretext. There are prac- tically no places of public amusement. In 1831 there was a public library with twelve hundred volumes in the city of Monrovia ; to-day there is no public library or reading-room in the capital city. Lodges are nu- merous and the number of secret organizations is very large. There are eight or ten Free Masons Lodges; the Grand United Order of Odd Fellows has sixteen lodges and upwards of three hundred mem- bers; the United Brothers of Friendship have lodges at ten of the most important towns and The Sisters of the Mysterious Ten — which is the female branch of the order — has four temples; the Independent Order of Good Templars too is represented. Literary societies and lyceums are from time to time organ- ized, but usually have a short existence; one, how- ever, at Cape Palmas, seems to have outlived the usual period. A respectable Bar Association has been in existence for several years, has annual meetings, and prints its proceedings. 5. There is little of what could be called literary activity in the Republic. One sees some books, but there are no book-stores; the number of individuals who have modest private libraries must be very small. It is true, however, that a considerable number of men can write remarkably well. The public docu- ments of the Eepublic have always been well worded and forceful. The messages of successive presidents to the legislature have shown extraordinary ability. One who follows the dealings of Liberian officials with foreign governments is constantly impressed by the fact that in deliberation they show .-judgment, in diplomatic procedure extraordinary skill. It is cer- DESCRIPTION, 29 tainly no unjust discrimination to emphasize the literary power of such men as Ex-President Arthur Barclay, Chief Justice J. J. Dossen, Ex-Secretary of State F. E. R. Johnson, and Judge E. Barclay, a poet of no mean ability. Oratory is inherent in the race and the number of individuals who can deliver a public address of merit on the celebration of Inde- pendence Day or other occasion is very large. Such orations are often put into print, and a considerable library might be made of this kind of production. Comparatively few have written seriously on public questions or on history. Occasionally something in this line is printed — Karnga's Negro Republic on West Africa, and Branch's Sketch of the History of Arthington are samples. The one notable literary man whom Liberia has produced is Edward Wilmot Blyden, who died a year ago; his name is known wherever the English language is read and his con- tributions upon negro subjects were many and important. 6. New^spapers. — When we were in Monrovia in October and November, 1912, no newspaper was printed in the capital city. At that time six peri- odicals were published at different places in the Re- public. They were : The Living Chronicle, The Silver Trumpet, both printed at Cape Palmas; The African League, at Grand Bassa; The Gazette (official) and Liberia and West Africa, at Monrovia. Three of these publications were missionary enterprises, one was an oflficial monthly publication, and one was an actual newspaper appearing monthly. This, The African League, was conducted by J. H. Green, an American negro from Little Rock, Arkansas; it began in the United States and is now in its fifteenth volume ; it was removed to Liberia at the beginning of its fourth volume, which was printed in Monrovia in 1902 ; it is now conducted at Buchanan, or Grand Bassa. The African Leag\ie is a live sheet and discusses the ques- tions of the day with considerable independence. Newspapers in Liberia have a hard time and usually 30 LIBERIA, mairitain a l)rief existence ; so true is this that per- sons are extremely cautious about subscribing by the year to any publication for fear that it will end after the publication of the first few numbers; for this reason it is more customary to buy single copies than to subscribe for a definite term. Still worse than this, it is far more the custom for Liberian readers to bor- row newspapers than to buy them ; nowhere perhaps does a single copy of a periodical go so far. All of this makes editing and publishing an uphill task. PEEIODICALS OF LIBEKIA In the course of reading, rummaging and inquiry, I have secured a lot of fragmentary information regarding Liberian periodicals. I present the matter here because taken together it is more in quantity and more definite than I have been able to find anywhere in print. I make this note in the hope that it may bring me information to correct and extend the list. 1829 The Liberia Herald. John B. Eusswarm was the first editor. Hiliary Teague and Edward Wilmot Blyden (1851) edited it at times. Whether it was continu- ously published, I do not know. It was sometimes, perhaps always, aided by the government. 1830 Liberian Star. (1832) The Amulet. (1839) The African Luminary. (188-) The Observer. 1898 The Liberia Recorder — 1906. Last editor, N. H. B. Cassell. 1898 Liberia and West Africa. (Vol. XIV in 1912.) Pub- lished by the Methodist Episcopal Mission, at the College of West Africa. Perhaps at first The New Africa. The WeeMy Spy. ■ The Baptist Monitor. The New Africa. The Living Chronicle. 1 All between 1898 The Cape FalmasEepoi-ter;morLt\i\j. (and 1902. J. J. Dossen. The Youth's Gazette (student paper, College of West Africa). 1902 The African League: Monrovia, monthly; later Bu- chanan, semi-monthly. J. H. Green. Began publica- tion in the United States; the fourth volume at Monrovia. DESCRIPTION. 31 1903 The Monrovia Weelcly. The National Echo (governmental). (1905) The Liberia Bulletin. (1905) Liberia Gazette. The Agricultural World, Monrovia. P. O. Gray, (1907) The Monrovia Spectator. 1907 The Silver Trumpet, Cape Palmas, quarterly. S. D. Ferguson, Jr. The Liberia Register, Monrovia. John L. Morris. 1911 The Guide, Monrovia, monthly. F. Wilcom Ellegor, 1912 Liberia Official Gazette, Monrovia, nionthly. Christian Advocate. Cavalla Messenger, Sons of Cape Palmas. Parenthesis indicates that the periodical was printed at least during the enclosed date. 7. The importance of education in the Black Republic is by no means overlooked, but it has always been difficult to raise the money to conduct schools. The office of Superintendent of Public Instruction is a Cabinet position. In 1912 ninety-one schools were under his direction. There are many mission schools in the Republic, some of them of high grade, and all of them doing a useful work. Liberia College has had an existence of a half century, and most of the men of prominence in the later history of the Republic have received instruction within its walls; it has re- ceived a partial endoM^ment from private American sources, but is also assisted by financial aid from the government. As education is one of the most serious problems facing the Republic, it will be discussed un- der a separate heading, and further comment may be delayed. 8. The Liberians are a very religious community; the Bible is read with old-fashioned devotion : Theol- ogy is of the orthodox and rigid type ; Sunday is a day of rest and religious duty, and Sabbath desecration approaches the dangerous. There are churches in all the settlements, and in Monrovia and the other cities several denominations are represented. The Protes- tant Episcopal, Methodist Episcopal. African Meth- odist, Baptist, Presbyterian, and Lutheran denomina- 32 LIBERIA. tions are represented either by independent churches or by mission work. The emotional nature of the negro is well known, and the religion which ministers to them in Liberia is emotional to a high degree ; re- vivals are common — in fact they recur probably at annual intervals — and are accompanied by all the dis- plays of extravagant and explosive demonstration which once were common among the negroes of our southern states and earlier among white populations in the north. Conviction of sin and the attainment of glory are the two chief ends sought in these reviv- ing efforts. 9. Some facts in regard to the historj^ of churches in Liberia may prove of interest. The first church established was Baptist in 1821. It had been organ- ized in this country among emigrants about to sail to the land of hope ; in its membership was the famous Lott Carey, who served as leader and preacher. The denomination has had a varied history in Liberia; it spread rather rapidly and at one time was widely developed ; it suffered some decline thereafter, but still has several congregations ; it is strongest in Montserrado and Bassa Counties; it maintains a flourishing Sunday school in ]\Ionrovia. In 1825 the famous Basle l^.Iisvsion undertook an establishment in Liberia, several missionaries having been sent out from Switzerland. Considerable corre- spondence took place between the officers of the Mis- sion Society and the Colonization Society, and some of the missionaries visited the United States before going to Liberia ; these Swiss missionaries suffered much from disease and death; the effort was con- tinued for some time, but eventually the work was transferred to Sierra Leone, and Liberia was left unoccupied. The Methodist Episcopal denomination entered Liberia in 1832. It has continued in active work from that date until the present time; the present missionary bishop for Africa is Joseph Crane Hart- zell, whose residence is Funchal, Madeira, and whose DESCRIPTION. 33 field includes Liberia, Angola, and Madeira on the west coat, and Rhodesia and Portuguese Africa on the east coast. A resident bishop (colored) is main- tained at Monrovia, who is at present Isaiah B. Scott, a native of Kentucky, educated in the United States. The work is full of life and much headway is making. The Report of 1912 announces work at 49 different stations in four districts — Bassa and Sinoe, Cape Palmas, Monrovia, Saint Paul River Districts. There were 15 foreign missionaries, 3 other foreign workers, 45 ordained and 86 unordained native preachers, 4317 members. One College, 1 High School and 29 elementary schools were reported, with a total of 63 teachers and 1882 scholars. The work is well sustained and $11,576 was contributed during the year in the direction of self-support. The first mis- sionary sent into this field was Melville B. Cox, who lived but a few months after his arrival. It is an interesting fact that this Liberian mission is the first foreign mission of the Methodist Episcopal church. The first Presbyterian missionary to Liberia, John B. Pinney, organized a church in the colony in 1833 ; its first building was dedicated in 1838 ; a Presbytery was organized in 1848, but was soon dissolved for lack of a legal quorum; it was organized again in 1851, when there were three churches in the country — Mon- rovia, Greenville, Clay- Ashland ; the work was at first a purely mission work, especially directed towards the aborigines ; there were many deaths among the early missionaries, and in 1842 the policy was estab- lished of sending only colored preachers ; white men, however, were sent again in 1849. The mission main- tained churches and schools, including the Alexander High School at Monrovia. The work was continued under considerable discouragement, both white and black missionaries dying in considerable numbers, until 1899, when it was abandoned by the mother church. Presbyterianism, however, did not die, but has continued under local direction and with self- support up to the present. It is reported that, in 3. 34 LIBERIA. 1904, there were ten clergymen, nine churches, 450 members, and 437 scholars on its lists. From an his- torical sketch put out by the Presbyterian Board, we quote the following: "In 1894 the Board of Foreign Missions resolved that its wisest policy in regard to the Liberian church would be to commit their support to the zeal and devotion of their own members. In pursuance of this resolve the amount of aid was grad- ually diminished, until in 1899 the entire responsi- bility was given over to the Presbytery of West Africa. The latest report shows that the work has not fallen off in consequence. There are now fifteen churches with about 400 members. This little flock of Liberian Presbyterians greatly need the prayers of Christians in America, that they may be kept faith- ful and pure, and use aright their exceptional oppor- tunities for mission work among the pagan tribes." A very pious prayer, but it would be interesting to know how genuinely the American Presbyterians feel aught of interest in, and sympathy with, "this little flock." It is possible that, if the flock is to "use aright its exceptional opportunities for mission work among the pagan tribes," an occasional expression might be a stimulus to them. The Protestant Episcopal Church began its Avork with a little school for natives in the Cape Palmas District in 1836. The work has prospered notably, and Bishop Ferguson in his latest annual report re- ported 26 clergymen, 25 lay readers, 46 catechists and teachers, of whom 21 were native Africans; he had 479 baptisms in the year, of whom 423 were from heathenism. The present number of communicants is 2404, two-thirds of whom are native Africans; the mission maintained twenty-two day schools and nine- teen boarding schools with an attendance of 1210 in the one, and 643 in the other. The work of this mis- sion is approaching the point of self-support. The Lutherans began their v/ork in Liberia in 1860. It has been largely educational work; it centers at the Muhlenburg Boys' School, which, in 1911, re- DESCRIPTION. 35 ported 145 boarding pupils, and 13 day pupils; at the Girls' School in Harrisburg there were 61 board- ing pupils and 17 day pupils; the mission maintains three schools in the interior, with a total of 71 board- ing and 6 day pupils. One of the strong features of their work is that they encourage the boys to labor. "In vacation time they remain in the schools and put in their time on the farm, picking coffee, cutting and clearing land ; some of them also worked in the work- shops and in other ways around the mission, rowing the boats and making themselves generally useful. The Girls' School carries out similar plans of educa- tion for the girls." This mission attempts to aid in its own support by actual production; the proceeds of its coffee sales during the j^ear of 1911 were some- thing like $1,700, $1,000 of which amount was used in the installation of a water-power plant. The mis- sion sets an example in advanced methods which can be helpful to the Republic at large ; in reporting work, they say: "Until a few years ago, our coffee was all hulled by an old-fashioned mill consisting of two flat stones similar to the burrs of the old flour mills with which our parents were familiar. This was crude and slow, though it did its work fairly well. The chief objection to its use was the large number of grains which were broken. Five or six years ago a large iron mill was installed, which effected a great saving both in time and expense, and turned out coffee in more marketable condition. An improved fanning machine, differing from the grain fanners in America only in the screens used, was put in beside the huller. By this machine we can grade the coffee satisfactorily as to size of grain desired. ' ' If only Liberian planters had equally kept pace with the treatment of their coffee harvest, the market would not have suffered so severely as it has. The policy of this mission is to locate a married couple as missionaries at interior points separated from each other by considerable dis- tances; these places are to be stations and head- quarters within populations estimated at about 36 LIBERIA. 150,000 persons; it is a capital plan and should exer- cise wide influence. In connection with the mission a store is conducted which not only maintains itself, but leaves a profit of some hundreds of dollars yearly ; a tailor-shop, shoe-shop, a blacksmith-shop, and a doctor's office, are also maintained, which not only care for themselves, but add somewhat to the income. On the whole, the work and plans of this mission are markedly practical. The last mission in order of establishment is the African Methodist Episcopal Church Mission, founded under Bishop Turner. It has been success- ful under the direction of Bishop Turner, Bishop Moore, and Bishop Shaffer. Its superintendent is the Rev. L. C. Curtis ; it has five church buildings, 16 ordained and 3 unordained preachers, 3 missionary teachers, 501 members. It has an industrial school with 100 acres of land on the St. Paul's River. It is the only one of all the missions which originates with colored men and which is carried through without white assistance. Government. — 1. The Declaration of Independ- ence of Liberia was adopted on July 26, 1847. It is a human document of extraordinary interest. As a basis for it, the declarers state their case in the fol- lowing words: "We the people of the Republic of Liberia, were originally inhabitants of the United States of North America. In some parts of that coun- try we were debarred by law from all rights and privi- leges of men — in other parts, public sentiment, more powerful than law, ground us down. We were every- where shut out from all civil offices. We were ex- cluded from all participation in the government. We were taxed without our consent. We were compelled to contribute to the resources of the country, which gave us no protection. We were made a separate and distinct class, and against us every avenue of im- provement was effectually closed. Strangers from all lands, of a color different from ours, were preferred before us. We uttered our complaints, but they were DESCRIPTION. 37 unattended to, or met only by alleging the peculiar institution of the country. All hope of a favorable change in our country was thus wholly extinguished in our bosoms, and we looked about with anxiety for some asylum from the deep degradation. ' ' The whole document is .well worth reading. 2. The Constitution was adopted on the same day, which date is celebrated annually as the birthday of the nation. The document is largely patterned after our own, but presents some interesting points of dif- ference. Among these, three deserve special mention. Slavery is absolutely prohibited throughout the Re- public. Citizenship is limited to negroes or persons of negro descent; in the original Constitution the wording was, that it was confined to "persons of color," but, as curious questions gradually arose in regard to who should be considered "persons of color," an amendment was adopted, changing the expression to "negroes or those of negro descent." The ballot is cast by male citizens, twenty-one years of age, and owning real estate. 3. This Constitution remained without amend- ment for sixty years. In the beginning the term of president, vice-president, and representatives had been fixed at two years, and that of senators at four ; experience demonstrated that these terms were too short and a vigorous agitation to lengthen them took place. The Liberians are a conservative people and look back with pride to the doings of the "fathers"; very strong feeling was aroused at the suggestion of changing the wording of the sacred document which they had left. In time, however, sufficient sentiment was developed to lead to the submission of amend- ments at the election of 1907 ; the amendments were carried by a vote of 5112 to 1467. By these amend- ments the term of office of president, vice-president, and representatives was extended to four years and that of senators to six. 4. The flag of the Republic has six red stripes with five white stripes alternately displayed longi- 38 LIBERIA. tudinally ; in the upper angle of the flag, next to the staff, a field of blue, square, covers five stripes in depth ; in the centre of the field is a lone white star. 5. The great seal of the Republic bears the fol- lowing design: — a dove on the wing with an open scroll in its claws ; a ship under sail upon the ocean ; the sun rising from the water; a palm-tree, with a plough and spade at its base; above, the words: Repuhlic of Liberia; below, the national motto: The Love of Liberty Brought Vs Here. 6. The government of Liberia consists of three co- ordinate branches — the Executive, Legislative, and Judicial. The executive branch consists of the Presi- dent, Vice-President, and a Cabinet of seven mem- bers. The Legislature consists of two houses — the Senate and the House of Representatives. The judi- cial branch consists of a Supreme Court with a Chief Justice and two Associates, and Circuit Courts under the supervision of the Supreme Court. The Presi- dent, Vice-President, and Congressmen are elected; all other ofificers of state are appointed by the Presi- dent, subject to the approval of the Senate. 7. The President and Vice-President are elected by the voters for a period of four years. The Presi- dent's Cabinet consists of seven members — Secretary of State, Secretary of the Treasury, Secretary of the Interior, Secretary of War and Navy, Postmaster- General, Attorney-General, Superintendent of the Department of Education. These officers have the usual functions connected with such positions. The Vice-President is President of the Senate.^ iThe present President of the Eepiiblic is Daniel Edward Howard. He is the third "native son" to hold that office — the first having been President Johnson. President Howard 's Cabinet consists of the following members: Secretary of State, C. D. B. King; Secretary of the Treasury, John L. Morris (son of the Secretary of the Interior) ; Secretary of the Interior, James Morris; Secretary of War and Navy, Wilmot E. Dennis; Postmaster-General, Isaac Moort ; Attorney-General, Samuel A. Eoss; Superintendent of the Department of Education, Benja- DESCRIPTION, 39 8. The Legislature consists of the Senate and the House of Representatives. The Senate consists of eight members, two from each county ; they are elected for a term of six years. The House of Repre- sentatives at the present time includes fourteen mem- bers, apportioned as follows: Montserrado County, four ; Grand Bassa County, three ; Sinoe County, three; Maryland County, three; Cape Mount Terri- tory, one. Notwithstanding its small size, this Legis- lature has as broad a range of matters to consider as any legislative body elsewhere ; thirty-two committees deal with matters ranging from foreign affairs and commerce through military and naval affairs, native African affairs, and pensions, to engrossing and en- rolling. Naturally in such a multiplicity of commit- tees — most of which consist of five members — ample opportunity is found for the development of political ability among the members; it seems, however, as if membership on twenty-two committees, a case of which occurs in the present standing committee roll, was over-ambition or over-loading. In case of neces- sity the President, Vice-President, and Cabinet offi- cers may be impeached. Impeachment must originate in the House of Representatives ; the trial is made by the Senate, over which at the time the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court presides. 9. The judicial branch of the government consists of the Supreme Court, with a Chief Justice and two Associates, and of Circuit Courts wdth rotating judges under the supervision of the Supreme Court. All judges are appointed by the President. The Supreme Court holds two sessions annually ; the Circuit Courts hold quarterly. 10. Mr. George W. Ellis, for a number of years secretary of our legation at Monrovia, and exception- ally well informed regarding Liberian affairs, states min W. Payne (educated in the U. S.). The Vice-President is Samuel G. Harmon, of Grand Bassa, whose father was vice- president in 1876. 40 LIBERIA. that the political authority of the President is exer- cised in the counties and territories by a governor appointed by the Executive, who is called Superin- tendent. In the interior the President is represented by a Commissioner, who presides over each commis- sioner-district, and who associates with himself the native chiefs in the control or government of the native peoples in his district. In some instances this Commissioner has judicial functions, from which an appeal lies to the Quarterly and Supreme Courts. The authority of the Commissioner is supported by a detachment of the Liberian Frontier Police Force, with head-quarters at the Monrovia barracks. 11. In the matter of lesser courts there are Quar- terly, Probate, and Justice courts, for each of the counties and territories. The judges can only be re- moved for cause, the President suspending, and his suspension meeting the approval of the Legislature. Monrovia recently abolished the Justices of the Peace and established a Municipal Court with a special judge, whose tenure of office is during good behavior. 12. Politics is in great vogue. The Liberians have never liked to work. Since the establishment of the colony, agriculture even has had but slight attrac- tions for the people. It is not strange, all things con- sidered. The ancestors of these people used to work hard in the fields before they went over there; one reason they went was that they wanted to escape field- labor. They had always been accustomed to see their masters live in ease, without soiling their hands with toil ; when they became their own masters, they natu- rally wanted to be like the men to whom they had been accustomed to look up with respect. Trade has always been in high repute. It was easy for the new- comers to trade with the natives of the country and rapidly acquire a competence. So far as work was concerned, there were plenty of "bush niggers" to be had cheaply. There is, however, another way of escape from manual labor besides trade — that is pro- fessional life. Everywhere people who do not wish DESCRIPTION. 41 to work with their hands may seek a learned profes- sion; it is so here with us — it is so there with them. The Liberians would rather be "reverends" or doc- tors or lawyers than to work with their hands. Of all the professions, however, law seems to be the favor- ite. The number of lawyers in Liberia is unneces- sarily large, and lawyers naturally drift into politics ; they aim to become members of Congress or judges of the Supreme Court or members of the Cabinet or President of the Republic. It is unfortunate that so many of them are anxious for that kind of life ; but they are skilled in it, and we have nothing to teach them when it comes to politics. 13. Ellis says: ". . . the most notable char- acteristic of Liberian government is the existence practically of only one political party. The reasons for this no doubt are many, but important, if not chief among them, is the economic depression which fol- lowed the decline in the price of Liberian coffee. Coffee was the overshadowing industry of the Ee- public. The Liberian planters had invested all the capital they had in the coffee industry, and when coffee went down in the early nineties, the different Liberian communities were thrown into such a paraly- sis of hard times that they have not recovered to this day. Disheartened and financially distressed, for- merly strong, self-sustaining, and independent, Liberian planters one after another abandoned their plantations and transferred their time and attention vfrom coffee and the farm to politics and office-seeking. And while something is due to the ability of the administrations to undermine opposition by captur- ing its capable leaders through the charm of political preferment, something due to the smallness of the civilized population and the disposition of voter and leader alike to be on the winning side, yet, economic depression is at the foundation of the one-party sys- tem which now obtains in Liberia." 14. Still there has ever been a nominal division into parties. Again we quote from Ellis: "Thus 42 LIBERIA. after the adoption of the Liberian constitution the people divided themselves into two parties under the same names as those which obtained at the time in the United States — the Republican and the Whig parties. For some time the Republican Party has ceased to exist in Liberian politics. The opposition to the Whig Party has been for the most part unor- ganized, without wise and resourceful leaders, and without funds adequate to compete with the dominant Whig administrations in national campaigns. But like the present Republican Party of the United States, the Liberian Whigs have met all the Liberian difficulties during the past thirty years or more. The Whigs had been progressive, and inspired by wise and distinguished statesmen, the Liberian Whigs have repeatedly addressed themselves Math success to the Liberian voters. Opposition to the Whig Party in Liberia at the polls seems now to have little or no chance of success, so that nomination on a Whig ticket is equivalent to election." 15. All this is true, but after all, at the last elec- tion there was a considerable awakening of party spirit; it was a bitter political contest. The cry of fraud was loudly raised ; seats in Congress were chal- lenged by more than half the total number of mem- bership ; the question was seriously asked how an in- vestigation would be possible on account of the lack of unimplicated to conduct it. This outburst of feel- ing and this cry of fraud, came at a bad moment; the nation was appealing for our financial assistance; it was feared that a bad impression might be produced by the condition of disharmony ; under this fear, per- sonal feeling w^as for the time suppressed and the demand for investigation dropped. 16. We have already said that the Liberians are skilled in politics and that we have but little to teach them. They know quite well what graft means. In fact, graft of the finest kind exists and has existed among the native Africans from time beyond the memory of man ; if the Americo-Liberians could DESCRIPTION". 43 have escaped from our own republic without ideas in this direction, such would quickly have been devel- oped through contact with their native neighbors. Unfortunately there is considerable opportunity for graft in the black Republic. The actual salaries of public officers and congressmen are very small. Im- portant concessions are, however, all the time being demanded by wealthy outside interests. English, German, French, American promoters have always something to propose to that little legislature, and they never come with empty hands. One of the great- est dangers which the nation faces is found in these great schemes of exploitation offered from outside. The natural resources of the country are very great; but they should be, so far as possible, conserved for the benefit of the people and the nation. The temp- tation to betray the nation's interest for present personal advantage is always very great. Economics — 1. We have already called attention to the attitude of the Americo-Liberian toward man- ual labor and have shown that it is, on the whole, natural under the circumstances. Where there are sharp contrasts between the elements of society, as there are in Liberia between the Americo-Liberians, the Vai, the Kru, and the "Bush Niggers," there is bound to develop more or less of caste feeling. This was inevitable with people who had themselves come from a district where caste was so marked as in our southern states. The natives have never been consid- ered the full equals of the immigrants nor treated as brothers; they are "hewers of wood" and "drawers of water"; they are utilized as house servants. It is convenient to be able to fill one's house with "bush niggers" as servants, and the settlers have done so from the early days of settlement. Why indeed should one himself work where life is easy and where money is quickly made through trade? This feeling of caste showed itself in various curious ways — thus the colo- nists soon fell into the habit of calling themselves 44 LIBERIA. "white men" in contrast to the negroes of the country. 2. For the present and for some time still the chief dependence of the country is necessarily trade in raw products. Wealth must come from palm nuts and oil, piassava, rubber, and the like. In such prod- ucts the Republic has enormous wealth. These can only be secured from the interior through native help. In order that this kind of trade develop, it must be stimulated by legitimate means. At present it is not as flourishing as it might be. The natives are not steady workers; they bring in products when they feel like it or when they have a pressing need of money; trails are bad, and transportation of raw products for great distances is hardly profitable. Yet, if the country is to develop, this production must be steadily increased. 3. Ultimately Liberia must depend on agriculture. With a fertile soil, a tropical climate, abundant rain- fall — its possibilities in the direction of agricultural production are enormous. This industry will be the permanent dependence of the country. It must be the next in order of development. Serious develop- ment of manufacturing appears remote. Agriculture has always been neglected ; Ashmun pleaded with the natives to go into it and prepared a little pamphlet of directions applicable to the local conditions; friends have begged the people ever since to pay less attention to trade and more to cultivation ; all in vain. It is true, however, that ever since the days of early settlement, there has been some attention given to the matter of field culture. There was a time when there were extensive plantations of coffee and fields planted with sugar-cane. For a time these plantations were successful, but hard luck came; for- eign competition arose, careless and wasteful methods were pursued, and a paralysis seems to have fallen upon the industry. Sons of those who once were suc- cessful planters have moved into Monrovia and en- tered polities. In the old days there were native vil- DESCRIPTION. 45 lages in the vicinity of the capital city ; then bullocks were constantly to be seen in the Monrovian market and fresh meat was easily secured; to-day the native towns have retreated into the interior, and Monrovia depends upon the steamers for fresh meat supplies, 4. Through the over-emphasis placed upon trade, there has grown up a needless importation of foreign articles. It is not only meat that is brought in from other lands; there was a time when the making of shingles was a fairly developed industry — to-day cor- rugated roofing comes from the outside world ; one of the chief foods of the Liberians is rice — it is also one of the chief crops among the native tribes — the native rice is of most excellent quality — yet the rice eaten by Americo-Liberians is imported from foreign coun- tries. There are many articles which might as well or better be produced in Liberia, furnishing employ- ment and a source of wealth for many of the popu- lation, which to-day are imported in poorer quality and higher prices from outside. 5. There is a widespread feeling that Liberia has great mineral wealth. No doubt a part of this is justified ; much of it, however, is merely due to the fact of ignorance regarding the interior of the coun- try. There are surely gold and copper; there is iron, no doubt, in abundance ; we have already mentioned the possibility of diamonds. Under such conditions it is natural that men throughout the whole Republic are ever dreaming of making lucky finds. Anything found anywhere, which chances to have lustre, is con- sidered precious and leads to hopes of sudden and enormous M^ealth. This widespread expectation of always finding a bonanza is certainly unfortunate for any population ; it is unfortunate for Liberia, but just enough of actual mineral wealth will always be discovered to keep it vigorous. It would be well in- deed for the black Republic if it were lacking com- pletely in mineral wealth. It is likely that the dis- covery of valuable deposits will harm the country far more than help it. Such discoveries are certain to 46 LIBERIA. enlist rapacious foreign capital and to lead to con- stant interference and ultimate intervention. If white men in Dutch South Africa were unable to re- sist the aggressions of avaricious English miners, what chance can the small black Republic stand? The very day I wrote this passage, I received a letter from a well-informed Americo-Liberian. He closes with these words: "I am told that the English have opened up a gold mine in the rear of Careysburg on the St. Paul's River. This is the last settlement on the river, thirty miles inland. Of course, it is by grant of the legislature, but all based on fraud, as I am told. The yield, I learn, is very great, of which Liberia sees and knoM^s nothing. The whole thing is guarded by an English force." I have no means of knowing how much truth there may be in this state- ment of my correspondent. Just such things, how- ever, do occur, will occur, and such things are fraught with danger. 6. It is common to speak in terms of pessimism regarding the economic conditions of Liberia. This has been true for years. In 1881, Stetson spoke as follows in his Liherian Republic as It Is: "This con- dition of hopeless bankruptcy is fraught with danger to the existence of the Republic. The cords which bind her to England are being drawn closer and closer, her exports go largely to England, her imports are from England, her loans are from England, and what few favors she has to grant, or are received of her, are to English capitalists; notably a charter recently given to an English company for a railroad extending two hundred miles back from Monrovia, the capital, and designed ultimately to connect that port with the head-waters of the Niger. English influence and gun- boats may at any moment settle the question of the future of Liberia." It will be seen that this was written after the time when Liberia solicited her first loan from England — the notorious loan of 1870. 7, Thirty years have passed since then. England has encroached, but she has not yet absorbed the Liberian Republic. Meantime, while conditions are DESCRIPTION. 47 far from satisfactory, they have improved; England still has large relations with Liberia, but there has been a wise development of common interests with Germany since 1870. To-day Germany has greater shipping interests, greater trade interests, greater prospects than has Britain. Germany may some time become a menace, but certainly for the present she is a safer friend for Liberia than England. So far as the present financial circumstances in Liberia are con- cerned, a few figures may be quoted. For the ten years, from 1893 to 1903, the receipts of the nation amounted to $2,243,148, and the expenses to $2,171,- 556 ; an average annually of something like $225,000 of income, $217,000 of outgo. In 1905 receipts were $357,000 and expenditures $340,000. In 1911 the in- come rose to $443,255 and the estimated outgo was probably $481,954. These figures are very far from discouraging, and there is no reason why they should not be notably increased by judicious management. 8. We reproduce a little table of the receipts from customs. It will well repay careful examination. It will be seen that during the short space of time represented by this table the receipts in customs have more than doubled. By fair dealings with the natives of the interior and by the improvement of roads, this income can be greatly multiplied. 9. It is hardly to be expected, in a population such as that with which we are here dealing, that there should be a large development in postal service. The statistics of the four years, from 1907 to 1910 show us the general movement of postal matter. The total amount is by no means insignificant and a fair growth is evident. POSTAL STATISTICS Articles 1907 1908 1909 1910 Letters: ordinary 100,979 95,18(i 94,481 104,313 Letters: registered 9,052 9,768 9,421 10,458 Postal cards 15,142 10,877 15,821 18,386 Parcel post 2,888 3,539 2,332 2,895 Samples 254 299 269 385 General movement. . .128,315 119,669 122,324 136,437 48 LIBERIA. 10. The Republic is now in telegraphic connection with the outside world. Gerard tells us that "the German- South- Amencan Telegraph Society, with a- capital stock of 30,000,000 marks, has recently laid a cable at Monrovia which will place the negro capital herafter in rapid communication with the civilized world. Up to this time telegraphic messages addressed to Liberia were delivered at Freetown, and there were entrusted to the ordinary postal service, upon the semi-monthly mail-boats conducting business between Sierra Leone and the Grain Coast. Constructed by the North German Marine Cable Factory of Nordenham-am-Weser, the cable, destined to draw the little Guinean Republic from its isolation, starts from Emden, passes under sea to the island Burkom, connects at Teneriffe, in order then to reach Monrovia, from whence it is finally directed to Pernambuco, the terminal point of the line. On the other hand, the South American Cahle Co. of London, a French society with a French director and supported by French capital, has obtained a concession with a view to the establishment of a submarine cable connecting Conakry (Guinea) with Grand Bassam (Ivory Coast), touch- ing at Monrovia, and it is interesting to notice in passing that there has been arranged, in connection with this matter, between Germany and France a friendly relationship permitting the German cable to touch at Brest, allowing the French installation to be accomplished through the German cable, and obliging the two rival companies to have similar tariffs and giving each of them the right of using the apparatus of the other in case of the breaking of its own con- nection. It is also to the French government that the exclusive right has been given of establishing a wire- less telegraph station which will connect Monrovia with the Eiffel Tower via Dakar and Casablanca, while posts, constructed at Conakry, Tabou, and Cotonou will give origin to radio-telegraphic connections between Liberia, French Guinea, the Ivory Coast, and Dahomey; the importance of this project, to-day in DESCRIPTION. 49 course of execution, will escape no one, since one will understand that there is question here of installing the Marconi system in Madagascar and at Timbuctu, and of thus enclosing the whole black continent in a net- work of rapid communication of which France alone will have control." All three of these enterprises have been successfully carried through, and to-day Liberia is in easy con- nection with every part of the civilized world. It is a notable step forward. 11. Five lines of steamers make regular stops upon the coast of Liberia. Chief of these is the great Woermann Line, of Hamburg. Two regular sailings weekly in both directions touch at Monrovia. Next in importance are the British steamships controlled by Elder Dempster and Co. They have a combina- tion consisting of the African Steamship Co. and the British African Steam-Navigation Co. These boats make two weekly sailings from Liverpool and one monthly sailing from Hamburg. Nor are these the only landings made by these lines at Liberian ports. It is probable that the Woermann Line makes three hundred calls annually, and the Elder Dempster Lines two hundred and fifty, at Liberian ports. A recent arrangement which, if given fair attention, promises a notable development, has been entered into between these two companies, whereby every two months a boat sails from New York to Monrovia and return; The English and German lines alternate in supply- ing this steamer. Besides these two lines of chief importance, three other lines make stops at Monrovia — the Spanish Trans-Atlantic Co., of Barcelona, Fraissinet and Co., of Marseilles. France, and the Belgian Maritime Co. of Congo, from Antwerp. 12. Considering the dangers of its coast, the light- house service of the Republic is far from satisfactory. The old light-house .at Monrovia, for years a disgrace, has been replaced by a more modern apparatus; at Grand Bassa a light-house was erected at the private expense of Mr. S. G. Harmon, a successful Liberian 50 LIBERIA. merchant, now the Vice-President of the Republic ; at Cape Palmas a good light-house has been erected, visible at all times to a distance of six miles — this cost about $9000 and was a gift from the French authori- ties. It is somewhat doubtful whether it was good policy to accept a gift from a neighbor, who has made definite efforts to crowd Liberians out of the Cavalla River, which forms the natural boundary between the Grain Coast (Liberia) and the Ivory Coast (French). 13. The whole west coast of Africa has for centur- ies depended only on foreign trade. Portuguese, Dutch, French, English, Germans, have all played their part. Most of these nations still have interests in that portion of the Avorld. So far as the Liberian Republic is concerned, representatives of foreign houses have numerous trading-posts upon its coast. The house of A. Woermann has factories at Monrovia, Cape Mount, Bassa, Sinoe, and Cape Palmas. J. W. West (Hamburg) is established at Monrovia, Cape Mount, Grand Bassa, and Sinoe. Wiechers and Helm are at Monrovia and Cape Palmas. Wooden and Co. (Liverpool), Patterson and Zachonis (Liverpool), Victor and Huber, C. F. Wilhelm Jantzen (Ham- burg), and the American Trading Co. (established only in 1911), are among those w^io trade in Liberia. 14. A number of development companies have at different times been formed with the intention of exploiting the black Republic. Many of these have been fraudulent enterprises and have come to noth- ing ; some, started in good faith, have failed ; a few — a very few out of many — have developed promisingly. The English Liberian Ruhher Corporation has a farm of 1000 acres w^ith 150,000 rubber-trees already planted; this w^as begun in 1904 and has now reached the period of yielding ; in 1912 it was expected that it would prove a paying proposition. The Liberian Trading Co. (English) are exporting mahogany and other valuable woods. They are opening commercial houses in different parts of the country and seeking concessions from the government to open roads. The DESCRIPTION. 51 Liherian Development Co. (English) discovered gold and diamonds in 1908 and are now importing heavy machinery to work their mines, together with mate- rials for a railway to them, and have already laid part of the railway ; this is probably the company to which my correspondent, already quoted, refers. One of the latest of the development companies is the Libcrian- American Produce Co., which was chartered in 1910 by the national legislature with the approval of the president of the Republic for a period of sixty years. It was given large and varied powers, among them being the right to build for itself or for the govern- ment, roads, bridges, harbor-improvements, railways, etc. ; and the company was granted a concession of a hundred square miles Avith the privilege of taking up this land in any sized blocks, anywhere in the country by simply filing in the State Deparment a description of the lands thus taken up. The company has already selected four square miles of land containing mineral deposits, and plans to start active operations in trade, agriculture, and mining. 15. As the subject of the financial outlook of the Republic will come up again for consideration, we are here only completing our descriptive picture of the Republic. She has long been in debt ; her resources have been mortgaged ; her customs-houses have been in the hands of receivers. She has recently consoli- dated all her debts, foreign and domestic, and has secured a loan through the kind offices of the United States of $1,700,000. This loan has been guaranteed by the customs-house receipts, and the customs-service is now under the direction of an international receiver- ship. HISTORY Africa is the Land of Black Men, and to Africa they must and will come. — John Kizell. Tell my brethren to come— not to fear — this land is good — it only wants men to possess it. — Daniel Cokeb. 1821-1828. The American Colonization Society was founded in Washington in December, 1816. To it Liberia is due. On the 23rd of December, 1816, the legislature of Vir- ginia requested the governor of the state to corres- pond with the President of the United States "for the purpose of obtaining a territoiy on the coast of Africa, or at some other place not within any of the states, or territorial governments of the United States, to serve as an asylum for such persons of color as are now free, and may desire the same, and for those who may hereafter be emancipated within this common- wealth." A few days after this a meeting was held at Washington to which persons interested were invited. Bushrod Washington presided ; Mr. Clay, Mr. Kan- dolph, and others took part in the discussions which ensued and which resulted in the organization of the American Colonization Society. Judge Washington was chosen president, a board of twelve managers were selected, together with seventeen vice-presidents from various states. The object of the Society was clearly set forth in the first and second articles of its constitution. "Article 1. This society shall be called The American Society for Colonizing the Free People of Color of the United States. Article 2. The object to which attention is to be exclusively directed, is to promote and execute a plan of colonizing (with their consent) the free people of color residing in our coun- 52 HISTORY. 53 try, in Africa, or such other place as Congress shall deem most expedient. And the Society shall act to effect this object in co-operation with the general government and such of the states as may adopt reg- ulations on the subject." We do not desire in the least to minimize the good, either of the intent or result, of the American Colo- nization Society. It is, however, only just to say that it was not a purely benevolent organization. Its membership included different classes. Of this Jay says: "First, such as sincerely desire to afford the free blacks an asylum from the oppression they suffer here, and by their means to extend to Africa the blessings of Christianity and civilization, and who at the same time flatter themselves that colonization will have a salutary influence in accelerating the abolition of slavery; Secondly, such as expect to enhance the value and security of slave property, by removing the free blacks; and Thirdly, such as seek relief from a bad population, without the trouble and expense of improving it." As a matter of fact, the American Colonization Society was largely an organization of slave holders. Judge Washington was a southern man ; of the seventeen vice-presidents twelve were from slave states; of the twelve managers all were slave holders. Through a period of years the Ameri- can Colonization Society and the Abolition Societies of the United States waged a furious conflict. The real purpose of the organization was to get rid of the free blacks at any cost, and the attitude of its members toward free blacks was repeatedly expressed in the strongest terms. Thus, General Harper, to whom the names Liberia and Monrovia were due, said: "Free blacks are a greater nuisance than even slaves them- selves." Mercer, a vice-president of the Society, spoke of them as a "horde of miserable people. — the objects of universal suspicion. — subsisting by plunder." Henry Clay, an original member of the Society and for many years vice-president, said: "Of all classes of our population, the most vicious is that of the 54 LIBERIA. free colored — contaminated themselves, they extend their vices to all around them." Again Clay said: "Of all the descriptions of our population, and of either portion of the African race, the free persons of color are by far, as a class, the most corrupt, de- praved, and abandoned." And yet these excellent gentlemen repeatedly stated that in sending free black men to Africa, they were actually combatting the slave trade and Christianizing the natives. Clay himself said, in the same speech in which he referred to the free blacks as "corrupt, depraved, abandoned." * * * "The Society proposes to send out not one or two pious members of Christianity into a foreign land; but to transport annually, for an indefinite number of years, in one view of its scheme, 6,000, in another, 56,000 missionaries of the descendants of Africa itself, to communicate the benefits of our relig- ion and the arts. ' ' Stripped of all pretense, the facts were that the free blacks of the day were not wanted in America, and that they must somehow be got rid of; accordingly they were dumped upon the African west coast. This idea of recolonizing black men into Africa is not a new one; as far back as 1773, at which time slavery was common in New England, Dr. Samuel Hopkins became convinced of its wickedness and, with Dr. Stiles (afterwards president of Yale College) made an appeal to the public in behalf of some colored men whom he was preparing to send to Africa as mis- sionaries. The Revolutionary War interfered with his plan. In 1783 Dr. Thornton, of Washington, proposed a colonization scheme and organized about forty New England colored men to go to Africa ; his scheme failed for lack of funds. The British Sierra Leone Company in 1786 organized its colony at Sierra Leone for freed blacks. When Thomas Jefferson was President, he made application to the Sierra Leone Company to receive American negroes, but his request failed of effect. From 1800 to 1805 the project of colonization was again discussed. Very HISTORY. 55 interesting was the work of Paul Cuffy, born in New Bedford, Mass., of negro and Indian parents ; he was a man of ability, gained considerable wealth, and owned a vessel; he induced about forty persons to embark with him for Sierra Leone in 1815 ; they were well received and settled permanently in that colony. Paul Cuffy had larger schemes of colonization and planned to transport a considerable number of Ameri- can negroes to Africa, but died before his plans were realized. In 1818 the Society sent Samuel J. Mills and Ebenezer Burgess to seek a suitable location for the colony. Samuel J. ]\Iills was the young man to whom the work of foreign missions of the United States was largely due ; after he graduated from college, he planned to establish a colony in the West ; he became interested in a seminary for the education of colored men, who should go to Africa as missionaries, at Parsippany, N. J. Mills and Burgess went by way of England, where they called upon various persons of prominence in the hope of receiving information and advice which might be of use to them. They sailed from the Downs, England, in February, 1818, and were in Sierra Leone before the end of March ; they examined the conditions there with interest and then, in company with John Kizell and a Mr. Martin, went farther down the coast; they reached Sherbro Island on the first of April and decided to found the settlement there. This John Kizell, who was with them as adviser and friend, was a black man, a native of the country some leagues in the interior from Sherbro. His father was a chief of some consequence and so was his uncle. They resided at different towns; and when Kizell was yet a boy he was sent by his father on a visit to his uncle who desired to have the boy with him. On the very night of his arrival the house was attacked. A bloody battle ensued in which his uncle and most of his people were killed. Some escaped, the rest were taken prisoners, and among the latter was Kizell. His father made every effort to release 56 LIBERIA. him, offering slaves and ground for him; but his enemies declared that they would not give him up for any price, and that they would rather put him to death. He was taken to the Gallinhas, put on board of an English ship, and carried as one of a cargo of slaves to Charleston, S. C. — He arrived at Charleston a few years before that city was taken by Sir Henry Clinton. In consequence of the General's proclama- tion, he, with many other slaves, joined the royal standard. — After the war he was remanded to Nova Scotia from which place he came to Africa in 1792. Kizell had established a small colony of colored people on Sherbro Island. He had prospered in trade, built a church, and was preaching to his coun- trymen. Having accomplished the purpose of their journey, the commissioners started again for the United States. On the voyage Mills died. On March 3, 1819, the Congress of the United States passed an act which was of consequence to the cause of African colonization. It provided that the Presi- dent of the United States should have authority to seize any Africans captured from American or foreign vessels, attempting to introduce them into the United States in violence of law, and to return them to their own country. It provided also for the estab- lishment of a suitable agency on the African coast for the reception, subsistence, and comfort of these persons until they could be returned to their relatives, or provide for their own support. From the time of the passage of this act the government and the Society worked in practical co-operation. The first shipment of colonists took place in Feb- ruary, 1820, from New York, by the ship Elizabeth which had been chartered by the government. It carried two agents of the United States Government — Rev. Samuel Bacon and John P. Bankson; Dr. Samuel A. Crozer was sent as agent of the American Colonization Society ; 88 emigrants accompanied them, who had promised in return for their passage and HISTORY. 57 other aid of the Government, to prepare suitable accommodations for such Africans as the Govern- ment might afterwards send. The expedition went at tirst to Sierra Leone, thence to Sherbro Island, landing at Campelar, the point chosen by Mills and Burgess for settlement. The place was badly selected. Practically the whole company suffered frightfully from fever. Bacon, Bankson, and Crozer, all died, together with many of the colonists. A second party was sent out in 1821 in the Nautilus, a vessel chartered by the United States Government. It carried two agents of the govern- ment — J. B. Winn and Ephraim Bacon — and two agents of the colony — Joseph R. Andrus and Chris- tian Wiltberger. Some emigrants accompanied them. On their arrival at Sierra Leone, the emigrants were left at Fourah Bay, while Bacon and Andrus went on down the coast in search of a suitable situation for settlement. In this search they went as far as Grand Bassa. Soon after they returned to Sierra Leone, Mr. and Mrs. Bacon were invalided home ; shortly afterwards Mr. and Mrs. Winn died of fever; thus Wiltberger was left alone in charge of the settlement, until Dr. Eli Ayres arrived as chief agent of the Society in the autumn. Wiltberger visited Sherbro, and finding the conditions of the settlers serious, he took them with him back to Fourah Bay, Sierra Leone. In December, Capt. Robert F. Stockton, of the Alligator, came to the coast with orders to co-operate so far as possible with the agents. Leaving Wiltberger in charge of the colonists at Fourah Bay, Ayres and Stockton made an exploration of the coast. On the 11th they reached Mesurado Bay, and being pleased mth the appearance of the district, they sought a palaver with the native chiefs. Making their way through the jungle to the village of the most important chief, they found hun- dreds of people collected ; negotiations were at once begun for land at the mouth of the Mesurado River, upon which a settlement might be made. The busi- 58 LIBERIA, ness was not conducted without excitement and some danger, but Stockton appears to have been a man of parts, and finally a contract was drawn up and signed by six kings, with their marks, and by Ayres and Stockton. The territory secured included all of the cape, the mouth of the river, and the land for some distance into the interior, although the boundaries were left indefinite. There was a mulatto trader living in this district, by the name of John S. Mill. His friendship was of importance to the enterprise in those early days. Mill was an African by birth, the son of an English merchant who owned a large trading concern on the coast; he had enjoyed a good English education; he was himself the owner of the smaller of the two islands at the mouth of the Mesurado River, and this island was purchased from him for the use of the colony. Land having been secured, measures were at once taken to remove the colonists from Fourah Bay to Cape Montserrado. Some of them refused to leave, and remained in Sierra Leone, becoming British subjects. It was January 7, 1822, when the colonists under the leadership of Agent Ayres reached their new home. It was soon learned that King Peier had been condemned by the people for the sale of the land, and that the natives desired that the colonists should leave ; the vessel, however, was unloaded and preparations for building houses were made. On account of the threatening attitude of the natives, a palaver was held. There was considerable opposition, iDut the colonists persisted in their efforts. The month of February was a sickly time, and little was done toward settlement. About the middle of Feb- ruary more settlers came from Fourah Bay, and the place was crowded and in bad condition. Agent Ayres was absent in Sierra Leone, when an incident occurred which might have had serious results for the infant colony. The colonists at this time were living on Perseverance Island. A small vessel, prize to an HISTORY. 59 English schooner, with thirty slaves on board, put in for water at the island. Her cable parting, she drifted ashore and was wrecked. It was the custom of the coast to look upon wrecks as legitimate booty for the people upon whose shore they occurred. King George at once sent his people to take possession of the vessel and the goods, but they were met with resistance by the crew and were repulsed. While the natives were preparing to renew the attack, the Captain sent for help to the colony agent. Though no white man was there in charge, help was promised. A boat was manned and sent to his relief; a brass field piece on the island was brought to bear upon the assailants who were put to rout, with two killed and several wounded. The crew and slaves were brought safely to the land, but the vessel went to pieces and most of the stores and property were lost. The natives were very angry. The next day they resumed the attack, and the British soldiers and one colonist were killed. On returning from Sierra Leone, April 7, Ayres found the colony in confusion and alarm. The natives had received only a part of the purchased goods for their land. They now refused to receive the balance and insisted on returning what they had received and annulling the transaction. To this the agent would not give consent. They invited him, therefore, to a conference, seized him, and held him until he con- sented to take back the articles already paid. They insisted that the colonists should leave, but agreed to permit their staying until a purchase could be made elsewhere. Under these circumstances, Agent Ayres appealed to a chief named Boatswain who, after hearing the complaint, decided in favor of the colonists and ordered that the goods should be accepted and the title given. In his decision he said that the bargain had been fair on both sides and that he saw no grounds for rescinding the contract. Turning to King Peter, he remarked: "Having sold your coun- try and accepted payment, you must take the con- sequences. * * * Let the Americans have their 60 LIBERIA. lands immediately. Whoever is not satisfied with my decision, let him tell me so. ' ' To the agents he said : "I promise you protection. If these people give you further disturbance, send for me ; and I swear, if they oblige me to come again to quiet them, I will do it by taking their heads from their shoulders, as I did old King George's, on my last visit to the coast to settle disputes. ' ' By the 28th of April the whole colony of immigrants had come from Sierra Leone. Dissatisfied with Per- severance Island, they had moved over on to the higher land of Cape Montserrado and taken formal posses- sion of it. This led to great excitement. There was a palaver at which many kings and half kings were present. Difficulties, however, were still pressing. The rainy season had begun ; the houses were not fit for occupancy; fever was prevalent and both agents were suffering; provisions and stores were scanty — almost exhausted ; it was realized that hostility on the part of the natives was but slumbering. Dr. Ayres, discouraged, determined to abandon the enterprise and to remove the people and the remaining stores to Sierra Leone. Wiltberger opposed this project, and the colonists also rejected it. A small number indeed accompanied Dr. Ayres to Sierra Leone. The re- mainder resolved to suffer every hardship, remained, and by July had their houses in fair condition. Soon, however, Wiltberger felt compelled to return to the United States. There was no white man to leave in charge of matters, and a colonist, Elijah Johnson, was appointed temporary superintendent. It is at this point that Jehudi Ashmun came to Liberia. He was a remarkable man, and to him the colonial enterprise owes much. He was born April 21, 1794 ; he studied at Middlebury College and Vermont University ; in 1816 he was principal of the Maine Charity School ; in 1818 he married Miss C. D. Gray, at New York City; resigning his principalship on April 7, 1819, he removed to Washington where, for J;hree years, he edited the Theological Repository; he HISTORY. 61 here thought seriously of entering the ministry; he wrote the Life of Samuel Bacon, who had died for the sake of the colonial enterprise ; in 1822, June 20th, he embarked upon the brig Strong, at Baltimore, hav- ing been employed to accompany a cargo of returned Georgian slaves. Mrs. Ashmun accompanied him; they were 81 days upon the voyage; on August 9th they arrived at Cape Montserrado. When Ashmun arrived, a small spot had been cleared, about thirty houses had been constructed in native style, together with a storehouse too small to receive the supplies which had been brought; the rainy season was at its height; the settlers already on the ground were barely supplied with shelter; for the new-comers no provision had been made; though the M^hole country was hostile, there were no adequate means of defense ; the total population of the settlement, including the new-comers, did not exceed 130 persons, of whom thirty-five only were capable of bearing arms. It was a desperate situation; the erection of a storehouse and of a building to shelter the recaptured Africans was at once begun. The people and the goods were transferred as rapidly as possible from the vessel to the shore. On September 15th, less than six weeks after their arrival, Mrs. Ashmun died of fever, and on December 16th Ashmun himself was taken down and for two months his life was in doubt; it was not until the middle of February, 1823, that he was able to resume his duties. Between the time of Mrs. Ashmun 's death and Ashmun 's illness, troubles with the natives reached their culmination. Fortunately the danger had been foreseen and preparations made. Defensive opera- tions began on August 18th. The plan included the clearing of a considerable space around the settlement in order to render concealment of the natives difficult ; the stationing of five heavy guns at the angles of a triangle circumscribing the whole settlement, each angle being on a point sufficiently commanding to enfilade two sides of the triangle and sweep the ground 62 LIBERIA. beyond the lines ; guns to be covered by musket proof ; triangular stockades any two of which should be suf- ficient to contain all of the settlers in their wings; the brass piece and two swivels mounted on traveling carriages were in the center to support the post suf- fering heaviest attacks; — all to be joined by a paling carried quite around the settlement. Upon inspecting the matter of the force, it was found that there were only twenty-seven native Americans able to bear arms, when well. On November 7th it was found that an assault had been ordered within four days. Picket guards were set ; no man was allowed to sleep before sunrise ; patrols of natives were dispersed through the wood in every direction. Trees were felled in order to render approach more difficult. On Sunday, the 10th, it was reported that the enemy were approach- ing, crossing the Mesurado River a few miles above the settlement. Early in the night from 600 to 900 of them had assembled on the peninsula half a mile west, where they encamped. The attack itself was made at early dawn ; it was vigorous, and at first the enemy had the distinct advantage ; had they pressed it instead of delaying for looting, they would perhaps have won the day; as it was, the settlers recovered themselves and gained the victory. The number of the hostile dead could only be estimated ; it could hardly have been less than 200 persons; the colonists had some dead and several wounded. The entire force of the settlers at the moment of the combat was thirty-five individuals of whom six were native youths not sixteen years of age; of this number only about one-half were actually engaged in fighting. Lott Carey and Elijah Johnson were notable for bravery in this defense. Attempts were made to bring about a treaty of peace with the enemy; these efforts were ineffective, and it was well known that a new attack might be expected. Nothing could be secured in the way of supplies from the surrounding country ; all were put upon an allowance of provisions; the ammunition on hand was insufficient for an hour's HISTORY, 63 defense ; it was impossible to know anything about the movement of the enemy, as there were no natives left in the settlement. Seven children had fallen into the hands of the native foe. November 23rd was observed as a day of humiliation, thanksgiving, and prayer. Two days later a passing steamer was able to give some relief in stores. On the 29th Capt. Bras- sey, aided with stores and by his influence, which was considerable, tried to bring about a peace with the hostile chiefs. It was in vain ; the enemy had planned destruction that very night, but delayed the attack on account of his presence with his vessel. Guard was kept the night of the 29th, the 30th, December 1st ; the attack was made at 4 :30 in the morning of the 2d from two sides. How many were in the attacking force is not known, but there were more than in the first great battle ; the battle lasted for more than an hour and a half and was most obstinately conducted ; the loss of the enemy, though considerable, was less than in the preceding battle ; one of the gunners of the colonists was killed. Conditions were so desperate that a renewal of the battle the following day might have proved fatal to the settlers. A seeming accident brought deliverance. An officer on watch, in the middle of the night, is said to have been alarmed by some slight noise ; on hearing it, he discharged several muskets and a large gun. At that moment the schooner Prince Regent was passing; the well known Major Laing was aboard, and a prize crew of eleven seamen commanded by Midshipman Gordon ; they were on their way to Cape Coast Castle, but, hearing midnight cannon, anchored in order to investigate with morning's light; Avhen they found the condition of things, Capt. Laing intervened in behalf of the colonists and brought about a truce ; the chiefs agreed to refer matters of dispute, which might thereafter arise, to Sierra Leone for settlement. Midshipman Gordon and his eleven men were left behind to assist the colonists in case of need, and a plentiful supply of ammunition was given them. Gordon was a great 64 LIBERIA. favorite with the settlers; he was, however, together with his companions, quickly taken down with fever, and within four weeks he and seven out of his eleven men were dead. We have already stated that seven children of the colonists had been captured by the enemy. Ashmun tells US: "Two of the captured children have been given up in consideration of a small gratuity. Five are still in the hands of the natives ; for their relief a very extravagant ransom was demanded which it was steadily resolved not to pay . . . redeeming trait . . . in their treatment of these helpless and tender captives. It was the first object of the captors to place them under the maternal care of several aged women, who, in Africa, as in most countries, are proverbially tender and indulgent. These protectresses had them clad in their usual habits and at an early period of the truce, sent to the colony to inquire the proper kinds of food, and modes of preparing it. to which the youngest had been accustomed. The affections of their little charges were so perfectly won in the four months of their captivity as to oblige their own parents, at the end of that time, literally to tear away from their keepers several of the youngest amidst the most affec- tionate demonstrations of mutual attachment. This event did not occur until the 12th of March, when their gratuitous redemption was voted almost unan- imously in a large council of native chiefs." We have referred to Elijah Johnson. He was an extraordinary man. His parentage is quite unknown ; June 11, 1789, he was taken to New Jersey; he had had some instruction, gained perhaps in New York; by religion he was a methodist and had studied for the ministry ; he had had some experience in military life in New Jersey, New York, and Massachusetts ; he had fought in the war of 1812 against the British ; he came to Africa with the first colony of emigrants in 1820; in 1822 he was one of the founders of the settlement at Cape Montserrado; when Ayres pro- posed the abandonment of the enterprise, he vigor- HISTORY, 65 ously opposed him, and his influence had much to do with holding his fellow colonists ; to the British cap- tain who, on the occasion of a difficulty, offered to quell the trouble with the natives if he be given ground for the erection of a flag, Johnson is said to have replied, "We want no flagstaff put up here, that will cost us more to get it down than it will to whip the natives. ' ' When Wiltberger left the colony entirely to itself, it was Johnson who was put in charge ; his son, born in Africa, became President of the Republic; Elijah Johnson died March 23, 1849. March 31, 1823, the United States ship, Cyane, Capt. Spencer, reached Cape Montserrado. Finding the colonists in bad condition, the Captain supplied their wants; he repaired the agent's house, com- menced and nearly completed the Martello tower — for defense ; after three weeks ' assistance so much fever had sprung up among his crew that he' was obliged to depart, sailing for the United States. He, however, left behind as helper, Eichard Seaton, his chief clerk. Seaton assisted Ashmun and the colonists so far as he could but was himself stricken by fever and died in June. On May 24th the Oswego arrived with sixty- one new colonists; the agent, Dr. A^/res, w4io seems to have thought better of matters, returned by this vessel. About this time, however, the whole com- munity was rife with intrigue and rebellion ; the set- tlers were dissatisfied with their situation ; they were particularly dissatisfied with the distribution of land about which misunderstanding had arisen. The steps Ayres took for bringing about peace were not suc- cessful, and in December he left again for the United States. It was on February 20, 1824, that the official names of Liberia for the colony and Monrovia for the settle- ment on Cape Montserrado were adopted on recom- mendation of General Harper. Previous to this time the settlement had been known by the name Christ- opolis. Things at Christopolis had been going badly. Even Ashmun could no longer get on with the set- 6. 66 LIBERIA. tiers; perhaps it would be as true to say that even the settlers could not get on with Ashmun. However that may be, on March 22nd he issued a farewell address in which he expressed his feelings in regard to the disaffected, and on April 1st he embarked for the Cape Verde Islands. There is no reason to be- lieve, so far as I know, that he had any intention of returning again to his field of labor. He had had a most unsatisfactory and disagreeable correspondence with the Society, and his tenure of office with them was vague and unsatisfactory; they had refused to recognize some of his official acts and conditions could hardly have been more disagreeable than they were at the moment. Rev. R. R. Gurley had been ordered by the Society to visit Africa and investigate conditions at the colony. On July 24th the Porpoise, which was carry- ing him to Monrovia, put in at Porto Praya where Ashmun was stopping; he went on board to meet Gurley, and there they had their first conversation over the state of affairs ; Ashmun consented to return to Monrovia and assist Gurley in getting a general knowledge of conditions. Together they reached Mon- rovia on August 13th; Gurley stayed until August 22nd; the two men went over the details of the situation, held consultations with the settlers, and drew up a plan of government more definite than had before existed, and which the discontented set- tlers agreed to accept. After Gurley had departed conditions at the colony greatly improved ; the new laws and the participa- tion of the colonists in their own government had an excellent effect; every one appeared loyal and all united to advance the common interests. New lands were acquired in the neighborhood of Grand Bassa, New Cess, Cape Mount, and Junk River. In 1826 difficulties arose with the slave traders at Trade Town, about 100 miles south from Monrovia. Ashmun had remonstrated against their operations. In reply the French and Spanish traders proceeded to strengthen HISTORY. 67 themselves; the traders were organized and some 350 natives were under their command. Ashmun decided to take vigorous action against them. On April 9th the- Columbian war vessel, Jacinto, arrived at Mon- rovia with orders to co-operate with Dr. Peaco, the United States Government agent, and Mr. Ashmun; on April 10th Ashmun and thirty-two militia volun- teers embarked upon the Jacinto, and the Indian Chief (Capt. Cochrane), and sailed for Trade Town where they arrived on the 11th, finding the Columbian vessel Vencedor, there, ready to assist them. The three vessels united in the attack, attempting to make a landing on the morning of the 12th ; the surf was breaking heavily over the bar and the passage was only eight yards wide with rocks on both sides. The barges, full of armed men, were in great danger; the Spanish force was drawn up on the beach within half a gunshot of the barges; the two barges with Captains Chase and Cottrell were exposed to the enemy's fire and filled with surf before reaching the shore; their crews, however, landed and forced the Spaniards back to the town. The flagboat with Ash- mun and Capt. Cochrane and twenty-four men was upset and dashed upon the rocks; Ashmun was in- jured ; some arms and ammunition were lost. Capt. Barbour, observing the difficulties encountered by the other boats, ran his boat on to the beach a little to the left of the river's mouth, and landed safely. The town was captured; the natives and Spaniards took to the forest, and from behind the town poured in shot at frequent intervals; the contest continued through two days; more than 80 slaves were surrendered, but no actual adjustment of the difficulties was arrived at. At noon of the 13th, preparations were made to leave; the slaves were first embarked, and in the middle of the afternoon, the town having been fired, the officers took to the boats ; before the vessel sailed the fire reached the ammunition of the enemy, and 250 casks of gunpowder were exploded ; Trade Town was wiped out, and the victorious party returned to Mon- 68 LIBERIA. rovia. It was indeed only a temporary solution of the difficulty; by the end of July slaving vessels were again at Trade Town, a battery had been constructed, and preparations made to resist any force that might in future be sent against it. On August 27, 1827, the Norfolk arrived with 142 recaptured slaves ; this was the largest shipment of the kind so far sent. The policy was adopted of settling such Africans in settlements by themselves at a little distance from Monrovia, on lands well suited to agri- culture ; it is remarkable how readily these poor crea- tures took advantage of the opportunities offered them; they were industrious, established neat settle- ments, cultivated fields, and were anxious to learn the ways of the "white man"; as, however, they repre- sented different tribes, occasional difficulties arose among them through tribal jealousies, and adjust- ment was necessary at the hands of the civilized colonists. Ashmun's health had long been bad; the injuries he suffered in the attack at Trade Town had been somewhat serious; he had, moreover, been subjected to a constant strain of anxiety, together with responsi- bility ; he had been doing the work of several men ; his condition finally became critical, and he decided that he must leave the colony. Whatever feeling might have existed at one time against him, he was now a much loved man ; in losing him. the colonists felt as if they lost a father; he embarked on March 25th for the United States ; he reached his native land in a condition of extreme exhaustion and weakness; on August 25th he died at New Haven, Conn. There was no white man in the colony at the time when Ashmun left to whom he could turn over the leader- ship of the settlement; he accordingly placed affairs in the hands of Lott Carey. Lott Carey Avas a remarkable black man; he was born a slave near Kichmond, Va., about 1780; in his early manhood he was rather wild ; in 1804 he went to Richmond where he worked for a tobacco com- HISTORY. 69 pany; becomiug converted in 1807, lie joined the Jiaptist Church; he learned to read and write, and preached among his people; he was well considered by his employers and earned $800 a year as a regular salary, besides frequently making additional sums by legitimate outside labor; by carefully saving his money, he raised $850, ransoming himself and two children ; his wife had died in 1813 ; becoming inter- ested in African missions, he took to preaching, organ- ized a missionary society, and through it raised con- tributions for the cause; he had married again, and learning of the Liberian scheme, early becoming in- terested, and decided to go to Africa; on January 23, 1821, he left Richmond for the colony; he was a most useful man — active in church work, interested in school affairs, instructing the recaptured Africans, aiding in the care of the sick and suffering; he had been of the disaffected, but after difficulties had been adjusted, was a firm friend and supporter of Ashmun. When left in charge of the colony, he actively pushed on in every line of progress, dealing fairly with the natives, arranging for defense, encouraging develop- ment, etc. In June, when three suspicious Spanish vessels stood off the harbor, he lost no time in dealing with them, ordering them away at once. Trouble, however, was arising with the natives. A factory be- longing to the colony at Digby had been robbed; satisfaction had been demanded and refused; a slave trader was allov/ed to land goods in the very house where the colony goods had been; a letter of remon- strance to the trader was intercepted and destroyed by the natives. Lott Carey called out the militia and began to make arrangements for a show of force ; on the evening of November 8th, while he and several others were making cartridges in the old agency- house, a candle caught some loose powder and caused an explosion which resulted in the death of eight persons; six of these survived until the 9th, Lott Carey and one other until the 10th. With his death the settlement was left without a head. Shortly be- 70 LIBERIA. fore that sad event, however, — on October 28, 1828, a new constitution and laws, suggested by Ashmun shortly before his death, had been adopted by the Colonization Society and been put into operation. It was in every way an advance upon the previous efforts to organize the administration of the colony, and it may be said to mark a period in the colonial history. "Instead of repenting that I am here, although I was well treated in Georgia, I would not return to live in the United States for five thousand dollars. There is scarcely a thinking person here but would feel insulted, if you should talk to him about returning. The people are now turning their attention to the cultivation of the soil, and are beginning to live within their own means." — S. Benedict. 1828—1838. Richard Randall,' the newly appointed agent, arrived at Monrovia on December 22, 1828. He found the Digby incident still unsettled. King Brister (or Bristol) had been threatening. Randall thought it best, however, not to pursue active warfare and attempted to adjust matters without fighting. He was a man of excellent ideas, devoted to his duties, active and energetic. He was imprudent, however, in caring for himself, and died on April 19th, having been in the colony only about four months. He was succeeded by Dr. Mechlin who had come out with him as physi- cian in December. Mechlin remained as agent for some years, although, on account of bad health, he was obliged to return once during that period to the United States. It was during his agency that the first printing press was erected in Monrovia, in 1830, and the first newspaper, The Liherian Herald, was printed with J, B. Russwurm as editor. It was in 1830 that Mechlin took his furlough to the United States; he was at first relieved by Dr. J. W. Ander- son who died on April 12th, having been in Liberia less than two months ; upon his death, the vice-agent, Anthony D. Williams, took charge until the return of Dr. Mechlin. Mechlin negotiated several treaties with native chiefs and increased the land holding of the colony through purchase; he visited Grand Bassa and negotiated for land around Cape Mount ; it 71 72 LIBERIA. was during his administration that the Dey-Golah War took place. He seems to have been a well-mean- ing man, and certainly accomplished something, but there was considerable dissatisfaction with his admin- istration, and when he left, it was questioned whether he was a good financier and used judgment and econ- omy in administering money matters. One of the most exciting incidents in the history of Liberia was the Dey-Golah War of 1832. Hostilities had been threatened against the colony by King Brom- ley, but he died before serious difficulty occurred. It was soon found that the Deys and others were com- bining; deeds of violence were practiced against the colonists and recaptured Africans; captives had been taken by King Willy ; a messenger was sent to demand their release, but the letter was torn up and the messenger told to inform the agent that they would seize and hold every colonist they could find. The next day the enemy, standing on the river bank opposite Caldwell, blew war horns, fired muskets, and challenged the colonists; a body of recaptured Afri- cans, 100 in number, was sent against them; finding a large force gathered, they were driven back, and one man was killed. The enemy barricaded their own town, and sent word that, if the colonists did not promptly meet them in the field, they would attack Caldwell and Millsburg; the Golah were acting with the Dey in this affair. Mechlin left Monrovia on June 20th, with the regular militia and volunteers, eighty in all; they had a large field piece with them; at Caldwell they were joined by seventy volunteers and militia, and 120 recaptured Africans ; all were placed under Capt. Elijah Johnson. One day's march from Caldwell brought the force to Bromley's town which they took without trouble, camping there for the night; the next day they advanced over an exceed- ingly difficult road — seven hours being required for ten miles' progress; after mid-day the recaptured Africans, who were in advance, were engaged with the enemy; the field piece was brought up until only HISTORY. 73 twenty-five or thirty yards from the barricaded town. A few firings forced the enemy to abandon their position ; under cover of the field piece, the colonists now rushed forward and cut through the barricade; the field piece was advanced and the town captured, the enemy escaping in the rear. In this engagement Lieutenant Thompson, of the colony force, was killed and three men wounded; of the enemy fifteen were killed and many wounded. The captured town was burned and also Bromley ; the force returned to Cald- well for the night and then to Monrovia. Lieutenant Thompson was interred with the honors of war. Messengers promptly arrived from Kings Willy and Brister; Mechlin demanded that the kings them- selves appear in person at IMonrovia ; Brister, Sitma, Long Peter, and Kai appeared ; Willy sent New Peter as his representative ; they agreed to the terms offered and a treaty of peace was signed. It was also during Mechlin's agency that the colon- ization of Maryland in Africa began. In 1831 Dr. James Hall with 31 colonists from the Maryland Colonization Society stopped at Monrovia ; they had been sent out to locate a settlement where the colon- ists should devote themselves exclusively to agricul- ture (refusing trade) and should be devoted to tem- perance principles; they were not received with cor- diality by the people at Monrovia, and no particular inclination was shown to aid them in securing a site for their purposes; Dr. Hall, therefore, left them temporarily at Monrovia, while he returned to the United States for advice and further supplies; he returned in 1833 with 28 new colonists ; taking those who were at Monrovia, all sailed farther down the coast until, at Cape Palmas, they found a location to their satisfaction ; they landed there, engaged in negotiations with the native chiefs, and founded what was at first known as Maryland in Africa; it was entirely distinct from the settlements under the direction of the American Colonization Society. About this time there was a tendency for local 74 LIBERIA. branch organizations of the American Colonization Society to be formed and to undertake their own set- tlements, although these were not considered to be actually independent of the mother society and of the people at Monrovia. Considerable settlements had been made in the neighborhood of Grand Bassa. Among these, one of the most promising was Edina which was laid out upon a tongue of land upon the north side of the St. John's River ; it was named Edina from Edinburgh, Scotland, citizens of which had con- tributed quite liberally to the funds of the American Colonization Society. After Edina was founded, a neighboring settlement was made through the efforts of the Pennsylvania Young Men's Colonization Society — an organization of Friends ; it was organized with the idea that agriculture should be the chief in- terest; that trade as a means of income should be forbidden; that temperance and sobriety, involving a pledge of abstinence, should be demanded; and that war and resistance should be forbidden. Non- resistance and peace-principles, howev-er, were not in place at that time and region; in 1835 this little colony was wiped out of existence by a brutal attack on the part of natives instigated by a slave trader who feared that the presence of the colonists would interrupt his trade. Joe Harris and King Peter, brothers, were the active agents of destruction; for several days their people spied upon the settlers, in- forming themselves whether any arms were in the place ; there was one gun only there ; the assault took place at night, and about 20 persons, mostly women and children, were killed; the agent Hankinson and his wife were rescued by a Kruman who concealed them ; those who escaped were taken to Monrovia and cared for ; the authorities at Monrovia took immediate action, marched an armed force against the aggres- sors, put them to flight, and destroyed their towns; King Peter and Joe Harris agreed to forever abandon the slave trade, to give free passage from the interior through their country, to rebuild the settlement, and HISTORY. 75 return the property; a better spot was selected and a new settlement made. When Mechlin returned to the United States, Rev. John B. Pinney, who was already in Liberia as a missionary, succeeded him. He found everything in a state of confusion and dilapidation ; himself a man of vigor, he acted promptly and made notable improve- ments; he attempted to give agriculture its proper position as the fundamental interest of the commu- nity ; he purchased fertile lands in the interior for cul- tivation ; he emphasized the claims of Liberia to lands lying behind Cape Mount ; he adjusted difficulties be- tween the Congoes and Eboes, recaptured Africans; had he remained long in office, he might perhaps have accomplished much. He, however, left Liberia at the end of 1834 for home. Dr. Ezekiel Skinner took his position ; at the time of Pinney 's retirement he was the colonial physician. His labors were arduous and multiform; in performing them he suffered repeated exposures which brought on a serious fever under which he was reduced so low that he was obliged to return to the United States, leaving Anthony D. Wil- liams as agent in his place. Williams, in fact, seems to have been agent at in- tervals from the time of Randall's death until he gave way to Thomas Buchanan in 1839. Inasmuch as most authorities speak of him as if he were a white man, it may be well to raise the question. Late in November, 1836, Rev. Charles Rockwell, chaplain of the United States Navy, was in Liberia. In his Sketches of Foreign Travel he says: "Mr. Williams, who has for years been the acting-governor of Mon- rovia, took the lead in entertaining us and in doing the honors of the place. He was from Petersburg, Va., where, if I mistake not, he was once a slave. He has a peculiarly modest, sedate, gentlemanly deport- ment, and during his repeated visits to the United States has, by his intelligent and good sense, justly secured the esteem and confidence of those with whom he had intercourse. He came to Africa as a clergy- 76 LIBERIA. man of the Methodist Church, and for a year or more was engaged in the self-denying work of a missionary among the natives at a distance of 150 miles in the interior. Under the title of vice-agent, he has for years been head (actively) of the colony, and as far as I could learn, has so discharged the duties of his office as to secure the confidence alike of his fellow citizens and of the society from which he received his appointment." When, in 1839, he gave up the agency to Thomas Buchanan as Governor of the newly es- tablished Commonwealth of Liberia, the Board of the Colonization Society expressed itself as well satisfied with his long services; but it w^as their opinion "that the time had not yet arrived when the interests of the colony would permit it to remain permanently under the direction of a colonist." It would seem as if these two quotations amply establish the fact that Williams was a colored man ; we have thought it worth while to raise the question, inasmuch as his services were serious, and if rendered by a black man, deserve special recognition. With the year 1836 there arrived in Africa a man of great ability and extraordinary energy, Thomas H. Buchanan ; he was sent out as the agent of the New York and Pennsylvania Societies to take charge of their settlements at Bassa Cove; these settlements recognized the superior authority of Monrovia and the American Colonization Society ; but it was deemed better that they should have a special superintendent in charge of them. It is well enough to notice that, at this time, there were three totally different associa- tions at work within the area of what now is Liberia, besides Maryland ; there was the original settlement of Monrovia on Cape Montserrado with extensions in the direction of Cape Mount and the Junk River ; this district included Monrovia and several villages around it; "the people were not much given to agriculture; they were shrewd at driving trade and better liked to compete for some gallons of palm oil or sticks of camwood than to be doing their duty to their fields HISTORY. 77 and gardens ; ' ' politics and military concerns occupied considerable of their attention, and they were called upon to adjust claims with the neighboring settle- ments. Secondly, there were the Bassa Cove villages ; there were several of these in the neighborhood of the St. John's River; they depended mainly upon agri- culture and trade; they encouraged temperance and desired peace. Third, there were interesting settle- ments in Sinoe along the Sinoe River upon its rich agricultural lands ; Greenville was a flourishing town ; the settlers in this vicinity came from Mississippi, and their region was known as Mississippi in Africa. Just as the New York and Pennsylvania Societies engaged a special governor to take charge of their settlements, so the Mississippi Society sent out a spe- cial governor to take charge of Mississippi in Africa. The appointment was of special interest in the person of I. F. C. Finley. Governor Finley was a son of the Rev. Robert Finley, to whom the organization of the American Colonization Society was in reality due. In September, 1838, Governor Finley left for Monrovia on business as well as for his health ; making a landing in the neighborhood of the Bassa Cove settlements, he was robbed and murdered by the natives on September 10th; it is believed that the motive to this murder was the desire for gain, as the Governor had considerable money upon his person. The murder led io disturbance between the settlers at Bassa Cove and the natives '.who were im- plicated ; one or two of the latter were killed, several wounded, and some houses were destroyed. One rather interesting incident in connection with the Bassa settlements was the experience of Louis Sheriden. He was a colored man of some means from North Carolina, who came to Liberia in February, 1838 ; he at first planned to settle at Bassa Cove, but on visiting the settlements and examining the laws of their government, he was dissatisfied and refused to take the oath required of those who became citi- zens, saying that he had "left the United States on 78 I.IBERIA. account of oppression and that he would not subject himself to arbitrary government in Africa"; he finally decided to locate at Bexley, six miles from Bassa Cove; he took a lease of 600 acres and soon had more tlian a hundred men in his employ; his intention was to develop an extensive sugar and coffee plantation, but he died before his plan could be realized. An interesting man in this period, although but indirectly connected with the colony, was Theodore Ganot ; he was born in Florence in 1803 and had a life of excitement and adventure ; in 1826 he became a slave trader; he finally located with Pedro Blanco at Gallinhas, and was sent by him to New Cess ; he was a witness of the Finley murder; after Blanco retired from the slave trade, Canot, being hard pressed by the British officers, decided to abandon the business also. He finally retired to New York, where he met with Brantz Mayer, who wrote a book which pur- ported to be autobiographical material supplied by the old adventurer. Canot not infrequently came into contact with the Liberian authorities. He must have known the whole colonial experiment better than almost any other white man. Of Liberia he says: "Nevertheless, the prosperity, endurance, and influ- ence of the colonies are still problems. I am anxious to see the second generation of colonists in Africa. I wish to know what will be the force and development of the negro mind on its native soil — civilized, but cut off from all instruction, influence, or association with the white mind. I desire to understand, precisely, whether the negro 's faculties are original or imitative, and consequently, whether he can stand alone in ab- solute independence, or is only respectable when reflecting the civilization that is cast upon him by others. ' ' As was to be expected, considerable feeling arose between the four separate colonies — Liberia, Bassa Cove, Mississippi in Africa, and Maryland. Thus, in May, 1838, Anthony D. Williams wrote : I regret to HISTORY. 79 say, our neighlx)rs of Bassa Cove and Edina seem to entertain the most hostile feelings toward the colony and everything connected with it. They have mani- fested such a disposition as will, if continued, lead to serious difficulties between the settlements. The policy which the colonizationists are now pursuing is assuredly a bad one and will inevitably defeat the object they aim to accomplish. Nothing can be con- ceived more destructive to the general good than sep- arate and conflicting interests among the different colonies, and this consequence will certainly follow the establishment of separate and distinct sovereign- ties contiguous <<) each other." This was felt to be a serious problem ; after due consideration, an effort was made to more strongly unite the colonies outside of Maryland; a new constitution was accordingly drawn up by Professor Greenleaf, of Harvard Col- lege, the name "Commonwealth of Liberia" was adopted, and Thomas Buchanan, who had been gov- ernor of the Grand Bassa settlements, was appointed governor of the newly organized commonwealth. "We have already referred to him as a man of vigor and enthusiasm ; it is seldom indeed that Liberia has had an equally capable director. "It is not every man that we can honestly advise, or desii'e to come to this country. To those who are contented to live and educate their children as house servants and lackeys, we would say stay where you are; here we have no masters to employ you. To the indolent, heedless and slothful, we would say, tarry among the flesh-pots of Egypt; here we get our bread by the sweat of our brow. To drunkards and rioters, we would say, come not to us; you never can become naturalized in a land where there are no grog-shops and where temperance and order is the motto. To the timorous and suspicious, we would say, etay where you have protectors; here we protect ourselves. But the industrious, enterprising, and patriotic, of whatever occu- pation, or enterprise — the mechanic, the merchant, the farmer, and especially the latter, we would counsel, advise, and entreat, to come over and be one with us, and assist us in this glorious enterprise, and enjoy with us that to which we ever were, and to which the man of color ever must be a stranger, in America. ' ' 1838—1847. Governor Buchanan had scarcely come to power when he was forced to take vigorous action against the slave traders at Trade Town ; he assumed the right of jurisdiction over the entire territory along the Little Bassa seaboard ; he ordered a trader, who had been there established for some months, to leave within a given time or suffer the confiscation of his entire property; the man had received two similar orders from Anthony D. Williams, but had treated them with contempt; to Buchanan's order he re- turned a courteous reply ; he promised obedience, but asked delay until a vessel should come to take his goods; this was granted on condition of his desisting entirely from slave trading in the meantime. About this time an English trader established a regular trade factory at the same place; he put some goods ashore in charge of a native agent; Buchanan ordered him off under threat of seizing his goods; he treated the messenger rudely and refused obedience. Meantime 80 HISTORY. 81 the slave trader had been negotiating Avith native kings for their protection; he added to his stores, extended his barracoon, and paid no attention to remonstrance. On the 18th of April, without previ- ous announcement, Buchanan ordered a military parade at 7 P. M. ; he stated the facts, declared his intention of proceeding in force against Trade Town, and called for forty volunteers who were soon secured ; the next day he sent to New Georgia for twenty-five volunteers — they sent him thirty-five. He then chartered two small schooners, and sent them, together with the government schooner Providence, with ammunition, by sea to join the land forces for co-operation ; on Monday, the 22nd, at 9 A. M., the land force took up the march under Elijah Johnson ; in despatching his soldiers, the Governor told them that they were not out for war and plunder, but to sustain a civil officer in the discharge of his duty ; he urged them to conduct themselves in an orderly man- ner with obedience and discipline. When the force actually started, about 100 men were in line. The fleet found bad winds and currents; after thirty-six hours' struggle in trying to make Trade Town, it re- appeared at Monrovia. The case looked desperate, as the men sent overland had little ammunition or food. At this moment Sir Francis Russell arrived and placed the fast Euphrates at the disposition of the government ; arms and ammunition were at once loaded, Buchanan went in person, and the next morn- ing they were at anchor in front of Little Bassa. The battle was already on ; the barracoon, a circular pali- sade ten feet high, enclosed some half-dozen native houses, from which firing was going on ; the opening in the forest was about 150 yards from the shore; it was diiificult to know what to do, as it was impossible to recognize which was the friendly party; the Eu- phrates, well known as a slaving vessel, would be mis- taken ; the landing-party would be fired upon by its friends; an American seaman volunteered to per- form the dangerous feat of carrying a letter to the 6. 82 LIBERIA. shore; Elijah Johnson, seeing a white man landing from the canoe, made a sally with his forces to destroy him ; his real character was only recognized when the natives were on the point of knifing him; Johnson's party rushed out and saved him. As soon as his mes- senger was ashore, Buchanan started with two boats for the beach; the terrified Kru, whom they met in canoes before landing, told them that the woods on both sides of the path were lined with natives and the woods behind alive with them; when their boat was about fifty yards from the beach, a party of five or six came out to attack the new-comers; Buchanan stood and fired into them and they scattered. In landing, his canoe was capsized and he was nearly drowned. Huzzas greeted the relieving party; the defense was vigorously resumed; the houses outside of the barraeoon, fifteen or twenty in number, had given cover to the natives; Buchanan ordered them to be destroyed, which was promptly done. Johnson with a party of thirty or forty was then ordered to drive the enemy from their forest shelter; this he did, and the axe-men felled trees so as to clear the space around. The enemy kept firing all day, scatter- ing whenever a rush was made; Buchanan himself led two such charges. The Krumen were now em- ployed in loading the property which had been seized by the government party,, a task which continued through the day under the protection of the soldiers. The next morning firing was renewed from a dozen places at once; a pursuing party set out; Johnson led on; he was twice wounded and also three of his men, though not seriously. As ammunition was almost gone, Buchanan hurried in the Euphrates to Monrovia, where he arrived late at night; the next morning forty additional volunteers were taken on board, together with two field pieces, 14,000 ball cart- ridges, etc., etc. The vessel met with contrary winds and was delayed. As they neared their destination a large brig was seen apparently making for the anchorage ground; it was believed to be a brig of HISTORY. 83 the English trader whose factory had been destroyed ; the decks of the Euphrates were cleared for action and a six-pounder made ready. The brig turned, however, and was soon out of sight. On landing, Buchanan found that there had been no fighting since he left ; messengers were sent out to the native chiefs, Prince and Bah Gay, demanding instant surrender of the slaves, who, on the appearance of the force, had been turned over by the slavers to the natives ; the captured goods were finally all loaded, the wounded were sent on board, and everything was prepared for the return; though the chiefs failed to turn in all the slaves, some were surrendered. As the main ob- jects of the expedition had been gained, the party returned to Monrovia. From 1838 to 1840 there had been war between the Dey and Golah tribes in which the Golah gained the advantage. The Dey suffered so much that their remnant took refuge in the colony. A number of them were living on the farms of colonists near ]\Iills- burg; suddenly Gatumba, a Golah chief, burst upon them, wounding four dreadfully and carrying twelve into slavery; the entire number would have been killed or captured had not the colonists, hearing guns, appeared and rescued them. The attackers fled. Notice was sent to Grovernor Buchanan, and he at once hastened thither ; he prepared for difficulties and kept strict watch ; a letter was sent to Gatumba, demand- ing an explanation and requesting a palaver at Mills- burg ; an insulting reply was returned ; Gatumba intimated that he was prepared for battle, did not intend to attack the Americans, but would not per- mit their interference. Returning to Monrovia, Buchanan assembled his principal officers, laid the matter before them, and proposed attacking Gatum- ba 's colony before he should attack Millsburg. His officers thought it best to send another message to the chief; five messengers were sent, were fired upon, and three of them were taken prisoners. Several days passed when, on March 8, 1840, Gatumba burst 84 LIBERIA. upon Heddington and would have murdered every- body in the place had they not in a measure been prepared. The battle took place at the house of Mis- sionary Brown; two Americans from Caldwell were living with Brown at the time; a desperate attack was made at daybreak by from 300 to 400 men; against them were three black Americans sheltered by the house; all had guns and considerable ammu- nition; the attack was frightful, and the numbers great; the battle continued for almost an hour, and the ammunition was nearly gone; Gotorah, a notable cannibal, at the head of his best warriors, made a rush and came within ten feet of the door ; Harris, handed a loaded gun by a town native, poured a heavy charge into the advancing leader, who fell hideously man- gled; his fall caused panic and flight to his followers. The battle over, notice of the event was sent to Buchanan, who was at Little Bassa; hastening to Heddington, he found the place fortified in prepara- tion for a second attack ; the people above the settle- ment were in alarm ; Gatumba was reported to be preparing for vengeance. Buchanan determined upon immediate attack on Gatumba 's town; with 200 men, arms, ammunition, and a week's provisions, they were to start in boats for Millsburg. Rumors of an approaching hostile force delayed their departure; but, on the second day, embarcation was made and Millsburg reached; from there the line of march was taken by 300 men with a piece of artillery; sixty of the party were Kru carriers and forty were native allies, so that the really effective force consisted of some 200 men ; the cannon was dragged for six miles with great labor and was then abandoned ; the rain was falling in torrents when, at two o'clock, they reached a ruined walled town which had at one time been destroyed by Gatumba ; as some huts still stood and the site was high, a camp was made. The next day the line was formed again and, in spite of the flooded trail and swollen streams, the party continued to Gatumba 's town. As they neared, an attack upon HISTORY. 85 them was made from ambush and Capt. Snetter fell mortally wounded; the men rushed forward and dis- lodged the enemy ; the music struck up, and a lively advance was made; for nearly six miles they were exposed to shooting from the thick forest, but rushed on ; the town was found well barricaded ; Buchanan ran up with his aids. Col. Lewis and Gen. Roberts, to the margin of the open field, where he found John- son vigorously engaged with the people of the town and with an ambush; the third company now came up and joined the combat. Such was the vigor of their attack that the enemy, taken with panic, rushed from the town by a rear gate into the forest ; the Liberian forces entered in triumph. By this victory the strength of Gatumba was completely prostrated. During Buchanan's administration a serious diffi- culty arose with the mission of the Methodist Epis- copal Church. The superintendent of its interests at the time was the Rev. John Seyes ; he was a man of considerable ability and force of character, but was highly opinionated; the mission had found that trade goods was the best means of remitting from their treasury in America to their stations in Africa ; it was the ruling of the colony that goods necessary for carrying on the work of missions should be ad- mitted free of duty; a difference arose between Gov- ernor Buchanan and Mr. Seyes in reference to the goods being introduced by the mission for trading purposes with natives — Buchanan holding, very justly, that free admission should be granted only for supplies for the personal use of missionaries. The undutiable goods introduced by the missionaries en- abled them to undersell the colonial merchants, who had to pay the regular fees. The Governor was firm in his attitude and demanded that all goods which were to be used for trade purposes should pay their duties; the Colonization Society stood behind the Governor in his course ; the community, however, was rent in twain — great excitement prevailed — and 86 LIBERIA. there were practically two parties, the Seyes people and the government supporters. In 1840 it was evident that there was destined to be serious trouble with English traders settling in the neighborhood of the Mano River. On account of threatening complications, Buchanan sent an agent to England to inquire as to the purposes of such set- tlers and the attitude of the British Government in the matter. On September 3, 1841, Buchanan died at Bassa Cove. His death was a serious loss, but fortunately the man was ready who was competent to take up his work and carry it through to a suc- cessful conclusion. This man was Joseph Jenkin Roberts, who was appointed Governor by the Colonization Society and who held the office for six years; at the end of that time the Society itself severed its relation to the settlements. Roberts was a mulatto; he was born in Virginia, in 1809; he went to Liberia in 1829 and at once engaged in trade; he was at the head of the Liberian force in its war against Gatumba. His six years of governorship were on the whole successful ones, although it was at this time that difficulties began with France. In 1842 the French Government attempted to secure a foothold at Cape Mount, Bassa Cove, Butu, and Garawe ; this occurrence caused con- siderable anxiety, but the matter seemed to be finished without serious results; long afterwards this attempt was made the basis of claims which troubled the Republic. Roberts recognized the importance of strengthening Liberian titles to territory; he pur- sued an active policy of acquiring new areas and strengthening the hold of the Commonwealth upon its older possesisons. John B. Russwurm was at this time the Governor of Maryland; Roberts consulted with him in regard to public policy, and between them they agreed upon the levying of uniform 6 per cent ad valorem duties upon all imports. During his governorship Roberts visited the United States; he was well received and made a good impression; as HISTORY. 87 a result of his visit, an American squadron visited the coast of West Africa; difficulties, however, were brewing; Roberts found the English and other for- eigners unwilling to pay customs duties; they took the ground that Liberia was not an actual govern- ment and had no right to levy duties on shipping and foreign trade. On account of its failure to pay duties, the Little Ben, an English trading boat, was seized; in retaliation the John Seyes, belonging to a Liberian named Benson, was seized and sold for £2000. Appeals were made to the United States and to the Society for support; the United States made some inquiries of the British Government ; the Amer- ican representations, however, were put modestly and half-heartedly; to them Great Britain replied that she "could not recognize the sovereign powers of Liberia, which she regarded as a mere commercial experiment of a philanthropic society." It was clear that a crisis had been reached ; the Society of course could do nothing; the American Government was timid in its support; if Liberia was to act at all, she must act for herself. Recognizing the situation, in 1846 the Society resolved that it was "expedient for the people to take into their own hands" the man- agement of their affairs, and severed relations which had bound Liberia to it. The Liberians themselves called for a constitutional convention, which began its session the 25th of June, 1847 ; on July 26th the Declaration of Independence was made and the Con- stitution of the Liberian Republic was adopted. The flag consisted of eleven stripes, alternately red and white; the field, blue, bore a single white star. It is suggested that the meaning of the flag is this: The three colors indicate the three counties into which the Republic is divided; the eleven stripes represent the eleven signers of the Declaration and the Consti- tution ; the lone star indicates the uniqueness of the African Republic. Moreover, here is a wonder such as Solomon in all his wis- dom conceived not of, when he said, ' ' there is nothing new under the sun." Here on Africa's shores, the wilderness to which our fathers came but as yesterday, in ignorance, penury and want, — we have builded us towns and villages, and now are about to form a Eepublic — nay, nor was it thought of by the wise men of Europe and America. — H. J. R. 1847—1913. The election was held in October, and Joseph Jenkin Roberts, the Governor of the Commonwealth, was elected to the new office of President of the Re- public. One of his earliest acts was to visit Europe in order to ask the recognition of the new nation by- European countries. The first to recognize the Re- public was Great Britain ; France was second. As it may be interesting to know just what poM^ers have so far recognized Liberia as a nation, the list is pre- sented in the order of their recognition, the date of recognition being placed within parenthesis: — Great Britain (1848); France (1852); Lubeck (1855); Bremen (1855) ; Hamburg (1855) ; Belgium (1858) ; Denmark (1860) ; United States (1862) ; Italy (1862) ; Sweden and Norway (1863) ; Holland (1863); Hayti (1864); Portugal (1865). Of Roberts, Mr. Thomas, in his West Coast of Africa, says: "We called on President Roberts and family. Mrs. and Miss Roberts are most intelligent and interesting personages, speak English and French fluently, and are, in all respects, well bred and refined. I suppose that they have colored blood enough in them to swear by, but they might travel through every State in the Union without ever being suspected of having any connection with the sable progeny of Ham. Miss Roberts is a blue-eyed blonde, having light brown hair and rosy cheeks ; yet HISTORY. * 89 she is a genuine African in the know-nothing sense of genuineness, having been born in the woods of Liberia. The Ex-President is tall and well propor- tioned, colorless in complexion — hope the reader can tolerate a paradox — but plainly indicating his Afri- can extraction by a very kinky head of wool, of which, his friends say, he is very proud. We have spoken of his official character. In intelligence and moral in- tegrity he is a superior man, and in the interview of that morning displaj^ed much of that excellence in conversation and elegance of manner that have rendered him so popular in the courts of France and England. The best evidence of his practical good sense was displayed in a visit, which he made a few years ago, to his colored relatives and his white friends in his native state of Virginia. In every circle he knew his place, and conducted himself in such a manner as to win great favor among bond and free." It was while he was in London, in 1848, that Mr. Roberts, at a dinner given by the Prussian Ambas- sador, met Lord Ashley and ]\Ir. Gurley, and received from them promises of assistance for pur- chasing the land in the neighborhood of the Gallinhas River. He was well treated everywhere; he was received by Queen Victoria upon her royal yacht in April ; the British Admiralty presented the Republic with a war vessel, the Lark; he was re- turned to Monrovia on the British war-ship Amazwi. Roberts was re-elected president for two subsequent terms, holding office until the end of 1855. During his administration there were a number of disorders among the natives w^hich needed settlement; thus, in 1850, the Vai, Dey, and Golah were quarreling; this was during the absence of the President. In March, 1853, Roberts, with 200 men, went to the region of Cape Mount in order to quiet the disturbance. The Grando War, in Grand Bassa, called for vigorous action, and Chief Grando continued to give trouble at intervals from 1850 to 1853. On the whole, the 90 LIBERIA. Koberts administrations were successful, and the country was greatly strengthened under his direction. If Roberts was a mulatto, so light that he might easily have passed for a white man, his successor, Stephen Allen Benson, was black enough. This is amusingly brought out in an incident given by Thomas, which no doubt has some basis in fact, if it is not literally true. Thomas claims to quote a conversation between Capt. White of Virginia, while walking through Monrovia, and a former slave whom he had known as "Buck" (now "Col. Brown"). The Captain asked, "Which of the candidates for the presidency are you going to vote for?" "Oh, Ben- son, sir." "Has not Roberts made you a good presi- dent?" "Oh, yes." "He is a very smart man," continued the Captain, "and much respected abroad. I think you had better vote for him." "That's all true" — Colonel becomes quite animated — "but the fae's just this, Massa White; the folks say as how we darkies ain't fitten to take care o' oursel's — ain't capable. Roberts is a very fine gentleman, but he's more white than black. Benson's colored people all over. There's no use talking government, an' making laws, an' that kind o' things, if they ain't going to keep um up. I vote for Benson, sir, case I wants to know if we's going to stay nigger or turn monkey." Stephen Allen Benson was born in Maryland, in 1816; he removed to Liberia in 1822; he was cap- tured and held by the natives for some little time; he was inaugurated President in January, 1856. During his administration Napoleon III presented the Republic with the Hirondelle and equipment for 1000 armed men. During his administration there were various troubles with the coast natives, espe- cially in the neighborhood of Cape Palmas; in the month of January, 1857, the difficulty was so serious that the very existence of the colony and the Ameri- can missionaries at Cape Palmas were threatened. A force of Liberian soldiers under Ex-President Rob- erts was sent upon an English war steamer to their HISTORY. 91 relief; the arrival of so considerable a fore; awed the natives and led to a palaver; the natives prom- ised submission and an indemnity for the destruction they had caused. The independent colony of Maryland in Liberia had had a fairly successful existence. Their first governor, J. B. Russwurm, died in 1851. He was succeeded by McGill, and he by Prout. At the time of the Grebo War, J. B. Drayton was Governor. Largely as a result of this trouble it was decided that Maryland should join with the other colonies and become a part of the Republic; this annexation took place February 28, 1857, ten days after the ending of the Grebo War. A curious incident took place in 1858. The French ship, Regina Coeli, arrived on the Kru Coast, and the Captain treated with Kru chiefs for men to be shipped as laborers; the men supposed that they were shipped for a trip along the west coast, as usual, to serve as seamen ; learning, howevei;, that their des- tination was the West Indies, they became alarmed and believed that they were to be sold into slavery; the Captain was still on shore, treating with the chiefs; the men mutinied, seized the ship, and killed all the white crew except the doctor; they then re- turned to shore and left the ship without a crew ; had she not been noticed by a passing English steamer, she would no doubt have been wrecked; she was taken into a Liberian port. The French Government inves- tigated the matter, but it was clearly shown that the Liberian Republic was in no way responsible for the incident. In 1860 troubles with British traders in the region of the Mano River began ; these are so fully dis- cussed in another place that we need not present the facts here. A great deal of trouble was encountered by the Republic in preventing smuggling by foreign ships; as it was impossible to adequately man all the ports along the coast with customs-officers, a law was 92 LIBERIA. passed naming certain Ports of Entry at which only it was permitted for foreign boats to trade; this rendered the detection of illegal trade and smuggling easier. In 1864 Daniel Bashiel Warner became President. He was a native of the United States, born April 18, 1815. It was during his administration that the Ports of Entry Law was passed; it was also during his term that an immigration of 300 West Indian negroes took place; among those who came at that time were the parents of Arthur Barclay, later promi- nent in Liberian politics; Arthur Barclay himself was a child at the time. In 1868 James Spriggs Payne became President. He was a clergyman of some literary ability ; he was author of a small treatise upon political economy; during his first administration he sent Benjamin Anderson on an official expedition to the interior. Anderson penetrated as far as Musahdu, an impor- tant town of the Mandingo ; Payne served a second term, but not immediately following his first ; after him were President Roye and President Roberts ; it was in 1876 Payne was inaugurated a second time. In 1870 Edward James Roye, a merchant and ship- owner, became President of the Republic ; he was a full negro; he represented the "True Whig" party. His administration is notable for the turbulent char- acter of its events. It was under him that the famous loan of 1871 was made. Before he became President, an effort had been made to amend the Constitution in such a way as to make the presidential term four years instead of two ; the amendment was not car- ried ; Avhen, however, his term of office neared its end, he proclaimed an extension of his period for two years. Public dissatisfaction with the loan and a feeling of outrage at this high-handed action aroused the people so that they rose against him ; in the strife several lives were lost; the President's house was sacked ; search was made for him and one of his sons was caught and imprisoned ; in the effort to HISTORY. 93 escape to a British steamer standing in the harbor, it is said that he was drowned. Roye's deposition took place October 26, 1871. A committee of three was appointed to govern the nation until a new election could be held ; these gentlemen were Charles B. Dun- bar, R. A. Sherman, and Amos Herring. In this moment of public excitement and disorder the people looked to their old leader, and Joseph Jen- kin Roberts was again elected to the presidency ; this was his fifth term. His time was largely devoted to bringing about calm and order; Benjamin Anderson, in 1874, made a second expedition to Musahdu ; in 1875 there was a war with the Gedebo (Grebo) of some consequence. After President Payne's second administration Anthony W. Gardner became President ; he was in- augurated in 1878. It was under his administration that the difficulties with England culminated, and Liberian territory was seized by British arms. In 1879 took place what is known as the "Carlos inci- dent;" the German steamer, Carlos, was wrecked at Nana Kru ; the natives looted the vessel and abused the shipwrecked Germans who had landed in their boats; the Germans were robbed of everything they had succeeded in bringing to shore with them and were even stripped of their clothing ; they were com- pelled to walk along the beach to Greenville. The Ger- man warship, Victoria, was immediately despatched to the point of difficulty; she bombarded Nana Kru and the towns about ; she then proceeded to Monrovia and demanded £900 damages on behalf of the ship- wrecked Germans; the Government was unable to make prompt settlement and eventually paid the claim only under threat of a bombardment and with the help of European merchants in Monrovia. It was under President Gardner's direction that the Liberian Order of African Redemption was estab- lished ; the decoration of the order consists of a star with rays pendent from a wreath of olive; upon the star is the seal of the Republic with the motto, THE 94 LIBERIA. LOVE OF LIBERTY BROUGHT US HERE. Gard- ner was re-elected twice, but finally, in despair on ac- count of the misfortune which his nation was suffering, resigned his office in January, 1883 ; at his resigna- tion the Vice-President, A. F. Russell, took the chair. In 1883 there were two other difficulties with wrecked steamers. The Gonsco, a British mail steamer belonging to the Elder Dempster Company, was wrecked near the mouth of the Grand Cesters River; the passengers and crew took to the boats, but were plundered by the natives when they landed ; the ship itself was also plundered ; the Liberian force punished the Grand Cesters people for this deed, and the British Government treated the matter in a friendly manner. About the same time the Senegal was wrecked upon the Liberian coast and plundered by the natives. It must be remembered, in connection with such events as these, that it has always been recognized along that coast, that the natives on the beach are entitled to whatever wreckage occurs upon their shores; it is very difficult to disabuse the na- tive mind of this long recognized principle and to teach them that they must leave wrecked vessels un- pillaged. It will be remembered that a difficulty of this same kind took place when the first settlers were living on Perseverance Island. In September, 1912, while we were in the interior of the Bassa country, a German boat of the Woermann Line was wrecked in front of Grand Bassa ; although this occurred within sight of one of the most important settlements in the Republic, the natives put out in their canoes and took from the sinking ship all its contents. In 1884 Hilary Richard AVright Johnson became President of the Republic. He was the first ''native son" to hold the office. He was the child of the oft- mentioned Elijah Johnson, one of the first settlers. Hilary was born at Monrovia, June 1, 1837 ; he graduated from the Alexander High School, on the St. Paul's River, in 1857; for seven years he was the private secretary of President Benson; in 1859 HISTORY. 95 he became editor of the Liberian Herald, continuing to be so for two years; in 1861 he was elected to the House of Representatives; in 1862 he visited England and other countries with President Benson; he was Secretary of State under President Warner, and Professor of English and Philosophy in Liberia College; in 1870 he was Secretary of the Interior under President Roye, but resigned his office on ac- count of difference of opinion with him ; during the provisional government and during President Rob- erts' final administration he was Secretary of State; he became President in 1884 and served eight years ; after he left the presidential chair, he was for some time Postmaster-General; he died at Monrovia in 1900. It was in President Johnson's administration that the boundary dispute so long pending with Great Britain was settled, the Mano River being recognized as the limit of Liberian territory; through a very considerable part of his time of service efforts were being made toward adjusting the unfortunate affairs connected with the loan of 1871 ; at the very close of Johnson's term of office trouble with the French began by their claim on October 26th of the Cavalla River boundary. Joseph James Cheeseman was the next President, being inaiiguratfvl it) 1892. Ilo was born in 1843 at Edina, and was trained for the ministry by his father; he was ordained as pastor of the First Bap- tist Church in Edina in November, 1868. He was a man of energy; in 1893 he found the third Gedebo War upon his hands; he secured two gunboats — the Rochtown and the Gorronama — to patrol the coast for the prevention of smuggling; during his admin- istration the use of paper currency was abolished and gold payment established. He w^as twice re-elected and died in office in the middle of his third term, November 15, 1896. The Vice-President. William David Coleman, took the presidency and, at the close of his filling: of the unexpired term, was elected to the presidency. 96 LIBERIA. William David Coleman was a resident of Clay- Ashland. His term was rather troubled ; his interior policy was unpopular; he quarreled with his legisla- ture; and finally resigned in December, 1900, under threat of impeachment. As there was no vice-presi- dent at the time, the Secretary of State, G. W. Gib- son, succeeded to his office. It was during President Coleman's administration that Germany offered, in 1897, to take over Liberia as a protected territory; the offer was refused, but certainly is interesting. Germany has watched with some concern the con- stant encroachments of Great Britain and France upon Liberian territory and sovereign rights; having no territorial boundary herself, she is unable to pur- sue their methods; she is watching, however, and unless, as some suspect, there is an actual under- standing between Great Britain and Prance, as to the eventual complete division of the Republic be- tween them, it is certain that, when the German Government thinks Liberia's neighbors are going too far in their land piracy, she herself wdll take a hand and grasp the whole Republic. Such at least is a possibility not infrequently suggested. Garretson Warner Gibson was born in Baltimore, Maryland, May 20, 1832 ; he w^as but three years old when he went with his parents to Cape Palmas ; he was educated under Bishop Payne and became a teacher in the mission school at Cavalla; in 1851 he went to the United States for the purpose of study- ing, returning to Cape Palmas two years later. In 1854 he was made deacon by Bishop Payne, the first ordained in the African field ; he later became priest and preached and taught through a period of years until 1858, when he came to Monrovia to open up a church. He occupied a variety of political offices, but under Gardner, Cheeseman, and Coleman was Secretary of State; on the resignation of Coleman he filled out his term, and was himself elected President for the period from 1902 to 1904. He was three times president of Liberia College and was always inter- HISTORY, • 97 ested in educational affairs; in 1908 he was a mem- ber of the commission which visited the United States ; he died at Monrovia April 26, 1910. In 1904 Arthur Barclay became president. We have already stated that he was a native of the West Indies, having been born at Barbados in 1854; he was of pure African parentage ; his parents took him with them to Liberia in 1865 ; graduating from Liberia College in 1873, he became private secretary to President Roberts; after filling various minor offices, he became, in 1892, Postmaster-General, in 1894, Secretary of State, and in 1896, Secretary of the Treasury. He served two terms of two years each; during the second of these terms the Consti- tution was amended and the term of office of the President extended to four years ; in 1908 President Barclay entered upon his third term of office, this time for the longer period. Arthur Barclay is a man of extraordinary ability; he has for years been the acknowledged leader of the Liberian bar; many of the most important incidents of Liberian history occurred within his period of administration; most of them, however, are connected with the vital prob- lems of the Republic and their discussion will be found elsewhere. The present executive of the Liberian Republic is Daniel Edward Howard. He assumed office January 1st and 2nd, 1912 ; at his inauguration one day was given to the native chiefs, a new feature in inaugura- tion, and one to be encouraged. In his inaugural address President Howard laid particular stress upon agriculture, education, and the native policy. He is the third "native son" to hold the presidential office. His father was Thomas Howard, who for years was chairman of the Republic. Of him Ellis says: "Com- paratively a young man, Secretary Howard is a nat- ural leader of men.. Frank, honest, and decisive, he may be truly described as the Mark Hanna of Liberian politics. He received his education at Liberia College and in the study and management of 7. 98 LIBERIA. men. Proud of his race and country, he is to my mind today the strongest single factor in the Liberian Republic. He has large influence with the aboriginals because of his ability to speak fluently a number of native tongues, and he is usually relied upon to settle the native palavers and difficulties. He is chairman of the National True Whig Committee, and for years has been keeping in touch with, and commanding the great forces of his party. It is said of him that to his friends he is as true as steel, and that he does not know what it is to break a promise." President Howard has an able Cabinet, liberal views, and the courage of his convictions. Of men not actually in the present government, but of commanding influence and significance, two must be mentioned. No clear understanding of the present trend of Liberian affairs is possible without some knowledge of their personality. Here again we quote from Ellis: "Secretary Johnson is the grandson of Elijah Johnson, the historic Liberian patriot, who by his wisdom and courage saved the infant colony of Liberia from early extirpation ; and the son of the late Ex-President Hilary JohnSon, one of Liberia's notable public men. Secretary Johnson is proud and dignified in his bearing, scholarly in his attainments, and fluent in his speech. For years he has acknowl- edged no superior, and has been recognized as a close competitor of President Barclay at the bar. He has enjoyed extensive foreign travel and has had a varied public experience. He has served on two important foreign missions, and at different times has been Postmaster-General, Attorney-General, and is now Secretary of State." It will be seen of course from the contents of these quotations from Ellis that his article was written just before Barclay's administra- tion ended. There is no man in Liberia M^ho has a more complete grasp upon Liberian problems than F. E. R. Johnson. At the time of the visit of the American Commission to Monrovia, he presented for HISTORY. 99 their study and examination a defense of the Liberian position, which was masterly. Of Vice-President Dossen — now Chief Justice of the Supreme Court — Ellis says: "He is a man of mag- nificent physique and splendid intellectual powers, aggressive ahd proud in spirit, ready and forceful in language, he has enjoyed a useful public record. For ten years he was Associate Justice of the Supreme Court and compiled the publication of the Supreme Court Decisions. He served as envoy extraordinary to France and to the United States, and now presides with becoming dignity over the deliberations of the Liberian Senate." It was a matter of serious dis- appointment to us, that we were unable to meet John J. Dossen when in Liberia; he is certainly one of the best men in Liberian public life today; much is still to be expected from him. PROBLEMS I have heard men express preferences. They have made mention of whom they desire to rule over them if the worst should come upon us nationally. Some are rampant after American associations ; some are enamoured of the English ; some would have the Germans, others the French. Personally I indulge no such predilections. They argue an abandonment of hope; they display a lack of vitality; they are an absolute ad- mission of incapacity and of failure. For my part I am a Liberian first and last and my desire is that Liberia should endure till the heavens fall, that this country be controlled by Liberians for Liberians. But I also desire that these Liberians be tolerant; that they be prescient; that they be energetic, in- dustrious, and public-spirited; that they be courageous in shouldering their national responsibilities; that they be liberal and that they become a great and glorious people, unanimous in sentiment, united in action, abounding in all the virtues which make a nation powerful, perpetual and enduring. — E. Bakclay. BOUNDARY QUESTIONS. The most pressing and ever urgent question which the Republic has to face is the protection of its fron- tier against aggression; Liberia has two powerful neighbors, both of which are land-hungry and are continually pressing upon her borders ; she has already lost large slices of her territory and is still menaced with further loss. FIRST BRITISH AGGRESSION. Shortly after his election to the presidency of the Republic, President J. J. Roberts visited Europe. He was well received both in England and France. On one occasion, in 1848, when he was dining in London with the Prussian Ambassador, the conversation dealt with the difficulties which the Liberian settlers had 100 PROBLEMS. 101 with the native chiefs along the Gallinhas River; these hostilities were kept alive by slave traders who had their trading stations near the river's mouth; these difficulties had generally been incited and directed by a chief named Mano. Among the guests who were present at the dinner were Lord Ashley and Mr. Gurney; it was suggested that an end might be put to these difficulties and the anti-slavery cause advanced, if Liberia would purchase this territory j. considerable interest was aroused by the suggestion, and through Lord Ashley's effort the necessary money was raised for consummating the purchase. On his return to Liberia, President Roberts entered into negotiations which extended from 1849 to 1856, by which the land was gradually acquired; the area secured stretched from the Mano River to the Sewa and Sherbro Island on the west. Through the an- nexation of this territory, Liberia's domain extended from Cape Lahon to the eastward of Cape Palmas, west to the border of Sierra Leone, a distance of 600 miles. This acquisition of territory was attended with considerable difficulty ; the influence of traders, of slavers, and even of England herself was thrown in the way of the negotiations — so Commodore Foote tells us. Nor did the acquisition of the territory put an end to the difficulties in that region. In the year 1860 John Myers Harris, an English trader, had es- tablished himself in the country between the Mano and Sulima Rivers and refused to acknowledge Liberia's authority; as he was conducting a flagrant trade in contravention of Liberian laws of commerce, President Benson sent a coast guard to seize two schooners, the Phoehe and Emily, which had been consigned to him ; the seizure was made between Cape Mount and Mano Point, clearly Liberian terri- tory. It is curious that this seizure was made by a Liberian government vessel, the Quail, which had been a gift to the Republic from Great Britain. We have, then, a vessel, contributed through British sym- pathy, operating within an area secured through 102 LIBERIA. British philanthropy, against law-breaking indulged in by British subjects. The captured schooners were taken to Liberia and were held for legal adjudica- tion; under the orders of the Sierra Leone Govern- ment, the British gunboat, Torch, appeared at Mon- rovia, and seized the two schooners by force on De- cember 17 ; at the same time the commander of this gunboat demanded from the Liberian Government a penalty of fifteen pounds per day for nineteen days' detention. Shortly after these events. President Benson, on his way to England for public business, visited the government of Sierra Leone and tried to adjust the difficulties which had arisen; he was, however, referred to London. At about this time part of the disputed territory was annexed by Sierra Leone to her own area. While in London, Benson took up the matter with the British Government. Lord Russell acknowledged the territorial rights of Liberia to extend from the coast east of Turner Point (Mattru) to the San Pedro River on the east, thus admitting the point for which Liberia contended. This decision was by no means satisfactory to the troublers in Africa. Harris agitated the matter in dispute. Backed by Governor Hall of Sierra Leone, he and neighboring traders protested against the con- cession Russell had made. A commission was there- fore appointed and met at Monrovia April 25, 1863, continuing in session until May 4, when it adjourned without decision. The British Commissioners exam- ined the title deeds held by Liberia and were inclined to recognize some of these and to refuse others; they objected to Liberia's possessing any territory beyond the Mano River, and proposed that river as the boundary. The Liberian Commissioners demurred, urging the validity of the deeds they showed and pro- posing that the Sherbro should be their northwest boundary; they asserted a good title to the terri- tories known as Cassee, Gumbo, and Muttru. The British Commissioners based their claims upon let- ters from the chiefs of the territories involved and on PROBLEMS. 103 statements which they asserted had been made by them. The Commission broke up without a settle- ment, as the Liberians held strictly to the conces- sion which Lord Russell had previously made. Lon- don, however, yielding to the colonial pressure, re- gretted that no solution had been reached, and claimed that it was "justified in view of the facts" in only recognizing Liberia's sovereignty over Sugaree. The closing episode in this exchange of views was the sending of a letter by Dr. Blyden, who was then Secretary of State for the Republic, which ran as follows : ' ' The President is equally grieved that the oral statements of barbarous and heathen chiefs on a subject affecting the prosperity of a rising Christian state should be regarded by Her Majesty's Government as entitled to more weight than the statements of Christian men supported by written documents and by the known local conduct of the chiefs towards the Liberian Government since the cession of their territories until very recently." As might be expected, the troubles did not cease. Traders continued to smuggle ; local chiefs continued to harass ; shipping continued to bid defiance to Liberian laws; vessels continued to be seized; threats continued to be made. Harris began to act almost as if he were an independent chief within this terri- tory; there were various tribes about him, and some of them were inclined to resist his exactions; dis- putes with him aroused the Vai to undertake repri- sals; Harris organized the Gallinhas peoples in an attack upon the Vai; the Liberian Government sent forces in 1869 to aid the Vai, who were loyal to them. The Gallinhas natives were defeated, fled, and in their rage turning on Harris, destroyed one of his factories; this of course gave him a basis for new claims for damages. On this military expedition some property had been destroyed or confiscated. Thus new difficulties grew up; there were occasional seizures, retaliatory threats, demands for damages, shows of force. Naturally, the hostile chiefs living 104 LIBERIA. in the Mano District, encouraged by the unsettled conditions, raided and destroyed Liberian settle- ments; things presently were critical, and in 1871 another expedition was despatched by the Liberian Government into Mano and Sulima; property was destroyed, including powder and goods belonging to British owners ; the usual demands for damages were made, and these demands known as the ' ' Mano River Claims" were pending until 1882. Between the constant pushing of the "Harris Claims" and the "Mano River Claims," things finally came to a head in December, 1878. A new commission was then appointed which met in 1879, first at Sierra Leone, then at Sulima; Commodore Shufeldt, of the American navy, was chosen as an arbitrator between the two contestants. The "Harris Claims" by this time amounted to some 6000 pounds. The conduct of Great Britain on this occasion was supercilious. The Liberian Commissioners, after reaching Sierra Leone, were kept waiting for three weeks before the British Commissioners made their appearance; the commissioners examined the title deeds of the Liberian Government and took oral tes- timony of witnesses favorable to and hostile to the Liberian claims. The Liberians claimed the terri- tories known as Sugaree, Mano, Rock River, and Sulima; the British Commissioners took the ground that no such countries were in existence. The meet- ing was rather stormy; Shufeldt reduced the "Har- ris Claims" to £3000, but the British Commissioners were not inclined either in this matter or in others to abide by the decision of the umpire; finally the Commission broke up without accomplishing any good results. The British claimed that Sierra Leone should undertake the protectorate of the whole coun- try as far as the Mano River, as they said Liberia was unable to maintain order west of that point. "Undoubtedly they were unable to fight British trad- ers, since every time they used force, marine or military, the said traders were able to command the PROBLEMS. 105 armed interference of the Sierra Leone Government. ' ' The matter was again referred to London; nothing final was there done. Matters reached a crisis when, on March 20, 1882, Sir Arthur Havelock, governor of Sierra Leone, with four gunboats appeared before Monrovia and de- manded that the Republic should pay an indemnity of £8,500 to settle all outstanding claims, and that it should accept the Maffa River as a boundary. The Liberian Government yielded to these insistent claims. They promised to pay the indemnity, ad- mitted the Mafta River as a temporary boundary, and agreed to receive from Great Britain a money payment in return for what she had expended for the purchase of the disputed territory. Before the Liberian Government yielded, she set up a statement of her own position which was just and dignified. As soon as the action of the government was known at Monrovia, Havelock having returned to Sierra Leone, violent hostility arose; the Senate rejected the treaty; the Liberians asked that the whole mat- ter be submitted to arbitration. On September 7, Sir Arthur Havelock again appeared with gunboats, demanding immediate ratification of the treaty. Liberia again raised her defense : "If the contested territory was British, why did the British Govern- ment claim from Liberia an indemnity for acts of violence amongst the natives which had taken place thereon? If, however, Liberia acknowledged her re- sponsibility, as she had done, and agreed to pay an indemnity, why should she be in addition deprived of territories for the law and order of which she was held responsible, and which were hers by acts of purchase admitted by the British Government?" The Senate again refused to ratify the treaty. Sir Arthur Havelock sailed away; but in March, 1883, the Sierra Leone Government seized the territories in question between Sherbro and the Mano River, territories which from first to last had cost Liberia £20,000. The whole matter was finally settled by a 106 LIBERIA. treaty signed at London, Nov. 11, 1885, whereby the river Mano was admitted to be the western boundary; a badly defined interior line was agreed upon ; a repayment of £4750 of purchase money was made to Liberia. THE KANRE-LAHUN AFFAIR. The next act of serious aggression on the part of Great Britain grew out of the bad definition of the interior boundary by the treaty of 1885. The Mano River had been recognized as the boundary between Sierra Leone and Liberia. The question now arose as to whether the two parties enjoyed equal rights of freedom on the river. The Liberian Government at- tempted to secure to Liberian traders and to foreigners resident in Liberia the rights to free navi- gation on the river without subjection to the payment of customs dues and other charges to the Sierra Leone Government, The matter became of sufficient conse- quence to call for a commission in the year 1901. Three Liberians, among them Arthur Barclay, then Secretary of the Treasury (later President of the Republic), were appointed; the meeting was held in London and led to the following memorandum of agreement between His Majesty's Government and the Liberian Republic. 1. His Majesty's Government are prepared to accede to the requests of the Liberian Government that a British officer should be deputed to demarcate the Anglo-Liberian Boundary. 2. They are also ready to lend the services of a British officer for employment by the Liberian Gov- ernment in the demarcation of the Franco-Liberian Boundary whenever the Liberian Government shall have made an arrangement with the French Govern- ment for such demarcation. 3. The Liberian Government undertakes to repay to His Majesty's Government the whole of any cost incurred by them in connection with the survey and demarcation of the Anglo-Liberian Frontier. PROBLEMS. 107 4. His Majesty's Government are willing that, in lieu of the Governor of Sierra Leone acting as British Consul to Liberia, arrangements shall be made where- by some other British olficer shall be Consul in the Republic. 5. His Majesty's Government undertakes the survey of the Kru Coast, provided the Liberian Gov- ernment will throw open to foreign trade the native ports on the coast. 6. With regard to the navigation on the Mano River, His Majesty's Government are prepared to permit the Government of the Liberian Republic and its citizens to trade on that river, provided that it is not to be considered actual right, and if, in return, the Government of Sierra Leone is allowed to con- nect by bridges and ferries the two banks of the river with any roads or trade-routes in the neighborhood. 7. The Government of the Liberian Republic have expressed a desire for closer union with Great Bri- tain: His Majesty's Government are actuated by the most friendly feelings toward the Republic; and with the view of meeting their wishes in this respect, so far as it is consistent with the declaration made by His Majesty's government in connection with other powers, will at all times be ready to advise them in matters affecting the welfare of Liberia, and to confer with the Government of the Republic as to the best means of securing its independence and the integrity of its territory. When this agreement was submitted to the Senate of Liberia for ratification, they made the following amendments : Section 1. Amended to read, that the Liberian Government shall depute an officer or officers to be associated with the British officer in demarcating the Anglo-Liberian Boundary. Section 2. Amended to read, that the Liberian Government shall depute an officer or officers to be associated with the British and French officers in demarcating the Franco-Liberian Frontier. 108 LIBERIA. Section 5. The Senate, not perceiving the advis- ability of throwing the coast open for the present, is under the necessity of withholding its vote in favor of this section. Section 7. Amended to read, "One bridge at the place where the Liberian Customs House is now erected, and one ferry at the place where the second Liberian Customs House may hereafter be erected; that said bridge and ferry will be accessible to the citizens of the Liberian Government without any re- strictions or extra toll, or charges, more than is required to be paid by the subjects of His Majesty's Government. The British Government left the settlement of the details of that portion of the agreement which had reference to the navigation of the Mano River to be settled between the Liberian Government and the Government of Sierra Leone. The colonial govern- ment imposed such restrictions that no understand- ing was ever arrived at. However, a joint commis- sion for the demarcation of the Anglo-Liberian fron- tier was appointed and in 1903 proceded with its work. In due time the boundary was satisfactorily settled by this commission. This boundary, however, very soon gave rise to a serious difficulty and to a flagrant aggression. By the delimitation, the town and district of Kanre-Lahun fell to Liberia; Colonel Williams, the Liberian Commissioner, hoisted the Liberian flag at that town which, at the time, was occupied by a detachment of the Sierra Leone Fron- tier Force; curiously enough, the British force was not withdrawn. In 1904 the British Government complained to the Liberian Government that the Kissi were making raids into British territory in consequence of a war between Fabundah, a chief of the Kanre-Lahun Dis- trict, and Kah Furah, a Kissi chief, and asked per- mission for the entrance of British troops into Li- berian territory for the purpose of repressing the disorder which, it was said, threatened British inter- PROBLEMS. 109 ests. The request was granted; British troops ad- vanced to the Mafisso where they established a post. In November the British Viee-Consul sent word to the President of Liberia saying that the chief Kah Furah had been driven out of the Kissi country, and that the people, at the invitation of the military authorities, had elected a new chief, and had pledged themselves not to receive Kah Furah among them again. The Liberian Government assumed that the matter was at an end and that the British force had been withdrawn. In 1906 Mr. Lomax, the Liberian Commissioner for the French frontier, was instructed to proceed to this point; he reached Kanre-Lahun in December, and found Waladi, a town in Liberian ter- ritory, garrisoned by a Sierra Leone force. While Mr. Lomax was at Kanre-Lahun, complaints were made against him by the Chief Fabundah and others. These complaints were examined in the presence of Governor Probyn, Sir Harry Johnston, Mr. Lamont, and leading military officers, and Mr. Lomax justi- fied himself completely, except in a single case where damages of five pounds were suggested and paid. Later on, British officers sent in complaints that the escort with Mr, Lomax were plundering the country. It was imposible in such districts and under such cir- cumstances to prevent some petty thieving. Mr. Lomax, however, accepted the complaints and paid the damages claimed. "With a view to permanently settling the country under Liberian rule, Mr. Lomax ordered a local election to be held. Three chiefs were chosen — Fabundah for the lower section, Gardi for the Bombali section, and Bawma for the Gormah sec- tion. Fabundah, who before had been exercising jurisdiction over the Bombali, was dissatisfied. The Sierra Leone authorities promised to support him against the Liberian Government; they placed a frontier force at his disposal for the purpose of ruin- ing the chiefs who were favorable to Liberian con- trol or who had received commissions from the Presi- dent; efforts to arouse opposition and dissatisfaction 110 LIBERIA. were made ; Lomax was hounded from the district ; the chief, Gardi, was driven from the country, his town was plundered, and his brother made a prisoner in Kanre-Lahun. In 1908 attempts had been made in Europe to settle difficulties pending with Great Britain and France. Mr. F. E. R. Johnson, the Liberian Secretary of State, who had been sent to arrange these matters, found conditions threatening. In London the British Gov- ernment stated that it had no designs against Liberia, but that they believed the French were planning encroachment, and that, if Liberia lost territory to France, Great Britain would find it necessary to take a new piece of territory contingent to Sierra Leone in her own defense. Matters appeared so serious that President Barclay was advised to come to Europe himself ; he arrived in London on the 29th of August, accompanied by T. McCants Stewart, and there met Mr. Johnson. He told the British Government of his fears regarding further aggression upon Liberian territory and expressed the desire that Great Britain and America should .jointly guarantee the inde- pendence and territorial integrity of the Republic. The reply was that Great Britain would on no account enter into any such guarantee; if the Liberian Grov- ernment obtained a settled frontier with France, and inaugurated certain reforms, there would be little danger of any one 's troubling it ; if the reforms desired by England were not undertaken, nothing would save it from the end which threatened. At the same time London refused to treat of the Kanre- Lahun and Mano River difficulties until after the troubles with France had been arranged. In France, as will be shortly seen, the Liberian envoys met with no success; a treaty was indeed arranged by means of which the Republic was robbed of a large amount of valuable territory. The envoys were again in London in September to take up the matters of the Kanre-Lahun and Mano River negotiations. The British officials now demanded that Fabundah should PROBLEMS. Ill come entirely under the jurisdiction of the British Government, and that the frontier line on the north- west should be so altered as to place his territory within the British colony; the area thus demanded contained something like 250 square miles of terri- tory. At no time had the area actually in charge of Fabundah amounted to any such quantity ; the Libe- rians demurred at the largeness of the territorial claim — the British officials themselves stated that they were surprised at its extent, but insisted upon receiving the entire amount. No decision was actu- ally reached, the matter being postponed until the delimitation of the new Franco-Liberian boundary should be achieved. Great Britain's claim to this region was based upon the flimsiest pretext. It is true that she had had relations with Fabundah before the boundary had been delimited ; it is true that, previous to that date, she had had a force in Kanre-Lahun ; however, when the boundary was actually fixed, Kanre-Lahun was clearly within Liberian territory, and no objection whatever was made to the Republic's taking posses- sion and to the withdrawal of the Sierra Leone force. When, later on. Great Britain sent soldiers into the area, it was done on the pretext that intertribal diffi- culties in the region threatened British interests ; per- mission was given as a favor to Great Britain and with the expectation that, as soon as the difficulty had been adjusted, the British force would be with- drawn. Such was not the case ; once in Kanre-Lahun, it remained there ; Major Lomax was hounded from the country; the Liberian customs officer, Mr. Hughes, was ordered to abandon his post of duty and to surrender the customs house to the British com- mander. This act of occupation was bad enough ; but soon Great Britain demanded that the army of occupation should be paid by the Liberian Govern- ment before it would evacuate the district; no such understanding had been arranged, and the claim was unjustified and ridiculous ; the frontier force of Sierra 112 LIBERIA. Leone was not increased, nor put to any extra expense in the matter. In asking for a new boundary line which should cut out Fabundah's territory, flagrant injustice was committed; it is true that the boundary which had been arranged cut the land con- trolled by the chief; about one-twenty-fifth of his territory was on the British side, the remaining twenty-four-twenty-fifths being in Liberia; if a new line were to be drawn, it should have given the one- twenty-fifth to Liberia and reduced the Sierra Leone territory. The matter dragged along for months. December 8, 1909, President Barclay accepted a proposition to exchange or sell the district in dispute ; the legislature refused to accept the proposition. In May, 1911, however, an agreement was finally arranged ; the British authorities took over the Kanre-Lahun District, an area of extraordinary wealth and dense population ; in return for this valu- able and most needed area, Liberia received a piece of country lying between the Morro and Mano Riv- ers, which had formerly been a part of the Colony of Sierra Leone ; this territory is almost without popula- tion, densely forested, and practically Avorthless. Even so, it is little likely that the Republic will be left in peaceful possesison of it. On some pretext, in the future. Great Britain will no doubt regain it. THE FRENCH BOUNDARY QUESTION. When Maryland was added to the Liberian Repub- lic, it possessed lands acquired by deeds of purchase and treaties as far east as the San Pedro River, sixty miles east of the Cavalla; this country was occupied by Kru tribes, and its eastern boundary practically marked their limit; it was hence not only a geo- graphical, but an ethnographical boundary. For years no one questioned Liberia's right to the whole area, and on maps and in repeated descriptions of the country its rights were recognized. In 1885, how- ever, the French Government claimed that the French possessions extended continuously from the Ivory PROBLEMS. 113 Coast westward beyond the Cavalla River and Cape Palmas as far as Garawe; at the same time it sug- gested certain shadowy claims to Cape Mount, Grand Bassa, and Grand Butu; — in other words, points at intervals along the whole coast of the Liberian Re- public ; these claims were based on agreements stated to have been drawn up between native chiefs and the commanders of war vessels. In 1891 the French Government officially communicated to Great Britain her intention of taking possession of and administer- ing the district mentioned as far as Garawe ; she modified her claim, however, in such a way as to extend her rights only to the Cavalla River. In 1891 a French commissioner was authorized to treat with Liberia in this matter. He claimed that the French had deeds to Grand Cesters, dating to 1788, and to Garawe, dating to 1842 ; he referred to other shadowy rights and mentioned treaties which, he asserted, chiefs in the neighborhood of the Cavalla and San Pedro Rivers had made with French authorities; asked to produce these documents, he admitted that he did not have them with him. The French Govern- ment asked that Liberia should recognize the right of France from the Cavalla River to the San Pedro, say- ing that, if this recognition were granted, they might not revive their old claims. Liberia urged that the treaty formed with her by the French Government in 1852 clearly recognized her rights to the region in question ; a French war map, dated 1882, was shown, on which Liberia's area was clearly shown to extend to the San Pedro River; at the same time Liberia asked that the whole matter should be referred to arbitration. Arbitration was refused ; a treaty drawn up by France was offered for approval in August, 1892; the Liberian legislature refused absolutely to ratify it, and the Liberian Government appealed to the United States for assistance and advice. The country was greatly aroused over the manifest injus- tice of its powerful neighbor. Especially in Mary- 114 LIBERIA. land, feeling ran high. A printed appeal was issued to the world. In it occurs the following passage: "We appeal to all the civilized nations of the world. — Consider, we pray you, the situation. Hav- ing been carried away into slavery, and, by the blessing of God, returned from exile to our father- land, are we now to be robbed of our rightful inherit- ance? Is there not to be a foot of land in Africa, that the African, whether civilized or savage, can call his own? It has been asserted that the race is not capal)le of self-government, and the eyes of many are watching the progress of Liberia with a view to determining that (luestion. We only ask, in all fair- ness, to be allowed just what any other people would require — free scope for operation. Do not wrest our territory from us and hamper us in our operations, and then stigmatize the race with incapacity, because we do not work miracles. Give us a fair chance, and then if we utterly fail, we shall yield the point. We pray you, the civilized and Christian nations of the world, to use your influence in our behalf. We have no power to prevent this aggression on the part of the French Government : but we know that we have right on our side, and are willing to have our claims to the territory in question examined. We do not consent to France's taking that portion of our territory lying between the Cavalla and San Pedro Rivers ; nor do we recognize its claims to points on our Grain Coast which, as shown above, our government has been in possession of for so long. We protest, too, against that government's marking off narrow limits of interior land for us. We claim the right to extend as far interiorward as our necessities require. We are not foreigners: we are Africans, and this is Africa. Such being the case, we have certain natural rights — God-given rights — to this territory which no foreigners can have. We should have room enough, not only for our present population, but also to afford a home for our brethren in exile who may wish to return to their fatherland and help us to build up a PROBLEMS. 115 negro nationality. We implore you, the civilized and Christian nations of the world, to use your influence to have these, our reasonable requirements secured to us." But neither the official appeal to the United States nor the unofficial appeal to the Christian nations of the world availed. France seized the ter- ritory and threatened to refuse to recognize rights beyond Grand Cesters on the seaboard, and Boporo in the interior. After fruitless remonstrance, the Re- public was forced to yield and a treaty was accepted on December 8, 1892. By it the Cavalla River was recognized as the boundary between France and Liberia, from its mouth "as far as a point situated at a point" about twenty miles south of its confluence with the River "Fodedougouba" at the intersection of the parallel 6° 30' north and the Paris meridian 9° 12' west; thence along 6° 30' as far as 10° west, with the proviso that the basin of the Grand Cesters River should belong to Liberia and the basin of the Fodedougouba to France; then north along 10° to 8° north ; and then northwest to the latitude of Tembi Kunda (supposed 8° 35'), after which due west along the latitude of Tembi Kunda, until it intersects the British boundary near that place. But the entire Niger Basin should be French ; Bamaquilla and Mahommadou should be Liberian; Mousardou and Naalah, French. LATER FRENCH DIFFICULTIES. Notwithstanding this delimitation, difficulties with the French continued. In 1895 French posts along the northern border began to croM^d in upon the Republic. The town of Lola, in Liberia, was attacked by Senegalese soldiers ; these were repulsed and two French officers were killed. Aggressions continued until, finally, in 1903, Liberia begged that a final delimitation might be arranged, as the old had proved completely unsatisfactory. In 1904 F. E. R. John- son and J. J. Dossen were sent to France to arrange matters. On their way, they called at the British 116 LIBERIA. Foreign Office and asked their aid and interest in bringing about an understanding. Arrived in Paris, it was quickly found that the French were planning to possess themselves of all the territory situated in the basin of the Cavalla and the Upper St. Paul's Rivers; the British Foreign Office expressed sym- pathy, but did nothing more. In 1905 several efforts were made toward bringing about an agreement. Dr. Blyden was sent to France, but accomplished nothing ; in November Sir Harry Johnston was asked to treat with the French Government which, however, refused to recognize him as an official negotiator. In 1907 Secretary Johnson was commissioned to treat with the French Government, but found its attitude most hostile and unfriendly. President Barclay himself was summoned to Europe; taking T. McCants Stew- art with him, they joined Johnson, and interviewed the French officials. A treaty was submitted to them by which Liberia would be deprived of a large por- tion of her territory situated in the richest and most prosperous districts of the Republic. It was in vain that the Liberian commissioners remonstrated; the French were inflexible. The English Government had refused to deal with the commissioners in regard to the British boundary difficulty until they had come to some arrangement with France. In this unhappy condition of affairs, the commissioners decided to consult the American Ambassador in Paris; they asked that the United States should assist Liberia and prevent her being robbed of so large a portion of her territory, and should use her influence in bringing the French Government to submit the whole matter in dispute to arbitration. Ambassador White replied that he doubted whether the United States would aid Liberia in this crisis; he advised President Barclay to accept the treaty, urging that, if he failed to do so, the French would make further encroachments, and the Republic would meet with greater losses. As the case seemed hopeless, the commissioners accepted the treaty. It involved the delimitation of a fixed PROBLEMS. 117 '' boundary by an international commission. Liberia ^ engaged two Dutch officials as her commissioners. They were on hand ready to fix the boundary in Feb- ; ruary, 1898, but were kept waiting until May by the J dilatoriness of the French commissioners; in order to i have a permanent boundary fixed, the Republic made J great concessions and lost valuable regions. It was j willing, however, to sacrifice much for peace. ! Of course the sacrifice was without result. At the i present time the whole question of the Franco- ; Liberian boundary is again open, and from the points i urged by the French Government it is evident that ^ it aims at new acquisition of territory and new I restriction of the power of the little Republic, ; We stand at the threshold of a new era; new political theories are being advanced; new interpretations are being given to the principles of international law; larger fulfilments of na- tional obligations are being required of individual nations ; new duties are being thrust upon us. They cannot be shirked, we must keep pace with world requirements. Regeneration and reform must be our watchword. The people must see that they become so. The process must operate from within outwards, or else influences from without will compass our ruin. — E. Barclay. THE FRONTIER FORCE. When President Barclay was in London, the Brit- ish Government demanded that certain internal reforms should take place in the Republic before it would discuss a final settlement of either the Mano River or Kanre-Lahun difficulties. Shortly after the President's return to Monrovia, Mr. Braithwait Wallis, Consul-General of Great Britain to Liberia, issued a memorandum on the subject — apparently under the fear "lest we forget". This memorandum, which bears the date of January 14, 1908, occupies four printed pages, and condenses into that brief space an astonishing amount of venom and insolence. A few quotations will show its spirit : "Your Excellency will remember then being informed that a critical moment had arrived in the history of the Republic, that however it might have been twenty or even ten years ago, the time had now gone by when Liberia could re-enact the part of a hermit kingdom, and that she must not lose a moment in setting herself seriously to work to put her house in order, or be prepared at no distant date, to dis- appear from the catalogue of independent countries. His Majesty's Government, as Your Excellency is aware, have absolutely no designs against either the 118 PROBLEMS. 119 independence or the integrity of the Republic. Their only desire is that a country which, on one of its frontiers, marches with an important British Colony, and with which not only that Colony, but Great Britain itself, has large and growing commercial relations, should have such a stable or effective Gov- ernment as will conduce to its own prosperity, and remove any danger of its losing its independence. His Majesty's Government do not consider that the Government of the Republic is either stable or effective. Improvement has indeed resulted from the appoint- ment of two Customs Officers, and the Customs rev- enue of the country has largely developed. But it is also considered as absolutely essential, if such improvement is to continue and to extend to other branches of the Government, that the finances of the country be placed, at any rate for the time being, in the hands of an European financial expert, and that at least three more European Customs experts be appointed. And further, no Government can be said to have a stable basis, when it is without any means of enforcing its authority. His Majesty's Government, therefore, considers that it is essential that a trustworthy police, under European officers, should be at once established. With regard to the appointment of a financial expert, who could advise and assist the Secretary of the Treasury, in the finan- cial affairs of the Country, Mr. Lamont has already been appointed Financial Adviser to the Republic. He is, however, only so in name, but should now be made so in actual fact. His Majesty's Government further consider that the Liberian judiciary ought to undergo drastic reform." Mr. Wallis recapitulates the reforms demanded in the following statement : (a) the appointment of a financial expert, who will place the finances of the country on a sound footing, and will advise the Secretary of the Treasury on financial matters, (b) The establishment of an effi- cient, well armed, and well disciplined police force under competent European Officers ; and one that will 120 LIBERIA. command the respect of the Powers, (c) The appointment of at least three more European Cus- toms experts, (d) The reform of the judiciary. "If the Liberian Government carry out the reforms herein indicated within SIX MONTHS, counted from the date of Your Excellency's return to Monrovia from England, His Majesty's Grovernment will on their side be happy to assist in carrying them into effect in the same way as they have recently been assisting in the work of re-organizing the Liberian Customs. They will further be happy to suspend pressing the monetary and other claims which they have against Liberia, and will endeavor to come to a settlement, on a mutually satisfactory basis, on the long out- standing question of the navigation of the Mano River and the trouble on the Anglo-Liberian Frontier. ' ' In other words, Great Britain was quite willing to assume the whole running of Liberian affairs; she would be glad to manage her financial matters, to train and handle her frontier force, to collect her cus- toms duties, and manage them, to interfere with, and control her government completely. She hinted at what she might do if these reforms were not carried into effect; she ended with a querulous complaint regarding advantages which German shipping was said to be securing to the disadvantage of British interests. This truly extraordinary document was signed in the following highly dignified fashion : I have the honor to be, with great truth and regard Sir, Your Excellency's most obedient, humble servant, BRAITHWAIT WALLIS, His Britannic Majesty's Consul. One of the cries of the present day internationalism is "effective occupation". It is only as a country PROBLEMS. 121 demonstrates itself able to protect its bordej's, and to maintain peace within its limits, that it is admitted to justly hold its territory; there are some strange features involved in the expression, but it has a just foundation and is at present generally accepted. It is true, if Liberia is to be recognized as an inde- pendent nation, she must guard her borders, must prevent her people from troubling their neighbors, must protect life and property within her area. There is a stipulation in the French treaty of 1907 in regard to this matter; if Liberia cannot maintain a frontier force to protect her boundary, the French claim the right to place their own forces on Liberian territory for that purpose; the English, in their demanded reforms, insist upon an adequate and well trained police force upon the frontier; the demands are not unjust and must be met. In fact, the frontier force is one of the urgent and crying needs of Liberia. While President Barclay was in London, he was approached by Capt. Mackay Cadell, who had served in the South African War; Capt. Mackay Cadell desired to be put in charge of the frontier force which it was believed that Liberia would organize in response to the British demands ; he was not actually engaged by the President, but put in his appearance in January, 1908, ready for business ; his employment was opposed by many, but finally, largely in order not to offend British susceptibilities, he was engaged, given the rank of Major — some question has been raised as to exactly how he came to carry the title captain — and was authorized, with the help of two British assistants, to organize the frontier force ; he was also given authority to employ ten or more sergeants and buglers from Sierra Leone; it was naturally assumed that the force in general would be composed of Liberian natives. Major Mackay Cadell promptly began active work; barracks were erected upon the edge of Monrovia, and soon 250 men were enrolled for service. Their uniforms, arms, and ammunition were bought from Great Britain — so that 122 LIBERIA. the whole enterprise was good for British trade; it is not clear, however, why the caps and other articles were stamped with the crown and other emblems of His British Majesty's service. Matters were going nicely, but it began to be suspected that a consider- able number of the new soldiers were British subjects, and it was asked whether some of them had not served upon the Sierra Leone frontier force. These suspicions and doubts led finally to a protest from the French Vice-Consul who claimed that the force being organized was actually "a British army of occupation" which the Liberian Government was permitting to be organized in Liberian territory ; he demanded that an equal number of French officers and of French subjects be added to the force. The Liberian Government inquired of Major Maekay Cadell with reference to the matter; he denied that there were any British subjects on the force, and depending on his answer, the Liberian Government denied the fact to the French official. Meantime, Major Maekay Cadell was making himself variously useful to the Monrovia city government; he under- took without compensation, the command of the city police force as chief of police; in place of the loyal Kru police, he put in Mende soldiers from the bar- racks; he also performed the functions of street com- missioner, tax collector, city treasurer, and other duties until, finally, the citizens decided to dispense wnth his free services ; he declined, however, to resign, and presented a large bill as the condition upon which he would deliver up the city property entrusted to him. (We quote from Ellis.) On October 27th IMajor Maekay Cadell was further ques- tioned in regard to the composition of his force, and a report was demanded; it was then found that at least 71 out of the little army of 250 were actually British subjects ; more than this, no doubt many of the Mende at the post, who were classed as ''Liberi- ans", really came from the portion of that tribe residing on the other side of the Sierra Leone bound- PROBLEMS. 123 ary. While this report was rendered. Major Maekay Cadell showed constant objection to supervision by the President of the Republic and to any suggestion of control. The President and his Cabinet, after meeting and discussing the matter, agreed upon the dismissal of Major Maekay Cadell. but out of courtesy gave him the opportunity of resigning his position. The French Vice-Consul continued to insist on his demands ; understanding that Capt. AVallis had given his consent to the appointment of French officers and subjects, the President prepared to make such appointments. Just at this juncture Capt. Wallis returned from an absence, and at his own request, on November 13. had a meeting with the President and the members of the Cabinet, at which he pre- sented to them what purported to be a communication from the British Government. Some mystery seems to be associated with this document, but it is under- stood that its effect was that, if Frenchmen were appointed to the direction of the frontier force, and French subjects were enlisted in it. Great Britain would unite with France to disrupt and divide the Republic. In December the legislature demanded that the services of ]\Iajor Maekay Cadell should be dispensed with. He. however, hesitated to hand in his resignation. The legislature ordered a complete re-organization of the frontier force under a Liberian officer, with only two British subjects to be employed in the whole organization — the two as.sistant officers whom Major ]\Iaekay Cadell had employed. On February 1 the ]\Iajor sent in his resignation. Acting on order of Consul-General Wallis. he turned over the arms and ammunition in his charge to the Elder Dempster Co.. and announced the fact to the Liberian Government : at the same time Consul-General Wal- lis applied for an official guard to protect the prop- erty thus placed in private British hands : the Secre- tary of State, F. E. R. Johnson, expressed his surprise that a consul, without consultation with the proper Liberian authorities, should order property 124 LIBERIA. belonging to Liberia (although payment had not yet been made for it) to be turned over into private hands, and refused to accept the responsibility of placing a guard in charge. On February 11, 1909, Major Mackay Cadell sent a remarkable message to President Barclay, informing him that the native soldiers were in serious danger of mutiny on account of arrears in payments; at the same time he sent messages to the two houses of the legislature, request- ing that the men be permitted to appear before them and state their grievances; he said that, if some re- dress were not given, the men could not be blamed for what might be done. Steps were at once taken for public defense; fortunately some 400 of the militia were in Monrovia for quarterly drill. After some seventy soldiers from the barracks had appeared upon the public streets, parading, threatening and menacing the seizure of the arms and ammunition, a force was sent to demand the surrender of the camp ; at the same time, notice of this was sent to Consul- General Wallis. Major Mackay Cadell refused to surrender, making conditions which would involve several days' delay; his immediate surrender, how- ever, was demanded, and other militia forces were sent for. Notice of this new demand was sent to Consul-General Wallis with the request that he should order British subjects out of the camp ; this he did ; Major Mackay Cadell decided to capitulate ; the camp was occupied. At a court of inquiry held to investi- gate the difficulty, the British sergeants said that Major Mackay Cadell himself had instigated the mutiny ; that he had selected a certain number of men to insult the President, to arrest him, and take him to camp. A curious fact in connection with this whole extraordinary procedure is that, on the 4th of Feb- ruary, one week before the President of the Republic was informed of the danger of imminent mutiny, notice of it had been cabled to Great Britain. It was perhaps by accident that a British gunboat was in the harbor on the 10th, the day before the outbreak — the PROBLEMS. 125 name of this gunboat, by the way, quite appropri- ately was the Mutin. In closing the account of this strange incident, quotations may be made from the official report of the American Commission which visited Liberia shortly afterwards: "But if Major Cadell got on very well with his troops, he got on very badly with the Liberian people and the Liberian Government. He was a man of indomitable energy, but guileless of tact. His actions on various occasions affronted the Liberian officials. Through indifference to the law, or by design, he enlisted a considerable number of British subjects among the troops, about one-fourth of his men being natives of Sierra Leone. When called to account for it, he at first denied and afterwards admitted that some of the men might have been born in Sierra Leone, but that he supposed them to be residents of Liberia, and therefore, Liberians. Being called upon to dismiss the British subjects, he neg- lected to do so. About the beginning of the present year he began to complain that his men were not paid, and demanded further supplies from the Govern- ment, though he was very dilatory in presenting accounts for the money already entrusted to him. The dissatisfaction with Major Cadell 's conduct in matters of the camp led to the passage of a law by the Liberian Legislature in January, 1909, re-organ- izing the force and dismissing its commander. The President, who had upheld Major Cadell, offered him an opportunity to resign, but on one pretext or another, he delayed doing so, and when he sent in his resignation, the Government could not accept it until his accounts had been adjusted. He remained, in the meantime, in charge of the command, and on February 11, 1909, wrote a threatening letter to the President, in which he stated that, if the demands of the troops for the payment of money due them were not met within twenty-four hours, he could not be responsible for the maintenance of peace or for the safety of the President. This remarkable letter nat- 126 LIBERIA. urally created much excitement in Monrovia, but the situation was handled with extreme adroitness by the Liberian Government which demanded that Major Cadell Mdthdraw the British subjects composing his force, and that he turn over the camp to the Liberian authorities who would deal with the Liberian sub- jects. This order was reluctantly obeyed on the recommendation of the British Consul-General, and it was then discovered that seventy-one of the enlisted men were British subjects. Two or three Aveeks afterwards, after settling up his accounts, whereby it was revealed that he had involved the Government in a considerable unauthorized debt, he sailed for England and was soon followed by his brother officers. ' ' Again : "On February 4, the British in Monrovia cabled to the Foreign Office that the lives of foreign resi- dents in Liberia were in danger, and urged that a gunboat be sent for their protection. . . . On February 10 the British gunboat Mutin appeared and anchored off Monrovia. On February 11 and 12 Eng- land precipitated the rupture of the Government. But for the prompt and judicious action of the Liberian Executive, aided by the American Minister Resident, the following would presently have been the situation : A British gunboat in the harbor, a British officer in command of the frontier force, and a large number of British subjects among the enlisted men, a British ofificial in charge of the Liberian customs, a British officer in command of the Liberian gunboat Lark, a British regiment in the streets of Monrovia." The fine hand of Consul-General Wallis of course is evident throughout these events. How seriously he was implicated is suggested in the following passage from the report of the Commission : " It is most unfortunate that the Commission has been unable to secure an account of these events from the principal British actors in them. When we reached Monrovia, Major Cadell had left Liberia. The British Consul- PROBLEMS. 127 General was away on leave of absence. We were the more disappointed in not meeting the latter, as, be- fore our departure, we had been shown in the State Department at Washington a despatch of the Ambas- sador in London, stating that the British Foreign Office there had instructed its representative in Mon- rovia to give the American Commission the fullest information about Liberian affairs. The acting Con- sul-General had no knowledge of the facts, and cov- ered his obvious embarrassment, when asked to explain some of them, by the plea that he had no inside information." It has been said that the British Government admits that Consul-General Wallis went beyond his authority. It is, however, significant that he was not reduced in position ; he left Liberia, of course — his usefulness there having more than ended ; but he was transferred to Dakar, Senegal, the finest consular post in all West Africa. As for Major Mackay Cadell, he now poses as Liberia's real and great friend; he has, however, changed his name, and is now known as Major R. Mackay-]\Iackay. He is associated with the Cavalla River Co., Limited. This appears to be a strange mixture of a commercial, educational, and philan- thropical character; always, however, primarily exploitative. Before going to Liberia in connection with his duties with this company, Major R. Mackay- Mackay traveled in the United States; arrived in Liberia, he gives the impression that the State Departmeut of the United States is behind his enter- prise, and that Booker T. Washington is deeply interested in its success. He throws the responsibility for all the past upon those ' ' higher up " ; it seems that personally he always loved Liberia and was her friend. When he passed through Monrovia on his way down to the Cavalla, he simply showered advice and benevolence along his path. An interview with him was published in r/) e 6^?nV7c. He says: "Liberia can not go on living on loans as in the past. Why 128 LIBERIA. should she be dependent on gold from outside when she has a hundredfold within her own borders, at the very door? Standing at the street corners, discuss- ing politics, or waiting for dollar-bills to grow and fall from the trees around, will not advance the wel- fare of the Republic, nor attract the genuine sympathy and co-operation from the outside world. Work! work! work! that is what Liberia needs; and there are those who are prepared to create the oppor- tunity, provided all make up their minds to work as they should. Is manual labor considered a dis- grace in other countries? Why should it be in Liberia?" Also : "I am here on a visit and to let Liberia know that she has more friends than she counts on; and they will increase in proportion to her efforts to help herself. I for my part will do all I can in my humble way to preach 'Liberia regenerated' to all, and help where I can without treading on ground other than within my rights as a visitor and friend." Most touching, however, is this: "Yes" (there are signs of awakening), ''since my return I see the most won- derful strides made in many directions, and a keen desire in the citizens of the wider ideas to aid in their country's advancement. May it continue. In every season is some victory won. Let us bury the past with all its errors, sadness, and regrets. ' ' It is sad indeed that humanity is not prone to bury the past; even such expressions of affection may be received unkindly. What could be more dreadful, when a man oozes philanthropy from every pore, than to have such things said of him as the following which appeared about that time in Green's paper, The African League? "Major R. Mackay-Mackay, whose name stinks in the nostrils of all country-loving Liberians, because of his conduct when in command of our frontier force, is back in Liberia again, this time at the head of a company whose procedure thus far has not inspired the strongest confidence. More is known of PROBLEMS. 129 this intimacy than the men themselves may think. The last steamer brought intelligence that an agent of Major Cadell's company, the Cavalla River Co., Limited, is now in Sierra Leone, with 630 natives of that colony who are to be brought to Cape Palmas soon to serve this company. It is very strange that thi^ company finds it necessary to employ natives from the colony of Sierra Leone, when in Liberia is the largest market for unskilled laborers in Western Africa, supplying, as it does, most, if not all, of that class of labor employed in the various enterprises in British, French, and German African colonies. We hope this is no new coup." The Frontier Force has continued in its develop- ment. The present plans involve the organization of a battalion of 600 men under a major ; each of the two companies of 300 soldiers will be under a captain ; and each company will have three Liberian lieuten- ants ; the three chief officers will be Americans loaned to the Liberian Government by the United States. The general duties of the force will be those of a constabulary for the maintenance of law and order throughout the Republic and for the prevention and the detection of crime; it will also be used as a cus- toms guard in such numbers and at such places as may be agreed upon by the Secretary of War and the general receiver of customs. Its estimated cost for the year 1913 was $86,159.60. The American officers arrived in the Republic in the spring of 1912. They were Major Ballard and Captains Brown and New- ton. In entering upon their new duties of developing and organizing the Frontier Force, they had the great advantage of the advice and interest of Major Charles Young of the United States Army, who was in Mon- rovia as military attache of our legation. We had ample opportunity of investigating this Frontier Force. It is composed for the most part of natives fresh from the interior; two hundred of them passed through our hands for examination and measure- ment; they were fine fellows, well built and in good 9. 130 LIBERIA. physical condition; few of them understood English, and among them several languages were represented; they were proud of their position and anxious to improve ; they were easily led, particularly by officers who treated them with kindness; we saw two parties of these soldiers started off for service; they made a good appearance. While we were there — as is true indeed much of the time — their payments were behind, and they were expressing some dissatisfac- tion, but were easily controlled; there is, however, always a danger of mutiny when the Government is behind in meeting its obligations to them; I quote from one who was in Monrovia October 10, 1911 ; he says: ''I heard quite an altercation in the street. Upon going out I saw about 120 men moving through the street in a disorderly mass toward the office of the Secretary of "War. Upon arriving at the office, there was quite a demonstration and matters looked serious. After a great deal of persuasion on the part of the Secretary and the one officer from the camp, the men moved away in the direction of Camp Johnson. I was informed that the men were demand- ing their pay." There is also great danger of the Frontier Force, when marching through the interior, looting and destroying the fields and villages through which they pass; this is so much in the nature of ordinary native warfare that it must be particularly guarded against; the Frontier Force, however, is necessary, and it seems to be making a promising development. Compare, you say, the present with the past. Where are the schooners and cutters that were used to be built right here in Liberia, when nearly every responsible man had his own? Where are the tons of sugar that used to be shipped to foreign parts by our fathers, and the barrels of molasses, and the tons of camwood? Where are the financial men of the country that looked upon the holding of public offices almost beneath them, who had to be begged to fill the offices? Where are those who when they (had) "made their farms lived off the farms? Oh, where are the honest, upright and loyal government officials of 1847? You answer for yourselves. Where are the great Liberian merchants of Monrovia, Grand Bassa, Sinoe, and Cape Palmas? Gone! — S. D. Ferguson, Jr. TRADE DEVELOPMENT AND TRANS- PORTATION. Liberia's very existence depends upon her devel- opment of trade. If the Liberians push forward in this direction, her future may be assured. If, how- ever, she neglects it, her neighbors, France and Eng- land, can not be expected to permit their opportunity to pass. The area of the Black Republic is far too rich by nature to be overlooked ; if its legitimate owners fail to develop it, others will do so. The past of Liberia was built on trade in wild produce; its immediate prosperity must depend upon the same source of wealth. For the moment the trade of Liberia must be in such things as palm nuts, piassava, and rubber. The oil palm has been the most important source of wealth Liberia has. The tree produces great quanti- ties of nuts, growing in large clusters, from which an oil is easily extracted, which finds enormous use in soap- and candle-making. This oil is derived from the stringy, fleshy coating of the nut; the nuts are thrown into pits dug in the ground, where they are allowed to ferment for some time ; the mass of f er- 131 132 LIBERIA. mented nuts is then squeezed in a sort of press run by hand, and the oil is extracted. This is the primitive, native style of production. The oil may also be produced by boiling and pounding the nuts and then stone-boiling the mass in wooden troughs, the oil being skimmed off from the surface of the water. In Liberia palm oil is chiefly produced in the counties of Bassa and Sinoe. Liberian oil is not the best quality on the market, as carelessness in preparation leaves considerable dirt and impurities in it ; it has, how- ever, brought good prices — up to £24.10.0 a ton. Inside the palm nut is a hard kernel which remains after the oil has been extracted; this kernel at first was wasted ; to-day it is known to yield a finer oil than the pulp; the idea of exporting palm nut kernels originated with a Liberian, and the first shipment was made in 1850; to-day there is a large demand for palm kernels which sell at prices ranging from $60 to $68 per ton, the oil derived from them selling at $130 to $133 per ton. Second, certainly, in importance, among the raw products exported from Liberia is piassava ; it is the fiber of a palm — raphia vinifera. Large use is made of this extremely resistent fiber for brooms and brushes for street sweeping and the like; its use, too, was suggested by a Liberian in 1889 ; it was first exported in 1890 and for a time brought the aston- ishingly high price of from $300 to $350 per ton ; as the fiber was easy to prepare and the trees were plentiful, a rapid development took' place; Liberia was for a long time the only source of supply; care- lessness ensued in the preparation of the fiber, the demand lessened and the price dropped ; it went down to £10 per ton ; at present the price is somewhat bet- ter and is stationary at £20. Sir Harry Johnston, from whom these details are borrowed, says that it is difficult to judge the quality of raphia, that it shrinks in weight, and that trade in it is somewhat specu- lative and uncertain; still, piassava fiber occupies an important position in the Liberian trade to-day. PROBLEMS. 133 Africa appears to be the continent which presents the greatest number of rubber-yielding plants; in Liberia the precious exudation is obtained from some sixteen different kinds of trees and vines, varying as to the quality and character of rubber yielded. The rubber of Liberia is not considered of the highest class, but it is of good grade; the natives of the interior are skilled in its collection ; there is no doubt that great quantities of wild rubber are still to be obtained within the limits of the Republic and experi- ments in rubber-planting have already been made with promise. Sir Harry Johnston gives a long list of other natural products which have been exported from Liberia at one time or another in varying quantities. There was a time when camwood found a ready mar- ket and formed perhaps the most important element in Liberian trade — of course with the invention of other dye-stuffs, the use of camwood, annatto, etc., has practically ceased; the name "Grain Coast" or "Pepper Coast" was long given to this country on account of the malagueta pepper which was exported in great quantities — this, too, has ceased to be a product of practical importance; kola nuts are to some degree exported from Liberia, and with the ever-increasing use of the kola in America and Euro- pean countries, trade along this line should develop ; ivory has always been among the export products of Liberia, though it has never had great significance; vegetable ivory nuts are produced here and to some extent form an article of trade — the demand for them in button-making is large and increasing, and exporta- tion of them may reasonably be developed; hides and oil-yielding seeds complete the list of actual native export products. Sir Harry Johnston calls attention to the fact that the country is rich in ebony, mahog- any, and other fine woods, in copal and other gums, in ground nuts, fruits, and minerals; these, however, have never been actual materials for export; all 134 LIBERIA. are valuable, however, and trade in them might be developed. All of these raw products of natural production are valuable, but that they shall form an element in trade depends upon the natives. These things all come from the forests of the interior ; if they are to be traded to the outside world, they must be collected and transported by the people within whose territory they are found; this dependence is an uncertain thing. The natives have few needs; in their little towns they take life easily ; they have no sentimental interest in the development of trade as such nor in the upbuilding of the country; they care compara- tively little for the returns of trade; they will work when necessary, but only as they please; when they need some money for buying wives, they will prepare some piassava fiber or dig a pit, ferment some nuts, and squeeze some oil. When they have enough for the immediate and pressing necessity, work stops, and with it the supply of oil or fiber or whatever they may have seen fit to produce. More than this, the native is little concerned about the quality of his production. So long as he can sell it and raise the resources that he needs, he does not care whether the oil is clean, whether the piassava fiber is of good qual- ity, or whether the rubber contains dirt and stones. Impurity, however, of products is a very serious mat- ter to the outside world; a district which neglects quality loses trade. Liberian oil, fiber, rubber, all are at a disadvantage at present through the care- lessness of the producers. It must, then, be the policy of the Liberian Gov- ernment to encourage, by every legitimate means within its power, the increase of the production of the natural resources. Nor is the simple question of pro- duction the whole difficulty. Transportation is quite as important. The product, no matter how good or how precious, has no value as long as it remains in the bush. There are different methods of dealing with this matter of getting the natural products down PROBLEMS. 135 to the coast settlements. The simplest and most nat- ural is to let the native bring it out — but the natives are as little inclined to travel and carry as they are to produce; they will fetch down their product when they feel inclined — but the demand from without is constant. Liberians may go into the bush to bring out the products; there are always little traders who divide their time between the settlements and the interior; they travel in, sit down for several days at native towns, trade with the natives for whatever stuff they have on hand, then have it carried out; such traders are usually independent men of small means who are trading on their own account. It is not uncommon for the large trading-houses to hire agents, — Liberians or natives, — and send them into the interior to buy up and bring down products. Another method — which, in the long run, will prove no doubt the most satisfactory, — is to establish here and there in the interior permanent trading stations, supplied with a fair stock of goods, to be traded with the natives against their raw products — trading sta- tions of this kind are already established by the Mon- rovia Rubber Company and by various of the great trading-houses. In some way or other the Government should adopt a method of encouraging the natives of the interior to gather, to properly prepare, and to bring in raw produce ; a definite scheme of practical education and encouragement must be devised. While raw products offered by nature have been and are the chief element in Liberian trade, another element is immediate, and will ultimately be the chief dependence of the nation. Agriculture, though far from being in a satisfactory condition, has always contributed material for export. The country can not forever count upon a supply of raw products. Gradually the value of the forests will become sec- ondary to that of produce of the fields. There is no reason why the Liberian coffee should not be fully re-established in the foreign market. The tree seems 136 LIBERIA. to be a native of the country ; Ashmun reported that it was found everywhere near the seacoast and to an unknown distance back from there. Under natural conditions, the tree grew often to a height of thirty feet and a girth of fifteen inches. Coffee berries from wuld trees were brought in by hundreds of bushels to the early settlers by the natives. Plantations were soon established, and many of them met with great success; in fact, coffee was once the principal export of the Republic; it was mainly shipped from Mon- rovia and Cape Mount; the more important planta- tions were located along the St. Paul's River. Libe- rian coffee was much appreciated in the European market; at its period of greatest vogue it used to bring twenty-five cents a pound; the price has now fallen so low as eight or nine cents a pound. This decline is due, in part, of course, to the enormous development of the Brazilian coffee trade; it is, how- ever, largely due to the carelessness of the Liberian planters, who had only primitive machinery for its preparation and who neglected proper care, with the result that the coffee berries reached the market broken and impaired. It is a delicious coffee, of full flavor, and improves with age. Sir Harry Johnston claims that about 1,500,000 pounds are annually produced, and reports that the output is increasing slightly. At the Muhlenberg IMission School, coffee is cultivated ; care is taken in its preparation, and the price is rising ; if the Liberians will give serious atten- tion to the matter, there is no question that the old importance of the culture may be restored. It will require improved methods of cultivation, the use of better machinery, greater care in the preparation of the berry, and constant attention to proper packing and handling. Discouraged at the fall in price of coffee, some Liberian planters introduced the culture of cacao, from which our chocolate and cocoa are derived; this culture has long been successful in some of the Spanish possessions of West Africa; in Liberia the PROBLEMS. 137 plant grows well, and the cacao seems to be of superior quality; it is said that a good price for it may be received in Liverpool. This culture must be consid- ered as only in its infancy, but there appears to be no reason why it should not become of great importance. The rubber so far sent out from Liberia has been wild rubber; it would seem that a wise policy in national development would be to encourage the establishment of plantations of rubber trees or vines. One such plantation has already been established by an English company, who hoped to gather the first harvest of latex in 1912 ; one would suppose that the best tree for planting would be the funtumia which is native to the country and a good yielder ; it is chiefly this plant which is being set out by the Belgians in the Congo colony; the English company in Liberia, however, claims that their experiments with funtumia were not encouraging, and the species actually planted is the hevea — the one which yields the famous Para rubber. While coffee, cacao, and rubber will no doubt be the earliest important plantations to be developed in the country, other products should not be neglected. Ginger has already been well tested in the Republic — there have been times when it was quite an important article of export; sugar-cane grows well, and from the earliest days plantations of it have yielded something for local consumption— if capital were available, there seems no reason why profitable plantations of cane might not be made ; cas- sava has always been to some degree an article of export in the past, — it is of course the main food product of the natives — it is the source of tapioca and other food materials abundantly in use among our- selves. Liberia at present imports rice from abroad, yet rice of excellent quality is easily cultivated in the Republic and forms a staple food in native towns — effort to increase its local production would be good economy from every point of view; fruits of many kinds — both native and imported — grow to perfection 138 LIBERIA. in Liberia; experiments have been made, without particular results, in cotton raising — there are species of wild cotton in the country and experiments with both wild and foreign grades would determine to what degree culture of this useful fiber might be profitably carried on. This list of cultivated vege- table products might be enormously extended ; we are only interested here in indicating those plants which would be important as trade products if their culti- vation were seriously undertaken. In the matter of fruits, we may add a word ; here is the suggestion of a beginning of manufacturing interests in the coun- try; some of these fruits are capable of profitable canning or preservation, others might be dried, while still others yield materials which could be utilized outside ; it would seem as if the natural beginning of manufacturing interests in the Republic would be in the establishment of factories to deal with these fruits and various derived vegetable materials. It is to be anticipated that there will be a develop- ment in mining in Liberia; it is not an unmixed blessing to a country to possess mineral wealth; it may be disadvantageous to a little country, of relative politcal insignificance and actually weak, to possess great wealth of this sort. But there are certainly deposits of gold and diamonds in the Republic ; these will in time be known, and their development will be undertaken. When that time comes, ores and other mineral products will form an element in national trade. Closely associated with the matter of production is the question of transportation. It is one of the most serious that faces Liberia. If produce can not be taken to the coast, it is of no value in the development of trade. There are prac- tically no roads in Liberia to-day. As in the Dark Continent generally, narrow foot-trails go from town to town. The travel over them is always in single file, the path is but a few inches wide and has been sharply worn into the soil to a depth of several inches by the PROBLEMS. 139 passage of many human feet. As long as transporta- tion is entirely by human carriers, such trails are serviceable, provided they be kept open. A neglected trail, however, is soon overgrown and becomes extremely difficult to pass; that a trail should be good, it is necessary that the brushwood and other growth be cut out at fairly frequent intervals. Often, however, the chief of a given village does not care to remain in communication with his neighbors and intentionally permits the trail to fall into disuse. There is a feeling too, surviving from old customs, that trails are only passable with the permission and consent of the chiefs of the towns through which they run; chiefs have always exercised the right of closing trails whenever it pleased them; they have expected presents ("dashes") for the privilege of passing. If now, large trade is to be developed in the matter of native produce, it is absolutely neces- sary that the trails be kept in good condition and that free passage over them be granted to all. Much of the energy of the Grovernment must of necessity be directed toward these ends. At the best, however, there is a limit to the distance over which produce can be profitably transported on human backs ; there must be very large inherent value in such produce to war- rant its being carried more than a three days' jour- ney l)y human carriers. It is not only the labor involved in the transportation, but the loss of time which renders this problem important. The richest resources lie at a great distance in the interior; even with good trails it is impossible to utilize them. In time, of course, the foot-trails must be developed into actual roads; some other mode of transportation must be devised than that of the human beast of burden. Horses have never prospered in the neigh- borhood of Monrovia; yet there are plenty of them raised and, it is said, of good quality, among the Mandingo. Serious efforts should be made to intro- duce their use as beasts of draft and burden; if, as is likely, these experiments should come to naught, 140 LIBERIA. attempts should be made to use oxen for hauling produce to the market. Improved trails and roads are of the highest importance to the Republic for several reasons, (a) For intercourse: only by means of them can ready and constant intercourse be devel- oped between the different elements of population; no great development of trade, no significant advance, can be made without constant intercourse ; it must be easy for the Government to reach and deal with the remotest natives of the far interior; it is equally important that peoples of neighboring towns have more frequent and intimate contact with each other; it is necessary that the members of different tribes come to know other tribes by daily contact, (b) For transportation; there is no reason why even the existing trails should not be covered with caravans carrying produce to the coast, (e) For protection; at present the movement of the Frontier Force from place to place is a matter of the highest difficulty; if trouble on the border necessitates the sending of an armed force, weeks must elapse before the enterprise can be accomplished; until the present unsatisfac- tory condition of trails be done away with, Liberia is in no position to protect her frontiers. The construction by the English of the Sierra Leone Railroad running from the port of Freetown across the colony through the interior to the very border of Liberia, was a master stroke of policy; it not only developed the resources of the British area through which it passed and carried British products to the sea, but it tapped the richest part of the Liberian territory ; formerly the production of that wealthy and well populated area found its way to Cape Mount and Monrovia ; now it all goes out through a British port, in British hands. No single work would better repay an outlay by the Liberian Government than a good road running from IMonrovia up the St. Paul's River, out to Boporo, and on through the country of the Mandingo to the region where this British road ends. Such a road would bring back PROBLEMS. 141 into Liberia her part of a trade which has always been legitimately her own. The idea would be to con- struct upon such a road-bed a light railroad ; such an enterprise would very probably soon be upon a paying basis. With the exception of one or two short stretches built by foreign companies for their own uses, there are neither roads nor railroads at the present time in the Republic. In 1912 the legislature granted a con- cession to the Cavalla River Company to make roads along the Cavalla River, to negotiate with the inhab- itants of those parts for the development of the rice industry, etc. At the same session the right was granted to Wichers and Helm to negotiate a railroad scheme for the construction of a light railway from "White Plains to Careysburg, and from Millsburg to Boporo, the right was also granted to construct a railroad from Harper to Dimalu in Maryland County. It is to be hoped that these three enterprises may all develop ; they would mean much for the progress of the country. We have spoken of the exports of Liberia ; the imports consist chiefly of cotton goods, hardware, tobacco, silks, crockery, guns, gun-powder, rice, stock- fish, herrings, and salt. Most of these items are the staples which for centuries have maintained the trade of Western Africa. The total value of this import trade is estimated by Sir Harry Johnston at about $1,000,000 annually. It is curious that rice should need to be imported; 150,000 bags, equal to 700 tons are brought in every year; this rice is used entirely by the civilized Liberians ; certainly they should be raising their own rice or buying it from natives. That salt should be introduced into a coast district where salt, by evaporation from seawater might be easily produced, is less strange than would appear at first sight; the salt from Europe is, on the whole, better in quality and is more cheaply produced than the local article of Liberia. The stock-fish is brought from Norway and is especially in demand 142 LIBERIA. among the Km. Intoxicating drinks do not occur in the list above quoted; Sir Harry Johnston says that gin and rum are introduced, but that there is not much drunkenness among the people. Measures are taken to prevent the introduction of gin among the natives, but a great deal must be surreptitiously intro- duced among them ; when we were in the Bassa coun- try, our interpreter's constant regret was that we had not loaded up with a large supply of gin which, he assured us, would accomplish much more with the chiefs of the interior towns than any other form of trade-stuff. The bulk of the cotton goods taken into Liberia is intended for trade with the interior natives; the patterns brought vary but little and are extremely old-fashioned — taste having been long ago estab- lished and the natives being conservative in such things. As to the actual volume of trade and its move- ment, some words are necessary. Recent figures are supplied in a little table issued by the Republic in a small pamphlet entitled Some Trade Facts; it cov- ers the period extending from 1905 to 1912. As will be seen, during that period of time, the customs rev- enue of the Republic more than doubled. Part of this favorable result undoubtedly was due to the fact that the administration of the customs service was for that time largely in the hands of a British Chief Inspector of Customs. There is no reason why this encouraging movement of trade should not con- tinue. There is wealth enough in Liberia, if it can only be properly developed. The resources are enor- mous; the difficulties have been in handling them. The Republic has usually been in financial diffi- culties; it has been hard work to make ends meet; but there is no question that with good management and legitimate encouragement the national income may be more than necessary to meet all obligations, to pursue conservative policies of development, and to attract favorable assistance from the outside world. PROBLEMS. 143 STATEMENT OF CUSTOMS REVENUE OF THE REPUB- LIC OF LIBERIA FOR YEARS 1905-1912 (1st April-31st March) Port 1905-6 1906-7 1907-8 1908-9 1909-10 1910-11 1911-12 Monrovia $114,098 $129,077 $128,030 $117,524 $135,916 $144,292 Cape Mount, etc 38.128 31.901 19,327 25,907 27.809 36.125 Marshall 11.195 18.412 16.666 8.211 12.761 23.579 Grand Bassa, etc 103.494 112,168 105,273 109.876 118,782 140,457 Slnoe, etc 30,228 32,784 27,172 33.960 28.208 31,784 Cape Palmas, etc 30,603 41,413 48.314 66,018 78,028 86,615 Kabawana. etc 166 3,483 1.808 206 1,238 3,841 Rubber Duties col- lected In London 7,443 8,614 8,725 4,655 4,637 Total $230,580 $327,913 $376,684 $355,208 $370,431 $407,400 $471,335 It is interesting to notice with whom Liberia's trade is carried on. Britain of course has always led ; Germany comes second, Holland third, and other nations follow. Sir Harry Johnston says that in 1904 the total value of British trade with Liberia was £112,779, while the total trade of the British Empire with the Republic was £132,000; the £20,000 differ- ence represent trade with Sierra Leone and the Gold Coast chiefly. On the whole it would seem that Ger- many is crowding Britain and bids fair to lead. A little table will show this clearly ; the first statement shows the amount of British imports, exports, and entire trade for the years 1904, 1908, and 1909 in pounds sterling; a second statement shows the corre- sponding items for German trade for the years 1908 and 1909 in marks; a third statement changes the totals figures to dollars at the rate of five dollars to the pound and four marks to a dollar, which of course is only approximate. It shows, however, that Ger- many is actually crowding her longer established rival. (a) BRITISH TRADE WITH LIBERIA (Soler) Imports Exports Total 1904 £60,350 £62,710 £123,060 1908 74,348 75,137 149,485 1909 69,511 63,500 133,011 (b) GERMAN TRADE WITH LIBERIA (Soler) 1908 1,177,000 mks. 1,856,000 mks. S,033,000 mks. 1909 1,095,000 mks. 2,282,000 mks. 3,377,000 mks. (c) ENGLISH AND GERMAN TRADE (1908-1909) 1908 1909 English $747,425 $665,055 German 758,250 844,250 The Liberian nation is to be made up of the Negro civilized to some extent in the United States and repatriated, and of the aboriginal tribes. At present it is composed of a small number of civilized and a large number of aboriginal communities in varying degrees of dependence. The problem is how to blend these into a national organism, an organic unity. — A. Barclay. THE NATIVE! Jore, in his valuable study of Liberia, discusses the question of the actual number of natives in Liberia as follows : ' ' IMessrs. Johnston and Delaf osse have estimated the number of natives of Liberia at 2,000,000 persons. This figure would appear to-day to be above the actual. In fact, from serious studies which have been made in French West Africa, it results that a density of population superior to twelve inhabitants to the square kilometer, has been found only in Lower Dahomey, Ovagadougou, in Upper Senegal and Niger, in Lower Senegal, and in a very restricted part of Middle Guinea. Generally the den- sity remains inferior to five inhabitants to the square kilometer. But there is no reason to believe that Liberia is, in its entirety, more populous than our own possessions in West Africa. In taking the density at the figure 8, one runs the chance of still finding himself above the reality. Liberia, having to-day 80,000 square kilometers, its population ought scarcely to surpass 600,000 or 700,000 inhabitants. In any case, it certainly does not go beyond 1,000,000 per- sons." This estimate seems to us far more reasonable than any other that has been made. Even thus reduced, the native population overwhelmingly out- numbers the Americo-Liberian. More than that, they are at home and acclimated ; they enjoy good health and presumably are rapidly increasing. We have 144 PROBLEMS. 145 indeed no means of actually knowing such to be the fact. But the impression gained from observation is that, while the Americo-Liberians barely hold their own, the Kru, the Mohammedans, and the natives of the interior are flourishing. Even in crowded and unsanitary towns, like those which occur upon the borders of Liberian settlements, the Kru appear to be increasing. Krutown, at Monrovia, suffers from frightful mortality, but those who live are vigorous, hardy, and energetic. The houses are crowded close together, but there are no empty houses falling into ruins and no shrinkage in the area occupied. The schools (that is, the mission schools of the Methodists) are crowded with children ; the Kru mission chapel (Protestant Episcopal) is maintained with an energy and interest which could be found only among a people who were looking out upon life with the hope and vigor which comes from physical prosperity. So far as the natives of the interior are concerned, they show every sign of increase. There are of course abandoned towns and villages in plenty, but the towns now occupied are filled with people, and children swarm. But there are natives and natives. The different natives form distinct problems — it is not just one simple proposition. The Mandingo and Vai are Mo- hammedan populations ; they are independent, proud, aggressive ; they are industrious, and their industries render them to a large degree independent of all neighbors. Their towns and villages are large, pros- perous, and relatively wealthy. Few visitors have ever penetrated into their country; it is practically unknown to the Liberians. Yet it is in the highest degree important that the Liberians should know them thoroughly, should come into close and intimate contact with them, should co-operate with them in the development and advancement of the country. In their towns and villages boys are taught Arabic and read the Koran ; it is true — as in so much religious teaching elsewhere — that they often learn only to 10. 146 LIBERIA. repeat the words of the sacred texts without any knowledge of their actual meaning — many, however, read with understanding. It is an interesting fact that the Vai have a system of writing which has been invented by themselves; it is widely known among them and they are fond of Avriting letters and making records in their own script. Momulu Massaquoi, whose name is well known in this country and in Eng- land, is a Vai ; he governed a considerable section of his people as chief through a period of years; he has now for some time been located at Monrovia, where he ably fills the position of chief clerk in the Depart- ment of the Interior; he is useful to the Government as an intermediary between it and the Mohammedans of the Republic ; although himself a Christian, both Mandingo and Vai have more confidence in him than they could possibly repose in a stranger to their cus- toms and languages. There are various ways in which the Government might proceed to develop friendly relations with these people. They should encourage village schools — both religious and secular; in the religious schools, which should be uncontrolled, the Koran and Arabic would continue to be the chief sub- .ieets taught ; in the other schools there snould be the usual subjects taught in the public schools of the Americo-Liberians ; these will best be taught through the Vai language, and charts and text-books should be printed in the native characters. Mr. Massaquoi has already undertaken to prepare such text-books. Trade with these peoples should be encouraged ; and devel- oped as rapidly as possible. No opportunity should be lost to impress upon them that their interests and those of the Liberians are one, and every effort should be made to gain co-operation. These peoples occupy that portion of the Republic which is most in danger of aggression bv the British ; surely the natural impulse is for these black peoples, though they be Mohammedans, to unite in common progress with other blacks rather than with any whites. If religion is actually a barrier against friendship and co-opera- PROBLEMS. 147 tion, it would be as strong against friendship with the British Christians as against Liberian Christians. There is no question, however, that if the Government of the Republic will deal justly, amicably, and wisely with these tribes, they will heartily respond. The Kru and related peoples of the coast form a completely different proposition. They are full of force and vigor; Sir Harry Johnston and others call them ' ' cheeky ' ' ; they are actually awake. They are ready for progress ; they want education ; they have for centuries been in contact with white men and know their strength and weakness ; they are strong, intelligent, industrious, and want work. They have no dainty fears regarding labor, so that it be paid — but pay they want, and justly. At the present they form the strongest immediate hope in the Liberian population. We have said that they want education ; as a matter of fact, they flock into the schools. When Bishop Ferguson was at Cape Palmas, in 1912, four promising-looking native boys walked from Picka- ninny Cess, fifty miles to Cape Palmas. They told him they had heard of the big school (Epiphany Hall) and desired to attend; that another of their comrades was coming the following week. The Bishop says: ''They are just the age when the inducement to go down the coast to earn money is strong; in fact they had already made several trips; but instead of going again, they had decided 'to learn book'. I did not have the heart to turn such applicants off, and so wrote to the Principal to admit them under special arrangement." When in Monrovia, I several times visited the College of West Africa. It is over-crowded and ministers to both Americo-Liberian and natives boys. On one occasion I seated myself in the midst of the class in fourth grade arithmetic. The recitation was well conducted and well given. While black- board work was occupying the general attention, I remarked to a boy at my side, "But you are a native boy." "Yes," he said, "T am Kru — and so is that boy, and that one, and that one." As a matter of 148 LIBERIA. fact, I was practically surrounded by them. "Well," said I, "and how do you native boys get on? Do you do well?" "Yes, sir," was the immediate response, "we do well; we do better than they do." It was not necessary for me to ask who he meant by "they." I answered, "It would sound better if some one else said so." He replied, "That may be so ; but it is true. " " How does that happen ? " I asked. His reply deserves attention: "We love our country more than they do, sir." I am not pre- pared to assert that they love their country more than the Americo-Liberians ; it is true, however, that they are passionately fond of their native land. The first time that my personal attention was turned to the black Republic was in 1905 when a Kru boy upon our steamer bound to Congo told me with evident affection of his dear, his native land, and pointed out to me the distant green shore of the villages where his people were located. And whether they love their country more than the Americo-Liberians or no, they are more aggressive, more ambitious, more willing to work that they may achieve their ends. These Kru boys on their way to and from school often, after my visit to the College, dropped in to see me. There is the fixed intention among many of them to visit the United States and complete their studies in our schools. One of these boys informed me that five of them some months ago had entered into an agreement in some way or other to reach our country. All of them have made .iourneys on steamers along the coast ; some of them have been to Europe; all of them" can easily reach Hamburg and have money in their pockets; the anxious ques- tion with them all is how to go from Hamburg to New York — and whether they will be admitted in the port — and whether they can form connections after they are in our country. There is no foolish- ness in all these plans; they have thought them out in detail: they will come. Then there are the pagan tribes of the interior. PROBLEMS. 149 They are a more serious proposition for the Liberian than the Mohammedans and Kru. They are still "bush niggers"; they live in little towns under the control of petty chiefs; most of them speak only a native language; there is no unity among them; not only are there jealousies between the tribes, but there are suspicions between the villages of one tribe and speech; they live in native houses, wear little clothing, have simple needs; they are ununited and know nothing of the outside world — they know little of France or England, have rarely seen a white man, scarcely know what the Liberian Government means or wants; they are satisfied and only wish to be left alone ; they do not need to work steadily — life is easy, they raise sufficient rice and sweet-potatoes and corn and cassava to feed themselves; if they wish to cover their nakedness, they can weave cloth for their own use; there is little which they need from other peoples. Few know anything either of the teachings of the Prophet or Christianity ; they prac- tice fetish — ' ' devil-worship ' ' — have their bush schools for the instruction of their boys and girls in the mysteries of life and of religion. They are polyga- mists, the number of whose wives depends wholly upon the ability to accumulate sufficient wealth with which to purchase them. Among them domestic slavery — which, by the way, is not a matter which need particularly call for reprehension — is common; some of the tribes no doubt still practice cannibalism ; It is these tribes in the interior upon which Liberia depends almost completely for the development of wealth ; if Liberia shall flourish, it is necessary that these peoples shall produce and deliver the raw ma- terials for shipment to the outside world ; it is these peoples who must supply palm nuts, palm kernels, palm oil, piassava fiber, ivory, rubber, gums; it is these peoples who must keep the trails open, and develop them into roads ; it is they who must permit the easy passage of soldiers and Grovernment repre- 150 LIBERIA. sentatives through their territories; it is they who must supply the soldiers for the Frontier Force. It is clear, then, that the "natives" present no simple problem. There are many questions to be con- sidered in laying out a native policy. The matter has by no means been neglected by Liberian rulers; one or another of them has grappled with it. Of President Barclay's native policy Gerard says: "Among many other subjects of preoccupation, Bar- clay attaches an entirely particular importance to the native policy. At the beginning of his adminis- tration, he brought together a great number of native chiefs, notably of the Gola, Kondo, and Pessy tribes; he convoked likewise a crowd of Kru and Grebo notabilities; he sent special missions along the Cavalla River up to two hundred kilometers from its mouth, and others up the St. Paul's. This innovation was so much the more appreciated by the natives, and aided so much more powerfully toward the development of mercantile relations of the coast district with the interior, because thereto- fore the repatriated negroes had been considered by their subjugated congeners only as unjust conquerors and pillagers, or as merchants who were equally tricky and dishonest." President Howard also realizes the importance of conciliating the native populations; he designs to carry out an active policy; in his inaugural address he says: "We are aware of the oft-repeated charges of ill treatment toward this portion of our citizen- ship, made by foreigners against the officers of the Government, also of the fact that some of our people feel that these uncivilized citizens have but few rights which should be respected or accorded to them. But the responsible citizens recognize that in order for us to obtain that position of independence, power, and wealth, which we should obtain, it must be ac- complished by the united efforts of all citizens, civilized and uncivilized, male and female. The de- nial of equal rights to the 'natives' has never been PROBLEMS. 151 the intention or purpose of the Government. We will not disallow that much wrong has been done to that portion of our citizen body, but it is equally true that much of the deception and misunderstanding of the past have been due to machinations and subter- fuges of some unscrupulous aliens, among whom had been some missionaries who have done all in their power to make and widen the breach between the two elements of our citizenship. We are very opti- mistic, however, in our belief that the dangers of such exploitations and false pretensions of friend- ships are drawing to a close." Again he says: "Much of our interior trouble of the past has been the result of a lack of proper understanding between ourselves and our fellow- citizens of that section of the land. Another source of trouble has been the actions of unqualified men sent among these people to represent the Government. We believe that great good will accrue to the State by holding frequent conferences with these chiefs and head men, and by responsible representatives of the Government, explaining- to them its policy, the bene- fits to be derived by them in co-operating to build up the country, as well as the evils of the inter-tribal wars which they have been waging with each other for years." Exactly how to unite the chiefs with the Govern- ment is a serious question ; to seriously weaken their authority among their own people would lead to chaos; to lead them to recognize the supremacy of the Government and yet not arouse their hostility by the abrogation of their own powers is a delicate task. Yet it must be done. Of one of the notable features of this inaugural President Howard himself says the following: "The very large concourse of chiefs and head men from the interior of all the counties, as well as from the Kru coast and most of the Grebo towns in Maryland, who are up to take part in the inaugural exercises, is to me one of the most pleasing features of the occasion. Their presence here testi- 152 LIBERIA, fies to their loyalty to the State and their willingness to co-operate with the Government in matters per- taining to the welfare of the country. Moreover it betokens the kindly feelings they and their people entertain toward the outgoing, and their well wishes for the incoming administration." No less difficult than the question of how to adjust the power of the Government with the power of the chiefs is the problem of how to adjust Liberian law and practice to native law and practice. According to their constitution, Liberia must forever be with- out slavery. Still domestic slavery flourishes in the interior. We have already indicated our opinion that it is not a serious matter and that it may quite well be left to regulate itself with time; still there is bound to be an outcry on the part of outsiders in this matter. Liberia as a civilized and Christian nation is legally monogamous; yet both among Moham- medans, Kru and pagan interior tribes polygamy is common. Is it wise, is it possible to extend the monogamous law of the Republic to the polygamous natives? Cannibalism no doubt still exists among certain of the interior tribes; if so, it will be long before the strong arm of the Government located upon the coast can reach the practice. Among all these native tribes there are methods of procedure and ordeals which have their value and their place. Thus the sassy-wood ordeal is used not only in deal- ing with witchcraft, but with a thousand other diffi- culties and misdemeanors; personally I should consider it unwise to attempt to do away with such native methods of control ; they work more certainly than the legal procedure of the civilized government can work. A wise policy will probably lead to the gradual disappearance of these things with a gen- eral advance in education and with a greater contact with the outside world. There is always, however, the danger of these native practices extending their influence upon the Christian populations in the out- side settlements. If the bush negro is polygamous, PROBLEMS, 153 and the Amerieo-Liberian is iu constant contact with his polygamy, the legal monogamy of the Government may become more difficult to maintain; if the sassy- wood ordeal is repeatedly seen to be effective in the conviction of the truly guilty, there will be a con- stant tendency to reproduce it for the detection and discrimination of criminals among the civilized; if domestic slavery is tolerable among the neighboring pagans, a feeling of the harmlessness of some vicious system of apprenticeship may be developed. These are real dangers, and while it probably is wise to exercise a deal of tolerance toward native customs, it must be constantly and carefully watched from this point of view. The native life is certainly good in many ways; all that is actually good in it should be left so far as possible. Native houses are well adapted to the conditions of the country and nothing is gained by the attempt to change the styles of local architecture ; scantness of clothing, or even nakedness, is not im- moral, suggestive, or in itself worthy of blame — and native dress, though scanty, may be entirely becom- ing and even beautiful ; there are many native arts — which, far from being blotted out, might well be conserved and developed ; public palavers in native communities are often models of dignified conduct and serious consideration ; the respect shown to na- tive chiefs is often warranted and in every way should be encouraged and developed. The topic lends itself to many observations and tempts to full development. We can only say, however, that there are actually few things in native life which deserve condemnation and immediate destruction. The na- tives will be happier, better, and make more certain progress if they are permitted to build largely upon their own foundations. Dr. Blyden was always beg- ging the people to make an African nation in Liberia, not the copy of a European state. Delafosse carries the same plea to an even greater extreme. It is impos- sible to actually meet the wishes of these gentlemen. 154 LIBERIA. Liberia is and must be patterned after other civilized nations. Such a native African state, original in all things, and purely African, as Delafosse imagines, would not be permitted to exist a single week by the crowding, selfish, civilized and Chris- tian foreign nations. If Liberia is to play within the game, it must follow the rules of play. In dealing with its natives, the government should be frank, honest, and candid; it should make no promises unless it knows that it can keep them — un- less it means to keep them — unless it will keep them. Too many times in the past, when misunderstandings have led to armed resistance on the part of native peoples, the Government has appealed to one or an- other man of great personal influence among the aroused natives. Facing danger, frightened, want- ing peace at any price, it has authorized its repre- sentative to make promises of satisfaction which it knew perfectly well could not and would not be kept. Such a temporizing policy is always bad; it not only fails to right wrongs, but destroys the trust of natives in the government, and shatters the influence for good which the intermediary formerly enjoyed. It is time that, in dealing with the natives, chiefs be considered as men and dealt with not as if they were spoiled children; appeals should be made to manhood and to principle, not to depraved ambitious tendencies. Less gin and more cloth should be used in gaining their assistance. President Howard per- tinently says in this direction : ' ' By way of encour- aging the 'natives' to stay at home and develop their lands, we feel that instead of granting 'stipends' and 'dashes' as formerly, they should be given only to the chiefs and people who will put on the market so many hundred bushels of kernels, or gallons of oil, so many pounds of ivory, rubber, coffee, cocoa, ginger, etc., or so many hundred kroos of clean rice. The proceeds of these products, of course, would go to the owners. "We feel that this plan would have a better result than the one now in vogue." PROBLEMS. 155 That there should be a feeling of caste in the Republic is natural. There are actual differences between the four populations which we have indicated. It is impossible that Americo-Liberians, Mohamme- dans, coast peoples, and interior natives should not feel that they are different from each other, and in this difference find motives of conduct. This feeling of difference is based upon actual inherent facts of difference, and can not be expected to disappear. It should, however, give rise to mutual respect, not to prejudice and inequality of treatment. Every motive of sound policy must lead the Liberian in the civil- ized settlements to recognize the claims, the rights, the opportunities which lie within this difference. He needs the friendship of the "bush nigger" far more than that pagan needs his. Caste in the sense of proud discrimination of social difference and the in- troduction of over-bearing treatment must be avoided. It is suicide to encourage and permit the development of such a feeling. In the nature of things, constant intermarriage takes place between the Americo-Liberians and the natives. There is more or less prejudice against such connections, but they have taken place ever since the days of the first settlement. They are, for the most part, one-sided, Americo-Liberian men marrying native women. The other relation, namely that of native men with Liberian women, is so rare that it may almost be said not to occur. There is no ques- tion that these mixtures should tend to produce a good result, the children inheriting physical strength and fitness to their surroundings beyond that of the Americo-Liberian. There is, however, a danger in such unions; the native woman has all her associa- tions and connections with her own people, and there is a constant tendency for the husband to assume a position of influence among the natives, adopting more or less of their customs, and suffering the re- lapse of which we hear so often. None the less it is 156 LIBERIA. certain that such mixtures are more than likely to increase in number with the passage of time. A notable influence upon the native problem may be expected from the Frontier Force. The soldiers for this force are regularly drawn from the tribes of the interior. It is easy to get Boozi Mpesse, and their neighbors in large numbers. They come to Monrovia as almost naked savages, with no know- ledge of the outside world, but with strong, well- developed bodies; they are quite amenable to train- ing and quickly make improvement ; they have almost the minds of children, and are easily led in either direction ; if well treated, they have a real affection for their officers; if they are badly treated, they are morose, dispirited, and dangerous. They love the companionship, the bustle, the music, and the uni- forms, and rather quickly submit themselves with fair grace to discipline. They regularly bring their women and their boy slaves with them from their distant homes, and these live together in special houses constructed at the border of the barracks- grounds. As the government not infrequently is in arrears in paying them their wages, there are times when the camp is full of insubordination and bad feeling; at such times there is always danger, unless the officers are tactful, of their becoming mutinous, and demanding payment with a show and threat of force. It is not impossible that some time on such occasions serious results may occur. When the term of enlistment has ended, these soldiers may go back to their towns and villages, carrying with them the effect of the influences, good or bad, to which they have been subjected at the capital. Not a few of them, however, re-enlist for a second, or even a third, term of service. The effect of this training must be very great upon the tribes. It could be made a most im- portant influence for raising the condition of the whole interior; there is no more certain way by which the people of the remoter tribes may come to know about the Government. PROBLEMS, 157 We have read dreadful accounts of the relapse of civilized natives to their old form of life. Bright boys taken from the interior towns and villages are trained in mission schools, or even sent to the United States, and given a fairly liberal education. They have become nominal Christians; they have learned English and can read and write; they wear white men's dress and seem to have adopted white men's ways; much is expected of them when they return to their native country in the way of mission effort with their people. After they return, all changes ; their Christianity takes flight; having no one but their own people with whom to converse, they return to the native dialect; as the European dress wears out, they soon possess a nondescript wardrobe ; in- stead of leading their people in the ways of industry, they sit down at ease ; gradually they resume natural relations with their people and play the part of ad- visers to the chiefs, or even themselves become petty chiefs; of them it is frequently claimed that they have all the vices of Christian and pagan and none of the virtues of either. There is more or less of reality in such accounts. But it is not true, even in these cases, that nothing has been gained. One must not expect rare individuals to produce rapid results in a great mass of population. It is doubtful whether the result is harmful. The importance, however, of impressing upon all children, who are taken into mission schools, their relation to the government, their duty to it, and the advantage of co-operation with it, should be profoundly emphasized ; in such schools loyalty is as important a subject for inculca- tion as religion, reading, and industry. If as much care were taken to instruct the mission child in his duties as a citizen, as is taken in other directions, every one of these persons on their return to the bush would be a genuinely helpful and elevating influ- ence. It is also true that Americo-Liberians occasion- ally take to the bush. Sometimes they are persons who have had difficulties in the settlements and find 158 . LIBERIA. it convenient to change location ; sometimes they are men who have married native women and find it easier and more profitable to turn their attention toward the natives; sometimes they are traders who spend about one-half their time in settlements and the other half in going from town to town to secure products; sometimes they are shiftless vagabonds merely drifting from place to place in order to avoid labor. Such Liberians among the natives may be found everywhere. They are usually of little value to those among whom they live. But the fact that there are such should not be over-emphasized. It is by no means true that the Americo-Liberians as a whole tend to throw off civilization and to become degenerate. From this native mass much that has been helpful to the nation has already been secured. Work among them has always been accompanied by encouraging results. Two-thirds of the communicants of the Protestant Episcopal Church are natives; they show as true a character, as keen a mind, as high ideals, often more vigor, than the Americo-Liberians in the same churches. Wherever the native is given the same just chance as his Liberian brother, he gives an immediate response. At the Girls' School in Bromley, and among the boys at Clay-Ashland, na- tives and Liberians do the same work and offer the same promise ; so in the College of West Africa the Kru boys are every whit as good as the Liberians. The number of natives who are at present occupying positions of consequence in the Republic is encour- aging. The Secretary of the Department of Educa- tion, Dr. Payne, is a Bassa; Mr. Massaquoi, a Vai, holds the chief clerkship in the Department of the Interior: Senator Karris is the son of a native, Bassa, mother: Mr. Karnga, member of the House of Pepresentatives. is a son of a recaptured African — a Kongo ; Dr. Anthony, a Bassa, is Professor of Mathematics in Liberia College ; there are numbers of Grebo clergymen of prominence and success within PROBLEMS, 159 the Protestant Episcopal Church — as McKrae, who is pastor of the flourishing Kru Chapel at Monrovia, and Russell, Avho is pastor of the Liberian Church at Grand Bassa. The natives, after all, are the chief asset of the nation. Only by their co-operation can aggression and pressure from outside be resisted; carefully de- veloped and wisely utilized, they must and will be the defense and strength of the Liberian nation. Even if immigration on an enormous scale, a thing not to be expected, should take place, the native popu- lation will never be submerged ; it will continue to maintain supremacy in numbers. For support given to education, Liberia holds the first place among West African administrations. Sierra Leone, with a revenue six times greater than Liberia, spends only one-fifth of the sum devoted by our State to the cause of public instruc- tion. — A. Barclay. EDUCATION. The importance of education was recognized by the "fathers." The quotation of President Roberts which we have given above voiced the feelings of the more thoughtful of the settlers. Yet it must be ad- mitted that the educational situation is far from per- fect. There is a recently establish Department of Education, the Secretary of which holds a Cabinet position. In 1912 Dr. Payne had under his direc- tion ninet,y-one public schools in different parts of the Republic. Most of these schools were housed in buildings totally unsuited to their purpose; they were small, badly built, and unsupplied with even the barest equipment. There are no book-stores in Liberia, and there is a notable lack of suitable text- books for the children's use; there are few black- boards and those of poor quality ; the desks, seats, and other furniture are conspicuous either for their absence or poor quality. Teachers are frequently badly prepared; they not infrequently neglect their duties; the number of days of teaching is uncertain — as often the teachers will be occupied with other work than that to which they are supposed to devote their time and attention. Salaries are very low and badly paid. Mr. Deputie, once Superintendent of Education, in his report of 1905, appealing to the legislature, said : ' ' Lend a hand by your official acts that will tend to ameliorate the condition of the teachers in the public schools, that they may receive 160 PROBLEMS. 161 a just recompense of reward. Some of these teachers, after serving faithfully during the quarter, receive only ten shillings on their bills, while many others of them receive not a shilling." In 1910 Mr. Edwin Barclay was General Superintendent of the Schools. He made a careful study of the situation and in his report presents interesting statistics and facts with reference to the condition. He made a series of thoughtful recommendations for the future, and drew up an entire scheme of proposed legislation. Much of that which he suggested has been approved and theoretically put in practice. In regard to the matter of teachers' salaries, he makes an interesting statement in tabulated form, comparing the average salaries of teachers with those of clerks in the de- partment of the Government and in mercantile estab- lishments. He shows us that the average salary of public school teachers at that time was $143.95 per year; that this salary was stationary and without increment of any kind. At that same time, clerks in government departments received an average salary of $321.29 per year with definite chance of promotion and a career before them. Clerks in mercantile es- tablishments did even better, receiving an average annual salary of $865.90 a year with contingent in- crement annually of from twenty to fifty per cent on net profits. It is hardly strange under the circum- stances that good teachers are rare and that promis- ing young men should look to other fields than that of teaching. Three grades of teachers are recognized in the public schools ; all teachers are required to pass an examination and receive certificates; second grade teachers receive thirty dollars per year more than third grade teachers, and teachers of first grade, thirty dollars more than those of second grade. Pub- lic schools are subject to the inspection of a local school committee which "consists of three good, honest, substantial citizens of the locality, having an interest in education. Sex ought. not to be a barrier. They need not be highly educated, but should be able 162 LIBERIA. to read and write intelligently and earnest friends of education." Membership in the committee is purely honorary, no fee accompanying the appoint- ment. The members of the committee are to take an annual census of children of school age and to see that they attend school; they are to keep tab on the teacher and report him if he be guilty of immoral conduct or fails to advance his school. Each county has a school Commissioner whose business it is to examine candidates for teaching, to employ and direct teachers, to approve bills of salary, to visit each school in his district without announcement at least once a quarter, to remove and replace teachers, to make reports to the General Superintendent, to supply text-books, and hold annual teachers' meet- ings in order to develop greater ability on the part of the instructors. Compulsory education is recog- nized in the Republic ; as, however, many young people are obliged to assist in the support of the families to which they belong, night schools are pro- vided for those who may be working during the hours of the day. The public schools are practically con- fined to the Americo-Liberian settlements. The latest definite statistics in regard to the number of chil- dren in attendance on the public schools are those of 1910. At that time 1782 children were in the schools ; of these 1225 were civilized, 557 uncivilized, i. e., native ; the distribution according to counties was as follows : In Grand Bassa County, 407 ; in Maryland County, 148 ; in Montserrado County, 947 ; in Sinoe County, 280. The instillation of patriotism into the young mind is regarded as a matter of importance, and it is required that the flag of the Republic shall be daily displayed at every school-house or place where public school is held; and "the hoisting and striking of colors at the daily opening and close of school session shall be attended with such ceremonies as shall tend to instill into the minds of the pupils a respect and veneration for the flag and a knowledge of the principle for which it stands." PROBLEMS. 163 The public schools, however, are probably less numerous, and certainly reach fewer scholars than the various mission schools conducted by the differ- ent denominations. At the time that Mr. Barclay made his report he claimed but sixty-five public schools to ninety mission schools. While the public schools reached 1782 schools, the mission schools had an attendance of 3270 children. Denomination Schools Pupils Teachers Methodist Episcopal 35 1,300 55 Baptist 1 25 1 Lutheran 7 275 13 Protestant Episcopal 47 1,670 55 Total 90 3,270 124 These mission schools very largely reach a native population ; it is true that some Liberians attend them, but the larger number in the attendance is from native families; all the schools located in na- tive towns are, probably, under mission guidance. In some respects these schools are distinctly superior to the public schools of the Republic. Their teachers, with higher salaries, devote themselves with more energy to their work ; text-books are supplied and the equipment for school work is better; the build- ings, too, both in construction, lighting, and adapta- tion to their work, are better. A glance at the table shows that the Protestant Episcopal Church is in the lead. The work reported by Bishop Ferguson in his last annual report is most encouraging. Two schools at Cape Mount, one for boys and one for girls, care for both boarding and day students; at Monrovia the parish school is attended by 157 Kru children; the Girls' School at Bromley, with 78 boarding pupils, is flourishing; at Clay- Ashland the new Alexander Crummell Hall was nearing comple- tion, and the young men and boys there were full of enthusiasm; in Grand Bassa County parish day schools were conducted at Edina, Upper Buchanan, and Lower Buchanan; at Tobakoni work for Kru 164 LIBERIA. boys was conducted at a boarding school which had recently extended its work to the neighboring village of Nito; in Sinoe County both a parish day school and a boarding school were maintained ; in Maryland County, where the work of this mission culminates, there is Cuttington Collegiate and Divinity School with 121 pupils, the Orphan Asylum and Girls' School, St. Mark's Parish School, the boarding school at Mount Vaughn, and thirteen boarding and day schools at other places. We have no adequate infor- mation regarding the excellent work of the Metho- dist schools and those of other denominations. Their work is, however, actively conducted. The Luther- ans, from their centre at Muhlenburg, make the cen- tral idea of their mission effort the educational work ; they emphasize, too, the manual phase of education and encourage the development of arts, industries, and agriculture. Two of the mission schools demand special men- tion, as they represent the highest development of educational work in the Republic. These are: Epiphany Hall, Cuttington, four and a half miles from Cape Palmas, and the College of West Africa., located at Monrovia. The work at Cuttington began in 1889, when the Cuttington Collegiate and Divinity School waS' founded nnder the auspices of the Protestant Epis- copal Church. One of the basic principles in Mary- land since its foundation has been the development of agriculture. The efforts of the founders of the colony were exerted against trade and in favor of production. This desirable ideal has never been lost. At Epiphany Hall an important part of the school's plan is that students should be taught to work: a coffee plantation and a farm are connected with the school, and fonr hours a day of practical agriculture and horticulture are required; connected with this school also is a printing establishment at Harper, the work of which is done by students of the school. So far as the literary work is concerned, the school is PROBLEMS. 165 divided into three departments — preparatory, higher, and theological. The work in the preparatory school covers four years; it is primarily arranged with na- tive needs in mind, but other students are admitted. The work of the higher school consists of a two years' advanced course, two years of collegiate work, a year 's course for a certificate of proficiency in general educa- tion, and a normal course. The work of the theolog- ical school covers three years, and is arranged with reference to preparation for the ministry. The College of West Africa is located at Monrovia, and is under the direction of the Methodist Episcopal Church. The building is an ugly structure of brick which has served its purpose for a long time and which should soon be replaced by a new and better building. It is, however, a hive of industry; it is crowded with boys and girls who are earnestly desir- ing an education. A great number of the students live in the building as boarders; many also come from the town of Monrovia and from "Krutown." The teachers are mostly American negroes who have been trained in our southern schools. The courses offered cover a considerable range. The work in this institution began in 1839 under Jabez A. Burton, assisted by Mrs. Anne Wilkins and Mrs. Eunice Moore. The present building was erected in 1849 at an expense of $10,000. The work of the school is divided among seven departments. The primary school covers three years; the grammar school three years; the high school two years. There is a normal course for the preparation of teachers ; in the college preparatory and the college depart- ments the classics are taught. In the biblical depart- ment the design is to prepare religious workers. There is an industrial department in which instruc- tion is given in carpentry, tin-smithing, shoe-making, black-smithing, and printing; in this department girls receive instruction in home-training. The print- ing establishment demands particular notice; almost all the unofficial printing of the Republic, outside of 166 LIBERIA. the county of Maryland, is done upon the press of the College of West Africa. Many creditable pieces of workmanship have been put out by this institution and the mission paper, Liberia and West Africa, is printed here. The college conducts night schools for those who can not attend during the day- time. Regular charges are made for tuition, text- books, and — to those students who board in the insti- tution — for room, board, and washing. These charges are extremely modest and can be rather easily met; through the opportunities connected with the indus- trial department students who wish to earn their education can largely do so. With the exception of printing, the work of the industrial school is con- ducted outside of the city of Monrovia. We have already stated that the mission schools are better equipped and more attractive than the public schools. The work of such schools is desirable and should be encouraged and developed. At the same time it is true that in such schools exists an element of possible danger. This is brought out by Mr. Barclay in his report. He says: "As regards the mission schools, if we observe attentively the final efforts of their endeavors, we will discover that, when they have operated exclusively in civilized centers, they have been a great public service and in many cases have supplied the v/ant of a public school sys- tem. But, on the other hand, where the scope of their operations has extended beyond these centers, to districts wholly or mainly uncivilized, their care has been to 'save souls' rather than to create citi- zens or to develop proper ideals of citizenship. Their tendency is toward denationalization. Here, then, is where they come in conflict, unconsciously perhaps, with the imperative policy of the government. Pupils coming to attend the mission schools, for however short a period, leave with a feeling of antagonism to constituted authority, or at best, with no senti- ments of congeniality with the civilized element either in aspirations or ideals. On returning to their homes. PROBLEMS. 167 they develop into pernicious and vehement dema- gogues. Fomenting the tribal spirit in opposition to the national ideal, they frequently lead their peo- ple to foolish and irrational measures, and stir up misunderstanding and discord between them and the Government. They pose as arbiters between these two parties to their own profit, and, finally, when dis- covered, are discredited by both. The net result of this missionary activity, unsupervised and unregu- lated, is to create an element of discord in the State, which it becomes imperative to stamp out by force and at great expense to the public. These facts of course do not apply universally; but they are suffi- ciently general to attract attention and to call for amelioration of the condition which they point out as existing. It should not be thought that these re- marks are intended or designed to discredit absolutely all missionary enterprises. But what I do desire to point out is that some supervision should be exercised over these schools by the Government. Under the direction of unscrupulous and unsympathetic people, they may be made powerful agencies of disintegra- tion in the State. It must not be overlooked that the foreign missionary does not feel himself called upon to help direct in the process of nation-building. His aspirations are after spreading his own form of superstition and toward the realization of his particu- lar moral Utopia." Again he says: ". . . all private affairs, when they impinge on the domain of public affairs, or assume a quasi-public character, must become the subject of regulation by public authority. So far as internal administration goes, the State has, and can claim, no concern so long as such administration squares with legality. But public authority must step in when these schools become potent factors in public economy. We have been led, therefore, to the suggestion that such schools as are established by for- eign and domestic mission societies in the Republic, should conform, in their primary grades especially. 168 LIBERIA. to the requirements of law for the public schools, and that the Department of Public Instruction should have the right to inspect these schools in order to find out if the conditions are being kept. To secure this, every school, before beginning operations, should be registered at the Department of Public In- struction, and licensed to this end. Where the legal requirements have not been kept, the Board of Educa- tion, or other educational authority, should have the power of summarily closing said school. These regu- lations are necessary when we consider the peculiar conditions which confront us in the administration of the country." Again he says: "While the State must in great measure depend upon the public spirit and mission- ary zeal of individual citizens in fomenting and cre- ating the national spirit, it is, a priori, the duty of the people in their collective capacity to provide capital means to this end. If the country is to be utilized, if we are to develop into a strong nation, capable of demanding universal respect, and worthy of taking that leading place among African states and the African civilization, which is our destiny, the preoccupation of government for the next two or three generations must be in the direction of de- veloping a specific type of citizens, animated by an identical spirit, filled with an unbounded faith in their destiny, and possessed and inspired by the same ideals. As this is to be effected through the schools, we can not escape the impressions: (a) That some central authority of the State must supervise all educational operations in the country; (b) that, if mission schools and private corporate and non-cor- porate institutions be allowed, they must operate sub- ject to limitations imposed by law as regards the course of study, the general character of instruction, and the special object to be obtained, especially in the primary grades. In other words, they must assist in developing the civic instincts of the pupils; (c) PROBLEMS. 169 that a uniform system of training must be rigidly, consciously, and universally enforced." The matter suggested by these quotations is really of considerable importance. The central thought of them is surely sound; all mission schools, while en- tirely free to teach religion according to their own tenets, should consult together and have a uniform system of secular instruction which should be kept quite separate from the religious teaching; this sJiould be of the same character and have the same end as the teaching offered in the public schools; the mission schools should work in harmony with the public schools and should recognize the Superintend- ent of Education ; they should heartily co-operate with him toward the production of good citizens and the development of a feeling of respect and loyalty to the national government. It is true that some of them have a standard which is not reached by the public schools; such should not, of course, reduce their standard, but should serve as a friendly ex- ample to the Government of what is reasonably expected of schools of their grade. The proper treat- ment of this matter calls for great tact and good spirit on both sides. We have already called attention to the fact that in Vai and Mandingo towns instruction is given to boys in Arabic and in the reading of the Koran. These little village schools are interesting. The boys use smooth boards with handles as slates; these are smeared over with a light colored clay, and passages from the sacred writing are copied in black upon the light surface; the little fellows are constantly drilled in reading these passages aloud and in copy- ing similar passages upon their wooden tablets. Such schools as these form a nucleus which could be utilized in the development of schools for broader instruction. We have already called attention to the fact that the Vai have a phonetic system of their own, developed among themselves. The ability to write and read this phonetic script is rather widely 170 LIBERIA. spread, and when schools come to be established in Vai towns this system might be widely utilized for purposes of education. Theoretically, and to some degree actually, Liberia College stands at the summit of the Liberian system of education. It has had a checkered history with ups and downs; most observers have been inclined to see and emphasize the downs. In 1848 John Payne, of the Episcopal mission, suggested to Simon Green- leaf, of Boston, that a school of theology should be established in Liberia. Partly as the result of this suggestion, in 1850 there was established in Massa- chusetts a Board of Trustees of Donations for Educa- tion in Liberia. In 1851 the Liberian legislature incorporated Liberia College, the outgrowth of the steps already taken, although not in the exact direc- tion suggested by John Payne. In 1857 Ex-President J. J. Roberts was elected first president of Liberia College, and superintended the erection of the build- ing which had been provided for. During the next few years further funds were raised for the purpose of conducting the enterprise, and in 1861 the endow- ment was vested in a Board of eighteen Trustees. In 1862 Liberia College was opened for work. Since that time it has had a struggling existence, making periodical appeals for financial assistance, receiving donations of more or less magnitude, occasionally putting forth a spurt of momentary vigor, then lan- guishing almost to the point of death; again and again this round of experiences has been run by the institution. It is difficult to secure definite and con- nected information regarding it; to prepare a fairly complete history would involve considerable labor. It is interesting to notice that, among the expressed purposes of the institution, was the providing of an opportunity for American colored youth to receive an education, as they were then debarred from edu- cational institutions in our country. There were at first three chairs in the institution : — Jurisprudence and International Law, English Literature and Moral PROBLEMS. 171 and Mental Philosophy, and the Fulton Chair of Languages; in 1905 the faculty consisted of eight members, including the president. In 1879 there was but a single teacher, who was giving instruction in mathematics (to which chair he was originally ap- pointed) and also in languages. The largest dona- tion at any time received by the College was from Joseph Fulton, of New York, who left $25,000, the income of which was to support the Fulton professor, who was to be nominated by the New York Coloniza- tion Society; the Board of Donations of Boston has had some $30,000 at interest for the benefit of the institution ; Albert Fearing at one time gave $5000 for library purposes. In addition to these gifts and bequests from and in America the institution has received and does receive some governmental aid ; 1000 acres of land in each county have been set apart for its advantage ; certain sources of income are theoretically devoted to its maintenance. At one time four scholarships had been established and named; these scholarships were, the Gordon Me- morial (in memory of Midshipman Gordon, who died in 1822), the John Payne Scholarship, the Simon Greenleaf Scholarship, and the George Briggs Scholarship. To what degree these scholarships are still productive we do not know. The institution had run down and was threatened with extinction when, in 1898, under the national administration of President W. E. Coleman, it received a new impulse, and in the year 1900 was re-organized. It is unfor- tunate that the exact status of Liberia College is not more definite ; it is neither fish, flesh nor fowl ; it is at once a private institution with a directorate and management located across the seas, and a part of a system of public education, receiving aid from national funds. Such is the condition of education in the Republic. It leaves much to be desired. Those who lead public thought are by no means ignorant of its weak fea- tures; the national poverty, however, makes it diffi- 172 LIBERIA. cult to develop better things. If the nation is to advance, its education must be greatly improved. This improvement must begin at the very foundation with the primary public schools. These need reform in the matter of buildings, equipment, and teachers' salaries; if good teachers are to be secured, and kept steadily at work to earn their salaries, they must be promptly paid — prompt payment of any employees is a difficult matter in Liberia. There should be a large increase in the number of public schools; there are perhaps as many as are necessary within the civil- ized settlements, but the native towns are almost without school opportunities, except as these are offered by the missions. There is crying need of the establishment of public schools in native towns. Such should, however, be established only in towns where genuine promises of self-support are given. There are, no doubt, many towns where, if the matter were properly presented, the chiefs would readily build a school-building, order the children to attend school, and support a teacher. Such a teacher should be well acquainted with the native tongue, and the bulk of the instruction should be given in it; to teach elementary branches in a foreign language is poor policy; true, it has been attempted — as on a wide scale in the Philippines, but mental and moral im- becility are likely to be developed by such procedure ; English should be taught, but it should be taught as a subject in itself, and the English language should not be used as the medium for conveying elementary instruction in fundamental branches; after English has once been learned, it is of course desirable to encourage the reading of English books and the ac- quisition of general knowledge through such reading. It will probably be suggested that it will be impos- sible to find teachers acquainted with the native tongues and competent to teach the various branches of primary education; such a difficulty ought not to exist after nearly eighty years of mission schools which have by preference sought to teach and raise PROBLEMS. 173 the native population. It will be claimed that such teachers in native towns will be in danger of relapse ; there is such danger, but it is far less than might be thought, provided the Department of Public Instruc- tion keeps in constant touch with such teachers in native towns and properly emphasizes to the native chiefs the value of schools and education. When we were in the Bassa country, we found, at a native town quite in the interior, an intelligent black man who spoke English well and who told us that he had been sent out by the Lutheran mission at Muhlenburg to pick up and bring in native boys for instruction at that famous school ; he told us at that time, that the chief of the village where we were, together with the leading men, were very anxious that a local school should be established in their midst, and promised land, a building, and attendance. It would be easy if the matter were handled wisely, to establish at once, in twenty native towns, carefully selected among the ditf erent tribes, twenty local schools which would be supported with considerable enthusiasm by the communities in which they were situated. If the Government could at once equip these twenty schools with good teachers who had graduated from the mis- sion schools, there would spring up a popular demand throughout the whole interior for the establishment of village schools; it would be difficult to satisfy the demand, but from the number of villages asking for the establishment of schools, a reasonable number of the best might be selected, and the work would grow. There would actually be little expense in such development; if it is to be successful, and if it is worth while, it should originate largely with the toAvns themselves, and every school should be prac- tically self-supporting. For a time of course there would be on the part of chiefs a demand for some sort of bribe or *'dash"; this ought to be refused in every case. To illustrate exactly what is meant, we quote a sample of the kind of document which mission schools 174 LIBERIA, at one time regularly drew up with the idea of getting children into school. It is presented in Hoyt's Land of Hope: — "Articles of agreement between Tweh, King of Dena, his head men and people, and the Methodist Episcopal Mission: Art. 1. The mission school is to have at all times at least ten boys ; and more if they should be wanted. Girls at all times are desirable. Art. 2. The children of the school are at all times to be under the entire control of Mr. Philip Gross and his successors in the teaching and government of this station, without interruption on the part of their parents or guardians until the time for which they are put in the mission school shall have expired. Art. 3. As good substantial buildings may soon be required for teachers to reside in, and more land will be constantly wanted for manual labor purposes, the King, his head men and people, also agree to pro- tect the missionaries in occupying and using it, in the manner they may think proper, without respon- sibility to any one beyond themselves. The King, etc., agree to protect them in their persons and prop- erty from either abuse or violence, and if anything is stolen from them, the King, his head men and people, promise to see it returned or paid for. Art. 4. As long as the authorities of Dena con- tinue to fulfill this agreement, by giving the chil- dren for school instruction, and protecting the mission and mission-premises from intrusion and dis- turbance, the mission will give them annually, (about Christmas) one piece of blue baft, two small kegs of powder, ten bars of tobacco, ten bars of pipes, and fifty gun-flints; with the understanding, that this being done, they are not to be teased for dash to any one. Art. 5. But if the King and his head men fail to fulfill the conditions of the above agreement, then PROBLEMS. 175 they will be under no obligations as a mission to give the above named articles. Francis Burns, Preacher in Charge. Philip Gross, Ney (his * mark), John Banks, Witnesses. TwEH, his * mark, ToBOTO, his * mark, TwABO, his * mark, TwAAH, his * mark, Ero-baw^h, his * mark, Nyv^ah-v^ah, his * mark, Of course this document is many years old. No doubt, however, the bad policy of paying chiefs for permission to establish schools in towns and for chil- dren who shall receive instruction is continued by the mission schools. Certainly, however, if the govern- ment develop its own plans of dealing with native chiefs for the encouragement of trade, it will be easy to do away with this idea of compensation for the tolerance of schools. Such native village schools as we have recommended should not attempt to do more than teach the elements of education ; they should correspond to the primary schools in the system of public education for the nation; every teacher in charge of such schools should be expected to encour- age boys and girls of exceptional promise and dili- gence, who do well in the village schools, to go up to the local "feeder". When we were in Monrovia, we were asked more than once whether it was best to remove Liberia Col- lege into the interior. It is the opinion of many that such removal should take place. The answer to the question depends entirely upon what is conceived to be the proper function of Liberia College. If it is to be an institution of higher education, if it is to aim at academic instruction and the development of able men for the filling of public positions, for pro- fessional life, for leadership, it would be a great mis- take to move it. To remove such an institution into the interior would make it difficult for students from the settlements to attend the institution; if it were 176 LIBERIA. intended to meet the needs of natives, its removal would sound the death knell of its hopes ; it could be located in the area of a single tribe only, and located in such an area, it would receive the patronage of but a single tribe. Recognizing the fact that the natives are actually tribesmen, if schools of higher grade than primary village schools are to be developed, with reference to them, there should be at least one school of higher instruction in every tribal area; such schools should be of a grade corresponding to our secondary or grammar schools. It is unlikely that any one will, for many years, think of the establish- ment of such higher schools in numbers sufficient for each tribal area to have one ; while, theoretically the idea may be attractive, practically it is out of ques- tion. It would be entirely possible, however, for four good county schools of grammar grade to be estab- lished — one in each county; these should be in the country, not in the settlements. They should be open to both natives and Liberians, but it is to be supposed that their attendance would be largely, overwhelm- ingly indeed, native. These county schools should be thoroughly practical — they should combine book- work and manual-training; they should give instruc- tion in trades and agriculture. They should be as well equipped and as well managed as the resources of the Republic will allow. They should be thorough and earnest, and should not attempt to undertake more than the exact work here suggested; they should be secondary — grammar — schools, and a part of their aim should be to fully acquaint every student attending them with the work and opportunities of the Higher Agricultural School, outside Monrovia, and Liberia College at the capital. The teachers should not attempt to force large numbers of their students to look for higher education, but should make them thoroughly acquainted with the fact that opportunities may be found in the Republic for it; the very few students of real promise, who desire edu- cation of higher grade, the teachers should encourage PROBLEMS. 177 and direct toward the Higher Agricultural School and Liberia College ; certainly the larger number of the boys should be directed toward the former — a select few of special promise in the direction of lead- ership, toward the latter. For the general uplift, there is no question that the most important element in this scheme of education must be the Higher Agricultural School. It should be situated upon an experimental farm; it should be supplied with sufficient suitable buildings; it should combine literary and manual instruction. It should carry boys far enough to infuse them with ambition and vigor for an agricultural career. It should teach the methods demanded by the peculiar surroundings. Tropical agriculture in any country is still in its be- ginnings; scientific agriculture in Liberia is as yet non-existent ; as rapidly as possible, the school should, through investigation and experiment, learn what is necessary for the locality. It will start with the benefit of blind experiments conducted through a period of almost a hundred years ; it should, by twenty years of well-directed effort, work out the fundamental principles of successful agriculture. In such a school boys should be taught that hand labor is respectable and necessary; they should be taught equally how to plan, develop, and direct an enter- prise. Coffee was at one time an important article of shipment; Liberian coffee had an excellent repu- tation throughout the world and commanded good prices; there were many creditable plantations which brought in good returns to their proprietors. Why has Liberian coffee ceased to pay? It is true that it has had to meet keen competition from coun- tries where labor was plenty and under good con- trol ; it has had to meet in open market products which had been raised through subsidies paid by nations far wealthier; still, the chief reason why Liberian coffee no longer has the vogue which it once had is because it was badly handled, badly packed, and badly shipped. In the higher agricul- 12. 178 LIBERIA. tural school one should be taught not only how to establish coffee plantations, but how to properly treat, prepare, and ship the produce. There was a time when many fields were planted with sugar-cane ; there were many little local mills where the cane was crushed and molasses and sugar made ; to-day it may be said that there is no cane industry in the Republic. Has the demand for sugar ceased? Has the soil lost the capacity of growing cane? Is not the decline in this industry due to time-losing, crude, and imper- fect methods of production? Liberia seems well adapted to various domestic animals. Goats and sheep — the latter covered with hair, not wool — are seen on the streets of the national capital; when one gets back into the interior, cattle are found in native towns and in the district about Cape Palmas cattle are met with in the coast settlements. Yet fresh meat is difficult to secure in Monrovia; why? In the Higher Agricultural School definite investigation should be made of all native plant and animal possi- bilities; there are no doubt many forms of plant life which could be improved under proper cultivation and made to yield desirable materials for commerce or for national use ; it is quite possible that some of the native animals could be utilized if kept and bred ; it is certain that harmful animals can be controlled or totally destroyed. The experimental station in connection with the agricultural school should deal with all these matters. Of plants and animals which flourish in our own and other countries, some prosper and succeed on the west coast of Africa — others fail; many experiments have already been made in intro- ducing plants and animals from the outside world into Liberia ; much, however, still remains to be done in studying the possibilities. It is time that the experiments in this direction were wisely made by competent and educated investigators and that the period of blind and wasteful experimentation cease. Liberia College, how^ever, should remain at the capital city. It must be strengthened and developed. PROBLEMS, 179 It should be a college, and if at present below grade — and it is below grade — it should be gradually worked up to a high standard. The nation will always need a higher institution of liberal culture; there is as much reason why there should be a genuine college in the black Republic, as there was why there should be a Harvard College in Massachusetts at the date of its foundation ; in fact, there is more need of a college for Liberia than there was in IVIassachusetts for Harvard — Liberia has more serious and broader problems to deal with than the old colony of IMassa- chusetts ; she is an independent nation ; she must have men competent by training to control the "ship of state" and to deal with the representatives of all the civilized nations on the globe. One can easily understand, and to a degree sym- pathize with, the statement of Thomas in his little book upon West Africa, published a half century ago. He w^rote shortly after the college w^as estab- lished. He says: "I regret to say that a college has been lately established in Liberia, the presidency of which has been conferred on President Roberts. I regret it, because it will involve an outlay that might be better used for common schools. It will send out, for years at least, men imperfectly learned, with the idea that they are scholars, and create a false standard of education. The present state of society has no demand for such a thing, the high schools already in operation being sufficient to supply teachers and professional men. and these are suffi- ciently patronized. A couple of manual labor schools somewhere in the interior would be vastly more use- ful. These things — academies dubbed colleges — are getting to be an evil among us in the states, and we are sorry to see our ebonv off-shoot copying any of our defects." We are all familiar with such criti- cisms and this line of argument, and of course they contain a germ of truth. But every young and de- veloping community must have higher education, and we have indicated why the necessity in Liberia is 180 LIBERIA. urgent. From her population must come presidents, congressmen, cabinet officers of ability, diplomatic and political officials, and nothing below a college can produce the desirable supply. In contrast to the statement of Mr. Thomas, we may quote two passages from Dr. Blyden — himself a negro, a Liberian, an official in Liberia College. At the dedication of the Institution, he said: "Why, then, should not Liberia, after forty years' existence, having secured the confidence and respect of the aboriginal tribes, enjoy the means of superior educa- tion? The name College applied to this institution may seem ambitious; but it is not too early in our history to aim at such institutions. Of course we cannot expect that it will at once fulfill all the condi- tions of colleges in advanced countries, but it may come in time, as many American colleges have done, to grow into an institution of respectability and extensive usefulness." Again, in the same address, he says: "Every country has its peculiar and par- ticular characteristics. So has Liberia. From this fact, it has often been argued, that we need a peculiar kind of education; not so much colleges and high schools as other means which are more immediately and obviously connected with our progress. But to this we reply, 'If we are a part of the human family, we have the same intellectual needs that other people have, and they must be supplied by the same means.' It shows a painful ignorance of history, to consider the present state of things in Liberia as new and unprecedented in such a sense as to render dis- pensable those more important and fundamental means of improvement, which other countries have enjoyed. Mind is everywhere the same; and every- where it receives character and formation from the same elemental principles. If it has been properly formed and has received a substantial character, it will work out its own calling, solve its own problems, achieve its own destiny." In other words, it is the old question between Tus- PROBLEMS. 181 kegee and Atlanta. In any broad and wise view both are equally essential. Liberia College and the Higher Agricultural School will do more to develop a national spirit among the natives of the interior than any other single agency. From the native village schools boys will go out to the county ' ' feeder ' ' ; there their ambition is stimulated ; they come into contact with boys of other tribes; acquaintance and a generous and proper rivalry devel- ops between them; each boy will feel that the credit and reputation of his people rests in him — he will feel that he is not inferior — he will strive to hold his own in legitimate fields of rivalry; from the county "feeder" the brightest, most aml3itious, and best of the scholars will go up to the College or Agricultural School, both of which are national. There, in contact with the selected and best from every part of the Republic, from Liberians and natives alike, the native boys will come to know the national spirit; they will learn what Liberia means, they will comprehend its plans and hopes; they will be prepared to assist in its development and to protect its rights. We have said that Liberia College would be national; it can not and ought not to be hampered by denominational or even by religious demands; it would be better if the College were absolutely under the control of the national government ; the double control works badly. It is not absolutely essential that such should be the case ; if the American Board, or Boards, interested in it would wake up to the idea of the great opportunity within their hands, they would be willing to co-operate heartily with the local authorities to develop a really great institution. The difficulty of distance of course would ever interfere with prompt and harmonious action; ignorance of local conditions and of the inherent difficulties is another bar to effective and prompt co-operation. If the double control of the Institution is to continue, there should be a carefully worked out agreement between the two governing bodies which should leave 182 LIBERIA, very considerable power with the resident authority to deal with serious problems as they may arise. If the double control must continue, it is cryingly neces- sary that more vigorous and liberal assistance should be rendered. To put the College into proper condi- tion, and develop its field of action, needs money, in considerable quantity, much more than the govern- ment would be warranted in supplying for some time to come. There are various things in connection with the conduct of the College which are bad and need re-adjustment. Thus, there is a vicious system of student assistance, which undoubtedly works more harm than benefit; attendance at the College is stimulated by cash payments to students, for which apparently no return service is rendered ; any such mode of assistance should be completely stopped. It is better that the College should have a half dozen students who are attending because they wish to gain an education, than that its halls should be filled with idlers who come simply because they receive pay during their attendance. For every penny given to any student, actual service, preferably hand-labor, should be demanded. This is particularly important when we remember the general attitude towards the whole subject of working with the hands. The presidency of the College has always been, and still is, a problem. The president should not be an autocrat, beyond control and irresponsible, and he should be absolutely fitted for his high post. On account of the uncertain status of the institution, it is possible for its president to do what he pleases without check or hindrance. When it suits his own convenience, he takes refuge behind the fact that it is a chartered institution, responsible to a foreign board of managers to whom alone he owes allegiance ; he may thus refuse to recognize the Superintendent of Public Instruction and to conduct the financial affairs of the Institution as if he were without responsibility to the government from which, however, the school receives financial aid. Again, this high position has PROBLEMS. 183 seemed, sometimes in the past, to be merely a political football. When a man has served a term of office, when he has been defeated in an election, when for a moment he is without a job, he may become the presi- dent of Liberia College. This is all wrong. That presidency should be a position demanding a man's full time, and filling his whole horizon; it should be a position to which he willingly devotes a lifetime, and through which he may justly hope to gain a last- ing reputation. It is true that great names in Liberia's history have been associated with it; Rob- erts, Gibson, Blyden, Barclay, Dossen, and others have occupied it with credit to themselves, and no doubt with advantage to the school; but the position should be a position for men without other ambitions, men not in politics. Perhaps it is necessary at this stage to import a head for the institution? If so, it is not for lack of competent Liberians already in the Republic — but because there is no competent man there but what has other ambitions. Here we believe is an actual opportunity for wise American philanthropy to exercise itself. Vast gifts of money could be properly employed in these two institutions of higher learning — the Higher Agricul- tural School and Liberia College. The one will have to be founded and developed from foundation up ; the other needs development, re-organization, and continuous and wisely exercised interest and sym- pathy. Suitable but flexible restrictions should justly be imposed in connection with any gift, but the future ought not to be bound too tightly. The absolutely different character of the two institutions should be recognized and emphasized. If both were energized with gifts from our country, it would be just that both should be headed by American presidents. If so, Tuskegee might supply the president for the Higher Agricultural School, Atlanta that for Liberia College. In any event, only the best men that the institutions could furnish should be sent; they should be men of ideals, ideas, and devotion ; they should be 184 LIBERIA. teachable men, who would recognize that much of good already exists in the Republic, and who would aim to utilize everything helpful and hopeful which is already there; they should be men who will co- operate, rather than men who will eradicate; they must be wise men; theirs will be no easy task; and they should realize that it is frequently best to "make haste slowly" — if only progress is made surely. "I am an African, and in this country, however unexcep- tional my conduct, and respectable my character, I can not receive the credit due to either. I wish to go to a country where I should be estimated by my merit, not by my complexion, and I feel bound to labor for my suffering race. ' ' — Lott Carey. "There never has been an hour or a minute; no, not even when the balls were flying around my head at Crown Hill, when I could wish myself in America." — Lott Caret. IMMIGRATION. The original settlers in Liberia were for the most part aided in their immigration by the American Colonization Society. The whole business of ship- ment, transportation, and reception soon became quite thoroughly systematized. Those who had funds of their own made use of these in getting to the "Land of Promise" and settling; but many were quite with- out resources. Such were sent out passage free by the Society ; on arriving at Liberia, they were transferred to "receptacles" — houses especially con- structed for the purpose, — where, for six months, they were provided with board and medical attend- ance. During these six months the immigrants usually passed through the acclimating fever, and were sufficiently restored to begin the serious task of establishing themselves in their new homes. To each adult person a piece of land was given, either in the town or country ; the Society had already supplied an outfit for farming and housekeeping purposes. With land assigned and outfit ready, the newcomer pro- ceeded to adjust himself as well as posible to his new surroundings. In the very nature of things, many of the early settlers were undesirables; it is true that much was made of the care with which they were selected before they were shipped to Africa; such claims, however, deserve little more belief than 185 186 LIBERIA. might have been expected under the circumstances. It was not strange that many weak, undesirable, even vicious, individuals were sent; the remarkable fact is that the mass was as good as it actually was. While much allowance must be made for partisanship, and the desire to make a good showing, there is remark- able uniformity in the reports concerning the decency, neatness, and progressive character of the settlers. Among the newcomers there were indeed a number of exceptional men, men who, in any time or place, would be recognized as superior ; they were men of ability who, in the old home, had felt themselves subject to the most unjust discrimination ; they had chafed under the disadvantages and inequality of their situations; they felt that in Liberia there was indeed a chance for black men. Such were Lott Carey, Elijah Johnson, Hilary Teague, Amos Her- ring, and others. The new colony owed much to the presence of a few such men. It has always been so, it will always be so ; there is no community where the number of leaders is large; there is no community where the rank and file are honest, respectable, ambitious, and progressive. It is unreasonable to expect in Liberia what we could not find in any civilized land of white men. An interesting fact regarding Liberia is that the supply of leaders has never. failed. The "fathers" died; the sons have fol- lowed ; the first settlers have gone to their reward ; new settlers with the qualifications of leadership have always come. When the colony gave place to the Republic, it had leaders like Roberts, Hilary Johnson, and Stephen A. Benson. To-day there are, all things considered, a remarkable number of men of ability ; the little land with Arthur Barclay, Daniel E. Howard, J. J. Dossen, F. E. R. Johnson, T. McCants Stewart, Bishop Ferguson, — and plenty more — is not badly equipped for grappling with national problems. In the early days every one had to suffer the acclimating fever; many died. Such, however, has PROBLEMS. 187 been the experience in the settlement of all new countries, even outside the tropics. Our own pilgrim fathers lost severely in taking possession of New England; mastery of the Mississippi Valley was achieved only at a frightful loss in life; to the out- sider, who only reads the death list, Liberian settle- ment seems horrible; but, to the one who knows the price eternally paid for colonization, it appears less bad. After passing through the fever, and settling down to work, the question of success was one for each man to settle for himself. The two opportunities were trade and agriculture. We have seen repeatedly that, on the whole, trade had the greater attractive- ness. Still, numbers went to farming and the devel- opment of plantations. Opportunity was really large and success was not infrequent. The number of early settlers who promptly secured comfort, and even modest wealth, was great. If there is to be immigration on any considerable scale, there must be easy communication between the United States and Liberia. The original settlers were sent when opportunity offered; sometimes in private sailing vessels, sometimes in government ships. There has been very little direct sailing between the two countries since our Civil War. For a long time it was necessary for passengers who desired to go from the United States to Liberia, to go first to Liverpool, Hamburg, Rotterdam, or Antwerp, and from there to take a steamer for the West Coast; such an arrangement of course involved considerable expense and much loss of time. There have been efforts at various times to establish direct lines of communica- tion. Thus, in 1838, Judge Wilkinson submitted a project. He recommended that a vessel should be purchased and sold to such free persons of color as would agree to man her with colored seamen, and navigate her as a regular packet between Liberia and the United States. Regular passenger rates would be paid to the conductors of this enterprise for the con- veyance of emigrants sent out by the Society. The 188 LIBERIA. plan was approved and the money promptly raised; $3000 was subscribed by the New York Colonization Society, $1000 by the New Jersey Colonization Soci- ety, and $400 by individuals. Judge Wilkinson, at once, on his own responsibility, purchased the Saluda for $6000 ; she was a vessel of 384 tons ; a fast sailer ; in good order; she had passenger accommodations for 150 persons. A few years later, in 1846, a joint-stock trading company was established by the Maryland Coloniza- tion Society under the name of the Chesapeake and Liberian Trading Co. It was to maintain a line of packets for taking out emigrants and bringing in produce; it was expected that the colonists would invest in the shares; $20,000 was considered neces- sary for the enterprise, and there was considerable difficulty in raising it, only $16,000 having been sub- scribed when the first vessel was completed and ready for sailing. The first voyage took place in the month of December. The Liberian Packet, as it was called, made many voyages. It was found necessary to increase the size of the vessel employed, but the whole enterprise received a severe check with the wreck of the Ralph Cross. It was in several respects a real success, but there was considerable disappointment felt because of the little interest taken in this line by the colonists themselves; it was hoped that the bulk of the stock would be taken by them — as a matter of fact, only about one-eighth was so purchased. Com- modore Foote, in his interesting book, Africa and the American Flag, emphasizes the fact that the one great advantage resulting from this line was the ease with which Liberian settlers revisited the United States for short periods, thus forming and keeping up connec- tions with their mother country. When Thomas was along the West Coast in 1857, direct communication appears to have ceased. He says: "The day is not distant when steam communi- cation will be established between the United States and Liberia, and her exhaustless fields be brought PROBLEMS, 189 within fourteen days of our shores. Already the interests of American commerce demand the estab- lishment of such a line, and the general government should extend its aid in such an enterprise, before England and France take the field from us. Already the steam-liners between England and Fernando Po touch at Monrovia, and it is said that arrangements are being made with the company to have them stop at Cape Palmas also. Of the 125,000 gallons of palm oil annually exported from this place, American pro- ducers get 50,000. The other exports are pepper and camwood. The revenue of Maryland, the year pre- vious to its annexation to Liberia, was about $2000, derived from a light duty on certain classes of imports." In 1850 an effort was made in the Ameri- can Congress to establish and develop a trading line between the two countries. Since that time there have been occasional suggestions looking in this direc- tion; thus, in 1904 a company was established under the name of the Neiv York and Liberian SteamsJdp Co. with a capital stock of $50,000; at about the same time, there was organized the American and West African Steamship Co. with head-quarters at New York, a capital of $600,000, and the apparent endorse- ment of many of the most prominent colored men of the United States. Many such schemes have been broached, some with brilliant promise; for one rea- son or another, however, they have failed. There is no question that such a company under conservative management might make a success; the difficulty so far with most of them has been that they have started with too high hopes of large, immediate returns and with insufficient capital. In the long run, good returns might be expected ; but there should be antici- pated a considerable period during which there would be little, if any, income. Very recently an experi- mental arrangement has been made by the two great steamship-lines of West Africa to connect New York with Monrovia. At present a vessel sails once every two months from New York for the west coast of 190 LIBERIA, Africa. The first stop is at Las Palmas, Canary Islands ; the second, Monrovia ; tlie time from New York to Monrovia is nineteen days; the vessel then proceeds south along the western coast of Africa, returning to Monrovia at the end of about nine weeks; on the return the only point of call is St. Vincent in the Cape Verde Islands. The return voy- age occupies eighteen or nineteen days. The vessels making these runs are alternately German and Eng- lish, of the Woermann and the Elder Dempster Lines. This arrangement is the best that has been offered for many years. It is relatively easy by means of it for Americans to visit Liberia, and for Liberians to see our country. It is to be hoped that the arrangement will be continued — or even improved; if there is anything in this trade at all, it should not be long before sailings will take place monthly instead of one in two months. Does Liberia wish immigration from America? Liberians say so, but they usually qualify the state- ment by saying that it should be "of the right kind". They assert that they will welcome thousands. Presi- dential messages, congressional action, local resolu- tions, all express one sentiment ; they want Ameri- cans, they will welcome them, they will give them every opportunity. This is no doubt true theoretic- ally and in the abstract. As a matter of fact, how- ever, they do not really want American settlers. There are many reasons for this attitude, and all are natural. The new-comer from America is apt to be supercilious and condescending; he is critical and makes odious comparisons ; he knows little of the his- tory of the country, has no sympathy with its achievements, sees only its crudities and errors. He is full of grand schemes for his own advancement; he is in Liberia for exploitation ; a man of some little prominence in his home community with us, he expects to be a leader in the new surroundings; he wishes to be a new broom, sweeping clean. He would brush away all that already exists, and construct a PROBLEMS. 191 totally new edifice ; but when one brushes away what already exists, the task before him is worse than that of "making bricks without straw". It is no wonder that the new-comer is promptly looked upon with dislike. Again, there are not many paying "jobs"; those that exist are already occupied by native sons and old settlers; the coming of a considerable number of new immigrants will not increase the number of these "jobs" in proportion to the influx of population. The new-comers will crowd those who are already located ; lack of opportunity, scantness of educational facilities, inability to secure a proper preparation — all things which are in the nature of Liberian con- ditions and for which the individual can not be held responsible, — give to those already in possession a sense of inferiority and unpreparedness which makes them fear the coming of the outsider who has had a wider training. Whatever they may say to the con- trary, however much they may express the desire that highly trained and competent Americans should come to the aid of the Republic, the whole official and gov- erning body will look with natural suspicion and jealousy upon intruders. It is commonplace to be told by Liberians that there is plenty of work in the Republic for carpenters, masons, blacksmiths, and wheelwrights. This is said so readily that it sounds like a recitation learned for repetition. That there may be room for carpenters and masons is probable; but the need of blacksmiths in a country where there are no real vehicles or horses is less evident ; and exactly what a wheelwright would do to fill his time is questionable. There are at present in Liberia almost no manufactories; it will surely be some time before there is need of such. There are in Liberia no opportunities for day labor for American negroes; the "bush nigger" is there and will Avork for wages which no American colored man could think of receiving if he were able to work at such labor in that country. It has been suggested 192 LIBERIA, to me that thousands of American negroes might be employed in road-building; there is indeed much need for roads ; but the work of road-building is likely to continue to fall to the native. Newcomers are almost certain to go into professional life, politics, trade, or agriculture. Professional life and politics are already fairly full — trade and agriculture remain as legitimate opportunities for the newcomer. The American negro who comes to Liberia for trade must have capital, and he must realize that he enters into competition with old established white trading houses as well as with experienced Liberians who know the country and its needs. If the newcomer goes into agriculture, he must expect to make some outlay in securing land, constructing buildings, buying out- fits; curiously enough, even in this field, where it might be supposed that he would meet with little, if any, opposition, he is quite sure to encounter hostility from neighbors. Into whatever field of legitimate enterprise the American immigrant may plan to enter, he should not come to Africa unless he is healthy of body, young, of active mind, fairly edu- cated, and with money for tiding over a period of non-productiveness and opposition more or less frank and open. Yet many succeed. Conspicuous examples are not wanting. Three recent cases may be considered typical. There is J. H. Green, who came to Liberia from Little Rock, Arkansas, in 1902; a lawyer by trade, he had been interested while still in the United States in the promotion of Liberian immigration; he carried with him into the new region his paper, TJie African League, which is a monthly periodical largely devoted to the encouragement of Liberian immigration. At first in Monrovia, since then at Buchanan, he has continued to print his paper which has the longest continued existence of any genuine newspaper that has been printed in Liberia for many years; he has encountered constant opposition; he is a fighter from way back and has the courage of his PROBLEMS. 193 convictions. He has made good. He practices law, has been a local judge, conducts a successful, influ- ential, and outspoken paper, has his printing-house, and conducts a shop for trade. Judge T. McCants Stewart is justly respected as one of the leading men of the Republic. He first went to Liberia thirty years ago, in connection with Liberia College; he stayed but a short time, returning to the United States; while in this country, he published an inter- esting and useful little book upon Liberia ; later he went to Honolulu, Hawaii ; returning to America from our newest territory, he closed out his affairs in this land and went again to Liberia ; as a new- comer, he necessarily had prejudice and opposition to encounter ; he has rooted there, however, and, respected and influential, is now one of the associate justices of the Supreme Court. One of the most interesting men in Liberia to-day is Jeff Faulkner; he is active, enterprising, pushing, indefatigable ; he is the only handy, all-around mechanician in Mon- rovia ; he is absolutely one of the most useful men in the Republic; he is depended upon by the govern- ment in many a time of need; when "the Lark" goes to the bottom, Jeff Faulkner is the only man to raise her ; he has a keen eye for business, and devel- ops every opportunity; he has recently established an ice-factory, and his ice-cream parlor — a novelty in Liberia's capital— is popular. This very useful man, though well appreciated, has literally had to fight his way to success. These men are well estab- lished, but they have succeeded only because they were men of ideas, conviction, purpose, determina- tion. Weak men in their positions would have failed. Liberia is no place for weaklings ; there is no demand for immigrants who leave America because they have been failures there. For years Green has been agitating for "the negro city". In the African League, in 1903, he carried a page announcement regarding it. From it we quote some extracts: "The negro city to be built in 13. 194 LIBERIA. Liberia, Africa, by 1000 American negroes. Liberia City will be the name. Foundation to be laid upon the arrival of the great colony early in 1904. Let all be ready and fully prepared for the great corner-stone laying of a great negro town in a HIGH and healthy PLACE. Stones wanted for the foundation. What kind of stones? Stones in the form of men! Self-sacrificing, vigorous, fearless, strong-hearted, self-supporting, brainy, brawny, God-fearing men? Men fitted for the sub-stratum of the great town in the great country where lynching is not known, and freedom reigns supreme! Where your son may be a beggar or a ruler — at his own election. Come and make him a ruler. ... A city built in a day. The foundation of this new settlement with the town as the centre, will be laid upon the arrival of the colonists from America upon the ground. ... A high and beautiful location, too high for the coast fever that is so much dreaded by the one who has heard about it — a location for work in a country where gold and other precious metals abound. . . . This place is especially in- viting to the mining negro. The artisans are needed, too, along with the farmers and other workmen, for all these are needed in building up a great republic ; only let them bring some capital. This is a great place for merchants. . . . Let all who want to join this colony and want a town lot and a farm in the section, free of charge, write." So far the great negro settlement does not actually exist. The idea has been often ridiculed; but it deserves considera- tion. At the time in question, Mr. Green made an extended .iourne.y in which he claimed to be looking for the best site for his settlement. Such a city, with anywhere from three hundred to one thousand inhabitants, would promise a more speedy and durable success than the trickling in of the same number of immigrants as individuals. There is strength in numbers; a common interest would bind the newcomers to each other; if they really repre- PROBLEMS. 195 sented a variety of trades and industries, the com- munity might be sufficient to itself; individual jealousies of old settlers would be reduced to a mini- mum of harmfulness. There would naturally be, in case such a settlement were established, strong jealousy between it as a whole and longer established communities. Such has always been the case in Liberian history. There has always been feeling between Monrovia, Grand Bassa, Greenville, and Maryland. Such jealousies are natural and unavoid- able. The only way in which they can be reduced is by the establishment of so many communities that the distance between them would be small ; close con- tact would develop at least a fair degree of harmony. There are prominent negroes in our own country who have urged an exodus of black men from the United States. The difficulties of transporting our millions of black men, women, and children to Africa, if they care to go, are so great as to render the scheme actually impracticable. Nor is the difficulty of transportation the only one. The limited range of promising occupations makes it unlikely that great numbers will ever go thither; more than that, pronounced success in the United States, — and pronounced success to-day is by no means rare among our colored population, — will hold the majority of colored people in this country. There is, however, room in Liberia for many thousands of settlers and opportunity for those among them who have no fool- ish notions and who possess the qualities which Green demands from those whom he invites to come. Bishop Turner and Dr. Heard urge migration on the largest possible scale ; Dr. Ernest Lyon who, at the time when the excitement in regard to Liberia City was at its height, represented our government as minister to Liberia, discourages "indiscriminate immigration". His report sent late in 1903 to Secretary Hay, of our Department of State, was a dash to the high hopes of the encouragers of immigration. His letter was called out by the proposed large emigration from the 196 LIBERIA. United States in 1904. He says: "From my knowl- edge of the conditions of affairs here, I beg to inform you that Liberia is not prepared for indiscriminate immigration in 1904. If immigrants come here who are unable to support themselves for at least six months, they will die from starvation and the rigor of the African climate — there are no houses here, even of a temporary construction, to protect them until they can build for themselves." As might be expected, this report of the resident Minister called forth a vigorous reply from Mr. Green. He closes his answer with an actually able burst of feeling. He says: "As to indiscriminate immigration, it was that that planted the colony of Liberia ; it was indiscrim- inate immigration which gave birth to a Republic to which the Rev. Dr. Lyon might be accredited United States Minister ; it was this immigration scheme that gave us a President Roberts, a Benson, a Gardner, a Coleman. It reinforced, succored, per- petuated the Republic in its infancy. It was indis- criminate immigration which gave Liberia the grave and distinguished statesman, His Excellency, Presi- dent A. Barclay, our present and honored incumbent. Yes, and more than that, even America is a child of indiscriminate immigration which yet constitutes the greatest increase of American humanity. It made America great. May it not make Liberia great?" Thousands of American black men might no doubt move to Liberia with advantage and profit to them- selves and to their adopted country. The Republic offers a rich field. But it needs no idlers, no paupers, no criminals. No one should go without having clear ideas as to his plans; the questions of "receptacle", location, temporary support, must be looked into and provided for. And the newcomer who is to be suc- cessful must be forceful, self-reliant, and ready to meet with temporary pre.iudice. While the condi- tions of many blacks might be improved by removal to Liberia, the black population in this country would be advantaged by the elimination; if a considerable PROBLEMS. 197 number of emigrants were to go to Liberia, pressure here would be relieved and conditions would be improved. There will of course be a constant trickling of new- , comers from this country to Liberia; there may very well be a constant stream. Such a stream indeed is necessary, if the vigor and vitality of Liberia is to be maintained ; new blood is desirable — whether wel- come or not. Know-nothing-ism is not confined to Liberia or to any one place. In the United States we have a condition Avhich is comparable to that which Liberia presents. Here, too, the old population is barely holding its own, if it is doing so ; the old families of New England and the eastern seaboard have largely run to seed ; it is absolutely necessary that a gi*eat and steady immigration of European whites pour in to maintain our life by the infusion of new blood. Such immigration of course is not wel- comed by our "true Americans". If rigid exclusion could be practiced, we should soon face a condition much like that of France. If we are to live and occupy a significant place among the nations of the world, we must accept this constant incoming of population from outside. The mixture of these new- comers with our own people, fagged and worn out by new and unfavorable conditions, produces a new stock with sufficient vigor to carry on our national devel- opment. The hope of Liberia lies largely in a con- siderable immigration of black people from our south- ern states. One of the most serious dangers of Liberia lies in its isolation; it needs contact; everything that tends toward an increase of contact with the outside world is good. Liberia needs ideas, friends, interchange; otherwise stagnation is inevitable — and death. She must receive these aids either from Europe or from America ; she will of course receive them from both ; but the source of the greater part of her inspiration and ideals must be on this side of the Atlantic and 198 LIBERIA. from our people of color. Immigration from America, whether small or great, must necessarily be helpful. If great and constant, difficulties will be lightened and helpful bonds strengthened. If the temporary management in the hands of others of a part of our governmental machinery will result in actual and permanent independence and international respect, which I firmly believe will be the outcome, then it becomes our impera- tive duty as patriotic citizens to make such a necessary and noble sacrifice. — Daniel E. Howard. THE FOREIGN DEBT OF THE REPUBLIC. THE LOAN OF 1870. On January 26, 1870, the Legislature authorized President Edward J. Roye to negotiate a loan not exceeding £100,000, at not more than 7 per cent inter- est; the bonds were to run for fifteen years, and three years' interest advanced might be deducted. Of the sum to be received upon this loan £20,000 was to be used in buying up all the checks, scripts, cur- rency debentures, and government paper of what- ever kind then afloat; £20,000 more was to be depos- ited securely as a basis for the issue of a paper currency in what were to be known as Treasury Notes; the balance of the proceeds of the loan was to be deposited in some reliable bank as an emergency fund to be drawn upon at need by special act of the Legislature. At the time when this action of the Legislature was taken. President Roye was about to go to Eng- land; it was supposed that he would attend to the business while in London, and that considerable expense would be saved to the nation by his personal attention to the details of the arrangement; for some reason or other, he did not take up the matter while he was absent. On his return to Monrovia, however, he proceeded to secure the loan. He appointed David Chinery, at that time consul for Liberia in London, Henry V. Johnson, Sr., and W. S. Anderson, com- 199 200 LIBERIA, missioners — the two latter being sent to London for the purpose — to negotiate the loan. President Roye should of course have submitted this whole matter to the Legislature; there was considerable objection to the loan, and no serious steps should have been taken regarding it without the authorization of the legis- lative body. The commissioners succeeded in negoti- ating the loan for £100,000 at 7 per cent interest, at 30 per cent below par; three years' interest were deducted from the £70,000, leaving a balance of £49,000 to be placed to the credit of the commis- sioners. "Then followed," to quote the words of President Roberts, ' ' a system of charges, speculations, and frauds unparalleled, I presume, in any public loan transactions of modern times." No sooner had the news of the negotiation reached President Roye, than he commenced to draw against it for himself and others, not waiting for any part of it to be paid into the treasury of the Republic for the purposes specified in the act, and before the Legislature had accepted the loan or taken any action in regard to it. More than that, without legislative authority, he sent an order drawn by the Secretary of the Treasury — a member of his own family — approved by himself for £10,000 value of merchandise, alleging that this was on acount of the government. Mr. Chinery, in filling this order, sent merchandise invoiced at more than £14,000, including transportation, shipping- charges, freight, insurance, etc., most of the articles being charged at amounts in excess of their market value, many of them inferior in quality, and some nearly, and others entirely, useless in Liberia. How much was actually realized of this loan no one knows ; Sir Harry Johnston says £27,000; Ferguson (from whom we draw most of the particulars regarding this transaction) says £17,903. In return for it, at least £80,000 in bonds were issued — Sir Harry Johnston says perhaps the whole £100,000. The moment was one of political disturbance. In 1869 there had been an effort to amend the consti- PROBLEMS. 201 tution so as to extend the office of President from a term of two years to one of four; the effort failed. In May, 1871, when his two years had elapsed, Roye attempted to continue himself in power for two years longer ; a shadow of an excuse for this usurpation was found in this attempted passing of an amendment. This bold coup, together with the dissatisfaction regarding the loan, led to his being hurled from power. Notice of the disturbed condition of the Republic was at once sent to the representative of Liberia in London, and to the bondholders ; the newly established government ordered all drafts, etc., for money received on acount of the loan to be stopped, countermanded the orders for goods, and demanded a statu quo until the Legislature should have a chance to act ; legal proceedings were taken against Commis- sioners Johnson and Anderson; Chinery was dis- charged from his office as Liberian Consul in London ; Mr. John Jackson was appointed Consul-General in his place and took charge of matters. So palpable was the mismanagement of this whole transaction in London, and so extravagant had been the charges and other outlays connected with it, that Consul Jackson took legal proceedings to protect the interests of the Republic. Through a period of almost thirty years, the mat- ter of this loan was constantly agitated, and it was only in 1898 that the Liberian Consul, Henry Hay- man, was able to bring about a final arrangement of the unhappy affair. At that time the Liberian Gov- ernment recognized its responsibility to the amount of £80,000 ; it agreed to begin payment at once upon the bonds — paying interest at the rate of 3 per cent the first three years, 4 per cent for the following three years, and 5 per cent thereafter until both the principal and interest be fully paid ; after that, the back interests would be assumed at 5 per cent. Since this adjustment, the Liberian Government has regu- larly and honorably met its interest payments. Sir Harry Johnston, in his great work on Liberia, speaks 202 LIBERIA. vigorously aud frankly regarding this loan of 1870, which was a disgraceful operation for British financiers, THE LOAN OP 1906. It is curious that, in connection with the next financial undertaking of the Republic, which was little, if any, more satisfactory than the loan of 1870, Sir Harry himself should have played a significant part. When President Barclay and his companions were in Loudon in 1906, they made arrangements for a new loan, also of £100,000. An interview was held at the office of Consul-General Hayman, at which were present Sir Harry H. Johnston, chairman of the Liberian Development Co., Limited, together with some of this company's officers, Mr. Clark of the Foreign Office, Emil Erlanger, and Consul Hayman. Mr. Erlanger represented the brokers through whom the Liberian Development Co. were to secure a loan of £100,000 for the benefit of Liberia. Excellent discussions of this loan by Mr. Ellis, who was so long connected with our Legation at Monrovia, and Mr. Scott, who was a member of the United States Com- mission in 1909, have been printed. It is from these articles that we draw our details. The proceeds of the loan of 1906 were to be applied in the following manner: (a) $25,000 was to be used for pressing Liberian obligations; (b) $125,000 was to be employed in the payment of domestic debts; (c) $35,000 was to be loaned to the Liberian Develop- ment Co.; (d) the balance was to be devoted to the development of banking, and for road schemes by the Liberian Development Co. in Liberia. As secur- ity for this loan, two British officials, as chief and assistant inspectors of customs, were to have charge of the Liberian customs revenue; the chief inspector was to act also as financial adviser to the Republic; $30,000 annually (in semi-annual payments) was to be turned in as interest until the whole loan was re- paid ; 10 per cent of any excess over $250,000 in PROBLEMS. 203 customs revenue per year was to be received by the Liberian Development Co. The "company was charged with the responsibility of returning the loan to Erlanger and Co. by the payment of 50 per cent of the net profits derived from the exercise of the powers and privileges of the charter of the former company, together with profits from the banking and road schemes to be undertaken in Liberia." The loan was actually applied as follows: (a) to the extinguishment of domestic debts, £30,000; (b) loaned to the Liberian Development Co., £7000; (c) in carrying out road schemes, £32,776.11.3; (d) ob- tained by Liberia on ratification of tripartite agree- ment of 1908, £30,223.8.9 ; total, £100,000. Friction soon arose in the administration of the customs. The Liberian Development Co. constructed fifteen miles of automobile road in the Careysberg District, bought a small steam launch for the St. Paul's River, and purchased two automobiles; it then announced that its road fund was completely exhausted, after having spent, on an ordinary dirt road, about $163,882. Liberian dissatisfaction was great, and question was raised regarding the "bal- ance of the £70,000 which had been entrusted with- out security to the management of the company." In the investigation which followed in an attempt to rearrange affairs, considerable feeling appears to have been shown. Sir Harry Johnston had repeatedly ignored the requests of President Barclay for an accounting by his company ; in the interview in which efforts at adjustment were made, he is said to have conducted himself in a supercilious manner and to have expressed his surprise "that the President should have required the company to furnish him with a statement of accounts, and disclaimed any responsibility for the manner in which the money had been expended". Under the tripartite arrange- ment which was entered into between the Govern- ment of Liberia, Erlanger and Co., and the Liberian Development Co., Chartered and Limited, it was 204 LIBERIA, finally arranged that "Liberia assume direct respon- sibility to Messrs. Erlanger and Co. for the loan of 1906, and, aside from obtaining some advantages in the new Agreement, secured from the Liberian Devel- opment Co. the residue of the loan, amounting to £30,223.8.9, and practically dispensed with the future services of this company in the solution of the new Liberian problems." Mr. Emmett Scott makes some pertinent observa- tions in connection with this affair. He says: "Sir Harry Johnston, in his book, quite spiritedly criti- cizes the agreements under the loan of 1871. It is hard to determine, however, how less one-sided they were than those of his own benevolent corporation, even if his company had in perfect good faith carried out their part of the bargain. The suggestion that the customs should be collected by European experts, Englishmen being understood, introduced, of course, the feature of external control into the customs serv- ice .. . of the so-called experts sent to Liberia under the agreement, the first one's selection was, to say the least, unfortunate. He all but confessed his utter failure after two or three months to understand what he was about, although he had been granted a salary of about $3500 a year, much more than he had received in the British service in Sierra Leone. The second one appointed has developed into a somewhat capable official, although his chief claim to being called an expert was, it is said, that he had success- fully raised oranges in California. He was certainly no customs expert, and, I learn, had probably never been inside of a customs house. He received £500 a year. The present chief inspector of customs is a wholly efficient man, but while doing similar service at Freetown, Sierra Leone, the neighboring country, he received a salary of £300 or $1500 a year, while the Liberians are called upon to pay him a salary of £1000, or $5000 a year. This salary, perhaps I should state, is twice that received by the President of the Republic, Efforts to reduce this salary to £700 or PROBLEMS. 205 $3500 have recently been made, but with what suc- cess I cannot chronicle." Again : ' ' The company 's high-handed manner of expending the money on hand, however, engendered so much bad blood, that at last President Barclay applied to Sir Harry Johnston, managing director of the Liberian Development Co., for an accounting. The latter, it is said, expressed the greatest surprise that such a demand should be made upon him, and disclaimed any and all responsibility to the Liberian Government for the way in which the money had been or was to be expended. He persistently refused to render any accounts until he found the position he maintained was so untenable that he could not depend upon his government for support ; he also found that President Barclay was about to sever all relations with his company, maintaining, in the absence of any accounting, that the Government of Liberia would hold itself responsible only for the cash actually received. About $200,000 of the amount raised on the credit of the government, it is said, had been frittered away on badly managed schemes." And finally: "In dismissing this loan of 1906, may I say that no one now contends that the Liberian Development Co. has, or has had, any money aside from that raised on the Government's credit; to-day it is practically bankrupt. The relations between the Government and the Company have been severed, and under the agreement of 1908 with Messrs. Erlanger, London, the Liberian Government is responsible for the whole loan. THE AMERICAN LOAN. Conditions became desperate; there were now two obligations to British creditors, each for a handsome sum, and both drawing interest ; more than that, there had grown up a considerable domestic debt; real bankruptcy seemed to threaten the nation. As a result of the visit of the American Commission to Liberia in 1909, the United States used its good 206 LIBERIA, offices ill favor of the Republic, and arrangements were perfected whereby certain banking institutions of the United States, Germany, France, and Great Britain furnished the Republic of Liberia with a loan of $1,700,000 ; this loan was to be used in the pay- ment of its domestic and foreign debts. According to the official report of the Commission, the public debt of Liberia in 1909 amounted to the sum of $1,289,- 570.60. Mr. George W Ellis has prepared an excel- lent paper regarding this loan, and from it we abbreviate our own statement. In order to secure the loan, the Liberian customs revenues are tem- porarily to be placed in charge of a customs receiver- ship, with a general receiver appointed from the United States by the President, and holding office during his pleasure, and three receivers, one each from Great Britain, Germany, and France, appointed by, and holding office during the pleasure of, their respective governments. As further security for the loan, the revenues from exports and imports, duties on rubber, and all head moneys are pledged. Five per cent gold bonds in denominations of $1000, $500, and $100, for a period of forty years, interest and principal payable in New York, are to be issued by the Liberian Government. The Liberian revenues sub- ject to the loan are transferred for its service and are termed "assigned revenues"; these assigned rev- enues are in charge of the receivership. The majority of the receivers have the power to suspend customs officials, make temporary appointments, make rules and regulations relative to the assigned revenues; they have a right to adequate patrol for land and sea, and in case such is not furnished, to supply it them- selves. The general receiver has a salary of $5000, the others, $2500. A monthly report of accounts is to be rendered to the government. As a condition of the loan, the frontier police force is to be maintained; the President of the United States is to assign train- ing officers, to be paid from the assigned revenues. The General Receiver is also the Financial Adviser of PROBLEMS. 207 the Liberian Government; he is to systematize the finances of Liberia ; and to approve statements before submission to the legislature. Appropriations must not overrun the revenues; after the legislature ad- journs, the President, Secretary of the Treasury, and the Financial Adviser must revise the appropriations if they have overrun ; their act is binding to the Secre- tary of the Treasury. The Financial Adviser co-oper- ates with the government in establishing economical and efficient administration and expenditure. The debts of the Republic are to be at once paid — by bonds where the creditors chose to receive them. The bankers are to receive for their services their out-of- pocket expenses, legal charges, commission on the face value of the 5 per cent bonds, and 5 per cent on the bonds purchased by themselves. Residue bonds are to be held by the fiscal agents to meet approved, unadjusted indebtedness: final residue bonds will be sold and the money paid to ' Liberia for public improvements approved by the General Receiver. In order that this agreement should go into effect, it was necessary that the Liberian Legislature should pass all necessary measures of approval before January 1, 1912. This was done. There was some delay in finally placing the funds at the disposition of the Liberian Government, but at present everything has been arranged and the new loan is in effect. This arrangement caused general joy throughout the Republic ; it was felt not only that it released the people from a heavy and dangerous obligation to unfriendly creditors, but that it probably began a period of closer relationship between the United States and Liberia. It is possible that too much of a feeling of security existed. It is likely that more joy was felt over the receipt of $1,700,000 than of responsibility for its ultimate repayment. On the whole, it must be admitted that the loan is favorable to the Republic. The government has realized a much larger percentage of actual funds than in any of its preceding financial undertakings. There are, 208 LIBERIA. however, some weak points in the plan. It is unfor- tunate that the loan was theoretically made through banks of different nations; as a matter of fact, it was an American enterprise, and should have been so in word as well. There is no reason why foreign nations should be interested — except indeed that Great Britain should experience a sentiment of joy in having the interests of her citizens secured. The sum of $1,700,000 is so small that it could have been easily supplied by American houses and considered a little matter with no actual political relations. That the loan should have been secured by a receivership is just, but it would have been much better to have appointed a single American receiver instead of four men of different nations. In this international receivership there lies considerable danger. Friction is likely. France, England, Germany are suspicious of each other. The simplest act is liable to miscon- struction, and one or another of the three sub- receivers is likely to feel his dignity and that of his nation affected, and squabbles are certain to arise. The American receiver, as is proper, is given the position of leadership. Suppose he were to die or be unfit for service ; which of the other three receivers will take his place ? There appears to be no arrange- ment made for such a contingency, yet it is quite certain to arise, and if it should, the man who tem- porarily assumes the duties, will be particularly likely to find himself in trouble. The question as to location of the four receivers may some time or other raise difficulties. Suppose, for example, the British receiver were placed at Cape Mount, adjacent to British territory, and the French receiver were to be located at Cape Palmas, close to French authority ; opportunity for unfaithfulness to the Republic would be very great. There is nothing in the history of the past to warrant us in assuming that these officials would be men of such high spirit and principle as to resist temptation. The possibility of difficulties between the General Receiver and the Liberian Gov- PROBLEMS. 209 ernment is also very great. He is given large powers ; unless he is a man of extraordinary ability and well- balanced character, it is certain that complications will arise ; there will be constant risk of his inter- meddling in every field of governmental affairs. Some of these difficulties of coui^e are inherent in a receivership, and as a receivership is absolutely neces- sary, their risk must be accepted. On the whole, the American loan should be a great help to Liberia. Friends of the Republic hope for the best results. The government is given a breath- i^ig spell, and time and opportunity for the re-adjust- ment of its economic interests. There is no danger, if the receivership is competent, but that the income of the nation will easily carry the loan with all its obligations, and leave ample funds in balance for the legitimate enterprises of the government. It is reasonable to hope that Liberia has entered upon a period of prosperity. 14. Yes, I say these were but slaves who gave us the Declaration of Independence. They were but slaves who framed our Con- stitution, they were but slaves who eombatted with the odds of life, amidst wars, devastation, and foreign aggressions to hold intact for us and for our children this home of ours. — S. D. Ferguson, Jr. POLITICS. We have hesitated long about undertaking this dis- cussion of Liberian politics. We are almost certain to be misunderstood, no matter what we say or how we say it. In Liberia they will feel that we lack sympathy, that we drag forth their weaknesses and expose them to public scorn ; in this country they will fail to see that the weak points of Liberian politics are common to all republics, that they are as flagrant among ourselves as in Liberia; in foreign lands — should our book be read in such — what we say will be taken as justification for continued aggression and interference. We wish that Liberia were a land of general education ; that the whole population had a clear understanding of the duties of citizenship ; that knowledge of public questions were general. Such conditions are ideal in a republic. We do not find them in Liberia ; we do not find them here. Liberian politics is patterned on our own ; its weak- nesses are our weaknesses. It is easy for us to see its faults because we are an outside party; because we are rich and they are poor; because we are white and they are black. In Liberia there is a general desire to feed at the public trough ; it makes no dif- ference what a man is or what he has accomplished, every one is ready to go into politics; neither trade, agriculture, nor professional life restrains a man who has political opportunities presented to him ; 210 PROBLEMS. 211 everybody of ability wants office. This is unfor- tunate; it is neither strange, unique, nor blame- worthy. Every official, however, has a list of depend- ents; once in office, he must provide for others; the number of brothers, sons, nephews, and cousins of officials who find some clerkship or small appoint- ment is relatively larf?e. As almost every office in the Republic, save that of representatives and sen- ators, is appointed by the President, it is very easy for one who holds office to practice nepotism. It is and will be a long time before anything like actual civil service can find a place in Liberia. Such a condition of course leads to little activity in the doing of work for the Government; the less a man can do to earn his salary, the better, so long as he is certain of his job. We have already called attention to the fact, quoting from Ellis, that there is relatively little of what we know as party politics in Liberia. Prac- tically there are no well marked political platforms based on principles. If, perchance, hostility to the powers that be threatens to become dangerous, it may be checked by skilful appointment from the opposition to office. Thus, at the last election, which was the most bitterly fought for many years, it was claimed that the defeated candidate, J. J. Dossen, would never be heard of in politics again ; such, however, was not the case; he must be provided for, in order that his later course might not threaten the existing status; being without a job, he received appointment to the presidency of Liberia College — a mere temporary arrangement of course ; he is now Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. There are, however, personal likes and dislikes which will vent themselves in outbursts of party spirit. The last election was really furious. It voiced the local jealousies of the whole Republic. Just as in the state of Illinois it is Chicago against the counties, and as in New York State it is the City of New York aerainst the upstate districts; so. in Liberia, it is Monrovia against the counties. The 212 LIBERIA. election was really close after an exciting campaign. Charges of fraud were bitterly advanced. According to the African League, there were wild doings in Bassa County where it is printed. We refrain from really quoting the interesting and exciting passages from its article, but venture to give here its opening para- graphs : "As the day of election approached, great prep- arations were made by the Government and the Gov- ernment officials to defeat the National True Whig Party at any cost, and in any manner. They sent money in every direction to call unqualified name- less bushmen to come, and put into the hands of the Sheriff a paper which is worth only so much gin and rum to the bushmen. These bush people had never seen, nor heard of, the registrar's office. Neither do they own any land in contemplation of law, but Howard people, simply because they have had the Government's approval in this corruption, had planned to force the corruption into the polls. The people who stand for law and order sent white plates to all the native chiefs, after the cus- toms of the heathen, telling them to have nothing to do with the matter in which they are not concerned and know nothing about. The Government people threatened that they would vote these bush people or die. The people knew what that meant, and they began to prepare for the worst, for they were determined that the law should not be trampled under foot in that way to their pre.judice, and that, too, by those who are the administrators of the law. On Monday, the first of May, a host of these uncivilized bush people, headed by Major Horace, flocked into the upper ward of Buchanan, well armed with the best guns of the Gov- ernment, and that night shooting in the streets was a common thing. Near Lower Buchanan, there were different bands of these wild, bush people in camp carrying on their savage plays. In Lower Buchanan at the Vai town, the hideous noise was kept up all PROBLEMS. 213 night, apparently as a menace to the citizens for the next day." On the following day the election took place throughout the Republic, resulting in the con- tinuance in power of the interests which for so long had controlled the destinies of the nation; nine con- tested cases were lodged against the House of Repre- sentatives and one against the Senate ; threats ran high, feeling was intense. It is certainly an interest- ing moment when more than half the membership of a house of Congress is in dispute. Yet this excite- ment was allayed, and the contests were all with- drawn; it was realized that Congress had important business before it in connection Avith the American Loan, and that the future of the Republic would be seriously jeopardized if the time of Congress were taken up with hearing contest cases instead of deal- ing with these outside matters. There is no question that in Liberia illegal voting is common. The election to which we have referred above was that of 1911 ; in 1901 Bishop Ferguson issued a charge to his clergy and lay members upon the subject of election evils in which the following words occur: "The corruptions and wickedness that have attended the last three or four campaigns are startling to all right-minded people, and, if con- tinued, no prophet is needed to foretell the disastrous consequences that will inevitably follow. Election frauds, open-handed bribery, and the utter disre- gard of all moral restraints seem to be the order of the day. Those who at other times are recognized as Christian gentlemen, do not scruple on these occa- sions to perpetrate offenses that are condemned both by God's law and that of the state. To procure the election of a party man, they lose sight of, or com- pletely disregard, their standing in the Church, in society, or the social circle ; and will stoop to do the meanest act. What is worse than all, is the fact that the evils have become so rife that it appears there are not to be found innocent citizens enough to punish the guilty under the laws of the land. And now, to 214 LIBERIA. my mind, the worst feature of the thing is the fact that the aborigines — our brothers just emerging from the darkness of heathenism — are either coming volun- tarily, sought out and persuaded, or actually forced into this whirl-pool of corruption and wickedness. It is enough to chill one's blood to think of the impression made on their minds, on their induction into civilized usages at such time: — jostled through a crowd of men, — ruffians now, though at other times Christian gentlemen — armed with deadly weapons of every description, they are made to swear that they are constitutionally qualified for the highest privi- lege of citizenship under a republican form of gov- ernment. ' ' Again in an Independence Day address given by Dr. Dingwall at Buchanan in 1910 were these words : "Ignorant and purchasable voters are ruinous to all other republics. Why not to ours likewise? At the polls the vote of a fool is counted one, and that one takes the whole of a philosopher's to cancel it. Now in Liberia these are chiefly manufactured from the wild heathen, more than ninety-nine in a night. The privilege to take a few acres of land and register hundreds of nameless natives, or on election day to vote each hour the identical bushman, by simply christening him afresh for each occasion, is a danger- ous weapon in the hands of politicians. This prac- tice would have destroyed democracy, were these leaders even honest in purpose and patriotic in spirit." The seriousness of the situation is that any effort to keep the native vote from being fraudulently cast, is likely to interfere with the legitimate voting of quali- fied chiefs; the desirability of having those natives who are really entitled to the vote exercise their right of franchise is most important; but to give unqualified native voters the chance to cast fraudu- lent ballots is bad indeed. Of course this whele ques- tion of illegal voting should hardly shock us; in my own morning paper, the very day when I am writing PROBLEMS. 215 this, these words appear in prominent head-lines: "Fraud in ballots a Chicago habit Butts Board told." It is impossible for the pot to call the kettle black. The outside world, however, unaccustomed to the little peculiarities of "manhood suffrage," will no doubt claim to be sadly shocked ; it might even be that some clean-skirted nation like France or Eng- land might hysterically demand reform. We have elsewhere claimed that the Liberians, too, know graft. Official salaries are very small ; why then does political office possess such great attraction? Of course position and power count for something; but there are other solid advantages connected with office in Liberia as well as in other lands. When graft exists in France, Germany, even in respectable and pious England, it is not strange that it exists in the African Republic. More than that, graft is by no means confined to civilization ; the native in the bush understands it both in theory and practice. It would be strange indeed if the descendants of barbaric grafters, who had been trained in civilized graft through a long American experience, should be free from graft when conducting their own affairs in a new land as rich by nature as is Liberia. The num- ber of schemes which are proposed to the Liberian Legislature is very large ; many of them are magnifi- cent in their proportions, enterprises, and prospects; what could be more dazzling than the project sub- mitted a few years ago by the Ellsworth Company of New York ? I do not mean to say that that individual company used improper means to influence legis- lative action ; but a company with as ambitious plans as they offered, if adequately capitalized, could easily have made the whole Legislature rich rather than lose their opportunity. In the same way Sir William Lever, in his effort to secure monopoly or large advan- tage in the palm-oil product of the Republic would, from a business point of view, be amply justified in making it well worth while for the patriots to en- courage his enterprise. Of course, many of these 216 LIBERIA. schemes fail totally; many of them never get beyond a paper proposition; in the past, however, the Li- berian Legislature has been much too free in giving concessions with monopolies. While the terms given to the English Rubber Company seemed to leave op- portunity for competitive development of the trade by others, it practically put all competitors in the power of the company. Liberia is beginning to realize that in careless granting of monopolies and special privileges she has hampered her own freedom and interfered with legitimate development; not long ago the Government granted a concession to Edgar Allen Forbes and others; it seems to have been a legitimate and carefully-thought-out enter- prise which he submitted ; its development would no doubt be advantageous to the public; but it is found that previous concessions were infringed by some of its terms, and difficulties have arisen. On the whole, it would be much better for Liberia if the proposi- tions submitted to it were less pretentious and far- reaching ; it is better that she should have fifty differ- ent companies operating within her borders, each within a definite field and succeeding within modest limits, than that eveiything should be held in the hands of one or two great corporations which, when a moment of difficulty comes, may be able to bring influences to bear which will threaten or even destroy the existence of the nation. Liberian officials quite well know the thing which we call junkets. One might almost think himself at home at times. When some crisis arises, and the "Lark" must be sent to a seat of danger, high offi- cials, whose relations to the Government are not such that their presence is necessary at the seat of dis- turbance, take advantage of the opportunity for a fine outing. The nation may be in financial difficulty, but good food, good smoking, and good drinks seem easily provided ; such an outing not infrequently gives the official opportunity to transact private busi- ness, for he may have interests near the seat of the PROBLEMS. 217 disturbance. Junkets are presumably inherent in governmental activities of every kind; they are not confined to democracies, though they are common in them. Anywhere of course they are undesirable and should be curbed ; nations, especially republics, should not be called upon to supply free outings, free business opportunities, free luxuries to individ- uals at public cost. One of the reforms demanded by the British mem- orandum was the improvement of the judiciary. Here there was indeed real reason for complaint. Liberia has few well trained lawyers; it was not uncommon for a man to be appointed judge who had no legal training; there were not infrequent cases of personal and professional misconduct on the part of judges. President Barclay, in his message of 1908, a notable document be it said in passing, says the following: "International attacks upon this (our judicial system) commenced some years ago, and the movement was initiated by citizens of the German Empire living in Liberia. But the crisis has been precipitated by our people. When the editor of the African League, himself an ex-judge, an attorney at law, a citizen, publishes a special edition of his paper, headed "Startling Revelations," in which the judi- cial system of the country is attacked both in its personnel as well as on its administrative side, when he describes himself as a scapegoat and martyr, and when months pass and no reply to his attack is made by the persons affected, what conclusion, do you think, can other communities of the world, having business interests in Liberia, draw?" In his address. The Impartial Administration of Justice, the Corner- Stmie of a Nation, Justice T. McCants Stewart says : "It can not be denied, however, that our judiciary to-day is the object of serious charges both by for- eigners and our own citizens, and they are charges which demand serious consideration. They can not be brushed aside. The British Government is not alone in making these charges. Our own people have 218 LIBERIA. made them, and our Chief Executive has declared to the Legislature that evils exist in our judicial system which must be speedily remedied if we desire to strengthen ourselves as a nation. Gentlemen of the Bar: Can we be quiet while our judges are charged both at home and abroad with: (1) ignorance; (2) excessive use of intoxicants; (3) the exhibition of prejudice or passion in the trial of cases; (4) shock- ing immorality; (5) accepting retainers from pri- vate parties; (6) sharing moneys as a reward for the arrest of criminals; (7) accepting bribes?" This is specific enough and bad enough. To the credit of the nation be it said that reforms have seriously been undertaken, and the present condition of the judi- ciary is greatly improved. It is rather interesting that we ourselves at this moment are agitating against a corrupt judiciary; it is scarcely likely that we are in a condition for stone-throwing. Of course where there is corruption in the judi- ciary there is almost certain to be miscarriage of justice. During the time we were in Monrovia, there was great excitement over the ease of Col. Lomax and Commissioner Cooper. We have already men- tioned Col. Lomax. He figured conspicuously in the Kanre-Lahun matter, when he gained the undying hostility of the British ; when Major Mackay Cadell was removed from his position as the head of the Frontier Force, Lomax took charge; he has recently been in the district of the newly acquired Behlu Territory. This is the tract of forest land, of little value, which Great Britain traded to the Liberian Government in exchange for the rich and desirable Kanre-Lahun district. Poor as that area is, Britain wall never be content to leave it in Liberian posses- sion. In taking over the area, Col. Lomax was sent to the new boundary with soldiers, and Commissioner Cooper was sent to aid in delimiting the boundary. Of course there was trouble ; there would have been trouble had Lomax and Cooper been angels. At the town of Behlu itself, certainly within the new Li- PROBLEMS. 219 berian territory, there was difficulty, and several Liberia!! soldiers were killed. All sorts of eoiiiplai!its were hurried to Monrovia by the Sierra Leo!!e author- ties: — Lomax was causing difficulties; he and Cooper were interfering with the delimitation of the bound- ary ; Liberian soldiers, instigated no doubt by Lomax, were teari!!g down the cairns which iiiarked the boundary li!ie ; the British commissioners refused to do anything unless both men were summoned from the border, and meantiiiie would charge up the ex- penses of the co!nmission for the period of their idle- ness; Col. Lomax was accused of murder — it was stated that he had killed eight native chiefs. These complaints were so urgent and serious that the Presi- dent of the Republic sent orders to Lomax and Cooper to return at once to Monrovia; to these orders no attention was given. The Secretary of State was sent to fetch them, but is said to have stayed in the district, apparently sympathizing in their attitude; it is asserted that the deeds of violence, destruction of cairns, and insulting of British commissioners con- tinued after he was on the gi-ound. The Postmaster- General was hurried to the boundary to bring back the Secretary of State, the Colonel, the Commissio!ier, and their henchman, Lieutenant Morris, — who, it seems, had been the active agent in the cairn destruc- tion. Some days of inexplicable delay seem to have passed, when the Secretary of the Treasiiry, the Assistant Secretary of State, and Capt. Brown (one of the American officers) were hastened to the scene of difficulty to get the recalcitrants home. The Sec- retary of State, Postmaster-General, Secretary of the Treasury, and Capt. Brown started together for Mon- rovia; Lomax, Cooper, and Morris were reported to be already upon their way through the interior to the capital. Arrived there, Lomax and Cooper were promptly jailed; less promptly they were brought to trial. The Attorney-General presented the ease against them. Lomax was tried for the murder of two native chiefs ; Cooper for the murder of a third. 220 LIBERIA. The Lomax trial lasted two days; it was before the jury for but ten minutes. He was found not guilty, and was carried in triumph on the shoulders of friends, amidst a great outburst of feeling, from the court-house. The Cooper trial came the next day; it was promptly decided in his favor. There is no ques- tion that the Behlu difficulty is on ; Great Britain will in some way get back the territory which she so generously traded to Liberia; undoubtedly in the diplomatic dealings regarding it much will be made of this Lomax case ; there is not the least doubt that the native chiefs were killed; there is no denial that Lomax and Cooper were responsible for the killing; but the trial and its results are good psychology; they were as inevitable as anything could be. There was in this case no actual miscarriage of justice ; Col. Lomax is a national hero; he embodied the national aspirations; he represented the nation as a victim of the injustice and greed of Britain through the years ; his ovation was the result of natural senti- ments. It may not be diplomacy ; it may not be good politics ; but it is in the very nature of humanity. The great American government, after a silence, far from forgetting and abandoning the tender infant cast upon the shores of Africa, has come in our hour of danger to assist us on her strong pinions to a nest of safety. If we but follow her example and heed her teachings of economy, thrift and indus- try, and if we are just in our dealings with men and nations we shall never escape her vigilant eye, nor cease to be the object of marked manifestation of interest on her part. — Daniel E. Howard. THE APPEAL TO THE UNITED STATES. In 1908 Liberian conditions were desperate. England and France had been alternately slicing off territory ; debts were weighing the nation down, and creditors were pressing; reforms were insolently demanded under threats. The future indeed was dark. In her hour of desperation, Liberia turned to the United States. The idea of seeking aid from us seems to have been first voiced by T. Mc Cants Stewart in January, 1908, A Commission was ap- pointed by the Legislature — consisting of Garretson W, Gibson, J. J. Dossen, and Charles B. Dunbar, with Charles R. Branch and T. J. R. Faulkner as secre- taries. Garretson W. Gibson had been President of the Republic and was a man well on in years and generally respected ; J. J. Dossen was at the time Vice-President ; Charles B. Dunbar is a successful and well trained lawyer. On its Avay to the United States the Commission visited Germany, where it was well received and officially entertained in the capital city, Berlin. On its arrival in New York in May, Charles Hall Adams, of Boston, Consul-General for Liberia in this country, and Booker T. Washing- ton received them and attended to the details of their visit. They spent several days in New York and visited Tuskegee, but, of course, spent most of their 221 222 LIBERIA. time in the city of Washington. They were received by President Roosevelt on the 10th of June, had sev- eral important interviews with Secretary Root, and were introduced to Secretary Taft — just before the Republican Convention was held which nominated him for the presidency of the United States. They were everywhere treated with distinguished courtesy and everywhere made a remarkably favorable im- pression; the newspapers gave considerable space to their visit and quite a general interest was aroused in their errand. A notable reception was given in their honor in Washington by the Negro Business League. Before they left New York, Secretary Taft had received his nomination, and one of their last official acts was the sending of a letter of congratula- tion to him. The Commission arrived at home in August, 1909. An official reception was given them on the 18th by President Barclay. The address of welcome was given by the Secretary of State, F. E. R. Johnson, and other addresses by Acting Mayor Roberts and Postmaster-General Prout. Replies were made by Gibson, Dossen, Dunbar, and Faulkner. It is sig- nificant that in these addresses more emphasis was laid upon the subject of negro education in the United States than upon other matters. Both then and while in this country, Vice-President Dossen especially emphasized the importance of immigra- tion ; he wants 600.000 negroes from America to settle in Liberia, and claims that the people of Liberia feel that the.v are holding their territory in trust for this mass of immigrants. Music and refreshments were supplied and a speech of congratulation given by President Barclay. Of course nothing definite at this time could be said in regard to the actual results of the Commission's visit; no one knew just what im- pression had been made upon our Government; no one knew just what to expect in the way of action. Our Government, however, had seriously taken Liberia n matters under advisement, and on the 4th PROBLEM S, 223 of March, 1909, an American Commission Mas ap- pointed to visit Liberia and to investigate Liberian conditions. The Commissioners were Roland P. Falkner, George Sale, and Emmett J. Scott, with George A. Finch as secretary. The Commission sailed on April 24th, 1909, and arrived in Monrovia on the 8th of May. They spent thirty days in Liberia and Sierra Leone. The work they had to do was wisely divided up among the members of the Com- mission, in order to permit their accomplishing the utmost in the short time at their disposition. Their arrival at Liberia was hailed with joy. In anticipation of their coming the legislators had come from all the counties to Monrovia and were in the capital before the arrival of the Commission. The cruiser Chester- arrived in front of Monrovia on the morning of May 8th, and at once saluted with twenty- one guns; the salute w^as returned by the Liberians from the shore. Ernest Lyon, the American Minis- ter, at once boarded the vessel. When he returned, the Attorney-General with a party of citizens went on board to escort the Commissioners to the shore. The city was gaily decorated. The Mayor, Common Council, and a crowd of citizens met the Commis- sioners at the landing where, under the first arch of welcome, the acting Mayor made an address. Mr. Falkner replied on behalf of the Commission. Two companies of the militia escorted the Commission up the hill to the second arch, where Mrs. Parker ad- dressed them on behalf of the Liberian ladies. Sale responded, after which Mrs. McGill spoke on behalf of the county of Grand Bassa. At the third arch Miss Irene A. Gant received them on behalf of Sinoe County, and Miss Matilda Roberts on behalf of Mary- land County. Passing now to the American legation, they w^ere officially received by the American Min- ister. Few public occasions in the history of Mon- rovia equal this reception, which fairly deserves to be called a popular ovation. On the 11th, President Barclay offered the Commission an official reception 224 LIBERIA. at which the President and the Cabinet, the Com- mission and attaches, and the United States Minister with his Secretary were present. In the afternoon of the 12th, a general reception was given at the Executive Mansion. During their stay in Africa, the Commission visited Grand Bassa and Maryland, and in both regions they were treated with distinguished courtesy. The report of the Commission sent to the Senate and House of Representatives by President Taft on March 25th, 1910, w-as an exceptionally good public document. The Commission recognized the importance of the work entrusted to it and did its work with thoroughness. They made six recommen- dations to our government. They were as follows: (1) That the United States extend its aid to Liberia in the prompt settlement of pending boundary dis- putes. (2) That the United States enable Liberia to refund its debt by assuming as guarantee for the payment of obligations under such arrangement the control and collection of the Liberian customs. (3) That the United States lend its assistance to the Liberian Government in the reform of its internal finances. (4) That the United States lend its aid to Liberia in organizing and drilling an adequate constabulary or frontier police force. (5) That the United States should establish and maintain a re- search station in Liberia. (6) That the United States re-open the question of a naval coaling station in Liberia. Some of these recommendations the United States has carried through. She has made the loan necessary for the refunding of the public debt ; she is lending assistance to the Liberian Government in the reform of internal finances ; she is aiding Liberia in the organization and drilling of her frontier force. These are good things, and it is to be hoped that they will prove as helpful as has been anticipated. We should help Liberia, and help her handsomely; she deserves all that we can do for her. We must be careful, of course, in our assistance, not to accustom her to the notion of dependency. IMuscle can only be developed PROBLEMS, 225 in a body by the exercise of that body itself. No being can develop muscle for another. Liberia, if she is to prosper, must develop energy, force, inde- pendence ; she needs help but must work out her own salvation. Exercise to be valuable must not be a death struggle; we must protect her from her foes, but we must insist upon her self-development. There are, however, still many things that we can do for the Republic without reducing her to a condition of dependency and pauperization. We should energize every already existing bond between us. There are already missions established in the Republic; these should be handsomely main- tained, without forgetting that the ultimate end is the production of self-supporting churches ; the needs of missions and mission-schools should be carefully examined by the different Boards and liberal appro- priations made to meet them ; it is desirable that the Presbyterian denomination — so rich, respectable, and self-satisfied — should really look after its "little flock of humble black folk" with their splendid op- portunity before them. The Boards which hold funds for the benefit of Liberia College should seriously recognize the importance of their responsibility ; they should investigate with care, and act promptly and liberally; they must devise some method of more effective co-operation with the local management for gaining the great ends possible by combined action. There are funds in the United States intended to aid Liberia, which are tied up and have been tied up for many years through some unfortunate condition in the terms of the bequest; such funds, if possible, should be put to work; if they are actually unavail- able, it is best that a final decision be reached, and public announcement be made of the unfortunate fact; it is better that Liberia should not be kept waiting in hope of aid that never comes. A consid- erable interest was aroused in the United States by the visit of the Commission in 1908 ; this interest was 15. 226 LIBERIA. shown in the newspapers of the day ; it is greatly to be desired that the American people should be kept constantly informed as to Liberia ; information should not be spasmodically given out, but there should be a definite, constant spreading of facts regarding the Republic, whose heroic struggle deserves our firm and steady sympathy. The need was never greater for a regular line of shipping between the two Republics than now; this has been already sufficiently con- sidered. It would be a fine philanthropy to estab- lish and conduct such a line of communication for a period of time, even at a loss ; in the long run, the line would lose its philanthropic feature and become a fairly paying business proposition. It is most im- portant that the contact between the two nations be increased; Liberians have occasionally come to us under various circumstances; more Americans in course of time visit Liberia than the public generally knows; every opportunity of inviting Liberians to this country as students, delegates, visitors, business representatives, should be encouraged ; and it should become a simple, natural, and frequent thing for Americans to visit the black Republic. Lastly, our government should adopt a clear and definite policy of sympathy ; if we make it well understood that we look upon Liberia as related to us, and that we will permit no further injustice, we need have no fears of being involved in international difficulties on her account; the cry "hands off" will be sufficient. Let us quit internationalizing her problems. They are justly questions between us and her; they concern no other nation. But do not let us ever think of absorbing the Republic; let us guarantee her in- dependence; we do not wish a protectorate; we have too many different kinds of national relations now; Alaska, Hawaii, Porto Rico, Cuba, Santo Do- mingo, Nicaragua, and the Philippines make our governmental policy to-day sufficiently complex. We want no more new and strange relations. Liberia is PROBLEMS. 227 our sister uation^daughter, if you please — and very definitely such. She is brunette, but her virtues are our virtues, her vices are our vices. Let us admit and emphasize the kinship. REPRINTED ARTICLES. THE LIBERIAN CRISIS. (Unity. March 25, 1909.) In closing my The Truth ahout the Congo, I said: "If it is necessary for us as a nation to look for African adventure; if to give a strenuous President the feeling that he is ' doing something ' we must meddle in the affairs of the Dark Continent, there is a district where we might intervene with more of reason and consistency and grace than we are doing by going to the Congo. We once established on African soil, whether wisely or not I do not intend to discuss, a free republic for the blacks. In Liberia we have an American enterprise, pure and simple. It has not been a great success. It is just possible — though I doubt it — that Liberia would at several times have profited and been advantaged by our instruction and interest. But it seema to possess little interest for us. Just now, like the Congo, it is attracting British attention. Whether it has large or little value, whether it possesses great opportunities or not, it is now a center of interest to Great Britain. She does not need our help in pulling chestnuts from the fire there, and there has been strange silence and ignorance in this country regarding it as a new sphere for English influence. If we assist England in ex- panding her African possessions at the expense of the Congo Free State, Liberia will be the next fraction of Africa to suc- cumb to English rule. England's methods of procedure are various. It might be a useful lesson for our statesmen and politicians to study Liberia 's prospects with care. We are still young in the business of grabbing other people's lands. Eng- land could teach us many lessons. The latest one may well be worthy of our attention, since, in a certain sense, it deals with a district where we naturally possess an interest. ' ' At the time, these suggestions caused some surprise. Amer- icans were (and are) totally ignorant regarding Liberia and felt that my remarks were due to prejudice. I have no preju- dice against England, from which my ancestry chiefly came. A few months have proved the truth of my predictions. In May last a Commission appointed by the Liberian government called upon President Eoosevelt and begged the intervention of the United States for the purpose of guaranteeing independence and "integrity against the encroachments of powerful Euro- 229 230 LIBERIA. pean governments. ' ' Among the reasonable ideas urged by this Conunission was that disputes between Liberia and France, Germany and England should be settled by arbitration and not by a resort to force. We wisely refused to establish a protect- orate over" Liberia, but our government agreed to use its good offices with England, France and Germany. Considerable corre- spondence seems to have taken place and some interest relative to Liberia has been aroused. But on the whole no serious progress has been made and a few days since the newspapers contained the following item: ' ' Washington, D. C, Feb. 12. — Cable advices received at the state department today indicate that a climax has been reached in the Liberian situation. Conditions are grave, and great alarm is felt by foreign officials in Liberian employ. "A British gunboat has arrived to afford protection to foreign interests and a company of soldiers has been sent from Sierra Leone to the eapitol at Monrovia for the same purpose. Apparently great despondency is entertained as to the ability of the government to maintain itself and as to the future of Liberia as a nation. ' ' The notice closed with these words: "The cable today called attention to the effort of the state department, inaugurated by Secretary Eoot, to secure an appro- priation of $20,000 to enable the president to send to Liberia a commission with a view to reporting recommendations as to the specific action this government should take which would constitute the most effective measures of relief. Secretary Root anticipated the development of conditions which would menace seriously the future of Liberia, which was established as a direct result of the action, first, of American citizens, and, secondly, of the government of the United States. ' ' What can we do? What should we do? First; we should notify Great Britain, France and Germany that encroachment upon Liberian sovereignty will be considered an unfriendly act by us; that coercion ought not to be used in the collection of debts, even though Liberia did not take part in the Hague Con- ference of 1907. Second ; we should use our good offices to bring about definite arrangements between Liberia and the European nations for arbitration of all points at issue between them. Third; we should under no circumstances attempt to make a model government for her, nor should we insist upon reforms along our lines, but we should appoint an advisory commission of thoughtful and well-balanced men, who shall thoroughly in- vestigate conditions and stand ready to give asked advice when needful upon points of importance. This commission should be retained for several years and should be non-partisan. So much we can and should do. REPRINTED ARTICLES. 231 THE NEEDS OF LIBERIA. (The Open Court. March, 1913.) The situation of Liberia is critical. Her long-troubling boundary questions with Great Britain and France are not per- manently settled; they have been re-opened and both countries are pressing. We did well to come to her financial aid ; but we did badly in needlessly inflicting upon her .an expensive and complicated international receivership instead of an economical, simple and national one. Liberia's crying needs are: a. Training of her native frontier force to protect her boundaries and maintain order there; fe. Development of existing frails, with their ultimate trans- formation into Eoads and railroad beds; 0. Eestoration and development of agriculture — now neglected ; d. Education, especially along lines of manual and tech- nical training. Liberia's greatest asset is her native population; only by imbuing it with the feeling of common interest and by securing its hearty co-operation can the government of Africa 's only republic hope to maintain itself and prosper. A SOJOURNER IN LIBERIA. {The Spirit of Missions. April, 1913.) Anxious to see all possible of Liberia, we gladly accepted Bishop Ferguson's invitation to visit Bromley and to inspect the work done at the Julia C. Emery Hall. On reaching the landing at Monrovia at 8 a. m. we found the mission steamer, the Johii Payne, ready. Our party consisted of ex-President Barclay, ex-Postmaster-General Blount, Justice T. McCants Stewart of the Supreme Court, Major Young, U. S. A., military attache of the American Legation, Mayor Johnson, the Eev. Mr. Cassell and Bishop Ferguson — all residents of Liberia — my photographer and myself. He and I were the only white men. Of the colored men some Avere born in Liberia, others in the United States — North and South — one at least in the British West Indies. Ex-President Arthur Barclay is by many consid- ered to be the ablest man of Liberia ; he has had a wide experi- ence and has gained exceptional knowledge of Liberian needs and problems. Mayor Johnson is one of the sons of the late President Johnson, who was the first "son of the soil" to oc- cupy the presidential chair of the negro republic. Bishop Ferguson, born in South Carolina, has lived so many years in Cape Palmas and Monrovia that no one ever thinks of him as 232 LIBERIA. aught but a Liberian. He is a man of energy and ideas and his work speaks for his efficiency. We were soon off, and for three hours steamed up the river, a typical, tropical African stream. A dense tangle of mangroves extends far out from the shore on both sides, over the water, completely concealing the actual land; the trunks rise from pyramids of exposed roots; from the branches, slender shoots, round-tipped, strike vertically down, penetrate the water, force their way into the soft, oozy mud of the river bottom, take root and aid in spreading the tangled growth still further out- over the water. Here and there straight gashes are cut into this mass of crowded trees to serve as landing-channels for native canoes. The first part of our journey was up a branch stream, the St. Paul's Eiver branching near its mouth and entering the sea by more than the single outlet. As we approached the main river, the mangrove thicket thinned, and the most striking feature in the vegetation was the dragon-palm. It, too, rises from a pyranridal mass of ex- posed roots, but in form and foliage it is totally unlike the man- grove; its long narrow leaves lead to its being often called the sword-palm. Here we could often look back over the land, and saw oil-palms with their delicate, graceful crowns outlined against the blue sky — truly blue sky, for by October 15 the period of rains is practically over. We had passed settlements, here and there, upon the way ; single houses of ' ' Liberians, ' ' or little clusters of "native" huts; New Georgia, on our right, is quite a village but seems to bear an indifferent reputation — due perhaps to its history; it was settled with slaves rescued from slaving-vessels and such slaves were rarely considered as equals, in the old days, by the colonists. When we reached the main river, the whole character of the scenery changed. The river itself was wider; the banks were cleaner and the flat land stood higher; the mangrove swamps disappeared ; plantations showing considerable attention were to be seen here and there. While we had chatted and viewed the scene the Bishop had not been idle, and the smiling black boy now passed an abundant supply of sandwiches and sliced cake, daintily wrapped in paper and tied with narrow ribbons, all prepared beforehand by Mrs. Ferguson. Served with lemon and strawberry soda-water they were a welcome refreshment. We had been so fully occupied that we had hardly noticed that three hours had passed when we saw Bromley ahead. The building stands on a level terrace well above the river. It is said to be the largest in Liberia; whether so or not, it is a spacious, plain, well-built construction, admirably adapted to' its purpose. Its architect and master builder, Mr. Scott, met us at the landing. He is a native of pure blood, a Grebo from Cape Palmas district. He has never been outside of Liberia and has had to gain his knowledge and experience as he best could. He has had correspondence instruction from an Ameri- can school and finds it of advantage. REPRINTED ARTICLES. 233 The building is known as the Julia C. Emery Hall and serves as a girls ' school. The parlor is a fine room and upon its walls are displayed interesting cuts, portraits and documents, all relative to national, racial and mission history. We were shown through the building from tower — whence a splendid view over the river is to be had — to cellar. It is well equipped — dormi- tories, school rooms, chapel, dining room, kitchen, washrooms, storerooms — all suitable and neat and clean. Seventy girls are in attendance. There are not beds for all the children, perhaps not for more than half of them ; half of the children sleep upon the floor on mats. This is no special hardship, as they are used to it; in my own opinion they are quite as well off without beds. The girls form two groups — the large girls dressed in blue and white and the little girls dressed in pink and white. They seem neat and happy. They rendered a program for us which would have done credit to any teaching here at home: Singing— "He Who Safely Keepeth" .School Recitation — ' ' The Burden " Miss Jahlamae Singing — ' ' Sweet and Low " Misses Nichols, Gibson, Tucker, Wisner Dialogue — ' ' Patience " A class Singing — ' ' Wider Than the Ocean " School Eecitation — ' ' The Echo " A class Recitation — ' ' The Hurry Order " Miss Wood Singing — ' ' Those Eternal Bowers " School Recitation — ' ' Genesis, Chap. XLIX " A class Recitation — ' ' The Chambered Nautilus " Miss Wright Recitation — ' ' Jephtha 's Daughter " Miss Muhlenberg Singing—' ' The Whole Wide World " School It is particularly interesting to see the harmony and friend- ship here. Some of the girls are Liberians, but there are also native girls from various parts of the country and from various tribes — Golas, Krus, Grebos. We went to the dining room, which had been cleared, and the girls went through with a calis- thenic drill, which was beautifully rendered. Mrs. Moort is in charge of the school and deserves much credit for its satisfac- tory condition. After this drill was over we sat down to a table loaded with good things, and some of the larger girls aided in the serving. One of the aims of the school is to teach work and housekeeping. The school property includes two hundred acres of land, which will supply much of the food needed in school and provide opportunity for instruction in gardening. The Bishop stated that we must not tarry, as we were ex- pected at Clay- Ashland. A half hour by steamer brought us to its landing, where the resident clergyman, Mr. Cooper, son-in- law of Bishop Ferguson, met us. We walked up through a straggling settlement to the little church, near which a sign in brilliant lettering announced "Welcome." Here we turned to the right and in a moment reached Alexander Crummell Hall, 234 LIBERIA. in construction. Here another brilliant lettering proclaimed ' ' A Hearty Welcome to You. ' ' The building is to be of wood with corrugated iron roofing; it is not yet covered in, but prom- ises to be a fine and suitable structure. Only the side verandah was usable; it was covered in and adorned with palms in honor of the occasion. The boys and young men were seated on two lines of benches facing, between which we walked up to the speaker's table. There were perhaps forty students present. They carried through a little program — reading, singing and addresses, all carried through with fine swing and vigor. The address of welcome was given in good English by a Bassa boy. In some interesting and appropriate remarks Major Young spoke to the boys of the life and lesson of Alexander Crummell, in whose honor the hall was named and whom he himself had known. It was now well on in the afternoon and time for us to start on our return journey. This was rapidly accomplished as the current was in our favor and we tied up at the landing in Monrovia at 6 : 30, with stars twinkling in the sky above us and town lights reflected in the water below. Bishop Ferguson had invited me to see the Kru service on a Sunday afternoon. Two Kru men called to escort me to the little chapel, which is situated on a rocky slope overhanging Krutown. The native settlement is at the waterside, upon the low sandy beach; its population, houses and life are purely native. Down there they speak Kru ; men and boys all know English ; some women and girls do. It is a hardy, vigorous, en- ergetic population. The men are water folk; they are splendid canoe men ; they are the main dependence of the steamers, which they serve as crews and wharfingers. When we arrived at the little chapel we found it crowded; more than a hundred men, women and children were assembled. The women were a sight for tired eyes, with their brilliant wrappings, gay head bands and ring-loaded fingers. Few Liberians were present — Bishop and Mrs. Ferguson, Superintendent Bright and a few teachers. Pastor McKrae is native — but a Grebo, not a Kru. The two tribes are related and their languages are very similar. I was warmly welcomed and an interesting program of singing and recitation was carried out — all in Kru except the Bishop 's intro- duction and my own remarks, which were interpreted from English into Kru as we spoke. These people are enthusiastic; they are interested in their chapel and contribute to its support ; they are crowded in their present quarters and are about to raise a larger and finer building. I had intended to see the work at Cape Palmas, but it was impossible for me to go there. For that at Bromley, Clay- Ashland and Kru chapel I have only words of praise. My own opinion is that Liberia 's greatest asset is the native. He exists in a score of independent tribes and counts a million souls. If the little black republic is to hold its own, if it is to remain a nation among nations, if it is to lead the way to African re- REPRINTED ARTICLES. 235 demption, there must be a mutual realization by Liberians and Natives of their common interest, and a hearty co-operation. The burden is too heavy for the Liberian alone. In Bishop Ferguson's work there is the nearest approach to tolerance, union, brotherhood and mutual helpfulness seen during my expedition. LIBERIA, THE HOPE OP THE DARK CONTINENT. (Unity. March 20, 1913.) An address given at All Souls Church, Abraham Lincoln Centre, Chicago, March 9, 1913. As this contains little that is not contained in the next item, and nothing but tvhat occurs in the body of the book, it is not reprinted here. WHAT LIBERIA NEEDS. (The Independent. April 3, 1913.) In 1905 I sailed from Antwerp to the mouth of the Kongo River. When we reached Freetown, Sierra Leone, we spent sev- eral hours on shore. On returning to the steamer we found all greatly changed; the white crew was laid off and the steamer was swarming with black boys who had been taken on to per- form the heavy work of the vessel so long as she should be in the hot country. In the morning I found that these black boys were Krumen from Liberia; they pointed out the shores of their country as we sailed by and told me of their people and their life. The captain of our steamer was an Englishman; he took great satisfaction in telling stories which showed his con- tempt for the little black republic and its rulers. It was his custom to laugh at their port regulations, to evade their customs laws, to insult their officers. Months later, in returning from the Kongo Free State, I sat at table next to a ship 's officer who was never tired of telling of Sir Harry Johnston's great scheme of Liberian exploitation; matters were all arranged for Britain to gain the advantage which the wealth of Liberia offers. When we reached London, I found the windows of book stores filled with Sir Harry's great work upon Liberia, and considerable public interest in the subject. It was these three things which turned my interest toward Liberia and led me to think of making an expedition to that country. I wanted to see the Kru boys at home; I wanted to see just how much of a failure the black republic is; I wanted to see how the English plans of exploitation worked out. It was, however, several years before I was able to make that 236 LIBERIA. journey. I have just returned and found much more of interest than I anticipated. It is now almost one hundred years since the American Col- onization Society was established and sent its first freed negro settlers to the West Coast of Africa; it is almost seventy years since, in 1847, the society severed its relation with the colonists and urged them to establish an independent form of govern- ment. We have no right to take any great amount of credit to ourselves for the original establishment; it was less from philanthropy or altruism than from selfishness that we began the colony; it was because we did not want freed blacks living among white Americans that we sent them to Africa. There have been various times during the period of Liberia's history when we might have helped her greatly; we have never quite forgotten our obligations, but we have never done all that we might for her benefit and profit. It is not fair to establish a direct comparison between Liberia and any European colony upon the West Coast of Africa. It is not just, for instance, to take Dakar or Free- town and compare them with Monrovia. Senegal and Sierra Leone have had great advantages which have been lacking in Liberia. Those colonies have had the constant aid and sym- pathy of a mother country; they have been developed vcith the aid of vast home capital; they have had the protection of well organized armies against internal foes and external aggression; they have had chosen men sent out as governors who have given them advice, encouragement, instruction. Liberia has had to stand alone; her population was largely ignorant persons, de- spised, recently emerged from slavery; she has had no interest of a mother country ; she has had no capital with which to push development ; she has had no means of protection against native tribes or crowding neighbors ; she has had to train governors from her own population, who have had to learn the business of government through personal experience. When this marked difference in opportunity and material is realized, the wonder is that Liberia has been able to make any real achievement. As a matter of fact, while the direct comparison is most unjust, it can be made without serious discredit to Liberia. The stand- ard of living, the average comfort, the construction of houses and other buildings in Liberia, falls little short of those in Freetown, if at all; of course, when it comes to public enter- prises — harbor improvements, governmental offices, etc. — the European colony has notable advantage. In reality, Liberian achievement is marvelous in the face of all the difficulties with which the country has had to contend. Far from being a dismal failure, Liberia has proved an astonishing success. For more than sixty years her officers have been pitted against the skilled politicians of European countries; they have had to fight in diplomatic warfare with Great Britain, France and Germany. The wonder is that she was not long since wiped off the map. REPRINTED ARTICLES. 237 In 1908. a commission of Liberians was sent to beg assistance from the fnited States. Through a period of jears she had lost land, first to Great Britain, then to France, both of which own adjacent territory: her commerce had been hampered by British schemers who desired to prevent her development untU they themselves should control its results; she had been forced twice to borrow money from Great Britain — and both times had paid heavUy for soant accommodation. Bobbed of land, crip- pled in development, heavily in debt to a pressing creditor, a crisis had t>een reached in her affairs. The United States heard the appeal and an?wererotect and defend the Con- stitution, and enforce the laws of the Eepvblic of Liberia. ARTICLE IV JUDICIAL DEPARTMENT Section 1. The judicial power of this Republic shall be vested in one Supreme Court, and such subordinate courts as the Legislature may from time to time establish. The judges of the Supreme Court, and all other judges of courts, shall hold their office during good behaviour; but may be removed by the Presi- dent, on the address of two-thirds of both houses for that pur- pose, or by impeachment, and conviction thereon. The judges shall have salaries established by law, which may be increased, but not diminished during their continuance in office. They shall not receive other perquisites, or emoluments whatever from parties, or others, on account of any duty required of them. Section 2. The Supreme Court shall have original juris- diction in all cases affecting ambassadors, or other public min- isters and consuls, and those to which a country shall be a party. In all other cases the Supreme Court shall have appellate juris- diction, both as to law and facts, with such exceptions and under such regulations as the Legislature shall from time to time make. ARTICLE V MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS All laws now in force in the Commonwealth of Liberia and not repugnant to the Constitution shall be in force as the laws of the Republic of Liberia until they shall be repealed by the Legislature. Section 2. All judges, magistrates, and other officers now concerned in the administration of justice in the Commonwealth of Liberia, and all other existing civil and military officers therein, shall continue to hold and discharge the duties of their respective offices in the name and by the authority of the Re- public until others shall be appointed and commissioned in their stead, pursuant to the Constitution. 270 LIBERIA. Section 3. All towns and municipal corporations within the Republic, constituted under the laws of the Commonwealth of Liberia, shall retain their existing organizations and privi- leges, and the respective officers thereof shall remain in office and act under the authority of this Republic in the same man- ner and with like power as they now possess under the laws of said Commonwealth. Section 4. The first election of President, Vice-President, Senators and Representatives, shall be held on the first Tuesday in October, in the year of Our Lord, Eighteen Hundred and Forty-seven, in the same manner as the election of members of the Council are held in the Commonwealth of Liberia; and the votes shall be certified and returned to the Colonial Secretary, and the result of the election shall be ascertained, posted, and notified by him, as is now by law provided, in case of such members of Council. Section 5. All other elections of Presidents, Vice-Presi- dent, Senators and Representatives, shall be held in the respec- tive towns on the first Tuesday in May in every two years; to be held and regulated in such a manner as the Legislature may by law prescribe. The returns of votes shall be made to the Secretary of State, who shall open the same and forthwith issue notices of the election to the persons apparently so elected Senators and Representatives; and all such returns shall be by him laid before the Legislature at its next ensuing session, to- gether with a list of the names of the persons who appear by such returns to have been duly elected Senators and Representa- tives; and the persons appearing by said returns to be duly elected shall proceed to organize themselves accordingly, as the Senate and House of Representatives. The votes for President shall be sorted, counted and declared by the House of Repre- sentatives; and if no person shall appear to have a majority of such votes, the Senators and Representatives present, shall, in convention, by joint ballot, elect from among the persons having the three highest number of votes, a person to act as President for the ensuing term. Section 6. The Legislature shall assemble once at least in every year, and such meetings shall be on the first Monday in January, unless a different day shall be appointed by law. Section 7. Every legislator and other officer appointed under this Constitution shall, before he enters upon the duties of his office, take and subscribe a solemn oath, or affirmation, to support the Constitution of this Republic, and faithfully and impartially discharge the duties of such office. The presiding officer of the Senate shall administer such oath or afiarmation, to the President in Convention of both Houses; and the Presi- APPENDICES. 271 dent shall administer the same to the Vice-President, to the Senators, and to the Eepresentatives in like manner. When the President is unable to attend, the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court may administer the oath, or affirmation to him at any place, and also to the Vice-President, Senators, and Eepresenta- tives, in convention. Other officers may take such oath, or affirmation before the President, Chief Justice, or any other person who may be designated by law. Section 8. All elections of public officers shall be made by a majority of the votes, except in cases otherwise regulated by the Constitution, or by law. Section 9. Officers created by this Constitution, which the present circumstances of the Republic do not require that they shall be filled, shall not be filled until the Legislature shall deem it necessary. Section 10. The property of which a woman may be pos- sessed at the time of her marriage, and also that of which she may afterwards become possessed, otherwise than by her hus- band, shall not be held responsible for his debts, whether contracted before, or after marriage. Nor shall the property thus intended to be secured to the woman be alienated otherwise than by her free and voluntary consent, and such alienation may be made by her either by sale, devise, or otherwise. Section 11. In all cases in which estates are insolvent, the widow shall be entitled to one third of the real estate during her natural life, and to one third of the personal estate, which she shall hold in her own right, subject to alienation by her, by sale, devise, or otherwise. Section 12. No person shall be entitled to hold real estate in this Eepublic unless he be a citizen of the same. Nevertheless this article shall not be construed to apply to colonization, mis- sionary, educational, or other benevolent institutions, so long as the property, or estate is applied to its legitimate purpose. Section 13. The great object of forming these colonies be- ing to provide a home for the dispersed and oppressed children of Africa, and to regenerate and enlighten this benighted con- tinent, none but persons of color shall be admitted to citizenship in this Republic. Section 14. The purchase of any land by any citizen, or citizens from the aborigines of this country for his or their otvn use, or for the benefit of others, as estate or estates, in fee 272 LIBERIA. simple, shall be considered null and void to all intents and purposes. Section 15. The improvement of the native tribes and their advancement in the art of agriculture and husbandry being a cherished object of this government, it shall be the duty of the President to appoint in each county some discreet person whose duty it shall be to make regular and periodical tours through the country for the purpose of calling the attention of the natives to those wholesome branches of industry, and of instructing them in the same, and the Ivegislature shall, as soon as it can conveniently be done, make provisions for these purposes by the appropriation of money. Section 16. The existing regulations of the American Colonization Society, in the Commonwealth, relative to immi- grants, shall remain the same in the Eepublic until regulated by compact between the Society and the Eepublic; nevertheless, the Legislature shall make no law prohibiting emigration. And it shall be among the first duties of the Legislatvire, to take meas- ures to arrange the future relations between the American Colonization Society and this Eepublic. Section 17. This Constitution may be altered whenever two thirds of both branches of the Legislature, shall deem it necessary; in which case the alterations or amendments, shall first be considered and approved by the Legislature by the con- currence of two thirds of the members of each branch and afterwards by them submitted to the people, and adopted by two thirds of all the electors at the next biennial meeting for the election of Senators, and Eepresentatives. DONE in CONVENTION, at Monrovia in the County of Montserrado, by the unanimous consent of the people of the Commonwealth of Liberia, this Twenty-sixth day of July, in the Year of Our Lord One Thousand Eight Hundred and Forty-seven, and of the EEPUBLIC the first. In witness whereof we have hereto set our names. (As before.) AN ACT AMENDING THE CONSTITUTION OE THE EEPUBLIC OF LIBEEIA 1907 An Act proposing Sundry Amendments to the Constitution of Liberia. It is enacted hy the Senate and House of Eepresentatives of the BepuMic of Liberia in Legislature assembled: — APPENDICES. 273 Section 1. That the following Amendments shall become part of the National Constitution and be submitted to the people at the ensuing biennial election to lie held on the first Tuesday in May, A. D. 1907, throughout the several counties of the Re- public for their consideration and approval, or non-approval, and the ballot shall be written "adoption, or no adoption." Section 2. That Article 3rd, Section 1st be made to read, ' ' The supreme executive power shall be vested in a President, who shall be elected by the people and shall hold his ofRce for the term of four years and be elected quadrennially." Section 3. That Article 2nd, Section 2nd, after the words ' ' Twenty-three years ' ' be made to read. The Representatives shall be elected quadrennially and shall serve for four years from the time of their election. Section 4. That Article 2nd, Section 5th, after the words, "Twenty-five" be made to read "The Senators shall serve for six years and shall be elected quadrennially, and those elected May, A. D. 1905, shall retain their seat for six years, from the time of their election, and all who are afterwards elected, six years. Section 5. That when a vacancy occurs in the office of Vice-President by death, resignation or otherwise, after the regular election of the President and Vice-President, the Presi- dent shall immediately order a special election to fill said vacancy. Section 6. That Article 5th, Section 13th be made to read ' ' None but Negroes or persons of Negro descent, shall be eligible to citizenship in this Republic." Section 7. That Section 3rd, of Article 4th, be made to read, "The judges of the Supreme Court shall be the Chief and two Associate Justices. ' ' Any law to the contrary notwithstanding. SUGGESTIONS Made by the Liberian Government to the American Commission in 1909 1. That the Government of the United States be requested to guarantee as far as practicable the independence and integ- rity of Liberia, either alone or in conjunction with certain European powers. 18. 274 LIBERIA. ^ 2. To advise and counsel the GoverDment of Liberia on international affairs and with respect to reforms. 3. The Government of the United States be requested to liquidate the foreign and local indebtedness of the Kepublic, taking over the control of its financial and customs administra- tions for a period of years sufficient to effect a reorganization and systematization of same under American experts and allow- ing to the Eepublic an annual sum to be hereinafter agreed upon for the payment of the expenses of the Government and for internal improvements until the amount advanced by the United States for the liquidation of the indebtedness of the Eepublic be paid. 4. That tJie United States Government be requested to fur- nish the Eepublic with experts for service in such departments of government as may be deemed necessary — at the expense of the latter — -in order to facilitate and carry out the necessary reforms. 5. That the Government of the United States be requested to use its good offices in inducing American capitalists — either in conjunction with foreign capitalists or alone — to establish a bank in Liberia which shall receive the revenues of the Eepublic and make advances to the Government upon terms to be agreed upon, and also to construct and run railways and other improve- ments. 6. That the Government of the United States be requested to enter into an arbitration treaty with Liberia, and to use its good and kind offices with the European powers interested in West Africa to enter into similar engagements with the Eepublic. 7. That the American Government be requested to use their good offices to secure the equitable execution of the boundary arrangements entered into between the Government of Liberia and the Government of Great Britain and France, especially to assist the Government of Liberia diplomatically to secure pos- session of the Kanre Lahun section and other sections in the north of Liberia, now occupied by Great Britain, which by the Anglo-Liberian boundary commission were acknowledged to this Eepublic, as well as the securing to Liberia the hinterland recog- nized as Liberian by the conventions concluded between her and France, but which has been materially altered to the detriment of Liberia by the delimitation commission of 1908-9. 8. That the Government of the United States be requested to undertake a scientific research of the country with the view of ascertaining a more accurate knowledge of its mineral, vege- table, and other resources, and to interest American capitalists in the development of the same ; and also to aid the Government of Liberia in the establishment of a school for scientific medical research with particular reference to the study of tropical diseases. 9. To aid the Government of Liberia in establishing indus- trial schools in one or more of the counties of the Eepublic with APPENDICES. 275 a view of promoting a knowledge of such trades and industries as will render the Republic self-reliant. 10. To aid in establishing civilized centers on the frontiers and hinterland in order to accelerate the uplifting and improve- ment of the natives and perpeputate the object of the Ameri- can founders of Liberia. 11. To supervise the organization of a police and frontier force under American officers. 12. To request the United States war ships to visit Liberia annually, or oftener. 13. It is the anxious desire of Liberia that closer business relations and a substantial sail or steam service be established between the mother country and ours, and to this end we ear- nestly ask that the United States will encourage and foster a regular line of steamers (by an American company) to carry mails and passengers to and from Liberia as well as African produce to the American markets. 14. The Government of Liberia here express its willingness to concede to the Government of the United States any rights and privileges for the construction of coaling stations or any other enterprises ^^hich she may deem necessary to enter upon that would be beneficial to the people and Government of the United States, the same not being inconsistent with existing treaty stipulations with other foreign powers. LIBERIAN OFFICIALS AGENTS AND GOVERNORS Eli Ayres * 1822 Frederick James 1822 Elijah Johnson 1822 Jehudi Ashman * 1822 Lott Carey 1828 Richard Randall * 1828 William Mechlin * 1829 John B. Pinney ^ 1834 Ezekiel Skinner * 1835 A. D. Williams 1836 Thomas Buchanan * 1839 Joseph J. Roberts 1841 GOVERNORS OF MARYLAND James Hall "" ; 1834 J. B. Russwurm 1836 S. F. McGill 1851 William A. Front 1854 B. J. Drayton 1856 * Indicates white men. 276 LIBERIA. PRESIDENTS AND VICE-PRESIDENTS OF THE REPUBLIC Joseph J. Roberts, Monrovia 1848 Stephen A. Benson, Buchanan. .. .1856 Daniel B. Warner, Monrovia 1804 James S. Payne, Monrovia 1868 Edward J. Eoye, Monrovia 1870 Joseph J. Roberts, Monrovia 1872 James S. Payne, Monrovia 1876 Anthony W. Gardner, Monrovia. . .1878 (Alfred P. Russell) 1883 Hilary Richard Wright Johnson, Monrovia 1884 Joseph J. Cheeseman, Edina 1892 William D. Coleman, Clay- Ashland . 1896 Garretson W. Gibson, Monrovia. .. 1902 Arthur Barclay, Monrovia 1904 1908 Daniel E. Howard, Monrovia 1912 Nathaniel Brandes A. D. Williama Stephen A. Benson Benjamin Y. Yates Daniel B. Warner James Priest Joseph Gibson James S. Smith Anthony W. Gardner Charles Harmon Alfred P. Russell James Thompson William D. Coleman Joseph J. Ross Joseph Summerville Joseph Summerville James J. Dossen Samuel G. Harmon SECRETARIES OF STATE Hiliary Teague J. N. Lewis D. B. Warner E. W. Ely den J. W. Blackledge H. R. W. Johnson J. E. Moore W. M. Davis Ernest Barclay G. W. Gibson A. Barclay W. V. Gibson (pro tern) H. W. Travis APPENDICES. 277 NATIONAL ANTHEM All hail, Liberia, hail! This glorious land of liberty Shall long be ours. Tho' new her name. Green be her fame, And mighty be her powers. In joy and gladness, with our hearts united, We '11 shout the freedom of a race benighted. Long live Liberia, happy land. A home of glorious liberty by God's command. All hail ! Liberia, hail ! In union strong, success is sure. We cannot fail. With God above. Our rights to prove, We will the world assail. With heart and hand our country's cause defending We meet the foe, with valor unpretending. Long live Liberia, happy land, A home of glorious liberty by God's command. MAP OF ^ UC SOUTHERN REGIONAL LIBRARY FACILITY A A 001 411 087 3 1210 00248 0653 'll ' iiiiiiiiiiiii liil! I 'iiit ii m M'