HE 
 R 
 i^ i BOTIER
 
 LJNiV'.R'-.lTY OP 
 CALIFORNIA 
 
 SAN DIEGO
 
 STORIES ABOUT 
 ^ f- JAPAN "f- ^ 
 
 By ANNIE R. BUTLER 
 
 Author of 'Glimpses of Maori Land' 
 
 ' Little Workers and Little Sufferers ' 
 
 'The Children's King' etc 
 
 ' The old order changeth, yielding place to new, 
 And God fulfils Himself in many ways' — Ttnnpon 
 
 LONDON THE RELIGIOUS TRACT SOCIETY 
 
 56 PATERNOSTER ROW and 65 ST. PAUL'S CHURCHYARD
 
 PREFACE 
 
 Jhese * Stones about Japan ' are meant for 
 children. 
 
 They are a mosaic from many sources; 
 amongst others, from J. J. Rein's learned 
 work on Japan, Sir Edward James Reed's 
 Japan, Miss Bird's Unbeaten Tracks in 
 Japan, Eugene Stock's masterly rSswme of 
 the history of Japan and the Japan Mission, 
 and Coleridge's Lije and Letters oj Xavier ; 
 also from various American periodicals — 
 Life and Light, Mission Dayspri^ig, Mission- 
 ary Link, Helping Hand, Little Helpers, and 
 Children s Work for Children. 
 
 I am indebted to the Church Missionary 
 Society, the Baptist Missionary Society, and 
 to the Women's Board of Missions, Boston,
 
 6 Preface. 
 
 for the gift of various back numbers of their 
 pubHcations which throw Hght upon the 
 country, people, and missions of Japan ; 
 and to two friends who have been in that 
 land for verbal and written information on 
 the same subjects. I have also to thank one 
 of these friends — a missionary of many years' 
 experience — for her kindness in criticising 
 the greater part of my manuscript. 
 
 For the illustrations on pages 24, 59, 67, 
 87, and 96, I am indebted to the courtesy of 
 Mr. John Murray ; and the illustrations from 
 the Japanese Pilgrim's Progress, on pages 
 113, 118, and 119, are inserted by the kind 
 permission of Mr. Eugene Stock, of the 
 Church Missionary Society. 
 
 A. R. B.
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 ——<^^'^p 
 
 CHAPTER 
 
 I. The Traditions of Japan 
 
 II. The Religions of Japan 19 
 
 III The History of Japan 35 
 
 IV. The Land of the Rising Sun ... 43 
 
 V. How the Japanese Live .... 52 
 
 VI. Japanese Medicine and Medical Missions 84 
 
 VII. Other Mission Work in Japan . 96 
 
 PAGE 
 II
 
 ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 l-M-l 
 
 PAGB 
 
 A KURUMA, OR JiNRIKSHA . . . Frontispiece 
 
 A Japanese Mansion lo 
 
 Buddhist Priest in Full Dress . . . . i8 
 One of the Colossal Stone Images of Buddha 
 
 FOUND IN Japan 24 
 
 A Japanese Praying Wheel 29 
 
 A Japanese Noble and his Attendants as they 
 
 used to be 34 
 
 Map of Japan 43 
 
 A Japanese Postman 53 
 
 Mount Fuji-san, from the Sea .... 59 
 Mount Fuji-san, from an Inland Point of 
 
 View 63 
 
 Japanese Attendant at a Tea-House ... 67 
 
 A Japanese Candlestick 76 
 
 Japanese Mother and Baby 87 
 
 A Buddhist Temple Gate in Japan ... 96 
 
 Mr. Worldly Wiseman 113 
 
 Christian and Hopeful in the Flatterer's Net 118 
 Christian at the Wicket- Gate . . . .119
 
 STORIES ABOUT JAPAN. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 THE TRADITIONS OF JAPAN. 
 
 * Land of the sun ! what foot invades 
 Thy pagods and thy pillared shades, 
 Thy cavern shrines and idol stones, 
 Thy monarchs and their thousand thrones ? ' 
 
 — Moore. 
 
 [here were, so runs the story I have 
 just been reading, in the very far back 
 ages — * in the beginning,' as we should 
 say — three deities dwelHng in otherwise 
 uninhabited space. Their names were the 
 Lord of the Centre of Heaven, the Lofty 
 Producer, and the Divine Producer. 
 
 By the two latter were produced the sun 
 and moon ; and then there were five, instead 
 of three ' Gods of the Heavens.' 
 
 As time went on, fourteen inferior ofods
 
 1 2 The Traditions of Japan. 
 
 and goddesses were born of the sun and 
 moon, of whom two, and two only, are ne- 
 cessary to our story. For these two it was 
 who determined to create Japan. 
 
 In order to have some spot on which to 
 rest while carrying out their purpose, one of 
 them, the husband, thrust a spear down from 
 heaven into the sea. As he drew it up, the 
 drops which fell from it hardened and became 
 an island ; and on this the sun-born pair 
 descended. And in due course the eight 
 most important islands of Japan might have 
 been seen raising their heads above the 
 surface of the sea in the far, far east. 
 
 Other children were born to this god and 
 goddess, one of whom, whose name was 
 From-heaven-shining-great-august-deity, was 
 so bright and beautiful that her parents not 
 only allowed her to help them to govern the 
 earth, which in those days only meant Japan, 
 but they also made her Goddess of the Sun. 
 
 But ages passed on, and the sun goddess, 
 finding, perhaps, that the affairs of the 
 heavenly body committed to her charge re- 
 quired all her attention, appointed her grand-
 
 The Traditions of Japan. 13 
 
 son as her successor upon earth. Before he 
 started for this world, she placed in his 
 hands three imperial treasures — a stone ball, 
 a sword, and a mirror — saying, as she gave 
 the mirror, — 
 
 ' Look upon this as my spirit, and worship 
 it as if thou wert worshipping my actual 
 presence, and thy dynasty will endure as 
 long as heaven and earth.' 
 
 And now Ninigi left for earth by the float- 
 ino^ brido-e of heaven, and alia"hted at the 
 south-west corner of his bow-shaped king- 
 dom. 
 
 All I know further about Ninigi is that he 
 married, and had a son whose name deserves 
 a line to itself, — 
 
 Amatsuhitakahikohohodemino-mikoto, 
 
 and a grandson, whose name I will spare you. 
 But it does not much matter, for the real 
 history of Japan begins with his great-grand- 
 son, Jimmu Tenno. 
 
 Jimmu was a powerful and enlightened 
 prince, as, indeed, he might well be, with such 
 a distinguished ancestry. He sought the
 
 14 The Traditions of Japan. 
 
 good of the country over which he had been 
 so strangely placed, and dutifully preserved 
 the gifts of his great-grandmother, as did 
 also the emperors who followed him. 
 
 And, lo ! it came to pass that while other 
 dynasties rose and fell, and passed away, the 
 dynasty of Jimmu Tenno endured, and may, 
 for aught I know, endure, as the sun goddess 
 promised, ' as long as the earth.' 
 
 Am I telling you truth or nonsense, do 
 you ask ? 
 
 Well, dear children, truth and nonsense are 
 so mixed up in all the early history of Japan, 
 that it is not very easy to separate them. 
 * Believe everything you can believe ; it is 
 by far the most interesting thing to do,' as a 
 dear old friend of mine says to her young 
 friends. 
 
 And some, at least, of this story you may 
 look upon as true. Jimmu Tenno is an his- 
 torical personage whose reign began 660 
 years before Christ; and no less than 123 
 emperors, or Mikados, have followed him in 
 a direct line of succession ; whilst our Queen
 
 The Traditions of Japan. 15 
 
 Victoria, of whose descent we think so much, 
 is only the thirtieth from William the Con- 
 queror ! Why, * Old England ' is but a 
 child to the nation whose first monarch was a 
 contemporary of Manasseh, King of Judah ! 
 
 The traditions of Japan are well worth 
 studying, because, whatever may be the 
 amount of truth or fiction in them, they 
 have left their stamp upon the country and 
 the people. To this day, if you were in 
 Japan, you would hear the Mikado called 
 'Son of Heaven,' 'Emperor of Heaven'; 
 while the chrysanthemum, with its sun-like 
 rays, is used as the symbol of royalty, just 
 IS the lily is in France ; and the national 
 flag still bears as its device a red sun rising 
 out of empty space. 
 
 A stone, sword, and mirror, the reputed 
 gifts of the sun goddess, are still carefully 
 preserved. The Mikado has the stone, or 
 ball ; the ' Sword of the Clustering Clouds 
 of Heaven ' has received the adoration of 
 millions at the temple of Atsuta ; and the 
 mirror is at a place called Ise, while a copy 
 of it is to be found in every Shinto temple.
 
 1 6 The Ti^aditions of Japan. 
 
 These mirrors are looked upon as images 
 of the sun, and as an emblem of the purity 
 of heart which all should strive to attain. 
 Even ordinary looking-glasses have their 
 lesson for the Japanese; seeming, as they 
 do, to say to them, — 
 
 ' Be righteous. Do nothing, speak no- 
 thing, think nothing, which you would not 
 like to see reflected in me.' 
 
 For women, who are looked upon in Japan, 
 as in China, as ' easily swerved from the 
 right,' a looking-glass is considered a most 
 appropriate present
 
 ^Ti-'^iU 
 
 BUDDHIST PRIEST IN KUIX DRESS. 
 i8
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 THE RELIGIONS OF JAPAN. 
 
 SPOKE just now of Shinto temples. 
 Shintoism is the older of the two prin- 
 cipal religions of Japan. It teaches wor- 
 ship of the sun goddess and of her descend- 
 ants the Emperors, or Mikados, of Japan ; 
 and it teaches also obedience to the reigning 
 Mikado, and the need of purity, though on 
 this last point it is anything but clear and 
 helpful. 
 
 * Man sins,' it says, ' and needs cleansing ; 
 but, if he consults his own heart, he is sure 
 to do right.* 
 
 Brave, learned, and benevolent men are 
 worshipped in the Shinto temples, and so also 
 are various natural objects and other gods 
 which have been added from time to time. 
 
 Outside each Shinto temple is a straw rope
 
 20 The Religions of Japan. 
 
 with tassels, and a bell which must be rung 
 to attract the attention of the gods. And 
 each worshipper, before entering, must rinse 
 his mout)h and wash his hands. Once inside, 
 he claps his hands to call the gods again, 
 throws some money on the ground, kneels 
 down several times and mutters a few words, 
 and then his prayers are over. 
 
 What is the meaning of the straw rope ? 
 Well, once in the olden days of which I was 
 telling you a little while ago, the sun god- 
 dess was offended and hid herself in a cavern. 
 This so distressed the other gods, who were 
 now left in darkness and confusion, that when 
 at last they had enticed her out, they threw 
 a straw rope round her to hold her tight and 
 prevent her from leaving them again. And 
 ever since then a straw rope has been a 
 symbol of her worship. 
 
 The other great religion of Japan is Bud- 
 dhism. About twelve hundred years ago, 
 some Buddhist priests, statues, prayer-books, 
 etc., were sent to Japan from the neighbour- 
 ing country of Korea, with a recommendation 
 of the merits of Buddhism. The Mikado
 
 The Religions of Japan. 21 
 
 gave all the presents away, and said that he 
 wished the Koreans would send him phy- 
 sicians, apothecaries, artists, and learned men, 
 instead of priests. 
 
 But time wore on, and many of the 
 Japanese, first amongst the rich and then 
 amongst the poor, adopted the faith of Bud- 
 dha, which became at last the prevailing 
 religion of the country, and so has continued 
 during the last six hundred years. 
 
 Do you know how Buddhism first of all 
 began, and what it teaches ? 
 
 About the time probably that Jimmu 
 Tenno was reigning over Japan, though the 
 exact date is not known, an Indian prince, 
 called Gautama, became so distressed by the 
 sight of the suffering he saw all around him, 
 that he determined to leave his wife and his 
 one little son, and go into a desert and there 
 think and think until he could make out what 
 all the misery meant. 
 
 In order to think more clearly, he denied 
 himself for seven years in every possible way. 
 And then light broke upon him, and he felt 
 that he had arrived at * perfect knowledge.'
 
 2 2 The Religions of Japan. 
 
 And this was his conclusion : ' Every one 
 who exists must suffer, because every one 
 desires something ; let man deny his desires, 
 then, till he has none left ; and he will be 
 rewarded by losing his existence in nothing- 
 ness.' 
 
 Does it not sound dreary ? And yet when 
 Gautama, or Buddha (the enlightened), as 
 we must now call him, went back with his 
 ' perfect knowledge ' to the world, he taught 
 certainly some very excellent things. 
 
 * You must be truthful, pure, honest, and 
 sober,' he said, * and you must not kill. 
 These are the five great duties. You must 
 also put away covet ousness, hypocrisy, 
 anger, pride, suspicion, ingratitude, and 
 cruelty to animals. You must reverence 
 your parents, obey your elders, and be ever 
 calm, resigned, and forgiving. Thus will 
 you deny desire and attain to nothingness.' 
 
 Those who failed in these duties would, 
 Buddha taught, be born again in the form of 
 animals, and pass through great sufferings ; 
 those who fulfilled them would be born in a 
 higher state than before. And so on and on.
 
 ONE OF THE COLOSSAL STONE LMAGLS <.)K liUDDIlA FOUND LN JAI'AN.
 
 The Religions of Japan. 25 
 
 from stage to stage, until final perfection 
 should be reached. He himself, say his 
 followers, passed through no less than five 
 hundred and fifty bodies before he became 
 Buddha, the enlightened. 
 
 But come with me now to a Buddhist 
 temple, and you will see that with the course 
 of time many additions have been made to 
 the faith and practice of Buddha of which he 
 in his simple desert and missionary life little 
 dreamed. 
 
 Here we are at the temple of Asakusa, in 
 Tokio, Japan. Outside the gates are hundreds 
 of booths, on which are arranged a gorgeous 
 abundance of toys and dolls, and everything 
 else that can possibly delight the eyes of 
 babydom. Children are feeding the sacred 
 horse that stands in the gateway, and hun- 
 dreds of pigeons are swarming down from 
 the roof for their share in the feast. It is a 
 pretty sight, and it does seem tantalizing to 
 have to leave it. But there is a great deal 
 more to be seen to-day, so we must not stay 
 very long. 
 
 Now we are in the temple. Those people
 
 26 The Religions of Japan. 
 
 you see there, having rinsed their mouths, 
 and washed their hands, and rung a bell to 
 awaken the gods — just Hke the Shintoists — 
 are now beginning to pray. 
 
 Do I call that praying ? Well, they do. 
 That figure before which they are standing 
 is Kwannon, the goddess of mercy. Those 
 slips of paper which they are chewing up 
 into little round balls and spitting out to- 
 wards the shrine have prayers written upon 
 them. If these pellets stick, the worshippers 
 are happy — their prayers are heard ; if they 
 fall to the ground, they are sad — Kwannon 
 has rejected their petitions. 
 
 What a number of persons are bowing 
 before the great wooden idol yonder ! Yes, 
 that is BInzuru, a much-consulted doctor. 
 See how the people first rub their right hands 
 hard over his grotesque form — on head, neck, 
 knees, or other part, as the case may be — and 
 then stroke the same place more gently on 
 themselves, in the hope that virtue has come 
 out of him to heal them all. He looks quite 
 polished, and his face is worn smooth by all 
 this rubbing. Round his neck are a dozen
 
 The Religions of Japan. 27 
 
 bibs, the offerings of mothers on behalf of 
 their sick children. 
 
 And all the time a monotonous chant, 
 Namu Amida Butsu, * Save (or hail), eternal 
 Buddha,' is kept up by hundreds of voices ; 
 and the image of Buddha, sitting upon a lotus 
 flower — the emblem of righteousness — looks 
 down calmly upon the scene around him. 
 
 A strange scene it is, and yet this and 
 other Buddhist temples of Japan seem in 
 many ways curiously familiar to those who 
 have been in the Romish churches abroad. 
 
 Here, as there, are images in shrines with 
 halos round their heads, and altars with 
 richly ornamented altar cloths, before which 
 the tonsured priest, in surplice, or cassock, 
 hood, chasuble, and coloured stole, bows low 
 as he passes. Here are processions, acolytes, 
 tinkling of bells, the chanting of litanies in 
 an unknown tongue, and incense. Here are 
 gigantic candlesticks, lighted candles, and 
 burning lamps. And here, too, are rosaries, 
 flowers, dim light, and holy water. Nothing 
 seems wanting, not even chalices and flag- 
 ons, of approved ecclesiastical pattern. 
 
 B
 
 28 The Religions of Japan. 
 
 ' The devil stole our religion and came 
 away with it here, and turned it into Bud- 
 dhism, to prevent this people from accepting 
 Christianity when it should come here,' said 
 an astonished Roman Catholic priest one day 
 on visiting a Buddhist temple. 
 
 ' There is very little difference between 
 this and Buddhism,' observed a young 
 Japanese Christian a short time since to a 
 lady whom I know, with whom he had been 
 attending a service at one of the ritualistic 
 churches in the south-west of London. 
 
 * Man's hand has been set to much that 
 you have seen and heard to-day,' she re- 
 plied. 
 
 ' Yes, I thought it must be so ; for before 
 I came out I read in the Bible, '* God is a 
 Spirit: and they that worship Him must 
 worship Him in spirit and in truth." ' 
 
 There is one sect of Buddhists, called Shin, 
 which discourages penance, fasting, pilgrim- 
 ages, monasteries, nunneries, and celibacy 
 of the priests, which their religion, as a rule, 
 approves ; and it teaches that salvation is 
 to be obtained, not so much by good works,
 
 The Religions of Japan. 
 
 29 
 
 though these are necessary, as by impHcit 
 faith in the mercy of Buddha. The members 
 of this sect may be called the Protestants of 
 Japan. The other Buddhists say of them : 
 
 A JAPANESE PRAYING WHEEL. 
 
 ' They are so much like Christians that 
 they might as well be so out and out' 
 
 In the Asakusa temple, to which we have
 
 30 The Religions of Japa7i. 
 
 been paying an imaginary visit, is a revolving 
 room, containing a library of the Buddhist 
 scriptures. By the application of several 
 shoulders, this room can be made to go 
 round ; and one turn is considered equal to 
 reading the holy books through. 
 
 Praying is made even yet more easy. In 
 the streets are tall posts with petitions printed 
 on them, and with a little wheel attached. 
 Any one who passes by can give the wheel a 
 turn, and every turn is counted as a prayer. 
 
 Charms and little idols are often carried 
 about by the Japanese to preserve them from 
 all harm, and in most of their homes one may 
 find some, or all, of the seven household 
 gods. These are the gods of riches, daily 
 food, contentment, long life, love, learning, 
 and fame. The first two are very especial 
 favourites. Memorial tablets are put up, too, 
 in the houses to relatives who have died ; 
 and once a year worship is offered at the 
 graves of departed friends. 
 
 Before leaving the subject of the religions 
 of Japan, I ought just to tell you that there 
 is a race of people, the Ainos, living in
 
 The Religions of Japan. 31 
 
 Yezo, the second largest of the Japanese 
 islands, who worship the bear, reverence the 
 sun, moon, fire, wind, and water, and look 
 upon tattooing as a religious duty. 
 
 I say the Ainos * worship ' these objects, 
 but indeed they have little or no idea of 
 prayer. Their religion is just a few super- 
 stitions, that is all. And as to the future, 
 that is quite a blank. 
 
 * How,' they ask, * can we know about a 
 future state ? No man ever came back to 
 tell us.' 
 
 Ah ! dear children, ought not we, who 
 know something by faith of the things which 
 ' eye hath not seen, nor ear heard,' to go now 
 to tell them ? 
 
 *No interest in the Mission cause!* 
 A Christian spoke the word : 
 
 She knew not how her Ustener's heart 
 Was startled, grieved, and stirred; 
 
 Nor what responsibihty 
 
 The uttered thought incurred. 
 
 * No interest in the Mission cause !* 
 When He, who died to save,
 
 32 The Religions of Japan. 
 
 For heathen nations, as for us, 
 The priceless offering gave : 
 
 Yet unwarned, heedless multitudes 
 Are hastening to the grave ! 
 
 'Twas but a lightly-uttered word, 
 Let fall with little thought 
 
 Of all the sad significance 
 
 With which the speech was fraught. 
 
 My friend forgot the far-off field, 
 While nearer home she wrought. 
 
 But let us think — one moment think — 
 Of nations' pressing needs. 
 
 While the constraining love of Christ 
 With heart and conscience pleads, 
 
 Our ' interest ' in the Mission cause 
 Will grow to prayerful deeds. 
 
 — Selected.
 
 A JAPANESE NOBLE AND HIS ATTENDANTS AS THEY USED TO BE. 
 
 34
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 THE HISTORY OF JAPAN. 
 
 ND now let US turn for a few moments 
 from the traditions and religions of 
 Japan to its history. 
 
 Till quite lately there were in Japan 
 these three classes of people besides the 
 Mikado : the nobles, or feudal lords — like the 
 Douglases and Campbells of Scottish history 
 — their military vassals, and the common 
 people. 
 
 Now, in the reign of the seventieth Mikado, 
 about the time of our William the Conqueror, 
 there was a rebellion in Japan. The Mikado 
 sent one of the feudal lords to fight the rebels, 
 bestowing upon him the name of Shogun 
 (Barbarian-quelling generalissimo). 
 
 The noble returned covered with glory 
 from the conflict, and the title which he had
 
 36 The History of Japan. 
 
 so well earned was preserved in the family, 
 being handed down from father to son. 
 
 And, as time went on, the power of the 
 Shoguns increased, until it was they who were 
 the real rulers of Japan ; while the Mikados, 
 for whom they pretended to act, shut them- 
 selves up in the holy city of Kioto, and were 
 never seen by the people. They were only 
 thought of, indeed, as objects of worship. 
 Their very feet were considered too sacred 
 to touch the ground. But, all this while, 
 nothing whatever was known in Europe 
 about the Land of the Rising Sun. 
 
 About the time of our kings Henry III. 
 and Edward I., an Italian, named Marco 
 Polo, who was staying for awhile in Tartary, 
 was told about Japan ; and when he came 
 home he put what he had heard into a book 
 which he wrote about his travels. 
 
 Two hundred years later, Columbus read 
 Marco Polo's book, and sailed out into the 
 West to discover Japan. At least, that is 
 what people suppose. But he discovered 
 America instead. 
 
 Fifty more years, and the time had come
 
 The History of Japan. 37 
 
 for * The Sleeping Beauty ' to be awakened. 
 * The Prince ' was a certain Mendez Pinto, a 
 Portuguese, who with two companions was 
 driven by contrary winds upon the coast of 
 Japan. He and his friends met with a hearty 
 welcome from the kindly Japanese, and taught 
 them in return the art of making gunpowder 
 and firearms. 
 
 But Pinto did not stay very long in the 
 country, for he wanted to share the news of 
 what he had found with his friends at home, 
 and to ofet them to come too. But when he 
 returned and told his tale, they at first 
 thought: 'His name should be "Mendaz" 
 (liar), instead of " Mendez." ' 
 
 But ere very long they had altered their 
 minds, and Portuguese traders were pouring 
 into the newly discovered country. 
 
 There was at this time a young man in 
 Japan who had committed a crime, and who 
 had fled for refuge to a Buddhist monastery. 
 But his heart and conscience were awake and 
 were ill at ease, and at last he confided his 
 trouble of mind to some traders whom he 
 knew.
 
 3^ The History of Japan. 
 
 * We are going- to India,' they said. 'Come 
 with us. There is a holy man there who 
 will be able to help you.' 
 
 The man of whom they spoke was Francis 
 Xavier, the ' Apostle of India/ a devoted 
 Jesuit missionary. He received the young 
 Japanese penitent kindly, and became the 
 means of his conversion. 
 
 One day he asked Paul Angiro — for 'Paul' 
 was the name which the new convert received 
 at his baptism, — 
 
 * What prospects would Christianity have 
 in Japan 1 ' 
 
 * My people,' said the young man, ' would 
 not immediately agree to what might be 
 said, but they would ask many questions, 
 and, above all, they would observe whether 
 your conduct agreed with your words. If 
 they were satisfied, they would flock to 
 Christianity, being a nation that always 
 follows reason as a guide.' 
 
 So Xavier left India as the first Christian 
 missionary to the Land of the Rising Sun. 
 And now, like St. Paul, he was often in 
 weariness and painfulness, in hunger and
 
 The History of Japan. 39 
 
 thirst, in cold and nakedness, besides having, 
 Hke him, to bear on his heart ' the care of all 
 the churches/ which rapidly sprang up around 
 him and his helpers. 
 
 But the Jesuit priests who succeeded 
 Xavier were not of his spirit. They did not, 
 as he had done, occupy themselves solely 
 with religion, but they began to interfere 
 with the politics of the country in which they 
 were working — which a missionary should 
 never do. 
 
 And the consequences were what they 
 might have foreseen. Their converts were 
 persecuted and massacred ; they themselves 
 were driven out of the country, and Christi- 
 anity was strictly prohibited. And now a 
 notice, which I am sure will shock you, was 
 posted up in the streets — a notice which 
 remained there for 230 years : — 
 
 * So long as the sun shall warm the earth, 
 let no Christian be so bold as to come to 
 Japan ; and let all know that the King of 
 Spain himself, or the Christian's God, or the 
 great God of all, if He violate this command, 
 shall pay for it with His head.'
 
 40 The History of Japan. 
 
 When the cruel persecutions in Madagascar 
 obliged the missionaries to leave the country, 
 they left the Bible with the people; and when 
 they came back, they found m.ore Christians 
 than ever. But the Jesuits did not leave the 
 word of life behind them. What wonder, 
 then, that after a little while Christianity 
 almost died out in Japan, and that the very 
 memory of it became a thing of terror } 
 
 And now the land of the sun goddess had 
 gone fast asleep again, and round it there 
 grew up once more the hedge of mystery and 
 silence — a hedge through which none but the 
 Dutch were allowed even to peep. The 
 Dutch, you must know, had once told tales 
 to the Japanese Government about some 
 Jesuit plot, and were, on that account, allowed 
 to remain in a remote corner of the kingdom 
 when every other European had been driven 
 away. 
 
 But now Japan was to have a second 
 rousing up, and one which should awaken 
 her for good. 
 
 It came from the Americans. In 1853 
 they sailed up to the Bay of Yeddo, insisted
 
 The History of Japan. 41 
 
 on seeing one of the chief officials of the 
 country, and gave him a letter for the Mikado. 
 Then they said, — 
 
 ' We will come again next year, and fetch 
 the answer.' And so they sailed away. 
 
 The letter was from the President of the 
 United States to the Mikado, and asked 
 permission for the Americans to trade with 
 the Japanese, saying, — 
 
 ' We know that the ancient laws of your 
 Imperial Majesty's Government do not allow 
 of foreign trade, except with the Chinese and 
 the Dutch ; but as the state of the world 
 changes, and new governments are formed, 
 it seems to be wise from time to time to 
 make new laws.' 
 
 Oh, the commotion that there was now 
 in Japan ! ' Have nothing to do with the 
 foreign barbarians,' advised some. * There 
 is a great deal that we could learn from 
 the foreigners,' said others. 
 
 Back next year came the Americans, and 
 finding they would not take * No ' for an 
 answer, the Japanese had to give in. 
 
 * Why should not we too have a share in
 
 42 The History of Japaiz. 
 
 the Japanese trade,' thought the Enghsh, — 'in 
 its tea, rice, and hemp, its silk, indigo, and 
 lacquer, its gold, silver, copper, tin, mercury, 
 and lead, its precious stones, and its petio 
 leum ? ' And now they too came sailing 
 right up the bay to the Shogun's city of 
 Yeddo, and saying, — 
 
 * In the name of the Queen of England let 
 us too come in.' 
 
 In vain boats tried to stop them. In vain 
 officials with two swords waved them back 
 with their fans. They too got their way, and 
 permission was given us to trade with six 
 (now eight) of the Japanese ports.
 
 MAP OF JAPAN. 
 
 {^7 lie names nn this map follozv the old spelling, but can easily he 
 identified.) 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 THE LAND OF THE RISING SUN. 
 
 ND now, before we go any farther, we 
 shall have to stop and look for a 
 moment at the Land of the Rising Sun. 
 You will get the best general idea of its 
 position from the map of the world. And
 
 44 ^/^^ Land of the Rising Sun. 
 
 then, for the names of places you can turn to 
 the map at the head of this chapter. 
 
 It has lost the bow-like shape which once it 
 had. Saghalien, which once partly belonged 
 to it, has been given up to the Russians, and 
 Japan has taken possession of other islands 
 in its place. But it now stretches farther 
 than ever — from the Kuriles, close to 
 Kamtschatka, on the north, to the Loo-Choos, 
 near Formosa, on the coast of China, on the 
 south — a distance of 2,000 miles. It covers 
 rather more ground than the British Isles, 
 and contains rather more people. 
 
 Four of the 3,850 islands of which the 
 Japanese kingdom is said to be made up 
 are decidedly larger than the others — 
 Nippon (or Hondo), Yezo (Yesso), Kiu- 
 shiu, and Shikoku. And in the first three 
 of these you will find the ports which have 
 been opened to us — Yeddo (or, as it is now 
 called, Tokio), Yokohama, Niigata, Osaka, 
 Shimo-no-seki, and Kobe in Nippon, Hako- 
 date in Yezo, and Nagasaki in Kiushiu. 
 
 As a rule, I try not to bring in many 
 hard names, which I am sure will never be
 
 The Land of the Rising Sun. 45 
 
 either remembered or wanted ; but if you 
 really care to know anything intelligently 
 about Japan, I do advise you to get these 
 into your mind. 
 
 But now let us go back to our story of the 
 re-opening of the country. 
 
 Some of the feudal lords were very angry 
 that ' the impetuous barbarian ' had been let 
 in, after all, and they began to say : — 
 
 ' What right had the Shogun to give any 
 such permission ? He is not the emperor. 
 It is the Mikado only we are bound to obey. 
 Honour the Mikado, and drive out the bar- 
 barian.' 
 
 And now followed several years of party 
 quarrels and confusion, and in 1868 a revo- 
 lution took place, which completely changed 
 the whole order of things ; for the Shoguns 
 were now overthrown and driven from their 
 palace at Yeddo, and the Mikado, like a 
 butterfly that comes out of its chrysalis, left 
 his sacred retirement at Kioto to live 
 amongst his people at Yeddo, and changed 
 the name of that city to Tokio. 
 
 The following year, the feudal lords came 
 
 c
 
 46 TJie Land of the Rising Sun. 
 
 to the conclusion amongst themselves that it 
 would be for the good of the nation to have 
 one, and only one, master to look up to ; and 
 they determined that they would give up all 
 their special rights and privileges — their 
 lands, military vassals, and power — into the 
 emperor's hands. Was not that a grand 
 and noble step to take ? 
 
 But now that the Mikado was head and 
 chief aofain in the land, he seemed no more 
 anxious than the Shoguns had been to 'drive 
 out the barbarians.' And his wisest subjects 
 very much wanted us to stop. Some of them 
 had been to Europe and America, to find out 
 all that they could for the emperor about our 
 Western plans and ways, and they said : — 
 
 ' It would be a positive misfortune to close 
 the country, and drive out the foreigners.' 
 
 ' Not the foreigners, but we ourselves are 
 the barbarians!' they exclaimed, when they 
 saw the way that some of the Japanese were 
 treating us at that time. 
 
 And so it came to pass that in course of 
 time every one left off talking about driving 
 us away, and began instead to learn from us
 
 The Land of the Rising Sim. 47 
 
 as much as they possibly could — medicine 
 from the Germans, military affairs from the 
 French, navigation from the English, canal- 
 making from the Dutch, agriculture from the 
 A^mericans, and more besides than I could 
 tell you. 
 
 So eager were they to study, that, finding 
 their teachers would not give them lessons on 
 Sunday, they gave up the Japanese holiday 
 of every fifth day, and adopted our Sunday 
 instead. So anxious were they for European 
 knowledge, that they would even consent to 
 study the despised Christian religion with 
 those from whom they knew they would 
 afterwards be able to get a lesson in science. 
 
 A noble American, Mr. Clark, a science 
 teacher, was once asked to promise that he 
 would not speak to his students for three 
 years about Christ. But he answered as 
 Daniel would have done : — 
 
 ' It is impossible that a Christian should 
 be silent for three years on the subject which 
 lies nearest to his heart' 
 
 You will not be surprised to hear that a 
 jarge number of the young men of the
 
 48 The Land of the Rising Sun. 
 
 college in which Mr. Clark taught, learned, 
 and that very soon, to love and serve the 
 Master whom he so loved and honoured. 
 
 In the midst of the time of trouble and con- 
 fusion of which I was just now telling you, 
 there was a young man at Yeddo (Tokio) 
 who, like Xavier's convert, Paul Angiro, 
 was anxious to find a Saviour and a God 
 whom he could really trust and worship. 
 
 This young man, Nishima, got hold one 
 day of a book on geography in the Chinese 
 language, written by an American mission- 
 ary. It began : — 
 
 ' In the beginning God created the 
 heavens and the earth.' 
 
 What could this mean ? Who was this 
 God ? Certainly He did not live in Japan. 
 Perhaps He might live in America, where the 
 author of the book was born. And Nishima 
 determined to go to America. 
 
 There was a punishment of death, or im- 
 prisonment, at that time for those who left 
 the country without leave ; and Nishima could 
 not have explained to the authorities why he 
 wanted to go away, seeing that Christianity
 
 The Land of the Rising Stm. 49 
 
 was forbidden by Government. So he had 
 to get secretly into a ship which was leaving 
 for China, and from there go on to America, 
 working his way out like any common sailor. 
 
 But when he got to America, he was more 
 puzzled than ever what to do, and one day 
 he said to the captain of the ship : — 
 
 * I came all the way to Boston to find God, 
 and there is no one to tell me about Him.' 
 
 So the captain spoke to the owner of the 
 ship, a good Christian man called Mr. Hardy, 
 and he was most kind. You may be sure 
 that he told the young stranger about the 
 true God ; but he did more than this — he 
 took him to his own home, treated him as a 
 son, and sent him to college. 
 
 This is the way to treat the stranger in a 
 strangle land. ' Ye shall love the stranofer,' 
 is our Lord's command, and by loving him 
 we may the more readily win him on to 
 share our love for Christ. For Christ's sake 
 then, dear boys and girls, use any and every 
 opportunity you may ever have of showing 
 courtesy and kindness to foreigners, and 
 especially to Orientals.
 
 50 The Land of the Rising Stin. 
 
 Ten years passed by, years of much study 
 and much European travel, and then Nishima 
 went back to his own country to — 
 
 ' tell to all around 
 What a dear Saviour he had found, 
 To point to His redeeming blood, 
 And say, "Behold the way to God."' 
 
 Christian people in America were so much 
 interested in Nishima's story that for his 
 sake they became much more interested in 
 Japan than they had been before, and they 
 began to send many missionaries there. And 
 the English ^ and Scotch sent some too. 
 There are now (1888) about six hundred 
 missionaries in Japan, counting the native 
 helpers, to say nothing of those sent by the 
 Greek and Roman Catholic Churches. 
 
 The Christian teachers had at first to work 
 very quietly and carefully. Even as late 
 as 1868, after the revolution, a notice was 
 posted up in all the streets : — 
 
 ' The evil sect called Christian is strictly 
 
 1 The first English missionary went to Japan in the 
 year of the revolution, 1868.
 
 The Lajid of the Rising Sun. 51 
 
 prohibited. Suspicious persons should be 
 reported to the proper officers, and rewards 
 will be given.' 
 
 But in five years' time all these notice 
 boards were taken down, and in three more 
 the people of Japan had full liberty, as far 
 as government was concerned, to believe as 
 they liked.
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 HOW THE JAPANESE LIVE. 
 
 "F you were to take a pleasure journey 
 through Japan, I believe you would think 
 it a most charming place ior the mission- 
 aries to go to. 
 
 When you wanted to start in the morning, 
 you would not call a cab, but you would get 
 into the funniest little carriage you can 
 imagine — a sort of arm-chair with wheels 
 and two shafts — and you would have a man 
 instead of a horse to trot away with you. 
 Carriages like this are called jin-rik-shas, or 
 man-power carriages, and somebody one 
 day made rather a good pun, calling them 
 * Pull-man cars.' 
 
 You would think this kind of travelling 
 good fun, I am sure, especially if your runner
 
 How the Japanese Live. 55 
 
 were tattooed as one of the late Lady Bras- 
 sey's once was. He had the root of a tree 
 on one foot, and from this the trunk sprang, 
 and the branches gradually spread, until on 
 his back and chest they bore flowers and 
 fruit, amongst which birds were perched. 
 On his other leg was a large stork, which 
 looked as if it were standing under the 
 shadow of the tree. 
 
 It would amuse you very much, as you 
 travelled on, to notice the contrasts between 
 England and Japan. You would almost 
 fancy yourself in a different planet. 
 
 Here the cats have no tails, and the bells 
 have no tongues (they are struck from the 
 outside). The birds sing but little, and our 
 mode of kissing is an art unknown. The 
 horse stands with his head from the stall ; 
 and when the rider mounts, it is from the 
 right, not the left. When acquaintances meet, 
 each presses his own hand ; and the left side 
 is reckoned the more honourable. The teeth 
 of the saw and the thread of the screw run in 
 the opposite direction to ours. The tailor 
 sews from, and the carpenter planes towards
 
 56 How the Japanese Live. 
 
 him. The blacksmith pulls the bellows with 
 his foot ; the cooper holds the tub with his 
 toes. Everything pretty is put at the back, 
 instead of the front, of a building ; and gar- 
 dens are watered from a little pail with a 
 wooden spoon. Sometimes one's own mouth 
 is used as a squirt for the purposes of water- 
 ing. As to food, milk, butter, and cheese are 
 as naturally disagreeable to the Japanese as 
 they are necessary to us. The postman on 
 page 53 is very different from those we are 
 accustomed to see. 
 
 If you went into a school, you would find 
 the children reading down instead of across 
 the page, and from the end instead of from 
 the beginning of the book ; while their ex- 
 aminations are after, instead of before the 
 holidays. They do not have fluid ink in 
 ink-bottles, as we do, but each scholar has 
 a cake of ink which he rubs in just the same 
 way as we rub paint. 
 
 You are accustomed to think that the siens 
 of the Zodiac are, * The Ram, the Bull, the 
 Heavenly Twins,' etc. ; but the Japanese 
 student will correct this error, and tell you
 
 How the Japanese Live. 57 
 
 that they are the Rat, Ox, Tiger, Rabbit, 
 Dragon, Serpent, Horse, Goat, Monkey, 
 Cock, Dog, and Hog". 
 
 But what would seem the oddest thing of 
 all to you in a Japanese school would be to 
 see the masters and half of the scholars with 
 little pipes in their mouths, smoking during 
 the lessons. 
 
 What shall I say of the music which you 
 might hear on your journey ? Well, I be- 
 lieve it would sound as ours does, or used 
 to do, in the ear of the Japanese. Some of 
 them have changed their opinion of late 
 years, but what do you think they used to 
 say ? 
 
 * Children, coolies, and women may find 
 pleasure in European music ; but an educated 
 Japanese could never tolerate it. 
 
 That is something like the opinion of the 
 natives of India, whose mournful bhajans 
 {bhujuns) sound so monotonous to us. 
 
 * The English,' they say, * have done a 
 great deal for this country ; they can do 
 almost everything better than we can ; but 
 they can never excel us in music — never ! '
 
 $8 How the Japa7tese Live. 
 
 As you journeyed on and on, from day to 
 day, in ^owx jijiriksha (or kurimia), you would 
 think the scenery lovely. What with ever- 
 green forests and thousands of acres of rice- 
 fields, and the general greenness of every- 
 thing, one might call Japan, like Ireland, an 
 emerald isle. 
 
 But perhaps it is autumn, the best part 
 of the year in Japan, when the changing 
 leaves of the maple clothe the whole hill- 
 side with a rich colouring of crimson, which 
 is relieved only by the green of the hollies, 
 pines, and cedars here and there, and by 
 the deep azure background of the October 
 sky. 
 
 Or, maybe, the snow- clad sacred mountain, 
 Fuji-san (or Fuji-yama), comes in sight. It 
 is more than twelve thousand feet high, can 
 be seen a hundred miles away, and is grand 
 beyond description. 
 
 You would certainly find some of the 
 country roads in Japan shockingly bad ; and 
 that does make travelling rather tiresome 
 from time to time. But there are always tea- 
 houses conveniently placed where one can
 
 How the Japanese Live. 
 
 59 
 
 get rest, and tea, and rice, for a mere trifle. 
 And when one arrives at a town, one sees 
 
 
 MOUNT FUJI-SAN, FROM THE SEA. 
 
 such beautifully kept streets that the contrast 
 is quite refreshing. 
 
 Every scrap of paper or bit of stick or 
 other rubbish which is found in the streets
 
 6o How the Japanese Live. 
 
 of Japan is pounced upon and put carefully 
 out of sight. How I wished this summer 
 that the Japanese had charge of a certain 
 town on the Clyde — a favourite place for 
 picnic parties — in which I found myself for 
 a few weeks. Can you guess why ? 
 
 The shops and houses in these tidy Japan- 
 ese streets are about twenty feet high. They 
 are raised a few inches from the ground, and 
 have a verandah, before entering which you 
 must take off your shoes. At night they are 
 closed with sliding screens, but by day the 
 front screens and those which divide the rooms 
 one from the other are drawn back, so that 
 any one can see inside. Most of the houses 
 are small, but here and there large, fine 
 ones, like that shown on page lo, are to be 
 found. 
 
 There is not much to be seen in the houses, 
 save the beautifully matted floors, for the 
 Japanese use but very little furniture. They 
 need no chairs, for they sit on the ground, 
 with their legs and feet well tucked under 
 them for warmth (for they have no proper 
 fireplaces like ours, only charcoal braziers).
 
 How the Japanese Live. 6i 
 
 Their meals, which they eat, Chinese fashion 
 with chop-sticks, are served up to them on 
 small tables about six inches high. Their 
 treasures they put away in ornamental fire- 
 proof houses in the back premises. They 
 use no beds, but sleep on the floor, resting 
 their heads, or rather their necks (for the 
 ladies are afraid of disarranging their elabor- 
 ately dressed hair), on small pieces of wood, 
 which are narrowed and scooped out and 
 cushioned at the top. The cushion is about 
 the size and shape of a small roly-poly pud- 
 ding. 
 
 This last arrangement sounds uncomfort- 
 able to us, but when a medical missionary in 
 Japan put English beds into his hospital, for 
 the convenience of doctor and nurses, the 
 patients at first did not like them at all. 
 They were frightened, and thought they 
 should fall through. 
 
 Whatever you might think of the houses, 
 I am sure that the shops would delight you. 
 Japan has been called, ' The Children's Para- 
 dise,' and ' The Paradise of Babies ' ; and 
 so you would think it if you could see long
 
 62 How the Japanese Live. 
 
 streets with scarcely anything in them but 
 stuffed and china animals on wheels, toy idols 
 and idol cars, windmills and water-wheels, 
 battledores and shuttle-cocks, sugar toys of 
 all kinds, and dolls of all sizes ! 
 
 Then there are other streets containing 
 shops for ornamental hairpins, for smoking 
 materials, and for sweetmeats, for fans, 
 idols, lanterns and lacquer, for straw rain- 
 cloaks (which make one look like a porcu- 
 pine), and paper articles, and for books, 
 clothing, food, and everything else you can 
 think of. 
 
 The Japanese make no less than sixty 
 kinds of paper, and there is a strict etiquette 
 as to the use which shall be made of each 
 kind. They use paper for walls, windows, 
 and wrappers, for cloaks, hats, and handker- 
 chiefs, and for many another thing. Fancy 
 going out in a shower with a paper um- 
 brella, or drinking your tea out of a 
 paper cup ! But you would do so in Japan, 
 and would find too that paper properly 
 prepared keeps out wet and damp very satis- 
 factorily.
 
 MOUNT FUJI-SAN, FROM AN INLAND POINT OF VIEW. 
 63
 
 How the Japanese Live. 65 
 
 But it is time that I should tell you some- 
 thing about the people themselves. 
 
 They are pleasant-looking, though not 
 handsome according to our English ideas 
 of beauty. They have sallow, and, as a 
 rule, rather dark complexions, black eyes 
 more slantingly placed than ours, black 
 hair and high cheek-bones. When they 
 smile, they have a very soft, gentle expres- 
 sion. 
 
 The women are very small ; they are seldom 
 more than four feet three inches in height ; 
 but the men, though generally short, are 
 taller in proportion than the women, and 
 some of the peasants are really quite fine- 
 looking fellows. 
 
 The native dress is almost exactly the 
 same for men, women, and children. All 
 wear a sort of scanty dressing-gown, or ki- 
 mono ^ which the men fold from left to right, 
 and the women from right to left. 
 
 This kimono has very long sleeves, which 
 are often sewn up part of the way, so as to 
 form convenient pockets. 
 
 The other day a little Japanese girl let me 
 
 D
 
 66 How the Japanese Live. 
 
 peep inside one of her sleeve pockets, and 
 there I saw — what do you think ? A pair of 
 stockings. But it would have held a whole 
 wardrobe ! 
 
 The stockings she had on were not like 
 those which you wear. They had a place 
 for the big toe. And she wore clogs, which 
 were kept on by a leather strap passed 
 between the toes. These wooden clogs 
 add nicely to the height of the Japanese 
 people. 
 
 Round the kimono goes a girdle, which men 
 wear narrow, but women wear very wide. It 
 is a most important part of a girl's education 
 to learn how to tie the ten yards of stuff of 
 which her obi, or girdle, is made ; for it has 
 to be arranged differently according to one's 
 age and position, and whether one is married 
 or not. 
 
 The children always have a nicely em- 
 bossed and designed card fastened securely 
 to their girdles, with their name and address 
 written upon it. 
 
 That is an excellent plan. How grateful 
 the policemen who look after our little lost
 
 JAPANESE ATTENDANT AT A TEA-HOUSE. 
 
 67
 
 How the Japanese Live. 69 
 
 children would be if we were to adopt it in 
 England ! 
 
 This girdle serves as another pocket for 
 the women, while they, and the men too, 
 put away all sorts of things — even their 
 little boys and girls — in the front of their 
 kimonos. 
 
 A lady once saw a man pull out no less 
 than seven books and a map from one of 
 these hiding-places ! 
 
 Under this dress is often worn a vest, and 
 over it a jacket, both made in somewhat the 
 same style as the kimono. And with these 
 articles of clothing the in- and out-door cos- 
 tume of Japan is complete. 
 
 To tell the difference between a Japanese 
 man and woman, you must notice not only 
 the girdle and the folding of the ki77tono, 
 but the way the hair is done — the women's 
 hair being arranged in great chignons and 
 bows. 
 
 When women are engaged or married, an- 
 other difference may often be seen ; for the 
 native custom on such occasions is to blacken 
 the teeth, and shave off the eyebrows.
 
 70 How the Japanese Live. 
 
 You think that the Japanese ladies must 
 look very ugly. Well, dear children, I dare 
 say the Japanese often say the same about 
 English ladies when they see them for the 
 first time. 
 
 I know that once, when a lady called 
 Miss Bird was travelling through Japan, 
 the children ran away in terror, because 
 they thought she was — what do you think ? 
 A big ape ! 
 
 At all events, we do puzzle and interest the 
 Japanese who have not seen English people 
 before. About forty persons assembled one 
 day to gaze up into a loft at Miss Bird ; and 
 when the owner of the house wanted them 
 to go away, they said, — 
 
 ' It is neither fair nor neighbourly in you 
 to keep this great sight to yourself, seeing 
 that our lives may pass without again looking 
 on a foreign woman.' 
 
 ' That gentleman has shaved off his beard,' 
 remarked a man on another occasion about a 
 missionary's wife. 
 
 But these speeches were all made several 
 years ago, and foreign ladies are not quite
 
 How the Japanese Live. 71 
 
 the strange sight in Japan that they were in 
 those days. 
 
 The Japanese are, as a nation, extremely 
 courteous, industrious, quick at learning, in- 
 dependent, and neat. Miss Bird, of whom I 
 told you just now, says that during a journey 
 of 1,200 miles, no one ever tried to cheat 
 her, and that only one was at all impolite. 
 That one was a child, and it was severely 
 scolded for its rudeness. But all foreigners 
 in Japan are not so fortunate as she. 
 
 The children are taught to be polite at 
 home as well as to strangers, and their kind- 
 ness to one another, and their obedience to 
 their parents, are very beautiful to see. Their 
 fathers and mothers love them very, very 
 dearly, and hardly ever punish them. But 
 indeed they scarcely ever seem to need to be 
 punished. 
 
 Perhaps it is partly their long dress, which 
 prevents them from running about much, and 
 makes them prefer quiet play ; but certain it 
 is, they are never rude and rough and noisy 
 when let loose from school, as our English 
 children too often are.
 
 72 How the Japanese Live. 
 
 You would be amused to watch their game 
 of kite. Each boy tries to get his kite 
 into such a position in the air that its string 
 shall saw through the string of another. 
 This done, the cut kite becomes the pro- 
 perty of the conqueror, and the victor 
 and vanquished exchange three very low 
 bows. 
 
 The boys, like their fathers, are very in- 
 genious ; and waterwork toys, which they set 
 going in the many street canals, and paper 
 carts loaded with rice and harnessed with 
 beetles, are a great source of amusement to 
 them. 
 
 One game all the children, and the grown- 
 up people too, enjoy ; and could you peep 
 down into the Japanese houses in the even- 
 ing, after the sliding screens have closed 
 them up, and made them look like so many 
 boxes, you would find it going on in many 
 of the homes. It is a game of ' Proverbs,' 
 and is played with picture cards, something 
 after the fashion of our ' Quartettes.' 
 
 The Japanese delight in festivities, and 
 five days in the year are observed as very
 
 How the Japanese Live. 73 
 
 special holidays — the first day of the first 
 month, the third of the third month, the 
 fifth of the fifth month, the seventh of the 
 seventh month, and the ninth of the ninth 
 month. 
 
 January the first is called the Feast of 
 Congratulations and Presents. 
 
 It is perhaps the prettiest sight of child- 
 life in Japan to see the girls turning out on 
 New Year's Day in their best and gayest 
 robes of rich-coloured crape, stamped all over 
 with decorations of plum blossom and bril- 
 liant red maple leaves, and with their hair 
 done up to perfection, each head being finished 
 off with a bright artificial rose or some other 
 flower. 
 
 Many presents are given on New Year's 
 Day, but the principal amusement of the 
 girls is to stand for hours at the doors of 
 their houses playing at battledore and shuttle- 
 cock. 
 
 Dolls are the chief joy of a Japanese girl's 
 heart, and Japan is, above all others, the land 
 of dolls. The third day of the third month, 
 then, is devoted to the girls. A Feast of
 
 74 How the Japanese Live. 
 
 Dolls is held, and all the family dolls are 
 brought out — over a hundred, perhaps, for 
 they are handed down from generation to 
 generation. 
 
 The boys do not care much for the third 
 of March ; they are looking forward to the 
 fifth day of the fifth month, when they will 
 have a Feast of Flags, when the cities and 
 the towns will all be gay with banners, and 
 they, in crowds, will carry them about the 
 streets. 
 
 The next festival is on July the seventh, 
 the Feast of Lanterns, when the little girls 
 go about singing and swinging paper lan- 
 terns. 
 
 Then comes the Feast of Chrysanthe- 
 mums, on the ninth of the ninth month 
 (September), when leaves of the chrysan- 
 themum are scattered over all the cups of 
 tea and sakd at every meal of the family. 
 This is to bring long life. 
 
 Sak^, I should tell you, by the way, is an 
 intoxicating beer made out of rice, which is 
 very much drunk by the Japanese. 
 
 One of the most striking things about this
 
 How the Japanese Live. 75 
 
 nation is its passionate love of beauty, espe- 
 cially in the form of flowers and of flowering 
 shrubs and trees, of which there is a perfect 
 wealth in Japan. 
 
 The chrysanthemum and camellia, the plum 
 blossom and cherry blossom, the peony, iris, 
 and lotus are very especial favourites. When 
 these, and other flowers too, are at the height 
 of their beauty, the people set apart a day for 
 admiring them. 
 
 One day they turn out to ' behold * the 
 chrysanthemums, even as just now, while I 
 am writing, our Londoners are * beholding ' 
 them in the Temple Gardens. This is, of 
 course, in the autumn ; but the cherry blossom 
 ' beholding ' falls in the pleasant month of 
 April, which is so suitable for long picnic 
 parties that this is perhaps the most popular 
 of all these outings, even though the maple 
 'beholding,' from the gorgeous colouring of 
 the trees, has earned the name of ' The 
 Long Looking,' or ' The Gazing Intently 
 at' 
 
 The arranorino- of flowers is studied as an 
 
 o o 
 
 art by the Japanese. Where we have great
 
 76 
 
 How the Japanese Live. 
 
 bouquets, they put one lovely flower alone 
 in a vase ; and when its beauty has been 
 
 A JAPANESE CANDLESTICK. 
 
 sufficiently enjoyed, they exchange it for 
 another. 
 
 In painting birds and trees, they arrange 
 them in pairs. The plum blossom and the
 
 How the Japanese Live. 77 
 
 oriole, which tell of love, — the stork and the 
 pine tree, which tell of longevity and con- 
 stancy, would, for instance, always go to- 
 gether. 
 
 Even in the names which they give their 
 children — such as Spring, Snow, Chrysanthe- 
 mum, Blossom, Plum, Cedar — they show their 
 great love of nature. And an artist has been 
 known to devote his life to the painting of 
 only one kind of blossom ! 
 
 The Japanese carving is extremely beauti- 
 ful. And if you could be in Japan just after 
 a snow-storm, you would be delighted. The 
 whole place is like a sculptor's studio. 
 
 There one may see snow-white (or white 
 snow) rabbits looking out of doorways, with 
 lap-dogs, cats, frisky kittens, and a big rat. 
 Here, foxes on all-fours, with ears and tail 
 erect, an elephant with a five-foot proboscis, 
 a frog, four feet long, ready to jump in at 
 some house directly the door is opened, and 
 a turtle just as big. 
 
 There, at a corner, sits a white bear on its 
 haunches ; here are the god of luck, six or 
 seven feet high, and some old men and
 
 78 How the Japanese Live. 
 
 women, and yonder is some snowy mountain 
 scenery. 
 
 In many of the shops may be seen the two 
 cakes, one on the top of the other, which 
 people give to one another and offer to the 
 gods on New Year's Day ; and in this one 
 is a kettle set over the fire bowl to boil — 
 everything made in snow. 
 
 These are some of the things which were 
 actually seen by a missionary lady one 
 afternoon on her way to a women's Bible 
 class. When she got to the meeting, 
 she heard the women say one to another, 
 not — 
 
 * How are you to-day ? ' or ' Good after- 
 noon,' but — ■ 
 
 * How much of the cold thing has fallen ! ' 
 Women have a much better position in 
 
 Japan than they have in any other Eastern 
 country, for they move about freely and with 
 their faces uncovered ; and daughters, though 
 not so much desired as sons, are still very 
 precious when they come, while the wife is 
 really loved and appreciated by the husband. 
 Still, the customs of Japan with regard
 
 How the Japanese Live. 79 
 
 to women are very different from what 
 they are in our part of the world ; and 
 though the women of Japan take them as 
 a matter of course, and do not feel de- 
 graded by them, they are very different from 
 European habits. 
 
 Not very long ago some American mis- 
 sionaries were travelling in Japan. Some of 
 the natives who were in the same carriaee 
 with them spent the six hours of the journey- 
 in their usual fashion, drinking tea, eating 
 sweetmeats, of which the Japanese consume 
 great quantities, and in smoking. An army 
 officer, whose long sword rested in a rack with 
 his umbrella, amused himself by teaching his 
 two-year-old boy to smoke a cigarette. A 
 younger child of the same family, dressed in 
 the usual red and yellow garments of Japanese 
 babyhood, inspected the missionaries with 
 unflagging interest with its bright, bead-like 
 eyes. Its mother, bowing politely, offered 
 them sugar-coated beans. Not once dur- 
 ing the six hours did her husband speak to 
 her. It would have been a great lowering 
 of his dignity had he done so. Several times
 
 8o How the Japanese Live. 
 
 she addressed remarks to him, Invariably 
 calling him damia san (master), to which 
 he responded by a slight inclination of the 
 head. 
 
 This may give you an idea of what 
 I mean. The chivalry which Christ's 
 religion teaches, and which no true gentle- 
 man can afford to despise, is wanting in 
 Japan. 
 
 ' I think,' said a poor Indian woman once, 
 * that this book (the Bible) must have been 
 written by a woman, for it says such kind 
 things about women.' 
 
 The education of girls has not been at- 
 tended to in Japan as it ought to have been, 
 etiquette having been considered as the most 
 important of all their studies. There is, 
 however, a code of ' morals for women ' which 
 they are taught from babyhood. In this 
 they find that — 
 
 ' The minds of women generally are as 
 dark as night, and they are more stupid than 
 men ; they do not notice what is before them, 
 and they slander innocent persons ; they 
 envy the happiness of others, and pet their
 
 How the Japanese Live. 
 
 children, all to the discredit of their hus- 
 bands. Women are stupid, therefore they 
 must be humble and obedient to their hus- 
 bands.' 
 
 And also that, 'All women shall think their 
 husbands to be heaven ; ' with much else to 
 the same effect. 
 
 Some good things there are amongst the 
 rules given to girls for their behaviour — this, 
 for instance : — 
 
 ' It is more important that a girl's heart be 
 right than that she have a beautiful form. A 
 girl should not speak roughly, nor look fierce 
 with her eyes, nor get angry, nor set herself 
 up as better than others, nor, if laughed at, 
 fail to profit by it.' 
 
 The Japanese have many proverbs and 
 proverbial sayings, some of which are very 
 much like our own. 
 
 * There are thorns on all roses.' 
 
 * Speak of a man and his shadow comes.' 
 
 * Sufficient dust will make a mountain. 
 (' Many a mickle makes a muckle.') 
 
 ' The absent get farther off every day.' 
 (' Out of sight, out of mind.')
 
 82 How the Japanese Live. 
 
 * Eagerness is loss.' (* More haste, worse 
 speed.') 
 
 ' There is no teacher of Japanese poetry.' 
 (* A poet is born, not made.') 
 And many another such. 
 
 * Do you know how to boil potatoes ? ' the 
 Japanese say to stupid or clumsy persons 
 who have just said or done some silly 
 thing ; and when they want to speak of at- 
 tempting something that is impossible, they 
 talk of— 
 
 ' Scattering a fog with a fan,' 
 
 * Dipping up the ocean with a shell,' or 
 
 * Throwing a stone at the sun.' 
 
 Some of their superstitions are very funny, 
 but not more so than many which are still 
 lingering in our own country. 
 
 Salt must not be bought at night, and even 
 when it is bought by day a little of it must 
 be sprinkled in the fire, to avoid misfortunes 
 and family quarrels. New clothes must not 
 be put on after five p.m., or they will bring 
 bad luck. Purple and violet must not be 
 worn at a wedding, or the bride and bride- 
 groom will soon disagree. Cold water must
 
 How the Japanese Live. 
 
 be poured into hot, not hot into cold. The 
 syllable shi must not be used on New Year's 
 Day, for one meaning of that syllable is 
 ♦ death.'
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 JAPANESE MEDICINE AND MEDICAL MISSIONS. 
 
 fHE Japanese have many superstitions 
 about illness, though till foreigners came 
 1^ they had very little knowledge of how 
 to prevent or cure disease. Then — and I 
 am afraid it is too much the same now — 
 one might find neat houses, but want of 
 drainage ; carefully swept streets, but stag- 
 nant canals covered with slime down the 
 middle of them. Fruit is gathered green, 
 and eaten by the children when it is hard 
 and unripe. 
 
 But when illness comes, it is commonly 
 traced, not to bad smells or to unwholesome 
 food, but to the evil spirit of disease. And 
 now gods are consulted, priests bring printed 
 medicine charms, which the patient swallows, 
 
 84
 
 Medicine and Medical Missiofis. 85 
 
 the skin of the sick person is pricked or 
 burned by relatives, and the doctor comes 
 with 'such physic, and so much to take,' 
 that one would think it would kill instead of 
 cure. 
 
 But the tender, loving care of the little 
 Japanese mothers brings their children 
 through many an illness, in spite of all the 
 strange prescriptions which have to be fol- 
 lowed. 
 
 If the invalid is able to do so, he per- 
 haps tries a pilgrimage. That is a favourite 
 remedy ; and you, I am sure, if you were a 
 Japanese boy or girl, would think it a very 
 pleasant one. The change of air and scene, 
 and the exercise which one gets when going 
 on pilgrimage, are doubtless very often help- 
 ful to recovery. 
 
 When small-pox comes into a town, fathers 
 will put up a notice on the front of the house 
 to say that their children are absent. This 
 is to cheat the disease. And if, in spite of 
 his precautions, the little ones are attacked, 
 they will very likely allow them to be carried 
 through the streets while they are ill, and to
 
 86 Medicine and Medical Missions, 
 
 mix with other children before they are well 
 again, without the least idea that they are 
 doing anything foolish. 
 
 ' Western ' doctors are cheating the small- 
 pox disease in a far better fashion than the 
 one I have just told you — by vaccination. 
 And the smooth cheeks of the children of 
 the present day are a great contrast to those 
 of the grown-up people, who used to suffer 
 terribly from this illness. 
 
 As in Egypt, about half of the patients 
 who come to the medical mission or any 
 other dispensary in Japan are suffering from 
 their eyes. 
 
 One reason of this, amongst many, is the 
 way the babies are carried. They are almost 
 always on somebody's back, and their little 
 heads, being unsupported, wobble first on 
 one side and then on the other, until at last 
 they fall backwards. And now the sun's 
 rays glare pitilessly down on the poor little 
 eyes, and soon injure them for life. 
 
 The fumes of charcoal, too, of which the 
 Japanese burn a great deal, are very bad 
 for the sight, especially in the evening,
 
 Medicine and Medical Missions. 89 
 
 when their houses are closely shut up and 
 there is no chance of getting any ventila- 
 tion. 
 
 Here then, in Japan, is work for a medi- 
 cal missionary. Even an ordinary traveller 
 with a kind heart and a few medicines will 
 soon find his hands full. 
 
 In one place where Miss Bird stayed dur- 
 ing her travels in this country, there was a 
 little child of two and a half who had swal- 
 lowed a fish bone. It had been suffering 
 and crying for eighteen hours, and all that 
 time its kind mother had been walking up 
 and down with it. But she had never 
 thought of lookino^ into its throat, and was 
 very unwilling that the foreign lady should 
 do so. 
 
 But when at last Miss Bird had not only 
 found where the bone was, but had removed 
 it with a crochet needle, the poor mother was 
 very grateful ; and an hour afterwards she 
 sent her a tray of cakes and confectionery, 
 with a little piece of seaweed. In Japan, if 
 a piece of dried fish or dried seaweed comes 
 to you with other things, it says as plainly
 
 90 Medicine and Medical Missions. 
 
 as words themselves could speak, * These 
 things are meant as a present.' 
 
 Before night, seven other persons had 
 applied to Miss Bird for advice. 
 
 Another time there was at the inn where 
 Miss Bird was staying a child with a very 
 bad cough. She gave him a few drops of 
 medicine, which, for the time at least, stopped 
 it entirely; and the cure was at once noised 
 abroad. 
 
 By five the next morning she heard a great 
 whispering and shuffling outside her room, 
 and saw eyes peeping at her through the 
 holes in her paper walls ; and when at last 
 she came out, she was shocked and distressed 
 by the sight which met her eyes. The whole 
 village was gathered at her door. Fathers 
 and mothers held out little diseased and 
 naked children towards her. Daughters 
 had brought blind mothers to be healed. 
 Men showed her their wounds. The sick 
 begged for medicine. The well looked on 
 with curiosity or anxiety. What was to be 
 done ? 
 
 Sadly she told them that she did not under
 
 Medicine and Medical Missions. 91 
 
 stand all their manifold * diseases and tor- 
 ments '; and that even if she did, she had 
 no stock of medicines ; and that in her own 
 country soap and water and towels were 
 considered very useful in preventing and 
 curing such illnesses as many of them were 
 suffering from. 
 
 And then, after making up ointment for 
 some of the worst cases, she had to ride 
 away. 
 
 It is enough to bring tears to one's eyes 
 to think of the poor creatures in many of the 
 villages of Japan, of whom it may still be 
 said, — 
 
 ' The whole head is sick, and the whole 
 heart faint. 
 
 ' From the sole of the foot even unto the 
 head, there is no soundness in it, but wounds, 
 and bruises, and putrefying sores ; they have 
 not been closed, neither bound up, neither 
 mollified with ointment' These must still 
 suffer and wait until some Good Samaritan 
 shall pass by their way. 
 
 In the treaty towns things are better ; there 
 Western civilization is making way with rail-
 
 92 Medicine and Medical Missions. 
 
 way speed, and Western sciences are earnestly 
 studied, and most of all the science of medi- 
 cine. 
 
 From the earliest times the Japanese have 
 cared for this study. You will remember 
 how, when the Koreans first sent Buddhist 
 priests and treasures to Japan, the Mikado 
 said, — 
 
 * I wish they would send me doctors in- 
 stead of bonzes (or priests).' 
 
 And we read of a royal prince, who lived 
 about the same date, who gave up certain 
 days in every year to * medicine-hunting,' 
 which meant, no doubt, botanical excur- 
 sions to look for the medical herbs which 
 the Chinese had taught the Japanese to 
 use. At the present day there is nothing 
 which is so carefully cultivated in Japan 
 as is one of these Chinese medical herbs. 
 It is called ginseng, and is very valuable 
 indeed. 
 
 The eager and intelligent interest which 
 the Japanese medical students of the pre- 
 sent day throw into their studies would put 
 many in our own hospitals to shame. A
 
 Medicine and Medical Missions, 93 
 
 doctor whom I know,^ who visited Yoko- 
 hama in 1866, two years before the re- 
 volution, was very much struck by the be- 
 haviour of some young men at the hospital 
 there. Speaking of them one day, he 
 said : — 
 
 * The Japanese are fine fellows, they have 
 great ability, and are very painstaking. When 
 these students went round with the physician, 
 they listened most attentively, and took notes 
 of all he said. Then they looked at the 
 cards at the head of the beds, to see what 
 medicines had been given. And finally, they 
 went down to the dispensary and examined 
 these medicines. They reached down the 
 bottles, took out the stoppers, looked at the 
 contents, smelt them — did everything but 
 taste them. That they did not, somehow, 
 seem to fancy. Such men are sure to get 
 on. They couldn't help it, for they let no- 
 thing escape them.' 
 
 And they have got on ; so that now there 
 
 1 George Saunders, M.D., C.B., Inspector-General of 
 Hospitals, and late of the London Medical Mission.
 
 94 Medicine mtd Medical Missions. 
 
 are many Japanese doctors who are every 
 bit as well educated as our own. 
 
 Medical missions have done much in the 
 way of recommending our Western systems 
 of medicine and surgery to the Japanese. A 
 native physician who had seen a medical mis- 
 sionary perform an operation was so struck 
 by it, that he went home, and sent away his 
 three pupils, telling them : — 
 
 ' I have decided to learn European medi- 
 cine, and you must do the same.' 
 
 But to recommend Western science is not 
 the chief end of medical missions, nor even 
 to cure suffering bodies. What they want 
 most to do is to bring sick souls to the Good 
 Physician for healing. And in Japan, as 
 everywhere else where this work has been 
 carried on, this blessing has been given. 
 
 In Niigata once, a very interesting thing 
 happened. 
 
 There was a native doctor who came to 
 study eye diseases under the medical mission- 
 ary. He had been already interested in 
 Christianity through a book written by 
 another medical missionary. Dr. Dudgeon, of
 
 Medicine and Medical Missions. 95 
 
 Pekin. And now as, day by day, he heard 
 the addresses which were given to the sick, 
 they sank down into his heart ; and it was 
 not very long- before he decided that he him- 
 self would become a servant of Christ.
 
 A BUDDHIST TEMPLE GATE IN JAPAN. 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 
 OTHER MISSION WORK IN JAPAN. 
 
 [iME would fail to tell you of the hun- 
 dreds and thousands of the people of 
 this land who, through one means or an- 
 other during the last thirty years, have turned 
 
 from dumb idols to serve the living and true 
 
 96
 
 Other Mission Work in Japan. 97 
 
 God. It is very cheering to hear them tell 
 in their own touching words what Jesus is to 
 their souls. 
 
 ' I cannot tell it in this foolish Japanese 
 tongue,' said one of the first converts one day 
 to a missionary friend ; 'and I don't believe I 
 could tell it if I had your tongue, nor if I had 
 an angel's tongue ; but one poor heart,' put- 
 ting his hand over his own heart, ' can feel it 
 all.' 
 
 Another convert, a woman, came to a mis- 
 sionary lady, and laying down her pipe on 
 the table, she said, — 
 
 * I give up this, my last idol, for Christ' 
 There was an old woman in Japan who did 
 
 not hear of Christianity till she was more than 
 eighty. When taught the ' Jesus doctrine,' 
 she thought within herself, — 
 
 * My soul was longing for something, and 
 now I know what it was, — it was Jesus. 
 
 " Oh, come to my heart. Lord Jesus ; 
 There is room in my heart for Thee." ' 
 
 And Jesus * came in unto her, and made 
 His abode with her.' No wonder then that
 
 98 Other Mission Work in Japan. 
 
 she was now so bright and cheerful, that 
 the missionary lady quite enjoyed coming to 
 see her. 
 
 For a year before she died she was con- 
 fined to bed, and how do you think she spent 
 her time ? Let us hear what she said one 
 day. 
 
 * When I lie here alone, hour after hour, 
 I am so happy as I think of the great 
 love of the God of all heaven and earth 
 for a poor old woman like me, that I 
 keep saying constantly, " O God, I thank 
 Thee." ' 
 
 Another old lady, nearly ninety, was one 
 day seen peeping through a missionary's gate- 
 way. ' Come in,' said the missionary ; and 
 in she came, and stayed for an hour. Next 
 Sunday she came again, and stayed all day, 
 going with the missionary family to the ser- 
 vices ; and at night she said, — 
 
 ' I have lived all my life under God's 
 shadow, and did not know it.' 
 
 The school-work is perhaps more cheer- 
 ing than anything else. Some years ago a 
 Japanese gentleman said, —
 
 Other Mission Work in Japan. 99 
 
 'There is not a woman in Japan who is 
 fit to become a wife to any intelhgent 
 man.' 
 
 But it is not so now. A very high-class 
 education is o-iven in the mission schools for 
 girls, and many of the scholars have left to 
 become teachers, or wives of native ministers. 
 Two at least have been sent over to America 
 to study medicine. 
 
 The Western teaching, for which every 
 man, woman, and child now is growing eager, 
 is carried on in the schools in other ways 
 than by books. There is at the present time 
 a rage in the country for wearing European 
 clothes, the Mikado's wife having expressed 
 her wish that the ladies should do so; and the 
 missionary teachers have added dressmaking 
 to the list of the school studies. They teach 
 cooking, too. A cookery class was opened 
 lately in Kobe, and within a few days a hun- 
 dred and twenty students had joined it ! The 
 Japanese, seeing these things, are beginning 
 to say, — 
 
 'The future of Japan lies with the mis- 
 sionaries.'
 
 lOO Other Mission Work in Japan. 
 
 They feel, you see, that the Japan of the 
 future must be what its women make it. 
 
 In the midst of all these studies, no oppor- 
 tunity is lost of bringing the mission pupils 
 under Christian influences ; and the ladies at 
 the Yokohama school write word that every 
 single girl who has stayed with them for any 
 length of time, and who has obtained a good 
 English education while under their care, 
 has also gained, before leaving school, the 
 best of all knowledge. You know what that 
 is — to ' know Christ.' And it seems else- 
 where to be much the same. 
 
 These scholars become, in their turn, mis- 
 sionaries to their friends at home. 
 
 At a meeting in Japan, where a number of 
 Christian girls were gathered together, the 
 subject was, * How to glorify Christ by our 
 lives.' One of the girls said, — 
 
 ' It seems to me like this. One spring my 
 mother got some flower seeds — little, ugly, 
 black things — and planted them ; they grew 
 up and blossomed beautifully. One day a 
 neighbour, comin^ in and seeino^ these 
 flowers, said, —
 
 Other Mission Work in Japan, loi 
 
 * " Oh, how beautiful ! I must have some, 
 too ! Won't you please give me some 
 seeds ? " 
 
 ' Now, if this neighbour had only just seen 
 the flower seeds, she wouldn't have called for 
 them ; 'twas only when she saw how beauti- 
 ful was the blossom that she wanted the seed. 
 
 ' And so with Christianity. When we 
 speak to our friends of the truths of the Bible, 
 they seem to them hard and uninteresting, 
 and they say, — 
 
 ' " We don't care to hear about these 
 things ; they are not so interesting as our 
 own stories." 
 
 * But when they see these same truths 
 blossoming out in our lives into kindly words 
 and good acts, then they say, — 
 
 ' " How beautiful these lives ! What 
 makes them different from other lives } " 
 
 ' When they hear that 'tis the Jesus-teach- 
 ing, then they say, — 
 
 ' " We must have it, too." 
 
 * And thus, by our lives more than by our 
 tongues, we can preach Christ to our un- 
 believing friends.'
 
 J02 Other Mission Work in Japan. 
 
 But the living for Christ amongst heathen 
 relatives is not always an easy matter. 
 
 A Christian girl went home for a time 
 from school. When she sat down for her 
 first meal, and stopped a moment to pray 
 silently for a blessing, she was at once 
 asked, — 
 
 ' Why don't you eat, O Tetsu ? ' 
 
 And this was a signal for all the family to 
 laugh at her and tease her, until she could 
 not even think a prayer. 
 
 Her father's house was very small, not 
 larger than a good-sized room, and, try all 
 she could, she could not find a chance to pray 
 when she dressed in the morning. So she 
 thought of this plan. When she washed her 
 face, she took a long time in wiping it, and 
 prayed under the cover of the towel. 
 
 So much was she persecuted that she 
 determined at last to adopt a very favourite 
 plan of both the Japanese and Chinese for 
 escaping from annoyance, and she started off 
 one day from home, with the intention of 
 committing suicide. But all at once it struck 
 her : —
 
 Other Mission Work in Japan. 103 
 
 ' I am not my own. I have given myself, 
 body and soul, to Jesus, and I have no right 
 to drown and destroy that which belongs to 
 Him.' 
 
 So back she came again ; and the last I 
 know of her is that she had returned to 
 school, but that she was still feeling very sad 
 about her visit home. Do not you think 
 that we might sometimes pray for O Tetsu, 
 and for girls like her ? 
 
 I have told you of the saki, or intoxicating 
 rice beer which the Japanese take. It is 
 used especially on festive occasions, and it 
 is a regular part of their wedding ceremony 
 that the bride and bridegroom and their 
 nearest relatives shall drink several cups 
 of it. 
 
 There were two girls who had become 
 Christians, and who had given up taking 
 sakL A wedding was at hand, at which 
 they would have to be present, and their 
 parents were so distressed at the idea of 
 their daughters behaving differently from 
 every one else that they begged them to 
 drink sake ' ]M'=>\. for this once.'
 
 I04 Other Mission Work in Japan. 
 
 ' We will do everything that is right,' said 
 the girls, ' but we cannot promise to do any- 
 thing that is wrong.' 
 
 ' But you might at least lift the cup to your 
 lips, so that those present might think you 
 were drinking it.' 
 
 ' No ; that would be acting a lie, which we 
 cannot do.' 
 
 ' Although the Christians do not usually 
 drink sakd, yet at such a time as a wedding 
 they would probably do so. It may be that 
 you are stricter than is needful. Suppose 
 you go to the Christians, and ask them 
 whether, at your sister's wedding, you may 
 not drink it ? ' 
 
 So the orirls went to other native Christians, 
 who wondered at their courage in venturing 
 thus to break through the custom of ages, but 
 encouraged them to stand firm. 
 
 * You must, however,' they said, * be care- 
 ful to please your parents in everything that 
 your conscience permits.' 
 
 And then one of these wise friends came 
 over to the father, and talked to him so 
 sensibly and pleasantly about the matter, that
 
 Other Mission Work in Japan. 105 
 
 at last he quite gave way, and explained 
 to the guests on the day of the wedding 
 that, his daughters being Christians, he had 
 excused them from drinking saki. 
 
 The boys can stand up for Jesus as well as 
 the girls. A little fellow of fourteen, a Sun- 
 day scholar, who in the absence of his father 
 represented his family at a funeral, was called 
 upon to worship his ancestors. But he said 
 boldly,— 
 
 ' I can't do it ; for I don't worship anybody 
 but the true God.' 
 
 You would love the wee toddles of Japan. 
 At the Yokohama school, of which I was 
 telling you just now, there is a lady named 
 Mrs. Viele, who takes care of the smaller 
 children. Here are some stories which she 
 wrote home to America about them. 
 
 ' One dear little one has come to me whom 
 we call " Our Baby," as she is only six years 
 old. She is sweet and bright — quite a little 
 sun ray in the house. I call her Jessie. She 
 is Eurasian [half-caste], and wears the 
 foreign \ix. English] dress. I have eight 
 little ones who come to my room every
 
 io6 Other Misswn Work in Japan. 
 
 night to say their evening prayers and get 
 a good-night kiss. It is a happy set of 
 children kneeHng around my lap, and with 
 reverent tone saying together, " Now I lay 
 me." Sometimes we sing a little evening 
 hymn, or I tell them a story or read one ; 
 though they always want me to tell it. 
 When I say I do not know one to-night, 
 they all ask me to " please make one out of 
 my think." 
 
 * A little child four years old was brought 
 to me a few weeks ago — such a dear little 
 one she is — her mother dead, and she can- 
 not speak a word of English ; but she is so 
 anxious to learn, and so affectionate. She 
 follows me about and kisses my hand. One 
 day, when she had fallen and hurt herself, I 
 was comforting her, and she ran to a little 
 mate, and said through her tears : "Mrs. 
 Viele is just like my mother." ' 
 
 This was, of course, said by her in 
 Japanese. 
 
 Some of the tiny children of Japan have 
 been most useful little missionaries. 
 
 One, only about four years of age, gave a
 
 Otkei^ Mission Work in Japan. 107 
 
 very good lesson one day to a priest at 
 Tokio. Her father is a minister, and she 
 goes to a Sunday school, so both at home 
 and from her teacher she has been taught 
 to worship only the true God. 
 
 One pleasant afternoon she went to a 
 temple near by to see a show. In this 
 temple is kept a very large image, which 
 is worshipped as a god. It has such a 
 fierce face that you would be shocked, were 
 you to see it. Until within a few years, 
 mothers and grandmothers used to threaten 
 children by saying, — 
 
 ' If you tell a wrong story, Yemma (the 
 name of this image) will pull out your 
 tongue.' 
 
 When this little girl was walking about 
 the temple with many other children, a priest 
 came out and said to them, — 
 
 ' Children, if you don't behave yourselves, 
 this Yemma will pull out your tongues.' 
 
 To this the pastor's child answered 
 eagerly,— 
 
 ' He is only a made image ; he can't pull 
 out any tongue.'
 
 io8 Other Mission Work in Japan. 
 
 I don't know what the priest said, but I 
 think he must have felt rather ashamed of 
 his ' wrong story.' 
 
 There was once a Japanese who was sent 
 to preach in a large town where a few per- 
 sons knew a little about Christ. He had 
 a little girl, not three and a half years old, 
 who got very fond of a woman who lived 
 next door, and was continually running 
 in to see her. One day when she went 
 in, she said in her pretty Japanese child- 
 language, — 
 
 ' I want to preach you a little sermon. 
 There are only three parts to it. 
 
 ' There is only one God. 
 
 * You mustn't tell a lie. 
 
 ' You ought to go to hear my father 
 preach.' 
 
 * It takes a clever man to preach a short 
 sermon,' say the Japanese. Now, as they 
 have more than eight million idols, and as 
 lying is one of their greatest sins, this little 
 preacher's short sermon could not possibly 
 have been more to the point than it was ; 
 and her friend was so pleased with it, that
 
 Other Mission Work i^n Japan. 109 
 
 she began at once to follow the advice in the 
 third part. And the missionary who tells 
 this story believes that every member of that 
 woman's family are Christians at the present 
 time. 
 
 And now one more story, which shall be 
 about a child missionary. 
 
 A little girl in Japan heard of the foreign 
 teachers, and of the school which one of 
 these ladies had started. 
 
 ' May I go and learn to read, father ? 
 Some of my playmates are in the school,' 
 she said. 
 
 At first he was ready to reply ' No,' very 
 gruffly ; but one glance at the eager face of 
 his little motherless child made him say in- 
 stead, — 
 
 ' Yes ; but you must promise never to tell 
 here at home any of the foolish doctrines 
 you will hear from those foreigners.' 
 
 Off went the little maiden, and a most 
 attentive student she proved. She rubbed 
 her ink so vigorously, and tried so hard to 
 make the characters, that sometimes she went 
 home with hands well daubed and a smudge
 
 no Other Mission Work in Japan. 
 
 on cheek and nose ; but grandma was blind, 
 and did not see it ; and when father came 
 home, he would laugh and send her to the 
 basin of hollowed stone, on a quaint old 
 stump outside the back verandah, over which 
 hung from the limb of a tree a blue towel in 
 a swinging bamboo rack. 
 
 After a while she began to learn about 
 Jesus, and to sing of Him. Her heart got 
 full and running over. Oh, if she could 
 only tell dear, blind grandma about this 
 One who died for her ! But she could not, 
 for she had promised. 
 
 ' What is that you are singing, Jewel ? ' 
 said the grandmother, one day. * Some one 
 loves you, and will stay close beside you ? 
 Who is it ? What do you mean ? ' 
 
 ' I cannot talk about it, grandma, because 
 I promised father ; but it is not wrong to 
 sing, is it ? ' 
 
 So the * Jesus loves me ' was sung again. 
 Then the father's command was partly re- 
 moved, and she was allowed to repeat what 
 she learned in the new book, and the 
 contents of several chapters of the Bible
 
 Other Mission Work in Japan. 1 1 1 
 
 were told over every evening to the in- 
 terested old lady. 
 
 Need I tell you, dear children, that the 
 little girl is now a member of the Church 
 of Christ in Yokohama, that because of that 
 singing for Jesus her blind grandmother is so 
 also, and that the father sometimes goes with 
 his daughter to the preaching service. 
 
 May it not be said of little ones such as 
 those of whom I have been telling you, — 
 
 ' Of such is the kingdom of heaven ? ' 
 
 Work has been done, and progress has 
 been made amongst the men, as well as the 
 women and children of Japan. There is a 
 training college at Kioto for theological stu- 
 dents, of which Joseph Nishima, of whom I 
 told you on page 48, is the head. There are 
 many native pastors. Buddhism is falling. 
 A church with a cross at the top now stands 
 on the very spot where a cross was once laid 
 down on the ground for suspected Christians 
 to trample upon. And there is even a talk 
 of making Christianity the (nominal) religion 
 of the country.
 
 1 1 2 Other Missio?t Work in Japan. 
 
 A great many good books are being 
 printed and sold to the Japanese. At the 
 head of these stands the Bible, and only a 
 year or two since the Pilgrim s Progress was 
 published with pictures not at all like those 
 in your own copies, but drawn by Japanese 
 artists. Two or three of these pictures are 
 given here for you to see. The Japanese 
 understand their meaning much better, and 
 the book much more easily, than they would 
 if the pictures were English. Missionaries 
 tell us that the people of Japan are getting 
 to be just as fond of Bunyan's wonderful 
 book as the people of England are. 
 
 We may thank God for all these things. 
 But, that you may know how to pray as well 
 as to give thanks for Japan, I think I ought 
 to tell you something about the present diffi- 
 culties of missionary work there. 
 
 The Japanese, you must know, dearly love 
 their country. They are eager to see her in 
 the front rank of the nations of the world. 
 And she has made rapid strides in the last 
 thirty years. 
 
 * If we go away for one year,' say those
 
 MR. WORLDLY WISEMAN. 
 [From the Japanese Pilgrim' s Progress.) 
 
 113
 
 Other Mission Work in Japan. 115 
 
 who live there, ' it takes us three weeks on 
 our return to find out where we are.' 
 
 Roman letters are being adopted instead 
 of the four thousand Chinese characters 
 which the Japanese student has always had 
 to learn ; railroad and telegraph lines have 
 been laid down ; fleets of steamers have been 
 built ; two thousand newspapers are pub- 
 lished ; and a hundred other changes have 
 taken place in New Japan. 
 
 But while the Japanese are careful to make 
 progress in worldly things, they too often 
 forget that ' one thing is needful.' They are 
 anxious for our civilization, but are often too 
 busy getting that to have a thought for the 
 Christianity from which it springs. They 
 gather the flower, but they leave the root 
 behind. 
 
 * Did you study the subject of religion 
 whilst you were away ? ' a lady asked a 
 young man who had been working at science 
 for some years in America. 
 
 ' I had not time,' he said, ' to study that 
 which has no practical bearing.' 
 
 This indifference about Christianity is too
 
 1 1 6 Otliej" Mission Work in Japan. 
 
 often the fault of so-called Christians them- 
 selves. ' You cannot imagine,' writes a mis- 
 sionary, ' how every good and bad influence 
 is telling upon present Japan.' Yes ; our 
 lives, our books, are all noted and quoted ; 
 and the unchristian conduct of many who 
 call themselves by the name of Christ is a 
 constant stumbling-block to the natives, and 
 a constant difficulty to the missionaries of the 
 country. 
 
 Fancy the Japanese Government making 
 English gentlemen sign an agreement that 
 they will not get drunk while in the service 
 of the Mikado ! Does not that show what 
 the conduct of the ' foreigners ' must too 
 often have been ? 
 
 Even we at home may be hindering the 
 work of the missionaries. Japanese students 
 come back from Europe and from America, 
 saying, — 
 
 ' You need not believe in Christianity ; 
 the Christians do not believe in it them- 
 selves.' 
 
 Ah, Jesus has reason to say now, as in the 
 days of old, —
 
 
 
 *^.,,^,4z,_ 
 
 .jj 
 
 CHRISTIAN AND HOPEFUL IN THE EI.ATTEREK S NET. 
 
 {From the Japanese. Pilgrim's Progress.)
 
 CIIRISTIAX AT THE WICKET-GATE. 
 {From f he Japanese Pilgrim's Prooress.) 
 
 «9
 
 Other Mission Work in Japan. 121 
 
 ' I am wounded in the house of My 
 friends.' 
 
 A young Japanese once wrote an essay 
 about this missionary difficulty, in which he 
 said, — 
 
 * A traitor is worse than an enemy, yet 
 these nominal Christians are such. . . . 
 Woe to the betrayers of their Master. If 
 He should appear in the world at this 
 time, He could scarcely recognise His own 
 friends.' 
 
 Here, then, is one way in which we can 
 help missionary work. We can show by 
 our lives, you and I, that Christ is a reality 
 to us. 
 
 ' But I know no heathen people,' you say, 
 * to whom I could, do any good.' 
 
 Perhaps not, but even if you cannot influ- 
 ence the heathen directly, you may be able 
 to do so indirectly. Influence is the stran- 
 gest thing. It goes on and on for ever, 
 spreading from one person to another, as 
 the ripples widen out round the stone which 
 you have just thrown into the water, until 
 your eye can watch them no farther.
 
 122 Other Mission Work in Japan. 
 
 The first thing, then, is to love Christ our- 
 selves. But love finds its way out in deeds, 
 so what can we do ? 
 
 Shall we go to the heathen themselves for 
 a lesson ? Leading up to the town of Nikko 
 are two splendid avenues, one fifty, the other 
 thirty miles long. They are probably the 
 grandest thing of the kind in the world, and 
 are said to have been planted as an offer- 
 ing to the dead Shoguns by a man who was 
 too poor to place a bronze lantern at their 
 shrines. 
 
 No heathen worshipper comes empty- 
 handed before his god. You remember my 
 telling you of Kwannon, the goddess of 
 mercy, in the temple of Asakusa, near Tokio, 
 before whom the people spit out their prayers. 
 Before her shrine is placed an immense 
 coffer, with a slit in it, fourteen feet long and 
 ten feet wide ; and into this chest money 
 falls with a ceaseless clinking sound. 
 
 And going into another temple, you will 
 perhaps find that the floor is so covered with 
 money which has been thrown down as an 
 offering to the gods that, to save time and
 
 Other Mission Work in Japan. 123 
 
 trouble in gathering it up before carrying it 
 away, the priest has to fetch a large broom 
 to sweep it together. 
 
 When the people of Japan become Chris- 
 tians, they keep up their good habit of giving. 
 During the year 1886 the native converts 
 gave no less than £%Z11 ^o mission work, 
 the average wages of many of them being 
 only tenpence a day. 
 
 Shall we be behind them in showing our 
 gratitude for what Christ has done for us ? 
 Shall we be less eager than they that others 
 should share the blessings of His great salva- 
 tion ? 
 
 A short time ago I was talking to a young 
 lady who was on the eve of going out as a 
 missionary to India. 
 
 ' My only regret,' she told me, * is that 1 
 feel I have left so many little things undone 
 in the past for mission work which I feel I 
 might have done.' 
 
 ' But what kind of things do you mean ?' 
 
 * Well, there are so many little ways in 
 
 which I might have denied myself for its 
 
 sake.' 
 
 G
 
 124 Other Missio7i Work in Japan. 
 
 That was her one regret. Not that she 
 had been called upon to give up so much for 
 Christ's sake, but that she had done so little. 
 
 • Oh, I am so happy ! There's nothing 
 left to give up,' said another young lady, 
 just after the decision had been made which 
 led her to Japan as a missionary. 
 
 It must be so with us all, no matter what 
 point the ' giving up ' may touch in our lives. 
 We shall be happy only when ' there's no- 
 thing left to give up.' 
 
 What is it that you are unwilling to give 
 up ? Is it your money } Do you prefer 
 spending it all on yourself and your friends 
 to giving some part of it ' to the help of the 
 Lord ' .'* Well, believe this : those who give 
 most for the work of God find that the rest 
 of their money has a special blessing on it, 
 and seems to last, like the oil in the widow's 
 cruse. 
 
 ' There was a man, though some do count him mad, 
 The more he gave away, the more he had. 
 
 Or is it your time and energy ? Do you,
 
 Other Mission Work in Japan. 125 
 
 girls, prefer sitting still with a book over the 
 fire, and dreaming of the beautiful, useful lives 
 you will live in time to come, to helping your 
 tired mothers with the work of the house or 
 with the care of the little ones now ? Re- 
 member the advice once given to a girl like 
 yourselves : 
 
 ' Be good, sweet maid, and let who will be clever ; 
 Do lovely deeds, not dream them, all day long, 
 And so make life, death, and that vast for-ever 
 One grand sweet song.' 
 
 Even cookery and making and mending 
 clothes will become 'lovely deeds,' if done for 
 Christ's sake. 
 
 ' A servant with this clause 
 
 Makes drudgery Divine. 
 Who sweeps a room as for God's laws, 
 Makes that and the action line.' 
 
 And just think how awkward it would be 
 for the lady missionaries who are now work- 
 ing in Japan if they had not learned, when 
 they were girls, to cook, to make their 
 dresses and other articles of clothing, and 
 to do a dozen other useful things !
 
 126 Other Mission Work in Japan. 
 
 Do you go to the missionary working 
 party to which you belong every time the 
 meeting comes round, or only when you 
 think that your special friends will be there, 
 or when some particularly interesting book 
 is being read, or when it is fine and you are 
 feeling quite in the mood for it ? 
 
 Well, just think how the missionaries only 
 see their ' special friends,' their dear ones at 
 home, about once in five or ten years, and 
 how their work has to go on in spite of 
 moods and of weather, and that even when 
 it does not, on the spot, look particularly in- 
 teresting. And remember, above all, that 
 wherever work is being done for your Lord, 
 there He Himself will be present. And then 
 it will not seem so hard as before to give a 
 little of your time and energy steadily to 
 your meeting. At least, I hope not. 
 
 Or is it your minds you are unwilling to 
 give up to God ? Do you, boys, go off on 
 your bicycles on a summer's evening, or to 
 cricket or tennis, knowing that your to-mor- 
 row's school work is insufificiently prepared .•* 
 Are you content to be seventh, say, in your
 
 Other Mission Work in Japan. 127 
 
 class, when you know that God has given 
 you abihties which, honestly used, would 
 place you first or second on the list ? 
 
 Will you try to remember that it is for 
 His honour and glory that you should do 
 well, and that ' To him that hath shall be 
 given ' ? 
 
 Yes, according to your faithfulness as a 
 schoolboy will be your power of influence 
 and usefulness as a man, — and as a mission- 
 ary, should God call you to that highest 01 
 all work. 
 
 Let us, then, dear boys and girls both, give 
 up all — body, soul, and spirit — to Jesus and 
 His service. So, and so only, may we hope 
 to hasten the time when not only Japan, but 
 all the nations of the earth shall become in 
 truth 
 
 The Land of the Rising Sun, 
 
 — when 'the kingdoms of the world shall 
 become the kingdoms of the Lord and of 
 His Christ, and He shall reign for ever 
 and ever.' 
 
 * Who then is willinor to consecrate his
 
 128 Other Mission Work in Japan. 
 
 service this day unto the Lord ?' (i Chron. 
 xxix. 5.) 
 
 * The fields are all white, 
 And the reapers are few; 
 We children are willing, 
 But what can we do 
 To work for our Lord in His harvest? 
 
 Our hands are so small, 
 
 And our words are so weak, 
 We cannot teach others ; 
 How then shall we seek 
 To work for our Lord in His harvest? 
 
 We'll work by our prayers, 
 
 By the pennies we bring, 
 By small self-denials — 
 
 The least little thing 
 May work for our Lord in His harvest ! 
 
 Until by-and-by, 
 
 As the years pass at length. 
 We too may be reapers, 
 And go forth in strength 
 To work for our Lord in His harvest ! * 
 
 — Selected 
 
 THE END. 
 
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