H 
 

 
 BANCROFT LIBRARY 
 
ONSTIWTI 
 
 OF THE 
 
 STATE OF UTAH 
 
 AS FRAMED BY THE 
 
 CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION 
 
 IN 
 
 SALT LAKE CITY, UTAH, 
 
 From March 4th, to May 8th, 1895. 
 
 Published by Authority of the Convention 
 under the Supervision of 
 
 HON. RICHARD G. LAMBERT, 
 Chairman of Committee on Printing. 
 
 SALT LAKE CITY: 
 TRIBUNE JOB PRINTING COMPANY. 
 
 1895. 
 
NAME WAS GIVEN TO UTAH 
 BY FIRST EXPLORER, PRIEST 
 
 Father Kscnlnntc Started to Blaze 
 
 Trail From fcanta Fe to 
 
 California Missions 
 
 (From the Salt Lake Tribune) 
 
 Fray Silvestre Velez de Escalante. 
 Fray Francisco Atanasio Domlngut-z 
 and seven others men-at-arms, guides 
 > and civilians started yesterday morning 1 
 from the Franciscan mission at Santa 
 Fe to blaze a trail to Monterey and the 
 California missions. Last night the 
 party had completed nine leagues and 
 camped at Santa Clara. 
 
 But all this was 150 years ago July 
 29, 1776 when the history of Utah, in so 
 far as the mind of man is concerned was 
 unmade. 
 
 Father Escalante's famous Journey 
 was the discovery of Utah, and the first 
 use of the word "Utah" in the history 
 of man was made by the intrepid priest- 
 explorer' in his lucid description of "is 
 journey northward as far as the shores 
 of the present Utah Lake. He adapted 
 the Indian name both for Utah Valley 
 and for its guardian sentinel. Mount 
 Timpanogos, when lie named the Utah 
 Lake region "the valley and lake of Our 
 Lady of Mercy of Timpagtiz, or Timpa- 
 nogotzis." Mount Timpanogos was 
 thought to be a peak of the Sierras then. 
 
 After reaching the shores of Utah 
 Lake Sept. 23, 1776, the party learned of 
 Great Salt Lake, described by the In- 
 dians as "very harmful and very salty." 
 Father Escalante did not go to the 
 shores of Great Salt Lake, but aban- 
 doned his search^ for a new trail to Cali- 
 fornia and turned southward. The route 
 of the party on the return to Sante Fe 
 incluled Southern Utah's wonderland, 
 the site of Cedar City and the Rio Virgin, 
 
 Father Escalante's famous trip to 
 Utah was completed Jan. 2, 1777, when 
 the party reached Sante Fe. His journal, 
 now preserved in the royal archives of 
 Spain at Seville,, details the climate of 
 the country of the "Utahs," the general 
 name of the Indian tribes, and the pos- 
 sibilities for future development. 
 
 WJSERE TRAIN Kl> MEN ARK 
 
HON. RICHARD G. LAMBERT. 
 
 LAMBERT PAPER CO:, 
 23 WEST FIRST SOUTH STREET, 
 SALT LAKE CITY. 
 
 To the People of Utah: 
 
 The Convention assembled to frame a Constitution for the 
 proposed State of Utah, after two months of earnest effort, pre- 
 sent the result of their labors for the consideration of the 
 people of this Territory. 
 
 The ruling thought that actuated the Convention, from 
 opening to close, was that under the direction and mandates of 
 the Enabling Act, a Constitution must be framed that would 
 secure to the people of Utah a wise, just and economical State 
 government. 
 
 In this we believe we have succeeded, and we confidently 
 submit to our fellow citizens the fruit of our deliberations, 
 knowing that they will bear in mind the impossibility of our 
 presenting any instrument that would not contain imperfec- 
 tions, inasmuch as the more than one hundred delegates who 
 constructed it came together understanding little of each other, 
 all more or less influenced by local ideas, and by impressions 
 which the peculiar situation of this Territory for years past 
 could not help but create and intensify. Nevertheless, it has 
 been gratifying to note that there has been less partisan feel- 
 ing and more unselfish unanimity of sentiment in this Conven- 
 tion than in any other political body of like character. 
 
 The inspiration behind the Declaration of Bights came 
 from the great parent Bill of Bights framed by the Fathers of 
 our country. 
 
 The article on the proposed Educational System has ab- 
 sorbed the best thoughts and efforts of the Convention, and 
 draws around the Public Schools such protection and defense 
 as will secure for them, it is believed, the steady upward pro- 
 gress which is the enthusiastic desire of this people. 
 
 The Legislative Article, while permitting future law-makers 
 to* perform any needed thing, circumscribes their powers in a 
 
II 
 
 way to prevent either extravagance or the misuse of legislative 
 authority. 
 
 The Executive Article defines clearly the prerogatives and 
 powers of the several State officers, places all necessary author- 
 ity in the hands of the Executive, and at the same time supplies 
 all needed checks to prevent usurpation of power. 
 
 The Judiciary Article makes possible the conducting of the 
 courts effectively by competent judges. It seeks to exalt the 
 judiciary, and yet brings the system within a reasonable ex- 
 penditure of the people's money. The Probate System has 
 been abolished, but power is given the Legislature to restore 
 it, if deemed necessary, or to adopt any other plan that may be 
 wise or expedient. 
 
 The salaries of all officials have been marked clown close to 
 the danger line of extravagant economy. 
 
 We have provided to give equal suffrage to women. 
 
 We have inhibited for all time polygamous or plural mar- 
 riages. 
 
 We have placed within safe limits the maximum of future 
 taxation. 
 
 We have guarded against the possibility of any future 
 great indebtedness of the State. 
 
 We have provided for the full development of our mani- 
 fold industries, in such a way that in their expansion they will 
 not feel any harsh friction from unjust laws. 
 
 We have provided for the correction of possible defects in 
 the Constitution, either by amendments or by the enactment of 
 statutes. 
 
 We have guaranteed perfect liberty of speech, freedom to 
 the press, and absolute freedom of conscience. 
 
 We recommend our work to the gracious and generous 
 consideration of the men and women of Utah, believing they 
 will esteem it a fitting foundation on whieh to rear the struct- 
 ure of a glorified State. 
 
 If with Statehood there will be a slight increase in taxes, 
 the compensating advantages will cause the increased expense 
 to be forgotten. We will be able to utilize the magnificent gift 
 of over seven millions of acres of land from our generous gov- 
 ernment; we will be able to secure capital for our mines; under 
 the shield of Statehood thousands of people will seek homes in 
 
Ill 
 
 our climate, assist to develop our wondrous and varied resour- 
 ces, and rejoice in the manifold blessings bestowed by nature 
 upon our highly favored commonwealth. 
 
 When we reflect that this instrument will secure to us in 
 its highest sense local self-government, with State officers of 
 our own selection, and courts for the swift, capable and 
 economical administration of the laws by judges of the people's 
 choosing; that it will give us a school system abreast of the 
 foremost in the Union, with power to utilize the lands donated 
 to our educational institutions ; give us a voice in the election of 
 Presidents, also two Senators and one Representative to pre- 
 sent the claims of our new State in the Congress of the Nation ; 
 add the Star of Utah to the hallowed ensign of the Eepublic, 
 bestow upon us full sovereignty, with all that this majestic term 
 implies, and thus draw to us capital and population, and invest 
 us with a dignity that can never attach to a Territorial con- 
 dition, with steadily swelling confidence we submit this Con- 
 stitution to the eonsideration of the people of Utah, in a certain 
 belief that they will, by an overwhelming majority endorse and 
 ratify our work. 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Preamble 1 
 
 Article I Declaration of Rights 1 
 
 Article II State Boundaries . . 4 
 
 Article III Ordinance 5 
 
 Article IV Elections and Right of Suffrage 6 
 
 Article V Distribution of Powers 7 
 
 Article VI Legislative Department 8 
 
 Article VII Executive 13 
 
 Article VIII Judicial Department 19 
 
 Article IX Congressional and Legislative Apportionment 24 
 
 Article X Education 28 
 
 Article XI Counties, Cities and Towns 30 
 
 Article XII Corporations 31 
 
 Article XIII Revenue and Taxation 34 
 
 Article XIV Public Debt 37 
 
 Article XV Militia 38 
 
 Article XVI Labor 39 
 
 Article XVII Water Rights 39 
 
 Article XVIII Forestry 40 
 
 Article XIX Public Buildings and State Institutions 40 
 
 Article XX Public Lands 40 
 
 Article XXI - Salaries 41 
 
 Article XXII Miscellaneous 41 
 
 Article XXIII Amendments ... 42 
 
 Article XXIV Schedule 42 
 
PREAMBLE. 
 
 Grateful to Almighty God for life and liberty, we, the peo- 
 ple of Utah, in order to secure and perpetuate the principles of 
 free government, do ordain and establish this 
 
 CONSTITUTION. 
 
 ARTICLE I. 
 
 DECLARATION OF RIGHTS. 
 
 SECTION 1. All men have the inherent and inalienable 
 light to enjoy and defend their lives and liberties,; to acquire, 
 possess and protect property; to worship according to the dic 
 tates of their consciences; to assemble peaceably, protest 
 against wrongs, and petition for redress of grievances; to com- 
 municate freely their thoughts and opinions, being responsible 
 for the abuse of that right. 
 
 SEC. 2. All political power is inherent in the people; and 
 all free governments are founded on their authority for their 
 equal protection and benefit, and they have the right to alter or 
 reform their government as the public welfare may require. 
 
 SEC. 3. The State of Utah/is an inseparable part of the 
 Federal Union, and the Constitution of the United States is the 
 supreme law of the land. 
 
 SEC. 4. The rights of conscience shall never be infringed. 
 The State shall maks so law respecting an establishment of re- 
 ligion or prohibiting tne free exercise thereof; no religious test 
 hall be required as a qualification for any office of public trust 
 or for any vote at any election; nor shall any person be incom- 
 petent as a witness or juror on account of religious belief or the 
 absence thereof. There shall be no union of church and State, 
 nor shall any church dominate the State or interfere with ita- 
 
2 
 
 functions. No public monejr or properly stiall be appropriated 
 for or applied to any religious worship, exercise or instruction, 
 or for the support of any ecclesiastical establishment. No prop- 
 erty qualication shall bo required of any person to vote, or hold 
 office, except as provided in this Constitution. 
 
 SEC. 5. The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall 
 not be suspended, unless, in case of rebellion or invasion, the 
 public safety requires it 
 
 SEC. 6. The people have the right to bear arms for their 
 security and defense, but the Legislature may regulate the ex- 
 ercise of this right by law. 
 
 SEC. 7. No person shall be deprived of life, liberty or 
 property, without due process of Llw. 
 
 SEC. 8. All prisoners shall be bailable by sufficient sure- 
 ties, except for capital offenses when the proof is evident or 
 the presumption strong. 
 
 SEC. 9. Excessive bail shall not be required; excessive 
 fines shall not be imposed; nor shall cruel and unusual punish- 
 ments be inflicted. Persons arrested or imprisoned shall not 
 be treated with unnecessary rigor. 
 
 SEC, 10. In capital cases the right of trial by jury shall 
 remain inviolate. In courts of general jurisdiction, except in 
 capital cases, a jury shall consist of eight jurors. In courts of 
 inferior jurisdiction a jury shall consist of four jurors. In 
 criminal cases the verdict shall be unanimous. In civil cases 
 three-fourths of the jurors may find a verdict. A jury in civil 
 cases shall be waived unless demanded. 
 
 SEC. 11. All courts shall be open, and every person, for 
 an injury done to him in his person, property or reputation, 
 shall have remedy by due course of law, which shall be admin- 
 istered without denial or unnecessary delay; and no person 
 shall be barred from prosecuting or defending before any tri- 
 bunal in this State, by himself or counsel, any civil cause to 
 which he is a party. 
 
 SEC. 12. In criminal prosecutions the accused shall have 
 the right to appear and defend in person and by counsel, to de- 
 mand the nature and cause of the accusation against him, to 
 have a copy thereof, to testify in his own behalf, to be con- 
 fronted by the witnesses against him, to have compulsory pro- 
 cess to compel the attendance of witnesses in his own behalf, to 
 
3 
 
 have a speedy public trial by an impartial jury of the county 
 or district in which the offense is alleged to have been com- 
 mitted, and the right to appeal in all cases. In no instance 
 shall any accused person, before final judgment, be compelled 
 to advance money or fees to secure the rights herein guaranteed. 
 The accused shall not be compelled to give evidence against 
 himself; a wife shall not be compelled to testify against her 
 husband, nor a husband against his wife, nor shall any person 
 be twice put in jeopardy for the same offense. 
 
 SEC. 13. Offenses heretofore required to be prosecuted by 
 indictment, shall be prosecuted by information after examina- 
 tion and commitment by a magistrate, unless the examination 
 be waived by the accused with the consent of the State, or by 
 indictment, with or without such examination and commitment. 
 The grand jury shall consist of seven persons, five of whom 
 must concur to find an indictment; but no grand jury shall be 
 drawn or summoned unless in the opinion of the judge of the 
 district, public interest demands it. 
 
 SEC. 14. The right of the people to be secure in their per- 
 sons, houses, papers and effects against unreasonable searches 
 and seizures shall not be violated; and no warrant shall issue 
 but upon probable cause supported by oath or affirmation, par- 
 ticularly describing tho place to be searched and the person or 
 thing to be seized. 
 
 SEC. 15. No law shall be passed to abridge or restrain the 
 freedom of speech or of the press. In all criminal prosecutions 
 for libel the truth may be given in evidence to the jury; and if 
 it shall appear to the jury that the matter charged as libelous 
 is true, and was published with good motives, and for justifia- 
 ble ends, the party shall be acquitted; and the jury shall have 
 the right to determine the law and the fact. 
 
 SEC. 16. There shall be no imprisonment for debt, except 
 in cases of absconding debtors. 
 
 SEC. 17. All elections shall be free, and no power, civil or 
 military, shall at any time interfere to prevent the free exercise 
 of the right of suffrage. Soldiers in time of war, may vote at 
 their post of duty, in or out of the State, under regulations to 
 be prescribed by law. 
 
 SEC. 18. No bill of attainder, ex post facto law, or law im- 
 pairing the obligation of contracts shall be passed. 
 
SEC. 19. Treason agatnst ttie State shall consist only in 
 levying war against it, or in adhering to its enemies or in giv- 
 ing them aid and comfort. No person shall be convicted of 
 treason unless on the testimony of two witnesses to the same 
 overt act. 
 
 SEC. 20. The military shall be in strict subordination to 
 the civil power, and no soldier in time of peace, shall be quar- 
 tered in any house without the consent of the owner; nor in 
 time of war except in a manner to be prescribed by law. 
 
 SEC. 21. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except 
 as a punishment for crime, whereof the party shall have been 
 duly convicted, shall exist within this State. 
 
 SEC. 22. Private property shall not be taken or damaged 
 for public use without Just compensation. 
 
 SEC. 23. No law shall be passed granting irrevocably any 
 franchise, privilege or immunity. 
 
 SEC. 24. All laws of a general nature shall have uniform 
 operation. 
 
 SEC. 25. This enumeration of rights shall not be construed 
 to impair or deny others retained by the people. 
 
 SEC. 26. The provisions of this Constitution are manda- 
 tory and prohibitory, unles by express words they are declared 
 to be otherwise. 
 
 SEC. 27. Frequent recurrence to fundamental principles is 
 essential to the security of individual rights and the perpetuity 
 of free government. 
 
 ARTICLE II. 
 
 STATE BOUNDAEIES. 
 
 SECTION 1. The boundaries of the State of Utah shall be 
 as follows: 
 
 Beginning at a point formed by the intersection of the 
 thirty- second degree of longitude west from Washington, svith 
 the thirty-seventh degree of north latitude; thence due west 
 along said thirty-seventh degree of north latitude to the inter- 
 section of the same with the thirty-seventh degree of longitude 
 west from Washington; thence due north along said thirty- 
 
seventh degree of west longitude to the intersection of the same 
 with the forty-second degree of north latitude; thence due east 
 along said forty-second degree of north latitude to the intersec- 
 tion of the same with the thirty-fourth degree of longitude west 
 from Washington; thence due south along said thirty-fourth 
 degree of west longitude to the intersection of the same with 
 the forty-first degree of north latitude; thence due east along 
 said forty-first degree of north latitude to the intersection of 
 the same with the thirty-second degree of longitude west from 
 Washington; thence due south along said thirty-second degree 
 of west longitude to the place of beginning. 
 
 ABTIOLE III 
 
 ORDINANCE. 
 
 The following ordinance shall be irrevocable without the 
 consent of the United States and the people of this State: 
 
 First: Perfect toleration of religious sentiment is guaran- 
 teed. No inhabitant of this State shall ever be molested in 
 person or property on account of his or her mode of religious 
 worship; but polygamous or plural marriages are forever pro- 
 hibited. 
 
 Second: The people inhabiting this State do affirm and 
 declare that they forever disclaim all right and title to the 
 unappropriated public lands lying within the boundaries hereof, 
 and to all lands lying within said limits owned or held by any 
 Indian or Indian tribes, and that until the title thereto shall 
 have been extinguished by the United States, the same shall be 
 and remain subject to the disposition of the United States, and 
 said Indian lands shall remain under the absolute jurisdiction 
 and control of the Congress of the United States. The lands 
 belonging to citizens of the United States, residing without this 
 State shall never be taxed at a higher rate than the lands 
 belonging to residents of this State; nor shall taxes be imposed 
 by this State on lands or property herein, belonging to or which 
 may hereafter be purchased by the United States or reserved 
 for its use; but nothing in this ordinance shall preclude this 
 State from taxing, a& other lands are taxed ; any lande - --ed or 
 
held by any Indian who has severed his tribal relations, and 
 has obtained from the United States or from any person, by 
 patent or othr grant, a title thereto, save and except suohland 
 as have been or may be granted to any Indian or Indians nnde 
 any act of Congress, containing a provision exempting the land 
 thus granted from taxation, which last mentioned lands shal 
 be exempt from taxation so long, and to such extent, as is o 
 may be provided in the act of Congress granting the same. 
 
 Third: All debts and liabilities of the Territory of Utah, 
 incurred by authority of the Legislative Assembly thereof, are 
 hereby assumed and shall be paid by this State. 
 
 Fourth: The legislature shall make laws for the establish- 
 ment and maintenance of a system of public schools, which 
 shall be open to all the children of the State and be free from 
 sectarian control. 
 
 AKTICLE IV. 
 
 ELECTIONS AND BIGHT OF SUFFRAGE. 
 
 SECTION 1. The rights of citizens of the State of Utah to 
 vote and hold office snail not be denied or abridged on account 
 of sex. Both male and female citizens of this State shall enjoy 
 equally all civil, political and religious rights and privileges. 
 
 SEC. 2. Every citizen of the United States, of the age of 
 twenty-one years and upwards, who shall have been a citizen 
 for ninety days, and shall have resided in the State or Territory 
 one year, in the county four months, and in the precinct sixty 
 days next preceding any election, shall be entitled to vote at 
 such election except as herein otherwise provided. 
 
 SEC. 3. In all cases except those of treason, felony or 
 breach of the peace, electors shall be privileged from arrest on 
 the days of election, during their attendance at elections, and 
 going to and returning therefrom. 
 
 SEC. 4 No elector shall be obliged to perform militia 
 duty on the day of election except in time of war or public 
 danger. 
 
 SEC. 5. No person shall be deemed a qualified elector of 
 this State unless such person be a citizen of the United States. 
 
SEO. 6. No idiot, insane person or person convicted of 
 treason, or crime against the elective franchise, unless restored 
 to civil rights, shall be permitted to vote at any election, or be 
 eligible to hold office in this State. 
 
 SEC. 7. Except in elections levying a special tax or creat- 
 ing indebtedness, no property qualification shall be required 
 for any person to vote or hold office. 
 
 SEC. 8. All elections shall be by secret ballot. Nothing 
 in this section shall be construed to prevent the use of any 
 machine or mechanical contrivance for the purpose of receiving 
 and registering the votes cast at any election: Provided, That 
 secrecy in voting be preserved. 
 
 SEC. 9. All general elections, except for municipal and 
 school officers, shall be held on the Tuesday next following the 
 first Monday in November of the year in which the election is 
 held. Special elections may be held as provided by law. The 
 terms of all officers elected at any general election shall com- 
 mence on the first Monday in January next following the date 
 of their election. Municipal and school officers shaH be elected 
 at such time as may be provided by law. 
 
 SEC. 10. All officers made elective or appointive by this 
 Constitution or by the laws made in pursuance thereof, before 
 entering upon the duties of their respective offices, shall take 
 and subscribe the following oath or affirmation: "I do solemnly 
 8 wear (or affirm) that I will support, obey and defend the 
 Constitution of the United States and the Constitution of this 
 State, and that I will discharge the duties of my office with 
 fidelity." 
 
 AETICLE V. 
 
 DISTRIBUTION OF POWERS. 
 
 SECTION 1. The powers of the government of the State of 
 Utah shall be divided into three distinct departments, the 
 Legislative, the Executive, and the Judicial; and no person 
 charged with the exercise of powers properly belonging to one 
 of these departments, shall exercise any functions appertaining 
 to either of the others, except in the cases herein expressly 
 directed or permitted. 
 
8 
 ARTICLE VI. 
 
 LEGISLATIVE DEPARTMENT. 
 
 SECTION 1. The Legislative power of this State shall be 
 Tested in a Senate and House of Representatives, which shall 
 be designated The Legislature of the State of Utah. 
 
 SEC. 2. Regular sessions of the Legislature shall be held 
 biennially at the seat of the government; and except the first 
 session thereof shall commence on the second Monday in Janu- 
 ary next after the election of members of the House of Repre- 
 sentatives. 
 
 SEC. 3. The members of the House of Representatives, 
 after the first election, shall be chosen by the qualified electors 
 of the respective representative districts, on the first Tuesday 
 after the first Monday in November, 1896, and biennially there- 
 after. Their term of office shall be two years, from the first 
 day of January next after their election. 
 
 SEC. 4. The senators shall be chosen by the qualified 
 electors of the respective senatorial districts, at the same times 
 and places as members of the House of Representatives, and 
 their term of office shall be four years from the first day of 
 January next after their election: Provided, That the senators 
 elected in 1896 shall be divided by lot into two classes as nearly 
 equal as may be; seats of senators of the first class shall be 
 Vacated at the expiration of two years, those of the second class 
 at the expiration of four years ; so that one-half, as near as pos- 
 sible, shall be chosen biennially thereafter. In case of increase 
 in the number of senators, they shall be annexed by lot to one 
 or the other of the two classes, so as to keep them as nearly 
 equal as practicable. 
 
 SEC. 5. No person shall be eligible to the office of senator 
 or representative, who is not a citizen of the United States, 
 twenty-five years of age, a- qualified voter in the district from 
 which he is chosen, a resident for three years of the State, and 
 for one year of the district from which he is elected. 
 
 SEC. 6. No person holding any public office of profit or 
 trust under authority of the United States, or of this State, 
 shall be a member of the Legislature: Provided, That appoint- 
 ments in the State militia, and the offices of notary public. 
 
9 
 
 justice of the peace, United States commissioner, and post- 
 master of the fourth class, shall not, within the meaning of this 
 section, be considered offices of profit or trust. 
 
 SEO. 7. No member of tho Legislature, during the term 
 for which he was elected, shall be appointed or elected to any 
 civil office of profit under this State, which shall have been 
 created, or the emoluments of which shall have been increased, 
 during the term for which he was elected. 
 
 SEO. 8. Members of the Legislature, in all cases except 
 treason, felony or breach of peace, shall be privileged from 
 arrest during each session of the Legislature, for fifteen days 
 next preceding each session, and in returning therefrom; and 
 for words used in any speech or debate in either house, they 
 shall not be questioned in any other place. 
 
 SEC. 9. The members of the Legislature shall receive such 
 per diem and mileage as the Legislature may provide, not ex- 
 ceeding four dollars per day, and ten cents per mile for the 
 distance necessarily traveled going to and returning from the 
 place of meeting on the most usual route, and they shall receive 
 no other pay or perquisite. 
 
 SEO. 10. Each house shall be the judge of the election 
 and qualifications of its members, and may punish them for 
 disorderly conduct, and with the concurrence of two-thirds of 
 all the members elected, expel a member for cause. 
 
 SEO. 11. A majority of the members of each house shall 
 constitute a quorum to transact business, but a smaller number 
 may adjourn from day to day, and may compel the attendance 
 of absent members in such manner and under such penalties as 
 each house may prescribe. 
 
 SEC. 12. Each house shall determine the rules of its pro- 
 ceedings, and choose its own officers and employees. 
 
 SEO. 13. The Governor shall issue writs of election to fill 
 racancies that may occur in either house of the Legislature. 
 
 SEO. 14 Each house shall keep a journal of its proceed- 
 ings, which, except in case of executive sessions, shall be pub- 
 lished, and the yeas and nays on any question, at the request of 
 five members of such house, shall be entered upon the journal. 
 
 SEO. 15. All sessions of the Legislature, except those of 
 the Senate while sitting in executive session, shall be public; 
 and neither house, without the consent of the other, shall 
 
10 
 
 adjourn for more than three days, nor to any other place than 
 that in which it may be holding session. 
 
 SEC. 16. No regular session of the Legislature (except the 
 first, which may sit ninety days) shall exceed sixty days, except 
 in cases of impeachment. No special session shall exceed thirty 
 days, and in such special session, or when a regular session of 
 the Legislature trying eases of impeachment exceeds sixty days, 
 the members shall receive for compensation only the usual per 
 diem and mileage. 
 
 SEO. 17. The House of Representatives shall have the sole 
 power of impeachment, but in order to impeach, two-thirds of 
 all the members elected must vote therefor. 
 
 SEC. 18. All impeachments shall be tried by the Senate, 
 and senators, when sitting for that purpose, shall take oath or 
 make affirmation to do justice according to the law and the evi- 
 dence. When the Governor is on trial, the Chief Justice of tha 
 Supreme Court shall preside. No person shall be convicted 
 without the concurrence of two- thirds of the Senators elected. 
 
 SEC. 19. The Governor and other State and Judicial 
 officers, except justices of the peace, shall be liable to impeach- 
 ment for high crimes, misdemeanors, or malfeasance in office; 
 but judgment in such cases shall extend only to removal from 
 office and disqualification to hold any office of honor, trust or 
 profit in the State. The party, whether convicted or acquitted, 
 shall, nevertheless, be liable to prosecution, trial and punish- 
 ment according to law. 
 
 SEC. 20. No person shall be tried on impeachment, unless- 
 he shall have been served with a copy of the articles thereof, at 
 least ten days before the trial, and after such service he shall 
 not exercise the duties of his office until he shall have been 
 acquitted. 
 
 SEC. 21. All officers not liable to impeachment shall be 
 removed for any of the offenses specified in this article, in such 
 manner as may be provided by law. 
 
 SEC. 22. The enacting clause of every law shall be: "Be 
 it enacted by the Legislature of the State of Utah," and no bill 
 or joint resolution shall be passed, except with the assent of a 
 majority of all the members elected to each house of the Legis- 
 lature, and after it has been read three times. The vote upon 
 the final passage of all bills shall be by yeas and iiays; and no- 
 
11 
 
 law shall be revised or amended by reference to its title only; 
 but the act as revised, or section as amended, shall be re-enact- 
 ed and published at length. 
 
 SEO. 23. Except general appropriation bills, and bills for 
 the codification and general revision of laws, no bill shall be 
 passed containing more than one subject, which shall be clearly 
 expressed in its title. 
 
 SEC. 24. The presiding officer of each house, in the pres- 
 ence of the house over which he presides, shall sign all bills 
 and joint resolutions passed by the Legislature, after their titles 
 have been publicly read immediately before signing, and the 
 fact of such signing shall be entered upon the journal. 
 
 SEO. 25. All acts shall be officially published, and no act 
 shall take effect until so published, nor until sixty days after 
 the adjournment of the session at which it passed, unless the 
 Legislature by vote of two-thirds of all the members elected to- 
 each house, shall otherwise direct. 
 
 SEC. 26. The Legislature is prohibited from enacting any 
 private or special laws in the following cases: 
 
 First. Granting divorce^ 
 
 Second. Changing the names of persons or places, or con- 
 stituting one person the heir at law of another. 
 
 Third. Locating or changing county seats. 
 
 Fourth. Regulating the jurisdiction and duties of justices 
 of the peace. 
 
 Fifth. Punishing crimes and misdemeanors. 
 
 Sixth. Eegulating the practice of courts of justice. 
 
 Seventh. Providing for a change of venue in civil or crim- 
 inal actions. 
 
 Eighth. Assessing and collecting taxes. 
 
 Ninth. Eegulating the interest on money. 
 
 Tenth. Changing the law of descent or succession. 
 
 Eleventh. Eegulating county and township affairs. 
 
 Twelfth. Incorporating cities, towns or villages; changing 
 or amending the charter of any city, town or village; laying 
 out, opening, vacating or altering town plats, highways, streetd, 
 wards, alleys or public grounds. 
 
 Thirteenth. Providing for sale or mortgage of real estate 
 belonging to minors or others under disability. 
 
12 
 
 Fourteenth. Authorizing persons to keep ferries acrosi 
 streams within the State. 
 
 Fifteenth. Remitting fines, penalties or forfeitures. 
 
 Sixteenth. Granting to an individual, association or corpo- 
 ration any privilege, immunity or franchise. 
 
 Seventeenth. Providing for the management of common 
 schools. 
 
 Eighteenth. Creating, increasing or decreasing fees, per- 
 centages or allowances of public officers during the term for 
 which said officers are elected or appointed. 
 
 The Legislature may repeal any existing special law rela- 
 ting to the foregoing subdivisions. 
 
 In all cases where a general law can be applicable, no 
 special law shall be enacted. 
 
 Nothing in this section shall be construed to deny or 
 restrict the power of the Legislature to establish and regulate 
 the compensation and fees of county and township officers; to 
 establish and regulate the rates of freight, passage, toll and 
 charges of railroads, toll roads, ditch, flume and tunnel com- 
 panies, incorporated under the laws of the State or doing busi- 
 ness therein. 
 
 SEO. 27. The Legislature shall have no power to release 
 or extinguish, in whole or in part, the indebtedness, liability or 
 obligation of any corporation or person to the State, or to any 
 municipal corporation therein. 
 
 SEC. 28. The Legislature shall not authorize any game of 
 chance, lottery or gift enterprise under any pretense or for any 
 purpose. 
 
 SEO. 29. The Legislature shall not delegate to any special 
 commission, private corporation or association, any power to 
 make, supervise or interfere with any municipal improvement, 
 money, property or effects, whether held in trust or otherwise, 
 to levy taxes, to select a capitol site, or to perform any muni- 
 cipal functions. 
 
 SEO. 30. The Legislature shall have no power to grant, or 
 authorize any county or municipal authority to grant, any extra 
 compensation, fee or allowance to any public officer, agent, ser- 
 vant or contractor, after service has been rendered or a con- 
 tract has been entered into and performed in whole or in part, 
 nor pay or authorize the payment of any claim hereafter created 
 
18 
 
 gainst the State, or any county or municipality of the State, 
 wnder any agreement or contract made without authority of 
 law: Provided, That this section shall not apply to claims in- 
 eurred by public officers in the execution of the laws of the 
 State, 
 
 SEO. 31. The Legislature shall not authorize the State, or 
 any county, city, town, township, district or other political sub- 
 division of the State to lend its credit or subscribe to stock or 
 bonds in aid of any railroad, telegraph or other private individ- 
 ual or corporate enterprise or undertaking. 
 
 ABTICLE VII. 
 
 EXECUTIVE. 
 
 SECTION 1. The Executive Department shall consist of 
 Governor, Secretary of State, State Auditor, State Treasurer, 
 Attorney- General, and Superintendent of Public Instruction, 
 each of whom shall hold his office for four years, beginning om 
 the first Monday of January next after his election, except that 
 the terms of office of those elected at the first election shall be- 
 gin when the State shall be admitted into the Union, and shall 
 end on the first Monday in January, A. D. 1901. The officers 
 of the Executive Department, during their terms of office, shall 
 reside at the seat of government, where they shall keep the pub- 
 lic records, books and papers. They shall perform such duties* 
 as are prescribed by this Constitution and as may be prescribed 
 by law. 
 
 SEC. 2. The officers provided for in section one of this- 
 article, shall be elected by the qualified electors of the State at 
 the time and place of voting for members of the Legislature, 
 and the persons respectively having the highest number of 
 votes cast for the office voted for shall be elected; but if two or 
 more shall have an equal and highest number of votes for any 
 one of said offices, the two houses of the Legislature, at its next 
 regular session, shall elect forthwith by joint ballot one of such 
 persons for said office. 
 
 SEC. 3. No person shall be eligible to the office of Gov- 
 ernor or Secretary of State unless he shall have attained the 
 
14 
 
 Age of thirty years at the time of hig election, nor to the office 
 of Attorney-General unless ho shall have attained the age of 
 twenty-five years at the time of his election, and have been ad- 
 mitted to practice in the Supreme Court of the Territory or of 
 the State of Utah, nor unless he shall be in good standing at 
 the bar at the time of his election. No person shall be eligible 
 to any of the offices provided for in section one of this article, 
 unless at the time of his election he shall be a qualified elector, 
 and shall have been a resident citizen of the State or Territory 
 for five years next preceding his election. The State Auditor 
 and State Treasurer shall be ineligible to election as their own 
 successors. 
 
 SEC. 4. The Governor shall be commander-in-chief of the 
 military forces of the State, except when they shall be called 
 into the service of the United States. He shall have the power 
 to call out the militia to execute the laws, to suppress insur- 
 rection, or to repel invasion. 
 
 SEC. 5. The Governor shall see that the laws are faith- 
 fully executed; he shall transact all executive business with 
 the officers of the government, civil and military, and may re- 
 quire information in writing from the officers of the Executive 
 Department, and from the officers and managers of State Insti- 
 tutions upon any subject relating to the condition, management, 
 and expenses of their respective offices and institutions, and at 
 any time when the Legislative Assembly is not in session, may, 
 if he deem it necessary, appoint a committee to investigate and 
 report to him upon the condition of any executive office or 
 State institution. He shall communicate by message the con- 
 dition of the State to the Legislature at every regular session, 
 and recommend such measures as ho may deem expedient. 
 
 SEC. 6. On extraordinary occasions, the Governor may 
 convene the Legislature by proclamation, in which shall be 
 stated the purpose for which the Legislature is to be convened, 
 and it shall transact no legislative business except that for 
 which it was especially convened, or such other legislative busi- 
 ness as the Governor may call to its attention while in session. 
 The Legislature, however, may provide for the expenses of the 
 session and other matters incidental thereto. The Governor 
 may also by proclamation convene the Senate in extraordinary 
 .session for the transaction of executive business. 
 
15 
 
 SEO. 7. In case of a disagreement between the two house* 
 of the Legislature at any special session, with respect to the 
 time of adjournment, the Governor shall have power to ad- 
 journ the Legislature to such time as he may think proper: 
 Provided, it be not beyond the time fixed for tho convening of 
 the next Legislature. 
 
 SEC. 8. Every bill passed by the Legislature, before it 
 becomes a law, shall be presented to the Governor; if he ap- 
 prove, he shall sign it, and thereupon it shall become a law; but 
 if he do not approve, he shall return it with his objections to 
 the house in which it originated, which house shall enter the 
 objections at large upon its journal and proceed to reconsider 
 the bill. If, after such reconsideration, it again passes both 
 houses by a yea and nay vote of two-thirds of "the members 
 elected to each house, it shall become a law, notwithstanding 
 the Governor's objections. If any bill be not returned within 
 five days after it shall have been presented to him (Sunday and the 
 day on which he received it excepted), the same shaU be a law 
 in like manner as if he had signed it, unless the Legislature by 
 its final adjournment prevent such return, in which case it shall 
 be filed with his objections in the office of the Secretary of 
 State within ten days after such adjournment (Sundays excep- 
 ted) or become a law. If any bill presented to the Governor 
 contains several items of appropriations of money, he may ob- 
 ject to one or more such items, while approving other portions 
 of the bill; in such case he shall append to the bill at the time 
 of signing it a statement of the item or items which he declines 
 to approve, together with his reasons therefor, and such item or 
 items shall not take effect unless passed over the Governor's 
 objection as in this section provided. 
 
 SEC. 9. When any State or district office shall become 
 vacant, and no mode is provided by the Constitution and laws 
 for filling such vacancy, the Governor shall have the power to 
 fill the same by granting a commission, which shall expire at 
 the next election, and upon qualification of the person elected 
 to such office. 
 
 SEO. 10. Tho Governor shall nominate, and by and with 
 the consent of the Senate, appoint all State and district officers 
 whose offices are established by this Constitution, or which may 
 be created Ijtf Ifilfc a&d whoae accoiaknient or election is not 
 
1C 
 
 otherwise provided for. If, during the recess of the Senate, a 
 Tacancy occur in any State or district office, the Governor shall 
 appoint some fit person to discharge the duties thereof until 
 the next meeting of the Senate, when he shall nominate some 
 person to fill such office. If the office of Justice of the Supreme 
 or District Court, Secretary of State, State Auditor, State 
 Treasurer, Attorney-General or Superintendent of Public In- 
 struction be vacated by death, resignation or otherwise, it shall 
 be the duty of the Governor to fill the same by appointment, 
 and the appointee shall hold his office until his successor shall 
 be elected and qualified, as may be by law provided. 
 
 SEO. 11. In case of the death of the Governor, or his im- 
 peachment, removal from office, inability to discharge the duties 
 of his office,- resignation or absence from the State, the powers 
 and duties of said office shall devolve upon the Secretary of State* 
 until the disability shall cease, or until the next general election, 
 when the vacancy shall be filled by election. If, during a 
 Tacancy in the office of the Governor, the Secretary of State 
 resign, die or become incapable of performing the duties of the 
 office, or bo displaced, or be absent from the State, the Presi- 
 dent pro tempore of the Senate shall act as Governor until the 
 Tacancy be filled or the disability cease. While performing 
 the duties of the Governor as in this section provided, the Sec- 
 retary of State, or the President pro tempore of the Senate, as 
 the case may be, except in cases of temporary disability, or ab- 
 sence from the State, shall be entitled to the salary and emolu* 
 ments of the Governor. 
 
 SEC. 12. Until otherwise provided by law, the Governor, 
 Justices of the Supreme Court and Attorney-General shall con- 
 stitute a Board of Pardons, a majority of whom, including 
 the Governor, upon such conditions, and with such limitation* 
 and restrictions as they deem proper, may remit fines and for- 
 feitures, commute punishments, and grant pardons after con- 
 victions, in all cases except treason and impeachments, subject 
 to such regulations as may be provided by law, relative to the 
 manner of applying for pardons; but no fine or forfeiture shall 
 be remitted, and no commutation or pardon granted, except 
 after a full hearing before the Board, in open session, after 
 previous notice of the time and place of such hearing has been 
 given. The proceedings and decisions of the Board, with the 
 
17 
 
 reasons therefor in each case, together with the dissent of any 
 member who may disagree, shall be reduced to writing, and 
 filed with all papers used upon the hearing, in the office of the 
 Secretary of State. 
 
 The Governor shall have power to grant respites or re- 
 prieves in all cases of convictions for offenses against the State, 
 except treason or conviction on impeachment; but such respites 
 or reprieves shall not extend beyond the next session of the Board 
 of Pardons; and such Board, at such session, shall continue 
 or determine such respite or reprieve, or they may commute the 
 punishment, or pardon the offense as herein provided. In case 
 of conviction for treason, the Governor shall have the power to 
 suspend execution of the sentence, until the case shall be re- 
 ported to the Legislature at its next regular session, when the 
 Legislature shall either pardon, or commute the sentence, or 
 direct its execution; he shall communicate to the Legislature at 
 each regular session, each case of remission of fine or forfeiture* 
 reprieve, commutation or pardon granted since the last previous 1 
 report, stating the name of the convict, the crime for which he 
 was convicted, the sentence and its date, the date of remis* 
 sion, commutation, pardon or reprieve, with the reasons for 
 granting the same, and the objections, if any, of any member 
 of the Board made thereto. 
 
 SEO. 13. Until otherwise provided by law, the Governor, 
 Secretary of State and Attorney-General shall constitute a 
 Board of State Prison Commissioners, which board shall have, 
 such supervision of all matters connected with the State prison 
 as may be provided by law. They shall, also, constitute a Board 
 of Exttminers, with power to examine all claims against the 
 State except salaries or compensation of officers fixed by 
 law, and perform such other duties as may be prescribed by 1 
 law, and no other claim against the State, except for salaries! 
 and compensation of officers fixed by law, shall be passed upon 
 by the Legislature without having been considered and acted 
 upon by the said Board of Examiners. 
 
 SBC. 14 Until otherwise provided by law, the Governor, 
 State Treasurer and State Auditor shall constitute a Board of 
 Insane Asylum Commissioners. Said Board shall have such 
 supervision of all matters connected with the State Insane 
 Asylum as may be provided by law. 
 
13 
 
 SEO. 15. Until otherwise provided by law, tlie Governor, 
 Attorney-General and Superintendent of Public Instruction 
 shall constitute a Board of Reform School Commissioners. 
 Said board shall have such supervision of all matters connected 
 with the State Reform School as may be provided by law. 
 
 SEC. 16. The Secretary of State shall keep a record of the 
 official acts of tho Legislature and Executive Department of thfr 
 State, and, when required, shall lay the same and all matters 
 relative thereto before either branch of the Legislature, and 
 shall perform such other duties as may be provided by law. 
 
 SEC. 17. The Auditor shall be Auditor of Public Accounts, 
 and the Treasurer shall be the custodian of public moneys, and 
 each shall perform such other duties as may be provided by 
 law. 
 
 SEO. 18. The Attorney-General shall be the legal adviser 
 of the State officers, and shall perform such other duties as may 
 be provided by law. 
 
 SEO. 19. The Superintendent of Public Instruction shall 
 perform such duties as may be provided by law. 
 
 SEO. 20. The Governor, Secretary of State, Auditor, Treas- 
 urer, Attorney-General, Superintendent of Public Instruct! -in 
 and such other State and district officers as may be provided 
 for by law, shall receive for their services quarterly, a compen- 
 sation as fixed by law, which shall not be diminished or in- 
 creased so as to affect the salary o any officer during his term f 
 or the term next ensuing after the adoption of this Constitution, 
 unless a vacancy occur, in which case the successor of the f >r- 
 mer incumbent shall receive only such salary as may be pro- 
 vided by law at the time of his election or appointment. THe 
 compensation of the officers provided for by this article, until 
 otherwise provided by law, is fixed as follows: 
 
 Governor, two thousand dollars per annum. 
 
 Secretary of State, two thousand dollars per annum. 
 
 State Auditor, fifteen hundred dollars per annum. 
 
 State Treasurer, one thousand dollars per annum. 
 
 Attorney-General, fifteen hundred dollars per annum. 
 
 Superintendent of Public Instruction, fifteen hundred dol- 
 lars per annum. 
 
 The compensation for said officers as prescribed in this 
 ^section, and in all laws enacted pursuant to this Constitution- 
 
to 
 
 shall be in full for all services rendered by said officers, respec- 
 tively, in any official capacity or employment during their re- 
 spective terms of office. No such officer shall receive for the 
 performance of any official duty any fee for his own use, but all 
 fees fixed by law for the performance by either of them of any 
 official duty, shall be collected in advance and deposited with 
 the State Treasurer quarterly to the credit of the State. The 
 Legislature may provide for the payment of actual and neces- 
 sary expenses of said officers while traveling in the State in the 
 performance of official duty. 
 
 SEC. 21. All grants and commissions shall be in the name 
 and by the authority of the State of Utah, sealed with the 
 Great Seal of the State, signed by the Governor, and counter- 
 signed by the Secretary of State. 
 
 SEC. 22. There shall be a seal of the State, which shall be 
 kept by the Secretary of State, and used by him officially. Said 
 seal shall be called "The Great Seal of the State of'utah." 
 The present seal of the ^Territory of Utah shall be the seal of 
 the State until otherwise provided by law. 
 
 SEC. 23. No person, while holding any office under the 
 United States government, shall hold any office under the State 
 government of Utah, and the Governor shall not be eligible for 
 election to the Senate of the United States during the term for 
 which he shall have been elected Governor. 
 
 AETIOLE VIII. 
 
 JUDICIAL DEPAKTMENT. 
 
 SECTION 1. The Judicial power of the State shall be vested 
 in the Senate sitting as a court of impeachment, in a supreme 
 court, in district courts, m justices of the peace, and such other 
 jcourts inferior to the Supreme Court as may be established 
 by law. 
 
 SBC. 2. The Supreme Court shall consist of three judges; 
 but after the year A. D. 1905, the Legislature may increase the 
 number thereof to flm A majority of the judges constituting 
 the court shall be necessary to form a quorum or render a de- 
 cision. If a justice of the Supreme Court shall be 
 
from sitting in a cause before said court, the remaining judges 
 shall call a district judge to sit with them on the hearing o 
 such canse. The Judges of the Supreme Court shall be elected 
 by the electors of the State at large. The term of office of the 
 Judges of the Supreme Court, excepting as in this article other- 
 vise provided, shall be six years. The Judges of the Supreme 
 Court, immediately after the first election under this Constitu- 
 tion, shall be selected by lot, so that one shall hold office for 
 the term of three years, one for the term of five years, and one 
 lor the term of seven years. The lots shall be drawn by the 
 Judges of the Supreme Court, who, for that purpose, shall as- 
 semble at the seat of government; and they shall cause the re- 
 sult thereof to be certified by the Secretary of State, and filed in 
 his office. The judge having the shortest term to serve, not 
 holding his office by appointment or election to fill a vacancy, 
 shall be the Chief Justice, and shall preside at all terms of the 
 Supreme Court, and in case of his absence, the judge, having in 
 like manner, the next shortest term, shall preside in his stead. 
 
 SEC. 3. Every Judge of the Supreme Court shall be at least 
 thirty years of age, and, before his election, shall be a member 
 >f the bar, learned in the law, and a resident of the Territory or 
 Etate of Utah for five years next preceding his election. 
 
 SEC. 4 The Supreme Court shall have original jurisdic- 
 tion to issue writs of mandamus, ceriiorari, prohibition, quo- 
 toarranto and habeas corpus. Each of the Justices shall have 
 Jpower to issue writs of habeas corpus, to any part of the State, 
 tipon petition by or on behalf of any person held in actual 
 custody, and may make such writs returnable before himself or 
 the Supreme Court, or before any district court or judge there- 
 of in the State. In other cases the Supreme Court shall have 
 appellate jurisdiction only, and power to issue writs necessary 
 nd proper for the exercise of that jurisdiction. The Supreme 
 Court shall hold at least three terms every year, and shall sit at 
 the capital of the State. 
 
 SEO. 6. The State shall be divided into seven judicial dis- 
 tricts, for each of which, at least one, and not exceeding three 
 judges, shall be chosen by the qualified electors thereof. The 
 term of office of the district judges shall be four years, except 
 that the district judges elected at the first election shall serve 
 until the first Monday in January, A. D. 1901* and until their 
 
21 
 
 successors shall have qualified. Until otherwise provided by 
 law, a district court at the county seat of each county shall b* 
 held at least four times a year. All civil and criminal business 
 arising in any county, must be tried in such county, unless a 
 change of venue be taken, in such cases as may bo provided by 
 law. Each judge of the District Court shall be at least twenty- 
 five years of age, a member of the bar, learned in the law, a resi- 
 dent of the Territory or State of Utah three years next preced- 
 ing his election, and shall reside in the district for which he 
 hall be elected. Any District Judge may hold a District Court 
 in any county at the request of the judge of the district, and 
 upon a request of the Governor, it shall be his duty to do so. 
 Any cause in the District Court may be tried by a judge pr& 
 tempore, who must be a member of the bar, sworn to try tho 
 cause, and agreed upon by the parties, or their attorneys of 
 record. 
 
 SEO, 6. The Legislature may change tho limits of any 
 judicial district, or increase or decrease the number of districts, 
 or the judges thereof. No alteration or increase shall have the 
 effect of removing a judge from office. In every additional 
 district established, a judge shall be elected by the electors 
 thereof, and his term of office shall continue as provided in 
 section five of this article. 
 
 SBO. 7. The District Court shall have original jurisdiction 
 in all matters civil and criminal, not excepted in this Constitu- 
 tion, and not prohibited by law; appellate jurisdiction from all 
 inferior courts aad tribunals, and a supervisory control of the 
 same. The District Courts or any judge thereof, shall have 
 power to issue writs of habeas corpus^ mandamus, injunction^ 
 quo warranto, certiorari, prohibition and other writs necessary 
 to carry into effect their orders, judgments and decrees, and to 
 give them a general control over inferior courts and tribunals 
 within their respective jurisdictions. 
 
 SEO. 8. The Legislature shall determine the number of 
 justices of the peace to be elected, and shall fix by law their 
 powers, duties and compensation. The jurisdiction of justices 
 of the peace shall be as now provided by law, but the Legis- 
 lature may restrict the some. 
 
 SBC. 9. From all final judgments of the District Courts, 
 there shall be a right of appeal to the Supreme Court. The ap 
 
peal shall be upon the record made in the court below, and under 
 such regulations as may be provided by law. In equity cases 
 the appeal may be on questions of both law and fact; in cases 
 at law the appeal shall be on questions of law alone. Appeals 
 shall ako lie from the final orders and decrees of the Court in 
 the administration of decedent estates, and in cases of guardian- 
 ship, as shall be provided by law. Appeals shall also lie from 
 the final judgment of justices of the peace in civil and criminal 
 cases to the District Courts on both questions of law and fact, 
 with such limitations and restrictions as shall be provided by 
 law; and the decision of the District Courts on such appeals 
 shall be final, except in cases involving the validity or constitu- 
 tionality of a statute. 
 
 SEC. 10. A County Attorney shall be elected by the 
 qualified voters of each county who shall hold his office for a 
 term of two years. The powers and duties of County Attorneys 
 and such other attorneys for the State as the Legislature may 
 provide, shall be prescribed by law. In all cases where the 
 attorney for any county, or for the State, fails or refuses to 
 attend and prosecute according to law, the court shall have 
 power to appoint an attorney pro tempore. 
 
 SEC. 11. Judges may be removed from office by the con- 
 current vote of both houses of the Legislature, each voting 
 separately; but two- thirds of the members to which each house 
 may be entitled must concur in such vote. The vote shall be 
 determined by yeas and nays, and the names of the members 
 voting for or against a judge, together with the cause or causes 
 of removal, shall be entered on the journal of each house. 
 The judge against whom the house may be about to proceed 
 shall receive notice thereof, accompanied with a copy of the 
 cause alleged for his removal, at least ten days before the day 
 on which either house of the Legislature shall act thereon. 
 
 SEC. 12. The Judges of the Supreme and District Courts 
 shall receive at stated times compensation for their services, 
 which shall not be increased or diminished during the time for 
 which they are elected. 
 
 SEC. 13. Except by consent of all the parties, no judge of 
 the supreme or inferior courts shall preside in the trial of any 
 cause where either of the parties shall be connected with him 
 by affinity or consanguinuity within the degree of first cousin, 
 
23 
 
 or in which he may have been of counsel, or in the trial of 
 which he may have presided in any inferior court. 
 
 SEC. 14. The Supreme Court shall appoint a clerk, and a 
 reporter of its decisions, who shall hold their offices during the 
 pleasure of the Court. Until otherwise provided, County 
 Clerks shall be ex officio clerks of the District Courts in and for 
 their respective counties, and shall perform such other duties 
 as may be provided by law. 
 
 SEC. 15. No person related to any judge of any court by 
 affinity or consanguinity within the degree of first cousin, shall 
 be appointed by such court or judge to, or employed by such 
 court or judge in any office or duty in any court of which such 
 judge may be a member. 
 
 SEC. 16. Until otherwise provided by law, the Judicial 
 Districts of the State shall be constituted as follows: 
 
 First District: The Counties of Cache, Box Elder and 
 Eich. 
 
 Second District: The Counties of Weber, Morgan and 
 Davis. 
 
 Third District: The Counties of Summit, Salt Lake and 
 Tooele, in which there shall be elected three district judges. 
 
 Fourth District: The Counties of Utah, Wasatch and 
 Uintah. 
 
 Fifth District: The Counties of Juab, Millard, Beaver, 
 Iron and Washington. 
 
 Sixth District: The Counties of Sevier, Piute, Wayne, 
 Garfield and Kane. 
 
 Seventh District: The Counties of Sanpete, Carbon, 
 Emery, Grand and San Juan. 
 
 SEC. 17. The Supreme and District courts shall be courts 
 of record, and each shall have a seal. 
 
 SEC. 18. The style of all process shall be " The State of 
 Utah," and all prosecutions shall be conducted in the name and 
 by the authority of the same. 
 
 SEC. 19. There shall be but one form of civil action, and 
 law and equity may be administered in the same action. 
 
 SEC. 20. Until otherwise provided by law, salaries of 
 supreme and district judges, shall be three thousand dollars per 
 annum and mileage, payable quarterly out of the State treas- 
 ury. 
 
24 
 
 SEC. 21. Judges of the Supreme Court, District Court, 
 and justices of the peace, shall be conservators of the peace, 
 and may hold preliminary examinations in cases of felony. 
 
 SEC. 22. District Judges may, at any time, report defects 
 and omissions in the law to the Supreme Court, and the Su- 
 preme Court, on or before the first day of December of each 
 year, shall report in writing to the Governor any seeming de- 
 fect or omission in the law. 
 
 SEC. 23. The Legislature may provide for the publication 
 of decisions and opinions of the Supreme Court, but all de- 
 cisions shall be free to publishers. 
 
 SEC. 24. The terms of office of Supreme and District 
 Judges may be extended by law, but such extension shall not 
 affect the term for which any judge was elected. 
 
 SEC. 25. When a judgment or decree is reversed, modified 
 or affirmed by the Supreme Court, the reasons therefor shall be 
 stated concisely in writing, signed by the judges concurring, 
 filed in the office of the Clerk of the Supreme Court, and pre- 
 served with a record of the case. Any judge dissenting there- 
 from, may give the reasons of his dissent in writing over his 
 signature. 
 
 SEC. 26. It shall be the duty of the court to prepare a 
 syllabus of all the points adjudicated in each case, which shall 
 be concurred in by a majority of the judges thereof, and it shall 
 be prefixed to the published reports of the case. 
 
 SEC. 27. Any judicial officer who shall absent himself 
 from the State or district for more than ninety consecutive 
 days, shall be deemed to have forfeited his office: Provided, 
 That in case of extreme necessity, the Governor may extend 
 the leave of absence to such time as the necessity therefor shall 
 exist. 
 
 AKTICLE IX. 
 
 CONGRESSIONAL AND LEGISLATIVE APPORTIONMENT. 
 
 SECTION 1. One representative in the Congress of the 
 United States shall be elected from the State at large on the 
 Tuesday next after the first Monday in November, A. D. 1895, 
 and thereafter at such times and places, and in such manner as 
 
25 
 
 may be prescribed by law. When a new apportionment shall 
 be made by Congress, the Legislature shall divide the State 
 into congressional districts accordingly. 
 
 SEC. 2. The Legislature shall provide by law for an enu- 
 meration of the inhabitants of the State, A. D. 1905, and every 
 tenth year thereafter, and at the session next following such 
 enumeration, and also at the session next following an enumera- 
 tion made by the authority of the United States, shall revise and 
 adjust the opportionment for Senators and Representatives on 
 the basis of such enumeration according to ratios to be fixed by 
 law. 
 
 SEC. 3. The Senate shall consist of eighteen members, 
 and the House of Representatives of forty-five members. The 
 Legislature may increase the number of Senators and Represen- 
 tatives, but the Senators shall never exceed thirty in number, 
 and the number of Representatives shall never be less than 
 twice nor greater than three times the number of Senators. 
 
 SEC. 4. When more than one county shall constitute a 
 Senatorial District, such counties shall be contiguous, and no 
 county shall be divided in the formation of such districts unless 
 such county contains sufficient population within itself to form 
 two or more districts, nor shall a part of any county be united 
 with any other county in forming any district. 
 
 REPRESENTATIVE DISTKICTS. 
 
 Until otherwise provided by law, Representatives shall be 
 apportioned among the several counties of the State as follows: 
 
 Provided, That in any future apportionment made by the 
 Legislature, each county shall be entitled to at least one repre- 
 sentative. 
 
 The County of Box Elder shall constitute the First Repre- 
 sentative District, and be entitled to one representative. 
 
 The County of Cache shall constitute the Second Represen- 
 tative District, and be entitled to three representatives. 
 
 The County of Rich shall constitute the Third Representa- 
 tive District, and be entitled to one representative. 
 
 The County of Weber shall constitute the Fourth Repre- 
 sentative District, and be entitled to four representatives. 
 
 The County of Morgan shall constitute the Fifth Represen- 
 tative District, and be entitled to one representative. 
 
26 
 
 The County of Davis shall constitute the Sixth Representa- 
 tive District, and be entitled to one representative. 
 
 The County of Tooele shall constitute the Seventh Repre- 
 sentative District, and be entitled to one representative. 
 
 The County of Salt Lake shall constitute the Eighth Rep- 
 resentative District, and be entitled to ten representatives. 
 
 The County of Summit shall constitute the Ninth Repre- 
 sentative District, and be entitled to one representative. 
 
 The County of Wasatch shall constitute the Tenth Repre- 
 sentative District, and be entitled to one representative. 
 
 The County of Utah shall constitute the Eleventh Repre- 
 sentative District, and be entitled to four representatives. 
 
 The County of Uintah shall constitute the Twelfth Repre- 
 sentative District, and be entitled to one representative. 
 
 The County of Jiiab shall constitute the Thirteenth Repre- 
 sentative District, and be entitled to one representative. 
 
 The County of Sanpete shall constitute the Fourteenth 
 Representative District, and be entitled to two representatives. 
 
 The County of Carbon shall constitute the Fifteenth Rep- 
 resentative District, and be entitled to one representative. 
 
 The County of Emery shall constitute the Sixteenth Rep- 
 resentative District, and be entitled to one representative. 
 
 The County of Grand shall constitute the Seventeenth 
 Representative District, and be entitled to one representative. 
 
 The County of Sevier shall constitute the Eighteenth Rep- 
 resentative District, and be entitled to one representative. 
 
 The County of Millard shall constitute the Nineteenth 
 Representative District, and be entitled to one representative. 
 
 The County of Beaver shall constitute the Twentieth Rep- 
 resentative District, and be entitled to one representative. 
 
 The County of Piute shall constitute the Twenty-first Rep- 
 resentative District, and be entitled to one representative. 
 
 The County of Wayne shall constitute the Twenty-second 
 Representative District, and be entitled to one representative. 
 
 The County of Garfield shall constitute the Twenty-third 
 Representative District, and be entitled to one representative. 
 
 The County of Iron shall constitute the Twenty-fourth 
 Representative District, and be entitled to one representative. 
 
 The County of Washington shall constitute the Twenty-fifth 
 Representative District, and be entitled to one representative. 
 
27 
 
 The County of Kane shall constitute the Twenty-sixth Rep- 
 resentative District, and be entitled to one representative. 
 
 The County of San Juan shall constitute the Twenty- 
 seventh Representative District, and be entitled to one repre- 
 sentative. 
 
 SENATORIAL DISTRICTS. 
 
 Until otherwise provided by law, the Senatorial Districts 
 shall be constituted and numbered as follows: 
 
 The Counties of Box Elder and Tooele shall constitute the 
 First District, and be entitled to one senator. 
 
 The County of Cache shall constitute the Second District, 
 and be entitled to one senator. 
 
 The Counties of Rich, Morgan and Davis shall constitute 
 the Third District, and be entitled to one senator. 
 
 The County of Weber shall constitute the Fourth District, 
 and be entitled to two senators. 
 
 The Counties of Summit and Wasatch shall constitute the 
 Fifth District, and be entitled to one senator. 
 
 The County of Salt Lake shall constitute the Sixth Dis- 
 trict, and be entitled to five senators. 
 
 The County of Utah shall constitute the Seventh District, 
 and be entitled to two senators. 
 
 The Counties of Juab and Millard shall constitute the 
 Eighth District, and be entitled to one senator. 
 
 The County of San Pete shall constitute the Ninth District, 
 and be entitled to one senator. 
 
 The Counties of Sevier, Wayne, Piute, and Garfield shall 
 constitute the Tenth District, and be entitled to one senator. 
 
 The Counties of Beaver, Iron, Washington and Kane shall 
 constitute the Eleventh District, and be entitled to one senator. 
 
 The Counties of Emery, Carbon, Uintah, Grand, and San 
 Juan shall constitute the Twelfth District, and be entitled to 
 one senator. 
 
28 
 AETICLE X. 
 
 EDUCATION. 
 
 SECTION 1. The Legislature shall provide for the estab- 
 lishment and maintenance of a uniform system of public 
 schools, which shall be open to all the children of the State, and 
 free from sectarian control. 
 
 SEC. 2. The Public School System shall include kinder- 
 garten schools; common schools, consisting of primary and 
 grammar grades; high schools; an Agricultural College; a 
 University, and such other schools as the Legislature may estab- 
 lish. The common school shall be free. The other depart- 
 ments of the system shall be supported as provided by law: 
 Provided, That high schools may be maintained free in all 
 cities of the first and second class now constituting school dis- 
 tricts, and in such other cities and districts as may be desig- 
 nated by the Legislature. But where the proportion of school 
 moneys apportioned or accruing to any city or district shall 
 not be sufficient to maintain all the free schools in such city or 
 district, the high schools shall be supported by local taxation. 
 
 SEC. 3. The proceeds of all lands that have been, or may 
 be granted by the United States to this State, for the support of 
 the common schools; the proceeds of all property that may 
 accrue to the State by escheat or forfeiture; and all unclaimed 
 shares and dividends of any corporation incorporated under the 
 laws of this State; the proceeds of the sale of timber, minerals 
 or other property from school and State lands, other than those 
 granted for specific purposes; and the five per centum of the 
 net proceeds of the sales of public lands lying within the State, 
 which shall be sold by the United States, subsequent to 
 the admission of this State into the Union, shall be and remain 
 a perpetual fund, to be called the State School Fund, the inter- 
 est of which only, together with such other means as the Leg- 
 islature may provide, shall be distributed among the several 
 school districts according to the school population residing 
 therein. 
 
 SEC. 4. The location and establishment by existing laws 
 of the University of Utah, and Agricultural College are hereby 
 confirmed, and all the rights, immunities, franchises and 
 endowments heretofore granted or conferred, are hereby per- 
 
29 
 
 petuated unto said University and Agricultural College respect- 
 ively. 
 
 SEC. 5. The proceeds of the sale of lands reserved by an 
 Act of Congress, approved February 21st, 1855, for the estab- 
 lishment of the University of Utah, and of all the lands granted 
 by an Act of Congress, approved July 16th, 1894, shall consti- 
 tute permanent funds, to be safely invested and held by the 
 State; and the income thereof shall be used exclusively for the 
 support and maintenance of the different institutions and col- 
 leges, respectively, in accordance with the requirements and 
 conditions of said acts of Congress. 
 
 SEC. 6. In cities of the first and second class, the public 
 school system shall be maintained and controlled, by the Board 
 of Education of such cities, separate and apart from the Coun- 
 ties in which said cities are located. 
 
 SEC. 7. All public School funds shall be guaranteed by 
 the State against loss or diversion. 
 
 SEC. 8. The general control and supervision of the Public 
 School System shall be vested in a State Board of Education, 
 consisting of the Superintendent of Public Instruction, and 
 such other persons as the Legislature may provide. 
 
 SEC. 9. Neither the Legislature nor the State Board of 
 Education shall have power to prescribe text books to be used 
 in the common schools. 
 
 SEC. 10. Institutions for the Deaf and Dumb, and for the 
 Blind, are hereby established. All property belonging to the 
 School for the Deaf and Dumb, heretofore connected with the 
 University of Utah, shall be transferred to said Institution 
 for the Deaf and Dumb. All the proceeds of the lands granted 
 by the United States for the support of a Deaf and Dumb 
 Asylum, and for an Institution for the Blind, shall be a perpet- 
 ual fund for the maintenance of said Institutions. It shall be 
 a trust fund, the principal of which shall remain inviolate, 
 guaranteed by the State against loss or diversion. 
 
 SEC. 11. The Metric System shall be taught in the public 
 schools of the State. 
 
 SEC. 12. Neither religious nor partisan test or qualifica- 
 tion shall be required of any person as a condition of admission, 
 as teacher or student, into any public educational institution of 
 the State. 
 
30 
 
 SEC. 13. Neither the Legislature nor any county, city, 
 town, school district or other public corporation, shall 
 make any appropriation to aid in the support of any school, 
 seminary, academy, college, university or other institution, 
 controlled in whole, or in part by any church, sect or denomina- 
 tion whatever. 
 
 AETICLE XL 
 
 COUNTIES, CITIES AND TOWNS. 
 
 SECTION 1. The several counties of the Territory of Utah, 
 existing at the time of the adoption of this Constitution, are 
 hereby recognized as legal subdivisions of this State, and the 
 precincts and school districts now existing in the said counties, 
 as legal subdivisions thereof, and they shall so continue until 
 changed by law in pursuance of article. 
 
 SEC. 2. No County Seat shall be removed unless two- 
 thirds of the qualified electors of the county, voting on the 
 proposition at a general exection, shall vote in favor of such 
 removal, and two-thirds of the votes cast on the proposition 
 shall be required to re-locate a county seat. A proposition of 
 removal shall not be submitted in the same county more than 
 once in four years. 
 
 SEC. 3. No territory shall be stricken from any county 
 unless a majority of the voters living in such territory, as well 
 as of the county to which it is to-be annexed, shall vote there- 
 for, and then only under such conditions as may be prescribed 
 by general law. 
 
 SEC. 4. The Legislature shall establish a system of county 
 government, which shall be uniform throughout the State, and 
 by general laws shall provide for precinct and township or- 
 ganizations. 
 
 SEC. 5. Corporations for municipal purposes shall not be 
 created by special laws; the Legislature, by general laws, shall 
 provide for the incorporation, organization, and classification of 
 cities and towns in proportion to population; which laws may 
 be altered, amended or repealed. 
 
 SEC. 6. No municipal corportion, shall directly or in- 
 directly, lease, sell, alien or dispose of any water- works, water- 
 
31 
 
 rights, or sources of water supply now, or hereafter to be owned 
 or controlled by it, but all such water-works, water-rights and 
 sources of water supply now owned or hereafter to be acquired 
 by any municipal corporation, shall be preserved, maintained 
 and operated by it for supplying its inhabitants with water at 
 reasonable charges: Provided, That nothing herein contained 
 shall be construed to prevent any such municipal corporation 
 from exchanging water-rights, or sources of water supply, for 
 other water-rights or sources of water supply of equal value, 
 and to be devoted in like manner to the public supply of its 
 inhabitants. 
 
 AKTICLE XII. 
 
 CORPOKATIONS. 
 
 SECTION 1. Corporations may be formed under general 
 laws, but shall not be created by special acts. All laws relating 
 to corporations may be altered, amended or repealed by the 
 Legislature, and all corporations doing business in this State, 
 may, as to such business, be regulated, limited or restrained 
 by law. 
 
 SEC. 2. All existing charters, franchises, special or exclu- 
 sive privileges, under which an actual and bona fide organiza- 
 tion shall not have taken place, and business been commenced 
 in good faith, at the time of the adoption of this Constitution, 
 shall thereafter have no validity; and no corporation in exist- 
 ence at the time of the adoption of this Constitution shall have 
 the benefit of future legislation without first filing in the office 
 of the Secretary of State, an acceptance of the provisions of 
 this Constitution. 
 
 SEC. 3. The Legislature shall not extend any franchise or 
 charter, nor remit the forfeiture of any franchise or charter of 
 any corporation now existing, or which shall hereafter exist 
 under the laws of this State. 
 
 SEC. 4. The term "Corporation," as used in this article, 
 shall be construed to include all associations and joint stock 
 companies having any powers or privileges of corporations not 
 possessed by individuals or partnerships, and all corporations 
 shall have the right to sue, and shall be subject to be sued, in 
 all courts, in like cases as natural persons. 
 
32 
 
 SEC. 5. Corporations shall not issue stock, except to bona 
 fide subscribers thereof or their assignee, nor shall any corpor- 
 ation issue any bond, or other obligation, for the payment of 
 money, except for money or property received, or labor done. 
 The stock of corporations shall not be increased, except in pur- 
 suance of general law, nor shall any law authorize the increase 
 of stock without the consent of the person or persons holding 
 the larger amount in value of the stock, or without due notice 
 of the proposed increase having previously been given in such 
 manner as may be prescribed by law. All fictitious increase of 
 stock or indebtedness shall be void. 
 
 SEC. 6. No corporations organized outside of this State, 
 shall be allowed to transact business within the State, on condi- 
 tions more favorable than those prescribed by law to similar 
 corporations, organized under the laws of this State. 
 
 SEC. 7. No corporation shall lease or alienate any fran- 
 chise, so as to relieve the franchise or property held thereunder 
 from the liabilities of the lessor, or grantor, lessee, or grantee, 
 contracted or incurred in operation, use or enjoyment of such 
 franchise or any of its privileges. 
 
 SEC. 8. No law shall be passed granting the right to con- 
 struct and operate a street railroad, telegraph, telephone or 
 electric light plant within any city or incorporated town, with- 
 out the consent of the local authorities who have the control of 
 the street or highway proposed to be occupied for such pur- 
 poses. 
 
 SEC. 9. No corporation shall do business in this State, 
 without having one or more places of business, with an author- 
 ized agent or agents, upon whom process may be served; nor 
 without first filing a certified copy of its articles of incorpor- 
 ation with the Secretary of State. 
 
 SEC. 10. No corporation shall engage in any business 
 other than that expressly authorized in its charter, or articles 
 of incorporation. 
 
 SEC. 11. The exercise of the right of eminent domain shall 
 never be so abridged or construed, as to prevent the Legisla- 
 ture from taking the property and franchises of incorporated 
 companies, and subjecting them to public use the same as the 
 property of individuals. 
 
33 
 
 SEC. 12. All railroad and other transportation companies 
 are declared to be common carriers, and subject to legislative 
 control; and such companies shall receive and transport each 
 other's passengers aud freight, without discrimination or un- 
 necessary delay. 
 
 SEC. 13. No railroad corporation shall consolidate its 
 stock, property or franchises with any other railroad corpor- 
 ation owning a competing line. 
 
 SEC. 14. The rolling stock, and other moveable property, 
 belonging to any railroad company or corporation in this State, 
 shall be considered personal property, and shall be liable to 
 taxation and to execution and sale, in the same manner as the 
 personal property of individuals, and such property shall not be 
 exempted from execution and sale. 
 
 SEC. 15. The Legislature shall piss laws establishing rea- 
 sonable maximum rates of charges, for the transportation of 
 passengers and freight, for correcting abuses, and preventing 
 discrimination and extortion in rates of freight and passenger 
 tariffs by the different railroads, and other common carriers in 
 the State, and shall enforce such laws by adequate penalties. 
 
 SEC. 16. No corporation or association shall bring any 
 armed person or bodies of men into this State for the preserva- 
 tion of the peace, or the suppression of domestic troubles with- 
 out authority of law. 
 
 SEC. 17. No officer, employee, attorney or agent of any 
 corporation, company or association doing business under, or by 
 virtue of any municipal charter or franchise, shall be eligible 
 to or permitted to hold any municipal office, in the municipality 
 granting such charter or franchise. 
 
 SEC. 18. The stockholders in every corporation, and joint 
 stock association for banking purposes, in addition to the 
 amount of capital stock subscribed and fully paid by them, shall 
 be individually responsible for an additional amount, equal to 
 the amount of their stock in such corporation, for all its debts 
 and liabilities of every kind. 
 
 SEC. 19. Every person in this State shall be free to obtain 
 employment whenever possible, and any person, corporation, or 
 agent, servant or employee thereof, maliciously interfering or 
 hindering in any way, any person from obtaining, or enjoying 
 employment already obtained, from any other corporation or 
 
34 
 
 person, shall be deemed guilty of a crime. The Legislature 
 shall provide by law for the enforcement of this section. 
 
 SEC. 20. Any combination by individuals, corporations, or 
 associations, having for its object or effect the controlling of 
 the price of any products of the soil, or of any article of manu- 
 facture or commerce, or the cost of exchange or transportation, 
 is prohibited, and hereby declared unlawful, and against public 
 policy. The Legislature shall pass laws for the enforcement of 
 this section by adequate penalties, and in case of incorporated 
 companies, if necessary may declare a forfeiture of their fran- 
 chise. 
 
 ARTICLE XIII. 
 
 REVENUE AND TAXATION. 
 
 SECTION 1. The fiscal year shall begin on the first day of 
 January, unless changed by the Legislature. 
 
 SEC. 2. All property in the State, not exempt under the 
 laws of the United States, or under this Constitution, shall be 
 taxed in proportion to its value, to be ascertained as provided 
 by law. The word property, as used in this article, is hereby 
 declared to include moneys, credits, bonds, stocks, franchises 
 and all matters and things (real, personal and mixed) capable 
 of private ownership; but this shall not be so construed as to 
 authorize the taxation of the stocks of any company or corpora- 
 tion, when the property of such company or corporation repre- 
 sented by such stocks, has been taxed. The Legislature shall 
 provide by law for an annual tax sufficient, with other sources 
 of revenue, to defray the estimated ordinary expenses of the 
 State for each fiscal year. For the purpose of paying the 
 State debt, if any there be, the Legislature shall provide for 
 levying a tax annually, sufficient to pay the annual interest, 
 and principal of such debt, within twenty years from the final 
 passage of the law creating- the debt. 
 
 SEC. 3. The Legislature shall provide by law a uniform 
 and equal rate of assessment and taxation 011 all property in the 
 State, according to its value in money, and shall prescribe by 
 general law such regulations as shall secure a just valuation 
 for taxation of all property; so that every person and corpora- 
 
35 
 
 tion shall pay a tax in proportion to the value of his, her or its- 
 property: Provided, That a deduction of debits from credits- 
 may be authorized: Provided further, That the property of the 
 United States, of the State,counties, cities, towns, school districts, 
 municipal corporations and public libraries, lots with the build- 
 ings thereon used exclusively for either religious worship or 
 charitable purposes, and places of burial not held or used for 
 private or corporate benefit, shall be exempt from taxation. 
 Ditches, canals, and flumes owned and used by individuals or 
 corporations for irrigating lands owned by such individuals or 
 corporations, or the individual members thereof, shall not be 
 separately taxed so long as they shall be owned and used exclu- 
 sively for such purpose. 
 
 SEC. 4. All mines and mining claims, both placer and rock 
 in place, containing or bearing gold, silver, copper, lead, coal or 
 other valuable mineral deposits, after purchase thereof from the 
 United States, shall be taxed at the price paid the United States 
 therefor, unless the surface ground, or some part thereof, of 
 such mine or claim, is used for other than mining purposes, and 
 has a separate and independent value for such other purposes; 
 in which case said surface ground, or any part thereof, so used 
 for other than mining purposes, shall be taxed at its value for 
 such other purposes, as provided by law; and all the machinery 
 used in mining, and all property and surface improvements- 
 upon or appurtenant to mines and mining claims, which have a 
 value separate and independent of such mines or mining claims, 
 and the net annual proceeds of all mines and mining claims, 
 shall be taxed as provided by law. 
 
 SEC. 5. The Legislature shall not impose taxes for the 
 purpose of any county, city, town or other municipal corpora- 
 tion, but may, by law vest, in the corporate authorities thereof, 
 respectively, the power to assess and collect taxes for all pur- 
 poses of such corporation. 
 
 SEC. 6. An accurate statement of the receipts and expen- 
 ditures of the public moneys, shall be published annually in 
 such manner as the Legislature may provide. 
 
 SEC. 7. The rate of taxation on property, for State pur- 
 poses, shall never exceed eight mills on each dollar of valuation; 
 and whenever the taxable property within the State shall amount 
 to two hundred million dollars, the rate shall not exceed five' 
 
36 
 
 mills on each dollar of valuation; and whenever the taxable 
 property within the State shall amount to three hundred million 
 dollars, the rate shall never thereafter exceed four mills on each 
 dollar of valuation; unless a proposition to increase such rate, 
 specifying the rate proposed, and the time during which the 
 same shall be levied, be first submitted to a vote of such of the 
 qualified electors of the State as, in the year next preceding 
 such election, shall have paid a property tax assessed to them 
 within the State, and the majority of those voting thereon shall 
 -vote in favor thereof, in such manner as may be provided by 
 law. 
 
 SEC. 8. The making of profit out of public moneys, or 
 using the same for any purpose not authorized by law, by any 
 public officer, shall be deemed a felony, and shall be punished 
 as provided by law, but part of such punishment shall be dis- 
 qualification to hold public office. 
 
 SEC. 9. No appropriation shall be made, or any expendi- 
 ture authorized by the Legislature, whereby the expenditure of 
 the State, during any fiscal year, shall exceed the total tax then 
 provided for by law, and applicable for such appropriation or 
 expenditure, unless the Legislature making such appropriation, 
 shall provide for levying a sufficient tax, not exceeding the rates 
 allowed in section seven of this article, to pay such appropria- 
 tion or expenditure within such fiscal year. This provision 
 shall not apply to appropriations or expenditures to suppress 
 insurrections, defend the State, or assist in defending the 
 United States in time of war. 
 
 SEC. 10. All corporations or persons in this State, or 
 doing business herein, shall be subject to taxation for State, 
 county, school, municipal or other purposes, on the real and 
 personal property owned or used by them within the Territorial 
 limits of the authority levying the tax. 
 
 SEC. 11. Until otherwise provided by law, there shall be a 
 State Board of Equalization, consisting of the Governor, State 
 Auditor, State Treasurer, Secretary of State and Attorney- 
 General; also, in each county of this State, a County Board of 
 Equalization, consisting of the Board of County Commissioners 
 of said county. The duty of the State Board of Equalization 
 shall be to adjust and equalize the valuation of the real and 
 personal property among the several counties of the State. 
 
37 
 
 The duty of the County Board of Equalization shall be to 
 adjust and equalize the valuation of the real and personal prop- 
 erty within their respective counties. Each Board shall also 
 perform such other duties as may be prescribed by law. 
 
 SEC. 12. Nothing in this Constitution shall be construed 
 to prevent the Legislature from providing a stamp tax, or a tax 
 based on income, occupation, licenses, franchises or mortgages. 
 
 ARTICLE XIV. 
 
 PUBLIC DEBT. 
 
 SECTION 1. To meet casual deficits or failures in revenue, 
 and for necessary expenditures for public purposes, including 
 the erection of public buildings, and for the payment of all 
 Territorial indebtedness assumed by the State, the State may 
 contract debts, not exceeding in the aggregate at any one time, 
 the sum of two hundred thousand dollars over and above the 
 amount of the Territorial indebtedness assumed by the State. 
 But when the said Territorial indebtedness shall have been 
 paid, the State shall never contract any indebtedness, except as 
 in the next section provided, in excess of the sum of two hun- 
 dred thousand dollars, and all moneys arising from loans herein 
 authorized, shall be applied solely to the purposes for which 
 they were obtained. 
 
 SEC. 2. The State may contract debts to repel invasion, 
 suppress insurrection, or to defend the State in war, but the 
 money arising from the contracting of such debts shall be 
 applied solely to the purpose for which it was obtained. 
 
 SEC. 3. No debt in excess of the taxes for the current year 
 shall be created by any county or subdivision thereof, or by 
 any school district therein, or by any city, town or village, or 
 any subdivision thereof in this State; unless the proposition to 
 create such debt, shall have been submitted to a vote of such 
 qualified electors as shall have paid a property tax therein, in 
 the year preceding such election, and a majority of those voting 
 thereon shall have voted in favor of incurring such debt. 
 
 SEC. 4. When authorized to create indebtedness as pro- 
 vided in Section three of this Article, no county shall become 
 indebted to an amount, including existing indebtedness, exceed- 
 ing two per centum. No city, town, school district or other 
 
38 
 
 t 
 
 municipal corporation, shall become indebted to an amount, 
 including existing indebtedness, exceeding four per centum of 
 the value of the taxable property therein, the value to be ascer- 
 tained by the last assessment for State and county purposes, 
 previous to the incurring of such indebtedness; except that in 
 incorporated cities the assessment shall be taken from the last 
 assessment for city purposes: Provided, That no part of the 
 indebtedness allowed in this section, shall be incurred for other 
 than strictly county, city, town or school district purposes: 
 Provided, further, That any city or town when authorized as 
 provided in section three of this article, may be allowed to 
 incur a larger indebtedness, not exceeding four per centum 
 additional, for supplying such city or town with water, artificial 
 light or sewers, when the works for supplying such water, light 
 and sewers, shall be owned and controlled by the municipality. 
 
 SEC. 5. All moneys borrowed by or on behalf of the 
 State, or any legal subdivision thereof, shall be used solely for 
 the purpose specified in the law authorizing the loan. 
 
 SEC. 6. The State shall not assume the debt, or any part 
 thereof, of any county, city, town or school district. 
 
 SEC. 7. Nothing in this article shall be so construed as 
 to impair or add to the obligation of any debt heretofore con- 
 tracted, inaccordance with the laws of Utah Territory, by any 
 county, city, town or school district, or to prevent the contract- 
 ing of any debt, or the issuing of bonds therefor, in accordance 
 with said laws, upon any proposition for that purpose, which, 
 according to said laws, may have been submitted to a vote of 
 the qualified electors of any county, city, town or school dis- 
 trict before the day on which this Constitution takes effect. 
 
 AETICLE XV. 
 
 MILITIA. 
 
 SECTION 1. The militia shall consist of all able-bodied 
 male inhabitants of the State -between the ages of eighteen and 
 forty-five years, except such as are exempt by law. 
 
 SEC. 2. The Legislature shall provide by law for the 
 organization, equipment and discipline of the militia, which 
 shall conform as nearly as practicable to the regulations for the 
 government of the armies of the United States. 
 
39 
 ARTICLE XVI. 
 
 LABOR. 
 
 SECTION 1. The rights of labor shall have just protection 
 through laws calculated to promote the industrial welfare of 
 the State. 
 
 SEC. 2. The Legislature shall provide by law, for a Board 
 of Labor, Conciliation and Arbitration, which shall fairly rep- 
 resent the interests of both capital and labor. The Board shall 
 perform duties, and receive compensation as prescribed by law. 
 
 SEC. 3. The Legislature shall prohibit: 
 
 First. The employment of women, or of children under 
 the age of fourteen years, in underground mines. 
 
 Second. The contracting of convict labor. 
 
 Third. The labor of convicts outside prison grounds, ex- 
 cept on public works under the direct control of the State. 
 
 Fourth. The political and commercial control of em- 
 ployees. 
 
 SEC. 4 The exchange of black lists by railroad companies 
 or other corporations, associations or persons is prohibited. 
 
 SEC. 5. The right of action to recover damages for in- 
 juries resulting in- death, shall never be abrogated, and the 
 amount recoverable shall not be subject to any statutory limita- 
 tion. 
 
 SEC. 6. Eight hours shall constitue a day's work on all 
 works or undertakings carried on or aided by the State, county 
 or municipal governments ; and the Legislature shall pass laws 
 to provide for the health and safety of employees in factories, 
 smelters and mines. 
 
 SEC. 7. The Legislature, by appropriate legislation, shall 
 provide for the enforcement of the provisions of this article. 
 
 ARTICLE XVII. 
 
 WATER RIGHTS. 
 
 SECTION 1. All existing rights to the use of any of the 
 waters in this State for any useful or beneficial purpose, are 
 hereby recognized and confirmed. 
 
40 
 AKTICLE XYIII. 
 
 FORESTRY. 
 
 SECTION 1. The Legislature shall enact laws to prevent 
 the destruction of and to preserve the forests on the lands of 
 the State, and upon any part of the public domain, the control 
 of which may be conferred by Congress upon the State. 
 
 ARTICLE XIX. 
 
 PUBLIC BUILDINGS AND STATE INSTITUTIONS. 
 
 SECTION 1. All institutions and other property of the 
 Territory, upon the adoption of this Constitution, shall become 
 the institutions and property of the State of Utah. 
 
 SEC. 2. Reformatory and penal institutions, and those for 
 the benefit of the insane, blind, deaf and dumb, and such ather 
 institutions as the public good may require, shall be established 
 and supported by the State in such manner, and under such 
 boards of control as may be prescribed by law. 
 
 SEC. 3. The Public Institutions of the State are hereby 
 permanently located at the places hereinafter named, each to 
 have the lands specifically granted to it by the United States, 
 in the Act of Congress, approved July 16th, 1894, to be dis- 
 posed of and used in such manner as the Legislature may pro- 
 vide: 
 
 First. The Seat of Government, and the State Fair at Salt 
 Lake City, and the State Prison in the County of Salt Lake. 
 
 Second. The Institutions for the Deaf and Dumb, and the 
 Blind, and the State Reform School at Ogden City, in the 
 County of Weber. 
 
 Third. The State Insane Asylum at Provo City, in the 
 County of Utah. 
 
 ARTICLE XX. 
 
 PUBLIC LANDS. 
 
 SECTION 1. All lands of the State that have been, or may 
 hereafter be granted to the State by Congress, and all lands 
 acquired by gift, grant or devise, from any person or corpora- 
 tion, or that may otherwise be acquired, are hereby accepted, 
 and declared to be the public lands of the State; and shall be 
 
41 
 
 held in trust for the people, to be disposed of as may be pro- 
 vided by law, for the respective purposes for which they have 
 been or may be granted, donated, devised or otherwise acquired. 
 
 AETICLE XXI. 
 
 SALARIES. 
 
 SECTION 1. All State, district, city, county, town and 
 school officers, excepting notaries public, boards of arbitration, 
 court commissioners, justices of the peace and constables, shall 
 be paid fixed and definite salaries: Provided, That city justices 
 may be paid by salary when so determined by the mayor and 
 
 council of such cities. '->**ncToit Library 
 
 SEC. 2. The Legislature shall provide by law, the fees 
 which shall be collected by all officers within the State. Not- 
 aries public, boards of arbitration, court commissioners, justices 
 of the peace, and constables paid by fees, shall accept said fees 
 as their full compensation. But all other State, district, county, 
 city, town and school officers, shall be required by law to keep 
 a true and correct account of all fees collected by them, and to 
 pay the same into the proper treasury, and the officer whose 
 duty it is to collect such fees shall be held t responsible un- 
 der his bond for the same. 
 
 AKT1CLE XXII. 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS. 
 
 SECTION 1. The Legislature shall provide by law, for the 
 selection by each head of a family, an exemption of a home- 
 stead, which may consist of one or more parcels of land, to- 
 gether with the appurtenances and improvements thereon, of 
 the value of at least fifteen hundred dollars, from sale on execu- 
 tion. 
 
 SEC. 2. Real and personal estate of every female, acquired 
 before marriage; and all property to which she may afterwards 
 become entitled by purchase, gift, grant, inheritance or devise, 
 shall be and remain the estate and property of such female, and 
 shall not be liable for the debts, obligations or engagements of 
 her husband, and may be conveyed, devised or bequeathed by 
 her as if she were unmarried. 
 
42 
 AKTICLE XXIII. 
 
 AMENDMENTS. 
 
 SECTION 1. Any amendment or amendments to this Con- 
 stitution may be proposed in either house of the Legislature, 
 and if two-thirds of all the members elected to each of the two 
 houses, shall vote in favor thereof, such proposed amendment 
 or amendments shall be entered on their respective journals 
 with the yeas and nays taken thereon; and the Legislature shall 
 cause the same to be published in at least one newspaper in 
 every county of the State, where a newspaper is published, for 
 two months immediatelv preceding the next general election, at 
 which time the said amendment or amendments shall be sub- 
 mitted to the electors of the State, for their approval or rejec- 
 tion, and if a majority of the electors voting thereon shall 
 approve the same, such amendment or amendments shall become 
 part of this Constitution. If two or more amendments are pro- 
 posed, they shall be so submitted as to enable the electors to 
 vote on each of them separately. 
 
 SEC. 2. Whenever two-thirds of the members, elected to 
 each branch of the Legislature, shall deem it necessary to call 
 a convention to revise or amend this Constitution, they shall 
 recommend to the electors to vote at the next general election 
 for or against a convention, and, if a majority of all the electors, 
 voting at such election, shall vote for a convention, the Legisla- 
 ture, at its next session, shall provide by law for calling the 
 same. The convention shall consist of not less than the num- 
 ber of members in both branches of the Legislature. 
 
 SEC. 3. No Constitution or amendments adopted by such 
 convention, shall have validity until submitted to and adopted 
 by a majority of the electors of the State voting at the next 
 general election. 
 
 ARTICLE XXIY. 
 
 SCHEDULE. 
 
 SECTION 1. In order that no inconvenience may arise, by 
 reason of the change from a Territorial to a State government, 
 it is hereby declared that all writs, actions, prosecutions, judg- 
 ments, claims and contracts, as well of individuals as of bodies 
 
43 
 
 corporate, both public and private, shall continue as if no 
 change had taken place; and all process which may issue, under 
 the authority of the Territory of Utah, previous to its admission 
 into the Union, shall be as valid as if issued in the name of the 
 State of Utah. 
 
 SEC. 2. All laws of the Territory of Utah now in force, 
 not repugnant to this Constitution, shall remain in force 
 until they expire by their own limitations, or are altered or 
 repealed by the Legislature. The act of the Governor and 
 Legislative Assembly of the Territory of Utah, entitled, "An 
 Act to punish polygamy and other kindred offenses," approved 
 February 4th, A. D. 1892, in so far as the same defines and im- 
 poses penalties for polygamy, is hereby declared to be in force 
 in the State of Utah. 
 
 SEC. 3. Any persons, who, at the time of the admission of 
 the State into the Union, may be confined under lawful commit- 
 ments, or otherwise lawfully held to answer for alleged viola- 
 tions of any of the criminal laws of the Territory of Utah, shall 
 continue to be so held or confined, until discharged therefrom 
 by the proper courts of the State. 
 
 SEC. 4. All fines, penalties and forfeitures accruing to the 
 Territory of Utah, or to the people of the United States in the 
 Territory of Utah, shall inure to this State, and all debts, liabil- 
 ities and obligations of said Territory, shall be valid against the 
 State, and enforced as may be provided by law. 
 
 SEC. 5. All recognizances heretofore taken, or which may 
 be taken before the change from a Territorial to a State gov- 
 ernment, shall remain valid, and shall pass to and be prosecuted 
 in the name of the State; and all bonds executed to the Gov- 
 ernor of the Territory, or to any other officer or court in his or 
 their official capacity, or to any official board for the benefit of 
 the Territory of Utah, or the people thereof, shall pass to the 
 Governor or other officer, court or board, and his or their suc- 
 cessors in office, for the uses therein, respectively expressed, 
 and may be sued on, and recovered, accordingly. Assessed 
 taxes and all revenue, property, real, personal or mixed, and all 
 judgments, bonds, specialties, choses in action, claims and drl>ts. 
 of whatsoever description; and all records and public archives 
 of the Territory of Utah, shall issue and vest in the State of 
 Utah, and may be sued for and recoveced, in the same manner, 
 
44 
 
 and to the same extent by the State of Utah, as the same could 
 have been by the Territory of Utah; and all fines, taxes, penal- 
 ties and forfeitures, due or owing to any county, municipality 
 or school district therein, at the time the State shall be admit- 
 ted into the Union, are hereby respectively assigned and trans- 
 ferred, and the same shall be payable to the county, municipal- 
 ity or school district, as the case may be, and payment thereof 
 be enforced under the laws of the State. 
 
 SEC. 6. All criminal prosecutions, and penal actions, 
 which may have arisen, or which may arise before the change 
 from a Territorial to a State Government, and which shall then 
 be pending, shall be prosecuted to judgment and execution in 
 the name of the State, and in the court having jurisdiction 
 thereof. All offenses committed against the laws of the Terri- 
 tory of Utah, before the change from a Territorial to a State 
 government, and which shall not have been prosecuted before 
 such change, may be prosecuted in the name, and by the author- 
 ity of the State of Utah, with like effect as though such change 
 had not taken place, and all penalties incurred shall remain the 
 same, as if this Constitution had not been adopted. 
 
 SEC. 7. All actions, cases, proceedings and matters, pend- 
 ing in the Supreme and District Courts of the Territory of 
 Utah, at the time the State shall be admitted into the Union, and 
 all files, records and indictments relating thereto, except as other- 
 wise provided herein, shall be appropriately transferred to the 
 Supreme and District Courts of the State respectively; and 
 thereafter all such actions, matters and cases, shall be pro- 
 ceeded with in the proper State courts. All actions, cases, pro- 
 ceedings and matters which shall be pending in the District 
 Courts of the Territory of Utah, at the time of the admis- 
 sion of the State into the Union, whereof the United States 
 Circuit or District Courts might have had jurisdiction had there 
 been a State government at the time of the commencement 
 thereof respective iy, shall be transferred to the proper United 
 States Circuit and District .Courts respectively; and all files, 
 records, indictments and proceedings relating thereto, shall be 
 transferred to said United States Courts: Provided, That no- 
 civil actions, other than causes and proeeedings of which the 
 said United States courts shall have exclusive jurisdiction, shall 
 be transferred to either of said United States Courts except 
 
45 
 
 upon motion or petition by one of the parties thereto, made 
 under and in accordance with the act or acts of the Congress of 
 the United States, and such motion and petition not being 
 made, all such cases shall be proceeded with in the proper 
 State courts. 
 
 SEC. 8. Upon a change from Territorial to State govern- 
 ment, the seal in use by the Supreme Court of the Territory of 
 Utah, until otherwise provided by law, shall pass to and be- 
 come the seal of the Supreme Court of the State, and the sev- 
 eral District Courts of the State may adopt seals for their re- 
 spective courts, until otherwise provided by law. 
 
 SEC. 9. When the State is admitted into the Union, and 
 the District Courts in the respective districts are organized, the 
 books, records, papers and proceedings of the probate court in 
 each county, and all causes and matters of administration pend- 
 ing therein, upon the expiration of the term of office of the Pro- 
 bate Judge, on the second Monday in January, 1896, shall pass 
 into the jurisdiction and possession of the District Court, which 
 shall proceed to final judgment or decree, order or other deter- 
 mination in the several matters and causes, as the Territorial 
 Probate Court might have done, if this Constitution had not 
 been adopted. And until the expiration of the term of office of 
 the Probate Judges, such Probate Judges shall perform the 
 duties now imposed upon them by the laws of the Territory. 
 The District Court shall have appellate and revisory jurisdic- 
 tion over the decisions of the Probate Courts, as now provided 
 by law, until such latter courts expire by limitation. 
 
 SEC. 10. All officers, civil and military, now holding their 
 offices and appointments in this Territory by authority of law, 
 shall continue to hold and exercise their respective offices and 
 appointments, until supe reeded under this Constitution: /'/</- 
 vided, That the provisions of this section shall be subject to 
 the provisions of the Act of Congress, providing for the ad- 
 mission of the State of Utah, approved by the President of the 
 United States on July 16th, 1894. 
 
 SEC. 11. The election for the adoption or rejection of this 
 Constitution, and for State officers herein provided for, shall 
 be held on the Tuesday next after the first Monday in Novem- 
 ber, 1895, and shall be conducted according to the laws of the 
 Territory and the provisions of the Enabling Act; tin* votes 
 
46 
 
 cast at said election shall be canvassed, and returns made, in 
 the same manner as was provided for in the election for dele- 
 gates to the Constitutional Convention. 
 
 Provided, That all male citizens of the United States, over 
 the age of twenty-one years, who have resided in the Ter- 
 ritory for one year prior to such election, are hereby 
 authorized to vote for or against the adoption of this Constitu- 
 tion, and for the State Officers herein provided for. The re- 
 turns of said election shall be made to the Utah Commission, 
 who shall cause the same to be canvassed, and shall certify the 
 result of the vote for or against the Constitution, to the Presi- 
 dent of the United States, in the manner required by the En- 
 abling Act ; and said Commission shall issue certificates of 
 election to the persons elected to said offices severally, and 
 shall make and file with the Secretary of the Territory, an 
 abstract, certified to by them, of the number of votes cast for 
 each person for each of said offices, and of the total number 
 of votes cast in each county. 
 
 SEC. 12. The State officers to be voted for at the time of 
 the adoption of this Constitution, shall be a Governor, Secre- 
 tary of State, State Auditor, State Treasurer, Attorney General, 
 Superintendent of Public Instruction, members of the Senate 
 and House of Representatives, three Supreme Judges, nine 
 District Judges, and a Representative to Congress. 
 
 SEC. 13. In case of a contest of election between candi- 
 dates, at the first general election under this Constitution, for 
 Judges of the District Courts, the evidence shall be taken in 
 the manner prescribed by the Territorial laws, and the testi- 
 mony so taken shall be certified to the Secretary of State, and 
 said officer, together with the Governor and the Treasurer of 
 the State, shall review the evidence, and determine who is 
 entitled to the certificate of election. 
 
 SEC. 14. This Constitution shall be submitted for adop- 
 tion or rejection, to a vote of the qualified electors of the pro- 
 t>osed State, at the general election to be held on the Tuesday 
 next after the first Monday in November, A. D. 1895. At the 
 said election the ballot shall be in the following form : 
 
 For the Constitution. Yes. No. 
 
 As a heading to each of said ballots there shall be printed 
 on each ballot the following Instructions to Voters: 
 
47 
 
 All persons desiring to vote for the Constitution must erase 
 the word " No." 
 
 All persons desiring to vote against the Constitution must 
 erase the word " Yes." 
 
 SEC. 15. The Legislature, at its first session, shall provide 
 for the election of all officers, whose election is not provided 
 for elsewhere in this Constitution, and fix the time for the 
 commencement and durations of their terms. 
 
 SEC. 16. The provisions of this Constitution shall be in 
 force from the day on which the President of the United States 
 shall issue his proclamation, declaring the State of Utah ad- 
 mitted into the Union; and the terms of all officers elected at 
 the first election under the provisions of this Constitution, 
 shall commence on the first Monday, next succeeding the issue 
 of said proclamation. Their terms of office shall expire when 
 their successors are elected and qualified under this Constitu- 
 tion. 
 
 Done in Convention at Salt Lake City, in the Territory of 
 Utah, this eighth day of May, in the year of our Lord one 
 thousand eight hundred and ninety-five, and of the Independ- 
 ence of the United States the one hundred and nineteenth. 
 
 JOHN HENRY SMITH, 
 Attest: President. 
 
 PARLEY P. CHEISTENSEN, 
 
 Secretary. 
 
 Louis BERNHARDT ADAMS, Louis LAVILLE CORAY, 
 
 KUFUS ALBERN ALLEN, ELMER ELLSWORTH CORFMAN, 
 
 ANDREW SMITH ANDERSON, CHARLES CRANE, 
 
 JOHN EICHARD BARNES, WILLIAM CREER, 
 
 JOHN KUTLEDGE BOWDLE, GEORGE CUNNINGHAM, 
 
 JOHN SELL BOYER, ARTHUR JOHN CUSHING, 
 
 THEODORE BRANDLEY, WILLIAM DRIVER, 
 
 HERBERT GUION BUTTON, DENNIS CLAY EICHNOR, 
 
 WILLIAM BUYS, ALMA ELDREDGE, 
 
 CHESTER CALL, GEORGE RHODES EMERY, 
 
 GEORGE MOUSLEY CANNON, ANDREAS ENGBERG, - 
 
 JOHN FOY CHIDESTER, DAVID EVANS, 
 
 PARLEY CHRISTIANSEN, ABEL JOHN EVANS, 
 
 THOMAS H. CLARK, JR., LORIN FARR, 
 
48 
 
 SAMUEL FRANCIS, 
 WILLIAM HENRY GIBBS, 
 CHARLES CAEROL GOODWIN, 
 JAMES FREDERIC GREEN, 
 FRANCIS ASBURY HAMMOND, 
 CHARLES HENRY HART, 
 HARRY HAYNES, 
 JOHN DANIEL HOLLADAY, 
 EGBERT W. HEYBORNE, 
 SAMUEL HOOD HILL, 
 WILLIAM HOWARD, 
 HENRY HUGHES, 
 JOSEPH ALONZO HYDE, 
 ANTHONY WOODWARD IVINS, 
 WM. F. JAMES, 
 LYCURGUS JOHNSON, 
 JOSEPH LOFTIS JOLLEY, 
 FREDERICK JOHN KIESEL, 
 DANIEL KEITH, 
 THOMAS KEARNS, 
 WILLIAM JASPER KERR, 
 ANDREW KIMBALL, 
 JAMES NATHANIEL KIMBALL, 
 RICHARD G. LAMBERT, 
 LAURITZ LARSEN, 
 CHRISTEN PETER LARSEN, 
 HYRUM LEMMON, 
 THEODORE BELDEN LEWIS, 
 WILLIAM LOWE, 
 PETER LOWE, 
 JAMES PATON Low, 
 ANTHONY CANUTE LUND, 
 KARL G. MAESER, 
 RICHARD MACKINTOSH, 
 THOMAS MALONEY, 
 WILLIAM H. MAUGHN, 
 ROBERT MCFARLAND, 
 GEO. P. MILLER, 
 ELIAS MORRIS, 
 JACOB MORITZ, 
 
 JOHN RIGGS MURDOCK, 
 JOSEPH ROYAL MURDOCK, 
 JAMES DAVID MURDOCK, 
 AQUILLA NEBEKER, 
 JEREMIAH DAY PAGE, 
 EDWARD PARTRIDGE, 
 J. D. PETERS, 
 MONS PETERSON, 
 JAMES CHRISTIAN PETERSON, 
 FRANKLIN PIERCE, 
 WM. B. PRESTON, 
 ALONZO HAZELTON RALEIGH, 
 FRANKLIN SNYDER RICHARDS, 
 JOEL RICKS, 
 
 BRIGHAM HENRY ROBERTS, 
 JASPER ROBERTSON, 
 JOSEPH ELDRIDGE ROBINSON, 
 WILLIS EUGENE ROBISON, 
 GEORGE RYAN, 
 JOHN HENRY SMITH, 
 GEORGE B. SQUIRES, 
 WILLIAM GILSON SHARP, 
 HARRISON TUTTLE SHURTLIFF, 
 EDMUND HUNTER SNOW, 
 HYRUM HUPP SPENCER, 
 DAVID BRAINERD STOVER, 
 CHARLES NETTLETON STREVELL, 
 CHARLES WILLIAM SYMONS, 
 DANIEL THOMPSON, 
 MOSES THATCHER, 
 INGWALD CONRAD THORESEN, 
 JOSEPH EPHRAIM THORNE, 
 SAMUEL R. THURMAN, 
 WILLIAM GRANT VAN HORNE, 
 CHARLES STETSON YARIAN, 
 HEBER M. WELLS, 
 NOBLE WARRUM, JR., 
 ORSON FERGUSON WHITNEY, 
 JOSEPH JOHN WILLIAMS. 
 
Binder 
 Gaylord Bros. 
 
 Makers 
 Stockton, Calif. 
 
 PAT. JAN 21 1908 
 
 
 
 *&