KIS5ION INN, aiVl^oIDE, CAL. 
 
 The Bells and Crosses of the 
 
 Mission Inn.
 
 nil' * i Ui'ii', ilI'Ml" =1
 
 The BELLS and CROSSES 
 of the Mission Inn and 
 the Ford Paintings of 
 the California Missions 
 
 Riverside, California
 
 Before entering upon the -pleasant labor of 
 giving a detailed description of this largest 
 and most valuable collection of bells, it will 
 be interesting to jot down a few observations 
 with regard to the subject of bells in general. 
 
 The whole of civilized life is set to bell 
 music in one shape or another, and runs the 
 entire gamut from the monster church bell, 
 weighing many tons, down to the jingling 
 baubles on a child's rattle. 
 
 Bells have for centuries, together with flags 
 and banners, formed the most coveted spoil i 
 of war. They were not used in the Christian 
 Church until about the seventh century. As 
 early as the eighth century bells were dedi- 
 cated with religious ceremonies very similar 
 to those used in baptism. They were sprinkled 
 with holy water; exorcism was spoken over 
 them, to free them from the power of evil 
 spirits; a name was given them (as early as 
 the tenth century), a blessing was pronounced 
 and they were anointed. Later, their ringing 
 was supposed to drive away evil spirits, pesti- 
 lence, and thunder-storms. Being thus made 
 objects of religious faith and affection, they 
 were ornamented in the highest style of the 
 sculptor's art with scenes from the Bible and 
 other religious subjects. 
 
 The uses of bells in the Roman Catholic 
 church are summed up in the following dis- 
 tich, often inscribed on bells: 
 
 "Laudo Deum verum; plebem voco; congrego 
 
 clerum ; 
 Defunctos ploro; pestem fugo; festaque 
 
 honoro." 
 
 (I praise the true God; I call the people; I 
 assemble the clergy; I lament the dead; I 
 drive away infection; I honor the festivals.) 
 
 Bells were rung in churches about 900 by 
 order of Pope John IX as a defense against 
 lightning. 
 
 The modern word "bell" is derived from 
 the old Saxon word "ballen," meaning to bawl 
 or bellow. 
 
 England is called the ringing island. 
 Belgium is called the classic land of bells. 
 
 The chimes of Bruges are the finest in the 
 world.
 
 Each bell in the Mission Inn Collection ; j 
 numbered so as to correspond with the fol- 
 lowing numbered descriptions: 
 
 1. Brass bell, brought from Rome by Allis 
 Miller. Belonged to the Medici family about 
 1450. In relief work are seen St. Anthony, 
 fleur-de-lis coat of arms, and prancing horses. 
 Called "St. Anthony Bell." Notice partic- 
 ularly the escutcheon with its six golden 
 balls. These are the well-known arms of the 
 Medici family (from whence came their war- 
 cry "Palle." These balls were popularly, but 
 without reason, believed to represent pills, 
 and it was also thought that their name 
 "Medici" showed that they had been orig- 
 inally apothecaries. In 1465 Louis XI of 
 France honored the Medici family by con- 
 ferring on them the right to wear the French 
 fleur-de-lis on one of the balls, the upper one. 
 (The Medici family flourished in Florence 
 1400-1737.) 
 
 2. Modern bronze cow-bell from Chamonix 
 with maker's name and figure of chamois. 
 
 <*<<*<* 
 
 "Sweet bells jangled, out of time and 
 harsh." 
 
 3. Bronze harness bell from Rome. Leather 
 handle and clapper of lead. 
 
 4. Square nickel harness bell from Rome. 
 
 5. Little harness bell with silver chain, 
 from" Jewish market, Rome. 
 
 6. Nickel, harness jingle-bells from Naples. 
 
 7. Bronze sanctus bell from old convent 
 in Mexico. 
 
 8. Old school bell from Mexico. Received 
 from Fred Harvey, Grand Canyon. 
 
 9. "Mission Bell" of iron.
 
 10. Copper "Mission" bell. 
 
 11. Bronze "Mission" bell, with rosary and 
 cross. 
 
 12. Bronze "Mission" bell with Latin cross. 
 
 13. Bronze sanctus bell from abandoned 
 church in Mexico, built 350 years ago. Heavy 
 wooden stock painted in the national colors 
 of Mexico. Modern brass clapper. Gift of 
 E. R. Skelley. 
 
 14. Brass ship's bell from San Francisco 
 fire. 
 
 15. Ship's bell of brass, from San Francisco 
 fire of 1906. Heavy brazen clapper. 
 
 16. Brass Chinese bell, from San Fran- 
 cisco fire of 1906. From H. Hardenberg. 
 
 17. Small Chinese altar bell, with clapper 
 of tin. (On pass-key of F. A. M.) 
 
 18. Sheep bell from the high Sierras about 
 Lake Tahoe. Gift of Duane Bliss. 
 
 19. Miniature of "Liberty Bell." 
 
 20. Very ancient Japanese bronze bell. 
 Gift of W. Stone. 
 
 21. Bronze landlord's bell of graceful lines 
 and with artistic floreated relief work, from 
 Hamburg. Date 1783. Inscription reads. 
 Caal Zum Stehenden Lowen. "Caal, at the 
 Standing Lions." The signboard of the old 
 tavern was probably decorated with a pair of 
 lions rampant. 
 
 22. Brass dinner-bell from Berlin. 
 
 23. Brass bell from Nuremberg. Orig- 
 inally an altar bell, but later used as a sheep 
 bell. Crucifix and flaming heart and crown 
 with lion as escutcheon. 
 
 24. "Iron Maiden of Nuremberg." A min- 
 iature fac-simile of the famous instrument of 
 torture in the Bourg. 
 
 25. Sterling silver Bride's bell from Nur- 
 emberg. A figure of a woman in bridal array, 
 with full skirts. Her arms are upraised and 
 in her hands she holds a small, acorn-shaped
 
 cup. At the wedding ceremony the two cups 
 are filled with wine. The groom drinks irom 
 the larger one and at the same time the bride 
 sips from the smaller one. If no drop of 
 wine is spilled, much wedded bliss awaits the 
 pair. 
 
 "I hear the sound of wedding bells." 
 
 26. Smooth brass bell with brass handle. 
 Sausage call-bell from the Bratwurst Glocken, 
 Nuremberg. Mentioned as early as 1519. 
 
 "That all-softening, overpowering knell, 
 The tocsin of the Soul the dinner bell." 
 
 27. Sanctus bell of brass from the church 
 of Santa Maria degli Angeli at Portiuncula. 
 This church is built on the site and over the 
 hut of St. Francis of Assisi, the gentle-hearted 
 founder of the Franciscans, and the patron 
 saint of the Mission Inn. Presented to Mr. 
 Miller personally by the priest of that fa- 
 mous church. 
 
 28. Old brass bell from Assisi, Italy, bear- 
 ing the insignia of the famous Medici fam 
 ily. Sixteenth century. 
 
 <*<*<<* 
 
 "Ring, happy bells, across the snow, 
 the year is dying, let him go." 
 
 29. Italian bronze bell of fifteenth century. 
 Floreated ornamentation in relief. 
 
 30. Sweet-toned brass bell of the sixteenth 
 century from Milan. Floreated ornamentation 
 in relief. 
 
 31. Brass bell from Rome. Angels and 
 Madonnas in relief. On either side are the 
 initials "F. C." Sixteenth century. 
 
 32. Brass bell of Florentine design of the 
 seventeenth century. Floreated decorations 
 in relief. 
 
 33. Old bronze bell from Rome of six- 
 teenth century. Very sweet and sonorous. 
 
 34. A brass cow-bell from Rome. Curi- 
 ously ornamented metal band around the 
 mouth. On one side is the inscription 
 "PAULUS III PONT. OPT. MAX," and on 
 the other is the papal insignia and a shield 
 charged with fleur-de-lis, and surmounted by 
 a cherub's head. The inscription, Englished, 
 means: Paul Third most Holy Supreme Pon- 
 tiff." So we have here a cow-bell that be- 
 longed to Pope Paul the Third. He was 
 born as Alessandro Farnese, February 24.
 
 1468, and died November 10. 1549. Was Pope 
 1534-1549. He excommunicated Henry VIII 
 of England in 1535, approved the Order of 
 the Jesuits in 1540, and convoked the Council 
 of Trent in 1545. 
 
 Martin Luther died February 18, 1546. 
 
 Note how the old clapper of solid iron is 
 deeply worn on either side. At the voice of 
 this old bell stirring scenes from the Past 
 rije before us. 
 
 "And roofs of tile, beneath whose eaves 
 Hang porcelain bells that all the time 
 Ring with a soft, melodious chime." 
 
 <*<*<*< 
 
 35. Beautifully ornamented bronze bell 
 from Monserrat. Floreated shoulders and bar- 
 rel of very artistic design. Panel work on 
 lower half containing ten exquisite medallions 
 of the Host, St. Francis, the Saviour, St. 
 Roque, St. Joseph, St. Anthony, St. Sylvester, 
 the Crucifixion, nails of the Cross, etc. Date, 
 1704. Double inscription, the upper one 
 being: 
 
 "Dedicated to the honor of God, and of 
 thi Virgin Mary and of All Saints." 
 
 The lower inscription is as follows: 
 
 "Salvador and Francis Anthony of Monser- 
 rat, donors. Dedicated to S. S. Slyvester and 
 Cajetan." 
 
 Monserrat, near Barcelona, has been fa- 
 mous for many centuries on account of its 
 image, of the Virgin, said to have been 
 carved by St. Luke and brought to Barcelona 
 by St. Peter in the year 50 A. D. The fam- 
 ous monastery was founded there in 880. The 
 shrine of the miracle working Virgin there 
 is visited annually by 100,000 pilgrims. The 
 image was crowned by Leo XIII in 1881. It 
 was in 1521 that Ignatius Loyola, founder of 
 the Jesuits, laid his sword upon her altar, and 
 placed himself under her protection.
 
 Oh, bring us back once more 
 
 The vanished days of yore, 
 
 When the world with faith was filled; 
 
 Bring back the fervid zeal, 
 
 The hearts of fire and steel. 
 
 The hands that believe and build." 
 
 36. Brass bell with the inscription in raised 
 letters: "Tacque Payraud Assalanche," which 
 is the name of the owner and of the canton 
 in Switzerland in which he lived. The only 
 bell of this kind to be found in the Swiss, 
 French or Italian Alps. Its owner was sure 
 that for more than a century no such belh 
 had been made bearing the names of pri- 
 vate individuals. It is a goat bell from 
 Chamonix with most beautiful tone. 
 
 37. New brass Alpine cow-bell. 
 
 38. Old iron cow-bell from Interlaken. 
 
 39. Old cow-bell from Lucerne. 
 
 40. Brass goat-bell from Chamonix at foot 
 of Mt. Blanc. 
 
 41. Old type sheep-bell from Zermatt. 
 
 42. Old type of sheep-bell from Zermatt. 
 
 43. Brass cow-buckle from Chamonix, with 
 annular decorations. 
 
 43. Brass cow-buckle from Chamonix, with 
 open-work decoration. 
 
 45. Old Swiss copper convent cow-bell for 
 the "bell-cow." Long iron clapper and 
 leather strap eight inches wide with the con- 
 vent's initials in brass letters on the strap. A 
 very rare and fine old piece. 
 
 "Oh, Jennie, go and call the cattle home 
 Across the sands o' Dee." 
 
 46. Beautiful bronze bell from Lucerne, 
 Switzerland. The ears are decorated with 
 lions' heads; they also form a Spanish crown. 
 Date 1673. Inscription: Hans Jacob Sprungli; 
 Gus. Mich. (Hans Jacob Sprungli made me.) 
 
 "Those evening bells, those evening bells, 
 How many a tale their music tells'M
 
 47. Call-bell from an old school near Co- 
 logne Cathedral. Date 1814. Three small fig- 
 ures. 
 
 48. Decorated iron "Apostles' Bell" from 
 Brussels. A reproduction of the St. Salvator 
 bell in Cathedral tower of St. Michel and 
 St. Gudule; names of the four evangelists in 
 Latin with their respective attributes: a man, 
 an ox, a lion and an eagle. 
 
 49. Bright brass tea bell, with scalloped 
 edges and short, pointed stem handle. From 
 London. 
 
 50. Brass bell from the East Indies with 
 Hindu filigree work. Hindu god on handle. 
 
 51. Brass Hindu god bell. Ornamented 
 clapper. Reverse bell-shaped top, with Hindu 
 god holding sacrifice. 
 
 52. A fac-simile of the famous "Big Ben" 
 of London, largest clock tower bell in the 
 world. The original "Big Ben," of which 
 this is an exact copy, hangs in the clock tower 
 of the new Houses of Parliament. Its weight 
 near 14 tons; slightly cracked. Read the in- 
 teresting inscription. Made to order specially 
 for Mr. Miller by the firm that made the 
 original "Big Ben." 
 
 53. Manchurian gong, made of various 
 kinds of metals, which were donated by many 
 different worshipers at the temple. Near the 
 top are four panels with rows of little knobs 
 to typify the "sacred snails" of Buddha (see 
 No. 197). The royal dragons are symbols of 
 power. The ears of the gong are formed of 
 gods' heads. 
 
 This gong was donated to the Buddhist 
 Temple of Shorn Fook Chee by the worship- 
 ers there nearly two hundred years ago. 
 
 tf '< V <i 
 
 "Wanwordy, crazy, dinsome thing, 
 As e'er was framed to jow or ring! 
 What gar'd them sic in steeple hing, 
 They ken themsel; 
 But weel wot I, they couldna bring 
 Waur sounds frae hell." 
 
 10
 
 54. Oldest known dated bell in Christen- 
 dom! and the most interesting bell in the 
 United States. Procured by Mr. Miller in 
 London, at the shop of the bell founders 
 who cast "Big Ben." The inscriptions on 
 this bell are in Latin as folows: 
 
 lacobi: I. H. S. X. P. S. Maria. Qintana: 
 Et: salautor: Me: Feceru: Ao. Di. 1247. 
 
 "James, Jesus Christ, Mary: Quintana and 
 Salvador made me in the year of our Lord 
 1247." The James mentioned is St. James, 
 or Santiago of Compostella, the patron saint 
 of Spain. It is very probable that this was 
 the "Santa Maria bell" in the campanile of 
 the "parroquia" or parish church at San- 
 tiago. St. James, according to the legends, 
 often appeared in the sky, mounted on a milk- 
 white steed, and gained the victory for the 
 Spaniards in their bloody battles with the 
 Moors. Today, although Santiago has a pop- 
 ulation of less than 25,000, it has 45 eccles- 
 iastical edifices with 288 altars and 114 bells, 
 and is visited annually by scores of thousands 
 of pilgrims. 
 
 When this bell was cast in 1247, St. Louis 
 (Louis IX of France) was making ready for 
 the sixth crusade, 1248-1250; the Magna 
 Charta of England had been granted by King 
 John just thirty-two years before; the Fran- 
 ciscan Order had been founded by St. Francis 
 but thirty-seven years; America was un- 
 dreamed of and Columbus would not be born 
 until two hundred years later! 
 
 Surely this old bell, although cracked and 
 clapperless, still has power to call up strange 
 scenes and forgotten deeds from the van- 
 ished past. 
 
 V < <i <i 
 
 55. Brass Chinese pagoda bell, ornamented 
 with double god's head. From Warwick, 
 England. 
 
 56. Brass bell from Oxford, England. Dec- 
 orated with four eagles in relief. This is a 
 Russian "drosky" bell with an inscription in 
 Russian about the sound bow: "Drive with 
 him; don't be stingy; smoke; be merry." 
 About 250 years old. 
 
 11
 
 
 
 57. Sheep-bell purchased at Stratford-on- 
 Avon. Originally from an old monastery at 
 Mickleton. One hundred years old. 
 
 58. Miniature of Liberty Bell at Philadel- 
 phia, with inscription, crack, etc. 
 
 59. Car bell from St. Gall. Brass, upright 
 on hand-brake. This form of bell is still used 
 in some towns of Sweden and Switzerland. 
 
 60. Cow-bell from the only official, duly- 
 accredited, pioneer, Pilgrim cow which came 
 over in the relic-laden Mayflower. Gift ol 
 Mr. George Thompson, of the "trenchant 
 pen," etc., of the St. Paul Pioneer Press. Mr. 
 Thompson vouches for the authenticity of the 
 bell. 
 
 61. Chinese pagoda bell. Brass, rattle 
 shape. Gift of DeWitt Hutchings. 
 
 (When in doubt as to the location or num- 
 ber of a bell, ask for the Curator, who will 
 be happy to assist you.) 
 
 "These bells have been anointed, 
 And baptized with holy water." 
 
 62. Pecos Indian Chapel Sanctus bell of 
 copper. Wooden handle on iron shaft. Found 
 in ruins of an old church abandoned in 1680. 
 Gift of John Farrell. 
 
 63. A royal Chinese dragon bell of anti- 
 mony. 
 
 <* 1 <* * 
 
 "How sweet the tuneful bells responsive 
 peal." 
 
 64. Hindu shrine bell, beautifully done in 
 bronze. Very graceful lines throughout. 
 
 65. Japanese bronze altar bell. Inscrip- 
 tion in Japanese. 
 
 66. Japanese temple bell. A brass rattle 
 with brass handle. Formerly used in one of 
 the California Missions. Very old. Gift of 
 Mr. Lee Powers. 
 
 67. Tahoe Indian basket willow and fern 
 bell made by Indians of Lake Tahoe. Gift 
 of Fred Barlow. 
 
 68. Tahoe Indian basket. Willow and fern. 
 
 69. First mule car bell used in Riverside 
 in the year 1886. 
 
 70. Gong from the first electric car in 
 Riverside. April 11, 1889. 
 
 71. Bronze bell, dated 1792. Graceful lines 
 Ornamental relief work about the top. Hand 
 
 12
 
 pointing to the date. Cross in relief with 
 flowering vine and four pretty cherubs' heads. 
 Badly cracked. Of historic interest, as this 
 bell hung for many years in the cathedral at 
 New Orleans, but later, by some strange fate, 
 was used on the jail in that city. Personally 
 secured by Mr. Miller from the collection 
 of Colonel Hawkins. 
 
 72. Ancient gong bell from a Japanese pa- 
 goda at Kyoto. Has four raised panels, each 
 containing nine ornamental buttons, "sacred 
 snails" of Buddha. The ears are formed by 
 grotesque double gods' heads. Chrysanthe- 
 mums and artistic bands in relief decorate 
 the lower part. 
 
 73. Church bell from San Francisco fire 
 of 1906. Remarkably sweet tone. 
 
 74. This triangle was used in the early 
 days of the Glenwood Tavern to call the 
 guests to their meals, and was hung near the 
 dining-room door. It is made from an old 
 steel drill which was used by Mr. Miller's 
 father forty years ago when blasting rocks 
 for the first irrigating ditch in Riverside. 
 
 75. First locomotive bell heard in River- 
 side. Belonged to the Santa Fe's first engine 
 in California. Snipped around the Horn in 
 1885. Presented to Mr. Miller. 
 
 76. Sweet-toned chapel bell from Mexico. 
 About one hundred years old. 
 
 "How sweet the music of those village bells, 
 Falling at intervals upon the ear 
 In cadence sweet." 
 
 77. Hand-forged bell from Old Mexico. 
 Pierced clapper for cord. Two hundred and 
 fifty years old. From an old convent. Gift 
 of F. S. Borton. 
 
 79. The lower of the big bells in the Cam- 
 panile. An old church bell, from San Fran- 
 cisco, with massive yoke. 
 
 80. The large bell in the ton arch of the 
 Glenwood Campanile. 
 
 13
 
 81. Copper cow-bell with rudely forged 
 date 1743 in relief. On the other side the 
 Latin letters I. H. S. "lesus Hominum Sal- 
 vator." Jesus the Saviour of Men. Old, cu- 
 rious iron clapper. Gift of Mr. Aaron Neu- 
 mann. 
 
 "I call the Living I mourn the Dead 1 
 break the Lightning." Inscribed on the Great 
 Bell of the minster of Schaffhauser also on 
 that of the Church of Art, near Lucerne. 
 
 82. Brass ship's bell with iron yoke. This 
 bell was taken from one of the transports 
 which was sent out from Boston in 1755 to 
 convey seven thousand Acadians from Nova 
 Scotia to Maryland, Virginia, the Carolinas, 
 etc. These were "Evangeline's" people. This 
 bell lay at the bottom of the ocean with the 
 wrecked vessel for nearly a century. It 
 plainly shows the action of long submergence 
 in sea-water. Gift of Mr. Sid Pelton. 
 
 Sweet, sad story of "Evangeline" and "Gab- 
 riel" that comes before us! 
 
 "With deep affection 
 And recollection 
 I often think of 
 Those Shandon bells, 
 Whose sounds so wild would 
 In the days of childhood 
 Piling round my cradle 
 Their magic spells." 
 
 83. Bronze, Japanese pagoda bell. Tht 
 characters in relief mean, "Wisdom is better 
 than wealth." Brought from Kyoto by Mrs. 
 "Bob" Burdette, the donor. 
 
 84. Hindu temple bell, with filigree work. 
 An ugly, double monkey-god on the handle. 
 Gift of Albert Mjller. 
 
 14
 
 85. Brass bell from Haarlem, Holland. 
 Date 1370. Inscription: "Jacobes Serkeheft 
 Mychegoten." Figures on horseback and in 
 medallions and in bold relief. Top of bell is 
 an old man's head. From Mrs. Richardson. 
 
 86. Bronze temple gong from Tientsin, 
 China, said to be over 1800 years old. Rec- 
 tangular panels in relief. A pair of dragons 
 form the ears. Gift of Ernest Moulton. 
 
 <*<*<*< 
 
 Die Glocken sind die Artillerie des Geist- 
 lichkeit (Bells are the artillery of the Priest- 
 hood). 
 
 87. Triple brass bells enclosed in bronze 
 shell. For use during the tersanctus period 
 of the mass at the high altar. The three 
 bells forming one bell, are emblematic of the 
 Trinity. From Strassburg. Early seven- 
 teenth century. 
 
 88. Large, round bronze carriage bell with 
 bullfrog mouth. Ornamental flowers in re- 
 lief; has size number 10. From the historic 
 and interesting Abbey town and island of 
 Mont St. Michel on the French coast of 
 Normandy. 
 
 89. Porcelain bell of St. Pol de Leon from 
 Brittainy, France. Fish-shaped and decorated 
 with picture of St. Pol in espiscopal robes 
 with pastoral staff on one side and on the 
 other with the escutcheon of St. Pol bearing 
 the words A ma vie (to my life). The inter- 
 esting legend tells us that " in the sixth cen- 
 tury St. Pol came from Great Britain to the 
 Isle of Batz, off the coast of Brittainy, and 
 was kindly received by Count Guythurus. He 
 said King Marc had refused to deliver him a 
 bell, which he needed to call his follow- 
 ers. At that moment a fisherman came up 
 with it. It had been found in the mouth of 
 a fish just caught, at St. Pol, which had 
 swam across the channel." 
 
 The original bell is at St. Pol's Cathedral, 
 where its sound (it is said) has cured many 
 sick people, and even called to life one that 
 was dead. 
 
 90. Swedish bronze market-place bell, 
 gracefully ornamented with bands and Ian 
 ceolate and arabesque designs in relief. In- 
 scription in Latin: Petit et Fritsen me Fuder- 
 unt (Petit and Fritsen cast me). The rec- 
 tangular orifice in the ears is not common. 
 From middle of eighteenth century. 
 
 "The 'bell of Huesca,' Spain, refers to a 
 massacre there in 1136. King Ramiro II 
 showed his turbulent nobles 'a bell that could 
 be heard throughout the whole country'; in 
 
 IS
 
 other words, he beheaded sixteen of the 
 leaders and arranged their heads in the form 
 of a bell, with one hung up as the clapper." 
 
 91. Small bronze hand bell with handle of 
 oak wood.. Inscription reads, "A relic of 
 York Minster." On the other side, "Oak 
 and bell metal. Burnt May 20, 1840." Also a 
 shield with espiscopal keys and cororret of 
 Duke of York. Made from metal of the 
 broken cathedral bells recast. 
 
 92. Church bell dated 1770 with orna- 
 mental bands in relief. Hung for many years 
 in one of the old castles of Scotland. Cast 
 in London. 
 
 93. Bronze chapel bell from the Abbey of 
 St. Amant di Boixe, in the Tourraine, France. 
 From a quaint old church there. Ornamented 
 with two crosses fleury and two abbotts in 
 relief work. Cracked. Early eighteenth cen- 
 tury. 
 
 94. Beautiful bronze sanctus bell from Ca- 
 thedral of St. Peter, Angouleme, France. 
 Cross-shaped handle. Richly ornamented 
 with saints, crosses, papal insignia, etc. Han- 
 dle springs from crown-shaped ears orna- 
 mented with crosses and hearts. Inscription 
 dbout lower margin and date 1651. 
 
 95. Circular cow-bell from town of Albi 
 in Southern France. Maker's name "Gri- ' 
 maud," as also the word "Albi" in raised let- 
 ters. Cracked. One hundred years old. 
 
 96. Bronze goat-bell of graceful design. 
 Bears the maker's name, "Oriadou Arod'es." 
 About one hundred years old. From the 
 fertile and picturesque valley of the Loire 
 near the famous chateaux of Blois. 
 
 "The bells and chimes of motherland, 
 Of England green and old, 
 That out from gray and ivied tower 
 A thousand years have tolled." 
 
 97. Very sweet-toned Turkish chime bells 
 for a cow or horse. Consists of bronze bell 
 of graceful design with two smaller bells 
 within. Old decorations in relief. From Con- 
 stantinople. Date about 1750. 
 
 98. Syrian goat-bell chime of bronze. One 
 bell within the other. From Damascus. Per- 
 iod, the middle of the eighteenth century. 
 
 99. Cup-shaped Mohammedan pilgrim's 
 bell from Mecca, Arabia, the sacred city of 
 Mahomet. Made of iron. Attached to the 
 chain are some sacred amulets. The ringing 
 of the bell frightened away the evil spirits. 
 About one hundred years old. 
 
 100. Spanish muleteers' bell-tower of wood 
 in the form of a hollow cone. Pierced for 
 
 16
 
 three rows of bells of five each. The whole 
 painted in red, green and yellow, the Spanish 
 colors. Fastened upright on the back of the 
 "lead mule" of a string of mules in the Py- 
 renees. To prevent the mules from taking 
 alarm at any noises of animals, birds or 
 snakes, etc., and "stampeding" down the trail, 
 Present day. 
 
 101. Bronze, alarm bell for spring coil for 
 inner gate of courtyard. Bears the name of 
 "Rolland," the maker, and "Arivel," the town 
 where it was cast. Ornamented with face 
 surrounded by scroll work in relief. From 
 Toulouse, France. Eighteenth centur^. 
 
 102. Altar bell with iron handle, and an 
 inscription in Latin meaning "Blessed be the 
 name of the Lord." Ornamentation consist- 
 ing of mysteries of the Virgin, cherubs dis- 
 playing St. Veronica's napkin, etc. From the 
 Cathedral of Burgos, Spain. Sixteenth cen- 
 tury. 
 
 From 1550 to 1750 was the golden age of 
 church bells. The decorations most often oc- 
 curring on church bells are the cross and 
 fleur-de-lis, accompanied by a motto. 
 
 103. Ox bell from Valladolid, Spain. Cru- 
 ciform, floreated design in relief. Date about 
 1780. Ferdinand and Isabella married at Val- 
 ladolid in 1469. 
 
 104. Spanish mule collar of jingle bells 
 from Seville. About fifty years old. Style 
 of present day. Spanish mules have long 
 been famous, and in the mountain regions 
 are preferred to horses. 
 
 105. Alarm bell with spring coil, for patio 
 entrance. Inscription in Latin reads "John 
 of Fin made me in the year 1550." About the 
 top a blurred inscription. From Cadiz, but 
 probably made in Holland. Reproduction. In 
 relief figures of man fiddling for dancing 
 bear, dogs, etc. 
 
 106. Brass ox bell from the village of Es- 
 corial de Abajo, Spain, near Madrid. Rude 
 ornament in relief, much worn. From about 
 1750. The Escorial Monastery of San Lo- 
 renzo built by Philip II in 1581. 
 
 107. Bronze bull-bell with conventional or- 
 namentation. From Andalusia, Spain, whence 
 came the best bulls for fighting. One hun- 
 dred years old. 
 
 108. Church bell, inscribed Jesus Maria y 
 Jose, being the Spanish for "Jesus, Mary and 
 Joseph." Date: ano de MDCCCXXIII, or 
 year 1824. Floreated passion cross fleury in 
 relief. From Convent of Jesus and Mary at 
 Madrid, Spain, which thirteen years later was 
 changed into the National Pantheon. The 
 church is now known as San Francisco el 
 Grande, or "St. Francis the Great." 
 
 17
 
 109. "St Anthony" bell, from Madrid. In- 
 scription in Latin signifying "Blessed be the 
 name of the Lord." Various animals in re- 
 lief, to signify the blessing of the animals on 
 St. Anthony's day, January 17, a unique and 
 interesting Roman Catholic festival in Latin 
 countries. About one hundred years old. 
 
 110. A beautiful bronze San Clemente an- 
 chor bell from Barcelona, Spain. San Cle- 
 mente was condemned bv Trajan to be cast 
 into the sea bound to an anchor. But when 
 the Christians prayed the waters were driven 
 back for three miles and they saw a ruined 
 temple which the sea had covered, and in it 
 was found the body of the saint with the an- 
 chor around his neck. For many years, .it 
 the anniversary of his death, the sea re- 
 treated for seven days, and pilgrimages were 
 made to this submarine tomb. In the Sta. 
 Barbara Channel is the Island of San Cle- 
 mente. 
 
 111. Bronze sanctus bell from the Cathe- 
 dral of Toledo, Spain. Graceful lines. From 
 early eighteenth century. 
 
 112. "Angelus" or "Gabriel" church bell 
 trom the Convent of the Conception belong- 
 ing to the Santa Clara nuns of the Franciscan 
 Order at Toledo, Spain. Ornamental cross in 
 relief on pedestal. An inscription in Spanish 
 reads, "I am the voice of the angel that calls 
 
 from on high: Hail, Mary, full of grace." 
 Year 1848. 
 
 113. Cencerro or "bull bell." Stamped on 
 the metal support is the name of the maker, 
 "Aetno Calle." From Valencia, Spain. At 
 least one hundred years old. 
 
 114. Ox-bell with leather strap collar, from 
 the little town of Santa Fe, Spain, built by 
 Queen Isabella, during the siege of Granada, 
 in eighty days. The capitulation of Granada 
 was signed here in 1491, and also the contract 
 with Columbus regarding his voyage to Amer- 
 ica in 1492. 
 
 115. Three donkey bells from Gibraltar, 
 Spain. 
 
 116. Two silver baby's bells from a little 
 shop patronized by the royal family at San 
 
 18
 
 Sebastian, Spain, where King Alfonso and his 
 queen and children spend a part of each sum 
 mer. 
 
 117. Ancient brass bell with a quaint, 
 superimposed ornament riveted on. Odd 
 wooden clapper fastened with thong. From 
 the Island of Majorca, the birthplace of Fr. 
 Junipero Serra, founder of the California 
 Missions, 1769-1784. 
 
 118. A double-tongued shield-shaped Ro- 
 man bell. Found during excavations near 
 Granada, and dates from Roman occupation 
 of Spain 100 B. C. to 100 A. D. Similar 
 bells have also been found in the Roman 
 catacombs. 
 
 119. Silver call-bell from Granada. Handle 
 formed by royal eagle of Charles the Fifth. 
 
 120. Church bell from Malaga, Spain, dated 
 1885. The inscription in Spanish reads, "Don 
 Manuel Rivas made me. Most Holy Virgin 
 of Mercy, pray for us." Cross in relief. 
 
 121. Ancient call-bell from a bishop's pal- 
 ace. Afterwards used as an alarm bell on 
 a spring for some shop door. Bears on either 
 side the episcopal insignia, and has an oblit- 
 erated inscription in which may still be dis- 
 tinguished the Latin word "Dominus," or 
 Lord. From Leon, Spain. Seventeenth cen- 
 tury. 
 
 122. Clapperless chapel bell from Cathedra! 
 of Cordova, Spain. Cherubs' heads in relief 
 and crosses, each formed of eight flower buds, 
 signifying the eight beautitudes. Middle of 
 seventeenth century. 
 
 "That old state-house bell is silent, 
 
 Hushed is now its clamorous tongue, 
 But the spirit it awakened 
 Still is living ever young." 
 
 123. Beautiful brass ship's bell, from the 
 barkentine "Pepito," which sailed the Medi- 
 terranean between Barcelona and Naples. 
 "Pepito" is the diminutive of the nickname 
 for Pedro or Peter in Snanish, and means 
 "Little Peter" or "Peterkin." Middle oi 
 nineteenth century. 
 
 124. Sanctus bell of bronze. Four sweet 
 toned gong bells under bronze shell, typifying 
 the four Gospels. From the Cathedral of Se- 
 ville. From end of eighteenth centui>. 
 
 125. Spanish church bell with inscription 
 in Spanish reading, "Jesus, Mary, year 1693." 
 Ornamental floreated band in relief, and three 
 medallions, each containing two pelican.--, 
 standing under a passion cross. Cast during 
 the reign of Charles II, the last of the Aus- 
 trian Hapsburg rulers. From Xerez de la 
 Frcntera. 
 
 19
 
 126. Very rare iron "Angelus" bell from 
 Zaragoza, Spain, and dated 1317. Raised me- 
 dallion with foundry mark. Inscription, "Ave 
 Maria Gratia Plena." Hail Mary, full of 
 grace. The Gothic letters of the inscription 
 were evidently all made separately and then 
 stuck on the core of the bell mould, as can 
 be seen from their irrgularity. These bells 
 were used in ringing the "Angelus" at morn 
 ing and evening. 
 
 "Ring soft across the dying day 
 
 Angelus! 
 
 Across the amber-tinted bay, 
 
 The meadow flushed with sunset ray, 
 Ring out, and float, and melt away. 
 
 Angelus!- 
 
 The day of toil seems long ago 
 Angelus! 
 
 While through the deepening vesper glow, 
 Far up where holy lilies blow, 
 Thy beckoning bell notes rise and flow, 
 Angelus! 
 
 Through dazzling curtains of the west 
 
 Angelus! 
 
 We see a shrine in roses dressed, 
 
 And lifted high in vision blessed 
 
 Our very heart throb is confessed 
 
 Angelus! 
 
 Oh, has an angel touched the bell, 
 
 Angelus! 
 
 For now upon the parting swell 
 
 All sorrow seems to sing farewell, 
 
 There falls a peace no words can tell, 
 
 Angelus!" 
 
 127. Church bell. Floreated band in relief. 
 Four raised medallions showing Calvary, 
 Pope, Bishop and Madonna and Child. From 
 the style of the figures and general appear- 
 ance, not later than the fifteenth century. 
 From the Church of Saint Mary of the Sea, 
 Barcelona, Spain. 
 
 128. Ship's bell with axle and pinions. In- 
 scribed "Taormina 1884." From a boat form- 
 erly plying between Marseilles and Sicily. 
 
 129. Carriage bell of the eighteenth cen- 
 tury with floral decorations. From the an- 
 cient city of Carcassonne, in Southern 
 France. 
 
 130. Clock gong of bowl shape, very large 
 and massive. Inscription in French reads as 
 follows: This clock bell was cast in August, 
 1861, in the reign of Napoleon III, Emperor 
 of France. Jean Marie Mathias Debelay, 
 Archbishop; Adolph Durand St. Amant, 
 Chief Magistrate; Doctor Paul Pamard, 
 Mayor; M. Edouard Perrot, Jean Baptiste 
 Clerc, Eugene Bastide, Jean Baptiste Vodon, 
 
 20
 
 deputies. Pierre Pierron, bell founder at 
 Avignon." Avignon, in Southern France. 
 founded by the Romans, is famous as being 
 the seat of the popes during the so-called 
 "Babylonish Captivity," 1309-1377. 
 
 131. Altar bell consisting of three small 
 bronze bells within a shell of brass. From 
 middle of eighteenth century. From Cologne. 
 
 132. Church bell in redwood frame. From 
 Genoa, Italy. Dated 1810, the year of Mexi- 
 can independence, and also that in which was 
 founded the capilla of San Bernardino. 
 
 133. Cow-bell from the Valley of the Lau- 
 terbrunnen. Inscribed "Rastello." Also orna- 
 mented with relief figures of deers' heads, a 
 cow, Swiss crosses, etc. Sixteenth century. 
 
 134. Sweet-toned chapel bell of bronze or- 
 namented with four Calvarys in raised work. 
 Graceful lines. From Hospice of the Grea^ 
 St. Bernard in the Swiss Alps, founded in 96*. 
 by St. Bernard, now occupied by Augustine 
 monks, who, with their dogs, render assist 
 ance to lost travelers. 
 
 135. Drum major's standard, from Lucerne. 
 Switzerland. Ornamental stars, crescents and 
 bells of brass with iron rod center in a slid- 
 ing handle of wood. Nineteenth century. 
 
 "Those bells that tell a thousand tales, 
 
 Sweet tales of olden time! 
 And ring a thousand memories 
 At vesper and at prime." 
 
 136. Very sweet-toned travelers' bell from 
 Compostella, Spain. About the top a row of 
 scallop shells, the symbol of St. James of 
 Compostella, patron saint of pilgrims. About 
 the center are figures of travelers on Span- 
 ish mules, and lions that represent the dan 
 gers in the way. Dated 1790. For the necK 
 of the leading horse or pack mule that went 
 ahead. ("Campus Stellae.") 
 
 137. Church bell from the Riddarholms 
 Kyrka, the old Franciscan church at Stock 
 holm, Sweden. Relief work consisting of 
 florcated bands and a Calvary with Mary ani 
 John at either side; medallions of St. James 
 with staff, water botlle and cockle shells. St 
 Bri^hta, patron saint of Sweden, who mad *. 
 pilgrimages to the shrine of St. James at 
 Compostella, Spain, and St. Gottlieb, or Theo- 
 philus, the administrator of a bishopric >n 
 Asia Minor, said to have made a compact 
 with the devil. From middle of eighteenth 
 century. 
 
 138. Church bell dated 1847. Ornamental 
 fioreated band. Medallions of St. James the 
 Less, with club, and St. Thaddeus, with hai- 
 berd. From Wurtemberg. 
 
 21
 
 139. Ancient church bell with floreated 
 bands and crown-shaped ears. The German 
 inscription informs us that it was made by 
 Wolfgang Wilhelm Schelchshorn in Eychstet 
 in 1796. From old Lutheran church at Wit- 
 temberg. 
 
 140. Chapel bell with floreated band and 
 the following emblems and inscriptions: I. H. 
 S. Jesus Savior of men; medallion of cruci- 
 fixion with words James Hiliprand and Holy 
 Trinity; anagram of the letters of MARI>; 
 then within ornamental border Aus Tirol 
 "From Tyrol." "Joseph Dengg made me rtt 
 lenbach." Nineteenth century. 
 
 141. Bell from Aix-la-Chapelle, Franc 
 Floreated band and raised medallions of St. 
 Louis of France, Bishop of Toulouse (patron 
 saint of Mission of San Luis Obispo); anl 
 Santa Barbara, patroness of the Mission of 
 that name. Nineteenth century. 
 
 142. Chapel bell from St. Denis, France. 
 Ornamental bands; medallions of St. Joseph 
 with lilies and Christ child. On either side 
 cherubs with flowers. About one hundred 
 years old. 
 
 143. Cow-bell from Oberammergau, in Ba 
 varia. Ornamented with Calvary and figures 
 of John and Mary. I. H. S. and cross, and 
 the number 18. About fifty years old. 
 
 144. Cow-bell from Hohenschwargau, in 
 the Bavarian Alps, where King Lewis IT, 
 1869, built the beautiful castle of New 
 Schawnstein, famous for its frescoes of the 
 stories of Lohengrin, Tannhauser, etc. Orna- 
 mented with royal crown, cherubs' heads 
 crucified Christ and Mary. About fifty years 
 old. 
 
 145. Alarm bell on spring coil from old 
 shop door in Paris. Ornamented with fleur- 
 de-lis. Eighteenth century. 
 
 146. Beautifully attuned mass bells from 
 Munich. The three represent the Trinity. 
 Early eighteenth century. 
 
 147. Ancient mass bell from Stuttgart. 
 The four bells in one denote the unity of the 
 four Gospels. About two hundred years old. 
 
 148. Ancient castle bell with inscription in 
 German that says, "Johann Ulerich Rosen- 
 lecher made me in Constanz in 1676." Orna- 
 mented with various heraldic devices. From 
 the old castle on the Rhine that was inhab- 
 ited in the seventeenth century by Count Ru- 
 dolph Wolfgang von Bernstein. 
 
 149. Very artistic altar bell of Gothic de- 
 sign, beautifully ornamented. Surmounted by 
 miniature cross. From Dresden. Eighteenth 
 century. 
 
 150. House bell from St. Petersburg, Rus- 
 sia, with inscription in Russian that reads, "1 
 present it to him (or her) whom I love. This 
 
 22
 
 bell was wrought at Valdai." The inscription 
 is in the old style Russian used before the 
 reign of Peter the Great (1689-1725), and is 
 therefore over two hundred years old. 
 
 151. Brass church bell. In relief are fig- 
 ures of crucified Christ, Madonna and Child 
 and St. Catherine. From the Church of St. 
 Catherine, Nuremberg, long used by the meis- 
 tersingers as their school. Made in the state 
 bell foundry some time before 1806, as the 
 foundry ceased to exist in that year. 
 
 152. Castle tocsin bell, inscribed in Ger- 
 man as follows: "Christopher Frederick Oel- 
 hafen is the founder of the Schsellenbac'a 
 family, 1746." From the anciept castle of 
 Schsellenbach in Wurtemberg, Germany. 
 
 153. Castle bell of artistic design in- 
 scribed with the owner's name, "Gottfried 
 Siegomund yon Hauck, 1766." Heraldic da- 
 sign consisting of the keys of the town of 
 Regensburg, at that time a free city of the 
 German Empire, now belongs to Bavaria. 
 This bell was used in the van Hauck castle 
 in the great dinipg hall to summon the guests. 
 It had no clapper and was struck with a 
 wooden mallet, giving out a very piercing 
 and musical tone. Technically known as a 
 petasius or "broad-brimmed hat" bell. 
 
 154. Beautiful bronze garrison bell from 
 old German military citadel of Spandau. Or- 
 namented with eagle in bold relief grasping 
 fasces in its talons. The ears of the bell are 
 formed by a group of lions couchant. Flora' 
 border. The words "Ton Gis" in German 
 guarantee the purity of metal and tone, and 
 the bell has a most musical tone. Nineteentli 
 century. 
 
 "At bridal and at burial 
 
 For cottager and king, 
 
 These bells and glorious Christian chimes, 
 How blessedly they ring"! 
 
 <*<*<*< 
 
 155. Dinner bell from the Austrian Lloyd 
 S. S. "Hapsburg." Company's device in re- 
 lief. Vorwarts, "Forward," and dolphins, anchor 
 and crown. The letters "L. A." Lloyds Aus- 
 tria. This- steamer plys between Trieste and 
 Constantinople. About fifty years old. 
 
 156. Goat-bell containing smaller one, hung 
 on wooden collar. Taken from the neck of 
 a goat that was browsing on the side of the 
 Acropolis, at Athens. Sweet tone. 
 
 157. Bronze bell from Sparta, Greece, such 
 as were anciently worn on necks of slaves. 
 
 158. Sacred cow-bell from Jaipur, India. 
 Good specimen of the well-known Jaipur 
 enamel work. (The cow is a sacred animal 
 in India.) 
 
 23
 
 159. Bronze bell from the Dilwarra Tem- 
 ple at Mount Abu, India. 
 
 160. Sacred bullock-bell of odd design 
 from Ahmedabad, one of the centers of the 
 Jain sect in India. One hundred years old. 
 
 161. Buffalo-bell from Bombay, India. Mys- 
 tical, ring-shaped handle. Eighteenth cen 
 tury. 
 
 162. Sacred cow-bell from Lahore, one of 
 the principal cities in the Punjab, India. 
 Eighteenth century. 
 
 163. Camel-bell from Peshawar, on north- 
 ern boundary of India, commanding the fam 
 ous Kaibar Pass, a caravan route to Afghanis- 
 tan. 
 
 164. Bullock-bell from Cawnpore, India 
 Eighteenth century. 
 
 165. Sacred elephant-bell from Trichinop 
 oly, India. Ganesha, the elephant-headed 
 God of Wisdom, is very popular in India, 
 and has many temples where are kept trained 
 elephants sacred to him. 
 
 166. Ancient bronze cow-bell from Agra. 
 one of the most beautiful cities of India, 
 where is situated the famous Taj Mahal. 
 Eighteenth century. 
 
 167. Bronze temple bell from Ajmer, In 
 dia. Surmounted by phoenix bird, the sym- 
 bol of eternal health and vigor. Eighteenth 
 century. 
 
 168. Bullock-bells, from "the Vale of Cash- 
 mere." Worn between the horns. 
 
 169. Cluster of camel-bells from Teheran. 
 Persia. 
 
 170. Bronze donkey-bell from Cairo, Egypt. 
 Eighteenth century. 
 
 171. Hand-bell from Benares, India, with 
 image of tiger-god for handle. Ten thousand 
 people are annually eaten by tigers in India, 
 and the natives have a superstitious fear of 
 tin animal. Benares is one of the most sacred 
 cities of India. 
 
 172. Bullock-bell from the royal deserted 
 city of Fatehpur-Sikri, India, built by Em- 
 peror Akbar in the sixteenth century. 
 
 "Music arose with its voluptuous swell, 
 And all went merry as a marriage bell." 
 
 173. Camel-bell from Jerusalem, Syria. 
 
 174. Elephant-bell with chain of Hindu 
 deities and sacred peacock and elephant. 
 From Lucknow, the seat of the Sepoy rebel- 
 lion and massacre of 1857. Worn at side of 
 elephant. 
 
 24
 
 175. Bronze castanets used by dancing 
 fakirs in religious ceremonies. From Assam, 
 India. Eighteenth century. 
 
 176 Temple copper gong from Calcutta, 
 India. 
 
 177. Hand-bell with the god Brahma for a 
 handle. From Rajput, India. 
 
 178. Old bronze temple bell from Mysore. 
 India. Handle formed by Vishnu and Laksh- 
 mi sitting under the shadow of Shesh, the 
 five-headed sacred cobra. Throughout India 
 the deadly cobra is looked upon with greai 
 reverence. 
 
 179. Hindu temple bell. Handle formed by 
 the god of the wind. Eighteenth century. 
 From Delhi, where formerly stood the fam- 
 ous "peacock throne." 
 
 180. Bullock-bell from Sawarkand. Curi 
 ous wooden clapper. Early nineteenth cen- 
 tury. 
 
 181. Shrine bell from Ghat Temple at 
 Benares. Eighteenth century . 
 
 182. Prayer gong for arousing the gods. 
 Circular disc of hand-hammered copper. From 
 Umballa, India. Eighteenth century. 
 
 183. Massive bronze bell from a lamasary 
 or Buddhist monastery at Darjelling, India. 
 Eighteenth century. 
 
 184. Bullock-bell from the headwaters of 
 the Ganges in the Himalayan Mountains, at 
 the base of Mt. Everest, India. 
 
 185. Ancient sweet-toned lamas bell from 
 the great Buddhist monastery at Jantzi, Thi- 
 bet. The bell is called "Dilbuh"; the top of 
 the handle is in the shape of a Dorgee (from 
 which Darjeeling gets its name); the eagle 
 claw is "to destroy evil"; the head, much 
 worn, is of "Dolma," the goddess of mercy; 
 about the shoulders of the bell runs a Sans- 
 crit prayer. About the barrel and sound-bow 
 are rows of dorgees and lotuses. Inside the 
 bell is a symbol of the sacred lotus upon 
 which Buddha sat in holy contemplation for 
 millions of ages planning the redemption of 
 mankind. This bell is from the twelfth cen- 
 tury. 
 
 186. Prayer gong with tip of yak horn. 
 From Thibet, "the backbone of the world." 
 Very old. 
 
 187. Bell from the great Vishnu Temple oi 
 Sri Rangam at Trichinopoly, India. 
 
 188. Bullock-bells to be worn between the 
 eyes. From Madras, India. 
 
 189. Five bells from the great Hindu tem- 
 ple to Minakshi, the fish-eved goddess, at 
 Madura, India. 
 
 190. A couple of bullock-bells from Tuti- 
 corin, India. 
 
 25
 
 191. Bronze altar bell from the Catholic 
 Cathedral at Kotahena, Colombo, Ceylon. 
 Handle terminating in Christian cross. 
 
 192. Old cracked iron elephant-bell from 
 Kandy, Ceylon. Such bells are used on the 
 elephants trained to work in the lumber in- 
 dustry. 
 
 193. Ancient wooden buffalo-bell from Per- 
 adeniya, Ceylon, where are the famous bo- 
 tanical gardens. Over one hundred years 
 old. 
 
 194. Old iron cow-bell with double wooden 
 clapper from Galle, Ceylon. Eighteenth cen 
 tury. 
 
 195. Brass bell shaped like the "Dagoba," 
 in which is preserved the gigantic tooth of 
 Buddha at the Maligawa Temple at Kandy, 
 Ceylon. 
 
 196. Native war dance gong from British 
 North Borneo. Ornamented with dragons 
 and scroll work in relief. Borneo is the land 
 of the "head hunters." 
 
 197. Chinese temple gong from Hong 
 Kong. Handle formed by imperial singing 
 dragons. On sides singing dragons in raised 
 work. In panels are music-loving dragons 
 and conical protuberances symbolizing the 
 sacred snails that covered Buddha's head from 
 the sun when he was lost in thought. In- 
 
 scriptions in old Chinese characters of the 
 period of the Ming dynasty. Five hundred 
 years old. 
 
 198. Sacred drum carved from peach wood. 
 From temple at Shanghai. Conventional carv- 
 ing. Peach tree wood is much used in tem- 
 ple furnishings in China on acount of the 
 mythical properties ascribed to the peach 
 blossoms and wood. 
 
 199. Small prayer drum of peach wood 
 from Shanghai. 
 
 <*<*<*<* 
 
 "Jingle bells! jingle bells! 
 
 Jingle all the way! 
 Oh, what fun it is to ride 
 In a one-horse open sleigh"! 
 
 26
 
 200. Miniature peach wood prayer drum. 
 Shanghai. 
 
 201. Horse-bell in shape of fish head, from 
 Canton, where fish is the principal diet of 
 the poor people. 
 
 202. Small horse-bell. Canton, China. 
 
 203. Japanese "Waniguchi," or crocodile- 
 mouth gong, 259 years old, as shown by the 
 inscription, which reads, "Given to the tem- 
 ple by Akashi Province in the second year 
 of Mereki, on a good day in July." Other 
 inscriptions are: "We pray the Lord" and 
 "Given to hang before the Buddha." Decor- 
 ated with the lotus flower, the symbol of 
 purity, the sacred flower of Buddha. 
 
 204. "Suju," or Japanese religious rattle, 
 used by the priestesses in the sacred dance 
 "Okagura" at the Shinto shrine at Kasuga- 
 wakamiya, Nara. About eighty years old. 
 Red lacquer handle. 
 
 205. Buddhist temple bell from Japan. Or- 
 namented with lotus flower and eagle's claw 
 handle. Eighteenth century. 
 
 206. Temple gong in form of eight petaled 
 lotus flower and with lotus ornamentation 
 and inscriptions in ancient Chinese characters. 
 Part of the inscription reads, "Given to the 
 holv God," and "Above the North hot water. ' 
 From Mukden (Port Arthur), made memor- 
 able in the Russo-Japanese war. Over two 
 hundred and fifty years old. Made in the 39 
 (KENIYU) era of Chinese history, in the 
 Golden Age of her material development. 
 Names of honorable donors on the gong. 
 
 207. Old helmet-shaped bell from Buddhist 
 temple in Kobe, Japan. Conventional decora- 
 tion. Two hundred years old. 
 
 "The curfew tolls the knell of parting day." 
 
 208. Beautiful old bell of green bronze 
 from pagoda at Osaka, Japan. The squars 
 openings are "the windows of truth"; the lit- 
 tle protuberances are "the merciful snails" of 
 Lord Buddha. Mouth of graceful foliated 
 design Three hundred years old. 
 
 209 Japanese bronze gong used in tea 
 ceremony. Ornamented with the "pitying 
 snails of Buddha." From Kyoto, Japan. 
 Eighteenth century. 
 
 210. Large lacquered, sacred drum, carved 
 and gilded. From Buddhist temple at Kyoto, 
 Japan. Mat and wand. Hollowed out of a 
 piece of tough wood, very similar to the an- 
 cient Aztec toponaxtli drums of Mexico 
 These drums are beaten by the priests dur- 
 ing the religious ceremonies, as a sort of 
 continuous prayer to the gods. One hundred 
 years old.
 
 211. Ancient iron pagoda bell from Budd- 
 hist temple near Kyoto, Japan! Mouth formed 
 of lotus petals. One hundred and fifty year.s 
 old. 
 
 212. The most primitive form of bell 
 known, or possible, being simply a piece of 
 stone or phonolite ("clink stone") suspended 
 from a cord, and beaten with small wooden 
 mallet. It gives out a clear, metallic ring. 
 From ancient phonolite quarry on the Island 
 of Saghalin. This kind of bell was used as 
 early as 600 B. C. 
 
 213. Buddhist priest's prayer rattle from 
 Nara, Japan. Beautiful green bronze wing- 
 shaped ornaments on handle, symbolizing the 
 flight upward of the priest's prayers. 
 
 214. Beautifully formed bronze temple 
 gong with double supporting ears. From 
 Lake Biwa. 
 
 After Longfellow's death, among his papers 
 was found the manuscript of his last written 
 poem, "The Bells of San Bias." 
 
 215. Beautifully molded bell of bronze with 
 deep, sonorous tone. Ornamented with raised 
 work showing music-loving dragons and lot- 
 uses, the symbol of purity. Around the up- 
 per part are seen the sacred snails of Buddha. 
 The ears are formed by a curved dragon. 
 Used in tea ceremony. From Yeddo. The 
 Cha-no-yu, or Tea Ceremonial, developed into 
 a cult during the Shogunate of Ashikaga 
 Yoshimasa in the fifteenth century. This cult 
 was founded on the four cardinal virtues of 
 urbanity, courtesy, purity and imperturbabil- 
 ity. and has become a mighty force in hold- 
 ing the Japanese true to a high standard in 
 matters of taste by combining "aesthetic 
 eclecticism" of the most fastidious nature 
 with the severest canons of simplicity and 
 austerity. The tea ceremony is in reality a 
 gathering of connoisseurs to view works of 
 aft, each of which to win favor must meet 
 the requirements of the most exacting taste. 
 The ceremonies include a preliminary dinner, 
 but tea drinking is the chief thing. The tea 
 used is in the form, not of tea leaves, but 
 of powder, so that the resulting beverage re- 
 sembles pea soup in color and consistency. 
 The tea is made and drunk in a preternatur- 
 ally slow and solemn manner, each action, 
 each gesture being fixed by an elaborate code 
 of rules. Every article connected with the 
 ceremony, such as the tea canister, the in- 
 cense burner, the hanging scroll, and the 
 bouquet of flowers in the alcove is either 
 handled, or else admired at a distance, in 
 ways and with phrases prescribed by unalter- 
 able usage. Even the hands are washed, the 
 room is swept, a little bell is rung (of which 
 there are various specimens in this collec- 
 tion), and the guests walk from the house to the 
 
 28
 
 garden and from the garden into the house, 
 at stated times and in a stated manner, which 
 never varies. To a European the ceremony 
 is lengthy and meaningless, and when wit- 
 nessed more than once it becomes intolerably 
 monotonous. 
 
 The worship of simplicity and of the an- 
 tique in objects of art, together with the ob- 
 servance of an elaborate code of etiquette 
 such are the doctrine and discipline of the 
 tea ceremonies in their modern form, which 
 has never varied in four centuries. 
 
 216. Gracefully made bronze house gong 
 from Tokio. In raised work, the winged 
 steed that forms one of the signs of the 
 Zodiac; the sacred lotus, and the blessed 
 snails of Buddha. On top of gong a prayer 
 to Lord Buddha for a blessing on the home. 
 
 217. Ancient iron priest's rattle or prayer 
 bell from Buddhist shrine at Nikko, Japan. 
 Handle is surmounted by fish-spear orna- 
 ment, symbolizing the broad-bladed spear 
 with which Buddha slew the great Demon. 
 Over two hundred years old. 
 
 218. Beautiful little Buddhist priest's gong 
 made of bronze. Ornamented with Buddhist 
 angels, the lotus flower and dragons with 
 intertwined tails forming the handle. Very 
 sweet tone when struck by a wand. From 
 Yeddo, Japan. One hundred and fifty years 
 old. 
 
 219. Three-footed bronze gong beautifully 
 ornamented with lotus buds in relief. From 
 Buddhist temple at Kamakura, where there 
 is an image of Buddha, made of bronze 
 plates, and forty-four feet high. From eight- 
 eenth century. 
 
 220. Bright brazen Shinto temple rattle 
 fifty years old, with inscription, "Province of 
 Shimosa, District of Tuiki, Shore of the Ka- 
 bota River. This bell is (Hono) consecrated 
 to God by the people who were passengers 
 on the boat, and by their representative, Ishi- 
 kawa Jinbei of Higashi-Moto Street of Fuka- 
 gawa, Tokio, in giving it to the temple." A 
 votive offering on the part of those pas- 
 sengers who escaped shipwreck. 
 
 29
 
 221. A gong (Dora) of begging pilgrims, 
 worn thrust through the belt and sounde-1 
 while walking and praying. Decorated with 
 mother of pearl, and a pair of brass temple 
 dogs. On the wooden mallet is the inscrip 
 tion in Japanese, "Property of Hara Genzae- 
 mon." In thee OIBuddha, we put our trust." 
 Name Amida Butsu. From Yokohama. As 
 Buddha was a beggar and wore the yellow- 
 robe and carried the brass alms bowl, he is 
 much beloved by all beggars of China, Japai 
 and India. About fifty years old. 
 
 222. A bronze Kei gong one hundred years 
 old from Buddhist temple in Formosa. Or- 
 namented with the mystical phoenix, bird of 
 paradise and sacred lotus. 
 
 223. Large bronze Japanese temple gon? 
 (Dora) from Buddhist temple at Hakodate 
 Figures in relief "nio" (two kings) or guard- 
 ian demons of the temple. Within is the 
 signature of Myochin, the maker. About one 
 hundred and fifty years old. 
 
 <*<<<* 
 
 "I think upon that happy time, 
 
 That time so fondly loved, 
 When last we heard the sweet bells chime, 
 As through the fields we roved." 
 
 <<*<<* 
 
 224. Jingle bells used by Japanese news- 
 boys. They are worn at the hip, attached to 
 the sash. As the boys run about they do 
 not cry their papers, but by the loud sounding 
 of these bells announce their "extrys." From 
 Yokohama. 
 
 225. Bronze gong from horse temple at 
 Nagasaki, Japan, where is venerated the 
 sacred horse of Buddha. About one hundred 
 and fifty years old. 
 
 226. Ancient hand-bell of green bronze in 
 form of a fish head. In imitation of a bell 
 of the ancient time of Jindai's godly reign. 
 The original was dug up in the ancient 
 Buddhist city of Kamakura. 
 
 227. Very beautiful specimen of Buddhist 
 priest's magic bell. Handle formed of lotus 
 petals and eagles' claws. Mouth of bell 
 formed of the eight petals of the lotus. Dec- 
 orated with raised figures of gods alternat- 
 ing with the "Saikq." Used by the priests 
 in exorcising evil spirits. 
 
 228. Flat, circular bronze gong from tem- 
 ple of Confucius in Pekin, China. Covered 
 on either side with extracts from the sacred 
 writings of Confucius; taken from the work 
 entitled "Change," that teaches the proper 
 conduct of life. The worshipers whilst read- 
 ing the words on this metal disc make their 
 prayers to Confucius, meanwhile striking the 
 gong with a wand, to attract the favorable 
 attention of the great Teacher. About one 
 hundred and fifty years old. 
 
 30
 
 229. Long-handled pilgrim's bell from 
 Kompira, Japan. Used by pilgrims bound for 
 the summit of Fujiyama, 12,365 feet high. 
 While making the ascent the pilgrims ring 
 such bells as these and chant an invocation 
 which says, "May our six senses be pure, and 
 the weather on the honorable mountain be 
 fair." About one hundred and fifty years old. 
 Signed by the maker, Kokawa Icihn9 Kami, 
 at Kokawa-dera Temple, near Nara. 
 
 230. Deep-toned bronze fire gong (Han- 
 sho), from Tokio, Japan. Fires were form- 
 erly so common in Japan's wood and paper 
 cities that the nickname of "Yedo Blossoms" 
 was applied to the flames, which almost 
 nightly lit up the metropolis. So completely 
 did this destructive agency, establish itself 
 as a national institution that a whole vocabu- 
 lary grew up to express every shade of mean- 
 ingr in matters fiery. The Japanese language 
 has special terms for an incendiary fire, an 
 accidental fire, a fire starting from one's own 
 house, a fire caught from next door, a fire 
 which one shares with others, a fire which is 
 burning to an end, the flame of a fire, any- 
 thing for instance, a brazier from which a 
 fire may arise, the side from which to attack 
 a fire in order to extinguish it, a visit of con- 
 dolence after a fire, the bell for announcing 
 the presence of a fire and so on. These 
 fire gongs are placed on poles tall enough 
 to overlook the houses in the crowded quar- 
 ters and are easily accessible from the streets. 
 Seventy-five years old. 
 
 231. Bronze Waniguchi (gong). Decorated 
 with imperial dragon, snail shell and eight - 
 petaled lotus. From Nagoya, Japan. 
 
 232. Iron rattle bell for house. With 
 sacred inscriptions and snails. From Miyano- 
 shita. 
 
 233. Bronze rattle for calling servants. Or- 
 namented with Sanscrit characters and piti- 
 ful snails of Buddha. From Yokosuka. 
 
 234. Priest's gong used especially for the 
 prayer ceremony at funerals, made of "Sa- 
 hary," the sweetest-toned of all bell metal. 
 Wooden handle and cushion. From Mikko, 
 Japan. 
 
 235. Buddhist priest's bell, heavily gilt, of 
 lotus flower design. Quite a percentage of 
 gold in its composition. Upon the handle 
 are the heads of the gods Kuten Bosatsu 
 (Air); Katea Bosatsu (Fire); Suiter Bosatsu 
 (Water); Futen Bosatsu (Wind). (Different 
 forms of Buddha.) Handle terminates in 
 claws of Buddha's eagle. From Nyoroiyi 
 Temple, Kii. About fifty years old. 
 
 236. Fruit-shaped rattle bell for domestic 
 service. From Hiroshima, Japan. 
 
 237. Beautiful bronze gong, such as are 
 used in trie tea ceremonies. Ornamented in 
 raised work with dragons, royal chrysanthe- 
 
 31
 
 mums and other figures. The Japanese char- 
 acters signify "Dragon God." The wooden 
 mallet bears the name "Single Heart," such 
 as were used in the "Daimyo" or feudal days, 
 1603-1867. From Kanagawa, Japan. 
 
 238. Annular bronze call-bell for domes- 
 tic use. From the Daimyo period. From 
 Wakayama. One hundred years old. 
 
 239. Miniature metal temple drum. 
 
 240. Japanese Buddhist bishops' gong. Of 
 bronze in form of sacred lotus. An exceed- 
 ingly rare piece. From temple at Yama- 
 guchi. Sixteenth century. 
 
 241. Bronze gong for use in Japanese tei 
 ceremony, made in shape of sacred foot of 
 Buddha. Ornamented with sacred lotus. Very 
 rare and fine specimen of the seventeenth 
 century. From palace in Fukuoka. 
 
 242. Beautiful bronze gong from Chinese 
 temple in Pekin. Ornamental handle formed 
 of double dragons. On sides the phoenix 
 bird, symbol of power and vigorous life, and 
 the mystical gingseng plant, type of virility 
 and potency. Very sweet and sonorous tone. 
 Early eighteenth century. 
 
 243. "Potlatch" rattle in shape of two 
 clasped hands. Made by Alaskan Indians. 
 Used in their dances. 
 
 In old ecclesiastical paintings and carvings 
 a bell symbolizes the exorcism of evil spirits, 
 and is generally one of the attributes of Saint 
 Anthony, who had many a tussle with the 
 foul fiend. 
 
 244. Chinese temple gong ornamented with 
 snails of Buddha. The inscription in Chinese 
 states that the gong was made during the 
 Kin Lung dynasty, nearly two hundred years 
 ago. Very deep and sonorous tone. From 
 ancient temple at Kwang-lou-chan. 
 
 245. Mascot bell from the El Zagal Shri- 
 ners from Fargo, North Dakota. After a 
 special vote, presented to F. A. Miller by 
 Potentate Frank H. Treat, 1912. 
 
 246. Buddhist temple bell-shaped ornamem 
 of gilt wood from Kioto. 
 
 247. Bowl-shaped gong of hammered 
 bronze with deep musical tone. From Naga- 
 saki, Japan. 
 
 248. Japanese gong such as are used by 
 the mendicant priests when asking alms. 
 
 249. Round gong from Douglas. Isle of 
 Man. made famous through well-known novels 
 of Hall Caine. Gift of D. Cochrane, '12. 
 
 32
 
 250. Street car bell from New York City, 
 from the last horse car before the general 
 change to the cable system; inscribed "Wm. 
 McKenna & Son, New York." Gift of L. 
 Ferrea. 
 
 251. Church bell from the Church of St. 
 Francis at the leper settlement of Molokai, 
 Hawaiian Islands. An especial interest at- 
 taches to this bell from the fact that it hung 
 in the church where Father Damien minis- 
 tered to those alive in death, the lepers of 
 Molokai. This devoted priest literally gave his 
 life for these poor unfortunates, as he him- 
 self contracted the dreadful, incurable mal 
 ady from whose effects he died in 1889. One 
 of Robert Louis Stevenson's most brilliant 
 articles, a defense of Father Damien and his 
 work, was called forth by an injudicious letter 
 published by a Protestant missionary, in 
 which charges were made against the charac- 
 ter and motives of the man whom the world 
 has enrolled among its greatest heroes. 
 
 (One of the many beautiful stories con- 
 nected with the life of St. Francis of Assisi 
 is that relating to his care for an unfortunate 
 leper whom he found by the wayside.) 
 
 It is especially fitting that this bell should 
 find its permanent resting place in the col- 
 lection of the Mission Inn under the shadow 
 of the Cross on Rubidoux, reared in memory 
 of another immortal son of St. Francis 
 Fray Junipero Serra. 
 
 252. Gong of hammered brass made by the 
 native Morros of the Island of Mindiano, 
 Philippine Islands. The natives suspend thes<; 
 gongs with cords of fibre, or place them on 
 the ground and then strike them with sticks. 
 They were used in connection with heathen 
 rites and festivals celebrated by the fierce 
 savages far in the depths of the tropical jun- 
 gle. 
 
 253. Brass bell and fish pendant (carp), 
 such as are used in connection with the 
 Boys' Feast of Flags on May 5 in Korea and 
 Japan. On this day outdoors a gigantic carp 
 made of paper or cloth is tied to the top of a 
 high pole, where it flutters when it is filled 
 with wind. The carp is emblematic oi 
 strength, as it can swim up a rapid current 
 
 Owing to the cross-shaped piece of metal 
 inside the bell, and from which the fish 
 hangs, this bell when hung where the breeze 
 can strike it, produces a soft and constant 
 tinkling sound. Gift of Mr. Sanborn of Kobe. 
 
 254. The "Santa Maria" bell from church 
 of the Ascension at Seville, Spain. Inscribed 
 in Spanish: "Mary of the Ascension, Seville, 
 and February of 1753." A splendid bell of 
 good lines, fine proportions and of about 
 seven hundred pounds weight. The tone is 
 most excellent, being very resonant and vi- 
 brant. Ornamented with a Latin cross in re- 
 lief. 
 
 33
 
 255. Eighteenth Century New England 
 watchman's rattle. Made of hickory. From 
 Salem, Mass. From the collection of Albert 
 S. White. 
 
 256. Temple gong of green bronze orna- 
 mented with bands and shields of cloisonne 
 work. Chrysanthemums in various colors 
 about lower band. Ornamental pierced, 
 pointed handle with chain. Very beautiful 
 specimen. From Japan. About 150 years 
 old. 
 
 257. Chinese temple gong of green bronze 
 hanging in ornamental teak-wood frame. 
 Shaped very much like an ordinary bell. 
 Ears are formed of a pair of "music loving 
 dragons" and similar figures are on the sides 
 of the bell in high relief. Characteristic 
 Chinese ornamentation. A choice specimen 
 of Chinese metal work of a century and a 
 half ago. 
 
 258. Sanctus bell of bronze. From ancient 
 Jesuit church in Sinaloa, Mexico. Handle 
 formed by two cherubs standing back to 
 back. Doubtless made in Mexico about 1650. 
 Rudely moulded and hammered. A blurred 
 medallion on either side and a few letters 
 that may be part of the famous Jesuit motto: 
 Ad Majorem dei Gloriam (For the greater 
 glory of God). 
 
 34
 
 Before entering upon the detailed descrip- 
 tion of the crosses comprised in the Mission 
 Inn Collection, it might be well to consider 
 for a moment a few general facts with regard 
 to the origin, use and different forms of the 
 cross. 
 
 The cross was a common instrument of 
 capital punishment among the ancients and 
 death on the cross was deemed so dishonor- 
 able that only slaves and malefactors of the 
 lowest class were subjected to it by the Ro- 
 mans. 
 
 The cross was in use as an emblem, having 
 certain religious and mystic meanings at- 
 tached to it long before the Christian Era. 
 
 The Spanish conquerors were astonished tc 
 find it an object of religious veneration 
 amongst the natives of America. 
 
 But the death of Christ by crucifixion led 
 Christians to regard it with peculiar feelings 
 of veneration and to adopt it as a svmbol with 
 express reference to the central fact of their 
 religion. 
 
 The sign of the cross has been made in 
 Christian worship since the second century 
 ac least, as an act of homage to God, in re- 
 membrance of the Redemption, and of bless- 
 ing to the person or object over which the 
 sign was made. 
 
 The forms given to crosses in art are end- 
 less; but the two leading types are the 
 Latin cross, supposed to be that on which 
 Christ suffered, and the Greek cross, both of 
 which are subject to many fantastic varia- 
 tions. 
 
 In the Latin cross the lower limb is longer 
 than the upper one, while in the Greek the 
 limbs are all of the same length. The cross 
 of St. Andrew consists of two shafts of equal 
 length crossed diagonally at the middle. 
 
 In the history of the cross as a Christian 
 symbol it is evident that it was used at first 
 as a symbol of triumph, not suffering. 
 
 In the sarcophagi and mosaics, from the 
 fourth to the ninth century, it often stands 
 alone on the sacred rock from which flow 
 the Four Rivers of Paradise. 
 
 It is sometimes surmounted by the Con- 
 stantinian monogram of Christ, the Labarum, 
 and thus became the standard of victorious 
 Christianity. It was inscribed within the cir- 
 cle around the head of Christ, thus forming 
 the crucifixion nimbus. 
 
 In the Middle Ages the form of the cross 
 was given to a majority of the churches. 
 
 In the following pages will be found de- 
 scriptions of all the various kinds of crosses 
 
 35
 
 known, together with interesting historical 
 notes and references to many places; quaint 
 legends and customs in different periods and 
 countries. 
 
 The Mission Inn Collection of crosses is 
 the largest and most representative in the 
 world. 
 
 All of the smaller crosses are hanging in 
 the cabinet in the Cloister Music Room. The 
 Curator will be pleased to tell you where to 
 see the larger ones. 
 
 The numbers given here correspond to 
 those on or near the crosses. 
 
 "With crosses, relics, crucifixes, 
 Beads, pictures, rosaries and pixes, 
 The tools of working out salvation 
 A somewhat tiresome operation." 
 
 <* w * < 
 
 "The moon of Mahomet 
 "Arose and it shall set; 
 
 While, blazoned as on heaven's immortal 
 noon 
 
 The Cross leads countless generations on." 
 
 <*<*<<* 
 
 1. Crystal benitier, or holy water stoup, 
 from Versailles, France. Surmounted by 
 smooth .brass Latin cross. Contains figure of 
 Madonna and Child in brass. 
 
 2. Brass crucifix from Mexico. Latin form 
 with title and emblems of Christ's triumph 
 over death and mortality. 
 
 3. Silver miniature Latin cross, showing 
 Runic character of ancient Irish cross. 
 
 4. Silver, flpreated, filigree cross made in 
 Mexico. Mexican silversmiths are expert in 
 this sort of work. 
 
 5. Old iron pectoral cross from Mexico. 
 Made about 1680. Property of a nun. On 
 one side is a medallion in gold of Our Lady 
 of Guadalupe. Above the medallion are the 
 Latin letters "I. N. R. I.," which stand for 
 "lesus Nazarenus Rex ludaeorum" Jesus ot 
 Nazareth, King of the Jews. On the arms 
 is the following inscription in Spanish: In- 
 
 36
 
 digiia Soror Luisa Delaacsension, or in Eng- 
 lish- "Unworthy Sister Luisa of the (Convent 
 of the) Ascension." On lower limb are these 
 words in Spanish: Esclava Demidulcissimo 
 Ihs Maria, or, Englished: "Slave of my most 
 sweet Jesus Mary." The "I. H. S." is the 
 abbreviation for lesus Hominum Salvator, 
 "Jesus the Saviour of Men." On the other 
 side is a medallion representing angels kneel- 
 ing on either side of the Host, and on the 
 arms is the following in Spanish: "Alavado 
 Sea Ssm Sacramento," which means: "Laud- 
 ed be the most Holy Sacrament." On the 
 upper limb is a small cross springing from 
 the I. H. S., as already described. On the 
 lower limb in Spanish are the words: 
 "Maria Santisimaconce Vida Sin Pecado Orig- 
 inal," or in English, "Most holy Mary, con- 
 ceived without original sin." 
 
 6. Latin cross of Roman Mosaic, work. 
 
 7. Brass, Latin cross from England. 
 
 8. Cross of the Order of Guadalupe of 
 Mexico. This Order wa<= instituted by the 
 Emperor Maximilian. Surmounting the cross 
 is a golden eagle crowned, standing on a cac- 
 tus and with claw and beak rending a ser- 
 pent. This is the Mexican symbol seen on 
 the coins of today, except that the eagle no 
 longer wears a crown. A laurel wreath of 
 victory runs about the extremities of the 
 cross, and from the center shoot out rays of 
 light. 
 
 The cross is Maltese, supposed to repre 
 sent four arrow heads with points meeting. 
 Th.j red, white and green enamel represents 
 the national colors of Mexico. On one side 
 is the Virgin of Guadalupe in miniature sur- 
 rounded by a border that carries the legend: 
 "Religion, Jndependencia, Union." On the 
 reverse side are the words: "Al merito y vir- 
 tudes," or "To virtue and merits." These 
 medal-crosses of Maximilian are very scarce 
 and highly esteemed Date 1865. 
 
 9. Silver "Lorraine" cross from Spain, 
 about 1700. The crosses with two arms are 
 called "Lorraine" for the reason that when 
 Godfrey de Bouillon, Duke of Lorraine, was 
 chosen by the Crusaders, as the first Chris- 
 tian King of Jerusalem, he adopted this 
 cross, hence it is sometimes called the Lor-
 
 raine or Jerusalem Cross. Also called a "pa- 
 triarchal" or "cardinal's" cross. This is what 
 is known as an "inhabited cross," as it con- 
 tains human figures. On the observe side is 
 the figure of Christ hanging on the Cross. 
 Over his head is the abbreviation I N R I 
 already described. Under His feet is H 
 skull, the symbol of death and decay. On 
 the lower arm and the lower limb are the 
 words in Latin, "Domine Mementomei," 
 which may be Englished, "CM Lord, remem- 
 ber me." On the reverse side is a crowned 
 figure of the Virgin with the crescent moon 
 under her feet, the horns pointing upward. 
 As on the obverse side, so here are ten orna- 
 mental stars. On inferior transom and lower 
 limb is the Spanish inscription, "Sinpecado 
 Original," or in English, "Conceived without 
 original sin." 
 
 10. Silver, Latin cross from England. \ 
 so-called "Aureole" cross, from the circle 
 passing through the angles of the arms and 
 limbs. It was thought that this circle was 
 an aureole or nimbus, such as surrounds the 
 head of Christ. But it seems that this sup- 
 position was unfounded and that the circle 
 was ornamental and also utilitarian, as, in the 
 case of large crosses of stone and wood, the 
 segments of the circle served as braces for 
 the long, heavy arms or transoms of the 
 cross, retaining and sustaining them above 
 and below. 
 
 11. Old olive-wood rosary with small brass 
 crucifix, on back of which are the words: 
 "Adveniat Regnum Tuum," "Thy Kingdom 
 Come." From Italy. 
 
 12. Double-armed silver pectoral cross 
 from the Navajo Indians of New Mexico, 
 made of coins hammered together. On the 
 obverse side are represented two reversed 
 Sawastika crosses and seven arrows. At each 
 of these crosses are pointed three of the ar- 
 rows the seventh one being pointed out- 
 ward. On the reverse side is nothing but 
 two reversed Sawastika crosses. This is a 
 most curious article, as it is not Christian, 
 but heathen. It is the "rain cross" to which 
 the Indians of the Southwest have prayed 
 for centuries, and which was worshipped in 
 Guatemala and Mexico long before the Span- 
 iards came. As to the significance of the ar- 
 
 38
 
 rows, possibly Mr. Walter Fewkes of thi 
 Smithsonian Institution, Washington, could 
 tell their meaning. 
 
 More than three thousand years ago the 
 strange cruciform symbol known as the Fyl- 
 fot cross was reverenced in India. It is a 
 sacred symbol in the tombs of Egypt and in 
 the catacombs of Rome. It is graven on the 
 temples of the prehistoric nations of both the 
 Eastern and Western Hemispheres. The 
 heraldry of the Middle Ages blazoned it on 
 their shields. Today it is used as a mystic 
 symbol among the secret societies. Modern 
 heralds term it "gammodion," and "crux gam- 
 mata," considering it as a compound of c 
 fourfold repetition of the Greek "gamma." 
 Edmonson describes it as the cross potent 
 rebated, or cross componie. The Buddhists 
 call it the Sawastika, or Suti, meaning "It : s 
 well," or "So be it," and it is the symbol of 
 resignation. 
 
 13. Old silver, Spanish crossbow or ar- 
 balast, bearing the figure of Christ. A most 
 rare and interesting specimen of the silver- 
 smith's art in the sixteenth century. 
 
 14. Silver, Spanish reliquary cross; very 
 old. Reliquary crosses were made with small 
 hollow spaces in them, in which to carry 
 either a fragment of the True Cross, or j 
 relic of some saint. This cross has on the 
 obverse side > seven such receptacles, now 
 empty. On the reverse side a rude repre- 
 sentation of the crucified Lord surmounted 
 by the title "I. N. R. I." 
 
 "On her white breast a sparkling cross she 
 
 wore, 
 Which Jews might kiss and infidels adore." 
 
 15. Amethyst bead-rosary with pendant 
 gold Latin crucifix. From Spain. 
 
 16. Spanish, silver crucifix, bearing the 
 Latin monogram I. N. R. I. and on reverse 
 side a rude representation of the Chalice and 
 Host. Sixteenth century. 
 
 39
 
 17. Old English, brass, Latin cross, bear- 
 ing on the obverse side the words of Mary 
 to Gabriel, the Angel of the Annunciation: 
 "Behold the Handmaid of the Lord, be it 
 unto me according to thy word.'' In her- 
 aldry called a cross "etoile," from the pointed 
 terminals. 
 
 18. Silver cross, made by American Indians 
 in New Mexico. Set with a native turquoise. 
 
 19. Old bronze crucifix from Madrid with 
 Latin title. 
 
 20. Danish Legion of Honor Cross of gold 
 and enamel. A Maltese "Aureole" cross, sur- 
 mounted by the royal crown of Denmark, and 
 with a crossed crown -in each of the four 
 angles. On the obverse side the upper crown 
 is supported by an ornamental "R, ' the Latin 
 abbreviation for Rex, or king. On the four 
 limbs are the Danish words, "Gud Og Kon- 
 gen," which mean "God and King." In the 
 center is the letter "C" under a small crossed 
 crown. 
 
 On the reverse side, in the center, is the 
 letter "W," surmounted by a Gothic crown. 
 On the left, upper and right limbs are the 
 dates 1219, 1808 and 1671. 
 
 The white enamel and the setting of red 
 gold constitute the Dannebrog, or national 
 colors of Denmark. Waldemar II, one of the 
 most remarkable sovereigns of the Middle 
 Ages, in 1219 made a crusade against the 
 Pagans in Esthonia and forcibly converted 
 the inhabitants. When the Danes were hard 
 pressed in one of the battles, the archbishop, 
 Andrew Suneson, procured a flag with a 
 white cross embroidered on a red ground, 
 that had been sent him by the pope. He told 
 thi Danish soldiers that the flag had fallen 
 down from heaven, and so inspired them that 
 they won a great victory. Ever since the 
 white cross on a red field has been the na 
 tional standard of Denmark. The "W" re- 
 ferred to stands for this same Waldemar, and 
 the 1219 mentioned is the year of his cru- 
 sade. The date 1671 commemorates the great 
 naval victory of Denmark over Sweden under 
 Christian V, whose name is indicated by the 
 "C" mentioned. The year 1808 was notable 
 because Denmark, aroused by "the perfidj ot 
 
 40
 
 w 
 
 Albion," declared and made war upon Great 
 Britain, and gained some very brilliant naval 
 advantages over her formidable enemy. 
 
 Mr. Jacob Riis informs us that these 
 crosses were granted by the Danish crown 
 only to persons who had performed some 
 notable deed of heroism, that upon the death 
 of the recipient they must be returned to the 
 donor and that on no account were they to 
 remain in the family of the recipient. Mr. 
 Jacob Riis himself is the possessor of one of 
 these highly prized crosses, only a very few 
 of which are conferred during the reign of 
 each sovereign. 
 
 21. Byzantine cross of Japanese cloisenne 
 An artistic and beautiful pectoral. 
 
 22. A Maltese "aureole" cross of bog-wood 
 from Ireland. Shamrocks in relief and in gilt 
 miniature. 
 
 23. Elks' badge of Grand Reunion, 1909, 
 with the Glenwood cross and bell house mark. 
 
 24. Silver Lorraine cross made of ham 
 mered coins by the Navajo Indians; very 
 likely one of their so-called "rain crosses." 
 
 25. Byzantine amethyst Latin cross. On 
 either side is superimposed a cross with 
 amethyst terminals. 
 
 26. Silver miniature fac-simile of ancient 
 Celtic cross. On the obverse a Lorraine or 
 Cardinal's cross, and on the reverse side an 
 ordinary Latin cross. 
 
 "Each of our crosses has its inscription. 
 "Every house has its cross. 
 "Everyone thinks his own the heaviest cross. 
 "Crosses are ladders by which we may climo 
 to heaven." 
 
 Old German sayings. 
 
 27. Badge and cross of the Military Order 
 of the Loyal Legion of the United States, an 
 association of officers and honorably dis- 
 charged officers of the army, navy, marine 
 corps, and volunteers, organized to perpet- 
 uate the memories and afford relief to those 
 who served in the suppression of the rebel 
 lion of 1861-1865. Organized in Philadelphia 
 on April 15, 1865, after hearing of Lincoln'.-; 
 assassination, the day before. The eldest 
 male lineal descendants, or male heirs in col 
 lateral branches are also eligible to member- 
 ship The insignia of the order is a badge 
 pendent by a link and a ring of gold from a 
 tri-colored ribbon. The badge is a Maltese 
 cross of eight points, gold and enamel, with 
 rays forming a star. In the center on the 
 obverse side is a circle with the national 
 eagle displayed, and around it the motto, "Lex 
 regit, arma tuentur" (law rules, arms guard). 
 On the reverse side are crossed saWes 
 
 41
 
 surmounted by a fasces, on which is 
 the Phrygian cap; around it an arch of thir- 
 teen stars and a wreath of laurel; in the cir 
 cle about it the legend, "M. O. Loyal Legion 
 U. S., MDCCCLXV." The gold link on this 
 badge bears the number 11820. The eight 
 points of a Maltese cross signify the eight 
 beautitudes. This cross descended to Frar.k 
 A. Miller from his father, Captain C .C. 
 Miller of Company I, Forty-ninth Wisconsin 
 Infantry. 
 
 28. Gypsum stone cross from the "Garden 
 of the Gods." 
 
 29. Bronze cross from the church of S 
 Maria-degli-Angeli (Saint Mary of the An 
 gels), at the Porzioncula, Perugia, built over 
 the cell of St. Francis. 
 
 Mrs, Jameson, in her "Legends of the 
 Monastic Orders," has the following inter- 
 esting note: 
 
 "The term Portiuncula, which occurs so 
 perpetually in reference to the pictures of St. 
 Francis, is, I believe, sometimes misunder- 
 stood. It means literally, 'a small portion, 
 share, or allotment.' The name was given to 
 a slip of land, of a few acres in extent, at the 
 foot of the hill of Assisi, and on which stood 
 a little chapel. Both belonged to a commun- 
 ity of Benedictines, who afterward bestowed, 
 the land and the chapel on the brotherhood 
 of St. Francis. This chapel was then famil- 
 iarly known as the 'Capella della Porzion- 
 cula.' Whether the title by which it has 
 since become famous as the S. Maria-degli- 
 Angeli, belonged to it originally, or because 
 the angels were heard singing around and 
 above it at the time of the birth of St. Fran- 
 cis, does not seem clear. At all events, this 
 chapel became early sanctified as the scene of 
 the ecstasies and visions of the saint; here 
 also St. Clara made her profession; particu- 
 lar indulgencies were granted to those who 
 visited it for confession and repentance on 
 the fifth of August, and it became a cele- 
 brated place of pilgrimage in the fourteenth 
 century. Mr. Ford tells us that in Spain the 
 term 'Porzioncula' is applied generally to dis- 
 tinguish the chapel or sanctuary dedicated to 
 St. Francis within the Franciscan churches. 
 
 "The original chapel of the Porzioncula 
 
 now stands in the center of the magnificent 
 church which has been erected over it. The 
 church and chapel were both much injured 
 by an earthquake in 1832, but the chapel was 
 restored from the old materials, and the ex- 
 terior is adorned with frescoes by Overbeck. 
 It is a small building might contain perhaps 
 thirty people; but I did no^ take the meas- 
 urement; it looks small under the lofty dom^ 
 of the edifice which now encloses it, and 
 also the 'narrow cell' near it, called the 
 'Stanza di S. Francesco.' " 
 
 This is a Latin "aureole" cross. On the 
 left upper and right limbs, on the obverse 
 
 42
 
 side, are rosebuds that symbolize the follow- 
 ing legend: "St. Francis, shivering in his cell 
 in the depths of winter, a demon whispers to 
 him suggestions of ease and luxury; he repels 
 the temptation by going out and rolling him 
 self in the snow on a heap of thorns; from 
 the thorns sprinkled with his blood spring 
 roses of Paradise, which he offers up to 
 Christ and the Madonna." On the lower 
 limb is St. Francis. Within the circle is the 
 legend in Latin: "Porzioncula Head and 
 Mother of the Minorites." 
 
 On the reverse side, under the title "I. H. 
 S.," is seen the insignia of the Franciscans, a 
 small standing cross and the crossed arms, 
 showing the "stigmata" in the hands. On the 
 upper arc of the circle are the words in 
 Latin: "The blessing of Holy Father Francis. ' 
 On the arms and lower limb the inscription: 
 "The Lord bless thee and keep thee: the 
 Lord make his face shine upon thee and be 
 gracious unto thee: the Lord lift up his 
 countenance upon thee, and give thee peace. 
 Shedding tears of gladness, O! he dedicates 
 thee (to God)." In the center of the ob- 
 verse side is a representation of the famous 
 chapel. Given to Mr. Miller by the pries* 
 there. 
 
 "When Jesus hung upon the cross 
 "The birds, 'tis said, bewailed the loss 
 Of Him who first to mortals taught, 
 Guiding with love the life of all, 
 And heeding e'en the sparrow's fall. 
 But, as old Swedish legends say, 
 Of all the birds upon that day, 
 The swallow felt the deepest grief, 
 And longed to give her Lord relief, 
 And chirped, when any near would come 
 'Hugswala swala swal honom!' 
 Meaning, as they who tell it deem, 
 Oh, cool, oh, cool and comfort Him." 
 
 30. Bronze medal of St. Francis from same 
 place as 29. On the obverse side St. Francis 
 standing at the door of his chapel, a rose- 
 bush on either hand. Around the border is 
 the inscription, "S. Francis Assisiensis" (St. 
 
 43
 
 Francis of Assisi). On the reverse side are 
 the figures of St. Clara and St. Agnes. Over 
 them is the inscription in Italian "Sorelle 
 Vergini" (Virgin Sisters). St. Clara holds 
 the symbolical Host, and St. Agnes the Child. 
 Underneath is the word "Assisi." Brought 
 by Mr. Miller from Assisi. 
 
 31. A Jerusalem cross. On the obvers-t 
 side are the words "God wills it," the Eng- 
 lish of the "Deus vult" of the people when 
 Peter the Hermit was preaching the first 
 Crusade. Above is the usual title, "I H S." 
 On the reverse side is the word "Jerusalem," 
 under a shining star. The small red crosse-> 
 typify the red crosses worn on the robes and 
 shields of the crusading knights and pilgrims. 
 The five crosses typify the five wounds of 
 Christ. 
 
 32. Latin pectoral cross of nuggets of 
 Alaskan gold. 
 
 33. Old steel, japanned cross, pectoral. 
 Latin, bearing dove, symbolical of Holy 
 Spirit. From England. 
 
 34. Tortoise shell cross, potent, with gold 
 stars, inlaid, forming a brooch. From Lon 
 don. 
 
 35. Same as 29. q. v. 
 
 36. Old pectoral Latin cross made of coin 
 silver by American Indians in Arizona. 
 
 37. Maltese Knights Templar cross, made 
 of free-gold quartz. On the reverse side is 
 the monogram, "F. A. M." 
 
 38. English pectoral Maltese tortoise-shell 
 cross, inlaid with gold netting. 
 
 39. Latin Italian, reliquary, pectoral cross. 
 A cherub cm either sicie of the lower limb. 
 On the reverse side a rude representation of 
 the crucifixion. From about the middle of 
 the eighteenth century. 
 
 40. Old bog-wood aureole cross from Ire- 
 land. On the observe side, on the iour limbi. 
 shamrocks carved in relief; in the center che 
 harp of Brian Boru. On the reverse side, 
 conventional cross-shaped ornamentation. 
 
 41. Old Irish metal cross with trefoil 
 terminations. On obverse side, inside a 
 circle, a trefoil cross with shamrock leaves 
 about which is the legend: "Crux in Corde 
 Cor in Cruce" (The Cross in the Heart; the 
 Heart en the Cross). 
 
 42. Irish iron cross, Maltese, with trefoil 
 terminals, springing from a square ciborium 
 terminating in crude representation of a 
 death's head on either side. On obverse side 
 of shaft is a rudely inscribed date that seems 
 to be "MDXL" (1540), and on the reverse 
 side some rude, indistinct letters seem to 
 form the word "Flyri." This interesting cross 
 was given to Mr. T. R. Elaine (the grand- 
 father of Miss Lena Nelson), by a relative 
 who went as a newspaper correspondent with 
 the punitive English military expedition to 
 
 44
 
 Abyssinia vnder Sir Robert Napier, 1867-8. 
 The correspondent secured it from a Jesuit 
 priest whom he met in Abyssinia. 
 
 43. Latin ivory pectoral cross from Scot- 
 land. 
 
 "In those holy fields, 
 
 Over whose acres walked those blessed feet 
 Which, fourteen hundred years ago, were 
 
 nailed 
 For our advantage on the bitter cross." 
 
 44. Very old Latin, ivory, pectoral cross 
 from England. 
 
 45. Metal Irish cross. Same as 41 q. v. 
 
 46. Small, silver, Latin pectoral cross, made 
 by American Indians. Native tourquoise set 
 ting. 
 
 47. Pectoral cross potent of tortoise shell 
 inlaid with gold tracery work ending in fol- 
 iated terminals. From England. 
 
 48. Bronze medal of St. Francis. Same as 
 No. 30 q. v. 
 
 49. Irish metal cross. Same as 41 q. v. 
 
 50. Spanish pectoral reliquary cross of sil 
 ver. Same as 14 q. v. 
 
 51. Miniature Byzantine cross in fac-simile. 
 On observe side small cardinal's cross with 
 spear on one side and reed and hyssop on 
 the other. 
 
 52. Silver Latin cross made by American 
 Indians. 
 
 53. Bronze Maltese, worn as a pendanr. 
 From England. Eighteenth century. 
 
 "There are no crown-wearers in heaven 
 Who were not cross-bearers here below." 
 
 54. Iron Latin cross from England. 
 triangle represents the Trinity. 
 
 The 
 
 45
 
 55. Black, composition, Latin, aureole cross 
 with conventional star-shaped leaf ornament 
 oa either side. More than sixty years old. 
 Gift of Mrs. Theodore Nelson. 
 
 56. Large antique, gold-plated processional 
 cross botone from Lucerne. Covered with 
 ornamental floreated designs. In center of 
 obverse side the crowned Virgin with sceptre 
 holding the Child, in whose hand is the 
 world-orb, surmounted by a cross. The spike 
 in the bottom was to be thrust into a socket 
 in the head of the processional staff. Over 
 one hundred years old. 
 
 57. Wooden cross botone made in Ober 
 ammergau by the man who took the part of 
 Joseph of Arimathea there in 1910. Hand- 
 sawed work. Gift of Miss Rose Hardenburg. 
 
 58. An ancient Latin mahogany cross from 
 Mexico, with decorative scroll work, made by 
 descendants of the Aztecs. 
 
 59. Old wooden Latin crucifix from Spain. 
 Christ, rays of light and Memento mori in 
 mother-of-pearl. 
 
 60. Antique brass and wood Spanish cruci- 
 fix with title. 
 
 61. Brass crucifix on pedestal, surmounted 
 by title. From Spain. Latin cross with flor- 
 eated terminals. Under feet of Christ the 
 symbols of mortality. Antique. 
 
 62. Bronze benitier, surmounted by Latin 
 cross bearing cherub. 
 
 63. Large olive-wood, Latin crucifix from 
 Jerusalem. Inlaid with mother-of-pearl. On 
 obverse side in mother-of-pearl are indicated 
 the fourteen stations of the cross, the insignia 
 of the Franciscans, the chalice, and an "M S" 
 
 (Jesus Saviour of the World). On the reverse 
 side is the word "Jerusalem." A present tj 
 Mr. Miller from the Bishop of Jerusalem. 
 
 64. Two iron, Latin, English crosses with 
 the symbol of the Holy Spirit. 
 
 "Not she with traitorous kiss her Saviour 
 
 stung, 
 
 Not she denied Him with unholy tongue; 
 She, while apostles shrank, could danger 
 
 brave, 
 
 Last at his cross, and earliest at his grave." 
 
 Woman. 
 
 65. Antique bronze Spanish crucifix. Typi- 
 cal, emaciated Christ of Spanish countries. 
 Conventional ornamentation on either side. 
 
 66. Old ebony Latin cross from England. 
 On either side is outlined a small Latin 
 cross in ivory. Ivory support at top. 
 
 67. A Russian pear-wood "Ikon Cross" of 
 Greek form with triptych on either side of 
 paneled, Byzantine chip carving. On either 
 
 46
 
 side an ornamental border of small Greek 
 crosses. A very interesting and exquisitely 
 artistic piece of work. Evidently the lower 
 part only of a processional, miracle working 
 Icon, the upper part having been sawed off by 
 some vandal. The five panels on either side 
 contain Biblical scenes, and inscriptions in 
 Russian characters. Originally there were 
 three of these inscriptions on each side, but 
 the upper ones have been removed by the 
 mutilation mentioned. Such crosses were 
 used in the ancient custom of the "Blessing 
 of the Neva." Many of the figures depicted 
 in the panels bear a strange resemblance to 
 North American Indians. Belongs to about 
 the year 1660 and is from the famous collec- 
 tion of the Rev. J. Sparrow Simpson of Eng 
 land. The letters on the outer edges of the 
 cross were evidently cut by some bungler, at 
 a later date. 
 
 68. Two green marble, Latin, Calvary 
 crosses from Ireland. The Cross of Passion, 
 when erected upon three steps, is known as 
 the Cross of Calvary. The steps allude to 
 the three Christian virtues, Faith, Hope and 
 Charity. 
 
 69. Four black, bog-wood, carved, aureole 
 crosses from Ireland. One of them with the 
 word "Erin." All on pedestals. These are 
 copies in miniature of ancient Irish crosses. 
 
 "In the Cross of Christ I glory, 
 Towering o'er the wrecks of time; 
 All the light of sacred story 
 Gathers round its head sublime." 
 
 70. Large, bronze, processional, Latin 
 cross. Processional crosses were carried to 
 meet bishops, emperors, kings and other 
 distinguished persons; also in litanies from a 
 very early period. 
 
 This is a Spanish, sword-hilt cross of the 
 Order of S. lago, or St. James of Compos - 
 tella, as is indicated by the cockle-shells 
 which ornament both sides of the cross. St. 
 James has been the military patron saint of 
 Spain since the ninth century. The terminals 
 
 47
 
 of the arms and limbs make this what is 
 known in heraldry as a "Cross Fleury" the 
 flower in full bloom, implying that the bearer 
 was a matured soldier of the Cross. On ob- 
 verse side are the Virgin and Child in bronze 
 relief work. There are evidences still re- 
 maining to show that the whole cross was 
 once elaborately gilded. From the middle of 
 the seventeenth century. (Garden of Bells.) 
 
 71. Spanish, brass, Latin, processional 
 cross, with conventional ornamentation. The 
 eight-petaled flower in the center on either 
 side represents the eight beatitudes. Early 
 part of eighteenth century. (Garden of Bells.) 
 
 72. Mortuary memorial cross from Lucern-.- 
 with inscription in German, and date 1832 
 (Garden of the Bells.) 
 
 "Bearing His cross, while Christ passed forth 
 
 forlorn, 
 Ais God-like forehead by the mock crown 
 
 torn, 
 
 A little bird took from that crown one thorn. 
 To soothe the dear Redeemer's throbbing 
 
 head. 
 The bird did what she could; His blood, 'tis 
 
 said, 
 
 Down dropping, dyed her tender bosom red.'* 
 A Breton Legend. 
 
 ;<*<*< 
 
 73. Modern wooden Latin cross with fig 
 ure representing St. Kummniss, a holy, bearded 
 woman (heiliger berdiger), much honored in 
 the Austrian Tyrol, and also in Bamberg, 
 Germany, where she is called "Gottlicker 
 Hilfe." One hundred years old. 
 
 74. Ornamental iron Latin crucifix with 
 small gilt crucified Christ. From Rouen 
 (France), famous for its wonderful Gothic 
 churches. Modern. 
 
 75. Bronze cruciform Christ. Gothic 
 style. A rather unusual feature is the kingly 
 crown instead of the crown of thorns. In- 
 tended for a crucifix. From Chartre 
 (France), whose cathedral is said to be the 
 most beautiful structure produced in the 
 Middle Ages. Seventeenth century. 
 
 76. Cross made of brilliants, forming a 
 French Masonic emblem. A pectoral Latin 
 cross fleury surmounted by royal crown set 
 with green stones. On reverse side under 
 glass a pelican feeding her young with her 
 own blood (symbolizing the love of Christ for 
 His church); on observe side the Rose of 
 Sharon springing up about the cross. Eight- 
 eenth century. From France. 
 
 77. Silver Lorraine crucifix with figure of 
 Christ. The upper arm of the Lorraine cross 
 symbolizes the inscription on the cross of 
 Calvary, over head of Christ. The two arms 
 also typify the part taken by the Jews and 
 Christians in the redemption of the world. 
 
 48
 
 On obverse side figure of Mary and inscrip- 
 tion in Italian, "To Immaculate Queen 
 Mary." From Florence, Italy. 
 
 78. Silver Latin crucifix fleury, with Christ 
 on obverse and Mary and Child on reverse 
 side. (Fleury crosses are those with ter- 
 minations like full-blown flowers.) Over head 
 of Christ, scroll and inscription. From Am- 
 boise, France. The edict of Amboise in 1563 
 granted toleration to the Hugenots. 
 
 79. Ancient wooden Latin cross with a 
 cardinal's cross carved in relief. On one 
 side is the spear and on the other the iced 
 and hyssop. Various abbreviated words in 
 ancient uncial Greek referring to the titles 
 of Christ. At foot of cross in depression is 
 carved a skull, the symbol of Christ's victory 
 over death and the grave. About three hun 
 dred and fifty years old. From Joppa, in 
 Syria. 
 
 80. Jerusalem cross of red enamel and 
 gold. A Jerusalem cross really consists ot 
 one larger and four smaller crosses, repre 
 sented the five wounds of Christ. The red 
 indicates the love of man to God; the blue 
 symbolizes divine truth and eternity; and 
 tne golden fleur-de-lis indicates the Trinity. 
 Inscription: "Provencan e Catouli mosto fe 
 na pas fali." From Leghorn. 
 
 81. Pilgrim's cross of cloth of cardinal 
 red with background of white. Bears a metal 
 medallion with figure of Madonna and Child 
 and inscription in French, "Our Lady of 
 Health, pray for us." Worn by pilgrims who 
 come to be cured of ailments by our Lady of 
 Lourdes in Southern France. 
 
 82. Pilgrim's badge of yellow, red and 
 black (the Virgin's colors), with cross fleury 
 pendant. On one side the cross the Madonna 
 and on the other in French, "Our Lady of 
 Lourdes." 
 
 83. Pilgrim's badge of shield shape in the 
 Virgin's colors with the letters N. D. L. 
 "Our Lady of Lourdes." 
 
 84. A metal pendant with bell-shaped or- 
 naments and in relief the figure of John the 
 Baptist. From Pau, France. 
 
 49
 
 85. Wooden cardinal's cross fleury reliq- 
 uary. The small receptacles were for frag- 
 ments of bones of the blessed saints, some of 
 which may still be seen. About two hun- 
 dred years old. From Nimes, France. 
 
 86. Ancient Latin crucifix fleury inlaid 
 with mother-of-pearl. Carved in relief is the 
 crucified Christ, the four Evangelists with 
 their different attributes and the Mater Do- 
 lorosa and memento mori. Eighteenth cen- 
 tury. From Avignon, France. 
 
 87. A Latin reliquary cross of beautifully 
 carved ebony. This once contained many 
 fragments of the bones of the blessed saints, 
 and many of the precious relics still remain 
 in their respective cavities. These crosses 
 were of great repute among the sick and 
 through them were wrought many miraculous 
 cures. About three hundred years old. From 
 Carcassonne, France, a part of which, the 
 lower town, was founded by King Louis the 
 Ninth (St. Louis) in 1247. 
 
 88. Ancient copper Latin cross fleury. 
 Quite artistically engraved. In center panel 
 Christ holding in one hand the bread of life 
 and with the other giving the episcopal bless 
 ing. At the extremities the eagle, ox, angel 
 and lion, symbols of S. S. John, Luke, Matthew 
 and Mark. On obverse side artistic floreated 
 patterns, and in center Maltese cross, the 
 eight points of which represent the eight 
 beatitudes. Three hundred years old. Fi^m 
 the great Convent of La Merced, Mexico 
 City. 
 
 89. Ancient brass Latin cross botone, with 
 fleur-de-lis (or lily flower) ornamentation on 
 the limbs. Eighteenth century. From old 
 altar. The fleur-de-lis has been connected 
 with the heraldry of France since 1147. In 
 1546 Pope Paul III established the Order of 
 the Lily, whose members were pledged to de- 
 fend the patrimony of St. Peter against the 
 heretics. The fleur-de-lis symbolizes the 
 Trinity. From Church of the Holy Trinity 
 in Paris. 
 
 90. Silver cardinal's cross fleury with spike 
 base. Ornamented with flowers in raised 
 work. Flying cherubs supporting cross. 
 
 50
 
 Latin inscription at top. Middle of eight- 
 eenth century. From Oviedo, Spain. 
 
 91. Masonic emblem of silver and bril- 
 liants. Crown, compass and cross. Pelican 
 feeding her young. About seventy-five years 
 old. Barcelona, Spain. 
 
 92. Silver pendant in form of escutcheon 
 of Austria-Hungary. Double-headed eagle 
 wearing crown of Austria and grasping sword 
 in its talons. Worn by the nobility only. 
 Nineteenth century. From Budapesth. 
 
 93. Small silver crucifix with figure of 
 Madonna on obverse side. Eighteenth cen- 
 tury. Madrid. 
 
 94. Very ornamental wooden cross in sil- 
 ver frame, with rays of light and fleury ter- 
 minals. Insets of mother-of-pearl. Eight- 
 eenth century. From Malaga, Spain. 
 
 95. Triangular-shaped crystal pendant in 
 silver frame for episcopal use. Into the glass 
 have been cut and gilded a small triangle, a 
 cross, "I. H. S." and the nails of Calvary. 
 Eighteenth century. From Seville. 
 
 96. Ancient triangular ecclesiastical pend 
 ant of metal and enamel containing cross 
 supported by monogram I. H. S. Eight- 
 eenth century. From Madrid. 
 
 97. Ancient brass and enamel pendant con- 
 taining monstrance, the base of which forms 
 part of the monogram I. H. S. Eighteenth 
 century. From Madrid. 
 
 98. Old brass altar ornament surmounted 
 by cross and containing Virgin as Queen of 
 Heaven. Seventeenth century From Burgos. 
 
 99. Ancient wooden reliouarv Calvary cross 
 inlaid with ivory. Many fragments of bones 
 of the saints can still be seen in the glass 
 covered openings. Seventeenth century. From 
 Cadiz. 
 
 100. Latin reliquary cross of ebony with 
 ornamental setting of colored crystal. Con- 
 tains saintly relics. Eighteenth century. From 
 Granada. 
 
 101. Brass cardinal's cross fleury with fly- 
 ing cherubs at base. Stands on pedestal. A 
 
 51
 
 very interesting reliquary crucifix. On ob- 
 verse side in raised work are seen mon- 
 strance, celebrant priest, angels, king, candles, 
 etc. From Caravaca, Spain, in whose coat- 
 of-arms this cross appears and concerning 
 which there is the following legend: A Moor- 
 ish king in the fifteenth century captured a 
 priest near Caravaca and ordered him to say 
 mass. All was ready except the cross, for 
 lack of which the priest refused to proceed 
 with the ceremony. The enraged Moor wouH 
 have slain the recalcitrant priest on the spot 
 had not a miracle been performed. Suddenly 
 two angels appeared bearing between them ,i 
 glittering cross, which they placed upon the 
 altar. Seventeenth century. 
 
 102. Ancient brass Latin cross with abbre- 
 viated inscription in Latin: "Holy and most 
 mighty God, have mercy upon us." Eigh- 
 teenth century. From Santander, Spain. 
 
 103. Pendant bronze cardinal's cross cur- 
 iously inscribed with various letters. These 
 crosses were worn by the higher members of 
 the Spanish gypsies, and the letters have ref- 
 erence to certain words used in the strange 
 gypsy ceremonies. About one hundred years 
 old. From Galicia, Spain. 
 
 104. Olive-wood Calvary cross fleury on 
 pedestal of three steps typifying the three 
 Christian graces Faith, Hope, Charity. On 
 front of pedestal the insignia of the Fran- 
 ciscan Order. On back is written in Span- 
 ish, "El Bautista (the Baptist). Date 1700. 
 From the Convent of the Immaculate Con- 
 ception of Santa Clara nuns of the Fran 
 ciscan Order, Toledo, Spain. 
 
 105. Very interesting wooden Latin cross 
 covered with carved symbols of the Passion 
 and Crucifixion, such as nails, pincers, ham- 
 mer, scourge, lantern, ladder, cock, spear, 
 hyssop, coat and sun and moon. The vari- 
 ous Maltese crosses are symbols of the Orde r 
 of Mercy. Date about 1650. From the great 
 Convent of La Merced, Mexico City. 
 
 106. Cardinal's cross of steel damascened 
 with gold and silver. From Toledo, for cen- 
 turies famous for her swords, damascened 
 wares, and other metal work. 
 
 107. Olive-wood cross with carvings in 
 relief showing symbols of the Passion and 
 Crucifixion. Metal image of Virgin and Child. 
 About one hundred and fifty years old. From 
 convent at Avila, Spain, where is treasured a 
 portrait of Christ done in a vision by St. 
 John of the Cross. 
 
 108. Silver Lorraine or cardinal's cross 
 fleury, with rays streaming from center. 
 Worn on the breast. Eighteenth century. 
 From Cordova. The extra bar typifies the 
 higher office of the cardinal, patriarch or 
 archbishop entitled to wear such crosses. 
 Also used in the coat-of-arms of Hungary, as 
 the king there has the title of Apostolic, and 
 
 52
 
 also in the coat-of-arms of St. Benedict, who 
 was the founder, patriarch and first abbot ot 
 the great Order of the Benedictines. 
 
 109. Iron Latin cross fleury with rays 
 About two hundred years old. From the 
 great cathedral at Granada, where are buried 
 Ferdinand and Isabella. 
 
 110. Old iron Latin cross with floreated 
 terminals, and ornamental Rose of Sharon in 
 center. From a chapel in the cathedral of 
 Seville, where, since their removal from Ha- 
 vana in 1899, have reposed the bones of 
 Christopher Columbus (Cristobal Colon). 
 About two hundred years old. 
 
 111. Bronze processional cross from Es- 
 corial, Spain. Famous for royal monastery of 
 Saint Lawrence, built by Philip II in 1559. 
 
 112. Bronze pendant cardinal's cross from 
 Caravaca, Spain. There such crosses are 
 worn by the women as a protection against 
 thunder-storms. Their thought is that the 
 rumbling thunder moves and opens the sides 
 of the cross, thus allowing the evil influences 
 to enter the cross instead of harming the 
 wearer. About two hundred years old. 
 
 113. Ancient iron altar cross fleury from 
 cathedral of the "Virgin of the Pillar" at 
 Zaragoza, Spain. According to the legend the 
 Virgin, standing on a pillar, appeared to St. 
 James when he was making a missionary 
 pilgrimage through Spain. Eighteenth cen- 
 tury. 
 
 114. Ornamental silver pectoral cardinal's 
 cross. Eighteenth century. From Algericas, 
 opposite the Rock of Gibraltar. 
 
 115. Silver cross star-rayed, from San Se- 
 bastian, Spain. Fifty years old. 
 
 116. Silver crucifix set with ten cut crystal 
 stones, symbolizing the ten commandments. 
 At foot of cross a memento mori and at top 
 monogram. Initials of maker stamped in the 
 silver at the foot. A pectoral cross, such as 
 are worn by archbishops at the great func 
 tions of the church in Spain. Four hundred 
 years old. From the ancient Convent of 
 San Leandro at Toledo. 
 
 53
 
 117. Crystal crucifix with terminals and 
 figures of hammered gold. The two Marys 
 stand on either side of the cross. Very ar- 
 tistic pedestal of crystal with borders of 
 fretted gold. Sixteenth century. From the 
 Convent of Los Comendadores de Santiago, a 
 retreat for the women of the Spanish nobility 
 at Seville, Spain. 
 
 118. Metal mould for the manufacture of 
 crucifixes. Seventeenth century. Granada. 
 
 119. Latin cross of dark wood covered 
 with brass figures. Pedestal with niches for 
 receiving relics of the blessed saints and 
 
 martyrs. A graveyard Calvary cross. About 
 three hundred and fifty years old, from Gran- 
 ada, famous for its Alhambra. 
 
 120. Brass, enameled cross on base. 
 Fleury terminals. In center monogram I. H. 
 S. From Cordoba. 
 
 121. Very interesting reliquary cross of 
 chiseled brass. The fleury terminals formed 
 by trios of cherubs' heads. Symbolic objects 
 of the Passion and Crucifixion, including the 
 three dice used by the soldiers when they 
 "cast lots." Contains a relic of St. Cyriacus, 
 Pope of Rome, who accompanied St. Ursula 
 and her 11,000 virgins from Rome to Cologne, 
 where they were all slain. About 1750. From 
 Cologne, France. 
 
 122. Brass altar cross supported by two 
 kneeling, adoring angels. From Convent of 
 Ei Carmen, Seville. Eighteenth century. 
 
 123. Very ancient wooden processional 
 cross covered with a facing of richly chased 
 beaten bronze in floreated designs. At the 
 four extremities are the heads of SS. Peter 
 and Paul, Quintin and Quirinus. St. Quintin 
 was the son of Zeno, the Roman philosopher 
 and is patron of San Quentin, California. St. 
 Quirinus was Bishop of Sissek in Croatia and 
 is one of the eight guardian saints of Aus- 
 tria. In the center a very artistic monogram 
 of the I. H. S. About two hundred years 
 old. From the church of Santa Marina, Cor- 
 doba. 
 
 124. Ancient crucifix of Hammered silver 
 with the figure of Christ arrayed in skirt 
 
 54
 
 (Spanish style). On reverse side the Ma- 
 donna and Child, both crowned. About four 
 hundred years old. From church of Santa 
 Clara del Carmena, near Seville. 
 
 125. Pectoral cross of cut crystal tipped 
 with gold. Seventeenth century. From Blois, 
 France. 
 
 126. Brass cardinal's cross with Mary as 
 Queen of Heaven, with the moon under her 
 feet, and underneath a double duck-headed 
 serpent with barbed tail. Eighteenth century. 
 From church of Santa Maria del Mar, Bar- 
 celona, Spain. 
 
 127. Pectoral cross fleury of gold with blue 
 enamel. In center is represented the famous 
 image of the "black Madonna" of Montser- 
 rat (serrated mountain, where the Holy Grail 
 rested for a time). The Convent of Mont- 
 serrat is one of the oldest and most cele- 
 brated in Spain and was founded in 880. The 
 miraculous image of the Virgin here en 
 shrined was carved by St. Luke, the apostolic 
 limner of the Virgin, and brought to Spain 
 by St. Peter. The monks of the present time 
 manage a school of ecclesiastical music. From 
 Montserrat. 
 
 128. Small silver cross-shaped pendant 
 from Montserrat, Spain. On one side, image 
 Ox Madonna and on obverse side "N. S. de 
 Montserrat." 
 
 129. Brass terminal of St. Andrew, with 
 halo and bearing an Andrew's cross. Fifty 
 years old. Patron saint of San Andres, Cali- 
 fo r.ia. From church of San Andres, Vallo 
 dolid. 
 
 130. Ancient silver crucifix pendant. A 
 cross fleury. Seventeenth century. From 
 Holland. 
 
 131. Maltese cross pendant of mother-of- 
 pearl surmounted by royal crown. Badge of 
 an old German military order, as indicated b)' 
 the crossed sabres, cannon balls, and the let- 
 ters G. K. S., which stand for the words, 
 "Serve God and the King." The number 30 
 within the circle is that of the old regiment. 
 Eighteenth century. From Munich. 
 
 55
 
 132. Small silver pendant of Our Guard- 
 ian Lady from church of Notre Dame de l.i 
 Garde, a notable center for pilgrims. On one 
 side a figure of the Madonna and on the re- 
 verse the monogram of her name. Cable and 
 anchor decoration. 
 
 133. Wooden reliquary cross on pedestal. 
 In the cavity there is a hollow crystal cross 
 containing two very small splinters of the 
 True Cross. The precious relic is closed and 
 seaied with wax and silken thread, and still 
 bears the original and unbroken episcopal 
 sigillum. It is said that Louis the Ninth of 
 France (St. Louis) received a large portion 
 of the True Cross from Constantinople in the 
 thirteenth century and put it, with the orig- 
 inal crown of thorns, in the beautiful Sainte 
 Chapelle, in Paris, which he caused to be 
 built for its reception. Eighteenth century. 
 From the Church of the Redeemer, Mar 
 seilles. 
 
 134. Reliquary crucifix of apple-wood beau- 
 tifully carved. On front are figures of Fathet 
 and dove over the Son, the Father giving the 
 eoiscopal blessing. Beneath is the Mater 
 Dolorosa, with sword piercing her heart. The 
 reverse side has sliding panels covered with 
 carved emblems of the Passion and Crucifix 
 ion. In the reliquary cavity a small fragment 
 of one of the thorns from Calvary. Nine 
 teenth century. From the Engedine, Switzer- 
 land. 
 
 135. Hollow silver gilt cross with mono- 
 gram and other decorative designs. Used ns 
 a receptacle in which to carry the sacred oil 
 and consecrated wafer to those who were to 
 receive extreme unction in articulo mortis. 
 On inside of cover the words "Josef Antoni 
 Baumgartner, Arbou, 1815." Donated by him 
 to the church at Arbou, Switzerland. 
 
 136. A St. Hubert's cross of metal to be 
 worn as a pendant. Small crucifix upright 
 between stag's horns. The legends say that 
 St. Hubert (who is a very popular German 
 saint) was renowned as a hunter, and was 
 converted to Christianity by one day meeting 
 in the forest a milk-white stag with a cruci- 
 fix between his horns. Bread blessed at a 
 shrine of St. Hubert is a cure for hydro- 
 phobia. From Munich. 
 
 56
 
 137. Small pendant silver-gilt crucifix with 
 cross potent or crutch cross. The termin- 
 als bear the symbols of the four evangelists, 
 viz.: the eagle of St. John, the evangelist; the 
 lion of St. Mark; the ox of St. Luke, and the 
 angel of St. Matthew. From Lucerne, Switz- 
 erland. 
 
 138. Latin pendant of enamel with figure 
 ol Christ, and tri-foliate ornaments at ends 
 of cross piece. From Limoges, France. 
 
 139. Nickel-bound crucifix of wood, used 
 as pendant. The figure of Christ has the sup 
 pedaneum or support beneath the feet. On 
 the obverse side the monogram of Notre 
 Dame de Lourdes. From Lourdes, in South 
 ern France, a noted place of pilgrimages for 
 sick people. The shrine is in a rock grotto 
 by the river and contains a statue of the Vir- 
 gin dressed as she appeared to BernadettJ 
 Soubirous in 1858. 
 
 140. Pendant Maltese cross of wine-col- 
 ored crystal, from Nuremberg. The five sec 
 tions typify the five bloody wounds of the 
 Saviour. One hundred years old. 
 
 141. Brass pendant Greek cross with laurel 
 wreath and inscription in modern Greek. A 
 military medal of merit. About fifty years 
 old. From Athens. 
 
 142. Bronze Russian ikon cross with five 
 panels of figures on either side. Although of 
 undoubted Russian origin, this cross came 
 from Athens. Was formerly a processional 
 cross and borne on a standard, but the pin 
 for the socket has been broken off from the 
 bottom. Early eighteenth century. 
 
 143. Red beads from Athens. These were 
 formerly used as rosaries, but are now carried 
 in the hand by modern Grecian beaux as play- 
 things. 
 
 144. Popular style of ikon of Virgin and 
 Babe as used by the Greek church in Russia 
 and Greece. Monograms and inscriptions in 
 Russian. To be hung on the wall of the 
 house. 
 
 145. Very ancient brass Russian crucifix of 
 the Greek church. The upper half has been 
 broken off. Evidently a processional ikon. 
 Four figures in raised work representing 
 saints. On both sides are inscriptions in Rus- 
 sian, as follows: "The crucifix of our Lord 
 Jesus Christ. We worship thy cross O Lord, 
 and we hail and glorify thy holy resurrection. 
 The strength of the faithful. The cross is a 
 glory of the angels. The cross is that which 
 gives the deepest wounds to the demons." 
 Early eighteenth century. From St. Peters- 
 burg. 
 
 146. Mohammedan rosary of sandal wood 
 beads, 99 in number. Cairo, Egypt. 
 
 147. Hindu rosary of "rudrach" beads. 
 Commonly worn about the neck by the de- 
 vout Brahmins. From Jaipur, India. 
 
 57
 
 148. Buddhist rosary of coral, amber, tur- 
 quoise and other beads. Formerly belonged 
 to the lama of Thibet. 
 
 149. "Dorgee" of bronze. Such objects are 
 held in the hands of the Buddhist priests 
 when they are exorcising the devil, as it is 
 believed that by these means the evil spirit is 
 hypnotized. From Darjeeling, India. 
 
 150. Small Latin cross pendant. On one 
 side, figure of St. Thomas of Aquinas and 
 inscription in Portuguese: "St. Thomas Aqui- 
 nas of the Order of Preachers." On obverse 
 is the inscription: "May the cross be my 
 salvation; the cross is that which I ever 
 adore; may the cross be my refuge." Found 
 in "Chinatown," Hong Kong. Used in Japan 
 or the Philippines by early Roman Catholic 
 missionaries. 
 
 151. Small brass Latin cross, just the same 
 as No. 150, with the exception that the in- 
 scription is in Spanish. 
 
 152. Silver bangle representing the "Virgin 
 of the Pillar," from Zaragoza, Spain. Virgin 
 may be seen through the peep-hole at the 
 bottom of the figure. 
 
 153. Cross of gold and enamel with char- 
 acteristic ornamentation and inscriptions in 
 Russian. From Moscow. 
 
 154. Japanese rosary of fruit pits carved 
 in the shape of temple gongs. From Kyoto. 
 
 155. Japanese rosary of nuts carved in the 
 shape of skulls. From Nara. 
 
 156. Buddhist rosary of scented bead*. 
 From Kobe, Japan. 
 
 157. Gilt wood Sawastika cross reversed, 
 and 
 
 158. Gilt wood "Sanko," from the San- 
 jusangen-do Temple (Kyoto) of Kwannon, 
 Goddess of Mercy. "Sanko" is the Japanese 
 equivalent of the Indian "d9rgee," and ?s 
 used by the priests in exorcising evil spirits. 
 In this temple there are one thousand life- 
 sized gilt statues of Kwannon, who holds in 
 her hand many different symbols of Buddh 
 ism. The temple was first built in 1132, but 
 being destroyed by fire, was rebuilt in 1249. 
 The significance of the Sawastika cross has 
 already been described in another place. (See 
 No. 12.) 
 
 159. Bronze "Tokko," used by Japanese 
 Buddhist priest to avert evil. 
 
 160. Metal staff top with the six mystical 
 rongs, called "Shakujo" in Japanese. Used 
 in the collection of food and money by trav- 
 eling Buddhist beggar priests. From Miyano- 
 shita. 
 
 161. Sacred Buddhistic symbol of lotus 
 flower and eagle claws, typifying purity and 
 strength through Buddha. Bronze, cross- 
 shaped, and used by the priests in driving out 
 the devil. From Kyoto. 
 
 58
 
 162. A "prayer wheel" (Mani), from Thi- 
 bet. In the hollow copper receptacle is a 
 paper inscribed with prayers to Buddha, the 
 chief one being "Um Mani Padmi Hun" (I 
 take my refuge in Buddha). This whirligig 
 is made to revolve on the handle by means of 
 the small attached ball of lead, and with 
 every revolution a prayer is made, without 
 any mental effort. In Thibet some of the 
 prayer wheels are very large and are turned 
 b" wind or water power, and pray day and 
 night for the worshiper, no matter where he 
 may be or in what business engaged. 
 
 163. Rosary of mother-of-pearl with silver 
 gilt crucifix in filigree work. From Madrid, 
 Spain. 
 
 164. Altar cross of ancient silvered bronze 
 with reliquary containing relic of "S. Jean de 
 la Croix" (St. John of the Cross). Relic is 
 protected by wax that bears the original and 
 unbroken episcopal sigillum. St. John of the 
 Cross was a holy man of the sixteenth cen- 
 tury in Spain who was frequently favored 
 with interviews with pur Saviour, and who, 
 on one of these occasions, made an uncouth 
 sketch of the divine apparition, which was 
 long preserved as a relic in the Convent of 
 Avila. He was the first bare-footed Car- 
 melite, and is famous for his terrible austeri- 
 ties and penances. He was the ally of St. 
 Teresa in all her reforms, and is frequently 
 represented with her. From Auvergne, 
 France. (See watercolor on first page of 
 Mexican Mass Book in Music Room.) 
 
 165. Latin cross of celluloid ornamented 
 with painted flowers and picture of St. Anne 
 and the Virgin Mary. Inscription in Eng- 
 lish: "I have invoked the good St. Anne of 
 Beaupre for you." From the famous Shrine 
 of St. Anne de Beaupre, near Quebec, Can- 
 ada. The three steps that form the pedestal 
 typify the three Christian graces of Faith, 
 Hope and Charity. 
 
 166. Chinese Buddhist priest's prayer ros- 
 ary. Made of beads of pink, yellow and 
 green. The priest when invoking Buddha 
 kneels and rubs the beads of the rosary in 
 his hand in order to attract favorable atten- 
 tion on the part of the Blessed One. The 
 green stones are jade, and are greatly es- 
 teemed. From Pekin. 
 
 59
 
 167. A Christian cross made out of carved 
 beads that formed part of a Buddhist priest's 
 rosary. From Pekin. 
 
 168. Greek silver pendant cross with flor- 
 eated terminals. Center of cross surrounded 
 by monogram of Latin words "Rex, Lex, Pax, 
 Lux"; King, Law, Peace, Light. At center 
 is head of Christ, with cruciform nimbus, and 
 on reverse the Latin words Omnia in Christo, 
 "All things in Christ." 
 
 169. Weather-vane cross of hand-forged 
 work. From Brittainy. One hundred years 
 old. (Garden of the Bells.) 
 
 170. Delegate's badge to 46th National En- 
 campment of G. A. R., Los Angeles, Califor- 
 nia, September 9-14, 1912. Bronze brooch 
 with raised likeness in cartouche of Harvey 
 M. Trimble, Commander-in-chief. Old gold 
 colored ribbon of silk with silver letters W. 
 R. C. Pendant of silver with California scen- 
 ery and grizzly bear in relief work. 
 
 171. Bronze commemorative badge and 
 medal, of 46th National Encampment of G. A. 
 R., Los Angeles, Sept. 9-14, 1912. On brooch 
 military insignia. On gold colored ribbon in 
 silver letters "Los Angeles, Cal. Staff." On 
 obverse side of pendant bronze medal the 
 likeness of Harvey M. Trimble in relief. On 
 reverse side inscription: "Commander-in- 
 Chief's staff Comrades 46th National Encamp 
 ment G. A. R. 1912." Underneath American 
 symbolical eagle and laurel and olive branches. 
 
 172. Badge and model for representative 
 of 45th National Encampment of the G. A. 
 R. at Rochester, N. Y., 1911. Presented to 
 Frank A. Miller by John R. Gilman, Past 
 Commander-in-Chief, and Ephraim B. Still- 
 ings, Past Adjutant-General of the G. A. R. 
 
 173. Silver cross set with the famous Cin- 
 galese moonstones. From Colombo, Ceylon. 
 The Jesuit missionaries had here a great edu- 
 cational center in the Sixteenth and Seven- 
 teenth centuries. 
 
 174. Gold enameled Egyptian "key of life" 
 often seen in the hands of the ancient Nile 
 gods. One of the oldest and most universal 
 forms of the cross. Conected with the prim- 
 itive worship of the dual, reciprocal principles 
 
 60
 
 
 
 in nature, twenty centuries before the word 
 Christian had been coined. From Cairo, 
 Egypt. 
 
 Lying on the bottom of the Cross cabinet 
 is a very beautiful, large and interesting 
 key of the Eighteenth century. It is made 
 of pure silver and is richly jeweled. Sur- 
 mounted by the papal insignia. 
 
 This was the official key of the camerlingo, 
 or apostolic chamberlain, the official in the 
 papal household at Rome who was the 
 custodian of the personal jewels, treasure and 
 vestments of the supreme pontiff. 
 
 The key was the apostolic chamberlain's 
 badge of office, and was carried before him 
 on a velvet cushion on state occasions. In 
 the British museum there is a very fine and 
 valuable collection of such heraldic keys of 
 the royal chamberlains of the Seventeenth 
 and Eighteenth centuries. 
 
 Near the key is a crown of solid silver 
 of Sixteenth century work. Formerly on the 
 head of an image of the Virgin Mary, in the 
 Cathedral of the Assumption at Jaen, Spain. 
 
 An interesting alms basin of hammered sil- 
 ver is seen to the left of the key just men- 
 tioned. *i 
 
 From old Spanish church. Bears the fol- 
 lowing inscription: "This belongs to our 
 Lady of Pity; it was made in the year 1802; 
 it was fashioned anew in the year 1840 for 
 her chapel." Springing from the center is an 
 artistic figure of the Madonna. 
 
 61
 
 Of the thousands who have looked with 
 admiring wonder at the old Franciscan mis- 
 sions of California, there was one who not 
 only felt all the charm of romance that at- 
 taches to those fast disappearing monuments 
 of Christian zeal and heroism, but who alsa 
 had the artist's ability to stamp his impres- 
 sions upon canvas, and thus preserve for fu- 
 ture generations the features of the old mis- 
 sions as they were over a third of a cen- 
 tury ago. 
 
 That artist friend of the missions, who saw 
 them with the appreciative eyes of love, was 
 HENRY CHAPMAN FORD, and it is his 
 collection of original studies in oil of the 
 California missions that forms one of the 
 choicest art treasures of the Glenwood Mis- 
 sion Inn. (Henry Chapman Ford, born 182S. 
 died 1894, the celebrated landscape painter, 
 who resided for about twenty years in Santa 
 Barbara.) 
 
 This series of exquisite pictures numbers 
 thirty-eight, and comprises all of the original 
 missions except San Rafael. These are, as 
 Ford himself called them, "studies in oil," 
 giving accurate representations of the mis 
 sions as they appeared at the time they were 
 made. 
 
 Included in this number are several asisten- 
 cias or chapels, among them being the so 
 called Pala Mission, belonging to San Luis 
 Rey; San Bernardino, belonging to San Gab- 
 riel; San Marcos, a chapel of Santn Barbara; 
 Santa Margarita, a dependency of San Luis 
 Obispo; and the Presidio Church at Mon- 
 terey. Some of the original missions are 
 represented more than once; San Gabriel, 
 twice, one being the copy of the painting 
 done by a Mexican artist in 1828; Santa Bar- 
 bara, six times; Purisima, three times, one of 
 them being the ruins of the old Purisima 
 Mission; San Antonio de Padua, twice; San 
 Carlos, four times; and San Jose, twice, one 
 being a representation of that mission as it 
 was before the earthquake of October 21, 
 1868. 
 
 All of these, with three exceptions, bear the 
 date of the year in which they were painted, 
 two of them, San Gabriel and Santa Cruz 
 being copies of old paintings the San Gab- 
 riel of the painting by the Mexican artist al- 
 ready mentioned, and the Santa Cruz of a 
 picture painted by a French artist in 1853. 
 
 The entire series, with a few exceptions, 
 was painted during the years 1880 and 1881. 
 The Dolores Mission, at San Francisco, is 
 represented as it existed in 1850, and that of 
 Santa Clara as it was in 1851. As Mr. Ford 
 lived for a number of years at Santa Bar- 
 
 62
 
 bara, we are not surprised to find him por- 
 traying various features of that mission at dif- 
 ferent times, one in 1875, one in 1878, one in 
 1380, one in 1885, and one undated. Of the 
 three views of La Purisima, two of the New 
 Purisima were painted in 1878 and one of the 
 Old Purisima in 1881. 
 
 This set of paintings, of which most of the 
 canvases measure about 16x30 inches, depicts 
 the missions, with a few exceptions, as they 
 appeared in 1880 and 1881, the years in which 
 they were painted, and are, without doubt, 
 the only extensive set representing them as 
 they all actually appeared within such a lim- 
 ited period of time. 
 
 Their historical importance therefore is 
 great, and with the passing of time will con- 
 stantly increase. Of this collection twenty- 
 nine were for twelve years on exhibition at 
 the Memorial Museum in Golden Gate Park, 
 San Francisco. In speaking of these paint- 
 ings, Mr. George Barren, curator of the 
 Golden Gate. Park Museum, stys: "The mis- 
 sions are cleverly drawn and denote a great 
 deal of skill on the part of the artist, and 
 while on exhibition here elicited a great deal 
 of admiration." 
 
 Until the new SPANISH COURT is com- 
 pleted, these wonderful interpretations of a 
 fast vanishing period in California's history 
 are temporarily on exhibition in the "Old 
 Adobe." 
 
 "The saints! ah, have they grown 
 Forgetful of their own? 
 Are they asleep or dead, 
 That open to the sky 
 Their ruined missions lie 
 No longer tenanted"? 
 
 63
 
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