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BRIEF HISTORY 
 
 Art of Stenography, 
 
 PROPOSED KEW SYSTEM 
 
 PHONETIC SHORT-HAND 
 
 WILLIAM P. UPHAM 
 
 » •» ■ » 
 
 SALEM, MASS. 
 ESSEX INSTITUTE, 
 
 1877. 
 
Copyright, 1876, 
 By William P. Upham. 
 
 PRINTED AT 
 
 THE SALEM PKESS. 
 
 F. \V. PCTXAM * Co., 
 Proprietors. 
 
HENRY WHEATLAND, M. D., 
 
 PRESIDENT OF THE ESSEX INSTITUTE, 
 
 THIS VOLUME IS DEDICATED 
 
 AS A 
 
 TOKEN OP REGARD FOR HIS DISINTERESTED DEVOTION 
 
 TO THE 
 
 ADVANCEMENT OF KNOWLEDGE. 
 
uc."!^ 
 
 PREFACE 
 
 The necessity for rapid writing, arising from the increased 
 activity of business and professional life, naturally calls attention 
 to short-hand writing as a substitute in many cases for the 
 common method. Although this art has, in recent times, been 
 used principally as a means of reporting speech, its advantages 
 for many other purposes of writing, where rapidity is required, are 
 becoming more and more generally recognized. This increasing 
 interest in the use of stenograph}- for common purposes suggests 
 
 Sj inquiry as to the merits of the different short-hand S3'stems, and 
 
 >• as to the possibility of improvement upon those which have thus 
 
 g far been published. 
 
 "* The following work contains, in Part I, a brief historj' of ste- 
 nography with a particular account of the earliest system of 
 which an3thing definite is known, viz., the "Tironian Notes," or 
 Roman method of short-hand, and a description of many of the 
 systems published during the last three centuries. The Roman 
 short-hand is illustrated by several fac-simile specimens taken 
 from the works of Grutcr, Mabillon, and Carpentier. In Part II, 
 is exhibited a new sjstem of phonetic short-hand intended for use 
 in literary composition, business correspondence, writing from 
 dictation, taking notes of lectures, addresses or evidence, and 
 making copies or extracts for reference. A largely extended list 
 of word-signs and abbreviations, such as is required in any s^'stem 
 
 (V) 
 
 448549 
 
 
VI PREFACE. 
 
 of short-band to adapt it to verbatim reporting, would, for the 
 purposes above mentione<l, be an unnecessary burden to the 
 memory of the student. If any one should desire to use this 
 system for reporting, he can easily supply such a list by select- 
 ing such words and phrases as experience and the nature of the 
 discourse to be reported shall show to be most convenient for 
 special abbreviation. 
 
 The writer, having satisfied himself (perhaps with the partiality 
 of an author for his own work) of the usefulness of the system 
 here proposed, originally intended to print a few copies for private 
 distribution. Being requested, however, to make it the subject of 
 a lecture before the Essex Institute, he has since been induced to 
 prepare it for more general publication. Much of the material 
 for the historical account contained in Part I is taken from pre- 
 vious works on the subject, which are therein more particularly 
 referred to ; and some of the principles upon which the proposed 
 system is constructed are derived from a study of the various 
 methods of short-hand writing heretofore used. In the choice of 
 the forms for the short-hand characters, and in the phonetic anal- 
 ysis which forms the basis of the system, the writer has preferred 
 to follow, independently, the methods suggested by his own ex- 
 perience and investigation, rather than rely upon theories often 
 
 too implicitly received as authoritative guides. 
 
 W. P. U. 
 Salem, May 1, 1877. 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 PART I. 
 
 HISTOUY OF STENOGRAPHY. 
 
 PAGE 
 Chap. I. Origin of short-hand writing 1 
 
 " II. References to short-hand by ancient authors 8 
 
 " III. Specimens of Roman short-hand 13 
 
 " IV. Probable origin of the Roman short-hand 21 
 
 " V. Modern S3>tems of short-hand 25 
 
 •' VI. Conclnsion. giving an account of the systems of Bishop Wilkins 
 (16(i8) and A. M. Bell (1869), and some observations on the " pho- 
 nographic" systems now in use ...;> 39 
 
 Tables of Short-hand Alphabets and List of Authors 4C 
 
 PART II. 
 
 a XEW system of phonetic SHOKT-H.AXD. 
 ISTROUUCTIOX .i 51 
 
 Sect. I. Definition of phonetic short-hand 51 
 
 " II. Advantages of the plionetic method : 51 
 
 " III. Phonetic short-hand not an enemy to orthography. .1 53 
 
 " IV. Plan of tlie phonetic system here proposed 54 
 
 1. The forms of the characters 55 
 
 2. Description of the characters 55 
 
 3. Use of difference in length or size of characters 58 
 
 4. Compound sounds :: 58 
 
 5. Use of word-signs 58 
 
 Chap. I. Analysis of the articulate sounds of the English language 59 
 
 Sect. I. Necessity of a preliminary analysis 59 
 
 II. The voice and the breathing 60 
 
 III. Definition of vowels and consonants G3 
 
 I V. Vowcl-sounds 64 
 
 V. Compound-vowels 70 
 
 VI. Obscure vowel-souuds 71 
 
 VI I. Consonant-sounds '2 
 
 VIII. Compound consonants 75 
 
 IX. Explanation of the compound consonants ch. j, sh. zi/, ngk, and ngi;. 7(S 
 
 X. Example of phonetic spelling 77 
 
 (vii) 
 
VIU CONTENTS. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Table I. Vowel-characters 78 
 
 " II. Consonant-characters 79 
 
 " III. Compound vowel-characters 80 
 
 " IV. Compound consonant-characters 80 
 
 Chap. II. Directions for the use of tlie characters 81 
 
 Sect. I. Difference in heaviness of stroke not used 81 
 
 " II. Joining the characters 81 
 
 " III. Vowel-characters 82 
 
 " IV. Consonant-characters 85 
 
 " V. Compound consonant-characters 87 
 
 " VI. Double-consonant forms 88 
 
 " VII. Directions for the use of characters for m, n, f, v, th, dli, w, y, wh, 
 
 yh, andh 88 
 
 Table V. Consonant-characters joined in one form 90 
 
 Chap. III. Directions for writing 92 
 
 Sect. I. The line of writing 92 
 
 " II. Size of the characters 92 
 
 *' III. Continuity of the writing 93 
 
 " IV. Words to be written according to the sound !)t 
 
 " V. Sounds that may be omitted in writing 94 
 
 Chap. IV. Word-signs and abbreviations 97 
 
 Sect. I. Definition of word-signs '. 97 
 
 " II. Use of word-signs 97 
 
 " III. Difference of position 98 
 
 " IV. AVord-signs for pronouns 08 
 
 " V. Word-signs for the auxiliary verbs 101 
 
 " VI. Abbreviations for prefixes and terminations 103 
 
 " VII. Word-signs for words denoting position or direction 104 
 
 Key to the Short-hand Examples , 106 
 
 Table VI. Prefixes and terminations 113 
 
 " VII. Contractions 114 
 
 «' VIII. Example of Long-hand and Short-hand 116 
 
 Examples of Short-hand : 117 
 
PART I. 
 
 HISTORY OP STENOGRAPHY. 
 
CHAPTER I. 
 
 ORIGIN OF SHORT-HAND WRITING. 
 
 Short-hand writing, though understood and practised by 
 comparatively few persons, has always been regarded as 
 possessing a high value and importance, both as an aid to 
 literary labor, and as a means of preserving extemporary 
 discourse. A brief account of the origin and growth of this 
 art, and of some of the principal methods of short-hand that 
 have prevailed in former times, may be not without interest 
 as a matter of curious history, and may also have some value 
 as a guide in the study of ancient manuscripts in which 
 short-hand writing occurs. Many of the principles now rec- 
 ognized as most necessary to render such a method of writ- 
 ing practically useful, were either laid down in the old 
 systems of short-hand, or have been suggested by a com- 
 parative study of them. 
 
 The term short-hand ^ in its general signification, denotes 
 any abbreviated or contracted method of writing having for 
 its object compactness or celerity, and consisting in the use 
 of word-signs, abbreviations, or special characters more 
 suitable for rapid writing than the ordinaiy letters. The 
 usual writing is sometimes called long-hand to distinguish it 
 from the shorter method. Among the various names applied 
 to this art that which is now most generally used to denote 
 
 (1) 
 
2 HISTORY OF STENOGRAPHY. 
 
 short-hand writing of any kind, is stenography ^ from the 
 Greek, <rr£v«?, contracted, and rP^V'^i-> writing. 
 • "Where the short-hand is based upon the ordinary alphabet, 
 or upon a series of characters arranged to confoiTa to the 
 ordinary alphabet, it may be called alphabetic short-hand, the 
 ■word alphabet being derived from the Greek names for the 
 two first letters a and b. Where, on the other hand, it is 
 based upon a series of characters representing the articulate 
 sounds of speech without regard to the ordinary alphabet^ it 
 is called, to distinguish it from the former, phonetic shoi^t- 
 hand ; the word phonetic being derived from the Greek word 
 ^wi'5j, the voice, or a sound of the voice. 
 
 Although most of the systems that have existed in former 
 times were alphabetic, phonetic shoi't-hand — that is, short- 
 hand following the sound without regard to the ordinary 
 spelling — is by no means a recent invention, for many of the 
 veiy numerous systems devised during the last two or three 
 centuries have had such a phonetic structure. This phonetic 
 principle was very skilfully applied to the construction of a 
 short-hand alphabet, in the system invented by Isaac Pitman, 
 first published at London in 1837, and since, with various 
 modifications, extensively adopted in England and in the 
 United States. The name phonography, which Pitman gave 
 to his system, is sometimes erroneously used as designating 
 any phonetic system of short-hand. The word phonograph}', 
 by its derivation, signifies voice-writing or sound-icriting . 
 
 The art of short-haud writing, in its alphabetic form at least, 
 comes down to us from a remote antiquity. It is said that the 
 
HISTORY OF STEXOGRAPHT. 3 
 
 Greeks had under the name of rayvypafo'. "quick-writers," 
 and <njixswYpa'<foi "writers by signs," scribes who practised 
 the art of writing with the rapidity of speech. Diogenes 
 Laertius in his life of Xenophou,^ the famous general, phil- 
 osopher and historian, states that "he first of all, taking 
 notes of what was spoken, published the memorable things 
 he had written down."^ In this manner the conversations of 
 Socrates, now known as the Memorabilia ^ were preserved by 
 Xeuophon, his pupil. Although from such evidence it has 
 been generally considered that the art of short-hand was 
 communicated to the Greeks by Xenophon, if he were not 
 the inventor of it,^ there is reason to doubt whether he used 
 any characters difierent from the ordinary letters, as no 
 traces of their employment exist in his writings.* Probably 
 his system was one simply of abbreviations enabling him to 
 make memoranda of what he heard, which he afterwards 
 filled out from memory. 
 
 The highest, and at the same time the most difficult, end 
 which this art of short-hand has in view, is the ability to 
 "follow speech" or to "report verbatim;" that is, to take 
 down in wi'iting the words of a speaker as rapidly as they 
 are uttered. One can easily understand, therefore, that such 
 an art would naturally be developed with the increase of free 
 institutions, popular discourses and scientific or philosophical 
 
 (» Born about the year 430 B. C.) 
 
 * Kal TrpuTOi UTrooTj/ieiwo'o/ici'os ra Xeyoiieva., ets avOpJiirovi rf^aytv, a.iro)i.vyiti.ovivy.aTa. 
 iiriypa.'tia^. 
 
 (3 norne's Introduction to the Study of Bibliography, London 1814, p. 118.) 
 (* Historical Account of Short-Hand, Lewis, p. 2-2.) 
 
4 HISTORY OF STENOGRAPHY. 
 
 disciissious. The acute perception and inventive genius of 
 the Greeks could hardl^^ fail to hit upon some method of 
 writing which would enable them to preserve the memory 
 of the eloquent harangues of their orators, or to fix in 
 undying characters the wise precepts and almost inspired 
 thoughts of the great masters of philosophy. Although but 
 little is known as to the history of short-hand writing in 
 ancient times, there is sufficient evidence to show a frequent 
 use of it among the early Greeks, and that it flourished most 
 during the period of the highest civilization, and fell into 
 disuse with its decline. 
 
 Among other improvements in science and the arts which 
 followed the conquest of Greece by the Romans, the method 
 of rapid writing, which appears then to have been much em- 
 ployed by Greek writers, was introduced into Italy, and, about 
 the time of the establishment of the Roman Empire, gave 
 rise to a distinct profession ; the scribes who practised the 
 art being called notarii, and the characters or signs which 
 they used being called notos. The art was taught by masters 
 or special professors ; and during the reign of Augustus 
 there existed in the Empire as many as three hundred 
 schools where gi-atuitous instruction was given. ^ The word 
 notOB^ or " notes " was also used to designate another kind of 
 writing where the ordinary letters were used, one or two 
 letters of a word beiug substituted for the word itself for 
 the sake of brevity ; as M, for Marcus, Cos, for Consul, P. R. 
 
 * Histoire de Stenographie, Scott de MaitiiiTille, Paris, 1&49. 
 
HISTORY OF STENOGRAPHY. D 
 
 for Populus Romanus, etc. ; or one letter being substituted 
 for another for secrecy; thus Suetonius relates of Caesar 
 (chap. 56), and of Augustus (chap. 88), that they used 
 such a method substituting h for a, c for b, etc. This writ- 
 ing was called notoe literoe^ the shoi-t-hand notes being called 
 notce non litercB. Writers upon this subject have sometimes 
 confounded these two kinds of notes. The use of short-hand 
 writing under the name of notce Tironianos^ or notoe Tironis ac 
 Senecce, continued for nearly a thousand years ; but during the 
 latter part of that period it was only employed as a compendi- 
 ous method of writing in manuscripts and in public documents, 
 such as capitularies or codices containing ecclesiastical or 
 civil codes and regulations. The notce fell into disuse in 
 France toward the close of the ninth century, and in Ger- 
 many at the end of the tenth century. After that time 
 scarcely any of them appear in manuscripts except the ab- 
 breviations of et by the sign T , and of us at the end of words 
 by ^ ; 6 to which might be added perhaps the dash — placed 
 over a word to indicate the omission of m or n. 
 
 The early writers give us no definite description of this 
 ancient system of sliort-hand, and our knowledge of its 
 nature is derived only from a few manuscripts, written in 
 what are called the notce Tironiance, none of which probably 
 are older than the fifth or sixth centuiy .' From what we 
 
 • Home's Introdnction, cited above. He refers to Petisci Lexicon torn. 2, p. 377; 
 Lambinet, Recherclies pp. 32-5; and Peignot, Diet. torn. 2, pp. 297-9. 
 
 ' The absence of any specimens of short-hand writing during the earlier centuries is 
 accounted for by the perishable nature of the material used, namely, a tablet spread 
 with a layer of wax and written upon with an iron style.— Lewis, p. 28. 
 
6 HISTORY OF STENOGRAPHY. 
 
 can leani of it the method appears to have consisted in the 
 employment of a very great number of signs composed of 
 characters, and representing each a particular word in the 
 Latin language. The most distinctive letter or syHable of a 
 word was represented by a special character, and the rest of 
 the word was more or less fully indicated by additional char- 
 acters placed above, below, or at the side of the first char- 
 acter. 
 
 In the few specimens that we have of this ancient short- 
 hand writing it is evident that the same letter or the same 
 syllable is not always represented by the same character, 
 nor does each character always have the same signification. 
 Indeed this want of uniformity, and of any fixed rule of struc- 
 ture, is so great as to give to the writing the appearance of 
 being composed of mere signs for words, wholly arbitrary, 
 or simply ideographic, like the arbitrary marks that were 
 used in connection with the ancient Egyptian hieroglyphics, 
 or those which are supposed to form the basis of the Chinese 
 writing. Whether this was characteristic of the " Tironian 
 notes " at the time the system was first invented, or whether, 
 as would be more likely, it is owing to the subsequent 
 additions that were made to its list of word-signs, and to 
 changes in the manner of its use from time to time, is a 
 matter of uncertainty. In the form in which it has been 
 transmitted to us it certainly seems very poorly adapted to 
 the purpose of following speech, both from the complex form 
 of many of its word-signs, and from the almost incredible 
 exertion of memory that must have been necessary in order 
 
HISTORY OF STENOGRAPHY. 7 
 
 to make any rapid use of so great a number of arbitrary 
 characters. It cannot be doubted, however, that a very 
 rapid system of short-hand existed in the time of Cicero and 
 during the first years of the Roman Empire. The name 
 notce T'ironiance, or Tironian notes, is derived from Tiro, the 
 libertus or "freedman" of Cicero, who is said to have im- 
 proved and reduced to order a system of short-hand invented 
 by the poet Ennius."^ Sallust has preserved in his history 
 of Catiline a speech by Cato against Caesar in the Eomau 
 Senate, which Tiro is said to have taken down at its delivery 
 by means of these short-hand notes. Plutarch, in his life of 
 Cato the Younger, relates that " Of Cato's speeches this alone, 
 it is said, has been preserved ; for Cicero, the Consul, had 
 placed about in various parts of the Senate Chamber the 
 most expert writers, having previously taught them the use 
 of notes (jjrjiitia) which expressed by minute and short 
 strokes many letters. For they did not at that time have or 
 employ the so-called short-hand writers {trqiitwypdipou:;^ , but 
 then first, as it is said, do traces of them appear." 
 
 ^Born in the year 239, B. C. 
 
CHAPTEK II. 
 
 REFERENCES TO SHORT-HAND BY ANCIENT AUTHORS. 
 
 The following passages from the early Roman writers show 
 the perfection to which this art had been carried, and the ad- 
 miration with which its successful use was regarded. Sene- 
 ca, the Philosopher, says, iu his ninetieth Epistle, *'Quid 
 loquar verhorum notaSy quibus^ quamvis citata excipitur ora- 
 tiOf et celeritatem lingum manus sequitur? Vilissimorum 
 manclpiorum ista commenta sunt." "What shall I say of the 
 notes for words, by which, however rapidly a speech may be 
 delivered, the hand follows the quickness of the tongue. 
 These are the invention of the despised slaves."^ Martial's 
 epigram 208, book 14, celebrates the skill of the notarius. 
 
 " Currant verba licet, manus est velocior illis, 
 Nondum lingua suum, dextra peregit opus." 
 
 "Though the words run, the hand runs swifter than they; 
 before the tongue has finished, the right hand has completed 
 its work." 
 
 Ausonius, a celebrated Roman poet of the fourth century, 
 
 pays his tribute to short-hand as follows. (Epigram 146). 
 
 AD NOTARIUM VELOCISSIME EXCIPIENTEM. 
 
 " Puer, notarum praepetura 
 Solers minister, advola. 
 Bipatens pugillar expedi. 
 
 1 Mucli of the ■yn-iting among the Romans was done by slaves, or freedmen, among 
 whom were many persons of intelligence and learning, such as Tiro the freedman and 
 friend of Cicero. 
 
 (8) 
 
HISTORY OF STENOGRAPHY. SI 
 
 Cui miilta fandi copia, 
 Punctis peracta singulis, 
 Ut una vox absolvitur. 
 Evolvo libros uberes, 
 Instarque densse grandinis 
 Torrente lingua perstrepo. 
 Tibi nee aures ambigunt, 
 Nee occupatur pagina. 
 Et mota paree dextera 
 Volat per aequor cereum. 
 Cum raaxirae nune proloquor, 
 Circumloquentis ambitu, 
 Tu sensa nostri pectoris 
 Ut dieta jam eeris tenes. 
 Sentire tarn velox milii 
 Vellem dedisset mens raea, 
 Quam prsepctis dextrae fuga 
 Tu me loquentem prsevenis. 
 Quis, qu£eso, quis me prodidit? 
 Quis ista jam dixit tibi, 
 Quae eogitabam dieere? 
 Quae furta corde in intirao 
 Exereet ales dextera? 
 Quis ordo re rum tam novas, 
 Veniat in aures ut tuas, 
 Quod lingua nondum absolvent? 
 Doctrina non base praestitit 
 Nee uUa'tam velox mauus 
 Celeripedis eompendii. 
 Natura munus hoe tibi, 
 Deusque donum tradidit : 
 Quae loquerer ut scires prius ; 
 Idemque velles, quod volo. 
 
 TO THE MOST SWIFTLY REPORTING notaHuS. 
 
 "Hasten, youth, skilled in the swift short-hand. Bring 
 hither the two-leaved tablet on which are so many words by j^^B 
 single points expressed, as a single sound is uttered. I un- ^^ 
 
 rol the well filled books, and like a stoiin of dense hail I 
 rapidly read. Thou hearest all rightly, and yet thy page is 
 not filled. Thy hand deftly moved flies over the waxen sur- 
 face. Even now, while my speech is most prolix with round- 
 about circumlocution, thou hast fixed on the waxen tablets 
 the thoughts of my breast while they are uttered. I would 
 
10 HISTORY OF STENOGRAPHY. 
 
 that my mind could have thought as swift as thy skilful right 
 hand. Thou anticipatest my speech. Who, 1 ask, who has 
 betrayed me? Who has ah-eady told you of what I was 
 thinking to say ? AVhat thefts in my inmost heart has your 
 winded ris:ht hand committed ? What is this new order of 
 things, that that should come to your ears which the tongue 
 had not yet spoken? No learning has caused it; no other 
 hand is so swift with the flying contractions. Nature has 
 brought thee the skill, and God the gift has bestowed, that 
 what I would speak thou shoulds't know, and what I might 
 wish, thou shoulds't wish." 
 
 To the same .effect are the lines of Manilius, an early 
 Roman poet, referring to the fortune of him who should be 
 born under the sign Virgo (Astronomica, book 4). 
 
 Hie et scriptor erit felix, cui lltera verbum est, 
 Quique notls linguam superet, cursumque loquentis. 
 Excipiet longas nova per compendia voces. 
 
 " And he shall be the fortunate writer to whom a letter is 
 a word. By his notes he shall surpass the tongue and the 
 quickness of speech. He shall take down long sentences by 
 new contractions." 
 
 In a hymn upon the death of Cassianus, who was slain by 
 his scholars using their styles, or writing instruments, as 
 weapons, Prudentius, a poet of the fourth century, thus de- 
 scribes the teacher of short-hand : 
 
 Praefuerat studiis puerilibus, et grege multo 
 Septus magister literarum soderat 
 Verba notis brevibus comprendere cuncta paratus 
 Raptimque punctis dicta prsepetibus sequi. 
 
 "The master of the school presided over the youthful 
 studies, and sat enclosed by a great multitude prepared to 
 take down all words by short notes, and swiftly to follow 
 the speech with flying points." 
 
HISTORY OF STENOGRAPHY. 11 
 
 These high encomiums and graphic descriptions, although 
 much allowance should be made for poetic exaggeration, 
 seem to justify the. belief that the short-hand system in use 
 among the Romans nearly two thousand years ago must have 
 been capable of being employed for reporting speech. If 
 we can form any opinion as to the nature of that system from 
 the specimens of the Tironian notes, so-called, now extant, 
 or from the general statements of those writers who have re- 
 ferred to this subject, we should conclude that it originated 
 in a simple method of extreme abbreviation, letters being 
 substituted for words, and whole sentences being represented 
 by a few letter^. Of course the memory and the context 
 must have been very much depended upon to render such 
 writing legible. 
 
 Bishop Wilkins gives the following account of the notes^ 
 
 or ancient short-hand. 2 
 
 "These were single letters or marks whereby the Romans 
 were wont to express whole words. Ennius is said to have 
 invented eleven hundred of these ; to which number, Tullius 
 Tyro, Cicero's libertus (others say Cicero himself), added 
 divers others, to signifie the particles of speech ; after whom 
 Philargyrus the Samian and Maecenas added yet more. After 
 these Annreus Seneca is said to have laboured in the regulat- 
 ins; and disjesting of those former notes : to which adding 
 many of his own he augmented the Avhole number to five 
 thousand, published by Janus Gruterus ; though amongst his 
 there are divers of a later invention, relating to Christian in- 
 stitutions, which have been added since (as 'tis said) by S. 
 Cyprian, the Martyr. The way of writing by these did re- 
 quire a vast memory and labour." 
 
 > Essaj towards a Real Character, &c., London, 1668, p. 13. 
 
12 HISTORY OF STENOGRAPHY. 
 
 That Cicero was familiar with short-hand is evident from 
 the following passage in his letter to Atticiis (lib. xiii, epist. 
 32) : Et^ quod ad te de decern legatis scrtpsi, parum intel- 
 lexisti; credo ^ quia 8cd fffjiieimv scripseram, "You did not 
 understand what I wrote to you concerning the ten deputies, 
 because, I suppose, I wrote in short-hand." Carpentier, 
 whose work will be hereafter mentioned, thinks that the use 
 of the Greek word for short-hand, ffijusia, by Cicero, and 
 also by Plutarch (see above p. 7), indicates that the art was 
 borrowed from the Greeks, and that Cicero could not be the 
 inventor of it, "as Plutarch would not have defrauded him of 
 the praise justly due him, nor would Cicero himself have left 
 it to be commemorated by others." 
 
CHAPTER III. 
 
 SPECIMENS OF ROMAN SHORT-HAND. 
 
 The not(2 were published in 1603 by Gruter, under the 
 title Notm Romanorum Veterum^ quibus liiera verbum facit, 
 Tullii Tironis et Anncei Senecae erutceque nunc primum edi- 
 tceque. In an edition of Gruter's Inscriptions, by Graevius, 
 Amsterdam, 1707, his list of the NotoR Tironis ac Senecce is 
 given as an appendix. The editor, in his preface, remarks 
 that, although " no author can be assigned to them with cer- 
 tainty, it is probable that some few were in use in the begin- 
 ning, whether invented by Tiro or by some other, and that 
 they were increased by the industry of later times. Thus 
 Vossius, lib. IV de vitio sermonis^ cap. ii, rightly thinks that 
 very many additions were made to this system by later writ- 
 ers ; which is indeed quite evident from the number of words 
 in it abhorrent to the Augustan age, and even barbarous. 
 Reinesius (acZ inscriptionem cv classis primce) thinks it was 
 
 the work of the fifth century Salmasius refers 
 
 it to the time of Gregory the Great, who lived at the end 
 of the sixth century, because in an ancient book on these 
 notes he had seen a preface in which the compiler dedicates 
 his book to Pope Gregory, and states that he collected these 
 notes by his cotoimand." Attention is also called to the 
 names of the Roman emperors given in the list of these 
 
 (13) 
 
14 HISTORY OF STENOGRAPHY. 
 
 notes published by Gruter, the last name being that of An- 
 toninus, which would indicate that the date of these notes 
 was not long after the reign of that emperor (A. D. 138 — 
 161). 
 
 A few of the " notes " taken from the first page of Gruter's 
 list will serve as specimens. The whole list comprises sev- 
 eral thousand words and terminations arranged in columns 
 without any particular order, and rather rudely engraved ; a 
 sort of moles indigesia, as Carpentier calls it, not very en- 
 couraging to one who would hope to find in it a key to the 
 Roman system of short-hand. 
 
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 circa 
 
 1i 
 
 tibi 
 
 A small table of the same " Tironian notes " is given by 
 Mabillon (De Re Diplomatica, Lutetia3 Parisiorum, 1681, p. 
 457), from which I take the following: 
 
 h 
 
 a 
 
 ^ 
 
 fecit 
 
 T» 
 
 panem 
 
 lo 
 
 tuo 
 
 V 
 
 bonis 
 
 Cs" 
 
 gloria 
 
 % 
 
 quia 
 
 ^ 
 
 tua 
 
 G 
 
 cor 
 
 «>» 
 
 nos 
 
 •y;- 
 
 regis 
 
 U 
 
 h. 
 
 via 
 
 V 
 
 deus 
 
 5^ 
 
 omnibus 
 
 S< 
 
 suas 
 
 n3 
 
 tibi 
 
HISTORY OF STENOGRAPHY. 15 
 
 A very full account of these "Tironian notes," together 
 with representations of certain charters or decrees of Louis 
 the Pious, successor of Charlemagne, written in these short- 
 hand characters in a royal codex of the ninth century, was 
 published in 1747, at Paris, by Pierre Carpentier, under the 
 title " AliDhabetum Tironianum, seu Notas Tironis explicandi 
 Methodus," <&c. The system seems to be substantially, if 
 not wholly, the same as that of the notes given by Gruter 
 and by Mabillon. Carpentier does not give any alphabet of 
 the characters for letters, but arranges in alphabetical order 
 about six hundred words with the signs that represent them. 
 From this list it appears that twenty-one letters were repre- 
 sented by at least sixty-seven characters, a different charac- 
 ter being used for the same letter in different words. In 
 fact, the system seems to be devoid of any certain or uni- 
 form rule. Numerous tables of signs for terminations are 
 added in which the same irregularity and uncertainty is 
 apparent. 
 
 The following is a representation of one of the charters of 
 Louis the Pious, written in these "notes" during thS early 
 part of the ninth century, copied from a fac-simile given by 
 Carpentier. I have altered the division of the lines in order 
 to bring it to the width of the page, but have preserved the 
 size of the characters and the closeness of the writing, so as 
 to show the general appearance and the degree of compact- 
 ness of the original. I also give Carpentier's Latin version. 
 
 Each portion of the version indicated by the figure in the 
 margin corresponds to one line of the short-Jiand fac-simile. 
 
16 HISTORY OF STENOGRAPHY. 
 
 [CHARTA XXXIII.] 
 
 O.'j; ^,.'?-^'''V "^-^T -V IC^^*^" '^^^^ Ut c<*/3^ 9/ V^ -^ 31 
 /-^H.V>trv, H. ^ ^ -h-tT vx<J,n^7 V^,^ — -iX «^ » 
 
 [CHARTA XXXIII.] 
 
 1. Omnibus episcopis, et cetera. Notum sit quia vos prsesentes Hebrseos 
 
 Davidem, nunnum Davidis, et Josepli, atque Ammonicum pares 
 eorura habitantes in Lugduno 
 
 2. civitate, sub nostra defensione suscepiraus ac retinemus. Quaprop- 
 
 ter per praesentera auctoritatem nostrara decernimus atque jube- 
 mus ut neque vos, neque juniores, seu succcssores vestri 
 
 3. memoratos Hebrseos de nullis quibuslibet illicitis occasionibus in- 
 
 quirere, aut calumniara generare praesumant, nee de rebus eorum 
 propriis, quae ex ligitiraa adquisitione 
 
 4. habere visi sunt, vel in quibuslibet locis praesenti tempore legaliter 
 
 vestiti esse videntur, aliquid abstraliere aut minuere, aut aliquem 
 calumniara ullo uuquara tempore 
 6. (facere) audeant; sed nequa teloneum, ueque paravereda, aut mansi- 
 ouaticura, aut pulveratlcum, aut cespitaticum, aut ripaticum, aut 
 rotaticum, aut portaticnm, aut tranaticum, aut 
 
 6. pontaticum, aut foraticum a praedictis Hebraeis exigere praesumant: 
 
 sed liceat eis sub mundeburdo et defensione nostra quiete vivere, 
 et partibus palatii nostri 
 
 7. fldeliter deservire. Similiter concediraus eis de rebus eorum commu- 
 
 tationem facere cum quibuslibet homiuibus voluerint; liceatque 
 eis secundum legem eorum 
 
HISTORY OF STENOGRAPHY. 17 
 
 8. vivere, et homines Cliristianos ad eorum opera facienda locare, ex- 
 
 ceptis testis et diel)us Domiiiicis. Hubeant etiam licentiam man- 
 cipia percgriiia emere, et infra 
 
 9. imperium nostrum vendere, et nemo fldelium nostrorum prsesumat 
 
 eorum mancipia pcregrina sine eorum consensu ac voluntate bap- 
 tisare. Quod si Cliristianus causam vel litem 
 
 10. contra eos habuerit, tres idoneos testes Cbristianos et tres Hebraeos 
 
 similiter idoneos in testimonium suum assumat, et cum eis causam 
 suam judicet. Et si causam 
 
 11. vel litem contra Christianum habuerint, Cliristianos testes in testi- 
 
 monium sibi adhibeant, et cum eis convincant. Nam si aliquis 
 illoram, Cbristianus aut Judseus, veritatem occultare 
 
 12. voluerit, comes loci illius per veram inquisitionera faciat unumquem- 
 
 que illorum secundum legem suam veritatem dicere. Quod si 
 etiam aiiquae causa) adversus cos de 
 
 13. rebus, vol mancipiis eorum surrexerint vel ortae fuerint, qua; infra 
 
 patriam absque gravi et iniquo dispcudio delinitse esse nequiver- 
 int, usque ad 
 
 14. prsesentiara nostram sint suspensse vel conservatai, qualiter ibi secan- 
 
 duni legem fluitivam accipiaut sententiam. Et haec omnibus vobis 
 uotum esse volumus ut jam 
 
 15. quia snpi'a scriptos Htbra^os sub mundeburdo et defeusione nostra 
 
 suscepimus. Quicumque in morte eorum, quamdiu fldeles nobis 
 exstiterint, consiliaverit aut aliqucm ex 
 
 16. illis interfecerit, sciat se ad partem palatii nostri decern libras anri 
 
 persoluturum, et nemo ssepe dictis Hebra^is flagellis caedere prse- 
 sumat, 
 
 17. nisi probati fuerint secundum legem eorum eos capitula, qase a nobis 
 
 eis servanda promulgata sunt, violasse atque interdlcta fecisse, in 
 
 18. quibus similiter deflnitum est pro quibus culpis flagellis sint ca;dendi. 
 
 Hauc vero auctoritatem 
 
 • 
 In the following translation I have endeavored to give the 
 
 meaning as nearly as possible ; but some of the mediteval 
 
 Latin words are of doubtful significance. 
 
 CHARTER XXXIII. 
 
 "To all bishops, etc. Be it known that we receive and 
 
 take under our protection these present Jew^s [David, David's 
 
 uncle, and Joseph and Ammonicus, their companions,] 
 
 dwelling in the city of Lyons. Wherefore, by our present 
 
 2 
 
18 HISTORY OF STENOGRAPHY. 
 
 authority we decree and command, that neither you, nor your 
 subordinates, nor your successors shall presume to accuse or 
 calumniate the said Jews on any unlaAvful occasion whatso- 
 ever ; nor dare to take or injure any of the property which 
 they now are known to possess by laAvful means in any 
 places whatsoever ; nor to utter ever at any time any calum- 
 ny against them ; nor presume to exact from the aforesaid 
 Jews any [tax for customs, post-horse, lodging, labor, turf, 
 river-bank, highways, harbors, roads, bridges, or gateways ;] 
 but that it may be i^ermitted to them inider our patronage 
 and protection to live in peace and faithfully to attend to the 
 offices of our palace. Likewise we grant them the right to 
 make exchange of their goods with whatsoever men they 
 may wish ; and it shall be permitted to them to live accord- 
 ing to their law, and to hire Christian men to perform their 
 work except on festival days or the Lord's days. They shall 
 also have license to })urchase foreign slaves and to sell them 
 within our empire, and no one of our faithful [sul)jects] 
 shall presume to baptize their foreign slaves without their 
 consent and will. If a Chi-istian shall have cause or suit 
 against them he shall bring for his evidence three credible 
 Christian witnesses, and likewise three credible Jews, and 
 with them shall try his cause. And if they shtdl have cause 
 or suit against a Christian they shall biing Christian wit- 
 nesses for their evidence, and with them shall prove their 
 case. But if any one of them, Christian or Jew, shall en- 
 deavor to conceal the truth, the officer [co»?e.s] of that place 
 shall by true inquiry cause each of them to tell the truth 
 according to his law. If also any causes relating to their 
 goods or slaves shall have arisen or been commenced, which 
 cannot be disposed of within the district l_palriam'\ without 
 heavy and unjust expense they shall be suspended or kept 
 •for our presence that they may there receive final decision 
 according to law. And this we wish known to you all, that 
 we have now taken the above mentioned Jews under our 
 .patronage and protection. Whosoever shall counsel their 
 
HISTORY OF STENOGRAPHr. 19 
 
 death, or shall kill any one of them, as long as they shall 
 remain faithful to us, shall forfeit ten pounds to the service 
 of our court ; and no one shall presume to whip with scourges 
 the often aforesaid Jews unless they shall have been proved 
 according to their law to have violated the articles which 
 have been promulgated by us to be observed by them, and to 
 have done that which is forbidden ; in which articles it is also 
 stated for what crimes they shall be scourged . . . . " 
 
 The following is a representation of another of these char- 
 ters, the words being separated for the convenience of the 
 reader. 
 
 [CHAUTA XLV.] 
 
 ^ "-^ a^ Itjys S^T-^ oo*^ -5« 73c^ -j^ ^ V-vv 
 
 i^ L- 7< ^ ^T l\ *^»-^ 1>^ "Z^ fn,€|,ai^a^te 
 
 >,<»XM/.tt-«^e Cl^ ^ (^i i^^^ ^"5^ 
 
 [CHARTA XLV.] 
 
 CnAUTA DEN'AUIALIS ET IMPKRIALIS. 
 
 1. Notiim sit igitur omnibus fltlelibns nostris, praesentibns scilicet ct fu- 
 
 turis, quia nos pro mcrcedis nostra; 
 
 2. au-rmcnto servum nostrum, nomine ilium, in procerura nostrorum 
 
 praesentia, manu propria nostra excuticntes 
 
20 HISTORY OF STENOGRAPHY. 
 
 3. a manu ejus dcnarium, secundum legem Sallcam liberura fecimus, 
 
 cj usque 
 
 4. absolutionem per prsesentem auctoritatem nostram conflrmamus, atque 
 
 nostris et fnturis 
 
 6. temporibus flrmlter atque invlolablliter mansuram esse volumua. 
 Pra3cipient.es ergo 
 
 6. jubemus, ut sicut reliqui manumissi, qui per hujusmodi titolura abso- 
 
 lutionis a rcgibus 
 
 7. vel imperatorilius a jugo servitutis noscuntur esse relaxati ingenui, 
 
 ita deinceps memoratus 
 
 8. ille per hoc nostrum prseceptum plenius in Dei nomine conflrraatum, 
 
 nullo inquietante, 
 
 9. Deo auxiliante, perpetuis temporibus valcat permanere bene ingen- 
 
 uus 
 10. atque securus. Et ut hrec auctoritas flrmior babeatur et per futura 
 tempora melius conservetur 
 
 CHARTER XLV. 
 
 CHAKTKlt DENARIAL AND IMPERIAL. 
 
 '* Be it known to all our faithful subjects both present and 
 future that we, for the increase of our revenue, have made 
 free our slave, called . . . , in the presence of our nobles, 
 striking out with our own hand, from his hand, a denarius 
 according to the Salic Law, and by our present authority we 
 do confirm his freedom and wish it so to continue firm and 
 inviolable for our and the future times. Having thus or- 
 dered we now command, that, as other manumitted slaves who 
 by a title of this kind arc known to have been released from 
 the yoke of slavery by kings or emperors, so also the said 
 . . . , by virtue of this decree fully confiimed in the name 
 of God, shall, God helping, remain free and secure for all 
 time, no one molesting him. And that this authority may 
 be held more fii-m and the better observed for the future 
 
CHAPTER ly. 
 
 PROBABLE ORIGIN OF THE ROMAN SHORT-HAND. 
 
 Although it is evident both from the tables of Gruter and 
 from the specimens of Carpentier that the same letter was very 
 often represented by several enth-ely different characters, and 
 on the other hand that the same character often represented 
 entirely different letters, yet one can discern what might have 
 been the original alphabet of the system, and some at least 
 of the characters have a marked resemblance to the ancient 
 Roman letters. Carpentier observes in his preface that " there 
 is another kind of notes which are called singularice, more re- 
 cently siglce, in Greek aiylat, because single letters expressed 
 a word. Of this sort exjimples arc common; S. P. Q. R., 
 Senatus Populusque Romanus; P. R. E., post reges ex- 
 ados; A. A. S. L. M., apud agrum sibi locum monumenti ; 
 B. A., bonam actionem^ or bonis auspiciis, or bonis avibus; 
 which may be seen in Valerius Probus, Peter Diaconus 
 and Magno ; all which Sertorius Ursatus has collected to- 
 gether and arranged. And I could easily believe that this 
 system of notation was more used by the ancients, since 
 it is easier and swifter." He then cites a passage from 
 Valerius Probus, to the effect, that before the short-hand 
 notes were used it was the custom with those who could write, 
 especially in the Roman Senate, to note down by the first 
 
 (21) 
 
22 HISTORY OF STENOGRAPHY. 
 
 letters certain words and names for the sake of brevity. 
 This method of abbreviation wtus afterwards much used in 
 manuscripts on account of the scarcity and cost of parch- 
 ment. In manuscripts of the eleventh century scarcely a 
 Dne occurs where there are not from eight to ten abbrevia- 
 tions, and finally public documents were rendered so obscure 
 by their use that laws were passed to put a stop to the prac- 
 tice. In printed editions of the fifteenth century the abbre- 
 viations are so numerous and so complex as not only to 
 fatigue the reader but even to render the sense unintelligi- 
 ble.! 
 
 There is reason to believe that the Tironian notes grew 
 out of this earlier system of the singiilarice, or notce literce^ 
 and that the single letters were at first written in full, but 
 
 I h 3 C 3 'i — /^ ^ M 
 
 ABCDEFOH 
 
 A^NOPQRST 
 
 afterwards in a contracted manner, and variously altered, 
 either in direction or form, to distinguish different words be- 
 ginning with the same letter ; marks for terminations being 
 subsequently added to the system. Supposing this to be the 
 case we reproduce, as above, the original alphabet ; selecting 
 
 > See Home's Introduction, cited above; also Savage's Dictionary of tlio Art of 
 Printing, London, 1841. 
 
 I 
 
 K 
 
 L 
 
 1 
 
 K 
 
 L 
 
 u 
 
 •y- 
 
 V 
 
 V 
 
 X 
 
 z 
 
HISTORY OF STENOGKAniY. 23 
 
 from the various forms representing each letter, in the speci- 
 mens transmitted to us, that which would seem to have been 
 most naturally derived from the ordinary Roman letter. 
 
 From the statement by Plutarch, that Cicero statioiled 
 several scribes in different parts of the Senate chamber to 
 take down the speech of Cato, we may infer that the custom 
 prevailed then, as in modern times, of eraplo^nng a consid- 
 erable number of short-hand Avriters at the same time so 
 as to relieve each other at short intervals. St. Augustine 
 speaks, in his epistle clii, of eight notaries assisting at his 
 discourses, four on his part and four named by others, who 
 relieved each other and wrote two and two, in order that 
 nothing which he taught might be omitted or altered. St. 
 Jerome had four notaries and six librarii or "transcribers " ; 
 the former wrote at his dictation by notes, and the latter 
 transcribed at length in the ordinary letters that which the 
 notaries had written. 2 
 
 The system of reporting in the French Chamber of Depu- 
 ties before 1849 is described as consisting in the simulta- 
 neous employment of "nine roideurs (that is, stenographers, 
 who relieved each other every two or three minutes), and 
 four reviseurs (that is, the most skilful stenographers) , who 
 write (notent) for twelve or fifteen minutes at a time, and 
 are charged also with the oversight and correction of the 
 work of the roideurs.^ A similar method is adopted by the 
 reporters in the House of Representatives at "Washington ; 
 
 * Encyclopedie, tachi/graphie. 
 
 ' llUtoire Ue Stenographic, cited above. 
 
24 HISTORY OF STENOGRAPHY. 
 
 each one reporting for a certain number of minutes, and 
 then, while another takes his place, carrying his notes 
 to the reporter's room where they are written out in long- 
 hahd ; so that within a few minutes after a member has 
 finished a speech a page can hand him the whole for his 
 revision. 
 
 In the time of Justinian, contracts, written by the notaries 
 in abridged writing or characters, were not binding until they 
 had been transcribed or written out in full, and an edict was 
 issued by him forbidding the employment of these abbrevia- 
 tions for the future in public writings, on account of the 
 ambiguity which might arise from the resemblance of the 
 signs. As already stated, their use ceased entirely in the 
 tenth century. The decline of literature in the following 
 centuries caused them to fall into such oblivion that a short- 
 hand Book of Psalms, which Trithemius mentions as found 
 by him in a monastery, was entitled, in the catalogue of the 
 convent, "A Psalter in the Anuenian language." The pos- 
 session of such manuscripts was, in those days of ignorance 
 and superstition, considered proof of sorcery and witchcraft, 
 and both the manuscripts and their owners were ruthlessly 
 consigned to the flames. 
 
CHAPTER y. 
 
 MODERN SYSTEMS OF SHORT-HAND. 
 
 After the disappearance of the notce there seems to have 
 been no revival of the art of short-hand until the latter part 
 of the sixteenth centuiy, when a Mr. Ratcliff, of Plymouth, 
 in England, is said to have proposed a kind of short-hand 
 writing by retaining the ordinary letters, but omitting the 
 vowels and such consonants or even syllables as could be 
 spared without rendering the writing unintelligible. This 
 system was published at London, in 1688, after the death of 
 the author. In 1588, a system by Timothy Bright, called 
 " Characterie, An Art of Short, Swift, and Secret writing, 
 by Character," was published at London, in which, as in the 
 Tironian notes, each word was represented by a distinct sign, 
 the whole being arranged in the form of a dictionary. 
 
 The first attempt to invent a shoii-hand alphabet was by 
 John Willis, whose "Art of Stenographic or Short- Writing " 
 was published at London in 1602. An interesting descrip- 
 tion of his system is given in " An Historical Account of 
 Short-Hand" by James Henry Lewis, ^ by which it appears 
 that Willis omitted such letters as are superfluous or imper- 
 fectly sounded, and employed two sizes for each character, 
 distinguishing most of the vowels and diphthongs by the junc- 
 
 ' Printed at London \rithoat date, but soon alter the year 1815. 
 
 (25) 
 
26 HISTORY OP STENOGRAPHY. 
 
 tion of the small character to the large, or the large to tne 
 small in various positions. The short vowels he expressed 
 by dots. He also made use of symbolical and special ab- 
 breviations. Some of the characters in his alphabet repre- 
 senting simple letters were compounded of more simple 
 characters already used for other letters, a defect which con- 
 tinued in all the systems which succeeded that of AVillis 
 until the invention of the loop system, published by Byrom, 
 in 1767. Another defect of this system, and of the others 
 founded on a similar plan, is that the characters do not 
 readily join to form words. 
 
 John Willis's system was used by Thomas Lechford, author 
 of "Plaine Dealing or Newes from New England's Present 
 Government," &c., London, 1642. (See edition by J. Ham- 
 mond Trumbull, Boston, 1867, pp. xxxvin and XL.) 
 
 During the two hundred years which followed the publi- 
 cation of Willis's work, a gi-eat number of systems were 
 published in England, many of them, however, differing only 
 in some of the characters or in the directions for writing. 
 The alphabets of nearly all of them are exhibited by Lewis in 
 his book above referred to . As that book is now rare^ I have re- 
 produced, in the two accompanying tables, forty-four of these 
 alphabets, leaving out only those which are less important as 
 being wholly or nearly like others that had preceded them 
 (see after p. 45). A reference to these may be a con- 
 venience as a partial guide to those who have occasion either 
 to study the history of the art, or to decipher short-hand 
 
 3 The only copy I have met with is in the Boston Public Library. 
 
HISTORY OF STENOGRAPHT. 27 
 
 manuscripts of that period. It should be observed, how- 
 ever, that the value of a system cannot always be measured 
 by its alphabet alone. For a more particular description of 
 the various systems I would refer the reader to the account 
 given by Lewis, whose extended investigation and ingenious 
 criticisms render his work an authorit}' on the subject. At 
 the conclusion of his account, Lewis makes the following 
 statement : " My library of Short-hand books, and manu- 
 script curiosities in the art, are (I believe) unrivalled in this, 
 or any other country. Many of the volumes described in 
 the present publication are unique, and have only been col- 
 lected at a great expense of time and labor .... My 
 collection has cost me more than fifteen years labor, and an 
 expense of more than five hundred pounds." 
 
 I have also selected a few of Lewis' observatiohs on some 
 of these systems, as pointing out the successive improve- 
 ments in the art. 
 
 In the system of Edmond Willis (1G18 and 1627) the 
 vowels and diphthongs are expressed " by dots or letters 
 placed about a character" in various positions. He also 
 employed " a number of marks (drawn from the alphabet) 
 to represent the double and treble consonants that begin 
 and end words." He noticed the frequency of I and r as a 
 second letter in initial double consonants ; and that h, ?, m, 
 n and r when initial are followed by a vowel. He also sug- 
 gested a sort of mental short-hand practice, advising the 
 learner to imagine the short-hand for words casually heard. 
 
 Theophilus Metcalfe (1645) denoted the vowel between 
 
28 HISTORY OP STENOGRAPHY. 
 
 two consonants by placing the second consonant in the vowel 
 position (a method used some years before ; see below p. 32). 
 
 The system of Jeremiah Rich (1669), which resembled 
 that of Metcalfe, furnished a foundation for those of Nathan- 
 iel Stringer, Samuel Botley, William Addy (1695), Henry 
 Barmby (1700), Samuel Lane (1716), and Philip Doddridge 
 (1805). 
 
 "The most celebrated short-hand writer of the 17th cen- 
 tury was William Mason" (1672, 1682 and 1707). His 
 Bystem, as well as that of Rich, is said to have been chiefly 
 remarkable for methods of contraction by the use of dots 
 and other marks in various positions. The systems of John 
 West (1690), Thomas Gurney (1753), John Angell (1758), 
 James Swaine and Joseph Simms (1761), and Edward 
 Hodgson (1766), were founded upon Mason's. 
 
 Elisha Coles (1674) represented repetitions by the use of 
 a hyphen, or underscoring ; also a difference in monosylla^ 
 bles by a difference in position. 
 
 Abraham Nicholas (1692) represented vowels and diph- 
 thongs by the position of dots, or of the following consonant 
 character. His characters for the consonants are derived 
 partly from the ordinary letters. 
 
 James Weston's alphabet (1727 and 1745) was the same 
 as that of Metcalfe (1645). He employed the dot as a sign 
 of temiination. A part of his book consisted of a "Dic- 
 tionary, or an Alphabetical Table, containing almost all the 
 words in the English tongue, with the Short-hand over 
 against each word." A number of books were printed in 
 
hiSTORY or STENOGRAPHY. 29 
 
 his characters, among which were a gi-ammar, a dictionary, 
 the psalms, the New Testament, and many books of the 
 Church. 
 
 In Jeake's system (1748), the vowels a, e, t, o, and the h 
 are suppressed, and the remaining nineteen letters grouped 
 as follows : <Z, t, — Z, r, — 771, n, — m, u', — c, s, x z, — 6, f, j), 
 V, — g, j, k, q, — ?/,• each group having but one character 
 assigned to it. 
 
 Gurney's system (1753) was founded upon Mason's. It 
 has been practised in the courts of law, and under govern- 
 ment patronage in England by his ftimily and descendants to 
 the present day. (See Encyclopaedia Brittanica, 8th Edi- 
 tion, Slenography .) 
 
 The "Art of Short-Hand Improved" by David Lyle, Lon- 
 don, 1762, was based upon principles different from those of 
 any preceding system. In his preface he observes that " to 
 ^arry the art to a greater degree of perfection, these four 
 ends ought to be kept in view. . 1. The most simple char- 
 acters possible ought to be found out, and their conveniency 
 of writing and joining considered, in order to signify all the 
 principal simple sounds and their modifications, and as many 
 compound ones as can be done in a convenient and short 
 manner. 2. An inquiiy must be made into the English 
 language, with a view to find out aud state in order all the 
 principal sounds and modifications of sound, together with 
 their letters ; and to point out those sounds and modifica- 
 tions of sound which are most frequently used and combined. 
 3. Of these characters, those which are most easily wrote 
 
30 HISTORY OF STENOGRAPHY. 
 
 and joined, must be assumed to signify the letters, or the 
 sounds and modifications, which are most frequently used 
 and combined with one another. 4. The whole ouijht to 
 be abridged .is far as possible, to leave it intelligible." In 
 selecting his characters he made use of elliptic as well as 
 circular curves, and also of straight lines, points, loops, &c., 
 producing an unusual variety of forms. This enabled him 
 to present a list of some four or five thousand words and 
 phrases, with short-hand signs, which have the appearance of 
 remarkable brevity ; but this advantage is counterbalanced 
 by the fact that the abbreviations are too extreme for legi- 
 bility, and the characters require too much exactness in the 
 writing. 
 
 The "Universal English Short-Hand," by John Byrom 
 (1767), receives high praise from Lewis, and is said to form 
 a new era in the history of the art. He expressed the vowels 
 by dots in five positions ; classed the letters according to 
 their affinity of sound, and adapted his characters to this 
 classification. For these he chose the simplest straight lines 
 and segments of the circle. Having regard, however, to 
 the beauty and convenience of the writing, he adopted the 
 expedient of allowing for some of the lettci-s the use of sev- 
 eral characters differing in direction, and also made use of 
 the circle or loop combined with the straight line or curve. 
 His characters were remarkably simple and well adapted for 
 joining together. He also devised some ingenious methods 
 of al)breviating words and phrases. The following is his 
 arrangement of the consonant sounds : 
 
HISTORY OF STENOGRAPHY. 31 
 
 ;;, b, /, V. ^ d, ih, dh. 
 
 J J J , m, n, I, r, h. 
 
 s, z, sh, zh. ky g, c/i, j. 
 
 jSIauy systems have been more or less derived from that 
 of Byrom, as, for instance, that of Aulay Macaulay (1747), 
 and that of Thomas Mollneux (1804.) According to Lewis, 
 Macaulay 's was largely derived from the unpublished manu- 
 script of Byrom's system. 
 
 The system of W. J. Blanchard (1786), is said by Lewis 
 to far surpass all that had preceded it, particularly in regard 
 to methods of contraction. 
 
 The " New System of Short-hand," by Richard Roe (1802) , 
 is described as "the first attempt to construct an alphabet 
 sloping uniformly in one direction." 
 
 Beside the alphabets given by Lewis there was also that 
 of [Rev. Thomas] Archisden, mentioned in a letter from 
 England by Edward Howes to John Winthrop, jr., Nov. 23, 
 1G32. The letter and the alphabet are printed in the Mas- 
 sachusetts Historical Society Collections, 4tli ser., vol. vi, 
 p. 481. The writer says, "As for my usual characters, they 
 are that wherewith I conceive you have been formerly ac- 
 quainted, vizt. Mr. Arkistlens .... I thought good to 
 send you his character for fear you should have forgotten it, 
 as thus." (See alphal)et No. 45 of the accompanying plate.) 
 "They are approved of in Cambridge to be the best as yet 
 invented : and they are not yet printed nor common." 
 
 This nlphabet resembles very closely that of Edniond Wil- 
 lis (1018). A very similar alphabet was used by Ralph 
 
32 " HISTORY OF STENOGRAPHY. 
 
 Fogg, the first clerk of the Quarter Court established at 
 Salem, Mass., in 1636, and also at the same time the town 
 clerk of Salem. From his short-hand minutes on his court 
 records and town records (written during the years 1636- 
 1639), I obtain the characters given in alphabet No. 46 in 
 the accompanying plate. 
 
 He expressed the vowels by dots in five positions about 
 the preceding character, as in the system of Edraond Willis. 
 Vowels between two consonants he omitted, placing the 
 second consonant in the vowel place, as in the system after- 
 wards published by Metcalfe (1645). A similar system was 
 used by President Edward Holyoke, in his short-hand ser- 
 mons now in the manuscript collection of the Essex Insti- 
 tute ; and also by Samuel Parris, the minister of Salem 
 Village in 1692 ; and by Thomas Blowers, minister at Bev- 
 erly (1701-29). 3 
 
 Among the curiosities of the art may be mentioned the 
 systems of Richardson (1800), and of Blanc (Paris, 1801). 
 The former made use of two perpendicular and three hori- 
 zontal lines, placing the character for the second letter of a 
 word in a particular position on these lines, thereby indicat- 
 ing the first letter and saving the necessity of writing its 
 character. The latter made use of the principle of the musi- 
 cal staff, his letters being represented by a short stroke or 
 
 •Thealpliabet used by John Hull in his Diary, of which a description 13 given in 
 the " Aichseologia Americana" (Am. Antlq. Socy.)i Vol. Ill, p. 279, eeems to be 
 nearly the same. 
 
HISTORY OF STENOGRAPHY. 33 
 
 curve written across, above, or below, one of four hori- 
 zontal lines. 
 
 The system of Rev. W. E. Scovil, of which the sixth 
 American edition was published at New York in 1874, re- 
 sembles the alphabetic systems of the last century, and, as 
 stated in his preface, is indebted to Macaulay in particular 
 for many of the characters.^ Although his alphabet has full 
 characters for the vowels, he also provides a list of smaller 
 signs to be placed about the consonant character, in var- 
 ious positions, so as to indicate an omitted vowel or 
 diphthong. 
 
 Among the alphabetic systems, that of Samuel Taylor, 
 published at London in 1786, seems to possess great 
 advantage for simplicity and brevity, although perhaps at 
 too great a sacrifice of legibility. The title is as follows : 
 "An Essay intended to establish a Standard for an universal 
 system of Stenography, or Short-Hand writing, upon such 
 simple and approved principles as have never before been 
 offered to the public, whereby a person in a few days may 
 instruct himself to write short-hand correctly, and by a little 
 practice cannot fail taking down any discourse delivered in 
 public. By Samuel Taylor, many years Professor and 
 Teacher of the Science at Oxford, and the Univei*sities of 
 Scotland and Ireland." 
 
 This has been much used both in England and in this 
 country, and also in France, the system of Bertin (Paris, 
 
 S ♦ See above p. 31. 
 
34 
 
 HISTORY OF STENOGKAPHY. 
 
 1792) being a modification of it. The same system, copied 
 bodily, Avithout acknowledgment, from Taylors book, was 
 published at Boston in 1809. (See alphabet No. 47 in the 
 accompanying plate.) 
 
 In his introduction, Taylor points out what he considers 
 the defects of preceding systems, viz., badly chosen charac- 
 ters, the representation of prepositions and terminations by 
 separated characters, the use of arbitrages aud symbols, too 
 great similarity of characters, and finally the method of join- 
 ing words together expressing only the initials of each. To 
 avoid these objections he reduces the number of sounds for 
 wliich distinct characters are to be provided, to twenty, viz., 
 6, c?, f or V, g or j, h, k or q, I, m, n, j^, f, s, iy,iCy x, y, ch, 
 sh, t7i,i\u(\ the termination ious. (See Xo. 39 ih the accom- 
 paivying table of al[)habcts.) He represents ch by a ciu've 
 turned in the opposite direction to that of they character for 
 j; nh by a hook prefixed to the character for si (h by a hook 
 prefixed to the character for (; and ious by a hook at the 
 end of the character for 6-. Vowels in the qfiiddlc of words 
 he omits. When Ihey beirin or end a wml he expresses 
 them, it strongly pronounced, by a dot, u<i distinction being 
 made between the diftereut vowels. Dipl^lhongs and final y 
 arc treated as vowels. His characters fwr b, m, and p are 
 perhaps not well chosen, being more diffijcult for initials than 
 simple curves would be; but he states/ that Z/ may often be 
 omitted. The 1()()[) foinis may be turned either way in join- 
 ing. He omits h iii the middle of worlls, and very often at 
 the beiiinninir. Certjiin connnon tern/inations are denoted 
 
HISTORY OF STENOGRAPHY. 35 
 
 by a dot or short stroke in various positions. The character 
 for d is written downwards, and the same stroke upwards is 
 used for r when joined to another letter. 
 
 An abstract from one of his plates will show the brevity 
 of the writins:. 
 
 •V. .>£h^ -? — -^ -o- «^ C • <r^ o^ <r— • ^^ 9^/^ •& ^"^ 
 
 [In the above some of the words are expressed by their initials. The 
 following is the same in lo»(/-hand.'} 
 
 "It has been observed l)y writers of moralit}', that in order 
 to quicken hiunan industry', providence has so contrived it, 
 that our daily food is not to be procured without much pains 
 and labour. The chase of \birds and beasts, the several arts 
 of tishing, with all the different kinds of agriculture, are 
 necessary scenes of l)usiness\ and give employment to the 
 greatest part of mankind. If we look into the brute crea- 
 tion, we find all its individiVals engaged in a painful and 
 laborious way of life, to procuyc a necessary subsistence for 
 themselves, or those that grow Vip inider them. The preser- 
 vation of their being, is the wl\ole business of it. An idle 
 man is therefore a kind of mwnster in the creation. All 
 nature is busy about him; eveiV animal he sees reproaches 
 
 i 
 
36 HISTORY OF STENOGRAPHY. 
 
 him. Let such a man, who lies as a burthen or dead weight 
 upon the species, and contributes nothing either to the riches 
 of the commonwealth, or to the maintenance of himself or 
 family, consider that instinct with which providence has 
 endo'wed the ant, and by which is exhibited an example of 
 industry to rational creatures." 
 
 Various attempts have been made to avoid the use of 
 detached dots or marks for vowels and diphthongs, among 
 which may be mentioned, as possessing many points of ex- 
 cellence, the "Complete Guide to the Art of Writing Short- 
 Hand," by Thomas Towndrow, Boston, 1837. (See No. 48 
 in the table of alphabets). The author in his preface quotes 
 from Lewis's "Ready Writer, or Xe Plus Ultra of Short- 
 Haud," to show that "the mode of expressing the steno- 
 graphic vowels by means of points is not only an enemy to 
 legibility, but is also calculated to destroy the purpose of 
 expedition." This is very clearly shown by calling attention 
 to the fact that in making a detached dot, point, or mark, 
 not only must the intervening space be passed over as much 
 as if a line were described, but a certain portion of time 
 must be lost in the mere raising and lowering of the pen. 
 He expresses his surprise that Lewis, after so clearly point- 
 ing out the defect of this method, should himself, in a great 
 measure, run into the very same error. 
 
 During the same year, 1837, the phonetic system of Isaac 
 Pitman, known as "phonography," was first published at 
 London. Pitman's system, with various modifications of it 
 by Graham, Munson and others, has been very extensively 
 used both in England and in this country. The use of de- 
 
HISTORY OF STENOGRAPHY. 37 
 
 tached dots and marks for vowels and diphthongs, and the 
 distinction made between light and heavy strokes, reduces 
 very much the number of sounds for which characters dis- 
 tinct in form are to be provided. The characters for con- 
 sonants, therefore, are exceedingly simple, being either a 
 straight line in one of four directions or a quarter circle in 
 one of eight positions ; and by the omission of vowels and 
 diphthongs a remarkable degree of rapidity can be attained 
 in the writing, especially if the distinction between the light 
 and heavy strokes be disregarded. One advantage of the 
 use of detached marks for vowels and diphthongs is, that in 
 rapid writing, the consonants may be written alone, form- 
 ing a sort of " skeleton " of the word, and the vowels or 
 diphthongs may be afterwards inserted at leisure. To this 
 method, however, many serious objections are urged, and 
 efforts have been made to construct a system upon a plan 
 similar to Pitman's, but providing characters for vowels and 
 diphthongs capable of being joined to the consonant charac- 
 ters, so that words may be written without lifting the pen. 
 The system of David P. Lindsle}', entitled "The Elements 
 of Tachygraphy," Boston, 1869, has a list of "vocal signs" for 
 vowels and diphthongs, consisting of small marks or points 
 which resemble those of Pitman, but are to be written at the 
 beginning or end of the consonant character instead of being 
 detached. He has not, however, succeeded in w^holly avoid- 
 ing the use of detached marks for vowel sounds ; and he 
 retains the expedient of light and heavy strokes. The mi- 
 nuteness of the " vocal siijns " renders careful writing nec- 
 essary, for which numerous rules and directions are given. 
 
 • 448549 
 
38 HISTORY OF STENOGRAPHY. 
 
 The consonant-characters are the same in form as those of 
 Pitman, being either straight lines or quarter circles ; but 
 they are differently distributed among the consonant sounds. 
 The double consonants are represented by hooked signs as 
 in Pitman's system. The author claims that the two great 
 principles of continuity and lineality, which had been ap- 
 prehended by some of the stenographic writers, but were 
 overlooked by phonographers, have at last been "secured in 
 Tachygraphy by connective vowels and a skilful arrangement 
 of the consonant letters." "Experience," he remarks, "is 
 more reliable than theory ; and the practical success of a 
 particular method is of more value than any explanation of 
 the philosophy by which that success is gained. Yet the 
 seductiveness of brief forms, attained at no matter how 
 much sacrifice of simplicity and legibility, is so great, that 
 those with but little experience are very likely to be de- 
 ceived. There is somethins: fascinatinij in the beautiful 
 devices for contraction that leads the student forward step 
 by step ; and he is unwilling to leave anything unlearned 
 that the science renders possible." In this connection he 
 makes the very judicious observation, that, "if the student 
 memorizes a greater number of details than he can command 
 readily, they burden the mind, hinder speed in writing, and 
 finally lead to disgust and failure." Like many other sys- 
 tems, that of Tachygraphy possesses two "styles," one style 
 in which the system is adapted for reporting, and another 
 "fully-written'' style, adapted for the less rapid kind of 
 writiuir. 
 
CHAPTER YI. 
 
 COXCLUSIOX. 
 
 In concluding this brief history of stenography I would 
 mention, without attempting to particularly describe them, 
 two systems resembling each other in this, that each is de- 
 veloped in connection with another invention having for its 
 object a sort of universal language. The first is that of 
 Bishop Wilkins in his " Essay towards a Real Character and 
 a Philosophical Language," printed for the Royal Society, at 
 London, in 16G8; and the second is the "Universal Line- 
 Writing and Steno-Phonography, on the basis of 'Visible 
 Speech,'" b}' Alexander Melville Bell, published at London 
 in 1869. 
 
 Bishop Wilkins, in his most remarkable and ingenious 
 work, havins: first arrana'cd "all such thin^^s and notions as 
 fall under discourse," according to a philosophical analysis 
 into genera, species, differences, etc., proceeds to invent a lan- 
 guage in which each sound represents a definite idea ; and 
 also a writing or "real character" in which each mark repre- 
 sents likewise a definite idea. This "real character" is a 
 horizontal line with various marks joined to it so as to indi- 
 cate the "genus," "species," &c., T)f the idea to be repre- 
 sented. For pronouns, prepositions, adverbs, modes, &c., 
 he makes use of dots, strokes or points placed above, on, 
 
 (39) 
 
40 HISTORY OF STENOGRAPHY. 
 
 or below the line of the " real character." To complete his 
 work he added also two kinds of writing for representing 
 sounds, the one being "more facile and simple^ the other 
 more complicate, but with this advantage, that it hath in the 
 shape of it some resemblance to that configuration which 
 there is in the organs of speech upon the framing of [the] 
 several letters, upon which account it may deserve the name 
 of a natural character of the letters." In the first or more 
 simple writing, the consonants are represented b}' perpen- 
 dicular lines or curves distinguished from each other by 
 small marks at the top or bottom. The vowels are repre- 
 sented by loops or hooks at the top, middle, or bottom of 
 the consonant character. In the other method of writing, 
 each sound is represented by a figure intended to resemble 
 the configuration of the organs of speech and the nature of 
 the utterance. To make this more plain there are engraved 
 pictures exhibiting the position of the mouth parts for each 
 sound. His arransrement of the consonants shows a careful 
 study of the true nature of their distinction. I omit those 
 not used in English pronunciation. 
 
 I Root. J Inmost palate. I c g ng 
 
 Tongue. 
 
 root of the teeth. 
 
 Top.!..Lr„'??,:'?^f,^^"'-| t d n th dh 1 r Bh zh 8 z 
 
 O-I-iP- ! Ss^'l'/rh^'t'eeth.S P b m f V 
 
 In the above table c, </, ng, ih, dh, sh, and zh, have re- 
 spectively the sounds as heard in the following words : car, 
 go, sing, thin, then, sheer, a^ure. 
 
 The consonants are described as those letters "in the pro- 
 
HISTORY or STENOGRAPHY. 41 
 
 nouucing of which the breath is intercepted by some collision 
 
 or closure amongst the instruments of speech ; " the vowels 
 
 being those in the pronunciation of which "the breath is 
 
 freely emitted." He calls the vowels o, o, d, a, a, and e 
 
 "greater." The "lesser vowels" are divided into 
 
 *^ Sonorous; of which it may be said, that they do some- 
 what approach to the nature of consonants, and are 
 meclice potestatis; because when they are joyned 
 with any Vowel to compose that which we call a 
 Diphthong, they put on the nature of Consonants; 
 and when they are not so joyned, but used singly, 
 they retain the nature of Vowels, which is the reason 
 why it hath been so much disputed amongst some 
 Learned Men, whether they are to be reckoned 
 amongst Vowels or Consonants. 
 These may be distinguished into 
 
 '' Labial; by an emission of the breath through the 
 Lips, more Contracted (w) [as in we, or oo as in 
 foodj.i 
 Lingual; when the breath is emitted betwixt the 
 middle of the Tongue in a more Convex posture 
 and the palate (y) [as in ye, symbol, thy, or I as 
 in Ih's] . 
 Guttural; by a free emission of the breath from the 
 Throat (u) [as in wp]. 
 Mute; When the breath is emitted through the Organs 
 of speech, being in the same position as before : but 
 without voice ; to be distinguished as their three 
 preceding correspondents, into 
 Labial (hw) or (wh) [as in ivh&vo] 
 Lingual (hy) [as in hevf ?] 
 
 Guttural (h)." 
 
 » The words enclosed in brackets I have added in order to explain the sounds in- 
 tended to be represented. 
 
42 HISTORY OF STENOGRAPHY. 
 
 He considers j (as in jaav) a conipouiid of d and zh, and 
 cJi (as in c/teev) a compound of t and sh. The distinction 
 between what are commonly called the hard and soft conso- 
 nants {p and i, < and cZ, etc.,) is denoted by the words mute 
 and sonorous (or vocal) the hitter having, as he expresses it, 
 "some kind of vocal sound." He makes twenty-four "usual 
 diphthongs," all composed of the. sound >/ (us in yard), or 
 w (as in wov(\), which he treats as vowels, either "preposed" 
 or "subjoyned" to another vowel sound. 
 
 The short-hand system of A. M. Bell, above alluded to, 
 is founded upon a table of characters, each of which is sug- 
 gested by the configuration of the organs of speech upon 
 which the pronunciation of the sound represented by it 
 depends. These characters, or symbols, present therefore 
 to the eye, a certain degree of analogy to the sounds rep- 
 resented, on »the same principle as that adopted in his 
 "Visible Speech," which is itself an extremely ingenious and 
 extended improvement of the plan proposed by Bishop Wil- 
 kins. His analysis of the sounds of speech (including all 
 possible forms of utterance), is very accurate and minute. 
 By a skilful use of abbreviations and arbitrary characters he 
 provides a system of short-hand apparently well suited for 
 reporting. 
 
 The foregoing sketch of the origin and progress of the art 
 of stenography shows the importance that has been attached 
 to it by many ingenious and learned men, and the unceasing 
 effort that has been made to devise a system of short-hand 
 which shall combine these three requisites, simplicilij, legi- 
 hility and brevity. 
 
HISTORY OF STENOGRAPHY. 43 
 
 "Whether anything still remains to be clone to more fully 
 accomplish this ohjoct, or Avhether one system may not be 
 better snited for one kind of writing and another system for 
 another kind, is a qnestion worthy of consideration. 
 
 The " phonographic " systems founded on Pitman's alpha- 
 bet are^ now the most generally used, and are thought by 
 many to constitute the final perfection of the art. Probably 
 no other systems have been so skilfully elaborated and im- 
 proved upon from time to time, and none have had the 
 benefit of so Avide a circulation and of such earnest and 
 persistent eftbrts to secure their general adoption. Like the 
 system of Taylor (described above p. 3-i) Pitman's "Phono- 
 graphy" reduces as much as possible the number of sounds 
 for which characters distinct in form are to be provided. 
 Taylor reduces them to twenty alphabetic consonants, while 
 Pitman reduces them to twenty-one phonetic consonant- 
 sounds. In Taylor's system a single dot in one position 
 answers for either one of all the vowels and diphthongs, and 
 is only used at the beginning or end of words ; an expedient 
 which contributes very much to the simplicity of the system 
 and to the facility with w4iich it may bo acquired, although 
 it detracts of course from the legibility of the writing. In 
 Pitman's system on the other hand, the consonant signs 
 only are written first and the other signs added afterwards, 
 more or less fully according to the degree of accuracy re- 
 quired ; the latter consisting of dots or marks in various 
 positions about the consonant-characters. 
 
 The simplicity of the consonant-characters in Pitman's 
 
44 HISTORY OF STENOGRAPHY. 
 
 alphabet, rendered possible by thus detaching the vowels 
 and diphthongs, causes the phonographic systems to seem 
 remarkably well adapted for the rapid writing of the skilled 
 and practised reporter, who learns to rely on the representa- 
 tion of the consonant-sounds only, and upon the frequent 
 use of word-signs and phrase-signs. For the more ordinary 
 purposes of the less rapid short-hand writing a greater 
 degree of accuracy is, however, requiied, particularly where 
 the writing is not intended to be made use of immediately. 
 To insure such accuracy the initial and final vowel-sounds 
 need to be represented, and it is often desirable to represent 
 them in the middle of w^ords. If, then, vowel-sounds are to 
 be represented at all, it is of course a disadvantage to the 
 writer to be obliged to do so by taking off the pen and 
 putting in its particular position the detached dot or mark ; 
 especially if he has to write the consonant-characters of each 
 word first, and then go back and insert the vowel-marks, 
 or "vocalize the consonant outline," as it is called. One 
 expedient adopted to partially obviate this objection is, to 
 distinguish the accented vowel of a word by writing the con- 
 sonant outline either above, on, or below the line of writing. 
 However excellent, therefore, the "phonographic" alphabet 
 may be as a basis for a reporting system, it may be doubted 
 whether it is equally well adapted for the less rapid kind of 
 short-hand writing so often desired in correspondence, com- 
 position, taking notes, &c., by persons who cannot devote 
 much time to its study and practice. For these purposes 
 even some of the alphabetic systems might be found more 
 
HISTORY OF STENOGRAPHY. 45 
 
 convenient, as for instance that of Taylor, which is equally 
 concise and much more simple in method ; or that of Town- 
 drow, in which each word is written continuously, the vowels 
 and diphthongs being represented by loop-forms easily joined 
 and quickly written, like those employed for some of the con- 
 sonants in the system of Byrom (1767). 
 
 The plates on the two following pages exhibit the alpha- 
 bets of forty-four systems published from 1602 to 1802, 
 taken from Lewis's Historical Account of Short-hand already 
 referred to; two alphabets of 1632 and 1636 not given by 
 Lewis ; and the alphabet of Towndrow published in 1837. 
 The one numbered 47, is a mere copy of that of Taylor 
 (No. 39). On page 48 will be found a list of the names of 
 the authors and the dates of publication of the alphabets 
 exhibited. 
 
?! 
 
 
 r 
 
 ^- 
 
 \J 
 
 / 
 
 % 
 
 r- 
 
 >— 
 
 J 
 
 - 
 
 ^ 
 
 W 
 
 ) 
 
 /> 
 
 1 
 
 \ 
 
 ( 
 
 — 
 0- 
 
 V 
 
 O 
 
 - 
 
 J 
 
 < 
 
 < 
 
 X 
 
 L 
 
 \ 
 
 
 
 /■ 
 
 \ 
 
 \J 
 
 — 
 
 V 
 
 N 
 
 ) 
 
 1 
 
 " 
 
 ) 
 
 W 
 
 c 
 
 c 
 
 c 
 
 c 
 
 \ 
 
 VJ 
 
 rv 
 
 
 - 
 
 D 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 /-> 
 
 •^ 
 
 *v. 
 
 
 ? 
 
 r; 
 
 1 
 
 r 
 
 <j 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 n 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 ( 
 
 - 
 
 / 
 
 V 
 
 3 
 C 
 
 r 
 
 ) 
 
 V. 
 
 N 
 
 ~ 
 
 c 
 
 / 
 
 N 
 
 •,r\ 
 
 ^ 
 
 0^ 
 
 
 X) 
 
 VJ 
 
 <r 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 1— 
 
 ^j 
 
 r- 
 
 r- 
 
 < 
 
 c 
 
 > 
 
 :> 
 
 • 
 / 
 
 1 
 
 >\ 
 
 J 
 b 
 
 C^ 
 
 
 „ _ 
 
 \ 
 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 > 
 
 n 
 
 o 
 
 c^ 
 
 5 
 
 N 
 
 - 
 
 V 
 
 N 
 
 VU 
 
 c- 
 
 c_ 
 
 - 
 
 • 
 
 •^ 
 
 v«/ 
 
 :> 
 
 A 
 
 I 
 
 L 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 ^ 
 
 y 
 
 \ 
 
 ) 
 
 c 
 
 ( 
 
 X 
 
 >« 
 
 N 
 
 
 a- 
 
 t 
 
 - 
 
 \J 
 
 rN 
 
 • 
 
 J 
 
 r 
 
 o 
 
 • 
 
 r>» 
 
 c 
 
 D 
 
 z' 
 
 \ 
 
 • 
 
 <^ 
 
 iK 
 
 ^ 
 
 b 
 
 N. 
 
 • 
 
 > 
 
 y> 
 
 o< 
 
 3- 
 
 M 
 
 CO 
 
 ;- 
 
 < 
 
 c 
 
 V 
 
 r 
 
 <JJ 
 
 J 
 
 -I 
 
 
 
 t- 
 
 - 
 
 V 
 
 u 
 
 D 
 
 / 
 
 VJ 
 
 n 
 
 cr 
 
 1 
 
 - 
 
 \. 
 
 • 
 
 > 
 
 c\ 
 
 a 
 
 3- 
 
 K 
 
 H 
 
 1 
 
 < 
 
 - 
 
 v^ 
 
 /% 
 
 V 
 
 r 
 
 T 
 
 Q- 
 
 ^- 
 
 ^ 
 
 c 
 
 ) 
 
 / 
 
 1 
 
 \ 
 
 I, 
 
 o- 
 
 >. 
 
 - 
 
 >«» 
 
 • 
 
 > 
 
 J 
 
 «: 
 
 >. r4 
 
 
 
 V 
 
 C 
 
 -O 
 
 / 
 
 <»; 
 
 J 
 
 < 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 L 
 
 w 
 
 I 
 
 r> 
 
 \ 
 
 -) 
 
 <?. 
 
 tr 
 
 ^. 
 
 b 
 
 - 
 
 • 
 
 > 
 
 Vw/ 
 
 =< 
 
 >o 
 
 1 
 
 M 
 
 H 
 
 o 
 
 \ 
 
 c 
 
 V 
 
 / 
 
 % 
 
 c- 
 
 i_ 
 
 J 
 
 • 
 
 ~> 
 
 VJ 
 
 ) 
 
 /-\ 
 
 1 
 
 \ 
 
 C 
 
 VJ 
 
 k 
 
 o 
 
 - 
 
 J 
 
 < 
 
 < 
 
 
 K 
 
 \ 
 
 S 
 
 
 \ 
 
 C 
 
 u 
 
 / 
 
 Vj 
 
 <- 
 
 - 
 
 J 
 
 L 
 
 —i 
 
 v^ 
 
 'v 
 
 y 
 
 /^ 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 ( 
 
 ^ 
 
 fs. 
 
 o 
 
 - 
 
 J 
 
 J 
 
 cfc. 
 
 K 
 
 >^ 
 
 \ 
 
 r-4 
 
 C 
 
 5 
 
 \ 
 
 - 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 r 
 
 < 
 
 > 
 
 • 
 
 T- 
 
 c 
 
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 1 
 
 I 
 
 K 
 
 
 o- 
 
 V 
 
 (_ 
 
 \ 
 
 / 
 
 / 
 
 >o 
 
 c 
 
 > 
 
 N 
 
 
 cr 
 
 w 
 
 r 
 
 u 
 
 r\ 
 
 cb 
 
 J 
 
 < 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 < 
 
 u 
 
 :> 
 
 / 
 
 1 
 
 n 
 
 r 
 
 Cs 
 
 ^ 
 
 - 
 
 >^ 
 
 ■i 
 
 J 
 
 \ 
 
 t 
 
 <;- 
 
 - 
 
 
 03 
 
 13 
 
 <3 
 
 - 
 
 w 
 
 r\ 
 
 ^ 
 
 r 
 
 3- 
 
 -= 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 c 
 
 D 
 
 / 
 
 V 
 
 O 
 
 K 
 
 •s- 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 1 
 
 \ 
 
 p 
 
 N 
 
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 T-l 
 
 (3 
 
 \J 
 
 c 
 
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 ^s 
 
 >o 
 
 r 
 
 c 
 
 b 
 
 J 
 
 J 
 
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 w 
 
 / 
 
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 1 
 
 :» 
 
 
 
 \ 
 
 
 > 
 
 r 
 
 X 
 
 Os 
 
 n 
 
 ff> 
 
 a- 
 o 
 •a 
 
 \ 
 
 - 
 
 Vy' 
 
 /-^ 
 
 
 
 r 
 
 3- 
 
 ^ 
 
 • 
 
 3- 
 
 c 
 
 :) 
 
 1 
 
 I 
 
 \ 
 
 b 
 
 cr 
 
 Q. 
 
 v_ 
 
 \ 
 
 / 
 
 / 
 
 J 
 
 ( 
 
 X 
 
 N 
 
 03 
 
 In 
 
 A- 
 
 < 
 
 V 
 
 v-/ 
 
 ^N 
 
 ^4 
 
 J 
 
 3- 
 
 -c 
 o 
 
 T- 
 
 •<;- 
 
 c 
 
 :> 
 
 / 
 
 1 
 
 o 
 
 Q. 
 
 r 
 
 ^ 
 
 cr 
 
 \ 
 
 > 
 
 > 
 
 K 
 
 SI 
 
 )o 
 
 N 
 
 ^• 
 
 o 
 
 2 
 
 V 
 
 C 
 
 A 
 
 / 
 
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 J 
 
 < 
 
 o 
 
 L 
 
 < 
 
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 1 
 
 r\ 
 
 \ 
 
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 Q- 
 
 cr 
 
 V- 
 
 b 
 
 - 
 
 > 
 
 > 
 
 VJ 
 
 oC 
 
 y> 
 
 N 
 
 <f 
 
 -2 
 
 < 
 
 - 
 
 L 
 
 r\ 
 
 <k 
 
 r 
 
 3r 
 
 V 
 
 J 
 
 J 
 
 c 
 
 ') 
 
 / 
 
 1 
 
 *-> 
 
 b 
 
 or 
 
 V 
 
 a. 
 
 N 
 
 > 
 
 > 
 
 .^ 
 
 X 
 
 X 
 
 N 
 
 K) 
 
 19 
 
 < 
 
 c 
 
 
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48 
 
 HISTORY OF STENOGRAPHY. 
 
 LIST OF THE ALPHABETS EXHIBITED IN THE ACCOM- 
 PANYING PLATES. 
 
 No 
 
 Author. 
 
 
 
 1. 
 
 John Willis .... 
 
 2. 
 
 EdmdiKl Willis . 
 
 
 
 3. 
 
 Witt . 
 
 
 
 4. 
 
 Heury Dix . . 
 
 
 
 5. 
 
 Mawd 
 
 
 
 6. 
 
 Thomas Shelton 
 
 
 
 7. 
 
 Thomas Shelton 
 
 
 
 8. 
 
 Theophilus Metcal 
 
 fe 
 
 
 9. 
 
 Jeremiah Rich . 
 
 
 
 10. 
 
 John Farthing . 
 
 
 
 11. 
 
 Job Everardt 
 
 
 
 12, 
 
 Noah Bridges . 
 
 
 
 13. 
 
 William Mason . 
 
 
 
 14. 
 
 William Mason . 
 
 
 
 15. 
 
 William Mason . 
 
 
 
 16. 
 
 Elisha Coles 
 
 
 
 17. 
 
 William Hopkins 
 
 
 
 18. 
 
 Lawrence Steel 
 
 
 
 19. 
 
 Abraham Nichols 
 
 
 
 20. 
 
 Francis Tanner 
 
 
 
 21. 
 
 Philip Gibbs 
 
 
 
 22. 
 
 Aula}' Macaulay 
 
 
 
 23. 
 
 Peter Annet 
 
 
 
 24. 
 
 Thomas Gurney 
 
 
 
 25. 
 
 Henry Taplin . 
 
 
 
 26. 
 
 Thomas Stackhous 
 
 e 
 
 
 27. 
 
 David Lyle . . 
 
 
 
 28. 
 
 Alphabet of Reason 
 
 
 29. 
 
 Mark Anthony Meilau 
 
 80. 
 
 John Byrom . . . 
 
 31. 
 
 Wra. Holdsvvorth & Wra 
 
 32. 
 
 R. Graves & S. Ashton 
 
 33. 
 
 Wm. Williamson . . 
 
 34. 
 
 Thomas Hervey 
 
 
 
 35. 
 
 W. J. Blanchard . 
 
 
 
 36. 
 
 W. J. Blanchard . 
 
 
 
 37. 
 
 John Mitchell . . 
 
 
 
 38. 
 
 Michael Nash . . 
 
 
 
 39. 
 
 Samuel Taylor . . 
 
 
 
 40. 
 
 William Graham . 
 
 
 
 41. 
 
 William Mavor . 
 
 
 
 42. 
 
 Thomas Hees . . 
 
 
 
 43. 
 
 John Crome . . . 
 
 
 
 44. 
 
 Richard Roe . . 
 
 
 
 45. 
 
 Archisdcn 
 
 
 46. 
 
 Ralph Fogg (Salem) . 
 
 
 47. 
 
 (Printed af Boston) . 
 
 
 48. 
 
 Thomas Towndrow 
 
 . 
 
 
 Aldridg' 
 
 Date. 
 
 1G02 
 
 1618 
 
 1630 
 
 1633 
 
 1635 
 
 1641 
 
 1650 
 
 1645 
 
 1669 
 
 1 654 
 
 1658 
 
 1659 
 
 1672 
 
 1682 
 
 1707 
 
 1674 
 
 1674 
 
 1678 
 
 16!)2 
 
 1712 
 
 1736 
 
 1747 
 
 1750 
 
 17o3 
 
 1760 
 
 1760 
 
 1762 
 
 1763 
 
 1764 
 
 1767 
 
 1768 
 
 1775 
 
 1775 
 
 1779 
 
 1779 
 
 1786 
 
 1782 
 
 1783 
 
 1786 
 
 1787 
 
 1789 
 
 1795 
 
 1801 
 
 1802 
 
 1632 
 
 1636 
 
 1809 
 
 1837 
 
PAET 11. 
 
 A NEW SYSTEM OF PHO]YETIC SHORT-HAND. 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 § I. Definition of Phonetic Short-hand. 
 
 A sj'stem of short-hand, in which the writing represents 
 the component sounds of words without regard to the usual 
 method of spelling, is called phonetic, to distinguish it from 
 that kind of short-hand in which the characters are used 
 simply as substitutes for the letters of the alphabet. The 
 latter kind, which may be called alphabetic short-hand, was 
 formerly the most in use, and is still practised to some ex- 
 tent ; but the j)honetic method is now generally considered 
 the most advantageous. 
 
 § n. Advantages of the Phonetic method. 
 
 Among the many reasons that may be given in favor of 
 the phonetic method for short-hand writing the following 
 are perhaps the most important. 
 
 First. In following a speaker, if one has to write according 
 to the rules of orthography, his memory is constantly taxed 
 by the irregularity and frequent uncertainty of the usual 
 mode of spelling. His progress, therefore, will always be 
 impeded in proportion as he endeavors to be con-ect in his 
 spelling. On the other hand, if he uses the phonetic method, 
 
 4 (51) 
 
52 A NEW SYSTEM OP 
 
 after he has once acquired the habit of writing down the 
 words according to the sound, a habit which a little practice 
 will render familiar and easy, there will no longer be any 
 uncertainty or hesitation. The writing will then be almost 
 mechanical and the memory can be more freely employed in 
 keeping up with the speaker. The importance of this ad- 
 vantage may be shown by referring to some of the more 
 obvious defects of the usual mode of spelling. 
 
 Many of the letters are often silent, and many of them 
 have diiferent powers in different words. Of the twenty- 
 six letters of the common alphabet three are duplicates of 
 others, v/z., c, which is the same as either k or s in sound ; q^ 
 which is in sound kw; and x, which is ks. The sounds of th 
 in ether and in other y and of ng in singer y have no single letter 
 to represent them. The following table exemplifies the va- 
 rious powers which some of the consonants have in different 
 words. 
 
 c in call, cell, ocean, sacrifice. 
 
 d in (Zay, mixecZ. 
 / iu/ine, of. 
 
 g in p'ive, coura<7e. 
 
 n in man, banquet. 
 
 s in sand, please, pleasure, sure. 
 
 X in taic, eccert, anxious, -STeuophon. 
 
 In Worcester's Dictionary there are distinguished seven 
 sounds of the letter a, five of e, five of i, six of o, six of u 
 and four of y. Beside the uncertainty of sound of many of 
 
PHONETIC SnORT-IIAND. 53 
 
 the vowel-letters, the same vowel-souud is often represented 
 in various ways, as for instance the long sound of o as in 
 shoiv, i/tough, hoe, moat, noie, beau, etc. 
 
 /Second. Ky using the phonetic method the writer can 
 take down more readily and accurately names of persons or 
 places, or unusual words of which the proper spelling may 
 be unknown to him or uncertain. The sounds he hears 
 being written down furnish the material from which he can 
 afterwards write out the words according to the proper 
 spelling. In like manner when some words are indistinctly 
 heard, the few sounds that the ear may detect will often servo 
 by the aid of the context to restore the lost words. 
 
 § III. Phonetic Short-hand not an enemy to Orthography. 
 
 The objection sometimes made that the use of the phonetic 
 method in short-hand may create a tendency to misspell in 
 ordinary long-hand writing could with more reason be urged 
 against alphabetic short-hand. In all the alphabetic systems 
 the rules of orthograpliy are more or less departed from ; 
 silent letters and many of the vowels are omitted; and rules 
 arc laid down for dropping one of two similar letters coming 
 together in a word, or representing c by the character for 
 k or by that for s, etc. Hence in alphabetic short-hand the 
 writer, although obliged to have the common spelling con- 
 stantly in mind, always varies from it in his writing; a prac- 
 tice which might well be supposed to cause confusion. In 
 phonetic short-hand, on the contrary, the common spelling 
 
54 A NEW SYSTEM OF 
 
 is not ill the mind at all, no regard whatever being paid to 
 orthography, so that the two kinds of writing, short-hand 
 and long-hand, are kept entirely distinct. 
 
 § IV. Plan of the Phonetic System here proposed. 
 
 This system of phonetic short-hand is constructed upon 
 such principles as to afford an easy method of rapid writing 
 for composition, writing that which another dictates, taking 
 notes of lectures, addresses or testimony, etc. For verba- 
 tim reporting, that is, following a rapid speaker word for 
 word, it would be necessary to largely increase the use 
 of word-signs and abbreviations ; expedients which, for such 
 a purpose, must be very much relied upon in any system 
 of short-hand. Although some susrgestious are given as to 
 the manner in which such abbreviations can be made, the 
 practical application of the principles stated is left, for the 
 most part, to experience as the best teacher. Another object, 
 kept in view, has been that the writing may be sufficiently 
 exact to bo read with ease and accuracy after any interval 
 of time. 
 
 The system being adapted to the English language, 
 sounds not properly belonging to it, but which occur in 
 foreign words occasionally introduced, must be represented 
 by the characters for those English sounds which most nearly 
 resemble them. As the writing is phonetic, this can be done 
 without any difficulty, and with sufficient accuracy for all 
 practical purposes. 
 
PHONETIC SHORT-HAND. 55 
 
 The following is a brief description of the plan proposed : 
 
 First. The forms of the characters. In the series of char- 
 acters which form the basis of this system, as the sounds to 
 be represented have a relation to each other dependent upon 
 the organs of speech with which they are pronounced, so the 
 characters which represent those sounds have a relation to 
 each other in their form or direction. The articulate sounds 
 of speech are grouped together according to a natural order 
 or scale derived from a careful study of their true nature. 
 Certain groups in which the difference of sound is so slight 
 that a mistake of one for the other would not lead to error 
 in the reading, are represented either by the same character, 
 or by characters resembling each other. Those groups, on 
 the other hand, which differ most in sound, are represented 
 by the characters which differ most in form or direction. 
 
 Second. Description of the characters. Such characters 
 have been chosen as to give to the writing, as far as practi- 
 cable, some of the advantageous qualities of long-hand writ- 
 ing, viz., that of being somewhat ideographic or pictorial^ 
 which enables us to read words and even sentences at a 
 glance ; that of being continuous, forming a cursive or run- 
 ning hand ; and that of maintaining the honzontal line. 
 
 The characters have distinct forms, and easily join to- 
 gether in such a manner that all the words, except word- 
 signs and abbreviations, may be written continuously, that 
 is, without taking off the pen till the word is finished. 
 
 It is generally taken for granted as a rule for the selection 
 
56 A NEW SYSTEM OF 
 
 of characters that those for the more frequent sounds ought 
 to consist of the shortest geometric lines and curves. Such 
 a rule is, however, liable to this objection, viz., that the 
 shortest line or curve, Avheu used as a character, if it di- 
 verges from the line of writing, not only prevents the writing 
 from being horizontal, but requires in reality two movements 
 of the pen (unless it happens to be followed in the same 
 word by another character in the opposite direction) ; the 
 first movement being that which describes the character, and 
 the second that which returns the pen to the horizontal line 
 of writing. This may be shown by writing a succession of 
 parallel slanting lines, when it will be noticed that allow- 
 ing the pen to describe, on the paper, connecting strokes 
 between the parallel lines, adds to, rather than diminishes, 
 the speed with which tlic parallel lines may be written. 
 
 In the following example, for instance, the connected 
 double strokes can be made more quickly and easily than the 
 same number of simple parallel strokes. 
 
 Am/mvm^ ///////////^ 
 
 A simple line or curve which diverges from the horizontal 
 line is not, however, so objectionable, if it occurs at the end 
 of a word ; and when it occurs at the heginning of a word it 
 may be so written as to end on the line of writing. The 
 above objections, therefore, against all the simple lines and 
 curves, except those which are horizontal, are most important 
 in connection with the representation of sounds in the middle 
 of a u'ord. 
 
PHONETIC SHORT-HAND. 57 
 
 For these reasons I have used most of the simple lines 
 and curves which diverge from the line of writing to repre- 
 sent the less frequent sounds, viz., the vowels^ which may be 
 very often omitted especially in the middle of a word. The 
 variation of the simple lines and curves in direction also 
 renders them well adapted for vowel-characters, as this va- 
 riation may be made to correspond to that of the vowel- 
 sounds in the natural scale. 
 
 For the frequent consonants p^ b, t and d the horizontal 
 curves are used ; for k and g the upright curve ; and for s 
 and z the circle ; all of which are simple forms. 
 
 The characters for I and r consist of a horizontal line pre- 
 ceded by a short stroke upward to the left for Z, and down- 
 ward to the left for r. These forms combine readily with 
 the other consonant-characters, and they are, therefore, well 
 adapted to represent consonants which combine so frequently 
 with other consonant-sounds. 
 
 The characters for m and n are straight strokes downward 
 to the left, the first to the line of writing, and the second 
 fvom the line of writing, with connecting strokes, which may 
 often be dispensed with. 
 
 For f, V, ih (as thm) and dh (as in thcw) an upward or 
 downward loop stroke is used. This form of character, 
 though it does not have the simplicity of the straight line or. 
 single curve, is made with equal facility, and has the ad- 
 vantage of maintaining the horizontal line of writing. The 
 distinctness in appearance of this character from those used 
 for the other sounds renders it convenient for the few very 
 
58 PHONETIC SHORT-HAND. 
 
 frequent words in which it occurs, such as if^ for^ of^ the^ 
 this, that, those, then, there, therefore, other, etc. 
 
 Third. Use of difference in length or size of the characters. 
 The diiference between the short vowel-sounds and the corres- 
 ponding long vowel-sounds, and also the difference between 
 the two kinds of consonants commonly designated by the 
 words " hard and soft," or " surd and sonant," is denoted in 
 the corresponding characters by a difference in their length 
 or size. This method is more convenient for the writer than 
 that of using light and heavy strokes ; and may be safely 
 used, since an occasional failure to make the proper distinc- 
 tion will not lead to error in reading, as the context will 
 sufficiently show which of two sounds so closely resembling 
 each other is intended. 
 
 Fourth. Compound sounds. The compound sounds, which 
 are so numerous and so constantly in use, are represented by 
 distinctive signs combining in a more or less abbreviated 
 form the characters for the component sounds. 
 
 Fifth. Use of word-signs. "Word-signs are added for 
 :a few of the most common words. To render such signs 
 more easily remembered different classes of words are rei> 
 resented by different sets of signs. The use, to a certain 
 extent, of word-signs which present a different appearance to 
 the eye from that of the rest of the short-hand writing will 
 be found to add to the legibility as well as to the rapidity of 
 the writinjr. 
 
CHAPTER I. 
 
 ANALYSIS OF THE ARTICULATE SOUNDS OF THE ENGLISH 
 LANGUAGE. 
 
 § I. Ifecessity of a preliminary analysis.^ 
 
 1. In phonetic short-hand writing the spelling must be 
 according to the sound and without regard to the ordinary 
 rules of orthography ; the words being represented by a 
 combination of characters which represent to the eye the 
 component sounds as distinguished by the ear. It is neces- 
 sary, therefore, to learn how to properly distinguish these 
 component sounds or elements of words before one can make 
 use of any phonetic system of short-hand. The ordinary 
 method of spelling is so very far from truly representing the 
 component sounds of words, that the phonetic method seems, 
 to one not accustomed to it, somewhat difficult and even 
 
 unnatural. This difficulty, however, is soon overcome by a 
 
 « 
 
 little stud\' and practice ; and when once the phonetic method 
 becomes familiar, the spelling will be much less troublesome 
 than in the ordinary writing. 
 
 > In preparing this analj-isis I have been particularly indebted to the following trea- 
 tises on the subject of phonetics; and to tliem I would refer the reader for more ex- 
 tended information as to the nature of all articulate sounds, and their relation-? to each 
 other; tlie Alphabet of Nature, by Alexander. J. Ellis, Ap|>. to Phonotypic Journal, Bath, 
 England. 1844. Science of Language, by Max Miiller, New Yorlv, 18(j5. pp. 10;)-1(^. Ori- 
 ental and Linguistic Studies, Second Series, by Prof. Wm. D. Whitntty, New York, 1874, 
 pp. •20-2.-.300. Also the works of Bishop WUkins and Alexander M. Bell referred to 
 above, Part I., Chap. VI. 
 
 (59) 
 
60 A NEW SYSTEM OF 
 
 2. The following analysis of the vowel-sounds and con- 
 sonant-sounds will serve to show the student the manner in 
 which these elements of words are to be distinguished. The 
 arrangement of them in a natural classification, showing their 
 relation to one another, will aid him also in committing to 
 memory the short-hand characters, which have a correspond- 
 ing order and relation to each other in their forms. 
 
 3. The first ol)ject of this analysis is to group the sounds 
 in such a manner that they may be easily committed to mem- 
 ory in a natural order, bringing together those which most 
 nearly resemble each other, and indicating with suflicient 
 exactness the particular sound which each character will bo 
 used to represent. For this purpose an explanation of the 
 nature of the sounds being necessary, I have made use of 
 the definitions given l)y the bc.>t writers on the subject of 
 phonetics, employing, however, on some points an independ- 
 ent method of analysis and arrangement. The more am- 
 biguous or uncertain terms generally used, such as "mnte," 
 "semi-vowel," " whispered, "^ "hard," etc., have been avoided, 
 and an attempt is made to explain the sounds of language 
 by the use of a more clear and definite nomenclature. 
 Though I may not have escaped crlf)rs in the treatment of 
 60 difficult a subject, 1 feel confident that none will be found 
 of sufiit.-icnt importance to iin[)air the viscfulncss of this 
 analysis for the purposes intended. 
 
 § II. The voice and llie hreallnng. 
 1. The sound of the voice is produced by the breath 
 
PHONETIC SHORT-HAND. 61 
 
 passing from the lungs through the liuynx and causing a 
 vibration of the " vocal chords.*^ This vibration is communi- 
 cated to the column of air enclosed in the " vocal tube,^* that is, 
 the throat and mouth, or throat and nasal passages. In a 
 similar way the sound of the organ-pipe is produced by 
 the vibration of the reed act i nor on the column of air in the 
 organ-pipe ; and so the sound of the flute is produced by 
 the vibration caused fiy the breath and acting on the column 
 of air Avithiu the flute. The various articulate sounds of 
 ■speech are formed by the voice being variously modified dur- 
 ing its uttei'ance, or obstructed or intercepted at the begin- 
 ning or end of its utterance, by changes in the form of the 
 vocal tube; the principal organs of speech which, by their 
 varying relative positions, produce these changes being the 
 palate^ the tongue and the lips. 
 
 2. The sound of the voice may also be modified by being 
 preceded or followed by an unvoealized breathing ; that is, 
 a more or less forcible expulsion of the breath while the 
 vocal chords are not in a condition to vibrate ; the breath, 
 when not otherwise checked, striking against the sides of 
 the throat or the palate. This sound of the unvoealized 
 breathing and the sound of the voice are not heard together, 
 since the one must necessaril}' cease when the other begins. 
 The breathing when heard as a distinct sound becomes the 
 aspirate, and is represented in the ordinary alphabet by the 
 letter h. 
 
 3. Beside its use as an aspirate, however, this breath- 
 
62 A NEW SYSTEM OF 
 
 ing has an important influence on many of the consonant- 
 sounds, causing, by its presence in the pronunciation of the 
 consonant and the accompanying vowel, the difference va- 
 riously designated by the words "hard and soft," "surd and 
 sonant," "whispered and spoken," "voiceless and vocal." 
 For instance the difference between the sound of s in seal, 
 and that of z in 2eal, is, that in the former an unvocalized 
 breathing precedes the vowel-sound, {he breathing being in 
 this case obstructed in such a manner as to produce the sibi- 
 lant or hissing sound. In the sound of the 2, on the other 
 hand, the vibration of the voice is immediately heard, al- 
 though the breath which produces the voice is obstructed in 
 such a manner as to produce a sibilant sound, but softer 
 and more vocal than that of the s. In the same manner the 
 sound of s in Mxss differs from the z sound in his, because in 
 the former the accompanying vowel-sound ( i ) is followed by 
 a mere breathing which produces the sharp sibilant sound, 
 while in the latter the voice continues to vibrate, although 
 checked in such a manner as to produce a sibilant which is 
 softer and more vocal than that of the 5 sound. 
 
 The same difference exists between the sounds of ^ and 6, 
 and also between those of t and cZ, h and g (as in go)tf and 
 r, til (as in iKm) and dh (as in <Aen). A similar distinc- 
 tion may also be observed between the sounds of wTi and Wy 
 yh (as in hew) and y (as in you) ; but in the wh and in the 
 yh the breathing is heard as a distinct aspirate or h sound. 
 
 4. The terms usually employed to mark this distinc- 
 
PHONETIC SHORT-HAND. 63 
 
 tion are somewhat ambiguous ; the words "hard and soft" 
 behig also used to denote the diflfereiice between the two 
 sounds of g as in go, g'lW ; or the two sounds of c as in call, 
 cell. The words "surd," "whispered," "voiceless," seem 
 to imply that there is an absence of tJie voices which is not 
 strictly true, since all the consonants when spoken aloud, as 
 in ordinary language, require the aid of the voice for their 
 pronunciation. Even in whispered language there is an im- 
 perfect vibration of the vocal chords sufficient to produce the 
 various vowel-sounds, in connection with which the conso- 
 nants are pronounced with the same differences (although 
 less marked) as when spbken aloud. It seems that the real 
 difference between these two kinds of consonants consists 
 in the fact that in pronouncing the one, the breathy which 
 precedes or follows the accompanying sound of the voice, 
 is checked by the consonant obstruction, while in pronounc- 
 ing the other it is the voice itself which is checked. It 
 would be better, therefore, to denote this difference by the 
 words breath-check and voice-check. 
 
 § III. Definition of Vowels and Consonants. 
 
 1. The articulate sounds of speech are divided into two 
 classes according as they are produced by the voice being 
 modified during its utterance, or obstructed or intercepted at 
 its beginning or end; the former being the voioels^ and the 
 latter being the consonants. 
 
 2. The consonants are often defined as if each had a sound 
 
64 A NEW SYSTEM OF 
 
 of its own indopendeut of any accompanying vowel ; a defini- 
 tion wliicli inevitably leads to confusion, and prevents the 
 possibility of any clear distinction between vowels and con- 
 sonants. It would seem to be more correct to recognize 
 the fact that such sounds are not articulate sounds of speech 
 unless accompanied by a vowel-sound, as the very name 
 "consonant" implies. Even where one consonant modifi- 
 cation' immediately follows another, they both form only a 
 modification of a preceding or following vowel-sound, when 
 considered as parts of articulate speech. This may be il- 
 lustrated by the sound of y in fair^ which may be produced 
 in an imperfect manner and even made continuous for a time 
 without any vowel-sound ; but it constitutes by itself only a 
 kind of noise, and not an articulate sound of speech. Neither 
 is the f in self anything more than an inarticulate noise, 
 unless considered, together with the I, as accompanied by, 
 or a modification of, the preceding vowel-sound. 
 
 3. In this analysis, therefore, the consonants will be 
 treated, not as separate sounds, but rather as modifications 
 of a vowel-sound either at its beginning or at its end. 
 
 § IV. Vowel-Sounds. 
 
 1. The various vowel modifications are produced either 
 by the tongue being more or less liaised towards the roof of 
 the mouth or the palate, or by the lijps being more or less 
 closed or rounded together. The vowels may, therefore, be 
 divided into three classes, viz., lingual vowels, ov Wiose, in 
 
PHONETIC SHORT-HAND. 65 
 
 which the vowel modification is caused by the raising of the 
 tongue; open vowels, or those pronounced while the tongue is 
 at rest and the lips open; and labial vowels, or those in which 
 the vowel modification is caused by the closing or rounding 
 of the lips. 
 
 2. There are also certain differences .in the vowel-sounds 
 dependent upon the varying accent or stress of the voice. 
 The accented vowels have a tendency to terminate with more 
 or less distinctness in one of the following vowel-sounds, viz. : 
 
 (liogual) b (e anaccented as in enough, aid, many.) 
 
 (open) u (« unaccented as in upon, ideo, other, fair, fear.) 
 
 (labial) 66 (oo unaccented as in how?, flow, fhtgality.) 
 
 Each of the long vowel-sounds hereafter described may be 
 divided into two portions, the initial and the terminal, the 
 former being nearly the same as the corresponding accented 
 short vowel, and the latter being one of the three vowel- 
 sounds above mentioned. For instance, the sound of a in 
 age begins like the sound of e in edofe, but terminates in a 
 slight sound of e (like i in aid or y in pa?^) ; the vowel-sound 
 contained in the ere of there, or the air in fair, beghis like 
 the sound of a in and or man, and terminates in the sound u 
 (like u in wpon) ; the sound of o in ode begins like o in 
 whole,^ but terminates in the sound 66 (shotf?). 
 
 » In this word and a few others, such as home, hope, ttone, etc., the o '"is, by manj, 
 if not by most speakers in this country, somewhat shortened." (See Worcester's Dic- 
 tionaiy, p. xiv.) Prof. Whitney calls this shortened sound of o " the true short o," and 
 states that in his practice "it is nearly or quite restricted to none, whole, home, ttone, 
 smoke, folks, coat, cloak, toad, throat ."—Oriental and Linguistic Studies, Second Series, 
 p. 216. It seems to be the only vowel in our language which can be considered as 
 bearing the same relation to the long o (as in goat, note, etc.) which I bears to e, or $ 
 to a. 
 
 5 
 
66 A NEW SYSTEM OF 
 
 So also the sounds of e in fee, me, feed, heat, eke, scene, 
 and of d in far, bar, calm, farm, and of uo in who, 
 ooze, food, begin with an accented sound, but terminate 
 respectively in a slight unaccented sound of e, u, or 66. The 
 long vowels, in other words, receive a sort of accent and ca- 
 dence, or rising and falling inflection of the voice. By the 
 term long vowels I mean the long accented vowels, which 
 should be distinojuished from the similar vowels occurring in 
 unaccented syllables, as for instance e in enough, a in vacate, 
 in meadow, etc. The latter, though sometimes called long 
 vowels, are really short vowels, unless the voice is allowed 
 to rest upon them with what is sometimes called the second- 
 ary accent. 
 
 3. In vowels pronounced abruptly^ as when closely fol- 
 lowed by a consonant modification or by a different vowel 
 sound, and in vowels which are not accented at all, this 
 double inflection does not occur, and there is a marked dif- 
 ference in their sound from that of the corresponding long 
 vowels. 
 
 4. We may, therefore, after arranging the vowels accord- 
 ing to the. organs with which they are pronounced, consider 
 each of them as having also three modes of utterance, viz. : 
 1 — ahrujpt, when the cadence which would naturally follow 
 the accent is cut off by an abrupt pronunciation ; 2 — grave 
 (or unaccented) when it receives no accent or stress of the 
 voice; 3 — long when it receives both the stress and the ca- 
 dence of the voice, or the risino^ and falling: accent. 
 
PHONETIC SHORT-HAND. 67 
 
 5. I use the word grave for the unaccented vowels as a 
 convenient one for the purj^ose, meaning by it the absence 
 of accent ^ or the falling accent generally denoted by the grave 
 accent-mark over the letter. These vowels receivinoj a falling 
 accent (or "vanishing" sound, as it is sometimes called,) 
 cannot well be pronounced except in connection with some 
 other accented sound ; but they are otherwise the same as 
 the abrupt vowels. In pronouncing each vowel with the 
 abrupt utterance followed by a grave sound of the same 
 vowel, it will be found that they proceed in a natural scale 
 from the most lingual to the most labial. Each long vowel 
 begins with a sound like that of the corresponding abnipt 
 vowel, but with its peculiar lingual^ open^ or labial charac- 
 teristic more strongly marked, and ends with a more or less 
 distinct sound of one of the three terminal or " vanishing " 
 vowels e, u, or 66 ; and always with that one which is nearest 
 to it in the natural scale. 
 
 6. Although the abrupt, and grave vowels, when considered 
 together, can be properly designated as the short vowels, 
 since an abrupt or an unaccented pronunciation naturally 
 produces a shorter sound, the difference between these and 
 the long vowels should not be considered as consisting merely 
 in a difference of length in the utterance. The mere pro- 
 longation of the i in til, or of the 6 in ell, for instance, 
 will not produce the corresponding long vowels e as in eeZ, 
 or a as in ale. Ellis, in his "Alphabet of Nature," Part I, 
 Chap. V, Sect. II, states that the mode in which the "short 
 
68 A NEW SYSTEM OF 
 
 vowels" differ from the " long vowels " is " merely in the time 
 of utterance." I have been led, after a very careful study 
 of the subject, to believe that the difference consists rather 
 in a variation of accent, the long vowels requiring, as al- 
 ready stated, a certain inflection of the voice which causes 
 the vowel to terminate with a different sound from that with 
 which it commences. 
 
 Ellis argues that it cannot be a difference of accent since 
 there are some words " in which long sounds occur in un- 
 accented syllables," as in the words rosetree magnate, etc. 
 But in these words if the voice rests on the second syllable 
 an opportunity is given for the inflection to which I refer, 
 just as if the second syllable was a separate word. If on 
 the other hand the voice does not rest on the second sylla- 
 ble at all, the whole accent being thrown upon the first 
 syllable, then the vowel sound is in reality a short vowel 
 (like the i in just^fy or the ai/ in Monday, both of which Ellis 
 calls short vowels). It is true, however, that it is not the 
 fact t»f being in an accented syllable which makes a vowel 
 long, for the abrupt vowels (called by Ellis the stopped 
 vowels) are accented. But in these the natural cadence of 
 the accent which exists in the long vowels is cut off, as it 
 were, by the succeeding consonant modification, or by a 
 change into a different vowel. 
 
 The following is a brief statement of the manner of forma- 
 tion of each vo\vel-8t>und according to the principles above 
 stated. 
 
PHONETIC SHORT-HAND. 
 
 69 
 
 LINGUAL VOWELS. 
 
 Back part of the tongue raised, the sides of the tongue 
 being pressed against the teeth, so that the voice has only 
 a narrow passage between the tongue and the roof of the 
 mouth ; termiual sound e : 
 
 Abrupt, i as in til, pin. 
 
 Grave, e as in man^, enough. 
 
 Long, e as in eel, see, he, feat, chief, people. 
 
 Tongue partly raised ; terminal sound e : 
 
 Abrupt, 6 as in end, ell, ever. 
 
 Grave, h, as in Monday, about, essay, extend. 
 
 Long, a as in day, aid, ale, break, obey. 
 
 Tongue partly raised ; terminal sound u : 
 
 Abrupt, a as in at, mat, fan. 
 Grave, a as in arrange, assail. 
 Long, ail as in there, fair, prayer, aiv. 
 
 OPEN VOWELS. 
 
 Tongue flat or at rest and the lips open ; terminal sound h : 
 
 guttural as in wp, swn, son, wnder. 
 more open as in guy, eye, sound, how. 
 guttural as in other, fat'r, fear, asc€rtain. 
 (_ more open as in idea, comma, algebra, upon, 
 ur^ guttural, as in err, urge, certain, 
 a more open, as in calm, far, father, alms, arms. 
 
 »In this sound, sometimes called the urvocal sound, the tongue is somewhat re- 
 tracted, as if about to pronounce the consonant r (as in fui'ring), producing a deeper 
 or more guttural pronunciation or the vowel. 
 
 Abrupt, n 
 Grave, u 
 Long, 
 
70 A NEW SYSTEM OF 
 
 LABIAL VOWELS. 
 
 Lips partjy closed ; terminal sound u : 
 
 Abrupt, 6 as in on, hot, pond. 
 
 Grave, 6 as in oxalic, forever, awturanal. 
 
 Long, k{6vk) as in for, saw, war, fall, autumn. 
 
 Lips partly closed and somewhat rounded ; terminal 
 
 sound 66 : 
 
 Abrupt, 6 as in home, whole, hope, stone. * 
 
 Grave, 6 as in obey, meadow. 
 
 Long, 6 as in go, owe, road, show, note. 
 
 Lips nearly closed and somewhat protruded; terminal 
 
 sound 66 : 
 
 Abrupt, 66 as in foot, put, p«ll. 
 Grave, 66 as in how, unto, show. 
 Long, 55 as in food, who, ooze. 
 
 § V. Compound Vowels. 
 There are certain combinations of the vowels described in 
 the preceding section, which are pronounced as if forming 
 but one syllable, and may be called Compound Vowels. 
 
 COMPOUND VOWELS. 
 
 Final 6 Final 66 Final 56 
 
 i (ue) oh u66 u (y65, hod") 
 
 eye oil owl few 
 
 fly boy how cube 
 
 ftne toil found assume 
 
 * See above, § IV, note 2. 
 
PHONETIC SHORT-HAND. 71 
 
 
 
 Final u 
 
 
 
 eii 
 
 au 
 
 iu 
 
 oil 
 
 66u 
 
 ear 
 
 player 
 
 ire 
 
 more 
 
 poor 
 
 fear 
 
 weigher 
 
 fire 
 
 door 
 
 your 
 
 mere 
 
 slayer 
 
 wire 
 
 oar 
 
 boor 
 
 § VI. Obscure Vowel Sounds, 
 In unaccented syllables the vowel-sound is often slight 
 and obscure, as iu legacy, political, philosophy, volatile, 
 colony. These obscure vowels may generally be omitted in 
 short-hand writing. In any case where it is desirable to 
 represent such a sound the short-hand character for the open 
 vowel u may be used. 
 
 In the last syllable of such words as evil, able, reckon, 
 wooden, often, oven, etc., the voice passes directly from 
 one consonant modification to another without any distinct 
 intermediate vowel ; the final consonant modification being of 
 such A nature, however, as to admit vocal sound suflicient to 
 form a separate syllable without the aid of any final vowel- 
 sound. In such words as robbed, realm, helve, adze, the 
 voice passes in like manner from one consonant modifica- 
 tion to another, and the final consonant modification admits 
 a slight sound of the voice, but not suflicient to form a 
 separate syllable. 
 
 In all such words the slight vocal sound referred to, even 
 if it seems to be a vowel-sound, does not need to be 
 represented in writing, as the representation of the two 
 successive consonants will suflficiently indicate the sound. 
 
72 A NEW SYSTEM OP 
 
 § VII. Consonant Sounds. 
 
 The consonants are those modifications of the voice by 
 which it is obstimcted or intercepted at the beginning or end' 
 of its utterance, and are produced by the organs of speech 
 being more or less closed together. They are divided here 
 into three classes, viz. : labial^ when the obstruction is caused 
 by one or both of the lips ; lingual, when it is caused by the 
 tongue ; palatal, when it is caused by the back part of the 
 tongue and the palate. 
 
 Some of the consonants resemble each other in the 
 position which the organs of speech assume for their pro- 
 nunciation, but have a certain difference of sound dependent 
 upon the presence or absence of a slight unvocalized breath- 
 ing between the consonant and its accompanying vowel. 
 Where this breathing is present the consonant forms an 
 obstruction to the breath; where it is not present the ob- 
 struction acts directly upon the voice. This difference I shall 
 indicate by using the words breath-check and voice-check. 
 (See above Ch. 1, § II.) 
 
 Another difference is produced by causing the voice to 
 sound or vibrate through the nasal passages, rather than 
 through the mouth. This may be denoted by the word 
 nasal. 
 
 LABIAL CONSOXANTS. 
 
 Both lips closed together : 
 Breath-check, p as in purr, pin, up, apt, upper, park. 
 Voice-check, b as in 6urr, bin, rob, rofc&ed, ro?>6er, 6ark. 
 Nasal, m as in ?nurmur, so»ne, natiied, hflntmer, mark. 
 
PHONETIC SHORT-HAND. 73 
 
 Both lips nearly closed together and slightly more com- 
 pressed than when about to pronounce the vowel oo : 
 
 w as in were, went, witch, away, war, woo. 
 
 Lower lip closed against the edge of the upper teeth, but 
 allowing a slight passage of the breath or voice : 
 
 Breath-check, f as in far, \f, for, fine, ph&se. 
 Voice-check, v as in vernal, of, ouer, cane, past. 
 
 LINGUAL CONSONANTS. 
 
 Tongue closed against the mside of the upper teeth, or 
 against the gums of the upper teeth : 
 
 Breath-check, t as in turu, it, to, utter, waif. 
 Voice-check, d as in dirlc, add, do, adder, wade. 
 Nasal, n as in nerve, &n, no, inwer, wane. 
 
 Tongue raised towards the roof of the mouth somewhat 
 more than when about to pronounce the vowel e : 
 
 y as in yearn, you, yard, ye, beyond. 
 
 Tongue closed against the edge of the upper teeth, but 
 allowing a slight passage of the breath or voice : 
 
 Breath-check, tli as in {Aird, thin, earth, brea^A. 
 Voice-check, dh* as in other, then, thine, breathe. 
 
 Tongue closed as in the pronunciation of t^ but allowing 
 the breath or the voice to be forced through between the tip 
 
 * This digraph is adopted as being the method generally used to distinguish this 
 sound trom that of th in thin. 
 
74 A NEW SYSTEM OF 
 
 or upper front part of the tongue and the hard palate (or 
 the gums of the upper teeth) producing a hissing or sibilant 
 sound : 
 
 Breath-check, s as in racer, certain, soon, ice, hiss, bits. 
 Voice-check, z as in ra^or, 2;eal, ooze, eyes, his, adze. 
 
 Tip of the tongue closed against the upper teeth, or upper 
 part of the mouth, the sides of the tongue being left free : 
 
 1 as in {earn, coZor, ill, lose, pZay, bZue. 
 
 Tip of the tongue reversed, or retracted, and raised to- 
 wards the roof of the mouth, the passage by it of the breath 
 or voice producing more or less of a vibrating or trilling 
 
 sound : 
 
 r as in error, ray, ring, rustle, tray, d?'ay, fray. 
 
 PALATAL CONSONANTS. 
 
 Back part of the tongue closed against the roof of the 
 mouth or soft palate : 
 
 Breath-check, k as in kernel, oak, cup, see^, acre. 
 Voice-check, g as in gird, ague, gun, league, auger. 
 Nasal, ng' as in sing^er, haw^r, rin^f, longr. 
 
 Breath striking upon, or vibrating against, the soft palate, 
 sides of the throat, or back part of the mouth : 
 
 h as in her, hand, who, /taste, hard. 
 
 [The above arrangement of the consonants corresponds substantially with that of 
 Bishop Wilkins (See Part I, p. 40). I prefer, however, to consider w (as in we, woo, 
 away), y (as in ye, you, bej/ond) and h as consonants; and sli (as in sAeer) and zh (as in 
 a«ure) as compound sounds.] 
 
 • The ng is italicized to distinguish this sound from that of ng in anfirer, hngcr. etc. 
 The sound has really no connection with that of n, except that it is the nasal palatal as 
 n is the nasal lingual. 
 
PHONETIC SHORT-HAND. 
 
 75 
 
 § VIII. Compound Consonants. 
 There are certain combinations of consonant modifications 
 which may be pronounced with one utterance of the voice, 
 so as to seem like single consonant-sounds. These may be 
 called compound consonants. 
 
 
 w 
 
 AND Y COMPOUNDS. 
 
 wh 
 
 yh^ 
 
 cb(«(/A) 
 
 Kdy) s 
 
 toAen 
 
 Aew 
 
 cAew 
 
 Jew i 
 
 awAile 
 
 Auman 
 
 wafcA 
 
 edge < 
 
 
 kw 
 
 gw 
 
 sw 
 
 
 queen 
 
 gu@LW& 
 
 sweet 
 
 sh{syh) 
 
 zy 
 
 shoe 
 
 asure 
 
 ocean 
 
 pleasure 
 
 baoguet lanpruage assuage 
 
 
 
 NASAL COMPOUNDS. 
 
 
 
 mp 
 
 mb 
 
 nt 
 
 nd 
 
 ng\ 
 
 ngg 
 
 empire 
 
 amfter 
 
 enter 
 
 nndev 
 
 anchor 
 
 anger 
 
 stamp 
 
 Thomb 
 
 s.nt 
 
 and 
 
 ink 
 
 linger 
 
 pl 
 
 play 
 
 FINAL L COMPOUNDS. 
 
 bl fl kl gl 
 
 blow flow clay glow 
 
 FINAL K COMPOUNDS. 
 
 pr br fr tr dr kr gr 
 
 pi-ay bray fray tray dray crow grow 
 
 ' The wh and yh sounds are here considered as combinations in the same utterance 
 of the consonant sounds of w and y with the aspirate h, rather than breath-clieck con- 
 sonants corresponding to to and y as p corresponds to b, for the following reason : In 
 the pronunciation of these sounds, wh and yh. the breath is not so much checked as to 
 prevent a distinct aspirate or h sound; while in those consonants, like p, t, etc., which I 
 have denoted by the name breath-check, the complete or almost complete, closure of the 
 organs of speech prevents any distinct pronunciation of the aspirate h, the breath 
 being heard only in an explosive or forced utterance. The difference between the 
 sound of w in kw and gw corresponds perhaps moi'e nearly with that between the 
 breath-check and voice-check consonants. 
 
76 A NEW SYSTEM OF 
 
 § IX. Explanation of the compound consonants ch, j, sh, 
 zy^ ng)s. and ngg. 
 
 ch (tyh) . The sound of ch (tt/h) (as in chew, cheer, watch, 
 etc.,) is considered here as being a combination of t and yli, 
 the tongue being first placed in position to pronounce t, and 
 then the tip lowered sufficiently to pronounce yh (as in hew) ; 
 the breath, which had been checked by the t, causing a 
 slightly explosive sound. 
 
 j (dy). The sound j (dy) (as in Jew, Jeer, edge, etc.,) 
 is in a similar manner a combination of d and y, the voice 
 being checked instead of the breath. 
 
 sh (syh). The sound of sh (syh) (as in shoe, ash, sure) 
 is a combination of s and yh, the tongue being in position to 
 pronounce s, but with the tip or front part lowered suffi- 
 ciently to pronounce yh (as in 7iew) ; the pronunciation of 
 both together modifying to a certain extent the sibilant 
 sound and rendering it more aspirate. 
 
 zy. The sound zy (as in a^rure) is a combination of z 
 and y, the voice being checked instead of the breath. 
 
 ngk, ngg. The sounds, ngk (as in hik) and ngg (as in 
 anger) are combinations of ng (as in singer) with k and with 
 g. The nasal palatal ng is followed by a closing of the nasal 
 passages, thus checking the nasal sound, and producing the 
 final k, or g, according as the ng is followed by the breathing 
 or by a continued vocal sound. 
 
PHONETIC SHORT-HAND. 77 
 
 § X. Example of Phonetic Spelling, 
 
 To illustrate the phonetic method of writing I have taken 
 a few sentences from the very valuable and interesting treatise 
 of Prof. Whitney (Oriental and Linguistic Studies, Second 
 Series, p. 202), and have represented them according to the 
 spelling of the foregoing analysis. The passage selected 
 answers a double purpose, furnishing the subject for the ex- 
 ample, and also stating in a clear and concise manner a truth 
 of great importance in the study of phonetics. 
 
 The unaccented sounds of short a, as in attempt, utter- 
 ance, and short o, as in forever, occur, are distinguished from 
 the corresponding accented sounds b}' using the unmarked 
 letters a and o. The unaccented sound of short e, as in ex- 
 istence, engage, is represented by a. The two unaccented 
 open vowels, which are both represented by ii in the analy- 
 sis, are here distinguished by using d for the more open 
 sound (as a in idea, artistic), and u for the guttural sound 
 (as e in other, a in fear, or i in fair). The vowels in the 
 words a, an^ to^ (hSf 6e, and o/", are considered as unaccented 
 sounds. 
 
 " It. iz a fakt w61 non too dhh stootlants ov lawf/ffwaj dhat no Uvhig tun// 
 iz spokti in an ilntmii& akktM'daiit inriniiur hi illie hoi hMb ov dlioz too 
 hooni it iz natev. DitturAiisez ov uttiirans (Aloju/ widh diflu^all^ez ov 
 frazeoloje and s&j;nefeka>liun) .sfinitiinz riz too siich u dejri'e az too pro- 
 diis str6n.^/le dctind dialakts, dlie spCkurz ov which k'ui hiirdle, if at al, 
 undurstsmd wun iinudhur. Dhe airzi>taii.s ov .such '-dialakts," ah')»27sid 
 dlie apprdovd .«pich ov dhe kidlevatad, iz az ji-iieral az dhJi a;;zistfliis ov i 
 kultovatid spech. But evn in <die uttiirans nv «lhe lattur «llie sani deskor- 
 dan.'^ez okknr; on h sniallur skal, eiiili-d. yet niiirkt eiiuf too nllfioo dh6 
 vareus lokalete ov diiluraiit wi-l-edfikatild spekurz too he dett-ktiVI l)i wun 
 1j66 liaz dhe rfkwezct kwiki.as ov fur, v.iu\ a suft'i^liantle wid akspei&ilns. 
 
 . . . . Evn C'dukAiad uzej haz nrvur l)in mad pie^isle akk<'»rdant, 
 duoon too dhe la-it partikuhir; Tnui if it wnr wTuis lii a iniraki mad so, it 
 kofid not be kept so; dhfe hips ov ^ .suililn tiin wood sho dhii ohl stat ov 
 thingz brat bak 4gen.'* 
 
78 
 
 A NEW SYSTEM OF 
 
 Hi 
 
 cq 
 
 « S 
 
 2 S 
 
 '5 ^ o< 
 
 ■O N ^ 
 
 S5 = g 
 
 '« § £ IS 
 
 \ s 
 
 \ 
 
 to 
 
 5 - « £ 
 a ^ o * 
 
 o> „ f m 
 
 rS « a, g 
 
 I g-i ? 
 
 g * '^ fc. 
 
 „ be « R 
 2 B 2 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 .5 H 
 
 V 
 
 « J5 5 
 
 J> ■a 
 
 I ^ 
 
 :e8 £ 
 
 I 
 
 <♦* CO h 
 
 e y 
 
 I * ^ 
 
 ^^ 
 
 / 
 
 « -3 
 
 c ^ 
 
 5 ^ 
 
 
 ?i - ^ 
 o ^ u ^ 
 
 Z 2 S 2 
 
 • ♦» .^ ■^ 
 
 2 I != S 
 
 s i £• o 
 
 « 2 ** 
 
 ^ ^ _j, 
 
 '' ii a > 
 
 c; p o 
 
 "S. 
 
 5 5 ~ 
 
 
 ^-1 S 2 
 
 t o a 
 
 s " a — - 
 e .2 '^ s «> a* e 
 
 §S " « I I « 
 
 S S 
 
PHONETIC SHORT- HAND. 
 
 79 
 
 l! 
 
 ^ "^ o 
 
 »-| a ». 
 
 I - 
 
 W 
 O 
 
 < 
 
 1— I 
 
 o 
 
 !?; 
 o 
 
 CO 
 
 O 
 Q 
 
 
 n 
 
 s 
 
 \ 
 
 ^ J 
 
 \ 
 
 o i 
 
 
 s g 
 
 " s 
 
 ^ C -o 
 
 o. r a, 
 
 ^i=^| 
 
 \ 
 
 \ 
 
 to d 
 
 su »> 
 
 « s 
 
 13 ~j ^s 
 
 •5 =s 
 
 8 .S 
 
 KJ 
 
 a, „ 
 
 2 b 
 
 •=1 
 
 IS 
 
 — 2 
 
 '53 o 
 
 5| 
 
 ''i a 
 
 a. 3 
 
 
 
 ^ S 
 
 
 
 i: o 
 
 -1^ 
 en 
 
 u 
 
 4) 
 
 
 5-. 
 
 3 
 S3 
 
 in .-a 
 
 s ^ 
 
 .45 
 
 » 
 
 S^ 
 
 •^ i 
 
 t4 
 
 o . 
 
 ^ 
 
 =3 
 
 3l 
 
 V 
 
 :P — 
 
 
 
 ^ 5 
 
 Ai 
 
80 
 
 PHONETIC SHORT-HAND. 
 
 TABLE III. COMPOUND VOWEL CHARACTERS. 
 
 T 
 
 y\ 
 
 -/ 
 
 V 
 
 i(ue) 
 
 ok 
 
 u66 
 
 \i (yo6 or So6) 
 
 jce 
 
 oil 
 
 ow\ 
 
 Mse 
 
 fly 
 
 toy 
 
 sound 
 
 cube 
 
 high 
 
 boa 
 
 plow 
 
 few 
 
 V 
 
 eu 
 
 
 au 
 
 lU 
 
 ou 
 
 oou 
 
 ear 
 
 
 player 
 
 ire 
 
 oar 
 
 poor 
 
 mere 
 
 
 weigher 
 
 fire 
 
 door 
 
 moor 
 
 tier 
 
 
 gayer 
 
 higher 
 
 more 
 
 boor 
 
 TABLE 
 
 IV. 
 
 COMPOUND 
 
 CONSONANT CHAE 
 
 ACTERS 
 
 /7 
 
 10 and y Compounds. 
 
 A 
 
 
 V 
 
 
 ■^ 
 
 ^^r 
 
 wh 
 
 
 yh 
 
 
 ch(tyh) 
 
 i(dy) 
 
 why 
 
 
 ^ew 
 
 
 cheer 
 
 jeer 
 
 -JT 
 
 -If 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 ,^^ 
 
 -8- 
 
 Bh(syh) 
 
 zy 
 
 
 kw 
 
 gw 
 
 sw 
 
 sheer 
 
 aaure 
 
 
 queen 
 
 language 
 
 sweet 
 
 Nasal Compounds. 
 
 /? 
 
 (/ 
 
 1/ 
 
 r 
 
 r 
 
 mp 
 
 mb 
 
 nt 
 
 nd 
 
 n^k 
 
 ngg 
 
 stamp 
 
 awifter 
 
 ant 
 
 and 
 
 \nk 
 
 anger 
 
 pl 
 
 play 
 
 Final I Compounds. 
 
 bl fl kl 
 
 blow ty clay 
 
 gl 
 
 gloMV 
 
 
 
 Final r Compounds. 
 
 
 
 n— 
 
 rx- 
 
 U. ^ "^L. 
 
 U- 
 
 J-. 
 
 pr 
 
 br 
 
 fr tr dr 
 
 kr 
 
 gr 
 
 ^y 
 
 6row 
 
 free try dry 
 
 cry 
 
 firrow 
 
CHAPTEE II. 
 
 DIEECTIONS FOR THE USE OF THE CHARACTERS. 
 
 § I. The characters differ in direction or form, hut not in 
 thickness. 
 
 In constructing this system of short-hand I have wholly 
 avoided the use of a difference in thickness or heaviness of 
 stroke as a means of denoting a difference in sound, believing 
 such an expedient objectionable for two reasons, viz. ; first, 
 the uncertainty which it is apt to impart to the reading of 
 the short-hand manuscript ; and second, the interruption it 
 necessarily occasions in writing, thereby preventing the ac- 
 quirement of an easy running hand. All the characters are 
 to be written with a light and flowing stroke, so as to give 
 the greatest facility to the movement of the hand. 
 
 § II. Joining the characters to form words. 
 In this system all the characters of any short-hand word 
 are to be joined together so as to form one continuous stroke 
 or movement of the pen, — the second character beginning 
 where the first ends, the third where the second ends, and 
 so on without lifting the pen till the word is finished ; 
 somewhat as the word vowel is written in long-hand manu- 
 script. No detached marks are used either for vowels or 
 consonants ; and the only exception to the continuity of the 
 6 
 
82 A NEW SYSTEM OF 
 
 writing for all words (other than those for which word-signs 
 or abbreviation-marks are used) is, that when two vowel- 
 characters come together having the same direction they 
 should be written parallel to each other rather than joined. 
 The student, before attempting to write words, should 
 practise writing the characters separately in order to become 
 familiar with their forms and to accustom the hand to the 
 movements which they require. 
 
 § III. Vowel Characters. 
 
 1. The vowel charactei-s are straight or curved strokes fol- 
 lowing in the order of their direction the natural scale of the 
 vowel-sounds ; viz., downward for the most Ungual; slanting 
 downward for the partly lingual; horizontal from left to right 
 for the open vowels; slanting upward for the partly labial; 
 and upward for the most labial. 
 
 2. No distinction need be made in short-hand writing be- 
 tween the vowels which have an unaccented pronunciation 
 and the corresponding vowels which have an abrupt pronun- 
 ciation. Both kinds are therefore arranged together in the 
 Table of Vowel Characters under the name of short Towels, 
 and are represented by tlie same series of characters. 
 
 3. The characters for the long vowels differ" only in length 
 from those for the corresponding short vowels. 
 
 4. In rapid writing the downward stroke \ may be used 
 for a, instead of the downward curve v , and the upward 
 stroke y for o instead of the upward curve ^ 
 
PHONETIC SHORT-HAND. 
 
 83 
 
 5. The upward stroke /' may be used for & except 
 for such final sounds as or in for, ar in war, aw in saWy 
 which should be represented by the curved form r 
 
 6. The vowel-sound u in fear, fair, there, other, is very 
 nearly the same as the final sound in idea, and these sounds 
 do not need to be distino;uished from each other in writiusf. 
 The corresponding long vowels ur, as in M?'gent, earnest, and 
 a, as in alms, harm, father, also resemble each other, being 
 both open vowels, and may generally be represented by the 
 same character. If greater accuracy is desired, the ur vowel 
 may be represented by adding the character for r, thus -x- 
 in the same manner as is done in ordinary writing in such 
 words as urgent, lurk, fur. 
 
 7. The characters for the compound vowds are formed by 
 joining the characters for the vowels which compose them ; 
 the angle in some cases being rounded into a curve form for 
 convenience of writing. 
 
 Any other combinations of vowels may be represented in 
 a similar manner by combining the vowei-^characters as in 
 the following examples : 
 
 u 
 
 \y 
 
 U^ 
 
 eu 
 
 eo 
 
 So or 10 
 
 ar<a 
 
 mediocrity 
 
 onole 
 
 heavier 
 
 physiology 
 
 diocese 
 
 jtudtows 
 
 geology 
 
 violate 
 
 11 
 
 / 
 
 J^ 
 
 i& 
 
 6& 
 
 uoou 
 
 piety 
 
 showy 
 
 power 
 
 society 
 
 poetry 
 
 shower 
 
 variety 
 
 stoical 
 
 Aovxr 
 
84 
 
 A NEW SYSTEM OP 
 
 8. The consonant sound of r final or before a consonant, 
 as in fea?', pou?', aH, court, etc., need not be represented. 
 When r conies between two vowel-sounds, we may either 
 omit the vowels and write the r, or we may omit the r and 
 write the vowels. In the latter case if the vowel-characters 
 have the same direction they should be written parallel to 
 each other rather than joined together. 
 
 9. Any termination consisting of re preceded by an 
 unaccented vowel or by e, as in salutary, livery, history, 
 ivory, veri/, merry, etc., may be represented by a combina- 
 
 tion of the two characters ^ and 
 
 VIZ. 
 
 and the 
 
 same mark made larger may represent are as in va7'y, dairy, 
 etc. 
 
 Other terminations in I'e preceded by one or more vowels 
 may be represented as follows : 
 
 K 
 
 ^ 
 
 y> 
 
 ure 
 
 ore or ()r& 
 
 iure 
 
 aure or ar6 
 
 ubourh 
 
 hurry 
 
 story 
 
 fiery 
 
 fairy 
 
 SiOioery 
 
 curry 
 
 glory 
 
 vriry 
 
 airy 
 
 showoy 
 
 ■worry 
 
 qwarry 
 
 miry 
 
 carry 
 
 bowery 
 
 When these or similar combinations of sounds occur in 
 the middle of a word, as in stereotype, interest, hwrr/ed, 
 flon'd, fairylike, prevaricate, etc., the same forms may be 
 used ; or the character for r may be used, the vowels being 
 omitted. 
 
PHONETIC SHORT-HAND. 85 
 
 § IV. Consonant Oharacters. 
 
 1. The student should learn to repeat readily the con- 
 sonant-sounds in their natural order as arranged in Table II. 
 In doing this he should not use the alphabetical " names " of 
 the letters, as some of them have the accompanying vowel 
 before, and some after, the consonant ; and those for w^ y, 
 r, g^ and h are entirely different in sound from the conso- 
 nants themselves. Just enough vowel-sound should be used 
 to give each consonant its distinct pronunciation, and to 
 enable them all to be easily uttered in succession. For this 
 purpose the open vowel ur as in iur is the most convenient, 
 and may be used after each consonant, thus, for Ifxbials: — 
 ^ur, 6ur, mur, wur, /ur, vur; for Unguals: — <ur, dur, nur, 
 yur, ^Aur, dhnVy^ sur, 2;ur, Zur, rur; for palatals: — A;ur, ^ur 
 n^ur,2 Aur. 
 
 2. The consonant-sounds having thus been committed to 
 memory in a natural order, the consonant-characters may be 
 easily memorized. The characters for the labials, p, m, 
 w, and f, have a resemblance to certain portions of the or- 
 dinary manuscript letters, which will enable the student to 
 associate in his mind the character with the corresponding 
 letter; and from these labial characters all the others, except 
 those for s, z, 1, and r, are derived. 
 
 3. The character which represents the sound of p, for 
 
 1 As in other. " As in singer. 
 
S6 A NEW SYSTEM OF 
 
 instance, may be compared to the last portion of the manu- 
 script letter p; that for m resembles the first half of the 
 capital letter 31; that for w, the middle portion of the letter 
 w; and that for f, the upper loop of the letter y. 
 
 K y^ w J? 
 
 4. The characters for the voice-check consonants, b and 
 V, are the same as those for the corresponding breath-checJc 
 consonants, p and f, only they are made larger. 
 
 5. The characters for the Unguals^ t, d, n, y, th, and dh, 
 are the same as those for the cori'espouding labials, only they 
 are written downward instead of upward. 
 
 ^ w /< V ^ ^ 
 
 t d n y th dh 
 
 6. The characters for ih^ palatals , k, g, ng, and h, are the 
 same as those for the corresponding Unguals and labials, only 
 they are written backward (beginning at the top). 
 
 c C -=:: < 
 
 Ts. g ng h 
 
 7. The characters for s and z are circles, that for z being 
 made larger than that for s. 
 
 8. The characters for 1 and r are horizontal lines preceded 
 by a short backward stroke, that for 1 being upward and that 
 for r downward. 
 
 O O T- , . 
 
 s z 1 r 
 
PHONETIC SHORT-HAND. 87 
 
 § V. Compound Consonant Charadei's. 
 
 1. The compound-consonants are represented by forms 
 derived from the characters which represent the component 
 sounds. 
 
 2. The character for ch (tyA) is derived from the down- 
 ward curve which represents t and the downward angle which 
 represents yA, the character for j {dy) being the same only 
 larger ; that for sh (syh) is derived from the s circle and the 
 yh angle ; that for kw is the w character written in a curve 
 form to represent the curve of the k character. 
 
 3. In the characters for mp and nt the m and n angles 
 are rounded to represent the p and t cm'ves. 
 
 4. The characters for ng\i and ngg have a downward 
 stroke for the ng sound with an upward curve stroke which 
 returns to the line of writing and answers to represent the 
 curve form of the k and g characters. 
 
 5. It is seldom necessary to distinguish between the 
 sounds ng as in siw^er and ngg as in lin^er^ and they may 
 generally both be represented by the character for ngg ^ 
 
 6. In the characters for pi, bl, and for kl, gl, the p and 
 b curves and the k and g curves are turned so as to end with 
 the 1 character. In a similar manner the characters for the 
 final r compounds end with the r character. The characters 
 for fl and vl consist of the characters for f and v written so 
 as to slant backward instead of forward in order to represent 
 the backward stroke of the 1 character. 
 
88 A NEW SYSTEM OF 
 
 7. The characters for wh and yh are the same as those 
 for w and y, there being, usually, no need of distinguishing 
 them in short-hand writing. If greater accuracy should be 
 desired the wh may be represented by a combination of the 
 w and h characters, and the yh by a combination of the y 
 and h characters, thus, x X 
 
 § VI. Double Consonant Forms. 
 When two or more consonant-sounds occur together in 
 a word, either in the same syllable or in successive syllables, 
 without any intervening vowel-sound they may be written 
 together in a more or less abbreviated form as represented 
 in Table V on pages 90 and 91. The forms for the compound 
 consonants already given in Table IV are omitted. 
 
 § VII. Directions for the use of the characters for m, n, f 
 Vy thy dhy w, y, wh, yh, and h. 
 
 1. The first or upward stroke of the m character is 
 intended only as a connecting stroke, in order to bring the 
 character above the line of writing of the rest of the word. 
 When this character begins a word, or is only preceded by a 
 character which may be conveniently written above the line 
 of writing, the connecting stroke may be dispensed with. 
 
 2. The second or upward stroke of the n character is also 
 only a connecting stroke which may be dispensed with when 
 this character ends a word or is only followed by a character 
 which may be written below the line of writing. 
 
 -4 ^ ^ ^^ v^ ^ 
 
 mask immerse smoke burn attorney turns 
 
PHONETIC SHORT-HAND. 
 
 89 
 
 3. When the slanting characters, m, n, f, v, th, or dh, 
 are either of them preceded or followed by the labial vowel 
 00 the character may be written directly upward or down- 
 ward instead of slanting ; and in this case the vowel itself 
 may often be omitted, being sufficiently indicated by the di- 
 rection of the consonant-character. 
 
 4. As the consonants w, y, wh, and yh naturally imply a 
 following vowel-sound we may use the consonant character 
 alone, omitting the vowel-character, or we may use a com- 
 bination of both, as in the following examples : 
 
 1 -N •^s. r- 'V ^ 
 
 we 
 
 wa 
 
 wau 
 
 wur 
 
 w5 
 
 vpod 
 
 weave 
 
 tcake 
 
 wear 
 
 world 
 
 tooe 
 
 woo 
 
 wheel 
 
 xcait 
 
 where 
 
 whirl 
 
 wove 
 
 woo! 
 
 ^ 
 
 'A 
 
 u 
 
 k. 
 
 v/* 
 
 ^ 
 
 ye 
 
 ya 
 
 yu 
 
 yur or ya 
 
 "yo 
 
 yoo 
 
 !/e 
 
 yea 
 
 saviowr 
 
 yearn 
 
 yoke 
 
 view 
 
 yield 
 
 
 behavior 
 
 yard 
 
 
 hew 
 
 5. The character for w or wh when it is followed by a 
 character which slants downward to the left may be written 
 in a curved manner forming a small hook at the beginning 
 of the succeeding character. 
 
 6. The character for the aspirate h may be written alone, 
 the vowel following being omitted, or the vowel may be 
 written and the aspirate character omitted. If both are 
 written they may be combined in the following manner : 
 
 r 
 
 he 
 heed 
 
 ha har or ha ho or h4 
 
 hale hurt, harm hot, hall 
 
 ho hoo or hoo 
 hole hood, hoot 
 
90 
 
 A NEW SYSTEM OF 
 
 TABLE V. CONSONANT CHARACTERS JOINED IN 
 ONE FORM. 
 
 <r\ 
 
 Initial I 
 
 </ ^ ^ . 
 
 Ip lb Im If Iv 
 
 help bulb Tealm elf helve 
 
 ■r>r- '^^V" 
 
 It 1(1 1th Ich Ij 
 
 hilt held health Glch bulge 
 
 'T-O 
 
 ^v 
 
 Is 
 
 Iz 
 
 Jsh Ik 
 
 Itr 
 
 Idr 
 
 else 
 
 hells 
 
 compulsion silk 
 Initial m. 
 
 ultra, 
 
 children 
 
 /6 /v /^ A A- 
 
 ^ /^ ^ /2. 
 
 mt md mn mz ml mpl mbl mpr mbr 
 
 empty aimed chimney alms hamlet ample amble empress embrace 
 
 
 
 Initial n. 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 i 
 
 V- 
 
 /- 
 
 •6 
 
 -O 
 
 um 
 
 ns or nz 
 
 nl 
 
 nr 
 
 BSt 
 
 nzd 
 
 enmity 
 
 pence pens 
 
 enZarge 
 
 enrage 
 
 against 
 
 bronzed 
 
 4- 
 
 5. 
 
 sC 
 
 Jl. 
 
 0" 
 
 <r 
 
 ntr 
 
 ndr 
 
 nstr 
 
 nkr 
 
 ntl 
 
 ndl 
 
 entry 
 
 hundred 
 
 instruct increase 
 
 antZer 
 
 handZe 
 
 
 -- 
 
 Ar 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 nkw 
 
 nch 
 
 
 nj 
 
 
 
 ingwest 
 
 bencA 
 
 
 eryoy 
 
 
PHONETIC SHORT-HAND. 
 
 91 
 
 
 
 
 Initial ng. 
 
 
 
 
 c 
 
 C 
 
 # 
 
 X 
 
 ^^^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 ngt 
 
 ngd 
 
 njth 
 
 nggr 
 
 nggw 
 
 ngrkl 
 
 nggl 
 
 distinct 
 
 wronged 
 
 length 
 
 angry 
 
 language 
 
 ankle 
 
 angle 
 
 Final I, 
 
 tl 
 rattle 
 
 dl 
 addle 
 
 si 
 sl&j 
 
 spl 
 spZit 
 
 Car 
 
 kspl 
 ea;pZain 
 
 kskl 
 exclude 
 
 thl 
 athlete 
 
 ' 
 
 
 
 Final r. 
 
 
 
 
 03^ 
 
 <k^ 
 
 Sl 
 
 ^ 
 
 S_ 
 
 -2_ 
 
 ^^ 
 
 spr 
 
 kspr 
 
 str 
 
 kstr 
 
 ktr 
 
 skr 
 
 thr 
 
 spread 
 
 express 
 
 siring 
 
 extreme 
 
 docfrirfe 
 
 scream 
 
 throne 
 
 Final t. 
 
 pt 
 apt 
 
 ft 
 oft 
 
 St 
 
 kt 
 liked 
 
 Final d. 
 
 bd 
 
 robbed 
 
 vd 
 Txxoved 
 
 zd 
 raised 
 
 ripr^cd 
 
CHAPTER III. 
 
 DIRECTIONS FOE WRITING. 
 
 § I. The line of writing. 
 
 The line of writing is the horizontal Hue on which words 
 are written. In short-hand writing, if ruled paper is used, 
 the line of writing should be an imaginary line in the middle 
 of the spacey the ruled lines themselves being used only to 
 separate the written lines from each other ; for the reason that 
 if the words were written on the ruled line the horizontal 
 characters might not be sufficiently distinct from it. The 
 student should first practise with ruled paper, learning to 
 write the words in the middle of the space between the ruled 
 lines. After the method of writing has become familiar it 
 will be better to dispense with ruled lines altogether, as it is 
 an advantage not to be dependent upon them. 
 
 § II. Size of the characters. 
 The characters as exhibited in the tables, though somewhat 
 larger than they need to be in practical use, will serve to 
 show the proper form, direction, and" relative size or length. 
 No use is made of a difference in thickness or heaviness of 
 stroke as a means of denoting a difference between sounds. 
 (See Chapter II, §1.) The beginner will naturally use 
 at first a larger sized writing than will be necessary after 
 
 (92) 
 
PHONETIC SHORT-HAND. 93 
 
 the hand has become more accustomed to forming the cliar- 
 acters. The best measure for practical use is about an eighth 
 or a sixth of an inch in length for the larg^est sized charac- 
 ters. 
 
 Although it is best to form the habit of making the dis- 
 tinction between the small and large characters, there are 
 some of them, as those for f and v, for s and 2, and for Ih 
 and dli, in which, as experience will show, this distinction 
 need not always be observed in rapid writing. The same is 
 true in regard to the distinction between the 8h<yrt vowels 
 and the corresponding long vowels ; which* is denoted by a 
 difference in the length of the character, and is not so im- 
 portant as those distinctions which are denoted by a dif- 
 ference in form or direction. An occasional omission to 
 give the exact size or length to the character will not occa- 
 sion any difficulty in the reading, since the rest of the word 
 or the accompanying words will sufficiently show what sound 
 it is intended to represent. 
 
 § III. Continuity of the writing. 
 
 As already stated, Chap. II, § II, the writing of each word 
 is to be continuous ; the only exceptions being the word- 
 signs and marks for abbreviation, and the words in which two 
 vowel-characters having the same direction are written paral- 
 lel to each other. 
 
 In joining the characters of a word the forms may often 
 be slightly varied for convenience *of writing ; but this should 
 
94 A NEW SYSTEM OF 
 
 be done only when it will not interfere with the legibility of 
 the manuscript. 
 
 § rV. Words to be written according to the sound. 
 
 In writing a word in phonetic short-hand no regard should 
 be paid to the Ordinary spelling, and those sounds only 
 should be represented which are heard when the word is 
 pronounced. All silent letters are to be omitted ; for in- 
 stance, such as e in fine; i in chief; w in lovit, wrong; p in 
 attemj)t ;kj w^ d and e in knowledge; p and I in psalm, etc. 
 The student must also learn not to be misled by the unpho- 
 netic manner in which the letters are used in the ordinary 
 long-hand writing; as for instance in the words weigJiti/^ 
 phase, which, written phonetically, would be wdte, fdz. 
 
 The habit of spelling in the ordinary way makes it some- 
 what diflficult, at first, to learn to write phonetically, that is, 
 according to the sound; and for this reason it will be well 
 for the student to make a careful study of the analysis of 
 sounds given in Chapter I, before proceeding to practise the 
 short-hand writing. 
 
 § V. Sounds that may he omitted in writing. 
 Ks> rapidity is the chief object of short-hand, many sounds, 
 particularly vowel-souuds, may be omitted in the writing 
 where such omission does not prevent the written word from 
 being easily read ; the other sounds in the same word or the 
 other words with which it is connected making it sufficiently 
 evident what word is intended to be represented. To what 
 
PHONETIC SHORT-HAND. 95 
 
 extent this omission may be carried will depend upon prac- 
 tice and also upon the particular object of the writing. As 
 the short-hand writing becomes familiar a word will be read, 
 not by spelling out each character, but by its general form 
 or outline ; so that a whole sentence may often be read at a 
 glance even though considerably abbreviated by the omission 
 of many of the sounds. If the writing is intended to be 
 laid aside and not to be read till after an interval of time, 
 the writing should be more full and accurate than when it is 
 intended for immediate use. 
 
 Although practice is the best teacher in regard to this sort 
 of abbreviation it will be found convenient to observe the 
 following rules : 
 
 1. Unaccented vowels between consonants (in the same 
 word) may generally be omitted. Even accented vowels 
 between consonants may often be omitted, especially in words 
 of more than two syllables. 
 
 2. The r before a oonsonant, as in art, heart, court, etc., 
 or when finals as in war, fear, fair, etc., need not be repre- 
 sented. 
 
 3. The sound of r between two vowel-sounds, as in 
 se?nous, arrange, etc., may generally be omitted if the vowel- 
 sounds are represented. 
 
 4. When the same consonant is repeated without any 
 intervening sound as in be^^er, da^/^er, mn^Y, etc., only 9ne 
 need be written. 
 
96 PHONETIC SHORT-HAND. 
 
 5. The aspirate h may be omitted if the vowel which fol- 
 lows it is represented ; except iu a few words (particularly 
 those of one syllable) where the aspirate constitutes the only 
 means of distinction from another word, as in Aarm, arm; 
 /ieart, art ; A old, old. 
 
 6. When m, n, Z, r, begin a word, the vowel following 
 may often be omitted even when accented, as these con- 
 sonants, when initial i imply a following vowel. 
 
 7. An initial vowel need not be represented when it is 
 followed by a double consonant-sound which necessarily im- 
 plies a preceding vowel-sound, as in employ, empire, express, 
 intend, altitude, etc. 
 
CHAPTEK lY. 
 
 WORD-SIGNS AND ABBREVIATIONS. 
 
 § I. Definition of word-signs. 
 Word-signs are special signs representing certain words, 
 and may consist either of contractions; words m which some 
 of the characters are omitted or written in a contracted form ; 
 or symbols suggesting by their forms the idea of the word ; 
 or, finally, arbitrary marks. Those of the first kind are nat- 
 urally suggested by experience, and their use may be indef- 
 initely extended by the writer to suit his own convenience, 
 provided only that the forms be such as will not interfere 
 with the legibility of the writing. (See pages 114, 115.) 
 Symbols may be used for a few common words denoting 
 position or direction. Examples of this kind will be found 
 on page 104. Arbitrary marks can be more easily com- 
 mitted to memory if the words and their signs are arranged 
 in a certain corresponding order. Some of the pronouns 
 and auxiliary verbs are represented by such marks. 
 
 § II. Use of ivord-sig7is. 
 
 For those who wish to acquire a knowledge of short-hand, 
 
 not for the most rapid kind of verbatim reporting, but for 
 
 the ordinary purposes of correspondence, composition, taking 
 
 notes of lectures, etc., it is best not to burden the memory 
 
98 A NEW SYSTEM OF 
 
 with too many rules or arbitrary signs. Tiie advantage to 
 be gained, however, by the use of a few word-signs for 
 the most common words, and certain methods of abbrevia- 
 tion for prefixes and terminations, will amply repay one for 
 the little exertion necessary to commit them to memory ; and 
 these can be learned more easily at first than after acquiring 
 a habit of writing out, in full, words which might as well be 
 represented by brief forms. 
 
 § III. Difference of position. 
 
 Many words and phrases may be represented by the use of 
 
 word-signs, the meanings of which vary according as they 
 
 are written above, on, or belov) the line of writing. For 
 
 example, the characters for p, t, k, and a curve having a 
 
 direction opposite to that for k furnish convenient word- 
 
 sisrns as indicated in the following table : each character 
 
 having a diflerent meaning according to its position ; that 
 
 for t, for instance, meaning at least when written above the 
 
 line, at any rate when written on the line, and at all events 
 
 when written beloiu the line. 
 
 ( at least ( possibly 
 
 v-f < at any rate "^ < perhaps 
 
 ( at all events I probably 
 
 I according to C on the contrary 
 
 C \ on account of D < nevertheless 
 
 >l in consequence of I notwithstanding 
 
 ^ IV. Word-signs for Pronouns. 
 1 . The personal pronouns are represented by the use of 
 the dot written either above, on, or below the line of writing, 
 
UWYER 
 OAILAS, TEXA.S 
 
 PHONETIC SHORT-HAND. 99. 
 
 according as the pronoun is of the Jirsi, second, or third 
 person ; two dots being used for the plural number. 
 
 I or me you he, him, or it we or iis ye they or them 
 
 2. Other pronouns may be represented by small angles 
 written above, on, or below the line of writing. 
 
 A V 
 
 A V 
 
 A V 
 
 who or whom which what each each other every or everybody 
 
 > < 
 
 either any or anyone such neither none another 
 
 3. The possessive case may be indicated by a curved line 
 under the word-sign, and the reciprocals self, selves, the 
 termination ever, and the adjective own may, either of them, 
 be indicated by a curved line over the word-sign. These 
 curves may be used together forming a circle about the 
 word-sign for mi/ own, their own, etc. 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 viy or mine your or yours themselves whatever 
 
100 A NEW SYSTEM OF 
 
 4. Other pronominal words may be represented as fol- 
 lows : 
 
 \ /^ cT t/^ c^ cT^ <^ <^ 
 
 a an the this these those there then 
 
 O- ^ ^ ^ / ^ ^ 
 
 hoth feio many some the same part ichole 
 
 5. Time, place or manner may be denoted by the marks 
 «j o or / {t, p, 7n,) written under either of the above 
 
 word-signs or abbreviations. 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 >y 
 
 
 at at in at at at part at the 
 
 which what any every this some of the same 
 
 time place manner place time time time place 
 
 6. Other similar abbreviations will be suggested by ex- 
 perience. For instance, the expression on my behalf^ on Ms 
 behalf, etc., may be represented by placing the character for 
 h above the word-sign ; for this reason, for another reason, 
 etc., by placing the character for r above the Avord-sign; 
 and for this purpose, for what puipose, etc., by placing the 
 character for p above the word-sign. The addition of the 
 word thing, as in everything, something, may be denoted by 
 making a straight stroke through the word-sign. 
 
PHONETIC SHORT-HAND. 101 
 
 § V. Word-si(/ns for the auxiliary verbs. 
 
 1. For the words may, can, ivill, shall, must, ought to, 
 have, had, might, could, would, should, a short stroke may 
 be used, written in one of four directions, and above the line 
 for the first four, on the line for the second four, and below 
 the line for the last four. 
 
 - I \ ^ 
 
 - I \ X 
 
 -IS/ 
 
 may can will shall must ought to have had might could would should 
 
 2. The addition of not may be indicated by an additional 
 stroke making an acute angle with the first ; and be or been 
 by a parallel stroke, as in the following examples : 
 
 may not must not might not have not had not can not ought not to could sot 
 
 = II \\ yy^ 
 
 II = 
 
 may be could be must be ought to be might be have been had been 
 
 may not be must not be might not be have not been had not been 
 
 n 
 
 can not be ought not to be could not be 
 
102 A NEW SYSTEM OF 
 
 3. Other auxiliary verbs. 
 
 is, am are was were 
 
 there is there are there was there were 
 
 ^ O ^ -^^ 
 
 be being been to be 
 
 \^ \^' --^ N^-^ 
 
 do doing done to do 
 
 does did 
 
 § VI. Abbreviations for prefixes and terminations. 
 
 1. Tiie best method of abbreviating prefixes, such as ex, 
 in, un, per, pro, pre, con, com, etc., is to use one or more of 
 the characters which represent the sounds contained in the 
 prefix, rather than to use detached marks. The characters 
 may, in many cases, be combined together or written in a 
 briefer form to show that they are intended for prefixes. 
 For instance ex may be represented by the characters for Jc 
 and s written together ; in or icn by the character for n made 
 smaller than usual ; per by the character for p; pro or pre 
 by the character for pr ; con by the character for k with a 
 
PHONETIC SHORT-HAND. 103 
 
 short stroke downward to the left for the n; and com by the 
 downward stroke of the m character written in a curved form 
 to represent both the m and the k sound. A table of abbre- 
 viations of this sort will be found at the end of this chapter. 
 
 2. Some of the terminations of nouns ^ such as ment, ness^ 
 tion, sion, ion, ance, ence, may be denoted by a straight stroke 
 through the preceding part of the word, adding the s char- 
 acter for a plural termination, or the d character for final etZ, 
 at the end of the stroke. 
 
 3. Adjective terminations, such as ing, ful, ous, ious, 
 eous, hie, able, ible, may be represented by a dot at the end 
 of the preceding character. 
 
 4. The adverbial terminations ly and ward may be rep- 
 resented by a dot at the side of the preceding character. 
 
 5. The signs for terminations can be used together. The 
 termination fulness Qoy fulness), for instance, may be rep- 
 resented by a dot at the end of, and a stroke through, the 
 preceding character. 
 
104 A NEW SYSTEM OF 
 
 § VII. Word-signs /or words denoting jposition or direction. 
 above below over under upon beneath upward downward 
 
 'I -I I- H h 
 
 before behind in front (of) in the rear (of) towards from backward forward 
 
 •) )• )i -) )- 3 > 
 
 within without inside (of) outside (of) into out of inward outward 
 
 through against along beyond between beside or besides 
 
 T 1 
 
 at the beginning in the middle at the end at the top at the bottom across 
 
 r— —■ I — II — = =r- 
 
 the former the latter the preceding the following equal (to) unequal (to) 
 
 § VIII. Long-hand abbreviations, punctuation marks, etc. 
 1. The same abbreviations that are used in ordinary long- 
 hand writing may also be used here, for example : 
 
 > < + X ^ 
 
 greater than less than in addition to multiplied by divided by 
 
PHONETIC SHORT-HAND. 105 
 
 2. The ordinary punctuation marks, quotation marks, 
 numerals, etc., may also be used, except that a small cross 
 should be substituted for the period, 
 
 3. The ordinal words first, second, third, fourth, etc., 
 may be represented by a dot at the side of the numeral 
 figure, and firstly, secondly, etc., by an additional dot. The 
 words once, twice, thrice, may be represented by a small 
 circle at the side of the figure. 
 
 4. A pause may be denoted, as in long-hand writing, by 
 a dash; and emjihasis by a line drawn under the words 
 emphasized. 
 
 5. Words which in long-hand begin with a capital letter 
 may be denoted in short-hand by a small mark ^ written 
 above them. 
 
KEY TO THE SHOBT-HAND EXAMPLES ON PAGES 117-120. 
 
 EXAMPLE I. 
 
 The Grandeur of Peace. — Sumner. 
 Whatever may be the jutlgment of poets, of moralists, 
 of satirists, or even of soldiers, it is certain that the glory of 
 arms still exercises no mean influence over the minds of men. 
 The art of war, which has been happily termed by a French 
 divine, the baleful art by which men learn to exterminate 
 one another, is yet held, even among Christians, to be an 
 honorable pursuit ; and the animal courage, which it stimu- 
 lates and develops, is prized as a transcendent virtue. It 
 will be for another age, and a higher civilization, to appreci- 
 ate the more exalted character of the art of benevolence — 
 the art of extending happiness and all good influences, by 
 word or deed, to the largest number of mankind — which, in 
 blessed contrast with the misery, the degradation, the wicked- 
 ness of war, shall shine resplendent, the true grandeur of 
 peace. All then will be willing to join with the early poet 
 in saying, at least, 
 
 "Though louder fame attend the martial rage, 
 'Tis greater glory to reform the age." 
 
 Ddes any one ask for the signs of this approaching era? 
 The increasing beneficence and intelligence of our own day, 
 
 (106) 
 
PHONETIC SHORT-HAND. 107 
 
 the broail-spread sympathy with human suffering, the widen- 
 ing thoughts of men, the longings of the heart for a higher 
 condition on earth, the unfulfilled promises of Christian 
 progress, are the auspicious auguries of this happy future. 
 As early voyagers over untried realms of waste, we have 
 already observed the signs of land. The green twig and 
 fresh red berry have floated by our bark ; the odors of the 
 shore fan our faces ; nay, we may seem to descry the distant 
 gleam of light, and hear from the more earnest observers, as 
 Columbus heard, after midnight, from the mast-head of the 
 Pinta, the joyful cry of Land ! Land ! and lo ! a new world 
 broke upon his early morning gaze. 
 
 EXAMPLE II. 
 
 The Character of True Eloquence. — Webster. 
 When public bodies are to be addressed on momentous 
 occasions, when great interests are at stake, and strong pas- 
 sions excited, nothing is valuable in speech farther than as it 
 is connected with high intellectual and moral endowments. 
 Clearness, force, and earnestness, are the qualities which 
 produce conviction. True eloquence, indeed, does not con- 
 sist in speech. It cannot be brought from far. Labor and 
 learning may toil for it, but they will toil in vain. Words 
 and phrases may be marshalled in every way^ but they cannot 
 compass it. It must exist in the man, in the subject, and in 
 the occasion. Affected passion, intense expression, the pomp 
 of declamation, all may aspire to it ; they cannot reach it. 
 
108 A NEW SYSTEM OF 
 
 It comes, if it come at all, like the outbreaking of a fountain 
 from the earth, or the bursting forth of volcanic fires, with 
 spontaneous, original, native force. The graces taught in 
 the schools, the costly ornaments and studied contrivances of 
 speech, shock and disgust men, when their own lives, and 
 the fate of their wives, their children, and their country, 
 hang on the decision of the hour. Then words have lost 
 their power, rhetoric is vain, and all elaborate oratory con- 
 temptible. Even genius itself then feels rebuked and sub- 
 dued, as in the presence of higher qualities. Then patriot- 
 ism is eloquent ; then self-devotion is eloquent. The clear 
 conception, outrunning the deductions of logic, the high pur- 
 pose, the firm resolve, the dauntless spirit, speaking on the 
 tongue, beaming from the eye, informing every feature, and 
 urging the whole man onward, right onward, to his object — 
 this, this is eloquence ; or rather it is something greater and 
 higher than all eloquence, it is action, noble, sublime, god- 
 like action. 
 
 EXAMPLE III. 
 
 THE STAR SPANGLED BANNER. 
 
 O say, can you see, by the dawn's early light, 
 "What so proudly we hailed at the twilight's last gleaming ; 
 
 Whose broad stripes and bright stars, through tlie perilous fight. 
 O'er the ramparts we watched were so gallantly streaming ! 
 
 And the rockets' red glare, the bombs bursting in air. 
 
 Gave proof through the night that our flag was still there ; 
 O say, does that Star-Spangled Banner yet wave 
 O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave ! 
 
PHONETIC SHORT-HAND. 109 
 
 On the shore, dimly seen through the mists of the deep. 
 Where the foe's haughty host in dread silence reposes, 
 
 What is that which the breeze, o'er the towering steep, 
 As it fitfully blows, now conceals, now discloses ! 
 
 Now it catches the gleam of the morning's first beam, 
 
 In full glory reflected now shines on the stream ; 
 'Tis the Star-Spangled Banner! O, long may it wave 
 O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave ! 
 
 And where are the foes who so vauntingly swore 
 That the havoc of war and the battle's confusion, 
 
 A home and a country should leave us no more? 
 Their blood hath washed out their foul footsteps' pollution ! 
 
 No refuge could save the hireling and slave 
 
 From the terror of flight or the gloom of the grave ; 
 And the Star-Spangled Banner in triumph shall wave 
 O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave ! 
 
 0~, thus be it ever, when freemen shall stand 
 Between their loved homes and the war's desolation ! 
 
 Blessed with victory and peace, may the heaven-rescued land 
 Praise the Power that hath made and preserved us a Nation. 
 
 Then conquer we must, when our cause it is just. 
 
 And this be our motto, "In God is our trust;" 
 And the Star-Spangled Banner in triumph shall wave 
 O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave ! 
 
110 A NEW SYSTEM OF 
 
 EXAMPLE IV. 
 
 CROSS-EXAMINATION OF A "WITNESS.* 
 
 Q. You have produced a uote-book of original steno- 
 graphic report of a speech of the President? 
 
 A. Yes, sir. 
 
 Q. Is it of the whole speech ? 
 
 A. Of the whole speech. 
 
 Q. Was it wholly made by you ? 
 
 A. By me ; yes sir. 
 
 Q. How long did the speech occupy in the delivery? 
 
 A. Well, I suppose some twenty or twenty-five minutes. 
 
 Q. By what method of stenographic reporting did you 
 proceed on that occasion ? 
 
 A. Pitman's system of phonography. 
 
 Q. Which is, as I understand, reporting by sound, and 
 not by sense ? 
 
 A. We report the sense by the sound. 
 
 Q. I understand you report by sound wholly ? 
 
 A. Signs. 
 
 Q. And not by memory of or attention to sense ? 
 
 A. ^No good reporter can report imless he always pays 
 attention and understands the sense of what he is reporting. 
 
 * See Impeachment of Andrew Johnson, Vol. I, p. 28-2. In the example the ques- 
 tions in cross-examination are distinguished from the answers of the witness by two 
 strokes crossing each other before the questions, and a veitical stroke before the 
 answers. Questions in direct examination may be marked by writing before them a 
 stroke slanting downward from riglit to left. The questions may be numbered by 
 placing the number over the crossed lines or the slanting line. Any interruptions, such 
 as objections by counsel, questions or remarks by the court, arguments on objections, 
 etc., should be separated by parenthesis-marks. 
 
PHONETIC SHORT-HAND. Ill 
 
 Q. That is the very point I wish to arrive at, whether 
 you are attending to the sound and setting it down in your 
 notation, or whether you are attending to the sense and 
 setting it down from your memory or attention to the sense? 
 
 A. Both. 
 
 Q. Both at the same time? 
 
 A. Yes, sir. 
 
 Q. Your characters are ai-bitrary, are they not ; that is, 
 they are peculiar to your art ? 
 
 A. Yes, sir. 
 
 Q. They are not letters? 
 
 A. No, sir. 
 
 Q. Nor words ? 
 
 A. We have word signs. 
 
 Q. But generally sound signs? 
 
 A. We have signs for sounds, just as the letters of the 
 alphabet represent sounds. 
 
 Q. But not the same ? 
 
 A. No, sir. 
 
 Q. You do not make a sign for every Avord? 
 
 A. Almost every word. "Of the" we generally drop, 
 and indicate that by putting the two words closer together. 
 Of course, we have rules jjoverninor us in writinsr. 
 
112 PHONETIC SHORT-HAND. 
 
 Q. That is, you have signs which belong to every word, 
 excepting when you drop the particles? 
 
 A. Yes, sir. 
 
 Q. But not, as a matter of course, a sign that is the rep- 
 resentative of a whole word? 
 
 A. Yes, sir ; we have signs representing words. 
 
 Q. Some signs? 
 A. Yes, sir. • 
 
 Q. For instance, for the word "jurisprudence," you have 
 no one sign that represents it? 
 
 A. No, sir ; I should write that "j-r-s-p." 
 
TABLE VI. 
 
 113. 
 
 r~ 
 
 Prefixes 
 
 i 
 
 jcrv 
 
 i 
 
 ( /^ 
 
 S^i^yijUf/uiMJw (^ 
 
 -V 
 
 Term i nation 8 
 A ^ 
 
 / 
 
 /^ 
 
 Vo 
 
 V 
 
 
 /? 
 
 •2. 
 
 41 
 
 
 Mam/ 
 fitc<nv 
 
 c 
 f 
 r 
 r 
 
 <£. 
 Ji 
 
 i 
 
 
 C<rT*v 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 J[JM^\*\»/l^aM<t' 
 
 fyiy 
 
 i 
 
 i 
 
 i I 
 
 
 
 *^*Yo 
 
 ^ I /TM^WTiA^ 
 
 
 lu6 
 
114i 
 
 TABLE YR. 
 
 Contractions 
 
 r 
 
 / 
 if 
 
 r' 
 
 r 
 
 V 
 
 J 
 
 / 
 
 / 
 / 
 
 r 
 
 f 
 
 AMey 
 
 J. 
 
 J«A/ 
 
 / 
 
 /VW a*V 
 
 - 
 
 Af 
 
 iu 
 
 "r 
 
 XojJmjui/ 
 
 ^ 
 
 At^/«U' 
 
 
 M^kAir 
 
 PiuM 
 
 t 
 
 iuniMzfir 
 
 r 
 
 
 - 
 
 yYfUiu 
 
 Pk£M^ 
 
 J 
 
 JU 
 
 ^' 
 
 yH^Mvcvt' 
 
 vtT 
 
 fihc 
 
 piiA^ui^<yiV 
 
 I 
 
 p-<^ 
 
 1 
 
 xtw 
 
 Y 
 
 fiJU^Ucujciw 
 
 lA^e^^' 
 
 / 
 
 /ffiJUf 
 
 "3 
 
 ycnv )S^ni/ 
 
 -rJso 
 
 /oiWo^' 
 
 fiUxiJ^ 
 
 -e- 
 
 jOuhA/ 
 
 t 
 
 /crw MnA4i 
 
 ^^-c 
 
 ■Uj^ 
 
 pCvoit/ 
 
 ^ui- 
 
 /(wLe<JiJitliv 
 
 ^ 
 
 firW Mi^ 
 
 V 
 
 mXch^' 
 
 /mwu 
 
 A. 
 
 
 /I- 
 
 xmiy 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 io'vUe/ 
 
 A 
 
 y^^/Oij 
 
 / 
 
 jViCy^fiMXiVi 
 
 Vic 
 
 fJUh^ 
 
 /J; ^ 
 
 V 
 
 jivJi- 
 
 iX 
 
 /VKT'tnivK? 
 
 c^ 
 
 p 1- 
 
 4 
 
 V 
 
 pl 
 
 r 
 
 AA--crv 
 
 7^' 
 
 
 /sUPM/ 
 
 ««^ 
 
 ,|L^ 
 
 i) 
 
 ^M'O'W 
 
 1 
 
 yVfilU 
 
 /^-'Ch/uJ 
 
 ^ 
 
 /cyvuMiAX^ 
 
 u 
 
 /l/!xH' 
 
 ^ 
 
 /Wwi^ 
 
 P^ 
 
 ^\ 
 
 h 
 
 (/ 
 
 /CUvd 
 
 ^^^ 
 
 
 
 P'-Hiow 
 
 ^ 
 
 ArVMU^ 
 
 (J- 
 
 ,aM^M)Icxth 
 
 ^v^ 
 
 /vrm/iej'OW 
 
 4 
 
 o- 
 
 akjVu^ 
 
 (T 
 
 uaaAaJ/ 
 
 7 
 
 MtIlh^ 
 
 lev 
 
 «>c 
 
 Awint/:^ 
 
 c/^ 
 
 £yi/^UA£/ 
 
 /^ 
 
 Wutw/ 
 
 Lrt/pU' 
 
 /"V. 
 
 AlVU^ir 
 
 c/h 
 
 //i^M/utJUi 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 je^jt^iU 
 
 ^'->^ 
 
 /fhyoctiokv 
 
 ^ 
 
 AM^lAM^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 /VVWV^tft^ 
 
TABLE Vn . (ContinuecL) 
 
 W5 
 
 v> 
 
 T 
 
 y 
 
 1 (t^toMV 
 
 j 
 
 Z' 
 
 4-OHiJlr 
 
 -^ 
 
 MA^ 
 
 SA' 
 
 t" 
 
 ' 1 
 
 X 
 
 ^i<«*tew«4*<7 
 
 V* 
 
 JUUUX oA 
 
 7° 
 
 j^i^Ucw 
 
 ^i^^ 
 
 /^ 
 
 CVMC^, C«t»N4' 
 
 S^ 
 
 iu^/Lh 
 
 9f 
 
 jM/x4<rHaUi( 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 CflTHlW 
 
 ^D 
 
 a6 
 
 '-^ 
 
 ,'Ui/l/t<KK' 
 
 ^ i d«vv>v 
 
 7 
 
 lrfcc«T**e' 
 
 J^- 
 
 ai leMcVTi 
 
 — 
 
 jvOA.^ 
 
 ,_X' j ^aaama^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 >? 
 
 ol^ Jon' 416 
 
 -. 
 
 UoaMaa 
 
 L 
 
 yiM^a^^ 
 
 -fS 
 
 civeA^ifiatantu 
 
 oo 
 
 aiz/fdiol 
 
 ^• 
 
 iWZaajU<vv 
 
 I 
 
 y^AA^XX/riir 
 
 / 
 
 a/m^jvi/<i 
 
 ^ 
 
 <K6 yi\MJieJlyai 
 
 --• 
 
 yii«A^lcuK*V 
 
 h 
 
 >H'*oae' 
 
 6 
 
 4cccJiM^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 (U^dooptr ad 
 
 ^- 
 
 itA^4i4-i/K 
 
 /^ 
 
 ./t4*<n**v«»' 
 
 6. 
 
 JbjxsiMi*^ 
 
 >^ 
 
 jtUiicyiaAA 
 
 - 
 
 /^-uauUlu \ K 
 
 -**<***KrXiy 
 
 6 
 
 fr/UM^MJl/' 
 
 JL \^ 
 
 -^ 
 
 , ^nJia!i^^AJi' r^ 
 
 yM/KrvMiWP 
 
 c 
 
 
 J^ 
 
 aoxnvU 
 
 'T' 
 
 /vi/m«*tt«/ 
 
 
 /H/Kj^f/y 
 
 c/ 
 
 ftW*' 
 
 (J[ 
 
 alctmv 
 
 ,'>-- 
 
 ^Ah/C^nSlh^ 
 
 2 
 
 oiWo^-i^ 
 
 s^ 
 
 cuv;e4* 
 
 \ 
 
 /t^uu^xryi- 
 
 ^>K. 
 
 {])^\^^WtMloit 
 
 z 
 
 /a^ti*-*^^ 
 
 T 
 
 J^oae/MW 
 
 A? 
 
 ^tVKTtfX' 
 
 \j 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 ^J-V-Ut-C-OW 
 
 IP 
 
 coK/Ca*v«- 
 
 ; 
 
 j6jO'(ruyf 
 
 VO 
 
 'JU^ 
 
 Z^ ': QA ^U/t/tyt«^V 
 
 i. 
 
 Couiwi/u 
 
 J 
 
 A/Ot^/0 
 
 V3- 
 
 jcM 
 
 ^ Aci'A^^.'**^ 
 
 ^• 
 
 C<rvu4vi4x!««a 
 
 r 
 
 T^ 
 
 «:?- 
 
 jdtdl V Uo-UitA4^ 
 
 VT' 
 
 a^K«/ui/^ 
 
 '^i ■ 
 
 /iratfttv 
 
 ^ 
 
 oMXMdi^ \ 
 
 ? 
 
 y<(^K*</5jetMr 
 
 ^•. 
 
 qJlMtn^oMu 
 
 V \ 
 
 >V**H*+l3 
 
116. 
 
 TABLE Vm. 
 
 Long-TiandL 
 
 Departed Days — Holmes. 
 
 Shorb-lz&ndy 
 
 (Sjixtm CBwveo f^uMA uA/n. pmce. nuvte, 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 k.Vp. 
 
 W/mxc/MiC' /fiwA- /Kmx/rtttrrn; /u>*«/ . 
 
 4-^-e-r^ ^ 
 
 
 
 u 
 
 ^j^ 
 
 ^ P ' 
 
 
 '(T 
 
 (y°.^- 
 
 c/ 
 
EXAMPLE 1'. • 117. 
 
 Tke Grandeur of Peace — Sumner. 
 
 ^ H^ ^^ ^\^ 1 " ^ ^*^ ^'^(^ % '^'^2/ ^y -^ ^ <y ^ '^ 
 H/ ^"^T. ? 6/ C I" ^ ^-7^ /-Tr^ ? ^ "^ =-v-^ -^^ <^ l-y^ -^^ 
 
118. EXAMPLE n. 
 
 True Eloc[uence — Webster. 
 
 ^V,^ov-^x^ nV'y-^-y-— y^-^'/"'^^ 
 
EXAMPLE in. 
 
 119. 
 
 The Star Spangled Banner 
 
 / 
 
 d//- "^ "V. *^ V "^^ "^> ^ ' 
 
 U-^^^'l'r^C^ 
 
 M. 
 
 v^->'--^^^<^--^ 
 
 
 /" 
 
 '^^/^^^/^Z'"^' 
 
 ^ y ^ ^ ^ - 'V <^ o^ ^^r 
 
120. EXAMPLE IV. 
 
 Cross-examination of a witness. 
 
 ^/"lo-X"^^ Ivo'^X^^'^ — ^""•- ^'^° .. - 
 
 -2^. Jv^ . |^a.^__ ^^K^ \/'^ X-'^ ""^ I ^ "^ X^^ 
 
 ^ -.^-^ 2. ,_^^ ^^ "C X -^ (T' ■■ N ^-ro (y< -^ ^_^. \ i^° • N 
 
•«miiii 
 
Selow. 
 
 ^^^UAS, TFT ' 1 
 
 f JNIVERSITY ot CALIFORWlA 
 
 AT 
 
 LOS ANGELES 
 
 LIBRARY