'
 
 fffy 'fol^c^^'
 
 G K N K R A L HISTORY, 
 
 CYCLOPEDIA 
 
 AND 
 
 DICTIONARY 
 
 OP 
 
 FREEMASONRY; 
 
 CONTAINING 
 
 AN ELABORATE ACCOUffT OF THE RISE AM PROGRESS OF FREEMASONRY, 
 
 AND 
 
 ITS KINDRED ASSOCIATIONS-ANCIENT AND MODERN. 
 
 ALSO, 
 
 DEFINITIONS OF THE 
 
 TECHNICAL TERMS USED BY THE FRATERNITY. 
 
 BY ROBERT MACOY, 33, 
 
 AUTHOB OP 
 
 The Boole of the Lodge, ifaxonie ifanual, True Jfanonie Guide, Vocal Manual, eU.; Past Deputy 
 
 Grand Mister of New York and Nora Smlia, P,txt Grand Secretary of New York, Grind 
 
 KtcorJf.r of the Grand Comnumdery of New York, Rrjtrtfentatirt of the Grand Lodget 
 
 of Wufonirin, Illinoit, and Nova Scotia, of the Grand Cammanderie* of Tennestee 
 
 and Texas, and the Grand Council of New Brunswick, etc. 
 
 Jllnstratcb null) npunub of 300 (Engramngs. 
 
 NEW YORK: 
 MASONIC PUBLISHING COMPANY, 
 
 626 BROADWAY. 
 
 1872.
 
 Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1868, by the 
 MASONIC PUBLISHING AND MANUFACTURING CO., 
 
 In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States for the 
 Southern District of New York.
 
 Stack 
 Annex 
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 TO supply, to some extent, the increasing demand for 
 knowledge, by students in the science of Freemasonry, 
 and to keep step with the irresistible progress of our institu- 
 tion, were the impelling motives that induced the undersigned 
 to undertake the arrangement of a work of this character. 
 Dr. OLIVER'S Dictionary of Symbolical Masonry, notwithstand- 
 ing its value and usefulness, falls short of the present wants 
 of the Fraternity. Dr. ALBERT G. MACKET'S Lexicon of 
 Freemasonry, better adapted to the requirements of the 
 Fraternity in the United States than any other work of the 
 kind heretofore published, is also deficient in many respects. 
 The present volume is intended to remedy many of the 
 defects and omissions of its predecessors, and to exhibit, in 
 a form of easy reference, the latest developments and 
 progress of the institution, and the results of more recent 
 investigations. It contains a comprehensive explication of 
 the whole system of Freemasonry, and of kindred or similar 
 associations ancient and modern being a careful con- 
 densation of all that has ever been written on the subject; 
 intelligible to the Fraternity, and mysterious to the profane. 
 My purpose will be effectually and very satisfactorily an- 
 swered, if the definitions here given of the technical and 
 other terms of Masonry, shall prove of sufficient value to 
 1 
 
 20(5331
 
 VI PREFACE. 
 
 irwluco the reader to increase his stock of knowledge by a 
 reference to other works, where the subjects are more 
 thoroughly discussed, or to confirm the more advanced 
 Mason in the truth of those noble principles of the Craft, 
 to the study of which he has devoted his time and talents. 
 
 In the preparation of the History of the Masonic Institu- 
 tion, every available means has been adopted to obtain the 
 most reliable information whereon to found a truthful 
 chronicle of its origin and early progress throughout the 
 several parts of the world. The many and almost insur- 
 mountable difficulties in arriving at precise dates, when the 
 materials are scattered in different places, or mixed with 
 doubtful circumstances, are sufficient to almost deter any 
 writer from attempting the undertaking. Notwithstanding 
 the uncertainty with which much of the matter of history 
 is surrounded, a diligent and careful examination of the 
 materials, the probabilities of statements possessing the 
 germs of truth were too convincing to be set aside without 
 calm reflection and mature consideration. With these 
 views the history in the accompanying pages is offered to 
 the Fraternity, in the hope that it will prove satisfactory 
 and useful. 
 
 I have been greatly assisted in the arrangement of this 
 work by Bro. AUG. C. L. ARNOLD, LL. D., whose knowledge 
 and correct discrimination upon subjects connected with 
 the history and science of Freemasonry and its kindred 
 associations, will be a guaranty for their correctness. To 
 Bro. JOHN W. SIMONS, Past Grand Master of New York, 
 whose knowledge of the arcana of Masonry is not excelled 
 by any writer of the present age, I am also indebted for 
 many valuable articles and excellent suggestions. To these 
 and other brethren who have kindly aided me I tender my 
 hearty thanks. 
 
 Again asking the fraternal indulgence of the brethren 
 for whatever defects may still be apparent, the work is re- 
 spectfully submitted to their inspection. 
 
 ROBT. MACOY.
 
 G-ENEKAL 
 
 HISTORY OF FREEMASONRY. 
 
 " Of all the institutions which have been established for the purpose 
 of improving the condition of mankind, Freemasonry stands lire- 
 eminent in usefulness as it is in age. Its origin is lost in the abyss of 
 unexplored antiquity. No historical records, no traditionary accounts, 
 can with certainty point out the precise time, the place, or the partic- 
 ular manner of its commencement. While some have endeavored to 
 discover its footsteps amongst the master-builders and artists ensured 
 in the construction of the first Jewish temple, others have attempted 
 to trace it to the Eleusinian mysteries, which air said to luue taught 
 the immortality of the soul and the other sublime truths of natural 
 religion. Some again have ascribed its rise to the sainted heroes of 
 the Crusades; while others have endeavored to penetrate the mysteries 
 of the Druids, and to discover its origin amongst the wise men of 
 that institution." DE WITT CLINTON. 
 
 THE difficulty of arriving at the precise time, place, or 
 circumstance in which Masonry or its true prototype began, 
 has been encountered by every writer upon the subject. 
 Some, over-anxious for the dignity of the fraternity, have rep- 
 resented it as coeval with the world.* Others, more moder- 
 ate, find its origin in the religious mysteries of the ancient 
 world, and particularly in a supposed branch of those reli- 
 gious associations formed by the architects of Tyre, who, 
 under the name of the " Dionysiac Fraternity," constituted 
 an association of builders, exclusively engaged in the con- 
 struction of temples and other prominent edifices in Asia 
 Minor, and who were distinguished by the use of secret 
 signs and other modes of mutual recognition. Without 
 adopting any untenable opinions, we are justified in avowing 
 that the institution must have been framed by a people who 
 
 * Anderson, Preston, and many other Masonic writers claim for the 
 order the highest antiquity. Preston is particular in his expressions 
 as to the origin of the institution, by saying : " From the commence- 
 ment of the world, we may trace the foundation of Masonry." lie un- 
 doubtedly meant that its principles were coexistent with the universe 
 for lie qualifies the preceding sentence by the following expressions : 
 " Ever since symmetry began, and -harmony displayed her charms, our 
 order has had a being." Regarding THUTH as the sun of the Masonic 
 system, around which all the other virtues revolve, we may trace then 
 its origin to GOD the fountain of all truth, with whom there is no con- 
 fusion or disorder, but perfect symmetry and harmony. In that sense 
 the origin of Freemasonry maybe reconciled with the" commencement 
 of the world."
 
 g GENERAL HISTORY OF FREEMASONRY. 
 
 had made considerable advance in science. The Egyptians, 
 in the time of Moses, were proficient in all the arts and 
 sciences,* as the gigantic works constructed in those early 
 ages, still existing, prove. Their language was mystical, and 
 their priests secured the mysteries of their religion from the 
 knowledge of the vulgar or uninitiated by symbols and 
 hieroglyphics, comprehensible alone to those of their order. 
 The fraternity of ancient Egypt was denominated the Hiero- 
 Laotomi, or Sacred Builders. They .were a selected caste, 
 and connected with the government and priesthood, being in 
 fact Masons of the priestly order; whilst the ordinary 
 Masons or artificers were of an inferior caste.f The intent 
 and purpose of those stupendous fabrics, the pyramids, waa 
 a great mystery, and a mystery. they still remain. 
 
 Moses was initiated into the secrets and mysteries of the 
 priestly order when in Egypt, and some have imagined that 
 the Hebrews assisted in the construction of the pyramids ; 
 but, in all probability, these wondrous efforts of Masonic 
 skill were hoary with age when the children of Israel settled 
 in the land of Goshen, and were emblems of sublime truths 
 to a civilized nation when Abraham was a wanderer in the 
 wilderness. 
 
 By Egyptian colonists, according to our biblical chronol- 
 ogy, the arts were carried to Greece two or three centuries 
 before the age of Moses. By the Israelites a purer knowledge 
 of building was carried to the promised land ; and when 
 they became a settled people, the remembrance of the beau- 
 tiful and stupendous edifices they had seen in Egypt, led 
 them to attempt constructions suited to their future home. 
 But it is evident that by the death of their great master, 
 Moses, the Israelites were not in full possession of the knowl- 
 edge requisite to complete the glorious fabric which the G. 
 A. O. T. U. had in vision to King David directed his son 
 Solomon to erect ; as we find by Holy Writ, that " the wisest 
 man" needed the assistance of the King of Tyre. Tyre and 
 Sidon were the chief cities of the Phoenicians : the latter 
 boasts an antiquity anterior to any other whose site can be 
 dc'termined. It was a place of considerable importance in 
 
 ** " The Egyptians are described to us as being the first people who 
 advanced to any high degree of knowledge in astronomy and science ; 
 and hence they acquired the means of discovering and proving the 
 existence of the Divinity, and worshipped the Author of those sublime 
 works which they contemplated." DR. ASHK. 
 
 f Champollion says : "A theocracy or government of priests waa 
 the first known to the Kiryptians, and it is necessary to give the word 
 liricxtM i, ic acceptation that it bore in ancient times, when the ministers 
 if religion were also the ministers of science and learning; so that they 
 united in their own persons two of the noblest missions with which 
 men could bo' invested the worship of the Deity, and the cultivation 
 o r science."
 
 GENERAL HISTORY OF FREEMASONRY. 9 
 
 the time of Joshua, who speaks of it as "great Sidon." 
 Hence ..it is evident that the Phoenicians were far advanced 
 in the arts of life, when the Israelites reached the promised 
 land. When Solomon was about to build the temple, he 
 communicated to the King of Tyre his wish to enter into an 
 engagement for a supply of timber, knowing, as he said, 
 " that there is not amongst us any that can skill to hew 
 timber like the Sidonians." The answer of the Tyrian king 
 is remarkable: "I will do all thy desire concerning timber 
 of cedar, and concerning timber of fir ; my servants shall 
 bring them down from Lebanon unto the sea, and I will 
 convey them by sea in floats, unto the place that thou shalt 
 appoint me, and I will cause them to be discharged there." 
 ( 1 Kings, v. 8, 9). Solomon was highly pleased with the answer 
 of the Tyrian king, and in return he made him yearly pres- 
 ents of the most costly kinds. Hiram sent him also a man 
 of his own name, a Tyrian by birth, but of Israelitish parent- 
 age, who was honored by his king with the title of father, 
 and is called Hiram Abiff,* the most accomplished designer 
 and operator then known in the country, who in Solomon's 
 absence filled the chair as Deputy Grand Master, and in his 
 presence was the Senior Grand Warden, or Principal Sur- 
 veyor and Master of the work. That no confusion might 
 arise, owing to the great numbers employed, King Solomon 
 selected those of most enlightened minds and comprehensive 
 understandings, religious men, and zealous in good works, as 
 masters to superintend the workmen ; men skilful in geometry 
 and proportion, who had been initiated and proved in the 
 mystical learning of the ancient sages those he made over- 
 seers of the work. To carry on this stupendous work with 
 greater ease and speed, Solomon ordered all the craftsmen, 
 as well natives as foreigners, to be numbered and classed as 
 follows, viz : 
 
 Ilarodim, princes, rulers, or provosts 300 
 
 Menatzohim, overseers 3,300 
 
 Ghiblim, stone-squarers 80,000 
 
 The levy out of Israel, at work in Lebanon 30,000 
 
 113,600 
 
 Besides the ish sabbal or men of burden, the remains of the 
 old Canaanites, amounting to seventy thousand, who are 
 not numbered among the Masons. 
 
 * This inspired Master was, without question, the most cunning, 
 skilful, and curious workman that ever lived, whose abilities were 
 not confined to building only, but extended to all kinds of work, 
 whether in gold, silver, brass, or iron. From his designs, and under 
 Ins direction, ull the rich and splendid furniture of the Temple and 
 iu> sever.d appendages was begun, carried on. and finished. KM ;n; 
 
 1*
 
 10 GENERAL HISTORY OF FREEMASONRY. 
 
 The older traditions of Masonry say, "that the only 
 actual Freemasons who were present at the building of the 
 Temple, were the three thousand three hundred overseers, 
 mentioned in 1 Kings, v. 16, added to the three hundred 
 who were called Gl iblimites, and were in fact masters over 
 all the operative Masons employed in the work." 
 
 This arrangement produced the happiest effects, and in- 
 troduced among the fraternity that perfect harmony and 
 universal brotherhood which is so often referred to in our 
 ancient charges.* 
 
 Masonic tradition says that the workmen were divided 
 into classes or degrees, and to each class were assigned dif- 
 ferent methods of recognition. There is no doubt that 
 there was an organization among the Jews which extended 
 beyond Judea. The Bible exhibits them mixing themselves 
 with the Tyrians or Dionysian artificers, notwithstanding 
 the ordinary repugnance of the Israelites toward strangers, 
 and that they recognized each other by words and secret 
 signs similar to those employed by natives of other coun- 
 tries. There was also between the Jews and Tyrians a 
 conformity of allegorical taste, particularly in all that af- 
 fected sacred architecture. 
 
 So perfect was the organization among the vast num- 
 ber of workmen, and so systematic the distribution of labor, 
 that Solomon's Temple, with all its gorgeous splendor and 
 minute ornaments in detail, was finished in little more than 
 seven years from the laying of the foundation-stone ; while 
 the Temple of Herod, where the same accurate arrange- 
 ment did not exist, occupied thirty-six years ; that of Diana, 
 at Ephesus, two hundred years ; St. Peter's Cathedral at 
 Rome, one hundred and fifty-five years; and St. Paul's in 
 London, thirty-five years in building. 
 
 Many of Solomon's Masons, before he died, began to 
 travel. The royal descendants of King Solomon continued 
 to occupy the throne and patronize the noble art of Free- 
 masonry until the reign of Josiah, the last king of Judah. 
 With no people did the Masons se^m to exercise a greater 
 or more beneficial influence than the Gentiles. The Syrians 
 built a lofty temple, and a royal palace at Damascus, and 
 other cities on the coast and throughout Syria. 
 
 * They were instructed to " salute one another in a courteous 
 manner, calling each other brother; freely giving mutual instruction, 
 ns might be thought expedient, without being overseen or overheard, 
 and without encroaching upon each other, or derogating from that 
 respect which was due to any Brother, were he not a Mason ; for 
 although all Masons are, as Brethren, upon the same level, yet Ma- 
 sonry takes no honor from a man that he had before ; nay, it rather 
 adds to his honor, especially if he has deserved well of the brother- 
 hood." ANCIENT CIIAHGES.
 
 GENERAL HISTORY OP FREEMASONRY. 11 
 
 About thirty-five years after the death of Solomon, the 
 Temple of Diana, built by some Japhitites, in the days of 
 Moses, was burned down, and the kings of Lesser Asia re- 
 built and ornamented it in the most splendid manner. This 
 temple was regarded by all as pre-eminently magnificent, 
 and hence became the third of the seven wonders of the 
 world. 
 
 In the twelfth year of Jotham, king of Judah, A. M. 3256, 
 Sardanapalus was besieged by his brothers Eser and Nabo- 
 nassar, until, in despair, he burned himself, and all his 
 treasure, in the old palace of Nimrod, when the Assyrian 
 Empire was divided between Tiglath Pul Eser and Nabo- 
 nassar. In the days of the latter Prince, who ruled over 
 Chaldea, much attention was given to the study of astrono- 
 my, and so great was the advancement made in the science 
 that after-generations styled this the astronomical era. In 
 one of the degrees of Masonry we have a tradition that after 
 Noah safely landed on Mount Ararat, and offered up sacri- 
 fice to God on an altar which he erected, that he turned his 
 attention to the cultivation of the earth for one hundred 
 years ; wbon, his posterity becoming numerous, he ordered 
 them to disperse themselves and take possession of the earth 
 according to the partition which he made ; that they traveled 
 a westerly course until they came to the plains of Shinar, 
 when they counseled together, and, fearing the consequences 
 of a separation, and being desirous to establish for them- 
 selves a name, built the city of Babylon and the Tower of 
 Babel. 
 
 We will not attempt to trace Masonry into every country, 
 and point out the various cities that were built or adorned 
 by the traveling Masons who had assisted in the erection of 
 Solomon's Temple, but will be content to look at some of 
 the more prominent places. 
 
 Masonry not only flourished in Eastern Asia, but it took a 
 westerly direction also. Boristhenes, in" Pontus, was built 
 about the period of which we are writing. Prusias and 
 Chalcedon, in Bithynia, Constantinople (then called Bizan- 
 tium), and Lampsacus, in the Hellespont. The travelers also 
 penetrated into Rome, Ravenna, Florence, and many other 
 cities in Italy; Granada and Malaga, and other cities of- 
 Spain ; and also on the coast of Gaul. 
 
 In A. M. 3416, or B. c. 588, four hundred and sixteen years 
 after the completion of the Temple, the powerful array of 
 Nebuchadnezzar entered Jerusalem, after a protracted siege 
 and took all the sacred vessels, removing the two famous 
 pillars, Jachin and Boaz, robbed the city and the king's pal- 
 ace of all the riches they contained, and then set fire to the 
 Temple and city, overthrew the walls of the towns, and car- 
 rie I away thousands of the people cap*ives to the city of
 
 12 OKXEUAL HISTORY OF FREEMASONRY. 
 
 Babylon, among whom were many of those noble-hearted 
 Giblemitea who descended from the builders of Solomon's 
 Temple. And Masonic tradition informs us that they con- 
 tinued to hold secretly their Lodge meetings, and, in this 
 way. taught their children the secrets of Masonry and the 
 principles of the revealed religion of their fathers ; for it 
 will be remembered that, previous to the fall of Jerusalem, 
 the power and authority to transcribe the law were confined 
 to the Scribes, and hence but a small portion of the people 
 were in possession of a copy, every copy found having been 
 destroyed by the infidel invader. The captive Jews, there- 
 fore, could only perpetuate their religion by teaching it to 
 their children from tradition, as they did Masonry. All the 
 captive Masons were compelled, for the space of fifty-two 
 years, to devote their time, labor, and skill in finishing and 
 ornamenting the buildings which the king of Babylon and 
 his predecessor had commenced, as also the erection of new 
 ones. In this way the Chaldean Masons, who wrought with 
 the captive Jews, perfected themselves in architecture, for 
 the results of their joint labor made Babylon the fourth of 
 the seven wonders of art and the boasted mistress of the 
 world. Thus labored and toiled the true descendants of the 
 children of Israel, borne down with oppression and slavery, 
 and often denied the privilege of worshiping the God of 
 their fathers. But their long sufferings were destined to re- 
 sult in good ; for the very opposite effect to that sought by 
 the king of Babylon was the result of their long and painful 
 captivity, for when the proclamation of Cyrus was issued for 
 the liberation of the Israelites, according to the word of God, 
 these architects were better prepared to return to the land 
 they so much loved, and lay the foundation for the rebuild- 
 ing of the Temple and the, city of Jerusalem. 
 
 In 536 B. c. the Jews were liberated from Babylonish cap- 
 tivity by Cyrus, king of Persia, who, in the first year of his 
 reign, issued theWbllowing proclamation: "Thus saith 
 Cyrus, king of Persia : The Lord God of heaven hath given 
 me all the kingdoms of the earth ; and he hath charged me 
 to build him a house a.t Jerusalem, which is in Judea. Who 
 is there among you of all his people ? his God be with him, 
 and let him go up to Jerusalem, which is in Judea, and build 
 the house of the Lord God of Israel, which is in Jerusalem." 
 
 These "glad tidings of great joy" were received by the 
 liberated captives with shouting and praise for they were 
 permitted to return to their former homes. Forty-two 
 thousand three hundred and sixty of the exiled Jews re- 
 paired, in the same year, from Babylon and the neighboring 
 cities to Jerusalem. The leaders of these were Zerubbabel, 
 Joshua, and Ilaggai, who perform an important part in the 
 Uoynl Arc}} degree.
 
 OENEKAL H18TOUY OF FKEEMASONRY. 13 
 
 From this period the fraternity of traveling Masons passed 
 into Greece, Rome, Spain, and other countries, where their 
 services could be employed in the erection of the famous 
 edifices for which the ancient world is justly celebrated. 
 
 In passing, in this brief outline, from the condition of the 
 fraternity in what we may properly denominate the ancient 
 history, we will endeavor to trace its progress from that 
 period to the more enlightened days of modern architecture, 
 and the cultivation of the arts and sciences, in such chrono- 
 logical order as will give the most concise historical facts in 
 detail these facts being based upon substantial documents 
 and the principal monuments erected by the traveling opera- 
 tive fraternities or Freemasons. In '715 before the Christian 
 era, the Roman Colleges of Constructors were established, 
 composed of men learned in all the arts and trades necessary 
 for the execution of civil, religious, naval, and hydraulic 
 architecture, with their own laws and judges laws based on 
 those of the Dyonisian artificers, whose mysteries had spread 
 among the principal peoples of the East. Numa Pompilius, 
 in founding these colleges, made them at the same time civil 
 and religious societies, with the exclusive privilege of build- 
 ing temples and public edifices their relations to the state 
 and the priesthood being precisely determined by the laws. 
 They had their own jurisdiction and laws ; at their head were 
 presidents called Masters, Overseers or Wardens, Censors, 
 Treasurers, Keepers of the Seals, Archivists, and Secretaries ; 
 they had their own physicians and serving brethren, and 
 paid monthly dues. The number of members to each col- 
 lege was fixed by law. Composed, principally, of Greek 
 artisans, they surrounded the secrets of their art and doc- 
 trines by the mysteries of their country, and concealed them 
 in symbols borrowed from these mysteries and from their 
 own arcana, one of the characteristics of which was the sym- 
 bolic employment of the utensils of their profession. 
 
 710. Numa, the great legislator Avho founded the colleges, 
 at once assigned them^ labors of more than ordinary impor- 
 tance. First, the enlargement of the capitol, then the com- 
 pletion of the temples dedicated to the Sun, Moon, Sat- 
 urn, Mars, and other divinities, commenced xinder Romuhu 
 and other Sabine kings. On the termination of these labors 
 Xuma directed the construction of temples to Faith, to Fi- 
 delity, to Romulus, and Janus, the god of peace, specially 
 adored by Numa ; he caused the city to be fortified, and sur- 
 rounded it with walls. He also continued labor on the fa- 
 mous temple erected by Romulus to Jupiter, on the spot 
 where his army, about to flee, was induced to fight by the 
 prayer addressed by Romulus to that deity. The great num- 
 ber of temples established in Rome since Romulus are due 
 to the custom that the general-in-chief should erect a tempi*
 
 14 GENERAL HISTORY OF FREEMASONRY. 
 
 to the deity invoked by him in the course of a victorious 
 battle ; this also explains the number of temples erected to 
 the same divinity. They were learned in the religious or 
 symbolic teachings of the period as well as in the arts and 
 sciences. 
 
 010. Under the reign of the elder Tarquin temples were 
 erected to Jupiter, Juno, and Minerva ; he caused the erec- 
 tion of a city wall of hewn stone (614), a sewer for improv- 
 ing the health of the city, and many other public monu- 
 ments. The first circus was constructed by his order. 
 
 580. Servius Tullius again enlarged Rome by the addition 
 of three neighboring eminences, which he surrounded by a 
 wall : he also built temples to Fortune and Diana. 
 
 500. Building of the temples of Vesta, Hercules, Pallas, 
 and Minerva, under Junius Drusius. 
 
 490. The consuls Sempronius and Minucius cause the 
 building by the colleges of constructors of two temples, one 
 dedicated to Saturn, the other to Mercury : they also estab- 
 lish the Saturnalian feasts. 
 
 451. Creation of the law of the Twelve Tables, the VHIth 
 relating to the colleges of builders. 
 
 390. Taking of Rome by the Gauls and destruction of va- 
 rious monuments. 
 
 385. The ruined monuments are rebuilt, and new temples 
 constructed under F. Quintius, who dedicated them to Mars, 
 Juno, Health, and Concord. 
 
 312. The first paved road was constructed by the colleges, 
 under the orders of Appius Claudius, who had it extended 
 to Capua. The first great aqueduct was built at this time. 
 
 290. The temple to Romulus, under the title Quirinus, was 
 built, and in it was placed the first sun-dial, due to the con- 
 BU! Sp\irius. Carvilius, who also built a temple to Fortis- 
 Fbrtuna, to contain the spoils taken from the Etruscans. A 
 temple in honor of Esculapius is built on an island in the 
 Tiber. 
 
 285. The fraternities of builders, as they were then called, 
 attached to the Roman legions, establish themselves in Cisal- 
 pine Gaul (Venezia and Lombardy), on the conquest of that 
 country by the Romans; these fraternities, a detachment of 
 which accompanied each legion, were charged with the duty 
 of drawing plans for all military constructions, such as in- 
 trenched camps, strategic roads, bridges, aqueducts, dwell- 
 ings, etc. ; they directed the soldiers and laborers in the 
 actual execution of these works ; and they also made the in- 
 struments of warfare. So far as related to matters directly 
 pertaining to the war, they were under the orders of the gen- 
 orals or chiefs of the legions, but in all other matters enjoyed 
 iheir peculiar privileges. Composed of artists and learned
 
 GF.NK1.AL HISTORY OF FREEMASONJIY. 15 
 
 men, those fraternities propagated not only a knowledge of 
 the G.'. A. . Cv. T.-. U.'. but a taste for the proprieties of life, 
 and for literature and the Roman arts, wherever that nation 
 bore its victorious arms. They also taught the vanquished 
 and the oppressed the pacific element of the Roman power 
 art and civil law. 
 
 375. The conquest of nearly all of Cisalpine Gaul (Sardi- 
 nian States) introduced the building fraternities, never re- 
 maining inactive, and ever rebuilding in better style those 
 monuments which the legions had destroyed. 
 
 250. While Cisalpine Gaul was being covered with mili- 
 tary colonies surrounded by fortifications, executed by the 
 fraternities, who constructed within them habitations and 
 palaces for the military chiefs, other legions push their con- 
 quests beyond the Alps, into Transalpine Gaul and Spain. 
 The first causeway was built from Rome through Gaul, to 
 the valley of Ostia. 
 
 225. The fraternities of builders continued to follow the 
 legions and fulfil their mission ; yi Spain they founded Cor- 
 dova ; in Gaul Empodorum, where they built a famous cir- 
 cus, to which the consul Flaminius gave his name. 
 
 220. The Romans, attacked by Hannibal, built, after his 
 retreat, and in memory of that occurrence, a temple to Ridi- 
 cule. A grand strategic road was constructed by the Roman 
 soldiers, under direction of the colleges. Flaminius, the cen- 
 sor, built a circus in Rome. 
 
 210. During the second Punic war the colleges, having 
 nothing to do at Rome, where no buildings were in progress, 
 journeyed to the conquered provinces. 
 
 200. The Roman people decided to build a temple to 
 Mars and another to Romulus and Reims, the founders of 
 Rome. These two temples were nearly completed during 
 the same year. 
 
 148. The first marble temple was due to General Metellus, 
 who consecrated it to Jupiter, after his victory over the king 
 of Macedonia ; he built another temple at his own expense, 
 which he dedicated to Juno ;. also a remarkable sepulcher, 
 bearing his own name. 
 
 125. The legions, having taken possession of Helvetia, for- 
 tified themselves, and by gradually enlarging founded a num- 
 ber of cities. 
 
 121. A Roman colony, commanded by Marsius, founded 
 Narbonne, which became the principal stronghold of the 
 Romans, until the time of Augustus. The Consul Opimius 
 caused the erection at Rome of the first basilic; to him is 
 also due the elevation of a temple to Concord. 
 
 101. Marius, after his victory over the Cimbres and Teu- 
 tons, caused the erection in Rome, under the special direction
 
 16 GENERAL HISTORY OF FREEMASONRY. 
 
 of the architect Musius, of two temples, one dedicated to 
 Honor, the other to Virtue.* 
 
 79. Herculaneum, an ancient city, containing many monu- 
 ments erected by the building fraternities, was buried under 
 the lava of Vesuvius. Pompeii, not less celebrated than 
 Herculaneum, and whose monuments were fully equal to 
 those of 'Rome, likewise disappeared beneath the ashes and 
 lava from an eruption of Vesuvius in this year. 
 
 60. Julius Cesar became master of Transalpine Gaul 
 (France, Belgium, and Switzerland), after ten years of 
 struggles, during which, according to Plutarch, more than 
 800 Gallic cities were devastated. Cesar gave occupation to 
 the corporations in Gaul as well as others summoned by him 
 to rebuild these cities, aided by his soldiers. 
 
 55. Britain, which at this time was partially conquered, 
 received strong re-enforcements of builders sent to establish 
 more extended fortifications. Under command of Julius 
 Cesar, one of the legions pushed forward into the interior of 
 the country, and, to defend jLhemselves, formed an intrenched 
 camp with walls, inside of which, as elsewhere, habitations, 
 temples, and aqueducts appeared. And from it arose Ebo- 
 racum (York), a city celebrated in the history of Freema- 
 sonry. 
 
 50. While Julius Cesar, pursuing his conquests, destroyed 
 all the Celtic monuments and Druidical altars, Pompey 
 caused the building in Rome of numerous temples and the 
 famous marble amphitheater, capable of holding thirty thou- 
 sand persons ; he also caused the completion by the fraterni- 
 ties of builders of the no less famous highway from Italy 
 across the Alps into Gaul. When Julius Cesar returned to 
 Rome he also built various temples to Mars, Apollo, and 
 Venus. He sent all the colleges actually in Italy to Carthage 
 and Corinth to raise those cities from their ruins. 
 
 45. The Roman senate, after the civil war, directed the 
 colleges of constmictors to build various monuments in honor 
 of Julius Cesar ; among others four temples, to Liberty, Con- 
 cord, Happiness, and Mercy. 
 
 42. The Triumvirs caused a temple to be erected to Isis, 
 and another to Serapis. 
 
 37. The Roman legions, stationed on the banks of the 
 Rhine to guard the Gallic country against the continual ag- 
 gressions of the Germans, found at various points intrenched 
 camps, which became important colonies. Cologne thus be- 
 
 * Up to this period architecture had preserved the Etruscan charac- 
 ter, and the attempts to embellish the temples and other edifices con- 
 Bisted only in ornamenting them with statues and other objects taken 
 from subjugated countries, especially Greece ; but from this time for- 
 ward the predilection of the Romans for Grecian architecture became 
 dominant, and the Etruscan was abandoned.
 
 GENERAL HISTORY OF FREEMASONRY. 17 
 
 gan, and was afterward invested vith the rights ol a Roman 
 city under Claudius. 
 
 35. The Pantheon was finished under Marcus Agrippa, 
 who also construe ted magnificent baths, which bore his 
 name. The great Cisalpine highway was continued by hia 
 orders, under direction of the corporations. 
 
 32. The legions established in Paris erected, alongside of 
 the Gallic altars, temples to Isis and Mithra. 
 
 30. The reign of Augustus was fertile in splendid monu 
 ments. The building fraternities were greatly augmented, 
 and a certain number formed special colleges devoted to 
 naval and hydraulic architecture. The great learning of 
 these men initiated in all arts, the generous principles pro- 
 fessed by them, their mysterious organization, surrounded 
 them with so much consideration that many distinguished 
 men sought to participate in their privileges. The most im- 
 portant monuments erected by them at this period were, at 
 Rome, the temple to Jupiter, the theater commenced under 
 the consulate of Claudius Marcellus, the mausoleum bearing 
 the name of Augustus, two triumphal arches also bearing his 
 name, two Egyptian obelisks : in Roman provinces we will 
 only mention the temple of Clitum at Foligni, of Jupiter at 
 Pozuoli, the triumphal arch at Susa. In Gaul a large num- 
 ber of less pretentious monuments ornamented the cities re- 
 built or founded by the Romans. A part of the high roads, 
 and notably that of Emporium near the Pyrenees, were due 
 to the orders of Augustus. The friends of this emperor ri- 
 valed him in building sumptuous monuments; Statilus 
 Taurus built an amphitheater; Marcus Phillipus a temple to 
 Hercules; Munatius Plancus one to Saturn; Lucius Carnifu- 
 cius one to Diana; Lucius Cornelius Balbus finished his great 
 theater in stone. 
 
 In the first year of the Christian era Augustus caused the 
 building of a temple in honor of his friends Caius and Lucius, 
 the remains of which are known as the square house. 
 
 5. The Jewish architects received protection at Rome, 
 where, under Julius Cesar, they were allowed to establish 
 synagogues. Admitted to the colleges of builders, they im- 
 parted to them a knowledge of the Hebrew mysteries. 
 
 10. Vitruvius Pollio, the celebrated architect, in his works 
 on the subject, mentions the brilliant state of the art at 
 Rome during this period, and speaks of its doctrines as vailed 
 in allegories and symbols. 
 
 14. The palace of the Cesars, commenced under Tiberius, 
 continued under Caligula (37), and finished under Domitiau 
 (81). Tiberius built a triumphal arch in honor of his brother 
 Claudius Drusus, also one to Augustus and another to Castor. 
 
 '25. The bridge of Rimini begun by Augustus was finished 
 by Tiberius, who also built temples in honor of Proserpine, 
 Juuct, and the goddess of Concord.
 
 18 GENERAL HISTORY UF FREEMASONRY. 
 
 41. A superb aqueduct erected under Claudius, bears his 
 name. 
 
 43. Detachments of builders from the fraternities along 
 the Rhine were sent by the Emperor Claudius to Britain, 
 where the legions experienced great difficulty in maintaining 
 themselves against the incursions of the Caledonians ; they 
 constructed a number of fortresses beyond the camps. 
 
 50. At this time architecture reached its culminating point 
 in Rome ; the colleges, discouraged by the despotism of the 
 erar.orors, who gradually deprived them of their privileges, 
 lost their cultivated taste. The monuments of this period 
 were far from attaining the elevated character which placed 
 them among the most sublime creations of human intelli- 
 gence. The same decay was observed in the Grecian monu- 
 ments, from which the Romans had borrowed their finest 
 models. The principal cause of this decay was the fact that 
 the most skillful and highly educated architects were sent by 
 Julius Cesar or Augustus into the conquered provinces to 
 build imposing monuments, in order to give the people an 
 elevated idea of the arts and sciences possessed by the con- 
 querors ; to inspire them, in shoi't, wfth admiration. The 
 colleges, concentrating, as they did, among their members 
 most of the acquirements of that time, undoubtedly added 
 as much by their labors to the glory and power of Rome as 
 was contributed by force of arms. Among the architects, or 
 magistri, as they were called, of this period, a number busied 
 themselves by writing for the information of their distant 
 brethren works on the theory and rules of their art. The 
 most celebrated of these were Vitruvius Pollio, Fulvitius, 
 Varron, Publius and Septimus. The works of the first only 
 survive. 
 
 54. Various temples, baths, and acqueducts constructed 
 under Nero, who, after burning the city of Rome, and de- 
 stroying many fine monuments, built his celebrated golden 
 palace. 
 
 70. Flavins Vespasian constructed the Coliseum, at which 
 12,000 Jewish prisoners worked. It held 110,000 persons, 
 but was not completed till the reign of Titus (80). 
 
 98. Under Trajan was built the famous circus capable of 
 holding 260,000 persons. 
 
 120. Under the reign of Adrian many new and costly tem- 
 ples were erected at Rome, particularly the one devoted to 
 the service of Venus. The superb column in honor of Ulpius 
 Trajanus, the emperor, was constructed by the most distin- 
 guished of the builders by order of Adrian. He also con- 
 structed the mausoleum, known to this day as the castle of 
 St. Angelo. The celebrated architect Apollodorus, to whom 
 was due the honor of arranging the plans of that buildinor 
 was banished for having uttered svme t;u-ts not pleasing tu
 
 TK1UMPHAL AKCH OF TITUS, AT HOME.
 
 GENERAL HISTORY OF FREEMASONRY. 21 
 
 the emperor. Adrian, with great industry and a display of 
 unusual ability in architectural knowledge, visited the vari- 
 ous provinces of his vast empire. In Britain he ordered the 
 construction, by the fraternities of builders, many of which 
 accompanied him, of an immense wall, which, extending from 
 the Tyne to the Gulf of Solway, thus crossing the country 
 from east to west, to protect the military colonies from the 
 continual invasion of the Scots and other clans. Asia is 
 indebted to him for many valuable public monuments ; but 
 it was Greece that was particularly favored with his remark- 
 able abilities as an architect, throughout which country he 
 ordered the erection of many of her most celebrated temples, 
 such as the Pantheon and the temples to Jupiter Olympus 
 with its 122 columns. 
 
 130. After the fall of the Roman republic all the corpora 
 tions founded at the same time as the colleges of builders, bj 
 Numa Pompilius, lost their ancient privileges. The colleges 
 were somewhat restrained by Trajan and Adrian, notwith- 
 standing most of their privileges were left that their talents 
 might still be employed. 
 
 140. During the reign of the Emperor Antonius, temples 
 were erected to Mars, besides many others for civic purposes. 
 Another great wall was built in Britain, where the Roman 
 legions were constantly menaced by the marauding bands 
 that then infested the country. About this period the Ma- 
 sonic fratei'nities, the remains of the ancient Roman colleges 
 of builders, who, in the time of the Christian persecutions 
 ordered by Nero, Domitian, and Trajan, sought refuge in 
 those provinces the most distant from Rome, and which were 
 governed by men more humane than the emperors, that 
 those beautiful masterpieces of architectural grandeur were 
 erected. 
 
 166. The greater part of the members of colleges at Rome 
 embraced Christianity. The Emperor Marcus Aurelius, irri- 
 tated at the progress made by this new doctrine, and deter- 
 mined to destroy it by force, ordered during this year fresh 
 persecutions against the Christians, in consequence of which 
 many of them residing in Gaul took refuge with the corpora- 
 tions in Britain, where greater protection was afforded them 
 than elsewhere. The Christian Masons at Rome sought in 
 the catacombs a secret asylum from the edicts fulminated 
 against them, and an escape from the tortures to which they 
 were condemned. In these dark vaults they met with their 
 co-religionists. During the ten years of persecution under 
 Marcus Aurelius they transformed the catacombs into 
 churches, ornamented with sarcophagi and encaustic paint- 
 ings ; their faith inspired these Christian artists to build 
 thapels and altar* on the tombs of the martyrs. 
 
 180-275 This period is marked in the history of arcl'itect uiv
 
 2 GENERAL HISTORY OF FREEMASONRY. 
 
 by cne of the most sublime conceptions of the artistic genius 
 of the builders, executed under the reign and by the orders 
 of the Emperor Aurelian the two temples of Helios at Pal- 
 myra, which, in beauty and grandeur, surpass those of Heli- 
 opolis. The larger of these temples had 464 columns, many 
 of them from a single block of marble. The total number 
 of columns decorating the two temples and the galleries be- 
 longing to them was 1,450. 
 
 287-290. Carausius, commander of the Roman fleot, took 
 possession of Britain, and declared himself emperor. To con- 
 ciliate the Masonic fraternities, then wielding an immense in- 
 fluence in the country, he restored their ancient privileges ; 
 since which time they have been called privileged or Free- 
 Masons, to distinguish them from those not thus entitled. 
 
 293. Albanus, a converted pagan, was, by order of Carau- 
 sius, decapitated on account of his faith. In this manner a 
 grand master of Freemasons became the first Christian mar- 
 tyr in Britain. 
 
 296. The city of York, in which many Lodges of Freema- 
 sons were established, was selected as the residence of Con- 
 stantius Chlorus, who came to Britain, after the death of 
 Carausius, to assume the control of the government of the 
 country. 
 
 300. At this time there were in Rome more than 500 tem- 
 ples, 37 gates and triumphal arches, 6 bridges, 17 amphi- 
 theaters and theaters, 14 aqueducts, 5 obelisks, many monu- 
 mental columns, mausoleums, baths, and sepulchers, all of 
 which were built by the fraternities, or colleges of archi 
 tects. 
 
 303. Under the reign of the Emperor Diocletian there 
 were erected, in many of the Roman provinces, numerous 
 aqueducts, temples, and costly baths, by the fraternities that 
 remained in the country. This emperor was particularly 
 distinguished for his atrocious persecutions of the Christians, 
 many of whom were executed with cruelty in the more dis- 
 tant provinces. Notwithstanding the humanity of the ruling 
 governor of Britain, the Christians, of whom a great number 
 were members of the Masonic fraternities, f -und it necessary 
 to seek refuge in Scotland and many of the adjacent islands, 
 where they were permitted to enjoy their religion and study 
 the arts of architecture. Many of these ai'tisans attached to 
 the colleges established at Rome also fled to the East, or 
 buried themselves within the catacombs their usual place 
 of refuge in times of religious persecution where many of 
 them perished. 
 
 313. End of the persecutions against the Christians by 
 edict of Constantine, who declared Christianity the religion 
 of the State. 
 
 325. T'uj Church of the Lateran at Rome built by order
 
 GENERAL HISTORY OF FREEMASONRY 23 
 
 of Constantino, and one dedicated to St. Paul, in the form 
 of a cross. The form of the Greek cross used by the Chris- 
 tian architects was chosen by them, not because it was 
 ordered by Constantine, but because of its mysterious rela- 
 tion to the religion of all nations, and as a part of their sym- 
 bolism and the secret teachings of their colleges. It formed 
 the ground-plan of the temple at Jerusalem, and represented 
 unity and trinity. For the general details of their edifices, 
 Solomon's Temple served as a model, being recognized as a 
 masterpiece of architecture, and the first temple erected and 
 dedicated to one God. 
 
 360. The Emperor Julian built a magnificent temple and 
 fast baths at Paris, where the remains still exist. 
 
 600. Foundation of Canterbury Cathedral and that at 
 Uochester (602). 
 
 605. Foundation of St. Paul's Church, London. 
 
 620. The corporations are exclusively engaged and di- 
 rected by the religious orders. An abbot or other ecclesi- 
 astic generally presided in the lodges, and was termed ven- 
 erable, or worshipful Master. 
 
 925. At this period every considerable town in Britain had 
 its lodge of Freemasons ; but their relations to each other 
 were not intimate, which is explained by the wars and divi- 
 sions of five centuries and seven kingdoms. During the 
 Danish war, when the monasteries were destroyed, the fra- 
 ternity suffered an irreparable loss in the destruction of all 
 their documents. Athelstane, grandson of Alfred the 
 Great, educated by the priest-architects, caused his son 
 Edwin to be instructed in the art, and named him Grand 
 Master. He convened a general assembly at York, to 
 whom he submitted a constitution, which was discussed 
 and accepted. 
 
 960. On the death of Athelstane the fraternity were again 
 dispersed, many of them passing over to Germany and re- 
 maining there, under the name of Rrothers of St. John. 
 
 1001. In the early years of this period the world was in a 
 measure paralyzed by the idea that the end of time had ar- 
 rived ; but at last, getting the better of their superstitions, 
 especially as the earth continued to revolve on its axis, so- 
 ciety awakened from its lethargy, and from that time (1003) 
 our modern civilization may be said to date. 
 
 1250. A remarkable period, in which were conceived the 
 plans of those wonderful sanctuaries of the Almighty which 
 are the admiration of posterity for their gigantic dimensions 
 and the harmony of their proportions. The plans of the cathe- 
 drals of Cologne, Strasburg, Paris, Rlieims, Rouen, Beauvais, 
 Amiens, and others of which the foundations were laid 
 toward the close of the Xllth century, but which were 
 finally executed on a larger scale and in a different style
 
 24: GENERAL HISTORY OF FREEMASONRY. 
 
 from the original design. The striking analogy between 
 these monuments and those which followed, up to the XV th 
 century, is explained by the bond of fraternity which united 
 the Masons of all countries who had received their instruc- 
 tions from the central school in Lombardy, continued at 
 Cologne and Strasburg, and further by the obedience of the 
 members to the laws which governed them in the construc- 
 tion of all religious edifices, from which they were only al 
 lowed to depart in the details of ornamentation. 
 
 1272. The construction of Westminster Abbey was com- 
 pleted this year, under direction of the grand master Giffard, 
 Archbishop of York. 
 
 1275. A Masonic Congress was convoked by Erwin de 
 Steinbach for the resumption of the long-interrupted labors 
 of the Strasburg cathedral on a grander scale than that upon 
 which the foundations were laid in 1015, and a part of the 
 church erected. Architects from many countries arrived in 
 Strasburg, formed, as in England and according to ancient 
 usage, a Grand Lodge, and bound themselves to observe the 
 laws and regulations of the craft. Near the cathedral was a 
 wooden building (lodge), where the meetings were held and 
 where all matters in relation to the building were discussed. 
 Erwin de Steinbach was elected to preside, and at the meet- 
 ings held a sword in his hand and was seated on a dais. 
 Words and signs were invented, partly those used in Eng- 
 land. Apprentices, Craftsmen, and Masters were received 
 Avith peculiar symbolic ceremonies, beneath which were con- 
 cealed or indicated the secrets of architecture. 
 
 1310. The construction of the magnificent cathedral of 
 Cologne, begun in 1248, gave to its lodge a certain superiority 
 and made it the school where Masons of other countries came 
 to study this masterpiece. The German Masons, recognizing 
 that superiority, gave it the title of Grand Lodge (Haupt- 
 hutte), and the master architect was regarded as the master 
 of all Masons in Germany. 
 
 1312. A small number of Templars, escaped from the per- 
 secutions of Philip, king of France, and the Pope, Clement 
 V"., took refuge in Scotland, before the death of their Grand 
 Master, Jacques de Molay (1314), and found an asylum in 
 the Masonic lodges. 
 
 1314. The Lodge of Kilwinning, in Scotland, founded 
 during the building of the abbey of that name in 1150, as- 
 sumed the rank of Grand Royal Lodge of Herodom, under 
 authority of Robert Bruce, who also founded an order of the 
 same name for the Masons who had fought for him. 
 
 1350. The York Constitutions were revised during the 
 
 A' 1-M ward III. In an appendix it is prescribed. 
 
 aiuung other things, that in future at the makincr of 4
 
 GENERAL HISTORY OF FREEMASONRY. 25 
 
 brother the Master of the Lodge shall read to him the Con- 
 stitution and Ancient Charges. 
 
 1502. A Lodge of Masters convened June 24, ander 
 direction of Henry VII., moved in procession to lay the 
 corner-stone of a chapel at Westminster, bearing the name 
 of Henry VII. 
 
 1535. The intelligence spread by the lodges formed out- 
 side of the corporations awakened the suspicions and hatred 
 of the ultramontane clergy, who accused them both openly 
 and in secret of aiding the reform of Luther, who was said 
 to belong to them. They were accused by the priests of 
 seeking to introduce schisms into the Church and sedition 
 among the people, of hatred against the Supreme Pontiff 
 and all sovereigns, and, finally, of a desire to reestablish the 
 Order of Templars, and to avenge the death of their Grand 
 Master on the descendants of the kings, who were the cause 
 of it. It is said that a convention of these associations was 
 held at Cologne June 24 in this year, at which Herman V., 
 Bishop of Cologne, presided, when they drew up a docu- 
 ment announcing their doctrines and the aim of their associ- 
 ation, so that if the intolerance of their fellow-citizens should 
 prevent them from maintaining their organization they might 
 propagate their doctrines in other parts of the globe. That 
 document was the Charter of Cologne. 
 
 1561. Queen Elizabeth of England, being suspicious of 
 the Masons, sent a detachment of armed men to break up the 
 annual assembly at York. The officers sent for this purpose 
 made so favorable a report that the queen revoked her order, 
 and ultimately became the protectress of the Fraternity. 
 
 1607. Freemasonry flourished in England, where, under 
 the reign of James I., who declared himself their protector, 
 it acquired fame and importance, and many gentlemen and 
 persons of mark were initiated. The high consideration ac- 
 corded the Craft at this period was further augmented by 
 the election of the celebrated architect Inigo Jones to 
 the dignity of Grand Master, who infused great spirit into 
 the lodges. 
 
 1646. The Masonic corporations in England, in whicli for 
 a long time the majoi'ity had been composed of learned men, 
 artists, men eminent for knowledge and position, who were 
 received as honorary members, and termed accepted Masons, 
 no longer busied themselves with the matei'ial and primary 
 object of the association. It was at this time that the 
 celebrated antiquary Elias Ash mole, who founded the 
 museum at Oxford, having been initiated, rectified and com- 
 posed the formula for the society of Kose-Croix, consisting 
 of ceremonies based on historical allusions, and the com- 
 munication of signs of recognition after the manner of the
 
 26 GENERAL IflSTOltY OF FKEEMASONRY. 
 
 Freemasons, This labor inspired him with the iiifea ol com- 
 posing new rituals for the Masons, and accordingly he 
 composed and substituted for the rituals in use a new mode 
 of initiation, based, in part, on old Anglo-Saxon and Syriac 
 manuscripts, partly on the Egyptian, mysteries, and on what 
 he supposed to have been the form of initiation among the 
 Roman architects. These rituals were adopted by the Lon- 
 don lodges, and soon after throughout England. 
 
 1650. Freemasonry, in England, took a political bias; 
 after the decapitation of Charles I. the Masons of England, 
 and particularly those of Scotland, partisans of the Stuarts, 
 labored in secret for the re-establishment of the throne 
 destroyed by Cromwell. They used the mystery surround 
 ing their assemblies to lay their plans in security. Unable 
 to admit all Masons to their projects, they composed superior 
 degrees to the initiates, in which they alone unfolded their 
 plans. It was by the influence of these men, placed in high 
 position, that Charles II., initiated during his exile, was- 
 raised to the throne in 1660, and it was by this monarch 
 that Masonry was termed the Royal art, because it had 
 principally contributed to his restoration. 
 
 1663. General assembly at York, Charles II. presiding, 
 who confirmed the Grand Mastership of Henry Jermyn, 
 Count of St. Albans, and conferred on him the Order of the 
 Bath. The assembly passed a series of regulations, all in 
 conformity with past events, and maintained the high 
 degrees. The preponderance of Accepted Masons became 
 more evident : but having no longer to struggle against 
 
 7 O ~ ~~ f ' 
 
 political events, the superior degrees assumed a universal and 
 humanitarian tendency. Cultivation of the arts and sciences, 
 and sociability, under noble and elevated forms, became the 
 features of their meetings. 
 
 1666. The great fire in London, which destroyed forty 
 thousand houses and eighty-six churches, gave a new impetus 
 to architecture. The local craftsmen being unable to meet 
 the demand for labor, others were called in from all countries. 
 They united in a Lodge, under the authority of Sir Chris- 
 topher Wren, architect of St. Paul's, who furnished plans 
 for rebuilding the city. 
 
 1685. James II., Grand Master of the Order of Herodom 
 of Kilwinuing, founded by Robert Bruce, King of Scotland, 
 in 1311, in favor of the Freemasons who had fought under 
 his banners, reestablished the Order of Knights of St. An- 
 drew, which had been suspended, and the possessions of which 
 were confiscated during the Reformation. It was the inten- 
 tion of the king to have made this Order a sign of distinction 
 and reward for Masons in part icular, and it is probable that 
 but for his misfortunes he would have returned their prop 
 perty.
 
 GENERAL HISTORY OF FREEMASONRY. 27 
 
 1 700. The Masonic corporations, except in England, were 
 dissolved, and even in that country they were no longer busy 
 with operative Masonry. 
 
 1703. Notwithstanding the zeal displayed by Grand Mas- 
 ter Wren, the number of Masons was continually diminishing. 
 The annual feasts were completely neglected, and the four 
 lodges remaining in London deserted. Differences of opinion 
 among the Fraternity respecting the propriety of extending 
 its privileges to others than those educated in the science of 
 architecture prevented the increase of its membership, and 
 little progress was made until after the death of Grand 
 Master Wren (1716). 
 
 1717. The four lodges in London determined to elect a new 
 Grand Master, and form a Grand Lodge. They, therefore, 
 convened a general assembly of the Masons in London and its 
 vicinity, and constituted a central authority under the title 
 of " The Grand Lodge of England," recognizing only the 
 three symbolic degrees. George Payne, elected Grand Mas- 
 ter, got together a great quantity of ancient manuscripts, 
 charts, rituals, and documents on the usages of the Fra- 
 ternity, which, added to those iu possession of St. Paul's 
 Lodge, were to form a code of laws and doctrines, certain of 
 which were to be published. 
 
 1720. The Grand Lodge having constituted several subor- 
 dinates, in which many persons of distinction were initiated, 
 the Grand Lodge of York became jealous of its rival, an u. 
 proscribed its members. About this time the institution met 
 with a severe loss in the destruction of important manuscripts 
 committed to the flames by over-scrupulous members of St. 
 Paul's Lodge, who were alarmed at the proposed publicity 
 about to be given them. 
 
 1721. Freemasonry began to extend to the continent. One 
 Lodge was founded at Dunkirk and another at Mons. The 
 Grand Lodge adopted various regulations concerning the 
 government of the lodges, and regularity of their work. The 
 rights of the Grand Master were determined, and he was ac- 
 corded the right of naming his successor in case of his dis- 
 mission or non-election. George Payne, having been again 
 elected, gathered such documents as had escaped the flames 
 the preceding year, and from them drew up a historical 
 sketch of the society, which he submitted to the Grand 
 Lodge with certain regulations. This was referred to the 
 committee, who further referred it to Bro. Anderson, 
 and he, after revising it, was authorized to publish it 
 (1722). 
 
 17'21-l72c Masonry introduced in France, and several 
 lodges constituted. 
 
 1729. The activity of the English lodges and their attrac 
 tivcness stimulated the Masons of Ireland to greater zeal
 
 28 GENERAL HISTORY OF FREEMASONRY. 
 
 and they established a central authority by the name ol 
 " The Grand Lodge of Ireland." 
 
 1732. The Grand Lodge at York, to which belonged the 
 Masons calling themselves ancient, and whose constitution 
 was more in accordance with the old corporations, recog- 
 nized the necessity of conforming to the new order of things 
 as more clearly expressed in the London Constitution. 
 
 1733. The first Provincial Grand Lodge in America was 
 constituted at Boston. 
 
 1735. The first persecutions against Masons in modern 
 times commenced by the States General of Holland, which 
 interdicted Masonic assemblies. 
 
 1736. The Scottish Grand Lodge at Edinburg, in view of 
 the prosperous state of the English lodges growing out of 
 their constitution .nd Grand Mastership, became desirous 
 of introducing the same system, but was prevented by the 
 hereditary office of patron, created by James I., for the 
 Roslin family in 1430. The then Grand Master Baron 
 Sinclair, of Roslin, consented to resign. The four oldest 
 lodges in Edinburg called a general assembly, thirty-two 
 lodges being represented, and the Baron having resigned his 
 Grand Mastership and all the privileges attached to it, a 
 regular Grand Lodge was formed, and he was elected its 
 first Grand Master. 
 
 17o8. The Pope, Clement XII., issued a bull of excommu- 
 nication against the Freemasons, which was followed by an 
 edict of Charles VI., forbidding Masonic meetings in the 
 low countries of Austria. 
 
 August 15, in this year, Frederick II., King of Prussia, 
 was initiated. 
 
 1739. The Grand Lodge of England was accused of 
 changing the ceremonies and ritual, introducing innovations, 
 and of having named Provincial Deputies with power to 
 establish lodges in the South of England, the jurisdiction 
 of the Grand Lodge of York. A schism was the result, 
 and a new Grand Lodge was formed with the designation 
 of " Ancients." The Grand Lodges of Ireland and Scot- 
 land sympathized with the ancients, but the moderns were 
 decidedly the most successful. 
 
 In the same year Cardinal Ferraro, in an edict intended to 
 
 Erevent any misunderstanding of the Papal bull against the 
 'reeraasons, explained it to mean that " no one should dare 
 to unite, assemble with, or affiliate in, the society, nor be 
 present at its meetings, under penalty of death and confisca- 
 tion of their goods, without hope of remission or pardon : 
 that all proprietors were forbidden to allow any Masonic as- 
 sembly on their premises under penalty of having their houses 
 demolished,, being fined and sent to the galleys."
 
 GENERAL HISTORY OF FREEMASONBY. 29 
 
 1740. At this time there were more than two hundred 
 lodges in France, of which twenty-two were in Paris. 
 
 1744. The Lodge of the Three Globes at Berlin, founded 
 by Baron Bielefeld in 1740, was raised to the dignity "f a 
 Grand Lodge by Frederick the Great^ldng of Prussia, who 
 was elected Grand Master, and continued in office till 1747. 
 
 1751. At this period Freemasonry had found its way into 
 all civilized countries. Its humane and elevating principles, 
 its dogma of liberty, equality, and fraternity, alarmed the 
 kings and clergy, and they sought to arrest its progress. 
 Edicts were fulminated against it in Russia (1731), its meet- 
 irgs forbidden in Holland (1735), and at Paris (1737, '38, 
 '44, '45), its members arrested and persecuted at Rome and 
 Florence, their meetings forbidden in Sweden, at Hamburg, 
 and Geneva (1738) ; the Inquisition cast them into prison 
 and caused the executioner to burn the books which treated 
 of its doctrines. The Inquisition also caused knights who 
 had been present at Masonic meetings to be perpetually ex- 
 iled to Malta (1740). In Portugal, unheard-of cruelties 
 were practiced against them, including condemnation to the 
 galleys, at Vienna (1735) ; even the Sultan undertook to an- 
 nihilate them (1748). As a worthy climax to this series of 
 persecutions, Charles, king of Naples, forbid the practice of 
 Masonry in his states ; Ferdinand VII., king of Spain, forbid 
 Masonic assemblies under penalty of death ; and Pope Bene- 
 dict XIV. renewed (1751) the bull of excommunication 
 against the Freemasons, issued by Clement XII. in 1738. 
 But all this violence failed to check the progress of the insti- 
 tution, which spread over the face of the globe with a rapidity 
 which nothing could stop. Notwithstanding Benedict's bull, 
 Masonry was openly practiced at Tuscany, Naples, and sev- 
 eral other parts of the Italian peninsula. Even at Rome 
 there were lodges which hardly took the trouble to conceal 
 themselves. 
 
 1754. A chapter of the high degrees was founded at Pans, 
 by the Chevalier de Bonneville, under the title of Clermont. 
 In it was revived the Templar system, invented by the parti- 
 sans of the Stuarts. 
 
 1755. The Grand Lodge of England first issued individual 
 diplomas. 
 
 1756. The English Grand Lodge of France, founded in 
 1736, and which assumed this title in 1743, cast oft* its alle- 
 giance to England and assumed the title of Grand Lodge of 
 France. The disorders which had arisen under the Grand 
 Mastership of Prince de Clermont were continued, and even 
 augmented. By warrants delivered to Masters of lodges, as 
 well by herself as by the Lodge of St. Andrew of Scotland, 
 at Edinbnrg, Musonic authorities of all kinds were multiplied
 
 3U GENERAL HISTORY OF FREEMASONRY. 
 
 f in France; illegal warrants were delivered by pretended 
 '.Masters of lodges; false titles were fabricated; antedated 
 charters, bearing falsehood on their faces, weie set afloat 
 without any notice on the part of the Grand Lodge. When 
 she declared her independence she also announced her inten- 
 tion of adhering to the Scottish custom of giving personal 
 warrants to Masters for life, thus putting the climax to the 
 existing disorder. The result was that these Masters gov- 
 erned their lodges according to their own caprice, giving 
 warrants to other Masters at Paris and in the provinces, 
 who, in turn, constituted others; other bodies rivaling the 
 Grand Lodge were formed as Chapters, Councils, Colleges, 
 and Tribunals, at Paris and elsewhere, and they likewise 
 established lodges and chapters. So much confusion resulted 
 that even in France it was not known which was in reality 
 the legitimate body. 
 
 1750. Foundation of the National Grand Lodge of Italy, 
 dissolved in 1790. In the same year the Grand Lodge of 
 the United Provinces (Holland) was formed. 
 
 1762. Baron de Hunde introduced in Germany the rite of 
 Strict Observance (so-called Templar System), which he had 
 obtained from Paris. 
 
 1763. The two factions into which the Grand Lodge of 
 France had been divided in 1761 reunited, but they were 
 unable to stay the tide of disorder which they had previously 
 Bet in motion. 
 
 1764. A person by the name of Johnson, a secret agent of 
 the Jesuits, professing to have plenary powers from the au- 
 thorities of the Kite of Strict Observance, established chap- 
 ters of the Templar System particularly at Jena, where he 
 called a Ma: onir Congress Dec. 25, 1763. He professed to 
 have the sole power of creating knights by virtue of patents 
 from unknown authorities residing in Scotland. lie con- 
 voked a second congress in 1 764, to which the Baron de 
 Flunde was invited, and who at first believed in Johnson's 
 authority ; he sub-equently, however, exposed him as an im- 
 postor, and, at a congress held at Altenberg, in 1765, the 
 Baron himself was elected Grand Master of Templars. 
 
 765. Foundation of the RoyalYork Grand Lodge at Berlin 
 
 1772. Foundation of the Grand Orient of France. 
 
 1783. Foundation of the Eclectic Grand Lodge at Frank 
 tort, which promulgated a new rite made up from the va- 
 jjety then existing, and hence called eclectic. 
 
 1785. Congress of Paris, called ostensibly to reduce to 
 . fder the chaos produced by the numerous systems intro- 
 duced into Masonry. Without good results. 
 
 1789. Edict of the Emperor Joseph II. suppressing the 
 lodges throughout his dominions.
 
 GENERAL HISTORY OF FREEMASONRY. 3l 
 
 1800. The rites and systems of high degrees introduced 
 in the course of the last century, and which had the gre-i.test 
 success were : 1. The Scottish Rite in Seven JJegrees, 
 brought from England by Doctor Ramsay, in 1736 ; 2. The. 
 Rite of Sicedenbftrg, first introduced at Avignon, in 17>0; 
 3. The System of Strict Observance, by Baron de Huiide, 
 1754; 4. Schroder's Rite (rectified Rose-Croix) with magic 
 theosophy and alchemy, Berlin, 1766. Subsequently modified 
 and adopted by the Grand Lodge of Hamburg ; 5. Clerks 
 of Strict Observance, in the interests of Catholicism, 1767 ; 
 6. Swedish Templar Rite, by Zinnendorf, Berlin, 1767 ; 7. 
 Illuminati of Bavaria, a political society under Masonic 
 forms, 1 776 ; 8. The Martin System, a variant of" the Scottish 
 rite, 1767; 9. The Golden Rose-Croix System, founded in 
 1616, by Valentine Andrea, a profound philosopher, and 
 revived under Masonic forms in Germany, 1777 ; 10. T/te 
 Scottish Rite in Nine Degrees, by Fessler, 1V98. All these 
 rites or systems, as well as those growing out of them, have 
 either become extinct or been greatly modified. 
 
 1 804. Foundation of a Supreme Council in France by the 
 Count de Grasse Tilly. 
 
 1813. Union of the two Grand Lodges in England. In 
 the act of union it is expressly stated that ancient and true 
 Freemasonry consists of but three degrees : Apprentice, Fel- 
 low-Craft, and Master. 
 
 1814. Edict of Pius VII. against the Freemasons, pro- 
 nouncing infamous penalties, even to death and the confisca- 
 tion of the property of its members. It is needless to add 
 that the accusations contained in this document against the 
 society are entirely without foundation. 
 
 1822. Ukase of the Emperor of Russia against the Free- 
 masons. 
 
 1824. Edict of the King of Portugal against Masonic 
 assemblies. 
 
 1825. Imposing solemnity at Boston in honor of Bro. 
 Lafayette. 
 
 1826. The Pope renews the edict of Pius VII. against 
 the Freemasons. 
 
 1828. Edict of the king of Spain against the Masonic 
 Fraternity. 
 
 1832. Foundation of the Grand Orient of Belgium at 
 Brussels. 
 
 1836. Contestations and discussions arose among the 
 German Lodges, especially those at Berlin, in regard to the 
 admission of Israelites. Some lodges refused to initiate 
 them, and others to. admit those who had been regularly ini- 
 tiated elsewhere. Addresses were presented by Jewish 
 orethren showing the opposition of this conduct to the true
 
 52 GENEllAr, HISTORY OP FREEMASONRY. 
 
 principles of Masonry ; but without result, and the same state 
 of affairs continues now. 
 
 It seems strange that in these enlightened days u preju- 
 dice dating from the middle ages should still sway the minds 
 of men, and stranger still that the Masonic world should not 
 raise its voice against it. 
 
 1850. At this period we find Freemasonry spread over 
 the surfece of the globe. In Europe it was nearly every- 
 where flourishing, protected, and respected. England, Ire- 
 land, Scotland, Sweden, Denmark, Holland, Prussia, Saxony, 
 the lesser German States, France, Switzerland, and a portion 
 of Bavaria had about 3,000 lodges governed by 21 Grand 
 Lodges. On the other hand, it was prohibited in Russia, 
 Austria, and their dependencies ; in the kingdoms of Naples 
 and Sardinia, at Rome, in Tuscany, Spain, and Portugal. 
 
 In Africa there were lodges in Algeria, at Alexandria, 
 Cape Town, and other points. In North America it was 
 everywhere known, and lodges were constantly springing up. 
 
 In South America, beginning at a later date, it was 
 nevertheless making great progress. It had also been 
 established in Asia and the Ocean islands. So that the 
 number of lodges on the globe were computed at 5,000, of 
 which 3,000 were in Europe, 1,400 in America, and 600 in 
 other parts of the world. Thus, in the course of a century, 
 Freemasonry was propagated over the surface of the globe, 
 scattering in its path the seed of civilization and progress, 
 and impressing on its adepts lessons of truth which have 
 been crystallized into deeds in their intercourse with the 
 world. Little wonder that the partisans of an old and effete 
 order of things, astonished by its peaceful transformations, 
 should oppose, with all their might, the establishment and 
 development of this institution. The influence of Masonry 
 on social progress would unquestionably have been greater 
 had it not, in the last century, been paralyzed by the intro- 
 duction of numberless incoherent systems, which, essentially 
 contrary to its spirit, destroyed the uniformity and equality 
 on which it rests. These systems gave to Freemasonry a 
 different direction from that indicated by its doctrines, and 
 thus rendering it an object of suspicion to governments, 
 were, in part, to blame for the persecutions levelled against 
 it. It was often abused and assimilated with secret politi- 
 cal and religious societies which assumed its name and 
 covered themselves with its mantle to attain an end they 
 dared not avow, such as the Rosicrusians and Illuminati. 
 But when the society shall have got rid of the heteroge- 
 neous elements which introduced disorder and hindered its 
 action and influence, nothing can stop the beneficent influ- 
 ence it will exercise on society in general.
 
 GENERAL HISTOKY OF FRKEMASONRY. 
 
 33 
 
 The best evidence that may be adduced in favor of thj 
 beneficent influence of the institution, is seen in the recent 
 opposition it has elicited from the weak and narrow-minded 
 individuals who make no pretensions to any notion beyond 
 an idea single to a selfish and proselyting ambition. Yet, not 
 withstanding the objections thus raised, the order will move 
 on, spread and flourish. Here we propose to give, in a suc- 
 cinct form, an account of the organization of Grand and Subor- 
 dinate Masonic bodies, dates of introduction into the several 
 parts of the world, so far as the history could be obtained au- 
 thentically, and such other facts relative to the progress of Ma 
 sonry as are deemed worthy of record in a work of this kind. 
 
 AFRICA. Freemasonry was in- 
 troduced into Africa about tho year 
 i73G, and is now well known in the 
 European colonies along the coast; 
 the charters for holding lodges 
 emanated from England, France, 
 and the Netherlands. At Monrovia, 
 iii the negro state of Liberia, there 
 are lodges of colored Masons, not 
 recognized by the whites, but work- 
 ing under a Grand Lodge of their 
 own. 
 
 ALABAMA. Freemasonry was 
 introduced into this State by virtue 
 of charters granted from the Grand 
 Lodges of South Carolina and Ten- 
 nes.-,ee, dates not known. 
 
 The GRAND LODGE for the State 
 was organized June 1-t, 1821. 
 
 The GRAND CHAPTFR was organ- 
 ized June 2, 1827. 
 
 The GRAND COUNCIL of Royal and 
 Select Masters was established in 
 June, 1827. 
 
 The GRAND COMMANDEKY, Knights 
 Templar, was organized Nov. 29, 
 I860. 
 
 ARKANSAS. The GRAND LODGE 
 of t'ais State was organized Feb. 22, 
 1832, the centennial anniversary of 
 Washington's birthday. 
 
 Tho GRAND CHAPTER of Royal 
 Arch Masons was organized April 
 28, 1851. 
 
 Hugh de Payens Commandery, 
 Knights Templar, organized Dec. 
 20, ]?j53. 
 
 ASIA. The introduction of Ma- 
 sonry had its origin in 1728, by 
 warrant from the Grand Lodge of 
 England. The first Lodge was 
 established at Calcutta, by Sir Geo. 
 
 Pomfret. In Canton, Hong Kong, 
 Shanghai, and other cities of China, 
 lodges are to be found, working 
 under the English Constitution. In 
 Asia Minor, at Smyrna, two lodges, 
 one working in the English and the 
 other in the German language. In 
 the East Indies there is an English 
 Provincial Grand Lodge, with fifty 
 subordinate lodges. Lodges are 
 established by the Grand Lodge of 
 Scotland in Bengal, Bombay, and 
 Arabia. The Grand Lodge of the 
 Netherlands, and the Grand Orient 
 of France, have subordinate lodges 
 in Java, Sumatra, and Pondiche'ry. 
 There is scarcely a town in Hindos- 
 tan in which there is not a Lodge. 
 In the East Indies two Masonic 
 periodicals are published "The In- 
 dian Mason," at Bombay, and "The 
 Masonic Record." 
 
 AUSTRALIA. Freemasonry was 
 introduced on the islands of this ex- 
 tensive country by the Grand Lodge 
 of England soon after its discovery. 
 There are lodges now established in 
 Nfw South Wales, South Australia, 
 Victoria, Van Dieman's Land, New 
 Zealand, West Australia, Tasmania, 
 the Sandwich Islands, Tahati, and 
 other parts of the territory, by tho 
 Grand Lodges of England, Scot 
 land, Ireland, France, and California. 
 
 AUSTRIA. The establishment ot 
 Freemasonry in Austria was accom- 
 panied with great difficulty. The 
 first Lodge was opened in Vienna 
 in 1742, under a warrant from the 
 Grand Lodge of Germany at Berlin. 
 But this body was compelled tn 
 cflase its meetings through tln> IB
 
 GENERAL HISTORY OF VKKE 
 
 fluence of the papal church authori- 
 ties. In 1762 several lodges were 
 established in Vienna and Prague, 
 which, notwithstanding the hostility 
 of the church, increased so exten- 
 sively as to defy its power. The 
 lodges then existing in Bohemia, 
 Hungary, and Transylvania, de- 
 clared their independence of the 
 Grand Lodge at Berlin, and in 1784 
 established a Grand Lodge of Aus- 
 tria, with its seat at Vienna. 
 
 BAVARIA. The institution of 
 Freemasonry was introduced into 
 Bavaria about the year 1746, and 
 flourished with moderate success 
 until the introduction of the socie- 
 ty of the Illuminati, in 1776, when 
 Freemasonry became oppressed be- 
 cause of the attempt of the origin- 
 ator of the Illuminati to engraft 
 his system upon the Masonic rite. 
 In 1784 the lodges voluntarily sus- 
 pended operations until 1806, when 
 the influence of the institution was 
 again felt throughout the kingdom. 
 The Grand Lodge is located at 
 Munich. 
 
 BELGIUM. In 1721 the Grand 
 Lodge of England constituted the 
 first Masonic Lodge in Belgium, at 
 Mons, under the title of Perfect 
 Union. In 1785 there were sixteen 
 lodges established throughout the 
 kingdom. At this period the lodges 
 were composed of the elite of the 
 nation ; but, as the sentiments of 
 the brotherhood had become very 
 liberal and patriotic, in May, 1786, 
 the Emperor Joseph II. abolished 
 all the lodges in Belgium except 
 three. Most of them, however, 
 opntinued their meetings in secret. 
 During the French revolution all 
 the lodges were interdicted, and 
 not until 1798 did they resume 
 operations, but with limited op- 
 portunities. In 1814 these lodges 
 declared themselves independent of 
 the Grand Orient of France, and in 
 1817 organized a Grand Lodge for 
 Belgium and the Netherlands. After 
 the separation of Belgium from the 
 Netherlands in 1830, the latter de- 
 Bired to be entirely independent 
 of the other, which was mutually 
 agreed to. In 1835 most of the 
 lodges placed themselves under the 
 protection t_f King Leopold. In 
 
 1817 the Supreme Council of the 
 Ancient and Accepted Scottish rite 
 was established in Brussels, while 
 the Grand Orient, located also at 
 Brussels, has exclusive control over 
 the symbolic degrees. The two 
 bodies maintain toward each other 
 brotherly intercourse, so that the 
 members of the Grand Orient having 
 the high degrees are considered, on 
 that account, members of the Su- 
 preme Council. 
 
 BOHEMIA. In 1749 the Grand 
 Lodge of Scotland instituted a 
 Lodge in Fragile, Bohemia. The 
 order was highly prosperous until 
 the commencement of the French 
 revolution, when it was suppressed 
 by the Austrian government. On 
 the restoration of peace and the 
 rights of civil law, the Order has 
 been reestablished, and is highly 
 successful. 
 
 BRAZIL. The introduction of 
 Freemasonry into Brazil began as 
 early as 1816; but, owing to the 
 powerful influence of the church 
 authorities, the Order ceased its 
 work until 1820, when several lodges 
 were established there. In 1822 the 
 Grand Orient was founded. 
 
 CALIFORNIA. Freemasonry 
 was introduced into this State in 
 1849 and 1850, by warrants from 
 the Grand Lodges of the District 
 of Columbia, Connecticut, Missouri, 
 and New Jersey. A convention of 
 delegates from all the lodges in tha 
 State was held in the city of Sacra- 
 mento, April 17, 1850, and on the 
 19th of that month a Grand Lodge 
 for the State of California was es- 
 tablished in ample form. Jonathan 
 D. Stevenson was elected Grand 
 Master. 
 
 The first Royal Arch Chaptei 
 was convened in 1850, and the 
 GKAND CHA.PTEE of the State was 
 organized May 6, 1854. 
 
 The GRAND COMMANDEBT, Knights 
 Templar, was founded August 10, 
 1858. 
 
 CANADA. The first lodges in 
 Canada worked under charters from 
 the Grand Lodges of England, Scot- 
 land, and Ireland. The first Lodge 
 in Quebec was organized by author- 
 itv of a warrant from St. John's
 
 GENERAL HISTORY OF FREEMASONRY. 
 
 35 
 
 Graad Lodge, of Boston, Massa- 
 chusetts. October 16, 1855, a con- 
 vention assembled in the city of 
 Hamilton; forty-three lodges were 
 represented, when the subject of 
 an independent organization was 
 calmly discussed, and resolutions 
 adopted, setting forth the circum- 
 stances and necessities of a distinct 
 organization. When the convention 
 adopted a Constitution and elected 
 Grand officers, William Mercer 
 Wilson was elected and installed 
 Grand Master. The newly-formed 
 Grand Lodge, however, did not 
 immediately receive the recognition 
 of all the lodges of Canada, and, 
 beside, the Grand Lodge of England 
 showed an unwillingness to sur- 
 render her authority. In this un- 
 happy state of affairs, several bodies, 
 claiming partial or absolute juris- 
 diction, arose, and much confusion 
 prevailed until 1858, when all dis- 
 sensions happily expired, and the 
 Order in Canada became harmo- 
 niously united under one head. 
 
 The GRAND ROYAL AKCH CHAPTEE 
 of Upper Canada was organized 
 August 27, 1818. 
 
 CHILI. The first Masonic Lodge 
 in Chili was constituted about 1840, 
 under charter from the Grand Orient 
 of France. But little is known of it, 
 as it was closed during the political 
 struggle of the republic shortly after 
 it opened. A second commenced 
 its work with a charter from the 
 Grand Orient of France in 1851. 
 A third began with a dispensation 
 from the Grand Lodge of California, 
 working in the York rite, and in 
 the English language; it war, kept 
 at work one year and then closed. 
 Four other lodges were subsequent- 
 ly established there two from the 
 Grand Orient of France, and two 
 from the Grand Lodge of Massa- 
 chusetts. April 20, 1862, repre- 
 sentatives iroin four lodges met at 
 Valparaiso, in convention, and or- 
 ganized a Grand Lodge for the 
 republic. This Grand Lodge has 
 four lodges under its jurisdiction, 
 and the Grand Lodge of Massachu- 
 setts two, to one of which is attached 
 a Royal Arch Chapter. There is 
 also one Lodge acknowledging the 
 jurisdiction of the Grand Orient 
 
 of France. The Supreme Council 
 of the 33d degree of the Ancieni 
 and Accepted Scottish rite for the 
 Southern jurisdiction of the United 
 States, whose East is at Charleston, 
 has instituted bodies of that rite in 
 several parts of the country. 
 
 COLOMBIA, NEW GRANADA. 
 Masonry was first established in this 
 republic about the year 1820. The 
 Grand Orient was founded at Car- 
 thagenia, June 19, 1833. 
 
 COLORADO. Masonry was in- 
 troduced into this territory in 1859. 
 August 2, 1861, a convention was 
 held in Golden City, by representa- 
 tives from the three lodges then at 
 labor in the territory, and organized 
 a Grand Lodge. J. M. Chivington 
 was elected the first Grand Master. 
 
 COLUMBIA, DISTRICT OF. Free- 
 masonry was introduced into the 
 District of Columbia by. warrants 
 from the Grand Lodges of Maryland 
 and Virginia. The GRAND LODGE 
 was established by a convention oi 
 delegates from the lodges in the 
 district, December 11, 1810. Valen- 
 tine Reintzel was elected first Grand 
 Master. 
 
 The Royal Arch Chapters belong 
 to the Grand Chapter of Maryland. 
 
 The Commanderies of Knights 
 Templar were organized 1825 and 
 1862, by warrants from the Grand 
 Encampment of the United States. 
 
 CONNECTICUT. The introduc- 
 tion of Freeemasonry into this State 
 occurred November 12, 1750, by 
 authority of a warrant from the 
 Grand Lodge of Massachusetts. 
 The GRAND LODGE was organized 
 July 8, 1789, by a convention o' 
 delegates from fifteen lodges. Pier 
 pont Edwards was elected and in- 
 stalled Grand Master. 
 
 The GRAND CHAPTER was organ- 
 ized May 17, 1798; Ephraim Kirby 
 was elected Grand High-Priest. 
 
 The GRAND COUNCIL of Royal and 
 Select Masters organized 1819. 
 
 The GKAND COMMANDEBY, Knights 
 Templar, organized Sept 13, 1827. 
 
 CUBA. Freemasonry was intro- 
 duced into Santiago de Cuba, in 1805. 
 by patent from Count de Graspe, 
 Sov. Grand Inspector General. A 
 Grand Consistory was established
 
 3(5 
 
 rtBNERAL HISTORY OF FIJEEMASOXKY. 
 
 in 180G Since that period Masonry 
 has had but a i'eeblo existence, by 
 reason of the hostility of the Spanish 
 tuthorities of the island. The Sym- 
 bolic Grand Lodge, at Santiago, 
 under the title of the Grand Lodge 
 of Colon, was organized Dec. 5, 
 1859, by the delegates from the 
 three lodges then working in Cuba. 
 Of the earlier history of Freema- 
 sonry on this island but little is 
 known. The Ancient and Accepted 
 nte is the acknowledged system of 
 work in the jurisdiction. 
 
 DELAWARE. The precise date 
 of the introduction of Freemasonry 
 into this State is not generally 
 known. The lodges, prior to 1806, 
 were held under warrants from the 
 Grand Lodge of Pennsylvania. The 
 SRAND LODGE for the State was 
 organized June 6, 1806. 
 
 The GRAND CHAPTER of Koyal 
 Arch Masons was established Jan. 
 19, 1818. 
 
 DENMARK. Freemasonry was 
 first introduced into Denmark, at 
 Copenhagen, in 1743, by authority 
 of a warrant from the Grand Lodge 
 at Berlin. In 1745 a warrant was 
 obtained from Lord Cranstouu, 
 Grand Master of England, to estab- 
 lish a Lodge. In 1749 another 
 warrant was obtained from the 
 Grand Lodge of England. From 
 this time lodges multiplied with 
 great rapidity. In 1792, the Land- 
 grave, Charles of Hesse, assumed 
 the title and duties of Grand Master 
 of all the lodges in the kingdom, 
 and thus Freemasonry became a 
 recognized institution of the govern- 
 ment. After the death of Charles 
 the Crown Prince, subsequently 
 King Christian VIII. , assumed the 
 protectorship of the Danish lodges. 
 
 DOMINICANA. The establish- 
 ment of Freemasonry in this repub- 
 lic was during the year 1845. The 
 Grand Orient was organized at the 
 city of St. Domingo, December 11, 
 1858. 
 
 ECUADOR. Of the introduction 
 of Freemasonry into this republic 
 little is known. In 1857 the Grand 
 Orient of Peru issued charters for 
 a symbolic Lodge, and a chapter of 
 the- 18 f b de ~en* in Guayaquil, which 
 
 prospered for about two years, and 
 until the political agitations of th 
 country, and the fierce opposition 
 of the priesthood, compelled the 
 brethren to close their lodges and 
 return their charters to the parent 
 body. There are at the present 
 time (1866) no Masonic bodies in 
 the republic. The Supreme Coun- 
 cil of the Ancient and Accepted rite 
 of the Southern jurisdiction of the 
 United States has issued the ne- 
 cessary authority for establishing 
 bodies of the rite in this republic. 
 
 ENGLAND. The precise time of 
 the introduction of Freemasonry 
 into England, or Britain, is uncer- 
 tain. There is intermingled so much 
 of fable with the early accounts of 
 the settlement of that island that 
 no one of the present day can dis- 
 tinguish between the romance and 
 the truth. All history sustains the 
 assumption that its introduction 
 began during the early part of the 
 third century, and was conveyed 
 there by the numerous bands of 
 traveling artisans who perambulated 
 every section of the country where 
 their services could be employed. 
 The first organization of Masons as 
 a distinctive body occurred about 
 A. D. 300, under the protection of the 
 Emperor Caraucius, who conferred 
 many privileges on the Masons; 
 granted them a charter, and ap- 
 pointed Albanus, a distinguished 
 Koman general, their Grand Master. 
 Under the auspices of Caraucius he 
 labored earnestly for the prosperity 
 of the Craft; convened the annual 
 assemblies, settled the fundamental 
 constitutions; revised the ritual of 
 the Order, and procured them em- 
 ployment and increased wages. 
 Masonry flourished with varied suc- 
 cess until the year 926, when 
 King Athelstane became King oi 
 England. This king loved and 
 encouraged the Masons, and made 
 his brother Edwin overseer of the 
 Craft, and granted them a ctoarter. 
 "Accordingly, Prince Edwin sum- 
 moned all the Masons in the realm 
 to meet him in a convention at 
 York, who came and composed a 
 General Lodge, of which he was 
 Grand Master; and having brought 
 with them all the writings and
 
 GENERAL HISTORY OF FKKKMASONKY. 
 
 records extant, some in Greek, some 
 in Latin, some in French and other 
 languages, from the contents thereof 
 that assembly did frame the consti- 
 tution and charges of an English 
 Lodge." From this era we may 
 date the reestablishment of Masonry 
 in England. For a long time the 
 Grand Lodge at York exercised 
 Masonic authority over all England, 
 and until 1567, when the Masons in 
 the southern part of the island as- 
 sembled at a Grand Convention, and 
 elected Sir Thomas Gresham, the 
 distinguished merchant, as Grand 
 Master. There were now two Grand 
 Masters in England, who assumed 
 Distinctive titles; the Grand Master 
 of the North (York) being called 
 "Grand Master of all England," 
 while he who presided in the South 
 (London) was called "Grand Mas- 
 ter of England." Notwithstanding 
 this new appointment of a Grand 
 Master in the South, the General 
 Assembly continued to meet in the 
 city of York, where all the ancient 
 and valuable Masonic records were 
 kept; and to this assembly appeals 
 were made on every important occa- 
 sion. Masonry flourished and was 
 remarkably prosperous until the 
 early part of the eighteenth century, 
 when, in consequence of the civil 
 war that agitated the country, it 
 became neglected, and fell into de- 
 cay, pa-ticularly in the south of 
 England. Sir Christopher Wren, 
 the Grand Master in the reign of 
 Queen Anne, had become aged, 
 infirm, jvnd inactive, and hence the 
 grand assemblies were entirely ne- 
 glected. The old Lodge of St. Paul, 
 and a fe v others, continued to meet 
 regularly, but consisted of few mem- 
 bers. To increase their members, a 
 proposition was made, and agreed 
 to, that the privileges of Masonry 
 should i a longer lie restricted to oper- 
 ative Masons, but extend to men of 
 various professions, provided they 
 were regitiarly approved and initiated 
 into the Order. This is the period 
 when the institution was changed 
 from the operative to the speculative 
 character. In consequence of this 
 resolution many new regulations 
 were established, and the society 
 once more rose into notice and es- 
 
 teem. The assembly above alluded 
 to did not fully reestablish the Grand 
 Lodge of England, but advised that 
 the holding an annual feast should 
 be revived, and that the Grand Mas- 
 ter, according to custom, should be 
 chosen. Accordingly, in the third 
 year of the reign of George I. , on 
 St. John the Baptist's day, 1717, 
 the annual assembly and feast were 
 held, and Mr. Anthony Sayer was re- 
 gularly proposed and elected Grand 
 Master. Out of respect to the four 
 old lodges, the only bodies then 
 existing in London, the privileges 
 which they had always possessed 
 under the old organization were 
 reserved to them. The two Grand 
 bodies of York and London kept up 
 a friendly intercourse, and mutual 
 interchange of recognition, until the 
 Grand Master of the latter body, in 
 1734, granted two warrants of con- 
 stitution to a number of Masona 
 who had seceded from the former. 
 This unfriendly act was at once 
 condemned by the Grand Lodge at 
 York, and produced a disruption of 
 the harmony that had long subsisted 
 between them. Three years later, 
 in 1738, some disagreeable- alterca- 
 tions arose in the Order. A number 
 of dissatisfied brethren separated 
 themselves from the regular lodges, 
 held meetings in different places, 
 for the purpose of initiating persons 
 into Masonry, contrary to the laws 
 of the Grand Lodge. The seceding 
 brethren, taking advantage of the 
 breach between the Grand Lodges 
 of London and York, assumed, 
 without authority, the appellation 
 of "Ancient Masons." These irre- 
 gular proceedings they pretended to 
 justify under the feigned sanction 
 of the Ancient York Constitutions. 
 They announced that the old land- 
 marks were alone preserved by 
 them; that the regular lodges had 
 adopted new plans, sanctioned in- 
 novations, and were not to be 
 considered as working under the 
 old system; they were, therefore, 
 branded with the title of "Modern 
 Masons. " They established a new 
 Grand Lodge in 1739, in the city oi 
 London, under the name of tut-. 
 ' ' Grand Lodge of Aneieut York 
 Masons," and, persevering in tu
 
 38 
 
 GENERAL HISTORY OF FREEMASONRY. 
 
 measures adopted, formed commit- 
 tees, held communications, and 
 appointed annual feasts. Under 
 the fals appellation of the York 
 banner, they gained the recognition 
 of the Masons of Scotland and Ire- 
 land, who, believing the representa- 
 tions made to them, heartily joined 
 iu condemning the measures of the 
 regular lodges in London, as tend- 
 ing, in their opinion, to introduce 
 novelties into the society, and to 
 subvert the original plan of Ma- 
 sonry. The two Grand Lodges 
 continued to exist, in opposition to 
 each other, to the great scandal of 
 the Fraternity, until the year 1813, 
 when, by the united efforts of the 
 Duke of Sussex, who was Grand 
 Master of the Grand Lodge termed 
 Moderns, and the Duke of Kent, 
 who was Grand Master of the Grand 
 Lodge . known as the Ancients, the 
 two bodies were happily united with 
 great solemnity, under the style and 
 title of " The United Grand Lodge 
 of Ancient Freemasons of England. " 
 In no part of the world is Freema- 
 sonry more prosperous or respected 
 than in England. 
 
 FLORIDA. The earliest record 
 of the existence of Freemasonry in 
 Florida, that we can trace, is that a 
 Lodge of Ancient York Masons was 
 organized in the city of St. Augus- 
 tine, under a warrant granted by the 
 Grand Lodge of the State of Georgia, 
 about the year 1806, to St. Fernando 
 Lodge. But no certain information 
 can be obtained on the subject from 
 the records of the Grand Lodge of 
 Georgia, as a part of the archives of 
 that Grand Lodge, from 1805 to 
 1817, were destroyed by the great 
 fire which occurred in the city of 
 Savannah, about the year 1818. This 
 Lodge worked, and made Masons, 
 until the year 1811, when it was 
 suppressed by a mandate ot the 
 Spanish government. Notwithstand- 
 ing this pointed opposition to Ma- 
 sonry, a few faithful spirits cherished 
 in their hearts a love for the insti- 
 tution, and, in the year 1820, ob- 
 tained from the Grand Lodge of 
 South Carolina a warrant for a 
 Lodge to work in the city of St. 
 Augustine, under the style of " Flo- 
 ridan Virtues Lodge, No. 28." But 
 
 such was the still prevailing hostility 
 of the Spanish authorities, and from 
 other causes, its existence was not 
 long preserved. The next Lodge, 
 of which we have any knowledge, 
 was a Mark Master's Lodge, called 
 "Union Mark Lodge," established 
 in St. Augustine, in 1822, under a 
 warrant from the Hon. DeWitt 
 Clinton, General Grand High-Priest 
 of the General Grand Chapter of 
 the United States. This Masonic 
 body worked for a short time only, 
 owing, perhaps, to the fact that 
 there was no symbolic Lodge in 
 _ existence in that city, to furnish it 
 with material for work ; and to the 
 further fact that Masonry, at that 
 time, had not recovered from th 
 effects of the church prejudices and 
 influences. In 1824 another appli- 
 cation was made to the Grand Lodge 
 of South Carolina, by the constitu- 
 tional number of Master Masons, 
 for a warrant to establish a Lodge 
 entitled "Esperanza Lodge," at 
 St. Augustine. This Lodge, which 
 worked in the Spanish language, 
 became estinct after one year, by 
 the removal of the greater portion 
 of its members to Havana. Its 
 warrant was surrendered to the 
 Grand Lodge, whence it was re- 
 ceived. From this time there was 
 no organized Masonry in East Flo- 
 rida, until the establishment of a 
 Lodge in the city of Tallahassee, by 
 a warrant from the Grand Lodge of 
 Alabama, under the title of Jackson 
 Lodge, about the year 1826. The 
 second Lodge was organized in the 
 town of Quincy, by waiTaut from 
 the Grand Lodge of Tennessee, un- 
 der the title of Washington Lodge, 
 and the third from the Grand Lodge 
 of Georgia, under the title of Har- 
 mony Lodge, in the town of Mariana. 
 On the 5th of July, 1830, delegates 
 from the three lodges in Florida as- 
 sembled in the city of Tallahassee, 
 for the purpose of organizing a 
 Grand Lodge for the Territory of 
 Florida. After regularly organizing 
 the convention, the necessary reso- 
 lutions were adopted, and July 6 the 
 Grand Lodge was legally organized, 
 the Grand Officers elected and duly 
 installed. Brother John P. Duva), 
 the oldest Past Master present, was
 
 GENERAL HISTORY OF FREEMASONRY. 
 
 elected tho first Grand Master 
 Since this period Masonry has 
 flourished in Florida with remark 
 able vigor and permanency. 
 
 The GRAND CHAPTER of Roya 
 Arch Maso">; was organized Jan. llj 
 1847. This Grand Chapter has 
 ever been an independent body 
 not acknowledging the authority o: 
 the General Grand Chapter of the 
 United States. 
 
 The GBAND COUNCIL of Roya' 
 and Select Masters was organized 
 in January, 1852. 
 
 FRANCE. The first Lodge 
 founded in France was at Dunkirk, 
 October 13, 1721, and was called 
 "Friendship and Fraternity;" and 
 %bout the same time another al 
 Mous, called "Perfect Union." In 
 1726 Lord Derwentwater established 
 the first Lodge at Paris; it had about 
 five hundred members, and met at 
 a restaurant kept by one Hurre ; two 
 others were founded in 1729, and 
 a fourth in 1732, in which the Duke 
 of Aumont was initiated, and which, 
 on that account, took his name. In 
 1735 Lord Derweutwater received a 
 patent from England, constituting 
 him Provincial Grand Master, which 
 powers he subsequently transferred 
 to his friend Lord Hamouester. In 
 173C the four lodges in Paris founded 
 a Provincial Grand Lodge, under 
 the authority of England, and placed 
 Lord Hamouester at th-s head. In 
 1738 he was succeeded by the Duke 
 D' An tin, who presided until his 
 death, in 1743, when the Count de 
 Clermont was elected, at which 
 period the body assumed the title of 
 'English Grand Lodge of France." 
 At this time an effort was made to 
 suppress the Fraternity, and Louis 
 XV. issued an edict forbidding the 
 nobility to take part in the society, 
 and threatened with the Bastile 
 any who should have the temerity 
 to accept the Granl Mastership. 
 Notwithstanding the inconvenience 
 attending a residence in the State 
 Prison, und the continued activity 
 of the police, the Craft held its own, 
 and even increased in numbers. The 
 Grand Lodge now cast off its alle- 
 giance to the English Grand Lodge, 
 and became the Grand Lodge of 
 France, preserving, however, the 
 
 usage which prevailed in the parent 
 body of giving warrants to Masters 
 for life, who considered the lodges 
 established by them as personal 
 property. They even sold warrants 
 to other Masters in Paris and the 
 provinces, and these, in turn, con- 
 stituted other bodies, which s.et up 
 a rivalry against the Grand Lodge, 
 and produced the utmost degree ol 
 confusion, which was more con- 
 founded by the Chevalier Ramsay, 
 whose system is credited as the base 
 of all the rites which have since been 
 peddled around the world. The 
 Grand Lodge fell into a state ot 
 anarchy on account of the inatten- 
 tion of the Grand M.ist-er, who, to 
 rid himself of the direction of affairs 
 appointed proxies: the first was a 
 banker named Baure, who did no 
 better than his master, and he was 
 removed to give place to Lacorne, 
 a dancing master, who took the 
 degrees of Perfection to fit himself 
 for his new dignity. The members 
 of the Grand Lodge, however, re- 
 fused to associate with him, and he 
 was removed, and succeeded by 
 Chaillon de Joiuville, whereupon a 
 sell ism arose, and the two parties 
 made war upon each other with 
 reat bitterness. Each party grant- 
 ed warrants, and a faction under the 
 leadership of Lacome did likewise; 
 tavern-keepers bought the right 
 to hold lodges; rituals and consti- 
 tutions were made merchandise, 
 md anarchy reigned supreme. In 
 1777 the two parties in the Grand 
 Lodge united, but Lacorue and his 
 adherents kept aloof, .and caused 
 much trouble, even going so far 
 as to descend to acts of violence, in 
 consequence of which the govern- 
 ment closed all the lodges. Secret 
 meetings were, however, held, and 
 charters granted till 1771, when the 
 Jount de Clermont died and the 
 Duke de Chartres succeeded to the 
 Grand Mastership. The edict ol 
 revocation was withdrawn, and aU 
 .he charters granted during the 
 iuspeusion were canceled. In 1772 
 lie Grand Lodge changed its title to 
 hat of Grand Orient; and March 5, 
 inder the gavel of the Duke de Lux- 
 embourg, substitute of the Grand . 
 Master, adopted "The Statutes "I
 
 GENERAL HISTORY OF FREEMASONRY. 
 
 the Royal Order of Freemasonry in 
 France," in which the life Master- 
 ships were abolished, and the annual 
 election substituted. Some dissatis- 
 fied Masons continued the Grand 
 Lodge of France, and the quarrel 
 went on as before, until both parties 
 were silenced by the terrible events 
 of the Revolution. In 1799 Brother 
 Montaleau being Grand Master, a 
 concordat was signed, and the va- 
 rious factions were united under the 
 direction of the Grand Orient. In 
 1802, however, new troubles arose 
 with the Philosophical or Scottish 
 rite, which refused obedience to the 
 Grand Orient, and claimed the right 
 to govern and direct the high de- 
 grees. Many Masons of distinction, 
 among others the famous Stephen 
 Morin, took part in this movement, 
 and in 1803 the banner of the oppo- 
 sition was fully displayed, and the 
 body took the name of "Scottish 
 General Grand Lodge of the Ancient 
 and Accepted rite; " but in 1804 they 
 united with the Grand Orient. There 
 was, however, still in existence, 
 another body founded in 1802 by 
 the Count de Grasse-Tilly, with the 
 title "Sovereign Grand Inspectors 
 General of the 33d and last degree 
 of the Ancient and Accepted Scot- 
 tish rite," claiming to have derived 
 authority from the Supreme Council 
 at Charleston. In 1805 the previous 
 concordat was broken, and thus 
 there were again three governing 
 bodies in France. In the same year 
 Joseph Bonaparte was named Grand 
 Master, Cambaceres accepted the 
 position of first assistant, and many 
 persons of distinction were thereby 
 attracted to the Fraternity. In 
 1814, owing to political events, the 
 Grand Orient found it difficult to 
 maintain its organization, and the 
 bodies of the Scottish rite ceased 
 their meetings altogether. Advan- 
 tage was taken of this state of affairs 
 by the Grand Orient to assume 
 jurisdiction over all degrees and 
 rites. In 1815, April 9, a new 
 claimant of Masonic authority ap- 
 peared in the Rite of Misraim, in- 
 vented and propagated by four 
 brothers, Bedarride by name. This 
 rite applied to the Grand Orient for 
 recognition, but in 1817 was refused, 
 
 and finally became so disorderly 
 that the police interfered and closed 
 its halls and operations. At a later 
 period (1838), the Rite of Memphis 
 made its appearance and pursued 
 its labors with varying fortunes 
 none of them very brilliant until, 
 on the application of the Grand 
 Hierophant Marcorius de Negre, it 
 was finally absorbed by the Grand 
 Orient (1862), and its vast system 
 of ninety-six degrees cut down to 
 thirty-three, the dimensions of the 
 Scottish rite. In 1852 Prince Lucien 
 Murat was chosen Grand Master, 
 who proved inefficient, and conferred 
 no honor on the Craft. At the 
 meeting of 1861 violent disputes 
 arose, the majority of the represent* 
 atives being anxious to get rid 01 
 Murat and elect Prince Napoleon iu 
 his stead, and the adherents of 
 Murat, as well as himself, being 
 equally anxious to retain the power 
 they had exercised for years to the 
 evident detriment of the society. 
 The clamors reached such a bight 
 that the civil authorities interfered 
 and closed the session before an 
 election was held. The Prince then 
 appointed a committee of five to 
 supervise the affairs of Masonry 
 until the following October, when 
 the Grand Orient v/as again to be 
 called together for the purpose of 
 electing a Grand Master. The Craft 
 at large, however, refused to ac- 
 knowledge their authority, and ad- 
 hered to the council of the Grand 
 Master, who were, in fact, the legal 
 successors of the defunct func- 
 tionary, and thus, for a time, the 
 Fraternity had two heads. January 
 11, 1862, Napoleon put an end to 
 this disgraceful state of affairs, and 
 by "the grace of God and the 
 national will" appointed Marshal 
 Magnan Grand Master for three 
 years. At the time of his nomination 
 the Marshal was not a Mason ; but he 
 received the whole thirty-three de- 
 grees the following day, by commu- 
 nication, in the presence of five 
 Masons, led by Rexes. The whole 
 proceeding was entirely illegal ; 
 but there was no help for it, and 
 the Marshal was subsequently in- 
 stalled, and signalized his entrance 
 into official station by decapitating
 
 GENERAL HISTORY OF FREEMASOXRY. 
 
 Rexes and removing those who, with 
 him, had for years mismanaged the 
 affairs of the Grand Orient. He 
 found the Fratemity overwhelmed 
 with debt, and its affairs generally 
 in a state of disgraceful confusion. 
 By the adoption of vigorous meas- 
 ures he reduced this chaos to order, 
 and, at the end of his first term, had 
 succeeded in paying off the floating 
 debt amounting to about $40,000. 
 In 1861 he announced that the 
 Emperor, at his request, had with- 
 drawn his appointment, whereupon 
 the Grand Orient, with unanimity 
 and good taste, elected him for a 
 new term of three years; an honor 
 of which he evidently felt proud, 
 as he signed his edicts thereafter 
 "Elected" Grand Master, etc. May 
 29, 1865, he died in office, in the 
 74th year of his age, honored and 
 regretted by the Fraternity he had 
 well and faithfully served. At the 
 succeeding meeting of the Grand 
 Orient General Mellinet, the present 
 Grand Master, was elected. He has 
 appointed on his staff some of the 
 best known and respected citizens 
 of Paris; and we hazard nothing in 
 saying that Masonry in France is at 
 present in a better condition, and 
 its affairs in better hands, than at 
 any time since its introduction into 
 the Empire. At the annual commu- 
 nication for 18G5 a new constitution i 
 was adopted, which is apparently ! 
 modeled upon that of New York, | 
 and which is decidedly better than 
 any of its predecessors. It recog- j 
 nizcs the sovereignty of the lay 
 members, and the great principle | 
 of Grand Lodge jurisdiction, for j 
 which we have always contended, [ 
 and which is the subject of dif- 1 
 fei ence between the Grand Lodges i 
 of America and that of Hamburg. 
 The subject of Masonic reform, by 
 triking out the high degrees, is at 
 present obtaining great considera- 
 tion in France and throughout 
 Europe, and it is a noteworthy I 
 fact that at the adoption of the | 
 new constitution a proposition to 
 ignore them entirely only failed by 
 three votes. It is claimed in France 
 that the continuous difficulties 
 which have imp jded" the progress 
 nf the Craft, and brought so much 
 
 disgrace upon it, are due to the 
 pitiful intrigues growing out of the 
 many systems of superior degrees 
 which have from time to time been 
 invented and propagated there, and 
 those who are well informed enter- 
 tain no doubt of the near approach 
 of the day when Masonrj' in France 
 will return to its primitive organi- 
 zation, and practice only the sym- 
 bolic degrees. It is also a subject 
 of remark that the lodges in France 
 are gradually falling into the hands 
 of the middle and working classes, 
 and that its social status is likely 
 to be thereby endangered a fear in 
 which we, on this side of the Atlan- 
 tic, are not likely to participate ; on 
 the contrary we see in it the indi- 
 cation of a healthy growth and a 
 true progress toward the great end 
 of the association the brotherhood 
 of man. 
 
 GEORGIA. The earliest his- 
 torical record of Freemasonry in 
 Georgia may be found in Preston's 
 Illustrations, during the Grand Mas- 
 tership of the Earl of Strathmore, 
 in 1733, and is in the following lan- 
 guage: "The history of the society 
 at this period atFords few remark- 
 able instances of record. Some con- 
 siderable donations were collected, 
 and distributed among distressed 
 Masons, to encourage the settlement 
 of a new colony, which had been just 
 established at Georgia, America." 
 The next allusion we find by the 
 same author in 1735, who says: "He 
 (Lord Weymouth being then Grand 
 Master) also issued warrants to open 
 a new Lodge at Lisbon, and another 
 at Savannah, in Georgia." Thomas 
 Smith Webb, in his Freemiisoii's 
 Monitor, edition of 1805, says: "The 
 Grand Lodge of Georgia is hokleu 
 by virtue, and in pursuance of the 
 right of succession, legally derived 
 from the Most Noble and Most 
 Worshipful Thomas Thyue, Lord 
 Viscount Weymouth, Grand Master 
 of England, A. D. 1730,* by his war- 
 rant, directed to the Right Worship- 
 ful Roger Lacey; and by the renewal 
 of the said power by Sholto Charles 
 
 *This is evidently an error, because 
 Lord Weymouth was Grand Muster in 
 1735, and was (ucceeded by the Earl o< 
 London iu 1736.
 
 GENFRA.L HISTORY OF FKEEMA8ONBT. 
 
 Dcniglas, Lord Aberdour, Grand 
 Master of Scotland, lor the years 
 1755 and 1756; and the Grand Mas- 
 ter of England for the years 1757 
 and 1758 ; as will appear in his 
 warrant directed to the Right \Yor- 
 shipful Grey Elliot. Dec. 16, A. D. 
 1786, a convention of the several 
 lodges holden in the State assembled 
 at Savannah, when the permanent 
 appointments, which had been there- 
 tofore made by the Grand Master 
 of England, were solemnly relin- 
 quished, by the Right Worshipful 
 Sam'l Elbert, Grand Master, and the 
 other officers of the Grand Lodge; 
 and certain regulations adopted by 
 which the Grand Officers are now 
 elected annually by the Grand 
 Lodge." At this convention, 1787, 
 William Stephens was elected Grand 
 Master. This Grand Lodge so con- 
 stituted was afterward incorporated 
 by the legislature of Georgia. The 
 warrant of Solomon's Lodge, as 
 originally issued, was destroyed by 
 fire, therefore its precise date and 
 authority cannot, at this time, be 
 definitely settled. 
 
 GERMANY. The earliest history 
 of Freemasonry in Germany is sup- 
 posed to be closely interwoven 
 with the history of the building 
 associations of the Middle Ages: 
 "as we may easily recognize a 
 strong similarity in the usages, cus- 
 toms and peculiar terms of the 
 Fraternity of Freemasons of the 
 present day, and the ' titem-Metzen ' 
 (stone-cutters) of Germany. 1. The 
 classification of their members into 
 Masters, Fellow-Crafts, and Appren- 
 tices; 2. The government of the 
 society by a certain number of offi- 
 cers; 3. The exclusion of the unin- 
 itiated from their meetings; 4. The 
 peculiar qualifications for member- 
 ship; 5. The equality of all the 
 members of the Craft; 6. Their 
 mutual obligations to relieve suffer- 
 ing; 7. Their peculiar laws, juris- 
 diction and general regulations ; 
 8. The ceremonies of initiation; 9. 
 The manner of opening and closing 
 their assemblies; 10. The privileges 
 of a Mason's son; 11. The examina- 
 tion of foreign brethren, etc. Taking 
 all these circumstances into consid- 
 eration, and combining with them 
 
 the results of historical invest! 
 gation, it must be conceded thai 
 the modern society is the direct 
 descendant and successor, in an 
 unbroken line, of the operative 
 Fraternity of Masons of the nz ddle 
 ages. "* In 1733, Preston says, eleven 
 German Masons applied for author- 
 ity to open a Lodge at Hamburg, 
 under the patronage of the Grand 
 Lodge of England, for which pur- 
 pose the Grand Master, Lord Strath- 
 more, granted a dispensation to 
 establish a permanent Lodge, con- 
 cerning which but little is now 
 known. December 6, 1737, a Lodge 
 was established in Hamburg, by 
 authority of the Grand Lodge of 
 England, which, in 1741, assumed 
 the title of "Absalom." August 
 11, 1738, a deputation of this 
 Lodge was convened at Brunswick 
 for the purpose of initiating the 
 Crown Prince, afterward Frederick 
 II. By this valuable accession of 
 nobility Masonry was greatly bene- 
 fited throughout Germany. Soon 
 after his initiation, he organized a 
 Lodge in the castle of Rheinsberg, 
 and, in 1740, when Frederick as- 
 | cended the throne, he conducted 
 the work of a Lodge established at 
 the castle in Charlottenburg. In 
 1738-39 several Lodges were estab- 
 lished in Dresden, and in 1741 the 
 Lodge "Minerva of the Three Palm 
 Trees" was organized at Leipsic. 
 In 1742 the Lodge of Unity was 
 established at Frankfort -on -the 
 Main. In 1741 a Provincial Grand 
 Lodge for Hamburg and Lower 
 Saxony was established. The sec- 
 ond Lodge in Hamburg was founded 
 in 1743, under the name of St. 
 George. In 1744 a Lodge under 
 the title "Frederick" was founded 
 at Hanover, which did not, how- 
 ever, enter into active operation 
 until 1746. This Lodge is still in ex- 
 istence. The war of 1750 compelled 
 most of the Lodges to close their 
 work until 1758. About the year 
 1757 the first Lodge of the system of 
 Strict Observance was established 
 in Naumburg, under the title of 
 tho "Lodge of the Three Banners. " 
 This system, which claimed to be 
 the true and legitimate sucees- 
 
 * Finder* History of Freeiaasoury.
 
 GENERAL HISTORY OF FREEMASONRY. 
 
 43 
 
 gor of t) e Order of the Knights 
 Templar, had for a short time an 
 unprecedented popularity. In 1755 
 a warrant, with ample powers to 
 establish a Provincial Lodge in 
 Hamburg, was received from the 
 Grand Lodge of England. In 1766 
 another Provincial Grand Lodge 
 was established at Frankfort-oii- 
 the-Maiu, by the Grand Lodge of 
 England. In 1776 the society 
 of Illuminati, a secret political 
 organization, was introduced and 
 spread throughout the country, to 
 the injury of Freemasonry. About 
 the year 1780 the Swedish rite was 
 introduced and practiced by several 
 lodges in Germany. In 1789 an 
 important event took place for the 
 better and more peaceful condition 
 of the Order. Many of the lodges, 
 being dissatisfied with the immense 
 number of rites and high degrees 
 engrafted upon the plain and un- 
 presuming system of Freemasonry, 
 resolved to modify the diiferent 
 elements then in use, and as near 
 as pi ssible to return to the original 
 or primative condition. For this 
 purpose a convention of the lodges 
 of Germany was held in Frankfort, 
 in 1783, at which convention a union 
 was formed under the title of the 
 "Eclectic Union," which had for 
 its material or chief points: 1. The 
 three Masonic degrees alone are 
 acknowledged by all the united 
 lodges ; 2. Each Lodge is left free to 
 introduce as many of the higher 
 degrees as it may deem proper, but 
 they must not be compulsory upon 
 the whole association; 3. None of 
 the associated lodges are dependent 
 on the other; they are all equal; 
 4. The Provincial Lodges of Wetz- 
 lar and Fraukfort-on-the-Main form 
 a General Directory. In conse- 
 quence of this independent action 
 of the Provincial Grand Lodge at 
 Frankfort in severing its connection 
 with the Grand Lodge of England, 
 plans were immediately adopted to 
 renew and perpetuate the English 
 authority upon the soil of Germany. 
 In 1 789 a new warrant with powers 
 for the establishment of a Provincial 
 Grand Lodge, giving full jurisdic- 
 tion over the whole of the Upper 
 and Lowe* Rhine, and the circle 
 wf Franconia, was granted by the 
 
 Gvand Lodge of England. During 
 the wars in which the elder Napoleon 
 was the master spirit Masonry oc- 
 cupied a quiet and unobtrusive 
 position throughout the country. 
 Our limited space will not permit 
 us to follow the various incidents of 
 the Fraternity. We must, there- 
 fore, refer the Masonic student in 
 his researches to the more elaborate 
 works upon the subject of Masonic 
 history, and which have been pre- 
 pared with great care by many of 
 the most competent writers of the 
 present age. Freemasonry is in 
 high repute in Germany, embracing 
 within her ample folds the iiiie, of 
 the country. 
 
 HOLLAND. In 1731, by virtue 
 of a special deputation from Lord 
 Lovel, Grand Master of England, an 
 emergent Lodge was held at the 
 Hague, the Earl of Chesterfield 
 presiding, for the initiation of the 
 Duke of Tuscany, afterward Em- 
 peror of Germany. After the cere- 
 mony the Lodge was closed. The 
 first regular and permanent Lodge 
 established in Holland was at the 
 same place in 1734. From this 
 Lodge several lodges were formed. 
 In 1756 a convention of all the lodges 
 then working in the country assem- 
 bled and organized a Grand Lodge. 
 When Holland was united to the 
 French Empire, the Grand Orient 
 of France sought to extend the 
 sphere of her jurisdiction, by ig- 
 noring the existence of the lodges 
 in Holland, and founded two lodges 
 of her own creating in Amsterdam. 
 This controversy was of short dura- 
 tion, and the Grand Orient aban- 
 doned the effort. In 1863 the Grand 
 Lodge of Holland numbered upward 
 of one hundred lodges upon its rolls. 
 
 ILLINOIS. The reliable history 
 of Freemasonry, and of its early in- 
 troduction into Illinois, is yet to be 
 written, and it is hoped that the sub- 
 ject is of sufficient interest to the 
 cause to induce some enlightened 
 brother, and well versed in the 
 knowledge thereto, to favor the Fra- 
 ternity with a truthful account of 
 Masonry in this once far western 
 territory. In 1805, six years before 
 the organization of the territorial 
 goveinmeut, a Lodge was organized
 
 GENERAL HISTORY OF FREEMASONRY. 
 
 at Kaskaskia, the oldest settlement 
 west of the Alleghaiiies. Other 
 lodges followed, and in those early 
 days, the Lc-ige-room was the resort 
 of men anxious to profit by the 
 mystic teachings, and enjoy the 
 secret communion of the inner 
 chamber of Masonry. A Grand 
 Lodge, in due time, was formed, 
 which flourished for a time, but 
 succumbed before the anti-Masonic 
 tempest of 1827. From that time 
 forward, until 18-40, gloom and ob- 
 scurity rest upon Masonic records 
 in Illinois. Time, patience, and 
 perseverance, will exhume them. 
 January 20, 1840, a convention of 
 Masons, composed of delegates from 
 several of the subordinate lodges 
 in the State, was held in the town 
 of Jackson, when a resolution was 
 unanimously adopted declaring it 
 axpedient to establish a Grand 
 Lodge. The convention adjourned 
 to, and did meet again, April 6 of the 
 same year. The object of the meet- 
 ing having been fully considered, 
 it was unanimously "Resolved, That 
 the several subordinate lodges of 
 Ancient Freemasonry in the State of 
 Illinois here assembled, represented 
 by delegates properly authorized, 
 consider it as a matter of right, and 
 as conducive to the general benefit 
 of Masonry, that a Grand Lodge be 
 established in the State of Illinois, 
 and that they now proceed to estab- 
 lish, organize, and to locate the 
 same accordingly, to be known and 
 designated by the name of the Grand 
 Lodge of Illinois. " Abraham Jonas 
 was elected the first Grand Master. 
 
 The GRAND CHAPTER was organ- 
 ized April 9, 1850. Wm. B. Warren 
 was elected first Grand High-Priest. 
 
 The GRAND COUNCIL of Royal and 
 Select Masters was organized in 
 1853. Jas. H. Hibbard was elected 
 the first Grand Master. 
 
 The GRAND COMMANDERY, Knights 
 Templar, was organized Oct. 27, 
 1857. Jas. V. Z. Blaney was elected 
 the first Grand Commander. 
 
 INDIANA. The GRAND LODGE 
 of this State was organized at Gary- 
 don, in December, 1817. The first 
 meeting of the Grand Lodge for the 
 election of officers, and the trans- 
 action of business, was held Jan. 
 
 12, 1818. Alexander Buckner was 
 elected the first Grand Master. 
 
 The GRAND ROYAL ARCH CHAPTER 
 was organized in November, 1846. 
 
 The GRAND COUNCIL of Royal and 
 Select Masters was organized in 
 1853. 
 
 The GRAND COMMANEERT, Knight* 
 Templar, was established May 6, 
 1854. 
 
 IOWA. The introduction of Free- 
 masonry into this Territory, as it 
 was then called, began by authority 
 of letters of dispensation from the 
 Grand and Deputy Grand Masters 
 of Missouri the first dated Nov 
 20, 1840, for a Lodge at Desmoines; 
 the second dated Feb. 4, 1841, for 
 a Lodge at Bloomingtou; the third 
 dated Oct. 10, 1842, for a Lodge at 
 Dubuque. Jan. 2, 1844, delegates 
 from the three lodges met in con- 
 vention at Iowa City, when the 
 necessary resolutions were adopted, 
 and on the 3d of the same month 
 the Grand Lodge for the Territory 
 was proclaimed. Oliver Cock was 
 elected the First Grand Master. 
 
 The GRAND ROYAL ARCH CHAPTER 
 was organized June 8, 1854. 
 
 The GRAND COUNCIL of Royal 
 and Select Masters was organized 
 in 1857. 
 
 The GRAND COMMANDERY, Knights 
 Templar, was organized June 6, 
 1864. 
 
 IRELAND. Of the early history 
 of Masonry in Ireland so little is 
 known that it would be folly to 
 attempt, in this late day, to discover 
 the footprints of its existence upon 
 that ancient soil. Bro. Michael 
 Furnell, than whom no living Ma- 
 sonic writer is better acquainted 
 with the history of Masonry in Ire- 
 laud, says: "I furnish a brief 
 abstract of the historic constitiition 
 of the Masonic Order in Ireland; 
 and though possessing irrefutable 
 records and data, showing the ex- 
 istence of several self-designated 
 'Grand Lodges' in past centuries, 
 and though the Lodge No. 1, on the 
 present Itgiliniate registry, claims an 
 uninterrupted descent from an inde- 
 pendent lodge, which existed from 
 time immemorial, and retains many 
 quaint old documents in her aiv 
 chives, and is by many style'l, ' The
 
 GENERAL HISTORY OF FREEMASONRY. 
 
 First Lodge ( f Ireland,' yet I leave 
 the task of research into the hazy 
 mist of the past ages, to some more 
 erudite antiquary, taking for granted 
 that those gone-by powers were but 
 by assumption or prescription. The 
 constitution of the present Metro- 
 politan Grand Lodge dates from the 
 year 1729, when the entire Frater- 
 nity united in electing the Eight 
 Hon. Lord Kingston, Grand Master 
 of Ireland. " Since that time many 
 gentlemen of noble birth have occu- 
 pied the chair, and directed the 
 affairs of Masonry with substantial 
 effect. The Ancient York rite is 
 tenaciously adhered to by this Grand 
 Lodge. In 1809, a charter for the 
 establishment of a Supreme Council 
 of the 33d degree, Ancient and Ac- 
 cepted rite, was granted by the Su- 
 preme Council, at Charleston, South 
 Carolina, and creating his Grace, the 
 Duke of Leiuster, Grand Command- 
 er, ad vitam. In 1820 a Council of 
 the Rite of Misraim was instituted, 
 with the Duke of Leinster as the 
 Supreme head. This organization 
 had a very brief existence in this 
 country. The present Grand Master 
 (.1866) of the Grand Lodge is the 
 Duke of Leinster, who has held the 
 office since 1813. Within the body 
 of the Grand Lodge is a Grand 
 Conclave of Knights Templar, a 
 Supreme Grand Council of rites, 
 and a Grand Royal Arch Chapter. 
 
 ITALY. Freemasonry was first 
 established in this country, at Flor- 
 ence, in 1733, by Lord Charles 
 Sackville, but by what authority 
 is at present unknown. At first 
 the Fraternity was known under 
 the name of the "Company of 
 the Trowel," and, afterward, by the 
 appellation of " Franchi Muratori." 
 In 1735 the Grand Duke Francis 
 was initiated. This circumstance 
 gave a fresh and wholesome impetus 
 to the Order; lodges were imme- 
 diately established in Milan, Verona, 
 Padua, Vicenza, Venice, and Naples. 
 The Fraternity was not long per- 
 mitted to enjoy entire freedom for 
 the exercise of their privileges. In 
 1738 Pope Clement XII. issued his 
 famous bull against the Fraternity, 
 which, notwithstanding the in- 
 fluence and power of the Duke 
 
 compelled the brethren, very gene- 
 rally, to close their lodges. For 
 many years only those members who 
 had the courage availed themselves 
 of their right to meet, and in the 
 most secret manner. Persecutions 
 of the most inhuman character were 
 exercised against the members of 
 the Order by the inquisition until 
 1776, when, through the influence 
 of Queen Caroline, daughter of 
 Francis L, the persecutions ceased, 
 and all the prisoners in charge of 
 the inquisition were released. In 
 1805 a Supreint) Council of the 
 Ancient and Accepted rite was 
 established in Milan by letters 
 patent from Count de Grasse-Tilly 
 Prince Eugene, viceroy of Italy 
 accepted the office of Sovereigi 
 Grand Commander and Grand Mas 
 ter of the Grand Orient of Italy. 
 When Italy was under French rule, 
 then did Masonry begin to rise and 
 thrive. Murat, King of Naples, 
 assisted in the establishment of a 
 Grand Lodge, which was opened 
 with marked splendor and ceremony 
 June 24, 1809. With the fall of 
 Napoleon the persecutions against 
 the Fraternity were renewed, both 
 by civil and ecclesiastical authori- 
 ties. At this period the secret 
 society known as the CARBONARI 
 (Colliers) arose. This was purely 
 a political organization, which had 
 for its purpose the consolidation of 
 Italy under one scepter, and free it 
 from foreign rule in the language 
 of the colliers themselves: "Clear 
 the forest of wolves." From 1814 
 to 1860 Freemasonry was almost 
 extinguished in Italy. The society 
 of the Carbonari absorbed every 
 thought and consideration in the 
 hope that they might free the coun- 
 try from the despotic tyranny of 
 the Bourbons. In 1861 Freemasonry 
 began again to rekindle the fires 
 upon her altars. In Palermo a Grand 
 Orient was founded by Garibaldi, 
 which adopted the Ancient and 
 Accepted Scottish rite. A Supreme 
 Council of the same rite has also 
 been formed in Naples. Within a 
 few years past Masonry in Italy has 
 undergone so many changes that it 
 seems impossible to keep pace with 
 its vast and extensive improvements.
 
 GENERAL HISTORY OF FKEEMASONBY. 
 
 KANSAS. The introduction of 
 Freemasonry into this territory be- 
 gan in 1854, by authority from the 
 Grand Lodge of Missouri. Nov. 14, 
 1855, delegates from two lodges met 
 for the purpose of organizing a 
 Grand Lodge. This convention, 
 not having the legal number of 
 lodges repiesented, adjourned until 
 the 27th of the next month ; 
 again only two lodges appeared by 
 delegates, when they adopted re- 
 solutions, formed a Constitution, 
 proclaimed a Grand Lodge, estab- 
 lished and elected Grand Officers. 
 These proceedings having been pro- 
 nounced illegal, another convention 
 was convened March 17, 1856, when 
 delegates from all the chartered 
 lodges were present, and ratified or 
 reeuacted the previous proceedings, 
 and then opened a Grand Lodge for 
 the territory in ample form. Bro. 
 R. R. Rees was elected the first 
 Grand Master. 
 
 KENTUCKY. The first regular 
 lodges in Kentucky derived their 
 authority from the Grand Lodge of 
 Virginia.. In the year 1800 there 
 were under that authority five regu- 
 lar lodges. But, from their remote 
 situation from their parent Grand 
 Lodge, they were induced to proceed 
 to the establishment of a Grand 
 Lodge for the State of Kentucky; 
 and, in pursuance of an invitation 
 from Lexington Lodge, No. 25, a 
 convention of delegates from all the 
 regular lodges then existing in the 
 State was held at the Masonic Hall, 
 in the town of Lexington, Sept. 8, 
 1800, when it was resolved that 
 it was expedient and proper to 
 establish a Grand Lodge in the 
 State of Kentucky, and an address, 
 setting forth the motives which 
 impelled the brethren to sever 
 their immediate connection from 
 the parent Grand Lodge of Virginia, 
 was ordered to be prepared. The 
 address was prepared, approved, 
 and forwarded to the Grand Lodge 
 of Virginia; to which that body 
 returned a fraternal and approving 
 reply. The convention met again 
 Oct. 1C, 1800, in the same place, and 
 proceeded regularly to establish a 
 Grand Lodge for the State of Ken- 
 tucky. The delegates then severally 
 
 surrendered to the Grand Lodge 
 their respective charters, and re- 
 ceived new ones in lieu thereof, 
 under the Grand Lodge there estab- 
 lished for the State. Win. jlurray 
 was elected the first Grand .Master. 
 
 The GRAND ROYAL ARCH CHAPTER 
 was organized Dec. 4, 1817, at the 
 city of Frankfort. James Moore 
 was elected the first Grand High- 
 Priest. 
 
 The GRAND COUNCIL of Royal and 
 Select Masters was organized Dec. 
 10, 1827. Robert Johnson was 
 elected the first Grand President. 
 
 The GRAND COMMANDERY, Knights 
 Templar, was established Oct. 5, 
 1827. Henry "VVingate was elected 
 Grand Commander. 
 
 LOUISIANA. Freemasonry was 
 first planted upon the soil of Loui- 
 siana by the Grand Lodge of South 
 Carolina in 1793; the second Lodge 
 obtained a charter from the Grand 
 Lodge at Marseilles, France, in 
 1794. In 1800 and 1806 two char- 
 ters were obtained from the Grand 
 Lodge of Pennsylvania, and one 
 other composed of brethren from 
 St. Domingo. April 18, 1812, a 
 general Masonic 'convention, com- 
 posed of delegates from the five 
 lodges, was called. The convention 
 adjourned until June 6, when a 
 constitution was adopted, and, July 
 11 following, the Grand Lodge was 
 regularly established. 
 
 A GRAND CHAPTER was organized 
 March 5, 1813.* 
 
 The GRAND ROYAL ARCH CHAPTER, 
 acknowledging the jurisdiction of 
 the General Grand Chapter of the 
 United States, was organized about 
 the year 1828. 
 
 The GRAND COUNCIL of Royal and 
 Select Masters was established Feb. 
 16, 1856. 
 
 The Grand Commandery, Knights 
 Templar, was organized February 1, 
 1864. 
 
 * This Grand Chapter was organized by 
 the "Royal Lodges," Concordia and Per- 
 severance, and euch officers and members 
 of the Grand Lodge of the State as were 
 Royal Arch Masons. These lodges were 
 originally established in the Island of St. 
 Domingo, under charters from the Grand 
 Lodge of Pennsylvania, with powers to 
 confer all the degrees from Entered Ap- 
 prentice to Royal Arch inclusive.
 
 GENERAL HISTORY OF FREEMASONKY. 
 
 MAINE. Until the year 1820 
 Maine composed a part of the civil 
 and Masonic 1 jurisdiction of Massa- 
 chusetts. In that year the several 
 lodges, contemplating a political 
 separation of that territory from the 
 commonwealth of Massachusetts, 
 having assembled, by their dele- 
 gates, at Portland, Oct. 14, 1819, a 
 respectful memorial was drawn up, 
 and subscribed by all the delegates, 
 addressed to the Grand Lodge of 
 Massachusetts, praying their con- 
 Bent to the organization of an 
 independent Grand Lodge in the 
 State of Maine. This request being 
 promptly and generously granted 
 by the Grand Lodge of Massachu- 
 setts, the several lodges in Maine 
 were summoned to meet at Mason's 
 Hall, in Portland, June 1, 1820, 
 when a Grand Lodge for the State 
 of Maine was duly and regularly 
 organized. The Hon. William King, 
 Governor of the State, was elected 
 the first Grand Master. 
 
 The GRAND ROYAL, ARCH CHAPTER 
 of the State was organized in 1821. 
 Robert P. Dunlap was the first 
 Grand High-Priest. 
 
 The GRAND COUNCIL of Royal and 
 Select Masters was organized May 
 3, 1855. Itobert P. Duulap was the 
 first Grand President. 
 
 The GRAND COMMANDERY, Knights 
 Templar, was organized May 5, 
 1852. Charles B. Smith was the first 
 Grand Commander. 
 
 MARYLAND. Until the year 
 1783 the lodges in this State derived 
 their warrants from the Grand 
 Lodge of Pennsylvania, except one 
 at Annapolis, which obtained a char- 
 ter from the Grand Lodge of Massa- 
 chusetts in 1750. * On the 17th June, 
 1783, the first convention was held 
 at Talbot Court House by delegates 
 from the five lodges then working 
 in the State, to take into considera- 
 tion the propriety of establishing an 
 independent Masonic jurisdiction, 
 when a Master Mason's Lodge was 
 
 * August 12, 1750, a charter was granted 
 by the Grand Lodge of Massachusetts to 
 a number of brethren who had petitioned 
 to form a Lod,'e in Annapolis, Maryland. 
 History of Gi and Lodge of Massachusetts. 
 This Lodge is not mentioned in the list 
 of Lodges convened to establish the 
 Grand Lodge. 
 
 opened in the usual form, the fol- 
 lowing resolution was adopted 
 unanimously : Res<>lved, That the 
 several lodges on the eastern shore 
 of Maryland, consider it as a matter 
 of right, and that they ought to 
 form a Grand Lodge, independent 
 of the Grand Lodge at Philadel- 
 phia." At a subsequent meeting 
 of the convention, held at the same 
 place, on the 31st of July, Grand 
 officers were chosen, of which John 
 Coats was elected Grand Master 
 and Charles Gardiner was appointed 
 Grand Secretary. 
 
 The GRAND CHAPTER, which had, 
 until recently, within its jurisdic- 
 tion the Chapters of the District of 
 Columbia, was organized in 1812. 
 
 MASSACHUSETTS. The intro- 
 duction of Freemasonry into this 
 country, through warranted lodges, 
 established upon the basis of legal 
 Masonic authority, dates from July 
 30, 1733. Upon the application ol 
 several brethren, Free and Accepted 
 Masons, residing in the town of 
 Boston, Province of Massachusetts, 
 for authority to establish a Provin- 
 cial Grand Lodge, a warrant was 
 granted by the Eight Worshipful 
 Lord Viscoiint Montacute, Grand 
 Master of Masons of England, dated 
 April 30, 1733, appointing Right 
 Worshipful Henry Price, Provincial 
 Grand Master of New England, and 
 dominions and territories thereunto 
 belonging, with free power and 
 authority to nominate and appoint 
 his Deputy Grand Master and Grand 
 Wardens. On the receipt of this 
 commission, the brethren assem- 
 bled July 30, 1733, at the "Bunch 
 of Grapes" tavern, State Street, 
 Boston, when the charter of Con- 
 stitution was read, and the Right 
 Worshipful Grand Master duly in- 
 vested and congratulated; a Grand 
 Lodge, under the title of " St. John's 
 Grand Lodge," was formed, and 
 the Grand Officers chosen and in- 
 stalled in due and ancient form. 
 A petition was then presented by 
 several brethren, residing in Bos- 
 ton, praying to be constituted into 
 a regular Lodge; and it was voted 
 that the same be granted. This 
 Lodge was styled " The First Lodge 
 in Boston," or ''St. John's Lodge.'
 
 GENERAL HISTORY OF FREEMASONRY. 
 
 Thus was Masonry established in 
 North America. In the year 1751 
 a number of brethren who had 
 traveled, and many of whom had 
 been initiated into the mysteries of 
 the Craft in ancient lodges abroad, be- 
 came emulous to cultivate the royal 
 art in the western world. For this 
 laudable purpose they petitioned the 
 Grand Lodge of Scotland for a char 
 tor to establish a Lodge. The prayer 
 of the petitioners being granted, 
 thev received a dispensation, datec 
 Nov. 30, 1752, from Sholto Charles 
 Douglas, Lord Aberdour.then Crane 
 Master, constituting them a regular 
 Lodge, under the titte of ' ' St. An- 
 drew's Lodge, No. 82," to be holden 
 at Boston, in the province of Massa- 
 chusetts Bay. The ejstablishmenl 
 of this Lodge was discouraged auc 
 opposed by St. John's Grand Lodge, 
 who imagined their jurisdiction in- 
 fringed by the Grand Lodge of Scot- 
 land. They, therefore, refused any 
 communications or visits from such 
 members of St. Andrew's Lodge as 
 had not formerly sat in their lodges, 
 and this difficulty did not entirely 
 subside for several years. The pros- 
 perous state of St. Andrew's Lodge 
 soon led to great exertions for the 
 establishment of an ancient Grand 
 Lodge in the Province; and this was 
 effected by the assistance of three 
 traveling lodges, which were holden 
 in the British army, then stationed 
 at Boston, under the title of ; 'The 
 Massachusetts Grand Lodge. " Dec. 
 27, 1769. On this festival, which was 
 celebrated in due form, a commis- 
 sion from the Eight Honorable and 
 Most Worshipful George, Earl of 
 Dalhousie, Grand Master of Masons 
 hi Scotland, bearing date May 30, 
 1769, appointing Joseph Warren to 
 be Grand Master of Masons in Bos- 
 ton, New England, and within one 
 hundred miles of the same, was 
 read; whereupon the brethren pro- 
 ceeded, according to ancient usage, 
 to instill the Eight Worshipful 
 Grand Master Warren, who at'ter- 
 ward appointed and invested the 
 other Grand Officers. Nov. 13, 1758, 
 & deputation was granted to the 
 Eight Worshipful Edward Hunt- 
 ingford, to hold a Lodge in his 
 Migesty'a 28th regiment, stationed 
 
 at Louisburg. Of the further his- 
 tory of this deputation, or whether 
 a Lodge under its authority was 
 ever organized, we have 110 auther.- 
 tic record. In 1773, a commission 
 was received from the Earl of 
 Dumfries, Grand Master of Masons 
 in Scotland, dated March 3, 1772, 
 appointing Joseph Warren Grand 
 Master of Masons for the Con- 
 tinent of America. April 19, 
 1775, hostilities commenced be- 
 tween Great Britain and America. 
 Boston became a garrison, and was 
 abandoned by many of its inhabit- 
 ants; and the regular meetings of the 
 two Grand Lodges were suspended. 
 June 17, by the contest of this event- 
 ful day on the hights of Charles- 
 town, Masonry sustained a heavy 
 loss in the death of Grand Master 
 General Warren, who was slain con- 
 tending for the liberties of liis 
 country. October 6, 1779, a petition 
 of a number of brethren, officers in 
 the American arm} 7 , praying that 
 this (Massachusetts) Grand Lodge 
 would grant them a charter to hold 
 a traveling Lodge, was read, and 
 Gen. John Patterson, Col. Benjamin 
 Tupper, and Major William Hull, 
 being nominated as Master and 
 Wardens, voted that a dispensation 
 be granted them, under the title of 
 "Washington Lodge," to make 
 Masons, pass Fellow-Crafts, and 
 raise Masters, in any of the United 
 States where there is no Grand 
 Lodge; but in auj State where a 
 Grand Master presides they must 
 apply for his sanction. The St. 
 John's Grand Lodge resumed its 
 meetings after Boston was evacuated 
 by the British army, and continued 
 to move in harmony, granting char- 
 ters for the establishment of new 
 lodges, in various places. Dec. 5, 
 1791, a committee of the Massa- 
 chusetts Grand Lodge was appoint- 
 ed to confer with the officers of St. 
 John's Grand Lodge upon the sub- 
 ject of a complete Masonic union 
 throughout this commonwealth, and 
 to report at the next quarterly com- 
 munication. March 5, 1792, the 
 committee brought in their report, 
 md presented a copy of the consti- 
 .ution and by-laws, and articles oi 
 association, as agreed to by St
 
 GENERAL HISTORY OF FREEMASONRY. 
 
 John's Grand Lodge, which were 
 read, and receiving the deliberate at- 
 tention of the grand body, they were 
 unanimously approved. June 9, 
 following, the two Grand Lodges 
 met, agreeably to previous arrange- 
 ments, unanimously elected Most 
 Worshipful John Cutler Grand Mus- 
 ter of Ihe United Grand Lodge, and, 
 thereupon, passed the following 
 resolution : ''Resolved, That this 
 Grand Lodge shall forever hereafter 
 be known by the name of the Grand 
 Lodge of the Most Ancient and 
 Honorable Society of Free and 
 Accepted Masons, for the Common- 
 wealth of Massachusetts." Thus 
 were the prejudices and contentious 
 so long indulged in most happily 
 removed, and peace and harmony 
 restored to the Order, not only in 
 Massachusetts, but, as far as the 
 original bodies had planted subor- 
 dinates, in the surrounding country. 
 
 MEXICO. Freemasonry has ex- 
 isted for many years in the republic 
 of Mexico, but in a very secluded 
 character. In 1826 a Grand Lodge, 
 with a few subordinates, existed in 
 the city of Mexico, but, through the 
 powerful influence of the church, the 
 Order is not permitted to nourish. 
 
 MICHIGAN. Of the early intro- 
 duction of Freemasonry into this 
 (then) territory, we are unable to 
 furnish any satisfactory data, not- 
 withstanding diligent efforts have 
 been made to obtain historical in- 
 formation. The Grand Lodge was 
 organized at Detroit, June 24, 1826; 
 was incorporated by the legislative 
 council of the territory, in 1827,' 
 and, by a formal resolution, adopted 
 in 1829, suspended Masonic labor. 
 A general meeting of the Masons of 
 the State was called for inquiry in 
 1740; in 1841 the former Grand 
 Officers granted dispensations for 
 several lodges, and in June of the 
 same year, at the constitutional 
 period, the Grand Lodge assembled 
 and was organized by a constitu- 
 tional number of lodges. General 
 Lewis Cass was the first Grand Mas- 
 ter under the original organization. 
 
 The GRAND ROYAL ABCH CHAPTER 
 was organized in 1848. 
 
 The GRAND COUNCIL of Royal and 
 Select Masters was organized 1858. 
 
 The GBAND COMMANDERY,K nights 
 Templar, was organized Jan. 15, 
 1857. 
 
 MINNESOTA. Freemasonry was 
 introduced into this territory by 
 dispensation from the Grand Lodge 
 of Ohio, dated August 4, 1*<49, to 
 twelve Master Masons, to establish a 
 Lodge, under the title of "St. Paul's 
 Lodge," at St. Paul. Oct. 12. 1850, 
 a dispensation to open a Lodge with 
 the name of "St. John's Lodge," at 
 Stillwater, was granted by the Grand 
 Master of Wisconsin. During the 
 year 1852 a dispensation was granted 
 by the Grand Master of Illinois, to 
 open a Lodge under the title of 
 "Cataract Lodge," at St. Anthony. 
 Feb. 23, 1853, delegates from the 
 three lodges in the territory met in 
 convention at St. Paul and organ- 
 ized a Grand Lodge. A. E. Ames 
 was elected the first Grand Master. 
 
 The GRAND CHAPTER was organ- 
 ized Dec. 17, 1859. A. T. C. Pierson 
 was elected the first Grand High- 
 Priest. 
 
 The GRAND COMMANDERY, Knights 
 Templar, was organized in 1866. 
 
 MISSISSIPPI. The Grand Lodge 
 of Kentucky granted the first char- 
 ter for a subordinate Lodge in this 
 Stiite, in 1817; afterward the Grand 
 Lodge of Tennessee granted two 
 charters for lodges. July 27, 1818, 
 authorized delegates from the three 
 lodges then working in the State, 
 convened in the city of Natchez, 
 and, being organized, resolved that 
 it was expedient, and highly neces- 
 sary, to form and organize a Grand 
 Lodge for the State of Mississippi. 
 August 25, following, the conven- 
 tion met again and adopted a 
 constitution for the government of 
 the Grand Lodge, when the lodges 
 surrendered their charters obtained 
 from Kentucky and Temiesseee, and 
 received others from the new Grand 
 Lodge. Henry Tooley was elected 
 the first Grand Master. 
 
 The GRAND CHAPTER was organ- 
 ized at Vicksburg, May !<*, 1846. 
 Benjamin S. Tappen was elected 
 the first Grand High-Priest. 
 
 THE GKAND COUNCIL of Royal and 
 Select Masters was organized Jan. 
 19, 1856. Benjamin Springer waa 
 elected the first M.P. Grand Master.
 
 50 
 
 GENERAL HISTORY OF FREEMASONRY. 
 
 The GtAND COSTMA>TDEBY, Knights 
 Templar, was organized Jan. 22, 
 1857. William H. Stevens was 
 fleeted the first Grand Com- 
 mander. 
 
 MISSOURI. The first Lodge 
 established in the territory of Up- 
 per Louisiana, as this State was 
 originally called, was by authority 
 of a warrant from the Grand Lodge 
 of Pennsylvania, in 1807, in the 
 town of St. Genevieve. This Lodge 
 flourished until 1816, when, owing 
 to the unsettled condition of the 
 country, it ceased to work. In 1809 
 a constitutional number of brethren 
 obtained another charter from the 
 Grand Lodge of Pennsylvania to 
 open a Lodge in the town of St. 
 Louis. Of the history of this Lodge 
 nothing definite is known. A char- 
 ter bearing date October 8, 1816, 
 was granted by the Grand Lodge of 
 Tennessee, to open a Lodge in the 
 town of St. Louis, by the name of 
 Missouri Lodge. October 6, 1819, 
 charters were granted to open lodges 
 in the towns of Herculaneum and 
 St. Charles. In 1820 a dispensation 
 from the Grand Lodge of Indiana 
 was granted to form a Lodge in the 
 town of Jackson. Feb. 22, 1821, 
 a convention of delegates from the 
 several lodges assembled in the 
 town of St. Louis for the purpose 
 of consulting upon the propriety of 
 establishing a Grand Lodge for the 
 State. The convention appointed a 
 committee to draft a constitution, 
 and adjourned to meet at the same 
 place April 23, following. Pursuant 
 to notice of adjournment the con- 
 vention met, organized a Grand 
 Lodge for the State, adopted the 
 Constitution presented by the com- 
 mittee, and elected Grand Officers. 
 Thomas F. Riddick was elected the 
 first Grand Master. 
 
 The GBAND CHAPTEK was organ- 
 ized May 18, 1846. 
 
 The GRAND COMMAXDERY, Knights 
 Templar, was organized May 22, 
 1860. George W. Belt was elected 
 the first Grand Commander. 
 
 MONTANA. A Grand Lodge for 
 this territory was organized at Vir- 
 ginia City Jan. 24, 1866. John J. 
 Hull was elected the first Grand 
 Master. 
 
 NEBRASKA. The first Lodge 
 established in this territory was by 
 charter from the Grand Lodge of 
 Illinois to Nebraska Lodge, Oct. 3, 
 1855, at Uellevue; the second by 
 charter from the Grand Lodge ol 
 Missouri to Giddings' Lodge, May 
 26, 1857, at Nebraska City: the third 
 by charter from the Grand Lodge of 
 Iowa to Capital Lodge, June 3, 1857, 
 at Omaha City. Sept 13, 1857, a 
 convention of authorized delegates 
 from the above Lodges met in 
 Omaha, and established a Grand 
 Lodge for the territory of Nebraska. 
 R. C. Jordan was chosen the first 
 Grand Master. 
 
 NEW HAMPSHIRE. The ear- 
 liest record of the introduction of 
 Masonry into this State will be 
 found upon the books of St. John's 
 Grand Lodge, Boston, and in these 
 words, to wit: "A petition from the 
 brethren residing in Portsmouth, in 
 New Hampshire, for the erection of 
 a Lodge there (June 24, 1734,) was 
 granted, denominated 'The Holy 
 Lodge of St. John's;' which was 
 the beginning of Masonry in New 
 Hampshire." A charter was granted 
 to. a number of brethren in Ports- 
 mouth by the Massachusetts Grand 
 Lodge, under the name of "St. 
 Patrick's Lodge," bearing date Bos- 
 ton, March 17, 1780. This Lodge 
 continued its meetings until the 
 latter end of 1790, when they ceased 
 working. This Lodge had nevel 
 acknowledged the jurisdiction of 
 the Grand Lodge of New Hamp- 
 shire, and the Massachusetts Grand 
 Lodge, by the charter of St. Pat- 
 rick's Lodge, claimed jurisdiction 
 no longer than till a Grand Lodge 
 should be formed in New Hamp- 
 shire ; therefore, St. Patrick's Lodgo 
 was not, at the time of its disso- 
 lution, under the jurisdiction of 
 any Grand Lodge. A charter was 
 granted to several brethren at Cor- 
 nish by the Massachusetts Grand 
 Lodge, dated Nov. 8, 1781. This 
 Lodge met a few times at Cornish, 
 but when that town was claimed by 
 New Hampshire the Lodge removed 
 to Windsor, Vermont, and took the 
 name of Vermont Lodge No. 1. A 
 petition from several brethren, to 
 erect a Lodge at Keene, was read
 
 GENERAL HISTORY OF I'JfEEMASuNRY. 
 
 51 
 
 in the Massachusetts Grand Lodge, 
 March 5, 1784, and a charter granted 
 under tb.e designation of the llising 
 Hun Lodge. This Lodge returned 
 its charter to the Massachusetts 
 Grand Lodge at the formation of 
 the Grand Lodge of New Hamp- 
 shire. Two other lodges Faithful 
 and Dartmouth were chartered by 
 the Massachusetts Grand Lodge, 
 and were surrendered to the 
 parent body after the formation of 
 the New Hampshire Gmud Lodge. 
 July 8, 1789, deputies from the 
 several lodges in the State assem- 
 bled in convention, at Dartmouth, 
 and, after due deliberation, adopted 
 the folio wing: "Resolved, That there 
 be a Grand Lodge established in 
 the State of New Hamp> lire, upon 
 principles consistent wit ., and sub- 
 ordinate to, the General Regulations 
 and Ancient Constitutions of Free- 
 masonry. " The Grand Lodge, being 
 thus organized, proceeded to the 
 election of Grand Officers, when the 
 Hon. John Sullivan, President of 
 the State, was elected Grand Master. 
 
 The GKAND CHAPTER was organ- 
 ized in 1819. John Han-is was 
 elected the first Grand High-Priest. 
 
 The Orders of Knighthood were 
 introduced into this State in 1824. 
 
 The GRAND COMMANDEBY was or- 
 ganized Aug. '22, 1860. Daniel Balch 
 was elected the first Grand Com- 
 mander. 
 
 NEW JERSEY. Of the exact 
 date of the first existence of Masonry 
 in this State we are compelled, as 
 in several other cases, to say that 
 the truth of history must for a little 
 longer remain in the hidden and 
 undeveloped record of the past. 
 But that it had a name and an ex- 
 istence within the borders of the 
 then colony of New Jersey none 
 who are acquainted with the early 
 history of Freemasonry in this 
 country can doubt. The earliest 
 historical record of the founding 
 of the Order in America is to be 
 found in Preston's Illustrations, 
 under date 1729, the Duke of Nor- 
 folk being Grand Master, and in 
 these words: "Established by de- 
 putatiou a Provincial Grand Lodge 
 at New Jersey, in America." The 
 warrant named " Eight Worshipful 
 
 Brot aer Daniel Ooxe of New Jersey, 
 residing, and about to reside, in the 
 said Provinces of New York, New 
 Jersey, and Peusilvania, Provincial 
 Grand Master, with free power to 
 appoint his Deputy Grand Master 
 and Grand Wardens for the space of 
 two years," etc. This deputation 
 bears date London, Juno 5, 1730: 
 a certified copy of which is in pos- 
 session of the Grand Lodge of New 
 Jersey. That Bro. Coxe exercised 
 any of the powers delegated to him 
 we are not informed, nor has any 
 evidence of action on his part been 
 discovered. The first authentic 
 information that we have is that 
 a convention of tlie Masons in the 
 State was held at the city of New 
 Brunswick, Dec. 18, 1786, when a 
 Grand Lodge was regularly consti- 
 tuted, and the Hon. David Brearley, 
 Chief Justice of the State, was 
 elected the first Grand Master. 
 
 The GRAND ROYAL ARCH CHAPTER 
 was organized at Burlington, Dec. 
 30, 1856. Wm. H. Doggett was 
 elected the first Grand High-Priest. 
 
 The GRAND COUNCIL of lioyal and 
 Select Masters was organized Nov. 
 26, 1860. 
 
 The GRAND COMMANDER Y,Kuight9 
 Templar, was organized Feb. 14, 
 1860. Theophilus Fiske was elected 
 the first Grand Commander. 
 
 NEW YORK. The first recorded 
 knowledge we have of the establish- 
 ment of, or the attempt to establish, 
 Freemasonry in the colonies of 
 North America is the deputation 
 granted by the Grand Lodge of 
 England, in 1730, Duke of Norfolk, 
 Grand Master, to Samuel Coxe, for 
 the Provinces of New Jersey, New 
 York, and Pennsylvania. But the 
 fact that Brother Coxe used hi 3 
 authority or performed any Masonic 
 act remains hidden beneath tho 
 unexcavated arches of our imperfect 
 history. But the faithful and dili- 
 gent craftsmen are at work, and we 
 are confident that some valuable 
 memento of the past will yet be the 
 reward of their labors. The first 
 charter for the organization of a 
 Provincial Grand Lodge in New 
 York was granted by the Grand 
 Lodge of England in 1737, during 
 the Grand Mastership of the EarJ
 
 GENERAL HISTORY OF FKEEMASONBY". 
 
 of Darnley, to Bichard RiggS as 
 Provincial Grand Master. The pre- 
 cise date of this charter and the 
 records of the Grand Lodge were, 
 probably, destroyed during the war 
 \f the Revolution. Neither is it 
 known that this Provincial Grand 
 Lodge established any subordinates. 
 In 1747, under the Grand Master- 
 ship of Lord Byron, provincial 
 patents were issued for New YorK. 
 During this period, and up to 1751, 
 Francis Goalet exercised the prero- 
 gatives of Provincial Grand Master. 
 For the space of two years we have 
 no knowledge of who exercised the 
 duties of Grand Master. June 9, 
 1753, a commission was granted by 
 Lord Carysfort, Grand Master of 
 England, empowering George Har- 
 rison to superintend the affairs of 
 the Craft as Provincial Grand 
 Master in the Province of New 
 York. He was regularly installed 
 in due and ancient form Dec. 27, 
 1753. Masonry flourished under his 
 auspices, and several lodges were 
 established in the Province. Sir 
 John Johnson was appointed Pro- 
 vincial Grand Master in 1760 by 
 Lord Aberdour, Grand Master of 
 England, which office he held until 
 the commencement of the war of 
 the Revolution, when he espoused 
 the cause of the British, and it 
 is but fair to presume hat he 
 suspended the meetings of the 
 Grand Lodge, took possession of 
 the records, etc., and that they were 
 finally destroyed during the war; 
 ua most of the lodges suspended 
 business during the war, and the 
 work of the Craft was transferred 
 to the army or traveling lodges. 
 Sept. 5, 1781, a warrant was granted 
 by the "Ancient Grand Lodge of 
 England," the Duke of Athol, Grand 
 Master, to open a Provincial Grand 
 Lodge in the city of New York, 
 appointing Rev. William \V alter 
 Provincial Grand Master. The first 
 meeting of this Grand Lodge was 
 held Dec. 5, 1782, at which nine 
 lodges, then in the city, and six 
 mil. "<iry lodges, connected with the 
 British army, were present. At the 
 close of the war, and the evacuation 
 of the city of New York, by the 
 British army, the military lodges. 
 
 and many of the Grand Ofheers, If ft 
 the country. Sept. 19, 1783, a 
 meeting of the Provincial Grand 
 Lodge was held, when Bro. Walter 
 resigned and William Cock was 
 unanimously elected Grand Master. 
 At the meeting of Feb. 4, 1784, Bro. 
 Cock resigned, and the Hon. Robert 
 R. Livingston was elected Grand 
 Master. The precise date when the 
 Grand Lodge changed its form from 
 Provincial to an Independent is not 
 positively known. But it is gene- 
 rally conceded that when the arti- 
 cles of peace were ratified by the 
 two countries, the Provincial title 
 ceased, as a natural and legal result 
 The history of Masonry in New 
 York has been an eventful one. 
 Yet, notwithstanding these alter- 
 nating experiences of tranquil calms 
 and raging tempests, the Order of 
 Freemasonry in New York is, to-day, 
 immutable in its principles, nn- 
 shattered by past convulsions, unin- 
 jured by insidious decay, unawed by 
 threatened tumult or turbulent dis- 
 sension, as securely poised upon a 
 stable base as the everlasting hills. 
 
 The GRAND CHAPTER was organ- 
 ized Mar. 14, 1798. DeWitt Clinton 
 was elected the first Grand High- 
 Priest. 
 
 The GRAND COTTNCIL of Royal and 
 Select Masters was organized 1807. 
 
 The GRAND COMMANDER Y. Knights 
 Templar, was organized June 18, 
 1314. DeWitt Clinton was elected 
 the first Grand Commander. 
 
 NORTH CAROLINA. Of the 
 existence, or supposed existence, 
 of Freemasonry in this State the 
 earliest record is to be found among 
 the transactions of St. John's Grand 
 Lodge, at Boston, October 2, 17G7, 
 to wit: "A dispensation was made 
 out for the Right Worshipful Thos. 
 Cooper, Master of Pitt County 
 Lodge, in North Carolina, consti- 
 tuting him Deputy Grand Master 
 of that Province. And he was com- 
 missioned with power to congregate 
 all the brethren there residing, or 
 who should afterward reside in said 
 Province, into one or more lodges 
 as he should think fit. and in siich 
 place or places within the same as 
 should most redound to the benefit 
 f Masonry." As the early history
 
 GENERAL HISTORY OF FREEMASONRY. 
 
 55 
 
 of Freemasonry in every section of 
 this country is of great importance, 
 and that 110 statement, however 
 small it may appear, should be un- 
 noticed, we copy the following, in 
 the hope of eliciting further and 
 more reliable facts: " In a MS. letter 
 of Robert Williams, Grand Secretary 
 of the Grand Lodge of North Caro- 
 lina, dated Jan. 9, 1808. and directed 
 to the Grand Secretary of the Grand 
 Lodge of Kentucky, Bro. Williams 
 says: 'The Grand Lodge of North 
 Carolina was constituted by charter, 
 issued from the Grand Lodge of 
 Scotland, in the year 1761, signed 
 by Henry Somerset, Duke of Beau- 
 fort, as Grand Master; and attested 
 by George John Spencer, as Grand 
 Secretary. They were among the 
 officers of the Grand Lodge of Scot- 
 land, although Beaufort was an 
 English Duke, and Lord Spencer 
 an English Earl.' As the famous 
 altercations between the two Grand 
 Lodges of North Carolina and Ken- 
 tucky, in relation to the jurisdiction 
 over the territory of Tennessee, in 
 1807, etc., was finally settled, chiefly 
 by reference to the statements made 
 by Bro. Williams, in relation to the 
 ubove-uained charter, it is a curious 
 fact, that the persons above-named 
 were not officers <f the Grand Lodi/e 
 
 by the British army, dnnng the 
 Revolution; and, for several years, 
 the meetings of tho grand body were 
 suspended, and all knowledge of its 
 early records were lost. We cannot 
 even say whether thi? Provincial 
 warrant was issued directly by the 
 Grand Lodge of Scotland, as we 
 cannot find the fact stated in the 
 history of that grand body; but we 
 think it not at all difficult to recon- 
 cile this seeming defect. We know 
 that, in 1756, the Grand Lodge of 
 Scotland granted a Provincial com- 
 mission to Col. John Young, who 
 had long acted as Deputy Grand 
 Master over all the Lodges in Amer- 
 ica and the West Indies. But, as 
 before stated, that warrant was 
 destroyed, and for about ten years 
 no effective attempt was made to 
 reorganize. 'In 1787, the memJjers 
 of ike Craft assembled at Hills- 
 borough, and compiled a code of 
 laws for the government of the 
 Grand Lodge, and again commenced 
 Masonic labors.' From this it 
 would seem that they did not think 
 themselves incapacitated to reor- 
 ganize, or resuscitate, the Grand 
 Lodge, or, which is most likely, to 
 form a new Crand Lodge, because 
 the original document of authority 
 had been destroyed "* Samuel 
 
 of .^f<.it'iin'l. but that the Duke of: Johnson, Governor of the State, 
 Beaufort, from 17(i7 to 1771, was was elected the first Grand Master. 
 Grand Master of England! 
 
 It is 
 
 admirable to see what a small 
 amount of Masonic history satis- 
 tied our fathers fifty years ago. If 
 Beaufort signed the charter, he 
 must have done so as Grand Master 
 ui' England. We hope this piece 
 of history will yet be cleared up."* 
 Here is another specimen of how 
 Masonic history may be manufac- 
 tured, when it is necessary to say 
 something, but in the absence of 
 re-liable documentary evidence: "We 
 know that a Provincial Grand Lodge 
 was established ir_ North Carolina, 
 in 1771, under the minority of the 
 Grand Lodge of Scotland, which 
 convened alternately in Edenton 
 and Newbem. The archives were 
 deposited at Edentou, which, as 
 we are informed, were destroyed 
 
 By the transactions of the Gene- 
 ral Grand Chapter (meeting of 1847) 
 we learn that a Grand Chapter 
 existed in North Carolina, as a con- 
 stituent of that grand body, in 
 1822, but that it had ceased its 
 labors. The Grand Chapter was 
 reorganized June 28, 1847, under 
 the General Grand Chapter of the 
 United States. In 1857 it withdrew 
 and became an independent Grand 
 Chapter. 
 
 The GEAND COUNCIL of Royal 
 and Select Masters was organized 
 June 6, 1860. 
 
 OHIO. For the introduction oi 
 Freemasonry into Ohio we can give 
 no better or more reliable history 
 than that found in the Introduction 
 to the republished transactions of 
 the Grand Lodge. "At the con- 
 
 *' History of Masonry in Kentucky," *" History of Freemasonry," by J. W. 8 
 i>v R. Vwrt Morris, pp 10, 11. ititcteU. p. 67* Ti. i.
 
 56 
 
 GENERAL HISTORY OF FREEMASONRY. 
 
 vention which organized the Grand 
 Lodge delegates from six chartered 
 lodges (the delegate from one Lodge 
 was not admitted the reason is not 
 stated) appeared as representatives. 
 The lodp.s were: Union, No. 1; 
 Cincinnati, No. 13; Scioto, No. 2; 
 Erie, No. 47, and Amity, No. 105. 
 Union Lodge, No. 1, at Marietta, 
 derived its charter from the Grand 
 Lodge of Massachusetts.* The 
 strong presumption is that this 
 Lodge is the legitimate successor 
 of the old and honored American 
 Union Lodge organized Feb. 13, 
 1776, at Koxbury, Massachusetts. 
 As many of its members, after the 
 dispersion of the army, settled at 
 Marietta, Cincinnati Lodge No. 13, 
 at Cincinnati, received its warrant 
 originally from the Grand Lodge 
 of New Jersey, Sept. 8, 1791, under 
 the title of Nova Cesarea Lodge 
 No. 10. Some time between June 24 
 and Dec. 10, 1805, the members 
 returned their original charter and 
 took one from the Grand Lodge of 
 Kentucky, assuming the title of 
 Cincinnati Lodge No. 13. Scioto 
 Lodge No. 2, at Chillicothe, was 
 organized in 1805, by charter from 
 the Grand i<odge of Massachusetts. 
 Erie Lodge No. 47, at Warren, was 
 organized March 16, 1804, by dis- 
 pensation from the Grand Lodge 
 of Connecticut. Amity Lodge No. 
 105, at Zanesville, received its 
 charter from the Grand Lodge of 
 Pennsylvania, about the year 1804. 
 Jan. 8, 1808, a "con vention of dele- 
 gates from all the lodges in the 
 State met at Chillicothe to con- 
 sider the propriety of establishing a 
 Grand Lodge for the State. The 
 convention, in its deliberations, ad- 
 : ourned from day to day, and, on 
 the 7th, the following resolution 
 was unanimously agreed to: " He- 
 solved, That t Grand Lodge be 
 formed, to be known and styled the 
 Grand Lodge of Ohio, whose powers 
 
 *As the charter, with a portion, if not 
 all, of the records of the Lodge were 
 burned, with the buikUug iu which it was 
 held, a few years afterward, very little is 
 knowrir of its history or origin, save that 
 it emanated from the Grand Lod^e of 
 Massachusetts. It was brought by the first 
 tottlers, and seemed to be iu charge, prin- 
 cipally, of meu bvl'iu^uix to tu Ajuertaaa 
 
 IfUHT. 
 
 shall be to grant charters and dis- 
 pensations, on proper application, 
 to all such as shall apply and shall 
 be deemed worthy and shall have 
 jurisdiction over the same and 
 shall in all respects be clothed with 
 full powers, as a Grand Lodge, 
 according to ancient and due form, 
 and agreeably to the rules and land- 
 marks of Masonry. '' General Rufus 
 Putnam, a hero and veteran of the 
 Revolutionary war, was elected the 
 first Grand Master. 
 
 The GRAND CHAPTER was organ- 
 ized October, 1816. Samuel Hoyt 
 was elected the first Grand High- 
 Priest. 
 
 The GBAND COUNCIL of Royal and 
 Select Masters was organized in 
 1829. 
 
 The GBAND COMMANDEBY, Knights 
 Templar, organized Oct. 24, 1843. 
 Michael Z. Kreider was elected the 
 first Grand Commander. 
 
 OREGON. Freemasonry was in- 
 troduced into this territory in 1849 
 or 1850. by warrants from the Grand 
 Lodge of California. Aug. 16, 1851, 
 a convention was held at Oregon 
 City to take into consideration the 
 subject of forming a Grand Lodge. 
 Three lodges were represented, viz: 
 Multuomah, No. 84; Willamette, No. 
 11; and LaFayette, No. 15. The 
 Grand Lodge was organized, a con- 
 stitution adopted, and the officers 
 elected. Berryman Jennings waa 
 elected the first Grand Maste*. 
 
 PENNSYLVANIA. The first 
 Lodge of which we have any au- 
 thentic historical record was estab- 
 lished in Philadelphia, in 1734. 
 The deputation granted to Daniel 
 Coxe as Provincial Grand Master 
 for New Jersey, New York, and 
 Pennsylvania, in 1730, naturally 
 leads us to the belief, and particu- 
 larly when our impression is sus- 
 tained with notices iu the public 
 newspapers of the day, that lodges 
 existed in Philadelphia anterior to 
 1734. Notwithstanding the doubts 
 and discrepancies existing in regard 
 to the early development of the 
 mystic Order in Pennsylvania, we 
 must content ourselves with the 
 evidences of history as presented 
 to us until the m sts that now sur- 
 round the temple shall be dispelled
 
 GEFERAJ, ITISTORT OF FKEEMASONRY. 
 
 57 
 
 by the discovery of the truth. The 
 history of St. John's Grand Lodge, 
 at Boston, furnished the following 
 extract: "A petition being pre- 
 sented from Benjamin Franklin and 
 several brethren residing in Phila- 
 delphia, June 24, 1734, for a consti- 
 tution t for holding a Lodge there, 
 the R. W. Grand Master (Henry 
 Price), having this year received 
 orders from the Grand Lodge in 
 England to establish Masonry in all 
 North America, was pleased to grant 
 the prayer of the petitioners, and 
 to <send them a deputation, appoint- 
 ing the E. \V. Benjamin Franklin 
 thei? first Master; which was the 
 beginning of Masonry in the State 
 of Pennsylvania." July 10, 1749, 
 Franklin received a similar ap- 
 pointment from Thomas Oxnard, 
 Provincial Grand Master of New 
 England, and the successor of Henry 
 Price. In March, 1750, Wm. Allen 
 presented a communication from 
 the Grand Lodge ot England as Pro- 
 vincial Grand Master of Pennsyl- 
 vania. Franklin afterward received 
 a commission from England as Pro- 
 vincial Grand Master. "In 1758, 
 Lodge No. 2 was constituted, by 
 virtue of a warrant from the Grand 
 Lodge of Ancient York Masons of 
 England, the Earl of Blessiugton, 
 Grand Master, and Laurence Der- 
 mott, Grand Secretary."* From the 
 same source as the extract just 
 quoted, we are informed "that a 
 warrant for a Provincial Grand 
 Lodge in Pennsylvania was issued 
 by the Grand Lodge of England, 
 in June IT 64, directed to William 
 Ball, as Grand Master. From this 
 period little is known of Masonry 
 in Pennsylvania. The original ar- 
 chives of the Provincial Grand 
 Lodges (for it seems there was more 
 than one) were destroyed during 
 the Revolution, and while Phila- 
 delphia was in the hands of the 
 British. In 1779, the Masons of that 
 jurisdiction, feeling the evils result- 
 ing from the want of an organized 
 body, requested William Ball to 
 convene the Masons of the State 
 with a view of reorganization. In 
 compliance with their request he 
 
 * History of Masonry in Pennsylvania, 
 presented to the Grand Lodge iu 1826. 
 
 summoned the brethren to assem 
 ble in Philadelphia, Dec. 20, when 
 Grand Officers were elected Bro. 
 Ball being chosen Giand Master. 
 Sept. 13, 1786, thirteen lodges, by 
 their Masters and Wardens, met 
 in Philadelphia, and unanimously 
 "Resolved, That it would be im- 
 proper that the Grand Lodge of 
 Pennsylvania should remain any 
 longer under the authority of any 
 foreign Grand Lodge?" whereupon, 
 the Grand Lodge closed sine die. 
 On the day following, the delegates 
 of the thirteen lodges assembled 
 in convention, and organized the 
 present Grand Lodge of Pennsyl- 
 vania, and elected Grand Officers. 
 From the reorganization of this 
 Grand Lodge, down to the present 
 day, the history of Masonry in that 
 jurisdiction has been one uninter- 
 rupted course of prosperity and 
 general harmony. 
 
 The GRAND CHAPTER was organ- 
 ized Nov. 23, 1795. Until about 
 1820 this Grand Chapter was in its 
 government under the Grand Lodge, 
 its Grand Master being ex officio 
 the Grand High-Priest of the Grand 
 Chapter. It has since been a Grand 
 Chapter with its own elective Grand 
 Officers. It is sovereign and inde- 
 pendent, and has never acknowledg- 
 ed the supremacy of the General 
 Grand Chapter of the United States. 
 Previous to the formation of this 
 Grand Chapter, a Master's wan-ant 
 was sufficient authority for congre- 
 gating a Chapter, and conferring 
 any degree of Masonry the brethren 
 had knowledge of. 
 
 The GRAND COUNCIL of Royal and 
 Select Masters was organized Oct. 
 16, 1847. Previous to the formation 
 of this Grand Council, it was cus- 
 tomary for the Chapters to confer 
 the degrees on those who desired 
 them as honorary degrees. 
 
 Masonic Knighthood was intro- 
 duced into Pennsylvania in 1793.* 
 Prior to 1797 four Encampments 
 were instituted in this State, viz : 
 two in Philadelphia, one in Harris- 
 burg, and one in Carlisle. These 
 bodies were under the authority ol 
 the Grand Lodge of Pennsylvania 
 
 *" History of the Knights Templar ol 
 Penn.," bv Alfred Creigli, Phila.. 18G7.
 
 58 
 
 GENKKAL HISTORY OF FREEMA8ONKI . 
 
 tratil the 12th of May, 1797, when a 
 Grand Encampment was organized 
 at a convention of delegatco from 
 the several Encampments. From 
 this period Templarism has existed 
 us an independent organization. 
 
 PERU. As long as the Spaniards 
 held an exclusive and undisputed 
 possession of the country (153G- 
 1782), and the Inquisition lent its 
 aid to a fanatical priesthood, it 
 cannot be a matter of surprise that 
 Masonry was unknown in Peru. 
 The introduction of the Royal Art, 
 or even the fact of being a Mason. 
 would have been a sufficient cause 
 for the banishment, if not the death, 
 of the offender. During the French 
 invasion of Spain (1807-13), and the 
 presence there of the English, many 
 lodges were instituted in that coun- 
 try, and, among the troops sent 
 from Europe to quell the war of 
 Independence in Peru, there were 
 many brethren ; these, however, 
 being subjects of Spain, admitted 
 none of the patriots as members, 
 and it was not until the Declaration 
 of Independence, in 1821, when free 
 intercourse was established between 
 Peru and foreign nations, that Free- 
 masonry was introduced among the 
 natives. In 1825, after Peru had 
 achieved her complete independ- 
 ence, lodges were established in 
 Lima and other parts, by authority 
 of letters patent from the Grand 
 Orient of Colombia. From this 
 Grand Orient all the other Masonic 
 bodies in Peru afterward derived 
 their existence. The bodies worked 
 in the Ancient and Accepted Scot- 
 tish rite. Nov. 2, 1830, a Supreme 
 Council of this rite for the Eepublic 
 of Peru was established. June 23, 
 1831, the Masters and Wardens of 
 the symbolic lodges, as well as repre- 
 sentatives from the councils, chap- 
 ters, etc., assembled at the capital 
 and installed themselves into an 
 Independent Grand Lodge under 
 the title of the Grand Lodge of Peru, 
 which was in the same year changed 
 to Grand Orient. The political agi- 
 tations, which soon after disturbed 
 the peace of the country, caused the 
 lodges to be closed, and an attempt 
 wa.s made to drive Masonry fruin 
 Ihu country. In 1815. after a recesf 
 
 of some twelve years, a number o 
 brethren assembled and reopened 
 several of the lodges and chapters. 
 Jan. 30, 1849, the Supreme Council 
 was reopened, and lodges under its 
 authority set to work. July 13, 
 1852, the Grand Orient of Peru was 
 reopened and reconstituted under 
 the title of National Grand Orient 
 of Peru. In 1852 the Supreme 
 Royal Arch Chapter of Scotland 
 granted a charter to hold a Holy 
 Royal Arch Chapter at Callao. This 
 was the first Masonic body of the 
 "Ancient York rite," opened in 
 the Republic. This chapter was not 
 recognized by any of the governing 
 bodies. In May, 1857, an extensiva 
 schism broke out among the Frater- 
 nity, and many lodges and chapters 
 were instituted by the disaffected 
 party. None of the grand bodies 
 throughout the world acknowledged 
 the schismatics. At the present 
 time (1866") there are no illegal 
 bodies in Peru, except one at Callao 
 which is only a remnant of the 
 former schisms. There are many 
 lodges and chapters in Lima and 
 Callao, in a healthy and prosperous 
 condition. Beside the lodges and 
 chapters under the Supreme Coun- 
 cil, working in the Scottish rite in 
 Lima and Callao, the Grand Lodge 
 of Ireland has two lodges, to one of 
 which a Chapter of Royal Arch is 
 attached, under its jurisdiction, all 
 in Lima. The Grand Lodge of 
 Scotland has, besides the Royal 
 Arch Chapter, a Lodge of symbolic 
 Masonry in Callao. The Grand 
 Lodge of Massachusetts has a Lodge 
 established in Aiica. All these 
 bodies, combined, form the Grand 
 Orient of Peru, which admits iuto 
 its bosom all recognized rites, con- 
 sistent with the general principles 
 of Freemasonry. 
 
 POLAND. Freemasonry began 
 in Poland in 1736, but was almost 
 immediately suppressed through the 
 influence of the church. In 171219 
 many new lodges were established, 
 and in 17(i(i the institution rose to a 
 high position. In 1780 the Lodge 
 of the Good Shepherd was estab- 
 lished by the Grand Lodge of 
 England. In 1784 thirteen lodges, 
 then in the country, met at Warsaw
 
 GENERAL HISTORY OF FREEMASONRY. 
 
 59 
 
 and organized a Grand Lodge. In 
 1807 the Grand Orient of France 
 founded several lodges in the king- 
 dom. In 1822 a decree of the Em- 
 peror Alexander prohibited all secrel 
 societies; the brethren of Poland, 
 though deeply grieved, yet submis- 
 sively closed their lodges, which, 
 since then, have remained closed. 
 
 PORTUGAL. The introduction 
 of Freemasonry into this kingdom 
 began at' Lisbon, in 1735, by the 
 * Grand Lodge of England, but its 
 usefulness was of short duration. 
 The inquisition, that great extin- 
 guisher of liberty and enlighten- 
 ment, had control of this country. 
 Notwithstanding this powerful op- 
 position the Order succeeded in 
 spreading its cheerful influences, 
 and in 1805 a Grand Lodge was 
 organized. In 1807, during the 
 invasion of Portugal by the French 
 troops, Masonry was protected, and 
 until 1810, when a fresh persecution 
 of the Order began, which lasted 
 until about 1837, since which time 
 the Order has been permitted to 
 enjoy some success. There exists 
 in Lisbon a Grand Lodge of Portu- 
 gal and a Provincial Grand Lodge 
 of Ireland, which are recognized by 
 foreign Grand Lodges. 
 
 PRUSSIA. Freemasonry was in- 
 troduced into Prussia by Frederick 
 II., surnained the Great. Having 
 been secretly initiated, while crown- 
 prince, at Brunswick, he soon after 
 organized a Lodge in the castle of 
 Rheinsberg; and when, in 1740, he 
 ascended the throne he himself 
 wielded the gavel, and conducted 
 the first work with his own hand at 
 the castle in Charlottenburg, June 
 20. The distinctive title of this 
 Lodge was "The First Lodge," or 
 " The Lodge of the King, our Grand 
 Master." In the same year, Sept. 
 13, at his instigation, a new Lodge 
 was established in Berlin, which was 
 called "The Three Globes." This 
 Lodge was principally composed of 
 the members of "The First Lodge," 
 which had but a brief existence. 
 In 1744 "the Lodge of the Three 
 Globes " assumed the title of Royal 
 Grand Mother Lodge of the Three 
 Globes, and constituted subordi- 
 nate lodges at Meiuiugen, Frank- 
 
 fort, Breslau, Halle, etc. The king 
 assumed the office of Grand Master, 
 and continued to bear the title, 
 although during the seven years 
 war, and the cares that government 
 entailed on him, he was prevented 
 from attending to his Masonic 
 duties. In 1747, he appointed the 
 Duke of Holstein-Beck as Vice- 
 Grand Master, when the statutes 
 were revised, and Masonry, which 
 had somewhat declined, again re- 
 vived. Soon afterward a new Lodge, 
 " ia Peiite Concorde," was estab- 
 lished at Berlin, and, in 1760, a 
 third, "The Three Doves;" the 
 latter being founded by Tilley de 
 Lerney and a number of French 
 prisoners of war. Dissensions soon 
 broke out between these lodges; 
 and then began in Berlin and 
 throughout Germany that lamenta- 
 ble period of Masonry, when the 
 introduction of the French degrees, 
 and the admixture of various sys- 
 tems &nd new rites, caused such 
 confusion among the Fraternity that 
 the original tendency of the institu- 
 tion was almost extinguished. (To 
 follow the history of Masonry in 
 Prussia through this period, with its 
 thousand changes, systems, schisms, 
 etc., in an intelligible manner, 
 would require too long an article. ) 
 In 1765 Zinnendorf became Grand 
 Master of the Grand Lodge of the 
 Three Globes, but ihe following year 
 abandoned it, and in 1770 instituted 
 at Berlin a new Grand Lodge> called 
 the Grand National Lodge of Ger- 
 many, for which he obtained royal 
 sanction, and also a constitution 
 from the Grand Lodge of England. 
 In 1772 the Grand Lodge of the 
 Three Globes assumed the title of 
 the "National Grand Mother Lodge 
 for the Prussian States." In the 
 meantime, the Lodge of the Three 
 Doves, which had been founded at 
 Berlin in 1760, and subsequently 
 added to its original title that of 
 "Friendship," separated from its 
 Mother Lodge (the Three Globes) 
 in 1765, and assumed the title of 
 "Royal York of Friendship." In 
 1798, a royal edict was issued, which, 
 while strictly prohibiting all secret 
 societies, especially excepted the 
 three existing Grand Lodges witb 
 their subordinates.
 
 GFNERAL HISTORY OP FREEMASONRY. 
 
 RHODE ISLAND. December 
 27, 1749, the petition of several 
 brethren residing in Newport was 
 presented to St. John's Grand Lodge 
 at Boston, of which Thomas Oxnard 
 was Grand Master, praying for the 
 incorporation of a regular Lodge 
 there, which, on being read, it was 
 voted that a charter be granted 
 them. This was the beginning of 
 Masonry in Rhode Island. The 
 second Lodge was established at 
 Providence Jan. 18, 1757, under 
 the title of St. John's Lodge, by 
 authority of the same Grand Lodge, 
 Jeremy Gridley being Grand Master, 
 in compliance with the petition 
 of several brethren residing there. 
 Nov. 3, 1790, a report from a joint 
 committee of the two lodges in 
 Rhode Island, proposing a plan for 
 the formation of a Grand Lodge of 
 Rhode Island, was adopted. The 
 constitution of the Grand Lodge 
 was adopted April 6, 1751. Christo- 
 pher Champlin was elected the first 
 Grand Master. The first charter 
 granted by the Grand Lodge of 
 Rhode Island was in 1799, to certain 
 brethren in Warren, under the name 
 of Washington Lodge No. 3. Not- 
 withstanding the irregularity of the 
 formation of the Grand Lodge by 
 only two subordinates, Freemasonry 
 has always occupied a respectable 
 position in Rhode Island, and her 
 membership has been composed of 
 its best and most honored citizens. 
 
 The GRAND CHAPTEK was organ- 
 ized March, 1798. Seth Wheatou 
 was the first Grand High-Priest. 
 
 The GKAND COUNCIL of Royal 
 and Select Masters was organized 
 Oct. 30, 1860. 
 
 The GRAND COMMANDZEY, Knights 
 Templar, belonging, jointly, to Mas- 
 sachusetts and Rhode Island, was 
 formed in 1805. Thomas Smith 
 Webb, of R. I., was the first Grand 
 Commander. 
 
 RUSSIA. In 1731 the Grand 
 Lodge of England granted a warrant 
 for a Lodge at St. Petersburg, and 
 named Captain John Phillips as Pro- 
 vincial Grand Master. For many 
 years Freemasonry flourished, and 
 gained strength. In 1771 the Order 
 was patronized by the nobility. The 
 Emperor Peter III. conducts 1 , the 
 
 affairs of a Lodge, and was regarded 
 as an expert workman. In 1783 the 
 lodges throughout the empire or- 
 ganized a National Grand Lodge. 
 The society rose to a fullness of 
 splendor, unequaled in any part 
 of the world. But this state of 
 prosperity was not permitted to 
 continue. Politics and religious 
 opinions were permitted to enter 
 the lodge-room; extravagance and 
 speculation became uumanagable 
 among the brotherhood; the church, 
 with powerful influence, and some 
 other causes, compelled the Craft to 
 close their lodges, yet the meetings 
 were occasionally held, but very 
 secluded, until 1808-14, when the 
 Order again flourished with renewed 
 vigor, and until 1822, when, sud- 
 denly and most unexpectedly, the 
 Emperor Alexander issued a decree 
 that all the Masonic lodges through- 
 out the empire should be closed, 
 and no others permitted to be 
 founded. The then condition of 
 Poland was alleged as a reason for 
 this. The brethren, with saddened 
 hearts, calmly obeyed the command 
 of their monarch. A few years after 
 the Fraternity ventured again upon 
 their field of philanthropy; gradu- 
 ally reopened their lodges, and re- 
 sumed their labors, and continue to 
 assemble as Freemasons even to the 
 present day. 
 
 SAXONY. The first Lodge was 
 established at Dresden, Saxony, in 
 1738. In 1741 another was formed 
 at Leipsic, and a third in 1742 at 
 Altenburg. In 1805 a convention 
 of the lodges in Saxony assembled 
 for the purpose of establishing a 
 Grand Lodge; although the rules 
 for its organization were arranged, 
 yet it was not perfected, until 1811. 
 The seat of the Grand Lodge is at 
 Dresden. The system of Ancient 
 Craft Masonry and Schroder's rite 
 are the work of the lodges in this 
 country. 
 
 SCOTLAND. The early history 
 of Freemasonry in this country, 
 like that of England and Germany, 
 is surrounded with the misty haze 
 of legendary lore. The first reliable 
 information we have touching the 
 Fraternity dates back to the early 
 part of the fifteenth century. They,
 
 GENERAL BISTORT OF FREEMASONRY. 
 
 61 
 
 at that period, acknowledged their 
 kiug and sovereign as their Grand 
 Master; to his authority they sub- 
 mitted all disputes that happened 
 among the brethren. When not a 
 Mason himself, he appointed one 
 of the brethren to preside as his 
 deputy at their meetings, and to 
 regulate all matters concerning the 
 Craft. In 1430 King James I. was 
 acknowledged as the Royal Grand 
 Master, who regulated the affairs 
 of the Fraternity. In 1441 William 
 St Glair, Earl of Orkney and Baron 
 of Roslin, obtained a grant of the 
 office of Grand Master from Kiug 
 James II. By another grant this 
 office was made hereditary to the 
 said William St. Clair. and his heirs 
 and successors in the barony of 
 Roslin ; in which noble family it has 
 continued without interruption till 
 of late years. The Masons held 
 their grand courts, or, in Masonic 
 language, their Grand Lodge assem- 
 bled at Kilwinning, in the western 
 country, where it is claimed that 
 the Masons of Scotland first held 
 regular and permanent lodges. It 
 is asserted, with great firmness and 
 plausibility, that in this place the 
 royal art first made its appearance. 
 The office of Patron being hereditary 
 in the family of Sinclair of Roslin, 
 he being advanced in years, and 
 having no children, was anxious 
 that the office of Grand Master 
 should not become vacant at his 
 death; therefore he assembled the 
 lodges in and about Edinburg, Oct. 
 15, 1736, and represented to them 
 how beneficial it would be to the 
 cause of Masonry in general, to have 
 a Grand Master of their own elect- 
 ing, and intimated his intention of 
 iv.signing his office, and setting the 
 noxt St. Andrew's day, Nov. 30, as 
 tlit time for holding such election. 
 On that day thirty-three lodges met, 
 and, having received the resignation 
 of St. Clair, they proceed to the 
 election, and unanimously elected 
 William Sinclair, of Itoslin, Grand 
 Master, and this was also the found- 
 ing of the Grand Lodge of Scotland. 
 The Lodge afr Kilwinning, (more 
 generally known as the "Mother 
 Lodge of Kilwinning,") long after 
 '.be institution of the Grand Lodge, 
 
 continued to act independently, and 
 to grant charters to other lodges as 
 formerly. This gave rise to dis- 
 putes, which it was desirable for the 
 credit of the Fraternity to avoid; 
 and at length, in 1807, Mother Kil- 
 wiuning Lodge agreed to surrender 
 her authority and acknowledge the 
 Grand Lodge, thereby renouncing 
 all right to grant charters in future. 
 Kilwinuing was placed at the head 
 of the roll of the Grand Lodge 
 under the denomination of "Mother 
 Kilwinniug, " and its Master, for the 
 time being, declared the Provincial 
 Grand Master over the Ayrshire 
 district, and this put an end to all 
 disputes about Masonic precedency. 
 From this time Freemasonry has 
 prospered and increased throughout 
 the country. 
 
 Besides the Grand Lodge there 
 are: 1. Supreme Grand Royal Arch 
 Chapter for Scotland; 2. The Royal 
 Order of Scotland, Herodom of 
 Kilwinuing, supposed to have been 
 established by King Robert Bruce, 
 in 1314; 3. The General Chapter oi 
 the Religious and Military Order of 
 Knights Templar, with various Pri- 
 ories ; 4. The Supreme Grand Coun- 
 cil of Scotland of the Ancient and 
 Accepted Scottish rite. 
 
 SOUTH CAROLINA. There is 
 no evidence, by record or tradition, 
 of the existence of a Masonic Lodge 
 in the Province of South Caroliua 
 anterior to the year 1736. Oct. 28, 
 of that year, the first Lodge of 
 Masons in South Carolina was 
 opened in the city of Charleston, 
 then known as "Charles-Town.''* 
 In this year John Haininertou was 
 appointed Provincial Grand Master 
 for the Colony, which office he 
 resigned the following year, when 
 he was succeeded by James Graeme. 
 The early history of the Order in 
 
 * This is the first Lodge that was evei 
 established in the jurisdiction. It received 
 its warrant from Lord Weymouth, the 
 Grand Master of the Grand Ludye <>1 
 England, with the title of Solomon's Lodfie 
 No. 45; afterward it became No. 1. From 
 its organization, in 1736, it continued un- 
 interruptedly to work until 1811, when it 
 suspended labor. In 1817 it was revived, 
 but again became dormant in 1838. It 
 was finally revived, by a new warrant, 
 granted June 25, 1841. It is now in activ* 
 uccessful operatiou.
 
 GENERAL HISTORY OF FREEMASOXRY. 
 
 South Oaioliua is shrouded in some 
 donbt, particularly in consequence 
 of the apathy of the brotherhood, 
 and partly by reason of a large fire 
 which occurred in Charleston in 
 1 738. The period of inaction which 
 marked the Order for several years 
 previous to 1754 was, in that year, 
 lirought to a happy conclusion, and 
 *ras followed by an important reac- 
 tion. In 1754, the Marquis of Car- 
 narvqu granted a deputation "to 
 Peter Leigh, Chief Justice of South 
 Obrdlina, for Carolina. ' Mr. Leigh 
 proved an efficient officer. He, im- 
 mediately after his arrival, appoint- 
 ed a Deputy Grand Master and 
 Grand Wardens, and reorganized the 
 Provincial Grand Lodge. Masonry, 
 for a time, nourished with renewed 
 rigor. The Hon. Peter Leigh died 
 Aug. 21, 1759. In 1761 Benjamin 
 Smith was appointed Prov. Grand 
 Master, who resigned the office in 
 1767. In 1769 the Duke of Beaufort, 
 Grand Master of England, appointed 
 the Hon. Egerton Leigh Provincial 
 Grand Master, which office he held 
 until he left the country, in 1774. 
 In 1777 the Grand Lodge elected 
 the Hon. Barnard Elliott "Grand 
 Master of Masons in this State." 
 This, Dr.Mackey strongly urges, was 
 "the true date of the organization 
 of the Grand Lodge of South Caro- 
 lina." In 1787 the Grand Lodge 
 became an independent body, and 
 called itself the Grand Lodge of 
 Free and Accepted Masons of South 
 Carolina. In the same year the 
 Grand Lodge of Ancient York 
 Masons was organized. In 1808 
 the two Grand Lodges united and 
 formed the Grand Lodge of South 
 Carolina. In 1809 the Grand Lodge 
 of Ancient York Masons was re- 
 vived. In 1817 the final union took 
 place between the Grand Lodge 
 of South Carolina and the revived 
 Grand Lodge of Ancient York 
 Masons, which forms the present 
 Grand Lodge of South Carolina. 
 
 The GKAND ROYAL AKCH CHAPTER 
 was organized May '29, 1812. Win. 
 Young was elected the first Grand 
 High-Priest. 
 
 The degrees of Royal and Select 
 Masters were first introduced into 
 South Carolina iu the year 1783, 
 
 and conferred in the Lodgt- ot 
 Perfection, at Charleston, under 
 the authority of the Ancient and 
 Accepted rite. After a time the 
 Supreme Council relinquished its 
 authority over the councils estab- 
 lished in the State, and r in 1860, a 
 Grand Council of Royal and Select 
 Masters was established. Albert G. 
 Mackey was elected the first Most 
 Puissant Grand Master. 
 
 The order of Knights Templar 
 was introduced into South Carolina 
 about 1780-1803. The exact date 
 is involved in obscurity and doubt. 
 There is but one Commandery 
 (South Carolina Commandery No. 1) 
 in the State. 
 
 SPAIN. In 1727 the first Lodge in 
 Spain was established at Gibraltar, 
 by warrant from the Earl of Inchi- 
 quiti, Grand Master of England; the 
 second at Madrid in 1728, and a 
 third in 1731), at Andalusia. In ] 74C 
 Philip V. issued an edict againsi 
 the Order, and several members ol 
 the Fraternity were arrested and 
 condemned to the galleys. Free- 
 masonry was much oppressed in 
 Spain until the year 1807, when 
 Joseph Bonaparte ascended the 
 throne; the Fraternity increased 
 rapidly, and, in 1809, a National 
 Grand Lodge was founded at 
 Madrid, which held its meetings in 
 the same building in which the 
 inquisition had a short time before 
 held its convocations. In 1811, the 
 king, in his capacity of Grand Com- 
 mander, founded a Grand Chapter 
 of the higher degrees. The Frater- 
 nity flourished till the return of 
 Ferdinand VII., who reestablished 
 the inquisition, and in 1811 the 
 meetings of the Order were pro- 
 hibited, and many of the Masons 
 persecuted in the most inhuman 
 manner. Between 1845 and 1852 
 the lodges increased notwithstand- 
 ing the opposition. A Grand Orient 
 had been organized under the 
 title of "Gran Oriente Hesperico," 
 which acknowledges the Ancient 
 and Accepted rite, and also recog- 
 nizes the lodges founded by the 
 Grand Lodge. The members ol 
 the Order are obliged to use ficti- 
 tious names to escape the perse- 
 cutions of tin' civil authorities N0
 
 GENF.SAL HISTORY OF FEEEMASON14> 
 
 Lodgo is permitted to possess any 
 written documents, and every six 
 U) jnths a new pass- word is selected, 
 and communicated by the Grand 
 Orient; brethren who are strangers 
 are only admitted if personally 
 known to the W. M. 
 
 SWEDEN. Freemasonry was in- 
 troduced into this country in 1735. 
 oy charter from the Grand Orient 
 of France, granted to the Governor, 
 Count Sparre. But little is known 
 of this Lodge, as its operations 
 wese closed in 1738 by royal de- 
 cree, forbidding Masons to meet on 
 pain of death. This prohibition 
 was rescinded in 1740, when the 
 Order spread and nourished. It 
 soon enjoyed a position that the 
 brethren did not hesitate to publicly 
 acknowledge their association with 
 the institution. In 1762 King 
 Adolphus Frederick declared him- 
 self the protector of the Swedish 
 lodges, and desired to participate in 
 the labors and expenses of the 
 Fraternity. In 1765 Lord Blaney, 
 Grand Master of England, granted 
 a deputation to Brother Charles 
 Fullman, secretary to the English 
 embassy at Stockholm, to establish 
 a Provincial Grand Lodge for Swe- 
 den. In 1799 a union of the Grand 
 Lodges of Sweden and England 
 was effected, which was the cause 
 of great rejoicing among the Fra- 
 ternity. In 1809 Charles XIII. 
 ascended the throne of Sweden, 
 \vho, May 27, 1811, founded an 
 order of knighthood under the 
 title of "Charles the Thirteenth," 
 for the purpose, as is stated in the 
 manifesto establishing the Order, 
 to do honor to those virtues which 
 are not prescribed by law, and which 
 are seldom offered to the notice of 
 the public. The statutes exacted 
 that this Order, the distinctive 
 badges of which were to be worn 
 openly, shov.ld only be communi- 
 cated to Freemasons; it, therefore, 
 formed the highest degree of Swe- 
 dish Freemasonry. The reigning 
 king was always to be Grand Master 
 of the Order, and beside the princes 
 of the royal house, the Order could 
 only consist of twenty-seven secular 
 and three ecclesiastical members. 
 XIII. remained an active 
 
 and zealous member of the Ordei 
 during his life time. Freemasonry 
 is still protected by the crown, and 
 is, therefore, one of the most respect- 
 able institutions in the country. 
 
 SWITZERLAND. The intro- 
 duction of the Order into Switzer- 
 land began in 1737, by warrant from 
 the Grand Lodge of England, to 
 Sir George Hamilton, as Provincial 
 Grand Master, by authority of which 
 he established a Provincial, Grand 
 Lodge at Geneva. In 1739 the 
 Duke of Montacute, Grand Master 
 of England, granted a wan-ant to a 
 number of English nobleman to 
 establish a Lodge at Lausanne. 
 Masonry flourished for a short time, 
 when it was prohibited by the civil 
 authorities of Benie. The lodges 
 remained closed for nearly twenty 
 years, when the old Lodge at 
 Lausanne was revived, and nour- 
 ished for a short period. But soon 
 the old prohibition was again issued 
 against the Order. Internal dissen- 
 sions also entered the bodies, which, 
 for a time^ threatened its total de- 
 struction. Four distinct organiza- 
 tions, in spirited opposition to each 
 other, existed at the same time iu 
 the republic. During the stormy 
 political events between 1793 and 
 1803 the lodges remained closed. 
 When Neueuburg and Geneva were 
 ceded to France, the Grand Lodge 
 of Geneva censed to exist, and all 
 the lodges placed themselves under 
 the Grand Orient of France, which 
 immediately founded new lodges in 
 various parts of the country. Peace, 
 with its harmonious influences, was 
 restored, and Masonry immediately 
 revived. In 1822 a treaty of union 
 was agreed upon between the Grand 
 Orient and the English Provincial 
 Grand Lodge, which assumed the 
 name of the Grand Lodge of 
 Switzerland. In 1814, through the 
 efforts of the powerful and in- 
 fluential Masons of Switzerland, 
 delegates from all the lodges met 
 at Zurich, when the treaty of 
 union was ratified for the newly- 
 founded Grand Lodge under the 
 name of "Alpina." Switzerland 
 displays in the present day great 
 Masonic activity, and the Fralernitj 
 therein is much esteemed.
 
 OEXEIIAL FTP'rOT^Y OF T'REEMASO'NTJY. 
 
 TENNESSEE. Previous to Dec. 
 27, 1813, the lodges in the State of 
 Tennessee were held under charters 
 from the Grand Lodge of North 
 Carolina, except one which was 
 iield under the authority of the 
 Grand Lodge of Kentucky. Pur- 
 suant to m tice, a convention of 
 delegates from the several lodges 
 in the State assembled at Knoxville 
 in December, 1811, for the purpose 
 of establishing a Grand Lodge, 
 when the following resolutions were 
 adopted: "Resolved, That, in the 
 opinion of this convention, the 
 number of lodges of Ancient York 
 Masons in this State, as well as the 
 state of society, require the forma- 
 tion of a Grand Lodge within the 
 same, for the better regulation and 
 extension of the Craft. Resolved, 
 That a committee be appointed for 
 the purpose of drawing up an 
 address to the Grand Lodge of 
 North Carolina, soliciting their as- 
 sent to the establishment of a Grand 
 Lodge in the State of Tennessee." 
 Other resolutions were adopted, of 
 similar effect to the foregoing, and 
 the convention adjourned to meet 
 Dec. 27, 1813, when the Grand Lodge 
 was organized, the officers elected 
 ajid installed. Thomas Clairborne 
 was elected the first Grand Master. 
 
 TEXAS. The introduction of 
 Masonry into Texas began by dis- 
 pensation from John H. Holland, 
 Grand Master of Louisiana, under 
 the name of Holland Lodge, Dec. 17, 
 1835, at Brazoria. Soon after hostili- 
 ties broke out between Mexico and 
 Texas, when the Lodge was obliged 
 to close its operations. Brazoria was 
 abandoned; Gen.Urrea, commander 
 of the Mexican forces, entered the 
 city and took possession of the 
 books, jewels, and everything be- 
 longing to the Lodge. Meanwhile 
 the Grand Lodge of Louisiana had ; 
 issued a charter for Holland Lodge 
 No. 3G, and the Lodge was reopened 
 in Oct., 1837, at the city of Houston. 
 Soon after two other lodges, with 
 charters from the Grand Lodge 
 of Louisiana, were established in I 
 Texas Milam, at Nacogdoches, 
 and McFarlane, at San Augustine. 
 Delegates from these, and from 
 Holland Lodge, met in convention 
 at Houston, in the winter of 1837-8, 
 
 and the Grand Lodge of the repub- 
 lic was formed. By advice and 
 direction of this body, the three 
 subordinate lodges transferred theii 
 allegiance from Louisiana to theii 
 own Grand Lodge, surrendered 
 their charters to Louisiana, and 
 received others from Texas. Anson 
 Jones was elected the first Grand 
 Master. Such is the brief sketch 
 of the first establishment of Free- 
 masonry in Texas. It was founded, 
 like our political institutions, amid 
 the stern concomitants of adversity 
 and war; but its foundations were 
 laid broad and deep, and upon 
 them has been raised a superstruc- 
 ture of strength and beauty, sym- 
 metrical in its proportions and vast 
 in its dimensions, and which will 
 continue as a beacon to guide and 
 cheer worthy Masons on their jour- 
 ney of life. 
 
 TRINIDAD, W. I. Henry Price, 
 Provincial Grand Master of New 
 England, in 1733, on his return to 
 England in 1738, went by way of 
 Antigua, where, finding a number of 
 Masons from Boston, he formed them 
 into a Lodge, gave them a aharter 
 and initiated the governor and 
 several gentlemen of high distinc- 
 tion. In 1798 a charter was received 
 from the Grand Lodge of France, 
 for the Lodge United Brothers, 
 which, in 1799, had its warrant 
 renewed by the Grand Lodge of 
 Pennsylvania. This Lodge remain- 
 ed under the jurisdiction of the 
 Grand Lodge of Pennsylvania until 
 1814, when, in consequence of the 
 war between the United States 
 and Great Britain, communications 
 being interrupted, the brethren 
 petitioned the Grand Lodge of 
 Scotland to take them under their 
 protection, which request was com- 
 plied with. This Lodge is still in 
 existence, with the No. 251 on the 
 registry of the Grand Lodge of 
 Scotland. A Chapter of Royal Arch 
 Masons has also been established 
 there. The Grand Lodge of England 
 has several lodges at work there. 
 In 1814 a charier was granted 
 by the Royal Grand Conclave of 
 Scotland to the " Trinidad Grand 
 Assembly of Knights Templar, 
 No. 29." Masonry is now in a 
 flourishing condition here.
 
 GKXKT2AL HISTOKT OF KBEEMASONY. 
 
 65 
 
 TURKEY. Freemasonry was in- 
 troduced into the Ottoman Empire 
 about 1830; but it soon ceased to 
 exist. More recently several lodges 
 have been established at Constan- 
 tinople, Smyrna, and Aleppo, and 
 particularly among the English set- 
 tlements. The lodges are pros- 
 perous, and an English Provincial 
 Grand Lodge for Turkey has been 
 established recently, with Sir Henry 
 Bulwer as Grand Master. 
 
 URUGUAY. The first Lodge 
 was established in this republic in 
 the year 1827, by the Grand Orient 
 of France, under the name of. " The 
 Children of the New World. " This 
 Lodge is still in existence, having, 
 however, changed its name to that 
 of "The Friends of the Country." 
 There are several Spanish lodges 
 in the republic, governed by the 
 Supreme Council and the Grand 
 Orient of Uruguay, which were 
 established in the year 1855. The 
 lodges under this authority, and the 
 solitary one which retains its alle- 
 giance to the Grand Orient of 
 France, are working together in the 
 utmost harmony. Notwithstanding 
 the opposition of the priesthood 
 here, Masonry is fully carrying out 
 its great mission of love. 
 
 VERMONT. Of the first intro- 
 duction of Freemasonry into this 
 State we have, at present, no im- 
 mediate knowledge, unless the first 
 Lodge is that mentioned in the fol- 
 lowing statement: "A petition from 
 several brethren, dated at Cornish, 
 (then claimed by Vermont, but now 
 in New Hampshire,) was read in the 
 Massachusetts Grand Lodge, Nov. 8, 
 1781, praying for the establishment 
 of a Lodge in that place; where- 
 upon, voted that a charter be issued 
 accordingly. This Lodge met a few 
 times at Cornish, but when that town 
 was claimed by New Hampshire 
 the Lodge removed to Windsor, Vt., 
 on the opposite side of Connecticut 
 river, and took the name of 'Ver- 
 mont Lodge, No. 1.'" Jan. 17, 1785, 
 the Massachusetts Grand Lodge 
 granted a charter to a proper num- 
 ber of Master Masons, residing at 
 Manchester, Vermont, to establish 
 a Lodge at that place. The Grand 
 odge was organized Oct. 19, 1794. 
 
 6 
 
 The GKAND CHAPTEB was organ- 
 ized Dec. 20, 1804. Jonathan Wells 
 was elected the first Grand High- 
 Priest. Reorganized July 18, 1849. 
 
 The GRAND COUNCIL of Royal and 
 Select Masters was organized 1854. 
 Nathan B. Haswell was elected the 
 first Grand Master. 
 
 The GKAND COMMANDERY, Knights 
 Templar, was organized 1825 was 
 dormant for several years reorgan- 
 ized Jan. 14, 1852. 
 
 VIRGINIA. Writers on the early 
 history of Freemasonry in the 
 United States, particxilarly of the 
 time when they were colonies of the 
 British government, are often em- 
 barrassed in their researches, and 
 are unable to furnish the "tangible 
 proof" of the first introduction of 
 the Order into certain well-estab- 
 lished localities among the early 
 settlements of this country. The 
 historian is often sorely perplexed 
 from the fact that the materials 
 within his reach are in many 
 instances only speculations, pre- 
 sumptions, or the too frequently 
 questionable statements of "the 
 oldest inhabitant. " The difficulty, 
 therefore, of preparing a continuous 
 history of Freemasonry in America 
 lies mainly in the presumptive char- 
 acter of much of the evidence that 
 makes up its record. That there is 
 some cause for this lack of reliable 
 evidence is beyond dispute. The 
 many difficulties that surrounded 
 the habitations of the first emi- 
 grants; the wild and unsettled con- 
 dition of the country ; the war of the 
 Revolution, when the merciless foe 
 burned and destroyed every kind 
 of property within his reach; the 
 frequent ecclesiastical and political 
 persecutions which have from time 
 to time been brought against the 
 Order, and the slight interest taken 
 by our predecessors in the preserva- 
 tion of Masonic records these, 
 with other causes, will, in some 
 measure, account for the scarcity of 
 reliable Masonic data, at the present 
 time. We are led to these reflections 
 after examining the scanty materials 
 which we find for the subject undei 
 discussion as well as of that already 
 disposed of. For the matter of this 
 sketch I am indebted to a verj
 
 GKNERAL IIISTC .Ri OF FE3RMASOKBT 
 
 ab!e and interesting address on the 
 "History of the Grand Lodge of 
 Virginia, by E. W. JOHN Dove, 
 M. D." Bro. Dove has been an 
 active member of the Grand Lodge 
 of Virginia for fifty, and its Grand 
 Secretary for more than thirty, years. 
 He says: "The first Lodge of An- 
 cient York Masons was chartered 
 Dec. 22, 1733, in the village of 
 Norfolk, by the title of Eo/al 
 Exchange Lodge, No. 172. The 
 second Lodge was chartered by the 
 Grand Lodge of Scotland for Port 
 Royal, by the name of Kilwinning 
 Cross, in 1755. The third was 
 chartered by the same Grand Lodge 
 for Petersburg, by the name of 
 Blandford Lodge No. 83, in 1767. 
 The fourth was chartered by the 
 Grand Lodge of Massachusetts 
 for Fredericksburg, July 21, 1758, 
 having some years before obtain- 
 ed a dispensation. The fifth was 
 chartered by the Grand Lodge of 
 England for Hampton, Nov. 6, 1773, 
 by the name of St Tamany; and, 
 on the same day, by the same grand 
 body, the sixth Lodge was chartered 
 for Williamsburg, by the name 
 of Williamsburg. The seventh 
 was chartered by the same for 
 Gloucester, Nov. 6, 1773, by the 
 name of Botetourt. The eighth was 
 chartered by the Grand Lodge of 
 Scotland for Cabin Point, April 5, 
 1775, by the name of Cabin Point 
 Eoyal Arch. Beside these are found 
 on the registry of the Grand Lodge 
 of Scotland that St. John's Lodge 
 No. Ill was constituted at Norfolk 
 in 1741; also there was a Lodge at 
 Falmouth, and one chartered for 
 Yorktown, Aug. 1, 1755, by the 
 Grand Lodge of England. That 
 there were others in the State (mili- 
 tary lodges no doubt) is proven by 
 a letter written in 1843, by K. W. 
 John Barney, the Grand Lecturer 
 of Ohio, in which he says : ' Capt. 
 Hngh Maloy, aged ninety-three, is 
 now living in or near Bethel, Clei- 
 mont Co., who was initiated in 1782, 
 in Gen. Washington's Marquee; 
 Gen. Washington presided in per- 
 son, and performed the initiatory 
 ceremonies. ' " At a convention of 
 delegates from Norfolk, Kilwinuing 
 Port ltov.il Cross, Blandford, V r il- 
 
 liamsburg, ai^d Cabin Point BoyiJ 
 Arch lodges, met at Williamsburg, 
 Va., May 6, 1777, for the purpose 
 of choosing ;., Grand Master for the 
 State of Virginia. The convention 
 decided, by unanimous vote, that a 
 Grand Master ought to be chosen 
 to preside over the Craft in Virginia, 
 and a committee was appointed to 
 present, to the Fraternity at large, 
 the reasons for this step. May 13, 
 following, the convention received 
 the committee's report, which pre- 
 sented four reasons for the course 
 contemplated, viz : 1. That the 
 lodges in Virginia were working 
 under jive distinct and separate au- 
 thorities, viz: the Grand Masters of 
 England, Scotland, Ireland, Penn- 
 sylvania, and America, the last at 
 second hand; consequently, they 
 could not assemble in annual com- 
 munication to manifest the distin- 
 guishing characteristics of Masonry, 
 or settle whatever differences might 
 arise among the respective lodges 
 for want of a common tribunal. 
 2. No precedent could be found by 
 the committee where Masonry had 
 ever derived any benefit from the 
 foreign appointment of a Grand 
 Master in this country, those officers 
 being but little known and slightly 
 regarded. 3. There was no tribunal 
 for the correction of abuses, and no 
 settled authority for the establish- 
 ment of new lodges. 4. The Grand 
 Lodges of England, Scotland, and 
 Ireland, having established their 
 own right of election upon the 
 inherent privilege of Masons, dis- 
 tinct from all foreign power what- 
 ever, the committee conceive that 
 the Masons of Virginia have the 
 same rights and privileges which 
 Masons in other lauds, hi all times, 
 heretofore had confessedly enjoyed. 
 After the discussion of this able 
 paper, the convention then ad- 
 journed to meet at Williamsburg, 
 June 23, ensuing. Upon that day, 
 the delegates of five lodges assem- 
 bled, agreeably to adjournment, and 
 declared themselves unanimously 
 of opinion that a Grand Master of 
 Virginia is essential to the prosperity 
 and dignity of Masonry in general; 
 but. the-re not being a majority of 
 the Virginia lodges represented
 
 GENERAL HISTORY OF FBEEMASONRF. 
 
 they declined proceeding at that 
 time to an election. The conven- 
 tion recommended, however, that 
 each lodge petition its own Grand 
 Master (in England, Scotland, etc. , 
 as the case might be,) to appoint 
 some one worthy Mason, resident 
 in .this State, as Grand Master 
 thereof, with power to resign such 
 authority to a convention of all 
 the lodges when they should meet 
 and elect a Grand Master. And for 
 this purpose the convention re- 
 commended that GENERAL GEORGE 
 WASHINGTON, commander-in-chief of 
 the revolutionary army, should be 
 the individual to whom the charter 
 of appointment should be made, 
 but he declined. The convention re- 
 assembled, Oct. 13, 1778, four lodges 
 being represented, and adopted a 
 resolution, unanimously, that there 
 was a sufficient number of lodges 
 present to proceed to business. 
 Decided that the power and au- 
 thority of Cornelius Harnet, as 
 Deputy Grand Master of America, 
 had ceased to exist. John Blair, 
 of Williamsburg, was then unani- 
 mously elected Grand Master. He 
 M'as installed Oct. 30, ensuing, and 
 thus the long-desired object of an 
 Independent Grand Lodge was 
 accomplished. 
 
 Royal Arch Masonry was intro- 
 duced into Virginia under the 
 auspices of Joseph Myers, one of 
 the Inspectors General of the An- 
 cient and Accepted rite, of the 
 southern jurisdiction, at Charleston, 
 S. C. The SUPREME GRAND ROYAL, 
 ARCH CHAPTER was organized at 
 Norfolk, May 1, 1808. This grand 
 body is not in affiliation with the 
 General Grand Chapter of the 
 United States. 
 
 The GRAND ENCAMPMENT was or- 
 ganized about 1823; was represented 
 in the Grand Encampment of the 
 United States in 1826; soon became 
 dormant. Organized new Grand 
 Encampment in 1845, without ap- 
 proval of the Grand Encampment 
 of the United States. In 1851 
 united again with the Grand En- 
 campment of the United States; 
 seceded again in 1861 ; renewed her 
 allegiance to the Grand Encamp- 
 ment of tLe United States in 1866. 
 
 WASHINGTON, TERBITOBT oy. 
 A convention of delegates fiom 
 Olympia Lodge No. 5; Steilacoom 
 Lodge No. 8 ; Grand Mound Lodge 
 No. 21, and Washington Lodge No. 
 22, all having received charters from 
 the Grand Lodge of Oregon, met in 
 Olympia, territory of Washington, 
 Dec. 6, 1858, for the purpose of 
 considering the propriety of estab 
 lishing a Grand Lodge for said ter- 
 ritory. The convention appointed 
 the usual officers, and committees, 
 and on the 7th regularly organized 
 a Grand Lodge, adopted a consti- 
 tution, elected and installed Grand 
 Officers. T. F. McElroy was elected 
 the first Grand Master. 
 
 WEST VIRGINIA. A conven- 
 tion of delegates from nine lodges 
 of West Virginia met at Fairmount, 
 on Wednesday, April 12, 1865, when, 
 after the transaction of other busi- 
 ness, the convention elected Grand 
 Officers. W. J. Bates was elected 
 Grand Master, and T. H. Logan 
 Grand Secretary. The couventioii 
 adjourned to meet again May 10, 
 of the same year, when the Grand 
 Officers were installed in ample 
 form, and the Grand Lodge of West 
 Virginia regularly established.. 
 
 WISCONSIN. The introduction 
 of Freemasonry into this territory 
 began in January, 1843, by dispen- 
 sations granted to Mineral Point 
 Lodge, at Mineral Point; Melody 
 Lodge, at Platteville, and Mil- 
 waukee Lodge, at Milwaukee, by 
 the Grand Lodge of Missouri. A 
 convention of the delegates from 
 the lodges just named assembled at 
 the city of Madison, on Monday, 
 Dec. 18, 1843, when the convention 
 adopted the resolution that it waa 
 expedient to form a Grand Lodge 
 in the territory of Wisconsin. A 
 constitution was adopted, officers 
 elected and installed. Rev. B. T. 
 Kavanaugh was elected the first 
 Grand Master. 
 
 The GRAND CHAPTER of Royal 
 Arch Masons was founded Feb. 13, 
 1850. DwightF. Lawton was elected 
 the first Grand High-Priest. 
 
 The GRAND COUNCIL of Royal and 
 Select Masters was organized in 
 1857. James Collins was elected 
 the first Grand Master.
 
 68 
 
 GENERAL HISTORY OF FREEMASONRY. 
 
 The GRAND COMMANDEBY, Knights 
 Templar, was organized Oct. 20, 
 1859. Henry L. Palmer, was elected 
 the first Grand Commander. 
 
 GENERAL GRAND CHAPTER 
 
 or THE UNITED STATES. Until the 
 year 1797 no Grand Chapter of 
 Royal Arch Masons was organized 
 in America. Previous to that period, 
 a competent number of companions 
 of that degree, possessed of suffi- 
 cient ability, under the sanction of 
 a Master's warrant, exercised the 
 rights and privileges of Royal Arch 
 Chapters, wherever they thought it 
 expedient or proper. This unre- 
 strained mode of proceeding was 
 subject to many inconveniences and 
 of great injury to the society. Fully 
 sensible of the many irregularities 
 to which the Order was^ exposed, 
 and wjth the view of preventing 
 these difficulties in the future, in 
 the year 1797, a convention of 
 representatives from the several 
 chapters in the State of Pennsyl- 
 vania met at Philadelphia, and 
 organized a Grand Chapter for the 
 State. This was the first Grand 
 Chapter in the United States. Ac- 
 tuated by similar motives, Oct. 24, 
 1797, a convention of delegates from 
 several chapters in the northern 
 States, met at Boston to deliberate 
 upon the propriety of forming a 
 Grand Chapter of Royal Arch 
 Masons for the States of New Hamp- 
 shire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, 
 Connecticut, Vermont, and New 
 York. The convention having taken 
 the subject into consideration came 
 to a determination to forward to 
 each of the chapters within the 
 States before mentioned an address, 
 expressive of their opinions. This 
 address was issued, and the con- 
 vention adjourned to meet again at 
 Hartford, Conn., January 24, 1798. 
 Agreeably to the recommendation 
 of the convention of October, and, 
 as requested by the circular, issued 
 by that body, delegates assembled 
 at the city of Boston, Jan. 24,. 1798, 
 from the following chapters, viz: 
 St. Andrew's Chapter, Boston, Mas- 
 sachusetts, instituted 1769; King 
 Cyrus Chapter, Newburyport.Mass., 
 instituted 1790; Providence Chap- 
 ter Providence, R. L, instituted 
 
 1793 ; Solomon Chapter, Derby, 
 Conn., instituted 1794; Franklin 
 Chapter, Norwich, Conn. , instituted 
 1796; Franklin Chapter, New Haven, 
 Conn., instituted 1796 ; Hudson 
 Chapter, Hudson, N. Y., instituted 
 1796 ; Temple Chapter, Albany, 
 N. Y. ; Horeb Chapter, Whitestown, 
 N. Y. The convention, after due 
 deliberation, adopted the following 
 resolution: ''Resolved, That the 
 delegates who compose this con- 
 vention, being invested with ample 
 powers, will establish a Grand 
 Royal Arch Chapter, for the Statea 
 of New Hampshire, Massachusetts, 
 Rhode Island, Connecticut, Ver- 
 mont, and New York, to be deno- 
 minated the Grand Royal Arch 
 Chapter of the northern States of 
 America." A constitution was then 
 adopted for the government of Royal 
 Arch Masonry. In 1806 the title of 
 the body was changed to "The 
 General Grand Chapter of Royal 
 Arch Masons for the United States." 
 From this period this grand body 
 has prospered, and its influence 
 spread throughout the whole coun- 
 try. Nearly every Grand Chapter 
 in the United States acknowledges 
 its jurisdiction and authority. 
 
 GRAND ENCAMPMENT OF 
 
 THE UNITED STATES. The conven- 
 tion for organizing the Grand En- 
 campment of the United States was 
 held June 20-1, 1816, in the city 
 ot New York, consisting of delegates 
 from the following Encampments, 
 viz : Boston, at Boston, Mass. ; St. 
 John's at Providence, R. I. ; Tem- 
 ple, at Albany, X. Y. ; Montgomery, 
 at Stillwater, N. Y., St. Paul's, at 
 Newburyport, Mass. ; Newport, R. 
 I., and Darius Council, at Portland, 
 Maine when a constitution was 
 adopted and officers chosen. The 
 Hon.DeWitt Clinton, then Governor 
 of New York, was elected the first 
 Grand Master. 
 
 Of the early or first introduction 
 of the Masonic Knighthood into this 
 country but little of its true history 
 is known. That it existed previous 
 to 1790 in Pennsylvania is fully 
 authenticated. Tradition affirms 
 that the orders were conferred in 
 some of the army lodges of the 
 revolutionary war.
 
 CYCLOPEDIA OF FREEMASONRY. 
 
 A. 
 
 AARON. The brother of Moses, who accompanied and 
 assisted him in the great work of emancipating the Jews 
 from Egyptian bondage. He was the first High-Priest of 
 the Hebrew Church, and the dignity of the priesthood was 
 made hereditary in his family. He died on Mount Hor, at 
 the age of 123, and was buried so privately that his sepul- 
 cher still continues to be unknown. His son Eleazar suc- 
 ceeded him in the office of High-Priest. 
 
 ABACISCUS. In ancient architecture, the checkered or 
 square divisions of the Mosaic pavement. The material of 
 which the ground-floor of King Solomon's Temple was sup- 
 posed to have been made. 
 
 ABACUS. 1. An instrument to facilitate computations in 
 arithmetic; 2. In architecture, a table consti- 
 tuting the upper or crowning member of a 
 column and its capital; 3. A game among 
 the Romans; so called from its being played 
 on a board, somewhat in the manner of 
 chess; 4. A tray or flat board, perforated 
 with holes for carrying cups, glasses, etc.; 
 5. In the Templar system of Masonic Knight- 
 hood it is the name of the Grand Master's 
 staff of office. 
 
 "In his hand he bore that singular Abacus." IVANHOE. 
 
 The upper part of the staff is gilt, usually of 
 metal, with a Templar's cross, enameled red, 
 and edged with gold, within a circle; upon 
 the center of the cross a black shield, bear- 
 ing a silver square. On the circle is the 
 motto of the Order " IN HOC SIGNO VIXCES." Among the early 
 Templars this staff bore a mystic and significant symbolism, 
 and ^ns held in high veneration by the members of tlut Order
 
 70 
 
 ABB. 
 
 ABBREVIATIONS, MASONIC. The form to which a word, 
 title, or phrase is reduced by contraction and omission. The 
 Mas. )ns of Europe are much more addicted to the tise of 
 this method of contracting Masonic writing than American 
 Masons. The abbreviations among our foreign brethren are 
 usually distinguished by the use of three periods, placed in 
 the form of a triangle thus.', or thusv as the writer may 
 prefer. This peculiar form of contraction was first intro- 
 duced by the Grand Orient of France, in 1774. The follow- 
 ing list embraces all the abbreviations commonly made use 
 of by the Fraternity at the present day. When an abbre- 
 viation stands for a foreign word or phrase, of which the 
 English explanation is a translation, such word or phrase is 
 given in italics: 
 
 A. C M., or A. Y. M. Ancient Craft 
 01 Ancient York Masonry. 
 
 A. and A. . S. . R. . Ancient and 
 Accepted Scottish rite. 
 
 A D. (Anno Domini. ) Year of our 
 L.ord. The date used in common 
 with all Masonic dates. 
 
 A i)EP. (Anno Deposittonis. ) Year 
 of the Deposit. The date used 
 in Cryptic Masonry. 
 
 A. G. M. Acting Grand Master. 
 
 A. H. (Anno Hebraico.) Hebrew 
 year. The date used in the Ancient 
 and Accepted rite. The Hebrew 
 year begins in September, which 
 is the first of Tisri. To find this 
 date add 3760 to the present year 
 -thus 3760 + 1866=5626. After 
 September 15 add one year more. * 
 
 A. INV. (Anno Inventionis. ) Year of 
 the Discovery. Used by Roy.il 
 Arch Masons. To find this date 
 add 530 to the present year thus 
 530 + 1866=2396. 
 
 A. L. ( Anno Lucis. ) Year of Light, 
 or year of the Creation. The com- 
 mon or ordinary date of Masonry, 
 and, like the vulgar era, may bte 
 used in all Masonic documents. 
 It is particularly appropriate to 
 Ancient Craft Masonry. To find 
 this date add 4000 to the present 
 year thus, 4000 + 1866=5866. 
 
 *Tlie Jewish people usually employ id 
 the era of the Seleucid;e until the niter-nth 
 iciitury, when a new mode of computing 
 v as adopted by them. They date from the 
 creation, which they consider to have been 
 8760 yearn and three months be/ore the 
 poinmeiiceiuent of the vulgar era. 
 
 A. . L. . G. . D. -. G. . A. . D. . L'U. . 
 
 f Fr. A la Oloire du Grand Archi- 
 tede de I' Univers. ) To the Glory 
 of the Grand Architect of the Uni- 
 verse, Usually found on French 
 Masonic documents. 
 
 A. L'OK. . fFr. A I 'Orient.) At the 
 East; the location of the Lodge. 
 
 A. M. (Anno Mundi.) Year of the 
 World. Used with the preceding 
 (A. H.) in documents of the An- 
 cient and Accepted rite. 
 
 A. O. (Anno Ordinis.) Year of the 
 Order. The date used in the Or- 
 ders of Masonic Knighthood. To 
 find this date subtract 1118 from 
 the present year thus 1118 
 1866=748. 
 
 A. -. U. - T. . O. -. S. . A. -. G. . (Ad uni- 
 versiterrarum orbis summi Architeo- 
 ti Gloriam. ) To the Glory of the 
 Grand Architect of the Universe. 
 The caption for documents of the 
 Ancient and Accepted rite. 
 
 B. L. R, T. Brotherly Love, Relief, 
 and Truth. 
 
 B. . B. . Burning Bush. Used on 
 documents of the Ancient and 
 Accepted rite. 
 
 BR. or BRO. Brother. (Ger. Bruder 
 or Briider.) (Fr. Frtre.) 
 
 C. . C. . Celestial Canopy. Used on 
 documents of the Ancient ana 
 Accepted rite. 
 
 C. F. C. Committee on Foreign Cor- 
 respondence. 
 
 C. G. Captain General; Captain of 
 the Guard.
 
 ABB. 
 
 71 
 
 C. H. Captain of the Host. 
 COMP. Companion. 
 
 D. A. F. Due and Ancient Form. 
 D. D. G. M. District Deputy Grand 
 
 Master. 
 
 DEG. Degree, or Degrees. 
 
 D. - G. . B. . A. . W. . (Ger. Der 
 Grosse Baumeister aller Welten. ) 
 To the Glory of the Grand Archi- 
 tect of the Universe. 
 
 D. G. H. P. Deputy Grand High- 
 Priest. 
 
 D. G. M. Deputy Grand Master. 
 
 D. . M. . J. . (Deus Meumque Jus. ) 
 God and my right. The motto of 
 the 33d degree, Ancient and Ac- 
 cepted rite. 
 
 E. East, the place or emblem of 
 light. 
 
 E.A.orE.A.P. Entered Apprentice. 
 
 F. . or FF. . (Fr. Frere ou Freres. ) 
 Brother or Brethren. 
 
 F. A. M. or F. and A. M. Free and 
 
 Accepted Masons. 
 P. C. Fellow-Craft. 
 F. H. C. Faith, Hope, and Charity. 
 
 F. . U. . A. . M. . (Ger. Freie und 
 Angenommene Maurer.) Free and 
 Accepted Mason. 
 
 G. Grand ; Guard ; Guardian; Ge- 
 ometry; Generalissimo. 
 
 G. A. Grand Architect; Grand Al- 
 moner. 
 
 G. C. Grand Chaplain; Grand Chap- 
 ter; Grand Council; Grand Con- 
 ductor; Grand Conclave. 
 
 G. COM. Grand Commander; Grand 
 Commandery. 
 
 G. C. G. Grand Captain General; 
 Grand Captain of the Guard. 
 
 G. C. H. Grand Captain of the Host ; 
 Grand Chapter of Harodim. 
 
 Q. E. Grand East; Grand Encamp- 
 ment. 
 
 G. G. Grand Geometrician; Grand 
 Generalissimo; Grand Guardian. 
 
 G. G. C. General Grand Chapter. 
 
 G. H. P. Grand High-Priest. 
 
 G. J. W. Grand Junior Warden. 
 
 G. K. Grand King. 
 
 G. K. S. Grand Keeper of the Seals. 
 G. L. ; GG. LL. (Fr. Grande Logej 
 
 Grandes Loges. ) (Ger. Gross-Loge; 
 
 G ross-Logen.} Grand Lodge; 
 
 Grand Lodges. 
 G. . M. . (.Fr. Grand Mattre.) Grand 
 
 Master; Grand Marshal. 
 
 G. M. V. Grand Master of the Vails. 
 
 G. O. Grand Orient; Grand Orator; 
 Grand Organist. 
 
 G. P. Grand Prelate; Grand Pur- 
 suivant; Grand Patron. 
 
 G. P. K. T. Grand Priory of the 
 Knights of the Temple. The Su- 
 preme body in Scotland. 
 
 G. P. S. Grand Principal Sojourner. 
 
 G. R. Grand Kecorder; Grand Re- 
 gistrar. 
 
 G. R. A. C. Grand Eoyal Arch Cap- 
 tain. 
 
 G. S. Grand Secretary ; Grand 
 Scribe-, Grand Sentinel; Grand 
 Steward. (Fr. Grand Secretaire.) 
 
 G. S. W. Grand Senior Warden. 
 
 G. STD. B. Grand Standard-Bearer. 
 
 G. SWD. B. Grand Sword-Bearer. 
 
 G. T. Grand Treasurer ; Grand Tiler. 
 
 G. W. Grand Warder. 
 
 H. . J. . (Ger. HeUige Johannes.) 
 
 Saints John. 
 
 H. K. T. Hiram, King of Tyre. 
 H. P. High-Priest. 
 H.R.A.C. Holy Royal Arch Chapter. 
 H-R-M. Heredom, rite of. 
 
 INS. . GEN. . Inspector General. 
 One who has received the 33d 
 degree. 
 
 I. N. R. I. (lesus Nazarenus Rex 
 ludceorum.) Jesus of Nazareth, 
 King of the Jews. Motto of the 
 Order of the Knights of Malta, 
 
 I. S. Inside Sentinel. An officer in 
 English Lodges. 
 
 I. T. N. 0. T. G. A. O. T. U. In the 
 name of the Grand Architect ol 
 the Universe. Initials usually 
 found on Masonic documents in 
 the English language. 
 
 J. D. Junior Deacon. 
 
 J. G. D. Junior Grand Deacon. 
 
 J- G. W. Junior Grand Waruen.
 
 ABB. 
 
 J. . V.-. S.-. P.-. L.-. N.-. M.-. Q.- 
 N. . S. . C. . (Fr. Je vous salw 
 par les noms Ma$onniques que noui 
 seid ionnoissons. ) I salute you bj 
 t.he Masonic names, which we 
 onlj know. 
 
 f. W Junior Warden. 
 
 K. C S. Knight of the Order o 
 Charles XIII. of Sweden. 
 
 K. K-D-H. Knight Kadosch. 
 
 KT. or KN T T. Knight. 
 
 K. E. P. Knight of the Eagle and 
 Pelican. 
 
 K. M. Knight of Malta. 
 
 K. R. C. Knight of the Bed Cross 
 Knight of the Rose-Croix. 
 
 K. T. or KNT. T. Knight Templar. 
 
 It.CZi; LL.,[Ep. Lodge; Lodges. 
 
 u. E. T. (Lux e Tenebris. ) Light out 
 of Darkness. 
 
 LT. G. C. Lieutenant Grand Com- 
 mander. 
 
 M. . (Fr. Maitre.) (Ger. Meister.) 
 (Sp. Maestro.} Master; Marshal; 
 Mark. 
 
 M. C. Master of Ceremonies; Mark 
 
 of the Craft 
 M.E.G.H.P. Most Excellent Grand 
 
 High-Priest. 
 
 M. E. M. Most Excellent Master. 
 
 M. . K. . G. . (Ger. Maurer Kunst 
 Oesette.) Fellow-Craft. 
 
 M. . L. . (Ger. Maurer Lehrlinrj. ) 
 Entered Apprentice. 
 
 M. M. Master Mason ; Mark Master ; 
 (Mois Ma$onnique.) Masonic 
 Month. The French Masons be- 
 gin the year with March. (Ger. 
 Meisler Maurer.) (Sp. Maestro 
 Mason. ) 
 
 M. W. ; M. W. G. M. Most Worship- 
 ful : Most Worshipful Grand 
 Master. 
 
 N. E C. North East Corner. 
 
 No. . P. . V. . D. . M. . (Fr. Now- 
 bliez pas vos decorations Maqon- 
 nlques. ) This abbreviation is used 
 an ong French Masons, and when 
 placed in the left hand corner of 
 the notice for a meeting of a 
 Lodge means: "Do not forget 
 your Masonic regalia. " 
 
 O.-. A.-. C.-. (Ordo ab Chao ) 
 Order out of chaos. A motto ol 
 the 33d degree. 
 
 0. C. S. Oriental Chair of Solomon. 
 
 0. G. Outside Guardian. 
 
 Or.-. (Orient.) The East. The 
 station of the Master; Orator. 
 
 P. C. W. Principal Conductor of th 
 Works. 
 
 P. G. M. Past Grand Master; Pro 
 vincial Grand Master. 
 
 P. J. Prince of Jerusalem ; Provost 
 and Judge. 
 
 P. . M. . (Fr. Mallre, Pass*?, ou Ex 
 Venerable.} (Ger. Altmeister or 
 Passirmeister.} Past Master; Per- 
 fect Master. 
 
 R. A. Royal Arch: Royal Art. 
 
 R. A. C, Royal Arch Captain, or 
 
 Chapter. 
 R. |, or R. C. Rose Cross. 
 
 R-s-y C-s. Rosy Cross. The Royal 
 
 order of Scotland. 
 R. . E. . A. . et A. . ( Rite Ecossais 
 
 Ancien et Accept^.) Ancient and 
 
 Accepted Scottish rite. 
 
 R. E. G. C. Right Eminent Grand 
 Commander. 
 
 R. L., or R. a (Respectable Lodge. ) 
 Worshipful Lodge. 
 
 R. O. S. Royal Order of Scotland. 
 
 R. W. Right Worshipful. 
 
 R. W. M. Right Worshipful Master. 
 The title of a Provincial Grand 
 Master in England, and of the 
 Master of a Lodge in Scotland. 
 
 Sec. Secretary. 
 
 S.-.C.-.S.-. G.-.I.-.G.-. Supreme 
 Council Sovereign Grand Inspec- 
 tors General. 
 
 S. G. D. Senior Grand Deacon. 
 
 S. G. W. Senior Grand Warder 
 
 S. . G. . I. . G. . Sovereign Grand 
 Inspector General. A member 01 
 the 33d degree. 
 
 S. M. Secret Master; Select Master: 
 Secret Monitor; Sovereign Master. 
 Speculative Masonry. 
 
 S.-. P.-. R.-. S.-. Sublime Prince 
 
 of the Royal Secret. 
 SS. John. Saints John.
 
 ABD ABE. 
 
 B. S. (Sanctum Sanctorum.) Holy 
 
 of Holies. 
 SSS. (Fr. Troifi fois FaluU) Thrice 
 
 Greeting, or thrice Welcome; 
 
 salutation. Often found in French 
 
 Masonic documents. 
 Surv. . l er . (Fr. Premier Surveillant. ) 
 
 Senior Warden. 
 Surv.-. 2 e . (Fr. Second SurveUlanL) 
 
 Junior Warden. 
 S. W. Senior Warden. 
 
 T.-. C.-. ouV.-.F.-. (Fr. Tres cher 
 ou Venerable Frtre.) Dearest or 
 Venerable Brother. 
 
 T. G. A. O. T. U. The Grand Archi- 
 tect of the Universe. 
 
 Treas. Treasurer. 
 
 T. . S. . (.Ti-es Sage.) Wisest. The 
 presiding officer in the French 
 rite. 
 
 V.-. (Vtnfrdble.) Worshipful. The 
 title of the Master in France. 
 
 V. . L. . (Fr. VraiQ Lumiere.) True 
 Light. 
 
 W. . M. . (Ger. Wurdigcr Meisier.) 
 Worshipful Master. 
 
 ]. This symbol is often substi- 
 tuted for the word Lodge. 
 
 This symbol represents the 
 plural Lodges. 
 
 A. The delta is the emblem of the 
 Chapter. 
 
 t Passion Cross. The prefix to 
 the signature of a Knight 
 Templar. 
 
 !j Templar's Cross, used before 
 " the signature of an officer o 
 a State Grand Cominandery. 
 
 i Patriarchal Cross, used before 
 the signature of an officer of 
 
 the Grand Encampment of 
 
 the United States. 
 
 Cross oi Salem, used before the 
 signature of the Grand Mastei 
 of Knights Templar. 
 
 When these crosses are used oa docu- 
 ments relating to Templar Masonry, the) 
 should be made in red ink. 
 
 Besides the generally current abbreviations given above, 
 other short methods of statement are frequently employed 
 in particular cases. The meaning of unexplained contrac- 
 tions will be sufficiently obvious from the connection in 
 which they may stand. 
 
 ABDITOEUM. In Archaeology, a secret place, where 
 important documents may be concealed and preserved. 
 The two columns at the entrance of Solomon's Temple were 
 supposed to be used for this purpose. 
 
 ABELITES. So called from Abel, the son of Adam. 
 1. It was the appellation of a sect in Northern Africa, which 
 professed a certain form of gnosticism. 2. This was the 
 name also of a secret, or quasi Masonic Society, which sprang 
 up jiu Germany about the year 1746. A pamphlet called 
 "The Abelite," setting forth the character and purposes oi 
 the Order, was published at Leipzig, in the same year. From 
 this it appears that it was founded on the highest principles 
 of Christianity, morality, and philanthropy. It had secret 
 fiigns, ceremonies, pass-words, and symbols, and was, for a 
 short time, remarkably popular; but it never extended beyond 
 the country in which it originated. The motto of the Order 
 was " Sincerity, Friendship, and Hope."
 
 74 ABI ACA. 
 
 ABTB- The name given to green ears of corn by the Jews, 
 and was adopted as the name of the first month of their 
 ecclesiastical year our March because, at that time, corn 
 was in the ear. This month was afterward called Nisan. 
 
 ABIF. A Hebrew word, signifying "his father." It is 
 often used in the Scriptures as a title of honor. It was 
 given to Hiram, the Tyrian builder, probably on account of 
 his distinguished skill. 
 
 ABLUTION. Washing, or, literally, a washing off, i. e., 
 making one clean from all pollution. In the ancient myste- 
 ries it constituted a part of the preparation for initiation, 
 and was a symbolical representation of moral purification. 
 The ceremony is known in some of the degrees of the Ancient 
 and Accepted rite. 
 
 ABSENCE. The signification usually applied to this term 
 is that of being absent by permission, for a specified time, 
 during the regular meetings of the Lodge, and in such a 
 manner as not to interfere with the harmony or working of 
 the body. Long or continued absence from the Lodge 
 meetings is contrary to the duties inculcated by the ancient 
 charges of the Order, which prescribe, as a rule, "that no 
 Master or Fellow could be absent from the Lodge, especially 
 when warned to appear at it, without incurring a severe 
 censure, until, it appeared to the Master and Wardens that 
 pure necessity hindered him." 
 
 ACADEMIE DES ILLUMINES D'AVIGNON. Academy 
 of the llluminati of Avignon. This society, was established 
 at Avignon, in 1785. It admitted both sexes to membership, 
 and the teachings of its ritual were a mixture of the Hermetic 
 Philosophy and Swedenborgian ideas. 
 
 ACADEMIE DES SUBLIMES MAITRES DE L'AN- 
 NEAU LUMINEUX. Academy of the Sublime Masters of the 
 Luminous Ring. This is the name of a high degree intro- 
 duced into the Lodge of Douay, France, in 1815, by the 
 Scotch Baron Grant, of Blairfindy, who was a member of 
 Contract Social Lodge, and Chief of the Scottish Philoso- 
 phical rite. He formed the eighth and highest degree known 
 in the Lodge of Douay into three Orders. In one of the 
 first Orders of this Academy, they employed themselves in 
 a study of the true history of Freemasonry, but in the third 
 they explained the various sciences, and applied themselves 
 to the acquirement of the highest wisdom. 
 
 ACADEMIE DES VEAIS MACONS. Academy of True 
 Mavons. This was a French Chapter of the high degrees,
 
 ACA AGO. 75 
 
 with Alchemistical tendencies, which, in 1778, was founded 
 at Montpellier, by Boileau, the distinguished pupil of Per- 
 netti. This rite had six degrees beyond the symbolic 
 degrees of Ancient Craft Masonry, which were essential for 
 admission, but not practiced. In it the Hermetic Science 
 was taught. The degrees were: 1. The True Mason; 2. The 
 True Mason in the Right Way; 3. The Knight of the Golden 
 Key; 4. The Knight of the Rainbow;. 5. The Knight of the 
 Argonauts; 6. The Knight of the Golden Fleece. 
 
 ACADEMY OF ANTIQUITY, OR OF THE MYSTEBIES. An 
 Alchemistical Brotherhood, with a Masonic form, founded at 
 Rome, by Thoux de Salverte, in the sixteenth century, and 
 at Warsaw, Poland, in 1763. 
 
 ACADEMY OF SAGES. A society for the interpretation 
 and propagation of the high degrees, introduced into France 
 in 1776, by the Scotch Mother-Lodge of the Philosophical rite. 
 
 ACANTHUS. An herbaceous plant vulgar name, bears- 
 breech bearing large whitish flowers, and pinnatifid leaves. 
 A species of it is found in the East, and is supposed to be 
 the beautiful classic plant of antiquity, to which Masonio 
 tradition attributes the model of the 
 Grecian architect who invented and 
 formed the leaves of the Corinthian 
 Capital; and the idea of so applying it 
 was derived from the following inci- 
 dent: "It happened that a basket, 
 covered with a tile, was left upon the 
 crown of the root of an Acanthus 
 plant, which when it began to grow, 
 finding itself unable to arrange its leaves in the usual man- 
 ner, turned them up around the sides of the basket, until, 
 encountering the under side of the tile, they gradually curved 
 back in the form of a volute." 
 
 ACCHO, OR ACRE. An ancient city, situate on the coast of 
 the Mediterranean sea, thirty miles south of Tvre. During 
 the Crusades this place was usually known to Europeans by 
 the name of Aeon; afterward, from the occupation of the 
 Knights of St. John of Jerusalem, as St Jean d'Acre, or 
 simply Acre. It was the last fortified place in the Holy 
 Land wrested from the Christians by the Turks. 
 
 ACCLAMATION. An exclamation of admiration, approval, 
 welcome, or reverence among Masons. In French Lodges 
 the expression is "viuat." In the Ancient and Accepted rite it 
 is "J3ou,sa," or "Hothea," and in English Lodges "So mote it be."
 
 76 ACC ADO. 
 
 ACCOLADE. An interesting ceremony formerly used in 
 conferring the h jnors of knight- 
 hood, by the King, the Grand 
 Master, or other authorized per- 
 son laying his arms about the 
 neck of the young knight, and 
 embracing him. This familiar 
 expression of regard was the 
 practice before the introduction 
 of the more stately act of touch- 
 ing, or gently striking, with the 
 sword, the neck or shoulder of 
 the kneeling knight. The present 
 ceremony of conferring the hon- 
 ors of Masonic knighthood, is 
 evidently derived from it. The custom is of great antiquity, 
 and is regarded by some writers as the blow which the 
 Roman slave received on manumission. 
 
 ACELDAMA. Field of Blond. A small piece of land, lying 
 on the south side of Jerusalem, called also Potter's Field, 
 which was used as a cemetery for strangers. In the time of 
 the crusades it was appropriated as a burial-place for pil- 
 grims, and since, it has been used for the same purpose by 
 the Armenians. It is referred to instructively in the les- 
 sons of the Templars' degree. 
 
 ACHISHAR. An officer having charge of the household 
 of Solomon. Allusion is made to him in the degree of Select 
 Master. 
 
 ADEPT, from the Latin Adeptus. A name given to mem- 
 bers of the Order of the Uluniinati. The Rosicrucians also 
 employed the titles of Adeptus Adoptatus, Adeptus Coronatus, 
 and Adeptus Exemptus. The title of Prince Adept is given 
 to the chief of the Consistory of the 28th degree. 
 
 ADHUC STAT. Tt stands yet. A Latin motto which is 
 often found on Masonic medallions. 
 
 ADONIS, THE MYSTERIES OF. Adonis is supposed by some 
 to be identified with Osiris, the grand figure in the Egyptian 
 mysteries; and the mystical rites, celebrated by his priests, 
 and performed at initiations, are thought to be the same as, 
 or a reproduction of, the mysteries of Isis. There are, indeed, 
 some points of resemblance; but there are also radical differ- 
 ences. They were both slain, but Osiris met his death by 
 the deliberate machinations of Typhon, or Evil, while Adonis 
 was killed by a wild boar. The meaning of the myth cA
 
 ADO. 77 
 
 Osiris is plain enough. The struggle between Osiris and 
 Typhon was the eternal struggle between Truth and Error, 
 the destruction of Osiris by Typhon represents the tem- 
 porary triumph of Evil over the Good, and his return to life 
 and the downfall of Typhon show forth the final triumph 
 of virtue over vice, of life over death. The myth of Adonis 
 is not so comprehensive, and all parts of the legend are not 
 so readily interpreted. The mysteries of Adonis were cele- 
 brated throughout all the countries of Syria, and formed a 
 part of the ceremonies of the Tyrian architects, by whom 
 they were introduced into Judea. Duncan, in his " Religions 
 of Profane Antiquity," says: "The objects reprssented in 
 these mysteries were the grief of Venus and the death and 
 resurrection of Adonis. An entire week was consumed in 
 these ceremonies; all the houses were covered with black 
 drapery; funeral processions traversed the streets, while the 
 devotees scourged themselves, uttering frantic cries. The 
 orgies were then commenced, in which the mystery of the 
 death of Adonis was depicted. During the next twenty- 
 four hours, all the people fasted, at the expiration of which 
 time the priests announced the resurrection of the god. 
 Joy now prevailed, and music and dancing concluded the 
 festivals." Some writers regard the story of Adonis as an 
 astronomical allegory, representing the seasons of the year, 
 and the transition through which the earth passes, in conse- 
 quence of these changes. But the rites had, undoubtedly, a 
 deeper meaning, and related to the supreme ideas of religion. 
 The early Christian writers evidently regarded them as 
 having relation to the great Christian mystery. Fermicius, 
 who lived in the fourth century, says: "On a certain night 
 an image is placed upon a bed, and is mourned over by many 
 with sorrowful cries. Then, when wearied by this simulated 
 grief, light is brought in, and the mouths of those who were 
 weeping are anointed by a priest, who breathes forth in a 
 low murmur: 'Trust ye, disciples! for the god having been 
 saved, out of his sufferings, salvation shall be ours.' " 
 
 ADOPTIVE MASONRY. A name given to certain degrees 
 resembling Masonry, and Masonic in spirit, which have, at 
 times, been invented for ladies who have claims upon the 
 Order of Freemasonry, through relatives who are members of 
 it. Adoptive Masonry first made its appearance in France, 
 in the early part of the 18th century, and there is still a legaJ 
 and regular branch of the institution in that country. The 
 French rite has four degrees: 1. Apprentice; 2. Companion; 
 3. Mistress; 4. Perfect Mistress. The officers of a Lodge of 
 Adoption are a Grand Master and a Grand Mistress; an 
 7
 
 IS ADO. 
 
 Orator; an Inspector, and Inspectress; a Depositor and 
 Depositrex; a Conductor and Conductress. They wear blue 
 collars, with a gold trowel pendant therefrom, white aprons, 
 and gloves. The members also wear the jewel of the Order, 
 which is a golden ladder with five rounds, on the left breast. 
 Many of the most distinguished ladies of Europe have been, 
 and are now, members of this Order. Among them were 
 the Duchess of Bourbon, the Empress Josephine, Lady 
 Montague, Duchess Elizabeth Chesterfield, and the Empress 
 Eugenie. The Adoptive Lodges were at first rapidly diffused 
 throughout all the countries of Europe except the British 
 empire. But the American Adoptive rite is better adapted 
 to the United States, and has excited considerable interest, 
 and found many powerful advocates in this country. It con- 
 sists of five degrees, as fol- 
 lows: 1. Jephthah's daughter, 
 or the Daughter's degree, 
 illustrating respect to the 
 binding force of a vow; 2. 
 Buth, or the Widow's de- 
 gree, illustrating devotion to 
 religious principles; 3. Esther, 
 or the Wife's degree, illus- 
 trating fidelity to kindred and 
 friends ; 4. Martha, or the 
 Sister's degree, illustrating 
 undeviating faith in the hour 
 of trial; 5. Electa, or the 
 Benevolent degree, illustrat- 8EAL OF THE OBDE !AS STAB - 
 
 ing charity and courage, with patience and submission under 
 wrongs. All the degrees together are called the " Rite 
 of the Eastern Star," and are very beautiful and impres- 
 sive. Ladies who have received these degrees have a 
 ready and efficient means of commanding the services of 
 Freemasons whenever and wherever they may need them. 
 The moral teachings of the Eastern Star degrees are excellent, 
 and cannot fail to make a good impression. Notwithstand- 
 ing there is among some Masons a strong feeling against any 
 form of Adoptive Masonry, it cannot be questioned that the 
 spirit of the age demands something of the kind. Masons 
 cannot find a surer safeguard and protection for their wives, 
 sisters, arid daughters, than is furnished by the American 
 Adoptive rite or Order of the Eastern Star. To the objec- 
 tion that the degrees are not Masonic, it may be replied 
 that they are as much so as any degree outside of the Sym- 
 bolical Lodge. All degrees above the first three are Masonic, 
 only by adoption.
 
 ADO AGA. 79 
 
 ADORATION. Worship, the expression of that supreme 
 reverence which a man should feel toward his Creator. 
 Although in different parts of the world the attitudes oi 
 worship differ, in some respects, yet there is a strong resem- 
 blance between them. One may bow his head, another may 
 kneel, and others may bend the body toward the earth, or 
 throw themselves prostrate thereon, with the face downward, 
 the act is still the same, a symbol most expressive of de- 
 pendence, and reverence, and filial obedience. 
 
 AFFILIATED. A word that designates a Mason as a 
 member of some Lodge. A Mason who does not belong to 
 any Lodge is styled " Non- Affiliated." 
 
 AFFILIATION. Initiation indicates the first reception of 
 a person into a Masonic Lodge ; affiliation denotes the recep- 
 tion of one already a Mason into some other Lodge than the 
 one in which he received the Light. 
 
 AFRICAN MASTER BUILDERS. A secret society with 
 a Masonic form which came into being about the year 1756, 
 and ceased to exist in 1786. It professed to be devoted to 
 the discovery of truth, and the cultivation of virtue, and was 
 a very worthy and respectable order. They set forth that: 
 " When the architects were by wars reduced to a very small 
 number, they determined to travel together into Europe, 
 and there to form, together, new establishments. Many oi 
 them came to England with Prince Edward, son of Henry 
 III., and were shortly afterwards called into Scotland by 
 Lord Stewart. Their installation in this kingdom falls about 
 the Masonic year 2307." They received the protection of the 
 King of Sweden in 1125, of the King of England in 1190, and 
 of Alexander III., of Scotland, in 1284. There were five 
 initiations into their Apprentice's degree: 1. The Appren- 
 tice to the Egyptian Secret, Menes Musae; 2. The Initiation 
 into the Egyptian Secret; 3. The Cosmopolite; 4. The 
 Christian Philosopher; 5. The Lover of Truth. The higher 
 degrees followed these, of which there were three. They 
 had Chapters, whose officers were chosen for life. 
 
 AGAPE. Love-feast. A banquet of charity, among the 
 early Christians. St. Chrysostom thus describes its origin 
 and purpose: "At first Christians had all things in common; 
 but when that equality of possession ceased, as it did even 
 in the Apostle's time, the Agape, or love-feast, was instituted 
 instead of it. Upon certain days, after the religious services 
 were closed, they met at a common feast, the rich bringing 
 provisions, and the poor, who had nothing, being invited. 
 These meetings were held in secret." The Agape cannot b.it
 
 80 AGA ALC. 
 
 call to mind the Table-lodges of Freemasonry, and, in truth, 
 these owe their origin to the love-feasts of the primitive 
 Christians. A distinguished German scholar, A. Kestner, 
 professor of Theology at Jena, published a work in 1819, 
 entitled, "The Agape, or the Secret World-Society Welt- 
 bund, of the primitive Christians" i.e., a society apart from 
 their spiritual organization "founded by Clemens, at Rome, 
 in the reign of Domitian, having a hierarchical constitution, 
 and a ground system of Masonic symbolism, and mysteries." 
 In this work he establishes the fact of a direct connection 
 between the Agape and the Tablo-loge of Freemasons. 
 
 AGATHOPADES, THE ORDEB OF. This Order was founded 
 in Brussels about the middle of the fifteenth century, and 
 aimed to avoid, equally, the fanaticism of both the Catholic 
 and Protestant churches. Many persons, distinguished by 
 rank and talent, became members. Among them, it is 
 claimed, were the Prince of Epinoi, the Duke of Bournon- 
 ville, Marshal Moritz, of Saxony; P. P. Rubens and Voltaire. 
 The old Brotherhood became extinct in 1837, at the death 
 of the Advocate, Pins, who, a few months before that event, 
 initiated his friend Schayes, through whom the Order of the 
 New-Agathopades was constituted Sept. 29, A. D. 1846. 
 The Chief of the Society bears the peculiar name of " Hog," 
 and all the members are called by the name of some wild 
 beast. The motto of the Order is " Amis camme cochons," 
 and the Pentastigma f . '. . \ is the holy sign. 
 
 AGENDA. A Latin participle, signifying "things to be 
 done." In Masonry it means small books in which certain 
 virtues or precepts are written, and which it is the duty of 
 all Masons to inculcate and practice. 
 
 AGNUS DEI. Lamb of God. The name of an amulet, and 
 also of the seal of the old Order of Knights Templar, and the 
 jewel of the Generalissimo. 
 
 ALCHEMY. The art of changing base metals into gold. 
 Among the things that men the most earnestly desire are 
 the means of physical comfort or luxury that is to say 
 wealth, and freedom from disease, and long life. The hope 
 of discovering among the secrets of Nature the art of making 
 gold, and that magic liquor, which would secure perpetual 
 youth, called the Elixir of Life, gave birth to the science of 
 Alchemy. A class of Hermetic philosophers arose who 
 prosecuted their researches with ardor and seriousness; for 
 it is not necessary to assume that the Alchemists were 
 imposters. They were enthusiasts, and taught their doc- 
 trines through mystical images and symbols. To transmute
 
 ALC ALM. 81 
 
 metals they thought it necessary to find a substance which, 
 containing the original principle of all matter, should pos- 
 sess the power of dissolving all its elements. This general 
 solvent, or menstruum universal^, which, at the same time, 
 was to possess the power of removing all the seeds of disease 
 out of the human system, and renewing life, was called the 
 " Philosopher's Stone " Lapis Philosophorum and its pos- 
 sessors were styled Adepts. The more obscure the ideas 
 the Alchemists themselves had of the appearances resulting 
 from their experiments the more they endeavored to express 
 themselves in symbolical language, which they afterward 
 employed to conceal their secrets from the uninitiated. The 
 science of Alchemy is as old as the history of philosophy 
 itself. The Egyptian Hermes, the son of Anubis, who was 
 ranked among the heroes, has been claimed as its author, 
 and many books on the subject of magic are to be attributed 
 to him, though not on sufficient grounds. The name, how- 
 ever, is Arabian, and it is well known that the Arabs pro- 
 secuted the science with ardor, and to their labors many 
 valuable discoveries in chemistry are to be attributed. 
 Paracelsus, Roger Bacon, Basilius, Valentinus, and many 
 other distinguished men were believers in the art. And 
 even to this day science cannot positively decide that the 
 Philosopher's Stone is not within the circle of possibilities. 
 Alchemy has been more or less connected with Freemasonry 
 since the middle of the last century, chiefly through the 
 Rosicrucians. One of the most interesting degrees in Free- 
 masonry " Adepts, or Knights of the Eagle and the Sun " 
 is founded on this Hermetic Philosophy, and cannot be 
 understood without a study of the mystic science of the 
 Alchemists. 
 
 ALCORAN. The sacred book of the Mahommedans, or 
 rather a sacred book; for they recognize the old Hebrew 
 Scriptures as of greater authority. The Alcoran contains 
 the revelations made to Mahommed, his doctrines and pre- 
 cepts. In a Masonic Lodge of Mahommedans it should lay 
 on the altar as the Bible does- in a Lodge of Christians. 
 
 ALLAH. The Arabic name of Grod. The Alcoran de- 
 scribes his character and attributes thus: "He alone is 
 self-existent ; has no rival ; is from everlasting to ever- 
 lasting; fills the universe with his presence; is the center in 
 which all things unite, as well the visible as the invisible; is 
 infinite; Almighty, all-wise, all-merciful, tender-hearted, and 
 his decrees are unchangeable." 
 
 AT MOND-TKEE. The tree of which Aaron's rod, that 
 budded, was a branch. Its flowers were pure white.
 
 82 ALM AMU. 
 
 ALMONER. A name formerly applied to an official in re- 
 ligious and monastic orders, whose business was to distribute 
 alms. It is also the title of an officer in the Templar System. 
 
 ALOADIN. Prince of the Assassins, or Arsacides, com- 
 monly called the Old Man of the Mountain. He was Sheik 
 of a Syrian tribe, professing the Mahornrnedan religion, but 
 blindly devoted to the will of their chief. Many fabulous 
 stories are related of him, from whose followers the word 
 assassin is derived. [See art. ASSASSIN.] 
 
 ALPHABET OF ANGELS. The Jewish mystics affirmed 
 that the patriarchs had a knowledge of such an alphabet, 
 communicated to them by the angels themselves. Several 
 degrees in the Scottish rite allude to this alphabet. 
 
 AMALTHEA. The name of the horn of the Cretan goat. 
 It is the mythological horn of plenty " Cornu Copia" 
 which signifies an abundance of things necessary to life. 
 It is the jewel of the stewards of a Lodge of Master Masons. 
 
 AMAZONS, ORDER or. A system of Androgyne Masonry, 
 which for a time excited some interest in South America 
 during the last century. 
 
 AMBURVALIA. Religious festivals among the Romans. 
 They had an agricultural reference. The rites were cele- 
 brated in the latter part of May, and consisted of processions 
 through the fields, and solemn invocations of the goddess 
 Ceres, that she would bless the labors of the husbandmen, 
 and grant them an abundant harvest. 
 
 AMENTHES, OR AMENTI. In the Egypthian Mythology, 
 the place of departed spirits, corresponding to the Hades oi 
 the Greeks. It was also the place of judgment where Osiris 
 presided, and announced the decisions of eternal justice. 
 
 AMERICAN MYSTERIES. There unquestionably existed 
 among the more enlightened of the Aborigines of the 
 Western Continent fraternities which were bound together 
 by mystic ties and formed a kind of rude Freemasonry. 
 The Peruvian and Mexican mysteries resembled very strongly 
 the rites of the ancient nations of Northern Europe. 
 
 AMULET. A piece of stone or metal, or other substance, 
 marked with certain figures, which people wear about their 
 persons as a protection against danger, etc. The name, as 
 well as the thing, comes from the East. It is from the 
 Arabic, hamail, a locket anything hung around the neck. 
 A.mong the Turks and other nations every person thinks an
 
 AND. 83 
 
 A-mulet necessary to safety. Amulets were in voguo among 
 tue Greeks, the Egyptians, and Eomans. They were intro- 
 duced into Christendom by the Basilideans. The Amulets 
 of this sect were stones with the mystic word Abraxas 
 engraved upon them. They were highly valued by the Jews; 
 and in past times Christians have worn them, having the 
 mark of a fish or a symbol of the Savior. In many qiiasi 
 Masonic societies they have been largely used, and are not 
 wholly unknown in Masonry itself e. g., the Tyriau Signet, 
 H. T. W. S. S. T. K. S. 
 
 ANDERSON, JAMES, D. D., was born at Edinburg, Scot- 
 land, August 5, 1662. The time of his death is uncertain; 
 but, from the most reliable sources at our command, it is 
 believed that he died in 1738. He was a man of a high 
 order of literary talent. His first work was an " Essay 
 showing that the Crown of Scotland is Imperial and Inde- 
 pendent," for which the Parliament of Scotland gave him a 
 vote of thanks. At what time, or in what Lodge, Bro. An- 
 derson became a Mason is not known. At the meeting of 
 the Grand Lodge at London, September 29, 1721, he was 
 ordered to arrange and more fully digest the old Gothic 
 Constitutions into a new and better method than had before 
 existed. This duty he performed most satisfactorily to the 
 Grand Lodge and the Fraternity, and the work was issued 
 in 1723, under the title, " The Constitutions of the Free- 
 masons; containing the History, Charges, Regulations, etc 
 of that most Ancient and Right Worshipful Fraternity. Foi 
 the use of the Lodges." In 1738, a second edition, enlarged 
 and corrected, was published under his supervision. These 
 are regarded as the basis of Masonic Constitutions for the 
 government of the Fraternity to the present time. He was, for 
 many years, Grand Chaplain of the Grand Lodge. His most 
 elaborate work was a folio volume entitled, " Royal Genealo- 
 gies; or, the Genealogical Tables of Emperors, Kings, and 
 Princes, from Adam to these times. London, 1732." 
 
 ANDREW, DAY OF ST. November 30 is sacred to this 
 Saint, and on this day the Scottish Lodges, and many others, 
 hold their festivals and elect their officers. The Grand 
 Lodge of Scotland was organized Nov. 30, 1736. 
 
 ANDREW DEGREE, OR ANDREW'S MASONRY. Degrees ol 
 Scottish Masonry, introduced into France and Germany by 
 the followers of the Pretender, in 1736. " The Apprentice 
 of St. Andrew," and " the Companions of St. Andrew," form 
 the 4th degree of the Swedish system; " Master of Si 
 Andrew " is the 5th degree of the same. " The Favorit
 
 84 AND API. 
 
 Brothers of St. Andrew," and also " The Knights of the 
 Purple Band/ make the 9th degree of Swedish Masonry. 
 
 ANDREW, ST. Brother of St. Peter, one of the Twelve 
 Apostles. The Russians hold him in the highest reverence, 
 as also do the people of Scotland, and the Freemasons of that 
 country honor him as one of their patrons. Tradition says 
 that he was crucified on a cross, shaped thus X. In both 
 countries there is an order of knighthood named in his 
 honor. 
 
 ANDROGYNAL MASONRY. [See ADOPTIVE MASONRY.] 
 
 ANOINTING was a custom extensively practiced among 
 the Hebrews and other oriental nations, and its omission was 
 significant of mourning. They anointed the hair, head, and 
 beard, and sometimes the feet. It was a customary mark of 
 respect to guests. Kings and High-Priests were anointed at 
 their inauguration. This ceremony indicated their being set 
 apart and consecrated to the service of God. The custom 
 of anointing with oil or perfume was common among the 
 Greeks and Romans, and is practiced in the higher myste- 
 ries of the Masonic institution with sublime effect. 
 
 ANTIQUITY OF FREEMASONRY. Notwithstanding 
 much that is claimed as true in Masonic history, by enthu- 
 siastic brothers, must fall before the stern tests of sound 
 philosophical criticism, yet the high antiquity of the institu- 
 tion is incontestably established. A part of the ritual of 
 Freemasonry originated in Egypt, and was engrafted on the 
 system of the Sidonian builders. This society also adopted 
 a portion of the rituals of Eleusis and Adonis, and through 
 this Order Freemasonry was introduced into Judea, and con- 
 structed Solomon's Temple. We fail to find a vestige of 
 Masonry among the Jews previous to this period. In the 
 time of Numa Pompilius, King of Rome, a branch of the 
 Order of Hiram appeared in Italy, and formed the Collegia 
 Fabrorum and Artificum. This society of builders continued 
 in uninterrupted succession till the downfall of the Roman 
 empire, when its members spread over all Europe, a portion of 
 whom settled in Britain. Here the society had a plain and 
 tangible history till 1717, when the Brotherhood laid aside its 
 operative character, and it became entirely speculative. 
 
 APIS. A bull to which divine honors were paid in Egypt. 
 It was necessary that he should be black, with a triangle of 
 white on his forehead, a white spot in the shape of a crescent 
 on his side, and sort of knot, like a beetle, u inter his tongue. 
 When one was found, he was fed four moutuis in a building
 
 BROS. WASHINGTON AND LAFAYETTE. 
 
 MASONIC AJfKON PRESENTED TO GEN. WASHINGTON 
 BY MADAME LABI'S ETTE.
 
 APR. 87 
 
 facing the East. At the new moon ho was led to a splendid 
 ship, with great solemnity, and conveyed to Heliopolis, 
 where he was fed forty days more by priests and women. 
 After this no one was permitted to approach him. From 
 Heliopolis he was taken to Memphis, where he had a temple, 
 two chapels to dwell in, and a lai'ge court for exercise. He 
 had the gift of prophecy. The omen was good or bad as he 
 went into one chapel or the other. Notwithstanding all this 
 reverence, he was not suffered to live beyond 25 years. His 
 death caused universal mourning. He was an important 
 symbol in the mysteries of Isis. 
 
 APRON. The pure white lambskin apron is to the opera- 
 tive Mason an ancient and spotless emblem. The investiture 
 of this symbol of the purity of the order, being the first gift 
 bestowed upon the candidate, is made in behalf of the whole 
 Fraternity, while the recipient, in return, is required to keep 
 himself pure in all his actions, so that he may prove to the 
 world that it is " more honorable than the star or garter," 
 or any other order that can be conferred upon him. It is 
 worn by operative Masons to protect their garments from 
 injury, spot, or stain. The investiture of the candidate with 
 the apron, among the primitive Masons, formed an essential 
 part of the ceremony of initiation, and was attended with 
 rites equally significant and impressive. ' This badge received 
 
 a characteinstic distinction from its peculiar color and 
 matei'ial. With the Essenian Masons, it was accomplished 
 by a process bearing a similar tendency, and accompanied 
 by illustrations not less imposing and satisfactory to the 
 neophyte. He was clothed in a long white robe, which 
 reached to the ground, bordered with a fringe of blue 
 ribbon, to incite personal holiness, and fastened tightly 
 round the waist with a girdle, to separate the upper from 
 the lower parts of the body. With feet bare and head
 
 88 
 
 ARC. 
 
 uncovered, the candidate was considered the personification 
 of modesty and humility, walking in the fear of God. The 
 Masonic Apron is a pure white lambskin, 15 inches wide and 
 13 inches deep, with a flap of triangular shape about 5 inches 
 deep at the point, square at the bottom. For the symbolic 
 degrees the trimmings are blue, and in the Royal Arch 
 degree the trimmings are scarlet, or blue and scarlet. 
 
 ARCADE DE LA PELLETERIE. A nickname of the 
 so-called Orient of Clermont, or old Grand Lodge of France, 
 before its union with the Grand Orient, 1799. 
 
 ARCH. Part of a circle. In architecture a construction 
 supported by its curve. The Arch is a prominent idea in 
 the .ritual of Royal Arch Masonry. 
 
 in the degree of the 
 
 HER 
 
 MRS 
 
 ARCH OF ENOCH explained 
 Knights of the Ninth Arch, the 
 ritual of which says : " Enoch was 
 the seventh in descent from 
 Adam, and lived in the fear and 
 love of his Maker. Being inspired 
 by the Most High, and in com- Si 
 memoration of a wonderful vision, 
 this holy man builto a nine-fold |j 
 temple under ground, and dedi- 
 cated the same to God. He was 
 assisted in the construction of 
 this subterranean temple by Ja- 
 red, his father, and Methuselah, 
 his son, without being acquainted with his motives. This 
 happened in that part of the country which was afterward 
 called Canaan, or the Holy Land." The engraving here 
 used is copied from an old Masonic publication, and appears 
 to allude to this event. 
 
 ARCH OF STEEL. In the Templar system, and also the 
 French, the Arch of Steel is formed during certain ceremo- 
 nies, by the members, arranged in two ranks, with their 
 swords raised and crossed. 
 
 ARCHEOLOGY. From the Greek words Arche, the 
 beginning, and Logos, word, i. e., a discourse concerning the 
 primitive times; in other words, the science of antiquities. 
 This science is peculiarly interesting to Freemasons, inas- 
 much as through the investigations of Archaeologists the 
 antiquity of Masonry is vindicated.
 
 AEG. 
 
 89 
 
 ARCHIMAGUS. In other words, Chief of the Sages, and 
 High-Priest of the Chaldean Mysteries. In the ceremony of 
 initiation he represented Ormuzd, the god of beauty, light, 
 and truth, and the rite was intended to illustrate the strug- 
 gles of that god with Ahrirnan, the god of darkness and 
 evil, and his final victory over him. 
 
 ARCHITECTURE. The art of construction or building, 
 according to certain proportions and rules, determined and 
 regulated by nature, science, and taste. It is divided into 
 
 THE FIVE ORDERS OF ARCH1TECTUBE. 
 
 three distinct branches civil, military, and naval. The art 
 of building had its origin in the desire implanted in man to 
 procure protection from the outward elements and the vicis- 
 situdes of the changing seasons. There is something divine 
 in man, which prompts him to look beyond the mere supply 
 of his necessities, and to aim continually at higher objects. 
 He, therefore soon expected from his habitation and hip
 
 90 ARE ARK. 
 
 temples more than mere utility. He aimed at elegance, and 
 architecture became by degrees a fine art, differing essential- 
 ly, however, from the other tine arts in these respects: I. 
 That it is based on utility; 2. that it elevates mathematical 
 laws to rules of beauty, correct proportion, and perfect sym- 
 metry. It is difficult, perhaps now impossible, to fix the 
 exact period of the invention of architecture, as everv art is 
 perfected by degrees, and is the result of the labors of many. 
 In the early ages of the human race, the habitation must 
 have been rude and imperfect; yet each nation, at every 
 age, possessed its peculiar style of architecture, and marked 
 its character by its symbolic monuments. Among such 
 monuments we should place, as the chief, the Temple of Sol- 
 omon, from which the true knowledge of architecture became 
 diffused throughout the world. Thus through ages has the 
 institution been transmitted; and though deprived of its 
 operative character, it is none the less efficient in its symbol- 
 ism and importance. The working-tools of an operative 
 Mason have, therefore, become our symbols. There are five 
 orders of architecture, viz: The Doric, the Tuscan, the 
 Ionic, the Corinthian, and the Composite. 
 
 AREOPAGUS. The hill of Mars, the seat of the supreme 
 tribunal of Athens, which was also called Areopagus. This 
 famous court had sovereign jurisdiction over all the affairs 
 of Grecian society, and from its decrees there was no 
 appeal. In Freemasonry, the name in France and Belgium 
 is applied to a council or assembly of the 30th degree of the 
 Scotch rite. 
 
 ARGENT. French for silver. An heraldic term used in 
 describing coats of arms, thus: The arms of the Company 
 of Freemasons in the reign of King Henry IV. "Azure, 
 on a chevron, between three castles, Argent." 
 
 ARGONAUTS, ORDER OF. An Androgyne Masonic Society 
 founded in Germany, in 1775, by some members of the Strict 
 Observance. Its chief officer was called Grand Admiral, the 
 place of meeting was called a ship, and till the appointments 
 were named from various parts of a vessel. The motto of the 
 Order was: " Es lebe die Freude," they live to promote happi- 
 ness. The seal was a silver anchor inlaid with green. 
 
 ARK OF THE COVENANT. The sacred chest, or coffer, 
 which Moses constructed by command of God, wherein were 
 deposited the two tables of stone on which were graven the 
 Ten Commandments, Aaron's rod, and a pot of manna. 
 The ark was a symbol of the Divine presence, and a protec-
 
 AEK 91 
 
 tion to the people, so long as they adhered to the articles of 
 the covenant, - which the ark contained. It was made of 
 shittiin-wood, covered with plates of gold; nearly four feet 
 in length, and two feet three inches in width and height. On 
 the top of it, all round, ran a kind of gold crown. It had 
 four rings of gold, two on each side, through which staves 
 were put, whereby it was carried. These also were overlaid 
 with the finest gold, and were not to be removed from the 
 rings. The lid of the ark, glistening with gold, was called 
 
 the Mercy-seat; and upon its opposite ends were two golden 
 cherubim, fronting each other, with their wings so extend- 
 ed as to cover the Mercy-seat. It was borne from place 
 to place during the journeys of the Israelites, with great 
 solemnity, and deposited in the most sacred places in the 
 tabernacle. It was finally placed by Solomon in the Holy of 
 Holies, and was supposed to have been lost at the destruc- 
 tion of the temple by the Chaldeans. The idea of the con- 
 cealment of an ark and its accompanying treasures always 
 prevailed in the Jewish sect. The use of this sacred symbol, 
 and the important moral lessons its discovery inculcates, are 
 exceedingly interesting to Royal Arch Masons. 
 
 ARK AND DOVE. An American degree, sometimes given 
 as a preparation for the Royal Arch. The appellation 
 Noachite, by which it is sometimes designated, is improperly 
 applied. The term Noachite belongs to the 21st degree of 
 the old English system, and the 35th of the rite of Misraim. 
 Dr. Oliver conjectures that it was derived from a more 
 ancient degree called the "Ark Mariner," and was of an 
 honorary character
 
 92 
 
 ARM. 
 
 AEK MARINER, ROYAL. This is a speculative degree 
 given in a Royal Arch Chapter. It is founded on the Mosaic 
 account of the deluge, which is explained through questions 
 and answers. This degree, however, is considered modern, 
 and to have first appeared toward the end of the last century. 
 
 ARMS OF FREEMASONRY. The armorial bearings oi 
 the order have undergone some changes in the lapse of ages, 
 varying more or less from the original, in consonance with 
 the country or the times. They 
 are described in several works 
 on heraldry as follows: " The 
 Company of Masons, being oth- 
 erwise termed Freemasons of 
 ancient standing, and good 
 reckoning, by means of affable 
 and kind meetings, at divers 
 times did frequent this mutual 
 assembly in the time of King 
 Henry IV., viz: the 12th of 
 his reign. Their arms, azure 
 on a chevron, between three castles, argent, a pair of com- 
 passes somewhat extended of the first, were granted by Wil- 
 liam Hawkslow, Clarencieux King of Arms." GUILLAM. 
 The Arms of the Operative or Stone Masons. Azure on a 
 chevron between three castles argent, a pair of compasses 
 somewhat extended of the first. Crest, an arm extended,
 
 ASA AST. 93 
 
 grasping a trowel, proper. Supporters, two beavers, proper. 
 DERMOTT. The arms of the Grand Lodge of England, and 
 used by several of the Grand Lodges of this country, are 
 similar to those adopted by Eoyal Arch Masons, which are 
 described as follows: Party per cross vert, voided or; in the 
 first quarter azure, a lion rampant or, for the tribe of Judah , 
 in the second or, an ox passant sable, f or Ephraim ; in the 
 third or, a man erect proper, for Reuben; in the fourth 
 azure, a spread eagle or. for Dan. Crest, an ark of the cov- 
 enant; supporters, two cherubim, all proper: motto, Holiness 
 to the Lord. The banners which adorn the Royal Arch Chap- 
 ters of England, representing the twelve tribes of Israel, are 
 as follows: Scarlet, a lion couchaut, for Judah; blue, an asa 
 crouching beneath its burden, for Issachar; purple, a ship, 
 for Zebulon; yellow, a sword, for Simeon; white, a troop of 
 horsemen, for Gad; green, an ox, for Ephraim; flesh-color, 
 a vine, by the side of a wall, for Manasseh; green, a wolf, for 
 Benjamin; purple, a cup, for Asher; blue, a hind, for Naph- 
 tali; green, an eagle, for Dan. 
 
 ASAROTA. A kind of pavement in variegated colors, used 
 by the ancients for floors of temples. 
 
 ASIATIC SYSTEM, OB BROTHERS OF ASIA. A Masonic sect 
 with somewhat mystical theories, which arose in Germany 
 about the year 1780. It explained somewhat fancifully the 
 symbols, rites, and words of Freemasonry. There were 
 several degrees, all more or less tinctured with the specula- 
 tions of the Rosicrucians and hermetic Masonry. 
 
 ASPIRANT. A seeker of Masonic light, who has applied 
 for admission to the mysteries of the Order, and, having been 
 accepted, is preparing himself for the induction. 
 
 ASS. An emblem of stupidity and ignorance. In the 
 Egyptian system it represented the uninitiated, ignorant, 
 and profane. 
 
 ASSASSINS. A secret order of Ishmaelites, professing the 
 Mahommedan religion, and yet at heart repudiating all 
 religions. They had a remarkable organization, were noted 
 for their daring bravery, but were still nothing more nor 
 less than a band of plunderers and cut-throats. 
 
 ASTROLOGY bears the same relation to astronomy as 
 alchemy does to chemistry. It is the art of reading the 
 future and discovering the destinies of mortals by the stars. 
 Many learned men have been believers in thr art, as Tycho 
 de Brahe and Kepler. It held a high place in the hermetio 
 system of Masonry.
 
 94: ATE BAH. 
 
 ATELIER. French for workshop. In symbolic Masonry 
 it is the name of the Lodge, and also in many of the higher 
 degrees, especially in France and Germany. In the French 
 and Scotch rites it denotes council, tribunal, consistory, 
 college, court, and areopagus. 
 
 ATHERSADA. A Persian word meaning the strong hand. 
 This name in the Septuagint is given to the Persian gover- 
 nors of Jerusalem who accompanied Zerubbabel and Nehe- 
 miah. (See Esdr. ii. 63; Neh. vii. 65-70.) In the Order of 
 Heredom of Kilwinning, it was the appellation of the chief 
 of the Order; and in French Masonry it is the official name 
 of the head of a Chapter. 
 
 ATHOL MASONS. The seceders from the Grand Lodge 
 of England, in 1739, having assumed the title of " Ancient 
 Masons," and organized a Grand Lodge, elected the Duke 
 of Athol, then Grand Master of Scotland, Grand Master of 
 the new Grand body. Hence they were called Athol Masons. 
 
 AZURE. Sky-blue. The appropriate color of the sym- 
 bolic Lodge. A favorite color in heraldry; employed in 
 blazonry. 
 
 B. 
 
 BAAL. A Hebrew or Canaanitish name signifying lord. 
 The Phoenicians or Sidonians who went into Judea to build 
 Solomon's Temple carried with them the mysteries of Baal 
 represented by the sun, and many of the decorations of the 
 temple referred to his system of worship. The sun was a 
 significant symbol of the Tyrian architects, and also of the 
 Druids, as it is now of the Masonic Brotherhood. 
 
 BACHELOR. A low rank of knighthood, yet the most 
 ancient. It does not often appear now except in heraldic 
 description in connection with knightly or social rank. It 
 was originally accounted the first of military dignities, and 
 the foundation of all honors. The word was added to the 
 dignity of knighthood by King Henry III. of England, 
 because the title died with the person to whom it was given, 
 and did not descend to his posterity. It is now conferred 
 indiscriminately on persons in civil or military stations, and 
 may be granted even to a child as soon as he is baptized. 
 
 BAHRDT'S RITE. A system of Freemasonry consisting 
 of six degrees, introduced into some of the Lodges of Ger- 
 many by Carl Friedrich Bahrdt, a learned divine, and author 
 of a large number of works on theology, ethics, philology, 
 etc. His system found for a time many adherents, but is 
 not now practiced.
 
 BAL BAN. 
 
 95 
 
 BALDACHIN. The canopy which is placed over the 
 oriental chair in the Master's 
 Lodge, and also denotes the cov- 
 ering of the Lodge itself, which 
 is a symbol of the star-decked 
 heavens, and a sign of the uni- 
 versality of Freemasonry. In 
 Pritchard's catechism we meet 
 with the following: "What has 
 the Lodge for a covering ? " An- 
 swer : "The vaulted skies of 
 various colors, or the clouds." 
 It is remarked by Klause that 
 the " sense of this beautiful sys- 
 tem of symbols is not well un- 
 derstood. Some think that the 
 primitive Lodge was not cov- 
 ered above, and that the skies 
 were literally its covering; hence 
 
 the ceiling of a Lodge-room is generally made to represent 
 the celestial planisphere." The Baldachin, in this sense, is 
 also a symbol of the extent of Freemasonry; for as the skies, 
 with their troops of stars, spread over all regions of the earth, 
 so Freemasonry holds in its embrace all the world, and 
 reaches through all time. 
 
 BALUSTER. A small column or pilaster. In the higher 
 degrees of the French system, proclamations and decrees 
 are thus named. 
 
 BALUSTRADE. A row of balusters. Although archse- 
 ological researches have failed hitherto to discover this 
 architectural invention among the ruins of ancient buildings, 
 "yet it is difficult to conceive that an arrangement of such 
 obvious utility should be wholly unknown to the architects 
 of antiquity. 
 
 BAND. A ribbon worn around the neck of the officers of 
 Grand Lodges, and also of individual Lodges, to which are 
 attached the official jewels. The color of the band differs in 
 different Lodges, but blue is predominant. 
 
 BANNER-BEARER. In the high degrees of the French 
 and English systems, a Lodge-officer whose duty is well 
 enough described by the word itself. 
 
 BANNERET. 1. A small banner; 2. a justice of the peace; 
 3. in the Knight-Templar system an officer who, together 
 with the Marshal, led all warlike enterprises; 4. in France
 
 96 BAN BAT. 
 
 and England the word formerly designated an order of 
 knighthood of great dignity. The title is now extinct. 
 
 BANQUET. The custom of banqueting after Lodge meet- 
 ings is now very generally abolished in American Lodges, 
 except upon installation nights, or, on the festivals of the 
 Sts. John, on the 24th June and the 27th of December, when 
 social gatherings of the brethren take place similar to the 
 carnival meetings of other bodies. The brethren are en- 
 joined not to convert the hours of recreation and refreshment 
 into that of abuse or intemperance. 
 
 BAPHOMET. Among the charges preferred against the 
 Order of the Knights of the Temple was that of worshiping 
 an idol or image called Baphomet. The word is probably a 
 corruption of Mahomet, and the image itself, with its mysti- 
 cal embellishments, was without doubt a cabalistic talisman, 
 which the Templars had brought from the East, and which 
 had some connection with the hermetic philosophy of the 
 Arabians. That it was an object of worship among the 
 members of that Order there is not a shadow of proof. 
 
 BAREFEET. Putting off the shoes has a threefold signifi- 
 cation in Scripture. First, it was usual to put them off in 
 token of mourning and grief, as David is said to have gone 
 from Jerusalem barefoot, when he fled from Absalom. 
 Secondly, it signified the yielding of one's right to another, 
 and is so prescribed in Deuteronomy, and matured by Boaz; 
 the third, was a token of respect and reverence, as appears 
 by the command of God to Moses, and the reason assigned 
 for it was that the ground whereon he stood was holy, 01 
 sanctified by God's immediate presence. See DISCALCEATION. 
 
 BASILICA. By this name market-houses and halls oi 
 justice, erected after the fashion of religious edifices and- 
 Christian churches, were called in the middle ages. These 
 buildings were of an oblong rectangular form, with a narrow 
 side suitable for a semicircular niche. Anderson, in his 
 Book of Constitutions, remarks that " Our modern temple 
 las arisen from the Basilica, having the same interior arch." 
 
 BATON. A staff or truncheon, about two feet long, gen- 
 erally ornamented or gilt at each end, and the middle envel- 
 oped in a scroll; it is usually carried in the right hand, and 
 is the distinguishing mark or emblem of authority of Mar- 
 shals in Masonic and other processions. The badge of a 
 Marshal in a subordinate Lodge is two cross batons, and 
 that of the Marshal in the Grand Lodge two cross batons 
 encircled in a wreath.
 
 BEA BRA. 
 
 97 
 
 BEAUSEANT. The name given to the banner which the 
 ancient Knights Templar carried before them to battle. It 
 was divided across the center the upper half being black, 
 and the lower half white, intended to signify that they were 
 fair and favorable to the friends of Christ, but black and 
 terrible to his enemies. The idea is quite an oriental one, 
 white and black being always 
 used among the Arabs meta- 
 phorically, in the sense above 
 indicated. Their customary sal- 
 utation is, "May your day be 
 white!" i. e., May you be happy! 
 Beauseant was not merely the 
 name of the banner, but it was 
 also the battle-cry and the most 
 sacred oath of the emplars, in 
 allusion to the seal, whereon two 
 brethren were represented as 
 riding on one horse, which was 
 considered by the order as a 
 " fair seat" bien scant that is, as a seal of true fraternal 
 alliance. The seal of this Order was always accompanied 
 with the word Beauseant both standing in close relationship. 
 It would seem natural, therefore, to refer the word to this 
 token of brotherly love, where two Templars were represented 
 as united in close friendship, and seated on one horse. This 
 device, then, "the fair seat" "beau scant" served as a symbol 
 of intimate union, the word was adopted as their battle-cry 
 and the name of their banner, and finally it formed an 
 appropriate formula of oath, signifying "By the fraternal bond 
 of the Temple Order Beauseant." 
 
 BELLS were the most notable ornaments on the robe of 
 the chief pontiff of the Hebrews. " And it shall be unto 
 Aaron to minister, and his sound shall be heard when he 
 goeth in into the Holy Place before the Lord, and when he 
 cometh out, that he die not." 
 
 BORDER. The ornaments of a Lodge are said to be the 
 Mosaic pavement, the indented tessel, and blazing star- The 
 indented tessel represents the beautiful border that embel- 
 lished the outer edges of the Mosaic pavement^ This border 
 consisted of small stones of various colors, artistically 
 arranged, so as to produce the most pleasing effect. 
 
 BRAHMINS. The members of the priestly caste in Hin- 
 dostan are thus named. They are a well educated class, for 
 the most part, and many among them are distinguished foT
 
 98 
 
 BRA BRE. 
 
 learning. In this respect they are superior to many of the 
 missionaries who have been sent there to convert them. 
 They were early celebrated for their attainments in philoso- 
 phy and science, and their ideas have entered largely into 
 the various philosophical systems of the West. 
 
 BRASSART. A piece of armor worn by the Knights 
 Templar, to protect the upper part of the arm, from the 
 elbow to the shoulder. 
 
 BREASTPLATE. A splendid piece of ornamental em- 
 broidered cloth, of the same material of which the ephod was 
 made, ten inches square, and worn by the Jewish High- 
 
 Priest on his breast, when dressed in full sacerdotal vest- 
 ments. The front was set with twelve precious stones, in 
 golden sockets, arranged in four rows, three in each row, on
 
 BRI BRO. 99 
 
 each of which was engraved the name of one of the twelve 
 tribes of Israel. On the first row a sardius, red, for Judah; 
 a topaz, pale green, for Issachar; an emerald, green, for Zeb- 
 ulon; on the second row a carbuncle, deep red, for Reuben; 
 a sapphire, deep blue, for Simeon ; a jasper, green, clouded 
 with white, for Gad; on the third row, a ligure, dull red, for 
 Ephraim; an agate, gray, spotted with different colors, for 
 Manasseh; an amethyst, purple, for Benjamin; on the fourth 
 row a chrysolite, pale green, for Dan; an onyx, bluish white, 
 for Asher; a beryl, bluish green, for Naphtali. The breast- 
 plate was double, or composed of two pieces, forming a kind 
 of purse or bag, in which, according to the learned rabbins, 
 the Urirn and Thummim (Light and Truth), were inclosed. 
 It was fastened at the four corners, those at the top to each 
 shoulder, and a golden ring at the end of a wreathed chain; 
 those below, to the girdle of the ephod, by four blue ribbons, 
 two at each corner. This ornament was never to be severed 
 from the priestly garments; and it was called the "Memo- 
 rial," being designed to remind the priest how dear those 
 tribes should be to him whose names he bore upon his 
 heart. It was also named " the Breastplate of Judgment, 
 because it was believed that by it was discovered the judg- 
 ment and the will of God, or because the high-priest who 
 wore it was revered as the fountain of justice, and put it on 
 when he exercised his judicial capacity in matters of great 
 importance, which concerned the whole nation. 
 
 BRIDGE. In the higher degrees of Freemasonry the 
 Bridge has a Masonic u.->e, and is an important symbol. 
 
 BROTHERLY KISS. At the close of their meetings the 
 first Christians were accustomed to kiss each other; this took 
 place also at the holy evening banquet agape of the com- 
 munity of brothers and sisters. To this practice the Apostles 
 Paul and Peter refer in their epistles: "Greet each other 
 with the holy kiss" "philsmate agio," Rom. xvi., 16, 1 Pet. 
 v., 14. This holy kiss, as a sign or token of brotherly love, 
 is found likewise as a venerable custom in many Lodges, 
 particularly in Europe, where the Master greets with a kiss 
 each newly-initiated member. 
 
 BROTHERS OF THE BRIDGE. A charitable and reli- 
 gious Brotherhood, which arose in the south of France in the 
 mediaeval age, the members of which devoted themselves to 
 the work of building bridges, roads, hospitals, the maintain- 
 ing ferries, and otherwise providing for the comfort and 
 protection of travelers and pilgrims. Two bridges, in par- 
 ticular, are mentioned as having been constructed by tkem;
 
 100 BUR BYL. 
 
 that of " Bon-Pas," three miles from Avignon, and the bridge 
 over the Rhone, "Pont-St. -Esprit," in the department ol 
 Gard, which was commenced Aug. 21, 1265. Pope Clement 
 III. granted them peculiar favoi's in consideration of their 
 works of mercy and humanity. The peculiar token or jewel 
 of the Order was a pick-axe worn upon the breast. RAMSAY, 
 in a discourse published in Paris, 1741, affirms that this 
 Order united or established relations with the Knights of St. 
 John of Jerusalem, and afterward with the Roman builders, 
 and thus establishes a direct connection between them and 
 Freemasonry. Many of the high degrees of the French 
 system have borrowed some of their decorations from the 
 Order of the Brothers of the Bridge. 
 
 BURIAL. The right to be conducted to the last resting- 
 place on earth, by his brethren, and to be committed to the 
 grave with the ceremonies of the society, belong alone to 
 Master Masons. Among the old regulations is the following: 
 " No Mason can be interred with the formalities of the 
 Order, unless it be at his own special request, communicated 
 to the Master of the Lodge of which he died a member 
 foreigners and sojourners excepted; nor unless he has been 
 advanced to the third degree of Masonry, from which there 
 can be no exception." 
 
 BURNING- BUSH. In the ceremonies of the Royal Arch 
 degree, the Burning Bush is represented. It was on Mount 
 Horeb that the angel of the 
 Lord appeared to Moses in 
 a burning bush, not one 
 leaf of which was consumed. 
 Here it was that the un- 
 utterable name, which was 
 never known or heard of 
 before GOD told it to Moses, 
 was revealed. Supreme 
 Councils of the Ancient and 
 Accepted Rite, date their 
 documents "near the B. B." 
 or " Burning Bush" this 
 being the great source of true Masonic light, and the place 
 whence all Masonic instruction must emanate. 
 
 BY-LAWS. The power of framing its own by-laws is inher- 
 ent in every Subordinate Lodge, provided they are made in 
 accordance with the ancient statutes and regulations of the 
 Grand Lodge. As the validity of by-laws rests ou the author- 
 ity of the Grand Lodge, it is required that they should first 
 he submitted for approval.
 
 CAA CAB. 101 
 
 C. 
 
 CAABA. The name of a talismanic and sacred stone, which 
 has been an object of reverence among the Arabians from 
 time immemorial. Previous to the time of Mohammed it was 
 the recipient of divine honors ; but after the remarkable 
 conversion of those idolaters to theism, by the labors of the 
 Prophet, he consecrated it as a symbol of the Eternal Mys- 
 teries, and an emblem of the perpetual duration of the truth 
 that " G-od is one and his name one." Many fabulous stories 
 are told of the building in which it is enclosed; but although 
 all relating to its origin are too absurd for belief, yet it is 
 certain that it is a temple of very great antiquity. The Caaba 
 is not an object of worship among the Mohammedans; for 
 they are more strict and earnest in opposition to idolatry 
 than ever were the ancient Hebrews. It is simply the type 
 of invisible verities and virtues which should be objects of 
 the profoundest reverence. The pilgrims who visit Mecca 
 march around the mystic stone in procession, and salute it 
 with kisses, and believe that its very touch imparts a divine 
 influence efficacious at the same time curing the diseases 
 of the body and working a moral purification of the heart. 
 
 CABAL. From the French Cabale. It means, primarily, a 
 society of men who profess to have a knowledge of secret 
 things. Politically, it signifies a clique of unprincipled poli 
 ticians; and, in the reign of Charles II., was applied to the 
 ministers of that monarch, Clifford, Ashley, Buckingham, Ar- 
 Ungton, and Lauderdale, because their initials form the word. 
 
 CABIKI. Gods, or deified heroes, held in great esteem by 
 the Phrygians. The secret ceremonies performed in their 
 sacred grottoes were called the mysteries of the Cabiri. 
 Herodotus and Strabo both speak of these rites; and it is 
 probable that most of the mysteries of antiquity were only 
 variations of the Phrygian, which were celebrated in the 
 obscurity of night, and with the most profound secrecy. 
 These rites were spread through all the cities of Syria, and it 
 has been said that Hiram, King of Tyre, was a High-Priest 
 of these mysteries, and through him the leading feature of 
 the Cabirian initiation was incorporated into Masonry, and 
 perpetuated in the legend of the third degree. Many con- 
 jecture that the Order of the Essen, or the Essones, grew out 
 of the Cabirian rites. 
 
 CABUL. A country in Galilee ceded to Hiram, King ol 
 Tyre, by Solomon, as a reward for his assistance in building 
 the temple. The history of this event is given in the degree 
 of Intimate Secretary of the Ancient and Accepted rite- 
 9
 
 1C2 CAL CAN. 
 
 CALENDAR. An almanac a method of marking exactly 
 
 blie division of the years, starting from some great epoch. 
 
 Thus Christian nations reckon their time from the birth of 
 
 Christ, while those of the Mohammedan faith reckon theirs 
 
 from the hegira, or, the flight of Mohammed from Mecca. 
 
 The Masonic era commences with the creation of the woiid 
 
 (Anno Mundi), or, asonically expressed, Anno Lucis, year 
 
 of light, or year of the Lodge. Between the creation of the 
 
 world and the advent of Christ 4000 years intervene; thus 
 
 A. D. 1866 added to 4000 gives the Masonic year, 5866. The 
 
 Bite of Misraim adopts the chronology of Archbishop Usher, 
 
 which adds 4 years to the common era, and makes 5870 
 
 the Masonic year. The Scotch rite employs the Jewish 
 
 chronology; thus the Hebrew year 5826 is the A. L. of Scotch 
 
 Masonry. This rite also adopts the Hebrew manner of 
 
 dividing the year into months, and closes the year Sept. 17, 
 
 and begins the new on the 17th (Tisri, 1st). The York rite 
 
 commences the year with Jan. 1; the French with March 1. 
 
 The Royal Arch degrees begin their computation with the 
 
 year in which Zerubbabel began to build the second temple, 
 
 which was 530 years before Christ. So that 530 + 1866=2396, 
 
 the Masonic year of the Royal Arch. The Royal and Select 
 
 Master's degree reckons time from the year in which Solo- 
 
 mon's Temple was completed, viz: 1000 years before Christ. 
 
 Thus, 1000 + 1866=2866, the year of the Royal and Select 
 
 Master. The Knights Templar compute time from the 
 
 founding of the Order, A. D. 1118; so that A. r. 18661118-= 
 
 748 the year of the Order of the Temple. Others (Strict 
 
 Observance) commence their reckoning from the destruc- 
 
 tion of the Templars, in 1314; therefore, A. D. 1866 1314=: 
 
 552. The following will place these Masonic years directly 
 
 before the eye: A. D. 1866=A. L. 5866, the common Masonic 
 
 year; A. D. 1866= A. L. 5870 of the Rite of Misraim; A. D. 1866= 
 
 A. M. 5826 of the Scottish rite; A. D. 1866= A. i. 2396 of the 
 
 *loyal Arch; A. D. 1866= A. D. 2866 of the Royal and Select 
 
 Master; A. D. 1866= A. o. 748 of the Templars; A. D. 1866= 
 
 .. o. 552 of the Strict Observance. 
 
 CALLED, OK CALLING OFF. This term can have but 
 application, and denotes the ceremony which summons tho 
 Craft from labor to refreshment. To "call off'" for any 
 ther purpose is neither legal nor Masonic. 
 
 CALLED, OR CALLING ON. When the brothers are sum- 
 moned to their labors, after the hours of refreshment, the 
 summons is designated by the term " calling on." 
 
 CANCELLARIUS. An office in Templar Masonry of the 
 nuddie ages. Each Province and Prefect had its Chancel-
 
 CAN -CAP. 
 
 103 
 
 CANDLESTICK, ABK AND FURNITURE. 
 
 lor; he conducted the correspondence; was also properly the 
 custodian of the mysteries, and had to instruct the newly- 
 initiated knights in regard tc their duties. 
 
 CANDLESTICK, GOLDEN. The candelabrum which Moses 
 was commanded to make for the tabernacle, after the model 
 shown him on the Mount. The material of which it was 
 made was fine gold, of which an entire talent (about 
 $2,000) was expended on the candelabrum and its appen- 
 dages. The mode in which the metal was to be worked is 
 
 described by a term =_=___ 
 
 which appears to mean 
 wrought with the ham- 
 mer, as opposed to cast 
 by fusion. It consisted 
 of a base; of a shaft 
 rising out of it; of six 
 arms, which came out 
 by threes from two 
 opposite sides of the 
 shaft; of seven lamps 
 which were supported 
 on the summits of the 
 central shaft and the six arms. The arms were adorned 
 with three kinds of carved ornaments, called cups, globes 
 and blossoms. Its lamps were supplied with pure olive 
 oil, lighted every evening, and extinguished every morning. 
 It was placed in the Holy Place, on the south side (i. e., to 
 the left of a person entering the tabernacle), opposite the 
 table of shew-bread. In the first temple there were ten 
 candelabra of pure gold, five on the north and five on the 
 south side, within the Holy Place. These were carried away 
 to Babylon. In the second temple there was but one, 
 resembling that of the tabernacle. This was carried, with 
 other spoils, to Rome, on the destruction of Jerusalem; it 
 was lodged in Vespasian's temple to Peace, and copied on the 
 triumphal arch of Titus. The seven-branched candlestick 
 is an indispensable emblem in the Royal Arch degree, also 
 in several of the degrees of the Ancient and Accepted rite. 
 
 CAPITULAR DEGREES. The appellation, in France, of 
 certain degrees of the Scotch rite, from the 4th to the 18th, 
 inclusive, and which the French rite has contracted to four. 
 These degrees are divided into four series, viz: First series, 
 4th degree (Scotch rite), Secret Master; 5th, Perfect Master; 
 6th, Intimate Secretary ; 7th, Provost and Judge ; 8th, 
 Intendant of the Building. Second series, 9th degree 
 (Scotch rite), Master Elect of Nine; 191h, Grand Elect ol
 
 104 CAP CAR. 
 
 Fifteen; llth, Sublime Knight Elect. Third series, 12th 
 degree (Scotch rite), Grand Master Architect; 13th, Knight 
 of the Royal Circle ; 14th, Scotch Elect. Fourth series, 
 15th degree (Scotch rite), Knight of the East; 16th, Prince 
 of Jerusalem; 17th, Knights of the East and West; 18th, 
 Knight of the Rose Cross. 
 
 CAPTAIN-GENERAL. In a Commandery of Knights 
 Templar the third officer, and who, in the absence of the 
 Commander and Generalissimo, presides over the same. By 
 virtue of his office, he is one of the representatives of his 
 Commandery in the Grand Commandery. His station is on 
 the left of the Commander; his jewel, a level surmounted by 
 a cock, emblematic of courage; his duties are to see that 
 everything is properly prepared for the conclave, and to 
 communicate all orders from the Council. 
 
 CAPTAIN OF THE HOST. The fourth officer in a 
 Chapter of Royal Arch Masons; his station is at the right, 
 in front of the Council; his duty corresponds with that of a 
 Marshal, having charge of the Chapter when in procession; 
 to receive orders from the Council, and see that they are 
 properly executed. The preservation of the essential traits 
 of the ancient customs, usages, and landmarks of Royal 
 Arch Masonry is entrusted to his charge. 
 
 CARAUCIUS. A Roman Emperor who patronized the 
 Masons of Great Britain, A. r>. 300. A Roman knight, 
 named Albanus, being much interested in the prosperity of 
 the Craft, influenced the Emperor to confer on the Brother- 
 hood peculiar privileges. He granted the Masons a charter, 
 and Albanus became their Grand Master, during whose 
 administration many of their fundamental constitutions 
 were settled, and the ritual revised. 
 
 CANEPHOROS. The bearer of the round flat 
 basket, containing the sacred cake, chaplet, 
 frankincense, and the implements of sacrifice, 
 usually a young Athenian maiden, who walked 
 in the processions of the Dionysia, Panathenea, 
 and the other public festivals, in which all mar- 
 riageable women offered small baskets to their 
 favorite deities. The attitude in which they 
 appear in works of art was a favorite one with 
 the ancient artists and familiarly described by 
 classic authors ; the figure elevates both arms to 
 support the basket carried on the head. 
 
 CARBONARI, OB COLLIERS. A political society, with a 
 Masonic form, which, for a long time, exercised a powerful
 
 CAB GEN. 105 
 
 influence in Italy. The date of its origin is unknown. 14 
 was inspired with the noblest ideas of liberty and religious 
 freedom, and labored for the regeneration of Italy, the 
 emancipation of the conscience, and the purification of 
 religion. Botta, in his " Historic, d' Italia," says that during 
 the reign of Murat most of the republicans joined the Order, 
 and in one month the society was increased by the addition 
 of over six hundred thousand members. The essence of tho 
 oath of administration was, " Hatred to all tyrants." There 
 were four degrees. The place of meeting was called baracc, 
 i. e., hut or lodge, the exterior parts were called the icood; 
 the interior was called the vendita or colliery. The con- 
 federation of all the lodges was called the Republic. The 
 religious character is revealed in the following statute: 
 ' Every Carbonaro has the natural and inalienable right to 
 worship the Almighty according to his own sense of duty 
 and the dictates of his own conscience. The grand idea of 
 the society has at last triumphed; it has united the Italian 
 States, and given them free institutions. No society has 
 ever existed which succeeded so well in working out its ideal. 
 
 CARPET A Kind oi map, on which are pictured the em- 
 Dlems illustrative of the several degrees of Freemasonry, 
 and by reference to which the neophytes are instructed. 
 They were formerly traced upon the floor, hence the term 
 carpel 
 
 CASTELLAN. In Germany, a steward or superintendent 
 of Masonic buildings. He has charge of the furniture of the 
 Lodge, and also has the direction of the " Agape, or Table- 
 lodge." 
 
 CENTAINE, ORDRE DE LA. The Order of the Century. An 
 Androgyne system of Masonry, which came into notice, at 
 Bordeaux, A. D. 1735. 
 
 CENTER OF UNITY. The central force or authority 
 which keeps a society or order of men together. In most 
 organizations, the center of unity is a visible material 
 power. In the Papal Church, it is the hierarchy of Rome. 
 But the Masonic center of unity is not material nor visible. 
 It is an internal principle or sentiment, which dwells in all 
 its parts, and binds them all altogether in one harmonious 
 whole. By virtue of the omnipotence of this principle the 
 Masonic Order has resisted all attacks from without, and all 
 treachery within, and is more powerful than ever before. 
 
 CENTER. OPENING ON. The explanation usually given ol 
 this phrase is not satisfactory. It is too far fetched ami
 
 106 CEP CHA. 
 
 fanciful. A better exposition may be found by a reference to 
 kindred societies, and especially ancient orders that are now 
 represented either wholly or in part by Freemasonry. Let it 
 be observed that a Lodge of Entered Apprentices or of Fellow 
 Crafts is never said to be "opened on the center," but only 
 a Master Mason's Lodge. The reason for this is obvious. 
 The Apprentice Lodge is the exterior circle ; the Fellow-Craft, 
 fche inner circle; the Master Mason's Lodge, the center. 
 While in the first two the truth is but partially revealed, 
 and is seen through a shadowy vail, in the third circle the 
 Master Mason's Lodge the great center of Masonic Light 
 it shines with cloudless luster. " Opening on the center" 
 simply means opening in the interior or central circle of 
 Freemasonry. The intelligent Mason is referred to the 
 Constitution of the Order of Essenes, of the Pythagcveans, 
 and the "Apostolical Constitutions," and "Arcana Disci- 
 plina,"of the primitive church. 
 
 CEPHAS. A Grseeo-Syriac word, meaning stone ; the same 
 as petros. In the Masonic degree of Iloyal Master it is used 
 in connection with the cubical stone. 
 
 CERCLE, SOCIAL. Social Circle. An order which sprang 
 up at Paris, in 1790, and endeavored, though happily with- 
 out effect, to tempt the Masonic Brotherhood to play an 
 important part in the French Revolution. The society pub- 
 lished a journal, called " The Mouth of Iron" the object of 
 which was, as it claimed, " to establish a universal con- 
 federation of the friends of truth." 
 
 CHAMBER OF REFLECTION. A room used in the Tem- 
 plar system; also in the Ancient and Accepted rite, where, 
 before initiation, the candidate . is left, surrounded with 
 gloomy and somber emblems, to reflect on the solemn 
 responsibilities he is about to assume. 
 
 CHANCELLOR. The name of an officer in a Council of 
 Knights of the Red Crosfi. 
 
 CHAOS, OR CAHOS. The 1st and 2d names of the 49th and 
 60th degrees of the Rite of Misraim. 
 
 CHAPTER, GENERAL GRAND. This supreme body is com- 
 posed of the principal officers of the State Grand Chapters and 
 the past officers of the General Grand Chapter. The General 
 Grand Chapter of the United States was organized in 1798. 
 
 CHAPTER, GRAND. An organization consisting of the 
 officers of the subordinate chapters under its jurisdiction 
 and the past officers of the Grand Chapter.
 
 CHA. 107 
 
 CHARLES XHL, OBDEB OF. An Order of Knighthood, 
 instituted by Charles the Thirteenth, King of Sweden, May 
 27, 1811, as an encouragement and reward for social and 
 benevolent efforts to the advantage of the people, and par- 
 ticularly to those who may need assistance. 
 The order is conferred only on the members 
 of the Masonic Fraternity who have attained 
 to a high rank in the institution in Sweden. 
 In the original statutes instituting the order, 
 the King said: "To give to this society (the 
 Masonic) an evidence of our gracious senti- 
 ments toward it, we will and ordain that its 
 first dignitaries, to the number which we may 
 determine, shall in future be decorated with 
 the most intimate proof of our confidence, 
 and which shall be for them a distinctive 
 mark of the highest dignity." The King of 
 Sweden is the perpetual Grand Master, and 
 the number of knights is limited to 27. 
 Knights can be installed only on Jan. 28. Carlisle, in his 
 "Account of the Orders of Knighthood," says: "The King, 
 who is always Master of the Order, is bound to wear it, as 
 well as the heir apparent and the Princes of the House oi 
 Sweden, appointed to that dignity by the King. It is also 
 conferred upon thirty native Swedes, being 36 years of age, 
 appointed by the King, of whom three are of the Ecclesias- 
 tical Order." The badge is a cross of four points, of ruby 
 red, with a golden border, surmounted by the regal crown. 
 In the center of the obverse, on a white ground, are the 
 initials of the royal founder, viz: the number XLTL, between 
 two C's, intertwined with each other; on the reverse, in a 
 triangle, the letter B. It is. worn pendant to a red watered 
 ribbon. 
 
 CHARTER. In Freemasonry, a document issued by a 
 Grand Lodge, or Chapter, or other grand body, to a certain 
 number of members, empowering them to organize a Lodge 
 or Chapter, etc., and confer degrees. A Lodge can never 
 be opened for labor unless the Charter is present; and it ia 
 the right of every visiting brother to see it before he ntera 
 the Lodge. 
 
 CHASIDEES, CHASIDIM. A class or order of men men- 
 tioned in the 1st Book of Maccabees, chap, vii., 13. The 
 Septuagint designates it by the Greek name Assidai. The 
 word means skilled in all wisdom, human or divine. This 
 association was composed of the great and learned men of 
 Israel, who were eminent for their charitable and peaceful
 
 108 CHL 
 
 dispositions ; and their superior knowledge of the law; 
 especially were they distinguished by their ardent zeal for 
 the purity and preservation of the temple. Dr. Oliver sees 
 in this Order a kind of Masonic society, and Scaliger thinks 
 the Chasidim were the predecessors of the Essenes. 
 
 CHIEF OF THE TABERNACLE. The 23d degree of 
 the Ancient and Accepted rite. This is the first of a series 
 of three degrees giving a full description of the setting up 
 of the Tabernacle in the wilderness, its form, materials, 
 furniture, etc., the sacerdotal and sacrifical ceremonies per- 
 formed by the Priests in their worship of the Deity, as 
 described in the instructions delivered to Moses in Exodus 
 xxix and XL. The ceremonies of this degree commemorate 
 the institution of the order of the High-Priesthood in Aaron 
 and his sons Eleazar and Ithamar. Assemblies in this 
 degree are styled Courts. The hangings are white, sup- 
 ported by red and black columns, by twos, placed at intervals. 
 The court represents an encampment of the twelve tribes, 
 in the desert, near Sinai. The standards of the tribes, made 
 after the accompanying model, are planted round the room 
 near the walls, in the following order: In the east, that of 
 Judah; the color of the standard being crimson, in stripes 
 or waves; and the device a lion, couchant, between a crown 
 and scepter. Next to Judah, on the side toward 
 the north, that of Issachar ; color, greenish 
 yellow ; device, an ass, couchant, beneath its 
 burden. Next to Judah, on the side toward the 
 south, that of Zebulon ; color, light green ; 
 device a ship. Next toward the south, that of 
 Simeon; color, yellow; device, a naked sword. 
 In the south, that of Reuben; color, a brilliant 
 crimson; device, a man. Next to Reuben, on 
 the side toward the west, that of Gad; color, 
 bluish-green; device, a field covered with stars. 
 Next toward the west, that of Manasseh; color, 
 variegated, like agate; device, a vine running 
 over a wall. In the west,, that of Ephraim ; color, variegated, 
 like opal; device a bull. Next toward the north that oi 
 Benjamin; color violet; device a wolf. Next toward the 
 north, that of Asher; color, blue; device, a tree in full leaf. 
 In the north, that of Dan; color, that of the gold-stone; 
 device, an eagle, holding a serpent in his benk. Next to 
 Dan, toward the east, that of Naphtali; color, bluish-green; 
 device, a female deer running at speed. In the center of 
 the Court is a representation, reduced in size, of the Taber- 
 nacle of Moses, described in Exodus, chapters xxvi and 
 xxxvi. The furniture of the Court consists of an altar of
 
 CHI. 109 
 
 sacrifice; a laver, or large basin of bronze, filled with water; 
 the table of shew-bread; the seven-branched candlestick; an 
 altar of incense, and the ark of the covenant. On the altar 
 of incense are the roll of the Book of the Law and a 
 poniard ; and on the Book of the Law, the square and 
 compasses. The presiding officer sits in the east, represents 
 Aaron, and is styled Most Excellent High Priest. The 
 Wardens sit in the west, and represent his two sons, Eleazar 
 and Ithamar, and are styled Excellent Priests. The Orator, 
 Secretary and Treasurer sit on the east of the tabernacle, 
 the Master of Ceremonies on the west of it, the Captain of 
 Guards on the south of it, and the Sentinel on the north. 
 The other officers and members sit on the north, south and 
 west of it. All except the three first officers are styled 
 Worthy Levites. Aaron is dressed in full priestly robes. 
 The Wardens wear the same dress, except the breastplate 
 and the miter, instead of which they wear plain turbans of 
 white linen. The High-Priest and Wardens do not wear 
 aprons. The other officers and members wear white aprons 
 lined with scarlet, and bordered with red, blue and purple 
 ribbons. In the middle is painted or embroidered the 
 golden candelabrum with seven lights. They also wear a 
 red leather belt, fringed along the lower edge with gold; 
 from which hangs a small silver censer, or ornamented cup, 
 with a long handle, the end whereof, on which the cup sits, 
 is shaped like an open hand. This is also the form of the 
 jewel of the degree. For receptions an extra apartment is 
 required, with an altar, a feeble light, and other appropriate 
 emblems. 
 
 . CHIVALKY. This word indicates an institution which 
 arose in Europe very soon after Christianity had destroyed 
 the old religions and brought most of the nations under its 
 benignant influence, and seems to owe its existence to several 
 elements. Its military and outward form was derived from 
 the Equestrian Order of ancient Rome. Its system of sym- 
 bols, and ceremonies, and fraternal bonds was contributed 
 by the Masonic Order, and the spirit of reverence for woman, 
 which it cultivated so earnestly, and illustrated with so 
 many brilliant examples, was derived from the Teutonic 
 and Scandinavian nations. In all countries of the world, 
 except the north of Europe, woman had ever been regarded 
 as a slave. But Tacitus informs us that the Teutons and 
 Northmen held that there was something divine in the female 
 sex, and therefore regarded woman with a luve which ap- 
 proached to reverence. In the worship which thev paid to 
 the goddess Frigga, they expressed their devotion to the sex. 
 Frigga was the type of woman deified and enthroned in tha
 
 j 10 CHR CLP: 
 
 hearts of men. Thus the Romans and Scandinavians, ami 
 Masons, contributed equal parts in the creation of this insti- 
 tution. The Rite of Induction was in the Masonic form ; and 
 the Order was divided into three circles, corresponding to the 
 three degrees of ancient Masonry. These three circles or 
 degrees were those of Page, Squire, and Knight. The cere- 
 mony of reception took place in a room called a chapter, and 
 strongly resembled the Masonic rites. The Knight, at the 
 time of his full investiture, bound himself, by a solemn oath, 
 to protect tne weak, defend the right, love God, and reverence 
 and shield from harm the female sex. The influence of the 
 institution on the manners of society was very salutary. It 
 disenthralled woman; invested her with the charms of ro- 
 mance, and threw around her a drapery of poetic beauty. It 
 elevated love from the character of an instinct to that of a 
 sublime sentiment. It created the troubadours, and called 
 into being, in European society, music and poetry, the most 
 powerful agencies of human civilization. [See KNIGHTHOOD.] 
 
 CHRONOLOGY. From Chronos, time, and Logos, a word 
 or discourse, i. e., the science of time, or rather the science 
 of computing time and arranging dates. The chronology of 
 Christians dates from the nativity of Christ Anno Christi. 
 The Romans began their computation, Anno Urbis, from the 
 building of the city. Masons date their documents, Anno 
 Mundi, year of the world, or Anno Lucis, year of light. [See 
 CALENDAR.] 
 
 CLAY GROUND. A piece of land remarkable for the 
 character of its clay; situated between Succoth and Zere- 
 datha, about 35 miles from Jerusalem. The pillars and 
 sacred vessels of the Temple were cast there by Hiram Abiff. 
 
 CLEFTS IN THE ROCKS. The country around Jerusa- 
 lem is mountainous and broken, and abounds in caves and 
 clefts, which afford convenient hiding-places for robbers and 
 assassins; 
 
 CLERIC! ORDINIS TEMPLARIORUM. A name adopted 
 by the Strict Observance system after the close of the seven 
 years' war. The author of this arrangement was a person 
 by the name of Stark. For a time this new system oi 
 Temple-Masonry flourished and drew to itself considerable 
 attention, but, at length, it fell into disfavor and passed into 
 obscurity. 
 
 CLERMONT, CHAPTER OF. Under this name the Chevalier 
 de Bonne ville founded, in 1754, at Paris, a chapter of the 
 high dogiees.
 
 COG CON. Ill 
 
 COCK. This fowl was considered by the ancients as the 
 companion of Mars. He is a symbol of courage and vigilance. 
 His image is the jewel of the Captain General of a Com- 
 mandery of Knights Templar. 
 
 COLLEGES, IRISH; OK IRISH CHAPTERS. These Chapters 
 were established at Paris about the year 1730, and soon 
 spread over the whole of France. Their object was to 
 propagate a form of the Ancient and Accepted rite; but 
 they were soon superseded by the Scottish Chapters. 
 
 COLLOCATIO. Anciently, a ceremony at the funerals of 
 Greeks and Romans, who were accustomed to place the 
 corpse, laid on a bier, near the threshold of the house, that 
 all might see whether he had met his death by violence or not. 
 
 COMMANDER. In councils or assemblies of the high 
 degrees, this is the common name of the Chief of the Order. 
 The presiding officer of a Commandery of Knights Teuiplar 
 is called Eminent Commander. His official jewel is a passion 
 cross suiTounded by a halo of rays. 
 
 COMMANDERY. An assembly of Knights Templar. It 
 must consist of at least nine members, authorized by a 
 dispensation or charter from some competent power to 
 conle^ the degrees of knighthood. The officers are a Com- 
 mander, Generalissimo, Captain General, Prelate, Senior 
 Warden, Junior Warden, Treasurer, Recorder, Standard- 
 Bearer, Sword-Bearer, Warder, three Guards, and a Sentinel. 
 
 COMMANDERY, GRAND. A body of Knights Templar, 
 formed by three or more subordinate Commanderies in a 
 state or province, and which exercises jurisdiction over all 
 the Councils of the Red Cross, and the Commanderies of 
 Knights Templar and Knights of Malta. 
 
 CONCLAVE. A secret assembly. The college of cardinals 
 is thus called when assembled, especially for the election 
 of a Pope. The name is also given to a Commandery of 
 Knights Templar, when in session. 
 
 CONCORD, ORDER OF. Several societies have borne this 
 uame, but the first one that could lay any claim to a Masonic 
 character was the " Order of Concord," or of "United Hosts." 
 This was a fraternity founded on Masonic principles, in 16 ( J6, 
 by the Prince of Nassau. Prince Swartzburg-Rudolstadt 
 founded another of the same name, which admitted ladiea 
 to membership, in 1718, and in 1759 another arose in 
 Hamburg, where it still flourishes.
 
 112 
 
 CON. 
 
 CONFERENCE. In Europe, particularly on the continent, 
 intelligent Masons are in the habit of meeting occasionally 
 for the purpose of consulting together in regard to the 
 interests of Freemasonry. These assemblies they call Con- 
 ferences. In the last century the most important ones were 
 those of Copenhagen, Hamburg, and Mattisholm. 
 
 CONGRESS, MASONIC. A modern name for assemblies like 
 those described in the preceding article. 
 
 Congress of Washington, convoked 
 in the year 1822, at the call of seve- 
 ral Grand Lodges, for the purpose 
 of recommending the establishment 
 of a General Grand Lodge of the 
 United States. The effort was an 
 unsuccessful one. 
 
 Congress of Baltimore, convoked 
 in the year 1843, with the object of 
 establishing a uniform system of 
 work. Perhaps there was not, in 
 any of the preceding Congresses, a 
 greater instance of failure than in 
 this, since not a year elapsed before 
 the most prominent members of the 
 Congress disagreed as to the nature 
 and extent of the reforms which 
 were instituted; and the Baltimore 
 system of work has already become 
 a myth. 
 
 Second Congress of Baltimore, con- 
 voked in the year 1847, the object 
 being again to attempt the establish- 
 ment of a General Grand Lodge. 
 This Congress wnt so far as to 
 adopt a "Supreme Grand Lodge 
 Constitution," but its action was not 
 supported by a sufficient number of 
 Grand Lodges to cany it into effect. 
 
 Congress of Lexington, convoked 
 in 1853, at Lexington, Ky., for the 
 purpose of again making the attempt 
 to form a General Grand Lodge. A 
 plan of constitution was proposed, 
 
 but a sufficient number of Grand 
 Lodges did not accede to the propo- 
 sition to give it efficacy. 
 
 Third Congress of Paris, convoked 
 by order of Prince Murat, in 1855, 
 for the purpose of effecting various 
 reforms in the Masonic system. 
 At this Congress, ten propositions, 
 some of them highly important, 
 were introduced, and their adoption 
 recommended to the Grand Lodges 
 of the world. The meeting has been 
 too recently held to permit us to 
 form any opinion as to what will be 
 its final results. 
 
 North American Masonic Congress, 
 convened in the city of Chicago, 
 Sept. 13, 1859, at the call of a large 
 number of prominent members of 
 the Fraternity, for the purpose of 
 organizing a General Grand Lodge 
 of the United States. The Conven- 
 tion held two sessions, adopted 
 articles of confederation, which pro- 
 posed that the Congress should meet 
 triennially; take cognizance of all 
 cases of difference which may have 
 arisen between two or more Lodges ; 
 consult and advise on qiiestions of 
 Masonic law and jurisprudence, 
 without power of enforcement of its 
 decrees. No subsequent session was 
 held; the project, therefore, failed 
 of establishing any definite results. 
 
 CONSECRATION, ELEMENTS OF. Corn, wine, and oil are the 
 materials used by Masons for consecrating purposes. Corn 
 is the symbol of nourishment; wine is the symbol of refresh- 
 ment, and oil is the symbol of joy. They are also emblem- 
 atic of peace, health, and plenty. 
 
 CONSECRATION is the act of solemnly dedicating a 
 person or thing to the service of God. It was one of the 
 most widely-spread religious ceremonies of the ancient world. 
 The ceremonies of consecratinga Lodge-room are imposing
 
 CON. 
 
 US 
 
 and necessary, and should be performed before the purposes 
 of Freemasonry can be consistently exercised. 
 
 CONSERVATOR, GRAND. The name of an officer of the 
 Grand Orient of France. He was a counselor of the Grand 
 Master, and in some cases could restrain his action. This 
 appellation was also given to a triumvirate of three Grand 
 Conservators of the Grand Orient, in 1814, when Joseph 
 Napoleon, then Grand Master, and his adjunct, Prince Caro- 
 baceres, were called away by public duties. 
 
 CONSISTORY. The name given to an assembly or organ 
 ization of Masons in the higher degrees, especially of the 
 Ancient and Accepted rite, and the Rite of Misraim. 
 
 CONSOLIDATION LODGES. About the middle of the 
 past century a large number of Scottish Lodges, with 
 alchemistical tendencies, were constituted under this name. 
 One of the most interesting of our Masonic degrees was 
 derived from them. 
 
 CONTRACT, SOCIAL, i. e., SOCIAL CONTRACT. A Lodge, 01 
 rather a union of lodges, for purposes of instruction, founded 
 in Paris about the year 1776. It made a new arrangement 
 of the degrees. 
 
 CONVENTION. A Masonic convocation, now called a 
 Congress, was formerly designated by this name. The fol- 
 lowing are the principal Conventions, mentioned in chrono- 
 logical order: 
 
 continuation of the labors on the 
 cathedral of Strasburg, and it was 
 
 Convention at York. In the year 
 926, Prince Edwin, a brother of 
 King Athelstane, of England, con- 
 voked a Masonic Convention at the 
 city of York, which, under the name 
 of a General Assembly, established 
 the celebrated Gothic constitutions, 
 which are the oldest Masonic docu- 
 ment extant. These constitutions 
 have always been recognized as 
 containing the fundamental law of 
 Masonry. Although transcripts of 
 these constitutions are known to 
 have been taken in the reign of 
 Richard II., the document was for 
 a long time lost sight of until a copy 
 of it was discovered in the year 
 1838, in the British Museum, and 
 published by Mr. J. 0. Hailiwell. 
 
 First Convention of Strasburg, con- 
 voked at Strasburg, in 1275, by 
 Edwin Von Steiubach, master of 
 
 the work. 
 
 The object 
 
 10 
 
 was the 
 
 attended by a large concourse of 
 Masons from Germany, England, 
 and Italy. It was at this Conven- 
 tion that the German builders and 
 architects, in imitation of their 
 English brethren, assumed the name 
 of Freemasons, and took the obliga- 
 tions of fidelity and obedience to 
 the ancient laws and regulations of 
 the Order. 
 
 First Convention of Eatisbon, con- 
 voked in 1459, by Jost Dotzmger, 
 the master of the works of the Stras- 
 burg cathedral. It established some 
 new laws for the government of the 
 Fraternity in Germany. 
 
 Second Convention of Ratisbon, con- 
 voked in 1464, by the Grand Lodge 
 of Strasburg, to define the relative 
 rights of, and to settle existing diffi- 
 culties between, the Grand Lodges
 
 CON. 
 
 of Strasburg, Cologne, Vicuna, and 
 Berne. 
 
 Convention of Spire, convoked in 
 1469, by the Grand Lodge of Stras- 
 burg, for the consideration of the 
 condition of the Craft, and of the 
 edifices in course of erection by 
 them. 
 
 Convention of Cologne, convoked 
 in 1535, by Hermann, Bishop of 
 Cologne. It was one of the most im- 
 portant conventions ever held, and 
 was attended by delegates from nine- 
 teen Grand Lodges; it was engaged 
 in the refutation of slanders at this 
 time circulated against the Frater- 
 nity. The result of its deliberations 
 was the celebrated document known 
 as the "Charter of Cologne." 
 
 Convention of Basle, convoked by 
 the Grand Lodge of Strasburg, in 
 1563, principally for the purpose of 
 settling certain difficulties which 
 had arisen respecting the rights of 
 the twenty Lodges which were its 
 subordinates. Some new regulations 
 were adopted at this Convention. 
 
 Second Convention of Strasburg, 
 convoked by the Grand Lodge of 
 Strasburg, in 1564. It appears to 
 have been only a continuation of 
 the preceding one at Basle, and the 
 same matters became the subjects 
 of its consideration. 
 
 Convention of London, convoked 
 by the four Lodges of London, at 
 the Apple-tree tavern, in February, 
 1717. Its history is familiar to all 
 American and English Masons. Its 
 results were the formation of the 
 Grand Lodge of England, and the 
 organization of the institution upon 
 that system, which has since been 
 pursued in England and in this 
 country. 
 
 ChutMitioH of Dublin, convoked by 
 the Lodges of Dublin, in 1730, for 
 the purpose of forming the Grand 
 Lodge of Ireland. 
 
 Convention of Blinburgh, convoked 
 in 1736, by the four Lodges of Edin- 
 burgh, for the purpose of receiving 
 from Sinclair, of Roslin, his abdica- 
 tion of the hereditary Grand Mas- 
 tership of Scotland, and for the 
 election of a Grand Master. The 
 result of tliis Convection wan the j 
 
 establishment of tb Grand Lodge 
 of Scotland. 
 
 Convention of the Hague, convoked 
 by the Royal Union Lodge, in 1756 
 and the result was the establishment 
 of the National Grand Lodge of the 
 United Provinces. 
 
 First Convention of Jena, convoked 
 in 1763, by the Lodge of Strict Ob- 
 servance, under the presidency of 
 Johnson, a Masonic charlatan, but 
 whose real name was Becker. In 
 this Convention the doctrine was 
 first announced that the Freemasons 
 were the successors of the Knights 
 Templar, a dogma peculiarly char- 
 acteristic of the rite of Strict Ob- 
 servance. 
 
 Second Convention of Jena, con- 
 voked in the following year, 1764, 
 by Johnson, with the desire of 
 authoritatively establishing his doc- 
 trine of the connection between 
 Templarism and Masonry. The 
 empirical character of Johnson or 
 Becker was here discovered by the 
 celebrated Baron Huude, and he 
 was denounced, and subseqently 
 punished at Magdeburg by the pub- 
 lic authorities. 
 
 Convention of AUenberg, convoked 
 in 1765, as a continuation of the 
 preceding. Its result wra the es- 
 tablishment of the Rite of Strict 
 Observance, and the emotion of 
 Baron Hunde as Grand Master. 
 
 Convention of Brunswick, convoked 
 in 1775, by Ferdinand Duke of 
 Brunswick. Its object vas to effect 
 a fusion jof the various i.'tes; but it 
 terminated its labors, aft-ra session 
 of six weeks, without success. 
 
 Convention of Lyons, convoked in 
 1778, by the Lodge of Chevaliers 
 btenfaisants. Its object ^vas to pro- 
 duce a reform in the ritoals of the 
 Masonic system, but r. does not 
 appear to have been spacious in 
 its means, nor successful in its 
 results. 
 
 Convention of the Lover* of Truth, 
 held at Paris, in 1784, nnder the 
 auspices of the "Lod^e of the 
 United Friends." The Puke of 
 Brunswick, St. Martin, and th* 
 celebrated Mesmer, were active por 
 ticipants in its discussion*.
 
 CON COT. 
 
 115 
 
 Convntion of Wvlfenbuttd, con- 
 voked in 1778, by 'the Duke of 
 Brunswick, as a continuation of that 
 which had been held in 1775, and 
 with the same view of reforming the 
 organization of the Order. How- 
 ever, after a session of five weeks, 
 it terminated its labors with no 
 other result than an agreement to 
 call a more extensive meeting at 
 Wilhelmsbad. 
 
 Convention of Wilhelmsbad, con- 
 voked in 1782. Its avowed object 
 was the reform of the Masonic sys- 
 tem, and its disentanglement from 
 the confused mass of rites with 
 which French and German pre- 
 tenders or enthusiasts had sought 
 to overwhelm it. Important topics 
 were proposed at its commence- 
 ment, but none of them were dis- 
 cussed, and the Convention was 
 closed without coming to any other 
 positive determination than that 
 Freemasonry was not connected 
 with Templarism, or in other words, 
 that, contrary to the doctrine of the 
 rite of Strict Observance, the Free- 
 
 masons wew not the successors of 
 the Knights Templar. 
 
 Conventions at Paris, convoked in 
 1785 and 1787, with the laudable 
 view of introducing a reform in the 
 rituals and of discussing important 
 points of doctrine and history. 
 Both Conventions closed, after ses- 
 sions of several months, without 
 producing any practical result. 
 
 From the foregoing lists, it wiL 
 be seen that a large number of 
 the Masonic conventions and con- 
 gresses which have been held were 
 productive of little or no effect. 
 Others of them, however, such, for 
 instance, as those of York, of Co- 
 logne, of London, and a few others, 
 have certainly left their mark, and 
 there can, we think, be but little 
 doubt that a general convention of 
 the Masons of the world, meeting 
 with an eye single to the great object 
 of Masonic reform, and guided by a 
 spirit of compromise, might be of 
 j incalculable advantage to the in- 
 terests of the institution at the 
 present day. 
 
 CONVOCATION. The meetings of Chapters of Royal Arch 
 Masons and Councils of Koyal and Select Masters are called 
 Convocations. The term is applied to several of the bodies 
 of the higher grades. 
 
 CORNUCOPIA, or the HORN OF PLENTY. A source whence, 
 according to the ancient poets, every production of the 
 earth was lavished. In the Masonic system it is the symbol 
 of joy, peace and plenty. It is the official jewel of the 
 Stewards of the Lodge. 
 
 CORRESPONDENCE. Intercommunication between 
 lodges. The duty of attending to this is usually assigned to 
 an officer called Corresponding Secretary. In the Masonic 
 Grand Bodies the subject is in charge of a committee. 
 
 CORYBANTES. Priests who are supposed to have derived 
 their origin from Corybas, who appointed them to perform 
 religious service to his mother, the goddess, Cybele, in the 
 island of Crete and Phrygia. The ceremonies bore a strong 
 r resemblance to those of the Cabiri. 
 
 COTYS, MYSTERIES OF. Cotys was a goddess worshiped at 
 Corinth and Chios. Her mysteries were celebrated in the 
 
 night.
 
 116 COU CUL. 
 
 COUNCIL. An appellation given to assemblies of many ol 
 the higher degrees of Freemasonry, as "Council of Royal 
 and Select Masters; Council of the Trinity," etc. 
 
 COUSINS, COLLIER, THE GOOD. An old order which nour- 
 ished in the western part of France. Their book of laws 
 ritual, and catechism, were a mixture of religious and mystica 
 ideas. 
 
 COVERING. [See BALDACHIN.] 
 
 CREATED. In the orders of chivalry the recipient of the 
 honor of knighthood is said to be " created." The term is 
 used in the degrees of Red Cross, Knights Templar, and 
 Knights of Malta. 
 
 CREED. Articles of faith. The "Creed "of a Mason is 
 simple. It is belief in a GOD "in whom we live, and move, 
 and have our being." 
 
 CROSS-LEGGED. The effigies on the tombs of the ancient 
 Knights Templar are always represented with the legs 
 crossed, in allusion to their character as Knights of the 
 Cross. Consequently, in the sixteenth century, when some 
 Knights Templar in Scotland joined the Masonic Lodge, at 
 Stirling, they were called cross-legged Masons. 
 
 CROW. An instrument of iron used to raise heavy sub- 
 stances. Employed as a symbol in Royal Arch Masonry. 
 
 CROWN, PBINCESSES OF THE. A system of Adoptive Masonry 
 which appeared in Saxony, in 1770. It nourished for a short 
 time, and then became extinct. 
 
 CULDEES. An order which at one period had establish- 
 ments in almost every part of Great Britain and Ireland. 
 Some derive the name from the Latin cultor Dei, a worshiper 
 of GOD. Others, however, think they can trace its origin 
 to the Gaelic kyldee, from cylle, a cell, and dee, a house, that 
 is a building composed of cells. They were much persecuted, 
 and lived in as retired a manner as possible. A society of 
 them settled at York, and were found there by King 
 Athelstane on his return from Scotland, in 936. They are 
 described as holy men " viros santce vitce et conversationes ho- 
 nestcB dictos adhunc Calideas" Fessler thinks he has discovered 
 a connection between them and the building corporations of 
 Great Britain, and thus brings them into the category oi 
 Ma-sonic societies.
 
 DAC DEA. 117 
 
 D. 
 
 DA.CTYLL Priests of Cybelein Phrygia; so-called because 
 they were five in number, thus corresponding with the number 
 of the fingers, from which the name is derived. To them is 
 ascribed the discovery of iron, and the art of working it by 
 means of fire. Their ceremonies were similar to those of the 
 Corybantes and Curetes, other priests of the same goddess iu 
 Phrygia and Crete. Their number appears to have beeu 
 originally three: Celmis (the smelter), Damnameneus (the 
 hammer), and Acmon (the anvil). Their number was after- 
 ward increased to five, ten (male and female), fifty-two, and 
 one hundred. 
 
 DADUCHI. Priests of Ceres, who, at the feasts and sacri- 
 fices of that goddess, ran about the temple with lighted 
 torches, delivering them from hand to hand, till they had 
 passed through the whole company. 
 
 DAIS. The platform or raised floor in the East, on which 
 the presiding officer is seated. In a Lodge the dais should 
 be reached by three steps; in a Eoyal Arch Chapter by seven 
 
 DEACONS. In the constitutional list are two officers 
 known as Senior Deacon and Junior Deacon. Their duties 
 are a general superintendence over the security of the Lodge; 
 the introduction of distinguished visitors and strangers; 
 assist in the ceremonies of the Order; carry messages about 
 the Lodge, and to see that proper accommodations are 
 afforded to every member. The S. D. should be appointed 
 by the Master, and the J. D. by the Senior Warden, as they 
 are the special messengers of those two officers. There is no 
 knowledge of these officers in Masonry prior to 1777 in this 
 country, and still more recently in England. 
 
 DEATH. That event in the life of man which marks the 
 transition from the material and visible to the invisible and 
 spiritual world. In point of fact, there is no such thing as 
 death it is simply a progress, or a change in the manner ot 
 existence. The ancients were more earnest believers in 
 immortality than the moderns. With them immortality was 
 a fact which admitted of no doubt; consequently all the 
 literature of the old Pagans deals largely with the awful 
 mysteries of eternity. It invariably represents the future 
 life as a continuation of this.* In the mysteries, and also in 
 
 * Dr. Oliver has allowed himself to repeat the assertions of ignorant 
 and prejudiced minds in his article on this subject. Both of the authors 
 to whom he refers, and from whom he makes quotations, wei-e earnest 
 believers in immortality. These quotations aie garbled extracts.
 
 118 DEB DEM. 
 
 Freemasonry, death has a symbolical meaning. It signifies 
 the end of a profauo and vicious life a life of stupidity and 
 ignorance and the introduction to a life of virtue, and to the 
 enjoyments of knowledge; in other words, to that higher 
 sphere of intellectual and moral perfection which is the result 
 of those labors and trials which are symbolically represented 
 in the initiation. 
 
 DEBATE. An exchange of opinions or a war of words. 
 Freemasonry forbids all improper debates in the Lodge, i. e., 
 the discussion of those ideas which divide men into religious 
 and political sects. Seeking the harmony and concord of 
 society it tolerates no practice which would destroy its object. 
 Fraternal debates on literary, scientific, and philosophical 
 subjects are always in order, in a Masonic Lodge, when they 
 tend to the improvement of the brethren. 
 
 DECALOGUE. The ten commandments or precepts de- 
 livered by God to Moses on Mount Sinai. They are engraved 
 on two tables of stone, and are important symbols in the 
 ceremonies of the Royal Arch degree. 
 
 DECANUS. An honorary officer in the Knights Templar 
 system of Baron Hunde. In the absence of the Grand 
 Master and the Prior, he presided as chief of the Chapter. 
 When a vacancy occurred in the office of Grand Master, he 
 was one of four vicars who governed a province. 
 
 DELTA. The name of the fourth letter of the Greek 
 alphabet. In form it is a triangle (A), and was considered 
 by the ancient Egyptians a symbol of fire, and also of God. 
 In the Scottish and French systems, and also that of the 
 Knights Templar, the triangle or delta is a symbol of the 
 Unspeakable Name. 
 
 DEMIURGE. A hoMdicraftsman. The name given in the 
 cosmogony of the Gnostics to the creator or former of the 
 world of sense. He was conceived as the archon or chief 
 of the lowest order of the spirits or aeons of the pleroma; 
 mingling with chaos, he formed in it a corporeal animated 
 world. H created man, but could impart to him only his 
 own weak principle, the psyche or sensuous soul; therefore 
 the highest, the really good God, added the divine rational 
 soul, or pneuma. But the power of evil in the material body, 
 and the hostile influence of the merely sensuous demiurge, 
 prevented the development of that higher element. The 
 demiurge, holding himself to be the highest God, could not 
 bring his creattires to the knowledge of the true godhead; 
 as the Jehovah of the Jews, he gave them the imperfect law
 
 DEP DTO. 110 
 
 of Moses, which promised merely a sensuous happiness, and 
 even that not attainable; and against the spirits of the hyle, 
 or world of matter, he sent only a psychical, and therefore 
 powerless Messiah. 
 
 DEPUTATION-LODGES. Assemblies composed of depu- 
 tations from several lodges who meet for the purpose of 
 accomplishing some common object deemed important to the 
 interests of all concerned. These lodges afforded opportu- 
 nities for intelligent Masons to exchange thoughts, and in the 
 last century were useful in purging the institution of many 
 customs and practices which were foreign to it. The Depu- 
 tation-Lodge, we believe, is not known in the United States. 
 
 DEPUTY. An officer appointed by the Grand Master to 
 represent him in a certain Masonic district. In the United 
 States he is styled District Deputy Grand Master. 
 
 DEUS MEUMQUE JUS. God and my Eight. Motto of the 
 Supreme Council 33d degree of the Ancient and Accepted 
 Scottish rite. 
 
 DEVICE. A badge, in heraldry, derived from the old 
 French word deviser, to talk, to discourse familiarly; probably 
 so-called because a symbol united with a word or words 
 describes more graphically and forcibly what is desired than 
 any other invention possibly could. A device is, therefore, 
 a painted metaphor, and is used on banners, seals, medals, 
 shields, armorial bearings, etc. Almost every degree in Free- 
 masonry has its device, as Adhuc Slot, Deus Meumque Jus, etc. 
 All knightly orders have their devices that of the French 
 Order of the Star, founded in 1351, was a star with the words: 
 " They show to kings the way to the stars." 
 
 DIEU LE VEUT (French). God wills it. The battle-cry 
 >f the Crusaders, and, in imitation of them, a common 
 expression in the Knight Templar system. 
 
 DIGNITAIEES (French). Dignitaries. In French Lodges 
 the first five officers are call-ed by this name, and in the 
 Grand Lodge the same are styled Grand Dignitaries. 
 
 DIMIT. From the Latin dimitto. To permit to go. The 
 act of withdrawing from membership. The dimission of a 
 Mason from his Lodge does not cancel his Masonic obliga- 
 tions to the Order. He is still subject to the imperative law 
 once a Mason, always a Mason. 
 
 DIONYSIAN AKCHITECTS. Priests of Bacchus, who is 
 also named Dionysus. Becoming skilled io the science oi
 
 120 DIG DIS. 
 
 architecture they founded the order of Sidonian Builders, n 
 considerable period before the time of David, King of Israel 
 From this society which built the Temple of Solomon- 
 sprung the Roman Colleges of Architects, and these, in thei. 
 turn, gave birth to the building corporations of the middl 
 ages, from which the present order of Freemasonry is 
 derived. Thus the society of Dionysian Builders is the 
 connecting link between Modern Masonry and the Ancient 
 Mysteries. 
 
 DIONYSIAN MYSTERIES. The ceremonies of this order 
 of mystagogues appear to have been a mixture of the rituals 
 of the Egyptian mysteries and the Cabriri. The ritual of 
 Freemasonry preserves, in its central circle, the leading 
 features of the Dionysian institution. Hiram and Dionysus, 
 or Bacchus, are names, representing and illustrating in 
 their history and experience, the same ideas. The initiation 
 was a symbolical progress, from the dark, dead, and frigid 
 North to the refulgent East a pilgrimage 
 
 "Through darkness dread, and terrors wild. 
 
 And horrors that appall, 
 f o Bacchus' shrine, where splendors mild 
 Around the ' accepted ' fall. " 
 
 The moral teaching of these mysteries was the same as that 
 of the Mysteries of Isis, which see. 
 
 DIPLOMA. From the Greek diploo, 1 fold up; literally a 
 letter folded but once. It signifies a document signed and 
 sealed, conferring certain rights and privileges on the holder. 
 In Freemasonry this would designate a certificate of member- 
 ship, and of good standing, issued by a Lodge to its members, 
 to be used by them when traveling among strangers. These 
 documents have been in vogue since 1663, and in some 
 jurisdictions traveling brothers, who are strangers, are not 
 permitted to visit Lodges, if they are not provided with one. 
 The great body of Masons, however, seem reluctant to make 
 the presentation of a diploma a necessary condition of 
 admission to the Lodge as a visitor 
 
 DIRK, OR DAGGER. An attribute of the clothing or costume 
 of the members of the Degree of the elect the 4th degree 
 of the French rite and of the Knights Kadosch -the 30th 
 degree of the Ancient and Accepted rite. 
 
 DISCALCEATION. Denuding or making bare the feet as 
 an act of religious reverence. This custom appears to have 
 been universal among ancient nations, and is, at least, as old 
 as the tune of Moses; for it is said, Exod. iii. 5, that the 
 angel of the Lord called to Moses from the burning bush.
 
 DIS. 121 
 
 "Draw not nigh hither; put off thy shoes from off thy feet; 
 for the place whereon thou standest is holy ground." But 
 among all peoples the custom was observed as an act of 
 reverence and a sign of humility. Even among Christians 
 the practice has prevailed. An Ethiopian bishop, an envoy 
 from the King of Abyssinia to John III., Portugal, is repre- 
 sented as saying: " Non datur nobis potestas adeundi templum 
 nisi nudibus pedibus," i. e., " The power or privilege of going 
 into the temple is not given us unless we go with naked 
 feet." 
 
 DISCIPLINA ARCANA. The name given to the secret 
 ritual and practices of the first Christian Church. The dis- 
 ciples of Christ had scarcely formed themselves into a 
 brotherhood, before the instinct of self-preservation compelled 
 them to retire into secrecy, and throw over themselves and 
 all their proceedings the vail of mystery. The ancient docu- 
 ments known as the " Apostolical Constitutions and Canons " 
 often speak of the Disciplina Arcana, or secret discipline 
 of the most ancient church. Irenseus, Tertullian, Clemens, 
 Origen, and Gregory, of Nyssa, also furnish abundant proofs 
 that the primitive church was a secret society. Indeed, so 
 well known was this peculiar organization that nearly all 
 ancient writers, Christian or Pagan, have noticed the fact. 
 Lucian of Samosata speaks of Christ as a magician who 
 established new mysteries. Pliny, also, informs us that the 
 Christians were persecuted in the reign of Trajan, not on 
 account of their religion, but as a secret society, under a 
 general law of the empire which prohibited all "secret 
 associations." The arcana of the primitive disciples were 
 comprised in four circles, which the neophyte was re- 
 quired to traverse before he could participate in the 
 most sacred mysteries of the church. The central light of 
 truth shone in its full splendor only on those who had at- 
 tained to the highest degree. They were styled: 1. Oi pistoi, 
 the Faithful; 2. Photizomenoi, the Enlightened; 3. Memue 
 menoi, the Initiated ; 4. Teleioumenoi, the Perfect. The 
 terms mustai, and musta gogetoi are often used in this connec- 
 tion, and, in short, all the phraseology which profane writers 
 employ in describing an initiation into their mysteries. In- 
 deed the right of baptism itself has an evident relation, as 
 Cyril of Jerusalem represents, to the initiatory rites of Isis, 
 Eleusis, Samothrace and Phrygia.* 
 
 DISTRICT DEPUTY. [See DEPUTY.] 
 
 * Cyril. Hierosol, Catech, Mystagog, 5, et seq, et Jamieson, Manners of 
 Primitive Christians.
 
 122 DOV DUE. 
 
 DOVE, KNIGHTS AND LAI/IBS OF THE. A kind of Adoptive or 
 Androgynal Masonry which appeared in France, A. D. 1784. 
 
 DRAGON, KNIGHTS OF THE. A degree in Knight-Tern- 
 plarism, which was popular in Strasburg, Lyons, and Bor- 
 deaux from 1766 to 1783. It had a history and a cypher of 
 a peculiar character. 
 
 DRUIDS. An order of priests resembling the Brahmins o1 
 India, whose principal seat was in Great Britain. The name 
 seems to have been derived from the Greek drus the oak 
 or from derw the Celtic word for the same tree, which they 
 held in the highest reverence, as a symbol of wisdom and 
 strength. They were divided into three castes. 1. Those 
 who were peculiarly priests, and directed the public worship. 
 2. The prophets, who foretold future events. 3. The vates, 
 holy singers, bards, or poets. According to Julius Csesar,* 
 they were the learned men and philosophers of the Gauls 
 and Celts, and possessed great authority also in the govern- 
 ment of the State. The instruction of the people save in 
 the art of war was intrusted to them. Their teachings 
 were often communicated in verse, and had a double sense. 
 They believed in the immortality of man, and the transmi- 
 gration of souls, and a restoration of all to purity and happi- 
 ness. Their reverence for the parasitical plant mystletoe 
 amounts almost to worship. At a certain season of the year 
 the Arch-druid ascended the oak, on which it was usually 
 found, and cut it with a golden knife. This was the holiest 
 thing in nature, and a panacea for every disease. Their 
 temples and altars were constructed of unhewn stones, and 
 the former had no roofs or coverings. Their ceremonies 
 were symbolical, which has led some writers, as Lawrie, 
 Preston, Hutchinson, and Oliver,. to see a connection between 
 them and Freemasonry. 
 
 DUE FORM. When a Lodge is constituted, and its officers 
 installed, or any Masonic service is performed, such as laying 
 corner-stones, consecrating halls, by the Grand Master and 
 his officers, it is said to be done in ample form; if by deputies 
 of the Grand Master, it is said to be done in due form. 
 
 DUE GUARD. The "due guard" of Masonry teacbeg 
 every brother to set a watch over his words, his acts, and his 
 thoughts, and constantly warns him to remember his solemn 
 obligations, and never to forget the penalty of broken vows 
 and violated faith. 
 
 * C^sar, Bell, GalL
 
 BAG ECL. 
 
 E. 
 
 EAGLE, KNIGHT OF THE AMERICAN. A quasi-military degree 
 in Texas, and the Western States. 
 
 EAGLE, KNIGHT OF THE BLACK. The name of a Prussian 
 Order founded in 1701; also of the 38th degree of the Kite 
 of Misraim, the 66th of the Metropolitan Chapter of France, 
 and of the 27th degree of the Primitive Scotch rite. 
 
 EAGLE, KNIGHT OF THE RED. A title in the French Ordre 
 de la Sincerite. 
 
 EASTEEN STAR, ORDER OF THE. An American adoptive 
 system of Freemasonry. It was introduced into this country 
 in 1778, and since that 
 time thousands of per- 
 sons have participated 
 in its ceremonies. The 
 theory of the Order of 
 the Eastern Star is 
 founded upon the Holy 
 writings. Five promi- 
 nent female characters, 
 illustrating as many 
 Masonic virtues, are 
 selected, adopted and 
 placed under Masonic 
 protection. Its obliga- 
 tions are based upon 
 the honor of the female 
 sex, and framed upon the principles of Equality and Justice. 
 Those who are entitled to receive the degrees are Master 
 Masons, their wives, widows, sisters and daughters. [See 
 ADOPTIVE MASONRY.] 
 
 ECLECTIC MASONRY. Soon after the convention of 
 Wilhelmsbad, 1782, some German Masons, with the cele- 
 brated Baron Knigge at their head, conceived the idea of 
 such a reform in the system of degrees as would confine 
 Freemasonry, in its original and legitimate character, to the 
 three symbolical degrees, governed by the English constitu- 
 tion of 1721, and in this way escape from the tyrannical 
 usurpations of the Circles of the Strict Observance. The 
 Lodges, however, according to this plan, were allowed to 
 select or choose any of the higher degrees, and work them 
 as a kind of amusement or recreation. This invention did 
 not meet with the success anticipated, and has nearly dis- 
 appear 1. It was never introduced into the United Statea
 
 124 ECO EGY. 
 
 ECOSSAIS (French), Scotch. A term applied to the An- 
 cient and Accepted rite, and the name of the fifth degree of 
 the French system. This system has a very curious history, 
 and at different times has promulgated nearly a hundred 
 degrees, and through their agency all sorts of ideas and 
 theories of a mystical character were propagated by their 
 inventors. The apocryphal degrees, however, have gradually 
 been discarded. 
 
 EGYPTIAN MYSTERIES. According to Herodotus, the 
 secret institution of Isis, with its wonderful mysteries and 
 imposing ceremonies, made its appearance simultaneously 
 with the organization of Egyptian society and the birth of 
 Egyptian civilization. At first the initiation into these mys- 
 teries was, probably, simply a mystic drama, representing 
 the progress of man, from a barbarous to a civilized state, 
 and his advancement and struggles through gloom and toil, 
 toward the supreme perfection, whether in time or eternity. 
 This is seen in the hieroglyphical representation of the 
 judgment of Amenti. It is a picture of an ordeal or scrutiny 
 to which the candidate was subjected preparatory to initia- 
 tion. The ceremony of initiation itself was a progress 
 through gloom and terror, and all possible mortal horrors, to 
 scenes of indescribable beauty and glory. The principal seat 
 of the mysteries was at Memphis. They were of two kinds 
 the Greater and the Less ; the former taught by the 
 priests of Osiris and Serapis, the latter by those of Isis. 
 The candidate was required to furnish proofs of a pure and 
 moral life as an evidence that he was fitted for admission or 
 enrollment. When these conditions were fulfilled, he was 
 required to spend a week in solitude and meditation, abstain 
 from all unchaste acts, confine himself tc a light diet, and 
 to purify the body by frequent ablutions and severe mortifi- 
 cations of the flesh. Being thus prepared, the candidate was 
 ordered to enter the pyramid during the night, where he 
 had to descend on his hands and knees through a narrow 
 passage \rithout steps, until he reached a cave-like opening, 
 through which he had to crawl to another subterranean 
 cave, on the walls of which he found inscribed the following 
 words: "The mortal who shall travel over this road alone, 
 without hesitating or looking behind, shall be purified by 
 fire, by water and by air, and if he can surmount the fear of 
 death he shall emerge from the bosom of the earth; he shall 
 revisit the light, and claim the right of preparing his soul 
 for the reception of the mysteries of the great goddess Isis." 
 At the same time three priests, disguised in masks resembling 
 the neads of jackals, and armed with swords, sought to 
 frighten him, first by their appearance and noise, and after-
 
 EGY. 127 
 
 ward by enumerating the dangers that waited him on his 
 journey. If his courage did not fail him here, he was pei - 
 mitted to pass on to the Hall of Fire. Tiis Avas a large 
 apartment lined with burning stuffs, and whose floor was a 
 grate painted flame color; the bars of this grate were so 
 narrow that they offered scarcely room enough for him to 
 croos. Through this hall he was obliged to pass with the 
 greatest speed to avoid the effects of the flames and heat. 
 Having overcome this difficulty, he next encountered a wide 
 channel fed from the waters of the Nile. Over this stream 
 he had to swim, with a small lamp, which furnished all the 
 light that was afforded him. On reaching the opposite side, 
 he found a narrow passage leading to a landing place about 
 six feet square, the floor of which was made movable by 
 mechanism underneath. On each side were walls of rough 
 stone, and behind wheels of metal were fixed. In front 
 was a gate of ivory, opening inward, and preventing any 
 farther advance. On attempting to turn two large rings 
 annexed to the door, in hopes of continuing his journey, the 
 wheels came into motion, producing a most terrific and 
 stunning effect, and the floor gave way, leaving him sus- 
 pended by the arms over apparently a deep abyss, from 
 which proceeded a violent and piercing current of cold air, 
 so that the lamp was extinguished, and he remained in com- 
 plete darkness. In this process of trial, it will be observed 
 that the candidate was exposed to the action of the four 
 great purifying elements Earth, Fire, Water and Air. After 
 the risk of falling into an unknown depth had continued for 
 a moment or two, the floor resumed its original position, the 
 wheels ceased to revolve, and the door of ivory flew open, 
 disclosing the sanctuary of Isis, illuminated with a blaze of 
 light, where the priests of that goddess were assembled 
 drawn up in two ranks, clothed in ceremonial dresses, and 
 i 'caring the mysterious symbols of the Order, singing hymns 
 iu praise of their divinity, who welcomed and congratulated 
 him on his courage and escape from the dangers which had 
 surrounded him. The entrance to the sanctuary was con- 
 structed in the pedestal of the triple statue of Isis, Osiris 
 and Horus; and the walls were ornamented with various 
 allegorical figures, symbols of the Egyptian mysteries, among 
 which were particularly prominent: 1. A serpent throwing 
 an egg out of its mouth; a symbol of the production of all 
 things by the heat of the sun. 2. A serpent curled up in 
 the form of a circle, holding its tail in its mouth; an allusion 
 to eternity, and to the uninterrupted revolution of the sun. 
 3. The double tau, which is meant to represent the active 
 and passive power of nature in the generation of all thinga
 
 128 EGY. 
 
 There he was made to kneel before an altar, and required 
 to pronounce the following solemn obligation: "I swear 
 never to reveal to any uninitiated person the things that 
 I have seen in this sanctuary, nor any of the mysteries 
 which have been or shall be communicated to me. I call ou 
 all the deities of earth, of heaven, and of the infernal 
 regions, to be witnesses of this oath; and I trust that their 
 vengeance will fall on my head should I ever become a 
 villain so base and perjured." He was then retained for 
 several months in the temple, where moral trials of different 
 kinds awaited him. The object of this was to bring out all 
 the traits of his character, and to test his fitness for his 
 vocation. After he had passed through this trial, then came 
 what was called his Manifestation. This consisted of a 
 number of ceremonies, of which the novice was the subject 
 during the space of twelve days. He was dedicated to 
 Osiris, Isis and Horus, and decorated with the twelve conse- 
 crated scarfs (stolen) and the Olympic cloak. These scarfs 
 were embroidered with the signs of the Zodiac, and the " 
 cloak with figures that were symbolic of the starry heavens 
 as the abode of the gods and happy spirits. A crown of palm 
 leaves was placed upon his head, and a burning torch in his 
 hand. Thus prepared, he was again led to the altar, where 
 he renewed his oath. Now came the time when he had a 
 right to appear as victor before the people, and to this end 
 they prepared for him a solemn procession, called the 
 Triumphal March of the Initiated, which was proclaimed by 
 heralds in every quarter of the city. On the morning of 
 the day appointed for the ceremony, the priests assembled 
 in the temple, when the most precious treasures belonging 
 to the sanctuary were displayed, and repaired to the chapel 
 of Isis to bring a sacrifice to the goddess, covered with a 
 vail of white silk, and embroidered with golden hiero- 
 glyphics, and this again concealed beneath a black gauze. 
 After the sacrifice, the procession left the temple and moved 
 westward. First in the train came an image of Isis seated 
 upon a triumphal car drawn by six white horses, next to 
 which walked the priests in the order of their rank, dressed 
 in their most gorgeous attire, and carrying the sacred 
 oymbols, the utensils of the temple, the books of Thot, and 
 tlie sacred tablet of Isis, which was a silver plate with the 
 hieroglyphics that referred to the mysteries of this goddess 
 engraved on it. The priests were followed by all the native 
 and foreign adepts, dressed in white linen garments. The 
 no \vly-initiated walked in their midst, distinguished l>y a 
 white vail which extended from his head down to his 
 shoulders. All the houses of the streets through which the
 
 procession passed were decorated as oil festal occasions. 
 Flowers and perfumes were everywhere thrown over the 
 person of the novice, and his arrival greeted with shouts of 
 rejoicing. After his return to the temple, he was placed 
 upon an elevated throne, before which immediately afterward 
 u curtain descended. While the priests chanted during the 
 interval hymns in favor of the goddess, he divested himself 
 of his holiday suit, and assumed the white linen garb which 
 he was henceforth to wear. The curtain was now again 
 raised, and the renewed shouts of the spectators greeted him 
 as an adept. The ceremonies concluded Avith a festival, 
 which lasted three days, during which the newly-made 
 brother occupied the seat of honor. At a subsequent 
 period the Mysteries were augmented by the introduction of 
 the tragedy of Osiris. The ceremony consisted of funereal 
 rites, expressive of the wildest grief on account of his death; 
 a search for his body, which is at last found, the return of 
 Osiris to life, and the destruction of Typhon, his assassin. 
 Osiris was the symbol of truth or goodness; Typhon of 
 error or evil the murder of Osiris signified the temporary 
 subjugation of virtue, and his resurrection the ultimate 
 triumph of the good. This was the parent of all those 
 Grecian rites which represent a death and a resurrection, 
 and whose principal features are perpetuated in the legend 
 of the Sidonian builders. These Mysteries exercised a / 
 powerful influence over the Egyptian mind. They gave 
 unity to the Egyptian character, consistency to their religious 
 establishments, stability to their political institutions, and 
 vigor and directness in the pursuits of philosophy, science 
 and art. 
 
 ELECT OF PERIGNAN. A degree of the French rite, 
 nearly identical witli the degrees Elected Knights ol Nine, 
 and Illustrious Elected of Fifteen, in the Ancient and 
 Accepted rite. 
 
 ELECT OF TRUTH, OK LODGE OF PERFECT UNION, \vas the 
 name given to a rite adopted in the Lodge Perfect Union, al 
 Rennes, in France, about 1779, and for a time extended to 
 other cities. The object of the system was to throw aside 
 the Templar degrees, and everything that related to magic, 
 alchemy and the cabala. It was divided into three classes, 
 which contained fourteen degrees; the first class comprising 
 the Entered Apprentice, Fellow-Craft, Master and Perfect 
 Master; the second, the Elect of Nine, Elect of Fifteen, Master 
 Elect, Minor Architect, Second Architect, Grand Architect, 
 Knight of the East, Rose Croix; and the third class, Knighi 
 Adept and Elect of Truth. Tins rite has ceased to exist,.
 
 ISO 
 
 ELK. 
 
 The name of the fifth degree of the Order ol 
 tLe ~En stern Star. She was a lady of high repute in Judea, 
 and il ustratos the Masonic characteristics of bevevolence 
 and he ;pitahty in the American Adoptive rite. 
 
 ELEOTED COHENS. The Rite of "Elected Cohens," or 
 "Pries\ ;," was founded some time between 1754 and 1700 
 by Mar inez Paschalis, by whom it was introduced into the 
 Lodges *f Bordeaux, Marseilles and Toulouse. Of its prin- 
 ciples v\ ry little is known, but it is said to have been divided 
 into twi classes; in the first of which was represented the 
 fail of n.an from virtue and happiness, and in the second his 
 final restoration. It consisted of nine degrees: Entered 
 Apprentice, Fellow-Craft, Master Mason, Grand Elect, Ap- 
 prentice Cohen, Fellow-Craft Cohen, Master Cohen, Grand 
 Architect, and Knight Commander. Clavel tells us this rite 
 was rather popular among the litterateurs of Paris for a short 
 time, bnt it has now ceased to exist. 
 
 ELEC1ED KNIGHTS OF NINE. Called by the French 
 ' Master Elect of Nine." The body is termed a Chapter. 
 J he presiding officer represents King Solomon, and is styled 
 " Thrice Illustrious." ^The room represents the audience 
 chamber of King Solomon; it is illuminated by nine lights 
 of yellow wax. The apron is of white lambskin, spotted 
 with red, and lined and bordered with black. On the flap ia 
 painted or embroidered au arm holding a dagger; and in the 
 middle of the apron an arm holding a bloody head by the 
 Lair. The sash is a broad black watered ribbon, worn from
 
 JUDGMENT HALL. 
 F.r.K(TKt) KNIGHTS OF NINE.
 
 ELE. 183 
 
 the right shoulder to the left hip. At the lower end of this 
 are the nine i-ed rosettes, four on each side and one at the 
 bottom; and from the end of the sash hangs the jewel, which 
 is a dagger, its hilt of gold, and its blade of silver. The object 
 of this degree is to exhibit the mode in which a certain work- 
 man, who, in order prematurely and improperly to obtain 
 the knowledge of a superior degree, engaged in an execrable 
 deed of villainy, received his punishment. It exemplifies 
 the truth of the maxim that the punishment of crime, though 
 sometimes slow, is ever sure; and it admonishes us, by tbo 
 historical circumstances on which it is founded, of the bind- 
 ing nature of our Masonic obligation. The symbolic colors 
 in the regalia are white, red, and black; the white being 
 emblematic of the purity of the Knights, the red of the 
 atrocious crime committed, and the black of grief for its 
 results. In the French rite this is the 4th degree ; it requires 
 three chambers, and in some respects has similitude to the 
 llth degree of the Ancient and Accepted rite, being also 
 preparatory to the degree of Sublime Knight Elect. 
 
 ELEPHANT A. An island, called by the natives Gharipoor, 
 situated between the west coast of Hindostan and Bombay. 
 It is celebrated for its wonderful cave, and Hindoo mytho- 
 logical inscriptions. The largest of the excavations on this 
 island is nearly square, measuring 133 by 132 feet ; and 
 immediately fronting its main entrance stands a bust or 
 third-length of a three-headed deity, with a height of 18 feet, 
 and a breadth of 23. It was the seat of the ancient mysteries 
 of India. 
 
 ELEUSINIA. The name by which the rites and ceremonies 
 originally celebrated at Eleusis were known, and by way of 
 eminence called "The Mysteries."* These, like the Egyptian 
 
 * Amidst all the institutions which have been denominated Mysteries, 
 those of Eleusis hold the highest rank, erpally imposing from their 
 origin and their results: they alone appear in relation withfhe primitive 
 source of religious ideas, and alone formed the mysticism of polytheism 
 Never did the ancients by the name of mysteries so thoroughly under 
 stand any other than the Eleusiuian. The others, with a few exceptions 
 were nothing more, originally, than the mysterious practices of selfish and 
 interested persons, the object of whose mission was accomplished in the 
 deception of a confiding and credulous people. The mysteries of Eleusis 
 hrtd alone, and within its own organization, attained the object of every 
 gi eat religious association. All Greece hastened to be initiated; and 
 Plato, who had penetrated into the secrets of the sanctuary, did not 
 Bpeak of them without admiration. "The knowledge of nature." says 
 St. Clemens of Alexandria, "is taught in the Gi-eat Mysteries." If it 
 were possible to lift the vail which covers the mysteries of Eleusis, we 
 should possess a key to the mysteries of Egypt and of the E.tst; a clue; 
 which, having once been lound, would lead on to the last moments of 
 |M)lytheism. The time when the mysteries of Elsusis were
 
 134: ELE. 
 
 mysteries, were of two kinds the lesser and the greater 
 which were also esoteric and exoteric* held at different 
 periods of the year, and at different places; the lesser, which 
 was introductory to the greater, being celebrated at Agrse, 
 on the banks of the Ilyssus; the greater at Eleusis, a town 
 of Attica in Greece. They were subsequently extended into 
 
 is equally uncertain as the name of their founder. Tertullian attri- 
 butes them to Musteus; St. Epiphany to Cadmus and Inachus; whik> 
 t'lemens of Alexandria informs us, that the mysteries were traced to an 
 Egyptian named Melauipus. Some declare that one Eumolpus waF the 
 (bander and first Hierophaut of the mysteries; and others believe that 
 Orpheus introduced them from Egypt into Greece. The writers, how- 
 ever, most worthy of credit, ascribe to Ceres herself the foundation of 
 the Eleusiuian mysteries. We shall not here repeat the different fables 
 that have been told concerning the manner in which Ceres established 
 these mysteries. By attributing them to the goddess or to Earth, tho 
 epoch of their foundation was removed beyond the bounds of history, 
 and the impossibility of ascertaining it was acknowledged. An uncer- 
 tainty still more great hangs over the year of their institution; those 
 who have discussed this subject offering various opinions--, all equally 
 deficient in proofs and even in the appearance of probability. Memers 
 and Dupuis have already shown that this research is no less frivolous 
 than useless. In support of the assertion here made, we shall observe, 
 that the lesser mysteries having undoubtedly preceded the great, I he epoch 
 of their true development should be that of the organization of the 
 Grecian republics. It is, therefore, infinitely more interesting to study 
 the mysteries in their maturity than in their infancy. We may remark 
 also, that however remote the date of their transmigration from Egypt, 
 however symbolical the name of Ceres, the mysteries must have been 
 anterior to the epoch which has been assigned for their foundation, if 
 we consent to place the germ of them in the festivals and popular prac- 
 tices of those who first inhabited Greece, and who, like them, had issued 
 from the East. The religion of the Greeks was not formed without suc- 
 ces^ive acquisitions; and of their worship and of their ceremonies much 
 had been transmitted to them by the Egyptians. The mysteries of 
 Ceres, according to Lactantius, very strongly resemble those of Isis. 
 The Attic Ceres is the same as the Egyptian Isis, who, in the time of 
 Herodotus, was the only divinity in Egypt honored by the celebration 
 of mysteries. From these, therefore, we may partly derive the mysteries 
 of Ceres : but this depository of ideas can have developed itself but 
 slowly; and it was late in assuming those mystic forms which always 
 announce a maturity of thought. In this we clearly see the ordinary 
 progress of the human mind, that departs from the idea of infinitude, 
 aud ranges through an immense space ere it resumes its station before 
 this s.ime idea, which seems to embrace the two extremities of its 
 career. OUVAROFF, Essay on the Mysteries of Keusis. 
 
 * 'I he mysteries of Eleusis were divided, like the philosophy of the 
 ancients, into two parts; the one esoteric, the other exoteric; aud these 
 two parts were the greater and the lesser mysteries. It is generally 
 allowed that the lesser were the more ancient, and this progression is 
 consistent with the nature of things. M. de St. Croix, supported by 
 Aleursius, regards the lesser mysteries as preparatory ceremonies. It 
 is, however, more probable that the greater and lesser mysteries were 
 absolutely distinct. Some writers contend that the lesser mysteries wera 
 celebrated annually and the greater once in five years. On this poin*. 
 though, there is no absolute authentic information.
 
 ELE. 155 
 
 Italy and oven to Britain.* These mysteries were instituted 
 iu honor of Cores and Proserpine, and commemorated the 
 search of Ceres after her daughter Proserpine, who had been 
 
 CEBES, TiiiFroLEMtis, (on the car of CERES,) PROSERPINE AND CYBELJS. 
 From an ancient Etruscan vase. 
 
 forcibly carried by Pluto to the infernal regions. The exoteric 
 celebration of the greater mysteries occupied nine days, chiefly 
 devoted to sacrifices, processions and other acts of worship; 
 and during this period the judicial tribunals were closed; 
 an armistice was proclaimed; private enmities were hushed; 
 and death was decreed by the Athenian senate against any 
 one, .high soever in rank, who should disturb the sanctity of 
 the rites. The esoteric ceremonies of initiation into both the 
 lesser and greater mysteries were conducted by four priests of 
 the most illustrious families of Greece, called the Hierophant 
 or Mystagogne, who wore the emblems of the supreme deity; 
 the Daduchus, or Torch-bearer, who was a type of the sun ; 
 the Hiero-Ceryx, or Sacred Herald, who enjoined silence on 
 (hose who were candidates for initiation, and commanded 
 the profane to withdraw; the Altar-Minister, who attended 
 at the altar, and bore the symbol of the moon; Basileus, IT 
 kiug, who judged and punished those who disturbed the 
 
 * The mysteries of Eleusis, celebrated at Athens in honor of Ceres, 
 swallowed up, as it were all the others. All the neighboring nations 
 neg'ected their own, to celebrate those of Eleusis; and in a little while 
 all Greece and Asia Minor were filled with the initiates. They spread 
 into the Roman Empire, and even beyond its limits, "those holy and 
 august Eleusiniau Mysteries," said Cicero, "in which the people of the 
 remotest lands are initiated." Zosimus says that they embraced the 
 whole human race, and Aristides termed them the common temple ot. 
 the wh-il world. PIKE, Gnosticism und My.-iteriex.
 
 136 LLE. 
 
 solemnities. Besides these leading ministers there was a 
 multitude of inferior priests and servants. Priestesses were 
 also mentioned in connection with these rites. The examin- 
 ation of those who had been purified by the lesser mysteries, 
 and who were preparing for the greater, was exceedingly 
 rigorous. All foreigners, all who had even involuntarily 
 committed homicide, all who had been declared infamous by 
 the laws, or had been guilty of a notorious crime, were ex- 
 cluded. Women and children were admissible; and a child, 
 styled the " Child of Holiness," whose innocence, it was 
 believed, of itself endowed him with capacity to fulfill the 
 requirements of the mysteries, was selected to conciliate 
 the deity in the name of the initiated. The ceremonies of 
 admission were performed at night. Into this branch of 
 the mysteries the qualifications for initiation were maturity 
 of age, perfectness in physical conformation, and purity of 
 conduct.* The postulant was held under a solemn obligation 
 to conceal whatever he saw or heard within the hallowed 
 precincts; and he who violated the obligation was not only 
 put to death, but devoted to the execration of all posterity. 
 Crowned with myrtle, and enveloped in robes, which from 
 this day were preserved as sacred relics, the neophyte was 
 conducted beyond the boundary impassable to the rest of 
 men. Lest any should be introduced not sufficiently pre- 
 pared for the rites, the Herald proclaimed, " Far from hence 
 the profane, the impious, att who are polluted by sin !" If any 
 .such were present, and did not instantly depart, death was 
 the never-failing doom. The skins of new-slain victims 
 were now placed under the feet of the novice; be was thus 
 duly prepared, and amid the singing of hymns in honor of 
 Ceres, he passed on, when soon the whole scene changed; 
 utter darkness surrounded him ; a low deep sound rose from 
 the earth; the lightning flashed, mighty winds were heard, 
 terrific thunder broke forth, and specters glided through 
 the vast obscurity, moaning, sighing and groaning. Myste- 
 rious shades, the messengers of the infernal deities- - 
 Anguish, Madness, Famine, Disease, and Death flitted 
 uround; and the explanations of the Hierophant, delivered 
 in a solemn voice, added to the horrors of the scene. This 
 was intended as a representation of the infernal regions, 
 where misery had its seat. As they advanced, amidst the 
 groans which issued from the darkness were distinguished 
 
 * Purity of morals and elevation of soul were required of the initiates. 
 Candidates were required to be of spotless reputation and irreproachable 
 virtue. Nero, after murdering his mother, did not dare to be present at 
 tiic celebration of the mysteries; and Antony presented himself to be 
 initiated, as the most infallible mode of proving his innocence of the 
 death of Avidiiis Cassias. PIKE, Gnosticism and Mysteries.
 
 ELE KLU. 137 
 
 those of the suicides thus punished for cowardly deserting 
 the post which the gods had assigned them in this world. 
 But the scene which the novice had heretofore beheld seemed 
 to be a sort of purgatory, where penal fires and dire anguish, 
 and the unutterable horrors of darkness, were believed, after 
 countless ages of suffering, to purify from the guilt acquired 
 in this mortal life. Suddenly the bursting open of two vast 
 gates, with a terrific sound, dimly displayed to his sight, and 
 faintly bore to his ears, the torments of those whose state 
 was everlasting who had passed the bounds beyond which 
 there is no hope. On the horrors of this abode of anguish 
 and despair a curtain may be dropped; the subject is unut- 
 terable. Onward proceeded the novice, and was soon con- 
 ducted into another region; that of everlasting bliss, the 
 sojourn of the just of those who had been purified and 
 whose minds had been enlightened by "the Holy Doctrine."* 
 This was ELYSIUM the joys of which were equaUy unutter- 
 able, equally incomprehensible, to mortals not admitted into 
 these mysteries. Here a vail was in like manner thrown 
 over this scene, and the ceremonies were closed. These 
 rites inculcated the doctrine of one God, and the dignity and 
 destiny of the human soul; they instructed the people in 
 the knowledge of nature and of the universe, and taught 
 them to see the presence of the Eternal in the splendor and 
 beauty of the natural world. It is evident that these mys- 
 teries constituted the great educational institution of ancient 
 Greece. They formed the Grecian mind, and led in the 
 development of Grecian ideas. Nearly all ancient writers 
 speak of their eminent utility and salutary influence. Arrien, 
 Pausanias, Euripedes and Cicero, unite their testimony in 
 their favor, and speak of them as peculiarly calculated to 
 " reform the manners, and perfect the education of mankind." 
 
 ELEUTHEKIA. A festival celebrated at Platsea, in honor 
 of Jupiter Eleutherius, or the asserter of liberty, by dele- 
 gates from almost all the cities of Greece. There was also 
 a festival of the same name observed by the Samiaus, in 
 honor of the god of love. Slaves also, when they obtained 
 their liberty, kept a holiday, which they called Eleutharia. 
 
 ELU. A French participle, signifying "elected." It is the 
 4th degree in the French rite, and resembles in its teachings 
 the degree of " Maitre elu des neufs." 
 
 * The Holy Doctrine is held by all the mystic ceremonies of tha 
 ancients, not only to purify the heart from sin, and expel ignorance from 
 the mind, but to insure also the favor of the gods, and to open the gatofl 
 of immortal felicity to the initiated. 
 
 12
 
 138 BMP EPH. 
 
 EMPERORS OF THE EAST AND WEST. An order 
 calling itself a "Council of Emperors of the East and West" 
 was instituted in Paris, A. D. 1758. Its adepts styled them- 
 selves "Sovereign Prince Masons Substitutes General of 
 the Royal Art Grand Superintendents and Officers of the 
 Grand and Sovereign Lodge of St. John of Jerusalem." 
 The rito consisted of 25 degrees, the first 19 of which were 
 the same as those of the Scottish rite. The 20th was named 
 Grand Patriarch Noachite; the 21st, Key of Masonry; 22d, 
 Prince of Lebanon ; 23d, Knight of the Sun ; 24th, Kadosh ; 
 25th, Prince of the Royal Secret. This rite had some success, 
 and was propagated in Germany, particularly in Prussia, and 
 was accepted by the Grand Lodge of the Three Globes. 
 The assumption that Frederick II. , King of Prussia, ever 
 had any connection with it will not be acknowledged by the 
 intelligent Mason. 
 
 ENCAMPMENT. [See COMMANDER?.] 
 ENCAMPMENT, GRAND. [See COMMANDERY, GRAND.] 
 
 ENCAMPMENT, GRAND. The Grand Encampment of the 
 United States was organized on the 22d of June, 1816. It 
 consists of a Grand Master, Deputy Grand Master, Grand 
 Generalissimo, Grand Captain General, Grand Prelate, Senior 
 Grand Warden, Junior Grand Warden, Grand Treasurer, 
 Grand Recorder, Grand Standard-Bearer, Grand Sword- 
 Bearer, Grand Warder, Grand Captain of the Guards; all 
 Past Grand Masters; all Past Deputy Grand Masters ; all Past 
 Grand Generalissimos, and all Past Grand Captains General 
 of the Grand Encampmen-t of the United States. Likewise, 
 all Grand Commanders, Past Grand Commanders, Deputy 
 Grand Commanders, Grand Generalissimos, and all Grand 
 Captains General of each State Grand Commandery that 
 acknowledges the jurisdiction of the United States Grand 
 Encampment. Also, the first three officers of each Com- 
 inandery that holds its charter immediately from the Grand 
 Encampment of the United States. No person shall be 
 eligible to any office in the Grand Encampment of the 
 United States, unless he shall be at the time a member oi 
 some subordinate Commandery under the general or imme- 
 diate jurisdiction of the Grand Encampment of the United 
 States. Its conclaves are held triennially, on the second 
 Tuesday of September, at such place as may have been 
 previously designated. 
 
 EPHOD. A vestment worn by the Jewish high-priest over 
 the tunic and the robe. It was without sleeves, and open 
 below the arms on each side, consisting of two pieces, one oi
 
 EPO ESP. 139 
 
 which covered the front of the body and the other the back, 
 and reaching down to the middle of the thighs. They were 
 joined together on the shoulders by golden buckles set with 
 gems, and two large precious stones set in gold, on which 
 were engraved the names of the twelve tribes of Israel, six 
 on each stone, according to their order. The material of 
 which the ephod was wrought was extremely costly and 
 magnificent ; gold, blue, purple, scarlet, and fine twined 
 liueu, with rich embroidery. A girdle or band, of one piece 
 with the ephod, fastened it round the body. Just above this 
 girdle, in the middle of the ephod, and joined to it bj golden 
 chains, rings, and strings, rested the square oracular breast- 
 plate, originally intended to be worn by fhe high-priest ex- 
 clusively. Ephods of an inferior material were in use among 
 the ordinary priests. Even David, when bringing the ark 
 of the covenant to Jerusalem, was "girt with a linen ephod." 
 The Jews had a peculiar superstitious regard for this gar- 
 ment, and employed it in connection with idolatrous worship, 
 and held that no worship, true or false, could subsist without 
 its presence. 
 
 EPOPTJE. A Greek word, formed from epi and apiamai. 
 I see, or rather, look upon. It was the name given to those 
 who were initiated into the greater mysteries of Eleusis, to 
 distinguish them from the mustce disciples who had only 
 been received into the lesser. It signifies the "spectators 
 of the mysteries," or the illuminated. Epopt was also used 
 by the lUuminati, to distinguish the members of the sixth 
 degree. 
 
 EQUES. Latin for Knight. In the system of Strict 
 Observance, established in Germany, in 1754, by Baron von 
 Hund, it designated all the members of the sixth degree. 
 On being invested with the honor of knighthood the^ 
 received an order-name, an escutcheon, and a device. 
 
 ESOTERIC. Greek, EsoUrikos. That which is secret, 
 revealed only to the initiated. In the secret societies of the 
 an ci ants,' the doctrines were divided into the esoteric and 
 vxoteric; the former for the initiated, who were permitted to 
 look upon the most sacred mysteries of the arcana; and the 
 latter for the uninitiated, who remained in the outer court 
 
 ESPERANCE-LOGES (French).. Lodges of Hope. Under 
 the name of Knights and Ladies of Hope, an order was 
 organized in France early in the last century, and established 
 Lodges bearing this title. This was the commencement of 
 tbat system now known as Adoptive Masonry (q. v. ).
 
 140 ESC,; EST. 
 
 ESQUIRE. Anciently the person that attended a Knight 
 in time of war, and carried his shield. In the days of chivalry 
 this title was honorable, and generally borne by persons oi 
 good family. Heads of ancient families were considered 
 esquires by prescription; and hence originated the use of the 
 word, in the present day, as a common addition to the names 
 of all those who live in the rank of gentlemen. It is a title 
 in the English Knights Templar system. 
 
 ESTHER, Hebrew name HADASSAH. A damsel of the tribe 
 of Benjamin, born during the exile, and whose family did 
 not avail itself of the permission to return to Jerusalem, 
 under the edict of Cyrus. The reigning king of Persia, 
 Ahasuerus, having divorced his former queen, Vashti, search 
 was made throughout the empire for the most beautiful 
 maiden to be her successor. The choice fell on Esther, who 
 found favor in the eyes of the king, and was advanced to the 
 station of queen. Her Jewish origin was perhaps at the 
 time unknown; when she avowed it to the king, she seemed 
 to be included in the doom of extirpation which a royal 
 edict had pronounced against all the Jews in the empire. 
 This circumstance enabled her to turn the royal indignation 
 upon Haman, the chief minister of the king, whose resent- 
 ment against Mordecai had led him to obtain from the king 
 this monstrous edict. The laws of the empii-e would not 
 allow the king to recall a decree once uttered; but the Jewa 
 were authorized to stand on their defense; and this, with 
 the known change in the intentions of the court, averted the
 
 EUN FEL. , 141 
 
 fearful Consequences of the decree. The Jews established a 
 yearly feast called PURIM, in memory of this deliverance, 
 which is observed among them to this day. Such is the 
 substance of the nistory of Esther, as related in the book 
 which bears her name. Esther is also the title of the third 
 degree of the order of the Eastern Star, which illustrates 
 the Masonic characteristic of fidelity to kindred and friends 
 in the American Adoptive rite. 
 
 EUNUCH. The physical and moral deterioration which 
 emasculation produces in men is of a most marked character. 
 The whole nature is degraded. The affections are blunted, 
 generous dispositions are destroyed, the intellect is impaired, 
 and the man is entirely incapacitated for performing any 
 deeds which require a high and magnanimous disposition. 
 For this reason they were excluded by the Jewish law from 
 " the congregation of the Lord," and for this reason cannot 
 be received into the Masonic brotherhood. 
 
 EXPERT. The name of an officer in French Lodges, who 
 superintends the examination of visiting brothers. The 
 office is not known in the United States. Strangers seeking 
 admission to the Lodge are usually examined by a committee 
 of brothers appointed by the Master. 
 
 P. 
 
 FAMILY-LODGES. The same as Conference-lodges 
 peculiar to Germany. 
 
 FECIALES. A number of priests at Rome, employed in 
 declaring war and making peace. When the Romans 
 thought themselves injured, one of the sacerdotal body was 
 empowered to demand redress, and, after the allowance of 
 thirty-three days to consider the matter, war was declared, 
 if submissions were not made, and the Feciolis hurled a 
 bloc ;ly spear into the territories of the enemy in proof of 
 iiu't'iided hostilities. 
 
 FELICITE, OKDKK OK. A society with a Masonic form, 
 established at Paris A. D. 1742, by some naval officers. It 
 admitted females. Its official titles and the names of its 
 degrees were borrowed from the nomenclature of the sea, 
 and its initiation represented a "voyage." It was a sym- 
 bolical journey in search of the Island of Happiness. The 
 seal of the Order was an anchor, suspended from three 
 silken cords, and its pass- word was schaluw lecJca, i. e., "peace 
 be with thee." It had four degrees viz: L Cabin-boy;
 
 142 r FEM. 
 
 2. Fiitron ; 3. Commander ; 4. Vice-Admiral. In 1748 it 
 was merged in a new organization, called the " Knights and 
 Ladies of the Anchor." 
 
 FEMALE DEGREES. About the year 1730 societies 
 imitating Freemasonry for the admission of women were 
 instituted in France. By whom they were invented or who 
 first introduced them history or tradition does not enlighten 
 us. They are evidently the product of the French mind. 
 The forms of these associations were, however, not definitively 
 settled until 1760; and they were not recognized or sanctioned 
 by the administrative authority of Masonry until the year 
 1774, when the Grand Orient of France established a new 
 system called the "Rite of Masonic Adoption," which was 
 placed under the control of the Grand Orient. Rules and 
 regulations were thenceforth provided for the government 
 of these bodies, one of which was that no men should be 
 permitted to attend them except regular Freemasons, and 
 that each Lodge should be placed under the charge, and held 
 under the sanction and warrant of some regularly-constituted 
 Masonic Lodge, whose Master, or, in his absence, his Deputy, 
 should be the presiding officer, assisted by a female Presi- 
 dent or Mistress. At first these organizations adopted 
 divers names and rituals; some of which were ingenious and 
 chaste, while others were puerile, and sometimes of a char- 
 acter not to merit countenance. In 1743 the emblems and 
 vocabulary were nautical an orient was called a Roadstead, 
 and a Lodge, Squadron and the sisters made the fictitious 
 voyage to the island of Felicity, under the sails of the 
 brethren. In 1747, the Chevalier Beauchaine, the most 
 famous and zealous of the Masters in Paris, the same who 
 had established his Lodge in a cabaret, where he slept, and 
 for six francs gave at one sitting all the degrees of Masonry, 
 instituted the order of Woodcutters; the ceremonies whereof 
 were borrowed from the society of the Carbonari, or Coal- 
 burners, which had been previously established in Italy. 
 The Lodge was styled a Woodyara, and was supposed to 
 represent a forest. The officers were known by the following 
 titles: Father Master, President; Cousin of the Oak, God- 
 father ; Cousin of the Elm, Introductor ; Cousin of the 
 Beech, Keeper of the Wine ; Cousin of the Service-tree, 
 Keeper of the Bread; Cousin of the Yoke-Elm, Guard oi 
 Hospitality; Cousin of the Maple, Guard of the Chair; 
 Cousin of the Ash, Guard of Honor. The brethren and 
 sisters were called Cousins, and the candidate was called a 
 Brick. This rite had an extraordinary success; the meetings 
 were held in a large garden, in the quarter of New France, 
 Dut of Paris ; the most distinguished men and women ol
 
 FEM FER. 
 
 France went there in crowds, wearing blouses and petticoats 
 of frieze, and heavy wooden shoes, and indulged in all the 
 fun and noisy merriment of the common people. Upon a 
 reception, the Father Master sat on a log of oak, his left 
 elbow resting on a table ; a slouched hat and a crown of oak 
 leaves were on his head. Round his neck was a cordon of 
 green silk, at the end of which hung a wedge of box-wood. 
 He held an axe in his hand, and a pipe in his mouth, and 
 was dressed in coarse linen. All was so arranged as to call 
 the attention of the adepts to the lower classes of society, 
 to make them acquainted with their poverty and misery, and 
 induce them to labor to improve their lot. Among these 
 people, apparently so utterly disinherited by fortune, were 
 nevertheless practiced virtue, friendship, love and gratitude. 
 The design of this degree was to call the attention of the 
 candidates, who then belonged chiefly to the noblesse, or the 
 rich Bourgeoisie, and who were soon to be called on to 
 regenerate France, to their true relations to the people. All 
 these mysteries, all these odd ceremonies tended to impress 
 the minds of the candidates, to instruct them, and to bring 
 the higher and lower classes together, in the bonds of equality 
 and fraternity. Other societies of both sexes succeeded this, 
 such as the orders of the Hatchet, of Fidelity, the formd of 
 which more fully resembled those of the ordinary Freema- 
 sonry. In 1775 a Lodge of Masonic Adoption was instituted 
 at Paris, with imposing solemnities, under the auspices of 
 the Lodge of St. Anthony, and in which the Duchess oi 
 Bourbon presided, and was installed Grand Mistress. This 
 rite consisted of four degrees, viz: 1. Apprentice; 2. Com- 
 panion; 3. Mistress; 4. Perfect Mistress. In 1785, under 
 the patronage of several members of the Court of France, 
 the Lodge "La Candeur" was opened at Paris, as Grand 
 Mistress of which the Duchess of Bourbon was installed 
 with unusual pornp and solemnity. The revolution checked 
 the progress of Adoptive Lodges; but they were revived in 
 1805, when the Empress Josephine presided over a Lodge at 
 Strasburg. For some years past the rite of Adoption has 
 been confined to the limits of Paris, as a distinct and recog- 
 nized institution. At the meeting of the Grand Orient of 
 France, in 1866, formal application was made to have the 
 degrees of Adoptive Masonry reorganized and administered 
 by that body. 
 
 FERALIA. A festival in honor of the dead, observed at 
 Rome the 17th or 21st of February. It continued for eleven 
 days, daring which time presents were carried to the graves 
 of the deceased, marriages were forbidden, and the templo* 
 of the gods were shut.
 
 1 M FER -FID. 
 
 FERLE. Solemn religious festivals celebrated by the earlj 
 Romans. They met on the Alban mount, where, under the 
 direction of the magistrates of Rome and the several cities, 
 they offered sacrifices to Jupiter, and under sanction of this 
 ceremony took oaths to preserve their mutual friendship and 
 alliance. It continued but one day originally, but in process 
 of time four days were devoted to its celebration, and during 
 that time it \ras unlawful for any person to work. The 
 days on which the ferice were observed were called by the 
 liom&nsfesti dies, because dedicated to mirth, relaxation and 
 festivity. 
 
 FESSLER'S SYSTEM, or, as it is sometimes called, 
 "FESSLEK'S RITE." This is the most elaborate, learned and 
 philosophical illustration and application of the Masonic 
 degrees. Bro. Fessler was a professor of the civil law and 
 Deputy Grand Master of the Lodge Royal York a 1' Amitie, 
 at Berlin. He was a man of profound learning, and took 
 great interest in all things pertaining to Masonry. He at 
 first undertook to destroy the high degrees, but finding it 
 impracticable, he accepted, in 1798, an appointment to revise 
 and rectify them. He thus created nine degrees, the first 
 three of which, Apprentice, Fellow-Craft and Master Theo- 
 soph, are the symbolic degrees, with slight variations. After 
 these came 4th, the Holy of Holies; 5th, Justification; Gth, 
 Celebration, 7th, The True Light, or Passage; 8th, The 
 Country, or Fatherland; 9th, Perfection. The last degree 
 was never completed; and the six last were taken from the 
 rituals of the Rose Croix of Gold, those of the Strict 
 Observance, of the Chapter Illuminatus of Sweden, and the 
 Ancient Chapter of Clermont. It is said that the system, 
 though incomplete, was approved by Frederic William in 
 1797. It is at present practiced by only a small number of 
 Lodges in Prussia. 
 
 FEUILLANTS. 1. A Masonic order, governed by the 
 statutes of St. Bernard; 2. A kind of Androgynous Masonry. 
 
 FIDELITE, ORDER OF. One of the many forms of Adoptive 
 Masonry which appeared in France during the last century. 
 It was instituted at Paris, about 1748, and was styled "The 
 Order of Knights and Ladies of Fidelity." It flourished for 
 a long period, and was propagated considerably in Germany 
 and on the continent. 
 
 FIDES. Latin for faith or faithfulness, that is to say, 
 fidelity. It was also the name of a goddess amftig the 
 Romans, who presided over contracts, sanctified oaths, aucl
 
 FIE FOR 143 
 
 punished their violation. Nuraa Pompilius, the second King 
 of Home, 714 to 672 B.C., is said to have erected temples, 
 and consecrated altars to her service. The goddess wa 
 usually represented by two hands joined together, or by two 
 figures holding each other by the right hand. 
 
 FIELD-LODGES. Also called "Army Lodges," "Travel- 
 ing Lodges," "Military Lodges." These are Masonic bodies 
 organized in armies, and which move with them. They are 
 eminently iiseful in relieving the monotony of the soldier's 
 Life, and mitigating the horrors of war. In the war of the 
 American Revolution they were found in both of the belli- 
 gerent armies, and also in the civil war of 1861-5. During 
 the Bonapartean wars they sustained and illustrated the 
 principles of Freemasonry in the allied and French armies. 
 
 FINANCE. The funds of a Lodge are deposited with the 
 Treasurer, who pays them out on the order of the Master, 
 and with the consent of the brethren. According to an 
 uncient practice the funds are first received by the Secretary, 
 who transfers them to the Treasurer, taking his receipt for 
 the same. His yearly accounts are examined by an auditing 
 committee. 
 
 FIVE SENSES. The brain is wonderfully adapted by its 
 perfect system of nervous sympathy to give the intellectual 
 powers their force, and enable the mind to receive percep- 
 tions of every object in the wide creation, that comes within 
 the sphere of 'hearing, feeling, smelling, tasting, and seeing ; 
 these "being the five human senses explained in the lecture 
 of the Fellow-Craft's degree. 
 
 FLOORING. A large chart on which the emblems of the 
 second degree are painted, for the purpose of illustrating 
 the instructions given to neophytes. It is the same as the 
 Master's Carpet, and is called " flooring," because these 
 emblems were formerly delineated on the floor. 
 
 FORESTERS. Several societies have borne this name, 
 with symbols and ritual borrowed from the various depart- 
 ments of woodcraft. They styled themselves "Colliers," 
 " Woodcutters," and " Sawyers." The most extensive of these 
 brotherhoods is the " Ancient Order of Foresters," known in 
 England and the United States. 
 
 FORM OF THE LODGE. The form of a Masonic Lodge 
 is said to be a parallelogram or oblong square its greatest 
 length being from East to West its breadth from Noitli to 
 South. A square, a circle, a triangle, or any other form but
 
 FOR. 
 
 that of aa oblong square, would be eminently incorrect and 
 unmasonic, because such a figure would not be an expression 
 of the symbolic idea which is intended to be conveyed. At 
 the Solomonic era the era of the building of the Temple 
 at Jerusalem the world, it must be remembered, was sup- 
 posed to have that very oblong form, which has been here 
 symbolized. If, for instance, on a map of the world, we 
 should inscribe an oblong figure whose boundary lines would 
 circumscribe and include just that portion which was known 
 and inhabited in the days of Solomon, these lines running a 
 short distance -North and South of the Mediterranean sea, 
 and extending from Spain in the West to Asia Minor in the 
 East, would form an oblong square, including the southern 
 shore of Europe, the northern shore of Afi'ica, and the 
 western district of Asia, the length of the parallelogram 
 being about sixty degrees from East to West, and its breadth 
 being about twenty degrees from North to South. This 
 oblong square, thus inclosing the whole of what was then 
 supposed to be the habitable globe, would precisely represent 
 what is symbolically said to be the form of the Lodge, while 
 the Pillars of Hercules in the West, on each side of the straits 
 of Gades or Gibraltar, might appropriately be referred to the 
 two pillars that stood at the porch of the Temple. 
 
 A Masonic Lodge is, therefore, a symbol of the world 
 i'his symbol is sometimes, by a very usual figure of speech, 
 extended, in its application, and the world and the universe 
 are made synonymous, when the Lodge becomes, of course, 
 a symbol of the universe. But in this case the definition 
 of the symbol is extended, and to the ideas of length and 
 breadth are added those of hight and depth, and,. the Lodge
 
 FKA FBE. 
 
 147 
 
 is said to assume the form of a double cube.* The solid 
 contents of the earth below and the expanse of the heavens 
 above will then give the outlines of the cube, and the whole 
 created universe be included within the symbolic limits of a 
 Mason's Lodge. MACKEV. 
 
 FRANKS, ORDER OF REGENERATED. In the last half of tho 
 year 1815, a political brotherhood, with forms borrowed 
 from Freemasonry, was organized in France, and had for its 
 motto, "For God, the King, and Fatherland." It flourished 
 for a short time. 
 
 FREEMASONRY, DEFINITIONS OF. The definitions of Free- 
 masonry have been numerous, and they all unite in declaring 
 it to be a system of morality, by the practice of which its 
 members may advance their spiritual interest, and mount 
 by the theological ladder, from the Lpdge on earth to the 
 Lodge in heaven. Subjoined are a few of the most important 
 definitions : 
 
 " Freemasonry is a beautiful sys- 
 tem of morality, vailed in allegory, 
 and illustrated by symbols. " HEM- 
 MING. 
 
 "The grand object of Masonry 
 is to promote the happiness of the 
 human race." WASHINGTON. 
 
 "Masonry is an art, useful and 
 extensive, which comprehends with- 
 in its circle every branch of useful 
 knowledge and learniug,and stamps 
 an indelible mark of preeminence 
 on its genuine professors, which 
 neither chance, power, nor fortune 
 can bestow. " PRESTON. 
 
 "Freemasonry is an establish- 
 ment founded on the benevolent 
 intention of extending and confer- 
 ring mutual happiness upon the best 
 and truest principles of moral life 
 and social virtue." CALCOTT. 
 
 "Freemasonry is an institution 
 calculated to benefit mankind." 
 ANDREW JACKSON. 
 
 "Freemasonry is amoral order, 
 instituted by virtuous men, with 
 the praiseworthy design of recalling 
 to our remembrance the most sub- 
 lime truths, in the midst of the 
 most innocent and social pleasures, 
 founded on liberality, brotherly love 
 and charity." ARNOLD. 
 
 "I have ever felt it my duty to 
 support and encourage the princi- 
 ples of Freemasonry, because it 
 powerfully develops all social and 
 benevolent affections." LORD DUR- 
 HAM. 
 
 " From its origin to the present 
 hour, in all its vicissitudes, Masonry 
 has been the stead y, unvarying friend 
 of man." REV. ERASTUS BURR. 
 
 * The form of a Lodge should always be an oblong square, in length, 
 between the East and West; in breadth, between the North and the South; 
 in hight. from earth to heaven; and in depth, from the surface to the 
 center. This disposition serves to indicate the prevalence of Freemasonry 
 over the whole face of the globe, guarded by its laws, and ornamented by 
 its beautiful tenets. Every civilized region is illuminated by its presence. 
 Its charity relieves the wretched; its brotherly love unites the Fraternity 
 in a chain of indissoluble affection, and extends its example beyond the 
 limits of the Lodge-room, to embrace, in its ample scope, the whole 
 human race, infolding them in its arms of universal lovt . The square 
 form vras esteemed by our ancient operative brethren as one of the 
 Greater Lights, and a component part of the furniture of the Lodge. 
 The double cube is an expressive emblem of the united powers of dark- 
 ness and lighfein the creation.
 
 148 
 
 FEE. 
 
 "The study of Freemasonry is the 
 study of man as a candidate for a 
 blessed eternity. It furnishes ex- 
 amples of holy living, and displays 
 the conduct which is pleasing and 
 acceptable to God. The doctrine 
 and examples which distinguish the 
 Order are obvious, and suited to 
 every capacity. It is impossible for 
 the most fastidious Mason to mis- 
 understand, however he may slight 
 or neglect them. It is impossible 
 for the most superficial brother to 
 say that he is unable to comprehend 
 the plain precepts, and the unan- 
 swerable arguments which are fur- 
 nished by Freemasonry. " OLJVEB. 
 
 "Freemasonry is an institution 
 based on that never-failing charity 
 which upholds universal love, calms 
 the troubled sea of our evil pas- 
 sions, and leaves a smooth surface, 
 in which all men, who are sincere 
 and conscientious worshipers of 
 God, and unexceptionable in moral 
 deportment, may unite, bless each 
 other, and rejoice in practically 
 realizing the sublime sentiment that 
 God hath made mankind one 
 
 Mighty brotherhood, 
 Himself their Master, and the 
 World his Lodge." Du. J. BUKNS. 
 
 "Freemasonry is an ancient and 
 respectable institution, embracing 
 individuals of every nation, of every 
 religion, and of every condition in 
 life. Wealth, power and talents, 
 are not necessary to the person 
 of a Freemason. An unblemished 
 character and a virtuous conduct 
 are the only qualifications for admis- 
 sion into the Order. " LAUBIE. 
 
 "Freemasonry is an institution 
 fourded on eternal reason and 
 truth ; whose deep basis is the 
 civilization of mankind, and whose 
 everlasting glory it is to have the 
 immovable support of those two 
 mighty pillars, science and mo- 
 rality." DB. DODD. 
 
 "I highly venerate the Masonic 
 institution, under the fullest per- 
 suasion that where its principles 
 are acknowledged, and its laws and 
 precepts obeyed, it comes nearest 
 to the Christian religion, in its moral 
 effects and influence, of any institu- 
 tion with which I am acquainted." 
 UKV. FHED. DALCHO 
 
 "Freemasonry is a science 01 
 symbols, in which, by their proper 
 study,- A search is instituted after 
 truth that truth consisting in the 
 knowledge of the divine and human 
 nature, of God and the human soul. " 
 Du. A. G. MACKEY. 
 
 ' ' Masonry superadds to our other 
 obligations the strongest ties of 
 connection between it and the Cul- 
 tivation of virtue, and furnishes the 
 most powerful incentives to good- 
 ness. " DE WITT CLINTON. 
 
 "Freemasonry is an order whose 
 leading star is philanthropy, and 
 whose principles inculcate an un- 
 ceasing devotion to the cause of vir- 
 tue and morality." LA FAYETTE. 
 
 "Freemasonry is an institution 
 essentially philanthropic and pro- 
 gressive, which has for its l~asis the 
 existence of God and the immor- 
 tality of the soul. It has for its ob- 
 ject the exercise of benevolence, the 
 study of universal morality, and the 
 practice of all the virtxies." Consti- 
 tution Grand Orient of France. 
 
 "I regard the Masonic institution 
 as one of the means ordained by the 
 Supreme Architect to enable man- 
 kind to work out the problem of 
 destiny; to fight against, and over- 
 come, the weaknesses and imperfec- 
 tions of his nature, and at last to 
 attain to that true life of which 
 death is the herald, and the grave 
 the portal." JOHN W. SIMONS. 
 
 "It is noble in its administration ; 
 to think and let think, beyond the 
 narrow contracted prejudices of bit- 
 ter sectarians in these modern times. 
 It is general or universal language, 
 fitted to benefit the poor stranger, 
 which no other institution is cal- 
 culated to reach by extending tkt 
 beneficent hand.'' LORENZO Dow. 
 
 ' ' The prosperity 01 Masonry as a 
 means of strengthening our religion, 
 and propagating true brotherly love, 
 is one of the dearest wishes of my 
 heart, which, I trust, will be gratified 
 by the help of the Grand Architect 
 of the universe." CHRISTIAN, King 
 of Denmark. 
 
 " The precepts of the Gospel we 
 universally the obligations of Ma 
 soury.'' REV. I)B. HUSSELI.
 
 FEE. 
 
 149 
 
 'Masonry is one of the most 
 sublime and perfect institutions 
 that ever was formed for the ad- 
 vancement of happiness, and the 
 general good of mankind, creating, 
 in all its varieties, universal bene- 
 volence and brotherly love. " DUKE 
 OF SUSSEX. 
 
 "For centuries had Freemasonry 
 existed ere modern political contro- 
 versies were ever heard of, and when 
 the topics which now agitate society 
 were not known, but all were united 
 in brotherhood and affection. I 
 know the institution to be founded 
 on the great principles of charity, 
 philanthropy, and brotherly love." 
 BULWEB. 
 
 "Everything which tends to com- 
 bine men by stronger ties is useful 
 to humanity; in this point of view, 
 Masonry is entitled to respect." 
 LA LANDE. 
 
 " I think we are warranted in 
 contending that a society thus con- 
 stituted, and which may be rendered 
 so admirable an engine of improve- 
 ment, far from meriting reproach, 
 deserves highly of the community." 
 EEV. Dr. MILNE. 
 
 "Charity, or brotherly kindness, 
 is as much a Masonic as it is a 
 Christian virtue. " B.F.V. DR. SLADE. 
 
 "A Mason's Lodge is a school of 
 piety. The principal emblems are 
 the teachers." EEV. Dit. NORVAL. 
 
 "The aims of Freemasonry are 
 ttot limited to one form of opera- 
 atiou, or one mode of benevolence. 
 Its object is at once moral and social. 
 li proposes both to cultivate tho 
 mind and enlarge and purify the 
 heart. " REV. J. O. SKINNER. 
 
 "The Masonic system exhibits a 
 stupendous and beautiful fabric, 
 founded on universal piety. To 
 rule and direct our passions ; to 
 have faith and love in God, and 
 charity toward . man. " STEPHEN 
 JONES. 
 
 "There are Great Truths at the 
 foundation of Freemasonry truths 
 which it is its mission to teach 
 and which as constituting the very 
 essence of that sublime system 
 which gives to the venerable insti- 
 tution its peculiar identity as a 
 science of morality,, and it behooves 
 every disciple diligently to ponder 
 and inwardly digest. ALBERT PIKE. 
 
 "Its laics are reason and equity, 
 its principles benevolence and love; 
 and its religion purity and truth; its 
 intention is peace on earth; and its 
 disposition good- will toward man." 
 KEV. T. H. HARRIS. 
 
 FRENCH KITE. The French or Modern rite was estab- 
 lished by the Grand Orient of France about the year 1786. 
 to preserve the high degrees; and for the purpose of sim- 
 plifying the system the number was reduced to seven, viz- 
 Entered Apprentice, Fellow-Craft, Master Mason, Elect, or 
 First Order of Rose Croix, Scotch Order, or Second Order 
 of Rose Croix, Knight of the East, or Third Order of Rose 
 Croix, and the Rose Croix, or ne plus ultra. The peculiar 
 signs and secrets of the two first symbolical degrees under 
 this rite are in reverse of those adopted by the Grand Lodge, 
 or Supreme Council of the Ancient and Accepted rite, of 
 France, in which the practice is the same as in our own Grand 
 Lodge. In the 3d degree the Lodge has a very solemn ap- 
 pearance, being hung with black drapery, and displaying 
 many somber and awe-inspiring emblems. The Master is 
 designated Tres Respectable (Very Worshipful), aiid the 
 members Venerable Masters; all the brethren appear covered. 
 In the 4th degree there are three chambers the Room oi 
 Preparation, the Council Chamber, and the Cavern. The 
 13
 
 150 FEE FRL 
 
 lesson inculcated in this degree is intended forcibly t 
 imprint on the mind of its recipient the certainty with which 
 punishment will follow crime. The 5th degree requires also 
 three chambers, the second of which is most elaborately fur- 
 nished and decorated with various Masonic attributes; in the 
 East is a triangular pedestal, on which is placed the cubical 
 stone; in the center of the chamber is a column, and by it a 
 table, having upon it the corn, wine, and oil; and in the 
 North is a sacrificial altar. The Lodge is ilhiminated by 
 twenty-seven lights, in three groups of nine each; it repre- 
 sents the Temple completed, and its whole appearance is 
 most gorgeous. The Lodge is denominated Sublime; the 
 presiding officer is Ti-es Grand (Very Great), and the brethren 
 are Sublime Masters. The 6th degree also requires three 
 chambers; the second, which is called the Hall of the East, 
 represents the council of Cyrus at Babylon, and is composed 
 of that prince, seven principal officers, and other Knights. 
 The decoration is green, and requires fifteen lights. Be- 
 hind the throne is a transparency, representing the vision of 
 Cyrus, in which he received the injunction, " Restore liberty 
 to the captives." The candidate, in passing from the second 
 to the third chamber, has to cross a bridge of timber over a 
 stream choked with rubbish; and having at length arrived at 
 the last, or western chamber, he perceives the Masons reposing 
 among the ruins of Jerusalem. The room is hung with red, 
 and illuminated by ten groups of candles of seven each. In 
 the center is the representation of the ruined Temple. The 
 Sovereign Master represents Cyrus; the chief Officer, Daniel 
 the Prophet. The badge is of white satin, bordered with 
 green; the sash, of water green, is worn from left to right; 
 the jewel is the triple triangle, crossed by two swords. The 
 7th degree is precisely like that of the 18th degree of the 
 Ancient and Accepted rite. A rite, slightly differing from 
 the preceding, and called the " Ancient Reformed rite," is 
 now practiced in Holland and Belgium. 
 
 FRERES PONTIVES. A community of operative and 
 speculative Masons, who, as a religious house of brother- 
 hood, established themselves at Avignon, at the close of 
 the twelfth century; they devoted themselves, as the name 
 denotes, to the construction and repair of stone bridges. It 
 is on record that the community existed as late as 1590. 
 John de Medicis, who was Master in 156jO, may perhaps have 
 been a son of Cosmo, Duke of Florence, who died 1562, and 
 vas made a cardinal shortly before. 
 
 FRIENDLY ADMONITIONS. As useful knowledge is 
 the great object of our desire, let us diligently apply to the
 
 FKI-FUR. 151 
 
 practice of the art, and steadily adliere to the principles which 
 it inculcates. Let not the difficulties that we have to encoun- 
 ter check our progress, or damp our zeal; but let us recollect 
 that the ways of wisdom are beautiful, and lead to pleasure. 
 Knowledge is attained by degrees, and cannot everywhere 
 be found. Wisdom seeks the secret shade, the lonely cell, 
 designed for contemplation. There enthroned she sits, 
 delivering her sacred oracles. There let us seek her, and 
 pursue the real bliss. Though the passage be difficult, the 
 farther we trace it the easier it will become. Union and 
 harmony constitute the essence of Freemasonry; while we 
 enlist under that banner, the society must flourish, and 
 private animosities give place to peace and good fellowship. 
 Uniting in one design, let it be our aim to be happy ourselves, 
 and contribute to the happiness of others. Let us mark our 
 superiority and distinction among men, by the sincerity of 
 our profession as Masons; cultivate the moral virtues, and 
 improve in all that is good and amiable. 
 
 FRIENDLY SOCIETIES. Associations with some Masonic 
 features, formed chiefly among mechanics for mutual protec- 
 tion and assistance. They help their members in sickness 
 and misfortunes, and at their death furnish assistance to their 
 families. The most important of these societies, and the most 
 efficient in its organization, is the Ancient and Independent 
 Order of Odd Fellows. All of them seem to have borrowed 
 their idea of mutual relief from the Masonic brotherhood. 
 
 FKIENDS, ORDER OF PERFECT. A society of distinguished 
 Masonic Savans in Germany, in the last century, the chief 
 spirit of whom was Knigge. The society was sometimes 
 called " The Seven Allies." 
 
 FUNERAL SERVICES. No Mason can be interred with 
 the ceremonies of the Order, unless it be by his own request, 
 made while living to the Master of the Lodge of which he 
 died a member; nor unless he has been raised to the third 
 degree of Masonry; sojourners and officers high in the Order 
 excepted. A dispensation has first to be obtained from the 
 Grand Master before any public procession can be allowed 
 to take place. 
 
 FURNITURE OF THE LODGE. Every well-regulated 
 Lodge is furnished with the Holy Bible, the Square, and the 
 Compasses. These constitute the furniture of the Lodge 
 being the three Great Lights of Masonry. The first is 
 designed to be the guide of our faith ; the second to regulate 
 our actions; and the third to keep us within proper bounds 
 with all mankind.
 
 152 G. 
 
 G. 
 
 v x "' .$ This letter is deservedly regarded as one oi the 
 
 Cmost sacred of the Masonic emblems. Whe^e it 
 is used, however, as a symbol of Deity, it must be 
 i^Hj| remembered that it is the Saxon representative of 
 the Hebrew Yod and the Greek Tau the initial 
 letters of the name of the Eternal in those languages. This 
 symbol proves that Freemasonry always prosecuted its labors 
 with reference to the grand ideas of Infinity and Eternity 
 By the letter G which conveyed to the minds of the 
 brethren, at the same time, the idea of God and that of 
 Geometry it bound heaven to earth, the divine to the 
 human, and the infinite to the finite. Masons are taught to 
 regard the Universe as the grandest of all symbols, revealing 
 to men, in all ages, the ideas which are eternally revolving 
 in the mind of the Divinity, and which it is their duty to 
 reproduce in their own lives and in the world of art and 
 industry. Thus God and Geometry, the material worlds 
 and the spiritual spheres, were constantly united in the 
 speculations of the ancient Masons. They, consequently, 
 labored earnestly and unweariedly, not only to construct 
 cities, and embellish them with magnificent edifices, but also 
 to build up a temple of great and divine thoughts and of 
 ever-growing virtues for the soul to dwell in. The symbolical 
 letter G 
 
 * * * " That hieroglyphic bright, 
 Which none but craftsmen ever saw," 
 
 and before which every true Mason reverently uncovers, and 
 bows his head is a perpetual condemnation of profanity, 
 impiety and vice. No brother who has bowed before that 
 emblem can be profane. He will never speak the name 
 of the Grand Master of the Universe but with reverence, 
 respect and love. He will learn, by studying the mystic 
 meaning of the letter G, to model his life after the divine 
 plan; and, thus instructed, he will strive to be like God in 
 the activity and earnestness of his benevolence, and the 
 broadness and efficiency of his charity. "The letter G 
 occupies a prominent position in several of the degrees in 
 the American system; is found in many of the degrees of 
 the Ancient and Accepted Scottish rite; in Adonhiramite 
 Masonry; and, in fact, in every one of the many systems 
 in which the people of the sixteenth and seventeenth centu- 
 ries were so prolific in manufacturing. "Wherever we find 
 this recondite symbol in any of the Masonic rites, it has the 
 sanae significance a substitute for the Hebraic jod, the
 
 GAV. 
 
 153 
 
 initial letter of the Divine name, and a monogram t) at 
 expressed tb<* Uncreated Being, principle of all things; aui, 
 inclosed in a triangle, the unity of God. We recognize Uie 
 same letter G in the Syriac Gad, the Swedish G ud, tne 
 German Gott, and the English God all names of the Deity, 
 and all derived from the Persian Goda, itself derived from 
 the absolute pronoun signifying himself. The young Fellow- 
 Craft is the representative of a student of the sciences, and 
 to him the letter G* represents the science of Geometry." 
 
 GAVEL. An emblem in the degree of Entered Apprentice. 
 It is a hammer with an edge such as is used by stone-masons 
 to break off the corners of stones, in preparing them for the 
 builder's use. In the Masonic system it is employed as a 
 symbol by which the Mason is constantly admonished to 
 divest his mind and conscience of all the vices and errors 
 of life ; thereby fitting his body as a living stone for that 
 building, "that house not made with hands eternal in the 
 heavens." It is also an emblem of authority, and is used 
 by the Master in governing the Lodge. It is sometimes 
 erroneously confounded with the setting-maul, which is quite 
 a different instrument. The name gavel is probably derived 
 from the German Giebel, the gable or apex of the roof - 
 which its edge resembles. 
 The form of the gavel used 
 by the presiding officer 01 
 a Masonic Lodge varies in 
 different sections of the 
 country, as displayed in the 
 annexed engravings, viz: 
 1. Is sometimes found 
 among our French and 
 Spanish brethren, and is 
 familiarly known as the 
 president's hammer; 2. The 
 setting-maul, which is fre- 
 quently found in use ; 3. 
 The stone-mason's hammer. 
 This is the appropriate emblem of authority in the hand 
 of the Master of the Lodge. The gavel is also called a 
 Hiram, which see. 
 
 *" In my own opinion, the letter G, which is used in the Fellow-Craft's 
 degree, should never have been permitted to intrude into Masonry; it 
 presents an instance of absurd anachronism, which would never have 
 occurred if the original Hebrew symbol had been retained But being 
 there now, without the possibility of removal, we have only to remember 
 that it ie in fact bu* the symbol of a symbol. " MACKEY. 
 
 1. -2. 3. 
 
 FORMS OF GAVELS USED IN MASONIC BODIES.
 
 154: GEN GEL. 
 
 GENERALISSIMO. A title conferred by the French, oc 
 the commander-in-chief of a grand division of an army, 
 This dignity was first assumed by Cardinal 
 Richelieu on the occasion of his leading 
 the French army into Italy. In the 
 Knights Templar system the second offi- 
 cer of a Commandery. He is the assistant 
 of the Grand Commander, presides in his 
 absence, and is ex-officio a member of the 
 Grand Coraniandery. His jewel is a 
 square surmounted with a paschal lamb. 
 
 GENUFLEXION. A bending of the knee, or kneeling. 
 The act of kneeling has, among all people, and in all ages, 
 been a token of reverence, a sign of dependence, supplication, 
 and humility. 
 
 GIBEON. A city of Judea which was situated in a northerly 
 direction from Jerusalem. It had a place of worship pecu- 
 liarly sacred, perhaps the seat of the Tabernacle. Hence 
 the name is used symbolically in France, as the apellation 
 of the Master, who must have a pure heart, in which the 
 High and Holy One may dwell. In the Swedish ritual it is 
 also used in the same sense. 
 
 GIBLEMITE. The Giblemite* were the people of Gebal 
 or Giblos, a city on the coast ol Phoenicia, between Tripoli 
 and Berytus, called Byblos by the Greeks and Romans, now 
 known by the name of Jiblah. At the present time it is but 
 little more than a mass of ruins, which are sufficiently mag- 
 nificent tq indicate its former greatness and beauty. Indeed 
 it was famous in former times for the skill of its masons and 
 builders, who excelled all others in the knowledge of archi- 
 tecture. They are frequently mentioned in Scripture as 
 "stone-squarers," a term applied to them as being eminently 
 distinguished in that kind of work. The people of the 
 ancient city of Gebal were famous for their worship of 
 Adonis, who was believed to have been wounded by a wild 
 boar while hunting on Mount Libanus. The river Adonis, 
 whose waters are at some seasons as red as blood, passes by 
 it; and when this phenomena appeared the inhabitants 
 lamented the death of Adonis, pretending their river to be 
 colored with his blood. 
 
 GILEAD. A part of the ridge of mountains which runs 
 south from Mount Lebanon, on the east of Palestine. They 
 gave their name to the whole country which lies on the east 
 of the sea of Galilee. Gilead is the name of the keeper of the 
 ^eals, in the Scottish degree of the Sacred Yctult of James VI.
 
 GNO GOD. 155 
 
 GNOSTICISM, OR GNOSTICS, from the Greek word, gndsis, 
 knowledge. This name was assumed by a philosophical sect 
 which sought to unite the mystical notions of the East 
 with ideas of the Greek philosophers, and teachings of 
 Christianity. The system has features which show conclu- 
 sively that it was a development of the old Persian or Chal- 
 dean doctrine. According to the gnostics, God, the highest 
 intelligence, dwells in the fullness of light, and is the source 
 of all good; matter, the crude, chaotic mass of which all 
 things were made, is like God, eternal, and is the source 
 of all evil. From these two principles, before time com- 
 menced, emanated beings called seons, which are described 
 as divine spirits. The world and the human race were 
 created out of matter by the aeons and angels. They made 
 the body and sensual soul of man, of this matter; hence 
 the origin of evil in man. God gave man the rational 
 soul; hence the constant struggle of reason with tho senses. 
 What are called gods by men as Jehovah, the god of the 
 Jews they say are only aeons or creators, under whose 
 dominion man becomes more and more wicked and misera- 
 ble. To destroy the power of these malicious gods, and 
 redeem man from the thraldom of matter, God sent the most 
 exalted of all seons Christ who, in the form of a dove, 
 descended upon a Jew Jesus and revealed, through him 
 the doctrines of Christianity; but before the crucifixion of 
 Jesus separated from him, and at the resurrection of the 
 dead will be again united with him, and lay the foundation 
 of a kingdom of the most perfect earthly felicity, to continue 
 a thousand years. There have been no gnostic sects since 
 the fifth century; but many of their principles . and ideas 
 reappear in later philosophical systems. There are some 
 traces of gnosticism in several parts of Freemasonry, par- 
 ticularly in the degree of the Adepts of tho Eagle or Sun, 
 andalso in the rite of the mystic Slason. Fessler, and his 
 friends Krause and Mossdorf, were much interested in gnos- 
 ticism, and Fessler's rite is tinctured with some of its ideas. 
 
 GOD. The highest and most perfect intelligence in which 
 all things exist, and from which all things depend. The 
 belief in God is not the result of teaching, not the result 
 of the exercise of reason, not a deduction from the order 
 and regularity of the universe ; for faith in a Supreme Being 
 was universal among men in the infancy of the race, and 
 before the Imrnan mind was capable of that power oi 
 analysis, or had attained to that degree of science which 
 this study of the universe and of the laws of nature sup- 
 poses. As the notion of an Infinite Being transcends 
 the circle of sensible and material objects, and is clearly
 
 156 GOL GRA. 
 
 beyond the power of a finite being to create, therefore, 
 that notion must have been communicated directly to man 
 by God himself. Man believes in a God, therefore God 
 exists; because, were there no God the notion of such a being 
 could not exist. The crowning attribute of man, and what 
 distinguishes him from the brute, is not the faculty of reason; 
 for that, the brute has in common with man; but the 
 power of seeing and aspiring to the ideal. Thus man had 
 no sooner looked upon the grandeur, and glory, and beauty 
 of the world, than he saw enthroned far above the world 
 that which was vaster, more beautiful, more glorious than 
 the world, the IDEAL, that is to say, God. Therefore, Free- 
 masonry accepts the idea of God, as a supreme fact, and 
 bars its gates with inflexible sternness against those who 
 deny his existence. No atheist can become a Mason. 
 
 GOLGOTHA. The place of Skulls. A retired sj.ot near 
 Jerusalem, commonly called Calvary, where Jesus was cruci- 
 fied, and which contained his sepulcher. The word is found 
 in the Swedish, and also in the Templar rite. 
 
 GOTHIC CONSTITUTIONS. These comprise all the 
 statutes, laws, and regulations enacted for the government 
 of Masons, from the convention of York, A. D. 926, down to 
 the revival, A. D. 1717. These were revised by Dr. Anderson, 
 and published for the first time in 1722. 
 
 GRAND BODIES, MASONIC. The organization of Grand 
 bodies for the government of Masonry in its representative 
 character is of recent date, as compared with the age of the 
 institution. Every Lodge or body of Masons was originally 
 independent, as "a sufficient number of Masons not less 
 than seven met together within a certain district, with the 
 consent of the sheriff or chief magistrate of the place, were 
 empowered at this time to make Masons and practice the rites 
 of Masonry without warrant of constitution. The privilege 
 was inherent in them as individuals." The custom prevailed 
 in the early period of Masonic history for the brethren to 
 assemble annually for the purpose of consulting on the 
 general concerns of the Craft. At these yearly meetings the 
 Grand Master, or Grand Patron of the Order for the king- 
 dom or province, was elected by the whole brotherhood then 
 assembled. These gatherings were called Annual Assemblies, 
 and were attended by members of the Craft without re- 
 gard to grade or position. At a general assemblage of the 
 Fraternity of England in 1717, adopted a regulation that 
 every Lodge, except the four old Lodges then existing, should 
 thereafter obtain a warrant from the Grand Lodge.
 
 DEGREE OF PERFECTION. 
 OBAND ELECT, PERFECT AND SUBLIME MA8OH.
 
 GKA. 159 
 
 GRAND ELECT, PERFECT AND SUBLIME MASON. 
 
 The 14th degree of the Ancient and Accepted rite, sometimes 
 called the "Degree of Perfection." In France it is called 
 " Grand Scotch Mason of Perfection of the Sacred Vault 
 of James VI." The degree is considered to be the 
 ultimate rite of ancient Masonry, as it is the last of the 
 Ineffable degrees that refer to the first temple. The Masons 
 who had been employed in constructing the temple acquired 
 immortal honor. Their association became more uniformly 
 established and regulated after the completion of the temple 
 than it had been before. In the admission of new members 
 their prudence and caution had produced great respect, as 
 merit alone was required of every candidate. With these 
 principles firmly established many of the Grand Elect left 
 the temple after its dedication, and, traveling into other 
 countries, disseminated the knowledge they had acquired, 
 and instructed in the sublime degrees of ancient Craft 
 Masonry all who applied and were found worthy. The 
 Lodge is styled the Secret Vault. The hangings are crimson, 
 with white columns at regular intervals. 24 lights 9 in the 
 East; 7 in the West; 5 in the South; and 3 in the North. The 
 apron is white, lined with crimson; in the middle is a square 
 flat stone, in which is an iron ring. The collar is crimson; 'the 
 jewel, a gold compass, open on a circle of forty-five degrees;' 
 between the legs of the compass is a medal representing the 
 sun on one side, on the other the flaming star. On the circle is 
 engraved the figures 3, 5, 7, 9. The compass is surmounted 
 with a pointed crown. The ring of alliance is of gold. On 
 the inside is engraved: "Virtue unites what death cannot 
 separate;" with the name and date of initiation of the owner. 
 
 GRAND INQUISITOR COMMANDER.' The 31st degree 
 of the Ancient and Accepted rite. It is not an histori- 
 cal degree, but is simply administrative in its character; 
 the duties of the members being to examine and regulate 
 the proceedings of the subordinate lodges and chapters. 
 The meeting is designated a "Sovereign Tribunal," and is 
 composed of nine officers, viz: a Most Perfect President, a 
 Chancellor, a Treasurer, and six Inquisitors one being 
 elected to perform the functions of Inspecting Inquisitor. 
 The decoration of the Lodge is white, with eight golden 
 columns; on the dais above the presiding officer's throne are 
 the letters J. E. ; there is also an altar covered with white 
 drapery. In the East, on a low seat, is placed a case con- 
 taining the archives of the Order, covered with blue drapery, 
 having on its front a large red cross; on the right of the altar 
 is the table of the Chancellor, on the left that of the Treasurer. 
 The floor of the Sovereign Tribunal is covered by a painting,
 
 160 GRA. 
 
 the centre of which represents a cross, encompassing all the 
 attributes of Masoniy. There is no apron; the members wear 
 a white collar, on which is embroidered a triangle with rays, 
 having in its center the figures 31, to which is suspended 
 the jewel a silver Teutonic cross. In France the regulations 
 direct a white apron, with aurore (yellow) flap, embroidered 
 with the attributes of the degree. 
 
 GRAND LODGES, JURISDICTION OF. At first there were 
 no clear nor well defined notions in regard to the territorial 
 jurisdiction of Grand Lodges. Until within a few years each 
 Grand Lodge claimed the right to constitute lodges in any 
 part of the world. At the time of the breaking out of oui 
 revolutionary war the Grand Lodges of England, Ireland, 
 and Scotland had lodges in Massachusetts and other colonies. 
 The principle, however, is now well settled that the Grand 
 Lodge of a Province or State has exclusive jurisdiction 
 within such territory, and that no other Grand Lodge can 
 legally charter lodges therein. A Grand Lodge is supreme 
 over its own affairs. There is no Masonic authority or power 
 above it: it is subject only to the unchangeable laws of the 
 Order, the acknowledged constitutions, and the Ancient 
 Landmarks. 
 
 GRAND LODGES, ORGANIZATION OF. A Grand Lodge 
 consists of the Master and Wardens of all the lodges under 
 its jurisdiction and such Past Masters as may be elected 
 members. The officers are a Grand Master, Deputy Grand 
 Master, Senior Grand "Warden, Junior Grand Warden, 
 Grand Treasurer, Grand Secretary, Grand Chaplain, Senior 
 Grand Deacon, Junior Grand Deacon, Grand Stewards, 
 Grand Marshal, Grand Standard Bearer, Grand Pursuivant, 
 Grand Sword Bearer and Grand Tyler. In a country or 
 state where there is no Grand Lodge three or more legal 
 lodges may meet in convention and organize a Grand Lodge. 
 Then these lodges surrender their charters to the Grand 
 Lodges from which they received them, and take others from 
 the new Grand Lodge. 
 
 GRAND MASTER ARCHITECT. The 12th degree of 
 the Ancient and Accepted rite. In this the principles oi 
 operative Masonry become prominent; it is a purely scientific 
 degree, in which the rules of architecture and the connection 
 of the liberal arts with Masonry are dwelt upon. Although 
 the lectures on the Fellow-Craft degree illustrate architecture 
 from the same point of view, the subject is susceptible of 
 great extension, and under the "Grand Master Architect" 
 numerous details illustrative of the temple dedicated to the 
 Most High by the wisest man might be worked out. In the
 
 GRA. 
 
 161 
 
 absence of distinct information upon many points, there is 
 some exercise for the imagination in furnishing a complete 
 description of Solomon's Temple, which was an astonishing 
 and magnificent work for the time in which it was built; and 
 it seems to have been distinguished from all other temples 
 of remote antiquity by its suniptuousness of detail. The 
 principal officers of this degree are the Master, denominated 
 Thrice Illustrious, and two Wardens. The body is styled 
 chapter, and is decorated with white hangings, strewed with 
 crimson flames; the ornaments are the columns of the five 
 orders of architectTire, and a case of mathematical instru- 
 ments. The jewel is a heptagonal medal of gold. In each 
 angle, on one side, is a star, enclosed in a semicircle. In 
 the center, on the same side, is an equilateral triangle, 
 formed by arcs of circles, in the center of which is the letter 
 &i. On the reverse are five columns or different orders of 
 architecture. This is suspended by a blue ribbon. 
 
 GRAND MASTER OF ALL SYMBOLIC LODGES. The 
 20th degree of the Ancient and Accepted rite. This degree 
 affords a thorough exemplification of the philosophical spirit 
 of the system of Freemasonry. Philosophy and Masonry, 
 being one and the same principle, have the same object and 
 mission to attain the worship of the Great Architect of the 
 universe, and the disenthralment of mankind. Here the 
 candidate is charged with the responsible duties of instructor 
 of the gi-eat truths of the universality of Masonry, inspired 
 by an upright and enlightened reason, a firm and rational 
 judgment, and an affectionate and liberal philanthropy. 
 This degree bears the same relation to Ineffable Masonry 
 that the Past Master's degree does to the symbolic degrees. 
 Veneration, Charity, Generosity, Heroism, Honor, Patriotism, 
 Justice, Toleration, and Truth are inculcated. The body 
 is called a Lodge; the hangings are blue and gold. The 
 presiding officer is styled Venerable Grand Master, and is 
 seated in the East. A Lodge cannot be opened with less 
 14
 
 GRA. 
 
 than nine members. In the East is a throne, ascended by 
 nine steps, and surmounted by a canopy ; the Lodge ia 
 lighted by nine lights of yellow wax. The apron is yellow, 
 bordered and lined with blue; the sash is of broad yellow 
 and blue ribbon, passing from the left shoulder to the right 
 hip; the jewel is a triangle, of gold, on which is engravec 1 
 the initials of the sacred words. 
 
 GRAND PONTIFF. The 19th degree" of the Ancient and 
 Accepted rite. The degree is founded on the mysteries of 
 the Apocalypse, relating to the new 
 Jerusalem, as set forth in the Revela- 
 tion of St. John, xxi. and xxn., which it 
 illustrates and endeavors to explain. 
 The assembly is styled a chapter; two 
 apartments are required. The presid- 
 ing officer is styled Thrice Puissant 
 Grand Pontiff. The members are 
 called Faithful Brothers. The jewel is 
 an oblong square, of solid gold, with the letter A engraved 
 on one side, and Q on the other. 
 
 GRAND PRIORY. The title applied to the head of tne 
 Templars in Scotland. It is synonymous with Granr 
 Encampment, Conclave, etc. 
 
 GRAND SCOTTISH KNIGHT OF ST. ANDREW. The 
 
 29th degree of the Ancient and Accepted rite. It is also 
 called " Patriarch of the Crusades," in allusion to its sup- 
 posed origin during those wars, and it is also sometimes 
 known by the name of "Grand Master of Light." This 
 degree is devoted to toleration and freedom of man in the 
 great moral attributes. It inculcates equality representing 
 the poor Knight equal to the monarch, and exhibits the 
 requisites of knighthood; protection to the defenseless and 
 innocent; the possession of virtue, patience, and firmness 
 and represents the Knight as the exponent of truth, and one 
 alike without fear and without reproach. The assembly is 
 called a chapter. Two apartments are required. It> the
 
 HAI HAK. 163 
 
 first apartment the hangings are crimson, supported by white 
 columns. During the reception this room represents the 
 court of Saladin, the great Sultan of Egypt and Syria. The 
 second apartment should be a well-furnished room, decorated 
 in the eastern style. The presiding officer is 
 styled Venerable Grand Master. The Knights 
 are all dressed in crimson robes, with a 
 large white cross of St. Andrew on the breast. 
 The jewel is two interlaced triangles, formed 
 by arcs of large circles, with the concave out- 
 ward, of gold, and enclosing a pair of com- 
 passes open to twenty-five degrees. At the 
 bottom, and to one of the points is suspended 
 a St. Andrew's Cross, of gold, surmounted by 
 a Knight's helmet; on the center of the cross 
 is the letter i, inclosed in an equilateral triangle, 
 and this again in a ring formed by a winged serpent; between 
 the two lower arms of the cross may be suspended a key. 
 
 H. 
 
 HAIL, or HELE. The Masonic word usually spelt hail ia 
 more properly the old English word hele, from the ancient 
 German hehlen, to conceal. From this comes our word hell, 
 corresponding to the Greek hades, and the Hebrew sheol, 
 the invisible, the unseen. 
 
 "These words thou shalt publish and these thou shalthele." ESDBAS. 
 Hele pronounced hale should be used in the catechism. 
 The fact that this Saxon word is found in the ritual of Free- 
 masonry proves the relation and connection between the 
 modern system of Freemasonry and the German Building 
 Corporations. 
 
 HALLELUIAH. Praise the Lord. Expression of applause 
 in the Apprentice degree of Misraim, in the degree of 
 Sublime Scotch, Heavenly Jerusalem, and others. 
 
 HAND CLAPPING. Among Masons the common expres- 
 sion of applause, approval, and agreement. Its use is 
 universal in the Order. 
 
 HARMONY, ORDER OF. An order embracing both men and 
 women, founded in 1788, by Grossinger, under the auspices 
 of Augusta, Countess of Staff. The Duchess of Newcastle 
 was Grand Mistress. They bound themselves by a solemn 
 oath to be eternally faithful to the obligations of friendship 
 and love.
 
 164 
 
 HAR HAT. 
 
 HARMONY, ORDER OF UNIVERSAL. A new French rite 
 which, in 1806, arose out of a stock company, through which 
 they hoped to cultivate an East Indian trade. It could not 
 have less than 26 degrees, with military rank up to marshal 
 of the empire. 
 
 HAKODIM. In 2d Chronicles, n. 18, it is recorded that 
 Solomon "set three score and ten thousand people to be 
 bearers of burdens, and four score thousand to be hewers in 
 the mountains, and three thousand six hundred overseers to 
 set the people at work." These overseers were called 
 Harodim, or Princes. 
 
 HARPOCRATES. Among the Greek writers he was com- 
 pared with Apollo, and identified with Horus, the Egyptian 
 god of the sun, the youngest son of Osiris and Isis. Both 
 were represented as youths, and with the same attributes 
 and symbols. He was be- 
 lieved to have been born 
 with his finger in his mouth, 
 as indicative of secrecy and 
 mystery. The Greeks and 
 Romans worshiped him as 
 the god of quiet life, repose 
 and secrecy. He is described 
 by Plutarch as lame in the 
 lower limbs when born, to 
 indicate the weak and tender 
 shootings of corn. He also 
 symbolizes the sun when in 
 its early or feeble condition. 
 He is sometimes represent- 
 ed, in sculpture, as a child 
 wearing the skull cap or pschent, the crown of the upper and 
 lower world, and holding in his hands the whip and crook, 
 to expel evil influences. He is also represented mounted 
 upon a ram, which carries a ball upon its head ; his left hand 
 is armed with a club, while he presses the two fore-fingers of 
 the right hand upon his lips, as the symbol of silence, and 
 intimates that the mysteries of religion and philosophy ought 
 never to be revealed to the profane or uninitiated. Being 
 armed with the club identifies him as the Hercules of the 
 Egyptians. 
 
 HAT. Among the Romans the hat was a sign of freedom. 
 Formerly Masons wore hats in the Lodge, as a symbol of 
 freedom and brotherly equality. In English and American 
 Lodges it is now exclusively an attribute of the Master's 
 costume.
 
 HEA HER. 105 
 
 HEAL. An act of a legally constituted body of Masons 
 by which a person who has been irregularly admitted to the 
 mysteries of Freemasonry is made a lawful Mason. When 
 the person to be " healed" has been initiated into a self-con- 
 stituted or false lodge he can be healed only by a reinitiation. 
 Members, however, of schismatic Lodges may be recognized 
 as legitimate by the action of a Grand Lodge. There is a 
 difference between a clandestine (or sham) Lodge and one 
 that is simply schismatic. The founders and members of the 
 first are impostors; the latter are regular Lodges, but from 
 Borne cause or other not recognized by the legitimate Masonic 
 authorities. 
 
 HECATESIA. An annual festival observed by the Stra- 
 tonicensians in honor of Hecate. The Athenians paid 
 particular attention to this festival, and worshiped this 
 goddess under the name of Diana, who was deemed the 
 patroness of families and of children. From this circum- 
 stance statues of the goddess were erected before the doorfe 
 of the houses, and upon every new moon a public suppei 
 was always provided at the expense of the richest people, 
 and set in the streets, which the poorest of the citizens were 
 permitted to enjoy. 
 
 HECATOMBOIA. An ancient festival, celebrated in honor 
 of Juno, by the Argians and people of Jilgina. A hundred 
 bulls were saci-ificed as an offering to the goddess, whence 
 its name. The flesh of the animals was distributed among 
 the poor citizens of the country. 
 
 HECATOMPHONIA. A solemn sacrifice offered by the 
 Messenians to Jupiter, when any of them had killed an 
 hundred enemies. 
 
 HERMANDAD. Brotherhood. This Spanish society was 
 founded A. D. 1295, in the cities of Castile and Leon. It was 
 based on the Masonic principle of secrecy, having ceremonies 
 of admission, secret signs of recognition, and secret places 
 of meeting, where causes were tried and offenders against 
 justice were judged and punished. It invested itself in a 
 garment of mystery, and the blow of justice fell from its 
 hand surely and swiftly, like the bolt of lightning. It sought 
 not only to punish crime, but to prevent it. It warned every 
 nobleman who showed a disposition to wrong a citizen of thf 
 certain destruction that awaited him if he persisted. Should 
 he rob or injure a member of the Order, or a citizen, and 
 refuse to make restitution, or give security for better conduct 
 in future, his cattle, his vineyards and gardens were destroyed. 
 The mysterious power of this terrible but righteous brother-
 
 16G HER. 
 
 hood penetrated every place through barred and bolted 
 gates and armed sentinels and often dealt its retributions 
 in the royal presence itself. Of the utility of this Spanish 
 Fraternity there cannot be a doubt, arid its beneficial effects 
 in those stormy times were immeasurable. Its ideas were 
 justice, absolute justice, in the administration of the laws' 
 and equality in society and before God. 
 
 HERMAPHRODITE. This word is often used, although 
 improperly, in Masonic lodges; for in the human species 
 there is no such thing. Among the lower races such monsters 
 are sometimes found, though rarely. 
 
 HERMETIC MASONRY. The Hermetic philosophy was 
 introduced into the Masonic system very early in the 18th 
 century, and for a time was very popular with the most dis- 
 tinguished members of the Order. It even now constitutes 
 the substance of one degree, and is taught in the philosophical 
 and moral lodges of the degree of Prince Adepts. [See 
 ALCHEMY.] 
 
 HERODEM, ROYAL OBDEE OF. Dr. Oliver claims that this 
 Order was instituted by Robert Bruce, after the battle of 
 Bannockburn, which took place on St. John's day, 1314. He 
 says: "The Royal Order of H. R. D. M. Herodem had 
 formerly its seat at Kilwinning, and there is reason to think 
 that it and St. John's Masonry were then governed by the 
 same Grand Lodge. But during the 16th and 17th centuries 
 Masonry was at a very low ebb in Scotland, and it was with 
 the greatest difficulty that St. John's Masonry was preserved. 
 The Grand Chapter of H. R. D. M. resumed its functions 
 about the middle of the last century, at Edinburg; and in 
 order to preserve a marked distinction between the Royal 
 Order and Craft Masonry, which had formed a Grand Lodge 
 there in 1736, the former confined itself solely to the two 
 degrees of H. R. D. M. and R. S. Y. C. S., i. e., Herodem and 
 Rosycross." It is more probable, however, that Chevaliei 
 Ramsay had more to do with the creation of this Order than 
 Robert Bruce. This appears to be the opinion of Ragon. 
 Something of the nature of this Rite may be gathered from 
 the following extracts, taken from the lectures: 
 
 Qes. In -what place was the Grand and Holy Order of H. R. D. M. 
 first established? 
 
 Ans. Upon the holy summit of Mt. Moriah, in the kingdom of Judea 
 
 (fries. What qualifications are requisite for admission into this sublim 
 Order? 
 
 Ans. Patience, prudence, firmness, justice. 
 
 Qites. Where was it afterward reestablished? 
 
 Ans At I-colm-kill, and afterward at Kilwinning, where the King 
 Scotland presided in person aa Grand Master.
 
 HER. 167 
 
 Ques. Why was it reestablished, and why were changes made ? 
 Ans. To reform the abuses and correct the errors which had been 
 introduced among the brethren of the first three degrees. 
 
 In the third section we find the following: 
 
 Ques. What symbol in Masonry represents the Son of Man ? 
 
 Ans. The corner-stone. 
 
 Ques. "What is the corner-stone ? 
 
 Ans. It is the stone which the builders rejected, and which is no'w 
 become the principal stone of the corner, or the most perfect model by 
 which the workmen can fashion their moral jewels. 
 
 Ques. How do you know it to be the most perfect model? 
 
 Ans. By three grand principles of Masonry. 
 
 Ques. Will you name them ? 
 
 Ans. Fraternal love, assistance, and truth. 
 
 Ques. Why fraternal love ? 
 
 Ans. Because no person can show more love for his brethren than ha 
 who is ready to sacrifice himself for them. 
 
 Ques. Why the second? 
 
 Ans. Because he has come to deliver us from slavery and sin. 
 
 Ques. Why the truth? 
 
 Ans. Because he is himself the truth in his own essence. 
 
 Ques. What is his name ? 
 
 Ans. Immanuel. 
 
 Ques. What does it signify? 
 
 Ans. God with us. 
 
 These extracts afford a very clear view of the tone and 
 spirit of the entire ritual of the Royal Order of H. R. D. M. 
 There is no reason for believing that this Order has any con- 
 nection with that of the Culdees, notwithstanding that 
 monastic society once had an establishment at I-colm-kill. 
 
 HERODEN. This word is identical with Heredom, Haere- 
 dom, Haeredum. It is thought by some to be derived from 
 the Greek words "ieras domos," i. e., holy house. In the 
 catechism of the degree of Grand Architect it is a name 
 given to a mountain near Kilwinning. 
 
 Ques. What do they call these mountains ? 
 
 Ans. Mount Moriah in the land of Gibeon, Mount Sinai, and the 
 mountain of Heroden. 
 
 Ques. Where is the mountain of Heroden? 
 
 Ans. Between the west and north of Scotland, at the end of the 
 ecliptic, where the first Lodge of Masonry was erected. 
 
 It is inferred from this that King Robert I. of Scotland 
 united the Knights Templar with St. Andrew's Order of the 
 Thistle, and called it the Order of Heroden, or of the Holy 
 House, i. e., Holy Temple. 
 
 HEROINE OF JERICHO. An adoptive degree conferred 
 on the wives and widows of Royal Arch Masons. It waa 
 never widely propagated, and is now almost entirely super- 
 seded by the American Adoptive rite of the Eastern Star.
 
 105 HIE HOL. 
 
 H1EKOPHANT. The chief director of the ceremonies 
 and expounder of the doctrines in the mysteries of Eleusis. 
 No one but a descendant of Eumolpus could hold this office. ' 
 It was necessary for him to have the experience and gravity 
 of age, and to be perfect in his physical organization. In 
 the inferior mysteries, he introduced the novice into the 
 Eleusinian temple, and initiated those who had undergone 
 the final probation into the last and great mysteries. He 
 represented the Creator of the world, and explained to the 
 novice the various phenomena that appeared to him. In the 
 great mysteries, he was the sole expounder of the secrets of 
 the interior of the sanctuary, and of those esoteric doctrines 
 which it was the only object of the institution to communicate 
 to its adepts. No person was permitted to pronounce his 
 name in the presence of an uninitiated person. He sat in 
 the East, and wore, as a symbol of authority, a golden globe, 
 suspended from his neck. He was also called Mystagogue. 
 
 HIGH PLACES. It seems natural to man to regard 
 mountains and high places with a certain degree of reverence; 
 and the sentiment of religion has always, and everywhere, 
 impelled him to consecrate them as places of worship. 
 Solomon went to Mount Gibeon to offer sacrifice, because 
 it was a high place. The Druids, too, were partial to hills, 
 and erected their altars on their highest summits. And 
 thus Masons are said to have met on "lofty hills or in low 
 valleys" in the olden time, when the earth, with its carpet of 
 variegated flowers, was literally the mosaic pavement, and 
 the star-decked heavens the only covering of the Lodge. 
 
 HIGH-PEIESTHOOD. The order of the High-Priesthood 
 is conferred only on Past High-Priests of Chapters, as an 
 honorary degree, and corresponds to that of Past Master. 
 
 HIRAMITES. A name sometimes given to Freemasons as 
 disciples or followers of Hiram, the Tyrian Builder. 
 
 HOLT GHOST, ORDER OF. 1. An order of male and female 
 hospitallers. It was founded in the twelfth century by Guy, 
 son of the Count of Montpellier, for the relief of the poor, 
 the infirm, and foundlings. He took the vows himself, and 
 gave a rule to the order. Pope Innocent III., confirmed it 
 in 1198, and founded a hospital at Rome. The dress of both 
 sexes is black, with a double white cross of twelve points on 
 the left breast. 2. The principal military order in France, 
 instituted in 1574, by Henry III. The revolution of 1830 
 swept it away. Several brotherhoods have borne this name, 
 which is also known in some Masonic systems.
 
 HOL HON. 
 
 169 
 
 ANCIENT CHARACTERS OF THE INSCRIPTION. 
 
 HOLINESS TO THE LORD. An inscription worn on the 
 forehead of the High-Priest, as described in Exodus xxxix. 
 30: "And they made the plate of the holy crown of pure 
 gold, and wrote upon it a writing like to the engraving of a 
 signet, HOLINESS TO THE LORD." 
 
 HONORABLE. In former times a title given to the degree 
 of Fellow-Craft, on account of its scientific character. 
 
 HONORARY DEGREE. A degree like that of Past Mas- 
 ter, or the Order of the High-Priesthood, conferred as a 
 reward for official service. 
 
 HONORARY MASTER. An honorary title given to 
 learned and worthy brothers, who have not filled the oriental 
 chair, as a recognition of their Masonic science and worth. 
 An honor not known in the United States. 
 
 HONORS, GRAND. A peculiar ceremony among Masons by 
 which they applaud, or express their agreement, satisfaction 
 or sorrow. They are divided into private and public. The 
 first can only be given in a Master's Lodge, and cannot be 
 described here. The public grand honors, as their name 
 imports, do' not partake of this secret character. They 
 consist of clapping of the hands three times, in rapid suc- 
 cession, and are given on all public occasions in which the 
 ministrations of the Fraternity are required, in the presence 
 of the profane as well as the initiated. The funeral grand 
 honors are given in the following manner: Both arms are 
 crossed on the 'breast, the left uppermost, and the open 
 palms of the hands touching the shoulders; the hands are 
 then raised above the head, the palms striking each other, 
 and then made to fall sharply on the thighs, with the head 
 bowed. This is repeated three times. While the honors 
 are being given the third time, the brethren audibly pro- 
 nounce the following words when the arms are crossed on 
 the breast: "We cherish his memory here;" when the 
 hands are extended above the head "We commend his 
 spirit to God who gave it;" and when the hands are extended 
 toward the ground "And consign his body to the earth."
 
 170 HOS--ILL. 
 
 HOST, CAPTAIN OF THE. Among the Jews a military rank. 
 In a Royal Arch Chapter the title designates a kind oi 
 master of ceremonies. 
 
 I. 
 
 I-COLM-KILL. An island, situated near the Hebrides, in 
 a southerly direction therefrom. In ancient times it was the 
 seat of the Order of Culdees, and contains the ruins of the 
 monastery of St. Columba, which was founded A. D. 565. Here 
 the Rite of Herodem, it is claimed, originated. 
 
 IDIOT. This word did not always have the meaning which 
 is now attached to it. It is derived from the Greek, idiotes, 
 which signified a private citizen. In Sparta it denoted one 
 who felt no interest, and took no part, in public affairs, and 
 hence came to mean an ignorant person. It was used in 
 this sense in the middle ages, and this is its Masonic meaning. 
 The modern meaning fool would be out of place; for it 
 would be as absurd to establish a rule that no fool should 
 be made a Mason as it would be to enact a law that no horse, 
 or infant, or dead man, should be admitted to the mysteries of 
 Freemasonry. The word means, masonically, not a fool, but 
 a listless, indifferent, ignorant, fellow, who could only be a 
 disgrace to the Craft. 
 
 ILLUMTNATI OF AVIGNON. This system was organized 
 as a species of Masonry intermingled with the reveries of 
 Swedenborg, somewhere about the year 1760, by Pernetti 
 (who was a Benedictine Monk), and the Baron Gabrianca, a 
 Polish nobleman. Very little is known of the institution, 
 and it might have been forgotten but for the Marquis de 
 Thorme,in 1783, taking up the system that had been adopted 
 in the Avignon Lodge, and from it framing what is now 
 known as the Swedenborg rite which see. 
 
 ILLUMINATI, OE THE ENLIGHTENED. During the second 
 half of the eighteenth century, among the numerous secret 
 societies which were more or less connected with Freemasonry 
 there was not one that attracted so much attention, received 
 the support of so many distinguished men, and created so 
 rich a literature, as this. It was founded in 1776 by Adam 
 Weishaupt, professor of law, at Ingolstadt, a man of great 
 originality and depth of thought, and remarkable for the 
 earnestness of his character. The objects which he sought 
 to effect by this association were the highest and noblest ever 
 entertained by the human mind. He desired to assert the 
 individuality of man as a fundamental principle and hence
 
 TT.T TMM. 171 
 
 xvaa an apostle of civil and religious liberty- -to discover the 
 means of advancing human nature to a state of higher per- 
 fection to bind iu one brotherhood men of all countries, 
 ranks, and religions, and to surround the persons of princes 
 with trustworthy counselors. Apostles, styled Areopagites, 
 were sent into various parts of Europe to make converts, and 
 in a short time the Order was flourishing in Germany, Hoi- 
 laud, and Milan. Protestants, rather than Catholics, were 
 preferred as members. The degrees were eight in number: 
 1. Novice; 2. Minerval; 3. Illuminatus Minor; 4. Illundnatus 
 Major; 5. Knight; 6. Priest; 7. Regent; 8. King. Attracted 
 by the liberality of its doctrines, and the grandeur of its 
 objects, large numbers of illustrious Masons, and among 
 them the celebrated author Knigge, became active members 
 of it. In 1784 the society was dissolved by order of the 
 Bavarian government. No association of men was ever more 
 calumniated and misrepresented than the Order of Illuminati. 
 It is common to dismiss them with the remark that they were 
 " a body of men united together for the purpose of destroying 
 society and religion," whereas, they were men of the pro- 
 foundest religious convictions, and only desired such a reform 
 in politics as would give man a greater degree of freedom, 
 and afford him larger opportunities and facilities for the 
 development of his faculties. It is humiliating to see that 
 some Masonic writers have repeated the infamous calumnies 
 of those high-priests of the lying fraternity, Robison and 
 Baruel, in regard to them. If they were infidels and 
 anarchists, then the whole American people are; for they 
 were only inspired with, and sought to propagate, the ideas 
 which we hold in the highest reverence, and have embodied 
 in our institutions. This name has been borne by other 
 orders, as the religious society of the Alombrados, in Spain, 
 founded in the sixteenth century; the Order of Gueriuet:}, iu 
 France, in the seventeenth; and many others before and since. 
 
 ILLUSTRIOUS ELECT OF FIFTEEN. The 10th degree 
 of the Ancient and Accepted rite. The body is called a chapter. 
 The decorations are black, sprinkled with red and white 
 tears; there are 15 lights, 5 in the East, and 5 before each 
 Warden, and 1 in the center all of yellow wax. The officers 
 are: Thrice Illustrious, Senior and Junior Inspectors, Orator, 
 Secretary and Treasurer, Hospitaller, Master of Ceremonies, 
 and Captain of the Host. This tlegx-ee is devoted to the same 
 objects as the Elective Knights of Nine the conclusion of 
 the punishment of the traitors, who, just before the com- 
 pletion of the temple, had committed an infamous crime. 
 
 IMMANUEL. A name applied to Christ, and means " God 
 vith us."
 
 172 INI>. 
 
 INDIA, MYSTEBIES OF. The leading idea of the India 
 philosophy is that a state of absolute quiescence or rest 
 constitutes the most perfect bliss, and that it can be attained 
 only by the most complete self-abnegation. This idea natu- 
 rally grows out of the pantheistic nature of their religion. 
 They believe in unity existing in all things, and all things in 
 unity; God in the universe, and the universe in God; and 
 regard nature as a revelation of the divine intelligence. 
 Everything is thus the perpetual transformation or meta- 
 morphosis of God. This doctrine is taught in all their 
 mysteries, and upon this theory rests the idea of the reci- 
 procal influence of worlds upon each other, and their central 
 light, and the conception of the universe as a perpetual 
 creation, as does, likewise, the belief in metempsychosis, or 
 the transmigration of souls after death. Beginning and end 
 are mingled, and mind and matter are continually striving for 
 predominance in the universe, which, therefore, exhibits an 
 eternal struggle between good and evil, light and darkness. 
 The notion of God taught in the highest Hindoo mysteries 
 is pure and elevated. He is called Brahm, Atma, Bramatma. 
 Before the creation he reposed in silence, and absorbed 
 in himself. "This world," says Menou, "was all darkness, 
 undiscernible, undistinguishable, altogether as in profound 
 sleep, till the self-evident and visible God, making it manifest 
 with five elements, and other glorious forms, perfectly dis- 
 pelled the gloom. He, desiring to raise up vaiious creatures 
 by an emanation from his own glory, first created the waters, 
 and impressed them with the power of motion; by that 
 power was brought the wondrous egg, bathed in golden 
 splendors and blazing like a thousand suns, from which 
 sprang Brahma, the self-existing, the parent of all rational 
 beings. In the Hindoo mysteries God is represented under 
 three forms: Vishnu, Siva, and Brahma; for that is the 
 order in which the three are expressed by the letters 
 A U M, that form the mysterious and ineffable name, OM, 
 which is never spoken, but is the object of silent and constant 
 contemplation. The Lingam is worshiped in these rites the 
 same as the Phallus in the Egyptian. The Lotos, too, is 
 a sacred attribute in these mysteries, as it was in those of 
 Isis. The whole initiation represented the same idea as the 
 Egyptian. The eternal combat between the opposing forces 
 of good and evil, of light and dark, and the ultimate triumph 
 of the former, is the leading feature of both, showing conclu- 
 sively, that the Egyptian system, which is the parent of the 
 Grecian, Roman, and, consequently, of our Masonic system, 
 was itself the offspring of the old Indian mysteries. The 
 most celebrated temples where these rites were performed 
 were those of Elo*a, Salsette, and Elephanta.
 
 IND INF. 173 
 
 INDUCTION. In a Council of the " Illustrious Order of 
 the Cross," the word has a significance similar to the following. 
 The word also occurs in a Lodge of Past Masters, wherein 
 the newly-elected Master is inducted into the oriental chair 
 of King Solomon. 
 
 INDUCTION, KITE OF. Those acts and ceremonies by 
 which the novice is first introduced into the Lodge are called 
 by this name. They are highly instructive when properly 
 explained, and have an important symbolical meaning.* 
 
 INEFFABLE. Unutterable. The ineffable degrees, so- 
 called, are the eleven conferred in a Lodge of Perfection, 
 known as the second series of degrees in the Ancient and 
 Accepted rite. The third series are historical, and conferred 
 in a Council of Princes of Jerusalem. The fourth series are 
 philosophical, and conferred in a Chapter of Rose Croix de 
 H.-R.-D.-M. The fifth series are chivalric, historical, and 
 philosophical, and are conferred in a Consistory of Sublime 
 Princes of the Royal Secret. The last grade is official, and is 
 conferred in the Supreme Council of the thirty-third degree. 
 
 INFLAMED URN. An emblom in the alchemistical degree 
 of "Knight of the Sun or Black Eagle." It teaches that the 
 Hermetic Mason should, by his knowledge and virtue, exer- 
 cise an influence on the world as acceptable as the perfume 
 of the burning urn. 
 
 INFORMATION, LAWFUL. No stranger can be permitted 
 to visit a Lodge until he has been examined and tried in the 
 usual form, unless some brother present knows him to be a 
 Mason, by previous trial, or by having met him in a legally 
 constituted Lodge, and vouches for him. This voucher, by 
 a known brother, is called "lawful information." The exami- 
 nation of strangers should be made by intelligent Masons 
 
 * The Rite of Induction signifies the end of a profane and vicious life 
 the palintjemsia (new birth) of corrupted human nature the death of vice 
 and all bad passions, and the introduction to a new life of purity mid 
 virtue. It also prepares the candidate, by prayer and meditation, for that 
 mystic pilgrimage, where he must wander through night and darkness, 
 before he can behold the golden splendors of the Orient, and stand iu 
 unfettered freedom among the Sons of Light. The rite further represents 
 man in his primitive condition of helplessness, ignorance, and moral 
 blindness, seeking after that mental and moral enlightenment which aloup 
 can deliver his mind fron? all thralldoms, and make him master of the 
 material world. The Neophyte, in darkness and -with tremblings, knocks 
 at the portals of the Lodge, and demands admission, instruction, and 
 light. So man, born ignorant, and helpless, and blind, yet feeling stirring 
 within him unappeasable longings for knowledge, knocks at the doors of 
 the temple of science. He interrogates Natiire, demands her secrets, and 
 at length becomai the proud possessor of her mysteries. 
 
 15
 
 174: INN INT. 
 
 who know how to be, at the same time, thorough and 
 courteous. An examination may be careless and inefficient 
 through an excess of modesty on the part of the examining 
 officer, or it may be needlessly rigid and pedantic. Both of 
 these extremes should be avoided. 
 
 INNOVATIONS. These can never be permitted in Free- 
 masonry. As it was in the beginning, so it is now, and so it 
 must forever remain. This is particularly true .of sym- 
 bolic Masonry. It has resisted all attempts of reformers, as 
 these innovators style themselves, to add to, or take from, 
 or introduce, changes. The high degrees are developments 
 of the first three, and complete the fabric in all its beauty. 
 Among the innovators who, in the last age, attempted to 
 change the character of the Masonic rites, Cagliostro and 
 the Chevalier Kamsay were the chief. But their efforts were 
 unavailing, and their inventions soon forgotten. 
 
 I. N. R. I., i. e., Jesus Nazarenus Bex ludaeorum. Jesus of 
 Nazareth, King of the Jews, the inscription which was placed 
 upon the cross of the Savior. In the Philosophical Lodge 
 they represent Fire, Salt, Sulphur, and Mercury. In the 
 system of the Rosicrucians they had a similar use : " Igne 
 Natura Eenovafur Integra" "by fire nature is perfectly 
 renewed." This idea is also found in the degree of " Knights 
 Adepts of the Eagle or the Sun." 
 
 INTENDANT OF THE BUILDING, sometimes called 
 MASTER IN ISRAEL. The 8th degree in the Ancient and 
 Accepted rite. The body is called a Lodge, and its de- 
 corations are crimson; the room is lighted with 27 lights, 
 arranged in three groups of 9 each, and each group 
 forming a triple triangle; on the altar are 5 other lights. 
 The Master is styled Thrice Potent, and represents King 
 Solomon. This degree was instituted to supply the loss of 
 the <5hief architect of the temple. 
 
 INTIMATE SECRETARY. The 6th degree of the Ancient 
 and Accepted rite. The place in which the Lodge is held 
 represents the audience chamber of King Solomon. It is 
 hung with black, strewed with white tears. There are but 
 three officers, who represent King Solomon, King Hiram, 
 and a Captain of the Guards. The ceremony and legend 
 are intended to preserve the remembrance of an instance of 
 unlawful curiosity, the due punishment of the offender being 
 averted only in consideration of his previous fidelity. The 
 degree also teaches that Masons should cultivate the virtues 
 of Silence, Justice, Humanity, and Secrecy; and that in the 
 execution of justice they should not be unmindful of mercy.
 
 IEI IVO. 
 
 175 
 
 IRISH DEGEEES. These degrees appeared in Franca 
 between the years 1730-40. They had a political element, 
 and were intended to aid the Pretender in his efforts to 
 regain the English throne. There were three degrees: Irish 
 Master, Perfect Irish Master, and Puissant Irish Master. 
 
 ISIAC TABLE. A monument of ancient Egypt, on which 
 is represented the worship of the goddess Isis, with he* 
 ceremonies and mysteries. It is a square table of copper, 
 covered with silver mosaic, skillfully inlaid. The prindp: 
 figure of the central group is' Isis. This table is said to bo 
 now in the royal museum at Turin. 
 
 ISIS. The chief goddess in the Egyptian mysteries, the 
 symbol of nature, and mother and nurse of all tilings. 
 Diodorus says that Osiris, Isis, Typhon, Apollo and Venus 
 were the children of Jupiter and Juno. Osiris, who 
 identical with the Dionysus (Bacchus) of the 
 Greeks, married Isis, the moon, and they both 
 made the improvement of society their especial 
 care. Men were no longer butchered, after 
 Isis had discovered the valuable qualities of 
 wheat and barley, and Osiris had taught how 
 to prepare them. Isis and Osiris were un- 
 doubtedly persons superior in mind and intel- 
 ligence to the age in which they lived, who 
 organized society, and contributed largely to 
 the improvement of mankind, on which ac- 
 count the gratitude of after ages elevated 
 them to the rank of gods. Her priests were bound to 
 observe perpetual chastity. Her festivals were celebrated in 
 all parts of Egypt, Greece and Rome. In her terrestrial 
 character, she wears upon her head the throne which repre- 
 sents her name ; in her celestial, the disc and horns, or 
 tall plumes, and nursing Horus. The mysteries of Isis are 
 interesting to Masons, as being the foundation of those of 
 the Sidonian builders, or Dionysian architects, which have 
 contributed so many elements to the Masonic rites. 
 
 IVORY KEY. A symbol in the Philo- 
 sophical Lodge, or degree of Knights 
 Adept of the Eagle or the Sun. It teaches 
 that one should exercise due caution in 
 opening his heart, and expressing his 
 opinions. The Ivory Key, with the letter 
 Z on the wards, in black, is the jewel of 
 the degree of Secret Master, Ancient and 
 Accepted rite. 
 
 ISIS AND HOBUS.
 
 176 
 
 JAC JEH. 
 
 J. 
 
 JACHIN, CQrr)' T^ 16 name f one f the br&zen pillars 
 placed at the porch of Solomon's Temple. It signifies, " he 
 that .strengthens," or "will establish." The other pillar was 
 called BOAZ, (]^D), "in strength" the two words signifying 
 " in strength shall this my house be established." * 
 
 JEHOVAH (ni!T)- The name of God, ineffable and 
 mysterious, which God declared to Moses, from the burning 
 bush on Mount Horeb. Its ancient pronunciation was 
 Yahveh; its meaning is HE is, the same as I AM, the person 
 only being changed. In reply to the request of Moses that 
 God would reveal to him his name, " God said unto Moses, 
 I AM THAT I AM." Ex. in. 14. Thus it denotes the self- 
 existence, independence, immutability, and infinite fullness 
 
 *"Stieglitz, in his work 'On Ancient German Architecture,' gives an 
 illustration of two celebrated pillars, as they are now standing in th 
 cathedral of Wurzburg, one of the oldest cities of Germany, and formerly 
 capital of Franconia. He dates them from 
 the time of the construction of the old 
 cathedral, in 1042, by the Fraternity of 
 Steinmetzen, the peculiar form and orna- 
 mentation of the capitals and bases being 
 characteristic of the architecture of that 
 period. They were originally situated, like 
 the brazen columns of Solomon's Temple, 
 on either side of the porch Jachin on the 
 right, and JBoaz on the left; but at the 
 present time they are placed in an inverse 
 position, within the body of the cathedral, 
 not far from the main entrance, on either side 
 of a Gothic door-way, leading to a small 
 vaulted chamber. He says, that ' they were 
 intended to bear a symbolic reference to 
 the Fraternity, which reference is .revealed 
 to the initiated in their peculiar proportions, 
 in the ingenious construction and combina- 
 tion of the shafts and capitals, as well as 
 by the names sculptured on the abacus.' 
 Bernewitz, disagreeing with Stieglitz in his 
 explanation of the symbolism of these pil- 
 
 j lars, says, that ' the artist intended by them 
 
 to represent God and man. ' Boaz is tripar- 
 tite, and yet constitutes but one whole (Trinity); the central portion 
 of the shaft reenters within itself (God iciihout beginning or end). 
 Jachin consists of only two actual parts, Body and Soul, which are united 
 by a mysterious entwined bond or tie. The interior of these pillars is 
 invisible. The inner man is likewise invisible unfathomable. The 
 lower portion of the shaft rises from the earth, and again returns thither; 
 (so shall the dust return to the earth as it was;) while the upper portion 
 returns again within itself, and is bound with an endless band (the spirit, 
 being also without beginning or end, waits hopefully for its union with th 
 everlasting spirits above; it embraces eternity, and is by it embraced)." 
 STEINBKENNER, Hist, of Masonry.
 
 JEP. 177 
 
 of the divine Being. It never has the article before it, nor 
 is it found in the plural form. The Jews, with a deep 
 reverence for the Deity, never pronounce this name; and 
 .whenever it occurs in the Hebrew Scriptures, they substitute 
 for it, in reading, the word ADONAI, Lord, or ELOHIM, God. 
 That Jehovah is specifically the God of the Hebrews is clear 
 from the fact, that the heathen deities never receive this 
 name; they are always spoken of as Elohim Moreover, the 
 altars, the sacrifices, the festivals, the tabernacle, the temple, 
 the priesthood and the prophets, all belong emphatically to 
 Jehovah. The word is sometimes called the TETRAGRAMMATON, 
 (from the Greek telra, four, and gramma, letter,) as it was 
 among some ancient nations, the mystic number four, which 
 was often symbolized to represent the Deity, whose name 
 was expressed in several languages by four letters. The 
 investigation of this subject is exceedingly interesting tc 
 Royal Arch Masons. 
 
 JEPHTHAH'S DAUGHTER The name of the first degree 
 of the Order of the Eastern Star, or American Adoptive 
 rite. It illustrates, in a beautiful and impressive manner, 
 the ready obedience of a child to the obligations of the 
 parent; of the sacredness of a solemn vow or promise, and, 
 at the same time, the great care, deliberation and discretion 
 with which it should be formed and offered. Its symbol, ja] 
 color is blue. There is a touching and thrilling interest in 
 the history of Jephthah's daughter. The Scriptures give a 
 simple statement of facts and circumstances, without orna-
 
 178 JEB. 
 
 merit or impassioned comments, and the narrative excites 
 the deepest attention. The question has often been pro- 
 pounded, What ivas the precise nature of Jephthah's vow? 
 Amidst all the uncertainty which may attend the interpre- 
 tation of this question, there is enough to stamp character 
 upon it, and to invest it with peculiar interest. Important 
 moral and spiritual lessons are involved in it. Painful as ia 
 the impression produced by the thought of the young, 
 lovely, and only daughter sacrificed at the hands of her 
 father in the fulfillment of a rash and unlawful vow, yet, 
 under that impression, relief is at once afforded as we sym- 
 pathize with the spirit and mark the conduct of the destined 
 victim, and we acknowledge Jephthah's daughter the beau- 
 tiful Adah as one of the illustrious heroines of Scripture, 
 in the most appropriate sense of the term. The incidents 
 of the degree are recorded in the book of Judges, chap. xi. 
 
 JERUSALEM. Habitation or foundation of peace. The most 
 famous and important city of Palestine. The old traditions 
 and natural prepossessions both of Jews and Christians 
 connect it with that Salem of which Melchizedek was king. 
 It is situated on elevated ground south of the center of the 
 country, about 37 miles from the Mediterranean, and about 
 24 from the Jordan. About a century after its foundation, 
 it was captured by the Jebusites, who extended the walls, 
 and constructed a castle, or citadel, on Mount Zion. By 
 them it was called Jebus. In the conquest of Canaan, 
 Joshua put to death its king, Aclonizedek, and obtained 
 posoe^bion of the town, which was jointly inhabited by Jews 
 and Jebusites until the reign of David, who expelled the 
 latter, and made it the capital of his kingdom, under the 
 name of Jebus-Salem, or Jerusalem. Its highest historical 
 importance dates from the time of David, who transported to 
 it the ark of the covenant, and built in it an altar to the 
 Lord. The building of the temple by King Solomon was 
 the consummation of the dignity and holiness of Jerusalem, 
 which was further enlarged, strengthened and beautified by 
 this king and by his successors. After the death of Solomon 
 (B.C. 975), it suffered a diminution of political importance 
 through the revolt and secession of the ten tribes. It waa 
 jjillaged (B.C. 972), by Shishak, king of Egypt, and by 
 Athaliah (B.C. 884), and finally (B.C. 588), it was taken, after 
 a siege of three years, by Nebuchadnezzar, who razed its 
 walls, and destroyed the temple and palaces, and carried all 
 the holy vessels of the temple, together with thousands oi 
 cap tives, to Babylon. Having been rebuilt alter the Captivity 
 (B. j. 536), it was again taken and pillaged under Ptolemy 
 Lagos (B. c. 320), and under Antiochus Epiphanes (B. c. 161)
 
 JEE JES. 181 
 
 Pompey took the city (B. c. 63), put 12,000 of the inhabitants 
 to the sword, and razed the walls to the ground, sparing, at 
 the same time, the treasures of the sanctuary. A few years 
 later (B.C. 51) it was pillaged by Crassus; and from these 
 beginnings date the continued series of Roman aggressions, 
 which terminated in the complete destruction of the city 
 and dispersion of the Jewish race, under Vespasian and 
 Titus, A. D. 70. 
 
 JERUSALEM, HEAVENLY. The City of God. In several of 
 the higher degrees the Heavenly Jerusalem is frequently 
 alluded to, and occupies a prominent place. In the fifth 
 section of the 2d degree of the Rite of Herodem the Thersata 
 says: "Brothers, may we all, whether present or absent, so 
 labor that we shall come at last to Mount Zion, to the city 
 of the living God; the Heavenly Jerusalem * * * *, where 
 the sun shall set no more, nor the moon deprive us of her 
 light, and where the days of our affliction, and the fatigues 
 of our pilgrimage shall find an end." This celestial city is 
 also referred to in the 19th degree of the Ancient and 
 Accepted rite. 
 
 JERUSALEM, NEW. Some professors of the doctrine of 
 Swedenborg formed a society in London under this name, 
 having relations with a mystical-magnetical-spiritual brother- 
 hood, in Stockholm. It had some Masonic symbols, and its 
 spirit is seen in some of the degrees of the Swedish rite. 
 
 JESUITS, OKDEK of. This celebrated society was -founded 
 in 1534, by Ignatius Loyola, a Spaniard of ardent imagination 
 and earnest spirit, and was confirmed by Pius III. in 1540. 
 There can bo but little doubt that he intended it to be a 
 mystical and contemplative association, resembling, in many 
 things, the colleges of Egyptian priests; and the original 
 objects of the Order, as promulgated by Loyola, were 
 certainly entitled to respect. To defend and propagate 
 the faith, to educate the young, to assist each other, to 
 renounce the honors of the world, and ecclesiastical digni- 
 ties; such was the basis upon which was erected a fabric 
 that destroyed itself as soon as it lost sight of its first ideal, 
 and ceased to be what it promised at the commencement of 
 its career. The Jesuits appear to have taken the Egyptian 
 priests for their model. Like them, they were the con- 
 servators and interpreters of religion. The vows, they 
 pronounced, bound them to their company, as indissolubly 
 as the interest and politics of the Egyptian priests fixed them 
 in the sacred college of Memphis. Like those ancient 
 priests, they subjected all who aspired to membership in the
 
 182 
 
 JEW. 
 
 Order to the severest trials; like them, they sent forth 
 missionaries to propagate and interpret the faith; they were 
 the counselors of princes, and the educators of statesmen. 
 But the Order lost its power, and received the condemnation 
 of the world as soon as it became the ally of despots and 
 made a traffic of the rights of man. After the Order of Jesus 
 had fallen from its high estate, and became merely a secret 
 society of political agitators and intriguers, some ardent and 
 enthusiastic men conceived the idea of superseding it by a 
 new Order that should retain all the good of the old, and 
 be better adapted to the circumstances of modern times, and 
 the wants of modern society. The Society of the Uluminati 
 and that of the Rosecrucians were formed with this aim 
 and purpose. The adepts of the Illuminati were governed 
 by rules nearly identical with those of the Jesuits, and the 
 whole machinery of the two orders was constructed after the 
 same idea. 
 
 JEWELS. Every Lodge is furnished, symbolically, with 
 six jewels; three movable and three immovable. The three 
 immovable jewels are the square, level, and plumb; they are 
 so-called because they are the permanent and unchangeable 
 jewels of the Lodge, and can never be taken or removed 
 from their proper places. They belong, permanently and 
 immovably, to the three principal offices and chairs. The 
 movable jewels are the rough ashlar, the perfect ashlar, and 
 the trestle-board. Jewels are the names applied to the 
 emblems worn by the officers of Masonic bodies as distinctive 
 badges of their offices. For the purpose of reference, the 
 jewels used by the several Masonic bodies most popular in 
 the United States are herewith described: 
 
 cross-batons. 
 
 lyre. 
 
 sword. 
 
 GRAND LODGE. 
 
 YELLOW METAL (Suspended 
 
 within a circle). 
 
 (compass, opened 
 on a quar. circle, 
 sun in center, 
 square 
 level, 
 plumb, 
 cross-keys, 
 cross-pens, 
 open Bible. 
 scroL and sword 
 crossed 
 
 SYMBOLIC LODGE. 
 
 Marshal wea 
 
 O* 8ILVEB. 
 
 Organist 
 
 Past Mast, wears a compass, opened 
 
 Tyler 
 
 on a quarter circle, sun in center. 
 
 G 
 
 This jowel may be of silver or gold, or 
 
 OF GOLD OB Yl 
 
 of silver and gold. 
 
 wi 
 
 Master wears a square. 
 
 Past Grand IV 
 
 S. War. " level. 
 
 opened on < 
 
 J. War. " plumb. 
 
 in the cent< 
 
 Treasurer ' ' cross-keys. 
 
 
 Secretary " cross-pens. 
 
 G. Mast, wears 
 
 {square and com- 
 
 
 pass, sun in the 
 
 Dep.G.Mast. 
 
 center. 
 
 S. G. War. ' 
 
 {square and com- 
 
 J. G. War. ' 
 
 pass, quar. moon 
 in the center. 
 
 G. Treas. ' 
 G. Sec. 
 
 Stewards ' cornucopia. 
 
 G. Chaplain ' 
 
 Mast, of Cer. " cross-swords. 
 Chaplain " open Bible. 
 
 G.- Marshal '
 
 LODGE JEWELS. 
 
 1NIOB WARDEN. 
 
 JTJNIOB WARDEN TREASURER. 
 
 SECRETABY. 
 
 HENIOR DEACON. 
 
 JUNIOR DEACON. 
 
 MISTERS OF CEREMONIES. 
 
 CHAPLAIN.
 
 GRAND LODGE JEWELS. 
 
 GRAND MASTER. 
 
 DBF. OB. MASTER. BEN. OR. WABDKH. 
 
 UTS. GR. WAIIDEN. GB. TREASURER. 
 
 GB. SECBETARY. 
 
 GR. CHAPLAIN. 
 
 GR. MARSHAL. OB. STANDARD BEABEB. 
 
 GB. SWORD BEARRB. GB. STEWARDS. 
 
 OB. DEACONS. 
 
 GR. PURSUIVANT. 
 
 GB. LECTURES. 
 
 GB. TILEB.
 
 CHAPTEE JEWELS. 
 
 PBINC. SOJOTJB, E. A, OAPT. KAST8. OF THE TAILS. tBEASUKKB. 
 
 BECBETAET. CHAPLAIN. BTEWAKDg. SENTINEL. 
 
 COMMANDERY JEWELS. 
 
 OO1CMAUDEB. OENEBALISSIMO. 
 
 4- 
 
 IKK. WABDEN. JtTN. KTAKDEN. TEEASUBEB. EECOBDEB. 
 
 ffTAJJD. BEABBft. SWOKD BEABER. WAEDEB. 
 
 16
 
 186 
 
 JOA JOH, 
 
 G.Std.B. wears a banner. 
 
 G. Sword B. 
 G. Stewards 
 
 G. Deacon 
 
 G. Pursuiv. 
 G. Tyler 
 
 straight sword, 
 cornucopia, 
 dove, bearing olive 
 
 branch, 
 sword and trurn't 
 
 crossed, 
 cross-swords. 
 
 ROYAL AllCH CHAPTERS. 
 P. wears a miter. 
 
 level, surmounted 
 by a crown. 
 
 plumb, surmount- 
 ed by a turban. 
 
 triangular plate, 
 inscribed with a 
 soldier. 
 
 triangular plate, 
 inscribed with a 
 pilgrim. 
 
 H. 
 
 King " 
 
 Scribe 
 
 Capt. of Host" 
 
 Princ. Sojr. " 
 
 R. A. Captain ' 
 
 Mast, of Vails' 
 Treasurer ' 
 Secretary ' 
 Chaplain ' 
 Sentinel ' 
 
 i sword, with signet 
 ! rm g. 
 
 swords. 
 
 cross-keys. 
 
 cross-pens. 
 
 open Bible. 
 
 cross-swords. 
 
 All the above jewels for Grand or Subor- 
 dinate Chapters are of yellow metal, and 
 suspended within an equilateral triangle. 
 
 ROYAL AND SELECT MASTERS. 
 G. Mast, wears a trowel and square. 
 Hir. of Tyre " trowel and level, 
 trowel and plumb, 
 trowel and cross- 
 keys, 
 trowel and cross- 
 
 C'dr.ofWks. 
 Treasurer 
 
 Recorder 
 Capt. of Grd. 
 
 pens, 
 trowel and bat. ax. 
 
 Sentinel 
 
 trowel and sword. 
 
 Gen'simo wears 
 Capt. Gen. " 
 
 Prelate 
 
 Sen. War. 
 
 Jun. War. 
 
 Treasurer 
 Recorder 
 
 Stand. B. 
 Sword B. 
 
 Warder 
 
 Of yellow metal, and suspended within an 
 equilateral triangle. 
 
 COMMANDERY OF KNIGHTS TEMPLAR. 
 Em't Commander wears a passion 
 cross, with rays of light at the 
 crossings. 
 
 sq'e., surmounted 
 by paschal lamb, 
 level, surmounted 
 
 by a cock, 
 triple triangle with 
 a passion cross 
 in each, 
 hollow square and 
 
 sword. 
 
 j eagle and flaming 
 j sword, 
 cross-keys, 
 cross-pens. 
 plumb, surmount- 
 ed by a banner, 
 triangle and cross- 
 swords. 
 
 square plate, with 
 trumpet and 
 cross-swords, 
 square plate, with 
 
 battle-ax, 
 sword. 
 
 Guards 
 Sentinel 
 
 The jewels for Grand Commandery are 
 the same, enclosed within a circle, and 
 all of yellow metal. 
 
 A description of the jewels be- 
 longing to the Ancient and Accepted 
 rite may be found attached to the 
 name of each degree, respectively, 
 in this work. 
 
 JOABERT. The companion of Solomon and Hiram. The 
 name appears in several of the high degrees in connection 
 with the above-mentioned illustrious Masons. 
 
 JOACHIM, ORDER OF ST. An offspring of the Order of tnio 
 and perfect friendship of St. Jonathan. It was composed of 
 Knights and ladies, and, in 1804, had its seat in Bamberg. 
 One of the vows of the members required them to believe 
 in the Trinity and avoid waltzing. 
 
 JOHANNITE MASONRY. The lodges of symbolical 
 Masonry which were formerly dedicated to King Solomon 
 are now dedicated to St. John the Baptist and St. John 
 the Evangelist. Hence the first three degrees are called 
 Johaumte Masonry.
 
 JOP KAD. 
 
 187 
 
 JOPPA. One of the most ancient seaports in the world; 
 en the Mediterranean sea, about 35 miles north-west of 
 Jerusalem. Here the materials for building the first and 
 second temples, sent 
 from Lebanon, Tyre 
 and other places, were 
 landed, and conveyed 
 to Jerusalem. Its har- 
 bor is shoal and unpro- 
 tected from the winds; 
 but on account of its 
 convenience to Jeru- 
 salem, it became the 
 principal port of Ju- 
 dea, and is still the 
 great landing-place of pilgrims arid travelers to the Holy 
 Land. The place is now called Jaffa. The peculiarly hilly 
 and even precipitous character of Joppa is preserved in the 
 traditions of the degree of Mark Master, and a benevolent 
 moral deduced, in accordance with the entire instructions 
 of the grade. 
 
 JUDAH. The fourth son of the patriarch Jacob, whose 
 descendants became the most distinguished of the twelve 
 tribes. On account of this the whole of Palestine is some- 
 times called Judea, or the land of Judah. The device on 
 the banner of this tribe was a lion. It appears in the 
 symbolism of Freemasonry. 
 
 JUDAH AND BENJAMIN. Of the twelve tribes of Israel, 
 which were carried away captive by Nebuchadnezzar, only 
 two (Judah and Benjamin) ever returned to Palestine. No 
 traces of the lost tribes have ever been found. 
 
 K. 
 
 KADOSH. A Hebrew word, signifying holy, consecrated, 
 separated; the designation of the 30th degree of the Ancient 
 and Accepted rite, or Knight of the White and Black Eagle. 
 [See KNIGHT OF KADOSH.] There are several degrees bearing 
 this name, but they all seem to be allied to the Knights 
 Templar system. In the history of the high degrees we 
 find: 1. The Knight Kadosh; 2. Kadosh of the Chapter of 
 Clermont; 3. Philosophical Kadosh; 4. Kadosh Prince of 
 Death; 5. Kadosh of the Scottish rite. It is also the name 
 of the 10th degree of Martin's system ; the 24th of the 
 Council of Emperors of the East and West; 9th of the Scotch 
 Philosophical rite, and 65th of the system of Misraim.
 
 188 KAL KIN. 
 
 KALAND, BROTHERS OF. A lay brotherhood which origi- 
 nated in Germany in the thirteenth century. The name is 
 derived from the Latin word kalendae, which, among the 
 ancient Romans, designated the first day of the month. On 
 this day the brethren assembled to pray for their deceased 
 friends, and to meditate and discuss religious, moral, and 
 philosophical subjects. The meeting was closed with the 
 agape, or Table-lodge. 
 
 KIL WINNING. A small town in Scotland, of no im- 
 portance or influence, but which fills a large place in Masonic 
 history, although it is doubtful whether the greater portion 
 of the Masonic events said to have transpired there ever 
 existed, except in the regions of the imagination. As Kil- 
 winning, however, was the seat of a monastery, founded in 
 1140, it is not unlikely that a Lodge of Masons might have 
 been organized there at that time; although there are no 
 authentic records existing showing this to be the fact. 
 Thory Acta Latainorum says that: "Robert Bruce, King 
 of Scotland, under the title of Robert I., created the Order 
 of St. Andrew of Chardon, after the battle of Bannockburn, 
 which was fought June 24, 1314. To this Order was afterward 
 united that of Heroden, for the sake of the Scotch Masons, 
 who formed a part of the thirty thousand troops with whom 
 he had fought an army of one hundred thousand English- 
 men. King Robert reserved the title of Grand Master to 
 himself and his successors forever, and founded the Royal 
 Grand Lodge of Herodeni at Kil winning." The whole 
 subject of the connection of Kil winning with the history of 
 Freemasonry is involved in great obscurity ; but it is generally 
 believed by Masons that the first Lodge in Scotland was 
 opened at Kilwiniiing at the time of the building of the 
 abbey. [See HEROD EM.] 
 
 KING. In the Chapter of Royal Arch Masons, he is the 
 second officer, and represents Zerubbabel, governor of Judea, 
 and a lineal descendant of the royal race of King David. In 
 the Lodge of Mark, Past and Most Excellent Masters, the 
 King acts as Senior Warden. 
 
 KING OF THE SANCTUARY. An honorary or side 
 dogree. A Mason can only receive this degree from five 
 Masters of Lodges, who have each served a year in that 
 office without interruption. No King of the Sanctuary can 
 confer this degree, until after the expiration of nine years 
 from the time of receiving it, unless he who presided at his 
 reception knowing him to be the only person in possession 
 of the degree, in the place where he resides, relieves him of 
 this restriction before finally parting with him permanently;
 
 KNI. 189 
 
 and this is moreover to be done in the presence of those who 
 assisted at his reception. 
 
 KNIGHT. 1. A young servant, or follower; a military 
 attendant; 2. A young man when admitted to the privilege 
 of bearing arms; hence one of a certain chivalric or feudal 
 rank; a champion; 3. One on whom knighthood is con- 
 ferred by the sovereign or authorized military power, or, 
 masonically, within the body of a just and legally constituted 
 Commandery of Knights Templar, entitling the recipient to 
 be addressed as Sir Knight. 
 
 KNIGHTHOOD, MASONIC. There is much difference of 
 opinion as to the origin of this branch of the Masonic Insti- 
 tution, and* without attempting to show that the form of 
 conferring the order is identical with that of the gallant 
 and devoted soldier-monks of the Crusades, it cannot be 
 controverted that their Institution possessed some features 
 of similarity to Freemasonry. The connection between the 
 Knights Templar and the Masonic Institution has been 
 repeatedly asserted by the friends and enemies of both. 
 Bro. Lawrie says: "We know the Knights Templar not only 
 possessed the mysteries, but performed the ceremonies, and 
 inculcated the duties of Freemasons;" and he attributes the 
 dissolution of the Order to the discovery of their being 
 Freemasons, and assembling in secret to practice the rites of 
 the Order. He endeavors to show that they were initiated 
 into the Order by the Druses, a Syrian Fraternity which 
 existed at that date, and indeed now continues. In a French 
 MS. ritual of about 1780, in the degree of Black and White 
 Eagle (30th), the transmission of Freemasonry by the 
 Templars is most positively asserted. The history of the 
 Templars and their persecution is minutely described in the 
 closing address, and the Grand Commander adds: "This is, 
 my illustrious brother, how and by whom Masonry is derived 
 and has been transmitted to us. You are now a Knight 
 Templar, and on a level with them." The Order of the 
 Temple, in the twelfth century, was divided into three 
 classes : Knights, Priests, and Serving Brethren. Every 
 candidate for admission into the first class must have 
 received the honor of knighthood in due form, and according 
 to the laws of chivalry, and consequently the Knights Tem- 
 plar were all men of noble birth. The second class, or the 
 Priests, were not originally a part of the Order, but by the 
 bull of Pope Alexander, known as the bull omne datum 
 optimum, it was ordained that they might be admitted, 
 to enable the Knights more commodiously to hear divine 
 eer ^ce, and to receive the sacraments. Serving Brothers,
 
 190 KNI. 
 
 like the Priests, were not a part of the primitive institution. 
 They owed their existence to the increasing prosperity and 
 luxury of the Order. Over this society, thus constituted, wag 
 placed a presiding officer, with the title of Grand Master. 
 His power, though great, was limited. He was in war the 
 commander-in-chief of all the forces of the Temple. In his 
 hands was placed the whole patronage of the Order, and as 
 the vicegerent of the Pope, he was the spiritual head and 
 bishop of all the clergy belonging to the society. He was, 
 however, much controlled and guided by the chapter, with- 
 out whose consent he was never permitted to draw out or 
 expend the money of the Order. The Grand Master resided 
 originally at Jerusalem; afterward, when that city was lost, 
 at Acre, and finally at Cyprus. His duty always required 
 him to be in the Holy Land; ho, consequently, never resided 
 in Europe. He was elected for life from among the Knights 
 in the following manner: On the death of the Grand Master, 
 a Grand Prior was chosen to administer the affairs of the 
 Order until a successor could be elected. When the day, 
 which had been appointed for the election, arrived, the 
 chapter usitally assembled at the chief seat of the Order; 
 three or more of the most esteemed Knights were then 
 proposed, the Grand Prior collected the votes, and he who 
 tiad received the greatest number was nominated to be the 
 electing Prior. An Assistant was then associated with him 
 in the person of another Knignt. These two remained all 
 night in the chapel, engaged in prayer. In the morning, 
 they chose two others, and these four, two more, and so on 
 until the number of twelve (that of the Apostles) had been 
 selected. The twelve then selected a chaplain. The thirteen 
 then proceeded to vote for a Grand Master, who was elected 
 by a majority of votes. When the election was completed, 
 it was announced to the assembled brethren, and when all 
 had promised obedience, the Prior, if the person was present, 
 said to him : " In the name of God the Father, the Son, and 
 the Holy Ghost, we have chosen, and do choose thee, Bro. N., 
 to be our Master." Then, turning to the brethren, he said: 
 " Beloved sirs and brethren, give thanks unto God, behold 
 here our Master." The mode of reception into the Order 
 is described to have been exceedingly solemn. A novitiate 
 was enjoined by the canons, though practically it was in 
 general dispensed with. The candidate was received in a 
 chapter assembled in the chapel of the Order, all strangers 
 being rigorously excluded. The Preceptor opened the busi- 
 ness with an address to those present, demanding if they 
 knew any just cause or impediment why the candidate should 
 not be admitted. If no objection was made, the candidate 
 was conducted into an adjacent chamber, wher^ two or
 
 ADMISSION OK A NOVICE TO THE VOWS OP THE ORDER OF THE 
 TEMPLE.
 
 KNL 193 
 
 three of the Knights, placing before his view the rigor and 
 austerities of the order, demanded if he still persisted in 
 entering it. If he persisted, he was asked if he was married 
 or betrothed, had mader a vow in any other order, if he owed 
 more than he could pay, if he was of sound body, without 
 any secret infirmity, and free? If his answers proved 
 satisfactory, they left him and returned to the chapter, and 
 the Preceptor again asked, if any one had anything to say 
 against his being received. If all were silent, he asked if 
 they were willing to receive him. On their assenting, the 
 candidate was led in by the Knights who had questioned 
 him, and who now instructed him in the mode of asking 
 admission. He advanced, and kneeling before the Preceptor, 
 with folded hands, said: "Sir, I am come before God, and 
 before you and the brethren; and I pray and beseech you, 
 for the sake of God, and our sweet Lady, to receive me 
 into your society and the good works of the order, as 
 one who, all his life long, will be the servant and slave 
 of the order." The Preceptor then inquired of him if he 
 had well considered all the trials and difficulties which 
 awaited him in the order, adjured him on the Holy Evan- 
 gelists to speak the truth, and then put to him the question 
 which had already been put to him in the preparation-room, 
 further inquiring if he was a Knight, and the son of a 
 Knight and gentlewoman, and if he was a priest. He 
 then asked him the following questions: " Do you promise 
 to God, and Mary, our dear Lady, obedience, as long as 
 you live, to the Master of the Temple, and the Prior who 
 shall be set over you? do you promise chastity of the body? 
 do you further promise a strict compliance with the laudable 
 customs and usages of the order now in force, and such 
 as the Master and Knights may hereafter add ? will you 
 fight for and defend, with all your might, the Holy Land 
 of Jerusalem, and never quit the order but with the consent 
 of the Master and Chapter? and lastly, do you agree that 
 you never will see a Christian unjustly deprived of his 
 inheritance, nor be aiding in such a deed?" The answers 
 to all these questions being in the affirmative, the Preceptor 
 then said: "In the name of God, and of Mary, our dear 
 Lady, and in the name of St. Peter of Rome, and our 
 Father the Pope, and in the name of all the brethren of 
 the Temple, we receive you to all the good works of the 
 order, which have been performed from the beginning, and 
 will be performed to the end, you, your father, your mother, 
 and all those of your family whom you let participate 
 therein. So you, in like manner, receive us to all the good 
 works which you have performed and will perform. Wo
 
 194 KNL 
 
 assure you of bread and water, the poor clothing of the 
 order, and labor and toil enow." The Preceptor then 
 took the white mantle, with its ruddy cross, placed it about 
 his neck, and bound it fast. The Chaplain repeated the 
 133d Psalm: "Behold, how good and how pleasant it is 
 for brethren to dwell together in unity ! " and the prayer 
 of the Holy Spirit, " Deus qui corda Jidelium;" each brother 
 said a pater, and the Preceptor and Chaplain kissed the 
 candidate. He then placed himself at the feet of the 
 Preceptor, who exhorted him to peace and charity, to 
 chastity, obedience, humility, and piety, and so the ceremony 
 was ended. The secret mysteries of the Templars, most of 
 the historians say, were celebrated on Good Friday; aoa 
 what those mysteries were, we discover from those who still 
 carry them on as" their successors the order as kept up in 
 France and other countries on the continent not the Masonic 
 institution. They are accustomed in these secret rites to act 
 over the events which took place on Thursday, Friday and 
 Saturday of the Holy Week, and then solemnize with great 
 pomp the resurrection of Christ. One writer, Rosetti, dis- 
 tinctly asserts that the Templars were a branch of the Masonic 
 institution, whose great object in that age was the overthrow 
 of the papal tyranny, and the monstrous fabric it had erected 
 of idolatry, superstition, and impiety; and hence he traces 
 the determination of the Pope to crush, at all hazards, the 
 order of the Temple, with all its daring innovations. Though 
 there is a great probability, if not a certainty, that Masonry 
 was a leading feature in the Templar institution, we are 
 inclined to believe that the mysteries of the craft were the 
 only secrets of their practice. The wonderful architectural 
 and engineering worlds which, both in Asia and Europe, were 
 constructed under the direction of the Templars and Hos- 
 pitallers more particularly the former are, it seems to us, 
 very striking evidence of the Masonic origin of the Knights. 
 Gervase of Canterbury, who wrote in the twelfth century, 
 speaks of both French and English artificers, skillful to work 
 in stone and in wood, who traveled in guilds or societies, for the 
 purpose of proffering their services wherever the architect's 
 and builder's art required to be exercised. These were the 
 only men who possessed the requisite knowledge, and from 
 their ranks kings and princes frequently impressed by violence 
 workmen whom they required to construct their palaces or 
 fortresses. They were the operative Freemasons, to whose 
 surpassing skill and knowledge of the laws of beauty 
 and just proportion we are indebted for the magnificent 
 cathedrals which adorn many parts of Europe. They met 
 in Lodges close tiled from the vulgar gaze, and pursued the
 
 KNI 195 
 
 practice of their mystic rites under the sanction of the throne 
 and the church. The traveling bodies of Freemasons, which 
 we have mentioned, consisted of brethren well skilled in 
 every branch of knowledge; among their ranks were many 
 learned ecclesiastics, whose names survive to the present 
 day in the magnificent edifices which they assisted to erect. 
 The Knights of the Temple, themselves a body of military 
 monks, partaking both of the character of soldiers and 
 priests, preserved in their Order a rank exclusively clerical, 
 the individuals belonging to which took no part in warfare, 
 who were skilled in letters, and devoted themselves to the 
 civil and religious affairs of the Order; they were the histo- 
 rians of the period, and we know that all the learning of 
 the time was in their keeping, in common with the other 
 ecclesiastics of their day. From the best information we are 
 possessed of regarding the Order, we believe there can be 
 little doubt that these learned clerks introduced the whole 
 fabric of Craft Masonry into the system of knighthood, and 
 that not only was the speculative branch of the science by 
 them incorporated with the laws and organization of the 
 Knights, but to their operative skill were the Templars 
 indebted for their triumphs in architecture and fortification. 
 We have shown that the early Freemasons were the architects 
 of all structures above the hovels of the peasantry; and we 
 have endeavored to trace to Masonic influence the eminence 
 attained in structural science by the various knightly 
 orders. In our opinion, there is little room to doubt 
 that the practice of Masonry soon became a prominent 
 feature of the Order, and that Masonic secrets alone were 
 the far-famed mysteries of the Templars. As it is evident 
 that these pursuits would not in the eyes of the world appear 
 to further the original objects of the chivalric orders, we 
 cannot be surprised that the knights made no profession of 
 their Masonic studies; pexiiaps, even at that remote period, 
 there was a well-grounded fear of the animosity which has 
 been since so fearfully developed in the church of Home 
 against all secret societies. That power has ever trembled 
 at the progress of liberality and science, knowing full well 
 that in proportion as the intellect of man is strengthened by 
 freedom of thought, her influence, founded upon blind 
 superstition and puerile credulity, must gradually disappear 
 from the earth. In illustration of the alarm of the papal 
 church at societies of this kind, we will refer, though not 
 strictly belonging to our subject, to the Academy of Secrets, 
 established in Italy in the sixteenth century, by Baptista 
 Porta, for the advancement of science. This association 
 was called I Secreti, and was accessible only to such as had 
 made some new discover}' (real or supposed) in physical
 
 196 
 
 KNL 
 
 science. Porta did not content himself with this private 
 means of instruction and education; he also, to the utmost 
 of his power, promoted public academies, wherein were 
 taught the then recondite sciences of chemistry, optics, and 
 natural history. His voluminous works extended his fame, 
 and he was visited by the learned from all parts of Europe. 
 Such a man, in that age, could not escape the notice and 
 pressing attentions of the Holy Church. Writing, of course, 
 much that was perfectly incomprehensible to the ignorant 
 priests of the time, he was summoned to Rome to answer for 
 his conduct and opinions. 
 
 KNIGHT OF THE BRAZEN SERPENT. The 25th 
 degree of the Ancient and Accepted rite. The history oi 
 this degree is founded upon the events described in the Book 
 of Numbers xxi. 6-9.* The body is styled the Council, and 
 represents the camp of the Israelites in the wilderness, after 
 the death of Aaron. The camp, standards, and tabernacle 
 with its court, are arranged as in the 23d and 24th degrees. 
 In the East is a transparency on which is painted a cross, with 
 a serpent coiled round it and over the arms. The teaching and 
 moral of the degree is FAITH. The presiding officer represents 
 Moses, and is styled "Most Puissant Leader." The candidate 
 is called "A Traveller." The hangings of the council are red 
 
 * "And the Lord sent fiery serpents among the people, and they bit 
 the people; and much people of Israel died. Therefore, the people came 
 to Moses, and said, We have sinned, for we have spoken against the 
 Lord, and against thee; pray unto the Lord, that he take away the ser- 
 pents from us. And Moses prayed for the people. And the Lord said 
 unto Moses, make thee a fiery serpent, and set it upon a pole: and it 
 shall come to pass, that every one that is bitten, when he looketh upon 
 it, shall live. And Moses made a serpent of brass, and put it upon a 
 pole, and it came to pass that if a serpent had bitten any man, when h 
 beheld the serpent of brass, he lived." The ritual says that Moses, in 
 obedience to the divine command, placed the brazen serpent upon the 
 tau, and every one who looked upon it was directed to pronounce the 
 word hatathi, "I have sinned;" and having done this, he was immediately 
 healed.
 
 KNL 197 
 
 Hud blue. The jewel is a tau cross, of gold, surmounted 
 by a circle the Crux Ansata round which a serpent is 
 entwined, suspended by a red ribbon. The legend states 
 that this degree was founded during the time of the crusades 
 in the Holy Land, as a military and monastic order, and gave 
 it the name it bears, in allusion to the healing and saving 
 virtues of the brazen serpent* among the Israelites in the 
 wilderness it being part of the obligation of the Knights 
 to receive and gratuitously nurse sick travelers, protect them 
 against the attacks of the infidels, and escort them safely 
 through Palestine. 
 
 KNIGHT OF THE CHRISTIAN MARK, AND GUARD OF 
 THE CONCLAVE. According to the traditions of this degree it 
 was first created at Rome by Pope Alexaudei*, for the defense 
 of his person and the Holy See. Circumstances, however, 
 occurred which rendered some changes necessary, and he 
 called on the worthy Knights of St. John to assist him, as 
 they were well known to be faithful and zealous followers of 
 the Lord. That no stranger should gain admission and 
 discover the secrets of this august assembly, the Order of 
 the Christian Mark was conferred on the members. The 
 motto of the Order is " Ghristus regnal, vincit, triumphal" 
 Christ reigns, conquers, and triumphs. "Rex regum, et 
 Dominus dominorum." King of kings, and Lord o lords. 
 The body is called a conclave. The officers are : 1. Invincible 
 Knight; 2. Senior Knight; 3. Junior Knight; 4. Six Grand 
 Ministers; 5. Recorder; 6. Treasurer; 7. Conductor; 8. Guard 
 The jewel is a triangular plate of gold with seven eyes 
 engraved on one side, and the letter G within a five-pointed 
 star on the other. 
 
 KNIGHT OF CONSTANTINE. This degree, sometimes, 
 but improperly, styled " Knight of Constantinople," is an 
 auxiliary or side degree; the legend thereof refers to the 
 time of Constantine Perphyrogenitus, who became Emperor 
 A. D. 911. It may be conferred on any Master Mason in 
 good standing, by any one who is legally in possession ol 
 it, with the aid of at least five other Master Masons who are 
 also Knights of the degree. The body is styled a Preceptoi-y 
 and the presiding officer is called Preceptor. 
 
 * The brazen serpent which Moses set up was preserved as a memorial 
 of the miracle till the time of Hezekiah more than 7UO years who, in 
 extirpating idolatry, ' ' removed the high places, and brake the images, and 
 cut down the groves, and brake in pieces the brazen serpent that Moses 
 had made; for until those days the children of Israel did burn incense 
 to it." This was a bold measure; for some kings, however determined 
 on the extirpation of idolatry, would have hesitated at the destruction oi 
 that which was certainly in itself an interesting memorial of a remarkable 
 uiainlesstation of tho power of God. 
 
 17
 
 198 
 
 KNL 
 
 KNIGHT OF THE EAST OR SWORD. The 15th degree 
 of the Ancient and Accepted rite. It refers to those valiant 
 Masons who, with trowels in hand and swords by their sides, 
 were ever ready to construct and defend the Holy City and 
 Sanctuary. It is founded on the circumstance of the assist- 
 ance rendered' by Darius to the Jews, who, liberated from 
 their captivity by Cyrus, had been prevented by their ene- 
 mies from rebuilding the temple. This degree requires three 
 apartments, styled Hall of the West and Hall of the East, 
 between which must be an ante-chamber or passage, repre- 
 senting the road from Jerusalem to Persia. The first 
 apartment represents the encampment of the Masons among 
 the ruins of Jerusalem. The hangings are crimson. The 
 room is lighted with 70 lights, disposed in groups of 7 each, 
 in commemoration of the 70 years captivity. The second 
 apartment represents the council chamber of Cyrus, King 
 of Persia, and should be decorated according to the customs 
 of the Orientals. In the ante-room, separating the two 
 apartments, must be a solid bridge, resembling stone, with a 
 representation of running water under it. The jewel, of 
 gold, is three triangles, one within the other, diminishing in 
 size, and inclosing two naked swords, crossed hilts down- 
 ward, resting on the base of the inner triangle. From 
 Scripture and tradition is derived the following legend of 
 this degree: The Knights of the East derive their origin 
 from the captivity, when the whole land was a "desolation 
 and an astonishment," and the nation did " serve the King of 
 Babylon seventy years." And when the seventy years were 
 accomplished, the Israelites were restored to liberty by 
 Cyrus, in fulfillment of the prophecy of Jeremiah. Cyrus 
 permitted the Jews to return to Jerusalem for the purpose 
 jf rebuilding the temple, and he caused all the holy vessels
 
 KNI 199 
 
 and ornaments which had been carried away by Nebuzaradan 
 to "be restored, and brought again into the temple which 
 is at Jerusalem, every one to his place, and place them in 
 the house of God" (Ezra vi. 5). The king committed the 
 charge of the holy vessels, as well as of the returning captives, 
 to Sheshbazzar, the prince of Judah; this is the Babylonian 
 us me of Zerubbabel, who was of the royal line of David. 
 When the Israelitish captives were assembled they numbered 
 42,300, exclusive of slaves and servants amounting to 7,33'~ 
 This traditional history relates that Zerubbabel, for the pro- 
 tection of his people, armed 7,000 Masons, and placed them in 
 the van to repel such as should oppose their march to Judea. 
 Their march was unimpeded as far as the banks of the 
 Euphrates, where they found an armed force opposed to their 
 passage. A conflict ensued, and the enemy was cut to pieces 
 or drowned at the passage of the bridge. The emblematic 
 color of the degree is in allusion to this circumstance. The 
 journey occupied four months, and in seven days from their 
 arrival the work of restoring the temple was commenced. 
 The workmen were divided into classes, over each of which 
 a chief, with two assistants, was placed. Every degree of 
 each class was paid according to its rank, and each class had 
 its distinctive modes of I'ecognition. The works had scarcely 
 commenced before the workmen were disturbed by the 
 neighboring Samaritans, who were determined to oppose the 
 
 reconstruction of the 
 edifice. Zerubbabel 
 therefore ordered, as 
 a measure of precau- 
 tion, that the Masons 
 should work with a 
 sword in one hand 
 and a trowel in the 
 other, that they might 
 be able at any moment 
 to defend themselves 
 from the attacks of 
 their enemies. The 
 
 THE 80LDIKK MASONS BUILDING THE SECOND TEMPLK. gecond temple OCCU- 
 
 pied about 20 years in its construction, and was conse- 
 crated in a like manner to that of the Temple of Solomon. 
 Those Masons who constructed it were created by Cyrus 
 Knights of the East, and hence the title of this degree. Thia 
 degree appears in both the French rites; in the Grand 
 Orient it is the 6th; in both it is termed Knight of the East. 
 The assembly is called a Council. Everything bears a 
 Hebrew character; there are the candlestick with seven 
 branches, the brazen sea, and the table of shewbread. etc
 
 200 
 
 KNI. 
 
 Tho Chief of the Council is designated Sovereign, and repre- 
 sents Cyrus, King of Persia. Zerubbabel and two others 
 receive the authority from the King of Persia to rebuild the 
 Holy City and Sanctuary. 
 
 THE TBACTNG-BOABD OF THE DEGKEE.* 
 
 KNIGHTS OF THE EAST AND WEST. The 17th degree 
 of the Ancient and Accepted rite. It is entirely philosoph- 
 ical, and makes no pretense in its history with Freemasonry. 
 Its origin dates back to the time of the crusades; that in 
 1118 the same year that the Order of the Temple was 
 
 * The Tracing-board of the degree is a heptagon within a circle, the 
 upper portion forming a rainbow. At the angles of the heptagon, on the 
 outside, are the initials of the seyen words which are on the capitals of the 
 Columns; at the angles, on the inside, are the initials of the seven words 
 Thich are on the bases of the columns. Near the center of the heptagon 
 is the figure of a man in a long white robe, with a golden girdle round 
 his waist, and standing on a section of the globe; hair and beard white 
 is snow ; his right hand extended, holding seven stars surrounding the i ; 
 his head encircled by a glory emanating from a delta; a two-edged flaming 
 sword in his mouth. Around him stand seven golden candlesticks, with 
 candles burning ; and over each of these, one of the letters E. S. P. T. S. 
 P. L. , the initials of the names of the seven churches Ephesus, Smyrna, 
 Pergamos, Thyatria, Sardis, Philadelphia, Laodicea. The sun and moo 
 are >Uso depicted, and the basin and chafing dish.
 
 KNI. 201 
 
 instituted eleven Knights took the vows of secrecy, friend- 
 ship, and discretion, between the hands of the Patriarch oi 
 Jerusalem. The Lodge-room is in the shape of a heptagon, 
 hung with crimson, sprinkled with stars of gold. In each 
 angle is a square column; on the capitals of which are the 
 initials, respectively, of the following words : Beauty, Divinity, 
 Wisdom, Power, Honor, Glory, Force; and on the bases of 
 these columns are the initials, respectively, of the words 
 Friendship, Union, Resignation, Discretion, Fidelity^ Pru- 
 dence, and Temperance. On each column is a brilliart light. 
 Bodies of this degree are called Preceptories. The Mas- 
 ter is styled Venerable, and represents John the Baptist. 
 The jewel is a heptagonal medal of gold and silver. On one 
 side are engraved, at the angles, the same letters as are 
 upon the square columns, with a star over each. In the 
 center of it on the same side, is a lamb, lying on a book with 
 seven seals; on the seals are, respectively, the same letters. 
 On the reverse side are two swords crosswise, points upward, 
 and the hilts resting on an even balance; iu the corners are 
 the initials of the seven churches. 
 
 KNIGHT OF THE HOLY SEPULCHER. St. Helena, 
 daughter of Coylus, King of Great Britain, visited Jerusalem 
 in 296, in search of the cross and sepulcher of Christ. 
 Having been, as it is said, successful, she instituted this 
 order in 302, which was confirmed by Pope Marcellinus in 
 304. The duties enjoined on the Knights were; 1. Feed the 
 Hungry; 2. Give chink to the thirsty; 3. Clothe the naked; 
 4. Visit and ransom captives; 5. Harbor the homeless, and 
 give the widow and orphan where to lay their heads; 6. Visit 
 and relieve the sick; 7. Bury the dead. 
 
 KNIGHT KADOSH, OR KNIGHT OF THE WHITE AND BLACK 
 EAGLE. The 30th degree of the Ancient and Accepted rite. 
 There are several degrees known as Kadoshes. The French 
 rituals mention seven: 1. That of the Hebrews; 2. That oi 
 the first Christians; 3. That of the Crusades; 4. That of the 
 Templars; 5. That of Cromwell, or the Puritans; 6. That oi 
 the Jesuits; 7. The Grand Veritable Kadosh, "apart from 
 every sect, free of all ambition, which opens its arms to all 
 men, and has no enemies other than vice, crime, fanatic-ism, 
 asid superstition." Its ritual furnishes the history of the 
 destruction of the Templars by the united efforts of Philip 
 of France and Pope Clement V. In this degree, wjen there 
 is a reception, four apartments are used. In the first and 
 secctid apartments, the Lodge is termed Council; in the 
 third, Areopagus; in the fourth, the Senate. The presiding 
 officer is styled Most Illustrious Grand Commander. Thf
 
 202 KNI. 
 
 jewel is a Teutonic cross, and is thus described, in heraldic 
 language : " A cross potent sable, charged with another crosa 
 double potent or, surcharged with an escutcheon, bearing 
 the letters J. B. M. ; the principal cross surmounted by a 
 chief, azure seme of France." On the reverse, a skull trans- 
 pierced by a poniard. The stated meetings of all councils 
 of Kadosh are held January 6; on Good Friday; on Ascen- 
 sion day, and on November 2, in each year. No one of these 
 is ever, on any account, to be omitted. 
 
 KNIGHTS AND LADIES OF THE DOVE. In the year 
 1784 a secret society of both sexes was framed on the model 
 of Freemasonry; its meetings were held at Versailles under 
 the title of Chevaliers et Chevalieres de la Colombe. Its ex- 
 istence was of brief duration. 
 
 KNIGHTS OF MALTA. The Knights of St. John of 
 Jerusalem, afterward known as Knights of Rhodes, and 
 finally called Knights of Malta. This society was organized 
 as a military order about the year 1048, for the protection 
 of pilgrims who visited Jerusalem. They became eminent 
 for their devotion to the cause of religion, their boundless 
 charity, and noble hospitality; rapidly increased in numbers 
 and in wealth. After long and bloody contests with the 
 infidels they were finally driven from Palestine, when they 
 took possession of Cyprus, which they soon lost again, and 
 hen established themselves on the island of Rhodes; at 
 ^hich time (1309) they took the name of Knights of Rhodes. 
 They held this island for a period of two hundred years, 
 when they were attacked by the Turks and driven from it. 
 After this disaster they successively retired to Castro, Mes- 
 sino, and other places, until, in 1530, when the Emperor 
 Charles V. bestowed upon them the island of Malta, on the 
 condition of their defending it from the depredations of the 
 Turks and pirates who then infested the Mediterranean. At 
 this time they assumed the title of Knights of Malta, by which 
 name they have ever since been known. In 1565, the island 
 of Malta was besieged by Soliman II. and thirty thousand 
 Turkish soldiers, on which occasion the Knights suffered 
 immense loss, from which they never entirely recovered. 
 After one of the most persistent and noble defenses known 
 in modern warfare, the brave Knights were overcome, the fort 
 of St. Elmo was taken, and the island was, for a time, in the 
 hands of the infidels. At length the promised succor came; 
 the viceroy of Sicily, with a large army, reached the island 
 in safety, the troops disembarked; and, though the Turks 
 still possessed the advantage of numbers, a panic seized them.
 
 DEFENSE OF FORT SAINT ELMO, MALTA, AGAINST THE TURKS, IN 15C5, BY THE KNIGHTS OF 
 MALTA, UNDER THE COMMAND OF JOHS DE LA VALETTE, GRAND MASTER.
 
 KNL 205 
 
 and they fled. Joy and triumph succeeded to danger and 
 dread. This may justly be regarded as the last great event 
 in the military history of the Order of St. John. The siege 
 was raised Sept. 8, 1565, and so late as the year 1784, at 
 Malta on that day, an annual procession was solemnly made 
 in memory of their deliverance. June 9, 1798, the island ol 
 Malta was taken by the French, under Bonaparte. In the 
 same year the Knights chose Paul I., Emperoi of Russia, as 
 Grand Master, who took them under his protection. Upon 
 the reduction of the island by the English, in 1800, the chief 
 seat of the Order was transferred tc Catania, in Sicily, whence 
 in 1826, it was removed by authority of the Pope to Ferrara. 
 The last public reception of the Order took place at Sonne- 
 burg in 1800, when Leopold, King of Belgium, Prince 
 Ernest, and several other noblemen were created Knights 
 according to the long-established customs of the Order. The 
 assembly is called a Council. The officers are: 1. Com- 
 mander; 2. Generalissimo; 3. Captain General; 4. Prelate; 
 5. Senior Warden; 6. Junior Warden ; 7. Treasurer; 8. Re- 
 corder; 9. First Grand; 10. Second Grand; 11. Standard 
 Bearer; 12. Warder; 13. Sentinel. The Order must be 
 confei'red in an asylum of a legal Comrnandery of Knights 
 Templar, or m a Council of the Order of Malta, regularly con- 
 vened for the purpose, distinct from, and after, the Templar's 
 Order. The ancient ceremonies of reception were simple and 
 impressive: "The novice was made to understand that he 
 was 'about to put off the old man, and to be regenerated;' 
 and having received absolution, was required to present 
 himself in a secular habit, without a girdle, in order to 
 appear perfectly free on entering into so sacred an engage- 
 ment, and with a burning taper in his hand, representing 
 chastity. He then received the holy communion, and after- 
 ward presented himself 'most respectfully before the person 
 who was to perform the ceremony, and requested to be 
 received into the company of Brothers, and into the Holy 
 Order of the Hospital of Jerusalem.' The rules of the Order, 
 the obligations he was about to take upon himself, and the 
 duties that would be required of him being explained, he, 
 <vith great solemnity, vowed and promised ' to render hence- 
 forward, by the grace of God, perfect obedience to the 
 Superior placed over him by the choice of the Order, to live 
 without personal property, and to preserve his chastity.' 
 The brother who received him then said &s f< illows : ' We 
 acknowledge you the servant of the poor and sick, and as 
 having consecrated yourself to the service of the church.' 
 To which he answered: 'I acknowledge myself as such.' He 
 then kissed the book and returned it to the brother, who 
 received him, in token ul' personal obedience. He was then
 
 206 KNL 
 
 invested with the mantle of the Order, in such a manner as 
 that the cross fell on his left breast. A variety of other 
 minor ceremonies followed, and the whole was concluded 
 with a series of appropriate and solemn prayers." The Order 
 of the Knight of Malta is conferred in a Commandery of 
 Knights Templar, and is acknowledged in the United States 
 as one of the orders of Masonic knighthood. 
 
 KNIGHT OF THE MEDITERRANEAN PASS, some 
 times called KNIGHT OF ST. PAUL. An honorary degree, con- 
 ferred on Knights Templar and Knights of Malta. Its cere- 
 monies are very impressive, and its organization into councils, 
 governed by appropriate officers, assimilates its forms to 
 that of on 3 of the regular degrees of Masonry. The ritual 
 of this degree informs us that it was founded about the year 
 1367, in consequence of certain events which occurred to the 
 Knights of Malta. In an excursion made by a party of these 
 Knights in search of forage and provisions, they were attacked 
 while crossing the river Offanto (the ancient Aufidio), by a 
 large body of Saracens, under the command of the renowned 
 Ainurath I. The Saracens had concealed themselves in 
 ambush, and when the Knights were on the middle of the 
 bridge which spanned the river, they were attacked by a 
 sudden charge of their enemies upon both extremities of the 
 bridge. A long and sanguinary contest ensued; the Knights 
 fought with their usual valor, and were at length victorious. 
 The Saracens were defeated with such immense slaughter 
 that fifteen hundred of their dead bodies encumbered the 
 bridge, and the river was literally stained with their blood. 
 In commemoration of this event, and as a reward for their 
 valor, the victorious Knights were affranchised in all parts of 
 the Mediterranean coasts, that is to say, had free permission 
 to pass and repass, wherever and whenever they pleased, 
 from which circumstance the degree, which was then founded, 
 received its name of "Mediterranean Pass." It will be seen 
 from these details that there is no real connection between 
 this degree and that given under the same name to Royal 
 Arch Masons, although there is some internal evidence that 
 the latter was surreptitiously obtained from, and is only 
 a corruption of, the former. "[See MEDITERRANEAN PASS.] 
 
 KNIGHT OF THE NINTH ARCH, sometimes called 
 tlu AXCIENT ROYAL ARCH OF SOLOMON. The 13th degree of 
 the Ancient and Accepted rite. The ceremonies of this 
 degree afford abundant information on certain points, in 
 which the sacred volume is not entirely free from obscurity, 
 and these have reference to the mode in which Enoch, not- 
 withstanding the destruction caused by the deluge, and the
 
 KNI 207 
 
 lapse ol ages, was enabled to preserve the true name in its 
 purity; that it might eventually be communicated to the first 
 possessors of this degree. The body is called a Chapter,and 
 represents the audience chamber of King Solomon. The 
 hangings are altei-nately red and white. The presiding officer 
 is styled " Thrice Potent Grand Master," and represents King 
 Solomon. The apron and collar are purple, bordered with 
 white. The jewel is a gold triangle: on one side is engraved 
 the delta of Enoch, surrounded with rays; on the obverse ia 
 a representation of two persons letting down a third through 
 a square opening into an arch. Around this device are the 
 letters: " K. S. R. S. T. P. S. R. I. A. J. S., Anno Enochi, 2995." 
 
 KNIGHTS AND NYMPHS OF THE ROSE. An Order 
 of Adoptive or Androgynous Masonry, established in Paris 
 toward the close of the eighteenth century; but its ex- 
 istence was brief. A full history of the ceremonies are 
 furnished for the benefit of the curious. The place of meeting 
 was called " The Temple of Love." It was ornamented with 
 garlands of flowers, and hung round with escutcheons, on 
 which were painted various devices and scenes of gallantry. 
 There were two presiding officers, the man being styled 
 Hierophaut, the female the High-Priestess. The former 
 initiated men, the latter women. The Conductor Assistant 
 of the men was called Sentiment, that of the women Discre- 
 tion. The Knights wore a crown of myrtle; the Nymphs a 
 crown of roses. The Hierophant and High-Priestess wore, 
 in addition, a rose-colored scarf, on which were embroidered 
 two devices within a myrtle wreath. One dull taper was the 
 only light during the initiation; at the closing business the hall 
 was illuminated by numerous wax candles. When a candidate 
 was to be initiated, he or she was taken in charge by Sentiment 
 or Discretion, divested of all weapons, jewels, or money, hood- 
 winked, and loaded with chains, and conducted to the door 
 of the Temple of Love, where admission was demanded by 
 two knocks. When admitted and presented, the candidate 
 was asked his or her name, country, condition in society, 
 and having answered these questions was asked, "What are 
 you now seeking?" to this the answer was, "Happiness." 
 The interrogatory then proceeds a little further, "What ia 
 your age?" and the candidate has, if a male, to reply, "The 
 age to love;" the female, "The age to please and to be loved." 
 The candidate's feelings and opinions on matters of gallantry 
 are further probed, and all being satisfactory, the chains are 
 removed and replaced by garlands of flowers, which are 
 called "the chains of love." After some other probationary 
 exercises of a like character, the O B is administered: "I 
 promise and swear by tbf> Grand Master of the Universe
 
 208 KNI. 
 
 never to reveal the secrets of the Order of the Rose, and 
 should I fail in this my vow, may the mysteries I shall receive 
 add nothing to my pleasures, and, instead of the roses of 
 happiness, may I find nothing but thorns of repentance." 
 The candidates were then conducted to the mysterious groves 
 in the neighborhood of the Temple of Love, and during the 
 time there spent, slow and delicious music in march style 
 is played. These trials ended, the novice is next con- 
 ducted to the altar of mystery, placed at the foot of the 
 Hierophant's throne, and there incense is offered to Venus 
 and her son Cupid; a brief space spent there, and after some 
 more ceremonies of a like character, the bandage is removed 
 from the novitiate's eyes, and with delicious music, and in a 
 brilliantly lighted apartment, the signs and secrets are 
 communicated. 
 
 KNIGHT OF THE BED CEOSS. This degree is inti- 
 mately connected with the circumstances related in the Eoyal 
 Arch degree, and cannot be conferred upon any one who has 
 not been exalted to that sublime degree. Its history dates 
 from the close of the captivity of the Jews at Babylon, when 
 Cyrus, King of Persia, at the solicitation of Zerubbabel, the 
 Prince of Judah, restored the Jews to liberty, and permitted 
 them to return to Jerusalem, to rebuild their city and temple. 
 The ceremonies of the degree forcibly illustrate some of the 
 difficulties and interruptions encountered by them in their 
 labors. A full history of the degree will be found in 
 Josephus, and in the 3d and 4th chapters of the first Book 
 of Esdras. It is the initiatory grade to the Templar's degree. 
 The body is called a Council. The presiding officer is styled 
 Sovereign Master. 
 
 KNIGHT OF THE ROYAL AXE, OB PRINCE OF LIBANUS. 
 The 22d degree of the Ancient and Accepted rite. The legend 
 of this degree informs us that it was instituted to record 
 the memorable services rendered to Masonry by the mighty 
 cedars of Lebanon, as the Sidonian architects cut down the 
 cedars for the construction of Noah's ark. Our ancient 
 brethren do not tell us how the Israelites had the wood 
 conveyed to them from the land of promise to the moun- 
 tains in the wilderness. They say, however, that the 
 descendants of the Sidonians were employed in the same 
 place, in obtaining materials for the construction of the 
 ark of the covenant; and also, in later years, for building 
 Solomon's Temple; and, lastly, that Zerubbabel employed 
 laborers of the same people in cutting cedars of Lebanon 
 for the use of the second temple. The tradition adds that 
 the Sidouians formed colleges on Mount Libanus, and always
 
 KXI 
 
 209 
 
 adored the G. A. O. T. U.* Bodies of this degree are styled 
 Colleges. There are two apartments; the first representing 
 the workshop at Lebanon, with axes, saws, mallets, planes, 
 wedges, and such like implements. The room should be 
 lighted with lamps or candles. In this apartment the Senior 
 Warden presides, and is styled Master Carpenter. He and 
 all the brethren wear blouses and aprons. The second 
 apartment represents the council-room of the round table. 
 It is hung with red, and lighted with 36 lights, arranged by 
 sixes and each 6 by twos. In the center of the room is a 
 round table around which the brethren sit; on the table 
 are plans and mathematical instruments. The presiding 
 officer is Chief Prince, who is styled Thrice Puissant The 
 
 sash, to be worn from right 
 to left, is a broad rainbow- 
 colored ribbon, lined with 
 purple. The apron is white, 
 lined and bordered with pur- 
 ple; in the middle a round 
 table is painted, on which are 
 mathematical instruments, 
 and plans unrolled. On the 
 flap is a serpent with three 
 heads. The jewel is a golden 
 axe, crowned, having on the blade and handle the initials of 
 several personages illustrious in the history of Masonry. 
 
 KNIGHT OF THE SUN, OB PRINCE ADEPT. Sometimes 
 known by the names "THE PHILOSOPHICAL LODGE," " PRINCE 
 OF THE SUN," "KEY TO MASONRY." It is the 28th degree of 
 
 * Sidon was one of the most ancient cities of the world, and even in 
 the time of Homer, the Sidonians were celebrated for their trade and 
 commerce, their wealth and prosperity. The allusion to the "Colleges" 
 on Mount Libanus may have some reference to the secret sect of tha 
 Druses, who still exist in that country, and whose mysterious ceremonies, 
 travelers affirm, have considerable affinity to Freemasonry.
 
 210 
 
 KXI. 
 
 the Ancient and Accepted rite, and is strictly philosophical 
 and scientific. The ceremonies and lecture, which are oi 
 great length, furnish a history of all the preceding degrees, 
 and explain in the fullest manner the various Masouio 
 emblems. The great object of the degree is to inspire men 
 with the knowledge of Heavenly Truth, which is the pure 
 source of all perfection, and as this virtue is one of the three 
 great tenets of Masonry it deserves commendation. The 
 body is styled a Council, and consists of not less than ten 
 members. The walls should be painted to represent the 
 jpen country, mountains, plains, forests and fields. The 
 chamber is lighted by a single light, a great globe of ground 
 glass, in the South; this represents the sun. The only 
 additional light is from the transparencies. In the East 
 is suspended a transparency, displaying the sign of the 
 macrocosm, or of the seal of King Solomon the interlaced 
 triangles ; one white and the other black. In the West is 
 
 suspended a transparency 
 displaying the sign of a 
 microcosm, or the penta- 
 gram traced on a pure 
 white ground with lines of 
 vermilion, and with a single 
 point upward. Many other 
 transparencies, symbolizing 
 objects of great importance, 
 are appropriately arranged 
 around the chamber, par- 
 ticularly the accompanying 
 figures, which are placed 
 in the North. On the right 
 hand of the presiding offi- 
 cer, in the East, on a gilt 
 pedestal, is a Caducetis, 
 gilded, the upper part of it 
 a cross, surmounted by a 
 globe ; and with two ser- 
 pents twining around il> 
 
 their heads rising above the cross. The ceiling should rep- 
 resent the heavens, with the crescent moon in the West, 
 the principal planets, and the stars, in the constellations 
 Taurus and Orion and those near the polar star. The 
 presiding officer is styled Father Adam. The Warden sits 
 in the West, and is called Brother Truth; there are seven 
 Kher officers, who are styled Brothers Gabriel, Auriel, 
 Michael, Gamaliel, Raphael, Zaphiel and Zarakhiel. The collar 
 is a broad white watered ribbon; on the right side
 
 KNI. sn 
 
 painted or embroidered BJ eye, 
 in gold. The apron is of pure 
 white lambskin, with no edging 
 or ornament, except the penta- 
 gram, which is traced on the 
 middle of it with vermilion. The 
 jewel is a medal of gold, on one 
 side a full sun, on the other a 
 globe. When the degree is con- 
 ferred, no jewel or apron is worn. 
 
 KNIGHTS TEMPLAR The natural desire of visiting 
 those holy places which have been sanctified by the presence, 
 and rendered memorable by the sufferings of the founder 
 of the Christian religion, drew, during the early ages of 
 Christianity, crowds of devout worshipers and pilgrims to 
 Jerusalem. To such a height did this religious enthusiasm 
 arrive that, in 1064, not less than 7,000 pilgrims assembled 
 from all parts of Europe around the holy sepulcher. The 
 year following Jerusalem was conquered by the wild Turco- 
 mans, three thousand of the citizens were massacred, and 
 the command over the holy city and territory was confided 
 to the Emir Ortok, the chief of a savage pastoral tribe. 
 Under the iron yoke of these fierce northern strangers, the 
 Christians were fearfully oppressed; they were driven from 
 their churches and plundered, and the patriach of the holy 
 city was dragged by the hair of his head over the sacred 
 pavement of the Church of the Resurrection, and cast into a 
 dungeon, to extort a ransom from the sympathy of his flock. 
 The intelligence of these cruelties aroused the religious 
 chivalry of Christendom; "a nerve was touched of exquisite 
 feeling, and the sensation vibrated to the heart of Europe." 
 Then arose the wild enthusiasm of the Crusades, and men 
 of all ranks, and even priests and monks, were animated 
 with the "pious and glorious enterprise" of rescuing the 
 holy sepulcher of Christ from the foul and polluting abomi- 
 nations of the heathen. When the intelligence of the 
 capture of Jerusalem by the Crusaders (A. D. 1099) had 
 been conveyed to Eui'ope, the zeal of pilgrimage blazed 
 forth with increased fierceness. The infidels had, indeed, 
 been driven out of Jerusalem, but not out of Palestine. 
 The lofty mountains bordering the sea coast were infested 
 by warlike bands of fugitive Musselmeu, who maintained 
 themselves in various impregnable castles and strongholds, 
 from whence they issued forth upon the high roads, cut 
 off the communication between Jerusalem and the seaports, 
 and revenged themselves for the loss of their habita- 
 tions aud property by the indiscriminate pillage of all
 
 212 KNI. 
 
 travelers. To alleviate the dangers and distresses to which 
 they were exposed, nine noble gentlemen, who had greatly 
 distinguished themselves at the siege and capture of Jeru- 
 salem, formed a holy brotherhood in arms, and entered into 
 a solemn compact to aid one another in clearing the high- 
 ways, and in protecting the pilgrims through the passes and 
 defiles of the mountains, to the Holy City. Warmed with 
 the religions and military fervor of the day, and animated bj 
 the sacredness of the cause to which they had devoted their 
 Bwords, they called themselves the Poor Fellow-soldiers of Jesus 
 Christ. In 1118 Baldwin EL, King of Jerusalem, granted 
 them a place of habitation within the sacred inclosure of the 
 temple on Mount Moriah; thenceforward they became known 
 by the name of " THE KNIGHTHOOD OF THE TEMPLE OF SOLOMON." 
 The views and exertions of the Order now became more 
 extensive, and it added to its profession, of protecting 
 poor pilgrims, that of defending the kingdom of Jerusalem, 
 and the whole eastern church, from the attacks of infidels. 
 Hugues de Payens was chosen by the Knights to be the 
 superior of the new religious and military society, by the 
 title of " The Master of the Temple," and he has, consequently, 
 generally been called the founder of the Order. The name 
 and reputation of the Order spread rapidly through Europe, 
 and many princes, nobles, and gentlemen of the best houses 
 of France, Germany, Italy, and England, became members of 
 it. In 1128 they received rules and regulations for their 
 governance from the Pope, which had been expressly arranged 
 for them by St. Bernard. The illustrious Order of the Temple 
 has, through many vicissitudes, survived to our times; and, 
 indeed, of late years a great, and we may say an astonishing, 
 influence has been exercised in the Masonic Craft by this 
 brotherhood in England, on the continent of Europe, and in 
 the United States. Notwithstanding the persecution the 
 Order was subjected to, consequent upon the machinations 
 of Philip le Bel and Pope Clement, it continued to exist, if 
 not to flourish. Jaques de Molay, the martyred Grand 
 Master, in anticipation of his fate, appointed his successor 
 to rule the Fraternity, and from that time to the present 
 there has been an uninterrupted succession of Grand Masters. 
 It is time that as years passed on, and clouds arose still more 
 ominous to the existence of the society, the Templars were 
 amalgamated with their ancient brothers in arms, the 
 Knights of Malta. The Knights Templar degree is highly 
 valued in all countries, and its ritual is nearly identical. 
 The candidate for its honors must be a Royal Arch Mason, 
 and as such he presents himself at the Commandery as the 
 bodies are called in the character and garb of a pilgrim, 
 i i- palmer, as they were designated in the Holy Land; h
 
 KNI. 213 
 
 figuratively undergoes seven years' travel, and then seven 
 years' warfare, when, having conducted himself courageously 
 through his trials, he is finally admitted into the Order. 
 There is not a vestige of Freemasonry, as such, in the degree, 
 save the absolute necessity of candidates having been admitted 
 into the Royal Arch. The throne is situated in the East, 
 above which is suspended a white banner, on which is painted 
 a red passion cross, edged with gold and irradiated at the 
 crossings with rays of light; on the right and left are two 
 sky-blue banners, on one of which is painted a Paschal Lamb 
 and a red Templar's Cross, with the words " The will of 
 God." On the other, the emblems of the Order are displayed. 
 The symbolic colors of the Order are white and black, 
 properly interspersed with gold and silver. The Grand 
 Standard of the Order is displayed in the West, in charge 
 of the Standard-bearer. The Beauseant, or battle-flag of 
 the Ancient Templars, is displayed in the South, in charge 
 of the Senior Warden. The following is the Templar 
 uniform adopted by the Grand Encampment of the United 
 States, September, 1862: Full Dress BLack frock coat, black 
 pantaloons, scarf, sword, belt, shoulder-straps, gauntlets and 
 chapeau, with appropriate trimmings. Fatir/ue Dress Same 
 as full dress, except for chapeau a black cloth cap, navy form, 
 with appropriate cross in front, and for gauntlets white gloves. 
 In the United States, the assembly is called a Cornmandery, 
 and has the following officers: 1. Eminent Commander; 
 2. Generalissimo; 3. Captain General; 4. Prelate; 5. Senior 
 Warden; 6. Junior Warden; 7. Treasurer; 8. Recorder; 
 9. Standard-Bearer; 10. Sword-Bearer; 11. Warder; 12. Three 
 Guards; 13. Sentinel. Commanderies are dedicated to Saint 
 John the Almoner. The candidate receiving this Order is 
 said to be " dubbed and created a Knight of the valiant and 
 magnanimous Order of Knights Templar." The motto of 
 the Order is, " In hoc signo vinces" in this sign we conquer. 
 
 KNIGHT OF THE THREE KINGS. An honorary or 
 Bide degree of high moral character. Its history connects 
 it with the completion and dedication of the first temple. 
 The presiding officer represents King Solomon. It is in- 
 tended, by an appropriate ceremony and interesting legend, 
 to portray the beauty of that harmony and peace which 
 should exist among all Masons, and it has been often used in 
 a judicious manner, and on appropriate occasions, to reconcile 
 differences amonjy Masons, and to subdue that spirit of strife 
 which will sometimes exhibit itself in despite of the philan- 
 thropic lessons of our Order. -It may be communicated by 
 one Master Mason to another, but to be conferred in ample 
 t'oini the presence of at least five Knights is necfcbs;;ry.
 
 2H KNL 
 
 KNIGHT OF THE TRIPLE CROSS. Tin's Order was 
 founded in 3080. It is held in a Sovereign Council. The 
 Master is styled Grand Commander; the Wardens Sublime 
 Knights; the Master of Ceremonies Grand Esquire, and the 
 other members Knights. The jewel is three crosses arranged 
 in a square. History In 1080, Solyman, Prince of the 
 Turks, established the seat of his Empire, or rather of his 
 tyranny, at Nicopolis, in Syria Minor. Among many pilgrims 
 who then resorted to the holy places of Palestine a French- 
 man, named Pierre Clement, made the journey to Jerusalem, 
 in 1093, and then, conferring with Simon the patriarch, 
 offered to convey letters from him to_the Pope and all the 
 western princes, to arouse them to expel from the Holy 
 Land those barbarians and infidels. The good patriarch 
 accepted his offer, and entrusted to him all the letters for 
 which he asked. Pierre Clement embarked without delay, 
 and repaired to the court of the Pope, where he presented 
 the letters of the patriarch to Urban II., who sent him into 
 all the provinces on either side of the Alps, to negotiate 
 with the princes, and publicly to preach the crusades. All 
 who were made acquainted with the designs of the Pope 
 exhibited much zeal for so holy an undertaking; but Urban 
 thought it fitting to convoke a council, in which he himseli 
 presided. During this council, which was held in 1095, 
 he addi'essed the members in the great hall of the city, and 
 so excited the council, that all cried out together, as if in 
 concert, " Dieu le Veut!" The Pope willed that a cry, which 
 was so good an omen, should become the device of the whole 
 army, be borne on the flags and standards, and be the war- 
 cry of the soldiery, and even of their captains in battle, to 
 animate each other to deeds of daring. And he determined 
 that those who enlisted in this service should wear a red 
 cross upon the right shoulder, to show that they were the 
 soldiers of him who had conquered the cross. Many princes 
 took up the cross, and they were conjointly the chiefs of that 
 holy enterprise, without any one of them claiming to have 
 the right to command the others. 
 
 KNIGHT OF THE TRUE LIGHT. A mystical Order 
 founded in Austria, A. D. 1780, probably by Baron Hans 
 Heinrich and some of his friends. Its ritual and teachings 
 were a mixture of the mysteries of Rosi crucians and Asiatic 
 brothers. It had five degrees: 1. Knight Novice of the third 
 y<?ar; 2. Knight Novice of the fifth year; 3. Knight Novice 
 of the seventh year; 4. Levite; 5. Priest. This Order belongs 
 to the Hermetic or Alchemistical system of Masonry.
 
 LAB. 
 
 215 
 
 L. 
 
 LABARUM. The imperial standard of Constantine the 
 Great, Emperor of Rome, which he caused to be formed in 
 commemoration of the vision of the cross in the heavens. It 
 is described as a long pike surmounted by a golden 
 crown, inclosing a monogram which contains the t\ro 
 first letters of the name of Christ, and is at the same 
 time a representation of the figure of the cross. The 
 silken banner which depended from it was embroidered 
 with the figure of Constantine and his family. The 
 labarum is engraved on some of his medals with the 
 famous inscription, EN TOYTO NIK A; and it was pre- 
 served for a considerable time, and brought forward 
 at the head of the armies of the emperor on important 
 occasions as the palladium or safe-guard of the empire.* 
 
 LABYRINTH. A place full of inextricable windings. In 
 the ancient mysteries the passages through which the initiate 
 made his mystical pilgrimage. 
 
 *Dr. Oliver, in his "Historical Landmarks," (Am. ed., p. 89,) furnishef 
 the following illustration and explanation of the vision of Constantine. 
 "Tho lied Cross of Constantine commemorates the following circum- 
 stance, which is attested by Eusebius: 
 The army of Constantine being on 
 the march to meet the enemies of the 
 cross, it happened one evening when 
 the sun was declining, and the em- 
 peror was engaged in devotion, that 
 there suddenly appeared a pillar ol 
 light in the heavens like a cross, 
 whereon was an inscription expressed 
 in letters formed by a configuration oi 
 stars TOTTO NIKA, in this overcome. 
 Constantine was not a little startled 
 at this sight, and so was the whole ar- 
 my that beheld it. They looked upon 
 it as an inauspicious omen, and even 
 the emperor himself was confounded 
 But at night our Lord appeared t< 
 him in a dream, with the cross in his 
 hand, commanding him to make a 
 royal standard like that which he had seen in the heavens, and cause it 
 to be borne before him in his Avars as an ensign of victory." 
 
 "Constantine, in his contest with Maxeutius, and on his march to 
 Rome, is said to have seen in the sky a luminous cross with the inscrip- 
 tion, tV rovrtii VIKO., by this, conquer ; and on the night before the last and 
 decisive battle with Maxentius a vision is said to have appeared to 
 Constantine in his sleep, bidding him inscribe the shields of his soldiers 
 with the sacred monogram of the name of Christ. The miracle of his 
 conversion to Christianity was commemorated by the imperial standard 
 of tue labarum, at the summit of which was the monogram of the name 
 of Christ" -SMITH'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY.
 
 210 
 
 LAN. 
 
 LANDMARKS, MASONIC. Literally, and in a general sense, 
 anything by which the boundary of a property is defined. 
 In ancient times the correct division of lands was an object 
 of great importance. Stones, trees, and hillocks were the 
 usual landmarks. The removal of a landmark was considered 
 a heinous crime by the Jewish law, as may be judged by the 
 denunciation of Moses: "Cursed be he that removeth his 
 neighbor's landmark." Of the nature of the landmarks of 
 Masonry there has been some diversity of opinion; yet the 
 conviction has become settled that the true principles consti- 
 tuting landmarks are those universal customs of the Order 
 which have gradually grown into permanent rules of action, 
 and originally established by competent authority, at a period 
 so remote that no account of their origin is to be found in 
 the records of Masonic history, and which were considered 
 essential to the preservation and integrity of the institution, 
 to preserve its purity and prevent innovation. Dr. Albert 
 G. Mackey, who has devoted much study and attention to 
 the subject, enumerates the following as the unchangeable 
 Landmarks of Masonry: 
 
 "1. The modes of recognition are, 
 of all the landmarks, the most legiti- 
 mate and unquestioned. They admit 
 of no variation ; and if ever they have 
 suffered alteration or addition, the 
 evil of such a violation of the ancient 
 law has always made itself subse- 
 quently manifest. An admission of 
 this is to be found in the proceed- 
 ings of the late Masonic Congress 
 at Paris, where a proposition was 
 presented to render these modes of 
 recognition once more universal 
 a proposition which never would 
 have been necessary if the integrity 
 of this important landmark had been 
 rigorously preserved. 
 
 "2. The division of symbolic 
 Mnsonry into three degrees is a 
 landmark that has been better 
 preserved than almost any other, 
 although even here the mischievous 
 spirit of innovation has left its 
 truces, and by the disruption of its 
 concluding portion irom the third 
 degree, a want of uniformity has 
 been created in respect to the final 
 teaching of the Master's order; and 
 the Koyal Arch of England, Scot- 
 land, Ireland, and America, and the 
 'high degrees' of France and Ger- 
 many are all made to differ in the 
 mode of which they lead the neo- 
 phyte to the great consummation of 
 
 all symbolic Masonry. In 1813, the 
 Grand Lodge of England vindicated 
 the ancient landmark, by solemnly 
 enacting that Ancient Craft Masonry 
 consisted of the three degrees of 
 Entered Apprentice, Fellow-Craft, 
 and Master Mason, including the 
 Holy Koyal Arch. But the disrup- 
 tion has never been healed, and the 
 landmark, although acknowledged 
 in its integrity by all, still continues 
 to be violated. 
 
 "3. The legend of the third de- 
 gree is an important landmark, the 
 integrity of which has been well 
 preserved. There is no rite of 
 Masonry, practiced in any country 
 or language, in which the essential 
 elements of this legend are not 
 taught. The lectures may v.xry, and, 
 indeed, are constantly changing, but 
 the legend has ever remained sub- 
 stantially the same. And it is 
 necessary that it should be so, for 
 the legend of the temple builder 
 constitutes the very essence and 
 identity of Masonry. Any rite which 
 should exclude it, or materially alter 
 it, would at once, by that exclusion 
 or alteration, ee;ise to be a Masonic 
 rite. 
 
 "4. The government of the Frater- 
 nity by a presiding officer called a 
 Grand Master, who is elected from
 
 LAN. 
 
 217 
 
 the body of the Graft is a fourth 
 landmark of the Order. Many per- 
 sons ignorautly suppose that the 
 election of the Grand Master is held 
 in consequence of a law or regulation 
 of the Grand Lodge. Such, how- 
 ever, is not the case. The office is 
 indebted for its existence to a land- 
 mark of the Order. Grand Masters 
 are to be found in the records of 
 the institution long before Grand 
 Lodgos were established; and if the 
 present system of legislative gov- 
 ernmont by Grand Lodges were to 
 be abolished, a Grand Master would 
 still be necessary. In fact, although 
 there has been a period within the 
 records of history, and, indeed, of 
 very recent date, when a Grand 
 Lodge was unknown, there never 
 has been a time when the Craft did 
 not have their Grand Master. 
 
 "5. The prerogative of the Grand 
 Master to preside over every assem- 
 bly of the Craft, wheresoever and 
 whensoever held, is a fifth landmark. 
 It is in consequence of this law, 
 derived from ancient usage, and not 
 from any special enactment, that 
 the Grand Master assumes the chair, 
 or, as it is called in England, ' the 
 throne,' at every communication of 
 the Grand Lodge; and that he is 
 also entitled to preside at the com- 
 munication of every subordinate 
 lodge, where he may happen to be 
 present. 
 
 "6. The prerogative of the Grand 
 Master to grant dispensations for 
 conferring degrees at irregular times 
 is another, and a very important, 
 landmark. The statutory law of 
 Masonry requires a month, or other 
 determinate period, to elapse be- 
 tween the presentation of a petition 
 and the election of a candidate. But 
 the Grand Master has the power to 
 set aside or dispense with this pro- 
 bation, and to allow a candidate to 
 be initiated at once. This preroga- 
 tive he possessed, in common with 
 all Masters, before the enactment of 
 the law requiring a probation, and, 
 as no statute can impair his prero- 
 gative, he still retains the power, 
 although the masters of lodges no 
 longer possess it. 
 
 "7. The prerogative of the Grand 
 Master to give dispensations for ] 
 
 opening and holding lodges is 
 another landmark. He may grant, 
 in virtue of this, to a sufficient 
 number of Masons, the privilege of 
 meeting together and conferring 
 degrees. The lodges thus estab- 
 lished ore cal\ed 'lodges under 
 dispensation.' They are strictly 
 creatures of the G>-;ind Master, 
 created by his autho'ity, existing 
 only during his will aud pleasure, 
 and liable at any nioment to bt 
 dissolved at his command. They 
 may be continued for a day, a month, 
 or six months; but whatever be the 
 period of their existence, they are 
 indebted for that existence solely to 
 the grace of the Grand Master. 
 
 "8. The prerogative of the Grand 
 Master to make Masons at sight is 
 a landmark which is closely con- 
 nected with the preceding one. 
 There has been much misapprehen- 
 sion in relation to this landmark, 
 which misapprehension has some- 
 times led to a denial of its existence 
 in jurisdictions where the Grand 
 Master was, perhaps, at the very 
 time substantially exercising the 
 prerogative, without the slightest 
 remark or opposition. It is not to 
 be supposed that the Grand Master 
 can retire with a profane into a 
 private room, and there, without 
 assistance, confer the degrees of 
 Freemasonry upon him. No such 
 prerogative exists, and yet many be- 
 lieve that this is the so-much-talked- 
 of right of ' making Masons at sight.' 
 The real mode and the only mode 
 of exercising the prerogative is this: 
 The Grand Master summons to his 
 assistance net less than six other 
 Masons, convenes a Lodge, and with- 
 out any previous probation, but on 
 sight of the candidate, confers the 
 degrees upon him, after which he 
 dissolves the Lodge, and dismisses 
 the brethren. Lodges thus con- 
 vened for special purposes arc called 
 ' occasional lodges.' This is the only 
 way in which any Grand Master 
 within the records of the institution 
 has ever been known to 'make a 
 Mason at sight.' The prerogative 
 is dependent upon that of granting 
 dispensations to open and hold 
 lodges. If the Grand Master has 
 the powftr of granting to any othej
 
 218 
 
 LAN. 
 
 Mueon the privilege of presiding 
 over lodges working by his dispen- 
 sation, he may assume this privilege 
 ct presiding to himself; and as no 
 one can deny his right to revoke his 
 dispensation granted to a numbei 
 of brethren at a distance, and to 
 dissolve the Lodge at his pleasure, 
 it will scarcely be contended that 
 he may not revoke his dispensation 
 for a Lodge over which he himsell 
 has been presiding within a day, and 
 dissolve the Lodge as soon as the 
 business for which he had assembled 
 it is accomplished. The making 
 of Masons at sight is only the con- 
 ferring of the degrees by the Grand 
 Master, at once, in an occasional 
 Lodge, constituted by his dispensing 
 power for the purpose, and over 
 which he presides in person. 
 
 "9. The necessity for Masons to 
 congregate in lodges is another 
 Landmark. It is not to be under- 
 stood by this that any ancient Land- 
 mark has directed that permanent 
 organization of subordinate lodges 
 which constitutes one of the features 
 of the Masonic system as it now 
 1 revails. But the Landmarks of 
 Ihe Order always prescribed that 
 Masons should, from time to time, 
 congregate together for the purpose 
 of either operative or speculative 
 labor, and that these congregations 
 should be called Lodges. Formerly 
 these were extemporary meetings 
 called together for special purposes, 
 and then lissoived, the brethren de- 
 parting to meet again at other times 
 and other places, according to the 
 uec.-ssity of circumstances. But war- 
 ran ts of constiti itiou, Lj -uiws, perma- 
 nent officers and annual arrears are 
 modern innovations wholly outside 
 the Landmarks, and dependent en- 
 tirely on the special enactments of 
 * comparatively recent period. 
 
 " 10. The government of the Craft, 
 when so congregated in a Lodge by 
 H Master and two Wardens, is also a 
 Landmark. To show the influence 
 of this ancient law. it may be ob- 
 served, by the w.iy. that a cotigiv^i- 
 tion of Masons meeting together 
 under any other government, as 
 that for instance of a president and 
 vice-president, or a chairman and 
 
 nized as a Lodge. The presence ol 
 a Master and two Wardens is as 
 essential to the valid organization 
 of a Lodge as a warrant of consti- 
 tution is at the present day. The 
 names, of course, vary in different 
 languages, the Master, for instance, 
 being called 'Venerable' in French 
 Masonry, and the Wardens, 'Sur- 
 veillants,' but the officers, their 
 number, prerogatives and duties aro 
 everywhere identical. 
 
 "11. The necessity that every 
 Lodge, when congregated, should 
 be duly tiled, is an important Laud- 
 mark of the institution, which is 
 never neglected. The necessity of 
 this law arises from the esoteric 
 character of Masonry. As a secret 
 institution, its portals must, of 
 course, be guarded from the intru- 
 sion of the profane, and such a law 
 must, therefore, always, have been 
 in force from the very beginning of 
 the Order. It is, therefore, properly 
 classed among the ancient Land- 
 marks. The office of tiler is wholly 
 independent of any special enact- 
 ment of Grand or Subordinate 
 Lodges, although these may and do 
 prescribe for him additional duties, 
 which vary in different jurisdictions. 
 Bnt the duty of guarding the door, 
 and keeping off cowans and eaves- 
 droppers, is an ancient one, which 
 constitutes a Landmark for his 
 governmAit. 
 
 " 12. The right of every Mason to 
 be represented in all general meet- 
 ings of the Craft, and to instruct his 
 representatives, is a twelfth Land- 
 mark. Formerly, these general meet- 
 ings, which were usually held ouce 
 a year, were called ' General Assem- 
 blies,' and all the Fraternity, even 
 to the youngest Entered Apprentice, 
 were permitted to be present. Now 
 they are called ' Grand Lodges,' and 
 only the Masters and Wardens of the 
 ubordinate lodges are summoned. 
 But this is simply as the representa- 
 tives ol' their members. Originally, 
 each Mason represented himself; 
 now he is represented by his officers. 
 This was a concession granted by 
 the Fraternity about 1717, and ol 
 course does not affect the integrity 
 of the Landmark, for the principle 
 
 jab-chairman, would not be recog- 1 of representation is still preserved
 
 LAN. 
 
 219 
 
 The concession Tvas only made for 
 purposes of convenience. 
 
 "13. The right of every Mason to 
 appeal from the decision of his 
 brethren in Lodge convened, to the 
 Grand Lodge or General Assembly 
 of Masons, is a Landmark highly 
 essential to the preservation of jus- 
 tice, and the prevention of oppres- 
 sion. A few modern Grand Lodges, 
 in adopting a regulation that the 
 decision of subordinate lodges, in 
 cases of expulsion, cannot be wholly 
 set aside upon an appeal, have 
 violated this unquestioned Land- 
 mark, as well as tho principles of 
 just goverment. 
 
 "li. The right of every Mason to 
 visit and sit in every regular Lodge 
 is an unquestionable Landmark of 
 the Order. This is called ' the right 
 of visitation.' This right of visita- 
 tion has always been recognized as 
 an inherent right, which inures to 
 every Mason as he travels through 
 the world. And this is because 
 lodges are justly considered as only 
 divisions for convenience of the 
 universal Masonic family. This 
 right may, of course, be impaired 
 or forfeited on special occasions by 
 various circumstances; but when 
 admission is i-efused to a Mason in 
 good standing, who knocks at the 
 door of a Lodge as a visitor, it is 
 to be expected that some good and 
 sufficient re!)on shall be furnished 
 for this violation of what is in gene- 
 ral a Masonic right, founded on the 
 Landmarks of the Order. 
 
 "15. It is a Landmark of the 
 Order that no visitor, unknown to 
 the brethren present, or to some one 
 of them as a Mason, can enter a 
 Lodge without iirst passing an 
 examination according to ancient 
 usage. Of course, if the visitor is 
 known to any brother present to be 
 a Mason in good standing, and if 
 that brother will vouch for his 
 qualifications, the examination may 
 be dispensed with, as the Landmark 
 refers only to the cases of strangers, 
 who are not to be recognized unless 
 after strict trial, due examination or 
 lawful information. 
 
 " 16. No Lodge can interfere in 
 the business of another Lodge, nor 
 giv degrees to brethren wbo are 
 
 members of other lodge .s. This is 
 undoubtedly an ancient Landmark, 
 founded on the great principles of 
 courtesy and fraternal kindness, 
 which are at the very foundation of 
 our institution. It has been re- 
 peatedly recognized by subsequent 
 statutory enactments of all Grand 
 Lodges. 
 
 "17. It is a Landmark that every 
 Freemason is amenable to the laws 
 and regulations of the Masonic 
 jurisdiction in which ho resides, 
 and this although he may not be a 
 member ol any Lodge. Nonamlia- 
 tiou, which is, in fact, in itself, a 
 Masonic offense, does not exempt a 
 Mason from Masonic jurisdiction. 
 
 " 18. Certain qualifications of can- 
 didates for initiation are derived 
 from a Landmark of the Order. 
 These qualifications are that he 
 shall be a man shall be nnmuti- 
 lated, free-born, and of mature ago. 
 That is to say, a woman, a cripple, 
 or a slave, or one born in slavery, ia 
 disqualified for initiation into the 
 rites of Masonry. Statutes, it is 
 true, have from time to time been 
 enacted, enforcing or explaining 
 these principles; but the qualifica- 
 tions really arise from the very 
 nature of the Masonic institution, 
 and from its symbolic teachings, and 
 have always existed as Landmarks. 
 
 "1'J. A belief in the existence of 
 God, as the Grand Architect of the 
 Universe, is one of the most im- 
 portant Landmarks of the Order. It 
 has been always deemed essential 
 that a denial of the existence of 
 a Supreme and Superintending 
 Power is an absolute disqualifica- 
 tion for initiation. The annals of 
 the Order never yet have furnished 
 or could furnish an instance in 
 which an avowed atheist was ever 
 made a Mason. The very initiatory 
 ceremonies of the first degree forbid 
 and prevent the possibilty of so 
 monstrous an occurrence. 
 
 "20. Subsidiary to this belief in 
 God, as a Landmark of the Order, 
 is the belief in a resurrection to a 
 future life. This Landmark is not 
 so positively impressed 011 the can- 
 didate by exact words as the pre- 
 ceding; but the doctrine is taug'-t 
 by very plain implication, and
 
 220 
 
 LAN. 
 
 through the whole symbolism of 
 the Order. To believe in Masonry, 
 and not to believe in a resurrection, 
 wonld be an absurd anon aly, which 
 could only be excused by the reflec- 
 tion, that* he who thus confounded 
 his belief and his skepticism was so 
 ignorant of the meaning of both the- 
 ories as to have no rational founda- 
 tion for his knowledge of either. 
 
 "21. It is a Landmark that a 
 ' Book of the Law ' shall constitute 
 an indispensable part of the fur- 
 niture of every Lodge. I say, ad- 
 visedly. Book of the Law, because 
 it is not absolutely required that 
 everywhere the Old and New Testa- 
 ments shall be used. The 'Book 
 of the Law ' is that volume which, 
 by the religion of the country, is 
 believed to contain the revealed 
 will of the Grand Architect of the 
 Universe. Hence, in all lodges in 
 Christian countries, the Book of the 
 Law is composed of the Old and 
 New Testaments; in a country where 
 Judaism was the prevailing faith, 
 the Old Testament alone would be 
 sufficient ; and in Mohammedan 
 countries, and among Mohammedan 
 Masons, the Koran might be sub- 
 stituted. Masonry does not attempt 
 to interfere with the peculiar reli- 
 gious faith of its disciples, except 
 so far as relates to the belief in the 
 existence of God, and what neces- 
 sarily results from that belief. The 
 Book of the Law is to the specu- 
 lative Mason his spiritual trestle- 
 board; without this he cannot labor; 
 whatever he believes to be the re- 
 vealed will of the Grand Architect 
 constitutes for him this spiritual 
 trestle-board, and must ever be 
 before him in his hours of .specula- 
 tive labor, to be the rule and guide 
 of his conduct. The Landmark, 
 therefore, requires that a Book of 
 the Law, a religious code of some 
 kind, purporting to be an exemplar 
 of the revealed will of God, shall 
 form nn essential part of the furni- 
 ture of every Lodge. 
 
 "22. The equality of all Masons is 
 another Landmark of the Order. 
 This equality has no reference to 
 any subversion of those gradations 
 of rank which have been instituted 
 by tho usages of society. The 
 
 monarch, the nobleman, or th 
 gentleman is entitled to all the in- 
 fluence, and receives all the respect 
 which rightly belong to his exalted 
 position. But the doctrine of Ma- 
 sonic equality implies that, as chil- 
 dren of one great Father, we meet 
 in the Lodge upon the level that 
 on that level we are all traveling to 
 one predestined goal that in the 
 Lodge genuine merit shall receive 
 more respect than boundless wealth, 
 and that virtue and knowledge alone 
 should be the basis of all Masonic 
 honors, and be rewarded with pre- 
 ferment. When the labors of the 
 Lodge are over, and the brethren 
 have retired from their peaceful re- 
 treat, to mingle once more with the 
 world, each will then again resume 
 that social position, and exercise 
 the privileges of that rank, to which 
 the customs of society entitle him. 
 "23. The secrecy of the insti- 
 tution is another, and a most im- 
 portant, Landmark. There is some 
 difficulty in precisely defining what 
 is meant by a 'secret society." II 
 the term refers, as, perhaps, in 
 strictly logical language it should, 
 to those associations whose designs 
 are concealed from the public eye, 
 and whose members are unknown, 
 which produce their results in dark- 
 ness, and whose operations are 
 carefully hidden from the public 
 gaze a definition which will be 
 appropriate to many political clubs 
 and revolutionary combinations in 
 despotic countries, where reform, 
 if it is at all to be effected, must be 
 effected by stealth then clearly 
 Freemasonry is not a secret society. 
 Its design is not only publicly 
 proclaimed, but is vaunted by its 
 disciples as something to be vener- 
 ated its disciples are known, for 
 its membership is considered an 
 honor to be coveted it works for 
 a result of which it boasts Ihe 
 civilization and refinement of man, 
 the amelioration of his condition, 
 and the reformation of his manners. 
 But if by a secret society is meant 
 and this is the most popular under- 
 standing of the term a society in 
 which there is a certain amount ol 
 knowledge, whether it be of methods 
 of recognition, or of legondary and
 
 LAN. 
 
 221 
 
 traditional learning, which is im- 
 parted to those only who have 
 passed through an established form 
 of initiation, the form itself being 
 also concealed or esoteric, then in 
 this sense is Freemasonry undoubt- 
 edly a secret society. Now this 
 form of secrecy is a form inherent 
 in it, existing with it from its very 
 foundation, and secured to it by its 
 ancient Landmarks. If divested of 
 its secret character, it would lose 
 its identity, and would cease to be 
 Freemasonry. Whatever objections 
 may, therefore, be made to the in- 
 stitution, on account of its secrecy, 
 and however much some unskillful 
 brethren have been willing in times 
 of trial, for the sake of expediency, 
 to divest it of its secret character, it 
 will be ever impossible to do so, 
 even were the Landmark not stand- 
 ing before us as an insurmountable 
 obstacle ; because such change of its 
 character would be social suicide, 
 and the death of the Order would 
 follow its legalized exposure. Free- 
 masonry, as a secret association, 
 has lived unchanged for centuries 
 as an open society it would not last 
 for as many years. 
 
 ' ' 24. The foundation of a specu- 
 lative science upon an operative 
 art, and the symbolic use and 
 explanation of the terms of that art, 
 for purposes of religious or moral 
 teaching, constitute an' cher Land- 
 
 mark of the Order. The Temple 
 of Solomon was the cradle of the 
 institution, and, therefore, the re- 
 ference to the operative Masonry, 
 which constructed that magnificent 
 edifice, to the materials and imple- 
 ments which were employed in its 
 construction, and to the artists who 
 were engaged in the building, are 
 all competent and essential parts of 
 the body of Freemasonry, which 
 could not be subtracted from it 
 without an entire destruction of the 
 whole identity of the Order. Hence, 
 all the comparatively modern rites 
 of Masonry, however they may differ 
 in other respects, religiously pre- 
 serve this temple history and these 
 operative elements, as the substra- 
 tum of all their modifications of the 
 Masonic system. 
 
 "25. The last and crowning Land- 
 mark of a 1 ! is that these Landmarks 
 can never be changed. Nothing can 
 be subtracted from them nothing 
 can be added to them not the 
 slightest modification can be made 
 in them. As they were received from 
 our predecessors, we are bound by 
 the most solemn obligations of duty 
 to transmit them to our successors. 
 Not one jot or one tittle of these 
 unwritten laws can be repealed; for, 
 in respect to them, we are not only 
 willing, but compelled to adopt the 
 language of the sturdy old barons of 
 England 'nolumus leges mutari.'" 
 
 Dr. Oliver, than whom no Masonic writer is better quali- 
 fied to render a correct opinion on this important subject, 
 favors us with these as the Landmarks of Freemasonry: 
 
 "In the absence of positive evi- 
 dence we will endeavor to ascertain, 
 on the authority of ancient docu- 
 ments, what were considered Land- 
 marks by the Craft at the earliest 
 Eeriod on record, as they were col- 
 icted and handed down to us in 
 the Lectures which were used during 
 the last century. 
 
 "1. OPENING AND CLOSING THE 
 LODGE. To begin with the begin- 
 ning: The opening and closing of 
 the Lodge include many important 
 Landmarks, which are absolutely 
 indispensable to the integrity of the 
 Order. For instance, if a Lodge be 
 opened in the alwence of a stipu- 
 19 
 
 lated number of brethren; or by any 
 other than the proper officers, and 
 unaccompanied by the prescribed 
 batteries or reports : if this essential 
 ceremony be performed without 
 enumerating the principal and as- 
 sistant officers, together with a de- 
 scription of their several duties, and 
 including a reference to the cardinal 
 points of the compass; if it be done 
 in an untiled Lodge, or without the 
 brethren appearing in Order as 
 Masons; or if the solemn invocation 
 to T. G. A. O. T. U. be omitted; 
 then the meeting would forfeit the 
 character of a Lodge of Masons, ity 
 transactions would be illegal, and
 
 222 
 
 LAN. 
 
 (he brethren would become liable 
 to an indictment for irregularity and 
 a violation of the established Land- 
 marks. At the closing of the Lodge, 
 similar ceremonies have been trans- 
 mitted to us from the most ancient 
 times, and their observance invests 
 the proceedings with solemnity and 
 decorum; until the members are fi- 
 nally dismissed with an exhortation 
 to fidelity --which is an unchange- 
 able Landmark and they depart in 
 peace, harmony, and brotherly love. 
 
 "2. MEET ON THE LEVEL AND PART 
 ON THE SQUARE. This Landmark 
 was originally introduced into the 
 lectures, to show that the Order, 
 although confessedly based on the 
 principle of equality, is not the 
 exponent of that species of com- 
 munism which would destroy rank, 
 equalize property, and reduce so- 
 ciety to the common level of a 
 savage state. Nor do its members 
 look forward to the period which 
 was so ardently desired by Condor- 
 cec. 'when the sun shall shine on 
 none but free men; when a man 
 snail recognize no other master than 
 ilia reason; when tyrants and their 
 slaves when priests, together with 
 their stumd and hypocritical agents, 
 will have no further existence but in 
 history or on the stage.' It is only 
 when the Lodge is open that the 
 brethren, without any reference to 
 a diversity of rank, are equal ; and 
 during the process of working the 
 lectures, each bears the burden 
 assigned to him by the Master for 
 the furtherance of that common ob- 
 iect the acquisition of knowledge. 
 But having met on the level, they 
 part on the square. 
 
 "3. CONCERNING CANDIDATES. 
 By studying the Landmarks, an in- 
 dustrious brother will acquire an 
 accurate knowledge of the bounda- 
 ries within which his investigations 
 ought to be confined. And for want 
 of some such incipient training, 
 many a zealous Mason has aban- 
 doned the Order in despair. There 
 is one rule respecting candidates 
 which every brother ought to under- 
 stand distinctly, us an inalienable 
 Landmark in Masonry, that ix> <n> 
 cun, nnil-r nmj <'i,-<-ui>i.-<t<iiic<'s, invite 
 *"' friend t<j bfcouteu Mason, because 
 
 a disappointed candidate would 
 then have it in his power to say that 
 he had been inveigled into the 
 Order for the sake of the fee ; which 
 would bring upon it a scandal, 
 rather than a bent fit. Every person 
 who offers himself for initiation is, 
 therefore, bound by another strin- 
 gent Landmark, which the Grand 
 Lodge of England has invested with 
 the authority of a law, solemnly to 
 declare that he has not been biased 
 by the solicitations of friends, or by 
 any mercenary or other unworthy 
 motive; and that his request for 
 admission is made from a favorable 
 opinion of the institution, and a 
 desire of knowledge. Thus, in the 
 beautiful language of the lectures, 
 he must freely and voluntarily ask, 
 if he would have ; seek, if he would 
 find; and knock, if he wishes the 
 door of Masonry to be opened lor 
 his admission into the Order. 
 
 "4. ADMISSION OF CANDIDATES. 
 To prevent disappointments of this 
 nature from being of frequent oc- 
 currence, another Landmark directs 
 the brethren of a Lodge to proceed 
 with great deliberation in the ad- 
 mission of candidates, by making 
 a strict perquisition, before the 
 ballot is taken, into the character 
 they sustain among their neighbors 
 and friends. This may be ascer- 
 tained with sufficient accuracy by a 
 careful ex, uiinatiou of their ante- 
 cedents, and the testimony of those 
 with whom they have been con- 
 nected in the affairs of business or 
 the pursuits of pleasure. The most 
 ancient Landmarks that we are ac- 
 quainted with provide that -the son 
 of a bondman shall not be admitted 
 as an apprentice, lest his introduc- 
 tion into the Lodge should causo 
 dissatisfaction among the brethren; 1 
 and that the candidate must be of 
 good morals, without blemish, and 
 have the full and proper use of his 
 limbs; for 'a maimed man,' as ti:o 
 York Constitutions express it, -can 
 do the Craft no good. ' By the assist- 
 ance of these plain and simple direc- 
 tions, added to others which have 
 been subsequently enjoined by Spec- 
 ulative Grand Lodges, no difficulty 
 can arisn in estimating the quului- 
 cations of a candidate for initiation
 
 LAN. 
 
 223 
 
 "5. THE BALLOT. Every facility 
 is afforded for making the necessary 
 inquiries. The laws and Landmarks 
 equally provide that, before a can- 
 didate can be admitted, he must be 
 proposed in open Lodge, and a 
 notice to that effect served on each 
 individual member in the ensuing 
 summons, with his name, occupa- 
 tion, and place of abode, distinctly 
 specified. And to afford ample 
 time for deliberate investigation, 
 the ballot cannot legally be taken, 
 except in cases of emergency, till 
 the next regular lodge-night; when, 
 if approved, the candidate may 
 receive the first degree; because it 
 is presumed that every brother, 
 before he records his vote, has made 
 due inquiry, and is perfectly satisfied 
 that the candidate possesses the 
 necessary qualifications to become 
 a good and worthy Mason. 
 
 "6. PREPARATION. Every existing 
 institution is distinguished by some 
 preliminary ceremony of admission 
 which is inaccessible to those who 
 are unable to establish an indis- 
 putable claim to participate in its 
 privileges. The approved candidate 
 in Freemasonry having sought in 
 his mind and asked of his friend, 
 its tiled door is now about to be 
 opened and its secrets disclosed. 
 The preparation is accompanied by 
 ceremonies which, to a superficial 
 thinker, may appear trifling and 
 undignified, although they embody 
 a series of references to certain sub- 
 lime matters, which constitute the 
 very essence of the institution, and 
 contribute to its stability and per- 
 manent usefulness, if, in accordance 
 with the advice of St. Paul, every- 
 thing be done decently and in 
 Order. But ceremonies, considered 
 abstractedly, are of little value, 
 except as they contribute their aid 
 to impress upon the mind scientific 
 beauties and moral truths. And 
 this is the peculiar characteristic of 
 Freemasonry, which, although its 
 rites and observances are studiously 
 complicated throughout the whole 
 routine of its consecutive degrees, 
 does not contain a single ceremony 
 that is barren of intellectual im- 
 provement; for they all bear a direct 
 reference to certain ancient usages 
 
 recorded in the Book which :s al- 
 ways expanded on the pedestal in 
 the East. 
 
 "7. THE BADGE. In the lodges of 
 the last century, some trifling varie- 
 ties existed in the arrangements 
 during the process of initiation; for 
 a perfect uniformity, however de- 
 sirable, had not been attained. To 
 explain them here would be super- 
 fluous, and, perhaps, not altogether 
 prudent. Suffice it to say that in 
 some lodges the investiture took 
 place before the candidate was en- 
 trusted with the peculiar secrets of 
 the degree, whiie others practiced a 
 formula similar to that which was 
 enjoined at the Union in 1813. The 
 Senior Warden performed the duty, 
 and recommended the candidate to 
 wet.r the apron as a badge of inno- 
 cence and bond of friendship, in 
 the fall assurance that if he never 
 disgraced that badge it would never 
 disgrace him. There are other ele- 
 mentary Landmarks embodied in 
 the initiation, but they are so well 
 known and generally understood 
 that it will scarcely be necessary to 
 enumerate them, much le*s to g< > into 
 the detail of a particular illustration, 
 which, indeed, would be unauthor- 
 ized, and constitute, if not a legal 
 offense against the Constitutions of 
 Masonry, at least a moral infringe- 
 ment of the O. B. 
 
 "8. TESTS OF INDUSTRY. Every 
 candidate at his initiation, should 
 carefully note the particulars of the 
 ceremony; and if there should hap- 
 pen to be some things which appear 
 to his inexperience unnecessary, 
 and others that he cannot exactly 
 comprehend, he may conceive it to 
 be within the bounds of probability 
 that they will admit of a satisfactory 
 explanation. For it is scarcely to 
 be supposed, even by the most ob- 
 tuse intellect, that in the nineteenth 
 century educated men would meet 
 together periodically to waste their 
 time in unprofitable discussions; to 
 lend the sanction of their names to 
 propagate a fiction, or to engage in 
 pursuits which lead to no advan 
 tageous result. Let the candidate 
 use the means at his disposal to 
 remove all false impressions, by 
 studying his elementary exeiviso
 
 LAN. 
 
 the tests ef the first degree, which 
 u-e enjoined by the authority of 
 many Grand Lodges and ought 
 to be by all as a proof of his in- 
 
 dustry, and a desire o f knowledge, 
 for they are intended to convey 
 some preliminary insight into our 
 allegorical system." 
 
 John W. Simons, in his excellent and popular work on the 
 " Principles and Practice of Masonic Jurisprudence," offers 
 the following to be the Landmarks of Masonry, in the proper 
 sense of the term: 
 
 likely to disturb the harmony 01 
 
 "1. A belief in the existence of a 
 Supreme Being, and in the immor- 
 tality of the sonl. 
 
 "2. That the moral law, which in- 
 culcates, among other things, charity 
 and probity, industry and sobriety, 
 is the rule and guide of every Mason. 
 ' 3. Respect for, and obedience to, 
 
 interrupt the working of the Lodge 
 he proposes to visit 
 
 "9. The prerogative of the Grand 
 Master to preside over every assem- 
 bly of the Craft, within his juris- 
 diction, to make Masons at sight in 
 a regular Lodge, and to grant Dis- 
 
 the civil law of the country, and the j pensations for the formation of new 
 
 Masonic regulations of the juris- 
 diction where a Mason may reside. 
 
 "4. That new-made Masons must 
 be free-born, of lawful age, and hale 
 and sound at the time of making. 
 
 "5. The modes of recognition, 
 and, generally, the rites and ceremo- 
 nies of the three degrees of Ancient 
 Craft Masonry. 
 
 ' 6. That no appeal can be tiken 
 
 lodges. 
 
 "10. That no one can be made a 
 Mason, save in a regular Lodge, 
 duly convened, after petition, and 
 acceptance by unanimous ballot, 
 except when made at sight by the 
 Grand Master. 
 
 "11. That the ballot for candidates 
 is strictly and inviolably secret. 
 
 12. That a Lodge cannot try its 
 
 to the Lodge, from the decision of j Master. 
 
 the Master, or the Warden occupy nig | "13. That every Mason is amenable 
 
 the Chair in his absence. to the laws and regulations of the 
 
 "7. That no one can be the M;is- jurisdiction in which he resides, 
 ter of a Warranted Lodge till he ; even though he be a member of a 
 has been installed and served one j particular lodge in some other juris- 
 year as Warden. diction. 
 
 "8. That when a man becomes a I "14. The right of the Craft at large 
 Masou he not only acquires mem- i to be represented in Grand Lodge, 
 bership in the particular Lodge that and to instruct their representatives. 
 admits him, but, in a general sense, 
 he becomes one of the whole Masonic 
 
 family; and hence he has a right to 
 
 15. The general aim and form 
 of the society, as handed down to 
 
 us by the fathers, to be by us pre- 
 
 visit, musonically, every regular served inviolate, and transmitted to 
 Ixxlge, except when such visit is ! our successors forever." 
 
 Bro. Rob. Morris, in his "Code of Masonic Law," deduces 
 these boundaries, marks of distinction, or immemorial laws, 
 as the unalterable landmarks: 
 
 "1. The Masonic Landmarks are 
 unchangeable and imperative. 
 
 "2. Masonry is a system, teach- 
 ing, symbolically, piety, morality, 
 science, charity and self-discipline. 
 
 "3. The Law of God is the rule 
 and limit of Masonry. 
 
 "A. The civil law, so far as it ac- 
 cords with tht: Divine, is obligatory 
 upon Masons. 
 
 "5. The Masonic Lodge and ths 
 Masonic institution are one and 
 indivisible. 
 
 "6. Masonic qualifications regard 
 the mental, moral, and physical 
 nature of man. 
 
 "7. Personal worth and merit are 
 the basis of official worth and merit 
 
 "8. The official duties of Masonrj 
 are esoteric.
 
 LAN. 
 
 225 
 
 "9. The selection of Masonic ma- 
 terial and the general labors of the 
 Masonic Craft are exoteric. 
 
 "10. The honors of Masonry are 
 the gratitude of the Craft and the 
 approval of God. 
 
 "11. Masonic promotion, both 
 private and official, is by grades. 
 
 " 12. The Grand Master may have 
 a Deputy. 
 
 "13. The head of the Lodge is the 
 Master, duly elected by the Craft. 
 
 "14. The medium of communi- 
 
 cation between the head and th 
 body of the Lodge is the Wardens, 
 duly elected by the Craft. 
 
 "15. Obedience to the Master and 
 Wardens is obligatory upon the 
 members. 
 
 ; ' 1 (j. Secrecy is an indispensable 
 element of Masonry. 
 
 "17. The Grand Lodge is supreme 
 in its sphere of jurisdiction, and 
 controls both the subordinate lodgea 
 and individual Masons, but always 
 subject to the Ancient Landmarks." 
 
 The Constitution of the Grand Lodge of New York sets 
 forth, in a concise and masterly manner, the following as the 
 Landmarks of the Order: 
 
 "1. That belief in the Supreme 
 Being, 'The Great Architect of tlu 1 
 Universe,' who will punish vice and 
 reward virtue, is an indispensable 
 pre-requisite to admission t<> Ma- 
 sonry. 
 
 "2. That the moral law which in- 
 culcates charity and probity, indus- 
 try and sobriety, and obedience to 
 law and civil government, is the rule 
 and guide of every Mason, and to 
 which strict conformity is required. 
 
 "3. That obedience to Masonic 
 law and authority, being voluntarily 
 assumed, is of perpetual obligation, 
 and can only be divested by the 
 sanction of the supreme government 
 iii Masonry. 
 
 "4. That the rites and ceremonies 
 (which include th' unwrittenlanyuag$ 
 of the true system of the Ancient 
 York rite, and which cousin <it>' a 
 part of the body of Masonry, are 
 immutable, and that it is not in the 
 power of any man, or body of men, 
 to make innovations therein. 
 
 "5. That contention and lawsuits 
 between brethren are contrary to 
 the laws and regulations of Masonry. 
 
 ' ' ti. That charity is the right of a 
 Mason, his widow, and orphans, 
 when poor and destitute, to demand, 
 an. I the duty of his prosperous 
 brother to bestow. 
 
 ' ' 7. That Masonic instruction is, 
 like charity, a reciprocal right and 
 duty of Masons. 
 
 "8. That the right to visit, nia- 
 sonically, is an absolute right, but 
 may be forfeited 01 limited by par- 
 ticular regulations. 
 
 "9. That men made Masoiw must 
 
 be at least twenty-one years of age, 
 free-born, of good report, hale and 
 sound, not deformed or disinein- 
 be.-ed, and no woman, no eunuch. 
 
 "10. That no one can be made a 
 Mason except in a lawful Lodge, 
 duly convened, acting (except when 
 made by the Grand Master at sight) 
 under an unreclaimed Warrant or 
 Dispensation, and at the place 
 therein named. 
 
 " 11. That the Grand Master may 
 make Masons at sight, in person, 
 and in a lawful Lodge, and may 
 grant a dispensation to a Lodge, for 
 the sajne purpose; but in all other 
 cases a candidate must be proposed 
 in open Lodge, at a stated meeting, 
 and can only be accepted at a stated 
 meeting following, by the scrutiny 
 of a secret ballot, and an unanimous 
 vote, and must pay a fixed price 
 before admission. 
 
 ' ' 12. That the ballot for candidates 
 or for membership is strictly and 
 inviolably secret. 
 
 "13. That a petition to be made 
 a Mason, after being presented and 
 referred, cannot be withdrawn, but 
 must be acted upon by report oj 
 committee and ballot. 
 
 " 14. That a ballot for each degree 
 separate!}' is an undeniable right, 
 when demanded. 
 
 " 15. That initiation makes a man 
 a Mason; but he must receive the 
 Master Mason's degree, and sign 
 the By-Laws, before he becomes a 
 member of the Lodge. 
 
 "16. That it is the duty of every 
 Master Mason to be a contributing 
 member of a Lodge.
 
 IAN. 
 
 "25. lh&*, the disciplinary powers 
 of a Lodge may not be exercised for 
 a violation of the moral law (as dis- 
 tinguished from the law of the land) 
 until the offender has been thrice 
 admonished by the Master or War- 
 dens of his Lodge. 
 
 "26. That a failure to meet by a 
 Lodge for one year is cause for the 
 forfeiture of its Warrant. 
 
 ' ' 27. That it is the duty, as well as 
 the right, of every warranted Lodge 
 to be represented in the Grand Lodge 
 at its annual Communication. 
 
 "28. That a Grand Lodge haa 
 supreme and exclusive jurisdiction, 
 within its territorial limits, over all 
 matters of Ancient Craft Masonry. 
 
 "29. That no appeal lies from the 
 decision of a Grand Master in the 
 chair, or his Deputy or Warden oc- 
 cupying the chair in his absence. 
 
 "30. That the office of Grand 
 Master is always elective, and should 
 be rilled annually by the Grand 
 Lodge. 
 
 "31. That a Grand Lodge, com- 
 posed of its Officers and of Repre- 
 sentatives, nrist meet at least once 
 in each year to consult and act con- 
 cerning the interests of the Frater- 
 nity in its jurisdiction. 
 
 "Besides these, there are various 
 Landmarks, which constitute the 
 frame-work of the government of the 
 Fraternity; and the indispensable 
 discharge of various duties and re- 
 lations growing out of them; and 
 also those matters regulating and 
 attending the ceremonies and work 
 of Masonry, which are not proper 
 to be written; and various other 
 duties and rights more fully set 
 forth in the "ANCIENT CHAKGES," 
 being a part of the Constitutions 
 of Freemasons." 
 
 Dr. Mitchell, in his "History of Freemasonry," disposes 
 of the subject of Landmarks in the following brief manner: 
 
 "The Landmarks of Masonry are 'fundamental laws of the society. 
 those immemorial laws which have The unwritten Landmarks comprise 
 been handed down from age to age, j all those essential rituals and teach- 
 and from generation to generation, ! ings of the lod;*e-rooru, and which 
 no one knowing whence they origi- can be learned nowhere else. The 
 Dated, and no one having the right ; written Landmarks are six in num- 
 to alter or change them, but all ' ber, and are to be found under the 
 Masons being bound by a fair and head of ' The Old Charges of a Free- 
 liberal construction ot them. They mason,' first published in 1723, by 
 consist of the written and unwritten order oT the Gr. Lodge of Ea land.' 
 
 ' 17. That a Lodge under dispensa- 
 tion is but a temporary and inchoate 
 body, and is not entitled to repre- 
 sentation in the Grand Lodge, and 
 those who work it do not forfeit 
 their membership thereby in any 
 other Lodge, while it so continues, 
 but such membership is thereby 
 suspended. 
 
 "18. That the Master and War- 
 dens of every warranted Lodge imist 
 be chosen annually by its members, 
 and if installed, cannot resign their 
 offices during the term for which 
 they were elected; and are, of right, 
 and inalienably, representatives in, 
 and members of, the Grand Lodge; 
 and in case they do not attend the 
 Grand Lodge a proxy may be ap- 
 pointed by the Lodge to represent 
 it in the Grand Lodge, who in such 
 case shall have three votes. 
 
 "19. That no one can be elected 
 Master of a warranted Lodge (except 
 at its first election) but a Master 
 Mason who shall have served as 
 Warden. 
 
 ' ' 20. That no appeal to the Lodge 
 can be taken from the decision of 
 the Master, or the Warden occupying 
 the chair in his absence. 
 
 "21. That every Mason must be 
 tried by his peers; and hence the 
 Master cannot be tried by his Lodge. 
 
 "22. That Masonic intercourse 
 with a clandestine or expelled Ma- 
 son is a breach of duty, and an 
 offense against Masonic law. 
 
 "23. That a restoration to the 
 the Grand 
 member- 
 ship in a Subordinate Lodge. 
 
 "24. That a Mason who is not a 
 member of any Lodge is still sub- 
 ject to the disciplinary power of 
 Masonry. 
 
 privileges of Masonry by t 
 Lodge does not restore to
 
 LAN. 
 
 227 
 
 Bro. Luke A. Lockwood, in his work entitled "Masouio 
 Law and Practice," gives tbe following as the Landmarks: 
 
 to make Masons, and to administer 
 its own private affairs. 
 
 10. That every candidate must 
 be a man, of lawful age, born of 
 free parents, under no restraint of 
 liberty, and bale and sound, as a 
 man ought to be. 
 
 11. That no candidate can be 
 received except by unanimous bal- 
 lot, after due notice of his appli- 
 cation and due inquiry as to his 
 qualifications. 
 
 12. That the ballot is inviolably 
 secret. 
 
 13. That all Masons, as such, are 
 peers. 
 
 14. That all Lodges nre peers. 
 
 15. That all Grand Lodges are 
 peers. 
 
 16. That no person can be in- 
 stalled Master of a Lodge unless he 
 be a Past Warden, except by dis- 
 pensation of the Grand Master. 
 
 17. That the obligations, means 
 of recognition, and the forms and 
 ceremonies observed in conferring 
 degrees are secret. 
 
 18. That no innovation can be 
 made upon the body of Masonry. 
 
 19. That the Ancient Landmarks 
 are the Supreme Law, and cannot 
 be changed or abrogated. 
 
 1. Belief in the existence of a 
 Supreme Being, in some revelation 
 of his will, in the resxirrection of 
 the body and in tbe immortality of 
 the soul. 
 
 2. The obligations and modes of 
 recognition, and the legend of the 
 third degree. 
 
 3. The inculcation of the moral 
 virtues, of benevolence and of the 
 doctrines of natural religion, by 
 means of symbols derived from the 
 Temple of King Solomon and its 
 tradition, and from the iisages and 
 customs observed, and from the 
 implements and materials used in 
 its construction. 
 
 4. That Masons must obey the 
 moral law and the government of 
 the country in which they live. 
 
 5. That the Grand Master is the 
 head of the Craft. 
 
 6. That the Master is head of the 
 Lodge. 
 
 7. That the Grand Lodge is the 
 supreme governing body within its 
 territorial jurisdiction. 
 
 8. That every Lodge has an in- 
 herent right to be represented in 
 Grand Lodge by its first three 
 officers, or their proxies. 
 
 9. That every Lodge has power 
 
 The late Bro. Charles Scott, in "The Keystone of the 
 Masonic Arch," thus discusses the character of Landmarks- 
 
 "The ancients set great value 
 apon the landmarks or boundaries 
 of their property. To deface or 
 remove any of them was regarded 
 as a grievous offense. * * * * Even 
 among the heathen the landmark 
 was sacred so sacred, they made a 
 deity of it. * * * * The ' sons of light ' 
 have their landmarks ; and so clearly 
 may they be traced that a friend may 
 always be distinguished from a foe. 
 The better opinion is that the rites, 
 forms, or ceremonies are enumer- 
 
 ated among our landmarks; also 
 our universal or common laws. 
 These laws cannot be repealed or 
 modified, and are, or ought to be, 
 the same in every Lodge. Any 
 attempt to repeal or alter them 
 would be a violation of Masonic 
 faith; for it is a fundamental prin- 
 ciple of our ancient constitution that 
 no innovation can be made in the 
 body of Masonry, and every member 
 of the Fraternity is religiously obli- 
 gated to observe and enforce it." 
 
 To maintain the present standing of our order; to secure 
 its vigorous existence, and extend its benefits, much depends 
 upon the vigilance with which we watch over its concerns, 
 and the means employed to preserve its Ancient Landmarks 
 from innovation, and its principles from corruption.
 
 228 LAV LEW. 
 
 LAYER, BRAZEN. Muses was directed to make, among 
 other articles of furniture for the services of the tabernacle, 
 a laver of brass. It was held as a vessel 
 of great sacredness, in which water 
 was kept for the ablutions of the priests 
 before entering upon 'the actual dis- 
 charge of their sacred duties of offering 
 sacrifices before the Lord. In the ancient 
 mysteries the laver with its pure water 
 was used to cleanse the neophyte of the 
 impurities of the outer world, and to 
 free him from the imperfections of his 
 past or sinful life. It is a necessary 
 article in many of the higher degrees, 
 for the ablut ion of the candidate in hie 
 progress to a higher and purer system of knowledge. 
 
 LAY BROTHERS. An order bearing this name, and ap- 
 pearing to have some connection with the corporations of 
 builders and stone masons, was founded in the llth century. 
 It became a numerous bodv, the members of which were 
 divided into two classes. They were skilled in all the arts, 
 especially those connected with architecture. There was 
 also an order of Lay Brothers in the Strict Observance. 
 
 LAZARUS, ORDER OF. 1. A Sardinian Order of Knighthood. 
 2. The memory of a monk of this name belonging to the 
 9th century is celebrated, February 21, by the Roman church, 
 because neither the threats nor violence of Theophilus, 
 Emperor of Constantinople, could prevent him from painting 
 images of the Saints. This monk afterward became the 
 patron of the sick, particularly of lepers, and in Palestine 
 was instituted the " United Order of St. Lazarus and of our 
 beloved Lady of Mt. Carmel" the members of which were 
 sailed Knights Hospitallers of St. Lazarus of Jerusalem. 
 The founder of this Order is unknown. Its object was the 
 care of the sick and of poor pilgrims. Lewis VTL of France 
 introduced it into Europe, where it established numerous 
 hospitals for the same class of diseased persons. 3. This is 
 also the name of a Masonic degree, the members of which 
 wear an emerald cross upon the breast. 
 
 LEVITICON. Name of the Ritual-book of the Parisian 
 New Templars, in which the secret instructions of the Order, 
 and the ceremonial forms for the reception of members, in 
 the several degree's, are preserved. 
 
 LEWIS, OR LOUVETEAU. The words Lewis and Louveteau, 
 which, in their original meanings, import two very different
 
 LEW. 229 
 
 things, have in Masonry an equivalent signification the 
 former being tised in English, and the latter in French, to 
 designate the son of a Mason. The English word lewis is a 
 term belonging to operative Masonry, and signifies an iron 
 cramp, which is inserted in a cavity prepared for the purpose 
 in any large stone, so as to give attachment to a pulley and 
 hook, whereby the stone may be conveniently raised to any 
 liight, and deposited in its proper position. In this country 
 the lewis has not been adopted as a symbol of Freemasonry, 
 but in the English ritual it is found among the emblems placed 
 upon the tracing-board of the Entered- Apprentice, and ia 
 used in that degree as a symbol of strength, because by its 
 assistance the operative Mason is enabled to lift the heaviest 
 stones with a comparatively trifling exertion of physical power. 
 Extending the symbolic allusion still further, the son of a 
 Mason is in England called a lewis, because it is his duty to 
 support the sinking powers and aid the failing strength of 
 his father, or, as Oliver has expressed it, "to bear the burden 
 and heat of the day, that his parents may rest in their old age, 
 thus rendering the evening of their lives peaceful and happy." 
 By the constitutions of England, a lewis may be initiated at 
 the age of eighteen, while it is required of all other candidates 
 that they shall have arrived at the maturer age of twenty-one. 
 The Book of Constitutions had prescribed that no Lodge 
 should make "any man under the age of twenty-one years, 
 unless by a dispensation from the Grand Master or his Deputy." 
 The Grand Lodge of England, in its modern regulations, has 
 availed itself of the license allowed by this dispensing power, 
 to confer the right of an earlier initiation on the sons of 
 Masons. The word louveteau signifies in French a young wolf. 
 The application of the term to the son of a Mason is derived 
 from a peculiarity hi some of the initiations into the ancient 
 mysteries. In the mysteries of Isis, which were practiced in 
 Egypt, the candidate was made to wear the mask of a wolf's 
 head. Hence, a wolf and a candidate in these mysteries 
 were often used as synonymous terms. Macrobius, in his 
 Saturnalia, says, in reference to this custom, that the ancients 
 perceived a relationship between the sun, the great symbol in 
 these mysteries, and a wolf, which the candidate represented 
 at his initiation. For, he remarks, as the flocks of sheep and 
 cattle fly and disperse at the sight of the wolf, so the flocks 
 of stars disappear at the approach of the sun's light. The 
 learned reader will also recollect that in the Greek language 
 lukos signifies both the sun and a wolf. Hence, as the can- 
 didate in the Isiac mysteries was called a wolf, the son of a 
 Freemason in the French lodges is called a young wolf or a 
 lou-vetf.au. The louveteau in France, like the lewis in England, 
 is invested with peculiar privileges He also is permitted
 
 230 
 
 LIB LIL. 
 
 to unite himself with the order at the early age of eighteen 
 years. The baptism of a louveteau is sometimes performed 
 by the Lodge of which his father is a member, with impressive 
 ceremonies. The infant, soon after birth, is taken to the 
 lodge-room, where he receives a Masonic name, differing from 
 that which he bears in the world; he is formally adopted by 
 the Lodge as one of its children, and should he become an 
 orphan, requiring assistance, he is supported and educated 
 by the Fraternity, and finally established in life. In this 
 country, these rights of a lewis or a louveteau are not recog- 
 nized, and the very names were, until lately, scarcely known, 
 except to a few Masonic scholars. MACKEY. 
 
 LIBATION. Latin libatio, from libare, to pour out. Properly 
 a drink offering. Libations were frequent at meals among 
 the ancient Greeks and Romans, and consisted generally of 
 wine, though libations to the dead consisted sometimes of 
 blood or milk. In sacrifices, the priest was first obliged to 
 taste the wine, with which he sprinkled the victims, and 
 caused those to do the same who offered the sacrifice. They 
 consisted in offerings of bread, wine, and salt. Libationa 
 are in use in several of the high degrees of Freemasonry, 
 particularly in the Templar system. 
 
 LIBERTAS. The name of the Goddess of Liberty among 
 the ancient Romans. According to Hyginus, she was the 
 daughter of Jupiter and Juno. Crowned with a diadem 
 and covered with a vail, she personifies liberty in general. 
 The modern Libertas, or Goddess of Liberty, is a female 
 figure, the head covered with a cap. The cap has always 
 been a symbol of liberty, and in the Masonic brotherhood it 
 is also a sign of equality, and hence, in former times, the 
 figure of Libertas was often found among the decorations of 
 the Lodge, and Masons wore their hats while engaged in the 
 labors of the Craft. 
 
 LIBERTINE. By this name is designated a person who 
 is governed by no principle, and restrained by no laws of 
 morality and virtue, who selfishly and basely seeks his own 
 gratification and advancement, at whatever cost to others. 
 Such a man is, of course, in every sense unfit to be a Mason. 
 In the Ancient Charges it is laid down as a fundamental rule 
 that " a Freemason is obliged by his tenure to obey the moral 
 law; and if he rightly understands the art he will never be a 
 stupid atheist nor an irreligious libertine" Here the word im- 
 plies a person who rejects all religious truths, i. e., an infidei. 
 
 LILY OF THE VALLEY. A side degree in the Templar 
 system of France.
 
 LIN LYO. 231 
 
 LINGAM. The symbol of the creating aud producing 
 power, sacred in the Egyptian, Grecian, and Indian myste- 
 ries. [See PHALLUS.] 
 
 LOWEN. It is difficult to ascertain the exact etymology 
 of this term. The word occurs in the Ancient Charges of 
 the Lodge of Antiquity, London, as follows: "Twelvethly: 
 That a Master or Fellow make not a mould stone, square, nor 
 rule to no lowen, nor let no lowen work within their lodge, 
 nor without to .mould stone." It is evident the word is em- 
 ployed to designate an ignorant, reckless, wild fellow, wholly 
 unsuited to be the companion of Masons. It may be the old 
 Saxon word lowen, lion, sometimes used as a general term 
 for wild beasts. Hence, metaphorically, it may properly be 
 applied to an ignorant, stupid, brutish person. 
 
 LUSTRATION. A purification, or ceremony of expiation, 
 and also, in the Mysteries, of preparation. The word is de- 
 rived from lustrare, to expiate. A solemn purification or 
 consecration of the Roman people, by means of a sacrificium 
 lustrale, was performed after every census. It consisted of 
 a bull, a sow, a sheep or ram suoveta urilia. The ram was 
 dedicated to Jupiter, the swine to Ceres, and the bull to 
 Mars. This solemn act was called lustrum condere. In 
 Masonry the word means a purification, and is of a moral 
 character, although in some degrees an actual lustration by 
 water is performed. 
 
 LUX. Latin for Light. It is applied to Freemasonry because 
 Masonry is a fountain of intelligence and wisdom. It has 
 been a favorite word in the symbolism of all mystic orders. 
 
 LUX E TENEBRIS. Light out of Darkness. This device 
 teaches that when man is enlightened by reason he is able to 
 penetrate the darkness and obscurity which ignorance and 
 superstition spread abroad. 
 
 L. V. C. LABOR VIRIS CONVENIT. "Labor is useful to men." A 
 device in the Templar system of Baron Hunde, which was 
 engraved on the inside of the rings worn by the Knights, and 
 also upon their seals and escutcheons. It is also the device 
 of the "Scottish Lodge of Nine Sisters," in Brunswick. 
 
 LYONS, THE SYSTEM OF. The name applied to the reformed 
 ritual and regulations adopted by the " Chevaliers bienfaisants 
 de la Sainle Cite," benevolent Knights cf the Holy City, at 
 the convention of Lyons,- A. D. 1778.
 
 232 MAC MAG. 
 
 M. 
 
 MACBENAC. A word well known to Masons. It is derived 
 from the Hebrew, and signifies "He lives in the SON." 
 
 MAGIANS. The name of the members of the priestly 
 order among the ancient Medes and Persians. The word is 
 of Indian origin, being derived from mag, which, in the 
 Pehlvi language, signifies priest. In the last half of the 
 seventh century before Christ, Zoroaster reformed and 
 reorganized the order, and divided the members into three 
 classes or degrees: 1. Herbeds, or Apprentices; 2. Mobeds, 
 or Teacher and Master; 3. Destur Mobeds, or Perfect Master. 
 The Magians claimed to have the gift of prophecy, a super- 
 natural wisdom, and power to control the secret forces of 
 nature. They were held in the highest reverence among the 
 people, and no transaction of importance took place without 
 or against their advice. Hence their almost unbounded 
 influence in private as well as in public life ; and, quite apart 
 from the education of the young princes being in their hands, 
 they also formed the constant companions of the ruling 
 monarchs. Their mode of life was of the simplest and 
 severest, befitting their station. The food, especially of the 
 lower classes, consisted almost entirely of flour and vege- 
 tables; they wore white garments, slept on the ground, and 
 were altogether subjected to the most rigorous discipline. 
 The initiation consisted of the most imposing and mysterious 
 ceremonies. Purifications of several months duration, and 
 fastings of the severest test, had to precede it; and it was 
 long before the candidate could be led into the realms of the 
 dead, where all is darkness and misery, thence to the higher 
 stages of glory and perpetual life. Gradually, however, their 
 influence, which once had been powerful enough to raise them 
 to the throne itself, began to wane, and in the course of time, 
 its members dwindled down to the number of seven, and 
 finally to extinction. In the seventeenth century an order 
 of Magians was established in Florence, and still later u 
 sub -division of the order of Rosicrucians bore this name. 
 We find, also, the appellation Magus applied to the 8th 
 degree, or the 1st degree of the Grand Mysteries of the 
 Uluminati, to the 9th and last degree of the German, Gold 
 and Rose-Cross, and to the 7th grade of the Clerical system 
 of the Strict Observance. Thory also mentions a Sovereign 
 Magus of the 5th degree of the Clerical-Cabalistic system. 
 
 MAGNA CHARTA. The great charter, so called, obtained 
 by the English barons from King John, June 5, 1215, and 
 confirmed by his successor, Henry III. It has been viewed
 
 MAH MAR 233 
 
 by after ages as the basis of English liberties. Its most 
 important articles are those which provide that no freeman 
 shall be taken or imprisoned or proceeded against, " except 
 by the lawful judgment of his peers or by the law of the 
 land," and that no scutage or aid should be imposed in the 
 kingdom (except certain feudal dues from tenants of the 
 crown), unless by the authority of the common council of 
 the kingdom. The remaining and greater part of it is 
 directed against abuses of the king's power as feudal superior. 
 
 MAHER-SHALAL-HASH-BAZ. A mystical name that 
 was to be given to one of the sons of the prophet Isaial. 
 which he had previously written by divine command, on a 
 tablet, the meaning of which is : " He hasteth to the spoil ; 
 speed to the prey." A prophetic intimation of the speedy 
 invasion and victory of the Assyrians over Syria and Israel. 
 As a warrior, devoted to the cause of honor and justice, we 
 should be ever ready to hasten to the relief of the destitute 
 and oppressed. 
 
 MAITRESSE AGISSANTE. (M.\ A.-.} In the Egyptian 
 system of Cagliostro, this title, "Acting Mistress," is given 
 to the presiding sister. 
 
 MAKE. When a candidate is initiated into the mysteries 
 of the order, he is said to be made a Mason. An expression 
 in use among the operative Masons in the ancient times. 
 It is a term synonymous with the word "initiate." 
 
 MALLET. One of the working tools of a Mark Master; 
 an instrument of practical architectural labor. As an emblem 
 of morality it is synonymous with the common gavel of the 
 Entered Apprentice. 
 
 MANES. In Roman antiquity, the gods of the lower 
 world; the benevolent deities; generally applied to the souls 
 of the departed. According to Apuleius, the Manes were 
 originally called Lemures, and consisted of two classes the 
 Lares and the Larvce; the former of whom were the souls of 
 those who had led virtuous lives, and the latter of those 
 who had lived improperly. At a later period the term J/anes 
 came to be a general designation for both. 
 
 MARK. The Mark-Master's medal, or the Tyrian Signet, 
 which Hiram is said to have sent to King Solomon. It 
 is in the form of a keystone, and has engraved upon it 
 a circle the emblem of an eternal compact of friendship 
 and a mark or device chosen by the possessor. A Mark- 
 Mason who receives this mark from a destitute brother is 
 bound by the most solemn obligations to assist him to the 
 extent of his ability. In this respect it resembles the 
 20
 
 234 MAE. 
 
 " Ring of Hospitality," and the " Tessara " among the an- 
 cients, with whom hospitality was considered a most sacred 
 duty. Individuals often entered into contracts of friendship, 
 binding themselves and descendants to assist and protect 
 
 each other in adverse circum- 
 stances; and, as was the case 
 among the Greeks, ratified the 
 alliance by breaking a ring into 
 two parts, each party taking one 
 half. The visitor was kindly re- 
 ceived, clothed, and entertained. 
 After nine days, if the stranger 
 had not previously made himseli 
 known, the question was put to 
 him, " who and whence art thou ?" 
 If, in reply, he could show the 
 half of the broken ring, he 
 was welcomed still more warmly. 
 Among the early Christians, marks were in general use, and in 
 the existing circumstances of the Brotherhood were of the 
 highest importance and utility. In Rev. ii. 17 allusion is 
 made to the Christian mark, as follows: "To him that over- 
 cometh will I give a white stone, and in it a new name 
 written, which no man knoweth, saving he that receiveth it." 
 That is, " To him who passes triumphantly through all the 
 trials, discipline, and proofs of discipleship, will I give the 
 mystical stone, which will secure to him protection and 
 assistance, and brotherly love, in this world; and in the 
 world to come, will open to him the eternal mysteries, and 
 admit him to a more perfect fellowship in the grand circle 
 of the just. 
 
 MARKMAN. The nam*e of a Masonic degree which is not 
 now in use. The markmen were Wardens at the building 
 of Solomon's Temple. 
 
 MARK OF THE CRAFT. According to the traditions of 
 the Mark Master's degree, each Mason employed in building 
 \ie Temple of Solomon was required to place a peculiar 
 ^iark upon his work, to distinguish it from that of others. 
 It is probable that this has always been the practice with 
 the various corporations of builders from the earliest periods 
 down to quite modern times. Most of the edifices con- 
 structed in the middle ages, particularly those of Strasburg, 
 Worms, Rheims, bear these marks, which appear to have 
 been of two classes, viz: monograms, which belonged to 
 overseers; and emblems, as the trowel, mallet, square, etc.,- 
 that belonged to the workmen. A writer, describing the
 
 MAE. 
 
 235 
 
 walls of the fortress of Allahabad, in the East Indies, erected 
 &. D. 1542. says: "The walls are- composed of large oblong 
 blocks of red granite, and are almost everywhere covered 
 with Masonic emblems, which evince something more than 
 mere ornament. They are not confined to any particular 
 spot, but are scattered over the walls of the fortress, in many 
 places as high as thirty or forty feet from the ground. It is 
 quite certain that thousands of stones on the walls, bearing 
 these Masonic symbols, were carved, marked, and numbered 
 in the quarry before the erection of the building. 
 
 MARSHAL. A term, in its origin, meaning a groom or 
 manager of the horse, though eventually the king's marshal 
 became one of the principal officers of state in England. 
 In France, the highest military officer is called a marshal, a 
 dignity which originated early in the thirteenth century. 
 Originally, the Marechal de France was the first companion 
 of the king, and commanded the vanguard in war; in later 
 times, the command became supreme, and the rank of the 
 highest military importance. After the deposition of Louis 
 XVI. the dignity of marshal ceased; but was revived by 
 Napoleon, with the title of Marshal of the Empire. 2. An 
 officer known to Masonic bodies, whose duty is to have charge 
 of processions and other public ceremonies. As a badge of 
 special distinction he wears a scarf and carries a baton. 
 
 MARTHA. The name of the fourth degree of the order 
 of the Eastern Star, or American Adoptive rite. It illustrates 
 undeviating friendship and the power of faith to console the
 
 236 MAR. 
 
 heart in seasons of affliction. Its symbolical color is green, 
 representing at the same time, the immortality of the soul 
 and of its affection. The incidents of the degree are re- 
 corded in John xi. 26. 
 
 MAETINISTS. The members of a philosophical and mys- 
 tical form of Freemasonry were called by this name, from 
 the founder of the rite, the Marquis de Saint Martin.* Tie 
 adepts of this order were earnest, pious, and remarkably 
 modest men, and, although they promulgated ideas, startling 
 in that material and skeptical age, were never fanatical in 
 their advocacy of them, nor ill-tempered when ridiculed. 
 Like the Rosicrucians, the Illuminati, and some other 
 similar societies, they aspired to a higher and more positive 
 philosophy, and sought a foundation for the ideas of religion 
 and morality in the eternal fitness of things, and the interior 
 experiences of the soul, rather than in tradition. They 
 believed that the very existence of religious ideas in the 
 human mind demonstrated their eternal truthfulness; for 
 all subjective notions must be the reflex of an objective reality. 
 Thus the vast orb of the sun is mirrored in the tiny dew- 
 drop. The reflected image of the sun is a demonstration of 
 the sun's existence. In like manner the notion of God that 
 exists in the mind is a reflex of God himself, and could no 
 more exist in the mind were there no God than the image 
 of the sun could be found in the dew-drop if there were no 
 sun. Like Goethe, they believed that " Die geisterwelt ist 
 nicht verschlosaan" "the world of spirits is not shut." It 
 was their belief that an invisible sphere a world of superior 
 intelligence environs man; that beneficent spirits are always 
 near him, the constant companion of his actions, and wit- 
 nesses of his thoughts; that the highest science all the ideas 
 
 'Louis Claude de Saint Martin was born at Arnboise, of a noblo 
 French family, in 1743, and died in 1803. He adopted the nom de plume 
 of " le PhUosophe inconnu," which we read Philosopher of the unknown. 
 He possessed vast original genius and metaphysical insight, and as a 
 thinker he digested and assimilated, in a masterly manner, whatever he 
 found to his taste. The first and most valued of his numerous writings 
 was a work entitled Des Erreurs et de la Verite, published at Lyons, in 
 1775, in which may be found, under the most enigmatic style, that ancient 
 doctrine which so universally prevails, of a good and a bad principle, of 
 an ancient state of perfection of man, of his fall, and of the possibility 
 of his restoration. For many years he devoted his best energies to 
 reforming the system of his teacher, Martinez Paschalis, the founder of 
 the sect of Martinists; and to that end instituted a new system that 
 became famous under the name of Martinism, which had its center .it 
 Lyons, in the Lodge of Beneficent Knights. This rite was extended 
 into the principal cities of France, Germany and Russia. Saint-Martin, 
 Like many other of the noblesse of France, suffered by the French 
 revolution, and, being implicated in a conspiracy, owed his life to the 
 revolution of Thermidor.
 
 MAS. 
 
 237 
 
 of religion, art, and philosophy are revelations of this over- 
 world, whose ineffable splendors are ever streaming down- 
 ward to meet humanity, which, impelled by its immortal 
 needs, is aspiring upward to the fountain of light. The Order 
 of St. Martin was a modification of a society founded by 
 Paschalis, at Marseilles, 1754. It had ten degrees, divided 
 into two divisions, called " Temples." Those of the 1st tem- 
 ple were Apprentice, Fellow-Craft, Master, Ancient-Master 
 Elect, Grand Architect, and Mason of the Secret. Those of 
 the 2d temple were the Prince of Jerusalem, Knights of 
 Palestine and Kadosch. The object of the initiation was 
 the regeneration of men, and the instructions to neophytes 
 embraced the whole circle of human knowledge. 
 
 MASON, ETYMOLOGY OF. The speculations of many Masonic 
 writers respecting the origin and derivation of this word are 
 too puerile to be repeated. It is evidently the German 
 " metzen " to cut. In Germany the operative Masons were 
 called " stein-metzen," stone-cutters, and sometimes "mauern," 
 wall-builders. The term Mason is simply the German word 
 anglicized, by softening the tz sound. 
 
 MASONIC COLORS. Every grade of Masonry is fur- 
 nished with its peculiar and emblematic color. An important 
 and mystic meaning has always been applied to colors, and 
 they are used as the distinguishing mark of different nations. 
 The colors best known, and almost universally adapted to 
 Masonry, are seven, viz: 
 
 1. BLUE. This is the great color 
 of Masonry. It is the appropriate 
 tincture of the Ancient Craft de- 
 grees. It is to the Mason an em- 
 blem of universal friendship and 
 benevolence, teaching us that in the 
 mind of a brother those virtues 
 should be as extensive as the blue 
 arch of heaven itself. It is, there- 
 fore, the only color, except white, 
 which should be used in a Master 
 Mason's Lodge. Besides the three 
 degrees of Ancient Craft Masonry, 
 this color is also to be found in 
 several other degrees, especially of 
 the Ancient and Accepted rite, 
 where it bears various symbolic 
 significations; all, however, more or 
 less related to its original character, 
 as an emblem of universal friend- 
 ship and benevolence. This tincture 
 was held in high veneration among 
 all the nations of antiquity. It 
 symbolically expressed heaven, the 
 
 firmament, truth, constancy, and 
 fidelity. 
 
 2. PURPLE, being formed by a 
 due admixture of blue and scarlet, 
 is intended to remind us of the 
 intimate connection and harmony 
 that exists between symbolic Ma- 
 sonry and the Royal Arch degree. 
 In the religious services of the Jews 
 purple is employed on several occa- 
 sions. It is one of the colors of the 
 curtains of the tabernacle, and is 
 symbolical of the element of water. 
 It is also used in the construction of 
 the ephod and girdle of the High 
 Priest, and the cloths for divine 
 service. Among the Gentile nations 
 of antiquity purple was considered 
 rather as a color of dignity than of 
 veneration, and was deemed an em- 
 blem of exalted office. Pliny says 
 it was the color of the vestments 
 worn by the early kings of Rome, 
 and it has ever since, even to the
 
 238 
 
 MAS 
 
 presept tiine, been considered as 
 the becoming insignia of regal or 
 supreme authority. 
 
 3. SCARLET, RED, OB CBIMSON, 
 for it is indifferently called by each 
 of these names, is the appropriate 
 color of the Royal Arch degree, and 
 symbolically represents the ardor 
 and zeal which should actuate 
 all who are in possession of that 
 sublime portion of Masonry. Scar- 
 let was used as one of the vails ol 
 xhe tabernacle, and was an emblem 
 of the elements of fire. Scarlet was, 
 among the Jews, a color of dignity, 
 appropriated to the most opulent 
 or honorable. In the middle ages, 
 those Knights who engaged in the 
 wars of the crusades, and especially 
 the Templars, wore a red cross as a 
 symbol of their willingness to un- 
 dergo martyrdom for the sake of 
 religion. Scarlet is in the higher 
 degrees of Masonry as predomi- 
 nating a color as blue is in the 
 lower. These three colors BLUE, 
 PUKPLE, and SCAKLET were called, 
 in the early English lectures, the 
 old colors of Masonry," and were 
 said to have been selected "because 
 they are royal, and such as the 
 ancient kings and princes used to 
 wear; and sacred history informs 
 us that the vail of the temple was 
 composed of these colors." 
 
 4. WHITE is one of the most 
 ancient as well as most extensively 
 diffused of the symbolic colors. It 
 is to be found in all the ancient 
 mysteries, where it constituted, as it 
 does iii Masonry, the iuvesture of 
 the candidate. It always, however, 
 and everywhere has borne the same 
 signification, as the symbol of purity 
 and innocence. White was the 
 color of one of the curtains of the 
 tabernacle, where it was a symbol 
 of the element of earth. Among 
 the ancients the highest reverence 
 was paid to this color. It was, in 
 general, the garment of the Gentile 
 as well as ol the Hebrew priests in 
 the performance of thsir sacred rites. 
 It is regarded as the emblem of 
 light, religions purity, innocence, 
 virginity, faith, joy, and life. Iii 
 the judge, it indicates integrity; j 
 
 in the sick man, humility; in the 
 woman, chastity. We see, therefore, 
 the propriety of adopting this color 
 in the Masonic system, as a symbol 
 of purity. This symbolism com- 
 mences in the York rite, where the 
 lambskin or white apron is pre- 
 sented to the Entered Apprentice 
 as an emblem of purity of life and 
 rectitude of conduct, and terminates 
 in the Ancient and Accepted rite, 
 where the Sovereign Inspectors of 
 the 33d degree are invested with 
 a white scarf as an emblem of 
 that virtuous deportment, above the 
 tongue of all reproach, which should 
 distinguish the possessors of that 
 exalted grade. 
 
 5. BLACK. As white is universally 
 the emblem of purity, so black, in 
 the Masonic ritual, is constantly the 
 symbol of grief. This is perfectly 
 consistent with its use in the world, 
 where black has, from remote anti- 
 quity, been adopted as a garment 
 of mourning. In Masonry this color 
 is confined to but a few degrees, but 
 everywhere has the same single 
 meaning of sorrow. Black is in the 
 world the symbol of the earth, dark- 
 ness, mourning, wickedness, nega- 
 tion, death, and was appropriate to 
 the Prince of Darkness. White and 
 black together signify purity of life, 
 and mourning or humiliation. 
 
 6. GREEN, as a Masonic color, ia 
 confined to a few of the degrees. 
 It is employed as a symbol of the 
 immutable nature of truth and vic- 
 tory. In the evergreen the Master 
 Mason finds the emblem of hope 
 and immoitality. In all the ancient 
 mysteries, this idea was carried out, 
 and green symbolized the birth of 
 the world, and the moral creation 
 or resurrection of the initiate. 
 
 7. YELLOW. Of all the Masonic 
 colors, yellow appears tc be the 
 least important, and the least used. 
 It is a predominating color in a 
 few of the degrees of the Ancient 
 and Accepted rite. It was a signi- 
 ficant symbol of the sun, of tho 
 goodness of God, of initiation or 
 marriage, faith, or faithfulness. In 
 an i> iproper sense, yellow siguifiei 
 inconstancy, jealousy, and deceit.
 
 MAS. 239 
 
 MASON'S DAUGHTER. This degree, conferred on Master 
 Masons, their wives, sisters, and daughters, in some things 
 resembles the degree of Martha of the American Adoptive 
 rite. The Scripture lesson of the degree is selected from the 
 llth and 12th chapters of the Gospel of St John. 
 
 MASTER OF CAVALRY. An officer in a Council of the 
 Knights of the Red Cross, equivalent to the Senior War len 
 in the Commandery. His position is in the south, on the 
 right of the first division when separately formed, and on the 
 right of the whole when formed in line. 
 
 MASTER OF CEREMONIES. An officer first instituted 
 at the court of England, in 1603, for the more honorable 
 reception of Ambassadors and persons of distinction. This 
 officer is found in most of the Lodges in England and on the 
 continent, and has lately found a place in the Lodges of the 
 United States. He assists the Senior Deacon when con- 
 ducting the candidate, and performs the duties usually 
 belonging to the office of Steward. 
 
 MASTER OF DISPATCHES. The Recorder of a Council 
 of the Knights of the Red Cross. 
 
 MASTER OF FINANCES. The name of the Treasurer 
 in a Council of Red Cross Knights. 
 
 MASTER OF INFANTRY. An officer known in the 
 Council of the Knights of the Red Cross, equivalent to the 
 Senior Deacon in a Lodge, or Junior Warden in a Com- 
 mandery. His station is in the north, on the right of the 
 second division when separately formed, and on the left of 
 the whole when formed in line. 
 
 MASTER OF A LODGE. The presiding officer of a 
 Lodge of Freemasons, whose style is "Worshipful." In the 
 whole series of offices recognized by the Masonic institution, 
 there is not one more important than that of the Master. 
 Upon the skill, integrity and prudence of the presiding 
 officer, depend the usefulness and welfare of the Lodge. To 
 become the Master of a Lodge, with the title " worthy and 
 well qualified," is a legitimate object of ambition for every 
 young brother who takes an interest in the prosperity of the 
 society. The powers of the Master are very great; far more 
 varied and positive than those of any organization now in 
 existence. From his decisions there can be no appeal to the 
 Lodge ; he is amenable for his conduct to the Grand Master 
 or the Grand Lodge. Equally important with the proper 
 qualifications for the discharge of the duties of the Master, 
 are experience, a thorough knowledge of the ritual and
 
 240 MAS. 
 
 the parliamentary rules of the Craft, the service of ft full 
 term as a Warden, except in the case of a newly-constituted 
 Lodge, when there is no Warden or Past Master to serve; 
 a legal election; a compliance with the covenants of the 
 installation service and induction into the oriental chair. 
 The prerogatives of the Master of a Lodge are: 1. To 
 congregate or assemble his Lodge; 2. To preside therein; 
 3. To fill temporary vacancies in office; 4. To regulate the 
 admission of visitors; 5. To control and terminate discus- 
 sions ; 6. To determine all questions of order and the order 
 of business, without appeal, except to the Grand Lodge or 
 Grand Master; 7. To appoint all committees; 8. To open 
 and close the Lodge; 9. To be the custodian of the warrant; 
 10. To order the issuing of summonses, and compel the 
 attendance of members; 11. To give the casting vote in 
 case of a tie, in addition to his own vote: 12. To sign all 
 drafts upon the Treasurer for the payment of Lodge expenses, 
 with the consent of the Lodge; 13. To refuse to initiate a 
 candidate, if, in his judgment, such initiation would be 
 improper; 14. In company with the Senior and Junior 
 Wardens, to represent the Lodge at all communications 
 of the Grand Lodge; 15. To appoint the Senior Deacon, 
 and such other officers as may be prescribed in the by-laws 
 of the Lodge ; 16. To install his successor and assist in con- 
 ferring the official Past Master's degree. His duties are 
 to attend all communications of the Lodge; to open the 
 Lodge at the time designated in the by-laws, and close it at 
 a reasonable hour; to preserve order in the Lodge; to obey, 
 enforce and defend the landmarks, the laws and edicts of 
 the Grand Lodge, the orders of the Grand Master, and the 
 by-laws of the Lodge ; to preserve the charter of the Lodge, 
 and transmit it to his successor; to perform the ritualistic 
 work of Masonry, and instruct the brethren; to cause an 
 investigation into all Masonic offenses committed by the initi- 
 ated candidates, by members of the Lodge, or by Masons 
 residing within the jurisdiction of the Lodge; to visit the 
 sick, and perform the Masonic burial service over the remains 
 of a deceased member of the Lodge; to perfect himself in 
 Ibe ritual, laws and usages of the order; to use his best 
 Mideavors to preserve and promote peace and harmony 
 iu the Lodge, and, by his Masonic deportment in and out 
 of tho Lodge, be a good example to the brethren. He is ex- 
 empt from discipline for his official acts, exctspt to the Grand 
 Lodge. He cannot dimit or resign during his term of 
 office, for if a vacancy should occur in the office of Master, bv 
 death or removal from the jurisdiction, the Senior Warden 
 assumes, by virtue of immemorial practice, all the pre-
 
 MAS MAIL 241 
 
 rogatives and responsibilities of that officer. His jewel is 
 the square, because, as that instrument is dedicated to the 
 Master, and is the proper Masonic em- 
 blem of his office, it symbolically teaches 
 him official and individual responsibili- 
 ties, to regulate his actions by rule and 
 line, and to harmonize his conduct by 
 tie principles of morality and virtue, 
 BO that no ill-feeling or angry discussions may arise to 
 impair the harmony and good fellowship that should ever 
 distinguish a Masonic Lodge, for he 
 
 "Who wears the SQUABE upon his breast, 
 Does in the sight of GOD attest, 
 
 And in the face of man, 
 That all his actions will compare 
 With the Divine, th' unerring square, 
 
 That squares great virtue's plan." MORBIS. 
 
 The jewels, furniture and other property of the Lodge are 
 in his charge, and he has a general control over all its 
 affairs. 
 
 MASTER OF THE PALACE. The title of an officer in 
 a Council of Red Cross Knights. He is the Captain General 
 in a Commandery of Knights Templar. 
 
 MASTERS OF THE VAILS. In a Royal Arch Chapter 
 three officers whose duties are to guard the blue, purple and 
 scarlet vails of the tabernacle. Each is armed with a sword, 
 and carries a banner of a color corresponding with that of 
 the vail before which he is stationed. Their jewel is a sword 
 within a triangle. 
 
 MAUSOLEUM. A general designation of any superb and 
 stately sepulchral monument. The name is derived from 
 the tomb erected at Halicarnassus by Artemisia, to the 
 memory of her husband Mausolus, 
 king of Caria, B. c. 353. It was one 
 of the most magnificent monuments 
 of the kind, and was esteemed one 
 of the seven wonders of the world. 
 When the Knights of St. John of 
 Jerusalem, in 1404, took possession 
 of the site of Halicarnassus, then 
 occupied by a small village called 
 Cleesy, while excavating among the ruins for building 
 materials, they discovered a large chamber with marble 
 pilasters, and with richly inlaid panels. The sarcophagus 
 of the founder was also discovered; fragments of lions, dogs, 
 etc.. and a beautiful sculpture of a horse, have been found.
 
 242 
 
 MED. 
 
 Mausoleums of rare beauty and strength, bearing Masonic 
 symbols and sentiments of fraternal affection, have been 
 erected in several parts of Europe and America. 
 
 MEDAJJS, MASONIC. This term is applied to pieces of 
 metal, of various forms, but generally similar to coins, not 
 intended for circulation as money, or means of exchange, 
 struck and distributed in commemoration of some important 
 event. The study and a thorough knowledge of medals 
 recognized by the Craft, especially those bearing emblems 
 and perpetuating valuable Masonic historical eras or events, 
 are indispensable to prevent our ancient legends, traditions 
 and history from falling into decay or passing into oblivion. 
 So far as our investigations have extended in Masonic medals 
 or numismatics, there is nothing extant in this department 
 earlier than the eighteenth century. This may be explained 
 from the fact that before that period the ancient or operative 
 form of the institution existed; then Masons made their 
 medals of mighty blocks of stone; their symbols were wrought 
 in the ground-plans of extensive and beautiful edifices; their 
 marks were deeply cut upon the living rocks " with an iron 
 pen and lead in the rock forever." The first Masonic medal 
 of which we have any account (an impression of which will 
 be seen in the accompanying engraving) was struck about 
 A.D. 1733. Its history is substantially as follows: In 1733 a 
 Lodge was established at Florence, by Lord Charles Sackville, 
 son of Lionel Granville Sackville, great grandson of Thomas 
 Sackville, who, in 1561, was 
 Grand Master of the Masons 
 acknowledging the jurisdic- 
 tion of the Grand Lodge at 
 York. This Lodge was not 
 founded by regular author- 
 ity; certainly there was no 
 order for it by the Grand 
 Lodge of England, then gov- 
 erned by James Lyon, Earl 
 of Strathmore. The forma- 
 tion of the Lodge, however, 
 was the origin of this medal, 
 a copy of which exists in the 
 valuable collection of Ma- 
 sonic medals in possession of the Lodge Minerva of the 
 Three Palms, at Leipsic. The obverse, not given here, has 
 a bust of Lord Sackville, with the inscription, " Carolvs 
 Sackville, Magister, Fl." The reverse exhibits Harpocrates, 
 the god of silence, who, as the son of Isis and Osiris, stood
 
 MASONIC MEDALS. 
 
 STRUCK IN 1832. 
 
 STRUCK IN 1812.
 
 STBUCK IN 1811. 
 
 STRUCK IN 1787. 
 
 STUUCK IN 1774.
 
 STRUCK IN 1774 
 
 STRUCK IN 1763.
 
 STRUCK IN 1774. 
 
 STRUCK IN 1781.
 
 MED MEN. 247 
 
 at the entrance of most Egyptian and Roman temples, in 
 his well-known attitude, leaning upon a broken column, with 
 the fore-finger of his right hand, the emblem of silence, 
 upon his lips, and holding in his left arm the cornucopia, 
 filled with the rich fruits of the earth. The cubic block, 
 around which are grouped the stone-hammer, the compas ses, 
 the square, the level, the chisel, the plumb and mallet, is at 
 his feet. The thyrsus, staff and the serpent, rest behind 
 him. The motto is Ab Origins, " from the beginning." An 
 immensely large number of Masonic medals have been 
 struck, for as many memorable occasions, during the past 
 century; a brief notice of which would be very far beyond 
 our limits to give. Medals are frequently given to brothers 
 as a reward for efficient official services and distinguished 
 Masonic virtues. 
 
 MEDITERRANEAN PASS. An honorary or side degree 
 conferred on Royal Arch Masons. Its legend and ritual are 
 identical with the more imposing and interesting degree of 
 the Knight of the Mediterranean Pass, from which this ia 
 supposed to be extracted. 
 
 MELCHIZEDEK. Pontiff-king of Salem, and prototype 
 of Christ. The name and his history are referred to in the 
 Order of the High-Priesthood; also, in the 5th degree of the 
 Asiatic Brothers, and in the Order of the Illuininati. 
 
 MELEK-MELOCHIM. King of Kings. A sacred word in 
 several of the higher degrees of the French rite. 
 
 MELITA. The ancient Greek name of the Island of Malta; 
 referred to in the Order of the Knights of Malta. 
 
 MEMPHIS, RITE OF. Sometimes called the Oriental rite. 
 A modification of the rite of Misraim, organized in Paris, iii 
 1839, by Messieurs Marconis and Mouttet. It afterward 
 extended to Brussels and Marseilles, thence to New York. 
 It was composed of 90 working and 6 official degrees. For 
 a time it excited some interest in Paris, and then fell into 
 obscurity until 1860, when it was reorganized, the 9(> degrees 
 reduced to 30, and then merged into the Grand Orient of 
 France, where it is permitted to slumber. It may now bo 
 regarded as extinct. 
 
 MENATZCHIM, COUXCIL OF. The principal degree in the 
 French rite of the "VIEILLE BRU" was called by this name. 
 The word is Hebrew, and means consoler, or comforter 
 The overseers at the building of the Temple were called 
 Menatzchim.
 
 348 MEN MIS. 
 
 MENU, INSTITUTES OF. The name given to tne n.ost cele- 
 brated code of Indian civil and religious law; so called from 
 Menu, Menou, or Manu, the son of Brahma, by whom it is 
 supposed to have been revealed. The Hindoos, themselves, 
 ascribe to this system the highest antiquity; and many of 
 the most learned Europeans are of opinion that of all known 
 works there is none which carries with it more convincing 
 proofs of high antiquity and perfect integrity. Sir W. Jones 
 assigns the date of its origin somewhere between Homer 
 and the Twelve Tables of the Romans; and Schlegel asserts 
 it as his belief that it was seen by Alexander the Great in a 
 state not materially different from that in which we possess 
 it. The Institutes of Menu are of a most comprehensive 
 nature: they embrace all that relates to human life; the 
 history of the creation of the world and man; the nature of 
 God and spirits; and a complete system of morals, govern- 
 ment and religion. 
 
 MESMERIAN MASONRY. A name applied to a Masonic 
 rite invented by some of the disciples of Mesmer, A. D. 1784. 
 
 MINUTES. Records of the transactions at each meeting 
 of the Lodge. These proceedings that is, all which it is 
 lawful to write should be carefully entered on the records, 
 and at the opening of the next meeting, read to the brethren, 
 that errors, if any, may be corrected. 
 
 MISCHCHAN, MISCHPHERETH, MISCHTAR. Hebrew terms, 
 signifying Tabernacle, Most Powerful, and Fountain, used as 
 sacred words, in several of the high degrees of the French 
 rite. 
 
 MISRAIM, RITE OF. This rite was introduced into France 
 near the commencement of the present century. It made 
 considerable progress, and, in 1817, application was made on 
 fche part of its friends, to the Grand Orient, to accept it as a 
 legitimate branch of Masonry. The application was denied, 
 partly on the ground that the antiquity of the rite had not 
 been proved, and partly because of the 90- degrees which its 
 ritual comprised 68 were already included in the French 
 system. The rite of Misraim is interesting and instructive, 
 but many of its degrees are too abstruse to be popular. The 
 initiation is a reproduction of the ancient rite of Isis, and 
 represents the contests of Osiris and Typhon, the death, 
 resurrection, and triumph of the former, and the destruction 
 of the latter. There are 90 degrees, divided into four series 
 symbolic, philosophical, mystical and cabalistic, and aga.n 
 divided into seventeen cla.'Ses.
 
 MIT. -249 
 
 The traditions of this system are full of anachronisms, 
 historical events and characters, separated by hundreds of 
 years, being made to figure ou the same scone, at the same 
 time. The work entitled " De t'Ordre Maqonnique de Misraun," 
 published at Paris, in 1835, by Mons. Marc Bedarride, pur- 
 porting to give the history of the Order, is a mere romance, 
 and full of puerilities. Nevertheless, many of the degrees 
 are highly interesting and instructive. 
 
 MITHKA, MYSTERIES OF. The Sun-God in the ancient Zeud 
 religion, and mediator between Ormuzd, the god of light, and 
 Ahriman, the god of darkness, through whom the latter with 
 his kingdom of evil will be destroyed, and the former will 
 establish his empire of light and happiness throughout the 
 universe. His symbols are the sun type of truth and 
 justice on his head; the mace emblem of power in his 
 hand, or the sacrificing dagger, and the bull of the world, on 
 whose back he lies. The mysteries of Mithra were dramatic 
 and scenic illustrations of the Persian religion, and were 
 divided into seven degrees. The principal dogmas, as revised 
 by Zoroaster, are as follows: From the beginning there have 
 existed two beings, Ormuzd and Ahriman, the principles of the 
 universe. Ormuzd is pure eternal light, the spirit of beauty 
 and love, and original source of all perfection. Ahriman was 
 also originally of the light, and so far good; but as he envied 
 the light of Ornmzd he obscured his own, became an enemy 
 to Ormuzd and the father of evil, and of all evil beings who 
 joined him in a contest with the good. Ormuzd and Ahrimnu 
 performed the work of creation at different epochs, and 
 brought into existence various species of beings. Ormuzd 
 created th e community of good spirits; first six immortal 
 spirits of light; then twenty-eight subordinate spirits, repre- 
 sentatives of the months and days; and, at last, a multitude 
 of human souls. Ahriman produced a number of bad spirits, 
 six arch-devs, spirits of darkness, and innumerable devs of 
 lower rank. The good dwell with Ormuzd in light. Ahrimau 
 lives with his creatures in the kingdom of darkness. 3,000 
 years Ormuzd ruled alone; after which he created material 
 beings, in their various degrees; at last man, and after the 
 labor celebrated the first festival of creation with the good 
 spirits. Again he ruled in this world of innocence and 
 happiness 3,000 years. In the next period of equal length 
 begins the contest between light and darkness, Ormuzd and 
 Ahriman, who in a continual struggle divide the dominion of 
 the world. The following 3,000 years extend and confirm 
 the power of Ahriman; afterward his power declines; the dcrx 
 sink to nothing; their former prince, through the influence 
 of Mithra, the mediator, does homage to Ormuzd, and the
 
 J50 
 
 MIT MON. 
 
 empire of darkness and vice disappears. The dead arise, 
 and all darkness, sin, and misery are ended forever. The 
 initiation into the mysteries of Mithra :md the entire cere- 
 monial of the seven degrees were symbolical representations 
 of the everlasting struggle between g >od and evil, their 
 alternate triumph and defeat, until at last evil is overwhelmed 
 in a final overthrow, and the splendor of truth tills, and tho 
 songs of triumphant virtue resound through, all worlds. 
 Tho rites of Mithra seem to combine some of the features 
 of the Indian, Egyptian, and Cabiriaii mysteries. They were 
 widely extended through Asia and Europe, and it is said 
 that traces of the worship of Mithra are found at the present 
 time iu those parts of Germany that were anciently under 
 the dominion of the Romans. 
 
 MITRE: The sacred covering for the head of the Jewish 
 High-Priest. It was made of fine linen or silk of a blue 
 color, wrapped in several folds, in the manner of a Turkish 
 turban. In front and around 
 the base of the mitre, as a 
 band, secured with blue 
 ribbon, was a plate of pure 
 gold, called the " plate of the 
 holy crown of pure gold," 
 upon which is inscribed 
 " HOLINESS TO THE LORD." 
 This important vestment 
 was worn by the High-Priest 
 on occasions of solemn and 
 imposing services only. This 
 is the proper form of the 
 mitre which sLould be worn 
 by the High-Priest in a 
 Royal Arch Chapter when officiating in the ceremonies of the 
 Royal Arch degree, and when dressed in the other appro- 
 priate priestly garments. 
 
 MONITOR. A name given to books which contain the 
 charges, regulations, emblems, and exoteric ceremonies of 
 Freemasonry. Numerous works of this character have been 
 published, some of them very valuable; works arranged on 
 A he principle that "the initiated know what is meant,''' which, 
 by ingenious methods of suggestions, places before the mind 
 of the intelligent Mason the whole ritual of the order, with 
 its profound and varied meanings, while it reveals nothing 
 to the profane. 
 
 MONUMENTS, SEPUTCHRAL AND MASONIC. An emblem 
 erected over the grave, to mark the resting-place and per-
 
 MON. 
 
 25J 
 
 petuate the memory of the dead. In the earliest ages and 
 among the eastern nations, it was the practice to place the 
 remains of the dead in excavated sepulchres, with monu- 
 mental structures over them. Egypt, Palestine, Greece, 
 Persia and Rome abounded with monuments of this char- 
 acter. In Egypt the monarch's burial-place began to be 
 excavated as soon as he ascended the throne, and the 
 excavation and decoration went on year by year until the 
 
 i/ / / 
 
 king's death, when it was suddenly broken off, the torn); 
 Ihus becoming an index both of the king's magnificence and 
 
 ol lae length of his reign. Masonic monuments, as memorials 
 of fraternal affection, and rewards of well-merited honor 
 are often erected over the remains of the illustrious dead, 
 with appropriate hieroglyphic symbols, or the following 
 emblematic legend delineated thereon : A virgin weeping 
 over a broken column, with the book open before her; in her 
 right hand a sprig of acacia, in her left an urn; Time is 
 behind her with his hands enfolded in tho ringlets of her
 
 5/52 .dOP MOS. 
 
 hair. The weeping virgin symbolizes the unfinished state of 
 the temple ; the broken column, that one of the principal 
 supporters of Masonry has fallen; the open book implies 
 that his memory is recorded in every Mason's heart; the 
 sprig of acacia refers to the discovery of his remains; the 
 urn shows that his ashes have been carefully collected, and 
 Time behind her implies that we are rapidly passing from 
 life to a blessed immortality. 
 
 MOPSES. From the German mops, a young mastiff. It is 
 intended to indicate the mutual fidelity and attachment of 
 the brethren those virtues being characteristic of the noble 
 animal. This order originated in the following manner: Pope 
 Clement XII. having issued a bull against the Freemasons 
 in 1738, the people were alarmed, and hesitating to join a 
 society which had been thus proscribed, formed another on 
 the same principle, which would afford them equal gratifica- 
 tion, without subjecting them to the thunders of the Vatican. 
 Freemasonry was the model, with pretensions of devotion 
 to the papal hierarchy, and thus, under the assumed appel- 
 lation, they evaded the papal denunciation. Some of the 
 most illustrious personages in Germany countenanced and 
 extended their patronage to the scheme; many of the princes 
 of the empire became its Grand Masters. In 1776 this or- 
 ganization assumed an androgynous character, and admitted 
 females to its ceremonies and offices. The ceremonies of 
 this order were highly interesting. It had forms of initiation, 
 signs, pass-words and tokens, and other marks of recogni- 
 t tion; and the symbols admitted of an intellectual and moral 
 explanation. 
 
 MORNING STAR, KNIGHT OF. This degree is a modifica- 
 tion of the Kadosh, according to the nomenclature of 
 Fustier, which is preserved in the archives of the " Lodge of 
 the Philosophical rite." 
 
 MOSAIC WORK. The Mosaic pavement, so frequently 
 alluded to in the rituals of the order as the ornaments of a 
 Lodge, are the productions of artistic designs, by setting 
 small and variously shaped stones, glass or wood of different 
 colors, so as to give the effect of painting. The floor of the 
 tabernacle and the pavement of Solomon's temple were thus 
 ornamented. Mosaic or tesselated pavements were common 
 among the ancients; the Egyptians, the Greeks and espe- 
 cially the Romans most ingeniously decorated the floors and 
 walls of their temples in this manner. In commemoration 
 of the flooring of the temple and tabernacle, the Mosaic 
 pavement is always preserved as an ornament of the Masonic 
 Lodge, with the blazing star in the center, and the beautiful
 
 MOS. 
 
 25S 
 
 H IMSTnlSlSJ E raiMolBl 51 i B 
 
 
 tesselated border* surrounding the whole, as a symbol of 
 the manifold blessings and comforts which constantly sur- 
 round us. The Mosaic pavement of a Lodge is placed there 
 as an emblem of the vicissitudes of human life; that how- 
 ever prosperity may favor us with smiles to-day, it is 
 uncertain how long it will continue to bless us. Adversity 
 may come when we least expect it, and penury and distress 
 may follow joy and pleasure. The latter period of life may 
 be subjected to want and misery, when we are most unfit to 
 encounter it; and instead of resting in peace after a long 
 and troublesome journey, we may be compelled again to 
 encounter the burden and heat of the day. 
 
 MOSQUE OF OMAR, OR THE NOBLE SANCTUARY. This 
 splendid edifice on Mount Moriah, covers a portion of the 
 
 * The indented tessel is a border of stones, of various colors, around 
 the pavement. Tessel, from the Latin tessela, means a small square 
 stone, and to indent is to cut or notch a margin into inequalities resem- 
 bling teeth, a tesseb.ted border is, therefore, a notched border oi 
 variegated colors. A limited numbei of samples of Mosaic ^voik is 
 represented in the above engraving.
 
 254 
 
 MOS. 
 
 space once occupied by the more brilliant Temple of Solomon. 
 It is believed to have been commenced by the Caliph Omar, 
 the first of that name, and father-in-law of Mahomet, 
 between the years 638 and 644, and very much enlarged, 
 beautified and enriched, in fact, quite rebuilt by the Caliph 
 Abd-el Melek, in 686. It was seven years in building: the 
 Moslems believe it to stand over the rock on which Jacob 
 
 INTERIOR VIEW OF THE MOSQUE OF OMAB. 
 
 was sleeping when he saw the vision of the heavenly ladder, 
 but it is still more sacred to them, as to us, from having been 
 the sacred rock beneath the altar of Solomon's Temple, 
 whereon the daily sacrifice was offered. During the time ol 
 the Latin kingdom in Jerusalem this mosque became a 
 Christian cathedral, where the service was daily sung and an 
 altar erected on the summit of the rock. The building waa 
 called by the Crusaders the "Temple of the Lord." The 
 fanciful and intricate patterns of the porcelain walls of the
 
 MOW. 255 
 
 mosque, the graceful letters of the inscription round it, and 
 the tracery of the windows are still more beautiful en a 
 closer inspection nothing can be more perfect of their 
 kind, or more peculiarly charming than the harmony of the 
 colors; the windows are filled with stained glass of the very 
 richest and most brilliant colors, that even the palmiest days 
 of the medieval ages could produce in Europe. Two rows 
 of columns encircle the center, forming a double corridor, 
 and support the clerestory and the" dome: these columns 
 have evidently belonged to some other building their capi- 
 tals are mostly of acanthus leaves. The rock itself is 
 enclosed in a metal screen of lattice work about six feet 
 high, and to it, we are told by. the Bordeaux Pilgrim, in 3315, 
 the Jews came every year, anointing the stone with oil, 
 wailing and rending their garments, thus proving its authen- 
 ticity in their minds; it had been for many years polluted by 
 an equestrian statue of the Emperor Adrian elevated on the 
 very rock itself. The Bordeaux Pilgrim specially mentions 
 that this rock adored by the Jews was pierced: below it is the 
 " noble cave" spoken of in the Mishna, into which the blood, 
 etc., from the altar drained, and descended thence by a con- 
 duit into the valley of Siloam, the gardens of which were 
 enriched by this drainage.* 
 
 *Dr. JAMES T. BARCLAY, for many years a resident missionary in 
 Jerusalem, and favorably known in Europe and this country, for the 
 valuable discoveries he has made in the temple enclosure, to which he 
 was admitted by special firman, gives the following description of the 
 Mosque of Omar, in his invaluable work, "THE CITY OF THE GREAT 
 KINXJ:" "The superb edifice called by Moslems Kubbet es-Sakhrah 
 (Dome of the Rock), and by Franks the Mosk of Omar, is situated 
 rather below the middle of the platform being nearest to the western 
 side, and farthest from the northern. The lower story, or main body of 
 the building, is a true octagon, of sixty-seven feet on a side; but the 
 central and elevated portion is circular. A more graceful and symmetrical 
 dome than that which covers the building is perhaps nowhere to be 
 found; and the lofty bronze crescent that surmounts the whole gives a 
 pleasing architectural finish. ***** Immediately beneath the center 
 of the dome is the venerated rock about which so much has been written. 
 In the estimation of the Jew, this is by far the most hallowed spot on 
 earth; for, according to the Rabbins, this is the identical rock upon 
 which Jacob pillowed his head, and set it up for a pillar and poured oil 
 upon the top of it; and he called the name of that place Bethel House 
 of God. It is the general belief, also, that it is the threshing lloor of 
 Arauuah the Jebusite the spot where the faith of Abraham was so 
 sorely tried in his determined obedience to God to offer up Isaac; and 
 the site of the Holy of Holies of the temple which glowed beneath the 
 divine manifestation of Deity in the Shekinah. ***** When the 
 rock was brought to light by Omar, it was exhumed beneath an immense 
 mound of rubbish and dirt. But it had previously been crowned by 
 Hadrian's splendid Temple of Jupiter Capitolinus. The present noble 
 structure over ancl around it is undoubtedly the work of the munificent 
 /Jhaliff Abd-el Melek, though often supposed to be a Christian edifice. 
 * * * * " There are various recesses cut in the rock, b< th above and
 
 256 MOS MUS. 
 
 MOST EXCELLENT. The honorary title of the High- 
 Priest of a Chapter of Royal Arch Masons. 
 
 MOST EXCELLENT MASTER. The title of the Oth 
 degree of Masonry. It illustrates the dedication of the 
 Temple by Solomon. 
 
 MOST WORSHIPFUL. The title of the presiding officer 
 of a Grand Lodge, and sometimes applied to the body. 
 
 MUSIC. A combination or succession of sounds, so 
 arranged as to please the ear.* The pleasure derived from 
 music arises from its exciting agreeable sensations, and 
 raising pleasing mental images and emotions. Apart from 
 words, it expresses passion and sentiment, and linked to 
 words, it loses its vagueness and becomes a beautiful illus- 
 tration of language. This science is truly congenial to the 
 
 below, indicating the spots where Abraham, Elijah. David, Solomon 
 and other renowned Hebrews were in the habit of praying; and a prayer 
 offered there, even by us infidels, as all Christians are termed, they say, must 
 be effectual. * * * * * The Moslem tradition concerning the Sakhrah is 
 thai fell it from heaven about the time that the spirit of prophecy was 
 imparted. This holy stone, they say, wished to accompany the prophet 
 in his nocturnal flight to heaven, and actually started; but in response. 
 to the great prophet's prayers, the angel Gabriel was dispatched to 
 stay its flight; and so firm was the grasp by which it was retained, that 
 the impression of the angel's hands are to be seen there to this day. 
 They allege also that the mosk contains the scales for weighing the souls 
 of men, the shield ot Mahommed, the birds of Solomon, the pomegranates 
 of David, the saddle of el-Borak, and an original copy of the Khoran, 
 the parchment leaves of which are four feet long. A well of soul- 
 refreshing water is also alleged to exist there. A green slab of marble 
 is also shown, formerly nailed down by eighteen silver nails, three oi 
 which still remain. This, it seems, is a kind of chronological table; a 
 nail having been withdrawn for each grand epoch in their history, and 
 when the last nail takes its flight, the consummation of all things will 
 occur. Such are a few of their legends concerning the marvelous rock. 
 They serve, at least, to exhibit the puerility of Moslem ideas, and the 
 strength of their credulity." 
 
 * Lucretius ascribes the invention of music to the whistling of the 
 winds in hollow reeds. Franckinus, to the various sounds produced by 
 the hammers of Tubal Cain. Cameleon Poutique and others to the 
 singing of birds; and Zarlino to the sound of rushing waters. It is, 
 however, agreed that music was first reduced to rules by Jubal, sixth in 
 descent from Cain, who was "the father of all such as handle the harp and 
 organ" (B. c. 1800). The flute, and harmony and concord in music were 
 invented by Hyagnis, B. c. 150G. Vocal choruses of men are tirst men- 
 tioned B.C. 556. Pythagoras maintained that the motions of the twelve 
 spheres must produce delightful sounds inaudible to mortal ears, which 
 he called "the music of the spheres." St. Cecilia, a Roman lady, is 
 said to have excelled so eminently in music that an angel was enticed 
 from the celestial regions by the fascinating charms of her melody; and 
 from this tradition she has been esteemed *s the patroness of music and 
 mufriciaiiR.
 
 MUS MYS. 257 
 
 nature of man; for by its powerful charms the most dis- 
 cordant passions may be harmonized, and brought into 
 unison; but it never sounds with such seraphic harmony as 
 when employed in singing hymns of gratitude to the Creator 
 of the universe. In praise of this science the great poet of 
 nature says, 
 
 "The man that hath no music in himself, 
 Nor is not mov'd with concord ot sweet sounds, 
 Is fit for treasons, stratagems, and spoils; 
 The motions of his spirit are dull as night, 
 And his affections dark as Erebus: 
 Let no such man be trusted." 
 
 MUSTARD SEED, ORDER OF. .This order was founded by 
 Count Zinnendorf in 1739, under the title of 'Die Association 
 of Moravian Brothers of the Order of Religious Freemasons, 
 afterward styled The Order of the Grain of Mustard Seed. 
 It belongs to the department of mystic Masonry. The rite 
 is drawn from the parable of the mustard seed (Mark rv.), 
 where Jesus compares the kingdom of God to a grain of 
 mustard seed, which, though the smallest of all seeds, sends 
 forth so great branches that the birds of heaven may repose 
 under its shadow. It had two mottoes one engraved on 
 a ring, " No one of us lives for himself;" and the other, 
 "What was it before? nothing," was engraved on a cross of 
 gold, which the members wore as the jewel of the order, 
 suspended from a green watered ribbon. 
 
 MYSTAGOGUE. In the Eleusinian mysteries, the official 
 who introduced the candidates for initiation, showed the 
 interior of the temple, and explained the doctrines, bore this 
 name. Hence any one who deals in mysteries is called 
 Mystagogue. 
 
 MYSTERIES. Since the establishment of the Christian 
 church among all civilized nations the moral and religious 
 instruction of the people has been confided to its care. The 
 church, although one, yet among different nations exists in a 
 great variety of forms forms adapted to the peculiar wants 
 and genius of the people whose improvement it seeks to ad- 
 vance. Previous to the advent of the church this great work 
 was accomplished among the civilized nations of antiquity 
 by organizations which are designated under the general 
 name of MYSTERIES. It appeal's that all the perfection of 
 civilization, and all the advancement made in philosophy, 
 science, and art among the ancients are due to those insti- 
 tutions which, under the vail of mystery, sought to illustrate 
 the sublimest truths of religion, morality and virtue, and 
 impreoa them on the hearts of their disciples. Although 
 22
 
 258 MYS. 
 
 history speaks of several institutions of the kind, as the 
 Eleusinian mysteries, the mysteries of Mithra, etc., jet all 
 had a common origin, and a like purpose, and never exhibited 
 a greater variety of forms than the Christian church. The 
 principal of these mysteries are: 1. The Indian Mysteries; 
 2. The Egyptian; 3. The Orphic; 4. The Cabirian; 5. The 
 Phrygian or Samothracian; 6. The Eleusinia; 7. The Sidonian 
 or Dionysian; 8. Pythagorean.* The civilization, arid 
 
 the social institutions of India, Egypt, Greece, and Syria, and 
 the degree of enlightenment in religion, morality, and science, 
 to which they attain can be traced directly to the salutary 
 influence of the Mysteries. From the foregoing it will be 
 seen that to a certain degree following the opinion of many 
 of the early Christian fathers they realized the idea of a 
 church. As none but the just and virtuous were eligible to 
 membership, the initiated were at least were reported to 
 be the wisest and best of all countries, and constituted the 
 ancient Pagan Ecclesia if one may so speak the church, 
 or assembly of the wise and good; a body competent to 
 teach and enforce the everlasting truths of religion. Their 
 chief object was to teach the doctrine of one God, the resur- 
 rection of man to eternal life, the dignity of the human soul, 
 and to lead the people to see the shadow of the deity, in the 
 beauty, magnificence, and splendor of the universe. By the 
 most solemn and impressive ceremonies they led the minds 
 of the neophytes to meditate serioiisly the great problems 
 of human duty and destiny; imbued them with a living 
 sense of the vanity and brevity of life, and of the certainty 
 of a future state of retribution ; set forth in marked contrast 
 the beauty of virtue and truth, and the deep bitterness and 
 tormenting darkness of vice and error; and enjoined on 
 them, by the most binding obligations, charity, brotherly 
 love, and inflexible honor, as the greatest of all duties, the 
 most beneficent to the world, and the most pleasing to the 
 gods. They also, by these rites rites magnificent and 
 impressive, and startling, by sudden transitions and striking 
 contrasts rites commencing in gloom and sorrow, and 
 ending in light and joy, dimly shadowed forth the passage ol 
 man from barbarism to civilization, from ignorance to science, 
 and his constant progress onward and upward through 
 the ages, to still sublimer elevations. The trembling and 
 helpless neophyte, environed with terror and gloom, and 
 pursuing his uncertain and difficult way through the mystic 
 journey of initiation, which terminated in light and confi- 
 dence, was a type or representative of humanity marching 
 upward from the gloom and darkness of the primitive state 
 
 * See articles on the above under their proper heads.
 
 MYS. 259 
 
 jf barbarism, to a high degree of enlightenment, of social 
 refinement and perfection. The mystic ceremony was, 
 therefore, emblematical of the progressive development of 
 man, and was intended as an aid to that development. The 
 initiatory rituals of Orpheus, of the Cabiri, and of Isis, typi- 
 fying thus the development of man and the progress of society, 
 were in a sense prophetic announcements of a golden age to 
 come a more perfect state, where virtue, triumphant over 
 vice, and truth, victorious over error, would be installed on 
 the throne of the world, and direct all human actions and rela- 
 tions. The idea which these rites presented of future retribu- 
 tion is not in harmony with modern opinions, at least so far 
 as most of our Protestant communions are concerned. All 
 the ancient systems of religion and philosophy held that all 
 punishment was purgatorial* a means of purification and 
 consequently finite and limited in its character and duration, 
 and was graduated according to the degree of moral turpi- 
 tude attached to each offense. Hence, in the initiation, the 
 neophyte represented the progress of the soul through the 
 various stages of discipline, upward from the receptacles of 
 sorrow to Elysian beatitude and purity. In all these rites, 
 indeed, the idea seemed to prevail that man, society, 
 humanity, could be perfected only by the ministry of gloom 
 and suffering. The soul's exaltation, and highest good and 
 truest repose, were to be approached only by the way of tears, 
 and sacrifice, and toil. Those mystic dramas symbolized the 
 profoundest mysteries of the soul the deepest experiences 
 of the human heart. They taught that through darkness 
 and difficulty, in the midst of obstacles and opposition, man 
 should ever struggle upward and onward onward from the 
 shadowy vale of doubt, and fear, and perplexity, to the 
 golden Orient, whence comes the light of eternal truth ! 
 Some writers have contended that the mysteries, and, 
 indeed, all the myths of antiquity, have no reference whatever 
 to religious ideas, or to a spiritual sphere, but are merely 
 allegorical representations of the phenomena of the physical 
 world. Dupuisf explains all the mysteries in this way, and 
 carries his theory so far as finally to assert that Christ is 
 only an astronomical sign, and that the mystical woman oi 
 the Revelations, whom St. John describes as " clothed^ with 
 the sim, and the moon Tinder her feet, and on her head a 
 crown of twelve stars," is but the constellation Virgo ! That 
 portions of the Tsiauic and Cabirian mysteries had reference 
 to astronomical ideas is undoubtedly true; but this fact by 
 
 * Vide Eufield's History of Philosophy. Also Guigaiant: Religions de 
 
 rAntiquite considered principalement dans leur Trcnnes Symboliquey el 
 Mytlioloijiqne. 
 
 f Origin des tous les cultes. } Rev. xii. 1.
 
 260 MYS. 
 
 uo moans justifies the conclusions of Dupuis and others, that 
 they have no spiritual reference at all. On the contrary, it 
 was the deep, earnest, and positive faith of the ancients, in 
 the unseen and spiritual, which led them to blend in this 
 niTinner unfortunately so foreign to our modern habits of 
 thinking the ideas of science with those of religion. And 
 here we fall far below the ancients. We have divorced 
 science and philosophy from religion, and seem to regard 
 them as quite different and distinct things, the deplorable 
 results of which are seen in our modern systems of education, 
 which are entirely material, and end in skepticism, if not in 
 absolute irreligion. On the other hand, the ancients con- 
 templated the universe from the religious point of view. All 
 the phenomena of life all the motions of the heavenly 
 bodies the whole stupendous spectacle of the world 
 revealed to them the presence of an unseen Intelligence. 
 Hence, their religion embraced all the facts of physical 
 science ; art and philosophy were necessary parts of religion, 
 and reposed on a spiritual basis. Keace, instruction 
 with them was religious and moral. And were they not 
 right ? The mysteries were established for human instruc- 
 tion; and there all the sciences were studied with reference 
 to a higher sphere of thought. Nature, with all its laws, its 
 motions, and its mysteries, which science attempts to explore, 
 was, in their views, only a shadow or reflex, or projection, of 
 the more substantial verities of the unseen the eternal 
 world; philosophy itself was religion. Such was education 
 among the ancients, so far as it went. It was eminently 
 religious. Hence the dramas, represented in the mysteries, 
 and in the rites of initiation, took note at the same time of 
 the facts of science and the verities of religion. And because 
 thes.e dramas and rites shadowed forth some of the pheno- 
 mena of nature, and the motions of the heavenly bodies, 
 we are not to infer that those who celebrated them had no 
 faith in God, accountability, or a future life ; but rather, 
 on the contrary, that those old Grecians and Egyptians saw 
 in all the phenomena of nature in all the motions of the 
 starry spheres, and in all the miracles of the world the 
 awful shadow of that mysterious One, who, although infinite 
 and indivisible, yet in some manner incomprehensible to 
 human intelligence, individualizes himself to every human 
 thought, and localizes himself in every place. The mysteries 
 were established then to assist the education and development 
 of man. And with this intention the mystagogues employed 
 every resource to stimulate the moral energies and awaken 
 the noble instincts of those they sought -to elevate. The 
 ancients all claimed for these mysteries a divine origin.
 
 MYS. 261 
 
 Bacchus, in Euripides,* responds to the questions of Pen- 
 theus, who demanded from whom he received his new wor- 
 ship and his mysteries, that he received them from the son 
 of Jupiter. All the ancient educators of the race affirmed 
 the same of their teachings. Rhadamanthus says that 
 he received from heaven the laws that he gave to the 
 Cretans, f Minos shut himself up in a sacred cave, to com- 
 pose his code of laws, which ho affirmed were revealed to 
 him by the divinity. Zoroaster, the Persian Seer, claims 
 also to have been divinely inspired. J He separated himself 
 from society, and gave himself up to sacred meditations. 
 He invoked the supernal powers, and at length the light of 
 a heavenly inspiration descended upon his soul, and a divine 
 messenger visited him and instructed him in celestial things. 
 Thus, according to Chandemer, he received from heaven 
 the Zend Avesta, that great depository of sublime maxims 
 so revered by the ancient Persians. Ardheshir, desiring to 
 reform the religious code of his kingdom, appointed one of 
 the sages to accomplish the work. The new reformer, not 
 wishing to make innovations which might not be authorized 
 by heaven, invoked the aid of the spiritual powers. He sunk 
 away into a mysterious sleep, and experienced an ecstacy, 
 during which his soul seemed to go forth out of his body. 
 At the end of seven days he awoke, and declared that he had 
 been in communication with the unseen world of spirits, and 
 employed a scribe to write the new revelations which he had 
 received from the gods. Pythagoras also professed to receive 
 the divine direction in the foundation of his famous society. 
 He affirms of himself what Titus Livius|| asserts of Numa, 
 viz: that the secrets of nature, which others knew by opinion 
 and conjecture, were communicated to him by the direct 
 interposition of the gods, and that Apollo, Minerva, andthe 
 Muses, had often appeared to him. Whatever we may think 
 of these professions and claims to a divine enlightenment, 
 on the part of the ancient reformers, we cannot but respect 
 that faith and piety which always led them to refer all wisdom 
 and virtue to a divine influence. Their maxim seemed to 
 be that whatever is useful to men is divine. And as the 
 mysteries and the rules of virtue, which they cultivated and 
 enforced, were useful to humanity, they were, of a conse- 
 quence, providential institutions created by the will of the 
 Eternal. After what we have now said, it cannot be diffi- 
 cult, to see clearly the true end and purpose of the mysteries, 
 the fiist and greatest fruits of which were, according to the 
 
 f 
 
 * Euiipid: Bacch., p. 460. f Strabo 1, x. p. 476. 
 
 t Hyde do vet, Pers. p. 317. Phil: I. i. c. 1 Vit. Apoll. 
 
 HPlut-VitaNura .
 
 262 MYS. 
 
 ancients, to civilize savage people, soften their ferocious 
 manners, render them social, and prepare them for a kind 
 of life more worthy of the dignity of man. Cicero places, in 
 tty number of supreme benefits which the Athenians enjoyed, 
 the establishment of the mysteries of Eleusis, the effect of 
 which was, he tells us, to civilize men, and to make them com- 
 prehend the true principles of morality, which initiate man 
 into an order of life which is alone worthy of a being destined 
 to immortality. The same philosopher, in another place, 
 where .he apostrophizes Ceres and Prosei'pine, says that we 
 owe to these goddesses the first elements of our moral life, 
 as well as the first aliment of our physical life, viz: the 
 knowledge of the laws, the refinement of manners, and the 
 examples of civilization, which have elevated and polished 
 the habits of men and of cities. Their moral end was well 
 perceived by Arrien, who tells us that all these mysteries were 
 established by the ancients, to perfect our education and 
 reform our manners. Pausanias,* speaking of the Eleusinia, 
 says that the Gi'eeks, from the highest antiquity, had estab- 
 lished them as an institution the most effectual to inspire 
 men with the sentiments of reverence and love for the gods. 
 And among the responses that Bacchusf makes to Pentheus, 
 whose curiosity is excited by his mysteries, he tells him that 
 this new- institution merits to be widely known, and that one 
 of the greatest advantages resulting from it is the proscrip- 
 tion of all impiety and crime. From the above it appears 
 that the mysteries must have been of the highest utility in 
 advancing the civilization of our race, in promoting the arts, 
 and stimulating a taste for science and letters. We have 
 seen that the cultivation of music commenced with the 
 establishment of the mysteries, and formed a great portion 
 of tke ceremonies. Sculpture and painting were encouraged, 
 and received their first impulse in these institutions. Litera- 
 ture and philosophy were pursued with ardor by the disci- 
 ples of Orpheus and Eumolpus, and through them religion 
 shed a benign and gentle radiance over all of life. Through 
 the mysteries society received wise and wholesome laws, and 
 that moral and mental impulsion which raised Greece to the 
 summit of human greatness. The drama also owes its birth 
 to these institutions. The first plays, symbolical of man and 
 his progress, his struggles, his trials, his labor, his combats 
 and triumphs, were performed within the secret enclosures, 
 secure from the intrusion of profane eyes. The ceremonies 
 were themselves dramas, shadowing forth, more or less 
 perfectly, the great truths of God, of nature, and the soul, 
 pointing man forward to his great destiny, acquainting him 
 
 Pans. Phoc. p. 384. fEuripid: Bacch vi. p 460.
 
 MYS. 2(53 
 
 with the conditions of moral perfection, and aiding him in 
 advancing toward it. 
 
 MYSTIC MASON, KITE OF THE. The eighteenth century, 
 if considered in connection with its intellectual activity, the 
 immense progress made in the sciences and arts, and in rela- 
 tion to the general advancement of the human mind, must bo 
 recognized as the most remarkable epoch in the history ol 
 the world. It was the golden age of science, and of scientific 
 men. And yet, such were the negative character of its 
 speculations, and the habit that prevailed, of studying the 
 mysteries of the universe, and investigating the laws of 
 nature, apart from the ideal, or without reference to a 
 higher sphere of thought, that the human mind became 
 almost entirely materialized, and at last sunk into the abyss 
 of skepticism. But unbelief is not natural to the heart of 
 man; and even when the intellect is cursed with the demon 
 of infidelity, the heart yearns with deeper intensity to 
 penetrate the occult realms of nature, and hold communion 
 with the awful mysteries of those invisible regions which have 
 no boundaries, and on which philosophy and science, that 
 are simply material, can throw no light. Thus, toward the 
 end of the last century an age noted at the same time for 
 its splendid achievements in science, and its fearful harvest 
 of irreligion numeixms sects of Mystics ai'ose, particularly 
 on the European continent, whose doctrines, however crude 
 and extravagant, were the solemn protest of the heart against 
 the skeptical spirit of the times, and the agonizing cry of 
 the soul for a more intimate communion with the infinite. 
 Many of the first minds of the age were moved by this 
 impulse, and sought peace and quiet, and consolation, and 
 hope, in the golden realm of the ideal. The Rosicrucians, 
 Illuniinati, the Order of St. Martin, and many bodies strictly 
 Masonic, entered with ardor into these high speculations, 
 which were so well calculated to exalt, refine, and expand 
 the soul, and fill it with a divine enthusiasm. To these men 
 the worlds revolved in a sea of light the emanation from 
 the infinite mind the. natural and spiritual were united iu 
 an everlasting embrace. Myriads of spiritual beings walked 
 the earth, and dwelt with men, and occupied themselves 
 with human affairs, as in the days of old. "Whatever we 
 may think of some of their theories and operations, it cannot 
 be denied that they accomplished a great work in arresting 
 that furious tide of atheism which threatened, at one time, 
 to sweep all things into its horrible abysses of darkness and 
 despair, and in establishing a harmony between reason and 
 the profoundest mysteries of religion. It was at this time 
 that the " Bite of the Mystic Mason" made its appearance.
 
 2(54 MYS. 
 
 Its character is strictly MaSonic. It recognizes the thrte 
 symbolical degrees as the groundwork of its system. It has 
 a strong infusion of Swedenborgian ideas, repudiates all 
 Sadducean doctrines, and asserts the existence of angels and 
 spirits, their constant presence with men, and invokes them 
 in the Lodge, at the commencement of labor. Like the 
 28th degree of the Scotch rite, it is somewhat alchemistical. 
 It believes the Philosopher's Stone and the Elixir of Life 
 among the possibilities of science. Thus, in the instructions 
 of the 2d degree, the disciple is informed that Solomon 
 learned, by the opening of the first and second circles, the 
 art of purifying that is, transmuting metals, wherewith to 
 enrich and embellish his temple. This rite consists of three 
 degrees: 1. Mystic Apprentice; 2. Mystic Fellow-Craft; 
 3. Mystic Master. Something of their character may be 
 learned from the following extracts taken from the lectures: 
 
 Ques. Are you a Mystic Apprentice ? 
 
 Ans. I know the northern part of the Temple of Solomon, and the 
 four quarters of the circle. 
 
 Ques. How were you received a Mystic Apprentice? 
 
 Ans. By striking three blows with the gavel upon 
 
 Ques. What else have you done ? 
 
 Ans. I have invoked the spirits who preside there, by pronouncing 
 their names. 
 
 Ques. Can you repeat them ? 
 
 Ans. Mahir is that of the East, over the part of the South; Haouzay 
 is spirit of the West, over the part of the North; and Mahal Marainto ia 
 the spirit of the East, over the same part. 
 
 Ques. What is Masonry ? 
 
 Ans. The knowledge of the covenants of God with men. 
 
 Ques. What signify the four spirits? 
 
 Ans. They represent to us that without the assistance of the guardian 
 angels, that God has given to all men to direct their conduct, we cannot 
 succeed in any undertaking. 
 
 In the instructions of the 2d degree we find the following: 
 
 Ques. Are you a Mystic Fellow-Craft? 
 
 Ans. I know the column of Boaz. 
 
 Ques. What are the five perfect points of Masonry? 
 
 Ans. To build temples to virtue, and dungeons to vice; to know the 
 relations of man with his creator; to practice faithfully his precepts; 
 penetrate into those mysteries it is permitted us to discover, and to 
 uiiij/loy our knowledge for the instruction and improvement of mankind
 
 NAB NAP. 265 
 
 N. 
 
 NABI1M, COLLEGES OF THE. Among ancient nations instruc- 
 tion was confined to the few, and generally the schools were 
 controlled entirely by the priests. Moses was educated in a 
 priestly school, in Egypt; Cyrus in a seminary, under the 
 direction of the magi the Indian Bramins imparted instruc- 
 tion in secret schools. In Palestine those conversant with 
 Hebrew, science, and the Scriptures, taught in the colleges 
 of the Nabiim. or schools of the prophets and rabbins.* 
 
 NAHAKDA, BROTHERHOOD OF. The Hebrew Rabbins relato 
 that the captive tribes of Israel, during their exile from their"' 
 own country, after the destruction of the first temple, in 
 order to strengthen the bonds of fraternity, and to enjoy 
 the consolations of friendship, founded a brotherhood at 
 Naharda, on the banks of the Euphrates. On the return of 
 the Jews from the captivity, Zerubbabel, Jeshua, and Esdras, 
 carried away all the secret knowledge which was so carefully 
 preserved within the closed recesses of this mysterious 
 institution with them to Jerusalem, and established in that 
 city a similar society for the same purpose. 
 
 NAPOLEON MASONRY. This brotherhood was founded 
 at Paris, 1816, by the adherents of the Emperor Napoleon. 
 Its ritual comprised three degrees: 1. Knight; 2. Commander; 
 3. Grand Elect. This last was divided into tnree classes, viz: 
 1. Secret Judge ; 2. Perfect Initiate ; 3. Knight of the Oaken 
 Crown. All of them had reference to Napoleon. In the 
 catechism of the degrees we find the following questions 
 and answers: 
 
 Que.f. How many stories had the temjle? 
 
 Ans. Eight. 
 
 * These institutions are said to have been established by the prophet 
 Samuel, to counteract the progress of the spurious Freemasonry which 
 was introduced into Palestine before his time. They were seminaries in 
 which the most talented and pious youths of Israel were educated to 
 become tb.e future teachers of the nation. For this purpose young mon 
 of superior capacity were invited to enter these institutions from all parts 
 of Israel; the system of instruction comprising a thorough knowledge of 
 the law and writings of Moses, natural philosophy, music, and poetry 
 and as this last was altogether devoted to celebrate the power and good- 
 ness of God, Samuel, in the 99th Psalm, is enumerated amongst thosa 
 worthies who promoted divine knowledge. After the death of Samuel, 
 the Nabiim spread widely over the land, and similar lodges or semina- 
 ries were founded in every part of Israel. In the days of Elijah three of 
 these institutions are spoken of; and though little is known of their 
 internal economy, their rites and ceremonies being strictly concealed, 
 there can be no doubt that they were in many respects similar to our 
 Manonic lodges, and in some of their features they bore a resemblance to 
 Iho colle iate institutions of our own country.
 
 266 NAR NEV. 
 
 Qucs. What were their names ? 
 
 Ans. Adam, Eve, Noah, Lamech, NaamaL Phaleg, Obal, Orientr-tba 
 hiitial letters of Napoleon. 
 Ques. What is your age ? 
 Ans. I have lived only teu years, i.e., 1804-14. 
 
 General Bertrand was elected the first Grand Master, 
 without his knowledge, and in his absence the Order was 
 governed by a Supreme Commander and two Lieutenants. 
 
 NAIJ DONNE, RITE OF. Primitive Rite, or Philadelphians 
 Friendly Brothers of Narbonne. This Order was established 
 at Narbonne, 1780, under the name of " First Lodge of St. 
 John." In 1784 it entered into relations with the Philale- 
 theans, at Paris, and was deeply occupied with the Hermetic 
 Philosophy. It had ten degrees, the higher ones strongly 
 alchemistical divided into three classes, viz: 1st class, 1. 
 Apprentice; 2. Fellow-Craft; 3. Master. 2d class, 4. Perfect 
 Master; Elect; Architect; 5. Sublime Scotch; 6. Knight of 
 the Sword; Knight of the East; Prince of Jerusalem. 3d 
 class, 7. 1st Chapter of Rose-Croix; 8. 2d Chapter of Rose- 
 Crcix; 9. 3d Chapter of Rose-Croix. In this, Masonic and 
 physical science, philosophy, and whatever can contribute to 
 the improvement and happiness of mankind, were made 
 objects of special study. 10. 4th Chapter, called Brothers 
 Rose-Croix of the Grand Rosary. The brothers of this 
 degree devoted themselves chiefly to an investigation of the 
 sciences of Ontology, Psychology, Pneumatology, in a word, 
 all those sciences that are named occult or secret. Their 
 professed object was the general enlightenment of man, and 
 his ree'stablishment in his primitive rights. 
 
 NEBUZARADAN. According to Gesenius the name means 
 "Prince and Lord of Nebo." He was the chief of the life- 
 guard of Nebuchadnezzar, and general of his armies. He 
 captured and sacked Jerusalem, burned the temple, and 
 carried most of the inhabitants to Babylon. In the degrees 
 of Knight of the East and West and Prince of Jerusalem 
 the second Overseer bears this name, and also in the degi ee 
 of Sovereign Prince of Masonry it is an important word. 
 
 NEKAM-NEKAH; also NEKAM-NETAK OK NEHAM-NATOR. A 
 Hebrew expression, equivalent to "Vengeance is accom- 
 plished, the punishment has been executed." The word is 
 found in several of the higher degrees of Masonry. 
 
 NEOKOROS. A name derived from the Greek " neos and 
 koreo" keeper or warder of the temple. The Priest of the 
 2d class in. the Egyptian Mysteries bore this name.
 
 NEV NIV. 267 
 
 NEOPHYTE. From neos, young, and phuton, plant. In 
 the Eleusiiiia and other mysteries a newly-initiated person 
 was tl.us designated. Among the early Christians the name 
 meant a new convert from paganism; in the monasteries a 
 novice; a title sometimes applied to the candidate for the 
 privileges of Freemasonry. 
 
 NE VARIETUR. That it may not be changed. When a 
 brother receives a certificate from his Lodge he is required 
 to write his name on the margin, so as to guard against im- 
 posture. Should a person claim to be a Mason, and present 
 a certificate to a Lodge he desired to visit, he would be asked 
 to write his name in a book kept for the purpose. If the 
 writing corresponded with the name that is, was ufac simile 
 of it it would be a proof of the brother's identity; but if 
 the hand writing were different it would be a proof that the 
 person was an impostor, and had either stolen or found the 
 certificate. These words, "ne varietur," refer to this practice. 
 
 NEW TEMPLARS. A name given to a Masonic society 
 organized in France, in the early part of the present century, 
 and which claims to be legally descended from the ancient 
 Order of Knights Templar. These pretensions, however, 
 are not recognized. The ritual has five degrees, as follows: 
 1. Initiati; 2. Intimi Initiati; 3. Adepti; 4. Orientales Adepti; 
 5. Magni aquilae nigrse sancti Johannis Apostoli Adepti. 
 These are mere Masonic degrees disguised under latin names. 
 The Order, however, is respectable in point of numbers and 
 the character of the members who are affiliated with it; and 
 its objects, the enlightenment and improvement of mankind, 
 and the relief of the suffering, are certainly worthy of ap- 
 proval. 
 
 NINE, Ta that is, the nine muses. In the ritual of the 
 "Royal Order of Herodem of Kilwinning," the following 
 questions and answers are found in the 2d section of the 
 catechism of the first degree: 
 
 Ques. How many Knights are necessary to constitute a Chapter of the 
 lloyal Order of Heiodeai? 
 
 Ans. Nine. 
 
 fyies Why? 
 
 Ans. For three reasons. 
 
 Ques. Will you tell me the first? 
 
 Ans. Because there are three divisions in numbers which teach us so 
 to number our days as to apply ourselves to wisdom. 
 
 QMS. Will you give me the second ? 
 
 Ans. Because there are nine muses in harmony, which refine and polisb 
 human nature. 
 
 QMSS. Will you name them to me ? 
 
 tins. C.illiop), Clio, Euterpe, Melpomene, Terpsichore, Erato. Polv- 
 y /mnia, Urania, and T.ialia.
 
 268 
 
 NOA. 
 
 Will yon give me the third reason? 
 A ns. Because there are nine orders of angels in the celestial hierarchy. 
 Ques Will you name them? 
 
 Ans. Cherubim and Seraphim, Thrones, Dominions, Principalities, 
 Powers, Virtues, Archangels and Angels. 
 
 NOACHITE, OR PRUSSIAN KNIGHT, sometimes called The 
 Very Ancient Order of Noachites. The 21st degree of the 
 Ancient and Accepted rite. The traditional history of this 
 degree is carried back to an early period; for it commemorates 
 the destruction of the Tower of Babel. It is founded upon 
 the immutable principles of Justice. The meeting is called 
 Grand Chapter, and must be held in a retired place, on the 
 night of the full moon, in each" month. The place is lighted 
 by a large window or opening, so arranged as to admit the 
 light of the moon, the only light allowed. The presiding 
 officer sits facing the moonlight; he is styled Lieutenant 
 Commander; the other officers are Warden, Knight of Elo- 
 quence, Knight of the Chancery, Knight of the Finances, 
 Master of Ceremonies, Warder, and Standard-Bearer. The 
 sash, worn from right to left, is a broad black ribbon ; the 
 jewel is a golden triangle traversed by an arrow, point 
 downward; on the jewel is an arm upraised, holding a naked 
 sword, and around it the motto "Fiat Justitia, Ruat Coelum." 
 
 NOAH, PRECEPTS OF. Certain commandments transmitted 
 to the present time, in documents of the ancient stone- 
 masons, bear this name. They require: 1. The renunciation 
 )f all idols; 2. The worship of the true God; 3. The com- 
 mission of no murder; 4. Freedom from the crime of incest; 
 5. The avoidance of theft; 6. The practice of justice; 
 7. The abstaining from flesh with blood in it.* 
 
 * The Rabbins affirm that God gave Noah and his sons certain precept?, 
 which contain the natural duty common to all men; the observance of 
 which, alone, will be suffic'snt to save them. The Hebrews would not 
 suft'er any stranger to dwell in their country unless he would conform to 
 them. Maimouides says that the first six of these precepts were given 
 by Adam; the seventh WHS added by Noah. What inclines us to doubt of 
 their antiquity is that no mention is made of these precepts in Scripture, 
 in Onkelos, in Josephns, or in Thilo; nor iu any ancient father. GAT-MCT.
 
 NOM NOV. 269 
 
 NOMINATION. Literally the act of designating a person 
 as a candidate for any particular office. Nominations for 
 office are, by the usages of Masonry, unlawful, and should 
 be so declared by the presiding officer whenever attempted. 
 The election of officers in a lodge to be strictly within the 
 rules of Masonic consistency must be conducted upon the 
 principles of secrecy. Fitness for a proper discharge of the 
 duties of the office should be the only qualification to entitle 
 the candidate, for Masonic preferment, to the suffrages of 
 his brethren; and the brother so elected will be more 
 honored in the silent yet appreciative action of his brethren 
 than by an open showy acclamation. 
 
 NORMAL, from the Latin Norma. A. square for measuring 
 right angles; employed by masons, carpenters, builders, etc., 
 to prove that the angles are true. It 
 was formed in its original adaptation, 
 by the ancient operative craft, in two 
 ways; either by two rules joined to- 
 gether at right angles, or by a flat 
 piece of board with a right angle cut out of it. The illus- 
 trations are from ancient sculptured monuments. 
 
 NORTH. In the Masonic symbolism the North is the place 
 of darkness. Intelligent Masons understand why this is so. 
 On this word L' Encyclopedic Magonnique thus speaks: "We 
 believe it was to England that Freemasonry was first trans- 
 ported by the Saxons. It here took a new language, new 
 forms modified upon the ancient. It cast its roots deep in 
 that classic land of modern liberty. At a later period it was 
 transplanted into France, where its authentic existence dates 
 only from 1725; we know not whether it came then for the 
 first time, or whether it was a return from a long exile pro- 
 duced by the catastrophe of the Templars. We owe this 
 benefit to an Englishman, Lord Derwentwater, who returned 
 to his country to die for his king. Let us remark, besides, 
 that during the last age the North has been the true East of 
 light! It is in the British Islands, and in the north of 
 Germany that liberty of thought, elevated ideas. Philosophy 
 and Masonry, in fine, have the most numerous partisans; 
 and we can easily make a climoMc scale of the philosophical 
 spirit.'' 
 
 NOVICE, NOVITIATE. 1. The same as Neophyte. 2. In the 
 Knight Templar system of Baron Hunde, and also in the 
 Swedish rite this word was the name of the 5th degree. 
 3. In the Order of Chevaliers de la St. Cite certain member? 
 were distinguished by this name. 
 23
 
 270 
 
 QBE OBL. 
 
 O. 
 
 OBELISK. From the Greek obelitskos and obelos. Schau- 
 berg, in his Handburh d<>r Si/mbolik d ie Freimauretci, says: 
 "It was a frequent custom in Egypt to place before the main 
 entrance to a temple two high obelisks, which obelisks were 
 called 'the rays of the sun.'" This species of temple orna- 
 ments belongs to the oldest and most simple 
 monuments of Egyptian architecture, and are 
 high four, sided pillars, diminishing as they 
 ascend. It is probable that these monuments 
 were first built before the time of Moses. 
 There ai-e still several obelisks in Egypt; at 
 Alexandria, at Matarea, and at Thebes. The 
 two finest are at Luxor, at the entrance of the 
 temple. These Egyptian obelisks are generally 
 constructed of reel granite, from 30 to 100 feet 
 in hight, and occupy at their base a space of 
 from ii to 12 feet square. Some are plain, 
 while others are adorned on all sides with 
 hieroglyphics. Of their origin nothing is 
 known with certainty. Probably the first images of the gods, 
 which at an early period were nothing but stones of a pyra- 
 midical form, furnished the idea of them. According to 
 Herodotus they were first raised in honor of the sun, and 
 meant to represent its rays. This is confirmed by their name 
 and form. They might also have been raised to perpetuate 
 the memory of certain events, since the hieroglyphics con- 
 tained the praises of the gods and kings, or inscriptions 
 relating to their religious notions. They were generally 
 hewn out of a single stone in the quarries of Upper Egypt, 
 and brought on canals to the place of their erection. Old 
 quarries are still found there with obelisks already hewn out, 
 or with places whence monuments of this form must evi- 
 dently have been taken out. The two columns, Jachin and 
 Boaz, which stood at the entrance of Solomon's Temple, 
 were fac similes of these Egyptian obelisks, and from them 
 arose the fashion in the middle ages of surmounting cathe- 
 drals and churches with two towers. 
 
 OBLATE. In ecclesiastical antiquities, 1. A person who, 
 on embracing a monastic order, had made a donation ol 
 all his goods to the community. 2. One who is dedicated to 
 a religious order by his parents from an early period of his 
 life. 3. A layman residing as an inmate in a regular com- 
 munity to which he had assigned his property. In France, 
 in ancient times, the king possessed the privilege of recom- 
 mending a certain number of (Mali, chiefly invalided soldiers,
 
 OBS ODD. 2fl 
 
 to monasteries, whom they were bound to maintain. In 
 several parts of Europe Masonic asylums are established for 
 the express purpose of maintaining the orphans of deceased 
 Master Masons, and the indigent of the Order, upon similar 
 principles to the above. 
 
 OBSECRATO. In Roman antiquity, a solemn ceremony 
 performed by the chief magistrates of Rome, to avert any 
 impending calamity. It consisted of prayers offered up to 
 the gods, whom they supposed to be enraged. So exact were 
 they in observing the prescribed form on these occasions 
 that a person was appointed to read it over to the man who 
 was to pronounce it, and the most trifling omission was held 
 sufficient to vitiate the whole solemnity. 
 
 OCCULT. Something secret, hidden, or invisible, as the 
 occult quality of matter. The ceremonies of Masonry are 
 among the occult mysteries. 
 
 ODD-FELLOWS, INDEPENDENT ORDER OF. This Fraternity, 
 fashioned after the model of the Masonic Brotherhood, ia 
 a widely-extended and influential society. Its motto ia 
 "Friendship, Love, and Truth." It first appeared in 
 England, near the close of the last century, and at that time 
 was a social and mutual relief society. It continued to 
 increase until 1840, when, perhaps, the Order in England 
 was in its highest stage of prosperity. It was introduced 
 into the United States as early as 1799, at which time a 
 Lodge was constituted in Connecticut. In 1802 it made its 
 appearance in Baltimore, and in 1800 in New York. It did 
 not, however, attract any attention till 1814, when Thomas 
 "SVildey, who is styled the " Father of American Odd-Fellow- 
 ship," became an earnest propagator of the Order, and 
 founded lodges in a large number of important places. In 
 1821 the Grand Lodge of Maryland, and of the United States, 
 was formed, and in 1822 the institution assumed its present 
 form. A peculiar feature of the Order is its system of 
 benefits, or of health insurance. In addition to the fees of 
 admission a quarterly tax is collected from its members; 
 which, together, form a fund of relief; and when a brother 
 is sick he receives from his Lodge a certain sum per week, 
 ranging from $3 to $8, or such a sum as the by-laws of the 
 Lodge have determined on. There is, also, a funeral benefit 
 which is paid to the family ol a brother in the event of his 
 death. The organization of the Order in the United States 
 stands thus: 1. The Subordinate Lodge, which has five 
 degrees; 2. The Patriarchal or Encampment grade, which has 
 three degrees; 3. The Grand Lodge of a State; 4. The Grand
 
 272 ODL 
 
 Encampment of a State ; 5. Grand Lodge of the United States; 
 6. Grand Encampment of the United States. The Order has a 
 system of symbolism of a highly interesting character, and a 
 ritual instructive and impressive. In the United States tha 
 Order has had a brilliant career, and awakened, at times, a 
 large degree of enthusiasm. Its excellent moral teachings, 
 the intelligence and character of its members, and the salutary 
 influence it has exercised in the community, have made it 
 one of the most popular institutions of the age. 
 
 ODINIC MYSTERIES. The northern mythology, in the 
 systematic condition in which we now possess it, is the work 
 of Scalds that is, of the ancient minstrels of Denmark, 
 Sweden, Norway, and Iceland. Religion and civilization 
 here, as is often the case, sprang from poetry, and were 
 propagated and nourished, and improved by the mysteries. 
 The rites of Odin had an Oriental origin. Odin was the 
 name of the supreme god of the Scandinavians. It appears 
 from the northern chronicles that in the first century of the 
 Christian era Sigge, the chief of the Aser, an Asiatic tribe, 
 emigrated from the Caspian sea and the Caucasus into 
 northern Europe. He directed his course northwesterly 
 from the Black sea to Russia, over which, according to the 
 tradition, he placed one of his sous as a ruler, as he is said 
 to have done over the Saxons and the Franks. He then 
 advanced through Cimbria to Denmark, which acknowledged 
 his fifth son Skiold as its sovereign, and passed over to 
 Sweden, where Gylf, who did homage to the wonderful 
 stranger, and was initiated into his mysteries, then ruled. 
 He soon made himself master here, built Sigtuna as the 
 capital of his empire, and promulgated a new code of laws, 
 and established the sacred mysteries. He, himself, assumed 
 the name of Odin, founded the priesthood of the twelve 
 Drottars (Druids?) who conducted the secret worship, and 
 the administration of justice, and, as prophets, revealed the 
 future. The secret rites of these mysteries celebrated the 
 death of Balder, the beautiful and lovely, and represented the 
 grief of gods and men at his death, and his restoration to life 
 The neophytes were instructed in regard to the creation of the 
 heavens and earth, of man and woman, by three Drottars, who 
 are called the " High," the "Equally High," and the " Highest." 
 They discoursed to the initiates of the mysteries of the world, 
 of day and night, of the sun and moon, of the golden age, 
 of the winds and seasons, of the gods and goddesses, of the 
 destinies, the twilight of the gods, the conflagration and 
 destruction of the world. The ceremony of initiation ended 
 with a sublime representation of the restoration of the 
 universe, the return of all things to purity, harmony, and
 
 GDI. 
 
 273 
 
 peace. The wonderful ash tree Yggdrasil, on which the 
 earth is supposed to rest, was the most notable and significant 
 symbol in these mysteries. Dr. Oliver seems to think that 
 it is the analogue of Jacob's Ladder, but without sufficient 
 
 reason. It was the symbol of universal life. According 
 to the ancient Edda, it stands over the well of time; its 
 branches extend over the world, its top reaches above the 
 heavens. It has three roots, one among the gods, another 
 among the giants, and a third under Hela. Near the middle
 
 274 OFF. 
 
 root is the fountain of wisdom the well of Hymir. Near 
 the heavenly root is the sacred fountain by which the goda 
 hold their council and make known their decisions. From 
 this fountain rise three beautiful maids the Norns or 
 Fates whose names are Urdur, the Past; Verdandi, the 
 Present; and Skuld, the Future. On the top of the tree, 
 immediately under its lofty branches, sits an eagle with a 
 hawk, the symbol of watchfulness, between his eyes, which 
 possesses great power and wisdom; the squirrel Ratatosk 
 (mischief) runs up and down the tree, fanning strife between 
 the eagle and the serpent at the root, by whispering to the 
 one what the other says; four harts, which represent the 
 four winds, roam through its branches and bite the buds; 
 the serpent Nidho'gge (darkness) is perpetually gnawing at 
 its roots; the trunk of the tree decays, but the holy maidens 
 constantly water its roots from the sacred fountain, that it 
 may not wither. The city on the mountain is Asgard, the 
 name of the abode of the gods, access to which is only 
 gained by crossing the bridge Bifrost the rainbow. On one 
 end of the bridge is a citadel in which dwells Heimdall, the 
 warden appointed by the gods to watch without ceasing, 
 that no enemy cross or even approach it. At the foot of the 
 hill of Asgard lies Midgard middle earth the dwelling 
 place of mortals. The earth thus formed is round and flat, 
 and the arched heaven above is supported by four dwarfs 
 called A ustri, east; Vestri, west; Northri, north ; and Suthri, 
 south. The sea forms a belt around the earth, and beyond 
 this belt is Jotenheim, the abode of the giants. Incessant 
 warfare is carried between the wicked giants who live in the 
 gloomy region and the noble heroes of Axgard, who defend 
 the inhabitants of Midgard from their invasions. Thesa 
 rites were celebrated periodically, in the temple of Thor, at 
 Qpsal, Sweden, and in that of Frigga, on the Island of 
 Rugen. They exercised a profound influence on the life 
 and thought of the Scandinavian people. They taught the 
 immortality of man, and -this conviction of eternity so 
 possessed the Northmen that the y sought, rather than avoided, 
 death. Looking forward to the golden-roofed palace of 
 heroes, the glorious Valhalla, the residence of Odin, gleaming 
 in the splendor of an everlasting morning, where, as they 
 were taught by their mysteries, they should join the innumer- 
 able company of the brave, whom the beautiful Valkyrse had 
 previously conducted thither, they stood, undismayed, in the 
 face of the most appalling dangers, and, with joyful songs, 
 entered the gloumy shades of the valley of death. 
 
 OFFERINGS, THE THREE GRAND. Offerings are gifts 
 vslrich man brings to the Deity, thus symbolically giving
 
 OHE OPE. 275 
 
 himself up to him. This was the first mode of openly recog- 
 nizing the divinity, and a principal part of the service of 
 God in all the religions of antiquity; and even to this day 
 the inhabitants make offerings to the Supreme being, as they 
 make presents to their temporal lords. The idea that God 
 has physical wants, and finds pleasure in food, drink, and 
 perfumes, was the origin of such offerings, which took their 
 character from the mode of life of those who presented 
 them. The three grand offerings referred to in Masonry 
 were those of Abraham, David and Solomon, which were 
 presented on Mount Moriah. There Abraham offered up 
 his son Isaac ; there David built an altar, and offered thereon 
 peace and burnt offerings to regain the favor of the Almighty, 
 and move him to stay the plague which was destroying the 
 people; and there Solomon, at the consecration of the 
 temple, presented costly offerings to the Lord. These are 
 the three grand offerings of Freemasonry. 
 
 OHEB-ELOAH. A Hebrew expression, which denotes "one 
 whom God loves." It is a sacred word in several Masonic 
 degrees. In the 30th degree of the Ancient and Accepted 
 rite the symbolical ladder with seven steps has these worda 
 upon the right side. 
 
 OPENING OF THE LODGE. All rites and ceremonies 
 should have for their aim the instruction and improvement 
 of those concerned. They should be simple in character, 
 adapted to the purposes designed, and easy of performance; 
 they should be performed with earnestness, precision, cor- 
 rectness, and in proper time. The ceremony of opening a 
 Lodge is important, instructive and impressive. To conduct 
 this ceremony with propriety ought to be the peculiar study 
 of all Masons, especially of those who have the honor to 
 preside in our assemblies. To those who are thus dignified, 
 every eye is directed for regularity of conduct and behavior; 
 and from them other brethren, less informed, may naturally 
 expect to derive instruction. From a share in this cere- 
 mony no Mason is exempted; it is a general concern, in 
 which all must assist. This is the first request of the 
 Master, and the prelude to business. Precisely at the 
 appointed time, the presiding officer should take the chair, 
 and give the proper signal, then every officer should repair 
 to his proper station, and the brethren appropriately clothe 
 themselves and take their seats. Punctuality in this matter 
 is of the highest importance. Our first care is directed to 
 the external avenues of the Lodge ; and the officers, whose 
 province it is to discharge that duty, are required to execute 
 the trust with fidelity. "In the ancient mysteries (those
 
 276 OPE. 
 
 sacred rites which have furnished so many models for 
 Masonic symbolism), the opening ceremonies were of the 
 most solemn and impressive character. The sacred herald 
 commenced the initiatory ceremonies by the solemn for- 
 mula: 'Depart hence, ye profane!' to which was added a 
 proclamation which forbade the use of any language that 
 might be deemed of an unfavorable character to the ap- 
 proaching rites." At the opening of the Lodge two purposes 
 are effected; the Master is reminded of the dignity of his 
 character and position, and the brethren of the respect and 
 veneration due to him in their sundry stations. Thes' are 
 not, however, the only advantages resulting from a due 
 observance of the ceremony; a reverential awe for the Deity 
 is inculcated, and the eye is fixed on that object from whose 
 radiant beam alone light can be derived. Hence, in this 
 ceremony, we are taught to adore the Great Architect of the 
 universe, and to supplicate that the labors then begun may 
 be continued in peace and closed in harmony. A Lodge 
 must always be opened on the third degree, and in due form, 
 for the transaction of any business, except for initiating and 
 passing a candidate into the mysteries of the first and second 
 degrees. The first business after opening, if it be a regular 
 communication, is the reading of the minutes of the previous 
 communication, for the information of the brethren. The 
 transactions of the evening should always be read before the 
 Lodge is closed, that the brethren may know that they have 
 been properly recorded, and then duly approved. 
 
 OPEEATIVE MASONEY. The physical wants of man 
 originally compelled the establishment of operative Masonry. 
 When by transgression man forfeited his primeval home and 
 was obliged to seek shelter from the storms and from the 
 winds, from the cold and from the heat, in winter, the 
 caves of the earth in summer, the bower of twined foliage, 
 would be his dwelling; next, his inventive mind did conceive 
 the rude tent, then the cabin, afterward the house and the 
 splendid palace, the adode of elegance and skill. Masonry, 
 in its character as an operative art, is familiar to every one: 
 as such, it is engaged in the application of the rules of 
 architecture to the construction of public and private edifices. 
 It abounds in the use of technical terms, and makes use of 
 implements and materials whicli are peculiar to itself. It is 
 the popular theory that the operative Masons were the 
 founders of the system of speculative Masonry, in which 
 they applied the language and ideas of their art of building 
 to a spiritual and religious sense. At first operative Ma- 
 sonry existed simply as an art of building. Then the 
 operative Masons, with the assistance of learned and pious
 
 OPH ORA. 277 
 
 men, invented the speculative science, or .Frvemasonry, and 
 then each became an integrant part of one undivided system. 
 Not, however, that there ever was a time when every ope- 
 rative Mason, without exception, was acquainted with or 
 initiated into the speculative science. There are, even now, 
 thousands of skillful (operative) stone-masons who know 
 nothing of the symbolic meaning of the implements they 
 employ. Speculative Masonry, now known as Freemasonry, 
 is, therefore, the scientific application and the religious 
 consecration of the rules and principles, the technical lan- 
 guage and the implements and materials, of operative 
 Masonry to the worship of God as the Grand Architect of 
 the universe, and to the purification of the heart and the 
 inculcation of the dogmas of a religious philosophy. 
 
 OPHITES. An Egyptian Gnostic brotherhood, sometimes 
 called "Brothers of the Serpent," because the serpent was 
 an important symbol in their mysteries. It made its appear- 
 ance in the second century, and held, in common with the 
 Valentinians, the doctrines of the two principles, of seons and 
 of the theogony therewith connected. They were peculiar 
 by the reverence in which they held the serpent, a living 
 one being employed in their ceremonies. It was an emblem 
 of wisdom sophia and not, as in other systems, a symbol 
 of evil. 
 
 OEANGEMEN. This name was first used by the Catholics 
 of Ireland as an apellation of their Protestant countrymen, 
 who adhered to the house of Orange. It has since been 
 assumed by a political order which was founded in 1794. In 
 1795 the rules and regulations of the Lodges were published 
 by Thomas, who had privately been made a Mason at Dyon, 
 in the county of Tyrone. At first the order had but one 
 degree; later 1796 the purple degree was added by John 
 Teinpleton, and still later that of " Alarkman," and " Heroine 
 of Jericho." The ritual is Masonic in its character, and the 
 organization of the society imitates the Masonic model. The 
 object of the society is to defend the interests of Protestants 
 in Ireland, and propagate Protestant ideas among the Irish. 
 The initiate is required by a solemn oath to renounce all 
 allegiance to the Pope and sympathy with popery, and to 
 declare his unwavering loyalty to the Protestant dynasty of 
 Great Britain. 
 
 ORATOR. An officer in most of the degrees of the Ancient 
 and Accepted and French rites. His duties are to explain 
 the history and lectures of the degrees to the candidate 
 during the ceremony of initiation
 
 278 OKD. 
 
 ORDER. Lexicographers thus define this word, "a regulai 
 government; a society of dignified perrons, distinguished by 
 marks of honor; a religious fraternity." The military orders 
 are societies, the members of which are bound by certain 
 vows and rules, and distinguished by particular badges. 
 They originated from the institutions of chivalry and the 
 ecclesiastical corporations, and were in the beginning frater- 
 nities of men, who, in addition to particular duties enjoined 
 by the law of honor, united for the performance of patriotic, 
 charitable, or religious purposes. The oldest Christian orders 
 of which history speaks are the order Sanctce ampullae, which 
 Clovis founded in the year 499; the Order of the Oak, which 
 Garcias Ximenes, King of Navarre, founded in 722, and the 
 Order of the Genet, the date of whose origin is uncertain. 
 The first orders after these arose during the time of the 
 crusades, and were an example for all future orders. From 
 societies, established under certain rules, for the cure of sick 
 persons as well as the diffusion of the Christian religion, 
 first proceeded the religious military orders, of which the 
 oldest is the Order of St. John of Jerusalem. Their rules are 
 similar to the laws of the monastic orders. The celebrated 
 Order of Templars arose at this period, and distinguished 
 itself by its zeal and bravery through the whole duration of 
 the ci'tisades. The Orders of St. John and of the Knights 
 of the Temple are reproduced in the orders of Masonic 
 Knighthood. The name, order, is applied to a vast number 
 of societies, secular and religious, and also to a considerable 
 number in which the secular and religious are united. O1 
 theee Freemasonry is the most ancient and most distinguished. 
 In the Manuel da Franc Maqon we find the following reasons 
 why Freemasonry is entitled to be called an order: "An order 
 is a body whose character is known, its practices observable, 
 its rules fixed, its purposes declared, its utility proved, and 
 whose credit is found in the protection of the government. 
 It enters not into the principles of Masonry to unvail its 
 mysteries to the public; but the kings who are members of 
 the order attest that its mysteries would be honored if they 
 were revealed. Its rules are fixed. No one is received into 
 its circle who is not well-born and of good reputation. Its 
 purpose is plain to all; to love God, serve the country, and 
 do good to all. Its utility is proved by its excellent precepts, 
 and the services it renders to humanity. Its credit is not 
 doubtful, since it is protected by sovereigns, and everywhere 
 the title of Freemason is a powerful recommendation. 
 Freemasonry is, therefore, an Order. Religion is a virtue 
 which moves us to render to God the worship that is his due. 
 Freemasons adore the Grand Architect of the universe, 
 therefore, the Order of Freemasonry is religious in its teach-
 
 ORD--OKN. 279 
 
 ings and practice. Freemasonry is an art, since it draws. 
 historically, its origin and illustration from the building oi 
 the Temple of Solomon. The art is royal, since Solomon 
 was the conductor of the labors and the chief of the -work- 
 men, and the princes and kings who are Masons, are, as 
 Masons, simple artisans. Freemasonry is a society, for ita 
 members are elected and are brothers. This society is 
 perfect; for it has existed from time immemorial, and ita 
 principles are immutable." 
 
 ORDER-NAME. In the Orders of Strict Observance, the 
 lllummuti, and the Royal Order of H-R-D-M. of Kilwinning, 
 each member received at his reception a kind of baptismal 
 name expressive of some quality or virtue. Thus Baron 
 Knigge, in the Strict Observance, bore the name of " Ci/f/i><>." 
 
 ORDO AB CHAO. Order out of Chaos. A motto of the 
 Supreme Council, thirty-third degree of the Ancient and 
 Accepted rite. 
 
 ORIENT. From the Latin participle " Orient," rising, i. e., 
 the rising of the sun the East. The Lodge, being a source 
 of light, is called the Orient or East. A Grand body is called 
 the Grand East; thus the Grand Lodge of France is called 
 "Grand Orient." This title is applied to most of the Grand 
 bo .lies in Europe. 
 
 ORIENTAL CHAIR OF SOLOMON. In the East, the 
 seat of the Master in a symbolical Lodge. When the Master 
 of the Lodge is installed he is said to be inducted into the 
 oriental chair of King Solomon. 
 
 ORIFLAMME. The ancient royal standard of France. 
 Originally it was the church banner of the abbe} 
 of St. Denis, which was presented by the Lord 
 Protector of the convent whenever it was neces- 
 sary to take up arms for the preservation of its 
 rights and possessions. It was a piece of red 
 silk hence the name fixed on a golden spear, 
 in the form of a banner, and cut into five points, 
 each of which was adorned with a tassel of green 
 silk. The banners of several orders imitating 
 the ceremonies of Freemasonry are of this 
 
 description, and sometimes bear the name Oriflamme upon 
 
 them. 
 
 ORNAMENTS OF A LODGE. The Mosaic pavement, the 
 indented tessel, and the blazing star, are called the ornaments 
 of a Lodge..
 
 280 OHN OSL 
 
 ORNAN. A Jebusite, from whom David purchased the 
 threshing-lloor on Mount Moriah, on which to erect an altar 
 to God 2d Chron. xxi. 18-25. The site of the threshing-lloor 
 afterward became the location of the temple. 
 
 OKPHIC MYSTERIES. The founder of these mysteries- 
 Orpheus lived about forty years before the Trojan war. 
 His mysteries were of the Egyptian type, he having been 
 initiated by the priests of Egypt, to which country he went 
 in search of wisdom. The Orphic rites were of a mystical 
 and philosophical character, and, in after ages, united with 
 the Pythagorean, were widely diffused in both Europe and 
 Asia. The Orphic mysteries were the fountain of Grecian 
 civilization. Through their influence the untamed tribes of 
 Greece were trained to the habits of civilized life, and were 
 united in towns and cities, and instructed in useful arts. In 
 his mystic society commenced the development of those great 
 ideas which regenerated that celebrated country, placed it 
 at the head of the civilization of the world, and made it 
 preeminent in science, literature, philosophy, and poetry, and 
 in all the arts that enrich society and embellish life. These 
 rites were the foundation of the mysteries of Eleusis. The 
 Orphic poems embrace the whole cycle of the esoteric 
 religious principles, and the doctrines of the mysteries. 
 
 OSIRIS, LEGEND or. In the articles Isian and Egyptian 
 mysteries we have given an account of this chief figure in the 
 Egyptian mythology. Most writers who have expressed 
 opinions on this subject seem to think that the legend has 
 solely an astronomical sense, and simply means the contest 
 between light and darkness, the conservative and destroying 
 Bowers of nature. Thus, when the sun Osiris sets, dark- 
 ness Typhon appears to triumph, and when the sun risea 
 Typhon or darkness is vanquished, and so the eternal contest 
 goes on. During the last age it was a fashion among the 
 material philosophers to explain all ancient mythology, and 
 ehe mysteries in this manner, in order to show that they had 
 ^o religious sense. This was carried so far that even Christ 
 was declared to be nothing but a symbol of the sun, and the 
 twelve apostles were the twelve signs of the zodiac ! We 
 cannot admit that the Osirian myth is to be explained ttoleiy 
 from the astronomical point of view. It had a higher 
 meaning, and shadowed forth the great mystery of the world, 
 the conflicts of good and evil, of vice and vii'tue, and 
 announces that even through persecution and death, justice 
 and truth, and virtue, shall advance to a perfect victory; and 
 that the night of death shall yield to an immortal day.
 
 OVE PAL. 281 
 
 OVERSEER. Iii the system of Strict Observance, and 
 several others, each of the first two officers of the Lodge, 
 after the Master, is called "Overseer." The name is also 
 given to the Senior and Junior Wardens in English Lodges. 
 In a Mark Master's Lodge three officers bear this title, 
 namely: Master, Senior and Junior Overseers. The duties 
 of these officers are performed by the three Masters of the 
 Vails. Their official emblem is a square. 
 
 P. 
 
 PALESTINE. 1. The Land of Canaan Judea. There 
 are two periods in the history of this country which are 
 peculiarly interesting to Freemasons, viz: that which in- 
 cluded the reign of Solomon, during which the temple was 
 built, and the one when that country was the theater 
 of the exploits of the crusades, from which time many 
 knightly orders date their existence. The Christian kingdom 
 of Jerusalem was founded in 1099, by the Crusaders. Its 
 constitution was European: a patriarchate, four archbishop- 
 rics, several earldoms and baronies, and three orders of 
 knighthood, were instituted; an army of from 12,000 to 
 20,000 men was kept on foot; and the mosque built by the 
 caliph Omar, in 638, upon the site of Solomon's Temple, was 
 changed into a magnificent cathedral. During this period 
 the order of Knights Hospitallers of St. John of Jerusalem 
 arose, and also that of the Knights Templar. 2. Palestine 
 has been styled the Father-land of the Masonic orders; and 
 a large number of degrees derive their names from its cities 
 and other noted localities, and events that have transpired 
 in its history. 
 
 PALLADIUM, ORDER OF THE. The date of the origin of 
 this society is unknown. It first appeared at Doua} r , France. 
 Its ritual and statutes are ascribed to Fenelon; the rules 
 admitted both sexes to membership; its professed objects 
 were spiritual and moral improvement. The male members 
 were called the "Companions of Ulysses," and the female tin 
 "Sisters of Penelope." The seal of the order was a heart, 
 crowned with flowers, upon an altar, ornamented with a 
 garland, with a branch of laurel at the right, and another of 
 palm, at the left. Upon the heart was the inscription: "Je 
 sais aimer," I know how to love. This device and the in- 
 timacy which prevailed between the Companions of Ulysses 
 and the Sisters of Penelope indicate with sufficient plainness 
 the certain end and principal object of the order of the 
 Palladium. Its existence was of short duration.
 
 982 PAN. 
 
 PANATHENJ3A. One of the famous festivals of Greece, 
 celebrated at Athens in honor of Athene, patron goddess oi 
 the city, and intended to remind the people of Attica ol 
 their union into one community by Theseus. Before the time 
 of Theseus, or before the formation of the Attic confederacy, 
 this festival was celebrated only by the citizens of Athens, and 
 called simply Athencea. According to tradition, the Athensea 
 owed its origin/to King Erichthonius, about 1506 or 1521 B. c. 
 The later Panathensea appears to have been a double festival. 
 All writers who mention it speak of a Lesser or Greater 
 Panathenaea, the former held annually, the latter every 
 fourth year. Both took place in the month Hecatombceon 
 (July), and lasted several days. The Lesser Panathensea 
 was celebrated with gymnastic games, musical compositions, 
 declamations, and a torch-light race in the evening, the 
 whole concluding with the sacrifice of an ox contributed by 
 every one of the Athenian boroughs, from which the whole 
 company enjoyed a sumptuous entertainment. During the 
 celebration, no person was permitted to appear in dyed 
 garments. The prize of the victors was a vessel filled with 
 oil, from the sacred tree on the Acropolis. The Greater 
 Panathenaea only differed from the Lesser in being more 
 bolemn and magnificent. Homeric poems were sung; dra- 
 matic representations were given, and on the last day of the 
 festival a splendid procession took place, in which Athene's 
 (Minerva) sacred garment was carried. This garment 
 was woven by a select number of virgins called epyao-xai, 
 from ipyov, work. It was of a white color, without sleeves, and 
 embroidered with gold. Upon it were described the achieve- 
 ments of the goddess, particularly her victories over the 
 giants. This garment was carried in procession in such a 
 manner as to give it the appearance of the sail of a vessel, 
 to the temple of Ceres Eleusiania, thence to the citadel, 
 where the peplus was placed upon the statue of Minerva, 
 which was laid upon a bed strewed and artistically decorated 
 with flowers. Not alone the Athenians, but the whole popu- 
 lation of Attica poured forth on this occasion. It was usual 
 to set all pi-isoners at liberty, and to present golden crowns 
 to such as had deserved well of their country. 
 
 PANTHEISTIC BROTHERHOOD. Toland, in his cele- 
 brated essay, "Pantheisticon," describes a fraternity whose 
 ritual, as well as principal features, had a strong likeness to 
 Freemasonry; and, thereby, the society gained much credit, 
 but its pretensions to a Masonic character were exposed on 
 'he establishment of the Grand Lodge in London, A. D. 1717, 
 ad the society was soon abandoned.
 
 PAR PAS. 
 
 283 
 
 PAROLE. It is well known that the order of Odd-Fellows, 
 in addition to its permanent and unchangeable pass-words, 
 has an annual traveling "word," and also term pass- words. 
 The Masonic fraternity in the United States has no arrange- 
 ment of this kind. But the order in France has a system of 
 this character. The parole is of two kinds "mot de semektre" 
 half-yearly word and "mot annuel" annual word tho 
 first of which is given to all the Lodges at the semi-annuul 
 festival of the brotherhood, and the second is communicated 
 to the higher orders in November. 
 
 PASSED. A word used to describe the advancement of an 
 Entered Apprentice to the degree of Fellow-Craft. It alludes 
 to his passage between the symbolical columns and through 
 the porch to the middle chamber of the temple. 
 
 PAST HIGH -PRIEST, an honorary title by which a 
 companion who has served in the office of High-Priest for 
 the official term of one year is known. The honors and 
 special privileges pertaining to the office are conferred in a 
 convention called the Order of High-Priesthood,, composed 
 of present and past High-Priests, which is held to be the 
 bond of brotherly love that unites those who have been 
 elevated to the highest station in a Royal Arch Chapter by 
 their companions, and are engaged in one common task of 
 preserving the landmarks of the order unimpaired, and in 
 protecting, by their high authority, the integrity and honor 
 of the institution. The jewel of a Past High-Priest consists 
 
 of a plate of gold in the form of a triple triangle, a breast- 
 plate being placed over the point of union. In front, on the 
 face of each triangle is inscribed, with the tetragrammaton, 
 nil""!* 1 ? on the other side the upper triangle has the following 
 mystical notation, ,,, *7*70 ; the two lower triangles have 
 the Hebrew letters ft and p inserted upon them. Each side 
 of each triangle should be one inch in length, and may be 
 ornamented at the fancy of the wearer. The breastplate 
 may be plainly engraved or set with stones.
 
 234 PAS. 
 
 PAST MASTEE. The name of a degree conferred on Mas- 
 ters of Lodges before they can assume the duties of the chair. 
 The same degree is also the second of the series known as the 
 Royal Arch degrees. This somewhat anomalous arrangement 
 has led to a confusion of ideas, and considerable controversy 
 in regard to the rights of these two classes of Past Masters 
 Is a brother who has received the degree of Past Master in 
 a Royal Arch Chapter, but who has never been elected 
 to nor installed into the office of Master of the Blue Lodge, 
 eligible to the elective offices in the Grand Lodge? The 
 constitutions of most Grand Lodges confine the honors of 
 official station to Past Masters. The point to be determined 
 is what construction must be put on this term Past Master, 
 as used in the constitutions. Does it refer solely to those 
 who have actually passed the oriental chair, or does it 
 include others who are not actual Past Masters, but who are 
 entitled to the name, from the fact that they have received the 
 degree in the Royal Arch Chapter ? It would seem to be a 
 plain conclusion that, as neither the Grand Lodges nor their 
 subordinates know anything of such a body as the Chapter, 
 the authors of those constitutions could have had no refer- 
 ence to the Chapter whatever, nor to any of its degrees. 
 When designating those who should be eligible to office in 
 the Grand Lodge, they must have had in their minds those, 
 and only those, who had actually served a term as Master of 
 a Blue Lodge. In point of fact, the degree of Past Master 
 is out of place in the Chapter, and has no right there. It 
 belongs to the Blue Lodge, and should be conferred only 
 upon actual Masters of Lodges when installed into office. 
 As a degree of the Lodge, used as above, it is fit and proper. 
 In the Chapter it has no significance nor pertinence what- 
 ever it is simply an act without meaning, and mars greatly 
 the beauty of Royal Arch Masonry. The degree, itself, fur- 
 nishes strong internal evidence that it never was intended 
 for any persons but Masters of Lodges. It deals solely with 
 the duties of Masters and with Masonic labors which belong 
 exclusively to Blue Lodges, and is nothing more nor less than 
 the beginning of the installation service. 
 
 PASTOPHORAI. From the Greek words pastes, a couch 
 or chest, and pherd, I bear, equivalent to couch-bearers. The 
 priests of the first class in the Egyptian mysteries bore this 
 name. In the performance of certain ceremonies they 
 carried an image of a god Osiris whose allegorical death 
 had been represented on an enclosed couch, or rather, per- 
 haps, in a kind of coffin. This title was also applied to other 
 persons who carried images of their deities through the 
 public streets for the purpose of eliciting charity.
 
 PAT. 285 
 
 PATENT. A warrant of constitution conferring privileges, 
 f.rid by the authority of which societies and companies exercise 
 ineir peculiar functions. All Masonic bodies work under a 
 patent or charter, derived from some legitimate authority 
 having full power to grant the same. It must be confessed 
 that not a few of the Masonic patents and charters of the 
 last century were forgeries. The one that Baron Humle 
 laid before the Convention of Kohlo, June, 22, 1772, 
 was written in cipher, and no person has ever yet beeu 
 able to explain or read it. It was examined, however, by 
 Firks, Lestwitz, De Bruggen and Hohenthal, who pro- 
 nounced it legitimate, and Kessler, in a funeral oration 
 pronounced over the deceased Grand Master, relates thai 
 the Brothers Smith brought it from England or Scotland 
 about the year 1754 ! Many other patents arid charters that 
 are sometimes spoken of had an origin equally lofty in the 
 clouds of doubt and ambiguity. 
 
 PATMOS, KNIGHT OF. A degree which belongs to a series 
 of degrees that the ancient Grand Encampment of Templars 
 in Scotland conferred. It is historical, and has reference to 
 the banishment of St. John and the visions of the Apocalypse. 
 
 PATRIARCH. From the Greek patria, family, and arch&n, 
 head or chief. The heads of the antediluvian families, ami 
 the three fathers of the Hebrew race, are thus designated. 
 The celebrated Charter of Cologne speaks of an unknown or 
 invisible Patriarch, and also a Supreme Master Elect, who 
 are to be recognized as the legitimate governors of the Craft. 
 The name is found also in the encampment degrees of the 
 Order of Odd Fellows; in several of the high grades of Free- 
 masonry, and in the 20th degree of the Councils of the 
 Emperor of the East and West. At Paris there is an officer 
 who bears the name of Grand Patriarch. 
 
 PATRON. A protector. The Latin patronus signified, in 
 the Roman Republic, a patrician, who had plebeians called 
 I'lii'iitis under his immediate protection, and whose interests 
 he supported by his authority and influence. The historj 
 cf Freemasonry in Great Britain shows that the Order, at a 
 very early period, recognized the king as its patron, or some 
 one appointed by the king to represent him. The constitu- 
 tions of York also ordained that " All legitimate societies" 
 of Masons " shall labor under a patron." Charles I. was 
 patron of the English Masons from 1625 to 1644. The changed 
 cii'cumstances of the times, the growth of democratic ideas, 
 and the overwhelming political power now possessed by the 
 masses of the people, have rendered the expression, "patrou 
 of Masonry," very nearly an obsolete notion.
 
 286 PEL PER. 
 
 PELICAN. It was formerly believed that this bird, when 
 food could not be found, would sacrifice itself to its young 
 and nourish them with its own blood. Hence the Pelican 
 nourishing its young ones with its blood has often been used 
 by various societies as a symbol of self-sacrificing benevo- 
 lence. Eagon says that in the hieroglyphic language the 
 Eagle signified a wise, and the Pelican a benevolent, man, 
 and therefore concludes that the Eagle and Pelican of the 
 Rose Croix degrees symboMze perfect Wisdom and perfect 
 Lovo. 
 
 PENNY. The Greek drachma, or Roman denarius, was 
 the name of the coin mentioned in the parable of the " vine- 
 yard," with which the laborers were paid for their day's 
 work. " Every man received a penny." The value of this 
 coin was twelve to fourteen cents United States currency. 
 It plays an important part in the degree of Mark Master.* 
 
 PERFECTIONISTS. This was the name that Weishaupt 
 first gave to that branch of the order which was afterward 
 exchanged for that of Illuminati. 
 
 PERFECTION, DEGREE OF. Also called Grand Elect, Per- 
 fect and Sublime Mason. The French style it Grand Ecossais 
 de la voute sacre'e de Jacques VI. It is the 14th degree of the 
 
 * An erroneous impression prevails respecting the real value of money 
 in olden times, on account of our associations with its present value. A 
 penny, equivalent to twelve or fourteen cents, seems to us to be a mean 
 compensation for ten or twelve hours toil in the vineyard, and the two 
 pence (Luke x. 35) affords very equivocal evidence to our minds of gene- 
 rosity in the good Samaritan; but when it is considered how much of the 
 comforts and necessaries of life these apparently trifling sums could 
 obtain, the case appears differently. As lately as the year 1351 the price 
 of labor was regulated in England by act of Parliament, and "hay- 
 makers, corn-weeders, without meat, drink, or other courtesy" (in model n 
 phrase, finding themselves, ) were to have a penny a day. In many places 
 these were the highest wages paid for any kind of agricultural labor, 
 some kinds being still less. The pay of a chaplain in England, in 1314, 
 was three half pence, or about three cents a day. At the same time 
 wheat was sixteen cents a bushel, and a fat sheep only twelve cents. A 
 ponny a day under such circumstances would not be inconsiderable 
 wages. In the time of Christ a penny or Roman denarius would have 
 bought, it is estimated, at least ten times more than it would have done 
 in England in the year 1780 and prices then were very much lower than 
 at the present day. BIBLE DICTIONARY.
 
 CHAMBBB OF DEATH. PERFECT MASTER
 
 TOMB OP HIRAM.
 
 PER 291 
 
 Ancient and Accepted rite, and the 20th of the Kite of 
 Misraim. Chevalier Ramsay and other political associates 
 of the Pretender were undoubtedly the authors of the degree. 
 
 PERFECTION, RITE OF. A French system founded by De 
 Bonneville, 1754, which assumed that the Freemasons were 
 the lineal descendants of the Templars, and therefore that 
 all Masons were Knights Templar. It had 25 degrees. 
 Stephen Morin and others introduced some modifications 
 and additions into the rite, and transplanted it in the United 
 States under the name of the Ancient and Accepted rite. 
 
 PERFECT MASTER. The 5th degree of the Ancient and 
 Accepted rite. The legend of this degree is founded upon 
 the circumstances of King Solomon's efforts in establishing 
 appropriate obsequies as a grateful tribute of respect to the 
 memory of a worthy departed brother. The Master is styled 
 Most Venerable, and represents Adoniram. The hangings 
 are green; in each corner of the room is a white column; the 
 altar is covered with a black cloth, strewed with tears. The 
 apron is white lambskin, lined and bordered with green; in 
 the center of which is painted, within three circles, a square 
 stone, on which the letter J is inscribed; the flap of the apron 
 is green, symbolically to remind the neophyte that, being 
 iead in vice, he must hope to revive in virtue. The jewel 
 is a compass open to GO. degrees, the points on the arc of a 
 circle. The solemn ceremonies of an interment take place 
 during the progress of this degree. 
 
 PERFECT UNION, LODGE OF. A new arrangement of 
 Masonic degrees which made its appearance in France 
 during the latter part of the last century, under the auspices 
 of the Lodge of Perfect Union at Rennes. It received the 
 title of the Elect of Truth, and had 14 degrees, divided into 
 three classes. This rite is but a modification of the Rite of 
 Perfection. 
 
 PERSECUTION. No society or order of men has been 
 the object of greater abuse or more malicious misrepre- 
 sentation and unreasonable persecution than that of Free- 
 masonry. Even among the Jews, not many years after the 
 building of the temple, Freemasons were accused of idolatry, 
 the temples where they practiced their mysteries were 
 destroyed, and many of them were put to death. This arose 
 in a great degree from the ignorance of the Jews of that age. 
 They misapprehended the lofty ideas of their greatest king 
 and wisest sage, Solomon, and were made to believe, after his 
 death, that the symbolical decorations of the temple were of 
 a profane and idolatrous character. They were also taught
 
 2U3 
 
 FEB. 
 
 to distrust the liberal views entertained in regard to other 
 nations, and saw in his friendly and fraternal intercourse 
 with Hiram of Tyre, and other distinguished Gentiles, a 
 departure from the strictness of the Hebrew faith. During 
 the life of Solomon the company of Hiram continued to 
 practice their rites unmolested; but after his death a strong 
 and bitter opposition sprang up against them. Their mys- 
 teries, not being understood, were called " abominations," 
 and a general movement for the extermination of the 
 Sidonian architects was organized. This ancient persecution 
 of the Sidonian Masons finds its parallel in the persecutions 
 of modern Masons by the Roman Church and other religious 
 bodies. In 1738, Pope Clement XII. fulminated his cele- 
 brated bull against the Order, in which he shows himself as 
 fanatical and ill-informed in regard to the nature of Free- 
 masonry as those who headed the persecutions of the Si- 
 donians among the ancient Jews. He says: "We have 
 learned that a society has been formed under the name of 
 Freemasons, into which persons of all religions and aD. sects 
 are indiscriminately admitted, and whose members have 
 established certain laws which bind themselves to each 
 other, and which, in particular, compel their members, under 
 the severest penalties,' by virtue of an oath taken on the Holy 
 Scriptures, to preserve an inviolable secrecy in relation to 
 everything that transpires in their meetings." The bull 
 concludes with a command to all bishops to inflict on Masons 
 "the penalties which they deserve, as people greatly sus- 
 pected of heresy, having recourse, if necessary, to the secular 
 power." The "penalty" here alluded to is plainly enough 
 explained by the following Jranscript from an edict published 
 in the following year: " No person shall dare to assemble at 
 any lodge of the said society, nor be present at any of their 
 meetings, under pain of death and confiscation of goods, the 
 said penalty to be without pardon." This bull, however, 
 failed to stay the progress of the institution, and wheu 
 Benedict XIV., 1751, renewed ,it, and ordered its enforce- 
 ment, his proclamation was treated with derision and con- 
 tempt. In Germany, Spain, Turkey, Portugal, France aiiJ 
 Switzerland the order has, at times, been persecuted, but it 
 has outlived all opposition, and is now master of those who 
 once trampled it under foot. The anti-Masonic movement 
 in the United States is familiar to all. It was a real benefit 
 to Masonry, and has overwhelmed its authors with infamy 
 and scorn. But the last (and we hope it will be the last) 
 and probably the most ridiculous attempt at persecuting the 
 Masonic institution emanated from the Secret Consistory of the 
 .Vatican, by Pope Pius IX., September 25, 1865, in the form 
 of a Papal Allocution to his " Venerable Brethren." This
 
 PER. 293 
 
 dreadful anathema pronounces, ex-cathedra, that Freemasonry 
 is " monstrous, impious and criminal, full of snares and 
 frauds a dark society; the enemy of the Church and of 
 God, and dangerous to the security of kingdoms; inflamed 
 with a burning hatred against religious and legitimate 
 authority; desirous of overthrowing all rights human and 
 divine," etc. It may not be necessary to waste much time or 
 space to the refutation of the charges displayed in this silly 
 and odious papal address. Such accusations against a public 
 body of men spread over the whole surface of the civilized 
 world and in all classes of society, among whom may be 
 numbered monarchs, princes, senators, prelates, and the 
 great and good of all countries, accompanied by the awful 
 sentence of eternal perdition, are detestable, and not worthy 
 of any serious notice. The Pope and his venerable brethren 
 do not like Freemasonry. Very well; nobody blames them 
 for that; and least of all, the members of the Masonic 
 Order; for it is not a proselytizing institution. He objects 
 to it because it is a secret society. Very well ! Has Roman- 
 ism no secrets? Then it has no confessional, and it never 
 had an inquisition. Why this Allocution, in which secret 
 societies are subjected to such severe invective, was actually 
 delivered in his own Secret Consistory. But as the Roman 
 Church is hostile to freedom of conscience, its doctrines are 
 therefore incompatible with the tolerant and liberal princi- 
 ples of Freemasonry. We shall patiently await another 
 (although another may never occur) " Thunder from the 
 Vatican," but in the meantime the Order of Freemasonry 
 must move on. 
 
 PERSEVERANCE, ORDER OF. -An Order of Knights and 
 Ladies, which was founded at the Court of Louis XV., A.D 
 1771, by the Polish Countess, Potoska, Count Brostosky, 
 and the Marquis de Seignelay. Its existence was short. 
 
 PERSIAN PHILOSOPHICAL RITE. A new system of 
 Masonry which arose at Paris in the year 1819. It was not 
 much encouraged, and has now ceased to exist. Little is 
 known of its ritual, and whether the three symbolic degrees 
 were essential to its members, or whether they were included 
 in the fanciful names of the degrees adopted, we are unable 
 to learn. It consisted of seven degrees, viz: 1. Listening 
 Apprentice; 2. Companion Adept, Esquire of Benevolence; 
 3. M aster of the Sun from the 29th degree of the Scotch 
 rite; 4. Architect of all Rites, Knight of the Philosophy of 
 the Heart enthusiasm; 5. Knight of Eclecticism and of 
 Truth; 6. Master Grand Shepherd; 7. Venerable Grand Elu. 
 25
 
 294 PHA PHI. 
 
 PHALLUS. An image of the virile member, which, fast- 
 ened to a pole, was carried in the religious processions of 
 many of the nations of antiquity. It was not an object of 
 worship, as some have thought, but was reverenced as a 
 symbol of the male productive principle. This symbol, under 
 the name of Lingain, was first employed in the Indian Mys- 
 teries; thence it was introduced into Egypt, and made still 
 more conspicuous in the Mysteries of Isis. The legend of 
 Osiris relates that, on being overcome by Typhon, his body 
 was dismembered, and the several parts of it and among 
 them the virile member were concealed by Typhon in the 
 four quarters of the globe. Isis, after a long search, suc- 
 ceeded in finding all the members except the one in question, 
 and of this she made a wooden image, which was carried in 
 the processions peculiar to the festivals of Osiris, as an 
 emblem of the productive energies of nature. In the Grecian 
 Mysteries, also, it was used in the same sense, and traces of- 
 it are even found among the Jews. The Phallus was not 
 associated in the minds of the people with any low, vulgar 
 Dr lascivious ideas, but rather represented, as we have before 
 observed, that plastic power, that creative force of nature, 
 that mysterious and inexhaustible fountain of life from 
 which all things proceed. This sign has been prominently 
 associated with the symbol of the Point within a Circle. 
 
 PHI BETA KAPPA. An order composed of students in 
 American colleges. The first society of the kind was, we 
 believe, organized by the members of William and Mary's 
 College in Virginia, and under the auspices of Thomas 
 Jefierson. It has a sign, grip and word, and a silver medal, 
 which serves as a token of membership; on one side of 
 which, under six stars, the number of colleges where the 
 Order is in vogue, and above a hand, are engraved the initials 
 <I>. 13. K. ; while on the other is marked the date of its 
 foundation, " S. P., December 5, 1776." The letters S. P. 
 stand for Societas Philosophies. The three Greek initials 
 signify "Philosophia biou Kubernetes" Philosophy, the guide 
 of life. 
 
 PHILADELPHIA'S. This was the appellation of a lodge 
 erected at Narbonne, France, in which the Kite of Narbonne 
 and also the Primitive rite had their seats. This rite claims 
 to rest upon a scientific study of Masonry. Thory "Hixtoire 
 du Grand Orient" says: " Suivant I'ecrit: notion generate sur 
 te caractere et I'objei du rite primitif, le regime est forme par 
 trois classes de Masons, qui regoivent dix degres d' instruction. 
 Ces degres, ou classes ne sont pas la designation de tels ou tels 
 grades, mais des de nominal ions de collections, qn'il sujfit de
 
 PHI. 295 
 
 derouler autant qu'elles en sont susceptible, pour en fairs willir 
 un nombre presque infaii de grades!'* Thus, for example, the 
 4th degree, under the titles of Perfect Master, Elect, Archi- 
 tect, designates an acquaintance with the greater part of the 
 degrees analogous to them. 
 
 PHILALETHEANS. This name a compound Greek- 
 word signifying the " Friends or Lovers of Truth," was 
 given to an order which originated in the "Loye des Amis 
 Eeunis,'' A. D. 1773. The rite or system of degrees was 
 divided into twelve classes: 
 
 1. Apprentice. 
 
 2. Fellow-Craft 
 
 3. Master. 
 
 4. Elect. 
 
 5. Scottish Knight. 
 
 6. Knight of the East. 
 
 8. Knight of the Temple. 
 
 9. Unknown Philosopher. 
 
 10. Sublime Philosopher. 
 
 11. Initiated. 
 
 12. Phiklethean, Lover of Truth, 
 
 or Master of all Degrees. 
 
 7. Knight ot the Kose-Oroix. 
 
 Like the sect of St. Martin, it had a mystical formation, 
 but most of its teachings were of an elevated character, and 
 discussed the profoundest questions of philosophy in an able 
 manner. It attracted the attention of many distinguished 
 men, who became active members of it; among whom were 
 Count de Gebelin, Dutrousset d'Hericourt, the Landgrave 
 Fredrich Ludwig of Hessen Darmstadt, Baron Gleichen, 
 Abbe Rozier, etc. The soul of the Order was Savaletto de 
 Langes, who was also its founder. 
 
 PHILOCHOREITES, ORDER OF. This was a secret society 
 composed of men and women, founded by some officers 
 connected with the French army, in Spain, A. D. 1808, and 
 was afterward carried by them into France. It was also 
 diffused by the Spanish army through many other parts of 
 Europe. It was a system of Adoptive Masonry, with initi- 
 ation and mysteries. The Lodge was styled the Circle. 
 Each Knight bore an Order name. 
 
 PHILOSOPHERS UNKNOWN, ORDEK OF. This Order, 
 sometimes called also the Order of Unknown Philosopher- 
 Judges, was a Masonic society, and had two degrees. It 
 belonged to the Templar-Jesuitical system, and its tendency, 
 on the whole, was unmasouic, although it wrapped itself in 
 a Masonic form. The jewel of the Order was a dagger, with 
 the words Tain and Revenge. 
 
 * According to the MSS. "a general idea of the character and objects 
 of the Primitive Bite, " the system includes three classes of Masons who 
 receive ten degrees of instruction. These classes are not the designation 
 of such and such degrees, but of collections, which, being properly de- 
 veloped, may produce an infinite number of degrees.
 
 296 PHI. 
 
 PHILOSOPHICAL DEGBEES. The degrees, above the 
 18th, are distinguished by this name; but why they should 
 be thus named it is difficult to explain. Only one of them 
 the 28th, or Knight of the Sun can lay any claim to the 
 appellation. Nearly all the rest are historical and moral, 
 and are, for the most part, amplifications of preceding de- 
 grees. During the last century, however, there were several 
 philosophical rites practiced among Masons, but they have 
 gradually been dropped. Only one the 28th of our sys- 
 tem remains. The name Philosopher is given to a largo 
 number of degrees in several Masonic rites. In the Lodge 
 of des Amis Reunis we find the degrees of Cabalist Philoso- 
 pher, Philosopher of the Grand Circle, Hermetic Philoso- 
 pher, and Philosopher of Hermes. Elsewhere we find 
 Cabalistic Philosopher, Cabalistic Philosopher of the Sublime 
 number Five, Christian Philosopher degree of the African 
 Architects, Grand Mistress Philosopher in the Chapter of 
 the Dames of Mt. Tabor, Grand Philosopher, Perfect Mason 
 Philosopher, Perfect Master Philosopher, Sublime Philoso- 
 pher, Philosopher of the Sublime number Nine, Philosopher 
 of Samothrace, etc. The foregoing by no means com- 
 pletes the list, but these will serve to show the character of 
 the Masonic mind during the last half of the 18th century. 
 There was a yearning for the attainment of the highest truth, 
 and these rites, with their multifarious degrees, were con- 
 sidered as so many steps leading thereto. 
 
 PHILOSOPHIC SCOTCH EITE. This system was estab- 
 lished in Paris, and adopted by the Grand Lodge in 1776. 
 Some few years previously a Mason named Pernetti founded 
 a rite, to which he gave the name of " Hermetic, or Sublime 
 Masters of the Luminous Ring," the object of the contriver - 
 being to instruct his disciples, not only in the higher degrees 
 of Masonry, but also in the art of transmuting metals and 
 preparing the elixir of life. Pernetti had for a pupil a 
 physician named Boileau, who did away with the alchemy, 
 and made it more purely Masonic, and then gave this re- 
 formed rite the name above affixed to it. This rite, which 
 Clavel says is still practiced in France, has twelve degrees, 
 the three degrees of Ancient Craft Masonry being necessary 
 pre -requisites, though they do not form a part of the rite. 
 The degrees are: 1, 2, and 3, Knight of the Black Eagle or 
 Bose-Croix, divided into three parts; 4. Knight of the 
 Phcrnix; 5. Knight of the Sun; G. Knight of Iris; 7. True 
 Mason; 8. Knight of the Argonauts; 9. Knight of the Golden 
 Fleece; 10. Grand Inspector, Perfect Initiate; 11. Grand 
 Inspector, Grand Scotch Mason; 12. Sublime Master of the 
 Luminous Bing. The ioctrine taught in this rite was that
 
 PHI. 297 
 
 Freemasonry was founded by Pythagoras; and t.ae lectures 
 consisted of an explanation of the philosophy and peculiar 
 doctrines of the Samian sage, asserting, for instance, that 
 the symbols he adopted in his secret instruction were chiefly 
 derived from geometry ; thus, the right angle was au emblem 
 of morality and justice; the equilateral triangle was a sym- 
 bol of God, the essence of light and truth; the square 
 referred to the divine mind; the cube was the symbol of the 
 mind of man after it had been purified by acts of piety and 
 devotion, and thus prepared for mingling with the celestial 
 beings. The point within a circle, and the dodecahedron or 
 figure of twelve sides, were symbols of the universe; the 
 triple triangle was an emblem of health; and the letter Y a 
 representation of the course of human life, in which there 
 were two diverging paths, the one of virtue leading to 
 happiness, and the other of vice conducting to misery.* 
 
 PHILOSOPHY OF MASONRY. This expression opens 
 an immense field for the intelligent Mason to explore, and 
 one so rich in materials that it can never be exhausted. The 
 Philosophy of Freemasonry involves the history of its origin, 
 an inquiry into the ideas that lie at its base, an investi- 
 gation of its peculiar form, an analytical study of its several 
 degrees, and a development of the ideas which are illustrated 
 by its ritualistic emblems, myths and allegories, and which 
 speak through its sublime system of symbols. Freemasonry 
 has now arrived at a period in its history when the pros- 
 perity of the Order imperatively demands a deeper insight 
 into its character and teachings. In this country, for nearly 
 half a century. Masons have occupied themselves merely 
 with the outward and material forms of the institution. Not 
 knowing in what ideas the system had its birth, what truths 
 were symbolized by the rites, what notions were intended to 
 
 "Pythagoras, in pursuit of knowledge, traveled into Chaldea and 
 Egypt, and is said to have been instructed in the sacred lore of the 
 Hebrews, either by the Prophet Ezekiel or Daniel. Dr. Oliver asserts 
 that he was initiated into the Jewish system of Freemasonry, and that 
 "his mysteries were the most perfect approximation to the original 
 science of Freemasonry which could be accomplished by a philosopher 
 bereft of the aid of revelation." Jamblicup relates, as evidence of their 
 brotherly love and of their means of mutual recognition, the following 
 incident: A Pythagorean, traveling in a distant country, fell sick and died 
 at a public inn. Previously to his death, however, being unable to 
 compensate the landlord for the kindness and attention with which he 
 had been treated, he directed a tablet, on which he had traced somo 
 enigmatical characters, to be exposed on the public road. Some tim 
 after another disciple of Pythagoras passed that wny, perceived the 
 tablet, and learning from the inscription that a brother had been there 
 sick and in distress, and that he had been treated with kindness, hi 
 stopped and reimbursed the innkeeper for his trouble ami expense.
 
 298 PHCE PLA. 
 
 be illustrated by its symbols, they have not been able to rise 
 to a true appreciation of its sublime spirit and profound 
 significance. The superior intelligence and culture of tho 
 present age require more than this. The questioning spirit 
 of the times demands aieason for this and for that; it cannot 
 rest in a dead form, an outward sign. Masons should 
 acquaint themselves with the philosophy of Masonry, seek 
 and find the sense of its rites, study its symbols until they 
 see them all aglow with infinite and eternal truths. " Sym- 
 bols are the speech of God," and through them Eternity 
 lookjs into Time, and the Infinite holds communion with the 
 finite, the divine with the human through them the mys- 
 terious currents of life from the over-world stream into our 
 human world of prosaic reality, and light it up with a living 
 glory. There is that latent in Freemasonry which makes it 
 exactly the institution most needed in this age. But to be 
 an effective agent in elevating and advancing man to a more 
 perfect condition, the sense of its mysteries must be better 
 understood by Masons, its philosophy must be studied, and 
 its grand and ancient emblems and symbols must be made 
 to speak their immortal meanings as of old. In other words, 
 Freemasonry must be idealized. Masonic literature is ex- 
 ceedingly poor in works touching upon this point. The 
 lectures of Kagon, "Cours Philoxophique" in France, and the 
 "Rationale and Ethics of Freemasonry" by Arnold, in the 
 United States, are the only works we have any knowledge of 
 in this department. 
 
 PHCENIX. A Phoenix, burning, with the words written 
 beneath, "Perit ut uu</" he dies that he may live alluding 
 to Jacques de Molay, was adopted as the seal of the Order of 
 the Temple, according to the accoiint of the Baron Hunde, 
 by Harris, the second Grand Master after Molay, A. D. 1313; 
 or according to Starck's assertion by Aumont, Molay's suc- 
 cessor, 1312-13. 
 
 PLATONIC ACADEMY. An institution having Masonic 
 emblems, which was founded at Florence, 1480, during the 
 reign of Cosmo de Medici. It was devoted to the study of 
 the Platonic Philosophy.* Clavel supposes drawing his 
 conclusions from the Masonic symbols that adorn their hall, 
 which yet exists that they were a society of Masons, who, 
 even at that early period, had abandoned the operative for 
 the speculative art. 
 
 * Plato believed God to be nn infinitely wise, just and powerful Spirit; 
 and that he lormcil t;u: visible universe out. of proi'-xistent aniorphorus 
 matter, according to perfect patterns or ideas eternally existent in his own 
 mind. Philosophy he coiisidered as being a knowledge of the true 
 nature of things, us discoverable in those eternal idc.is after which uiJ 
 things were ftwuionecL
 
 PLE PEE. 
 
 209 
 
 PLENTY. Literally denoting a full or adequate supply; 
 an abundance. As an emblem of Masonry 
 it is symbolized by a sheaf of wheat (com- 
 monly called corn), suspended near a water- 
 fall. The Hebrew word Shibboleth, which 
 occupies an important part in the ceremonies 
 of the Fellow-Craft's degree, signifies an ear 
 of corn, also a rapid stream or flow of 
 water. In the Eleusinian Mysteries the 
 goddess Ceres was represented with a flaming 
 torch in her right and an ear of corn in her 
 left hand, and a wreath about her head, as 
 emblems of peace and plenty. This goddess is nearly always 
 represented thus ; several gems and medals are now extant, 
 where the ears of corn appear with her image. 
 
 POMEL. Literally a round knob. The term is used to 
 designate the globes which rested on the summit of the 
 pillars that stood at the entrance of the temple. 
 
 PONTIEEX. This title was borne by the members of one 
 of the great colleges among the ancient Romans, instituted 
 by Nunaa, for the purpose of preserving and cultivating the 
 highest order of knowledge, particularly of a religious 
 character. Their duties embraced the regulation of all the 
 religious rites and ceremonies (public and private) of the 
 state. They were a self-elected body down to the latter 
 ages of the republic, when the power of election was some- 
 times held by the people. It was finally vested in the 
 emperors, who added as many to their number as they 
 thought fit. The chief of the pontifices was called the 
 Pontifex Maximus. His station was one of great dignity and 
 power, as he not only had supreme authority in religious 
 matters, but, in consequence of the close connection between 
 the civil government and religion of Home, he had also 
 considerable political influence. 
 
 PRELATE. An officer in a Council of Red Cross Knights 
 and Commandery of Knights Templar, 
 whose title is "Excellent." His duties 
 are to officiate at the altar and rehearse 
 the lessons of divine inspiration. His 
 position is at the right of the Generalis- 
 simo in the East. His jewel is a triple 
 triangle, with a passion cross in the center 
 of each, which is the emblem of the 
 Eternal Jehovah, and is to remind him of the importance 
 of the sacred trust reposed in him.
 
 gOO FBI. 
 
 PRIEST, Hebrew, Cohen. One who officiates in the pcblio 
 worship of God, especially in making expiation for sin, being 
 " ordained for men in things pertaining to God, to offer both 
 gifts and sacrifices for sins." In the Old Testament the 
 priesthood was not annexed to a certain family until after 
 the promulgation of the law by Moses. Before that time 
 the first born of each family, the fathers, the princes, the 
 kings, were the priests in their own. cities, and in their orrn 
 houses. In the solemnity of the covenant, made by the 
 Lord with his people, at the foot of Mount Sinai, Mosos 
 performed the office of mediator, and young men were 
 chosen from among Israel to perform the office of priests. 
 But after the Lord had chosen the tribe of Levi to serve 
 him in his tabernacle, and the priesthood was annexed to 
 the family of Aaron, the right of offering sacrifices and 
 oblations to God was reserved to the priests of this family. 
 The High-Priest was at the head of all religious affairs, and 
 was the ordinary judge of all difficulties that belonged 
 thereto, and even of the general justice and judgment of the 
 Jewish nation. God had appropriated to the person of the 
 High-Priest the oracle of his truth; so that when he was 
 habited in the proper ornaments of his dignity, and with 
 the Urim and Thummim, he answered questions proposed 
 to him, and God disclosed to him secret and future things. 
 He was forbidden to mourn for the death of any of his 
 relations, even for his father or mother; or to enter into any 
 place where a dead body lay, that he might not contract or 
 hazard the contraction of uncleanness. He had the privilege 
 of entering the sanctuary only once a year, on the day of 
 solemn expiation, to make atonement for the sins of the 
 whole people. In general, no priest who had any corporeal 
 defect could offer sacrifice, or enter the holy place to present 
 the shew-bread. The consecration of Aaron and of his sons 
 was performed by Moses in the desert, with great and im- 
 posing solemnities. The garments worn by the High-Priest 
 consisted of the following articles : Short linen drawers; 
 over this was a shirt or tunic of fine linen, embroidered, 
 reaching to the feet, and with sleeves extending to his wrists; 
 over this again was another garment called the robe of the 
 ephod, woven entire, blue, with an ornamented border 
 around the neck, and a fringe at the bottom, made up of 
 pomegranates and golden bells. Above all these vestments 
 was placed the ephod, made without sleeves, and open below 
 the arms on each side, consisting of two pieces, one of which 
 covered the front of the body, and the other the back, and 
 reaching down to the middle of the thighs. They were 
 joined together on the shoulders by golden buckles set with
 
 HIGH-PRIEST IN FOI/L EOBES.
 
 PEL 303 
 
 gerns, and two large precious stones set in gold, on which 
 were engraved the names of the twelve tribes of Israel, six 
 on each stone, according to their order. The material of 
 which the ephod was wrought was extremely costly ; of blue, 
 purple, scarlet, and fine-twined linen, with rich golden em- 
 broidery; also a girdle of fine linen, woven with blue, purple, 
 scarlet and gold* passed twice around the body. Just above 
 the girdle, on the breast of the ephod, and joined to it by 
 golden chains attached to rings at the upper corners, was 
 suspended the breastplate, which was made of the same 
 rich material as the ephod; it was about ten inches square; 
 the front of which was set with twelve precious stones, ou 
 each of which was engraved the name of one of the sons of 
 Jacob; these stones were divided from each other by golden 
 partitions, and set in four rows. Upon his head was the 
 miter. This was made of fine linen or silk, blue, wrapped 
 in several folds, in the manner of a Turkish turban. In 
 front, and around the base of the miter, as a band, secured 
 with blue ribbon, was a plate of gold, called the "plate of 
 the holy crown of pure gold," upon which was inscribed, 
 " HOLINESS TO THE LORD," in Hebrew characters. These vest- 
 ments should be worn by the High-Priest of a Royal Arch 
 Chapter at every convocation, and when worn each of them 
 will convey to the possessor important lessons of symbolical 
 instruction. The various colors of the robes are emblematic 
 of the graces and virtues which should adorn the human 
 mind; the white, of innocence and purity; the scarlet, of 
 fervency and zeal; the purple, of union; and the blue, of 
 friendship. The miter is to remind him of the dignity oi 
 his office, and the inscription on its plate to admonish him of 
 his dependence on God. Lastly, the breastplate, upon which 
 is engraved the names of the twelve tribes, is to teach him 
 that he is always to bear in mind his responsibility to the 
 laws and ordinances of the institution, and that the honor 
 and interests of the Chapter and its members should alwaj s 
 be near his heart.* In the United States the High-Priest is 
 the first officer of a Chapter of Royal Arch Masons. He 
 represents Joshua, the High-Priest, who, with his com- 
 
 * According to Josephus the ancient Jews gave an interesting symbol- 
 ical interpretation to the several parts of these vestments. He says, 
 Ifcat being made of linen signified the earth ; the blue denoted the sky, 
 being like lightning in its pomegranates, and in the noise of its bells 
 resembling thunder. The ephod showed that God had made the 
 universe of four elements, the gold relating to the splendor by whicn all 
 things are enlightened. The breastplate in the middle of the ephod 
 resembled the earth, which has the middle place of the world. The 
 sarJonyxes declare the sun and moon. The twelve stones are the twelve 
 months or signs of the zodiac. The miter is heaven, because blue.
 
 304 PHI. 
 
 pinions, Zerubbabel, Prince of Judah, and Haggai, the 
 scribe, assisted in building the second temple. 
 
 PEIMITIVE SCOTCH KITE. This system was first intro- 
 duced at Namur, in 1770, and consisted of thirty-three 
 degrees, mos.tly taken from the Scottish series of Heredom. 
 Its principal author was Bro. Marchot, an eminent advocate 
 at Nivellea It never extended beyond Namur. Clavel says it 
 is principally practiced in Belgium, and has its see at Namur, 
 in the Lodge de La Bonne Amitie. 
 
 PRIMITIVE SCOTCH EITE, OK THE PHILADELPHI CP 
 NAEBONNE, was established at Narbonne, on the 19th of April, 
 1780. It consisted of three classes of Masons, who received 
 ten degrees of instruction a degree meaning a certain 
 amount of instruction, and some of them including several 
 Masonic degrees. Thus, the first class had for its three 
 degrees, the three symbolic degrees in all the rites; the 
 second class had for its first (4th) degree the Perfect Master, 
 Elu and Architect; for its second (5th) the Sublime Scottish; 
 for its third (6th) the Knight of the Sword, Knight of the 
 East and Prince of Jerusalem; while the third class had for 
 its four degrees, all being in the Chapter of Rose Croix, 
 instruction in all branches of knowledge, especially Masonic, 
 physical, philosophical, psychological and occult. This rite 
 was reconstituted in the Low Countries in 1819. 
 
 PRINCE OF JERUSALEM. The 16th degree of the 
 Ancient and Accepted rite. The history of this degree is 
 founded upon the incidents that occurred during the build- 
 ing of the second temple, at which time the Jews were 
 much annoyed by the constant and malicious interference 
 of the Samaritans, their ancient enemies. This degree is 
 closely connected with, and a continuation of, the degree of 
 the Knight of the East and Sword, to which the reader is 
 referred for a more detailed statement. There should be 
 two principal apartments in addition to the ante-room. The 
 first apartment represents the court of Zerubbabel at 
 Jerusalem. The hangings are of saffron color, except the 
 East, which is hung with white, blue, red, and violet colors, 
 in stripes. The second apartment represents the council 
 chamber of Darius, King of Persia. The hangings are green, 
 the throne and canopy saffron color. In it is no Masonic 
 furniture. The Senior Warden presides and represents 
 Darius, King of Persia, dressed in royal robes, and wearing 
 a crown. In the first apartment the presiding officer repre- 
 sents Zerubbabel, and is styled Most Illustrious. The apron 
 is of crimson, lined and edged with saffron color. On the 
 flap is an equal balance, held by a hand of Justice. In the
 
 PEL 
 
 305 
 
 middle of the apron, a representation of 
 the second temple. The jewel is a medal 
 of gold ; on which is engraved a hand, 
 holding an equal balance ; a double-edged 
 sword, surrounded by five stars ; on one 
 side of which is the letter D, and on the 
 other the letter Z, the initials of Darius 
 and Zerubbabel. The Princes of Jerusalem 
 are sometimes styled "Chiefs* of Masonry," 
 and are authorized to visit and inspect all 
 lodges of inferior degrees. V 
 
 PEIXCE OF MERCY, OK SCOTCH TRINITARIAN. The 26th 
 degree of the Ancient and Accepted rite. It is a highly 
 philosophical degree, and its ritual very impressive; its title 
 clearly designates its character and intention. The body is 
 styled a Chapter. The hangings are green, supported by 9 
 columns, alternately white and red; upon each of which is n 
 chandelier, holding 9 lights. Near the altar is a statue of 
 white marble, the figure of a virgin, covered 
 with thin gauze. This represents TRUTH, and 
 the palladium of the Order of the Princes 
 of Mercy. The presiding officer is styled 
 Most Excellent Chief Prince. The jewel is 
 an equilateral triangle of bars of gold, with 
 a flaming heart, of gold, in the center. On 
 the heart are the letters I. H. S; and on the 
 respective sides of the triangle, W on the 
 right, F on the left, and H on the bottom. 
 The jewel is suspended from a small collar of narrow watered 
 purple ribbon, and hangs on the left breast. 
 
 PRINCE OF EOSE CROIX, sometimes called KNIGHT 
 OF THE EAGLE AND PELICAN. The 18th degree of the Anciei't 
 and Accepted rite. It is the most ancient, interesting, an 1 
 most generally practiced of the philosophical degrees ( f 
 Masonry. It is found in all the principal rites, and wher ; 
 it does not exist by name its place is supplied by other s 
 whose symbols do not differ materially from it. To tho- ; 
 who have not gone beyond the symbolic degrees, the naii:o. 
 is perhaps more familiarly known than any other of tLo 
 higher degrees. Of its origin nothing satisfactory is know-. 
 Baron Westerode, in 1784, supposes it to have been institute 1 
 by the Knights Templar in Palestine, in the twelfth centu- v, 
 and asserts that Prince Edward, afterward King Edward 1, 
 was then admitted into the Order, under the auspices ' 
 Raymond; he also says that the Order was derived fro - 
 Oruiesius, its founder, an Egyptian priest, who had bt > j 
 26
 
 306 PEL 
 
 converted to Christianity. Kagon has elaborately imesti- 
 gated the subject, and attributes its origin to a pious and 
 learned monk, named John Valentine Andrea, who nourished 
 in the latter part of the 16th century; and the same author says 
 that Andrea, grieved at seeing the principles of Christianity 
 forgotten in idle and vain disputes, and that science *vas 
 made subservient to the pride of man instead of contributing 
 to his happiness, passed his days in devising what he sup- 
 posed to be the most appropriate means of restoring each to 
 its legitimate, moral and benevolent tendency. Clavel affirms 
 that the degree was founded by the Jesuits, for the purpose 
 of counteracting the insidioiis attacks of freethinkers upon 
 the Romish faith, but offers no evidence in support of his 
 assertion; when, in fact, they were the great enemies of 
 Masonry, and so far from supporting it wrote a treatise 
 against the Order. Oliver says that " the earliest notice that 
 he liiids of this degree is in a publication of 1613, entitled 
 ' La Reformation universdle du monde entier avec la fa ma f ra- 
 ter nitatis de I'Ordre respectaJ)le de la Itose-Croix.'"* And he 
 adds: "It was known much sooner, although not probably 
 as a degree in Masonry; for it existed, as a cabalistic science, 
 from the earliest times, in Egypt, Greece, and Home, as well 
 as among the Jews and Moors in times more recent, "f The 
 
 * Landmarks, vol. ii. p. 63 n. 35 Am. ed. 
 
 t There is a tradition among the Masons of Scotland, that after the dis- 
 solution of the Templars, many of the Knights repaired to Scotland a-ud 
 placed themselves under the protection of Robert Bruce, and that after 
 the battle of Bauuockburu, which took place on St. John the Baptist's 
 day, in the year 1314, this monarch instituted the Royal Order of 
 Heredom and Knight of the Rosy-Cross, and established UK- chief seat 
 of the Order at Kilwiiming. From that Order, it seems to us by no 
 means improbable that the present degree of Rose-Croix de Heroden may 
 have taken its origin. In two resj ects, at least, there seems to be a very 
 close connection between the two systems: they both claim the kingdom 
 of Scotland and the Abbey of Kilwiiinmg as having been at one time 
 their chief seat of government, and they both seem to have been instituted 
 to give a Christian explanation to Ancient Craft Masonry. There is, 
 besides, a similarity in the names of the degrees of "Rose-Croix de 
 lEeroden," and "Heredom and Rosy-Cross," amounting almost to au 
 identity, whick appears to indicate a very intimate relation of one to the 
 other. The subject, however, is in a state of inextricable confusion, and 
 we confess that after all our researches we are still unable distinctly to 
 
 Ejint to the period when, and to the place where, the present degree of 
 ose-Croix received its organization as a Masonic grade. No matter, 
 however, where precisely it received its origin, nor who has the honor of 
 having been its inventor, it is at least certain that the degree of Rose- 
 Croix is to be placed among the most ancient of the higher degrees of 
 Masonry; and that this antiquity, in connection with the importance of 
 its design and the solemnity of its ritual, has given to it a universality in 
 the Masonic world, inferior only to the degrees of Ancient Craft Masonry. 
 It is to be found, as we have already said, in nearly all the rites.' under 
 Borne name and in some modification, and in many of them it in placed 
 *i the fninmit of the ritual.
 
 PEL 307 
 
 ceremonies of the degree are of the most imposing and 
 impressive character. Its ritual is remarkable for elegance 
 of diction, while the symbolic teaching is not only pleasing, 
 but consistent, figuratively expressing the passage of man 
 through the valley of the shadow of death, accompanied and 
 sustained by the Masonic virtues FAITH, HOPE, and CHARITX 
 and his final reception into the abode of light, life, and 
 immortality. VIRTUE and HUMILITY are the foundations and 
 characteristics of this sublime degree. "A man's life," it has 
 been beautifully said, "is laid in the loom of time, to a 
 pattern which he does not see, but God does; and his heart 
 is a shuttle. On one side of the loom is sorrow, and on the 
 other joy; and the shuttle, struck alternately by each, flies 
 back and forth, carrying the thread, which is white or black, 
 as the pattern needs, and in the end, when God shall lift 
 up the finished garment, and all its changing hues shall 
 glance out, it will then appear that the deep and dark colors 
 were as needful to beauty as the light and high colors." 
 Some writers have labored to give an exclusive Christian 
 character to this degree; but the following words of one oi 
 the most eminent students of Masonry, and an ardent 
 admirer of the Ancient and Accepted rite, may very properly 
 be quoted,* and a study of the ritual will further prove the 
 correctness of the remarks: "If anywhere bi'ethren of a 
 particular religious belief have been excluded from this 
 degree, it merely shows how gravely the plans and purposes 
 of Masonry may be misunderstood; for, whenever the door 
 of any one degree is closed against him who believes in one 
 God and the soul's immortality, on account of the other 
 tenets of his faith, that degree is no longer Masonry." 
 Bodies of this degree are styled Sovei'eign Chapters. In 
 cases of reception, there are three apartments, beside the 
 ordinary reception room. The presiding officer is styled 
 Most Wise Master. The recipient is created and constituted 
 "a Knight of the Eagle and Pelican, and Prince of the 
 Order of Rose-Croix." To give the degree full effect music 
 is required. The Knights are dressed in black, with black 
 gloves and a sword. The collar should be reversible, of 
 velvet or silk, crimson on one side and black on the other; 
 plain, without device or embroidery on the crimson side, and 
 with a passion-cross of scarlet on the black side. The apron 
 is, on one side, white satin, bordered with crimson; on the 
 other, black velvet. On the white side is painted or 
 embroidered the pelican side of the jewel. On the black 
 side is a red passion-cross. The jewel hangs at the bottom 
 of the collar, or is suspended to a narrow crimson watered 
 
 * Albert Pike.
 
 308 
 
 PRI. 
 
 ribbon on the breast. The jewel is a compass, its points 
 resting on the segment of a circle ; at the bottom, on one 
 side, is an eagle, with its wings extended and head slightlj 
 
 depressed; and on the other a pelican piercing its breast to 
 feed its young, which are in a nest beneath it; between the 
 legs of the compass is a red cross, and above a red rose in 
 full bloom; on the summit of the compass is an antique 
 crown. On the segment of the circle are the letters I. N. R. I. 
 The jewel is of gold, with the pelican and eagle of silver. 
 In this jewel are included the most important symbols of the 
 degree. The cross, the rose, the pelican, and the eagle, are 
 all important symbols, the explanation of which will go far 
 to a comprehension of what is the true design of the Rose 
 Croix degree. 
 
 PRINCE OF THE TABERNACLE. The 24th degree ol 
 the Ancient and Accepted rite. It is intended to illustrate 
 the directions for constructing the tabernacle, which God 
 ordered Moses to build, the particulars of which may be 
 found in the 25th chapter of Exodus. This was a movable 
 chapel, and so contrived as to be taken to pieces and put 
 together at pleasure, for the convenience of carrying it from 
 place to place, during the wandering of the Israelites in the
 
 PEL 
 
 309 
 
 wilderness for forty years. The body is styled a Court. 
 The presiding officer represents Moses, and is called Most 
 Puissant Leader. The second officer represents Eleazar, the 
 High-Priest, the son of Aaron. The candidate represents 
 Phinehas, the son of Eleazar the High-Priest. Two apart- 
 ments are required when conferring the degree. The 
 hangings are red and black. The jewel is the letter fc$ sus- 
 pended from a violet colored watered ribbon. This degree 
 is most intimately connected with, and should be considered a 
 continuation of, that of the Chief of the Tabernacle. The 
 especial duties of a Prince of the Tabernacle are to labor 
 incessantly for the glory of God, the honor of his country, 
 and the happiness of his brethren; to offer up thanks and 
 prayers to the Deity in lieu of sacrifices of flesh and blood. 
 
 PRINCIPAL OFFICERS. A term applied to the Wor- 
 shipful Master and the Senior and Junior Wardens. They 
 are called the three principal officers of the Lodge. 
 
 PRINCIPAL SOJOURNER. An officer in a Chapter oi 
 Royal Arch Masons. He represents the leader of a party of 
 Jews, who sojourned in Babylon for a time 
 after the departure of Zerubbabel with the ^ 
 
 main body, and who subsequently came up 
 to Jerusalem to assist in rebuilding the 
 temple. His duties in the Chapter are 
 similar to those of the Senior Deacon in 
 the symbolic Lodge. He wears a black 
 robe, with a rose-colored border, and a 
 slouched hat and pilgrim's staff. His station is on the left, 
 in front of the Council. His jewel is a triangular plate, on 
 which a pilgrim is engraved. 
 
 PRINCIPALS. The first three officers in an English Royal 
 Arch Chapter are the First Principal, who represents Zerub- 
 babel, the prince of the people; the Second Principal, whc 
 represents Haggai, the prophet; and the Third Principal, 
 who represents Josluva, the High-Priest. 

 
 310 PKO PEU. 
 
 PROVOST AND JUDGE. The 7th degree of the Ancient 
 and Accepted rite. The legend of this degree is founded 
 upon the principles of Impartiality and Justice. After the 
 death of the Grand Master Workman of the temple, King 
 Solomon, for the purpose of strengthening his means of 
 preserving order among the vast number of craftsmen 
 engaged in the construction of the temple, appointed seven 
 Provosts and Judges, in order that all complaints among 
 the workmen might be heard, disputes settled, and justice 
 administered. The apartment represents the middle cham- 
 ber of King Solomon's Temple; the hangings are red, with 
 a sky-blue canopy in the East. The room is lighted with 5 
 lights, 1 in each corner, and 1 in the middle. Thepiesiding 
 officer is styled Venerable Chief Provost and Judge. The 
 apron is white, edged with red; in the middle is a pocket, 
 with a red and white rosette. On the flap is painted, or 
 embroidered in gold, a key. The sash is crimson, worn from 
 right to left; from it hangs the jewel, which is a key of gold. 
 
 PROXY (contracted from Procuracy). The agency of one 
 person who acts as a substitute for another, or as his prin- 
 cipal; authority to act for another, or for a body, especially 
 in a legislative body. Every Lodge is entitled to be repre- 
 sented in its Grand Lodge, by its Master and Wardens. 
 Should these, or either of them, be unable to attend the 
 Grand Lodge at any communication, a brother or brothers 
 may be appointed. Such substituted representatives, in the 
 absence of their principal, succeed to all his powers and 
 privileges, but in his presence they cannot act. Persons 
 appointed proxies must be Master Masons, and members of 
 some subordinate Lodge under the jurisdiction of the Grand 
 Lodge, and must be furnished with a written certificate of 
 their appointment, under the seal of the Lodge or party 
 appointing them. A proxy cannot appoint a proxy. An 
 officer of the Grand Lodge cannot, as such officer, appoint a 
 proxy, unless the constitution specifically give him such 
 power. The Grand Master is the only officer who has the 
 power or right of appointing his proxy, for any purpose, 
 unless such power be granted by the particular constitution. 
 In the selection of an agent for the proper discharge of a 
 Masonic duty, preference should always be given to able and 
 experienced Masons; it is, therefore, suggested that as a 
 general rule a Master or Past Master should have the 
 preference. 
 
 PRUDENCE. One of the four cardinal virtues, the practice 
 of which is beautifully explained in the Entered Apprentice 
 degree.
 
 PYT. 
 
 311 
 
 PYTHAGOKAS, SYMBOLS OF. The esoteric or secret 
 instructions of Pythagoras were explained with the aid ol 
 symbols, as the readiest and most efficient method of im- 
 pressing upon the mind of the candidate for the mysteries 
 the sublime truths and moral lessons for which the school 
 of that justly celebrated philosopher was distinguished. A 
 few of the most important symbols are here explained. The 
 Equilateral Triangle, a perfect figure, was adopted among the 
 ancient nations as a symbol of Deity, the principle #nd 
 author of all sublunary things; the essence of Light and 
 Truth, who was, and is, and shall be. The Square compre- 
 hends the union of the celestial and terrestrial elements of 
 power; and was the emblem of Morality and Justice. The 
 Tetractys was a sacred emblem, which was expressed by ten 
 jods disposed in the form of a triangle, each side containing 
 four. This was the most expressive symbol of Pythagoras. 
 
 TKTBACTY8. 
 
 On it the obligation to the aspirant was propounded; and it 
 was denominated the Trigonon mysticum, because it was the 
 conservator of many awful and important truths, which are 
 explained as follows: The one point represented the Monad, 
 or active principle; the two points the Duad, or passive 
 principle ; the three points the Triad, or the world proceeding 
 from their union; the four, the Quarternary, or the liberal 
 sciences. The Cube was the symbol of the mind of man, 
 after a well-spent life in acts of piety and devotion, and thus 
 prepared by virtue for translation into the society of the 
 
 POINT WITHIN A CIRCLE. 
 
 TKIFLK TBIANQLC. 
 
 47TH PBOBLHH. 
 
 celestial gods. The Point within a Circle was the symbol of 
 the universe. The use of this emblem is coeval with the 
 first created man the creation was the circle and himself 
 the center. The Dodeccedron, or figure of twelve sides, wag 
 also a symbol of the universe. The Triple Triangle a unity 
 of perfectness was a symbol of health, and was called 
 Hygeia. The Forty-seventh proposition of Euclid was in- 
 * -juted and explained by Pythagoras, and is so extensively
 
 
 312 PYT. 
 
 useful that it has been adopted in all Lodges as a significant 
 symbol of Freemasonry. The letter Y was a symbolical rep- 
 resentation of the course of human life. Youth, arriving at 
 manhood, sees two roads before him, and deliberates which 
 he shall pursue. If he meet with a guide that directs him 
 to pursue philosophy, and he procures initiation, his life 
 shall be honorable and his death happy. But if he omits to 
 do this, and takes the left hand path, which appears broader 
 and better, it will lead to sloth and luxury; will waste his 
 estate, impair his health, and bring on an old age of infamy 
 and misery.* 
 
 PYTHIAN FESTIVAL. One of the four great national 
 festivals of Greece, celebrated every fifth year in honor of 
 Apollo, near Delphi. Their institution is variously referred 
 to Amphictyon, son of Deucalion, founder of the council of 
 Amphictyons, and Diomed, son of Tydeus ; but the most 
 common legend is, that they were founded by Apollo himself, 
 after he had overcome the dragon Python. The festivities 
 were similar to those at Olympia, and the victors were 
 rewarded with costly gifts, fruits of various kinds, medals 
 prepared for the purpose, and garlands of laurel, etc. 
 
 *PYTHAGOBAS, the celebrated philosopher, \vas born at Samos, about 
 540 B. c. His father, Mnesarchus, was a person of distinction, and 
 therefore the son received that education which was best calculated to 
 enlighten his mind and invigorate his body. Like his contemporaries, 
 he was made acquainted with poetry and music; eloquence and astronomy 
 became his private studies, and in gymnastic exercises he often bore the 
 palm for strength and dexterity. At an early age he left his native country 
 and began his travels in pursuit of knowledge; he visited Egypt, Chaldsea 
 and India, where he gained the confidence of the priests, and availed 
 himself of an understanding of the mysteries and symbolic writings 
 by which they governed the princes as well as the people of those 
 countries; and after he had spent many years in gathering all the infor- 
 mation which could be collected from antique traditions concerning 
 the nature of the religions and the immortality of the soul, he revisited 
 his native island. The tyranny of Polycrates, at Samos, disgusted the 
 philosopher, who was a great advocate of national independence; and, 
 though he was a great favorite of the tyrant, he retired from the island 
 and settled in the town of Crotona, in Southern Italy, where he founded 
 a sect which received the name of The Italian, or Pythagorean Fra- 
 ternity; and he soon saw himself surrounded by a great number of 
 pupils, which the recommendations of his mental, as well as his personal 
 accomplishments, had procured. Pythagoras was, perhaps, the most 
 virtuous, and taught the purest doctrines of all the heathen philoso- 
 phers. He distinguished himself particularly by his discoveries in 
 geometry, astronomy and mathematics; and it is to him that the worli* 
 is indebted for the demonstrations of the 47th proposition of the first 
 book of Euclid's elements, about the square of the hypothenuse. The 
 time and the place of the death of this great philosopher are nnknowii; 
 yet many suppose that he died at Metapontum, about 487 B.C. ; ;m<l so 
 great was the veneration of the people of Magna Graicia for him that 
 he received the same honors as were paid to the immortal gods, and his 
 house became a sacred temple.
 
 QUA. 
 
 313 
 
 QUALIFICATIONS OF CANDIDATES. The Masonic 
 institution, like other societies, is composed of individual 
 members, which, in the aggregate, make up a body or Lodge. 
 As the source of power is, primarily, vested in the members, 
 it is important to consider who should compose the body or 
 be admitted into the Order. The qualifications which aro 
 indispensable in a candidate for initiation into the mysteries 
 of Freemasonry are four-fold in their character Moral, 
 Physical, Intellectual and I'ot-uical. 
 
 \ has said, ' ' a fool's mouth is his 
 destruction, and his lips are the 
 ana re of his soul. '' 
 
 The Political qualifications art 
 intended to maintain the independ- 
 ence of the Fraternity; because its 
 obligations and privileges are thus 
 confided only to those who, from 
 their position in society, are capable 
 of obeying the one, and of exercising 
 the oilier without the danger of let or 
 hindrance from superior authority. 
 
 Of the Moral, Physical and Poii- 
 litical qualifications of .1 candidate 
 there can be no doubt, as they are 
 distinctly laid down in the Ancient 
 Charges and Constitutions. The 
 Intellectual are not so readily 
 decided. These essential qualifica- 
 tions may be briefly summed up in 
 tne following axioms: 
 
 Morally, the candidate must be a 
 man of irreproachable conduct, a 
 T in the existence of God, 
 and living "under the tongue of 
 good report 1 ' 
 
 Pkysicully, he must be a man of 
 at least twenty-one ye;irs of age, 
 upright in body, with the senses of 
 a man, not deformed or dismem- 
 bered, but with hale and entire 
 limbs as a man ought to be. 
 
 Intellectually, he must be a man in 
 the full possession of his intellects, 
 not so young that his mind shall not 
 have been formed, nor so old that it 
 shall have fallen into dotage ; ueithei 
 a fool, an idiot, nor a madman; and 
 with so much education as to enable 
 him to avail himself of tbe teachings 
 of .Masonry, and to cultivate at his 
 leisure a knowledge of the principles 
 and doctrines of our royal art. 
 
 1'oiiticuliy, he must be in the 
 unrestrained enjoyment of his civil 
 
 The Moral character is intended 
 to secure the respectability ot the 
 Order, because, by the worthiness 
 of its candidates, their virtuous de- 
 portment and good reputation, will 
 the character of the institution be 
 judged, while the admission of 
 irreligious libertines and contem- 
 ners of the moral law would neces- 
 sarily impair its dignity and honor. 
 
 The Physical qualifications con- 
 tribute to the utility of the Frater- 
 nity, because he who is "deficient 
 in any of his limbs or members, 
 and who is not in the possession of 
 all his natural senses and endow- 
 ments, is unable to perform, with 
 pleasure to himself or credit to the 
 Fraternity, those peculiar labors in 
 which all should take an equal part. 
 He thus becomes a drone in the 
 hive, and so far impairs the useful- 
 ness of the Lodge, as ;x place 
 where Freemasons assemble to 
 work, and to instruct and improse 
 themselves in the mysteries of their 
 ancient science." 
 
 The Intellectual qualifications re- 
 fer to the security of the Fraternity: 
 because they require that its mys- 
 teries shall be coutided only to those 
 whose mental developments are 
 such as to enable them properly to 
 appreciate, and faithfully to pre- 
 serve from imposition, the secrets 
 thus entrusted to them. It is evi- 
 dent, for instance, that an idiot 
 could neither understand the hid- 
 den doctrines that might be com- 
 municated to him, nor could he so 
 secure such portions as he might 
 remember, in the "depository of 
 his heart," as to prevent the de- 
 signing knave from worming them 
 out of him; tor, as the wise Solomon
 
 314 
 
 QUA. 
 
 and personal liberty, and this, too, | The Lodge which strictly de- 
 
 by the birthright of inheritance, and 
 not by its subsequent acquisition, 
 in consequence of his release from 
 hereditary jondage. 
 
 mands these qualifications of its 
 candidates may have fewer members 
 than one less strict, but it will un 
 doubtedly have better ones. 
 
 But the importance of the subject demands for each class 
 of the qualifications a separate section, and a more extended 
 consideration. Dr. Oliver, in his "Institutes of Masonic 
 Jurisprudence," enumerates the following as the qualifica- 
 tions of candidates, according to the English Book of Con- 
 stitutions, and we here show how easily our transatlantic 
 brethren can change a provision which has, from time imme- 
 morial, been regarded as an unchangeable landmark: 
 
 "1. Every candidate for the honors 
 of Masonry ought to lead an uncor- 
 rupt life, and do the thing which is 
 right, always speaking the truth 
 from his heart; to use no deceit in 
 his tongue, nor to do evil, or slander 
 his neighbor. He must be lowly in 
 his own eyes, and give due honors 
 to good and pious men. If he swears 
 unto his neighbor he must not dis- 
 appoint him, even though it should 
 subject himself to temporary in- 
 convenience, neither must he lend 
 money to his brother on exorbitant 
 usury, or take reward against the 
 innocent. In conformity with this 
 primitive recommendation, our con- 
 stitutions pronounce that 'every 
 candidate must be a free man, and 
 his own master, and at the time of 
 his initiation, be known to be in 
 reputable circumstances. He should 
 be a lover of the liberal arts and 
 sciences, and have made some pro- 
 gress in one or other of them. ' 
 
 "In 1763, the worthy candidate 
 was described to be one 'who to 
 a well-informed and accomplished 
 mind added elegance of manners 
 and a conduct guided by principle ; 
 one who would not have injured 
 the rights of the meanest individual ; 
 who contracted no debts that he 
 could not pay, and thought every 
 breach of morality unbecoming the 
 character of a gentleman, and who 
 studied to be useful to others so 
 far as his opportunity or abilities 
 enabled him. ' This standard of qua- 
 lification may be considered rather 
 high, and, indeed, it is, and ought 
 to be, so in an institution which 
 plumes itself on its moral tenden- 
 
 cies, and maintains a leading posi- 
 tion amongst the existing societies 
 which are professedly devoted to 
 works of benevolence and charity. 
 It would be well if the Masters of 
 Lodges were to give themselves the 
 trouble of examining, more particu- 
 larly than they generally do, whether 
 their candidates are able to sub- 
 stantiate a valid claim to these 
 preliminary qualifications. 
 
 ' ' 2. According to the customs and 
 regulations of our ancient brethren, 
 every candidate was formerly re- 
 quired to be 'a free man, born of a 
 tree woman.' This formula was 
 originally considered to be an un- 
 changeable landmark ; but on the 
 extinction of negro slavery by the 
 British parliament, the following 
 arguments were used at a Grand 
 Lodge, holdeu Sept. 1, 1847, in favor 
 of its alteration. The Grand Master 
 (Earl of Zetland) requested the 
 brethren to consider the propriety 
 of remodeling the form by which 
 a candidate for initiation declares 
 himself to be free born. ' There are,' 
 he said, 'at the present moment, 
 many men in Jamaica and other 
 places who are free by the law of 
 emancipation, and yet, their mothers 
 having been slaves, they cannot 
 conscientiously sign such a declara- 
 tion, knowing it to be untrue; and 
 in the absence of that preliminary 
 act, we cannot initiate them. I 
 should be glad to see it altered, 
 and, therefore, move that in future 
 we substitute the words free arjeni 
 for free born, and that the declaration 
 be thus revised.' The amendment 
 was unanimously adopted.
 
 QTJE. 
 
 315 
 
 QUESTIONS OF KING HENRY VI. This curious docu- 
 ment, which has been printed in many works on Masonry, 
 has elicited a vast amount of discussion among Masonic 
 writers as to its genuineness. It first appeared in the " Gen- 
 tlemen's Magazine" for 1753, where it purports to be a reprint 
 of a pamphlet of 12 pp., published in 1748, in Frankfort, 
 Germany. It is entitled "Certayne questyons, with answeres 
 to the same, concernynge the mystery of Masonrye; writtene 
 by the hande of Kynge Henrye the Sixthe of the name, and 
 faythfullye copyed by me, Johan Leylande, Antiquarius, by 
 the commands of his Highnesse." The magazine above 
 referred to states that this document was copied by one John 
 Collins, from a MS. in the Bodleian library, and to have been 
 enclosed in a letter from John Locke, the celebrated meta- 
 physician, to Thomas, Earl of Pembroke, dated May 6, 1696. 
 For the still further preservation of this singular paper, it is 
 here repeated, together with the explanatory notes of Mr. 
 Locke: 
 
 Ans. The Venetians,* whoo be- 
 ynge grate merchaundes, corned 
 ffyrste ffromme the este ynn Veue- 
 tia, for the cominodyte of mer- 
 chauiKlysynge beithe este and weste 
 bey the redde and myddlonde sees 
 
 Ques. Howe comede ytt yn Eng- 
 elonde ? 
 
 Ans. Peter Gower,f a Grecian 
 journeyedde ffor kunnynge yn 
 Egypte, and in Syria, and yn 
 
 *The Venetians, &c.] In the times ot 
 monkish ignorance it is no wonder that 
 the Phoenicians should be mistaken for the 
 Venetians. Or, perhaps, if the people 
 were not taken one for the other, simili- 
 tude of sound illicit deceive the clerk who 
 first took down the examination. The 
 Phoericians were the greatest voyagers 
 among the ancients, and were in Europe 
 thought to be the inventors of letters, 
 which, perhaps, they brought from the 
 east with other arts. 
 
 t Peter (iower.J This must be another 
 mistake of the writer. I was puzzled at 
 first to guess who Peter Grower should be, 
 the name being perfectly English; or how 
 a Greek should come by such a name. 
 But as soon as I thought of Pythagoras, I 
 could scarce forbear smiling, to find that 
 philosopher had undergone a metemp. 
 sychosis he never dreamt of. We need 
 only consider the French prouunciatiou of 
 his name, Pythagore, that is, Petagore, to 
 conceive how easily such a mistake may 
 be made by au unlearn id clerk. That 
 Pythagoras travelled for knowledge into 
 Egypt, o.c., is known to all the learned; 
 f ad that he was initiated into several dif- 
 ferent Orders of priests, who in those d:\ys 
 kept all their learning secret from the 
 vulgar, as is well known. Pythagoras 
 also made CV-TV geometrical theorem a 
 secret, and admitted only such o ihe 
 
 Ques. Whattmoteyttbe?* 
 
 Ans. Ytt beeth the skylle of Na- 
 ture, the understondynge of the 
 myghte that ys hereynne, and its 
 sondrye werkynges; sonderlyche, 
 the skylle of reckenyngs, of 
 waii*htes and metynges, and the true 
 nianere of liwjonnynge a] thyn^s for 
 manues use; headlye, dwellinges. 
 and buyldynges of alle kindes, and 
 all other thyuges that make gudde 
 to manne. 
 
 Ques. Where dyd ytt begynne ? 
 
 Atis. Ytt dydd begynue with the 
 ffyr.ste menne yn the este,t which 
 were before thej ffyrste inenne of the 
 weste; and comyiuge westlye, ytt 
 iiAlhe broughte herwyth alle coin- 
 foitej to the wylde and comfortlesse. 
 
 Qneti. Who dyd brynge ytt westlye? 
 
 *What mote ytt be?] That is, what 
 may this mystery of Masonry be ? The 
 answer imports. That it consists in 
 natural, mathematical, and mechanical 
 knowledge. Some part of which (as ap- 
 pears by what follows) the Masons pretend 
 to have taught the rest of mankind, and 
 some part they still conceal. 
 
 ft Ffyrste inenne yn the este, &c.] It 
 should see in by this, that Masons believe 
 there were men in the east before Adar. , 
 who is called the " ffyrste manne of the 
 weste ;" and that arts and sciences began 
 in the east. Some authors of great note 
 for learning have been of the same opinion; 
 and it is certain that Europe and Africa, 
 (which, in respect to Asia, may be called 
 western countries.) were wild and savage, 
 long atcer arts and politeness of manners 
 n-ere iiignut pcrfeotiou in China ami the 
 : adieu.
 
 316 
 
 QUE. 
 
 everyche londe, whereas the Vene- 
 tians had de plaunted ma9onrye, and 
 wynnynge entraunce yn al lodges 
 of maconnes, he lerned muche, and 
 retournedde, and woned yn Grecia 
 Magna, * wacksynge and becorn- 
 mynge a myghtye wyseacre, f and 
 gratelyche renowned, and her he 
 framed a grate lodge at Groton,| 
 and maked manye Ma9onnes, some 
 whereoffe dyde journeye yn Fraunce 
 and maked mauye Ma9onnes ; where- 
 fromme, yn processe of tyme, the 
 Arte passed in Engelonde. 
 
 Ques. Dothe Ma9onnes descouer 
 here artes unto odhers ? 
 
 Ans. Peter Gower, whenne he jour- 
 neyede to lerne, was ffyrste made, 
 and anonne techedde; evenne soe 
 shulde all odhers beyn recht. Na- 
 theless Ma9onnes hauethe|| alweys, 
 yn everyche tyme, from tyme to 
 tyme, communycatedde to mann- 
 kynde soch of her secrettes as gen- 
 erallyche myghte be usefulle; they 
 hauthe keped back soche allein as 
 shulde be harmfulle yff they corned 
 
 knowledge of them as had first undergone 
 a five years' silence. He is supposed to 
 be the inventor of the 47th proposition of 
 the first book of Euclid, for which, in the 
 joy of his heart, it is said he sacrificed a 
 hecatomb. He also knew the true system 
 of the world, lately revived by Copernicus ; 
 and was certainly a most wonderful man. 
 See his Life by DION HAL. 
 
 * CrRficiA M AGNA, a part of Italy formerly 
 BO called, in which the Greeks had settled 
 a large colony. 
 
 t Wyseacre.] This word at present sig- 
 gnifies simpleton, but formerly had a quite 
 contrary meaning. Wiseacre, in the old 
 Saxon, is philosopher, Wiseman, or wizard; 
 and having been frequently used ironically, 
 at length came to have a direct meaning in 
 the ironical sense. Thus Duns Scotus, a 
 man famed for the subtilty and acuteness 
 of his understanding, has, by the same 
 method of irony, given a general name to 
 modern dunces. 
 
 $ OJroton.] Groton is the name of a 
 place in England. The place here meant 
 is Crotona, a city of Grecia Magna, which in 
 the time of Pythagoras was very populous. 
 
 ' Ffyrste made.] The word MADE I 
 suppose has a particular meaning among 
 the Masons; perhaps it signifies initiated. 
 
 II Magonnes hauethe communycatedde, 
 kc.] This paragraph hath something re- 
 markable in it. It contains a justification 
 of the secrecy so much boasted of by 
 Masons, and so much blamed by others; 
 asserting tha~ they have iu all ages dis- 
 covered such things as might be useful, 
 and that thej conceal such only as would 
 be hurtful either to the world or them- 
 selves. What these secrets are, we see 
 afterwards. 
 
 yn euylle haundes, oder soche as ne 
 myghte be holpynge wythouten the 
 techynges to be joynedde herwythe 
 in the lodge, oder soche as do bynde 
 the fres more stronglyche togeder, 
 bey the proffyte and commodyte com 
 yuge to the confrerie herfrorume. 
 
 tyues. Whatte artes haueth the 
 Ma9onnes techedde mankynde ? 
 
 Ans. The artes agricultura, * ar- 
 chitectura, astrouornia, geometria, 
 numeres, musica, poesie, kimistrye, 
 governemente, and relygyonne. 
 
 Ques. Howe commethe Ma9onnea 
 more techers than odher meune ? 
 
 Ans. The hemselfe huuthe allein 
 in arte of ffyndynge ueue artes, f 
 whyche arte the ffyrste Ma9onnes 
 receaued from Godde; by the 
 whyche they fyndethe what artes 
 hem plesethe, and the treu way of 
 techynge the same. Whatt odher 
 menne doethe ffynde out, ys 
 onelyche bey chaunce, and herfore 
 but lytel I tro. 
 
 Ques. What dothe the Ma9onneg 
 concele and hyde ? 
 
 Ans. Thay concelethe the arte of 
 ffyndynge neue artes, and thatt ys 
 for here owne proffytte, and preise:J 
 thay concelethe the arte of kepynge 
 secrettes, that soe the worlde may- 
 
 * The artes agricultura, &c.] It seems a 
 bold pretence, this of the Masons, that 
 they have taught mankind all these art*. 
 They have their own authority tor it; and 
 I know not how we shall disprove them. 
 But what appears most odd is, that tliey 
 reckon religion among the arts. 
 
 t Arte of n'yndynge neue artes .] The 
 art of inventing arts must certainly be a 
 most useful art. My Lord Bacon's Novum 
 Orgauum is an attempt towards somewhat 
 of the same kind. But I much doubt, that 
 if ever the Masons had it, they have now 
 lost it; since so few new arts have been 
 lately invented, and so many are wanted. 
 The idea I have of such an art is, that it 
 must be something proper to be employed 
 in all the sciences generally, as alegabra ii 
 iu numbers, by the help of which new 
 rules of arithmetic are, and may be found. 
 
 t Prcise :] It seems the Masons have 
 great regard to the reputation as well as the 
 profit ot their Order; since they make it 
 one reason for not divulging an art in com- 
 mon, that it may do honour to the possess- 
 ors of it. I think in this particular they 
 show too much regard for their ov/n soci- 
 'ty. and too little for the rest of mankind. 
 
 Arte of knpynge secrettos.] What kind 
 ot an art this is, I ca:i by no means 
 imagine. But certainly such an art the 
 Mar-ons must have; for though, a.s some 
 people suppose, l^uy should have no secret 
 t all, even that must be a secret, which, 
 being discovered would expose thorn U
 
 QUE. 
 
 317 
 
 eth nothynge concele from them. 
 Thay concelethe the arte of wunder- 
 werckynge, and of foresayinge 
 thynges to comme, that so thay same 
 artes may not be usedde of the 
 wyckedde to an euyell ende. Thay al- 
 so coxicelethe the arte of chaunges. * 
 the wey of wynnynge the facultye 
 of Abrac, f the skylle of becommynge 
 gude and parfyghte wythouten the 
 hoJpyuges of fere and hope; and the 
 universelle longage ot 
 
 the highest ridicule; and therefore it re- 
 quires the utmost caution to conceal it. 
 
 * Arte of chaunges.] I know not what 
 this means, unless it be the transmutation 
 of metals. 
 
 t Facultye of Abrac.] Here I am utterly 
 In the dark. 
 
 J Universelle longage of Magonnes.] An 
 universal language has been much desired 
 by the learned of many ages. It is a thing 
 rather to be wished than hoped for. But 
 it seems the Masons pretend to have such 
 a thing among them. If it be true, I guess 
 It must be something like the language of 
 the Pantomimes, among the ancient 
 Romans, who are said to be able, by signs 
 only, to express and deliver any oration 
 intelligibly to meu of all nations and lan- 
 guages. A man who has all these arts and 
 advantages is certainly in a condition to be 
 envied: but we are told that this is not the 
 casewitli all Masons; for though these arts 
 are among them, and all have a right and 
 an opportunity to know them, yet some 
 want capacity, and others industry, to 
 acquire them. However, of all their arts 
 and secrets, that which I most desire to 
 know is, " The skylle of becoinmyuge gude 
 
 Ques. Wylle he teche me thay 
 same artes? 
 
 Ans. Ye shalle be techedde yff ya 
 be werthye, and able to lerne. 
 
 Ques. Dothe all Muyonnes kunne 
 more then odher menne ? 
 
 Ans. Not so. Thay onlyche 
 haueth recht and occasyonne more 
 then odher menne to kunne, butt 
 manye doeth fale yn capacity, and 
 manye more doth want industrye, 
 that ys pernecessarye for the gayn- 
 ynge all kunnynge. 
 
 Ques. Are Mayonnes gudder men 
 than odhers ? 
 
 Ans. Some Ma9onues are not so 
 virtuous as some odher menne ; but, 
 yn the most parte, thay be more 
 gude then they would be yf thay 
 war not Ma9onnes. 
 
 Ques. Dothe Ma9onnes love eidher 
 odher ntyghtlye as beeth sayde ? 
 
 Ans. Yea verylyche, and yt may 
 not odherwise be: for gude menne 
 and true, kennynge eidher odher to 
 be soche, doeth always love the 
 more as they be more gude. 
 
 [Here endethe thequestyonncs aud awnawnres.] 
 
 and parfyghte;" and I wish it were com 
 municated to all mankind, since there il 
 nothing more true than the beautiful sen- 
 tence contained in the last answer, " That 
 the better men are, the more they love one 
 another:" Virtue having in itself something 
 so amiable as to charm the hearts of all 
 that behold it. 
 
 This document has always been regarded as authentic, and 
 even the life of Leland asserts its genuineness. But this has 
 recently been disputed by Mr. J. O. Halliwell, the distin- 
 guished antiquarian, in a work entitled, "The Early History 
 of Freemasonry in England," published in London, 1844.* 
 
 * "It is singular," says Mr. Halliwell, "that the circumstances attend- 
 ing its publication should have led no one to suspect its authenticity. 
 A few years since I was at the pains of making a long search in the Bod- 
 leian Library, in the hope of finding the original, but without success, 
 and I think there is little doubt but that this celebrated and well-known 
 document is a forgery. In the first place, why should such a d >cument 
 have been printed abroad? Was it likely that it should have found its 
 way to Frankfort, nearly half a century afterward, and been published 
 without any explanation of the source whence it was obtained? A^ain 
 fche orthography is most grotesque, and too gross ever to have been 
 penned either by Heniy the Sixth or Leland, or both combine,!. Foi 
 instance, we have Peter Gowere, a Grecian, explained in a note by the 
 fabricator for who else could have solved it ? to be Pythagoras ! A - 
 a whole, it is but a very clumsy attempt at deception, and is qa 
 parallel to the recently discovered one of the first Enylishe Mercuric. L** 
 us add that Freemasonry is not in any degree dishonored by the rejec- 
 tion of this evidence from its history. 
 
 27
 
 318 QUE RAM. 
 
 QUESTIONS TO CANDIDATES. Before the candidate 
 for the privileges and mysteries of Freemasonry can be 
 admitted to a participation in its ceremonies he is required 
 to give his free and full assent to the following questions, 
 respecting the motives that influenced his desire to become 
 a Mason: 
 
 1. Do you seriously declare, upon i knowledge, and a sincere wish of 
 your honor, that, unbiassed by the | being serviceable to your fellow- 
 improper solicitation of friends, and ! creatures ? 
 
 uninfluenced by mercenary motives, 
 
 3. Do you seriously declare, upon 
 
 you freely and voluntarily offer your- your honor, that you ifiU cheerfully 
 self a candidate for the mysteries of i conform to all the ancient usages 
 Freemasonry. an( j .established customs of the 
 
 2. -Do you seriously declare, upon i Fraternity? 
 
 your honor, that you are prompted i 4. Do you solemnly declare, upon 
 to solicit the privileges of Freema- ' your honor, that you have never 
 soniy by a favorable opinion con- petitioned any other Lodge for ini- 
 ceived of the institution, a desire of! tiation and been rejected? 
 
 R. 
 
 RABBI, or RABBOXL A Hebrew word signifying Teacher or 
 Master. The ancient Jews employed it as a title co designate 
 their learned men, particularly the professors in the schools 
 of the Nabiim or Prophets. Gamaliel, the celebrated Phar- 
 isee, and preceptor of St. Paul, was one of these. This title 
 was never formally bestowed on more than sevon persons. 
 In John xx. 16, Christ is thus called : " Jesus saith unto her, 
 Mary. She turned herself, and saith unto him, Rabboni, 
 which is to say, Master-." It is an important and significant 
 word in Freemasonry. 
 
 RAMSAY, ANDREW MICHAEL, better known as the CHEVA- 
 LIER DE RAMSAY, was born at Ayr, Scotland, June 9, 1686. 
 He was the son of a baker, in good circumstances, and 
 received a liberal education, first at the school of his na- 
 tive place, and afterward at the University of Edinburgh. 
 Becoming dissatisfied with the condition of affairs, particu- 
 larly of the religious character, in Scotland, he repaired to 
 the continent, and at the University of Leyden, he made the 
 acquaintance of Mr. Poiret, a mystic divine, who induced him 
 to adopt the doctrines of that system of theology. In 1710, 
 he visited the celebrated Fenelon, Archbishop of Cambray, 
 who had imbibed the fundamental principles of mysticism, 
 and by that amiable prelate he was persuaded to become a 
 Roman Catholic. Fenelon's influence procured him the 
 appointment of preceptor to the Duke de Chateau-Thiery 
 and the Prince de Turenne, where ho was raad a knight of
 
 RAM. v 31 
 
 the Order of St. Lazarus, and about the same time became 
 a member of tlie Masonic Fraternity, in which he soon 
 became a conspicuous and active member. He was also 
 one of the most faithful and zealous adherents of the Pre- 
 tender (James III.), of whose son he was for a time the 
 tutor ; in this position he sought to identify the influence 
 and progress of Freemasonry with the fortunes of the house 
 of Stuart. For this purpose he endeavored to obviate the 
 objections of the French nobility to the mechanical origin 
 of the institution, by asserting that it arose in the Holy 
 Land during the Crusades, as an order of Chivalry.* In 
 the year 1740, he delivered his celebrated discourse at Paris, 
 in which he set forth his theory in regard to the origin of 
 Freemasonry, as follows, viz : " That the first Freemasons 
 were a society of knights, who had devoted themselves to 
 the purpose of rebuilding the sacred edifices which had 
 been destroyed by the Saracens; that the latter, with a 
 view of preventing the execution of this pious design, 
 sent emissaries among them, who, disguised as Christians, 
 mingled with the builders, and paralyzed their efforts; that 
 the knights, having discovered the existence of these spies, 
 became more careful in the future, and instituted certain 
 signs and words for the purpose of guarding against them; 
 and, as many of their workmen were new converts to Chris- 
 tianity, they adopted certain symbolic ceremonies, in order 
 more readily to instruct their proselytes in the new religion. 
 Finally, the Saracens becoming more powerful, the Knight 
 Masons were compelled to abandon their original occupa- 
 tion; but, being invited by a King of England to remove 
 into his dominions, they accepted the invitation, and there 
 devoted themselves to the cultivation and encouragement of 
 the arts of Architecture, Sculpture, Painting, and Music. 
 Ramsay attempted to support his theory by the fact of the 
 building of the College of Templars, in London, which 
 edifice was actually constructed in the 12th century by the 
 fraternity of Masons who had been in the holy wars." In 
 1728, Ramsay attempted a Masonic reform according to this 
 sya^m. He proposed to the Grand Lodge of England to 
 substitute, in place of the three symbolic degrees, three 
 others of his own invention; those of Scotch Mason, Novice 
 and Knight of the Temple, which he pretended were the 
 only true and ancient degrees, and had their adminis- 
 
 * "The constitutions of English Masonry appeared too coarse for the 
 tefined taste of our neighbors, and they must make it more like the 
 occupation of a gentleman. Therefore, the degrees of Apprentice, 
 Fellow-Craft, aud Master, were called symbolical; and the whole con- 
 trivance was considered either as typical of something more elegant. 01 
 as a prepiiration for it." Robifon.
 
 820 BAM REG. 
 
 trative center, from time immemorial, in the Lodge of St. 
 Andrew, at Edinburgh. His proposition was at once re- 
 jected by the Grand Lodge of England, which has ever 
 been averse to any innovations in Ancient Craft Masonry.* 
 He, however, carried his degrees to Paris, where they met 
 with astonishing success, and gave rise to all those higher 
 grades which have since been known by the name of the 
 Ancient Scottish Rite, and which afterward became so popu 
 lar on the continent, and gave birth to innumerable other 
 degrees. These first degrees, introduced by Ramsay, wero 
 called " Scottish Degrees," because they were supposed to 
 have been instituted by James II., in Scotland, in 1688. 
 The incorrectness of this assertion is, however, historically 
 proven; for in the records of the Grand Lodge of Scotland, 
 we find no mention of any other than the three symbolic 
 degrees prior to the year 1763. In this year, we find the 
 first mention of the Royal Arch Degree in Scotland, whither 
 it had been introduced from England, where it had already 
 been practiced as early as 1752. Thus, prior to 1763, all 
 these pretended Scottish degrees were absolutely unknown 
 in Scotland, and could not therefore have been instituted 
 there in 1688. During a visit to his native country, he 
 offered to settle an annuity on his relations, but they indig- 
 nantly refused to accept it, on the ground of his having 
 renounced the Protestant religion. After his return to 
 France he resided at Pontoise, a seat of the Prince de 
 Turenne, in whose family he continued, in the capacity of 
 intendant, till his death, which happened at St. Germain-de- 
 Laye, May 6, 1743. He was the author of several works 
 which were very popular. 
 
 RECEIVED. In the first degree of Masonry the candidate, 
 on being initiated, is described as "entered;" in the second 
 degree, as "passed," and in the third, as " raised." The 
 word "received" is used in the sixth, or Most Excellent 
 Master's degree, to express the same condition. 
 
 TIECHABITES. A religious order among the ancient 
 Jews, instituted by Jonadab, the son of Rechab, from whom 
 they derived their name. It comprised only the family and 
 posterity of the founder, who was anxious to perpetuate 
 among them the nomadic life; and, with this view, prescribed 
 to them several rules, the chief of which were to abstain 
 from wine, from building houses, and from planting vines. 
 These rules were observed by the Rechabites with great 
 strictness. (See Jer. xxxv. 6.) In modern times, societies 
 
 * Kloss contradicts this, and says that he was only once in England, 
 and that in 1730, to receive the degree of Doctor of Law.
 
 EEC REF. 321 
 
 bearing the name ol Rechabites, for the avowed object oi 
 abstaining from the use of wine, and promoting the cause of 
 temperance, have been organized in various parts of the 
 world, particularly in the United States.* Many of these 
 recent organizations have adopted ceremonies of initiation, 
 pass-words, grips, etc. 
 
 RECORDER. Literally, the chief judicial officer of a 
 borough or city, exercising within it, in criminal matters, the 
 jurisdiction of a court of record; one who enrolls or records. 
 Masonically, an officer in a Commandery of Knights Tem- 
 plar, and a Council of Royal and Select Masters, who has 
 charge of the records and seal of those bodies; his duties 
 are equivalent to those of the Secretary of a symbolic Lodge. 
 
 RECTIFIED RITE. This right came from and was a modi- 
 fication of the system of the Templars. It was adopted in 
 1782, by the Lodges of Strict Observance (Rite Templier); bat 
 was subsequently practiced only by some Scottish Directories, 
 the last of which, that of Zurich, was in existence and working 
 as late as 1844. It may be regarded as extinct, since that 
 Directory has been united with the National Grand Lodge 
 of Berne, and has formed with it a new power, styled Grand 
 Lodge of Alpina, sitting alternately at Berne and Zurich. 
 It works the modern English rite; but some of the Lodges 
 under it havo reserved to themselves the power of giving the 
 higher degrees that are conferred in foreign countries, not 
 to propagate them, but by way of historical instruction, and 
 to enable their members to be admitted to visit all bodies 
 working the high degrees. 
 
 REFLECTION, CHAMBER OF. A room adjoining the asylum 
 of a Commaiidery of Knights Templar in which the candi- 
 date is placed during the ceremonies of the order. In tb-~ 
 French and Ancient and Accepted rites the candidate is 
 placed in this room, where he remains for serious reflection, 
 and until he is introduced into the higher and more sublime 
 mysteries of initiation. 
 
 REFORMED RITE. This was a reformation of the Rite 
 of Strict Observance, which had been established in 1754, 
 rejecting the connection which the latter had with the 
 Knights Templar. The Reformed rite was established by 
 an assembly of Masons at Wilhelnisbad, under the auspices 
 
 * In 1851 the Grand Lodge of the United States, Independent Order oi 
 Odd Fellows, established a degree specially for the use of the wives ol 
 the members of the order, called the Degree of Rebekah, which has 
 become very popular throughout this country in connection \viththot 
 widely extended institution.
 
 322 REF REJ. 
 
 of Ferdinand, duke of Brunswick, in the year 1782, assuming 
 in the first instance, the title of the "Order of Beneficent 
 Knights of the Holy City." M. de St. Martin's system was 
 merged into this; and the Lodges that had adopted Mar- 
 tinism adopted the Reformed rite. The ritual of initiation 
 is divided into two parts; the External Order, comprising 
 the three symbolic degrees, and the Internal Order, composed 
 of three degrees, forming a religious system based on 
 chivalry. These two orders are connected by an interme- 
 diate degree, the Scotch Master of St. Andrew, in which 
 candidates were selected for the Beneficent Knights of the 
 Holy City. This system produced different Directories, 
 styled "Scottish," having special names and particular 
 magistral sees, and each exercising, within its jurisdiction, 
 a pretended Masonic Supremacy. These distinct establish- 
 ments, united by the same principles, the same doctrines, 
 and the same Masonic formulas, styled themselves "The 
 French Tongue," Langue Franqaise. They corresponded 
 with Chambery, which had the Directory of Italy, or of 
 Austrian Loinbardy. Many Provinces of France, among 
 others Alsac, Frauche-Comte, Dauphine and Provence, had 
 Lodges constituted by these Directories. The rite was 
 extended into Switzerland. Its supreme body is at Zurich, 
 under the title of the " Directory of Switzerland." 
 
 REFORMED HELVETIC RITE. The same as the rite 
 Described in the preceding article, with some changes intro- 
 duced by Mon. Glayre, of Switzerland, who carried the rite 
 into Poland in 1784, where it was adopted by the Grand 
 Orient. It is still practiced, but to a limited extent, in that 
 country. 
 
 REINSTATED. This term is applied to a Mason who has 
 been expelled or suspended from the Lodge of which he 
 was a member. On his restoration he is restored to all the 
 rights and privileges of the Fraternity. No other Lodge 
 than the one which inflicted the punishment has the uower 
 to restore to membership in a Lodge. The Grand Lodge, 
 which is the supreme authority within the territorial juris- 
 diction, has the power to restore an expelled Mason to the 
 privileges of the order, on proper application being made to 
 that body. 
 
 REJECTION. In the United States an applicant for initi- 
 ation can be received only by a unanimous vote. One black 
 ball ensures rejection, and the rejected candidate can apply 
 to no other Lodge for admission, without the consent of the 
 one which first received his proposition. In the absence of
 
 REL. 323 
 
 any local regulations to the contrary a candidate who has 
 been rejected may renew his application at any time when 
 he may have reason to expect a more favorable consideration 
 of his petition. 
 
 RELAXED OBSERVANCE, CLERKS OF. This system grew 
 out of a schism which occurred in the order of the Strict 
 Observance, at Vienna, in 1767. The new order had as 
 chiefs, among others, the Baron von Caven and the preacher 
 Stark.* They pretended to have exclusive possession of the 
 secrets of the association, and to know the mysterious cavern 
 in which were hidden the riches of the ancient Templars. 
 The regime comprised ten degrees: 1. Apprentice; 2. Fellow- 
 Craft ; 3. Master ; 4. African Brother ; 5. Knight of St. 
 Andrew; 6. Knight of the eagle, or Master Elect; 7. Scottish 
 Master; 8. Sovereign Magus; 9. Provincial Master of the 
 Red Cross; 10. Magus, or Knight of Splendor and Light. 
 The last degree was divided into five parts, viz: Knight 
 Novice of the third year; Knight Novice of the fifth year; 
 Knight Novice of the seventh year; Knight Sevite, and 
 Knight Priest. Von Stark, by means of this new system, 
 exercised a powerful influence among the Knights and Com- 
 manders of the several branches of Templars then existing 
 in France, Germany and Russia. The rite met with great 
 success until 1800, when the Mother Lodge Royal York a 
 1' Amitie, at Berlin, declared that it renounced the high 
 degrees, and would thenceforward work only the symbolic 
 degrees. The same schism produced the HIGH OBSERVANCE, 
 in which they dealt with alchemy, magic, the cabala, divina- 
 tions, and other fanciful practices; and the EXACT OBSERVANCE, 
 in which the teaching partook of that of the two first Ob- 
 servances, that had for their bases the systems of Jesuitism 
 and Catholicism. 
 
 RELICS. The name given in theological and historical 
 nomenclature to what may be in general described as the 
 personal memorials of those among the dead who have been 
 distinguished during life by eminent qualities. The term is 
 also applied to certain emblems of mortality in the Templar 
 system of Masonry, . which, in connection with the Holy 
 Scriptures, teach us that a faithful reliance in the truth re- 
 vealed in that sacred volume will afford us consolation in the 
 gloomy hour of death, and secure to us inevitable happiness 
 in the world that is to come. 
 
 JOHN AUG. VON STABK, commonly called the Preacher, a man of bril- 
 liant intellect and great ambition, was born at Schweriu, October 29, 1741, 
 graduated with the highest honors at Go'ttingen; initiated iu a French 
 Military Lodge in 1763; died 1816.
 
 324: BEL. 
 
 RELIGION. " Speculative Masonry is so far interwoven 
 with religion as to lay us under obligations to pay that 
 rational homage to the Deity which at once constitutes our 
 duty and cur happiness. It leads the contemplative mind 
 to view with reverence and admiration the glorious works of 
 creation, and inspires him with the most exalted ideas of 
 the perfection of his divine Creator." That Freemasonry 
 should be spoken of as a religious institution, or as imparting 
 religious instruction, undoubtedly sounds strange to those 
 who think religion must necessarily be confined to a partic- 
 ular set of theological dogmas, or, in other words, be secta- 
 rian. But why should it be thought necessary to make 
 religion traverse simply the narrow circle of sectarian 
 ideas ? Is it not a degradation to confine it to so limited a 
 sphere ? The Masonic idea is that religion is absolute, 
 everlasting and unchanging; that it is not a dogma, or a 
 collection of dogmas, but rather reverence and humility 
 before the awful Ideas of Infinity and Eternity ; a sense 
 of subjection to the great law of Justice which stretches 
 through the universe, and of obligation to love and serve 
 man on earth, and God in heaven. The ideas of God, retri- 
 bution, a future life these great facts of religion are not 
 the property of any one sect or party; they form the ground- 
 work of all creeds. Religion, we have said, is everlasting 
 and immutable. It is the same yesterday, to-day, and 
 forever. Sectarianism is but the material framework, 
 changeable and perishable, which, men in different ages and 
 countries have raised around it. This material and human 
 investiture of sectarian dogmas changes with the times and 
 seasons ; but that religion, in the light of which all Masons, 
 whatever their particular creed, desire to walk that religion, 
 sent forth into the world with the awful sanction of the 
 DEITY upon it, which, as an Ancient says, " is to visit the 
 widow and the fatherless in their afflictions, and keep one's 
 self unspotted from the world" that religion, the essence 
 of which is to love God supremely and our neighbors as we 
 love ourselves, can never change ; being absolute, it can never 
 pass away, and it may be taught, with all its obligations, 
 duties and hopes, and all its beautiful applications to life, 
 without being trammelled by any sectarian dogmas whatever. 
 About religion, in its absoluteness, neither men nor sects 
 ever dispute or quarrel. No; it shines over the human eoul 
 clear and bright, like the eternal stars, visible to all; and 
 always, and everywhere, has her voice been heard, consoling 
 the sorrowful, fortifying the weak, and bidding the sons of 
 men aspire to a celestial communion. Such is the Masonic 
 idea of religion. Freemasonry recognizes God as irimanent
 
 KEP. 325 
 
 in all created things, working in each blade of grass, and 
 swelling bud, and opening flower, and looks upon all tho 
 sciences as so many divine methods through which the In- 
 finite Artist reveals his mysteries to man. Should any 
 Masonic brother, or any other, think that we are claiming 
 too much for Freemasonry in this respect, we have only to 
 ask him to turn to the " charges" and " lectures" published 
 in our books, to find abundant proofs of what we assert. 
 There we read : " The universe is the temple of the Deity 
 whom we serve: Wisdom, Strength and Beauty are around 
 his throne, as pillars of his works; for his wisdom is infinite, 
 his strength is omnipotent, and his beauty shines forth 
 through all his creation." Ancient Freemasonry invariably 
 united all the sciences to the religious sentiment. Of 
 Arithmetic it says: "All the works of the Almighty are 
 made in number, weight, measure, and, therefore, to under- 
 stand them rightly, we ought to understand arithmetical 
 calculations, and be thereby led to a more comprehensive 
 knowledge of our great Creator." " Astronomy," it says, 
 " is that sublime science which inspires the contemplative 
 mind to soar aloft and read the Avisdom and beauty of the 
 Creator in the heavens. How nobly eloquent of God is the 
 celestial hemisphere, spangled with the most magnificent 
 symbology of his infinite glory." Discoursing of Geometry, 
 it says, " By it we discover the power, wisdom and goodness 
 of the Grand Artificer, and view with delight the order and 
 beauty of his works and the proportions which connect all 
 parts of his immense universe." Freemasonry, therefore, 
 in the spirit of true reverence, consecrates all to God the 
 worlds with their sublime mysteries, and the human mind 
 with its mighty powers and the sciences which it has dis- 
 covered and explained. 
 
 REPEAL. A resolution adopted at a regular meeting of a 
 Lodge, cannot be repealed or reconsidered at any special or 
 extra session. 
 
 KEPEESENTATIVES, GRAND LODGE. The system oi 
 Representatives in Grand Lodges originated in the United 
 States, with the Grand Lodge of New York. The system 
 has now become almost universal throughout the world, 
 and much good is being accomplished from its influence, 
 as producing a closer union between the various Masonio 
 bodies thus represented. The Masonic costume is that of 
 the Grand Lodge they represent, and they are also entitled 
 to bear a banner with the name and colors peculiai to tha 
 body represented.
 
 826 EIG KIT. 
 
 EIGHT-HAND. In Freemasonry, the right hand is an 
 emblem of fidelity, and hence, in the fraternal greetings oi 
 the Order, it plays a conspicuous part. In the ancient 
 Roman, Collegia Fabrorum, a goddess Fides or Fidelity 
 was worshiped by the members. She was symbolically 
 represented by two right hands joined, or by two female 
 figures holding each other by the right hands. The Jewish 
 historian, Josephus, speaking of the [Persians and Parthians, 
 relates an incident where the right hand was given as a 
 pledge of security, and says, in regard to the custom : " This 
 is of the greatest force there, with all these barbarians, and 
 affords a firm security to those who hold intercourse with 
 them; for none of them will deceive, when once they have 
 given you their right hands ; nor will any one doubt their 
 fidelity when that is once given, even were they before sus- 
 pected of injustice." 
 
 RIGHT SIDE AND LEFT SIDE. The ancients held that the 
 right side- possessed some peculiar excellence above the left, 
 and hence the Latin words " dexter" right, and " sinister" 
 left, also convey the sense of lucky, or good; and unlucky, or 
 evil. The right side has always been considered the place of 
 honor, and the Scriptures abound in passages illustrative of 
 this idea as in Matt. xxv. 33-4: "And he shall set the sheep 
 on his right hand, but the goats on the left. Then shall the 
 king say to those on his right hand, Come ye blessed of my 
 Father," etc. 
 
 RITE. This word is defined to be a formal act of service 
 established by law, precept or custom; a symbolical cere- 
 mony and method of representing ideas. Freemasonry, 
 although uniform and immutable, in its principles and gene- 
 ral laws, exists, nevertheless, in a variety of methods or 
 forms, which are called rites. These differences, however, 
 are unimportant, and do not affect in the least the funda- 
 mental plans of the Order, nor disturb its interior harmony; 
 for Masons, whatever may be the legal rite which they pro- 
 fess, recognize no less, as brothers, Masons of a different 
 rite. These remarks will apply with great force to a mem- 
 ber of the Symbolic Lodge a Master Mason who is, in all 
 rites and in all countries, acknowledged as such, and en- 
 titled to all the privileges which that universal degree con- 
 fers. Until within a recent period, there was but one 
 system, known as Ancient Craft Masonry, consisting of only 
 three degrees Entered Apprentice, Fellow-Craft and Master 
 Mason. Many rites and systems have sprung up in various 
 parts of Europe, but without permanent existence. The 
 following list will serve to show to what extent the ingenuity
 
 KIT. 
 
 327 
 
 and industry of man may be exerted to gratify his personal 
 interest or vanity. Very few of these degrees or rites are 
 now practiced: 
 
 1. York Rite. This system is the 
 most ancient, simple, and scientific, 
 having existed from time immemo- 
 rial. It derives its name from the 
 city of York, in the north of Eng- 
 land, where, in 926, the first Grand 
 Lodge of England was organized. 
 In this, the present rite of pure Ma- 
 sonry, originally consisted of the 
 three primitive degrees. Entered A p- 
 prentice, Fellow-Craft, and Master 
 Mason, under the title of Ancient 
 Craft Masonry. To them have been 
 added, in modern times, four other 
 degrees, viz : Mark Master, Past Mas- 
 ter, Most Excellent Master, and the 
 Royal Arch. The York rite is the 
 most extensively diffused of the 
 rites, embracing four-fifths of the 
 Masons of the habitable globe. It 
 is the predominating rite in Eng- 
 land, Scotland. Ireland, their de- 
 pendencies, and the United States 
 of America, and is practiced, in a 
 modified form, by several of the 
 European Grand Lodges. From 
 this arose 
 
 2. The English Kite, adopted by 
 the United Grand Lodge of England 
 and Wales, at the union in 1813, 
 and is now practiced by the Lodges 
 under that jurisdiction. 
 
 3. Ancient and Accepted Rite, or 
 Ineffable degrees; first known in 
 France, in 1758, as the Emperors 
 of the East and West, with twenty- 
 five 'degrees. Subsequently these 
 degrees were increased to -thirty- 
 three, iinder the title of Ancient 
 and Accepted Scottish Kite, at the 
 city of Charleston, where, in the 
 year 1801, a Supreme Council for 
 the southern portion of the United 
 States was organized. In 1807 
 another Supreme Council was estab- 
 lished in New York, for the north- 
 ern portion of the United States. 
 These two bodies are now ^1867) in 
 active operation, one in New York 
 and the other in Charleston. This 
 rite, except the York, is the most 
 widely diffused throughout the, 
 world. 
 
 4. Rite of Strict Observance, a sys- 
 
 tem of degrees of immense popu- 
 larity for many years, in Germany, 
 founded by Baron Von Hund, in 
 1754. 
 
 5. Chapter of Clermont, with seven 
 degrees, organized in France about 
 the year 1Y50, by the Chevalier de 
 Bonneville. This was the first sys- 
 tem of what is now termed the "high 
 degrees." From this sprang 
 
 6. The Rite of Perfection, the first 
 of the series of the Ineffable degrees, 
 established in 1754. 
 
 7. French, or Modern Rite, was 
 established by the Grand Orient o/ 
 France, about the year 1786. 
 
 8. Rite of Elected Cohens, or Priests, 
 was founded some time between 1754 
 and 1760, by Martinez Paschalis. in 
 France. 
 
 9. Rite of St. Martin, or Martin- 
 ism, was instituted by the Marquis 
 de St. Martin, at Lyons, France, 
 about the year 1767. 
 
 10. Elect of Truth, or Lodge of 
 Perfect Union, founded and prac- 
 ticed for a short period at Eennes, 
 in France, during a portion of the 
 last century. 
 
 11. Emperors of the East and West, 
 established in Paris, about 1758; 
 the members were at first called 
 ' ' Sovereign Prince Masters, Sub- 
 stitutes General of the Royal Art, 
 Grand Superintendents and Officers 
 of the Grand and Sovereign Lodge 
 of St. John of Jerusalem." This 
 rite had twenty-five degrees, and 
 is the parent of the Ancient and 
 Accepted Scottish Rite. 
 
 12. Philosophic Scotch Rite was 
 established in Paris, by a physician 
 named Boileau, in 1774; it was 
 adopted by the Grand Lodge ia 
 1776. 
 
 13. Order of African Architects 
 WAS established in Germany, by a 
 Prussian named Bancherren, with 
 the approbation of Frederick II. , in 
 1767. 
 
 14. Rite of Philalelhes, or Searchers 
 after Truth, wan organized by Sal-
 
 328 
 
 KIT. 
 
 /alette de Langes, at Paris about 
 the year 1775. 
 
 15. llluminati of Avignon was in- 
 troduced into Paris by a Benedictine 
 monk, named Pernetti, and Baron 
 Gabrianca, a Polish nobleman, about 
 1760. 
 
 16. Rite of Swedenborg was framed 
 from the system of the llluminati of 
 Avignon, by the Marquis de Thomae. 
 in J.783. This rite is still practiced 
 in some parts of Sweden. 
 
 17. Rite of Zinnendorff, which was a 
 modification of the Swedehborgian 
 and other rites, was promulgated 
 by Count Zinnendorff, in Germany, 
 in 1767. 
 
 18. Reformed Rite, established in 
 1782, at Wilhelmsbad. The mem- 
 bers of this rite assumed the title of 
 ' ' Order of Charitable Knights of the 
 Holy City." 
 
 19. Reformed Helvetic Rite was in- 
 troduced into Poland in 1784, by 
 Bro. Glayre. The Grand Orient of 
 Poland adopted it. 
 
 20. Order of True Masons, an off- 
 shoot of the Hermetic Bite " of Per- 
 netti, was formed at Montpelier, in 
 France, in 1778. 
 
 21. Adoniramite Rite was estab- 
 lished in France, during the latter 
 part of the last century. The exact 
 date of its rise, and the name of its 
 founder, are at present unknown. 
 
 22. Fessler's Rite, established by 
 the Lodge ' ' Royal York of Friend- 
 ship," at Berlin, in 1798, is still 
 practiced to some extent. 
 
 23. Rite of Mizraim. This rite was 
 first introduced in 1805, at Milan, 
 Italy, and was said to have been 
 brought from Egypt by a learned 
 philosopher of that country, named 
 Ananiah. It was established in 
 Paiis in 1814, but has never been 
 recognized by the Grand Orient of 
 France or any other Grand body. 
 
 24. Rite of the Grand Royal Mother 
 Lodge of the Tkree Globes. Ou the 
 13th of September, 1740, a number 
 of brethren residing in Berlin, Ger- 
 many, established "by royal au- 
 thority, and without demanding a 
 charter from any other Grand 
 Lodge, the Lodge of the "Three 
 GJobes, which, in 1744, became 
 
 the " Grand Royal Mother Lodge 
 of the Three Globes," of which the 
 king, Frederick II., was recorded 
 as Grand Master. This is the popu- 
 lar and prevailing rite practiced in 
 Prussia. 
 
 25. Persian Philosophic Rite was 
 founded in France about the year 
 1819. It was not much encouraged, 
 and has now ceased to exist. 
 
 26. Order of the Temple. This 
 order flourished for a brief period 
 in France, during the early part of 
 the present century. The members 
 claimed a regular descent from the 
 Knights Templar of Palestine. 
 
 27. Order of Charles XIII. This 
 order was instituted by Charles the 
 Thirteenth, King of Sweden, in 
 1811, into which distinguished Ma- 
 sons were admitted. 
 
 28. Rite of Memphis was estab- 
 lished in Paris, in 1839, by J. A. 
 Marconis and E. A. Montet. It was 
 a variation of the Rite of Misraim, 
 and its existence was very brief. 
 
 29. Rile of Mopses was founded 
 in 1740, in Germany. In 1776 it 
 became an androgynous order, and 
 admitted females as members. 
 
 30. Royal Order of Heredom and 
 Rosy Gross, said to have been 
 founded by King Robert Bruce at 
 Kilwin ning, after the battle of Ban- 
 nock burn, in 1314. This order is 
 confined exclusively to Scotland, 
 and is given only to those who have 
 attained high positions in the Fra- 
 ternity. 
 
 31. The Swedish Rite, or that prac- 
 ticed by the sanction of the Grand 
 Lodge of Sweden, was founded upon 
 the above order. 
 
 32. tichrceder's Rite was first estab- 
 lished at Marburgh, Germany, in 
 1766. This rite is still practie&d in 
 some parts of Germany. 
 
 33. Primitive Rile of Narbonne was 
 established ii t that city in 1780. The 
 degrees were selected from other 
 rites, and were chiefly of a philo- 
 sophic character, assuming as their 
 object the reformation of intellectual 
 man, and his restoration to his pri- 
 mitive rank of purity and perfection. 
 
 34. Frercs Po>itives, an association 
 of operative and speculative Ma
 
 BIT EOS. 
 
 329 
 
 sons, established afc Avignon, in 
 1178. Their principal employment 
 was the building and repairing 
 stone bridges. 
 
 35. Order of Mustard Seed, or the 
 Fraternity of Moravian Brothers of 
 the Order of Religious Freemasons, 
 was instituted in Germany, in 1739. 
 
 36. The Kniyht of Malta, as a Ma- 
 sonic grade, was established in 
 England, in the early part of the 
 seventeenth century. 
 
 37. Council of the Trinity was an 
 independent Masonic system, in 
 which were conferred a number of 
 Christian degrees. This order was 
 established by St. Helena, the mother 
 of Constantiue, A. n. 326, when on 
 her visit to Jerusalem. 
 
 38. Rosaic Rite was instituted in 
 Germany, during the last century. 
 It was for a short time exceedingly 
 popular, but was superceded by the 
 Rite of Strict Observance. 
 
 39. Bahrdt's Rite was established 
 at Halle, Germany, about the close 
 of the eighteenth century, Its pros- 
 perity was of short duration. 
 
 40. Knights and Ladies of the Dove. 
 An organization founded at Ver- 
 sailles, France, in 1784, into which 
 ladies were introduced. It soon 
 ceased tc exist. 
 
 41. Eclectic Rite. This system was 
 established at Frankfort, Germany, 
 by Baron de Knigge, having for its 
 object the abolition of the high 
 grades, or philosophical degrees, 
 which had, at that period, increased 
 to an extraordinary number. It is 
 clear the Baron did not succeed in 
 his endeavors, as many of the de- 
 grees he attempted to destroy are 
 still flourishing, while his rite is 
 very little known. 
 
 42. Grand Chapter of Harodim, an 
 institution revived, (it is supposed, 
 by Bro. Win. Preston, ) in London, 
 
 in 1787. It was a school of instruc- 
 tion, organized upon a peculiar plan, 
 and the lectures were divided into 
 sections, and the sections into 
 clauses. Its teaching embodied the 
 whole art of Masonry. 
 
 43. Knight of the Mediterranean 
 Pass, an independent and honor- 
 ary degree, established in 13G7, 
 and conferred only on Knights 
 Templar as Knights of Malta. 
 
 44. Knight of Constantine, like the 
 preceding, is an honorary, or tide 
 degree, and only occasionally con- 
 ferred. 
 
 45. Knights and XyrnpJis nf the 
 Rose. This was an order of Adopt- 
 ive Masonry, invented toward the 
 close of the eighteenth century, by 
 M. de Chaumont, at Paris. It had a 
 brief existence. 
 
 46. Order of the Roman Engle was 
 established at Edinburgh, in 1784. 
 Its ritual was in Latin. 
 
 47. Adoptive Rite, or, as it is some- 
 times called, Androgynous Masonry, 
 for the initiation of males and fe- 
 males, was first established in 
 France about 1730, under the title 
 of Lodges of Adoption, which were, 
 in consequence of their great popu- 
 larity, recognized by and placed 
 under the control of the Grand 
 Orient in 1774. In America, there 
 are several androgynous degrcvs, 
 such as the Good Samaritan, the 
 Heroine of Jericho, the Mason's 
 Daughter, and the Order of the 
 Eastern Star, the last of which is 
 extensively propagated throughout 
 the United States. 
 
 48. Order of the llluminati. A secret 
 society, instituted in Bavaria, by 
 Adam Weishaupt, in conjunction 
 with several other men of high in- 
 tellectual attainments, in 1776. It 
 flourished for a brief period, and 
 was suppressed in 1784, by order 
 of the Bavarian Government. 
 
 ROSAIC RITE. One of the numerous Masonic forms 
 which arose in Germany during the last century. Its 
 author was a clergyman by the name of Rosa. Through 
 the influence of Baron de Prinzen, it was extensively propa- 
 gated, and continued to flourish until the superior popularity 
 of the rite of Strict Observance threw it into the shade. 
 28
 
 330 EOS. 
 
 ROSE. Harpocrates, the god of silence, was sometimes 
 represented with a crown of roses; consequently, the rose 
 is properly regarded as a symbol of silence and secrecy. 
 The rose, cross, and pelican are the emblems of the Rose 
 Croix degree. Ragon says, respecting the first two, that 
 they were Egyptian symbols, the cross signifying immor- 
 tality, and the rose secrecy, and hence they together mean the 
 "secret of immortality." The rose has no reference to 
 Christ. The theory that the Book of Canticles, in which 
 the phrase "Rose of Sharon" is found, is an allegorical 
 description of Christ and his Church, has long since been 
 rejected by all well-instructed divines. 
 
 ROSE CROIX RECTIFIE. In the articles "Herodem" 
 and " Prince of Rose Croix," the reader will find the tra- 
 ditions which profess to give the history and origin of the 
 degree of Rose Croix, which is the eighteenth of the 
 series known as the Scotch Rite, Ancient and Accepted. 
 It is an instructive and interesting grade, in many respects 
 resembling the degree of the Royal Arch, of the York rite. 
 But the form and dogma of this degree are such that it 
 must be confined to those who profess the Christian religion. 
 The Rose Croix revised (rectifie), on the contrary, is more 
 comprehensive, and while it is overflowing with the positive 
 spirit of Christianity, it is so constructed that men of all 
 beliefs can receive it. As practiced in France, the cere- 
 monies of reception are divided into three parts. 
 
 ROSY CROSS, BROTHERS OF. A secret society bearing this 
 name became known in Europe at the beginning of the 
 seventeenth century. Its object was the reformation of 
 state, church, and individuals, and the study of philosophy 
 and science. At that time alchemy occupied, in a large 
 degree, the attention of the learned, and it is not strange 
 that the Rosicrucians should follow the fashion of the age. 
 It was pretended that the order was founded in the four- 
 teenth century by a person named Christian Rosenkreuz, 
 who was said to have lived long among the Brahmins, in 
 Egypt, etc. ; but the real founder is believed to have been 
 Andrea, a German scholar, of the latter part of the sixteenth 
 century, whose object was to purify religion, which had been 
 degraded by the scholastic philosophy. Others think that 
 he only gave a new character to a society founded before 
 him, by Agrippa von Neltesheim. Krause says that Andrea 
 occupied himself from early youth with the plan of a secret 
 society for the improvement of mankind. In 1 614 he pub- 
 lished his famous "Reformation of the Whole Wide World," 
 and "Fama Fraiernilatis." Christian enthusiasts and alche-
 
 ROS. 331 
 
 mists considered tbe society, poetically described in those 
 books, as one really existing; and thus Andrei} became the 
 author of the later Rosicrucian fraternities, which extended 
 over Europe and were even brought into connection with 
 Freemasonry. Bailey, in his Dictionary, inclines to the 
 opinion that Rosenkreuz was the real founder of the order. 
 He says: "A German gentleman, educated in a monastery, 
 having learned the languages, traveled to the Holy Land 
 A. D. 1378, and being at Damascus, and falling sick, he had 
 heard the conversation of some Arabs and other Oriental 
 philosophers, by whom he is supposed to have been initiated 
 into this mysterious art. At his return into Germany he 
 formed a society, and communicated to its members the 
 secrets he had brought with him out of the East, and died in 
 1484. They were a sect or cabal of hermetical philosophers, 
 who bound themselves together by a solemn secret which 
 they swore inviolably to observe, and obliged themselves, at 
 their admission into the order, to a strict observance of 
 certain established rules. They pretended to know all 
 sciences, and especially medicine, of which they published 
 themselves the restorers; they also claimed to be masters of 
 important secrets, and, among others, that of the philosopher's 
 stone ; all which they affirmed they had received by tradition 
 from the ancient Egyptians, Chaldeans, Magi and Gymnoso- 
 phists. They pretended to protract the period of human life, 
 by means of certain nostrums, and even to restore youth. 
 They are also called the Invisible Brothers, because they 
 have made no appearance, but have kept themselves incog. 
 for several years." Notwithstanding the flippant descrip- 
 tion of Bailey, and the vile calumniations of Barruel, the 
 Order of the Rosy Cross was eminently respectable, and its 
 purposes praiseworthy. Its ideas, like those of the Illuminati 
 were in advance of the age, and, however objectionable tc 
 such advocates of political and religious despotism, as Rob- 
 ison, Barruel, et aL, are precisely those principles which 
 we, as a nation, have embodied in our institutions and laws, 
 and of which we are justly proud. The Rosicrucians did 
 fraternize with the Freemasons, and it was a very respect- 
 able companionship. The twenty-eighth degree of Free- 
 masonry must have been composed by Freemasons who 
 were also members of the Order of the Rosy Cross. The 
 ritual of the Rosicrucians had nine degrees: 1. Zelator; 
 2. Thericus; 3. Practicus; 4. Philosophus; 5. Adeptus Junior; 
 6. Adeptus Major ; 7. Adeptus Exemptus : 8. Magister ; 
 9. Magus. From this Order originated the " German," 
 " Gold Rose-Croix," and also the " Asiatic Brothers." The 
 Masonic degree of "Sovereign Prince of Rose-Croix" has no 
 connection with the Rosicrucians.
 
 332 ROT. 
 
 ROYAL ARCH. Sometimes, and more properly, called 
 the HOLY ROYAL AUCH. The fourth of the series oi degrees 
 conferred in a Royal Arch Chapter, and the seventh in grade 
 known as the York rite, as practiced in the order wherever 
 that rite is established. Dr. Oliver says that it is " a degree 
 indescribably more august, sublime and important than any 
 which precede it; and is, in fact, the summit and perfection 
 of ancient Masonry. It impresses on our minds a belief in 
 the being of God, without beginning of days or end of years, 
 the great and incomprehensible Alpha and Omega, and 
 reminds us of the reverence which is due to his Holy Name." 
 The late distinguished brother, Salem Town, has left on 
 record a brief summary of the symbolism inculcated in 
 Capitular Masonry. " In advancing to the fourth degree," 
 he says, "the good man is greatly encouraged to persevere 
 in the ways of well-doing even to the end. He has a name 
 which no man knoweth save he that receiveth it. if, there- 
 fore, he be rejected, and cast forth among the rubbish of 
 the world, he knows full well the Great Master Builder of 
 the universe, having chosen and prepared him as a lively 
 stone in that spii'itual building in the heavens, will bring 
 him forth with triumph, while shouting grace, grace to his 
 divine Redeemer. Hence opens the fifth degree, where he 
 discovers his election to, and his glorified station in, the 
 kingdom of his Father. Here he is taught how much the 
 chosen ones are honored and esteemed by those on earth, 
 who discover and appreciate the image of their common 
 Lord. This image being engraven on his heart, he may look 
 forward to those mansions above, where a higher and most 
 exalted seat has been prepared for the faithful, from the 
 foundation of the world. With these views the sixth degree 
 is conferred, where the riches of divine grace are opened in 
 boundless prospect. Every substantial good is clearly seen 
 to be conferred through the great atoning sacrifice. In the 
 seventh degree the good man is truly filled with heartfelt 
 gratitude to his heavenly benefactor, for all those wonderful 
 deliverances wrought out for him while journeying through 
 the rugged paths of human life. Great has been his re- 
 demption from the Egypt and Babylon of this world. * * * 
 Such is the moral and religious instruction derived from the 
 order of the Masonic degrees." This degree brings to light 
 many important matters of great interest to the Craft, which 
 were, for' the space of four hundred and seventy years, buried 
 in darkness, and without a knowledge of which the Masonic 
 character cannot be complete. The incidents on which the 
 degree is founded, may, in part, be understood from the 
 following brief statement: Soon after the close of Solomon's
 
 ROY. 333 
 
 glorious reign, the kingdom of Jerusalem the house ol 
 David, was divided. Ten of the tribes separated themselves, 
 and took the name of the kingdom of Israel, leaving the 
 tribes of Judah and Benjamin to constitute the kingdom of 
 Judah. Each of these two kingdoms suffered a distinct 
 captivity. That of Israel is called the Assyrian, and that of 
 Judah the Babylonish captivity; only in the latter captivity 
 is our subject interested. The Jews being thus divided, in 
 the reigns of Jehoiachin and Zedekiah, Nebuchadnezzar, 
 king of the Chaldees, then reigning at Babylon, with a large 
 army, laid seige to Jerusalem, and after a severe struggle 
 reduced it. He caused the city to be leveled to the ground, 
 the royal palace to be burned, the temple pillaged, and the 
 inhabitants carried captive to Babylon.* They remained in 
 captivity for seventy years, or until the time of Cyrus, king 
 of Persia, who, in the first year of his reign, issued his 
 proclamation, which liberated the Hebrew captives, and per- 
 mitted them to return to Jerusalem, lo " rebuild the city and 
 house of the Lord." The circumstances connected with the 
 captivity of the Jews, its termination, their liberation, and 
 their return over the rough and rugged roads to the ancient 
 city of their fathers, the holy cause in which they were 
 engaged that of rebuilding the temple the labors per- 
 formed, and the valuable discoveries brought to light by 
 the zealous workmen, with many other equally interesting 
 incidents are rehearsed in the degrees of the Royal Arch, 
 Knights of the Red Cross, and Knights of the East and 
 West. The children of Judah, after their arrival at 
 Jerusalem, erected a tabernacle, similar in form to that of 
 Moses. Tradition, however, informs us that the tabernacle 
 of Zerubbabel differed from that of Moses in many par- 
 ticulars. The most Holy Place of the original tabernacle 
 contained the ark of the covenant, the table of shew-bread 
 and the golden candlestick, and the whole structiire was 
 designed for the worship of God. That of Zerubbabel was 
 used as a temporary place of worship, and the sanctuary was 
 also used for the meetings of the Grand Council, consisting 
 of Joshua, Zerubbabel and Haggai. This tabernacle, accord- 
 ing to the Masonic tradition, was divided into apartments 
 by cross vails of blue, purple, scarlet and white, at which 
 guards were stationed. The ostensible object of the degree 
 is to recover the lost word the Master Mason being 
 
 *A Masonic tradition informs \is that the captive Jews were bound by 
 their conquerors with triangular chains, and that this was done by the 
 Chaldeans as an additional insult, because the Jewish Masons were 
 known to esteem the triangle as an emblem of the sacred name of God, 
 and must have considered its appropriation to the form of their fetters 
 as a desecratior. of the Tetragraininaton.

 
 ROY. 335 
 
 in a secret vault, which for a period of nearly five centuries 
 was unknown, it being beneath the first temple, and brought 
 to light by the workmen who were sent to prepare the 
 foundation for the second temple. The degrees conferred 
 and composing the system of Royal Arch Masonry are: 
 I. Mark Master; 2. Past Master; 3. Most Excellent Master; 
 4. Royal Arch. The officers are : 1. The High-Priest, whose 
 title is Most Excellent, who represents Joshua, the first High- 
 Priest of the Jews, after their return from the Babylonian 
 captivity; 2. The King, whose title is Excellent, represents 
 Zerubbabel, a Prince of Judah, who was the leader of the 
 first colony of Jews that returned from the captivity to rebuild 
 the temple; 3. The Scribe, whose title is, also, Excellent, repre- 
 sents Haggai, the prophet; 4. The Captain of the Host, who 
 represents the general of the troops; 5. The Principal 
 Sojourner, represents the leader of a party of Jews, who 
 sojourned in Babylon for a time after the departure of Zerub- 
 babel with the main body, and who subsequently came up 
 to Jerusalem to assist in rebuilding the temple; (>. The 
 Royal Arch Captain, represents the captain of the king's 
 guards ; 7. Grand Master of the Third Vail; 8. Grand 
 Master of the Second Vail ; 9. Grand Master of the First 
 Vail ; 10. Treasurer ; 11. Secretary ; 12. Sentinel ; and a 
 Chaplain may be appointed. The jewels of a Chapter are 
 of gold or yellow metal, within a triangle, and suspended 
 from a collar. The symbolic color of the Royal Arch degree 
 is scarlet. Candidates receiving the degree are said to be 
 "exalted to the most sublime degree of the Royal Arch." 
 A Royal Arch Chapter represents the Tabernacle erected by 
 our ancient brethren near the ruins of King Solomon's 
 Temple. Chapters are dedicated to Zerubbabel. The 
 appropriate badge and clothing of a Royal Arch Mason, 
 are a jewel, an apron and a sash. The jewel, worn on 
 the left breast, suspended from a scarlet ribbon, is a 
 double triangle within a circle; in the center of the two 
 triangles a sun with diverging rays, within a triangle, 
 and underneath, or suspended to this, the triple tau. On 
 ,the intersecting triangles and outer circle the following 
 Words are engraved on the obverse on the circle, "Si 
 talia jungere possis sit tibi scire satis" If you are able to 
 unite these things your knowledge is sufficient. On the tri- 
 angles " E&p^Ka/zev," " Invenimus " We have found it; 
 " Cultor Dei" JJ WW<//> of God; " Civis Mundi" Citizen of the 
 world. On the ribbon undor the circle, "Nil nisi clavis deest" 
 Nothing is wanting except *he key. Reverse on the circle: 
 "Deo, Civitati, Fratribus, Honor, Fidelitas, Benevolentia" 
 For God* for the State, for the Brethren, Honor, Fidelity, Benev-
 
 336 
 
 BOY. 
 
 olence. On the triangles Wisdom, Peace, Strength, Concord, 
 Truth, Beauty. On the ribbon under the circle Exalted, 
 (with date). The intersecting triangles denote the elements 
 
 of fire and water, the circle, infinity and eternity, and the sun 
 within the triangle is an emblem of Deity. So important is 
 the triple tau considered, that it is called "the emblem of 
 all emblems, and the grand emblem of Royal Arch Ma- 
 sonry." The apron is of white lambskin (13x15 inches, or 
 
 nearly square,) lined and bound with scarlet, or lined with 
 scarlet and bound with blue and scarlet tesselated; on the 
 flap the triple tau within a triangle, and all within a circle, 
 as delineated in the engraving. The sash, worn from right 
 to left, is the tesselated blue and scarlet ribbon, four inches 
 wide, with no ornament except a metal or embroidered 
 triple tau, triangle and circle, at the crossing. "The true
 
 ROY. 337 
 
 origin of the Eoyal Arch is an important question that has 
 lately engaged the attention of Masonic writers. Seme have 
 asserted that it was brought by the Templars from the Holy 
 Land; others say that it was established as a part of Templar 
 Masonry in the sixteenth century; and others again assert 
 that it was unknown before the year 1780. Dr. Oliver, in a 
 work of profound research on this subject, says that 'there 
 exists sufficient evidence to disprove all their conjectures, 
 and to fix the era of its introduction to a period which 
 is coeval with the memorable schism among the English 
 Masons about the middle of the last century.'* It seems to 
 me as the result of a careful examination of the evidence 
 adduced, that, before the year 1740, the essential element of 
 the Royal Arch constituted a part of the third degree, and 
 that about that year it was severed from that degree and 
 transferred to another, by the schismatic body calling itself 
 'the Grand Lodge of England according to the old Consti- 
 tutions. '"f It may now be said that never before since the 
 existence of the order was there so general a demand among 
 intelligent Masons for veritable and substantial information 
 on the history of Freemasonry, particularly in regard to 
 this branch of the order. For more reliable information 
 the reader is referred to the most valuable work on the 
 subject of Royal Arch Masonry that has ever been published 
 in this country.J 
 
 *" Some Account of the Schism which took place during the last 
 century among the Free and Accepted Masons in England, showing the 
 Presumed Origin of the Eoyal Arch Degree." 
 
 f MACKEY'S Lexicon of Freemasonry. 
 
 " The date of the organization ot this body has been variously stated. 
 Dr. MACKEY gives the date as 1739. PIERSON, in his ' Traditions,' gives 
 it as having occurred about 1753. PRESTON asserts that the secedera 
 continued to hold their meetings without acknowledging a superior luitil 
 the year 1771, when they chose for their Grand Master the Duke of 
 Athol, then Grand Muster elect of Scotland. SANDYS, in his 'Short 
 View,' says they (.the ancieuts) established their Grand Lodge in London 
 in 1757. In certain testimony taken by a commission in England, for use 
 in the New York Masonic difficulty some years since, Bro. WHITE, at 
 that time the Venerable Grand Secretary of the Grand Lodge of England, 
 says, under oath, in answer to a question, that the Athol or Awtittit 
 Grand Lodge was formed in 1752. This ought to settle the question."- 
 GOULD. 
 
 t Guide to the Royal Arch Chapter: a complete Monitor for Royal 
 Arch Masonry; with full instructions in the degrees of Mark Master, 
 Past Master, Most Excellent Master and Royal Arch, according to the 
 text of the Manual of the Chapter. By JOHN SHEVILLE, P. G. H. P. , and 
 JAMES L. GOULD, G. H. P. Together with a Historical Introduction, 
 Explanatory Notes and Critical Emendations. To which are a^.ded 
 Monitorial Instructions in the Holy Order of High Priesthood in Royal 
 Arch AiAsourv. with the Ceremonies of the Order.
 
 338 EOT. 
 
 ROYAL AECH CAPTAIN. An officer in a Chapter of the 
 Royal Arch degree. He represents the Captain of the King's 
 Guards. His station is in front of the Council, and at the 
 entrance of the fourth vail. His duties, in some respects, are 
 similar to those of the Junior Deacon in the Symbolic Lodge. 
 
 ROYAL ARCH OF ENOCH. The same as the degree of 
 Knights of the Ninth Arch. 
 
 ROYAL MASTER, The first of the degrees in the Council, 
 or Cryptic system. It is immediately associated with the 
 degree of Select Master, and, with it, is explanatory of the 
 Royal Arch degree, and was originally conferred in a Chap- 
 ter of Royal Arch Masons. Its ritual is highly interesting. 
 
 ROYAL ORDER OF SCOTLAND. This is an order com- 
 
 ?osed of two parts, viz: that of H.-R.-M. and R.-S.-Y. C.-S. 
 he former took its rise in the reign of David L, King of 
 Scotland, and the latter in that of King Robert the Bruce. 
 The last is believed to have been originally the same as the 
 Most Ancient Order of the Thistle, and to contain the cere- 
 monial of admission formerly practiced in it. The Order of 
 H.-R.-M. had formerly its chief seat at Kil winning; and 
 there is reason to suppose that it and the Grand Lodge of 
 St. John's Masonry were governed by the same Grand 
 Master. The introduction of this order into Kilwinning 
 appears to have taken place about the same, or nearly the 
 same period as the introduction of Freemasonry itself into 
 Scotland. The Culdees, as is well known, introduced 
 Christianity into Scotland, and, from their known habits, 
 there were good grounds for believing that they preserved 
 among them a knowledge of the ceremonies and precautions 
 adopted for their protection in Judea. In establishing this 
 degree in Scotland, it is more than probable that it was 
 done with the view to explain, in a correct Christian manner, 
 the symbols and rites employed by the Christian Architects 
 and Builders; and this will also explain how the Royal Order 
 is purely catholic, not Roman Catholic, but adapted to all 
 who acknowledge the great truths of Christianity, in the 
 eame way that Craft or Symbolic Masonry is intended for 
 all, whether Jew or Gentile, who acknowledge a Supreme 
 God. The second part, or R.-S.-Y. C.-S., is an order of 
 knighthood, and perhaps the only genuine one in connec- 
 tion with Masonry, there being in it an intimate connection 
 between the sword and the trowel. The lecture consists of 
 a figurative description of the ceremonial both of H.-R.-M. 
 and R.-S.-Y. C.-S., in simple rhyme, modernized, of course, 
 by oral tradition, and breathing tbo, purest spirit of Chris-
 
 CUYPT. UOYA1, MASTER.
 
 RUL SAL 341 
 
 tianity. These two degrees constitute, as has been already 
 said, the Royal Order of Scotland. Lodges or Chapters 
 cannot legally meet elsewhere, unless possessed of a charter 
 from it, or by dispensation from the Grand Master or his 
 Deputy. The office of Grand Master is vested in the person 
 of the King of Scotland, (now of Great Britain,) and one seat 
 is invariably kept vacant for him, in whatever country a Chap- 
 ter is open, and cannot be occupied by any other member. 
 
 RULE. A well-known instrument by which measurements 
 are made or straight lines are drawn. It is employed as an 
 important emblem in the degree of Past Master, admonish- 
 ing the newly-elected Master to punctually observe his duty, 
 press forward in the path of virtue, and, neither inclining to 
 the right nor to the left, in all his actions to have eternity 
 in view. 
 
 8. 
 
 SAINT JOHN THE ALMONER, born at Cypress, A. D. 
 550, was made patriarch of Alexandria, A. D. 606, and died 
 Nov. 11, 616. He has no connection with Freemasonry, and 
 is mentioned here merely because Commanderies of Knights 
 Templar and the 30th degree (Kadosh), Ancient and Ac- 
 cepted rite, claim that it is to him, and not to St. John the 
 Baptist and St. John the Evangelist, that Masonic bodies 
 are dedicated. " Celui a qui elles sont dediees est St. Jean 
 I'aumonier, qui etait le Grand Maitre des chevaliers de St. Jean 
 de Jerusalem, au xiii e siede, et qui a toujours ete le plus bel 
 ornement de I'Ordre, et le patron des Templiers."* It requires 
 no little credulity, and some imagination, to believe that a 
 man who died A. r>. 616 was Grand Master of the Knights of 
 St. John A.D. 1250! 
 
 SAINT JOHN THE BAPTIST, DISCIPLES OF. A society 
 which has existed in Asia for many hundred years, but the 
 exact date of its origin is unknown. Tradition asserts that it 
 was founded by the immediate disciple of John the Baptist, 
 who fled from Judea directly after the latter was beheaded. 
 Their religious and philosophical doctrines have a mystical 
 character. Their moral system is pure and elevated, and 
 the highest virtues are inculcated and rigidly practiced. 
 Their priests are divided into three degrees. They have 
 some peculiarities which remind one of the early Christian 
 Brotherhood, especially their "Agape," or love-feast, which 
 is the prototype of the Masonic Table-lodge. 
 
 * "He to whom they are dedicated is St. John the Aimoner, who wae 
 the Grand Master of the Knights of St. John of Jerusalem, in the I3tb 
 century, and who was always the greatest ornament of the order knd 
 patron of the Templars." 
 
 29
 
 SAI SCA. 
 
 SAINT JOHN THE BAPTIST, KNIGHT OF. A division of 
 ffemplar Masonry which, toward the end of the last century 
 flrose in Ireland, flourished for a brief period, and then 
 became extinct. ^ 
 
 SAINT JOHN, FAVORITE OF. The 7th degree of the Swedish 
 rite, and also of the imperial Grand Lodge of Prussia. Oliver 
 calls it the 6th in the series comprised in the degrees of the 
 Knights of the East and West. 
 
 SAINT JOHN, or HOLY SAINT JOHN OF JERUSALEM. This 
 expression, so common in our Lodges, is, by its needless 
 tautology, offensive alike to the ear and to a refined literary 
 taste. Holy and Saint are the same word, both signifying 
 the same thing. The French Masons do not say "Saint 
 Saint Jean," nor in the German Lodges do we hear the phrase, 
 "Heiligen Saint, i. e., Heiligen Johann," but simply "Saint 
 Jean," and "Heiligen Johann." 
 
 SAINTS JOHN, FESTIVALS OF. The 24th of June is conse- 
 crated to Saint John the Baptist, and the 27th of December 
 to Saint John the Evangelist. It is the duty of Masons to 
 assemble on these days, and by a solemn invocation of the 
 past, renew the ties and strengthen the fraternal bonds that 
 bind the present to the brotherhood of the olden time. 
 
 SAMAKITAN, GOOD. An androgynous degree in Masonry. 
 It is an impressive and interesting degree, founded on the 
 well-known parable. It is communicated to the wives of 
 Royal Arch Masons. 
 
 SANCTUARY. That part of the Temple at Jerusalem 
 which was the most secret and most retired; in which was 
 the ark of the covenant, and wherein none but the High- 
 Priest might enter, and he only once a year, on the day of 
 holy expiation. The same name was also given to the most 
 sacred part of the Tabernacle, set up in the wilderness, 
 which remained until some time after the building of the 
 Temple. 
 
 SCANDINAVIAN MYSTERIES. These rites were intro- 
 duced into the north of Europe, near the beginning of the 
 Christian era, by Sigge, a Sythian priest and chieftain, who 
 is known in the Northern mythology by the name of Odin. 
 The principal feature of the initiation seems to have been a 
 modified form of the Isianic rite. Balder was slain by Loke, 
 with a branch of mistletoe, and the initiation represented a 
 search for his body. The myth preserved in the " Ancient 
 Edda," which describes the descent of Odin into the regions 
 of Hela, seeking for his murdered son, conveys a very clear
 
 SCH SCO. 343 
 
 idea of the ceremony. The candidate meets with difficulties 
 and troubles of the most appalling kind, but finally reaches 
 the palace "roofed with golden shields," which resounds 
 with songs of triumph. Balder, physically, represents the 
 sun, and, morally, the truth, and Loke is a symbol of winter, 
 and also of evil. Thus here, again, is seen an attempt to 
 illustrate the everlasting conflict between Truth and Error, 
 Good and Evil, in which, after divers defeats, Truth and 
 Goodness gain the empire of the universe. 
 
 SCHRODER'S KITE. In 1766, a person bearing this 
 name established at Marburgh a Chapter of "True and 
 Ancient Rose-Croix Masons," which met with so much 
 success that he was encouraged to introduce into a Lodge 
 at Sarrebourg certain mystical and alchemistical degrees. 
 This system recognized the three symbolical degrees as the 
 foundation of Masonry, and, at one time, was considerably 
 disseminated. The rite is still acknowledged as legitimate 
 Masonry by the Grand Lodge of Hamburg, under which, it 
 is said, there are several Lodges now at work.* 
 
 SCOTCH MASON. In the French, or modern rite, the 
 fifth degree. It is intended to throw light on the events 
 which are the subject of the Royal Arch degree, and, iu 
 substance, is nearly identical with the degree of Select 
 Master. 
 
 SCOTCH RITE, more familiarly known as the Ancient 
 and Accepted Scottish rite. The degrees of this rite are, for 
 the most part, elaborated from the system invented by 
 Ramsay, who claimed that he found them in Scotland, where 
 
 *" Louis Schroder, of Hamburg, with Ignace Fessler, of Berlin, took 
 up the old English rituals, toward the end of the 18th century, and they 
 together determined to introduce them into the German Lodges, wherein 
 the higher degrees had become so dangerous. In their place they 
 do 'sired to introduce the Masonic degrees of Symbolism and Light. A pro- 
 found investigation as to the origin, genius and history of Freemasonry. 
 and an exposition of the different systems of the Lodges and of theii 
 higher degrees, necessarily awakened in the brethren a more general 
 desire to*eimplify the object and constitution of the society, and tc 
 guard for the future against the invasions of a mystical and dangerous 
 reverse. Schroder introduced these degrees without any ceremony ol 
 reception, so that they might not have even the appearance of the higher 
 degrees. Fessler preserved particular ceremonies. The latter, though 
 beautiful and solemn, resembled those of the Roman Catholic worship; 
 their founder, who probably retained a secret liking for it, being, perhaps, 
 unconscious of the Fast. The Grand Lodge of Hamburg constitiited 
 itself, according to the system of Schroder, at the beginning of the 
 present century; and many Lodges have since followed its example; as 
 also the Grand Lodge Royal York, of Friendship, at Berlin, has. since 
 1800, made great progress in propagating the system of Schroder with 
 the improvements of Fessler." BOBBICK. Hist, de la Fr. May.
 
 ,-544 
 
 SCO. 
 
 they had been planted by Knights of the Temple and of 
 Malta, on their return from Palestine. It is needless to say 
 that these pretensions have no foundation in truth. The 
 Councils and Lodges of this rite are governed by Supreme 
 
 f Grand Inspectors General, of which there are 
 two in tl!e United States, one at Charleston, S. C., and the 
 other at Boston, Mass. This rite is, next to the York, the 
 most extensively diffused throughout the Masonfc world. 
 It consists of thirty-three degrees, divided as follows: 
 
 7. ProTOst and Judge. 
 
 8. Intendant of the Building. 
 
 1). Elected Knights of the Nine. 
 
 10. Illustrious Elect of the Fifteen. 
 
 11. Sublime Knights Elected ol 
 the Twelve. 
 
 12. Grand Master Architect. 
 
 13. Knights of the Ninth Arch, 
 or Royal Arch of Solomon. 
 
 Symbolic Lodge. 
 
 1. Entered Apprentice. 
 
 2. Fellow-Craft. 
 
 3. Master Mason. 
 
 Lodge of Perfection. 
 
 4. Secret Master. 
 
 5. Perfect Master. 
 
 6. Intimate Secretary.
 
 SCK SEC. 
 
 345 
 
 14. Grand Elect, 
 Sublime Mason. 
 
 Perfect, and 
 
 Council of Princes of Jerusalem. 
 
 15. Knights of the Sword, of the 
 East, or of the Eagle. 
 
 16. Prince of Jerusalem. 
 
 Chapter of Rose-Oroix. 
 
 17. Knight of the East and West. 
 
 18. Knight of the Eagle, Knight 
 of the Pelican ; or, Sovereign Prince 
 Rose-Croix. 
 
 Consistory of Princes of the Royal 
 Secret. 
 
 19. Grand Pontiff; or, Sublime 
 Ecossais. 
 
 20. Venerable Grand Master of 
 all Symbolic Lodges. 
 
 21. Noachite; or, Prussian Knight. 
 
 22. Knight Royal Axe; or, Prince 
 of Libanus. 
 
 23. Chief of the Tabernacle. 
 
 24. Prince of the Tabernacle. 
 
 25. Knight of the Brazen Serpent 
 
 26. Prince of Mercy; or, Scottish 
 Trinitarian. 
 
 27. Sovereign Commander of the 
 Temple. 
 
 28. Knight of the Sun ; or, Princ* 
 Adept. 
 
 29lfcrand Scottish Kn't of St. An 
 drew; or, Patriarch of the Crusades. 
 
 30. Knight Kadosch. 
 
 31. Grand Inquiring Commander. 
 
 32. Sublime Prince of the Royal 
 Secret. 
 
 Supreme Council. 
 
 33. Sovereign Grand Inspector 
 General. 
 
 SCRIBE. Among the Jews, Scribes were officers of the 
 law. There were civil and ecclesiastical scribes. The former 
 were employed about any kind of civil writings or records. 
 The latter transcribed, studied and explained the Holy Scrip- 
 tures. In the traditions of the Eoyal Arch degree, Haggai, 
 the scribe, occupies an important place in the Council of the 
 Chapter, and should be regarded as the secretary of the king. 
 
 SECRECY. Freemasonry, in laying its foundations in 
 secrecy, follows the Divine order of Nature, where all that 
 is grand and beautiful and useful is born of night and 
 mystery. The mighty labors which clothe the earth with 
 fruits and foliage and flowers are " wrought in darkness." 
 The bosom of Nature is a vast laboratory, where the mys- 
 terious work of transmutation of substances is perpetually 
 going forward. There is not a point in the universe, the 
 edges of which do not touch the realms of night and silence. 
 God himself is environed with shadows, and " clouds and 
 darkness are round about his throne ;" yet his beneficence is 
 felt, and his loving Spirit makes itself visible through all 
 worlds. So Freemasonry works in secrecy, but its benignant 
 fruits are visible in all lands. Besides, this principle oi 
 secrecy furnishes a mysterious bond of unity and strength, 
 which can be found nowhere else. The objection often 
 urged against the Order on account of this peculiar feature 
 is too puerile to be considered. 
 
 SECRET SOCIETIES. All the great associations of an- 
 tiquity, the objects of which were to civilize and improve 
 the condition of mankind, were secret societies. They werf. 
 sailed "MYSTERIES." The mysteries of India, Egypt* Greece.
 
 346 SEC. 
 
 etc., we- re secret orders great educational institutions, 
 established for the advancement of men in wisdom and vir- 
 tue. The wide extension of the secret principle at the 
 present time, and the immense number of secret philan- 
 thropic societies which cover all lands, prove that there must 
 be some wants, universally felt, to which political institutions 
 do not respond; some elements of human nature not repre- 
 sented therein, w r hich are the cause and groundwork of these 
 secret orders. When society and governments are oppress- 
 ive or imperfect and all are imperfect, when they do not 
 provide for all the moral, intellectual, and physical needs of 
 men, the earnest, the loving, the hoping, who, dissatisfied 
 with the present, invoke the future; and the weak, who are 
 crushed to the earth by the oppressive laws which govern all 
 industrial arrangements, become disgusted with these con- 
 ditions, and fly to the embrace of some secret order, where a 
 higher ideal is revealed, and the prophecy of a better state is 
 announced. We conclude, then, that secret societies have 
 their origin in the deepest and most pressing wants of hu- 
 manity. They grow out of a social arrangement which is 
 unjust and unequal, and point forward to a time when justice 
 and love shall possess and govern the earth. 
 
 SECKET MASTER The 4th degree of the Ancient and 
 Accepted rite, and the first of the Ineffable degrees, conferred 
 in the Lodge of Perfection. The body is styled a Lodge. 
 The hangings are black, strewed with white tears. The 
 Lodge is illuminated with eighty-one lights, the square of 
 nine. On the altar the Book of Constitutions, closed; and 
 on that lies a key of ivory. No working-tools are used, for 
 the reason that the labors on the Temple are suspended 
 
 after the death of The Master represents King 
 
 Solomon, and is styled Puissant Master. The East repre- 
 sents the Holy of Holies of the first Temple at Jerusalem, 
 with its appropriate decorations and furniture. The sash 
 is a broad blue watered ribbon, worn from right to left. 
 The apron is white, edged with black; the flap is blue, 
 with an open eye embroidered or painted on it. Two 
 branches, one of laurel and the other of olive, cross each 
 uther in the middle of the apron, and at the crossing is the 
 letter Z, embroidered in gold. The gloves are white, turned 
 over, with black at the wrists. The jewel of the degree is an 
 ivory key, on which is engraved the letter Z, referring to 
 Zadoc, who was the High-Priest in the reigns of David and 
 Solomon. The duty of a Secret Master is to keep a careful 
 watch over the conduct of the Craft in general; to practice 
 virtiie, sbun vice, and remain in silence.
 
 jg~f / fc&f,:- : \ \ -_ ._! 
 
 SANCTUARY OF THE TEMPTS 
 SECRET MASTER.
 
 SEC-SIG. 
 
 SECRET MONITOR An interesting and useful side de- 
 gree, founded on the history of the covenant of friendship 
 which was entered into by David and Jonathan, an account 
 of which is given in the 1st book of Samuel, 20th chapter. 
 
 SELECT MASTER. The second degree in the Council 
 known as the Cryptical branch of Masonry. It accounts for 
 the concealment of important mysteries at the building of 
 the first Temple, which were preserved and brought to light 
 at the erection of the second Temple, and furnishes thj 
 history which connects the incidents of Ancient Craft Ma- 
 sonry with those of the Royal Arch. 
 
 SENSES. Man is brought into communication with the 
 external world by means of five senses, or organs of percep- 
 tion. Seeing, Hearing and Feeling are often referred to in 
 Masonic instructions. They are explained in the degree of 
 Fellow-Craft. 
 
 SENTINEL. In Chapters of Royal Arch Masons, and 
 Councils of some other degrees, the Tiler, or. guardian of the 
 door, bears this name. 
 
 SHIBBOLETH. The Hebrew word Ji^tC signifies an ear 
 of corn and a stream or flood of water. The name given to a 
 test or criterion by which the ancient Jews sought to dis- 
 tinguish true persons or things from false. The term 
 originated thus: After the battle gained by Jephthah over 
 the Ephraimites, (Judges xii.,) the Gileadites, commanded 
 by the former, secured all the passes of the river; and, on an 
 Ephraimite attempting to cross, they asked him if he was of 
 Ephraim. If he said no, they bade him pronounce the 
 word Shibboleth, which the Ephraimites, from inability to 
 give the aspirate, gave Sibboleth. By this means he was de- 
 tected as an enemy, and immediately slain. In modern 
 times this word has been adopted into political and other 
 organizations as a pass or watchword. 
 
 SIDE DEGREES. Certain degrees having no real con- 
 nection with Freemasonry, invented by enthusiastic brethren, 
 are thus designated. Some of them are conferred for their 
 supposed utility, and others for the harmless amusement 
 they afford. The degree of Secret Monitor belongs to the 
 first class, and that of the Knight of Constantinople to the 
 second. 
 
 SIGNET. A sign, token, or seal. Formerly, rulers had 
 seals or signets with which they invested their ministers, as 
 that they acted by royal authority. The signet oi
 
 350 SIX SOL 
 
 King Solomon, or rather of Hiram, kncwiv among Masons, 
 is said to have been a token of friendship which the King of 
 Tyre sent to the Hebrew monarch. 
 
 SIX PERIODS, THE GRAND ARCHITECT'S. God is said to 
 have created the earth in six days, and rested on the seventh. 
 The "Grand Architect's Six Periods" refer to that event. 
 Hence Masons are instructed to labor during the six days of 
 the week, and devote the seventh to rest, devotion and medi- 
 tation. These important periods in the world's history, and 
 the manifestation of the Almighty's power and goodness are 
 often and eloquently portrayed during the ceremonies of the 
 Fellow-Craft's degree. 
 
 SKIRBET. In the English ritual, one of the 
 working-tools of a Master Mason. It is an instru- 
 ment usually made of wood, shaped like a letter T, 
 and acts on a center pin, from which a line is drawn, 
 chalked and struck, to mark out the ground for the 
 intended edifice. In a speculative sense, it points 
 out that straight and undeviating line of conduct 
 laid down in the sacred volume. 
 
 SOLOMON. This celebrated monarch was the son of 
 David by Bathsheba, tnrotujn whose influence he inherited 
 ,he Jewish throne, in preference to his elder brothers. 
 During his long and peaceful reign from B. c. 1015 to 975 
 the Hebrews enjoyed their golden age. His remarkable 
 judicial decisions, and his completion of the political insti- 
 tutions of David, show<M a superiority of genius which 
 gained him the respecl t the people. By building the 
 Temple, which plays so jii.->ortant a role in the symbolism of 
 Freemasonry, exceeding as it did, in splendor and beauty, 
 all former works of architecture, he gave to the Hebrew 
 worship a magnificence that bound the people more closely 
 to the national rites. He was truly a great ruler; but, while 
 the Jews were naturally proud, of the glory which his great 
 qualities reflected on the nation, his enlarged and liberal 
 views with regard to intercourse with foreign peoples 
 deeply offended the national bigotry. The decorations of 
 the Temple were thought by many to be pagan emblems, 
 and, finally, they accused him openly of idolatry. Solo- 
 mon is often styled "the first Grand Master of Masons."' 
 This cannot be true. He might have been, and probably 
 was, the first Grand Master of Masons in Judea; for Masonry 
 was not known in that country until it was introduced by 
 the Masons of Tyre and Sidon, who built the Temple. Solo- 
 mon must have been made a Mason at that time, unless he
 
 SOU 353 
 
 had been previously admitted into the society at Tyre or 
 Sidon. To Solomon, however, belongs the honor of having 
 brought the Masonic institution to the knowledge of the 
 Hebrews, through the agency of the Tyrian architects. Yet 
 the society seems not to have made much progress among 
 that people, and even Solomon's great name and patronage 
 could not secure it from misrepresentation and persecution. 
 And this is not strange. A Jew of that age could not com- 
 prehend, much less appreciate, the cosmopolitan character 
 and liberal spirit of such an institution. Consequently, the 
 Masons called, in the Scriptures, Sidonians were often 
 the objects of bitter persecution. Of the writings ascribed 
 to Solomon, the " Proverbs," and the book entitled the 
 " Wisdom of Solomon," are the best. The latter Protestants 
 have unwisely pronounced apocryphal; for, in a purely reli- 
 gious point of view, it is the most instructive and valuable 
 book in the Old Testament series. 
 
 SORROW LODGES. In this country Lodges of Sorrow 
 are somewhat rare. They are, however, of very frequent 
 occurrence in Europe, particularly in Germany, where, 
 shortly after the death of a worthy brother, the " Trauer 
 Loge" is held, when the virtues, memory, and intellectual 
 qualifications are commemorated, and the funereal rites of 
 an impressive character ai - e performed. The custom is emi- 
 nently proper, and strictly in accordance with the fraternal 
 principles of Freemasonry, and one which should be as uni- 
 versal as the extent of the institution itself. On these occa- 
 sions the Lodge-room should be appropriately draped in 
 black, and the several stations covered with emblems of 
 mourning. On the Master's pedestal is a skull and lighted 
 taper. In the center of the room is placed a catafalque, 
 which consists of a rectangular platform, about six feet long 
 by four wide, on which are two smaller platforms, so that 
 three steps are represented. On the third one should be au 
 elevation of convenient height, on which is placed an urn. 
 The platform should be draped in black, and a canopy of 
 black drapery may be raised over the urn. (See engraving.) 
 At each corner of the platform will be placed a candlestick, 
 bearing a lighted taper, and near it, facing the East, will be 
 aeated a brother, provided with an extinguisher, to be used 
 at the proper time. During the first part of the ceremonies 
 the lights in the room should burn dimly. Arrangements 
 should be made to enable the lights to be increased to bril- 
 liancy at the appropriate point in the ceremony. On the 
 catafalque will be laid a pair of white gloves, a plain lamb- 
 skin apron, and, if the deceased brother had been an officer, 
 tbe appropriate insignia of his office. When the Lodge in 
 oO
 
 354 
 
 SOV. 
 
 held in memory of several brethren, shields bearing then 
 names are placed around the catafalque. Vocal and instru- 
 mental music are indispensable to the proper effect of the 
 ceremonies. Brethren should wear dark clothing 1 , and no 
 insignia but the white lambskin apron and white gloves. 
 
 SOVEREIGN COMMANDER OF THE TEMPLE, some- 
 times called KNIGHT COMMANDER OF THE TEMPLE, is the 27th 
 degree of the Ancient and Accepted rite. The assemblage 
 is called a Chapter. The degree is entirely chivalric. The 
 presiding officer is styled Commander-in Chief; the Wardens 
 are called Marshal and Turcopilier; the members are desig- 
 nated Knights Commanders. The hangings are scarlet, with 
 black columns at intervals, on each of which is a branch 
 holding a light. The hangings and columns are so arranged 
 as to give the room the form of a circle; in the center of 
 which is a large round table, covered with the emblems of 
 
 the degree; around the table the members sit. 
 
 In front of the East is a candelabrum, with 
 
 three circles of lights, one above the other. 
 
 In the upper circle are six lights; in the second 
 
 nine, and the third twelve. The jewel is :\ 
 
 golden triangle, on which 
 
 is engraved the letters I. N. 
 
 R. I.; it is suspended from 
 
 the collar, which is of white 
 
 watered ribbon, edged with 
 
 red; embroidered on each 
 side in black and gold, is the Teutonic 
 cross. This order was founded in 1190, in 
 Palestine, and on the 23d of February, 1192, 
 it was solemnly approved and confirmed by 
 Pope Celestine III. This was the origin of 
 the once famous military order of Teutonic Knights. All 
 the French writers who have investigated the history of this 
 degree concur in connecting it with the Knights Templars, 
 and it certainly has much of the character of that order, 
 Vassal expresses the following opinion of the degree: "The 
 27th degree does not deserve to be classed in the Scotch 
 rite as a degree, since it contains neither symbols or allego 
 ries that connect it with initiation. It deserves still less to 
 be ranked among tne philosophical degrees. I imagine that 
 it has been intercalated only to supply an hiatus, and as a 
 memorial of an order once justly celebrated." 
 
 SOVEREIGN GRAND INSPECTOR GENERAL. The 
 
 33d and ultimate degree of the Ancient and Accepted rite. 
 It is aot certainly known when or where this grade originated.
 
 SPH STA. 
 
 355 
 
 The theory which ascribes it to the King of Prussia has long 
 since been discarded by intelligent Masons. The number 
 of Inspectors in a kingdom or 
 republic must not exceed nine. 
 These organized in a body, consti- 
 tute the Supreme Council, which 
 claims jurisdiction over all the 
 Ineffable and Sublime degrees. 
 The presiding officer is styled 
 Sovereign Grand Commander. 
 The sash is white, edged with 
 gold, and suspended from the 
 right shoulder to the left hip. 
 At the bottom is a red and white 
 rose, and on the part crossing the 
 breast is a delta, with rays trans- 
 versed by a poniard, and in the 
 center the number 33. The jewel 
 is a black, double-headed eagle, 
 crowned, and holding a sword in his claws. The beak, 
 claws, crown and sword are of gold. The motto of the 
 degree is " Deus meumque jus," "God and my right." 
 
 SPHINX. In antiquity, an emblematical figure, composed 
 of the head and breasts of a woman, and the body of a lion, 
 and said to be the Egyptian symbol of mystery. This sup- 
 position arises most naturally from the 
 fact that these symbols are always found 
 at the entrance of the Egyptian temples. 
 Also, a fabulous monster, said to have 
 infested the country around Thebes. Ac- 
 cording to mythological history, its father 
 was Typhon, the gigantic son of Terra, 
 and it was sent by Juno to afflict the 
 Thebans, which it did by proposing enig- 
 matical questions to persons, whom it killed if they could not 
 expound them. The Egyptian Sphinx had no wings; these 
 appendages were added by the Greeks. As a symbol of 
 mystery, silence and antiquity, it has been adopted as a 
 Vlasonic emblem. 
 
 STANDARD. A staff with a flag or colors, under which 
 men are united or bound for some common purpose. From 
 the earliest antiquity all nations have been in the habit of 
 using peculiar standards or banners, by which they were 
 distinguished from each other in peace, and rallied to action 
 in war. The ancient Egyptians were, probably, the first to 
 adopt the use of the standard to distinguish their people or 
 a particular tribe during their wars, or wh^n performing
 
 856 
 
 STA. 
 
 STANDARD OF SYMBOLIC MASONRT. 
 
 their ceremonies publicly. They are frequently mentioned 
 in the Old Testament. The earliest Eoman standard waa 
 
 a bundle of straw fixed to the 
 top of a spear. This was suc- 
 ceeded by figures of animals 
 the horse, the boar, etc. all of 
 which soon gave place to the ea- 
 gle, which continued to be the 
 Boman ensign, and was after- 
 ward assumed by the German, 
 and since by the French empe- 
 rors of the Napoleonic dynasty. 
 Standards are frequently car- 
 ried in Masonic processions, 
 with appropriate devices paint- 
 ed or embroidered thereon. 
 The standard appropriate to 
 the Order, and that which is 
 designated as the principal or 
 general standard of symbolic 
 Masonry, is described as follows: 
 "The escutcheon, or shield on 
 the banner, is divided into four 
 compartments, or quarters, by a green cross, over which a 
 narrower one of the same length of limb, and of a yellow 
 color, is placed, forming what is called a cross vert voided or; 
 
 each of the compartments formed 
 by the limits of the cross is 
 occupied by a different device. 
 In the first quarter is placed a 
 golden lion, on a field of blue, 
 to represent the standard of the 
 tribe of Judah; in the second, 
 a black ox, on a field of gold, to 
 represent Ephraim ; in the third, 
 a man, on a field of gold, to 
 represent Reuben; and, in the 
 fourth, a golden eagle, on a 
 blue ground, to represent Dan. 
 Over all is placed, as the crest, 
 an ark of the covenant, and the 
 motto is ' Holiness to the Lord.' " 
 Besides this, there are six other 
 standards proper to be borne in 
 processions, the material oi 
 which must be white, bordered with blue fringe or ribbon, 
 and on each of which is inscribed one of the following words 
 
 BOTAL ARCH STANDARD.
 
 STA. 
 
 357 
 
 3RAND STANDARD OF KNIGHTS TEMPLAB. 
 
 FAITH, HOPE, CHARITY, WISDOM, STRENGTH, BEAUTY. In the 
 Royal Arch degree, as recognized in this country, there are 
 five standards. The Royal Arch Captain carries a white stand- 
 -, ard, which is emblematic of a 
 
 purity of heart, and rectitude of 
 conduct. The standard of the 
 Grand Master of the third rail 
 is scarlet, emblematic of ferven- 
 cy and zeal, and is the appro- 
 priate color of the Royal Arch 
 degree. The standard of the 
 Grand Master of the second vail 
 is purple, which is emblematic 
 of union, being a due mixture 
 of blue and scarlet, the appro- 
 priate colors of the Symbolic 
 and Royal Arch degrees; and 
 this teaches us to cultivate the 
 spirit of harmony and love be- 
 tween brethren of the Symbolic, 
 and companions of the Sublime 
 degrees, which should ever dis- 
 tinguish the members of a soci- 
 ety founded upon the principles 
 of everlasting truth, and universal philanthropy. The stand- 
 ard of the Grand Master of the first vail is blue, the peculiar 
 
 color of the Ancient Craft, or 
 Symbolic degrees, which is em- 
 blematic of universal friendship 
 and benevolence. In the Royal 
 Arch degree, as practiced in the 
 Chapters of England, twelve 
 standards are used, illustrating 
 the twelve tribes of Israel, which 
 are as follows: Judah, scarlet, a 
 lion couchant; Issachar, blue, 
 an ass crouching beneath its 
 
 IV ^ H burden; Zebulon, purple, a ship; 
 
 \\ Reuben, red, a man;* Simeon, 
 
 yellow, a sword; Gad, white, a 
 troop of horsemen; Ephraim, 
 green, an ox; Manassah, flesh- 
 colored, a vine by the side of a 
 wall; Benjamin, green, a wolf; 
 Dan, green, an eagle; Asher, 
 purple, a cup; Naphtali, blue, a 
 hind. The banner or grand standard of the Order of Masonic 
 knighthood is of white silk, six feet in height and five feet
 
 358 
 
 STA. 
 
 in width, made tripartite at the bottom, fastened at the top 
 to the cross-bar by nine rings; in the center of the standard, 
 a blood-red Passion Cross, edged with gold, over which is the 
 motto, "In hoc signo vinces," and under, "Non nobis Domine, 
 non nobis, sed Nomini tuo da Gloriam!" The cross to be 
 
 four feet high, and the upright 
 and bar to be seven inches wide. 
 On the top of the staff, a gilded 
 globe or ball, four inches in 
 diameter, surmounted by the 
 Patriarchal Cross, twelve inches 
 in height. The Beauseant, or 
 the battle-flag of the Ancient 
 Knights Templar, is of woolen or 
 silk stuff, six feet in height, and 
 five feet in width, made tripar- 
 tite at the bottom, fastened at 
 the top to the cross-bar by nine 
 rings. The upper half of the 
 standard is black, and the lower 
 half white. The grand standard 
 of the Ancient and Accepted 
 rite is of white silk, three-and-a- 
 half feet long, by two-and-a-half 
 feet wide, edged with gold, gold 
 fringe and tassels. In the cen- 
 
 gCOTTISH BITE. 
 
 ter, the double-headed eagle, under which, on a blue scroll, 
 the motto, in letters of gold, "Deus Meumque Jus." On the 
 upper part of a triangle, irradiated, the figures 33 in the 
 center. 
 
 STATISTICS OF FREEMASONRY. AJ though, strictly 
 speaking, this word " statistics " has reference to the present 
 condition, resources and influence of whatever nation or 
 society one may have under consideration, we shall depart a 
 little from these limits, and introduce a few items which we 
 deem important, that belong more properly to the history of 
 the institution. Masonry now has gained a foothold and 
 influence in nearly every country on*the face of the earth. 
 It exists to-day, and exercises an immense power in every 
 country of Europe; its Lodges cover the American continent, 
 are found in Northern and Southern Africa, in the East and 
 West indies; indeed, the Freemason can hardly travel into 
 any part of the world but he will find Lodges to receive 
 him, and fraternal sympathy and assistance, if he is sick or 
 in distress. In no country, however, excepting England and 
 Germany, has the Order a connected history reaching be- 
 yond the year of the revival, A. D. 1717. In the
 
 STA STK. S69 
 
 kingdom the records of the Fraternity have been so well 
 preserved that we gather from them a pretty correct view 
 of its administration and condition through a long period of 
 years. 
 
 STANDARD-BEARER. An officer in Grand Lodge; also 
 in a Commandery of Knights Templar. His duty is to have 
 charge of the banner of the order in processions. 
 
 STEWARDS' LODGE. The Grand Stewards' Lodge, in 
 some jurisdictions, is a kind of court of adjudication for 
 hearing complaints considering applications for charity 
 and, in some instances, trying and punishing Masonic 
 offenses. The Stewards' Lodge was founded in England, 
 1735, under the Grand Mastership of Lord Weymouth. It 
 was entitled to twelve representatives in the Grand Lodge. 
 
 ^ STRICT OBSERVANCE, RITE OF. This was the third 
 attempt at innovation upon the purer systems of Freema- 
 sonry by the Jesuits. It encouraged in its adepts the hope 
 of coming into possession of the wealth of the ancient 
 Templars. The chronological history of its Grand Masters 
 is nothing more than the history of the generals of the 
 Jesuits. It was established in Germany, in 1754, by Baron 
 von Hund (Charles Gotthelf), and a few of his associates. 
 Six degrees only were conferred. They were, 1. Apprentice; 
 2. Fellow Craft; 3. Master Mason; 4. Scotch Master; on 
 the trestle-board of this degree were represented a lion, 
 emblem of fearlessness, courage and calm fortitude; a fox, 
 the symbol of prudence; an ape, signifying the faculty of 
 imitation, and a sparrow-hawk, typical of swiftness. The 
 Scotch Master, having been found worthy of advancement, 
 was then received in the fifth degree as a Novice; and in the 
 sixth was created a Knight Templar. This latter degree 
 was divided into three branches, viz : Armiger, those who 
 were not of noble birth or rank ; Socii et Amid, or those who 
 were already Knights of some order, and Equites, or Knights. 
 Each Armiger, Socius or Eques, received on his initiation a 
 knightly name, coat of arms and motto. Von Hund after- 
 ward instituted a seventh degree, styled Eques Prqfessus, 
 which he surrounded with an unusual amount of mystery, 
 and conferred the degree on those only who could be of the 
 greatest service to him or his schemes. The whole of Europe 
 was apportioned into nine "Provinces," the seventh of which 
 included the northern part of Germany, between the Elbe 
 and Oder, The order was subordinate to a Grand Master, 
 who was supposed to be unknown to all, except a few of the 
 privileged knights, Von Hund being in reality the head of
 
 860 STB. 
 
 the order. The superior officer of each Province -rc as termed 
 " Heermeister" Von Hund assuming command of the seventh 
 Province, under the distinctive title of Carolus Eques ab Ense, 
 The Lodges were called Comnianderies, the Masters being 
 styled, " Commendatur domus." The Masters were subordinate 
 to the Prefects, and these again to Sub-priors and Priors. 
 The seats of these officers were called by names taken from 
 the rolls of the old Knights Templar and Knights of Malta. 
 The Preceptory of Hamburg was termed Foenack; Copen- 
 hagen, Eydendorp; Brunswick, Brunopolis, etc. Many plans 
 were concocted and attempted, in order to furnish a revenue 
 to these office-holders. While Von Hund was in Paris, he 
 actually contemplated the establishment of colonies in North 
 America and on the coast of Labrador, and afterward in 
 Russia. In 1768, he endeavored to dispose of his property 
 to the order, at a very low price, in order to furnish dwellings 
 for the officers, but, owing to the mistrust of the brethren, 
 the arrangement fell through, and this plan cost him more 
 than one-half his wealth. In 1766 a brother, by the name 
 of Schubarth, proposed a so-called "Economical Plan," by 
 which he proposed a regular system of graduated assess- 
 ments upon the Lodges, a sort of sliding-scale of fees, which, 
 on paper, presented a beautiful design and an enormous 
 result. The plan, however, failed, a large majority of the 
 brethren not being sufficiently credulous to embark in the 
 speculation. Some Lodges, however, who had, in accordance 
 with the plan, commenced the collection of a fund for the 
 above purpose, soon found themselves enabled to erect 
 handsome halls for their accommodation, and thus laid the 
 foundation for acquiring considerable property. Von Hund, 
 as " Heermeister" of the seventh Province, dwelt at Sonnen- 
 burg, on his own estates, from whence he governed Ins 
 Province and issued his decrees. This order was well 
 organized, gave proof of great strength and exercised a 
 powerful influence over all similar organizations during ite 
 existence throughout Europe. The Provincial Grand Lodge 
 of Hamburg, which had been constituted by the Grand 
 Lodge of England in 1740, went over to the Strict Observ- 
 ance in 1765, and each of its members was obliged to sign 
 an act of obedience, abjuring its former system of York 
 Masonry, and vowing implicit obedience and allegiance to 
 the superiors of the order. The latter, fearing lest they 
 might be persecuted in some way, as being the successors 
 of an order which had been abolished by royal command, 
 and desirous of insuring the existence of their order, began 
 now to look around for some noble patron. The first reign- 
 ing prince who acceded to their wishes was the Margrave
 
 STB. 361 
 
 Charles Alexander, of Bayreuth, who was received as Equea 
 a Munimento in 1766, and appointed as Protector Ordinis in 
 Franconia. He arranged elegant rooms in his chateau at 
 Anspach for the accommodation of the chapters, and had in 
 contemplation the restoration of the Order of the Swan, (an 
 order which flourished in the fifteenth century,) as a cloak 
 beneath which should be concealed the actual Order of 
 Templars. This plan was, however, suddenly abandoned, 
 for what reason is not known. In the year 1767, a certain 
 Dr. Stark, rejoicing in the cognomen of Frater Archidemides 
 ab aquilafulva, made his appearance at Wismar, and pretended 
 that he and some of his friends belonged to another branch 
 of the Templar order, viz: the Clerical or ecclesiastical branch, 
 who alone possessed the true secrets of the order, and that 
 he had been invested with full powers by his superiors to 
 take charge of the secular brethren. He exhibited a patent, 
 in which he was styled "fils etfrere des peres de lafamille des 
 Sgavans I'Ordre des Sages par tous les generations de I'univers," 
 and which empowered him to initiate those whom he deemed 
 worthy. The clerks, as they styled themselves, pretended to 
 be descendants of the pious Essenes, who employed them- 
 selves in the study of the secrets of nature, and who had 
 attained the highest perfection in this secret knowledge. 
 After the institution of the Order of the Temple in the Holy 
 Land, they became acquainted with some of the members 
 of that order, among whom was a nephew of St. Bernard, 
 by name Andreas Montisbarrensis. They then united with 
 this order, obtained a rule from St. Bernard, and chose 
 Andreas as> their first ecclesiastical Prior. These clerical 
 brethren became the guardians of the laws and mysteries 
 -of the order, and to them mainly was due its future im- 
 portance and wealth. At the dissolution of the order, their 
 most secret documents and treasures were rescued by the 
 Knight John Eures, and a part of these were still in their 
 possession. Stark brought with him rituals, instructions, 
 and other manuscripts, interlarded with Latin and old 
 French sentences, which he pretended to have received in 
 Auvergne, and which contained the forma and ceremonies of 
 initiation of the Novices and Knights, as practiced in the 
 French and Italian provinces. At that date, however, 
 (1765-73,) no trace of the Strict Observance was to be found 
 in those countries. It is most likely that Stark received his 
 knowledge of the higher degrees in St. Petersburg, (1763- 
 65,) and manufactured the rituals to suit himself. Toward 
 the end of the year 1770, Duke Ferdinand, of Brunswick, 
 was initiated as sodi et amid into the Strict Observance, or 
 so-called Order of Templars ; and, in the following year.
 
 362 SUB. 
 
 his brother, the reigning Duke Charles, was likewise initiated. 
 These initiations reanimated the spirit of the whole order, 
 which had for some time shown signs of being about to fall 
 to pieces. In May, 1772, a general convention of the officers 
 and deputies of the seventh Province was held at Kohlo, at 
 which the clerical branch was also represented. Von Hund, 
 by request, presented his patent, which, although no one was 
 able to decipher, was pronounced genuine. The clerical 
 branch was acknowledged by an act of union, signed on 
 either part, and Duke Ferdinand was chosen Magnus Superior 
 Ordinis and Grand Master of all the United Scottish Lodges. 
 The ritual of the first four degrees, as practiced in the 
 united Lodges, was adopted, the explanation of the same 
 being made to conform with the actual object of the order. 
 A directory, under the title of a capitular government, was 
 also established at Dresden, in order to lighten the labors 
 of the Heermeister, Von Hund. The seventh Province was 
 now fully organized; up to this time it had been the only 
 one. In 1773, Major Von Weiler, a spica aurea, went to 
 France, and instituted at Strasburgh. the fifth province, 
 Burgundy; at Lyons, the province Auvergne; and at Mont- 
 pelier, the third Province, Occitania; the principal seat, 
 however, remained at Bordeaux. All these provinces recog- 
 nized the Duke Ferdinand as Grand Master. In 1776, Von 
 Hund instituted the eighth Province of Southern Germany, 
 and constituted several Prefectures. In 1775, a convention 
 was held at Brunswick, at which Prince Charles of Hesse 
 was acknowledged as Protector Ordinis, and the capitulary 
 government was transferred to Brunswick for three years. 
 Von Hund, having a presentiment of his approaching end, 
 confided to the Duke Ferdinand all his papers, correspond- 
 ence, and the rolls and registers of the order, and on the 
 7th November, 1776, he died. 
 
 SUBLIME. The Master Mason's degree is thus styled on 
 account of the grand and sublime doctrines it teaches. 
 
 SUBLIME GKAND LODGE. A term applied to the 
 Lodge of Perfection. 
 
 SUBLIME KNIGHT ELECT, sometimes called TWELVE 
 ILLUSTIIIOUS KNIGHTS. The llth degree of the Ancient and 
 Accepted rite. This degree completes the series of Elect 
 degrees, viz: Elect of Nine, Elect of Fifteen and Sublime 
 Knight Elect. The legend of this degree specifies that 
 after vengeance had been taken on the traitors, Solomon, to 
 reward those wh:> had remained faithful to their trust, as 
 well as to make room for the exaltation of others to the
 
 SUB. 
 
 degree of Elect of Fifteen, appointed twelve of these latter, 
 chosen by their companions, to constitute a new degree, on 
 which he bestowed the title of Sublime Elect, and endowed 
 them with a certain command to provide supplies for the 
 king and his household; to see that the taxes were fairly 
 assessed; to superintend the collection of the revenue; and 
 to protect the people against rapacity and extortion of the 
 tax-gatherers. In this degree is shadowed forth the great 
 principle free constitutions, without which liberty would 
 often be but a name the trial by jury of twelve men, whose 
 unanimous verdict is necessary to convict of crime. The 
 assembly is called a Chapter. It is lighted with twelve 
 lights, by threes, in the East, "West, North, and South; each 
 three forming an equilateral triangle. The presiding officer 
 represents King Solomon, and is styled Thrice Illustrious 
 Sovereign; the two Wardens are styled Inspectors; the 
 Chapter consists of twelve members only. The apron is 
 white, lined, edged and fringed with black, and the flap is 
 black. In the middle of the apron is painted or em- 
 broidered a flaming heart. The sash is a black ribbon, 
 worn from right to left, and on which, over the breast, ia 
 painted or. embroidered, a flaming heart; and over that 
 the words, Vincere aut Mori. The jewel is a sword, worn 
 suspended to the sash. 
 
 SUBLIME PRINCE OF THE ROYAL SECRET. The 
 32 d degree of the Ancient and Accepted rite, and for many 
 years, or until the institution of the 33d degree, this was the 
 highest degree, or ne plus ultra of Masonry. The body 18 
 styled a Consistory, and should be held in a building of two 
 stories. The officers are, a Thrice Illustrious Commander, 
 First and Second Lieutenants, a Minister of State, a Grand 
 Chancellor, a Grand Treasurer, a Grand Secretary, ard a 
 Grand Captain of the Guard. In the East is a throne.
 
 364 
 
 SUP. 
 
 elevated on seven steps, which is the seat of the Thrice 
 Illustrious Commander, who wears a robe of royal purple, 
 and he and the Lieutenants, wear swords. The collar of 
 this degree is black, lined with scarlet, and in the center, at 
 the point, a double-headed eagle, of silver or gold, on a red 
 Teutonic cross. The apron is of white satin, with a border of 
 gold lace, one inch wide, lined with scarlet; on the flap is a 
 double-headed eagle, on each side of which is the flag of the 
 country in which the body is located, the flag of Prussia and 
 the Beauseant of the Kadosh degree; on the apron is the 
 camp of the Crusaders, which is thus explained; it is com- 
 ~osed of an enneagon, within which is inscribed a heptagon, 
 within that a pentagon, and in the center an equilateral 
 triangle, within which is a circle. Between the heptagon 
 and pentagon are placed five standards, in the designs of 
 which are five letters, which form a particular word. The 
 first standard is purple, on which is emblazoned the ark of 
 the covenant, with a palm tree on each side; the ark has the 
 motto Laus Deo. The second is blue, on which is a lion, of 
 gold, couchant, holding in his mouth a golden key, with a 
 collar of the same metal on his neck, and on it is the device, 
 Ad mqjorem Dei gloriam. The third is white, and displays a 
 heart in flames, with two wings; it is surmounted by a crown 
 of laurels. ' The fourth is green, and bears a double-headed 
 black eagle, crowned, holding a sword in his right claw, and 
 a bleeding heart in his left. The fifth bears a black ox, on a 
 field of gold. On the sides of the enneagon are nine tents, 
 with flags, representing the divisions 
 of the Masonic army; on the angles 
 are nine pinions, of the same color 
 as the flag of the tent that precedes 
 it. The hall of the Consistory is 
 hung with black, strewed with tears, 
 of silver. The jewel is a double- 
 headed white and black eagle, rest- 
 ing on a Teutonic cross, of gold, 
 worn attached to the collar or rib- 
 bon. The members are called Sub- 
 lime Princes of the Royal Secret. 
 The moral of the degree teaches 
 opposition to bigotry, superstition, JEWEL. 
 
 and all the passions and vices which disgrace human nature. 
 
 EXCELLENT MASTER. A degree formerly 
 in councils of Royal and Select Masters. Its 
 
 SUPER 
 
 conferred 
 
 legend is associated with circumstances that occurred at the 
 
 destruction of the first temple. Its presiding officer is styled
 
 SWE. 365 
 
 Most Excellent King, and represents Zedekiah, the last King 
 of Israel. It is occasionally conferred in a Koyal Arch 
 Chapter as an honorary degree. 
 
 SWEDENBORG, BITE OF. This rite was established by 
 Emanuel Swedenborg, the eminent philosopher, who was 
 born at Stockholm,- January 29, 1688, and died at London, 
 March 29, 1772.* His rite was composed of eight degrees, 
 divided into two Temples. The first Temple contained the 
 degrees of Apprentice, Fellow-Craft, Master and Elect. The 
 doctrines of these degrees related to the creation of man, 
 his disobedience and punishment, and the penalties inflicted 
 on the body and soul; all of which is represented in the 
 initiation. The second Temple comprises the degrees of 
 Companion Cohen, Master Cohen, Grand Architect and 
 Knight Commander, and Kadosh. The enlightened Mason 
 
 * SWEDENBOBG was well versed in the ancient languages ; philosophy, 
 metaphysics, mineralogy and astronomy were equally familiar to him. 
 He devoted himself to profound researches in regard to the mysteries of 
 Freemasonry, wherein he had been initiated; and in what he wrote 
 respecting it, he established that the doctrines of the institution came 
 from those of the Egyptians, Persians, Jews and Greeks. He endeavored to 
 reform the Roman Catholic religion, and his doctrines were adopted by a 
 great number of persons in Sweden, England, Holland, Kussia, Germany, 
 and lastty, in the United States. His religious system is expounded 
 in the book entitled " The Celestial Jerusalem, or the Spiritual World." 
 If we are to believe him, he wrote it from the dictation of angels, who, 
 for that purpose, appeared to him at fixed periods. Swedenborg divided 
 the Spiritual World, or the Heavenly Jerusalem, into three Heavens; the 
 upper, or third Heaven ; the Spiritual, or second, which is in the middle, 
 and the lower or first, relatively to our world. The dwellers in the 
 third Heaven are the most perfect among- the angels; they receive the 
 chief portion of the divine influences immediately from God, whom they 
 see face to face. God is the sun of the invisible world. From him flow 
 Love and Truth, of which heat and light are but emblems. The angels 
 of the second Heaven enjoy, through the upper Heaven, the divine 
 influence. They see God distinctly, but not in all his splendor; he is to 
 them a star without rays, such as the moon appears to us, which gives 
 more light than heat. The dwellers in the lower Heaven receive the divine 
 influence mediately through the other two Heavens. The attributes of 
 the two latter classes are Love and Intelligence. Each of these celes- 
 tial kingdoms is inhabited by innumerable societies; the angels which 
 compose them are male and female. They contract marriages that are 
 eternal, because it is similarity of inclinations and sympathy that attract 
 thorn to each other. Each pair dwell in a splendid palace, surround, 
 by delicious gardens. Below the celestial regions is the realm of spirit* 
 Thither all mankind go immediately upon their death. The divinb 
 influence, which their material envelope had prevented them from feeling 
 is revealed to them by degrees, and effects their transformation into 
 angels, if they are predestined to that. The remembrance of the 
 world which they have left is insensibly effaced from their memory; 
 their proper instincts are unrestrainedly developed, and prepare them 
 for heaven or hell. So full as heaven is of splendor, love and delight, so 
 full is hell of darkness and misery, despair and hate. Such were the 
 reveries on which Pernetti and (Jabrianca founded their Illuminism. 
 
 31
 
 866 SWE SYM. 
 
 will find much of the elements of Freemasonry in tho 
 writings of Swedenborg, who, for forty-eight years of his 
 life, devoted himself to the cultivation of science, and pro- 
 duced a great number of works, in which he broached many 
 novel and ingenious theories in theology, which obtained 
 for him a remarkable celebrity in several parts of the world. 
 The Marquis de Thome, in 1783, taking up the system that 
 had been adopted in the Lodge of Avignon, in 1760, modi- 
 fied it to suit his own views, and instituted what afterward 
 became known as the Rite of Swedenborg. 
 
 SWEDISH RITE. This rite was composed in 1767, for 
 
 the Grand Lodge at Stockholm, by Count Zinnendorf, 
 
 who had created a similar rite for the National Grand 
 
 Lodge of Germany, at Berlin; he preserving, however, in 
 
 the Swedish rite something of the religious system of the 
 
 philosophic Mason, Swedenborg. It is composed of twelve 
 
 degrees: 1. Apprentice; 2. Fellow-Craft; 3. Master; 4. Elect 
 
 Master, forming, in the system of Zinnendorf, the Scottish 
 
 Apprentice and Scottish Fellow-Craft, called also Apprentice 
 
 and Fellow-Craft of St. Andrew; 5. Scottish Master, called 
 
 also Master of St. Andrew, or Grand Scottish Elect, and 
 
 conferring the rank of civil nobility in the kingdom; 6. 
 
 Knight of the East, or Novice, called by Zinnendorf, the 
 
 Favorite of St. John, and composed of the Knights of the 
 
 East, and a part of the Knights of the West, called by Thory, 
 
 the Brothers Stuart, and said by him to be composed of the 
 
 degrees of Knight of the East and Prince of Jerusalem; 
 
 7. Knight of the West, or True Templar, or the Favorite 
 
 Brother of Solomon, in the system of Zinnendorf called the 
 
 Perfect Elect, and also styled True Capitulate, Templar 
 
 Master of the Key; 8. Knight of the South, Commander, 
 
 Master Templar, Grand Dignitary, Elect, called also Favorite 
 
 Brother of St. John, or of the Blue Cordon ; 9. Favorite Brother 
 
 of St. Andrew, or the Violet Cordon, called also Knight of 
 
 the Purple Cordon; 10, 11 and 12, Brother of the Red Cross, 
 
 divided into three classes, thus: 10. Dignitary Member of 
 
 the Chapter; 11. Grand Dignitary of the Chapter, held by the 
 
 Prince Royal; 12. The Master Regnant, which can be held by 
 
 the King of Sweden only, whose title is "The Stadtholder," 
 
 or Vicar of Solomon. This rite was never, we believe. 
 
 practiced out of Sweden. 
 
 SYMBOL. Latin, Symbolum. A word derived from the 
 Greek mmfefon, from sumballein, to suspect, divine, compare; 
 a word of various meaning, even with the ancients, who used 
 it to denote a sign, a mark, watchword, signal, token, seal- 
 ring, etc. Its meaning is still more various in modern times.
 
 TAB. 
 
 367 
 
 Symbol is generally used as synonymous with emblem. It is 
 not confined, however, to visible figures, but embraces every 
 representation of an idea by an image, whether the latter 
 is presented immediately to the senses, or merely brought 
 before the mind by words. Men, in the infancy of society, 
 were incapable of abstract thought, and could convey truths 
 only by means of sensible images. In fact, man, at all times, 
 has a strong propensity to clothe thoughts and feelings in 
 images, to make them more striking and living; and in the 
 early periods of our race, when man lived in intimate com- 
 munion with nature, he readily found, in natural objects, 
 forms and images for the expression of moral truths; and 
 even his conceptions of the Deity were derived directly from 
 natural objects. Freemasonry is a complete system of sym- 
 bolic teaching, and cannot be known, understood or appreci- 
 ated only by those who study its symbolism, and make 
 themselves thoroughly acquainted with its occult meaning. 
 To such, Freemasonry has a grand and sublime significance. 
 Its symbols are moral, philosophical and religious, and all 
 these are pregnant with great thoughts, and reveal to the 
 intelligent Mason the awful mystery of life, and the still 
 more awful mysterv of death. 
 
 T. 
 
 TABEKNACLE. The Hebrew word properly signifies 
 handsome tent. There were three public tabernacles 
 among the Jews previous to the building of Solomon's 
 
 Temple. The first, which Moses erected, was called "the 
 Tabernacle of the Congregation." In this he gave audience,
 
 368 TAL. 
 
 heard eauses, and inquired of God. The second was that 
 which Moses built for God, by his express command. The 
 third public tabernacle was that which David erected in 
 Jerusalem for the reception of the ark when he received it 
 from the house of Obed-edom. But it is the second of these, 
 called the Tabernacle, by way of distinction, that we have 
 more particularly to notice. This tabernacle was of an ob- 
 long, rectangular form, 30 cubits long, 10 broad, an 1 10 
 in height, which is equivalent to 55 feet long, 18 broad, and 
 18 high. The two sides and the western end were formed of 
 boards of shittim wood, overlaid with thin plates of gold, 
 and fixed in solid sockets or vases of silver. It was so con- 
 trived as to be taken to pieces and put together again at 
 pleasure. It was covered with four different kinds of cur- 
 tains. The first and inner curtain was composed of fine 
 linen, magnificently embroidered with figures of cherubim, 
 in shades of blue, purple and scarlet; this formed the beau- 
 tiful ceiling. The next covering was made of goat's hair; 
 the third of rams' skins died red; and the fourth, and outward 
 covering, was made of other animals' skins, colored red. 
 The east end of the tabernacle was ornamented with five 
 pillars, from which richly-embroidered curtains were sus- 
 pended. The inside was divided, by a richly-embroidered 
 vail of linen, into two parts, the holy place and the holy of 
 holies; in the first of which were placed the altar of incense, 
 the table with the shew-bread, and the seven-branched can- 
 dlestick; in the latter place were the ark, the mercy-seat, and 
 the cherubim. Besides this vail of fine linen which sepa- 
 rated the most holy place, the tabernacle was furnished with 
 other vails of divers colors, viz: of blue, purple, scarlet, and 
 fine-twined linen, (white,) from which are derived the em- 
 blematic colors of the several degrees of Masonry. Within 
 the chamber of a Royal Arch chapter, a temporary structure, 
 after the plan of the one built by Moses, may be erected, as a 
 representation of the tabernacle constructed by Zerubbabel, 
 near the ruins of the first temple, after the return of the 
 captives from Babylon, while the people were building the 
 second temple. 
 
 TALMUD. A word derived from the Hebrew verb lainad, 
 ho has learned. It means doctrine. Among the modern 
 Jews, it signifies an immense collection of traditions, illus- 
 trative of their laws and usages, forming twelve folio volumes 
 It consists of two parts tke Mishua and the Gemara. The 
 Mishua is a collection of Rabbinical rules and precepts, made 
 in the second century of the Christian era. The whole civil 
 constitution and mode of thinking, as well as language oi 
 the Jews, had gradually undergone a complete revolution,
 
 TAS TAT. 369 
 
 and were entirely different, in the time of our Savior, from 
 what they had been in the early periods of the Hebrew com- 
 monwealth. The Mosaic books contained rules no longer 
 adapted to the situation; and its new political relations, con- 
 nected with the change which had taken place in the religious 
 views of the people, led to many difficult questions, for which 
 no satisfactory solution could be found in their law. The 
 rabbins undertook to supply this defect, partly by commen- 
 taries on the Mosaic precepts, and partly by the composition 
 of new rules, which were looked upon as almost equally 
 binding with the former. These comments and additions 
 were called the oral traditions in contradistinction to the old 
 law or written code. The rabbi Juda surnamed the Holy 
 was particularly active in making this collection 150 B. c. 
 which received the name of Mishna, or second law. The 
 later rabbins busied themselves in a similar manner in the 
 composition of commentaries and explanations of the Mishna. 
 Among these works that of the rabbi Jachanan (composed 
 about 230 A. D. ) acquired the most celebrity, under the name 
 of G-emara Chaldaic for completion or doctrine. This 
 Mishna and Gemara, together, formed the Jerusalem Tal- 
 mud, relating chiefly to the Jews of Palestine. But after the 
 Jews had mostly removed to Babylon, and the synagogue of 
 Palestine had almost entirely disappeared, the Babylonian 
 rabbins gradually composed new commentaries on the Mishna, 
 which, about 500 A. D., were completed, and thus formed the 
 Babylonian Talmud. Many Masonic traditions are drawn 
 from the Talmud; and it contains a more comprehensive 
 description of Solomon's Temple than can be found any- 
 where else. 
 
 TASTING. One of the five human senses. The sense by 
 which we perceive or distinguish savors; or the perception 
 of outward objects through the instrumentality of the tongue 
 or the organs of taste. This sense is fully explained in the 
 Fellow-Craft's degree. 
 
 TATNAI AND SHETHAR-BOZNAI. Words used in a 
 Masonic degree. They are the names of two Persian officeis 
 who bore a peculiar enmity to the Jews, and endeavored to 
 interrupt the building of the second temple, which had been 
 commenced by Zerubbabel. Reports of their interference 
 having been made to Darius, the Persian king, that monarch 
 issued a decree commanding the above-mentioned officers 
 not only to desist from interrupting that labor, but also to 
 render such assistance in the work as he should, from tim* 
 to time, prescribe. Vide Ezra v., 3.
 
 370 
 
 TEA. 
 
 TEACHINGS, SYMBOLIC, OF THE DEGREES. Freemasonry 
 teaches by symbols and symbolical ceremonies, and hence 
 each degree, through these agencies, illustrates and inculcates 
 some particular virtue, or commemorates some important 
 event. The following is an analytical summary of the ideas, 
 which the several degrees of the Order seek to enforce; thus 
 in Ancient Craft Masonry: 
 
 1. Dependence; the weak aud 
 helpless condition of the human 
 family on their entrance into the 
 world; the ignorance and darkness 
 that surround man until the moral 
 r.nd intellectual light of reason and 
 revelation breaks in upon his mind; 
 obedience, secrecy and humility, 
 aud the practice of charity. 
 
 2. The struggle for knowledge 
 after the release of the mind from 
 the bondage of darkness and igno- 
 rance; its attainment, and the reward 
 due to industry and perseverance. 
 
 3. Progress in the great duties of 
 aiding humanity from the thraldom 
 of vice and error; man's regenera- 
 tion; higher sphere of happiness; 
 integrity; mortality of the body, 
 and the immortality of the soul. 
 
 4. Order, regularity, and a proper 
 system of discrimination between 
 the worthy and the unworthy; the 
 just reward to the industrious and 
 faithful. 
 
 5. Virtue and talent the only 
 proper distinctions of position. All 
 associations of men must, for the 
 
 sake of harmony and order, be 
 governed by well regulated laws. 
 
 6. The completion and dedication 
 of the temple; the spiritual edifice 
 which man must erect in his soul 
 that "house not made with hands, 
 eternal in the heavens; '" an acknowl- 
 edgement that the labors of man s 
 earthly toil are over, and he is 
 received into the abode of the just 
 and perfect. 
 
 7. The revelation of the divine 
 law; an exhibition of the toils and 
 vicissitudes of man's pilgrimage 
 through life; a realization of the 
 sublime truths promised, when the 
 vails which obscure the mental 
 vision are drawn aside, and man, 
 raised and regenerated, shall enjoy 
 the blessings of peace and joy in 
 the heavenly temple. 
 
 8. The mysteries revealed; man 
 rewarded according to his work; 
 the Alpha and Omega the first and 
 the last. 
 
 9. Skill and ingenuity appreciated; 
 justice and mercy accorded to the 
 faithful and worthy. 
 
 In the Ancient and Accepted Scottish rite, which is now 
 widely diffused throughout the world, the principles and 
 teachings are: 
 
 1. Development of Freemasonry; 
 instructions regarding its laws and 
 uses. 
 
 2. Labor, wisdom, and virtue, the 
 true means of securing enduring 
 happiness. 
 
 3. Homage rendeied to inflexible 
 honor which esteemed duty more 
 than life. 
 
 4. Discretion of the wise; watch- 
 fulness of the good workman. 
 
 5. Perfection of the mind and 
 heart; knowledge of sublime truths, 
 and the tribute of respect due to 
 the viituous. 
 
 6. Necessity of knowing the foun- 
 tain of so many precious discoveries, 
 and the danger of a vain curiosity. 
 
 7. Equity, in judging both th* 
 actions of others and our own. 
 
 8. A spirit of order and analysis. 
 
 9. Zeal and talent; gocd example; 
 generous efforts to advance the 
 cause of truth and destroy error. 
 
 10. Extinctic n of wicked passions 
 and perverse inclinations. 
 
 11. Reformation of manners, and 
 the dissemination of true and use- 
 ful knowledge.
 
 TEM. 
 
 12 Persevering courage. 
 
 13. Tribute to the memory of some 
 of the first instructors of men. 
 
 14. Adoration of the Grand Archi- 
 tect of the Universe. 
 
 15. The honor due to the libera- 
 tors of their country. 
 
 16. Joyfulness inspired by the 
 heroism of the Knight-liberators of 
 the East. 
 
 17. Advantages promised by Free- 
 masonry. 
 
 18. The triumph of light over 
 darkness. 
 
 19. Pontificate of the universal 
 and regenerated religion. 
 
 20. On the duties of the Masters 
 of Masonic Lodges. 
 
 21. The dangers of selfish ambi- 
 tion, and the necessity of sincere 
 repentance therefor. 
 
 22. Ancient chivalry propagative 
 of generous sentiments. Devotion 
 to the Order. 
 
 23. Oversight of the conservators 
 of Freemasonry. 
 
 24. Preservation of the doctrineb 
 of the Order. 
 
 25. Emulation \* hich creates use- 
 ful plans. 
 
 26. Esteem and rewards due to 
 genius. 
 
 27. Superiority and independence 
 given by talents and virtue. 
 
 28. Truth harmonized and un- 
 vailed with respect to all things 
 which concern the happiness of 
 man. 
 
 29. A degree consecrated to An- 
 cient Scotch Masonry. 
 
 30. The purpose and aim of Free- 
 masonry in all its degrees. 
 
 31. The exalted justice of the 
 Order. 
 
 32. Military government of the 
 Order. 
 
 33. Administration of the Supreme 
 rite. ' ' Ne plus uliru. " 
 
 TEMPLARISM, SCOTTISH. This is a form of the Knight- 
 Templar system which does not recognize the three sym- 
 bolical degrees as its foundation, and, consequently, does not 
 require its members to be Freemasons. It is constituted 
 in two divisions: 1. Novice and Esquire; 2. Knight Templar. 
 The latter is composed of three degrees: 1. Knights of 
 Priories; 2. Knights Commanders, elected from the Knights; 
 3. Knights Grand Crosses, nominated by the Grand Master. 
 The Grand Conclave assembles four times a year, and the 
 Grand Officers are elected at the March session. They con- 
 sist of Grand Master, Past Grand Masters, Grand Seneschal, 
 Preceptor and Grand Prior of Scotland, Grand Constable 
 and Mareschal, Grand Admiral, Grand Almoner, Grand 
 Chancellor, Grand Treasurer, Grand Secretary, Grand Pre- 
 late, Grand Provost, Grand Beaucennifer, or Standard Bearer, 
 Grand Bearer of the Vexillum Belli, Grand Chamberlain, 
 Grand Steward, and two Grand Aids-de-Camp. " With the 
 exception of some slight resemblance to our Templar system, 
 it has no Masonic character whatever, and can scarcely be 
 classed as a Masonic society. 
 
 TEMPLE. An edifice erected for religious purposes. As 
 the grand symbols of Freemasonry are a temple and its 
 ornaments, and to construct temples was the business of the 
 original Masons, some remarks upon these structures cannot
 
 372 TEM. 
 
 but be instructive. The word temple is derived from the 
 Latin Templum, and this word templum seems to have been 
 derived from the old Latin verb, Templari, to contemplate. 
 The ancient augurs undoubtedly applied the name templa to 
 those parts of the heavens which were marked out for obser- 
 vation of the flight of birds. Temples, originally, were all 
 open; and hence most likely came their name. These 
 structures are among the most ancient monuments. They 
 were the first built, and the most noticeable of public edifices. 
 As soon as a nation had acquired any degree of civilization 
 the people consecrated particular spots to the worship of 
 their duties. In the earliest instances they contented them- 
 selves with erecting altars of earth or ashes in the open air, 
 and sometimes resorted, for the purposes of worship, to the 
 depths of solitary woods. At length they acquired the 
 practice of building cells or chapels within the enclosure of 
 which they placed the image of their divinities, and assem- 
 bled to ofl'er up their supplications, thanksgivings, and sacri- 
 fices. These were chiefly formed like their own dwellings. 
 The Troglodytes adored their gods in grottoes; the people 
 who lived in cabins, erected temples like cabins in shape. 
 Clemens, Alexandrinus, and Eusebius refer the origin oi 
 temples to sepulchers; and this notion has been illustrated 
 and confirmed from a variety of testimonies.* At the time 
 when the Greeks suspassed all other people in the arts 
 introduced among them from Phoenicia, Syria, and Egypt, 
 they devoted much time, care and expense to the building 
 of temples. No country has surpassed, or perhaps equaled, 
 them in this respect; the Romans alone successfully rivaled 
 them, and they took the Greek structures for models. Ac- 
 cording to Vitruvius, the situations of the temples were 
 regulated chiefly by the nature and characteristics of the 
 various divinities. Thus the temples of Jupiter, Juno, and 
 Minerva, who were considered by the inhabitants of many 
 cities as their protecting deities, were erected on spots 
 sufficiently elevated to enable them to overlook the whole 
 town, or, at least the principal part of it. Minerva, the 
 tutelary deity of Athens, had her seat on the Acropolis. 
 In like manner the temple of Solomon was built on Mount 
 Moriah. 
 
 TEMPLE BAR. A gate between Fleet street and the 
 Strand, London. This handsome piece of Masonry, demon- 
 strating the architectural skill of the Craft, was erected after 
 the great fire, under the Grand Mastership of Sir Christo- 
 pher Wren. It is composed of Portland stcne, of rustic 
 work below, and of the Corinthian order. 
 
 ' Vide ' ' Treatise on the Worship of Human Spirits, " by Farmer, p. 373.
 
 TEM. 373 
 
 TEMPLE OF HEEOD THE GREAT. This temple far 
 exceeded both of its predecessors in magnificence and per- 
 fection. It was surrounded with four courts, rising above 
 each other like terraces. The lower court was 500 cubits 
 square, on three sides surrounded by a double, and on the 
 fourth by a triple row of columns, and was called the " Court 
 of the Gentiles," because individuals of all nations were ad- 
 mitted into it indiscriminately. A high wall separated the 
 court of the women, 135 cubits square, in which the Jewish 
 females assembled to perform their devotions, from the court 
 of the Gentiles. From the court of the women fifteen steps 
 led to the court of the temple, which was enclosed by a 
 colonnade, and divided by trellis-work, into the court of 
 Jewish men and the court of the priests. In the middle of 
 this enclosure stood the temple, of white marble, richly gilt, 
 100 cubits long and wide, and 60 cubits high, with a porch 
 100 cubits wide, and three galleries, like the first temple, 
 which it resembled in the interior, except that the most holy 
 place was empty, and the height of Herod's Temple was 
 double the height of Solomon's. The fame of this magnifi- 
 cent temple, which was destroyed by the Romans, and its 
 religious significance with Jews and Christians, render it 
 more interesting to us than any other building of antiquity. 
 Each of these temples holds an important place in the sym- 
 bolism and instructions of Freemasonry, and furnishes the 
 traditions for a large number of degrees. 
 
 TEMPLE OF SOLOMON. When Solomon had matured 
 his design of a temple to bo consecrated to the Most High, 
 he found it impossible to carry that design into execution 
 withoiat foreign assistance. The Hebrew nation, constantly 
 struggling for its material existence, and just rising to the 
 condition of a civilized people, had made little proficiency in 
 science and architecture, and especially the ornamental arts. 
 There were few artificers and no architects in Judea. Solo- 
 mon, consequently, applied to Hiram, King of Tyre, for assist- 
 ance, and that monarch sent him a company of Tyrian archi- 
 tects, under the superintendence of Hiram Abif, by whom the 
 temple was erected. It was an oblong stone building, 150 feet 
 in length, and 105 in width. On three sides were corridors, 
 rising above each other to the height of three stories, and con- 
 taining rooms, in which were preserved the holy utensils 
 aiid treasures. The fourth, or front side, was open, and was 
 ornamented with a portico ten cubits in width, supported by 
 two brazen pillars Jachin and Boaz. The interior was 
 divided into the most holy place, or oracle, 20 cubits long, 
 which contained the aik of the covenant, and was separated 
 by a curtain, or vail, from the sanctuary or holy plaoo, in
 
 374 TEM TES. 
 
 which were the golden candlestick, the table of the s2iew 
 bread, and the altar of incense. The" walls of both apart- 
 ments, and the roof and ceiling of the most holy place, were 
 overlaid with wood-work, skilfully carved. None but the 
 High-Priest was permitted to enter the latter, and only the 
 priests, devoted to the temple service, the former. The 
 temple was surrounded by an inner court, which contained 
 the altar of burnt offering, the brazen sea and lavers, and 
 such instruments and utensils as were used in the sacrifices, 
 which, as well as the prayers, were offered here. Colonnades, 
 with brazen gates, separated this court of the priests from 
 the outer court, which was likewise surrounded by a wall. 
 This celebrated temple certainly reflected honor on the 
 builders of that age. It was begun on the 2d day of the 
 month Zif, corresponding with the 21st of April, in the year 
 of the world 2992, or 1012 years before the Christian era, 
 and was completed in little more than seven years, on the 
 8th day of the month Bui, or the 23d of October, in the year 
 2999, during which period no sound of axe, hammer, or other 
 metallic tool, was heard, everything having been cut and 
 prepared in the quarries or on Mount Lebanon, and brought, 
 properly carved, marked and numbered, to Jerusalem, where 
 they were fitted in by means of wooden mauls. So of Free- 
 masonry, it has always been the boast that its members per- 
 fect the work of edification by quiet and orderly methods, 
 " without the hammer of contention, the axe of division, or 
 any tool of mischief." The excellency of the Craft in the 
 days of our Grand Master Solomon was so great, that, 
 although the materials were prepared so far off, when they 
 were put together at Jerusalem, each piece fitted with such 
 exactness that it appeared more like the work of the Great 
 Architect of the Universe than of human hands. The temple 
 retained its pristine splendor but thirty-three years, when it 
 was plundered by Shishak, King of Egypt. After this period 
 it underwent sundry profanations and pillages, and was at 
 length utterly destroyed by Nebuchadnezzar, King of Baby- 
 lon, A. M. 3416, B. c. 588, and the inhabitants of Jerusalem 
 carried as captives to Babylon. 
 
 TEMPLE OF ZERTJBBABEL. This edifice was built on 
 the site of the first temple, under the direction of Zerub- 
 babel, B. c. 536-15. It was considerably larger than the 
 former one, but very inferior to it in beauty and splendor. 
 
 TESSELATED PAVEMENT. The word tesselated is de- 
 rived from the word tessela, diminutive of tessera. The 
 pavement which is thus designated is of rich Mosaic work, 
 made of curious square marbles, bricks or tiles, in shape and
 
 B I 
 
 I 
 
 bd 
 
 3 
 
 5 * 
 
 O H
 
 TET TEU. 377 
 
 disposition resembling dice. Various ancient specimens of 
 these have been, from time to time, exhumed in Italy, and 
 other countries of Europe. The tesselated pavement, in the 
 symbolism of Freemasonry, is significant of the varied 
 experiences and vicissitudes of human life. 
 
 TETEACTYS. A Greek word tetraktus meaning four. 
 It was a Pythagorean symbol represented by a delta formed 
 by points, so arranged that each of the three sides 
 consisted of four. The one point, or Monad, repre- 
 sented God; the two points, or duad, matter; the 
 i / three, the worlds which were formed by the action 
 of the one, or Monad, upon the duad; and the four 
 points referred to the divine reason and those sciences which 
 are the revelations of it.* On this symbol the initiate into 
 the Pythagorean mysteries was sworn. According to Jam- 
 blichus, the oath was as follows: 
 
 "Ou ma ametere genee, paradonta tetraktun, 
 
 Pagan aeenaou phuseos rizomd* V echousan." 
 "On the sacred tetraktus, eternal fountain of Nature, I swear to thee." 
 
 This word is nearly related to the Hebrew Tetragram- 
 inaton; probably derived from it. 
 
 TEUTONIC ORDER. A religious order of knights, founded 
 in 1190, by Frederick, Duke of Suabia, during a crusade in 
 the Holy Land, at the time of the siege of Acre, and intended 
 to be confined to Germans of noble rank; hence its name. 
 The rule of the order was similar to that of the Templars. 
 The original object of the association was to defend the 
 Christian religion against the infidels, and to take care of 
 the sick in the Holy Land. As the order was dedicated to the 
 Virgin Mary, the knights called themselves also " Brethren 
 of the German house ox bur Lady of Jerusalem." The dress 
 of the members was black, with a white cloak, upon which 
 was worn a black cross with a silver edging. The Grand 
 Master lived first at Jerusalem, but afterward, when the 
 Holy Laud fell again under the power of the Turks, at 
 Venice, and, from 1297, at Marburg. The order was abol- 
 ished by Napoleon, April 24th, 1809. The Teutonic cross 
 forms a part of the decorations of the 27th degree of the 
 Ancient Scotch rite. 
 
 * The sum of all the principles of Pythagoras is this: "The Monad ia 
 the principle of all things. From the Monad came the indeterminate 
 Duad, as matter subjected to the cause of Monad; from the Monad and 
 the indeterminate Duad, numbers ;from numbers, points; from points, lines; 
 from lines, superficies; from superficies, solids; from these solid bodies, 
 whose elements are four Fire, Water, Air, and Earthof all which 
 transmuted, and totally changed, the WORLD consists." 
 
 3-2
 
 378 THE. 
 
 THEOLOGICAL VIRTUES. Faith, Hope and Charity 
 are thus named, and are said to constitute the chief rounds 
 of the Masonic ladder, by the aid of which the good Mason 
 expects at last to ascend to the perfect Lodge above. These 
 virtues are enforced in various parts of the rituals, and en- 
 larged upon in the first lecture of Craft Masonry. The great 
 duties of man to God, his neighbor and himself, are the pre- 
 cepts most strongly enforced; hence the points to direct the 
 steps of the aspirant to higher honors are Faith, Hope and 
 Charity. 
 
 THEOPHILANTHROPISTS. Lovers of God and man 
 from Theos, God; philos, friend; and anthropos, man. This was 
 the title assumed by a religious society formed at Paris 
 during the French He volution. The object of its founders 
 was to revive public religious ceremonies, which had alto- 
 gether ceased during the reign of terror. The temples were 
 appropriately fitted up, and adorned with moral and religious 
 inscriptions, an ancient altar, with a basket containing flowers, 
 as an offering to the Supreme Being; a pulpit, and allegorica! 
 paintings, and banners with inscriptions and emblematic de- 
 vices. The assemblies were held weekly, on Sunday; the 
 exercises consisted of prayer, moral discourses, and singing. 
 The liturgy of the Theophilanthropists was simple and touch- 
 ing. The festivals of nature, love of country, of conjugal 
 fidelity, were scrupulously observed. The society served a 
 very useful purpose in that remarkable period of French 
 history, but soon disappeared on the reestablishment of 
 Christianity. 
 
 THEOSOPHISTS. Those who inquire into the science of 
 divine things. Many eminent Freemasons belonged to this 
 class during the last century. The speculations of the The- 
 osophists, however, were generally of a mystical character. 
 Several Masonic systems were theosophical, as, for example, 
 the rites of Swede nborg, St Martin, Zinnendorff, etc. 
 
 THEURGY. The name which the ancients gave to that 
 part of magic which we call white magic, or the white art. 
 The word is formed from Theos, God, and ergon, work, as 
 denoting the art of doing divine things, or things which God 
 alone can do. It is the power of working extraordinary 
 things, by invoking the names of God, the saints, angels, etc. 
 Accordingly, those who have written of magic in general 
 divide it into three parts: theurgy, which operates by divine 
 or celestial means; natural magic, performed by the powers 
 of nature; and necromancy, which proceeds by invoking 
 demons. Theurgy, probably, originated with the Chaldeans
 
 THR- TRA. 379 
 
 or Persians, among whom the magi chiefly occupied them- 
 selves with it. The Egyptians also pretended to great profi- 
 ciency in the art. The former considered Zoroaster its author; 
 the latter, Hermes Trismegistus. It occupied largely the 
 attention of the Cabalists, and, in the last century, entered 
 into the speculations of many distinguished Freemasons. 
 
 THREE GLOBES, RITE OF THE GRAND LODGE OF. The 
 Lodge of Three Globes was founded at Berlin, September 
 23d, 1740. On the 24th of June, 1744, it assumed the title 
 of Grand Royal Mother Lodge of the Three Globes; and on 
 the 5th of July, 1772, it took the name of Grand National 
 Mother Lodge of the Prussian States. At first it confined 
 its work to the three symbolical degrees, but afterward 
 added the French, or modern rite. The rite of the Three 
 Globes is practiced by nearly two hundred Lodges. 
 
 THRESHING-FLOOR. Oman, the Jebusite, owned a 
 threshing-floor on Mount Moriah, which David purchased 
 for six hundred shekels of gold. He erected there an altar, 
 and consecrated it to the service of God, by sacrifices and 
 prayers. The Temple of Solomon was afterward built 
 upon it. 
 
 TILER. An officer of the Lodge, whose duty is to guard 
 and keep the doors of the Lodge. The name is derived 
 from operative Masonry. A Tiler is one who covers the roof 
 of a building with tiles. So the guardian or sentinel of a 
 Lodge is said to tile or cover the Lodge from all inspection 
 or intrusion on the part of the uninitiated. 
 
 TRANSIENT BRETHREN. No stranger should be ad- 
 mitted to the Lodge until he has proved himself a Free- 
 mason. When he has done this he should be received with 
 cordiality and fraternal courtesy. A traveling brother, away 
 from his home and friends, naturally longs for companion- 
 ship, and expects to find it around the altars of Freemasonry. 
 Hospitality to strangers is, always and everywhere, a sacred 
 duty, but it is doubly so to Freemasons. The brother from 
 abroad should be greeted with such warmth and brotherly 
 kindness and interest as will make him feel at home, and 
 that he is surrounded with friends, upon whose sympathy he 
 can rely. Lodges are sometimes too remiss in regard to 
 this duty, and many a warm-hearted brother, when visiting 
 a strange Lodge, has been chilled and grieved by the iciness 
 of his reception. 
 
 TRAVELING FREEMASONS. As early as the lime of 
 Solomon the Tyrian and Sidonian builders traveled to foreign
 
 380 TEA. 
 
 countries, to exercise their calling. They visited Judea and 
 built the temple at Jerusalem. They went to Rome, and 
 furnished the idea and form of the Colleges of Artists and 
 Builders, whose history extended through the whole period 
 of the Roman empire. These Colleges were succeeded by 
 the Building Corporations of the middle ages. All of these 
 societies seem to be identical, possessed the same character- 
 istics, especially the practice of traveling from place to place, 
 to erect public buildings, as their services might be needed. 
 They traveled through all the countries of Europe; the 
 numerous Gothic churches, monasteries, and cathedrals 
 which are there found are the monuments of their skill. 
 Protected by the charters of the clerical and secular 
 powers, and united in one great society for the construction 
 of each great building, as the cathedrals, etc., these societies 
 erected those gigantic monuments many of them larger 
 than the temple of Solomon generally termed Gothic, 
 which excite our amazement. We find these traveling 
 societies everywhere. They were composed of members 
 from Italy, Germany, the Netherlands, France, England, 
 Scotland, and other countries, and united under very similar 
 constitutions; for instance, at the erection of the convent of 
 Batalha, in Portugal, about A. D. 1400; of the minster of 
 Strasburg, 1015 to 1439; that of Cologne, 950 and 1211 to 
 1365; of the cathedral of Meissen, in the tenth century; of 
 the cathedral of Milan, the convent of Monte Cassino, and of 
 the most remarkable buildings of the British isles. That 
 these societies of traveling builders at last gave rise to one, 
 not occupied with actual building that is to say specula! Lve 
 Masonry, is demonstrated beyond a doubt. Among their 
 symbols were the square, the plumb, the compasses, which 
 are among the most important emblems of modern Free- 
 masonry. They held a convention at Ratisbon in 1459, 
 where it was resolved to constitute a Grand Lodge at Stras- 
 burg, of which the architect of that cathedral, for the time 
 being, should be, ex-officio, the Grand Master. We have a 
 copy of the constitutions, charges, rules, etc., of this Frater- 
 nity in Latin, and some of them are almost, verbatim et 
 literatim, the same as many of our own which we designate 
 "the Ancient Charges." An intelligent Freemason who 
 visited Cologne, in 1847, thus writes: "During the interval 
 between 1248 and 1323, there were not only fifty Masters, and 
 three times as many Fellow-Crafts, daily employed, but a 
 large number of Entered Apprentices from all parts of 
 Christendom, who had come to study the operative and 
 speculative branches of the art, and who carried away with 
 them the principles which directed the erection c f almost
 
 ^- 
 
 TJDELITAS MQRIBI r S UNICA 
 
 TRESTLE BOARD OP THE 18TH CENTUKt.
 
 TRE. 3S3 
 
 every Gothic monument of the age. After the secession of 
 the Masons from the church, the works were suspended, 
 leaving only the choir, with its side aisle, completed." This 
 structure, commenced by the traveling Masons six centuries 
 ago, has, within a few years, been finished after the original 
 plans. Another writer,* remarking on the same class of 
 builders, says: "The architects of all the sacred edifices of 
 the Latin church, whenever such arose North, South, East, 
 and West thus derived their science from the same central 
 school; obeyed in their designs the same hierarchy; were 
 directed in their constructions by the same principles of 
 propriety and taste; kept up with each other, in the most 
 distant parts, to which they might be sent, the most constant 
 correspondence; and rendered every minute improvement 
 the property of the whole body, and a new conquest of the 
 art. The result of this unanimity was that, at each succes- 
 sive period of the monastic dynasty, on whatever point a 
 new monastry or church might be erected, it resembled all 
 those raised at the same period in every other place, however 
 distant from it, as if both had been built in the same place 
 by the same artist.- For instance, we find, at particular 
 epochs, churches as far distant from each other as the north 
 of Scotland and the south of Italy to be minutely similar 
 in all the essential characteristics.'' 
 
 TRESTLE-BOARD. "As the operative Mason erects his 
 temporal building in accordance with the designs laid down 
 upon the Trestle-Board by the master-workman, so should 
 we, both operative and speculative, endeavor to erect our 
 spiritual building in accordance with the designs laid down 
 by the Supreme Architect." What is here masonically 
 designated the " Trestle- Board" artists, pcets, and philoso- 
 phers denominate the Ideal. All things thai exist, save God, 
 are created by the ideal, or are reflections of it. The visible 
 creation is God's ideal, wrought out in material forms; and 
 all the works of man are copies of ideal types which he dis- 
 covers traced on the Trestle-Board of his soul. Every nation 
 exists according to an ideal which is reflected in its life, its 
 institutions, and manners; and the life of man, as an indi- 
 vidual, is high or low, as his ideals of life are high or low; 
 or, in other words, it is fashioned after the designs that are 
 traced on the moral Trestle-Board. Societies, also, are con- 
 structed from the ideal. If a society have no ideal, it can 
 have no influence, and can exist but for a brief period, 
 because it has no ability to arouse the enthusiasm, or com- 
 mand the respect and allegiance of men. The Masonic 
 
 ' Hope "History of Architecture," p. 239.
 
 384 TRI. 
 
 society has been able to adapt its-elf to various and changing 
 circumstances of mankind, with facility, because its ideals of 
 society, of benevolence and virtue, rose higher, and shone 
 brighter, as the ages rolled away. It is a part of its mission 
 to keep the minds of its adepts fixed intently upon the 
 designs pictured upon the Trestle-Board, or, to speak more 
 correctly, to establish a perpetual communion between man 
 and the world of glorious ideals. 
 
 TEIAD. Three- in one. An important symbol in Free- 
 masonry. The number three was thought holy in the earliest 
 antiquity. Numbers, xix. 12, furnishes an instance. This 
 must have its reason in the nature of the number. It repre- 
 sents to us unity and opposition, the principle and its 
 development or opposition, and the connecting unity syn- 
 thesis. It is the first uneven number in which the first even 
 one is found : herein lie its peculiar signification and perfec- 
 tion. Even in antiquity it could not escape attention, that 
 this number is to be found wherever variety is developed. 
 Hence we have beginning, middle, end, represented in the 
 heavenly rise, point of culmination and setting; morning, 
 noon, evening, and evening, midnight, morning; and in 
 general, in the great divisions of time, the past, the present, 
 and the future. In space, also, this number three occurs, 
 as in above, midst, and below; right midst, and left; and 
 in general, in the dimensions of space, as length, breadth, 
 and thickness, or depth. To the eye, the number is repre- 
 sented in the regular figure of the triangle, which has been 
 applied to numberless symbolical representations; the ear 
 perceives it most perfectly in the harmonic triad. As the 
 triple is also the basis of symmetry, that three-figured form 
 is found in architecture, and in simple utensils, without any 
 particular reference to symbolical or other significations. 
 Of this kind are the triglyphs in architecture, the tripod, 
 trident, the three thunderbolts of Jupiter, the ancient three- 
 stringed-lyre, though the number has in these objects, as 
 well as in the three-headed Cerberus, other more symbolical 
 relations. The Triad, represented by the delta, is a signifi- 
 cant emblem in a large number of Masonic degrees. 
 
 TKINOSOPHISTS, LODGE or. A body of Masons once, 
 if not at present, very popular and influential in Paris. It 
 was at one time the most intelligent society of Freemasons 
 <iver known. It adhered to the ancient Landmarks, but gave 
 clearer and more satisfactory interpretations of the symbols 
 of Freemasonry than are afforded in the symbolical Lodges 
 It practiced five degrees as follows: 1. Apprentice; 2. Fel 
 low-Craft; 3. Master; 4. Rose Croix, reformed rectifie
 
 TEL 385 
 
 5. Grand Elect Knight K.'. S.'. We have elsewhere given 
 an account of the Rose Croix degree as it is practiced in this 
 Lodge. The following extracts from the preliminary instruc- 
 tions to a candidate for initiation into the third degree will 
 be found interesting, and will serve to illustrate the way in 
 which these Trinosophical Masons explain the ceremonies 
 and symbols of Freemasonry. " Man, cast, as it were, by 
 accident, upon the earth, feeling that he is born free, and 
 yet seeing himself a slave, seeking the good, and yet often 
 finding the bad, and not being able to attribute to the same 
 author both good and evil, imagined that there were two 
 principles distinct and separate, eternally antagonistic to 
 each other. It is thus that the ancient Persians recognized 
 Orornazdes, the good principle, and Arimanius, the principle 
 of evil; the Jews, Jehovah and the serpent, and the Egyp- 
 tians Osiris and Typhon. Masons who form an elect family 
 in the social order, who study and seek the true and the good, 
 also have their traditions and allegories. They have the 
 history of the death and resurrection of H.'. A.'., the perfect 
 workman, assassinated by three wicked fellows, notwithstand- 
 ing the efforts of the nine good F.' . C's.'. to save him. This 
 legend, it is true, has been mutilated, and made insignificant 
 and often ridiculous by ignorant expounders of the Masonic 
 mysteries; but all enlightened Masters know that this 
 Perfect Master is the genius of beneficence and truth both in the 
 physical and moral order. In the physical order he is the 
 sun, that glorious luminary which gives life to all nature, 
 and which makes his revolution in the regular space of 
 twelve months, which become, so to speak, his eternal and 
 inseparable companions. These twelve months form the 
 spring, the summer, the autumn, and winter. The first nine 
 of these give the flowers, the fruits, warmth and light. They 
 are the nine good F.'. C's.'. who love and wish to preserve their 
 master. The three last are the authors of the rains, the 
 frosts, and darkness. It may be said that they kill nature 
 and the sun himself. They are the three bad F.'. C's.'. In 
 the moral and spiritual order, H.* . M.' . is the Eternal Reason 
 by which all things are weighed, governed, and preserved. 
 He is also Knowledge, Justice, and Truth, by which the 
 Eternal Reason is manifested. The <jood F.'. C's.'. are the 
 virtues that honor and bless humanity; the wicked F.' . C's*' 
 are the vices which degrade and kill it." 
 
 TRIYTUM. The name given, in the middle ages, to the 
 first three of the seven liberal arts: grammar, rhetoric, and 
 logic. The other four, consisting of arithmetic, music, 
 geometry, and astronomy, were called the quadriuwm.
 
 386 TRO TRU. 
 
 TROWEL AND SWORD. Emblems in the degree of 
 Knights of the East. They are borrowed evidently from a 
 religious and mechanical society, called the Brethren of the 
 Bridge, which was founded at an early period in France, 
 when a state of anarchy existed, and there was little security 
 for travelers, particularly in passing rivers, on which they 
 were subject to the rapacity of banditti. The object of this 
 society was to put a stop to these outrages by forming 
 fraternities for the purpose of building bridges and estab- 
 lishing ferries and caravansaries on their banks. Always 
 prepared for an attack from the marauders, they carried 
 a sword in one hand and a trowel or hammer in the other. 
 Ramsay says that they adopted this custom in imitation of 
 the Jews at the building of the second temple; and he 
 endeavors to establish some connection between them and 
 the Knights of the Temple, and of St. John of Jerusalem. 
 
 TROWEL, OBDEB OF. A Berlin periodical of April, 1791, 
 gives the following account of the formation of this society: 
 "Vasari, in his 'Life of the Painters,' makes mention of a 
 society of artists, called the 'Brotherhood of the Trowel,' 
 which arose as follows. In the course of the fifteenth cen- 
 tury several artists were supping one night in a garden at 
 Florence. By accident their table was placed near a heap 
 of lime, in which a trowel was sticking. One of the guests 
 seized the trowel, and threw, sportively, some lime into the 
 mouth of another guest, exclaiming, at the same time : ' The 
 trowel! the trowel!' This circumstance led to the establish- 
 ment of a fraternity which chose a trowel for its emblem, 
 and St. Andrew for its patron Saint." It is possible, as 
 Clavel conjectures, that this society might have borne some 
 relationship to the Traveling Masons. 
 
 TRUE MASONS, ORDER OF. Baileau, a Masonic mystic, 
 founded, 1778, a Lodge of Hermetic Masonry at Montpelier, 
 and gave it this name. It practiced six degrees: 1. The 
 True Mason; 2. The True Mason in the Right Way; 3. Knight 
 of the Golden Key; 4. Knight of the Rainbow; 5. Knight oi 
 the Argonauts; 6. Knight of the Golden Fleece. 
 
 TRUE PATRIOTS, SOCIETY OF. In the Latin of the Middle 
 Ages, patriota signified a native, in contradistinction to pere- 
 grinus, a foreigner who did not enjoy the rights of citizen- 
 ship. As the native, i. e., citizen, was considered to be 
 attached by his interests to the commonwealth, the word 
 gradually received the meaning of a citizen who loves his 
 country. Here, however, it has a wider sense still the
 
 TKU TWE. 387 
 
 True Patriots style themselves the friends of mankind. 
 This brotherhood appeared at Frankfort in the year 1787. 
 Its object was to unite all classes of men together, " through 
 the agency of the learned the society of Freemasons, and 
 other closely-allied fraternities, for the promotion of their 
 mutual interests." The order conferred several degrees, 
 and appears to have had some connection with the Order of 
 Jerusalem, or the Order of Freemasonry, aprioin. 
 
 TRUTH. One of the great tenets of a Freemason's pro- 
 fession. It is the foundation of all Masonic virtues; it is 
 one of our grand principles; for to be good men and true 
 is a part of the first lesson we are taught; and at the 
 commencement of our freedom we are exhorted to be fervent 
 and zealous in the pursuit of truth and goodness. It is not 
 sufficient that we walk in the light, unless we do so in the 
 truth also. All hypocrisy and deceit must be banished from 
 among us. Sincerity and plain dealing complete the 
 harmony of a Lodge, and render us acceptable in the sight 
 of him unto whom all hearts are open, all desires known, 
 and from whom no secrets are hid. There is a charm in 
 truth, which draws and attracts the mind continually toward 
 it. The more we discover, the more we desire; and the 
 great reward is wisdom, virtue, and happiness. This is an 
 edifice founded on a rock, which malice cannot shake or 
 time destroy. In the ancient mythology of Rome, Truth 
 was called the mother of Virtue, and was depicted with 
 white and flowing garments. Her looks were cheerful and 
 pleasant, though modest and serene. She was the protectress 
 of honor and honesty, and the light and joy of human society. 
 
 TWELVE GRAND POINTS OF MASONRY. "There 
 are in Masonry," say the ancient lectures, " twelve original 
 points which form the basis of the system, and comprehend 
 the whole ceremony of initiation. Without the existence of 
 these points, no man ever was, or can be, legally and essen- 
 tially received into the Order. Every person who is made a 
 Mason must go through all these twelve forms and cere- 
 monies, not only in the first degree, but in every subsequent 
 one." Esteeming these points of the highest importance in 
 the ceremonies of the Order, our ancient brethren exercised 
 great ingenuity in giving them symbolical explanations, and 
 refer the twelve parts of the ceremony of initiation to the 
 twelve tribes of Israel. Notwithstanding the value and im- 
 portance our ancient brethren deemed these points to 
 possess, the Grand Lodge of England thought proper, at 
 the union in 1813, to strike them from its rituals, and 
 substitute three " new " points. Neither of these systems
 
 38 
 
 TWE. 
 
 have ever been practiced in this country; the "four perfect 
 points" constitute an adequate substitute for either. The 
 symbolism embraced in the explanation of the "Twelve 
 Grand Points " may not be uninteresting or unacceptable to 
 the reader: 
 
 1. The opening of the Lodge was 
 symbolized by the tribe of Reuben, 
 because Keuben.was the first-born 
 of his father Jacob, who called him 
 "the beginning of his strength," 
 the door, as it were, by which the 
 children of Israel entered the world. 
 He was, therefore, appropriately 
 adopted as the emblem of that 
 ceremony which is essentially the 
 beginning of every initiation. 
 
 2. The preparation of the candi- 
 date was symbolized by the tribe of 
 Simeon, because Simeon prepared 
 the instruments for the slaughter of 
 the Shecliemites, which excited the 
 heavy displeasure of his parent; 
 and, therefore, to perpetuate abhor- 
 rence of his cruelty, candidates 
 for initiation were deprived of 
 all weapons, both offensive and 
 defensive. 
 
 3. The report of the Senior Deacon 
 referred to the tribe of Levi, in 
 commemoration of the signal or 
 report which Levi was supposed to 
 have given to his brother Simeon 
 when they assailed the men of 
 Shechem at a time when they were 
 incapable of defending themselves, 
 and put them all to the sword, 
 because of the affront which Dimth, 
 their sister, had received from 
 Shechem, the son of Hamor. 
 
 4. The entrance of the candidate 
 into the Lodge was symbolized by 
 the tribe of Judah, because they 
 yere the first to cross the Jordan 
 and enter the promised land, coming 
 from the darkness and servitude, as 
 it were, of the wilderness by many 
 dangerous and wearisome journeys 
 into the light and liberty of Canaan. 
 
 5. The prayer was symbolized by 
 Zebulun, because the blessing and 
 
 Krayer of Jacob were given tc Zebu- 
 in, in preference to his brother 
 Issachar. 
 
 6. The circumambulation referred 
 to the tribe ot Issachar, because, as 
 
 a thriftless and indolent tribe, they 
 required a leader to advance them 
 to an equal elevation with the other 
 tribes. 
 
 7. The advancing to the altar was 
 symbolized by the tribe of Dan, that 
 the candidate might be taught by 
 contrast to advance in the way of 
 truth and holiness as rapidly as this 
 tribe advanced to idolatry, for it 
 was among the tribe of Dan that 
 the serpent was first set up for 
 adoration. 
 
 8. The obligation referred to the 
 tribe of Gad, in allusion to the 
 solemn vow which was made by 
 Jephthah, Judge of Israel, who was 
 of that tribe. 
 
 9. The intrusting of the candidate 
 with the mysteries was symbolized 
 by the tribe of Asher, because he 
 was then presented with the rich 
 fruits of Masonic knowledge, as 
 Asher was said to be the inheritor 
 of fatness and royal dainties. 
 
 10. The investure of the lambskin, 
 by which the candidate is declared 
 free, referred to the tribe of Naph- 
 tali, which was invested by Moses 
 with a peculiar freedom, when he 
 said, "O, Naphtali, satisfied with 
 favor and full with the blessing of 
 the Lord, possess thou the West 
 and the South." 
 
 11. The ceremony of the northea&t 
 corner of the Lodge referred to Jo- 
 seph, because as this ceremony 
 reminds us of the most superficial 
 part of Masonry, so the two half 
 tribes of Ephraim and Manasseh, 
 of which the tribe of Joseph was 
 composed, were accounted to be 
 more superficial than the rest, as 
 they were the descendants of the 
 grandsons only of Jacob. 
 
 12. The closing of the Lodge was 
 symbolized by the tribe of Benjamin, 
 who was the youngest of the sons 
 of Jacob, and thus closed his Ikthor's 
 strength.
 
 TTP UNL 389 
 
 TYPHON. In the Egyptian mythology, a deity, the brother 
 of Osiris. He was considered the author of all the evil in 
 the world. He aspired to the sovereignty of Egypt, possessed 
 by his brother Osiris. His designs were, for a long time, 
 frustrated by Isis, the wife of Osiris; but the latter, while on 
 his return from a tour round the world, was killed by 
 Typhon, who cut his body to pieces, and concealed it. The 
 ceremonies in the Egyptian mysteries were symbolical 
 representations of the various events attending the struggles 
 between Typhon evil, and Osiris goodness; their alternate 
 victories and defeats ; the destruction of Osiris, and the 
 search for and restoration of his body; the final annihilation 
 of Typhon evil, and the spread of peace, happiness and 
 virtue over all the world. Typhon is the analogue of the 
 three evil principles personified in the Master's degree. 
 Vide articles "Isis," and "Osiris." 
 
 u. 
 
 UNANIMOUSLY. In order to secure and perpetuate the 
 peace and harmony of the Craft, it has long been the settled 
 policy of the Masonic Fraternity to receive no person to 
 membership, only by the consent of all the brethren who 
 may be present at the time the ballot is taken. Among the 
 regulations of the Grand Lodge of England we find the 
 following in regard to this subject: " No man can be entered 
 a brother in any particular Lodge, or admitted a member 
 thereof, without the unanimous consent of all the members 
 of the Lodge then present, when the candidate is proposed, 
 and when their consent is formally asked by the Master. 
 They are to give their consent in -their own prudent way, 
 either virtually or in form, but with unanimity. Nor is this 
 inherent privilege subject to a dispensation ; because the 
 members of a particular Lodge are the best judges of it; 
 and because, if a turbulent member should be imposed 
 upon them, it might spoil their harmony, or hinder the 
 freedom of their communications, or even break up and. 
 disperse the Lodges, which ought to be avoided by all true 
 and faithful brothers." 
 
 UNIVERSI TERRARUM ORBIS ARCHITECTONIb 
 AD GLORIAM INGENTIS. The introduction to all the 
 decrees and official documents of the Supreme Council of 
 the 33d degree of the Ancient and Accepted rite. It is the 
 Latin for the Engli sh phrase : " .To the Glory of the Grand 
 Architect of the Universe." 
 33
 
 390 UPRr VA1 
 
 UPRIGHT. Every Freemason remembers the instructions 
 given him in the Lodge at the time of his reception, in 
 regard to the " upright posture." " God created man to be 
 upright" i. e., to stand erect. This is the peculiar prerogative 
 of man. All the outward forms and features of the sentient 
 world, whether human or brutal, are created by the nature, 
 disposition or spirit of each race and each individual. The 
 nature of beasts and reptiles is earthly. Prone to the earth, 
 they move horizontally, with downward gaze, or crawl in the 
 dust. To them the ideal world is closed. The glory of the 
 heavens, the grandeur of nature, the beauty of flowers, the 
 wonderful harmonies of sight and sound, which so inspire 
 and elevate man, are unknown to them. Their gaze is 
 downward, and their life is extinguished in the dust, Man, 
 on the contrary, stands erect, and his eyes sweep through 
 the immense regions of space which stretch above his head. 
 His mind, endowed with a divine ernergy, reaches to the 
 most distant star, and measures it, in weight and size, as 
 accurately as one measures the apple that is held in the 
 palm of the hand? The "upright posture" also has an 
 important moral significance for the intelligent Mason. As 
 it reminds him of his relationship to the celestial powers, 
 and that he is endowed with some of the attributes of the 
 Divinity, and with a life which will endure forever, he is 
 admonished thereby, that he should live in a manner 
 worthy of so illustrious an origin, and so glorious a destiny. 
 
 URIM AND THUMMIM. Hebrew words, signifying 
 light and perfection or truth. They were a kind of ornament 
 placed in the breast-plate of the High-Priest, by means of 
 which he gave oracular answers to the people.* Critics and 
 commentators are not agpeed as to what these attributes of 
 the breast-plate were, or the mode in which the divine Avill 
 was communicated to the High-Priest by means of them-. 
 Some exegetical writers have given positive explanations of 
 them, but they are not satisfactory. The breast-plate was 
 undoubtedly of Egyptian origin. 
 
 V. 
 
 VAILS. Attributes of the decorations and furniture of a 
 Chapter of Royal Arch Masons, which is intended to be a 
 copy of the ancient Jewish Tabernacle. The Tabernacle had 
 
 * "And thou shalt put in the breast-plate of judgment the Urim and tho 
 Thummim ; and they shall be upon Aaron's heart when he goeth in 
 before the Lord: and Aaron shall bear the judgment of the children at 
 Idrael upon his heart before the Lord continually. " Exodus xxviii. 30.
 
 VAI VIS. 391 
 
 rails of purple, scarlet blue and white colors adopted by 
 Freemasoiiry; each one having its symbolical signification. 
 
 VAILS, MASTERS OF. In a Koyal Arch Chapter there are three 
 officers who bear this title. Their duty is to guard the blue, 
 purple and scarlet vails, and each one is armed with a sword, 
 and carries a banner of a color corresponding to that of the 
 vail before which he is stationed. The Royal Arch Captain 
 acts as Master of the white vail. 
 
 VENERABLE. The title of the Master in French Lodges, 
 equivalent to Worshipful in English and American Lodges. 
 
 VENERABLE BROTHER. A title given to each officer of 
 the Grand Orient of France. 
 
 VERGER. An official in cathedrals and churches in former 
 times. In Freemasonry, Verger is the name of an officer 
 who discharges important duties in a Council of Knights of 
 the Holy Sepulcher. His office is analogous to that of the 
 Senior Deacon of a Master's Lodge. 
 
 VISITATION. Masonic usage requires that the Grand 
 Master and other officers of the Grand Lodge should peri- 
 odically visit the Subordinate Lodges, to examine their 
 books and work, and make a general inspection of their 
 affairs. This formal visit is called a visitation. When such 
 an event occurs, the Grand Officers, after being received 
 with the usual honors, take charge of the Lodge. According 
 to the English Constitutions, "the Grand Master has full 
 authority to preside in any Lodge, and to order his Grand 
 Officers to attend him; his Deputy is to be placed on his 
 right hand, and the Master of the Lodge on his left hand. 
 His Wardens are also to act as Wardens of that particular 
 Lodge during his presence." " The Deputy Grand Master 
 has full authority, unless the Grand Master or Pro-Grand 
 Master be present, to preside, with the Master of the Lodge 
 on his right hand. The Grand Wardens, if present, are to 
 act as Wardens." 
 
 VISIT, RIGHT OF. While the right of a Mason to visit any 
 Lodge, where he may happen to be, is generally conceded, 
 various regulations, limiting this right, have been made at 
 different times, and in divers jurisdictions, concerning the 
 propriety and necessity of which intelligent Masons enter- 
 tain quite different opinions. By the most ancient charges 
 it is ordered, "That every Mason receive and cherish strange 
 fellowes when they come over the countrie, and sett them 
 ou worke, if they will worke, as the manner is; that is to .ay.
 
 392 VIS VOY. 
 
 if the Mason have any mould-stone in his place, he shall give 
 him a mould-stone, and sett him on worke; and if he have 
 none, the Mason shall refresh him with money unto the 
 next Lodge." This regulation recognizes the right of a 
 traveling brother as absolute. But, as early as 1GG3, it was 
 ordered by a General Assembly held on the 27th of Decem- 
 ber of that year, "That no person hereafter, who shall be 
 accepted a Freemason, shall be admitted into any Lodge or 
 assembly, until he has brought a certificate of the time 
 and place of his acceptation, from the Lodge that accepted 
 him, unto the Master of that limit or division where such a 
 Lodge is kept." In 1772, the Grand Lodge of England 
 renewed this statute, and some Grand Lodges in this country 
 have adopted it. Of course, no stranger can be admitted 
 to a Lodge without "due trial and examination," or unless he 
 is vouched for by a known brother present. The Grand 
 Lodge of England also has the following regulation, which 
 has been adopted in many other jurisdictions: "A brother 
 who is not a subscribing member to some Lodge shall not 
 be permitted to visit any one Lodge in the town or place 
 where he resides, more than once during his secession from 
 the Craft." The object of the above rule is to exclude all 
 drones from the hive of Masonry. Whoever partakes of the 
 advantages of Freemasonry should contribute something to 
 its support. 
 
 VISITOR. A Freemason who presents himself to a Lodge 
 of which he is not a member. 
 
 VIVAT. A word of acclamation, used in connection with 
 the battery in the French rite. 
 
 VOUCH, VOUCHER, VOUCHING. To vouch is to bear witness, 
 or give testimony, and a voucher accordingly is a witness. 
 When a person applios for admission to the Masonic society, 
 his application should bear the signatures of two brethren, 
 one of whom is called the voucher, because he thus testifies 
 that the petitioner possesses the required qualifications. So 
 a stranger can visit a Lodge without trial or examination, 
 if a brother present knows him to be a Mason and vouches 
 for him. 
 
 VOYAGE. A name given, in some countries, to a part of 
 the trials and labors to which the neophyte is subjected. 
 The symbolical pilgrimage was common to all the ancient 
 mysteries, and has, to-day, in Freemasonry, the same signifi- 
 cance as in the old rites. This voyage around the altar, 
 from East to West, has a triple sense 1. Physical; 2. Social;
 
 WAG. 39* 
 
 and. 3. Moral. In the first, it refers to the apparent coarse 
 of the sui- and stars front East to West; in the second, it 
 represents the progress of society through toil and suffering 
 and darkness, from the savage to the civilized state, and 
 still onward, from one degree of perfection to another; and, 
 in the third, the advancement of man, as an individual, and 
 his unceasing progress in virtue and intelligence. 
 
 w. 
 
 WAGES OF A MASON. The operative Mason, in ancient 
 times, received, as compensation for his labor, corn, wine 
 and oil the products of the earth or whatever would 
 contribute to his physical comfort and support. His labor 
 being material, his wages were outward and material. The 
 Free and Accepted Mason, on the other hand, performs a 
 moral work, and hence his reward is interior and spiritual. 
 The enlightened brother finds his reward in the grand and 
 gratifying results of his studies, and in the joyful fruits of 
 his Masonic deeds. He sees the glory of the Divinity 
 permeating all worlds, and all parts of the universe reveal 
 to his soul celestial meanings. All nature overflows with 
 beauty, love, melody and song, and unspeakably rich are the 
 delights he derives from communion with her spirit. If he 
 be a child of fortune, and raised above the necessity of labor, 
 he finds the purest pleasure in the practice of charity and 
 the exercise of benevolence; for charity, like mercy, brings 
 its own recompense. 
 
 " It droppeth, as the gentle rain from heaven, 
 
 Upon the place beneath: it is twice bless'd; 
 
 It blesseth him that gives, and him that takes." 
 
 If, like our ancient brethren, he is a laborer, his wages are 
 still ample and enduring. Thus, while the ignorant man 
 toils on, drearily, cheered by no bright and living thoughts, 
 his mind destitute of all ideas, and his heart moved by no 
 glad inspiration, the Masonic laborer welcomes his toil 
 with joy, because Freemasonry has taught him that labor is 
 a divine vocation, " Labor are est orare." He goes forth in 
 the morning, and the world on which he looks, swimming 
 in sunbeams, and glittering with dewey diamonds, is less 
 bright and fair than the world that lays in his heart, and 
 which science has illuminated with her everlasting light. 
 The mountains, barren, rocky and storm-blackened, or 
 crowned with sylvan splendors ; the valleys, flower-robed 
 and ribboned with meandering streams; the rivers, hastening 
 to the sea, and making music as they go; the trees, and
 
 394 WAG WOE. 
 
 rocks, and flowers ; all the activities of nature, and the great 
 enterprises of man, speak with eloquence to his soul, and 
 reveal to his enlightened spirit the glad secrets of Nature 
 and of Nature's God. These noble, ample and enduring 
 enjoyments are the wages of the true Mason. 
 
 WAGES OF THE WOKKMEN ON THE TEMPLE. 
 
 Masonic writers have wasted much time in useless and 
 puerile conjectures in regard to the wages paid to the artists 
 and artisans who were employed in the construction of 
 Solomon's temple. English writers place the sum at about 
 $15,000,000, and Dr. A. G-. Mackey thinks that not far from 
 $4,000,000,000 ! were expended for labor and material. A 
 little reflection will show the unreasonableness of these 
 estimates. A structure like that of the temple could not 
 have cost $4,000,000! All the monarchies of that age, 
 together, could not have raised, by the severest system of 
 taxation, one-tenth part of $4,000,000,000. And how could 
 the Jewish people, a poor and feeble race of shepherds and 
 rude agriculturists, raise such an enormous sum to expend 
 on one public work ? The richest modern nation could not 
 do it; and it may be doubted whether all modern nations, 
 united, could. So far as Freemasonry is concerned this 
 subject is of no consequence whatever. 
 
 WARDER. In the middle ages, -a beadle or staff-man, 
 who kept guard at the gate of a tower or palace, to take 
 account of all persons who entered. An officer in a Com- 
 mandery of Knights Templar; his position is in the West, 
 and on the left of the second division, when formed in line, 
 and is guard of the inner door of the asylum. 
 
 WOMAN. As Masonry, at its origin, and through many 
 centuries, was occupied solely with physical labors, in which 
 females do not participate, the instructions of ancient 
 Masonry are only suited to the male sex; consequently 
 women would not find themselves interested in our sym- 
 bolical Lodges. But there are Masonic rites which unite 
 the wives, sisters, and daughters of Freemasons, who may 
 desire it, to our venerable Order. The rite practiced by the 
 Grand Orient of France, and the American Adoptive rite, or 
 Order of the Eastern Star, are extremely interesting forms oi 
 Masonic instruction, and adapted to the circumstance of tho 
 female sex. Vide art. "Adoptive Masonry" 
 
 WORSHIP OF GOD. The highest duty of a Freemason 
 is expressed by these words. The expression of veneration 
 for the Supren.e Being, of submission to his will, and of 
 thankfulness fcr his goodness, though it may be offered in
 
 YOR ZER. 395 
 
 the secret stillness of the heart, will often be conveyed by 
 exte rnal visible signs, through which the feelings of awe and 
 love endeavor to manifest themselves in the most favorable 
 and lively manner. These acts of homage to a superior 
 power will be characterized by more or less of rudeness or 
 elevation, as the conceptions of the object of worship are 
 more or less gross or spiritual. Prayer or sacrifice, accom- 
 panied with various ceremonies, are the most general 
 external acts by which the feelings of religious veneration 
 are expressed; and while some nations and sects are eager 
 to surround these acts with all the splendor of earthly pomp, 
 others think to render them more worthy of the Being to 
 whom they are addressed, by reducing them to the simplest 
 form. Freemasonry, through all its degrees, and in every 
 part of its ritual, earnestly inculcates this duty of worship. 
 
 Y. 
 
 YORK RITE. The York rite is the basis of all rites that 
 claim a Masonic character. It derives its name from the 
 city of York, hi the north of England, where the Annual 
 and General Assemblies of Masons were reestablished, A. D. 
 926, and from which the first Grand Lodge was formed by 
 Prince Edwin, the brother of King Athelstane ; hence the 
 title "Ancient York Mltsons" is applied to those who are 
 descendants of that branch of the Fraternity. At first there 
 were but three degrees; but, as at present practiced in the 
 United States, there are seven: 1. Apprentice; 2. Fellow- 
 Craft; 3. Master; 4. Mark Master; 5. Past Master; 6. Most 
 Excellent Master; 7. Holy Royal Arch. There are three 
 other degrees appendages to this rite viz: the Order of 
 High-Priesthood an honorary degree conferred on the 
 first officer of a Chapter and the degrees of Royal and 
 Select Master. 
 
 z. 
 
 ZENITH. An Arabic word, used in astronomy to denote 
 the vertical point of the heavens, or that point directly over 
 the head of the observer. The missives and decrees of 
 the Supreme Council of the 33d degree are dated from the 
 Zenith, as well as from the Orient or East as other Masonic 
 organizations. 
 
 ZERUBBABEL, (sown in Babylon,) a Prince of Judah, 
 son of Shealtiel, of the royal house of David, was the leader 
 of the first colony of Jews that returned frc m captivity U
 
 396 ZIN. 
 
 their native land under the permission of Cyras, carrying 
 with them the precious vessels belonging to the temple for 
 the service of (rod. With the aid of Joshua and his body 
 of priests, Zerubbabel proceeded, on his arrival in Jerusalem, 
 to rebuild the fallen city, beginning with the altar of burnt- 
 offerings, in order that the daily services might be restored 
 The Samaritans, however, having been offended at being 
 expressly excluded from a share in the land, threw obstacles 
 in the way to hinder the work, and even procured from the 
 Persian court an order that it should be stopped. Accord- 
 ingly, everything remained suspended until the second year 
 of Darius Hystaspis (B. c. 521), when the restoration was 
 resumed and carried to completion, through the influence 
 of Zerubbabel with the Persian monarch. This subject is 
 beautifully exemplified in the degrees of the East and Sword 
 and the Knight of the Bed Cross. 
 
 ZINNENDOBF, BITE OF. This rite was established in the 
 year 1766, by John William Ellenberger, otherwise known 
 as Count Zinnendorf. He was Knight Commander of the 
 Strict Observance, Director of the Lodges in Prussia, mem- 
 ber of the Lodge of the Three Globes, and Prior in the 
 Order of the Templars, with the characteristic of Eques a 
 lapide nigro; was born at Halle, Aug. 10, 1731, and died 
 June 6, 1782. He was a man of fine talents, but unscrupulous 
 in his dealings with the Fraternity. In 1768 he founded the 
 Lodge Minerva, at Potsdam; and the next year the Lodge 
 the Three Golden Keys, at Berlin, over which he presided 
 for many years. In 1770 he had twelve Lodges in operation 
 in various parts of Germany, and on the 24th of June of the 
 same year they erected a Grand Lodge under the title ol 
 Grand Lodge of all the Freemasons of Germany, "according 
 to the precepts of Freemasonry in general, and after the 
 pattern of the Grand Lodge of England." In creating this 
 rite Zinnendorf pretended to have powers, rituals and 
 instructions from the Duke of Slidermania, and the Grand 
 Lodge of Sweden; but the Duke and Grand Lodge repudi- 
 ated him. His rite was based on the reveries of Swedenborg, 
 and in many respects coincided with the Swedish rite. II 
 consisted of seven degrees, in three divisions, viz: Blue 
 Masonry 1. Apprentice; 2. Fellovv-Craft; 3. Master. Bed 
 Masonry 4. Scotch Apprentice and Fellow-Craft; 5. Scot- 
 tish Master. Capitular Masonry 6. Clerk, or Favorite 01 
 St. John; 7. Brother Elected. Clavel says this is the rite 
 of the National Grand Lodge of Germany, at Berlin.
 
 A DICTIONARY 
 
 OP 
 
 SYMBOLICAL MASONRT 
 
 BY GEOEGE OLIVEE, D.D., 
 
 ADTHOB OT " HT8TOBICAL LANDMARKS," " SIGNS AND SYMBOLS," " HIOTOHY OF 
 IKITIATIOH," " REVELATIONS OF A nQOABE," STC., BTC.
 
 PREFACE TO THE DICTIONARY. 
 
 IT will be unnecessary to detain the reader for a single 
 moment, by expatiating on the value of a work like the 
 present. Its utility cannot fail to be universally admitted, 
 and the only wonder is, that amidst the endless variety of 
 dictionaries, lexicons, encyclopedias, and glossaries, with 
 which the present age abounds, Symbolical Masonry, as 
 practiced in this country, should have remained so long 
 without an appropriate book of reference, constructed in 
 the comprehensive and accessible form of a Dictionary. 
 
 An idea of tKe" absolute benefit arising from such a 
 publication, appears to have been entertained on the Con- 
 tinent nearly a century ago, when M. FLEURY published his 
 " Dictionnaire de I'Ordre de la Felicite" for the use of the 
 Androgyne Lodges, as they were then denominated, or 
 Lodges which admitted, indiscriminately, candidates and 
 members of either sex. 
 
 A few years later, PERNETTI published a "Dictionnaire 
 Mytho-Hermetique ;" and there the matter rested for the 
 remainder of the century. It is highly probable that the 
 speculation was not remunerative, or it would doubtless 
 have been followed up by similar publications on other 
 branches of the science. 
 
 In 1805 the attempt was renewed by CHOMEL, who gave to 
 the world an imperfect " Vocabulaire des Francs-Masons," 
 which was translated into Italian, by VIGNOZZI. This was 
 succeeded by a more compendious work, edited under 
 the superintendence of M. QUANTIN, which he called a 
 " Dictionnaire Magonnique, ou Eecueil de*> Equisaes des toutes 
 les parties, de I' Edifice connu sous le nom de Maqonnerie, etc. ;" 
 and in Germany, about the same period, Bro. Or.
 
 4:00 PREFACE. 
 
 published his " Encyclopadie der Freimaurerei." We find 
 also the germ of a dictionary in the " Nomenclature par Ordre 
 A'phab?tique, des Principaux Rites, Coteries, Societies, Secrets 
 el Grades Maqonniques, repandu en France ou dans I'Etranger," 
 by THOEY in the first volume of the "Ada Latomorum." 
 
 The two most perfect productions of this class are the 
 " Freimaurer Lexicon," of GADICKE, and the "Lexicon ot 
 Freemasonry," by Dr. ALBEBT G. MACKEY, Grand Secretary 
 of the Grand Lodge of South Carolina, U. S. But although 
 these publications are exceedingly well executed, yet their 
 peculiar characteristics serve to render them only partially 
 interesting to the English Fraternity. They dwell too largely 
 on consistorial, capitular, ineSable, and spurious Freema- 
 sonry, to be adapted to the taste of an Ancient Craft Mason; 
 and it is, therefore, believed 'that a vocabulary of terms, 
 peculiar to Symbolical Masonry, and arranged in alphabetical 
 order, for the convenience of expeditious reference, will prove 
 an acceptable boon to the British Freemason. 
 
 It will be apparent at a single glanc- j the plan I have 
 adopted, is to give the best definitions from the best writers, 
 with the name of the author attached to each article. This 
 method has been preferred, as it was thought questionable 
 whether the Fraternity would have considered the explana- 
 tions of an individual brother to possess that undoubted 
 authority, with which every book of reference ought to be 
 invested. 
 
 On an attentivfl perusal of the work the reader will find 
 that the definiSxws have been studiously contracted into as 
 brief a space as jDOSsible consistently with perspicuity, in 
 order to increa^ 'the number of words, and make the book 
 more generally-usefuL 
 
 My closing advice shall be he who is ambitious of 
 becoming a good Mason must work, as our ancient brethren 
 worked, with FREEDOM, FERVENCY, and ZEAL. 
 
 GEO. OLIVER.
 
 A DICTIONARY 
 
 SYMBOLICAL MASONRY. 
 
 AARON'S ROD. This symbol was introduced into 
 Royal Arch Masonry because it constituted one of the 
 three holy things which were preserved in the Most Holy 
 place of the Tabernacle. It refers to the rebellion of 
 Korah and his accomplices. Moses directed that twelve 
 rods should be brought in, one for each tribe. The princes 
 brought them in, some of them perhaps fondly expecting 
 that the choice would fall upon them, and all of them 
 thinking it honor enough to be competitors with Aaron, 
 and to stand candidates even for the priesthood; and 
 Moses laid them up before the Lord. On the next day 
 the rods, or staves, were brought out of the Most Holy 
 place, where they were laid up, and publicly produced 
 before the people; and while all the rest of the rods 
 remained as they were, Aaron's rod only, of a dry stick, 
 became a living branch budded, and blossomed, and 
 yielded fruit. In some places there were buds, in others 
 blossoms, in others fruit, at the same time; this was 
 miraculous, and took away all suspicion of a fraud, as if 
 in the night Moses had taken away Aaron's rod, and put 
 a living branch of an almond tree in the room of it ; for 
 no ordinary branch would have had buds, blossoms, and 
 fruits upon it all at once. 
 
 ABRAXAS. This word occurs in a Masonic manuscript 
 of the fifteenth century. Abraxas is a Basilidean Intelli- 
 gence, derived from the name of Abraham, and given to 
 Mithras or the Sun, as the representative of the Supreme 
 34
 
 4:02 ACA. 
 
 Deity, or, in other words, the Sun of Righteousness. Basi- 
 lides was a Pythagorean of Alexandria. The word, being 
 composed of seven letters, referred equally to the seven 
 heavens and the same number of subordinate intelligences, 
 as their governors; for the Basilideans considered the 
 seven planets to constitute the entire universe, and conse- 
 quently to be God. 
 
 ACACIA. There is some difficulty attending the ex- 
 planation of the sprig of cassia, and in assigning the true 
 reason why it was introduced into the system of Free- 
 masonry. Some say it originated in the Jewish custom 
 of planting a branch of acacia vera (gum arabic plant) on 
 the grave of a departed relative ; others in the custom of 
 mourners bearing a branch of it in their hands at funerals. 
 The cassia is not indigenous to the soil of Palestine, and 
 is only mentioned in Scripture as a fragrant herb or spice, 
 the bark being used in ungents, and sometimes employed 
 for embalming ; and, therefore, if the legend refer to the 
 branch of a real tree, it could be neither the cassia nor 
 acacia ; and this has given rise to an opinion that the 
 branch or sprig is analogous to that alluded to by Virgil, 
 in his description of the mysteries ; and consequently was 
 the olive. Others again doubt whether our acacia has any 
 reference to a tree or shrub at all, but means the texture 
 and color of the Masonic apron which those brethren wore 
 
 which were deputed by Solomon to search for , and 
 
 simply refers to their innocence. If this conjecture be 
 correct, they add, it corroborates the accuracy of the 
 legend which says " they took a sprig of cassia in their 
 hands (with them)." I am rather inclined to think that 
 the choice of cassia, which is a kind of laurel, was founded 
 on some mysterious reference which it was supposed to 
 possess, either mythological or symbolical. There are, 
 however, great difficulties to be surmounted before the 
 truth can be ascertained. 
 
 ACACIAN. Masons, describing the deplorable estate oi 
 religion under the Jewish law, speak in figures. " Her tomb 
 was in the rubbish and filth cast forth of the temple, and 
 acacia wove its branches over her monument; " aicatcia being 
 the Greek word for innocence ; implying that the sins and 
 corruptions of the old law and devotees of the Jewish altar 
 had hidden religion from those who sought her, and she 
 wag only to be found where innocence survived, and under
 
 ACC ACH. 403 
 
 fhe banner of the divine Lamb, and as to oui selves pro- 
 fessing that we were to be distinguished by our acacy, 
 or as true acacians in our religious faith and tenets. 
 Hutchinson. 
 
 ACCEPTED. According to masonic tradition tint 
 Masons are said to have acquired the name of Accepted 
 at the building of the second Temple ; for the Fraternity 
 were declared Free by King Solomon ; and the brethren, 
 when the first Temple was completed, were furnished 
 with an honorary jewel or gold medal, with the word 
 FREE inscribed upon it. The posterity of some of tht 
 Masons who assisted at the erection of Solomon's Tem- 
 ple having settled on the confines of Judea, were carried 
 into captivity with the Jews, and preserving a knowledge 
 of the sciences of geometry and architecture, even in 
 their fallen fortunes, were liberated by Cyrus, and sub- 
 sequently declared Free and Accepted, exonerated from 
 all imposts, duties, and taxes, and invested with the privi- 
 lege of bearing arms by Darius and Artaxerxes, who 
 commanded the governors of the surrounding provinces 
 that they should require no tax or other imposition from 
 any of the priests, Levites, porters, or any that were con- 
 cerned about the Temple ; and that no man should have 
 authority to impose anything upon them. 
 
 ACCOUNTS. All monies received or paid on account 
 of the lodge, ought to be entered in proper books. The 
 fees or dues received on account of, and payable to, the 
 Grand Lodge, or Provincial Grand Lodge, should be kept 
 separate and distinct from the monies belonging to the 
 private fund of the lodge, and be deposited in the hands 
 of the Master instead of the Treasurer of the Lodge, to 
 be transmitted to the Grand Lodge at such times as the 
 laws of the Craft require. The accounts of the lodge 
 are to be audited, at least once in every year, by a com 
 mittee to be appointed by the lodge. 
 
 ACHILLES. Perhaps some worthy people may stai 
 when we point out Achilles as a Freemason. What . 
 we hear them exclaim, is it possible that that fierce and 
 ferocious man-slayer, nay, man-eater at heart, for he ex
 
 404 ACK ACT. 
 
 hibited a strong propensity to cannibalism in longing to 
 have devoured the dead body of Hector, is it possible 
 that he could have been one of our philanthropic society ? 
 Yes, we reply, such is the actual fact ; and Bonaparte 
 was one too, in the highest degree. But if you will not 
 believe Homer or us, believe your own eyes, if indeed 
 you are a Mason. Ecce signum ! Behold Achilles giving 
 rriam THE HAND when the latter is supplicating for the 
 body of his slain son. 
 
 ' Thus having spoken, the old man's right hand at the wrist 
 
 He grasped, that he might not in any respect be alarmed in mind." 
 
 Such is the masonic and literal translation of the text by 
 that illustrious Grecian and brother, Christopher North ; 
 and who will say now that Achilles was not a Mason ? 
 Freemasons' Quarterly Review. 
 
 ACKNOWLEDGED. In the first degree the candidate 
 is said to be entered ; in the second he is passed ; in the 
 third he is raised; in the fourth he is advanced; in the 
 fifth he is inducted; in the sixth or Most Excellent Mas- 
 ter's degree he is said to be " received and acknowledged" 
 Because the possession of the latter degree is a recog- 
 nization of higher attainments and greater knowledge of 
 the science of Masonry. 
 
 ACROSTIC. 
 
 M. Magnitude, moderation, and magnanimity. 
 
 A. Affability, affection, and attention. 
 
 S. Silence, secrecy, and sincerity. 
 
 O. Obedience, order, oeconomy. 
 
 N. Noble, natural, and neighbourly. 
 
 R. Rational, reciprocal, and receptive. 
 
 Yielding, yearning, and Yare. 
 The elucidation of this acrostic having been published 
 
 many masonic works, and consequently being well 
 known, it is unnecessary to introduce it here. 
 
 in "i7'i7 MA STER. It was the custom and 
 pra< the old Masons, that kings and princes, beins 
 
 Masons are considered Grand Masters by preroS 
 during hfe; and in that case they had the privE of 
 appointing a deputy to preside over the FrateraHv wi
 
 ACT ADD. 405 
 
 the tit.e aud honours of Grand Master. And in the year 
 1782 a motion was made in Grand Lodge that whenever 
 a prince of the blood honoured the society by accepting 
 the office of Grand Master, he should be at liberty to 
 nominate any peer of the realm to the office of Acting 
 Grand Master. 
 
 ACTIVE. A lodge is called active when it assemble 
 egularly ; and a brother when he is a working member 
 of such a lodge. Many brethren visit a lodge who never 
 or very seldom take part in lodge work, either because 
 they live too far distant from the lodge, or that the 
 labour is not sufficiently interesting. Every lodge and 
 every officer ought to strive diligently to avoid the last 
 imputation, but if they find their endeavours in vain, and 
 that there is any brother who will not pay due attention 
 to the work, they ought to endeavour to reclaim him, 
 first by fraternal remonstrances ; if those do not avail, by 
 punishment. By the death or removal of the members, 
 a lodge may become inactive for a time, and it is bettei 
 that it should be so than that the continuing of the work 
 should be entrusted to inexperienced officers. Gadicke. 
 
 ADAM. That the first parents of mankind were 
 instructed by the Almighty as to his existence and attri 
 butes, and after their fall, were further informed of the 
 Redemption which was to be perfected by Christ, and as 
 a sign of their belief, were commanded to offer sacrifices 
 to God, I fully assent to the creed of Masonry in believ- 
 ing. It is also highly probable that symbolical actions 
 should have been instituted by them in memory of their 
 penitence, reverence, sympathy, fatigue, and faith, and that 
 these might be transmitted to posterity. Archdeacon 
 Mant. 
 
 ADDRESS. Those who accept offices and exercise 
 authority in the lodge, ought to be men of prudence aud 
 address, enjoying the advantages of a well-cultivated 
 mind and retentive memory. All men are not blessed 
 with the same powers and talents ; all men, therefore, 
 are not equally qualified to govern. He who wishes to 
 teach must submit to learn : and no one can be qualified
 
 406 ADD ADO. 
 
 to support the higher offices of the todge who has not 
 previously discharged the duties of those which are sub- 
 ordinate. Experience is the best preceptor. Every mar 
 may rise by gradation, but merit and industry are th 
 first steps to preferment. Preston. 
 
 ADDRESSING. No brother shall speak twice to the 
 same question, unless in explanation, or the mover in 
 reply. Every one who speaks shall rise, and remain 
 standing, addressing himself to the Master, nor shall any 
 brother presume to interrupt him, unless he shall be 
 wandering from the point, or the Master shall think fit 
 to call him to order ; but, after he has been set right, he 
 may proceed, if he observe due order and decorum. 
 Constititiions. 
 
 ADMISSION. Not more than five new brothers shall 
 be made in any one lodge on the same day, nor any man 
 under the age of twenty-one years, unless by dispensa- 
 tion from the Grand Master or Provincial Grand Master. 
 Every candidate for admission must be a freeman, and 
 his own master, and, at the time of initiation, be known 
 to be in reputable circumstances. He should be a lover 
 of the liberal arts and sciences, and have made some pro- 
 gress in one or another of them. Constitutions. 
 
 ADMONITION. If a brother grossly misconduct him- 
 self, let him be admonished privately by the W. M. ; try 
 every gentle means to convince him of his errors ; probe 
 the wound with a delicate hand ; and use every mild 
 expedient to work his reform. Perhaps he may save his 
 brother, and give to societv a renewed and valuable 
 member. 
 
 ADONA1. The Jews are said to have substituted the 
 \*ord Adouai for the uncommunicable name; but this 
 admits of some qualification. St. Jerome, and after him 
 Bellarmine, doubted the fact, because Jehovah and 
 Adonai were two several names of God, and equally 
 legitimate; and in some instances were appoirted to be 
 used in conjunction, as Jehovah Adonai ; and the Sep- 
 tuagmt uses the word Kurios.
 
 ADO ADY. 407 
 
 ADONIRAM. This prince was appointed by King 
 Solomon to superintend the contributions towards build- 
 ing the temple, as well as the levy of 30,000 Israelites 
 to work by monthly courses in the forest of Lebanon. 
 For this purpose, and to insure the utmost regularity, an 
 old masonic tradition informs us that 'he divided them 
 into lodges, placing three hundred in each, under a 
 Master and Wardens, himself being G. M. over all. He 
 was also constituted by the king one of the seven Grand 
 Superintendents, and Chief of the Provosts and Judges. 
 
 ADVANCED. In a Lodge of Mark Masters, this term 
 is appropriately applied to the candidate when he is 
 invested with the degree of Mark Master, that being the 
 first step in his progress to higher attainments in the 
 knowledge of the science of Masonry, and of his advance- 
 ment toward the Royal Arch degree. 
 
 ADVENT. We are well assured of the existence of 
 Masonry at the time of the advent of our Lord upon 
 earth, when it received the assistance of those two great 
 lights, who are to this day commemorated in our lodges 
 in gratitude for the kindness received from them. We 
 have reason to believe that the secrecy of our Order was 
 often useful to conceal, and its universal benevolence to 
 preserve, Christian professors, in the early ages of the 
 church, from the malice of their bitter enemies ; and it is 
 certain that there are to be found in the writings of the 
 fathers many allusions of an undoubtedly masonic cha- 
 racter. Archdeacon Mant. 
 
 ADYTUM. In the British and other Mysteries the 
 three pillars of Wisdom, Strength, and Beauty repre- 
 sented the great emblematical Triad of Deity, as with us 
 they refer to the three principal officers of the lodge. 
 We shall find, however, that the symbolical meaning 
 was the same in both. It is a fact that in Britain the 
 Adytum or lodge was actually supported by three stones 
 or pillars, which were supposed to convey a regenerating 
 purity to the aspirant, after having endured the cere- 
 mony of initiation in all its accustomed formalities. The 
 delivery from between them was termed a new birth.
 
 408 AFF AGE. 
 
 The corresponding pillars of the Hindu Mythology were 
 also known by the names of Wisdom Strength, and 
 Beauty, and placed in the east, west, and south, crowned 
 with three human heads. They jointly referred to the 
 Creator, who was said to have planned the Great Work 
 bv his infinite Wisdom; executed by his Strength; and to 
 have adorned it with all its Beauty and usefulness for the 
 benefit of man. 
 
 AFFABILITY. The ancient lodges were so many 
 schools or academies for teaching and improving the arts 
 of designing, especially architecture ; and the present 
 lodges are often employed that way in lodge hours, or 
 else in agreeable TonveVsation, though without politics 
 or party feeling ; and none of them are ill employed ; 
 have 'no transaction unworthy of an honest man or a 
 gentleman ; no personal piques, no quarrels, no cursing 
 and swearing, no cruel mockings, no obscene talk, or ill 
 manners, for the noble and eminent brethren are affable 
 to the meanest ; and these are duly respectful to their 
 betters in harmony and proportion ; and though on the 
 level, yet always within compass, and according to the 
 square and plumb. Euclid. 
 
 AGE. It is men of mature age and sound judgment 
 alone who can preserve the Order in its native purity ; 
 and those lodges whose officers are careful to act in strict 
 accordance to the laws and to the spirit of Freemasonry 
 will always have a supply of men of mature age as can- 
 didates. In the lectures the question of age occurs, but 
 that refers merely to the degree wrought upon. In the 
 ancient mysteries the mystical age of 1, 3, 5, and 7, refer 
 to so many years of probation. Gadicke. The symbolic 
 ge of an Entered Apprentice is 3 years, of a Fellow- 
 ;raft 5, and a Master Mason 7 ; a Petit Architect 21, and 
 a Grand Architect 27 ; that of a Knight of the East is 
 70 ; a Prince of Jerusalem 5 x 15 = 75 ; a Secret Master, 
 a Maitre Ecossais, and a Prince of Mercy, 81 ; and a 
 Scotch Knight 500 years. It was by this figurative way 
 of reasoning that the celebrated impostor the Count St 
 Germain, boasted that he was 500 years old 
 
 AGLA. One of the twelve Cabalistic names of God
 
 AGL AHO. 409 
 
 The other eleven were: Ehje, Jehovah, Elohim, El, 
 Gibbor, Eloah, Sabaoth, Isebaoth, Schaddai, Adonai, and 
 Makom. It is introduced here because some of 'our 
 brethren of the last century used the word as an inscrip- 
 tion in Hebrew characters for " tho lodge " represented 
 on the floor-cloth. 
 
 AH^MAN REZON. Dr.Mackey says these words ar 
 derived from the Hebrew ahim, brothers, manah, to pre 
 pare, and ratzon, the will or law ; and signifies, therefore 
 literally, " the law of prepared brothers." Others con- 
 tend that the derivation is from achi man ratzon, " the 
 opinions of a true and faithful brother." It was the 
 title adopted for their Book of Constitutions by the 
 section which split off from our Grand Lodge about 
 the year 1740, and denominated themselves, by way of 
 distinction, Ancient Masons. 
 
 AIR. Every human being at his birth becomes sub 
 ject to the action of three elements. He comes out o' 
 water, passes through the air, and when he arrives at 
 maturity, he is under the influence of fire. It is only at his 
 death that he can participate of the fourth element (the. 
 earth). When he is initiated into the mysteries of Masonry, 
 he is proved by the three elements of water ; air, and fire 
 Rosenberg. 
 
 AHOLIAB. Of the tribe of Dan. It is observed by 
 R. Bechai, that God chose one out of the lowest tribe 
 (for so they accounted that of Dan), as well as one out 
 of the chief, which was Judah ; that Bezaleel might not 
 be lifted up with vain conceit ; for great and small are 
 equal before God. And he truly observes, that one of 
 the same tribe of Dan, by the mother's side, was the 
 most skilful person that could be found for the building 
 of the Temple by Solomon. There were several, no 
 doubt, who had a natural genius to such arts as were 
 necessary in this work, but they could not, by their own 
 industry, have attained such skill as God bestowed on 
 Aholiab and Bezaleel ; at least not e>?> soon, as to go 
 immediately about the building of the Tabernacle, and 
 all things belonging to it. Bishop Patrick.
 
 410 AKI ALL. 
 
 AKIROK The name of an assassin at the building 
 of King Solomon's Temple. 
 
 ALERT. As everything in Freemasonry ought to be 
 performed with the precision of perfect discipline, it 
 behoves all the officers of a lodge to be ever on the alert 
 in the discharge of their respective duties, that the breth- 
 ren may have continually before them an example of 
 order and regularity worthy of imitation ; for it is only 
 by the correct demeanour of the rulers and governors of 
 the Craft, that the machinery of a lodge can be bene- 
 ficially worked, and its labours conducted with such 
 effect as to- produce the blessings of peace, harmony, and 
 brotherly love. 
 
 ALEXANDRIA. The inundations of the Nile caused 
 the inhabitants great rejoicings. But it usually happened 
 that when the waters had subsided, and they returned to 
 their agricultural pursuits, the sediment which had been 
 deposited by the retreating river had obliterated their 
 temporary laud-marks, which originated violent disputes 
 respecting their several localities. Being at length tired 
 of these annual contentions, and hearing that a lodge of 
 Masons was in existence at Alexandria, over which 
 Euclid presided, the Egyptians resolved to refer all liti- 
 gated matters to this Grand Lodge. Euclid undertook 
 the task, and with the assistance of his Grand Warden, 
 Straton the philosopher, collected the scattered elements 
 of geometry, and formed them into a regular system, by 
 which means the people were instructed how to measure 
 and apportion their lands, and renew their boundary 
 marks, without any infringement of each others rights 
 or property. 
 
 ALLEGORY. The two sons of Abraham, Ishmael, 
 born of Agar his handmaid, and Isaac, born of Sarah the 
 free-woman, contain an allegory in which the name iu 
 put for the thing signified or represented by it ; for these 
 two women and their children are, by representation, the 
 two covenants ; the one covenant being that from Mount 
 Smai, gendering to bondage, which is, by representation, 
 Agar the bond-woman, and so bearing a child which also
 
 ALL ALP. 411 
 
 was in bondage, for that which is signified by Agar, from 
 whom Ishraael descended, is Mount Sinai in Arabia, 
 whence the law was given; and this Agar answers to 
 Jerusalem that now is, and is in bondage with her child- 
 ren to the law, as the bond-woman and her child were to 
 Abraham ; but the Jerusalem which is above, is by repre- 
 sentation Sarah the free-woman, whose son was born, not 
 according to the flesh, but " according to the promise." 
 " Lo then, brethren, we are not the children of the bond- 
 woman, but the free." Whitbij. 
 
 ALL-SEEING- EYE. Whom the Sun, Moon, and Stars 
 obey, and under whose watchful care even comets per- 
 form their stupendous revolutions, beholds the inmost 
 recesses of the human heart, and will reward us accord- 
 ing to our works. Lectures.' 
 
 ALLUREMENTS. Masonry is one of the most sub 
 lime and perfect institutions that ever was formed for 
 the advancement of happiness and general good of man- 
 kind ; creating, in all its varieties, universal benevolence 
 and brotherly love. It holds out allurements so capti- 
 vating as to inspire the brotherhood with emulation to 
 deeds of glory, such as must command, throughout the 
 world, veneration and applause, and such as must entitle 
 those who perform them to dignity and respect. It 
 teaches us those useful, wise, and instructive doctrines, 
 upon which alone true happiness is founded ; and at the 
 same time affords those easy paths by which we attain 
 the rewards of virtue ; it teaches us the duties which we 
 owe to our neighbour, never to injure him in any one 
 situation, but to conduct ourselves with justice and 
 impartiality ; it bids us not to divulge the mystery tc the 
 public, and it orders us to be true to our trust, and above 
 all meanness and dissimulation, and in all our vocations 
 to perform religiously that which we ought to do. Duke 
 of Sussex. 
 
 ALPHA and OMEGrA. From eternity to eternity 
 This mode of speech is borrowed from the Jews, who 
 express the whole compass of things by x aleph and n tau, 
 the first and last letters of the Hebrew alphabets ; but aa
 
 412 ALT AME. 
 
 St. John was writing in Greek, he accommodates tlie 
 whole to the Greek alphabet, of which A alpha and Q omega 
 are the first and last letters. With the rabbins in iy\ ixn 
 mealeph vcad tau, "from aleph to tau" expressed the whole 
 of a matter from the beginning to the end ; as Adam trans- 
 gressed the whole law from aleph to tau, i. e. from the 
 beginning to the end. Adam Clarke. 
 
 ALTAR. An altar must be a most holy place to 
 every Christian, and more especially to every true wor- 
 shipper of God. It was so to the first nations who 
 conceived the idea of a Most High being. High above 
 all the stars they conjectured was his most elevated seat. 
 They fell upon their knees when they worshipped Him, 
 as more emblematical of the immense distance they were 
 removed from Him ; and they built altars, upon which 
 they offered fruits and other things, that the smoke might 
 arise towards Him, as a proof of their gratitude. We, 
 as enlightened Christians and Freemasons, make no 
 offerings of fruits upon our altars, neither are they any 
 more to be found upon the tops of mountains, or in the 
 depths of the caverns, but under a cloudy canopy, as 
 emblematical of the heavens, and our offerings are the 
 hallowed obligations of a grateful and pious heart. 
 
 /~ 7 ' 7 ^ 
 
 (jraaicfce. 
 
 AMERICA. The Americans appear to be more gene 
 rally versed in the principles of the Order than the 
 brethren of this country ; which is owing, I conceive, to 
 the genial operation of its local Grand Lodges. Every 
 brother may become a ruler of the Craft, and a Master in 
 Israel, by his own meritorious exertions. The offices oi 
 Grand Lodge are open to industrious and worthy brethren 
 who have given proof of their excellence in the art ; an 
 this facility of promotion excites a spirit of friendly emu- 
 lation which operates favourably For society at large. 
 The several Grand Lodges also are engaged in an 
 amicable contest which shall carry out the best interests 
 ot Masonry most effectually; and hencs we find no- 
 img in Masonry as it is practised there to condemn, 
 
 it everything to commend. They do not waste their 
 time in talking debates upon all speculative questions
 
 AMB AMP. 413 
 
 being left to the several committees or boards. The 
 Grand Lodges have to determine merely upon their 
 reports, which are usually found to be drawn up with so 
 much judgment and discrimination as not to be sus- 
 ceptible of any hostile opinion ; and hence their members 
 are seldom in collision with each other. 
 
 AMBITION. The possession and exercise of authority 
 is a matter of honourable and proper ambition in every 
 brother who really prizes the institution into which he 
 has been initiated, and who wishes to render his Masonry 
 productive of its legitimate fruits the moral improve- 
 ment of his mental faculties. It is to be regretted, how- 
 ever, that this ambition, so praiseworthy when exercised 
 within its due bounds, is too frequently indulged, even 
 to an unlimited extent, by brethren who, though in other 
 respects worthy, do not possess the requisite talent or 
 industry to confer distinction. Or, in other words, the 
 ambition is more frequently for the office, than for the 
 qualification to execute it with credit to themselves or 
 benefit to the community over which they have been 
 called on to preside. 
 
 AMMI. Say ye unto your brethren, Ammi ; and to 
 your sisters, Ruhamah. Although the Israelites, in the 
 days of Hosea, were in general corrupt, and addicted to 
 idolatry, yet there were among them in the worst times 
 some who had not bowed down the knee to Baal. These 
 were always Ammi and Ruhamah ; God's own people 
 and a darling daughter. It is probable that God here 
 commissions these faithful few to admonish the inhabit- 
 ants of the land in general of the dreadful judgments 
 that would be brought upon them by the gross idolatry 
 of the Jewish church and nation. Speak to your brethren, 
 Ammi (O my people), and to your sisters, O Ruhamah 
 (O darling daughter). Bishop Horsley. 
 
 AMPLE FOEM. When the Grand Master performs any 
 Masonic ceremony in person it is said to be in " ample 
 form ; " if by the Deputy Grand Master it is in " due form ; " 
 and if by any other person it is " in form." " Due and 
 ancient form" is often applied in place of the above terms. 
 35
 
 4M ANC. 
 
 ANCIENT CHARGES. To define the authority of 
 Masons in the clearest and most simple manner, our 
 ancient brethren made them the subjects of a series of 
 exhortations ; which is one of the most valuable legacies 
 that in their wisdom they have bequeathed to us. 
 allude to the Ancient Charges, which have been so 
 iudiciously incorporated into our Book of Constitutions 
 and which every Mason would do well to study with 
 attention, that they may be reduced to practice whenever 
 their assistance is needed. These charges are sufficiently 
 comprehensive, and embrace an epitome of every duty 
 which the Mason is enjoined to perform. And as a 
 commentary on them, the Grand Lodge has thought 
 proper, in its Constitutions, to enumerate these various 
 duties more minutely, and to make the breaches of them 
 penal, whilst honours and rewards are held out to those 
 worthy brothers who have been distinguished by regu- 
 larity and decorous conduct. 
 
 ANCIENT MASONS. In the year 1739 a few breth- 
 ren, having violated the laws of Masonry, were expelled 
 from the Grand Lodge, and adopted the bold measure, 
 under the fictitious name of the Ancient York Constitu- 
 tion, of constituting lodges, which were pronounced 
 independent of the Grand Lodge. And the latter, for the 
 purpose of producing a marked distinction between the 
 two systems, resolved at length to adopt the expedient, 
 apparently rendered necessary by the emergency, but 
 extremely ill-judged, of introducing a slight alteration 
 into the system, which might have the effect of detect- 
 ing the schismatics, and thus excluding them from the 
 orthodox lodges. The resolution was unfortunate, and 
 produced the very evil it was intended to avert. It 
 proved a source of exultation and triumph to the seced- 
 ing brethren. They loudly exclaimed against what they 
 called an alteration of the landmarks, as an unprece- 
 dented and unconstitutional proceeding; accused the Grand 
 Lodge of having deviated from ancient usage, and confer- 
 red upon all its members and adherents the invidious 
 epithet of Modern Masons, while they appropriated to them- 
 selves the exclusive and honourable title of "Ancient 
 Maaons, acting under the old York Constitutions, cement-
 
 ANC AND. 
 
 ed and conseciated by immemorial observance." Taking 
 advantage of this popular cry, they proceeded to the for- 
 mation of an independent Grand Lodge, drew up a code 
 of laws for its government, issued warrants for the con- 
 stitution of new lodges " under the true ancient system 
 of Freemasonry ;" and from the fees arising out of these 
 proceedings, they succeeded in establishing a fund of 
 benevolence, besides defraying the current expenses ol 
 *~he institution. 
 
 ANCHOR. The hope of glory, or of the fulfilment 
 of all God's promises to our souls, is the golden or pre- 
 cious anchor, by which we must be kept steadfast in the 
 faith, and encouraged to abide in our proper station, 
 amidst the storms of temptation, affliction, and persecu- 
 tion. Scott. 
 
 ANCHOR AND ARK. The ark and anchor are 
 emblems of a well-grounded hope and a well-spent life. 
 They are emblematical of that divine ark which triumph- 
 antly bears us over this tempestuous sea of troubles; 
 and that anchor which shall safely moor us in a peaceful 
 harbour, where the wicked cease from troubling and the 
 weary are at rest. 
 
 ANDERSON. Dr. Anderson lived in the beginning of 
 the 18th century, and it is from him that we have the 
 so deservedly celebrated Book of Constitutions of the 
 Ancient and Honourable Fraternity of Free and Accepted 
 Masons. The first part contains the history of the Order, 
 and the second contains the charges, rules, laws, duties, 
 &c., together with an historical account of the origin oi 
 the Order. Anderson, in the dedication to the then 
 Prince of Wales, calls himself Secretary to the Grand 
 Lodge in London, and states that the work was composed 
 by the command of the Grand Lodge, from its archives, 
 traditions, and lodge-books. The first edition appeared 
 in 1723, a second in 1738 ; since then various editions 
 have been published, viz., one by Entick, in 1758, one in 
 1776, one in 1784, by Noorthouck, and in 1S06 the latest- 
 To the second edition a superior privilege was attached 
 ly the Grand Lodge in London, no other constitution
 
 416 ANG. 
 
 book being allowed in the lodges but that of Anderson, 
 and no alteration being allowed to be made in ]t. Al- 
 though in this work the history of Freemasonry is carried 
 back to the creation, yet the information it has been the 
 means of preserving with regard to the duties of a 1 ree 
 mason, the constitutions of the Order, and the history ot 
 the English lodges, make it a valuable work, and cause 
 it to be highly prized by every lodge and every brother 
 In the first edition no mention is made of the formation 
 of the Grand Lodge in London in 1717, but is added to 
 the second edition. There is a German translation pub- 
 lished at Frankfort-on-the-Maine, and various French 
 editions. GadicTce. 
 
 ANGEL OF -JEHOVAH. The Angel of Jehovah 
 who appeared at the B. B. has been conjectured to be 
 Michael, the leader of the Host of Heaven, who appeared 
 also to Joshua and Daniel ; but he was really and 
 truly the captain of our salvation, or Jehovah himself 
 the Creator of the world, or Jesus Christ, called by 
 Masons the Grand Architect of the Universe, who only 
 hath immortality, dwelling in the Light which no man 
 can approach unto. This divine Being called to Moses 
 by his name, and commanded him to approach with 
 naked feet, because the ground on which he stood was 
 holy, or consecrated by the divine Presence. And there- 
 fore Moses took off his shoes in obedience to the divine 
 command, and prostrated himself before the Deity. 
 
 ANGERONA. The goddess of silence. Both the 
 Romans and Egyptians worshipped the gods and god- 
 desses of Silence. The Latins particularly worshipped 
 Angerona and Tacita, whose image stood upon the altai 
 of the goddess Volupia, with its mouth tied up and sealed 
 because they who endure their cares with silence and 
 patience, do, by that means, procure to themselves the 
 greatest pleasure. There is a beautiful female statue. 
 executed in the finest style of Grecian art, in the Town- 
 ley Gallery, room iii., No. 22, which some think to be a 
 figure of this goddess. 
 
 ANGLES. Geometrical figures, as= lines, angles.
 
 ANG ANO. 417 
 
 squares, anJ perpendiculars, were ranked amongst the 
 symbols 01 Druidism, as well as Freemasonry. As the 
 Druids had no enclosed temples, thinking them inconsist- 
 ent with the majesty of the gods, so neither had thev 
 any carved images to represent them, and for the sami 
 reason ; but instead thereof rude stones were erected ii 
 their places of worship at some mystic significant dis 
 tance, and in some emblematical number, situation, anc 
 plan ; sometimes in right lines, sometimes in squares, some- 
 times in triangles, sometimes in both ; now single, ana 
 fifty paces distant or more from the circles ; or eminently 
 taller than the rest in the circular line, and making a 
 part of it like portals, not only to shape the entrance, 
 but to hallow those that entered; it appearing, by many 
 monuments, that the Druids attributed great virtue to 
 these angular passages between rocks. 
 
 ANGULAR TRIAD. At the establishment of the 
 Royal Arch degree, the angular triad bore a reference to 
 the three great lights, which at that period were inter- 
 preted to symbolize the light of the Gospel and the 
 sublime Mystery of the Trinity. 
 
 ANNIYEBSAKIES, MASONIC. For Ancient Craft or 
 Symbolic Masonry the festivals of St. John the Baptist, 
 24th of June, and St. John the Evangelist, 27th of De- 
 cember. 
 
 ANNUITIES. Annuities are granted by many lodges 
 to aged and distressed Freemasons, and also to the poor 
 widows of deceased brethren : and this description of 
 charity is certainly the most useful which any lodge can 
 exercise. The silent gratitude of the recipient is a suffi- 
 cient reward to the Order, but it also reaps this benefit, 
 that the widow will encourage her sons, if she has any 
 and God may bless and prosper them when grown up, to 
 assist in giving similar assistance to other suffering breth 
 ren and widows. 
 
 ANOMALY. Freemasonry is mysterious because ii 
 is an admitted anouaaly in the history of the earth. 
 Without territorial possessions without any othe*
 
 418 ANT 
 
 coercing power than that of morality and virtue, it has 
 survived the wreck of mighty empires, and resisted the 
 destroying hand of Time. Contrast the histt ry of Free- 
 masonry with the history of the nations of the worM, 
 and what is the result ? The Jews, God's favored people 
 nto whose custody Masonry was first entrusted by it 
 divine Author, where are they now ? A race of wander 
 ere, scattered over the face of the globe. And th 
 stupendous and magnificent structure the Temple a 
 once their glory and the wonder of the world, where is 
 it now ? Not one stone left upon another. Babylon, in 
 her day the queen of nations, has fallen, never to rise 
 again. Egypt, with her kings and philosophers ; classic 
 Greece, and Imperial Rome, we now find but occupying 
 their page in the history of the world. But Masonry at 
 this moment shines throughout the world with as bright 
 and undiminished a lustre as when first revealed by God 
 to man. Alexander Grant. 
 
 ANTEDILUVIANS. Having been forewarned by 
 Adam of an universal deluge and conflagration, the ante- 
 diluvians erected two pillars, one of brick and the other 
 of stone, which they were of opinion would, one or the 
 other or them, be proof against every attack either of 
 fire or water. They engraved upon these pillars their 
 discoveries and inventions, lest, in a series of ages, the 
 knowledge of science itself should become extinct. 
 Their precaution was not in vain ; for, to this day, the 
 stone pillar is to be seen in Syria. Josephus. 
 
 ANTI-MASONKY. Anti-masonry was converted 
 into a watch- word about the year 1830, for political pur- 
 poses, and to render the cry more imposing, and more 
 successful, it was alleged that the Fraternity had mur- 
 dereda man of the name of Morgan in 1826 for disclosing 
 the secret. The excitement was kept up with unceasing 
 pertinacity until it numbered nearly 100,000 free and 
 intelligent electors of the State of New York; almost 
 divided the vote of Pennsylvania. ; planted itself deeply 
 in the soil of Massachusetts ; spread itself in others of 
 the New England states in Ohio and elsewhere ; while in 
 t, like the rod of Asron, it so far swallowed up
 
 APO APP. 419 
 
 both of the former parties, as to have obtained the con- 
 trol of the state government. Nor was it of factitious 
 partisans or disappointed men that this party was 
 composed. It comprised among its members as great a 
 portion of wealth and character of talents and respect- 
 ability as any party that was ever formed of equal 
 numbers in this or any other country. And where is this 
 great anti-masonic party now ? The excitement contin- 
 ued a few years, the hollowness of its principles became 
 apparent, and it suddenly disappeared like a passing 
 cloud, leaving behind it nothing but public shame and 
 contempt. 
 
 APOSTACY. In the masonic system we are not only 
 taught something of the history of the material world, 
 but numerous facts pertaining to the moral, which are 
 infinitely more important. Such is the apostacy of our 
 first parents. This melancholy event is explicitly brought 
 to view in so many words, and so strikingly represented, 
 as seldom to fail of making deep and lasting impressions 
 on the heart. The wretched, and destitute, anoLdeplora- 
 ble situation of Adam, which was the fruit of his dis- 
 obedience, are affectingly exhibited by the most lively 
 masonic representations. Town. 
 
 APOSTATE MASONS. It would be equally useless 
 and vain to deny that we have occasionally found amongst 
 ourselves individuals who have violated their solemn 
 pledges, and sinned against the rites of masonic faith. 
 However we may lament the consequences, we cannot 
 impugn the fact. Still it does not detract from the merit 
 of the institution, any more than the apostates, from 
 Judas Iscariot downwards, who have failed to sully the 
 intrinsic purity of the Christian religion. 
 
 APPEAL. As the Grand Lodge, when congregated, 
 is a representation of every individual member of the 
 Fraternity, it necessarily possesses a supreme superin- 
 tending authority, and the power of finally deciding on 
 every case which concerns the interest of the Craft 
 Any lodge or brother, therefore, v ho may feel aggrieved 
 by the decision of any other masonic authority or juris-
 
 420 APP ARC. 
 
 diction, may appeal to the Grand Lodge against such 
 decision. The appeal must be made in writing, specify- 
 ing the particular grievance complained of, and be trans- 
 mitted to the Grand Secretary. A notice and copy ol the 
 appeal must also be sent by the appellant to the party 
 against whose decision the appeal is made. All appeals 
 must be made in proper and decent language ; no others 
 will be received. Constitutions. 
 
 APPRENTICE, or first degree in the Order. An 
 apprentice is respected in every lodge as u brother equally 
 as much as an older member, and he has not, as might 
 be supposed, any especially derogatory work to do. He 
 learns masonic wisdom as far as it can be taught in the 
 first degree, and he is, therefore, called an Apprentice. 
 His clothing in the lodge is very little different from that 
 of the others ; and the older brethren dare not place much 
 value in their being able to wear an ornament or two 
 more than he does. Gadicke. 
 
 APRON. An apron is given to an operative Mason 
 as a real necessary article ; to a Freemason only as a 
 symbol. If the apron of an operative mason becomes 
 dirty, this is mostly a sign of his praiseworthy industry ; 
 but when the Freemason does not keep himself morally 
 pure in all his actions, he stains the pure white of his 
 apron to his own disgrace. A masonic apron is made of 
 common white leather, and no brother is allowed to 
 appear in a lodge without one ; it is intended to remind 
 him of purity of mind and morals; white amongst the 
 ancients being considered as an emblem of purity of soul. 
 It is well known that formerly none but those of mature 
 age were baptized, and they had to be dressed in white, 
 to show that they had laid aside the lusts of the flesh. 
 Those brethren who prove by their active benevolence 
 and industry that they are worthy, receive promotion in 
 the Order, and their aprons have proper decorations for 
 each degree. Gadicke. 
 
 ARCANA. In the secret arcana of our mysteries, a 
 leries of valuable truths are preserved, which correspond 
 with the teaching of Christianity, and point to the
 
 ARC! 423 
 
 appearance of a Saviour in the world, to atone for human 
 transgression, and carry us from earth to heaven. And 
 being the conservator of such valuable mysteries, it is 
 not surprising that in these days of superior piety and 
 intelligence, it should so rapidly increase in public 
 estimation, and be practised by the wise and good, not 
 merely as a source of rational amusement, but as a 
 means of promoting the blessings of morality and virtue 
 amongst mankind, and augmenting a respect for the 
 institution of religion. 
 
 ARCH OF HEAVEN. Job compares heaven to an 
 arch supported by pillars. "The pillars of heaven trem- 
 ble and are astonished at his reproof." Dr. Cutbush on 
 this passage remarks " The arch in this instance is 
 allegorical, not only of heaven, but of the higher degree 
 of Masonry, commonly called the Holy Royal Arch. 
 The pillars which support the arch are emblematical ol 
 Wisdom and Strength ; the former denoting the wisdom 
 of the Supreme Architect, and the latter the stability of 
 the universe." Brewster. 
 
 ARCHITECTURE. Architecture is one of the first 
 occupations in which man employed himself, and reflec- 
 tion is the first step towards improving the mind. How 
 astonishingly has the science of architecture improved 
 and how honoured and how respected is an experienced 
 architect ! The science commenced with miserable huts ; 
 the next step was to erect altars on which to offer sacri- 
 fices to the gods ; of their own imaginations regular 
 dwellings followed next in rotation, after which, in rapid 
 succession, came palaces for their princes, bridges over 
 the most rapid streams to facilitate their commune with 
 ^ach other ; pyramids and towers, proudly pointing to the 
 heavens ; catacombs of nearly immeasurable dimensions 
 for the interment of their dead, and the most gorgeous 
 temples in honour of the Great Architect of heaven 
 and earth. Thus we have adopted the title of Masons 
 from one of the most ancient and most honourable occu- 
 pations of mankind, in allusion to the antiquity of our 
 Order. The working tools of an operative mason have 
 become our symbols, because we can find no better ot
 
 424 ARC ARK. 
 
 more expressive ones. No occupation is so widely 
 extended, and in close connexion with others, as that of 
 a Mason ; and the various paths by which mankind strive 
 to gain an entrance into the imperishable temple are 
 innumerable. Gadirkf.. 
 
 ARCHIVES. Our traditions state that the hollow or 
 the cylinder of these pillars (J. & B.) was used as archives 
 of Masonry, and contained the sacred rolls which com- 
 prised the history of the Hebrew nation, their civil and 
 religious polity, the works of the prophetical and 
 inspired writers, and the complete system of universal 
 science. Hemming. 
 
 ARITHMETIC. The science of arithmetic is indis 
 pensable to the architect, and highly prized by him. It 
 is a very ancient science, and was perfected in ancient 
 Greece. Far be it from every Mason to give himself up 
 to the superstitious practice of foretelling human events 
 by the science of arithmetic ; but he knows that it is by 
 the assistance of arithmetic that we have discovered the 
 courses of the heavenly bodies ; that without its assist- 
 ance we could not know when the moon would shine, 
 when it would be ebb or flood, when summer or winter 
 would c ommence. Gadicke. 
 
 ARK AND ANCHOR. [See ANCHOR AND ARK.] 
 
 ARK. The ark of the covenant was a kind of chest 
 or coffer, placed in the sanctum sanctorum, with the 
 two tables of stone containing the decalogue, written 
 with the finger of God, and containing the most sacred 
 monument of the Jewish or any other religion. Along 
 with the ark were deposited the rod of Aaron anH the 
 pot of manna. The ark was a symbol of the divine 
 presence and protection of the Israelites, and a pledge 
 of the stability of the theocracy, so long as the people 
 adhered to the articles of the covenant which the ark 
 contained. This sacred chest was made of shittim wood, 
 or the timber of a thorny shrub which grew in great 
 profusion in many parts of the wilderness where the 
 Israelites were directed to encamp, and gave its name to
 
 ARll ART. 425 
 
 a particular piace, which was hence called Abel Shittira 
 It is supposed to have been the wood of the burning 
 bush, which was once held in such veneration in our 
 Royal Arch Chapters. This timber had a close grain 
 and consequently was capable of receiving a beautifu 
 polish, and, like the cedar, from its fragrance exemp 
 from the attacks of worms and rottenness. Hence th 
 ark endured, without losing any of its specific virtues 
 from the time of its construction in the wilderness to th 
 demolition of the Temple by Nebuchadnezzar, a perioi 
 of nine hundred years. It was made by Aholiab and 
 Bezaleel, under the direction of Moses, and according to 
 the pattern which Jehovah had shown him on the Holy 
 Mountain; and appropriated to such a sublime office, 
 that all persons were forbidden to look upon or touch it 
 under pain of death. 
 
 ARRANGEMENT. The appointment and arrange- 
 ment of a masonic lodge-room in the 18th century were 
 very different to our present practice. A long table was 
 extended from one end of the room to the other, covered 
 with a green cloth, on which were placed duplicates of 
 the ornaments, furniture and jewels, intermixed with 
 masonic glasses for refreshment. At one end of this 
 table was placed the Master's pedestal, and at the other 
 that of the Senior Warden, while about the middle of 
 the table, in the south, the Junior Warden was placed, 
 and the brethren sat round as at a common ordinary. 
 When there was a candidate to be initiated, the candidate 
 was paraded outside the whole; and, on such occasions, 
 after he had been safely deposited at the north-east angle 
 of the lodge, a very short explanation of the design of 
 Freemasonry, or a brief portion of the lecture, was con- 
 sidered sufficientsbefore the lodge was called from labour 
 to refreshment. The song, the toast, the sentiment, went 
 merrily round, and it was not until the brethren were 
 tolerably satiated that the lodge was resumed, and the 
 routine business transacted before closing. 
 
 ARTS, LIBERAL. The seven liberal arts and sciences 
 are Grammar, Rhetoric, Arithmetic, Logic, Music, Ge-
 
 42fl ASC-AST. 
 
 netry and Astronomy. They are beautifully explained 
 hi the second, or Fellow-Craft's, degree. 
 
 ASCENT The ascent of a Fellowcraft, when Tie goes 
 to receive his wages, is by a staircase of five divisions 
 referring to the five noble orders of architecture, and the 
 five external senses or organs which regulate the severa 
 modes of that sensation which we derive from extern* 
 objects. These are the several links of that powerful 
 chain which binds us to the works of the creation, where- 
 with we can have no connection, exclusive of those feel- 
 ings which result from the delicate mechanism ot the 
 ear, the eye, the smell, the palate, and the touch. 
 
 ASHLAR. [See ROUGH and PERFECT.] 
 
 ASTRE A. The Goddess of Justice dwelt with mot 
 tals, but their vices and crimes, which she could not 
 restrain, disgusted her so much, that she was compelled 
 to return to heaven, from whence this charming goddess 
 has never again revisited the earth to preside over the 
 tribunals of mortals, for which reason she is generally 
 represented as hoodwinked. Mythology informs us, that 
 while she was a dweller on this earth, she was so satis 
 fied with the justice of the spirit of Freemasonry, that 
 she took it with her into her sanctuary, where she awaits 
 the brethren of the Order, to bless them with all the 
 pleasures she is able to communicate. 
 
 ASTRONOMY is an art by which we are taught to read 
 the wonderful works of God in those sacred pages, the 
 Celestial Hemisphere. While we are employed in the 
 study of this science, we must perceive unparalleled 
 instances of wisdom and goodness, and through the whole 
 of the creation trace the glorious Author by his works. 
 
 ASTRONOMICAL. Some of our brethren are in- 
 clined to think that our rites are astronomical, and 
 explain the pillars of the lodge thus: Wisdom is the first 
 Person of the Egyptian Trinity; Osiris, the sun, is the 
 second person, being the Demiurgus, or supposed maker 
 of the world, personating Strength , and Isis, the moon.
 
 ASY ATH. 427 
 
 the Beauty of Masonry, is the third. But as the first 
 person is not revealed to the initiates of the minor 
 degrees, the trinity for these grades is made up wholly of 
 visible physical powers, adapted to the gross conceptions 
 of the unenlightened; viz., Osiris, Isis, and Orus ; that 
 is, the Sun, Moon, and Orion. The cabalistic Jews had 
 some such fancies respecting their patriarchs. Abraham 
 was likened to the sun, as rising in the east ; Isaac tc 
 the moon, as receiving his light from him ; and Jacob to 
 the Zodiac, from his sons constituting so many stars. 
 Therefore, in " Barmidmar Raba," these appellations are 
 given to them. Descending from the heavens to the 
 firmament, the seven planets come after the orbs ; these 
 correspond to the seven pre-eminent men until Jacob ; 
 i. e., Adam, Seth, Noah, Shem, Abraham, Isaac, and 
 Jacob ; or, according to others, commencing with Jacob, 
 Levy, Kohath, Amram, Aaron, David, and Solomon ; or 
 Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, Moses, Aaron, David, and Solo- 
 mon. In either way this number is mystical ; for as the 
 sun has three planets above his orb Mars, Jupiter, and 
 Saturn, and three below it the Moon, Venus, and Mer- 
 cury, so Moses is compared to the sun from being in the 
 centre of these last enumerations of patriarchs. There- 
 fore, the sages say " The face of Moses shone like the 
 sun." 
 
 ASYLUM. The Asylum for Worthy, Aged and De- 
 cayed Freemasons is a magnificent edifice at Croydon in 
 Surrey. The charity was established by Dr. Crucefix, 
 after sixteen years of herculean toil, such as few men but 
 himself could have sustained. He did not live to see it 
 in full operation, but breathed his last at the very time 
 when the cope-stone was placed on the building. Since 
 the death of Dr. Crucefix, it has been amalgamated with 
 the Provident Annuity and Benevolent Association ol 
 the Grand Lodge. 
 
 ATHEIST. One who denies the existence of a God, 
 or, supreme intelligent being. The old charges declare 
 that a Mason is obliged by his tenure to obey the moral 
 law, and if he rightly understands the art, he will never 
 be a stupid atheist. A belief in God is one of tho un-
 
 ATT AUG. 
 
 written landmarks of the Order. The very nature of the 
 institution is set forth in its rituals as one of the tost pre- 
 requisites to the ceremony of initiation. 
 
 ATTENDANCE. Every brother ought to belong to 
 gome regular lodge, and should always appear therein 
 properly clothed, truly subjecting himself to all its 
 by-laws and the general regulations. He must attend all 
 meetings, when duly summoned, unless he can offer to 
 the Master and Wardens such plea of necessity for his 
 absence as the said laws and regulations may admit. By 
 the ancient rules and usages of Masonry, which are 
 generally adopted among the by-laws of every lodge, no 
 plea was judged sufficient to excuse any absentee, unless 
 he could satisfy the lodge that he was detained by some 
 extraordinary and unforeseen necessity. 
 
 ATTRIBUTES. The principal design of the laws of 
 Masonry is to promote the harmony of its members, and 
 by that means create a marked line of distinction be- 
 tween Freemasonry and every other existing society. 
 The attributes of the several degrees were therefore 
 distinctly characterized, that no mistake might occur in 
 their application to the business of the Craft. The 
 orethren of the first degree were expected to distinguish 
 themselves by honour and probity ; the Fellowcraft by 
 diligence, assiduity, and a sincere love of scientific 
 pursuits ; while the few who by their superior virtues 
 attained to the third degree, recommended themselves 
 to notice by their truth, fidelity, and experience in the 
 details and landmarks of the Order. 
 
 AUDIT. A committee, consisting of the Grand Offi- 
 cers of the year, and twenty-four Masters of lodges in 
 London district, to be taken by rotation, shall meet 
 between the quarterly communications in December and 
 March, for the purpose of examining and auditing the 
 Grand Treasurer's accounts for the preceding year, and 
 making a report thereon to the Grand Lodge. Consti- 
 tutions. 
 
 AUGUSTAN STYLE. It was during the reign ,
 
 AUT BAB. 129 
 
 Augustus that the learned Vitruvius became the father 
 jf true architecture by his admirable writings. This 
 imperial patron first employed his Fellowcrafts in repair- 
 ing or rebuilding all the public edifices, much neglected, 
 if not injured, during the civil wars. In those golden 
 days of Augustus, the patricians, following his example, 
 built above a hundred marble palaces at Rome, fit for 
 princes ; and every substantial citizen rebuilt their houses 
 in marble ; all uniting in the same disposition of adorn- 
 ing Rome ; whereby many lodges arose and flourished of 
 the Free and Accepted Masons, so that Augustus, when 
 dying, justly said, " I found Rome built of brick but I 
 leave it built of marble ! " Hence it is, that in the 
 remains of ancient Rome, those of his time, and of some 
 following emperors, are the best patterns of true masonry 
 extant, the epitome of old Grecian architecture, now 
 commonly expressed by the Augustan style, in which 
 are united wisdom, strength, and beauty. Anderson. 
 
 AUTHORITY. [See ANCIENT CHARGES.] 
 
 AXE. In the construction of King Solomon's Tem- 
 ple, every piece of it, whether timber, stone, or metal, 
 was brought ready cut, framed, and polished, to Jerusa- 
 lem ; so that no other tools we're wanted or heard than 
 were necessary to join the several parts together. All 
 the noise of axe, hammer, and saw, was confined to Leba- 
 non, the quarries and the plains of Zeredatha, that 
 nothing might be heard among the masons of Sion save 
 harmony and peace. Anderson. 
 
 B. 
 
 BABEL, in the Hebrew language means confusion. The 
 name of a lofty tower, began to be built by the descendants 
 of Noah, among whom Nimrod was a leader, on the plains 
 of Shinar, about 120 years after the flood. It was de- 
 stroyed by the special interposition of the Almighty. 
 
 BABYLON. One of the oldest and greatest cities of the 
 ancient world, of which Niinrod was the founder. It was 
 situated in the very heart of the old world. Under Nebu- 
 chadnezzar Babylon reached the summit of her greatness.
 
 430 BAB BAD. 
 
 This king, in the year of the world 3394, destroyed the 
 city of Jerusalem, including Solomon's temple, and car- 
 ried into captivity nearly all the people of Judea, who 
 were retained in Babylon for seventy years, and until 
 Cyrus, King of Persia, issued a proclamation restoring 
 them to liberty, with permission to rebuild their temple, 
 under the superintendence of Zerubbabel, a prince of 
 Judea ; Jeshua, the high-priest, and Haggai, the scribe. 
 
 BABYLONISH CAPTIVITY. The Jews had fallen 
 under the displeasure of the Almighty by deviating from 
 true masonic principles ; and hence they not only fell 
 into great errors and corruptions, but were guilty of the 
 most abominable sins ; wherefore Jehovah, in his wrath, 
 denounced heavy judgments against them by Jeremiah 
 and other prophets, declaring that their fruitful laud 
 should be spoiled, their city became desolate and an 
 abomination, and themselves and their descendants feel 
 the effects of his displeasure for the space of seventy 
 years, which commenced in the fourth year of the reign 
 of Jehoiachim, A. L. 3398. Old Lectures. 
 
 BACK. It is a duty incumbent on every Free and 
 Accepted Mason to support a brother's character in his 
 absence equally as though he were present ; not to revile 
 him behind his back, nor suffer it to be done by others 
 without using every necessary attempt to prevent it. 
 
 BADGE. Johnson defines a badge as "a mark of 
 cognizance worn to show the relation of the wearer to 
 any person or thing." The badge of a Mason is his 
 apron an emblem of innocence and purity. It was 
 originally a skin of plain white leather. In 1730 it was 
 regulated in Grand Lodge that the Grand Officers should 
 " wear white leather aprons with blue silk ; and that the 
 Masters and Wardens of particular lodges may line their 
 white leather aprons with white silk, and may hang their 
 jewels at white ribbons about their necks." At present 
 a Master Mason wears a lamb-skin apron with sky-blue 
 lining and edging, one inch and a half deep, with a 
 rosette on the fall or flap. No other colour or ornament 
 is allowed, except to officers or past officers of lodges.
 
 BAL BAN. 431 
 
 wfio may have the emblems of their office in silver 01 
 white in the centre of their apron. The Masters am] 
 Past iuasters of lodges wear, in lieu of, and in the place 
 of, the three rosettes on the Master Mason's apron, 
 perpendicular lines upon horizontal lines, thereby form- 
 ing three several sets of two right angles, to be made of 
 ribbon of the same colour as the edging of the apron. 
 The Grand Stewards' aprons are distinguished by crim- 
 son and silver, and other grand and provincial grand 
 officers by purple and gold. 
 
 BALLOT. Ballotting frequently takes place in a 
 Freemasons' lodge, more particularly in admitting a can- 
 didate, which is never allowed to take place unless he 
 has a majority of votes in his favour, according to the 
 rules of the lodge ; some lodges requiring perfect una- 
 nimity, others admitting the candidate when there are not 
 more than three black balls against him. In exercising 
 this privilege, every member ought to give his vote per- 
 fectly free from any influence from either the officers of 
 the lodge, or from personal or private motives : he ought, 
 at all times to remember that this privilege is given fcc 
 men who ought to think and act for themselves with this 
 one sole object in view, viz., the credit, honour, and 
 welfare of the Craft in general, and of his own lodge in 
 particular. Gadicke. 
 
 BANNERS. When the Israelites marched through 
 the wilderness, we find that the twelve tribes had be- 
 tween them four principal banners, or standards, every 
 one of which had its particular motto ; and each standard 
 had also a distinct sign described upon it. They en- 
 camped round about the tabernacle, and on the east side 
 were three tribes under the standard of Judah ; on the 
 west were three tribes under the standard of Ephraim 
 on the south were three tribes under the standard of 
 Reuben ; and on the north were three tribes under the 
 standard of Dan. The standard of Judah was a lion; 
 that of Ephraim an ox; that of Reuben a man, and that 
 of Dun an eagle; whence were formed the hieroglyphics 
 of cherubim and seraphim, to represent the children of 
 Israel. Ashe.
 
 432 BAR BEA. 
 
 BARE FEET. Nakedness of feet was a sign of mourn- 
 ing. God says to Ezekiel, " Make no mourning for the 
 dead, and put on thy shoes upon thy feet," c. It was 
 likewise a mark of respect. Moses put off* his shoes to 
 approach the burning bush ; the priests served in the 
 Tabernacle with their feet naked, as they did afterwards 
 n the Temple. The Talmudists teach that if they had 
 but stepped with their feet upon a cloth, a skin, or even 
 upon the foot of one of their companions, their service 
 would have been unlawful. 
 
 BANQUET. After the closing of some lodges for 
 initiations or festival, a banquet is held, that is to say, 
 the brethren asemble for recreation and refreshment at 
 a supper. But if the brethren merely meet to eat and 
 drink, then the appellation masonic banquet would not 
 be appropriate. Eating, or, more properly speaking, 
 drinking toasts, and earnest masonic discourses or appeals 
 for charitable purposes to the brethren, are so blended 
 together as to produce one beautiful and harmonious 
 whole evening's amusement ; for this reason the officers 
 of the lodge, at least the Worshipful Master, Wardens, 
 and Master of the Ceremonies, or his substitute, must be 
 present. The opening and closing of a masonic banquet, 
 at which the brethren are clothed, is commonly regulated 
 by a ritual for that purpose. Gudlckc. 
 
 BEAUTY. The Freemason is a true admirer of afl 
 the liberal arts and sciences, but he much more admires 
 a beauty of his own, which stands as fast as the pillars oi 
 the earth is immovable and immortal. All our working 
 tools are given to us to find out symmetry, proportion, 
 and applicability. We are conducted by every step in 
 our Order to order and harmony, the very being of beauty 
 We do not crawl in loathsome caverns, but our places 01 
 meeting are beautiful halls. The outward tokens and 
 clothing of our Order are composed of the most beauti- 
 ful colours. We refuse neither silk nor metal in our 
 jewels, we rejoice in the purity of the clothing of our 
 Order; out more especially we endeavour to make the 
 spirit of true beauty shine in our assemblies, and not to 
 allow it to degenerate into a lifeless appearance. Ga- 
 dickc.
 
 BEA BEL. 433 
 
 BEAUTY AND BANDS. The app ication of beauty 
 and bands to the science of Freemasonry was in much 
 esteem with our brethren at the beginning of the present 
 century; but at the reunion, being pronounced inconsist- 
 ent with the general plan of the Order, it was expunged, 
 and is now nearly forgotten, except by a few old Masons, 
 who may, perhaps, recollect the illustration as an inci 
 dental subject of remark amongst the Fraternity of tha 
 period. 
 
 BEEHIVE. The beehive is an emblem of industry, 
 and recommends the practice of that virtue to all created 
 beings, from the highest seraph in heaven to the lowest 
 reptile in the dust. It teaches us that as we came into 
 the world rational and intelligent beings, so we should 
 ever be industrious ones; never sitting down contented 
 while our fellow-creatures around us are in want, when 
 it is in our power to relieve them without inconvenience 
 to ourselves. 
 
 BEHAVIOUR. A Mason should be always cautious 
 in his words and carriage, that the most penetrating 
 stranger may not be able to discover or find out what is 
 not proper to be intimated ; and sometimes he should 
 divert a discourse, and manage it prudently for the 
 honour of the worshipful Fraternity. 
 
 BELIEF. The most prominent facts which Freema- 
 sonry inculcates directly or by implication in its lectures 
 are these : that there is a God ; th?-' V^e created man, and 
 placed him in a state of perfect happiness in Paradise; 
 that he forfeited this supreme felicity by disobedience to 
 die divine commands at the suggestion of a serpent 
 tempter; that, to alleviate his repentant contrition, a 
 divine revelation was communicated to him, that in pro- 
 cess of time a Saviour should appear in the world to 
 atone for their sin, and place their posterity in a condi- 
 tion of restoration to his favor ; that for the increasing 
 wickedness of man, God sent a deluge to purge the earth 
 of its corruptions; and when it was again repeopled. he 
 renewed his gracious covenant with several of the patri- 
 archs ; delivered his people from Egypt; led them in th.3
 
 434 BEN. 
 
 wilderness ; and in the Mosaic dispensation gave more cleai 
 indications of the Messiah by a succession of prophets, 
 extending throughout the entire theocracy and monarchy , 
 that he instituted a tabernacle and temple worship, 
 which contained the most indisputable types of the 
 religion which the Messiah should reveal and promulgate ; 
 and that when the appointed time arrived, God sent his 
 only begotten Son to instruct them, who was born at 
 Bethlehem, as the prophets had foretold, in the reign o* 
 Herod, (who was not of the Jewish royal line, nor eveii 
 a Jew,) of a pure virgin of the family of David. 
 
 BENAI. The Benai were setters, layers, or builders 
 at the erection of King Solomon's Temple, being able 
 and ingenious Fellowcrafts, who were distributed by 
 Solomon into separate lodges, with a Master and Warden 
 in each, that they might receive commands in a regular 
 manner, take care of their tools and jewels, be paid every 
 week, and be duly fed and clothed, that the work might 
 proceed with harmony and order. 
 
 BENEFITS. The society expends thousands of 
 pounds sterling every year in the relief of the virtuous 
 distressed. Nor can the existence of these benefits be 
 denied, for they are open and undisguised. The relief 
 of widows and orphans, and of aged Masons in want; 
 youth of both sexes educated and trained to a life of use- 
 fulness and virtue ; the stream of charity disseminated 
 through every class of wretchedness and misery, are 
 indeed so evident, that none can doubt the benefits of the 
 institution ; and therefore those who decry it are fighting 
 against truth, and condemn by their writings what their 
 conscience secretly approves. 
 
 BENEVOLENCE, FUND OF. The distribution and 
 application of this charitable fund shall be monthly ; for 
 which purpose a committee or lodge of Benevolence 
 shall be holden on the last Wednesday of every month. 
 This lodge shall consist of all the present and past Grand 
 Officers, all actual Masters of lodges, and twelve Past 
 Masters. The brother presiding shall be bound strictly 
 to enforce all the regulations of the Craft respecting the
 
 BET BEZ. 435 
 
 distribution of this fund, and shall be satisfied, before any 
 petition be read, that all the required formalities have 
 been complied with. To every petition must be added 
 a recommendation, signed in open lodge by the Master, 
 Wardens, and a majority of the members then present, 
 to which the petitioner does or did belong, or from some 
 other contributing lodge, certifying that they have known 
 him to have been in reputable, or at least tolerable, cir- 
 cumstances, and that he has been not less than two years 
 a subscribing member to a regular lodge. 
 
 BETRAYING. By a full and fair exposition of our 
 great leading principles, we betray no masonic secrets ; 
 these are safely locked up in the heart of every Mason, 
 and are never to be imparted except in a constitutional 
 manner. But our leading tenets, are no secrets. It is no 
 secret that Masonry is of divine origin ; it is no secret 
 that the system embraces and inculcates evangelical 
 truth ; it is no secret that there is no duty enjoined nor 
 a virtue required in the volume of inspiration, but w r hat 
 is found in, and taught by, Speculative Freemasonry ; it 
 is no secret that the appropriate name of God has been 
 preserved in this institution in every country where 
 Masonry existed, while the rest of the world was literally 
 sunk in heathenism ; and above all, it is not, neither can 
 it be, a secret, that a good Mason is, of necessity, truly 
 and emphatically a Christian. Town. 
 
 BEZALEEL. Bezaleel and Aholiab were not only 
 the most skilful at the building of the Tabernacle, but 
 the most zealous for the work. We are therefore not 
 prepared to see a miracle in this particular ; but we are 
 prepared to see something greater, which is, that God 
 claims his own vis his gift, as the wisdom which he had 
 put into them that we might call the ' natural" genius 
 or talent whereby they had been enabled to acquire that 
 master skill in arts which they were now required to 
 exercise in his service. We believe that these endowments 
 were given to them originally by God, and that the cir- 
 cumstances of life which gave them the opportunity of 
 making these acquirements in Egypt, were determined 
 ay Him with a view to this ultimate employment in his
 
 436 BIB BLA. 
 
 service. We see that the services of other persons simi- 
 larly qualified were required in the same manner, and 
 on the same ground, although Bezaleei and Aholiab were 
 the chief. Kitto. 
 
 BIBLE. Amongst the great lights of Freemasonry 
 the Holy Bible is the greatest. By it we are taught to 
 rule and govern our faith. Without this sacred light we 
 find no masonic altar. Without it no lodge is perfect; 
 neither can any one be legally initiated into the Order 
 unless he believes in the grand truths which are therein 
 contained ; unless he supports and is supported by that 
 blessed book. The square and the compasses stimulate 
 us to investigate into the truths which are therein con- 
 tained ; for truth, justice, and mercy, are best supported 
 by true religion. By it -we are taught " In the beginning 
 was the WORD." The sacred writings are a symbolical 
 chain, by which we are all united in the bonds of brother- 
 ly love and universal philanthropy, as John, the meek 
 and lowly disciple of Jesus, says in his gospel. In this 
 blessed book is to be found the true rule by which every 
 real Christian will endeavour to regulate his conduct. 
 Gadicke. 
 
 BIGOTRY. There are some bigots in their opinions 
 against Freemasonry. It is, they cry, a bad thing an 
 unlawful thing a sinful thing. Why? Because we 
 detest it abhor it ! To pity such, is no mean part oi 
 Christian love, since, I am persuaded, that even in good 
 hearts the first emotions respecting them were those of 
 scorn and contempt. Of what use is it to reason with 
 bigots, whether in religion, morals, or politics? Turner 
 
 BLACK. Among the Athenians, black was the colou. 
 of affliction, and white of innocence, joy, and purity. 
 The Arabs and blazonry give to black a signification 
 evidently derived from traditions of initiation. It desig- 
 nates among the Moors grief, despair, obscurity, and con- 
 stancy. Black, in blazon named sable, signifies pn.dence, 
 wisdom, and constancy in adversity and woe. Hence the 
 mosaic work of a Masons' lodjie. fttmMic (
 
 BLA BOA. 437 
 
 BLAZING STAR. The blazing star must not be con- 
 sidered merely as the creature which heralded the appear- 
 ance of T. G. A. O. T. U., but the expressive symbol of 
 that Great Being himself, who is described by the mag 
 nificent appellations of the Day Spring, or Rising Sun ; 
 the Day Star; the Morning Star; and the Bright, or 
 Blazing Star. This, then, is the supernal reference of the 
 Blazing Star of Masonry, attached to a science which, 
 like the religion it embodies, is universal, and applicable 
 to all times and seasons, and to every people that ever 
 did or ever will exist on our ephemeral globe of earth. 
 
 BLUE. This durable and beautiful color was adopted 
 and worn by our ancient brethren of the three symbolic 
 degrees as the peculiar characteristic of an institution 
 which has stood the test of ages, and which is as much 
 distinguished by the durability of its materials or prin- 
 ciples, as by the beauty of its superstructure. It is an 
 emblem of universal friendship and benevolence ; and 
 instructs us, that in the mind of a Mason those virtues 
 should be as expansive as the blue arch of heaven itself 
 
 BLUE MASONRY. The three first degrees are 
 clothed in or ornamented with blue, from whence this 
 .iame is derived. The following degrees have not the 
 same uniformity in their outward appearance. Blue is 
 the colour of truth or fidelity ; and it is a Remarkable fact 
 that the brethren have ever remained true to the blue 
 degrees, while the authenticity of the other degrees has 
 often been disputed, and in many places altogether 
 denied. Under the reign of William III. of England 
 blue was adopted as the favourite colour of the Craft - 
 GadicTce. 
 
 BOARD OF GENERAL PURPOSES. This boar 
 consists of a president and twenty-four other members 
 of which the Grand Master annually nominates the presi- 
 dent and ten of the members, at the Quarterly Commu- 
 nication in June ; and the Grand Lodge on the same day 
 elects the other fourteen from among the actual masters 
 and past masters of lodges ; and they, together with the 
 37
 
 438 BOA BON. 
 
 Grand Master, Deputy Grand Master, and the Grand 
 Wardens of the year, constitute the board. 
 
 BOAZ. One of the rules of the Jewish Cabala is 
 called Transposition, and is used by finding an appro- 
 priate meaning to a word formed anagrammatically 
 from any other word. Acting on this rule, Bro. Rosen 
 berg, an eminent Jewish Mason, residing in Paris, thus 
 improves the names of the two pillars : " In the first 
 degree the candidate receives in his preparation the 
 elements of the sciences ; it remains for him to instruct 
 or to fortify himself by means of the higher sciences. 
 The word fortify in Hebrew is ZOAB. At the moment 
 when the young neophite is about to receive the physical 
 light he should prepare himself to receive the moral 
 light. The word prepared in Hebrew is NIKAJ. This 
 word is very important for him who proposes to follow 
 the path of virtue." 
 
 BOND AND FREE. At the grand festival which 
 Abraham gave at the weaning of his son Isaac, Sarah 
 detected Ishmael, the son of Hagar the Egyptian bond- 
 woman, in the act of teazing and perplexing her son. 
 She therefore remonstrated with Abraham, saying, Cast 
 out this bondwoman and her son, for the son of the bond- 
 woman shall not be heir with my son, even with Isaac. 
 E. A. P. Lecthre. 
 
 BOND-WOMAN. Sarah the wife of Abraham being 
 about eighty years of age, and conceiving herself to be 
 past child-bearing, endeavoured to procure a son whom 
 she might adopt, in pursuance of the custom of those 
 times, by giving to her husband, as her substitute, an 
 Egyptian slave named Hagar. But when the bond 
 ^oman found that she had conceived by Abraham, she 
 conducted herself with such insolence to her mistress, that 
 the patriarch was compelled to give her up to Sarah's 
 jorrection ; and she exercised it so sharply that Hagar 
 fled into the wilderness, and dwelt by a fountain oi 
 water. She was, however, commanded by the Divinity to 
 return, and for her comfort a predi ition was vouchsafed 
 which promised to the son that she should bear, and to
 
 BOO BKA. 439 
 
 his posterity, this remarkable privilege that his name 
 should never be blotted out. 
 
 BOOK OF CONSTITUTIONS. This book contains the 
 written landmarks, rules, regulations, ancient charges, and 
 fundamental principles of the Order ; a detailed exposition 
 of the duties of officers of Grand and Subordinate Lodges, 
 and the rights and privileges of members. In all proces- 
 sions when the Grand Master appears the Book of Consti- 
 tutions is carried before him, guarded by the Tiler's sword. 
 
 BOOK OF THE LAW. The Book of the Law is 
 always spread open upon the pedestal during lodge hours 
 at some important passage of Scripture, during the 
 continuance of the solemn ministrations of the lodge. 
 In the first degree it is usually unfolded at Ruth iv. 7; 
 in the second degree at Judges xxii. 6; and in the third 
 at 1 Kings vii. 13, 14. These usages, however, it may 
 be necessary to add, are arbitrary ; for we find at 
 different periods during the last century that Genesis 
 vxii. and xxviii. were indifferently used for the first 
 degree ; 1 Kings vi. 7, and 2 Chron. iii. 17, for the 
 second; and Amos x. 25, 26, and 2 Chron. vi. for the 
 chird. In the United States, according to the instruc- 
 tions contained in ' Chart, the Bible is opened in 
 the first degree at Psalm cxxxiii. ; in the second at Araos 
 vii., and in the third at Ecclesiastes xii. 
 
 BRAZEN SERPENT. The brazen serpent was an 
 image of polished brass, in the form of one of those fiery 
 serpents which were sent to chastise the murmuring 
 Israelites in the wilderness, and whose bite caused violent 
 heat, thirst, and inflammation. By Divine command, 
 Moses made a serpent of brass or copper, and put it upon 
 a pole ; and it came to pass that if a serpent had bitten 
 any man, when he beheld the serpent of brass he lived. 
 This brazen serpent was preserved as a monument of 
 divine mercy, but in process of time became an instru- 
 ment of idolatry ; for it being written in the law of Moses, 
 whoever looketh upon it shall live, they fancied they 
 might obtain blessings by its mediation, and therefore 
 thought it worthy to be worshipped. But Hezekiab
 
 MO BRA BRE. 
 
 thought fit to take it quite away when he abolished 
 other idolatry because in the time of his father they 
 adored it as an idol ; and though pious people among 
 them accounted it only as a memorial of a wonderful 
 work, yet he judged it better to abolish it, though the 
 memory of the miracle should happen to be lost, than 
 suffer it to remain, and leave the Israelites in danger of 
 committing idolatry hereafter with it. Home. 
 
 BRAZEN PILLARS. The two pillars on the Tracing 
 board are the representations of those which stood at 
 the entrance of the porch of King Solomon's Temple, 
 emblems of strength and stability. They are particularly 
 described in Scripture, and were considered of such 
 importance as to be put for the Temple itself when its 
 destruction was threatened by the Almighty. They 
 were composed of cast brass and were manufactured in 
 the clay ground between Succoth and Zeredatha, along 
 with the holy vessels for the temple worship. They 
 were made hollow for the purpose of serving as archives 
 of Masonry, and to hold the constitutional records. 
 
 BREADTH. The breadth of the lodge is said to be 
 between the north and the south, for the purpose of 
 demonstrating the universality of Masonry. 
 
 BREAST. A Mason's breast should be a safe and 
 sacred repository for all your just and lawful secrets. A 
 brother's secrets, delivered to me as such, I would keep 
 as my own, as to betray that trust might be doing him 
 the greatest injury he could sustain in this mortal life ; 
 nay, it would be like the villany of an assassin who lurks 
 in dark ness to stab his adversary when unarmed and least 
 prepared to meet an enemy. Old Lectures. 
 
 BREAST-PLATE. The breast-plate of the high 
 uriest was a square of nine inches, made of the same 
 hiaterial as the ephod, and set with twelve precious 
 stones, three in each row, on which were also engraved 
 the names of the twelve tribes. The colours of the 
 banners were identified by these stones, each tribe bear- 
 ing the same colour as the precious stone by which it 
 was represented in the breast-plat**
 
 BRI BRO. 441 
 
 BRIGHT MASON. If any brothers doubt whether it 
 be really necessary that their masonic teaching should 
 be reduced to practice; if they doubt whether they 
 ought to be peculiarly cautious in their words and 
 actions; or whether, as Masons, they ought to possess 
 a listening ear, a silent tongue, and a faithful heart ; they 
 cannot be bright Masons, for the complicated system of 
 Freemasonry is not to be received or rejected as may sui 
 
 their pleasure or convenience. 
 
 \ 
 
 BROACHED THURNEL. This was the name of 
 one of the original immoveable jewels, and was used for 
 the E. A. P. to learn to work upon. It was subsequently 
 called the Brute Stone, or rough Ashlar. 
 
 BROTHER. In the lodge, Masons always call each 
 other brother; and the poorest among them, even the 
 serving brethren, dare not address them by any other 
 title, although they may fill the highest offices in the 
 state, or even be monarchs. Out of the lodge, in the 
 presence of strangers, the word brother may be dropped ; 
 but when a brother meets a brother, even out of the 
 lodge, and no other person is present, then the title of 
 brother must not be omitted. It must be much more 
 agreeable to every brother to be called by that endearing 
 name than to be addressed by the title of your excellency 
 or Mr., as well in the lodge as out of it when no strangers 
 are present. No one hath a brother except he be a bro- 
 ther himself. Gadicke. 
 
 BROTHERLY LOVE. This can be manifested in 
 innumerable opportunities not only in the Lodge but 
 also out of it. It is acknowledged by the nearly imper- 
 ceptible pressure of the hand as much as by the vindica- 
 tion of an innocently accused absent Brother from the 
 throne. It is an essential element to bind the Brethren 
 unto each other ; we have pledged ourselves to exercise 
 it, and it is one of the greatest duties of a Free and Ac- 
 cepted Mason to deny it unto no man, more especially 
 to a Brother M&son. To exercise brotherly 1 ive, or to 
 feel deeply interested in the welfare of others is a source 
 of the greatest happiness in every situation in life. The 
 king upon hi* throne would find his sit.uat
 
 442 BUI BUL. 
 
 able if his subjects showed their regard unto him through 
 fear alone and not through love, and so would those also 
 who have a superabundance of worldly possessions. He 
 who does not find his heart warmed with love toward? 
 all mankind should never strive to be made a Freemason 
 for he cannot exercise brotherly love. Gadicke. 
 
 BUILDER SMITTEN. It is not to be presumed 
 that we are a set of men professing religious principle 
 contrary to the revelations and doctrines of the Son of 
 God. reverencing a Deity by the denomination of the 
 God of Nature, and denying that mediation which is 
 graciously offered to all true believers. The members of 
 our Society at this day, in the third stage of Masonry con- 
 fess themselves to be Christians, " The veil of the temple 
 is rent, the builder is smitten, and we are raised from the 
 tomb of transgression." Hutchinson.. 
 
 BUILDING. It scarcely need to be intimated that 
 operative Masonry was the sole object of the earliest 
 builders ; for the scientifical and moral refinements that 
 grew from the profession, and are now implied under the 
 term Freemasonry, could not have taken root until the 
 art and the artists, as well as the institutions of civil 
 society had attained some degree of maturity. Anderson. 
 
 BUL. The compounds of this divine name Bel, are of 
 great variety. Bel-us was used by the Chaldeans ; and 
 the deity was known amongst the ancient Celtae by the 
 name of Bel or Belenus, which title, by modern authors, 
 is identified with Apollo. The primitive name of Britain 
 was Vel-ynys, the island of Bel ; and the fires lighted up 
 on May-day were in honour of this deity, and called Bel's 
 fire. The inhabitants made use of a word, known only 
 to themselves, to express the unutterable name of the 
 Deity, of which the letters 0. I. W. were a sacred sym- 
 bol. In this they resembled the Jews, who always said 
 Adonai, when the name of Jehovah occurred. Baal was 
 the most ancient god of the Canaanites, and was referred 
 to the sun. Manasseh raised altars to this deity, and 
 worshipped him in all the pomp of heathen superstition; 
 and when these altars were destroyed by Josiah, tha 
 worship of Baal was identified with that of the Sun.
 
 BURIAL PLACE. -TIME AND THE VIRGIN.
 
 BUR CAB. 445 
 
 BURIAL PLACE. The burial place of a Master 
 Mason is under the Holy of Holies, with the following 
 legend delineated on the monument: A virgin weeping 
 over a broken column, with a book open before her ; in 
 her right hand a sprig of cassia, in her left an urn ; Time 
 standing behind her, with his hands enfolded in the ring- 
 lets of her hair. The weeping virgin denotes the unfin 
 ished state of the temple : the broken column that one 
 of the principal supporters of Masonry (H. A. B.) had 
 fallen ; the open book implies that his memory is recorded 
 in every Mason's heart; the sprig of cassia refers to the 
 discovery of his remains; the urn shews that his ashes 
 have been carefully collected, and Time standing behind 
 her implies that time, patience, and perseverance will 
 accomplish all things. 
 
 BURIED TREASURES. We have a tradition that 
 King Solomon concealed certain treasures beneath the 
 foundation of the temple, which were found when they 
 were opened to build the second temple. It was com- 
 mon in ancient times to secrete treasures in such vaults 
 and caverns. 
 
 BY-LAWS. Every lodge has the power of framing 
 by-laws for its own government, provided they are not 
 contrary to or inconsistent with the general regulations 
 of the Grand Lodge. The by-laws must therefore be 
 submitted to the approbation of the Grand Master, or 
 the Provincial .Grand Master; and when approved, a fair 
 copy must be sent to the .Grand Secretary, and also to 
 the Provincial Grand Master ; and when any material 
 alteration shall be made, such alteration must in like 
 manner be submitted. The by-laws of the Lodge shall 
 be delivered to the master o'n the day of his install atioi , 
 when he shall solemnly pledge himself to observe ami 
 enforce them during his mastership. Every brother shall 
 also sign them when he becomes a member ot the Lodge, 
 as a declaration of his submission to them. Constitu- 
 tions. 
 
 CABALA. This was amongst the ancient Jews a 
 mystical philosophy, inasmuch as they professed to pos- 
 sess cabalistical secrets from the earliest ages, even froic
 
 4AQ CAB CAM. 
 
 the days of Adam. There was also a philosophical cabala 
 which had its origin in Egypt. Modern cabalists have 
 introduced many things into this so called science, and 
 have divided it into symbolical and real cabala. In the 
 symbolical cabala the secrets of numbers is taught, and 
 the real cabala is subdivided into theoretical and practi- 
 cal. In the theoretical the sacred writings are explained 
 by a host of traditions, arid the practical is, that caba,a 
 which has found the most followers as it professes to 
 teach the art of performing miracles. As spiritual errors 
 are frequently the subject of masonic lectures, we could 
 not pass the word cabala without notice. Gadicke. 
 
 CABLE-TOW. According to the ancient laws of 
 Freemasonry, every Brother must attend his Lodge if he 
 is within the length of his cable-tow. The length of 
 an E. A. P. cable-tow is three English miles, or 15,840 
 feet. Gadicke. 
 
 CALENDAR. The first intimation we have of this 
 periodical was in the year 1775, when the Grand Secre- 
 tary informed the Grand Lodge that a Freemason's calen- 
 dar for 1775 and 1776 had been published by the Com- 
 pany of Stationers without the sanction of the society, 
 and that he apprehended a publication of that kind, 
 properly authorized, would be acceptable to the frater- 
 nity, and might be beneficial to the charity. He moved 
 that a Freemason's calendar, under sanction of the 
 Grand Lodge, be published in opposition to that pub- 
 lished by the Stationer's Company, and that the profits 
 of such publication be appropriated to the general fund 
 of the society. This motion being seconded, th^ question 
 was put, and it passed in the affirmative. This calendar 
 was continued till after the union in 1813, but the form 
 in which it was printed being at length found incon- 
 venient, H. R. H. the Duke of Sussex G. M. directed 
 that in future it should be published in the form of a 
 pocket book, and it continues to be published in that 
 form to the present day. 
 
 CAMP OF ISRAEL. For so large a multitude of 
 people, and for so numerous an army, it was needful that 
 all the necessary articles of life should be prepared
 
 CAN. 
 
 beforehand, or be found ready to purchase. In these 
 respects nothing was wanting to the Israelites. Their 
 bread came down to them from heaven, and they had 
 besides an abundance of every thing that could contribute 
 to magnificence. If we may credit Josephus, they had 
 amongst them public markets and a variety of shops 
 (Ant. 1. iii. c. 12, sec. 5.) The tabernacle being erected 
 it was placed in the midst of the camp, each of the three 
 tribes stretching themselves on the wings, and leaving 
 between them a sufficient space to pass. It was, says 
 Josephus, like a well appointed market, where every 
 thing was ready for sale in due order, and all sorts of 
 artificers kept their shops, so that the camp inight be 
 considered a moveable city. Adam Clarke. 
 
 CANDIDATE. A candidate for initiation into Free- 
 masonry, is a person who has been proposed by a Brother 
 and whose name is written upon the tables of the Lodge, 
 that the brethren may be reminded to make the necessary 
 enquiries into his moral and social character ; for which 
 purpose four weeks is generally allowed. Gadicke. 
 
 CANDLES. The three great luminaries, are not to 
 be confounded with the three great lights. They are 
 merely candles or torches, or they may be called pillars 
 with torches. Gadicke. 
 
 CANDLESTICK. The candlestick in the Taber- 
 nacle was manufactured by Bezaleel and Aholiab of 
 beaten gold. It had an upright shaft which stood upon 
 a broad foundation, that its support might be firm and 
 unmoveable, without danger of being overthrown during 
 the process of trimming and cleaning its lamps, which 
 were seven in number, one in the centre, and three on 
 each side, on so many branches that were not equal iu 
 length, the outer branches being elongated, that the 
 lights might be all of the same height. The body of the 
 shaft had four bowls, and as many knobs and flowers. 
 Some think that the seven branches symbolised the 
 seven planets, the seven days of the week, and the seven 
 ages of man j but in truth the Christian church is the 
 candlestick, and the light is Christ. The seven lamps 
 are emblems of the gift of the Spirit ; the knobs and
 
 448 CAN CAP. 
 
 flowers, the graces and ornaments of a Christian, life 
 As the candlestick gave light to the tabernacle, so we 
 must remain in darkness unless Christ shall enligh ten his 
 chur(h. Simeon therefore pronounced it to be "a light 
 to lighten the Gentiles, and the glory of Israel." 
 
 CANOPY. In the masonic processions of the Con 
 tinent, the Grand Master walks under a gorgeous canopy 
 of blue, purple, and crimson silk, with gold fringes and 
 tassels, borne upon staves painted purple and ornamented 
 with gold, by eight of the oldest Master Masons present ; 
 and the masters of private lodges walk under canopies 
 of light blue silk with silver tassels and fringes, borne by 
 four members of their own respective companies. The 
 canopies are in the form of an oblong square, and are in 
 length six feet, in breadth and height three feet, having 
 a semicircular covering. The framework should be of 
 cedar, and the silken covering ought to hang down two 
 feet on each side. 
 
 CAPITULAE DEGKEES. The appellation, in France, 
 of certain degrees of the Scottish rite, from the fourth 
 to the eighteenth, inclusive, and which the French rite 
 has contracted to four. These degrees are divided into 
 four series, or independent branches. 
 
 CAPTIOUSNESS. Cautiousness is apt to overset 
 the harmony of conversation. And it is so, not only 
 because it often produces misbecoming and provoking 
 expressions and behaviour in a part of the company, but 
 because it is a tacit accusation and a reproach for some- 
 thing ill taken from those we are displeased with. Such 
 an intimation or even suspicion must always be uneas\ 
 to society ; and as one angry person is sufficient to dis- 
 compose a whole company, for the generali ty , all mutua 
 happiness cease therein on any such jarring. This failing 
 therefore, should be guarded against with the same care, 
 as either boisterous rusticity and insinuated contempt, or 
 ill-natured disposition to censure. Martin Clare. 
 
 CAPTIVITY. The Jews having offended the Most 
 High, weie delivered over to the Chaldeans to be chas- 
 tisfii , and Nebuchadnezzar let loose his full vengeance
 
 DESTRUCTION OF THE TEMPLE. 
 38 JEWISH CAPTIVITY.
 
 CAE. 45] 
 
 upon them. He ravaged the whole country ; and the 
 holy city of God, after a protracted siege, during which 
 many traitors went over to. the enemy, was abandoned to 
 pillage. They burned the temple, broke down the walls 
 of the city, set fire unto her towers, and carried away 
 the consecrated vessels of gold and silver, the brazen sea 
 and altar, and the two pillars of Jachin and Boaz, which 
 stood at the entrance of the porch. All the princes, the 
 nobility, and every person of consequence, according to 
 the prediction of Jeremiah, were removed into the land 
 of Chaldea ; but Nebuzaradan, the chief of Nebuchad- 
 nezzar's officers, left behind many families of the lower 
 classes to cultivate the vineyards, and other servile pur- 
 poses, with strict injunctions to transfer the fruits thereof 
 to Babylon in their season, as luxuries for the tables of 
 the nobility. 
 
 CARDINAL POINTS. The cardinal points of the 
 compass have a peculiar signification amongst us, and 
 particularly the east, west, and south. The east is a 
 place of light, and there stands the W. M., a pillar of 
 Wisdom, as a representation of the rising sun ; and as 
 that luminary opens the glorious day to light mankind to 
 their labours, so the W. M. occupies this station to open 
 lodge, and to employ and instruct the brethren in Mason- 
 ry. The south is a station of another important officer, 
 the pillar of Beauty, who is placed in that quarter that 
 he may be prepared to mark the sun at its meridian, to 
 call the workmen from labour, and to recruit their 
 strength by necessary refreshment and rest, that their 
 toils may be resumed with renewed vigour and alacrity, 
 without which neither pleasure nor profit can mutually 
 result. In the west stands the pillar of Strength, to 
 mark the setting sun, and close the labours of the day 
 by command of the presiding officer; because the declin- 
 ing luminary warns mankind of the necessity of repose, 
 else our nature would sink under the effects of incessant 
 toil, unrelieved by rest and recreation. 
 
 CARDINAL VIRTUES. They are Fortitude, by which 
 we are taught to resist temptation ; Prudence, by which we 
 are instructed to regulate our conduct by the dictates of 
 Reason ; Temperance, by which we learn to govern the pas- 
 sions ; Justice, which constitutes the cement of civil society.
 
 452 CAS CAU. 
 
 CASSIA. The cassia was anciently a symbol of 
 honour, triumph, life, and resurrection, according to 
 Pierius, who published his Hieroglyphica in 1575, which 
 would be quite sufficient to authorize its introduction 
 into our symbolical legend. When the Master Mason 
 exclaims, therefore, " My name is Cassia," it is equiva- 
 lent to saying, " I have been in the grave ; I have 
 triumphed over it by raising from the dead ; and being 
 regenerated in the process, have a claim to life (ever 
 lasting)." 
 
 CATECHISM. This is the most important document 
 of Freemasonry. The catechism was formerly only com- 
 municated by conference from one lodge to another, or 
 from one brother to another ; and this is the reason why 
 we have so many different forms of the catechism, 
 although in spirit there is no material difference in any 
 of them. As a religious catechism contains a summary 
 of all that is taught by that religion, so our catechism 
 contains the essence of Freemasonry ; but it is not to be 
 understood without the teacher taking great pains in 
 instructing the student, nor without having previously 
 been instructed in a lodge, and being able to reflect upon 
 and remember the instructions there given. Every degree 
 has its own catechismus ; and in many lodges it is custom- 
 ary to explain part of it at every meeting, in order that 
 the members may become intimately acquainted with it. 
 
 -Gadicke. 
 
 CATENARIAN ARCH. This constitutes the form 
 of a Royal Arch Chapter, and is constructed on the 
 following principles. It is a known truth that a semi- 
 circular arch will not sustain its own weight, the crown 
 crushing out the sides; it depends, therefore, on abut- 
 ment for support. The only arch the bearing of which 
 is true in all its points of the curve, is the catenarian 
 arch. If a slack chain or rope be supported by two 
 hooks, the curve it falls into is what is called the cate- 
 narian curve ; and this inverted is the mechanical arch of 
 the same name. Such an arch, truly constructed, will 
 stand independent of any collateral aid whatever. 
 Noorthouek. 
 
 CAUTION. The Entered Apprentice, at his initiation
 
 CAU OAV. 453 
 
 Li the United States, is presented with a new name, 
 which is Caution, to teach him that as he is then imper- 
 fectly instructed in the mysteries of Masonry, he ought 
 to be cautious overall his words and actions, that nothing 
 may escape him which may tend to afford information to 
 the opponents of Masonry This is one of the triad of 
 duties recommended in the first degree. 
 
 CAUTIOUS SECRECY. The cautious secrecy of the 
 Craft in early ages was used to prevent the great prin- 
 ciples of science, by which their reputation was secured 
 and maintained, from being publicly known. Even the 
 inferior workmen were unacquainted with the secret and 
 refined mechanism which cemented and imparted the 
 treasure of wisdom. They were profoundly ignorant of 
 the wisdom which planned, the beauty which designed, 
 and knew only the strength and labour which executed 
 the work. The doctrine of the pressure and counter- 
 pressure of complicated arches, was a mystery which 
 they never attempted to penetrate. They were blind 
 instruments in the hands of intelligent Master Masons, 
 and completed the most sublime undertakings by the 
 effect of mere mechanical skill and physical power, 
 without being able to comprehend the secret which pro- 
 duced them ; without understanding the nice adjustment 
 of the members of a building to each other, so necessary 
 to accomplish a striking and permanent effect ; or without 
 being able to enter into the science exhibited in the 
 complicated details which were necessary to form a 
 harmonious and proportionate whole. 
 
 CAVE. Solomon had a deep cave dug underneath the 
 Sanctum Sanctorum of the Temple, with many intrica- 
 cies, over which he fixed a stone, wherein he put the ark 
 and cherubim. They say they did this because, by the 
 Holy Spirit foreseeing that that house would be destroy- 
 ed, he therefore made a secret place where the ark might 
 be kept, so that its sanctity might not be profaned by 
 heathen han is ; and tWy are of opinion that subsequently 
 Jos ah secreted therein the ark. They prove it firstly 
 from 1 Kings vi. 9 : " And the oracle within the house 
 [>=n] he prepared to place there the ark," where, by 
 prepare, they understand it to mean a preparation for the
 
 4o4 CED CEN. 
 
 future ; as we see, when previously treating of the ark 
 and cherubim, it says, " And they were there until this 
 day," a term in the Holy Scriptures to signify "to all 
 eternity," as, " And no man knoweth of his sepulchre 
 unto this day," that is, never. Manasseh Ben Israel. 
 
 CEDAR. The cedar grows on the most elevated part 
 of Lebanon, is taller than the pine, and so thick that five 
 men together could scarcely fathom one. It shoots out 
 its branches at ten or twelve feet from the ground ; they 
 are large and distant from each other, and are perpetu- 
 ally green. The cedar distils a kind of gum to which 
 different effects are attributed. The wood is of a brown 
 color, very solid, and incorruptible if preserved from wet. 
 It bears a small apple like to that of the pine. Adam 
 Clarke. 
 
 CEMENT. The lodge is strongly cemented with love 
 and friendship, and every brother is duly taught secrecy 
 and prudence, morality and good fellowship. 
 
 CENSER. The censer is a representation of the altar 
 of incense which was made of the acacia covered with 
 beaten gold. In form it was a double cube, and had a 
 crown or rim like the table of shewbread, running round 
 its upper surface. It was of small dimensions, being 
 only one foot six inches square, and three feet high, with 
 elevations at each corner called horns. This altar or 
 censer was placed close to the veil which separated the 
 holy place ; that the incense might penetrate into the 
 latter ; and for this reason perhaps it was that St. Paul 
 attributes it to the innermost room. It was an emblem 
 or type of Christ, through whom we offer the incense of 
 our prayers. The acacia and gold of which the altar 
 was composed, referred to his human and divine nature ; 
 the crown to his regal dignity ; and the horns to his 
 power. As no incense could be offered but upon this 
 altar, so no prayers will be accepted but those offered 
 through Jesus Christ. The incense was offered every 
 morning and evening, and our prayers ought to ascend to 
 the throne of grace at the same periods. 
 
 CENTENARY. The revolution of a hundred years
 
 CEN CER. 455 
 
 ft is usual for lodges which have been established for 
 that ong period to celebrate the anniversary by a com- 
 memorative festival. 
 
 CENTRAL POINT. Masonry is truly the sister of 
 religion ; for she boasts her efficacy in all its native 
 influence, and is continually the assistant promoter of like 
 principles and of like actions. The central point of all 
 her innumerable lines, squares and circles, is the love o* 
 God. And upon this central point she builds her faith 
 from it she derives her hope of glory here and hereafter, 
 and by it she squares her conduct in strict justice and 
 universal charity. The central point of all true Christi- 
 anity and of all true Masonry is the love of God. " Ma- 
 sonry is dedicated only to the Gospel." 
 
 CENTRAL STAR. The human body of Jesus Christ 
 is the Ark of the Christian Covenant, over which the 
 Shekinah appeared in the cave at Bethlehem, in the form 
 of a supernatural Star in the East, which hence is placed 
 in the centre of our lodges. 
 
 CENTRE. The labors of a Freemason must pene- 
 trate to the centre of the earth, and his spirit inquire 
 into all the operations of nature, and either be able satis- 
 factorily to explain or humbly admire them. Gadicke. 
 
 CEREMONIAL. On our initiation we cannot fail to 
 be struck with the ceremonials, and must think that 
 there is more conveyed by them than appears to the vul- 
 gar eye. A due attention to the matter will convince us 
 that our first impressions were just ; and by researches 
 to discover their implications, a competent degree of 
 knowledge may be acquired touching the origin of Ma- 
 sonry, the reasons which support its several institutions, 
 the meaning and import of its various symbols, together 
 with the progress of the profession. Hutchinson. 
 
 CERTIFICATE. Every Brother who travels, and 
 who wishes to visit the lodges in the cities he comes to, 
 must not only provide himself with masonic clothing 
 but with a certificate. These certificates are granted by 
 the Grand Lodge of England to every one who has been
 
 456 CER CHA. 
 
 regularly initiated, and contain an account of when and 
 where the bearer was made, and a recommendation to all 
 lodges to admit him to their labours. They are sealed 
 with the seal of the Grand Lodge, and are signed by the 
 Grand Secretary, and the brother to whom they belong. 
 GadicTce. 
 
 CEREMONIES. If a person wishes to become a can 
 didate for Masonry, he should make up his mind to 
 watch the progress of all the ceremonies through which 
 he may pass, with attention, and search into their pro- 
 priety, tneir origin, and their symbolical reference. He 
 may be quite sure that men of sense and standing in the 
 world men whose reputation for wisdom and common 
 prudence is of some value, would not subject him to any 
 test which might cast an imputation upon themselves. 
 
 CHAIN. All the Freemasons upon the surface of the 
 earth form one chain, every member is a link of it, and 
 should ever strive with the true hand of a brother to 
 strengthen it. No wavering doubt should break it. None 
 should be shut out from it, as is taught in every lodge. 
 What an encouraging thought it is for the newly initia- 
 ted brother to find himself at once surrounded with the 
 light arising from this great chain. This chain can be 
 no fetter to him, for the hands of brethren prove the 
 contrary. GadicJce. 
 
 CHALK. Chalk, charcoal and clay, have ever been 
 esteemed the emblems of freedom, fervency, and zeal, 
 because nothing is more free for the use of man than 
 chalk, which seldom touches but leaves its trace behind ; 
 nothing more fervent than charcoal, for when well lighted 
 no metal is able to resist its force ; nothing is more zeal- 
 ous than clay, our mother earth, who will open her arms 
 to receive us when forsaken by all our friends. 
 
 CHAMBER. It is only in solitude that we can deeply 
 reflect upon our present or future undertakings, and 
 blackness, darkness, or solitariness, is ever a symbol of 
 death. A man who has undertaken a thing after mature 
 reflection seldom turns back. No symbol of death will 
 terrify him, and the words of the sacred writings. ''In
 
 CHA. 457 
 
 the beginning was the light," charm him on tc seek the 
 ight he has lost. Gadicke. 
 
 CHAPEL. In every convenient place the architect of 
 a lodge should contrive secret cryptae or closets. They 
 re of indispensable utility, but in practice are not suffi- 
 ciently attended to in this country. On the continen 
 they are numerous, and are dignified with the name of 
 chapels. They ought to be seven in number ; 1, a room 
 for visitors ; 2, the Tyler's room ; added to which there 
 ought to be 3, a vestry where the ornaments, furniture., 
 jewels and other regalia are deposited. This is called 
 the Treasury or Tyler's conclave, because these things 
 are under his especial charge, and a communication is 
 generally made to this apartment from the Tyler's 
 room. There ought to be 4, a chapel for prepara- 
 tions, hung with black, and having only one small 
 lamp placed high up near the ceiling; 5, a chapel 
 for the dead furnished with a table, on which are 
 a lamp, and emblems of mortality ; 6, the master's 
 conclave, where the records, the warrant, the minutes 
 and every written document are kept. To this room the 
 W. M. retires when the lodge is called from labour to 
 refreshment, and at other times when his presence in the 
 lodge is not essential ; and here he examines the visitors, 
 for which purpose a communication is formed between 
 his conclave and the visitor's chapel. It is furnished 
 with blue, and here he transacts the lodge business with 
 his secretary. The Ark of the Covenant is also deposited 
 in this apartment. None of these closets should exceed 
 12 feet square, and may be of smaller dimensions according 
 to circumstances. In the middle of the hall there should 
 be 7, a moveable trap-door in the floor, 7 feet long and 
 3 feet in depth, the use of which is known to none but 
 perfect Masons, who have passed through all the sym- 
 bolical degrees. 
 
 CHAPTER. Upon each of the pillars of King Solo- 
 mon's temple was placed a chapiter or symbolical orna- 
 ment, five cubits in height, composed of network, chains, 
 pomegranates, and lily work or opening flowers cast in the 
 same material of which the pillars were formed. Like 
 tb<3 Palladium of Troy they appear to have been essen-
 
 58 CHA. 
 
 tial to the well-being of the structure. Thus, at the 
 time when the temple was abandoned by Jehovah he is 
 represented as standing magnificently upon the altar, 
 *ind commanding the angel of destruction to strike the 
 heads or chapiters of these two pillars, and the total ruin 
 not only of the temple but of Jerusalem and the entire 
 system of Jewish polity should ensue (Amos, ix. 1). As 
 their destruction was thus comprehensive and significant, 
 so was their erection symbolical of the magnitude and 
 splendour of the Jewish nation under Solomon. And 
 this reference was embodied in their names. 
 
 CHAPLAIN. The Grand Chaplain is appointed by 
 the Grand Master on the day of his installation. He 
 should attend all the quarterly communications and 
 other meetings of the Grand Lodge, and there offer up 
 solemn prayer suitable to the occasion, as established by 
 the usages of the fraternity. Constitutions. 
 
 CHAPTER. A convocation of Royal Arch Masons is 
 called a chapter. The presiding officers are a king, a 
 priest, and a prophet, who are representatives of Zerub- 
 babel, Jeshua, and Haggai. These officers are styled 
 either by the founders' names as above, or as first, second, 
 and third Principals. All chapters are under the juris- 
 diction of the Supreme Grand Chapter in London. 
 
 CHARACTER. The character of a man that would 
 become a Mason must undergo the strictest scrutiny. 
 He must be a man of strict morality ; he must be 
 humane, benevolent, and charitable to his fellow-crea- 
 tures ; he must be no gambler, tippler, or profane swearer ; 
 he must be no railer against the religion of Christ, or the 
 professors thereof; he must be a lover of decency and 
 order ; and he must be strictly honest, industrious, and 
 up r ight in all his conduct ; for such as delight in the 
 practice of vice are a disgrace to civil society, and are 
 seldom reformed by the most excellent institutions 
 Th ;y retain their vices unchangeable as the skin of the 
 Ethiopian or the spots of the leopard. Such indeed 
 wo/J never apply for admission into our benign institu- 
 tion, were they acquainted with her solemn principles, as 
 ^ not lovers of decency and order. Powers.
 
 CHA. 459 
 
 CHARGES, ANCIENT. The Charges of a Freemason, 
 as they were collected from the old records of the Frater- 
 nity, under the superintendence of Bro. Jas. Anderson, and 
 the learned committee who acted with him, and given to 
 the Craft, through the press, in 1723, by order of the Grand 
 Lodge of England, in 1721, have been, wherever promul- 
 gated, accepted, and acknowledged as containing the 
 essence of the fundamental principles, and law of Freema- 
 sonry. In them are to be found those undisputed, time- 
 honored principles which constitute the written Land- 
 marks of our Order. They are divided into six general 
 heads, viz : 1. Of God and Religion ; 2. Of the Civil 
 Magistrates, supreme and subordinate ; 3. Of Lodges ; 
 4. Of Masters, "Wardens, Fellows, and Appre ntices ; 5. Of 
 the management of the Craft in working ; 6. Of behavior, 
 which last is subdivided into six parts, detailing the 
 several duties of Masons under all the different relations 
 of life, as a subject of civil government, and as a man. 
 
 CHARITIES. Our general charities are the Schools 
 for Boys and Girls, the Fund of Benevolence for Widows 
 and Distressed Brethren, the Annuity Fund for Aged 
 Brethren, and the Asylum for Worthy Aged and Decayed 
 Freemasons and their Widows, and they are all amply 
 supported. In the schools seventy boys and sixty-five 
 girls are educated and clothed. The funded property of 
 the Girls' School is about 16,OOOZ., and its income 1600/. 
 a year, including 150/. annually from the Grand Lodge. 
 The funded property of the Boys' School is not so much, 
 it amounts only to S5.00/. and the annual income of about 
 1150/., including 150/. from the Grand Lodge. The 
 funded property of the Royal Masonic Annuity Fund is 
 3500^., and the annual income including 400/. from the 
 Grand Lodge, is 1300/. The number of annuitants at 20/. 
 a year each is now thirty. The funded property of the 
 Asylum is about 3450/., and its annual income from other 
 sources 400. The two latter charities are now united 
 together. The sums annually voted by the Board of Be- 
 nevolonce to distressed brethren and the widows of Masons 
 amount to about 750/., and its funded property is 1 2,000/., 
 and that of the Board of General Purposes about 6000/. 
 
 CHARITY. This is the brightest ornament of our
 
 460 CflE. 
 
 masonic profession. Happy is the brother who hath 
 sown in his heart the seeds of benevolence, the produce 
 of which will be charity and love. He envieth not hia 
 neighbour, he believeth not a tale when reported by a 
 slanderer, he forgiveth the injuries of men, and blotteth 
 them out from his recollection. Whoever would emulate 
 the character of a good and worthy Mason ought ever to 
 be ready to assist the needy as far as lies in his power ; 
 and if, in the most pressing time of necessity, he does 
 not withhold a liberal hand, the most heartfelt pleasure 
 will reward his labours, and the produce of love and 
 charity will most assuredly follow. Old Lectures. 
 
 CHEQUERED. As the steps of man tread in the 
 various and uncertain incidents of life, as our days are 
 chequered with a strange contrariety of events, and our 
 passage through this existence, though sometimes at- 
 tended with prosperous circumstances, is often beset 
 by a multitude of evils ; hence is the lodge furnished 
 with mosaic work to remind us of the precariousness of 
 our state on earth ; to day OUT feet tread in prosperity 
 to morrow we totter on the uneven paths of weakness, 
 temptation, and adversity. Whilst this emblem is before, 
 us, we are instructed to boast of nothing, to have com* 
 passion and give aid to those who are in ^ adversity, to 
 walk uprightly and with humility ; for such is human 
 existence, that there is no station in which pride can be 
 stably founded ; all men, in birth and in the grave, are 
 on the level. Whilst we tread on the mosaic work, let 
 our ideas turn to the original which it copies ; and let 
 every Mason act as the dictates of reason prompt him, 
 to live in brotherly love. Hutchinson. 
 
 CHERUBIM. There were four cherubims in the 
 most holy place of Solomon's temple. Two lesser mado 
 by Moses of massy gold, and two larger made by 
 Solomon overlaid with gold. Those made by Mose^ 
 were part of the mercy seat, and inseparable from it 
 those of Solomon seem to have spread their wings over 
 it, being added only for the greater ornament and glory 
 of God's house. Bisliop Patrick. See "S ; gns and 
 Symbols," Lect. i.
 
 CHI CHO. 461 
 
 CHIEF POINT. The chief point in Masonry is to 
 endeavour to be happy ourselves, and communicate that 
 happiness to others. 
 
 CHILDREN OF LIGHT. Remembering the wonders 
 in the beginning, we, claiming the auspicious counte 
 nance of heaven on our virtuous deeds, assume the figure 
 of the sun and moon as emblematical of the great ligh 
 of truth discovered to the first men, and thereby imply 
 ing that as true Masons we stand redeemed from dark 
 ness, and are become the sons of light, acknowledging 
 in our profession our adoration of him who gave light 
 unto his works. Let us then by our practice and con- 
 duct in life, show that we carry our emblems worthily , 
 and as the children of light, that we have turned our 
 backs on works of darkness, obscurity and drunkenness, 
 hatred and malice, Satan and his dominions ; preferring 
 charity, benevolence, justice, temperance, chastity and 
 brotherly love, as the acceptable service on which the 
 Great Master of all, from his beatitude, looks down with 
 approbation. Hutchiiisoji. 
 
 CHISEL. The chisel, though a small instrument, is 
 calculated to make a permanent impression on the 
 hardest substance, and the mightiest structures are 
 indebted to its aid. It morally demonstrates the advan- 
 tages of discipline and education. The mind, like the 
 diamond in its natural state, is unpolished ; but as the 
 effects of the chisel on the external coat soon presents 
 its latent beauties to the view, so education discovers the 
 latent virtues of the mind, in order to display the summit 
 of human knowledge, our duty to God and man. 
 
 CHOICE OF OFFICERS. This is a matter of great 
 concern, for the officers of a lodge are not only bound 
 to advance the welfare of their own particular lodge, but 
 whatever may tend to the good of the Fraternity in 
 general. Therefore no man ought to be put in such 
 election, but such as by his own skill and merit is deemed 
 worthy of performance, viz., he must be well acquainted 
 with all the private and public rules and orders of the 
 Craft ; he o ight to be strictly honest, naturally humane 
 patient in injuries, discreet in conversation, grave in 
 30
 
 *62 CHR CIR. 
 
 counsel, constant in amity, and above all, faithful ic 
 secrecy. Dcrmott. 
 
 CHRISTIANITY. Masonry is the excellency of 
 Christianity, and every Mason is, if he is in reality a 
 Mason, a true Christian ; or at least he is in reality truly 
 religious according to his profession, whether he be Jew 
 or Christian. Inwood. 
 
 CIRCLE. The circle has ever been considered sym- 
 bolical of the Deity ; for as a circle apj ears to ha>f; 
 neither beginning nor end, it may be justly considered u 
 type of God, without either beginning of days or en'Jr.iij 
 of years. It also reminds us of a future state, wnete 
 we hope to enjoy everlasting happiness and joy. Oia 
 Lectures. 
 
 CIRCLE AND PARALLEL LINES. In all regulai 
 and well-formed lodges there is a certain point within a 
 circle, round which it is said the genuine professors ol 
 our science cannot err. This circle is bounded north and 
 south by two perpendicular parallel lines. On the 
 upper or eastern part of the periphery rests the Holy 
 Bible, supporting Jacob's ladder extending to the 
 heavens. The point is emblematic of the Omniscient 
 and Omnipresent Deity, the circle represents his eternir) , 
 and the two perpendicular parallel lines liis equal justice 
 and mercy. It necessarily follows therefore that in tra- 
 versing a masonic lodge, we must touch upon these two 
 great parallels, as well as upon the volume of the sacred 
 law; and whilst a Mason keeps himself thus circum- 
 scribed, remembers his Creator, doe? justice and loves 
 mercy, he may hope finally to arrive at that immortal 
 centre whence all goodness emanates. Hemming. 
 
 CIRCUMAMBULATION. The ancients made it 
 constant practice to turn themselves round when they 
 worshipped the gods ; and Pythagoras seems to recom- 
 mend it in his symbols. By this circular movement says 
 Plutarch, some imagine that he intended to imitate the 
 motion of the earth ; but I am rather of opinion, that 
 the precept is grounded on another notion, that as all 
 temples are built fronting the east, the people at their 
 entrance turned their bucks to the suu ; and cwnsequfnily
 
 CLA CLO. 463 
 
 in order to dace the sun, they were obliged to make & 
 halt-turn to the right, arid then in order to place them- 
 selves before the Deity, they completed the round L. 
 ottering up their prayer. 
 
 CLANDESTINE LODGES. Some years ago there 
 were a number of those so called lodges, but there are 
 none at present. Clandestine lodges are such as have 
 been formed by avaricious Freemasons, who take money 
 from those people who can have no idea of the difference 
 between warranted and unwarranted lodges. They were 
 not warranted by any Grand Lodge, and endeavoured as 
 much as possible to conceal their existence from the 
 Grand Lodges ; their founders formed a ritual from their 
 memories, and by this ritual they made so called Free- 
 masons, but as they could not legitimize themselves for 
 want of certificates and proper information, they were 
 unable to gain admission into any worthy and warranted 
 lodge. Since the lodges have been formed into unions, 
 working under one Grand Lodge, unwarranted lodges 
 have less chance of existing than formerly. A lodge 
 which is held without the knowledge of the magistrates 
 or police of the place may be considered as an unwar- 
 ranted lodge. Gadicke. 
 
 CLASSES. Ancient masonic tradition informs us that 
 the speculative and operative Masons who were assembled 
 at the building of the temple, were arranged in nine 
 classes, under their respective Grand Masters; viz. 
 30,000 Entered Apprentices, under their Grand Master 
 Adoniram; 80,000 Fellowcrafts, under Hiram Abift'; 
 2000 Mark Men, under Stolkyn ; 1000 Master Masons, 
 under Mohabin ; GOO Mark Masters, under Ghiblim; 
 21 Architects, under Joabert ; 12 Grand Architects, under 
 Adoniram ; 4-3 Excellent Masons, under Hiram Abiff; 
 9 Super-excellent Masons, under Tito Zadok ; besidea 
 the Ish Sabbal or labourers. 
 
 CLOSING. When it is proper time to close the lodge 
 it is always high midnight, and the brethren then go 
 peaceably home, remembering that the high midnight 
 of life may overtake them without a moment's warning.
 
 464 CLO COE. 
 
 CLOTHING. It was ordered by the regulations 
 agreed by the Grand Lodge, March 17th, 1771, that none 
 but the Grand Master, his Deputy and Wai dens, who 
 were the only grand officers then in existence, shall wear 
 their jewels in gold pendant to blue ribbons about their 
 necks, and white leather aprons with blue silk. Masters 
 and Wardens of particular lodges may line their white 
 leather aprons with white silk, and many hang their 
 jewels by white ribbons about their necks. Master Ma- 
 sons now are clothed in white, sky-blue, and silver ; 
 Grand and Provincial Grand Stewards in white, crimson 
 and silver ; and all other Grand and Provincial Grand 
 Officers in white, purple and gold. 
 
 CLOUDY PILLAR. When the Israelites were de- 
 livered from the Bondage of Egypt, and had arrived on 
 the borders of the Red Sea, the Egyptians thought thej 
 were so completely ensnared that their escape was im 
 possible. With inaccessible mountains on each side, the 
 sea in front, and the Egyptian army behind, they 
 appeared to be completely hemmed in. And why did 
 Moses place them in this situation ? The road to Palestine 
 was open by the Isthmus ; but he declined escaping by 
 that avenue, and led the people southward, and placed 
 thus at the apparent mercy of their enemies. The truth 
 is, Moses had no option in the matter ; he followed the 
 direction of the Cloudy Pillar, because he had full con- 
 fidence that it would conduct him right. 
 
 COCHLEUS. A staircase contrived as a screw in the 
 inner wall of the temple. 
 
 COERCION. The rules of the Fraternity imperatively 
 declare that no person can be admitted a Mason except 
 by his own free-will and accord. That the candidate is 
 unbiased by the improper solicitation of friends, and 
 uninfluenced by mercenary motives ; that he is prompted 
 to solicit the privileges of Freemasonry by a favorable 
 opinion of the institution, and a desire of knowledge; 
 and that he will cheerfully conform to all the ancient 
 usages and customs of the Fraternity. Coercion is. 
 therefore, not tolerated, but is an offense against Ma- 
 sonry.
 
 COF COL. 465 
 
 COFFIN. In all the ancient mysteries, before an 
 aspirant could claim to participate in the higher secrets of 
 the institution, he was placed within the pastes, or coffin, 
 or in other words was subjected to a solitary confinement 
 for a prescribed period of time, that he might reflect 
 seriously, in seclusion and darkness, on what he was 
 about to undertake, and be reduced to a proper state Oi 
 mind for the reception of great and important truths, by 
 a course of fasting and mortification. This was the sym- 
 bolical death of the mysteries, and his deliverance from 
 confinement was the act of regeneration, or being born 
 again ; or as it was also termed, being raised from the 
 dead. 
 
 COLLAR. An ornament worn about the neck, to 
 which is suspended a jewel appropriate to the office 
 which the wearer occupies in a lodge. The colour varies 
 according to rank. 
 
 COLLEGIA ARTIFICIUM. The " Encyclopedia 
 Americana," art. Masonry, derives the Order from the 
 Collegia Artificium of the Romans ; and says its mem- 
 bers were introduced into this country by the kings 
 Alfred and Athelstan, to build castles and churches. 
 They then united, under written constitutions of the 
 Roman and Greek colleges, and the provisions of the civil 
 law. Their religious tenets being often objects of suspi- 
 cion to the orthodox catholics, and often differing among 
 themselves, they were not allowed to obtrude in frheir 
 meetings, and of course they were kept secret. 
 
 COLONIAL. It being necessary, on account of the 
 distance of foreign district Grand Lodges, and the con- 
 sequent delay in their communications with the Grand 
 Lodge of England, that their powers should be more 
 extensive, the Grand Lodge delegates to its foreign 
 district Grand Lodges, meeting under a Grand Mnster 
 duly authorized and appointed by the Grand Master 01 
 England, in addition to the powers before specified, that 
 of expelling Masous, and erasing lodges within the 
 district, subject, however, to appeal to . ; ie Grand Lodge 
 of England. Constitutions.
 
 66 COL COM 
 
 COLOURS. The masonic colours, like those used in 
 the Jewish tabernacle, are intended to represent the four 
 elements. The white typifies the earth, the sea is repre- 
 sented by the purple, the sky-blue is an emblem of the 
 air, and the crimson of fire. 
 
 COLUMN. A pillar, usually cylindrical, used for the sup- 
 port of a building. Its construction and orn amenta tiou 
 varies according to the different orders of architecture. 
 
 COMMENTARIES. Nothing would elevate the char 
 acter of a lodge more than a course of historical and 
 philosophical commentaries on the authorized lectures, 
 by an experienced and talented master of the work. If 
 a full and regular attendance of brethren be desirable, 
 this process would ensure it. If the improvement of the 
 mind and the promotion of moral virtue be the objects 
 of our pursuit, this would constitute the most effectual 
 means of recommending them to notice. Whatever is 
 good and valuable in the masonic system would be 
 preserved and maintained by such a practice, and the 
 science would become so unobjectionable in the opinion 
 of the world, that all mankind, if they did not join our 
 ranks, would at least respect our professions, and esteem 
 the motive for our association for the'*6ake of its visible 
 results. 
 
 COMMEMORATIVE. Commemorative festivals are 
 incidental to all institutions and systems of religious 
 worship, and are used by Freemasons for the purpose of 
 promoting the interests and increasing the popularity of 
 the Order, of extending the personal acquaintance of the 
 brethren, and of ensuring harmony amongst the members 
 by a social interchange of sentiment, mutual professions 
 of good will towards each other, and benevolence to the 
 Craft at large. % 
 
 COMMITTEE. It being essential to the interests of 
 the Craft, that all matters of business to be brought 
 undor the consideration of the Grand Lodge, should be 
 previously known to the Grand Officers and Masters of 
 lodges, that, through them, all the representatives of 
 lien lodges may be apprized of such business, ami bp
 
 COM. 467 
 
 prepared to decide thereon, without being taken by 
 surprise, a general committee, consisting of the present 
 and past Grand Officers, and the Master of every regular 
 lodge shall meet on the Wednesday immediately preced- 
 ing each quarterly communication ; at which meeting, 
 all reports or representations from the Most Worshipful 
 Grand Master, or any board or committee appointed by 
 the Grand Lodge shall be read ; and any member of the 
 Grand Lodge intonating to make a motion therein, or to 
 submit any matter to its consideration, shall, at such 
 general committee, state, in writing, the nature of his 
 intended motion or business, that the same may be read. 
 No motion, or other matter shall be brought into discus- 
 sion in the Grand Lodge, unless it shall have been 
 previously communicated to this general committee. 
 
 Constitutions. 
 
 i 
 
 COMMON GAVEL teaches us to lop off excrescences, 
 and smooth surfaces; or, in other words, to correct 
 irregularities, and reduce man to a proper level ; so that 
 by quiet deportment, he may, in the school of discipline, 
 learn to be content. What the common gavel is to the 
 workman, enlightened reason is to the passions ; it curbs 
 ambition, depresses envy, moderates anger, and encour- 
 ages good dispositions. 
 
 COMMUNICATIONS. Four lodges shall be holden, 
 for quarterly communication, in each year, viz., on the 
 first Wednesday in the months of March, June, September, 
 and December, at which none shall be present but the 
 proper members, without permission of the Grand 
 Master, or presiding Grand Officer. No visitor shall 
 speak to any question without leave of the Grand 
 Master, nor shall he, on any occasion, be permitted to 
 vote. Constitutions. 
 
 COMPANION. The title by which Eoyal Arch Masons 
 address each other, and is equivalent to the word Brother 
 in the Lodge. It is supposed to refer to the companion- 
 ship which existed among the ancient Jews while in 
 captivity, from the destruction of the first temple by 
 Nebiiphadnezzar, until their return to Jerusalem with 
 Zerubbabel, by permission of Cyrus, King of . Persia.
 
 468 COM CON. 
 
 COMPASSES. The compasses ought to keep m 
 within the bonds of union with all mankind, but more 
 especially with our brother Masons ; and may every one 
 whose hands have lifted this great light continue to be 
 guided by it in all his actions ! By the compasses the 
 kilful architect is enabled accurately to determine the 
 elative proportions of all parts of the building when he 
 is laying it down upon the tracing-board for the use 
 of the workmen. Without accurate measurement, and 
 thereby acquired symmetry and eurythmy, or beautiful 
 and skilful proportioning of all its parts unto the whole, 
 architectural beauty is not attainable. Without cultivat- 
 ed and amiable conduct without benevolent feelings and 
 charitable actions towards each other, no endearing bond 
 amongst mankind is conceivable ; for so long as mankind 
 confine themselves to acts of justice alone to each other, 
 so long must they be kept asunder by cold civility. It 
 is only the calm affection of pure philanthropy which can 
 unite them in the closer bonds of fraternal affection. A 
 circle or line drawn by the compasses is also an emblem 
 of eternity, and commonly represented by a serpent in 
 the form of a circle. Gadicke. 
 
 COMPLAINT. If any complaint be brought, the 
 brother found guilty shall stand to the award and deter- 
 mination of the lodge, who are the proper and competent 
 judges of all such controversies (unless you carry them 
 by appeal to the Grand Lodge), and to whom they ought 
 to be referred, unless a lord's work be hindered the 
 meanwhile, in which case a particular reference may bt 
 made ; but you must never go to law about what con- 
 cerneth Ma sonry, without an absolute necessity apparent 
 to the lodge. 
 
 COMPOSITE. The Composite order of architecture 
 li so called from being composed out of the other orders. 
 It is also called the Roman or Italic order, as having 
 been invented by the Romans, conformably to the rest, 
 which are denominated from the people among whom 
 they had their rise. 
 
 CONCEALMENT. Keep the door of thy lips nor 
 ever let the frantic moments of revenge wound that
 
 CON. 469 
 
 which, in sober reflection, perhaps thou wouldst wish, in 
 vain, to spend years to heal. Think the best, but never 
 speak the worst ; reverence and imitate the good quali- 
 ties of others, but to all their defects, whether real or 
 imaginary, be a Mason in secrecy, and thus prove to the 
 world whose eye is curious, indeed, over Masons that 
 one of the secrets of Masonry is the concealment of our 
 brother's fault, which, by discovery, could neither b* 1 
 amended nor obliterated. 
 
 CONCLUSION. Let us hear the conclusion of the 
 whole matter. Fear God and keep his commandments, 
 for this is the whole duty of man. For God shall bring 
 every work into judgment, with every secret thing, 
 whether it be good or whether it be evil. Solomon. 
 
 CONCORD. The Master of each lodge should found 
 his government in concord and universal love ; for as the 
 Great Architect moves the system with his finger, and 
 touches the spheres with harmony, so that the morning 
 stars together sing the songs of gratitude, and the floods 
 clap their hands, amidst the invariable beauties of order ; 
 so should we, rejoicing, be of one accord and of one law, 
 in unanimity, in charity, and in affection, moving by one 
 unchanging system, and actuated by one principle, recti- 
 tude of manners. Hutchinson. 
 
 CONFIDENCE. What the ignorant call "the 
 oath," is simply an obligation, covenant, and promise 
 enacted previously to the divulging of the specialities of 
 the Order, and our means of recognizing each other ; and 
 that they shall be kept from the knowledge of the world, 
 lest their original intent should be thwarted, and their 
 benevolent purport prevented. Now pray what harm is 
 there in this ? Do you not all, when you have anything 
 of a private nature wh.ch you are willing to confide in a 
 particular friend, before you tell him what it is, demand 
 a solemn promise of secrecy ? And is there not the 
 utmost propriety in knowing whether your friend is 
 determined to keep your secret before you presume tr 
 reveal it ? Harris. 
 
 CONSECRATING. The day of consecration was
 
 *70 CON. 
 
 annually held as a festival by the brethren of the lodge j 
 and as it is frequently the ease that none of those who 
 laid the foundation of' the building, and who first taught 
 how it was to be carried on, are in existence, it is a most 
 solemn festival. On this occasion the building must be 
 duly surveyed, and those parts which have become 
 decayed by age must be repaired. When this has been 
 properly done when the Great Architect of the Uni- 
 verse has been thanked for the blessings he has conferred 
 upon the lodge and its members during the year which 
 has passed when His assistance has been earnestly 
 implored for the time to come, and when the members 
 have most solemnly pledged themselves zealously to 
 devote themselves to His service then, and not till 
 then, can they go cheerfully to the banquet ; for, by 
 holding a masonic banquet alone, no lodge can duly 
 celebrate this festival. Gadicke. 
 
 CONSTITUTING. The following is the manner of 
 constituting a new lodge. A lodge is duly formed; and, 
 after prayer, an ode in honour of Masonry is sung. The 
 Grand Master is then informed by the Secretary that the 
 brethren present desire to be formed into a new lodge, 
 &c. The petition, the dispensation, and the warrant, or 
 charter of constitution, are now read. The minutes 6 f 
 the lodge while under dispensation are likewise read , 
 and, being approved, are declared regular and valid, and 
 signed by the Grand Master. The Grand Master inquires 
 if the brethren approve of the officers w r ho are nominated 
 in the warrant to preside over them. This being signi- 
 fied in masonic form, an oration on the nature and design 
 of the institution is delivered. The lodge is then con- 
 secrated according to ceremonies proper and usual on 
 these occasions, but not proper to be written, and the 
 Grand Master constitutes the lodge in ancient form. 
 Constitutions. 
 
 CONSUMMATUM EST. The ne plus ultra of Ma 
 sonry varies in different systems. With some it is one 
 of the Kadoshes, with others the Rose Croix ; and with 
 the Ancient Accepte it is the thirty-third degree. With 
 all, however, the possession of it is considered indispens- 
 able to those who emulate masonic perfection ; and ne
 
 CON COR. 471 
 
 person can be admitted to it who is not master of all the 
 previous degrees. It concludes with the words <:on- 
 summatum est. 
 
 CONTROVERSY. Masonry is a universal system, 
 and teaches the relative and social duties of man on the 
 broad and extensive basis of general philanthropy. A 
 Jew, a Mahometan, or a Pagan, may attend our lodges 
 without fear of hearing hi* peculiar doctrines or mode of 
 faith called in question by a comparison with others 
 which are repugnant to Ins creed, because a permanent 
 and unalterable landmark ot Masonry is, the total absence 
 and exclusion of religious or political controversy. 
 Each of these professors practices a system of morality 
 suited to the sanctions of his religion, which, as it ema- 
 nated from the primitive system of divine worship, bears 
 some resemblance to it , and consequently he can hear 
 moral precepts inculcated without imputing a designed 
 reference to any peculiar mode of faith. 
 
 COPESTONE. The uppermost and last-laid stone of 
 a building. Operative Masons, at the completion of the 
 edifice, stih 1 observe the custom of celebrating the laying 
 of the Copestone. The Most Excellent Master's degree, 
 as conferred in Royal Ardi Chapters, owes much of its im- 
 pressive ceremonies to " the celebration of the Copestone." 
 
 CORINTHIAN. The Corinthian is the noblest, 
 richest, and most delicate of all the orders of architec- 
 ture. Villipandus supposes the Corinthian capitol to 
 have taken its origin from an ornament in King Solo- 
 mon's Temple, the leaves whereof were those of the 
 palm tree. 
 
 CORN. Corn was a symbol of the resurrection, whicb 
 is significantly referred to in the third degree of Masonry 
 Jesus Christ compares himself to a corn of wheat falling 
 into the ground, as a symbol of resurrection. St. Paul 
 says, the sower sows a simple grain of corn, no matter 
 of what kind, which at its proper season rises to light, 
 clothed in verdure. So also is the resurrection of the 
 dead. The apostle might, says Calmet, have instanced 
 the power of trod in the progress of vivification ; and
 
 i72 COR COU. 
 
 (night have inferred that the same power which could 
 confer life originally, would certainly restore it to those 
 particles which once had possessed it. It is possible he 
 nas done this covertly, having chosen to mention vegeta- 
 ble seed, that being most obvious to common notice ; 
 and yet not intending to terminate his reference in any 
 quality of vegetation. 
 
 CORNER-STONE. The principal and important stone 
 in the foundation of an edifice. This stone is usually 
 laid in the north-east corner, and unites the two walls. 
 It is generally deposited in its place with solemn and 
 appropriate ceremonies, and is the depository of memen- 
 tos of the times in which it is laid, for the use and benefit 
 of posterity. Its position accounts, in a rational manner, 
 for the general disposition of a newly-initiated candidate, 
 when enlightened ; but uninstructed he is accounted to be 
 the most superficial part of Masonry. An important 
 symbol in the Mark Master's degree. 
 
 COUNTRY LODGES. Country lodges are under the 
 immediate superintendence of the Grand Master of their 
 respective provinces; to whom, or to his deputy, they 
 are to apply in all cases of difficulty or doubt, and to 
 whom all complaints and disputes must be transmitted. If 
 those officers should neglect to proceed in the business, 
 the application or complaint may be transmitted to the 
 Board of General Purposes ; and an appeal in all cases 
 lies to the Grand Lodge or Grand Master. Constitutions. 
 
 COURSE. In the entire course of lectures attached to 
 the three degrees of Masonry, including the fn&l triumph 
 of the Order in the Royal Arch, such events are held 
 prominently to view as are calculated to remind us of 
 our Christian privileges, emanating from, and connected 
 with, the great promises and advantages which were 
 enjoyed by holy men under the patriarchal and Mosaic 
 dispensations. The creation of the v/orl <i ; the expulsion 
 of our first parents from Paradise, with the consoling 
 promise which accompanied that terrible punishment of 
 sin; the translation of Enoch; the deluge; Abraham 
 and Sarah ; Hagar and Ishmael ; the offering of Isaac ; 
 the peregrinations of Jacob ; the deliverance from Egyp-
 
 COW CRA. 473 
 
 tian captivity ; the wanderings in the wilderness , the 
 building of the first and second Temples , the captivities; 
 the revelation of the cherubic emblem of the Deity ; and 
 the annunciation of the Messiah by John the Baptist. 
 The disquisitions on these important points, which 
 embrace also many collateral subjects of equal interest, 
 tire recommended by the sublime elucidations of symbol 
 
 ical machinery with which they are accompanied. 
 
 
 
 COWAN. From the affair of Jeptha, an Ephraimite 
 was termed a cowan or worthless fellow. In Egypt a 
 cohen was the title of a priest or prince, and a term oi 
 honour. Bryant, speaking of the harpies, says they were 
 priests of the sun ; and as cohen was the name of a dog 
 as well as a priest, they are termed by Appollonius 
 "the dogs of Jove." Now St. John cautions the Christian 
 brethren that " without are dogs," (xwsg) cowans or lis- 
 teners ; and St. Paul exhorts the Christians to " beware 
 of dogs, because they are evil workers." Now *vu>r a 
 dog, or evil worker, is the masonic cowan. The above 
 priests or metaphorical dogs, were also called cercyoni- 
 ans or cer-cowans, because they were lawless in their 
 behaviour towards strangers. A writer of the " Freema- 
 sons' Quarterly Review " thus explains the word. " I 
 trace it," says he, " to the Greek verb xova>, to hear or 
 listen to, from which it is but parce detorta ; and we 
 have high authority for so importing words from one 
 language to another." Our illustrious brother, Sir Wal- 
 ter Scott, makes one of his characters in " Rob Roy " 
 say " she does not value a lawsuit mair as a cowan, 
 and ye may tell Mac Cullummore that Allan Iverach said 
 sae." 
 
 CBAFT. The term applied to persons, collectively 
 in a trade, or mechanical occupation. In free or specu- 
 lative Masonry it signifies the whole Masonic family, 
 wherever dispersed. 
 
 CRAFTSMAN. As a Craftsman you are to encourage 
 industry and reward merit ; supply the wants and relieve 
 the necessities of brethren and fellows to the utmost of 
 your power and ability ; and on no account to wrong 
 them or see them wronged, but timely to apprise them 
 40
 
 474 
 
 ORE CRO. 
 
 of approaching danger, and view their interest as insep- 
 arable from your own. Such is the nature of your 
 engagements as a Craftsman, and these duties you are 
 now bound, by the most sacred ties, to observe. Charge, 
 Second Degree. 
 
 CREATION. It is the general voice of Scripture 
 that God finished the whole of the creation in six days 
 and rested the seventh ; giving us an example that 
 we might labour six days and rest the seventh from all 
 manual exercises. He who labours with his mind by 
 worldly schemes and plans on the Sabbath day, is as 
 culpable as he who labours with his hands in his accus- 
 tomed calling. It is by the authority of God that the 
 Sabbath is set apart for rest and religious purposes, as 
 the six days of the week are appointed for labour. 
 Adam Clarke. 
 
 CRIMSON. This rich and beautiful colour is emble- 
 matical of fervency and zeal. It is the appropriate 
 colour of the Royal Arch degree ; and admonishes us 
 that we should be fervent in the exercise. of our devo- 
 tions to God, and zealous in our endeavours to promote 
 the happiness of man. 
 
 CROSS. According to an ancient tradition, the Tem- 
 ple of Solomon had three foundations, the 
 first of which contained seventy stones, five 
 rows from north to south, and fourteen in 
 each row running from east to west. The 
 centre row corresponded with the upright 
 of a cross, whose transverse was formed by 
 two stones on each side of the eleventh 
 stone from the east end of the centre row 
 of which the upright is formed, and the 
 fourth stone from the west end of it. This 
 stone, which hence occupies the place of 
 the crossing of the beams, was under the 
 centre of the S. S., where was deposited 
 the Ark of the Covenant and Shekinah. 
 This design contained an evident reference 
 to the cr^ss of Christ, and was so placed that the part 
 where the heart of Christ would be at the time of his 
 crucifixion was under *:h centro of tlio S. S.
 
 CRU-CUB. 475 
 
 CRUSADES. There is not an instance of the Euro- 
 pean states uniting in any one enterprise save the holy 
 war; and from thence we most rationally must conceive 
 the present number of Masons, dispersed over the face 
 of Europe, was principally derived. By the Crusades, 
 the number of our society would be greatly augmented' 
 the occasion itself would revive the rules of Masonry 
 they being so well adapted to that purpose, and alsc 
 professional of the Christian faith, from w T hence sprang 
 the spirit of the enterprise. After these pursuits sub- 
 sided, bodies of men would be found in every country 
 from whence the levies were called ; and what would 
 preserve the society in every state, even during the 
 persecutions of zealots, the Master Mason's Order, under 
 its present principles, is adapted to every sect of Chris- 
 tians. It originated from the earliest era of Christianity, 
 in honour to, or in confession of, the religion and faith 
 of Christians, before the poison of sectaries was diffused 
 over the church. Hutcltinsun. 
 
 CRUX ANSATA. This sign, originally signifying 
 life, was adopted as a Christian emblem, either from its 
 similarity to the shape of a cross, or from its being 
 considered the symbol of a state of future existence. 
 
 CRYPT. A subterranean vault. On the top of the 
 mount of Olives was a vast and very ancient crypt, in 
 " the shape of a cone of immense size ; the vertex alone 
 appearing level with the soil, and exhibiting by its 
 section at the top a small circular aperture, the sides 
 extending below to a great depth lined with a hard red 
 stucco." It was an idolatrous construction, perhaps as 
 old as Solomon, and profaned by Josiah. If Solomon 
 built this crypt, he might, as the Jews say he did, 
 construct one of the same kind beneath the Temple, for 
 the reception of the ark, &c., in case of danger ; but this 
 must remain undecided till the " times of the Gentilea 
 are fulfilled." Ca/mct. 
 
 CUBE. The cube is a symbol of truth, of wisdom, 
 of moral perfection. The new Jerusalem promised by 
 the Apocalypse, is equal in length, breadth, and height. 
 The mystical city ought to be considered as a new
 
 476 , CUB. 
 
 church, where divine wisdom will reign. Isaiah, an- 
 nouncing the coming of the Messiah, said, " He shall 
 dwell in the highest place of the solid rock, and the 
 water which shall flow from him shall give life." 
 
 CUBICAL STONE. At the building cf the Temple 
 of Jerusalem, an unexpected arid afflicting event occurred, 
 which threw the Masons engaged in the work into the 
 greatest confusion. The G. M. (H. A. B.) had sent to 
 certain F. Cs. thirteen stones, and directed that with 
 these they should complete a small square near the 
 cape-stone, being the only portion of the fabric which 
 remained unfinished. Every stone of the temple was 
 formed into a square, containing five equilateral triangles, 
 each equilateral triangle being equal to a cube, and each 
 side and base of the triangles being equal to a plumb 
 line. The space, therefore, which remained to be com 
 pleted was the last triangle of the last stone, and equal 
 to the eighth part of the plumb-line, or | of the circle, 
 and y s of the triangle, which number is in Hebrew rf c 
 the great name of the Almighty. The thirteen stoneb 
 consisted of all the fragments which remained from the 
 building, and comprised two cubes in two divisions. In 
 the first was contained one cube in an entire piece, and 
 in the second a cube in twelve parts : viz., 4^ parts in 
 1 piece, 2 parts in 4 pieces, 1 part in 1 piece, and \ 
 part in 6 pieces; total 12 pieces. The F. Cs. carried 
 the broken cube to S. K. I., who in conjunction with 
 H. K. T. directed that they should je placed along with 
 the jewels of the Craft, on a cubic stone encrusted with 
 gold, in the centre of a deep cavern within the foundations 
 of the temple, and further ordered, that the door of this 
 mysterious court should be built up with large stones, in 
 order that no one in future should be able to gain 
 admission into this mysterious apartment. At the re- 
 building of the temple, however, three F. Cs. lately 
 returned from Babylon, in the course of their labours 
 inadvertently stumbled upon this mysterious recess. They 
 discovered the fractured cube, and carried the pieces to 
 Z. J. H., who recognized in the four pieces the XXXX., 
 and accordingly advanced the F. Cs. to a new order 
 in Masonry for having accomplished this discovery 
 Til tier.
 
 CUB CYP. 477 
 
 CUBIT. A measure of length employed by the ancients 
 equal to the length of the arm from the elbow to the tip 
 of the middle finger. Among different nations the length 
 of the cubit differed. The cubit of the Romans was aboiit 
 171 inches; that of the Hebrews 22 inches, but its length 
 s now generally stated at 18 English inches. 
 
 CURIOSITY. Freemasonry has in all ages excited 
 the curiosity of mankind ; and curiosity is one of the 
 most prevailing passions in the human breast. The 
 mind of man is kept in a perpetual thirst after knowledge, 
 nor can he bear to be ignorant of what he thinks others 
 know. 
 
 CYPHER. It is not customary in Freemasonry to 
 write in cypher, neither is there any law commanding it 
 to be done, although there is a very ancient cypher 
 extant taken from the Square and Triangle. This is also 
 called the Ammonian writing of the ancient Egyptian 
 priests. In the year 1808, Bro. J. G. Bruman, Director 
 of the Academy of Commerce and Professor of the 
 Mathematics at Mannheim, published a programme of a 
 Pangraphia or universal writing, and at the same time an 
 Arithmetical Krypto-graphic, which was to be extremely 
 useful in Freemasonry ; but so far as we know this work 
 has never appeared. Gadicke. 
 
 CYPHER WRITING. The system of cypher writing 
 has been found so convenient as a depository of ineffable 
 secrets, that it has descended down to our own times, 
 and various methods have been prescribed for its use, any 
 of which will answer the intended purpose ; for the in- 
 terpretation is absolutely impracticable without a key. 
 The simplest kind of cypher consists of a simple trans- 
 position of the letters of the alphabet, and appears to 
 have been one of the earliest specimens of this kind ot 
 secret communication which was used in modern times. 
 Its mystery, however, is perfect ; and the places of the 
 several letters may be so varied as to preclude the possi- 
 bility of detection. 
 
 abcdefghij kirn 
 no pq r s t u vwxy z
 
 478 CYR DAN. 
 
 With this key the cypher n serr naq npprcgrq ziifba, 
 will be found to contain the words " A Free and 
 accepted Mason ;" but if the key be varied thus : 
 
 abcdefghijklm 
 zyxwvu tsrqpo n 
 
 the same words will stand z uivv zmw zxxvkgvw nzhhn 
 And the key will admit of variations ad infinitum 
 Sometimes the mystery was increased by the juiictioi 
 of four or five words into one. On this plan the abov 
 expression would constitute the forminable word, zuivv- 
 zmwzxxvkgvwnzhlm. 
 
 CYRUS. This prince was mentioned by the prophet 
 Isaiah, two hundred years before he was born, as the 
 restorer of the temple at Jerusalem. And accordingly, 
 after the seventy years of captivity in Babylon were 
 accomplished, it pleased the Lord to direct him to issue 
 the following proclamation. The Lord God of Heaven 
 hath given me all the kingdoms of the earth, and he 
 hath charged me to build him an house at Jerusalem, 
 which is in Judah. Who is there among you of all his 
 people? his God be with him, and let him go up to 
 Jerusalem which is in Judah, and build the house of the 
 Lord God of Israel, (he is the God) which is in Jerusa- 
 lem. 
 
 DANCING. Dancing is not a masonic accomplish- 
 ment, although it usually accompanied the rites of the 
 spurious Freemasonry. The idolatrous Jews made it a 
 part of the worship which they paid to the golden calf. 
 The Amalekites danced after their victory at Ziklag, and 
 Job makes it part of the character of the prosperous 
 wicked (that is, of those who, placing all their happiness 
 in the enjoyments of sense, forget God and religion), 
 that their children dance. The dancing of the profligate 
 Herodias's daughter pleased Herod so highly, that he 
 promised to give her whatever she asked, and accordingly, 
 at her desire, and in compliment to her, he commanded 
 John the Baptist to be beheaded in prison. Notwith- 
 standing this, some Provincial Grand Masters instead of 
 taking the brethren at their provincial meetings to 
 rhurch, as in the good old times of Inwood, Harris, and
 
 DAR DAV. 479 
 
 Oliver, for the purpose of invoking the blessing of God 
 on their labours, lead them to a ball in full masonic cos- 
 tume, as the gentry of old used to exhibit their servants 
 find retainers at an assize or county meeting in blue coats 
 and badges ; whence instead of a praying institution as 
 Masonry is, it becomes a dancing institution, which it 
 decidedly is not. Freemasons' Quarterly Review. 
 
 DARKNESS. The darkness of Masonry is invested 
 with a pure and dignified reference, because it is attached 
 to a system of truth. It places before the mind a series 
 of the most awful and impressive images. It points to 
 the darkness of death and the obscurity of the grave, as 
 the forerunners of a more brilliant and never-fading 
 light which follows at the resurrection of the just. 
 Figure to yourselves the beauty and strict propriety of 
 this reference, ye who have been raised to the third 
 degree of Masonry. Were your minds enveloped in the 
 shades of that darkness? So shall you again be involved 
 in the darkness of the grave, when death has drawn his 
 sable curtain round you. Did you rise to a splendid 
 scene of intellectual brightness? So, if you are obedient 
 to the precepts of Masonry and the dictates of religion, 
 shall you rejoice on the resurrection morn, when the 
 clouds of error and imperfection are separated from your 
 mind, and you behold with unveiled eye the glories 
 which issue from the expanse of heaven, the everlasting 
 splendours of the throne of God ! 
 
 DARKNESS VISIBLE. The light of a Master 
 Mason is darkness visible, serving only to express that 
 gloom which rests on the prospect of futurity. It is that 
 mysterious veil which the Eureka of human reason can- 
 not penetrate, unless assisted by that light -which is from 
 above. 
 
 DAVID. The uninterrupted prosperity which David 
 enjoyed, inspired him with a design of building a sump- 
 tuous temple for the worship of the Deity, deeming it 
 in a high degree criminal to permit the ark of God to 
 remain in a tabernacle at a time when he resided in a 
 palace, constructed and ornamented with the utmost 
 profusion of elegance and splendour. And to thu
 
 480 DAY. 
 
 was furl her incited by an ancient prediction of Moses 
 But David as yet was ignorant of the place where the 
 Temple of the Lord was to be erected; for it still 
 remained in the possession of the Jebusites, and on that 
 spot Araunah had established his threshing floor. At 
 this period Mount Moriah exhibited a picturesque appear- 
 ance, being covered by groves of olive trees; and for 
 this reason it was called " the field of the wood." After 
 David had made the above determination, the Lord 
 directed Nathan the prophet to communicate to him, 
 "Thus saitii the Lord, shalt thou build me an house for 
 to dwell in. Whe thy days be fulfilled, and thou shalt 
 sleep with thy fati.'srs, I will set up thy seed after thee, 
 which shall proceed out of thy bowels, and I will estab- 
 lish his kingdom. He shall build an house for my name, 
 and I will establish the throne of his kingdom for ever 
 I will be bis father, and he shall be my son." 
 
 DAY AND NIGHT. The sun is the monarch of the 
 day, whicii is the state of light. The moon of the night, 
 or the state of darkness. The rays of the sun falling on 
 the atmosphere, are refracted and diffused over the whole 
 of that hemisphere of the earth immediately under his 
 orb ; while those rays of that vast luminary which, 
 because of the earth's small ness in comparison of the 
 sun, are diffused on all sides beyond the earth, falling on 
 the opaque disc of the moon, are reflected back on what 
 may be called the lower hemisphere, or that part of tho 
 earth which is opposite to the part which is illuminated 
 by the sun ; and as the earth completes a revolution on 
 its own axis in about twenty-four hours, consequently 
 each hemisphere has alternate day and night. Adam 
 Clarke. 
 
 DAY'S WORK. The day's work closed when the 
 sun set in the west. All the expressions used in scripture 
 about hired servants imply that they were hired by the 
 day. This is still the case in the east, where not only 
 labourers, but mechanics, whether they work for a house- 
 holder or for a master in their own craft, are paid by the 
 day, and regularly expect their day's wages when the 
 sun goes down. It has never come to our knowledge 
 that they work at any trade after sunset, even in winter
 
 DEA DEC. 481 
 
 DEACON. The duties attached to the office of a 
 deacon are, " to convey messages, to obey commands, 
 and to assist at initiations, and in the general practice of 
 the rites and ceremonies of the Order." The jewel of 
 their office is a dove, as an emblem of peace, and charac- 
 teristic of their duties. 
 
 DEATH. The heathen nations, before the coming of 
 Christ, wanted the blessing of revelation, and knew 
 nothing of the destination of man after he was laid in 
 the silent tomb. One of their own poets tells us this : 
 "Alas," says he, " when the plants and flowers of the 
 garden have perished, they revive again, and bloom the 
 succeeding year ; but we, mighty, wise, and powerful 
 men, when once we die, remain insensible in the hollow 
 tomb and sleep a long and endless sleep a sleep from 
 which we never shall be awakened." Seneca said, "post 
 mortem nihil est" Virgil describes death as an "iron 
 sleep, and an eternal night." (En. x. 745.) But so 
 inconsistent were the heathen philosophers upon these 
 abstruse subjects, which they had received only from 
 dark and uncertain tradition, that in the sixth book of 
 the Eneid, the same poet describes with great minuteness 
 the places of reward and punishment which are assigned 
 to mankind after death, as the consequence of their 
 personal responsibility. Bishop Mant. 
 
 DECLARATION. E.very candidate, previous to his 
 admission, must subscribe his name at full length to a 
 declaration of the following import, viz. : " To the 
 Worshipful Masters, Wardens, Officers, and Members of 
 
 the Lodge of , No. . I, , being a free 
 
 man, and of the full age of twenty-one years, do declare, 
 that unbiassed by the improper solicitation of friends, 
 and uninfluenced by mercenary or other unworthy motive, 
 I freely and voluntarily offer myself a candidate for the 
 mysteries of Masonry ; that I am prompted by a favour- 
 able opinion conceived of the institution, and a desire of 
 knowledge, and that I will cheerfully conform to all the 
 ancient usages and established customs of the Order. 
 Witness my hand this day of . Witness. 
 
 Constitution**
 
 4:82 DEC DED. 
 
 DECLARING OFF. When a brother teases to visit 
 a Lodge, and to pay his monthly subscriptions, he thereby 
 declares himself off the lodge. When a brother requires 
 to leave the lodge for a few minutes, either at labour or 
 at the banquet, he must request leave to do so. Many 
 brethren whose bad conduct is brought before the lodge, 
 and who are afraid that they will be excluded or expelled, 
 take this means of declaring off. We also make use of 
 this expression when any lodge has ceased to assemble 
 for a length of time. A Freemasons' lodge, or assembly 
 of the brethren, is properly tyled when none but brethren 
 are present, arid when no stranger can gain admittance. 
 Gadicke. 
 
 DECORATIONS. In disposing of the furniture and 
 decorations of a lodge, great discrimination is required ; 
 and very frequently the imposing appearance which a 
 lodge ought to present to the eye, is lost for want of due 
 attention to these preliminary arrangements. The expert 
 Mason will be convinced that the walls of a lodge room 
 ought neither to be absolutely naked nor too much 
 decorated. A chaste disposal of symbolical ornaments 
 in the right places, and according to propriety, relieves 
 the dulness and vacuity of a blank space ; and though 
 biit sparingly used, will produce a striking impression 
 and contribute to the general beauty and solemnity of 
 the scene. 
 
 DEDICATION. From the building of the first temple 
 at Jerusalem to the Babylonish captivity, the lodges of 
 Freemasons were dedicated to King Solomon, from thence 
 to the advent of Christ to Zerubbabel, who built the 
 second temple, and from that time till the final destruc- 
 tion of the temple by Titus, they were dedicated to St. 
 John the Baptist. But /owing to the losses which were 
 sustained by that memorable occurrence, Freemasonry 
 declined ; many lodges were broken up, and the brethren 
 were afraid to meet without an acknowledged head. At 
 a secret meeting of the Craft, holden in the city of 
 Benjamin, this circumstance was much regretted, and 
 they deputed seven brethren to solicit St. John the 
 Evangelist, who was at that time Bishop of Ephesus, to 
 accept the office of Grand Master. He replied tc the
 
 DEF DEG. 483 
 
 deputation, that though well stricken in years, having 
 been in his youth initiated into Masonry, he would 
 acquiesce in their request, thus completing by his learn- 
 ing what the other St. John had begun by his zeal; and 
 thus drew what Freemasons cull a line parallel ; ever 
 since which, the lodges in all Christian countries have 
 been dedicated to the two St. Johns. York Lectures. 
 
 DEFAMATION. To defame our brother, or suffer 
 him to be defamed, without interesting ourselves for the 
 preservation of his name and character, there is scarce 
 the shadow of an excuse to be found. Defamation is 
 always wicked. Slander and evil speaking are the pests 
 of civil society, are the disgrace of every degree of reli- 
 gious profession, and the poisonous bane of all brotherly 
 love. Defamation is never absolutely, or indeed at all, 
 necessary ; for suppose your brother has faults, are you 
 obliged, because you speak of him, to discover them? 
 has he no good qualities 'I sure all have some good ones ; 
 make them then, though ever so few, the subject of your 
 conversation, if ye must talk of him ; and if he has no 
 good qualities, speak not of him at all. luwood. 
 
 DEGREE. A degree, as the word implies, is merely 
 a grade or step, or preparation, as one grade is but pre- 
 paratory to another higher, and so on in progression to 
 the " ne plus ultra." A degree sometimes, but not in 
 Freemasonry, means a class or order. 
 
 DEGREES. Why are there degrees in Freemasonry? 
 The reason why this question is asked by the men of the 
 world, is because the} are men and not schoolboys who 
 are initiated, and becau&e the whole of the Order could 
 be communicated to them at one time. But still there 
 are degrees, or steps, and truly for this simple reason, 
 as there is no art or science which can be communicated 
 at one time, so neither can Freemasonry ; and although 
 they are men of mature age who are initiated, yet they 
 require to be proved step by step. Freemasonry is a 
 science which requires both time and experience, and 
 more time than many Masons, especially government 
 officers or tradesmen, can devote to it ; the only time 
 they in fact can appropriate to this purpose being their 
 hours of recreation. It is, therefore, good that it is com-
 
 484 DEM DEP. 
 
 m unicu ted by degrees. Those degrees are cormmmfcated 
 in the lodge at the end of certain determinate periods, or 
 immediately after each other, according to the regulations 
 of the lodge, or the cardidate's power of comprehension. 
 Gadicke. 
 
 DEMIT. A Mason is said to demit from the Order 
 when he withdraws from all connection with it. In the 
 egulations of the Grand Lodge, dated 25th November, 
 1723, it was provided, that if the Master of a lodge is 
 deposed, or demits, the Senior Warden shall fill the chair 
 until the next appointment of officers. 
 
 DEMOCRACY. Symbolical Masonry, under whatever 
 form it may be propounded, is a Catholic institution, 
 democratic in its form and government, and universal in 
 its operation. This is demonstrable from any of the 
 definitions of the Order ; from the free election of its 
 chief magistrate, and the inferior governors of every 
 pri.ate lodge, annually and by universal suffrage, and 
 from the reputed form and extent of its lodges. If it were 
 deprived of any of the above attributes it would be no 
 longer Freemasonry; and all its beneficial effects upon 
 the mind and manners of men, would be scattered to the 
 winds of heaven. 
 
 DEPORTMENT. Since many of our forms and 
 operations are necessarily secreted from common inspec- 
 tion, the generality of mankind will make up their 
 opinion of the society from the deportment of its mem- 
 bers. This ought to serve as a very powerful call to 
 every one of us, uniformly and openly to display those 
 qualities and virtues so strongly inculcated and warmly 
 recommended in the lodge. To little purpose shall we 
 commend the institution, and boast the excellence of its 
 principles and purposes, if our lives give not corroborative 
 evidence to our assertions, and prove not the propriety of 
 our encomiums. If we appear neither wiser nor better 
 than the uninitiated, the world will begin to suspect the 
 efficacy of our tenets ; and if no good effects are apparent, 
 they will doubt whether any are produced. Harris. 
 
 DEPTH. The depth of a lodge is figuratively said to 
 from the surface ro the centre.
 
 DEP DIA. 485 
 
 DEPUTY GRAND MASTER. This officer is to be 
 appointed annually by the Grand Master, on the day of 
 his installation, and, if present, is to be immediately 
 installed according to ancient usage. He must have been 
 master of some regular lodge. In the absence of the 
 Grand Master, the Deputy possesses all his powers and 
 privileges. Constitutions. 
 
 DESIGN. The initiation into the first or entered 
 apprentice's degree was made to partake, in a slighter 
 proportion, of those trials of physical and moral courage 
 for which the admission into the ancient and chiefly 
 Egyptian mysteries were famous. The second or Fel- 
 lowcraft's, was rendered interesting by those scientific 
 instructions and philosophical lectures which charac- 
 terized later parts of the mysteries ; though both degrees 
 were made to tend to the glory of that God who had 
 given such wonderful faculties to them and to the wel- 
 fare of their fellow-creatures. Thus instructed in morals 
 and science, the third or Master Mason's degree led them 
 to that great truth which the sublimest part of even the 
 heathen mysteries, though it too seldom succeeded, was 
 intended to teach, and the faithful believer was assured 
 of a future life and immortality beyond the grave. And, 
 whereas, the heathens had taught this only by the appli 
 cation of a fable to their purpose, the wisdom of the pious 
 Grand Mason of the Israelitish Masons took advantage 
 of a real circumstance which would more forcibly 
 impress the sublime truths he intended to inculcate 
 upon the minds of all brethren. Such is a brief outline, 
 intelligible, I trust, to the members of the Ord^r, of 
 the design of that beautiful system which, then estab- 
 lished, has long been the admiration of the world, and 
 has stood the test of ages amid every persecution. 
 Archdeacon Mant. 
 
 DIAGRAMS. The three most perfect of all geomet- 
 rical diagrams, are the equilateral triangle, the square, 
 and the equal hexagon. To this we may add an observa- 
 tion, for which we are indebted to our Grand Master 
 Pythagoras, that there exists no other regular equilateral 
 forms, whose multiples are competent to fill up and 
 oecirpy the whole space about a given centre which eau 
 41
 
 i86 DIA DIF. 
 
 only be effected by six equilateral triangles, four squares 
 and three equal hexagons. Hemming. 
 
 DIAMOND OF THE DESERT. Sir Walter Scott, 
 in. one of those splendid tales of fiction which have 
 immortalized his name, describes a small spot of verdure 
 amidst an arid waste, which was figuratively denominated 
 the Diamond of the Desert. Amongst Irishmen, too 
 long estranged by political feuds and sectarian conten- 
 tions, Freemasonry may be esteemed as the moral Dia- 
 mond of the Desert, within whose hallowed precincts 
 are united men of worth of every class, holding the 
 most antagonistic principles united by a mysterious and 
 unrevealable bond joined by a tie of brotherhood which 
 tends to the subjugation of prejudice, the development 
 of charity, and the masterdom of those absurd and irreli- 
 gious antipathies, which array in hostility creatures ol 
 the same God, for all of whom, without distinction, the 
 great sacrifice of Calvary has been consummated. 
 CTtyan. 
 
 DIDACTICAL. The fourth section of the first lecture 
 is called didactical or perceptive. The assertion is fully 
 made out, that morality is the great subject with which 
 Freemasonry is conversant. Hence it follows, that the 
 virtuous Mason, after he has enlightened his own mind 
 oy those sage and moral precepts, is the more ready to 
 vmlighten and enlarge the understanding of others. 
 \Jf.mming. 
 
 DIFFERENCES. All differences or complaints that 
 cannot be accommodated privately, or in some regular 
 lodge, shall be reduced into writing and delivered to the 
 Grand Secretary, who shall lay them before the Grand 
 Master, or the proper board or committee appointed by 
 the Grand Lodge. When all parties shall have been sum- 
 luoaed to attend thereon, and the case shall have been 
 investigated, such order and adjudication may be made 
 as shall be authorised by the laws and regulations of 
 Masonry. Const it ut ions. 
 
 DIFFUSION. An ancient masonic tradition relates 
 that our G. M. King Solo.non, struck with the universal
 
 DIR DIS. 487 
 
 harmony produced by the admirable arrangements which 
 had been adopted amongst the workmen, conceived an 
 idea of forming an universal bond of brotherly love, 
 which should unite all nations in the pursuit of virtue 
 and science. For this purpose, he admitted into his 
 system those illustrious sages who visited Jerusalem from 
 every part of the globe, and allowed them to participate 
 in his mysteries. And hence, when they returned home 
 they diffused Freemasonry over the whole face of the 
 earth. 
 
 DIRECTOR OF CEREMONIES. The Grand Direc- 
 tor of Ceremonies is annually appointed by the Grand 
 Master on the day of his installation. He must be a 
 Master Mason, and punctually attend all the ordinary 
 and extraordinary meetings of the Grand Lodge. 
 
 DISCIPLINE. At the building of the temple the 
 hours of labour and rest and refreshment were distinctly 
 regulated, and enforced with such strictness that every 
 brother who absented himself from his work, even for 
 the shortest period, was punished by a heavy fine deducted 
 from his wages, because he violated the unity of labour, 
 by which a correct result could be alone accomplished. 
 The precise hours of commencing work and calling oil 
 to refreshment, were stipulated in their general contracts, 
 and conducted by known signals and reports, and they 
 were not allowed to exceed them by a single minute. 
 This perfect system of discipline is worthy of imitation 
 amongst the Masons of the present day, if they wish to 
 attain the same excellence in the moral edifice which the 
 Craft is intended to raise. 
 
 DISCLOSING. The means devised for promoting the 
 welfare of Freei-iasonry are the secrecy, the language, 
 and the government of the Lodge. Secrecy is wisely 
 adopted to begin and continue Masonry, because it is 
 necessary. If the lodge should work in public, who in 
 a short time could be its members? Besides secrecy is, 
 of itself, a virtue ; and is taught as such in the lodge, and 
 taught effectually. Men should be able to keep their 
 own secrets, and should never violate the confidence of 
 ethers. Masonic secrecy is a mysterious thing, but &n
 
 4:88 DIS. 
 
 indisputable fact. The most tattling man, if he be a 
 Mason, keeps this one secret ; there is no risk of him. 
 Enrage, punish, expel he never tells. Mad, drunk, or 
 crazy -he never tells. Does he talk in his sleep ? It is 
 not ab >ut Masonry. Bribe him in his wants, tempt him 
 in his pleasures, threaten him or torture him, he is 
 martyr here but he never tells. Blanchard. 
 
 DISCOVERY. At the building of the Second Tern 
 pie, the foundations were first opened and cleared from 
 the accumulation of rubbish, that a level site might 
 be piocured for the commencement of the building. 
 While engaged in excavations for this purpose, three 
 fortunate sojourners are said to have discovered an avenue 
 supported by seven pair of pillars, . perfect and entire, 
 which from their situation had escaped the fury of the 
 flames that had consumed the temple, and the desolation 
 of war which had destroyed the city. This secret vault, 
 which had been built by Solomon, as a secure depository 
 for certain valuable secrets, that would have inevitably 
 been lost without some such expedient for their preserva- 
 tion, communicated by a subterranean passage with the 
 king's palace ; but at the destruction of Jerusalem, the 
 entrance having been closed by the rubbish of falling 
 buildings, it had been now discovered by the appearance 
 of a key-stone amongst the foundations of the Sanctum 
 Sanctorum. A careful inspection was then made, and 
 the invaluable secrets were placed in safe custody. 
 
 DISPENSATION. Is an instrument which legalizes 
 un act or ceremony, such as opening a lodge without a 
 warrant, forming a masonic procession, &c., which would 
 be illegal without it. The power of granting dispensa- 
 tions is very properly vested in the Grand and Provincial 
 Grand Masters 01 their deputies, who are the best judges 
 an what occasions it ought to be exercised. 
 
 DISPUTES. The candidate at his initiation was for- 
 mally exhorted that he is never to invest himself with 
 the badge of a Mason should there be any brother in the 
 lodge with whom he is at variance, or against whom he 
 entertains any animosity. In such case it is expected 
 that ho will invite the brother to withdraw, in order that
 
 DIS DIU. 489 
 
 the difference between them may be amicably settled ; 
 which, if happily effected, they are then at liberty to 
 clothe themselves, and work with that love and harmony 
 which ought always to characterize the Free and Accepted 
 Mason. But if, unfortunately, the differences be of such 
 a nature as cannot be so speedily adjusted, it were better 
 that one or both should retire, than, by their presence, 
 they should disturb the harmony of the lodge. 
 
 DISSOLVED LODGES. If the majority of any 
 lodge should determine to quit the society, the constitu- 
 tion, or power of assembling, remains with the rest of 
 its members who adhere to their allegiance. If all the 
 members of a lodge withdraw themselves, their consti- 
 tution ceases and becomes extinct ; and all the authority 
 thereby granted or enjoyed reverts to the Grand Lodge. 
 Constitutions. 
 
 DISTRESS. The sign of distress is said, in the book 
 of Raziel, to be derived from the expulsion of Adam 
 from the Garden of Eden. He communicated it, along 
 with the divine mysteries he had learned there, to his son 
 Loth ; Loth communicated them to Enoch ; Enoch to 
 Methusalem ; Methusalem to Lamech ; Lamech to Noah ; 
 Noah to Sem ; Sem to Abraham ; Abraham to Isaac ; 
 Isaac to Jacob; Jacob to Levy; Levy to Kelhoth; 
 Kelhoth to Amram ; Amram to Moses ; Moses to Joshua ; 
 Joshua to the Elders ; the Elders to the Prophets ; the 
 Prophets to the Wise Men ; and then from one to the 
 other down to Solomon. The sign of distress is very 
 little different from that of the Freemasons. Rosenberg. 
 
 DIURNAL PROGRESS. The sun rises in the three 
 stages of its diurnal progress, first in the east to open 
 the day, and dispenses life and nourishment to the whole 
 creation. This is well represented by the Worshipful 
 Master, who is placed in the east to open the lodge, and 
 who imparts light, knowledge, and instruction, to all 
 under his direction. When it arrives at its greatest alti- 
 tude in the south, where its beams are most piercing and 
 the cool shade most refreshing, it is then also well rep- 
 resented by the Junior Warden, who is placed in the 
 south to observe its approach to meridian, and at the
 
 DIV DOC. 
 
 houi of noon to call the brethren from labour to refresh- 
 ment. Still pursuing its course to the west, the sun at 
 length closes the day, and lulls alJ nature to repose ; it is 
 then fitly represented by the Senior Warden, who is 
 placed in the west to close the lodge by command of the 
 Worshipful Master, after having rendered to every onu 
 the just reward of his labour, thus enabling them 
 enjoy that repose which is the genuine fruit of honest 
 industry. Hemming. 
 
 DIVINE LIGHTS. To the Tetragrammaton aloae 
 no effect or action can be attributed, nor is it derived 
 from any. Therefore, all except this venerable name are 
 applied to other things in Holy Writ ; from which con- 
 sideration, as almost every Cabalist assumes that the 
 Divine Lights or Sephiroth are emanations of the First 
 Cause, and appertaining to it, like flames to the fire, or 
 rays to the sun ; or if the divinity of the Lord is infused 
 into them, then by this mode the philosophers and 
 Cabalists agree, since by giving this appellation to those 
 lights, it is given to the First Cause, which is infused 
 and shines in them. Manasseh Ben Israel. 
 
 DIVISIONS. If the Master of a lodge allows a habit 
 of debate to become prevalent amongst the brethren, 
 and members, fond of displaying their rhetorical powers, 
 meet with encouragement from the chair, it is an evil 
 which carries ruin in its train; divisions disunite the 
 brethren; parties are formed by a systematic canvass to 
 carry improper motions into effect, and mutual distrust 
 is the mildest consequence to be expected; for every 
 division leaves a certain portion of the members discon- 
 tented. In the warmth of debate, strong and objection- 
 able phrases and reflections may be indiscreetly used, 
 which leave a thorn rankling in the bosom of those afc 
 whom they are levelled ; and in the end the minority 
 are certain to relax in their attendance, if not to with- 
 draw themselves altogether from an institution where 
 their counsels are rejected, and their opinions treated 
 with contempt. 
 
 DOCTRINES. The three degrees blend doctrine, 
 morality, and science, tradition and history, into a urand
 
 DOR DOU. 491 
 
 and beautiful system, which, if studied with attention 
 and practised with sincerity, will inspire a holy confi- 
 dence that the Lord of Life will enable us to trample 
 the king of terrors beneath our feet, and lift our eyes to 
 the bright Morning Star, whose rising brings peace and 
 salvation to the faithful and obedient to the holy Word 
 of God. There is, indeed, scarcely a point of duty or 
 morality which man has been presumed to owe to God, 
 his neighboui, or himself, under the Patriarchal, the 
 Mosaic, or the Christian dispensations, which, in the con- 
 struction of our symbolical system, has been untouched. 
 The forms and ceremonies, secrets and landmarks, the 
 types and allegories of Freemasonry, present copious 
 subjects of investigation, which cannot be easily ex- 
 hausted. The nature of the lodge, its form, dimensions, 
 and support ; its ground, situation, and covering ; its 
 ornaments, furniture, and jewels, all unite their aid to 
 form a perfect code of moral and theological philosophy, 
 which, while "it fascinates the understanding, improve* 
 the mind, until it becomes polished like the perfect 
 Ashlar, and can only be tried by the square of God's 
 word, and the unerring compass of conscience. 
 
 DORIC. The Doric is the second of the five orders 
 of architecture, and is that between the Tuscan and the 
 Ionic. It is the most natural and best proportioned of 
 all the orders ; all its parts being founded on the natural 
 position of solid bodies. 
 
 DORMER. The dormer is the window that givea 
 light to the entrance into the Sanctum Sanctorum. 
 
 DOUBLE CUBE. The heathen deities were many 01 
 them represented by a cubical stone. Pausanins informs 
 us that a cube was the symbol of Mercury, because, like 
 the cube, he represented Truth. In Arabia a black stone 
 in the form of a double cube, was reputed to be possessed 
 of many occult virtues. Apollo was sometimes wor- 
 shipped under the symbol of a square stone, and it is 
 recorded that when a fatal pestilence raged at Delphi, 
 the oracle was consulted as to the means proper to be 
 adopted for the purpose of arresting its progress, and it 
 commanded that the cube should be doubled. This was
 
 192 DOU DRE. 
 
 understood by the priest to refer to the altar, which waa 
 of a cubical form. They obeyed the injunction, increas- 
 ing the altitude of the altar to its prescribed dimensions, 
 like the pedestal in a Masons' lodge, and the pestilence 
 ceased. 
 
 DOUBTS. It is a good rule in all doubtful matters 
 to suspend our opinion at least till positive proof is 
 obtained on which to found it. Until we have fully 
 ascertained the real state of the case, let us always be 
 willing to put the fairest construction it will admit ; and 
 even to hope the best of a thing when appearances are 
 against it. Where doubt hesitates, let candour prompt ; 
 and where justice balances, let mercy prevail. Eveu 
 where we find ourselves obliged to blame the principle* 
 of a certain sect or party, let us not be so uncharitable 
 as to confound all its adherents and followers under one 
 general and indiscriminate censure. Especially let us 
 not charge them with such consequences of their tenets 
 as they disavow. Harris. 
 
 DOVE. This bird was the diluvian messenger of 
 peace, and hovered over the retreating waters like a celes- 
 tial harbinger of safety. Thus a lunette floating on the 
 surface of the ocean, attended by a dove with an olive 
 branch in its mouth, and encircled by a rainbow, form a 
 striking and expressive symbol which needs no explana- 
 tion. If Freemasonry has allowed this bird to occupy a 
 high situation amongst its hallowed symbols, the reasons 
 for such an appropriation are fully competent to justify 
 the proceeding. The dove was an agent at the creation, 
 at the deluge, and at the baptism of Christ. 
 
 DRESS. At the revival in 1717, it was directed and, 
 that there might be no mistake about the matter, the 
 canon was inserted by Anderson and Desaguliers in the 
 earliest code of lectures known, that the symbolical 
 clothing of a Master Mason was " skull-cap and jacket 
 yellow, and nether garments blue." After the middle 
 of the century, he was said to be "clothed in the old 
 colours, viz., purple, crimson, and blue :" and the reason 
 assigned for it was, " because they are royal, and such as 
 the ancient kings arid princes used to wear;" and we arw
 
 DUA DUP. 493 
 
 Informed by sacred history that the veil of the Temple 
 was composed of those colours ; and therefore they were 
 considered peculiarly appropriate to a professor of a 
 " royal art." The actual dress of a Master Mason was, 
 however, a full suit of black, with white neckcloth, apron, 
 gloves, and stockings ; the buckles being of silver, and 
 the jewels being suspended from a white ribbon by way 
 of collar. This disposition prevailed until the Union in 
 L813, when it was ordered that in future the Grand Offi- 
 cers should be distinguished by purple, the Grand Stew- 
 ards by crimson, and the Master Mason by blue, thus 
 reverting to " the old colours " of our ancient brethren. 
 
 DUAD. The duad, representing the number 2, an- 
 swers to the geometrical line, which, consisting of length 
 without breadth, is bounded by two extreme points. It 
 signifies darkness, fortitude, harmony and justice, because 
 of its equal parts, and the moon because she is forked. 
 
 DUPLICATION. The duplication of a cube is the 
 finding the side of a cube that shall be double in solidity 
 to a given cube, which is a famous problem cultivated 
 by the geometricians two thousand years ago. It was 
 first proposed by the oracle of Apollo at Delphos, which 
 being consulted about the manner of stopping a plague 
 then raging at Athens, returned for answer, that the 
 plague should cease when Apollo's altar, which was cubi- 
 cal, should be doubled. Upon this they applied them- 
 selves in good earnest to seek the duplication of the cube, 
 which was afterwards called the Delian problem. The 
 problem is only to be solved by finding two mean pro- 
 portionals between the side of the cube, and double that 
 side ; the first whereof will be the side of the cube 
 doubled, as was observed by Hippocrates Chrus. Leav- 
 ing the consideration of the various methods which have 
 been employed to accomplish the solution of this very 
 important problem, it remains for me to add, that the 
 solution of the cube's duplication constitutes the apex 
 of the Temple ; and renders a parallelipipidon, contain- 
 ing 16 linear units, equal to 15 linear units ; thus bring 
 ing the number 16 or "PCTS Messiah ; the great name Jah 
 comprising the first two letters of the Tetragrammaton 
 or ineffable name of Deity f^rr. Tijhr.
 
 494 DUT EAV. 
 
 DUTY. Freemasonry requires you to be a good and 
 loyal subject; true to your queen ; just to your country : 
 peaceable, honest, industrious; temperate in all things, 
 good members of society ; kind to your wives and fami- 
 lies ; courteous to your friends and neighbours ; anxious 
 to do good to all men ; to love the brotherhood, to fear 
 God, to honour the queen ; and whilst you practise the 
 weightier matters required by the law of justice, judg- 
 ment, and equity, to forget not life eternal by Jesus 
 Christ, the only sure foundation of all your hopes here, 
 and of your eternal happiness hereafter. Percy. 
 
 EAGLE. The eagle formed a constituent part of the 
 cherubic symbol. It was referred to the prophet Daniel 
 because he spake with angels, and received visions which 
 relate to all time ; and to St. John, who in his gospel 
 treats of Christ's divinity, and soars to heaven like an 
 eagle, in the Book of Revelation. 
 
 EAR OF CORN. Some old Masons appear to think 
 that the introduction of this symbol into Freemasonry 
 was intended to perpetuate a remembrance of the tran- 
 sit over the river Jordan by the armies of Israel, when 
 they entered the land of Canaan for the first time, under 
 the command of Joshua. This event, so important in the 
 Jewish history, having taken place at the celebration of 
 the passover, when the promised land was covered with 
 fields of ripe corn, the "ear" was assumed a? a symbol 
 of that plenty which gladdened their hearts after a period 
 of forty years in the wilderness, where they had been 
 fed with manna only, and eagerly longed for a change of 
 food. 
 
 EAST. The pedestal, with the volume of the Sacred 
 ^aw, is placed in the eastern part of the lodge, to signify 
 that as the sun rises in the east to open and enliven the 
 day, so is the W. M. placed in the east to open the 
 lodge, and to employ and instruct the brethren in Ma- 
 sonry. 
 
 EAVESDROPPER. In the lectures used at the 
 revival of Masonry in 1717, the following punishment 
 was inflicted on a cowan. "To be placed under the
 
 EBA EDI. 495 
 
 eaves of the house in rainy weather, till the water runs 
 in at his shoulders and out at his shoes.'' The French 
 rather extend this punishment. " On le met sous une 
 goutiiere, une ponipe, ou une fontaine, jusqu'a ce qu'ii 
 soit mouille depuis la tete jusqu'aux pieds." Hence a 
 listener is called an eavesdropper. 
 
 EBAL. The following was introduced into the lectures 
 of Masonry by our brethren of the last century. Moses 
 commanded Israel that as soon as they had passed the 
 Jordan, they should go to Schechem, and divide into two 
 bodies, each composed of six tribes ; one placed on, that 
 is adjacent to, Ebal ; the other on, that is adjacent to, 
 Gemini. The six tribes on or at Gerizim, were to pro- 
 nounce blessings on those who should faithfully observe 
 the law ; and the six on Mount Ebal were to pronounce 
 curses against those who should violate it. This Joshua 
 executed. Moses enjoined them to erect an altar of 
 unhewn stones on Mount Ebal, and to plaster them over 
 that the law might be written on the altar. Calmct. 
 
 EDEN. When God created the first man he placed 
 him in the Garden of Eden, to dress it and to keep 
 it. Horticulture or gardening is the first kind of employ- 
 ment on record, arid that in which man was engaged 
 while in a state of perfection and innocence. Though 
 the garden may be supposed to produce all things spon- 
 taneously, as the whole vegetable surface of the earth 
 certainly did at the creation, yet dressing and tilling 
 were afterwards necessary to maintain the different kinds 
 of plants and vegetables in their perfection, and to repress 
 luxuriance. Even in a state of innocence we cannot 
 conceive it possible that man could have been happy if 
 inactive. God gave him work to do, and his employment 
 contributed to his happiness ; for the structure of hia 
 body, as well as of his mind, plainly proves that he was 
 never intended for a merely contemplative life. Adam 
 Clarke. 
 
 EDICT OF CYRUS. No sooner was the prescribed 
 term of the Israelitish captivity completed, than the 
 Babylonian monarchs were expelled, according to the 
 voice of prophecy ; and, the anger of the Lord appeased,
 
 496 ELE 
 
 lie stirred up the heart of Cyrus, King of Persia and 
 Babylon, by communicating to him the Great Secret, to 
 issue a proclamation for the building of the Temple. The 
 people were liberated, the holy utensils restored to the 
 number of five thousand four hundred, which had escaped 
 destruction ; and the tribes who consented to return, 
 under their respective princes and chieftains, were led 
 triumphantly into the promised land by Zerubbabel, the 
 prince, Jeshua the priest, and Haggai the prophet. 
 
 ELECTING OFFICERS. In most lodges the election 
 of officers takes place upon, or near to, St. John's Day, 
 when either new officers are chosen, or the old ones are 
 re-elected. He who aspires to fill any of the chief 
 offices of the lodge must not only possess the necessary 
 masonic knowledge to enable him to assist in carrying 
 on the lodge work with order and harmony, but he must 
 be a man whose general knowledge, skill, and experience, 
 has gained him the esteem and confidence of his brethren ; 
 rank, titles or riches should never be taken into account, 
 unless the possessor is also endowed with the former 
 qualifications ; nor, on the other hand, should any brother 
 be elected whose situation in life would not allow him 
 to devote the necessary time to the duties of the lodge 
 without injury to himself, his family, or connections. 
 Should the election have fallen upon any brother who 
 feels himself unable to perform the important duties 
 which would devolve upon him, it is his duty immediately 
 to decline the proffered honour. The welfare of the lodge 
 should be his sole object, and if he feels that he is not 
 able to promote that object so well as he ought to do as 
 an officer, it is much more creditable to him to continue 
 to do his utmost as a private member. 
 
 ELECTION. Every lodge shall annually elect it 
 Master and Treasurer by ballot, such Master having been 
 regularly appointed, and having served as Warden of a 
 warranted lodge ; and at the ne> t meeting after his 
 election, when the minutes are confirmed, he shall be 
 installed into the chair according to ancient usage ; after 
 which he is to appoint his Wardens and other officers. 
 Constitutions.
 
 ELE END. 497 
 
 ELEMENTS. The three elements, water, fire, and 
 air, signify three F. Cs., which conduct us, and are so 
 necessary for our preservation, that our life is at an end 
 the moment they quit the body. Diseases are generally 
 caused by a revolution in these elements. The force o* 
 one being increased appears to destroy the body. If the 
 element of fire becomes unnaturally strong, it causes 
 inflammation and fever. If it be the element of watei 
 which increases in strength, other diseases, equally dan 
 gerous, are brought on. When death takes place, the 
 three elements are again represented by the burning 
 taper, the basin of water, and towels, which are generally 
 placed beside a dead body, and which also represent the 
 three wicked F. Cs., who have destroyed their master. 
 Rosenberg. 
 
 EMBLEMS. Freemasonry being confessedly an alle- 
 gorical system, all its points, parts, and secrets, must 
 partake in common of its emblematical constiuction. 
 Every doctrine and ceremony has its mystical reference 
 every landmark its legitimate explanation. But there 
 are often more important antitypes than those which are 
 commonly assigned ; and though they do not appear on 
 the surface, are nevertheless worthy of our most serious 
 consideration. Hence arises the necessity in these times 
 of scientific and philosophical research, of maintaining 
 Freemasonry in its proper rank, by investigating the 
 tendency of its numerous details, that we may correctly 
 ascertain whether their import be uniform, and their 
 typical reference valuable. 
 
 EMERGENCY. A lodge of emergency may, at any 
 time, be called by the authority of the Master, or, in bis 
 absence, by the senior Warden, but on no pretence 
 without such authority first given. The particular reason 
 of calling a lodge of emergency shall be expressed in the 
 summons, and afterwards recorded in the minutes ; and 
 no business but that so expressed shall be entered uposi 
 at such meeting. Constitutions. 
 
 ENDLESS SERPENT. The serpent was symbolical 
 of the divine wisdom, power, and creative energy ; and 
 of immortality and regeneration, from the shedding of 
 '
 
 493 ENJ ENS. 
 
 his skin ; and of eternity, when in the act of biting his 
 own tail. Besides these various symbolizations, we are 
 informed that the Egyptians represented the world by a 
 circle intersected by two diameters perpendicular to 
 each other. Dean. 
 
 ENJOYMENT. Freemasons are allowed the privilege 
 f enjoying themselves with innocent mirth, treating 
 one another according to ability, but avoiding all excess, 
 or forcing any brother to eat or drink beyond his inclina- 
 tion, or hindering him from going when his occasions call 
 him, or doing or saying anything offensive, or that may 
 forbid an easy and free conversation ; for that w r ould blast 
 our harmony, and defeat our laudable purposes. Ancient 
 Charges. 
 
 ENOCH. The degeneracy of mankind became so great 
 before the flood, and their perversions of pure antediluvian 
 Masonry so grievous, that, according to our traditions, 
 Enoch feared the genuine secrets would be lost, and 
 swallowed up in the predicted deluge. To prevent which, 
 he hid the grand secret, engraven on a white oriental 
 porphyry stone, in the bow r els of the earth ; and being 
 apprehensive that the morality and science which had 
 been embodied in Freemasonry with such care would be 
 absorbed in the general destruction, to preserve the 
 principles of the science, he built two pillars near the 
 spot where they were concealed, with an inscription hi 
 hieroglyphics, importing that near it was a precious 
 treasure, which had been dedicated to God. 
 
 ENSIGNS. On this subject we might refer to the 
 Talmudists, who have gone so far as to define the colours 
 and the figures or arms of the very ensigns. They say, 
 on that of Judah, a lion was painted with this inscription . 
 " Rise, Lord, let thine enemies be dispersed, and let 
 those that hate thee flee before thee." They gave to 
 Issachar an ass, to Zebulun a ship, to Reuben a river 
 (others give Reuben the figure of a man) ; to Simeon a 
 sword, to Gad a lion, to Ephraim an unicorn ; an ox to 
 Manasseh, a wolf to Benjamin, and a serpent to Dan, 
 though the others give him an eagle. In short they 
 pretended that the ensign of Asher was a handful of corn. 
 *nd that of Napthali a stag. Adwn Cfarkr.
 
 ENT EQU. 499 
 
 ENTERED APPRENTICE. Our brethren of the 
 eighteenth century seldom advanced beyond the first 
 degree ; few were passed, and fewer still were raised to 
 the third. The Master's degree appears to have been 
 much less comprehensive than at present; and for some 
 years after the revival of Masonry, the third degree was 
 unapproachable to those who lived at a distance frou 
 London; for by the laws of the Grand Lodge it wu 
 ordered, that "Apprentices must be admitted Fellowcrafts 
 and Masters only here (in Grand Lodge), unless by a 
 dispensation from the Grand Master." 
 
 ENTERING. The lodge when revealed to an entering 
 Mason, discovers to him the representation of the world ; 
 in which, from the wonders of nature, we are led to 
 contemplate the Great Original, and worship him for his 
 mighty works; and we are thereby also moved to exercise 
 those moral and social virtues which become mankind as 
 the servants of the Great Architect of the world, in whose 
 image we were formed in the beginning. Hutchimon. 
 
 ENTRANCE. In America, " after the lodge has been 
 regularly opened in the third degree, the work is intro- 
 duced on the entrance of the candidate by the reading of 
 that beautiful and exquisitely touching portion of the 
 penitential hymn of King Solomon, called the Ecclesiastes 
 (xii. 1 7). Remember now thy Creator in the days of 
 thy youth, &c. In the course of the ceremony there is 
 a prayer of deep devotion and pathos composed from 
 some of the most sublime and affecting passages of that 
 splendid sacred drama of Araby, the Book of Job. This 
 prayer includes a portion of the funeral service of the 
 Protestant Episcopal Church, and is full of tenderness 
 and beauty." Stone. 
 
 ENVY. None shall discover envy at the prosperity 
 of a brother, nor supplant him, or put him out of his 
 work, if he be capable to finish the same, for no man can 
 finish another's work so much to the lord's profit, unless 
 he be thoroughly acquainted with the designs and draughts 
 of him that began it. Ancient Charges. 
 
 EQUALITY. lu no society is this more practised
 
 500 EQU ESS. 
 
 than in the Order of Freemasons, for we are all bretlnen, 
 and it is said that amongst biethren there must be the 
 most perfect equality. But this word may be misunder- 
 stood: we are not all equal in the lodge, inasmuch as 
 some are appointed to rule and govern, so it is the duty 
 of others cheerfully and promptly to obey, and all are 
 equally eligible to be elected to those offices, having first 
 duly performed our duties as private members, and thus 
 enabled to fill them with credit to ourselves and satis- 
 faction to the Craft. We are not all equal by creation 
 with respect to our mental faculties, and more especially 
 we are not all equal in the labour which we have, 01 
 ought to have, bestowed upon cultivating those mental 
 faculties to the utmost possible extent. But we ought 
 all of us to be equally zealous in the discharge of our 
 duties as men and Masons, and should all prove ourselves 
 to be perfectly equal in the zeal of our fraternal affection 
 to each other. To be equal to each other in brotherly 
 love, is the principal thing which ought to be understood 
 in our equality. We dare not for one moment lose sight 
 of the rank or station which each individual brother tills 
 in society, yet there may be at the same time a perfect 
 equality amongst men of the most opposite social ranks 
 in the desire to promote every useful work; and this 
 equality will produce the most beneficial effect upon the 
 human heart. Any Mason who would dare to attempt, 
 among the brethren, to claim the precedence which his 
 conventional position in society may give him, would 
 disgrace the philosophy of the Order, and by so doing 
 lay a sacrilegious hand upon that sacred bond by which 
 we are indissolubly united to each other. Gadicke. 
 
 EQUILATERAL TRIANGLE. In an old code of 
 lectures I find the following explanation of this figure. 
 An equilateral triangle is perfect friendship. The base 
 of a triangle may be as a duty, the perpendicular aa 
 the sincerity of performance, the hypothenuse as the 
 advantage arising from the performance. If the duty 
 of sincerity flow equally, the advantage will flow 
 equally. 
 
 ESSENES. Amongst the Jews in Judea an 1 in Syria; 
 some centuries both before and after the birth of Christ,
 
 ESS EST. 501 
 
 it is well known that there were three distinct sects 
 Pharisees, Sadducees, and Essenes. This third was the 
 oldest sect, and they were now and then called Thera- 
 peutics. The Essenes laudably distinguished themselves 
 in many respects from the other two sects, inasmuch as 
 they were less numerous, and proceeded on their way 
 peaceably, noiselessly, and without ostentation, or forcible 
 attempts at proselytism ; for which reason they were 
 much less known than the other sects. Fidelity to their 
 princes or rulers, lawful order, adherence unto truth, 
 virtue, sobriety, humility, and strict secrecy, were the 
 chief principles of their code of action.. To the punctual 
 performance of those and other similar duties, viz., the 
 strictest maintenance of the secrets of their society ; of 
 justice and of humanity every one pledged himself when 
 he was admitted a member, by a most solemn oath. It 
 was only by being of mature age, and going through a 
 three years' probation, during which they were obliged 
 to lead a temperate, chaste, moral, virtuous, and, in 
 many respects, a severely self-mortified life, that they 
 were enabled to gain admission into the Order, when 
 they received a white dress or apron and a small hatchet 
 (dolabella), as the signs of their admission. Gadicke. 
 
 ESSENTIAL SECRETS. The essential secrets of 
 Masonry consist of nothing more than the signs, grips, 
 passwords, and tokens, essential to the preservation of 
 the society from the inroads of impostors ; together with 
 certain symbolical emblems, the technical terms apper- 
 taining to which served as a sort of universal language, 
 by which the members of the Fraternity could distinguish 
 each other, in all places and countries where lodges were 
 instituted. Stone. 
 
 ESTABLISHED. Solomon erected his pillars in thb 
 porch of the temple, which he designed should be a 
 memorial to the Jews as they entered the holy place, to 
 warm their minds with confidence and faith, by this 
 record of the promises made by the Lord unto his father 
 David, and which were repeated unto him in a vision, in 
 which the voice of God proclaimed (1 Kings, ix. 5), "I 
 will establish the throne of thy kingdom upon Israel foi 
 ever." Hutchinson.
 
 502 SST EX A. 
 
 ESTABLISHED RELIGION. A cheerful compliance 
 with the established religion of the country in which 
 they live, is earnestly recommended in the assemblies of 
 Masons ; and this universal conformity, notwithstanding 
 private sentiment and opinion, is the art practised by 
 them, which effects the laudable purpose of conciliating 
 true friendship among men of every persuasion, while it 
 proves the cement of general union. Preston. 
 
 EUCLID. An old MS. on Masonry says, " Euclid was 
 the pupil of Abraham, and in his time the river Nile 
 overflowed so far^ that many of the dwellings of the 
 people of Egypt were destroyed. Euclid instructed 
 them in the art of making mighty walls and ditches, to 
 stop the progress of the water; and by geometry, 
 measured out the land, and divided it into partitions, so 
 that each man might ascertain his own property." The 
 MS. is incorrect in making Euclid contemporary with 
 Abraham ; but it truly adds that he gave to Masonry th* 
 name of Geometry. 
 
 EVIDENCES. It is not to be presumed that we are 
 a set of men professing religious principles contrary to 
 the revelations and doctrines of the Son of God, reverenc- 
 ing a deity by the denomination of the God of Nature, 
 and denying that mediation which is graciously offered 
 to all true believers. The members of our society at this 
 day, in the third stage of Masonry, confess themselves to 
 be Christians. The veil of the temple is rent, the builder 
 is smitten, and we are raised from the tomb of transgres- 
 sion. Our authorized lectures furnish us such a series 
 of evidences in support of this opinion, as can scarcely be 
 found in the details of any other human institution ; for 
 Freemasonry, as now practised, is a speculative, and not 
 an operative institution, although it is admitted that both 
 these might be blended in ancient times. The evidences 
 of the above fact run through the entire system, and are 
 equally conspicuous in every degree. Hutchimon. 
 
 EXALTED. This word applies to the ceremony and 
 the position to which the candidate is elevated when he 
 receives the degree of the Koyal Arch ; for it is declared 
 to be indescribably more august, sublime, and important
 
 EXA EXE. 503 
 
 than all which precede it, and is the summit and perfection 
 of ancient Masonry. 
 
 EXAMINATION. If a stranger apply to you in tho 
 character of a Mason, you are cautiously to examine him 
 in such a method as prudence shall direct you, that you 
 may not be imposed upon by an ignorant false pretender 
 whom you are to reject with contempt and derision, an 
 beware of giving him any hints of knowledge. But if 
 you discover him to be a true and genuine brother, you 
 are to respect him accordingly; and if he is in want, you 
 must relieve him if you can, or elso direct him how he 
 may be relieved. Ancient Charges. 
 
 EXAMPLE. Nothing is more apt to attract the eyes 
 and enliven the countenanee than light, especially that 
 which shines in a dark place; so nothing can more excite 
 che observation, engage the attention, or gladden the 
 nearts of beholders, than a fair, bright, excellent charac- 
 ter, appearing in the midst of a dissolute and corrupt 
 generation. And as all luminous bodies, in proportion 
 to their own brightness, diffuse their light around them, 
 and at a distance enlighten other bodies ; so in a moral 
 and religious sense, a good example is a light shining in 
 darkness, spreading its influence every way, diffusing 
 instruction and knowledge motives to reform, and en- 
 couragement to virtue. Harris. 
 
 EXCLUSION. No lodge shall exclude any member 
 without giving him due notice of the charge preferred 
 against him, and of the time appointed for its considera- 
 tion. The name of every brother excluded, together 
 with the cause of his exclusion, shall be sent to the 
 Grand Secretary; and if a country lodge, also to the 
 Provincial Grand Master, or his deputy. Constitutions. 
 
 EXEMPTION. The Masons who were selected to 
 build the temple of Solomon, were declared free, and 
 were exempted, together with their descendants, from 
 imposts, duties and taxes. They had also the privilege 
 to bear arms. At the destruction of the temple by 
 Nebuchadnezzar, the posterity of these Masons were car 
 ried into the captivity with the ancient Jews. But the
 
 50' 
 
 good will of Cyrus gave them permission to erest a 
 second temple, having set them at liberty for that pur- 
 pose. It is from this epoch that we bear the name of 
 Free and Accepted Masons. York Lectures. 
 
 EXPENSES. The whole expense of building the 
 Temple of Solomon was so prodigious, as gives reason 
 to think that the talents whereby the sum is reckoned, 
 were another sort if talents of a far less value than the 
 Mosaic talents: for what is said to be given by Davids 
 and contributed by the princes toward the building of the 
 temple at Jerusalem, if valued by these talents, exceeded 
 the value of 800,000,000^. of our money, which was enough 
 to have built all that temple of solid silver. Prideaux. 
 
 EXPERIENCE. The process of a Mason's experience 
 is gradual, from the rough stone in the north east angle 
 of the lodge, to the perfect aspirant, standing on the five 
 points of fellowship. His progress, however, can only 
 be matured by serious reflection and mental assiduity, 
 without which he will never understand the typical refer- 
 ences contained in the degrees he has received, or their 
 tendency to dignify his nature, and make him a wiser 
 and a better man. Still these steps, sublime though 
 they be, are only preparatory to something infinitely 
 more striking, and more directly applicable to the great 
 dispensation on which all our hopes of happiness, both 
 in this world and a better, are suspended. Red Masonry 
 displays the direct prophecies of the Messiah, the star of 
 Jacob, Shiloh, the corner-stone, Moses at the bush, &c 
 In Military Masonry, all these prophecies are fulfilled, 
 and the Christian system clearly developed; while in 
 the Rose Croix, it is displayed in all its comely and per- 
 fect proportions. 
 
 EXPULSION. A Mason offending against any law or 
 regulation of the Craft, to the breach of which no specific- 
 penalty is attached, shall, at the discretion of the Grand 
 Lodge, or any of its delegated authorities, or of a Pro- 
 vincial Grand Master, be subject to admonition, fine, or 
 suspension. If fine be the punishment awarded, it shall 
 be, for the first offence, not less than one pound, noi 
 more than five pounds ; for a second offence of a similai
 
 EXT EYE. 505 
 
 nature, within three years, it shall be not less than two 
 nor more than ten pounds ; and if a brother shall refuse 
 to pay the fine, or be guilty of a third offence within 
 three years of the second offence, he shall be expelled 
 from the Craft. Constitutions. 
 
 EXTENT. A Mason's Lodge is said to extend from 
 East to West, in breadth between North and South, in 
 depth from the surface to the center of the earth, and 
 even as high as the heavens, to show the universality of 
 the science, and that a Mason's charity should know no 
 bounds save those of prudence. Hemming. 
 
 EXTERNAL. The external preparation oi a candi- 
 date, which takes place in a convenient room adjoining 
 the lodge, is too well known to need explanation ; and if 
 not, it is a landmark which cannot be inserted here. 
 
 EYE. The Eye of God is in every place, for the 
 purpose of taking a strict and impartial cognizance of all 
 human actions. This expressive emblem will remind 
 you that the Deity is watching over all mankind, and 
 will weigh in the balance of truth, every action, thought, 
 and word. 
 
 EYE OF PROVIDENCE. A symbol of the W. M. 
 As the eye of the Great Architect of heaven and earth is 
 incessantly upon all his works, so should the eye of the 
 W. M. be upon every thing which passes in his lodge. 
 Gadicke. 
 
 EYESIGHT. He who has been temporarily deprived 
 of his. sight is reduced to the condition of a new born 
 babe, or of one of those unfortunate individuals whose 
 natural infirmity renders the presence of a conductoi 
 indispensably necessary ; but when there are no outward 
 objects to distract his attention, it is then that with the 
 eye of reflection he probes into the deepest and darkest 
 recesses of his own heart, and discovers his natural im- 
 perfections and impurities much more readily than he 
 could possibly have done had he not been deprived of his 
 sight. This short deprivation of sight has kindled in his 
 heart a spark of the brightest and the purest flame
 
 506 EZR FAI. 
 
 " The people which sat in darkness saw a great light," 
 (Mat. iv. 16). We must further admit that those who 
 have been deprived of their sight, and who have hopes of 
 being restored to it, strive most industriously and dili- 
 gently to obtain it ; that they have no greater desire, 
 and that they will most readily pledge themselves to do 
 all that can be required of them, in order to obtain that 
 inestimable blessing. 
 
 A man who has been deprived of his sight may be 
 introduced into places where he is surrounded by the 
 strangest and the rarest objects, without a possibility of 
 his becoming a traitor. At the same time, those who 
 are in possession of their sight cannot feel the care ol 
 their guides so much as those who are hoodwinked, and 
 who feel that without the constant attention of their 
 conductors, they would be much more helpless than they 
 now are ; but however many proofs of attention and care 
 they may receive, there is still something left *to wish 
 for ; and to the question, What is your chief desire, the 
 answer will ever assuredly be, "Light" Gadickc. 
 
 EZRA. Ezra, or Esdras, the famous Jewish high priest 
 and reformer, was of a sacerdotal family, by some thought 
 to be the son of Jeraiah, the high priest, who was put to 
 death at Riblatha by Nebuchadnezzar, after the capture 
 of Jerusalem ; but as Calmet thinks only his grandson 
 or great-grandson. It is believed that the first return of 
 Ezra from Babylon to Jerusalem, was with Zerubbabel, 
 in the beginning of Cyrus's reign, A. M. 3468, of which he 
 himself w r rote the history. He was very skilful in the 
 law, and zealous for God's service ; and had doubtless a 
 great share in all the transactions of his time. Calmet. 
 
 FAITH. Faith is the foundation of justice, the bond 
 of amity, and chief support of society ; we live and walk 
 by faith ; by it we have an acknowledgment of a superior 
 being, have access to the throne of grace, are justified, 
 accepted, and finally received. A true Christian faith is 
 the evidence of things not seen, the substance of things 
 hoped for ; this maintained, and well answered by walk- 
 ing according to our masonic profession, will turn faith 
 into a vision, and bring us to that blessed mansion above, 
 where the just exist in perfect bliss to all eternity ; where
 
 FAB FAN. 507 
 
 we shall bo eternally happy with God, the grand gt-me- 
 trician of the universe, whose Son died for us, and r jse 
 again that we might be justified through faith in his 
 most precious blood. Lectures. 
 
 FABRIC. The masonic system exhibits a stupendous 
 and beautiful fabric, founded on universal piety. To rule 
 and direct our passions, to have faith and hope in God s 
 and charity towards man, I consider as the objects of 
 what is termed speculative Masonry. Jones. 
 
 FALL OF MAN. When our first parents transgressed 
 by eating the forbidden fruit, they saw what they had 
 never seen before, that they were stripped of their excel- 
 lence ; that they had lost their innocence ; and that they 
 had fallen into a state of indigence and danger. They 
 were expelled from the garden of Eden, the ground was 
 cursed for their sakes, and they were condemned to eat 
 their bread by the sweat of their brow. Out of this 
 melancholy defection from purity and peace, a portion of 
 the Royal Arch Degree has been constructed. 
 
 FALL OF WATER. There is a certain emblem in 
 the degree of a Fellowcraft which is said to derive its 
 origin from the waters of Jordan, which were held up 
 while the Israelites passed over, and which would natur- 
 ally fall with great violence when the whole host ha<? 
 reached the opposite shore. 
 
 FANATICISM. Fanaticism, or a fanatic, dare not be 
 permitted among Freemasons. We should unanimously 
 strive to obtain that object for which the rules of the 
 Order so powerfully work, and thus there can be no 
 disputes or persecutions among us for diversity of opinion. 
 Every Freemason prays to God in the way his religion 
 teaches him, and he is encouraged so to do in the lodge. 
 If we did not allow the wild dreams of imagination, or 
 the still wilder ones o f superstition, to have any effect 
 upon our ideas of God and of godly things, all persecu- 
 tion for difference of religious opinions would fall oi 
 themselves. Of fanaticism of whole lodges against each 
 other for a difference in their rituals and systems, there 
 were formerly too many traces ; but they have happily
 
 508 FEA FEE. 
 
 for many years entirely ceased. Religious fanaticism 
 cannot have any place in a Freemasons' lodge, for the 
 members of every sect of the Christian Church have an 
 equal right in the Order. If a Roman Catholic is at the 
 head of the lodge to-day, and a Lutheran or a member of 
 the Reformed Church to-morrow, it is scarcely remarked 
 by the brethren. Gadicke. 
 
 FEAR GOD, HONOUR THE KING. It is the inval- 
 uable distinction of this free country, that such a just 
 and unrestrained intercourse of opinions exist, as will not 
 permit any number of men to frequent any dangerous 01 
 disguised society ; and that it is impossible any profligate 
 doctrines could be tolerated for a moment in a lodge 
 meeting under regular authority, because its foundation 
 stone is, fear God, honour the king. Earl of Moira. 
 
 FEASTS. At regular and appropriate seasons, con- 
 vivial meetings of the Craft are held for the purpose of 
 social intercourse. Temperance, harmony, and joy should 
 always characterize these assemblies. On the continent 
 and in the United States, an annual feast is held on the 
 anniversary of St. John the Baptist, June 24. That 
 every one may strive to give mirth and happiness to 
 his brother, the Grand Lodge of England, at the quar- 
 terly meeting on the festival of St John the Evangelist, 
 in 1720, adopted the following regulation: "That, in 
 future, the new Grand Master should be named and 
 proposed to the Grand Lodge some time before the 
 feast ; and if approved, and present, he shall be saluted 
 as Grand Master elect." 
 
 FEELING. Feeling is that sense by which we are 
 enabled to distinguish the different qualities of bodies, 
 such as hardness and softness, heat and cold, roughnes 
 and smoothness, figure, solidity, motion, and extension; 
 all of which, by means of corresponding sensations oi 
 touch, are presented to the mind as real external quali- 
 ties, and the conception or De'ief of them invariably 
 connected with these corresponding sensations by an 
 original principle of nature, which far transcends oni 
 inquiry. Old Lectures.
 
 FEE FEM. 509 
 
 FEES. No lodge shall make a Mason for a less consid- 
 eration than three guineas, exclusive of the registering 
 fee, nor on any pretence remit or defer the payment of 
 any part of this sum; the member who proposes any 
 candidate must be responsible to the lodge for all the 
 fees payable on account of his initiation. All monies 
 payable for register fees, certificates, or quarterage, shall 
 be deposited in the hands of the Master, to be kep 
 distinct from the funds of the lodge ; and shall be remitted 
 with proper lists, at least once a year if in the country, 
 and twice a year if in London. Constitutions. 
 
 FEES OF HONOUR. Every brother on his appoint- 
 ment or reappointment to either of the following offices, 
 shall pay these sums : The Deputy Grand Master, having 
 served the office of Steward, ten guineas, if not, thirty 
 guineas ; the Grand Wardens eight guineas each ; Grand 
 Treasurer five guineas ; Grand Registrar, Secretary, and 
 Deacons, three guineas each; Grand Director of Cere- 
 monies, Superintendent of Works, and Sword Bearer, 
 two guineas each ; a Provincial Grand Master twenty 
 guineas, and if he have not served the office of Grand 
 Steward, twenty guineas more; and a Deputy Provin- 
 cial Grand Master pays two guineas for registering his 
 name in the books of the Grand Lodge. 
 
 FELLOWCRAFT. The second, or Fellowcraft's de- 
 gree, is rendered interesting by those scientific instruc- 
 tions and philosophical lectures which characterize later 
 parts of the mysteries ; though both of these degrees 
 were made to tend to the glory of that God who had 
 given such wonderful faculties to them, and to the welfare 
 of their fellow-creatures. Archdeacon Mant. 
 
 FEMALES. The only reason why ladies cannot be 
 present in an open lodge of Freemasons, is that their 
 mysteries, being symbolical of labour as performed by 
 man, could not in that case be shared by women ; no 
 honest-hearted man could for a moment believe thai in 
 mind she was inferior ; if a man existed who thought so, 
 let him ask from whom he first imbibed lessons of piety, 
 virtue, and honour. But if ladies could not share our 
 labour of work, there was no reason why they should noi 
 enjoy our labour of love. Cruccfix. 
 43
 
 510 FES FIE. 
 
 FESTIVALS. The two festivals set apart by Masons 
 of the United States are those of St. John the Baptist, 
 June 24, and St. John the Evangelist, December 27. The 
 annual festival of the Masons of England is celebrated 
 on the Wednesday following St. George's day, April 23, 
 he being their patron saint. The Grand Lodge of Scot- 
 land, for a similar reason, celebrate St. Andrew's day, 
 November 30. 
 
 FIDELITY. Joining the right hands is a pledge of 
 fidelity ; for Valerius Maxemus tells us that the ancients 
 had a moral deity whom they called Fides, a goddess of 
 honesty or fidelity, and adds, when they promised any- 
 thing of old, they gave their hand upon it, as we do now, 
 and therefore she is represented as giving her hand, and 
 sometimes as only two hands conjoined. Chartarius 
 more fully describes this by observing that the proper 
 residence of faith or fidelity was thought by the ancients 
 to be in the right hand. Calcott. 
 
 FIDUCIAL. The fiducial sign shows us if we pros- 
 trate ourselves with our face to the earth, we thus throw 
 ourselves on the mercy of our Creator and Judge, looking 
 forward with humble confidence to his holy promises, by 
 which alone we hope to pass through the Ark of our 
 redemption into the mansion of eternal bliss and glory to 
 the presence of Him who is the great I Am, the Alpha 
 ind Omega, the Beginning and the Ending, the First 
 ind the Last. 
 
 FIERY CLOUD. This pillar, or column, which 
 appeared as a cloud by day and a fire by night, was a 
 symbol of the divine presence. This was the Shekinah, 
 or divine dwelling place, and was a continual proof of 
 the presence and protection of God. Whether there was 
 more than one pillar is not clearly determined by the 
 text. If there was but one, it certainly assumed three 
 different appearances, for the performance of three very 
 important offices. 1. In the day time for the purpose of 
 pointing out the way, a column or pillar of a cloud was 
 all that was requisite. 2. At night, to prevent that 
 confusion wh'ch must otherwise have taken place, the 
 pillar of cloud became a pillar of fire, not to direct their
 
 FIN FIR. 51] 
 
 journeyings, for they seldom travelled by night, but tc 
 give light to every part of the Israelitish camp. 3. 
 In such a scorching, barren, thirsty desert, something 
 further was necessary tiian a light and guide. It appears 
 that this cloud had two sides, one dark, and the other 
 luminous. The luminous side gave light to the whole 
 camp of Israel during the night of passage ; and the dark 
 side turned towards the pursuing Egyptians, and pre- 
 vented them from receiving any benefit from the light. 
 Adam Clarke. 
 
 FINES. A lodge which has been convicted of any 
 breach of masonic law, shall, at the discretion of the 
 Grand Lodge, be subject, for the first offence, to a fine 
 of riot less than one pound nor more than five pounds ; 
 for a second offence of a similar nature, within three 
 years, it shall be not less than two nor more than ten 
 pounds ; and if the lodge shall refuse to pay the fine, or 
 be guilty of a third offence within three years of the 
 second offence, the lodge shall be erased and its constitu- 
 tion forfeited. All fines levied shall be applied to the 
 general charity Constitutions. 
 
 FIRE. Fire and light were the uniform tokens of th 
 appearances of the Deity. Sometimes shining with a 
 mild and gentle radiance, like the inferior luminaries of a 
 Masons' lodge, and at others flaming fiercely amidst clouds 
 and darkness, thunderings and noise. To Adam he 
 manifested himself in the Shekinah, which kept the gates 
 of Paradise; to Abel, and Enoch, and Noah, the Deity 
 appeared in a flame of fire. Nor were the appearances 
 changed when he visited Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob. T. 
 Moses in the bush, arid to the Israelites in the wilderness 
 fire was his constant symbol. 
 
 FIRST DEGREE. In this lecture virtue is painted 
 in the most beautiful colours, and the beauties 01 
 morality are strictly enforced. Here we are taught 
 such wise and useful lessons as prepare the mind for a 
 regular advancement in the principles of knowledge and 
 philosophy; and these are imprinted on the memory b} 
 lively and sensible images, well calculated to influence 
 our conduct in the proper discharge of the duties of lilt;.
 
 512 FIR F1V. 
 
 The whole is a regular system of morality, conceived in 
 a strain of interesting allegory, which readily unfolds its 
 beauties to the candid and industrious inquirer. Preston. 
 
 FIRST PARENTS. The first parents of mankind 
 were instructed by the Almighty, as to his existence and 
 attributes, and after their fall were further informed ot 
 the redemption which was to be perfected by Christ, 
 and, as a sign of their belief, were commanded to offer 
 sacrifices to God. It is also highly probable that sym- 
 bolical actions should have been instituted by them in 
 memory of their penitence, reverence, sympathy, fatigue, 
 and faith, and that these might be transmitted to pos- 
 terity. Archdeacon Muni. 
 
 FIRST PRINCIPLES. In the formation of all human 
 societies, there are first principles, which constitute the 
 basis of union. This holds true in all cases. If, there- 
 fore, we desire to arrive at simple matters of fact, and 
 form a correct judgment, as it regards the soundness of 
 those fundamental principles, adapted as the basis of 
 such union, or the true objects contemplated in the 
 organization of any society, this is the time when truth 
 appears with the least incumbrance, and the motive of 
 action is seen under the least disguise. In most cases 
 where moral, benevolent, or humane establishments have 
 been formed, these two points are clearly developed. 
 Town. 
 
 FIVE. We say that a regular lodge consists of seven 
 Masters, and also of five. The last number is derived 
 from the five senses, inasmuch as the persons who are 
 united to form a lodge should be as perfect as a whole, 
 and work together with as much unanimity as a single 
 man, who is endowed with five healthy senses. Gadicke. 
 
 FIVE POINTS OF FELLOWSHIP. The five points 
 of fellowship were thus illustrated in the lectures used 
 by the Athol Masons of the last century: "When the 
 necessities of a brother call for my support, I will be 
 ever ready to lend him a helping hand to save him from 
 sinking if I find him worthy thereof. 2. Indolence shall 
 not cause my footsteps to halt, nor wrath to turn them
 
 FIX FLO. 513 
 
 aside, but forgetting every selfish consideration, I will 
 be ever swift of foot to save, help, and execute benevo- 
 lence to a fellow-creature in distress, but more particu- 
 larly to a brother Mason. 3. When I offer up my 
 ejaculations to Almighty God, I will remember my 
 brother's welfare, even as my own; for as the voice of 
 babes and sucklings ascend to the throne of grace, so 
 most assuredly will the breathings of a fervent heart 
 ascend to the mansions of bliss. 4. A brother's secret, 
 delivered to me as such, I will keep as 1 would my own, 
 because, if I betray the trust which has been reposed in 
 me, I might do him an irreparable injury; it would be 
 like the villainy of an assassin, who lurks in darkness to 
 stab his adversary when unarmed and least prepared to 
 meet an enemy. 5. A brother's character 1 will support 
 in his absence, as I would in his presence. I will nor 
 revile him myself, nor suffer it to be done by others, il 
 it is in my power to prevent it. Thus by the five point? 
 of fellowship, we are linked together in one indivisible 
 chain of sincere affection, brotherly love, relief, ana 
 truth." 
 
 FIXED LIGHTS. The fixed lights of a lodge were 
 formerly represented by " three windows, supposed to 
 be in every room where a lodge is held ; referring to the 
 cardinal points of the compass, according to the antique 
 rules of Masonry." There was one in the east, another 
 in the west, and another in the south, to light the m^n 
 to, at, and from labour ; but there was none in the north,$ 
 because the sun darts no rays from thence. These con- 
 stitute the symbolical situations of the three chief 
 officers. 
 
 FLOATS. At the building of the temple, everything 
 was prepared with the greatest nicety, the stones were 
 all hewn in the quarries, and there squared, fashioned 
 marked and numbered ; and the timber being cut in the 
 forests, was there framed, carved, marked and numbered 
 also; so that when brought to Jerusalem, there was 
 nothing left to be done but the arrangement of its differ- 
 ent parts. The materials being thus prepared, were car- 
 ried on floats down to Joppa, and thence conveyed to 
 Jerusalem on carriages of curious mechanism provided foi
 
 514 FLO FOR. 
 
 the purpose, there to be put together according to the 
 plan of the architect. Archdeacon Mant. 
 
 FLOOR. In a symbolical lodge of Blue Masons, the 
 first object which deserves attention is the mosaic floor 
 on which we tread; it is intended to convey to our 
 minds the viscissitudes of human affairs, chequered with 
 a strange contrariety of events. To-day elated with the 
 smiles of prosperity, to-morrow depressed by the frowns 
 of misfortune. The precariousness of our situation in 
 this world should teach us punctuality, to walk uprightly 
 and firmly upon the broad basis of virtue and religion, 
 and to give assistance to our unfortunate fellow-creatures 
 who are in distress; lest, on some capricious turn of for- 
 tune's wheel, we may become dependent on those who 
 before looked up to us as their benefactors. Dale/to. 
 
 FLOOR-CLOTH. In former times, it was not custom- 
 ary to use a floor-cloth, but the necessary figures were 
 drawn upon the floor with chalk or charcoal, which, when 
 done with, were washed off, This custom was in use 
 here and there till about 1760. Many lodges now use 
 solid bodies for their floor-cloths, and not paintings. 
 Every good Mason knows what they represent, and what 
 i floor-cloth is. The border by which it is surrounded is 
 <tn important symbol. Gadicke. 
 
 FOOT. Indolence should not persuade the foot to 
 halt, or wrath to turn our steps out of the way ; but for- 
 getting injuries and selfish feelings, and remembering that 
 man was born for the aid of his generation, and not for his 
 DWII enjoyments only, but to do that which is good; we 
 hould be swift to have mercy, to save, to strengthen, and 
 execute benevolence. Old Lectures. 
 
 FOREIGN BRETHREN. Brethren under the cori- 
 titution of the Grand Lodges of Scotland and Ireland, as 
 well as of foreign grand lodges, may be relieved by the 
 Fund of Benevolence, on the production of certificates 
 from their respective grand lodges, and satisfactory proof 
 of their identity and distress. Constitutions. 
 
 FORM. The form of the lodge should be au oblong
 
 FOR. 515 
 
 square (,' !,) should reach from east to west, and from north 
 to south ; up to the clouds aud to the centre of the earth. 
 The limits of its influence are not formed by four straight 
 lines, or by two squares placed opposite to each other, 
 but are extended to the utmost bounds of the habitable 
 globe. The 1< Jges must therefore do more than give 
 their workplaces the form of a long square. But if the 
 brethren are assembled in a long square, let them lift up 
 their spirits to the contemplation of the Most High, 
 admire him in the wonders of nature, and extend, as far 
 as in them lies, good and perfect gifts into every clime. 
 Gadicke. 
 
 FORTITUDE. By fortitude we are taught to resist 
 temptation, and encounter danger with spirit and resolu- 
 tion. This virtue is equally distant from rashness and 
 cowardice; and he who possesses it, is seldom shaken, 
 and never overthrown, by the storms that surround him. 
 
 FORTY. The two perfect numbers, four and ten, 
 being multiplied into each other, produce the number 
 forty, which was also sacred, and bore a reference to the 
 number seven. Thus the probation of our first parents 
 in the garden of Eden, as is generally supposed was forty 
 years ; the deluge was occasioned by a rain of forty days 
 and nights, of which event Noah had seven days notice ; 
 and the waters remained upon the face of the earth forty 
 days. The days of embalming the dead were forty, and 
 of mourning seventy. The concealment of Moses in the 
 land of Midian was forty years, and he was on the mount 
 forty days and nights. Jesus Christ fasted forty days and 
 nights in the wilderness, to prepare for his ministry ; and 
 was tempted of the devil forty days ; and the same term 
 elapsed between his resurrection and ascension. 
 
 FORTY-SEVENTH PROBLEM. As this figure de 
 pends on the connexion of several lines, angles and tri 
 angles, which form the whole, so Freemasonry depends 
 on the unanimity and integrity of its members, the inflexi- 
 bility of their charitable pursuits, and the immutability 
 of the principles upon which the society is established 
 The position is clear, and therefore in a synthetical sense, 
 we demonstrate that some of our brethren from their
 
 516 FOU. 
 
 exalted situation -in life, may be considered as standing 
 on the basis of earthly bliss, emblematic of the greatei 
 square which subtends the right angle. Others whom 
 Providence hath blessed with means to tread on the 
 flowery meads of affluence, are descriptive of the squares 
 which stand on the sides that form the right angle. The 
 several triangles inscribed within the squares are applica- 
 ble to those happy beings who enjoy every social comfort, 
 and never exceed the bounds of mediocrity. Those who 
 have the heartfelt satisfaction of administering to the 
 wants of the indigent and industrious, may be compared to 
 the angles which surround and support the figure ; whilst 
 the lines which form it, remind us of those unfortunate 
 brethren who, by a series of inevitable events, are in- 
 capable of providing the common necessaries of life, 
 until aided by a cheerful and ready assistance. Old 
 Lectures. 
 
 FOUNDATION. The masonic days proper for laying 
 the foundation-stone of a Masons' lodge, are from the 
 15th of April to the 15th of May ; and the 18th of April 
 has been pronounced peculiarly auspicious, because 
 nothing can be more consonant with reason and proprie- 
 ty, than to commence a building in the early spring, that 
 the workmen may have the whole summer before them 
 to complete the undertaking advantageously, in order 
 that they may celebrate the cape stone with confidence 
 and joy. 
 
 FOUR. The number four was frequently blended and 
 mixed up with the number seven, and was esteemed to 
 possess similar properties. It signified universality 
 among the Cabalists and Pythagoreans, and formed the 
 holy tetragrammaton of the Jews. This is observable 
 not only in the quadruple cherubic form at the gate of 
 Eden, the four rivers of paradise, and the four artificial 
 ones round the tabernacle ; the services of which were 
 conducted by four priests Moses, Aaron, Eleazar, aiid 
 Ithamar; the four chariots and angelic messengers in 
 the vision of Zechariah, and the four visions and the 
 four beasts of Daniel, but even our Saviour's prophecy 
 from the Mount of Olives was so constructed as to COD 
 rain four synchronisms.
 
 FOU FRE. 517 
 
 FOUR DEGREES. Ancient "Masonry consists of 
 ur degrees; the three first of which are, that of the 
 Apprentice, the Fellowcraft, and the sublime degree of 
 Master; and a brother being well versed in these degrees, 
 and otherwise qualified, as hereafter will be expressed, 
 is eligible to be admitted to the fourth degree, the Holy 
 Royal Arch. A)iiman Rezon. 
 
 FREE. A word that is often heard among us, but 
 which is circumscribed by the same bounds as the free- 
 dom of social life. In our assemblies we have nothing 
 resembling the freedom to act every one according to 
 the dictates of his own capiice, but we are free, or at 
 least, each of us ought to be free, from the dominion 
 of pride, of prejudice, of passion, and of other follies 
 of human nature. Free from the madness of refusing 
 obedience either to the law of the land or the Craft. 
 Gadicke. 
 
 FREEBORN. No candidate can be admitted into 
 Freemasonry, or share in its occult mysteries, unless he 
 be a free man, of mature age, sound judgment, and strict 
 morality. Nor can any one, although he have been 
 initiated, continue to act as a Mason, or practise the 
 rites of the Order, if he be temporarily deprived of his 
 liberty, or freedom of will. So essential is it to Free- 
 masonry, that its members should be perfectly free in all 
 their actions, thoughts and designs. 
 
 FREEMASON. The explanations of this word, which 
 say the same thing in nearly every living language, are 
 very various. Originally the name was only Mason, but 
 the privileges which were granted unto certain real 
 architects and artists, induced them to adopt the title of 
 Freemasons, to distinguish themselves from those who 
 were merely operative masons. Others again say that 
 Masons should labour free and unconstrained. He who 
 is free from prejudice, and understands how to regulate 
 his life and actions by the working tools of an operative 
 mason, can well explain the meaning of the word Free- 
 mason. We may also reasonably suppose that many 
 distinguished persons, who were neither architects nor 
 artists, have been admitted into the Fraternity, and that
 
 518 FRE FUN. 
 
 those persons were afterwards exclusively called Free 
 and Accepted Masons; which title they have propagated. 
 Gadicke. 
 
 FREEMASONRY. Masonry,according to the general 
 acceptation of the term, is an art founded on the princi- 
 ples of geometry, and directed to the service and con- 
 venience of mankind. But Freemasonry, embracing a 
 wider range and having a nobler object in view, namely, 
 the cultivation and improvement of the human mind, 
 may with more propriety be called a science, inasmuch 
 as availing itself of the terms of the former, it inculcates 
 the principles of the purest morality, though its lessons 
 are for the most part veiled in allegory, and illustrated 
 by symbols. Hemming. 
 
 FRIENDSHIP. Friendship is traced through the 
 circle of private connections to the grand system of 
 universal benevolence, which no limits can circumscribe, 
 as its influence extends to every branch of the human 
 race. On this general plan the universality of the system 
 of Masonry is established. Were friendship confined to 
 the spot of our nativity, its operation would be partial, 
 and imply a kind of enmity to other nations. Where 
 the interests of one country interfere with those of 
 another, nature dictates an adherence to the welfare of 
 our own immediate connections; but such interference 
 apart, the true Mason is a citizen of the world, and his 
 philanthropy extends to all the human race. Unin- 
 fluenced by local prejudices, he knows no preference in 
 virtue but according to its degree, from whatever country 
 or clime it may spring. Preston. 
 
 FRUITS. What are the fruits of Masonry ? It has 
 ofteii been effectual to save life and property; it has 
 often relieved distress; it constantly teaches the igno- 
 rant; it daily wipes rivers of tears from the eye of 
 distress; it has often reconciled the most jarring inter- 
 ests; it has often converted the bitterest foes into the 
 dearest friends. Inwood. 
 
 FUNERAL. The public are frequently astonished at 
 beholding a large funeral procession, and cannot conceive
 
 FUR GEO. 519 
 
 how the deceased, who lived in a slate of comparative 
 obscurity, could have had so many friends, amongst 
 whom some are of the highest rank in society, and from 
 those friends, one of them advances to the brink of the 
 grave, and addresses the assembled multitude upon life, 
 death, and immortality, in such a touching and feeling 
 
 t ' O O 
 
 manner, that brethren, relations, and spectators, are 
 bathed in tears. He who can flatter himself that he 
 will have such a funeral, and that he is worthy of it, 
 can go down to the grave in peace, certain that he will 
 receive the reward of all his labours from the Great 
 Architect of the Universe. Gadicke. 
 
 FURNITURE. The furniture of a Masons' lodge ought 
 to be disposed with the same scrupulous exactness as 
 the furniture of the tabernacle which Moses made ac- 
 cording to the pattern which the Deity shewed him in 
 the mount. The tracing-board should be placed on the 
 Master's pedestal, underneath the bible, square and com- 
 passes ; the first great light being displayed in Ruth. 
 This is for the first degree. The book of constitutions 
 is placed before the Past Master ; the globes in the west : 
 the rough ashlar in the north-east, the perfect ashlar in 
 the north-west, while the Master Masons should take 
 their station in the south-west, and Past Masters in the 
 south-east ; the Secretary in the north, and the Treasurer 
 in the corner of Amorites. 
 
 G. The situation of this letter, when alone, is well 
 known to all Freemasons. It cannot allude to the name 
 of God alone in the German lodges, or it could not be 
 found in the situation in foreign lodges. It has a closer 
 affinity to Geometry, which is so necessary to an Archi- 
 tect, and geometrical certainty and truth is everywhere 
 necessary. Gadickc. 
 
 GEOMETRY. Among the mathematical science* 
 geometry is the one which has the most especial reference 
 to architecture, and we can, therefore, under the name 
 of geometry, understand the whole art of Freemasonry. 
 In Anderson's Book of Constitutions, Freemasonry ia 
 frequently called geometry, and of the latter he saith, 
 that the whole being of me Order is comprehended in
 
 520 GHI GLO. 
 
 it. Freemasons therefore ought to im*ke themselves 
 intimately acquainted with geometry. It is not abso- 
 lutely necessary to be able to delineate geometrical 
 figures but it is necessary to be able to deduce all our 
 actions, works, or resolutions from geometrical principles 
 Gadicke. 
 
 GHIBLIM. The Ghiblimites were expert operativ 
 Masons, who understood the science of geometrical pro- 
 portion in its practical references, and were cemented in 
 their lodges by the morality of its detached and component 
 parts. 
 
 GIRDLE. The girdle, in ancient times, was an uni- 
 versally received emblem of truth and passive duty. 
 Elijah the Tishbite and John the Baptist, were both 
 girded with an apron of (white) leather. It was said of 
 Jesus Christ, that his girdle should represent equally 
 righteousness and fidelity. And in conformity with these 
 authorities, his principal disciples exhorted the Christian 
 converts to gird up the loins of their minds, to be sober 
 and hope to the end, and to stand firm in the faith, having 
 their loins girt about with truth. 
 
 GIRLS' SCHOOL. This charity was instituted on 
 the 25th of March, 1788, by the late Chevalier Bartholo- 
 mew Ruspini, for the purpose of maintaining, clothing 
 and educating, an unlimited number of the female chil- 
 dren and orphans of reduced brethren, belonging to the 
 ancient and honourable society of Free and Accepted 
 Masons, and of protecting and preserving them from the 
 dangers and misfortunes to which distressed young fe- 
 males are peculiarly exposed ; with the further view of 
 training them up in the knowledge and love of virtue, in 
 the habits of industry necessary to their condition, and 
 of impressing on their minds a due sense of subordination, 
 true humility, and the principles and practice of all 
 social, moral, and religious duties. This charitj is sup- 
 ported by voluntary contributions. 
 
 GLOBE OF FIRE. In the last century some fanciful 
 brethren referred the circle and point to the cherubic 
 form which was placed at the gate of paradise, to prevent
 
 GLO GOL. 521 
 
 the return of our first parents to that region of nevei 
 ending happiness and delight, after their fall from purity 
 and rectitude, in the attempt to acquire forbidden 
 knowledge. The "fire unfolding itself," or globe of fire 
 described by the prophet Ezekiel, represented the Deity, 
 and the living creatures on one side, and wheels on the 
 other, denoted his power and goodness. 
 
 GLOBES. The terrestrial and celestial globes are the 
 noblest instruments for giving the most distinct idea of 
 any problem or proposition, as well as for enabling us to 
 solve it. Contemplating these bodies, Masons are inspired 
 with a due reverence for the Deity and his works ; and 
 are induced to apply with diligence and attention to 
 astronomy, geography, navigation, and all the arts de- 
 pendent on them, by which society has been so much 
 benefited. Preston. 
 
 GLORY IN THE CENTRE. When in the lodge we 
 elevate our thoughts to the Deity, our eyes involuntarily 
 rest on the glory in the centre ; then with hearts over- 
 flowing with gratitude and love, we bow reverentially 
 before the All-seeing eye of God, which the sun, moon, 
 and stars obey ; conscious that it pervades their inmost 
 recesses, and tries our thoughts, words and actions, by 
 the unerring touchstone of truth and eternal justice. 
 
 GLOVES. The operative Mason cannot use gloves at 
 his woik. but we can, and that too, of the purest white, 
 at ours, thereby intimating that every action of a Mason 
 ought to be pure and spotless. Gadicke. 
 
 GOLDEN CANDLESTICK. This utensil was made 
 by Moses for the service of the Temple. It consisted 
 wholly of pure gold, and had seven branches ; that is, 
 three on each side, and one in the centre. These branches 
 were at equal distances, and each one was adorned with 
 flowers like lilies, gold knobs after the form of an apple, 
 and similar ones resembling an almond. Upon the 
 extremities of the branches were seven golden lamps, 
 which were fed wun pure olive oil, and lighted every 
 evening by the priests on duty. The candlestick wap 
 placed in the Holv Place, and served to illuminate the 
 44
 
 522 tfOL GOO. 
 
 altar of incense and the table of shew-bread, which stood 
 in the same chamber. Calmet. 
 
 GOLDEN FLEECE. The masonic apron is said to 
 be more ancient than the badge of any other honourable 
 institution. It was used before the Greeks or Romans 
 had a name. The Argonautic expedition is generally 
 believed to be only a figurative account of the deluge; 
 and the apron is unquestionably older than that event ; 
 it was therefore worn before the establishment of the 
 spurious Freemasonry. We are certain from undeniable 
 authority, that the apron was the first species of clothing 
 with which mankind were acquainted, and was adopted 
 before the expulsion of our progenitors from the garden 
 of Eden. When they had violated the original compact, 
 their eyes were opened to a sense of guilt and shame, 
 and they saw that they were naked. Decency suggested 
 the necessary expedient of covering themselves with 
 aprons. It is therefore said with great propriety, thai 
 " the apron is more ancient than the golden fleece 01 
 Roman eagle." 
 
 GOLDEN RULE. Freemasonry recommends tne prac- 
 tice of the golden rule, do unto others as you would 
 have them do to you, not so much to preserve the peace 
 and order of civil society, (which notwithstanding it 
 cannot fail to do) as to inspire in our own bosoms, a love 
 of virtue and good will to man. 
 
 GOOD MASON. The good Mason is an example to 
 his neighbours, and his name and character are proverbial. 
 Those who are younger venerate him, his companions 
 love hkn, his superiors extol him. In his family he is 
 high without severity, and condescending without mean- 
 ness ; his commands are gentle indeed his wishes are 
 his commands ; for all are equally ready to answer his 
 desires. To his wife he is the tender husband, not the 
 usurping lord ; to his children he is the kind, the provi- 
 dential father, not the domineering tyrant ; to his ser- 
 vants he is equally the friend as the superior. Thus 
 ruling, he is obeyed with cheerfulness; and thus his 
 home, whether a cottage or a palace, is, while he is 
 present, the habitation of peace ; when there he leave.-
 
 GOS GRA 523 
 
 it with reluctance, and when absent his return is expected 
 with a pleasing avidity. Inwood. 
 
 GOSPEL. The Royal Order of Masonry, however 
 secret from its most early foundation to the present 
 moment, has nothing belonging to it, but what is so far 
 from giving birth or growth to the commission of any 
 thing inconsistent with the strictest parts of our holy 
 religion, whether it respects our duty to God or man, 
 that every part of it, ij duly followed, has a direct ten- 
 dency to enforce and to encourage the performance of 
 every one of its most holy precepts ; and, " the precepts 
 of the Gospel are universally the principles of Masonry.' 
 Inwood. 
 
 GOVERNMENT. It is well to give rules for the 
 good government of a lodge ; but the best teacher is ex- 
 perience. Points of minor importance, both in discipline 
 and doctrine, are of constant occurrence, which have no 
 precedent, and must be regulated by the judgment of the 
 Master. And on these trifling matters, the welfare am* 
 prosperity of a lodge frequently depend. 
 
 GRACE. When brother Masons are assembled at the 
 banquet table, where it is their duty to crave a blessing, 
 how joyfully do they hear the words 
 
 ' source of the purest light ! Lord of Glory ! 
 Great, incomprehensibly great, are thy handy works ; 
 Thon gavest to us at the building of the Temple 
 
 Wisdom, Strength, and Beauty ! 
 
 Thou gavest to us vitality, pleasure, meat, and drink ! 
 To thee, therefore, be glory, honour, praise, and thanks. 
 
 After the meal the Chaplain again lifts his voice : 
 
 " God be praised ! Thou hast thought on us this day also ; 
 Be praised for this day's blessings ; 
 
 Oh ! protect us fatherly, according to thy grace and power, 
 In happiness and in sorrow, in all our ways, 
 And bless this night." 
 
 Gadicke. 
 
 GRADES OF RANK. Many persons have endea- 
 voured to substantiate their objections to the institution 
 of Freemasonry from the admitted dogma that its mem- 
 bers meet on & level ; whence they conclude that the 
 system abolishes all human distinctions, and promises to
 
 524 GRA. 
 
 disorganise society, and reduce it to its primitive fie- 
 ments. Bat it does no such thing. There is, hi fact, no 
 other institution where the grades of rank are better 
 defined and preserved. The W. M. sits in tb east. For 
 what purpose is he placed there? "Why, to rule and 
 govern his lodge. And he is invested with power even 
 to despotism, should he consider it safe to use it, and 
 the Wardens are his assistants, not his equals. Each has 
 a -particular duty assigned to him, and beyond that, he 
 has no right to interfere. The r ixt grade are the Dea- 
 cons. And what is their duty ? Not, surely, to rank in 
 equality with the Master and Wardens, but to peifbrm 
 the part of inferiors in office, to carry messages and com- 
 mands. It is their province to attend on the Mastei, 
 and to assist the Wardens in the active duties of the 
 lodge, such as the reception of candidates into the differ- 
 ent degrees of Masonry, and the immediate practice ol 
 our rites This is the business of the Deacons ; and by 
 its punctual discharge, the office becomes a stepping- 
 stone to further preferment : for as it is incumbent on a 
 brother to serve the office of a Warden, before he is 
 eligible for the chair of a lodge, so it would be well ii 
 the office of a Deacon were preparatory to that of a 
 Warden. The Treasurer, the Secretary, the Stewards, 
 the Inner Guard, and the Tyler, have all their respec- 
 tive duties to perform, and rank to support ; while the 
 brethren are bound to obey the will and pleasure of the 
 W. M. 
 
 GRAMMAR. Grammar teaches the proper arrange- 
 ment of words, according to the idiom or dialect of any 
 peculiar people, and that excellency of pronunciation, 
 which enables us to speak or write a language with 
 accuracy, agreeably to reason and coirect usage.- 
 Preston. 
 
 G. A. O. T. U., celebrated in the lectures of Masonry 
 is the same Jehovah who declared his name to Moses at 
 the burning bush, appeared on earth at the time and 
 in the place, which had been foretold oy the Jewish 
 prophets, divested of his external splendour ; attested 
 the truth of his mission by the most stupendous miracles, 
 and terminated his efficacious atonement by a public
 
 GRA. 525 
 
 ascension into the cloudy pillar, or Shekinah, which 
 hovered over the Mount of Olives ; and the consecutive 
 steps of this great scheme have been embodied in the sys- 
 tem of Freemasonry. It can therefore be shown, that the 
 historical landmarks consist of certain prominent facts 
 recorded in the Jewish scriptures, which have been 
 received in all ages, both before and after the advent of 
 Christ, as typical of the Redeemer of man, and of him 
 only. 
 
 GRAND ARCHITECT. This Most High Being 
 ought to be duly revered by every brother as the Great 
 Architect of heaven and earth, and his name ought never 
 to be spoken but with the greatest humility and rever- 
 ence. It is not improper, when we are always speaking 
 of Masonry, to call God the Great Architect of heaven and 
 earth, as we also call him the Lord of lords and King ol 
 kings. Every one, even those who are not Freemasons, 
 cull him the Creator of heaven and of earth. He has 
 created everything that we can see ; and it is certain that 
 he has created many things which we have not power to 
 see ; and when the brethren strive to adorn his greatest 
 work when they assist in carrying on the spiritual tem- 
 ple in the manner he has ordained they most assuredly 
 fulfil his holy law. Gadicke. 
 
 GRAND EAST. Wherever the superior body of the 
 masonic institutions is situated, that place is called the 
 Grand East (Grande Orient) ; London, York, Dublin, 
 Edinburgh, Paris, Vienna, and Amsterdam, are all Grand 
 Easts in masonic language. Every state in America has 
 a Grand East, and every other place where there is a 
 governing Grand Lodge, is called by Masons the Grand 
 East. The East with Masons has a peculiar meaning. 
 It is well known that the sciences first rose in the East, 
 and that the resplendent orb of light from that quarter 
 proclaims the glory of the day. "And behold the Glory 
 of the God of Israel came from the way of the East, 
 and his voice was like the noise of many waters; the 
 earth shined with his glory. The East Gate shall be 
 shut; it shall not be opened ; and no man shall enter by 
 it, because the Glory of the God of Israel hath entered 
 by it. It is for the Prince." DaJchn.
 
 526 GRA. 
 
 GRAND LODGE. This governing body consists of 
 a Grand Master with a full staff of purple officers, the 
 Grand Stewards for the year, and the Masters, Past Mas- 
 ters, and Wardens, of every warranted lodge. In the 
 Grand Lodge, besides the power of enacting laws and 
 regulations for the government of the Craft, and of alter- 
 ing, repealing, and abrogating them, provided that they 
 continue to preserve the ancient landmarks of the Order, 
 the Grand Lodge has also the inherent power of investi- 
 gating, regulating, and deciding, all matters relative to 
 the Craft or to particular lodges, or to individual brothers, 
 which it may exercise either by itself or by such dele- 
 gated authority as, in its wisdom and discretion, it may 
 appoint; but in the Grand Lodge alone resides the 
 power of erasing lodges, and expelling brethren from 
 the Craft, a power which it ought not to delegate to any 
 subordinate authority in England. Constitutions. 
 
 GRAND MASTER. This chief officer is generally a 
 person of the highest rank. He is nominated at the 
 quarterly communication in December, and the election 
 takes place in the month of March following. If the 
 Grand Master should die during his mastership, or by 
 sickness, absence, or otherwise, be rendered incapable of 
 discharging the duties of his office, the Deputy Grand 
 Master, or, in his absence, the Grand Wardens, shall 
 assemble the Grand Lodge immediately, to record the 
 event, which Grand Lodge shall appoint three of its 
 members to invite the last preceding Grand Master to 
 act as Grand Master till a new election take place; if 
 he decline to act, then the last but one, and so on ; but 
 if no former Grand Master be found, the deputy, or the 
 grand officer next in rank and seniority, shall proceed as 
 principal. If there be a Pro-Grand Master at the time 
 when a vacancy occurs in the Grand Mastership, such 
 Pro-Grand Master shall forthwith act as Grand Master 
 until a new election take place at the usual period. 
 Constitutions. 
 
 GRAND OFFICERS. None of the grand officers can 
 be removed, unless for reasons which appear sufficient 
 to the Grand Lodge ; but, should the Grand Master be 
 dissatisfied with the conduct of any of his grand officers.
 
 GRA. 527 
 
 ne may submit the case to the Grand Lodge ; and should 
 it appear to the majority of the brethren present that 
 the complaint be well founded, he may displace such 
 grand officer, and nominate another. Constitutions. 
 
 GRAND OFFICERS' CLUB. As its name imports 
 none but grand officers are eligible for members; but 
 there is no ballot for admission, it being held that all 
 who are considered worthy of elevation in the Order, 
 have a natural claim to enter, although it is well under- 
 stood that there is no compulsion to join the club, and 
 that several grand officers do not avail themselves of the 
 opportunity. The Grand Master sometimes honours the 
 club with his presence. 
 
 GRAND STEWARDS' LODGE. This lodge has 
 no number, but is registered in the books of the Grand 
 Lodge, and placed in the printed lists, at the head of all 
 other lodges, and ranks accordingly. It is represented 
 in the Grand Lodge by its Master, Past Masters, and 
 Wardens. Being constituted as a Master Masons' lodge, 
 it has no power of making, passing, or raising Masons. 
 
 GRAND WARDENS. The Grand Wardens are ap- 
 pointed by the Grand Master annually, on the day of his 
 installation, and if present, are to be immediately in- 
 stalled. These officers should have regularly served the 
 office of Master of a lodge. They cannot act as War- 
 dens of a private lodge while they continue Grand 
 Wardens. When the actual Grand Wardens are in the 
 lodge no others can supply their places ; but in their 
 absence the senior Past Grand Wardens present shall act 
 pro tempore. If no Past Grand Wardens be present, the 
 Grand Master may direct any Master of a lodge to act 
 as Grand Warden for that occasion. Constitutions. 
 
 GRAVE. The Grecian graves were always marked 
 by a shrub called nod-oe. or a garland of herbs. In honour 
 of the dead they threw boughs and leaves upon the 
 grave ; as Euripides says they did to Polyxena when she 
 died ; for in latter times if a man had won a race or the 
 like, they had a custom to bedeck his valiant corpse with 
 boughs and leaves of myrtle, as in Euripides. Elect, v.
 
 528 GRAGRI. 
 
 510. Whether there was any allusion to the golden 
 bough of Virgil in all this I will not say. 
 
 GRAVITY. In a good lodge silence and gravity are 
 recommendations during the hours appropriated to labor. 
 The ordinary business is of too serious a nature to admit 
 of any disturbances; and hence the ancient charges 
 direct that no brother shall behave himself ludicrously 
 or jestingly while the lodge is engaged in what is serious 
 and solemn ; nor use any unbecoming language upon any 
 pretence whatever; but to pay due reverence to the 
 Masters, Wardens, and Fellows, and put them to wor- 
 ship. Even the noise of moving the seats or the feet is 
 to be avoided as much as possible ; and for this reason 
 sand is not allowed to be strewed on the floor; nor 'are 
 the brethren permitted to lepve the lodge during the 
 solemn ceremonies, lest the noise thus made should dis- 
 turb the proceedings. The effect of an initiation would 
 be entirely destroyed by any interruption of this kind, 
 and it is easy to understand that the same kind of dis- 
 turbance would be calculated to distract the attention 
 of the brethren during the delivery of lectures. 
 
 GREAT LIGHTS. The Freemasons are enlightened 
 by great and small lights. The Bible, the square, and 
 the compasses, belong to the first ; and the sun, the 
 moon, and the Master Mason, or the stars, to the second. 
 The great lights are immortal, and neither limited by 
 time nor space ; the small ones are limited by both. The 
 Bible rules and governs our faith ; the square our actions ; 
 and the compasses keep us in a bond of union with all 
 mankind, especially with a brother Mason. Or with 
 other words, the Bible directs us to elevate our spirits to 
 a reasonable and rational faith ; the square teaches so to 
 discipline our minds as to make them correspond with a 
 pure and prompt obedience to the laws of our native 
 land; and the compasses teach us so to cultivate our 
 understandings as to enable us to live in the bonds of 
 social arid fraternal union with all mankind, whatever 
 may be their peculiar views on religious or political 
 Bubj ects. Gadicke. 
 
 GRIP AND SIGN. In rude times, says a masonic
 
 GUIHAG. 529 
 
 writer in Anieiica, when men, ignorant of chirography, 
 impressed the seal of their parchments with the tooth in 
 their head for a signature, it was usual for Master Masons 
 to give their apprentice a grip or sign, by which he 
 should make himself known to any Mason as a regular 
 E. A. P. to the trade; and another when he had com- 
 pleted his apprenticeship, and passed on to the rank of a 
 journeyman, or F. C. ; and a third when, by assiduity 
 and skill, he had become himself a master of the work, 
 took buildings to rear, hired Fellowcrafts or journeymen, 
 and received apprentices. The word, the sign, and the 
 grip, in those days, were the certificate of the Craft to 
 its regularly taught members. 
 
 GUIDE. At our introduction into Masonry, we seek 
 for an able guide to conduct us from this dark state of 
 human life into light, and when arrived at that desired 
 point, we are struck with the symbolic representations 
 before us ; and under promise of fidelity we begin our 
 career in this secret society of Free and Accepted Masons. 
 We emerge gradually from the lowest vale, and by study 
 arrive at the highest degree of the occult science, or to 
 the greatest mental perfection. Huscnbeth. 
 
 GUTTURAL. The guttural sign alludes to temper 
 ance, which demands a cautious habit of restraint, as 
 may be necessary to preserve us from the risk of violating 
 our obligation and incurring its penalty. Hemming. 
 
 HAGAR. Abraham was exceedingly attached to the 
 son of Hagar the Egyptian bond-woman, and as he 
 grew up, the affections of his father increased so inordi- 
 nately that he earnestly intreated the Lord that Ishmael 
 might be the child of promise. But the request was 
 denied, as being inconsistent with the divine purposes ; 
 for children cannot inherit a free and noble spirit except 
 they be born of a free woman. 
 
 1IAGGAI. This holy prophet and principal of the 
 Sanhedrim, or Royal Chapter, was born during the 
 Babylonish captivity, and returned to Jerusalem with 
 Zerubbabel and Jeshua. He exhorted them to resume 
 the work of the Temple, when it had been interrupted
 
 530 HAM HAR. 
 
 nearly fourteen years, in consequence of the iiitrigjes of 
 the Samaritans, and other obstructions excited to defeat 
 she edict of Cyrus. The prophet represents the people 
 as more ready to build and adorn their own dwellings 
 man to labour in the service of God. He tells them that 
 the unfruitful seasons they had experienced were entirely 
 owing to this cause. He then encourages them with 
 promises of future blessings ; and predicts the important 
 revelations that should precede the final advent of the 
 Messiah, when the kingdoms of the world should become 
 the kingdoms of the Lord and of his Christ. 
 
 HAMMER. With this small working tool the Master 
 of a lodge governs the most numerous meetings. The 
 blow of the Master's hammer commands industry, silence, 
 or the close of labour, and every brother respects or 
 honours its sound. In so far the hammer is a symbol of 
 the power of the Master. The hammer must never be 
 lost sight of at the meeting of the lodge ; and should the 
 Master be unavoidably compelled to leave the lodge-room, 
 he must deliver it to his Deputy or Past Master, or some 
 other skilful brother. The Wardens do not govern the 
 lodge with their hammers, they only direct attention by 
 them to the commands of the W. M. Gadicke. 
 
 HAND. When the calamities of our brother call for 
 our aid we should not withdraw the hand that might 
 sustain him from sinking ; but that we should render him 
 those services, which, not encumbering or injuring our 
 families or fortunes, charity or religion may dictate for 
 the saving of our fellow-creature. Old Lectures. 
 
 HARODIM. The mysteries of this Order are peculiar 
 to the institution itself; while the lectures of the Chap- 
 ter include every branch of the masonic system, and 
 represent the art of Masonry in a finished and complete 
 form. Different classes are established, and particular 
 lectures restricted to each class. The lectures are di- 
 vided into sections, and the sections into clauses. The 
 sections are annually assigned by the Chief Harod to a 
 certain number of skilful companions in each class, who 
 are denominated Sectionists ; and they are empowered to 
 distribute the clauses of their respective sections, with
 
 HAR HEI. 531 
 
 the approbation of the Chief Harod and General Director, 
 among the private companions of the Chapter, who are 
 denominated Clauseholders. Such companions as by 
 assiduity become possessed of all the sections of the lec- 
 ture, are called Lecturers ; and out of these the General 
 Director is always chosen. 
 
 HARPOCRATES. This Egyptian god was unknown 
 to the Greeks till the time of Alexander. They wor- 
 shipped him under the name of Sigalion, and loaded him 
 with many attributes unknown to the ancient Egyptians. 
 He appears as a young man in an Egyptian mitre, hold- 
 ing a cornucopia, lotus, and quiver, accompanied with 
 the poppy and owl, draped in a long robe, head raiment, 
 branch of persea, the finger on the mouth, persea, cornu- 
 copia, lotus, basket on the head. In Stosch, the bust 
 swaddled in a net, persea on the head, globe and serpents 
 on the breast, but the finger on the mouth, and lock of 
 hair distinguish nearly all his figures. Fosbroke. 
 
 HEARING. Hearing is that sense by which we are 
 enabled to distinguish sounds, and are made capable of 
 all the perceptions of harmony and melody, with all the 
 agreeable charms of music ; by it we are enabled to enjoy 
 the pleasures of society; and reciprocally to communi- 
 cate to each other our thoughts and intentions, our 
 purposes and desires, and by means of this sense our 
 reason is capable of exerting its utmost power and 
 energy. Old Lectures. 
 
 HEART. The heart is the seat of the affections, 
 passions and desires; and by the precept given by Solo- 
 mon, to keep our hearts, is meant, that we should 
 diligently preserve our good dispositions, and correct 
 our bad ones. All the actions of a man's life issue and 
 proceed from the heart ; which is the fountain not only 
 of our natural life, but of our mortal too ; so that as a 
 man's heart is, so will his life be : if his heart be kept 
 clean and pure, his life cannot be wicked -and vicious; 
 but il his heart be wicked and vicious, his life cannot bo 
 kept clean and pure. Bishop Bereridge. 
 
 HEIGHT. From the earth to the heavens.
 
 532 HEL HIG. 
 
 HELPLESSNESS. As a Mason, your first admission 
 in a state of helplessness was an emblematic representa- 
 tion of the entrance of all men into this their state of 
 mortal existence ; it inculcated the cherishing lessons of 
 natural equality, of mutual dependence. It instructed 
 you in the active principles of universal benevolence and 
 charity, to make them the solace of your own distresses, 
 and to extend relief and consolation to your fellow- 
 creatures in the hour of their affliction. It required you 
 to free the soul from the dominion of pride and prejudice, 
 to look beyond the limits of particular institutions, and 
 to view in every son of Adam a brother of the dust. 
 Above all it taught you to bend with reverence and 
 resignation to the will of the Grand Architect of the 
 Universe, and to dedicate your heart thus purified from 
 every malignant passion, and prepared for the reception 
 of truth and justice. 
 
 HIEROGLYPHICS. Hieroglyphics were used before 
 the discovery of the art of writing, and through paintings 
 of natural or scientific objects were represented invisible 
 things and ideas, which could not have otherwise been 
 delineated. On account of its importance, and the diffi- 
 culty of reading it, it was considered sacred. Hieroglyphic? 
 must always be understood to be pictorial representa- 
 tions, and a symbol can be both a pictorial representation 
 and an action. From what is here said the Freemason 
 w 411 be able to perceive which of the Masonic objects he 
 has to consider as hieroglyphics and which as symbols. 
 Gadicke. 
 
 HIGH TWELVE. We have an old tradition, deliv- 
 ered down orally, that it was the duty of Hiram Abiff to 
 superintend the workmen ; and that the reports of th 
 officers were always examined with the most scrupulous 
 exactness. . At the opening of the day, when the sun was 
 rising in the east, it was his constant custom, before the 
 commencement of labour, to enter the temple and offer 
 up his prayers to Jehovah for a blessing on the work. 
 And, in like manner, when the sun set in the west, and 
 the labours of the day were closed, and the workmen had 
 departed, he returned his thanks to the Great Architect 
 of the Universe for the harmonious protection for the day
 
 LODGES MET ON THE HIGHEST HELLS AND LOWEST VALLEYS.
 
 HIL HIR. 535 
 
 Not content with this devout expression of his feelings 
 morning and evening, he always went into the temple at 
 the hour of high twelve, when the men were called from 
 labour to refreshment, to inspect the progress of the 
 work, to draw fresh designs upon the tracing-board, if 
 such were necessary, and to perform other scientific 
 labours, never forgetting to consecrate his duties by 
 solemn prayer. These religious customs were faithfully 
 performed for the first six years' in the secret recesses 01 
 his lodge, and for the last year in the precincts of the 
 Most Holy Place. At length, on the very day appointed 
 for celebrating the cape-stone of the btilding, he retired 
 as usua , according to our tradition, at the hour of high 
 twelve, and did not return alive. 
 
 HILARITY. In all Masonic festivals hilarity should 
 be tempered with thoughtfulness and circumspection ; 
 and, although we have no objection, in tht words of an 
 old Masonic song, to 
 
 " Crown the bowl, and nil the glass 
 To every virtue, every grace, 
 To the brotherhood resound 
 Health, and let it thrice go round," 
 
 yet we would not forget, in the hours of relaxation, to 
 retain decorum in festivity and innocence in mirth, for, 
 when pleasure is chastened by virtue, its relish will be 
 increased, and its zest improved. 
 
 HILLS AND VALLEYS. Before we had the conve- 
 nience of such well-formed lodges, the brethren used to 
 meet on the highest of hills and in the lowest of valleys ; 
 and if they were asked why they met so high, so low, 
 and so very secret, they replied, the better to see and 
 observe all that might ascend or descend ; and in case 
 a cowan should appear, the Tyler might give timely 
 notice to the W. M., by which means the lodge might 
 be closed, and the jewels put by, thereby preventing any 
 unlawful intrusion. Old York Lectures. 
 
 HIRAM. The gavel of the Worshipful Master is so 
 called in England, and on the continent of Europe, in 
 allusion to the perfect order observed by the craftsmen at
 
 536 HIR HIS. 
 
 the building of Solomon's Temple, through the admirable 
 skill and supervision of the operative G. M. Hiram. 
 
 HIRAM, KING OF TYRE. When Solomon had 
 determined to build a temple at Jerusalem, he sent an 
 embassy to Tyre, requesting Hiram, the king of the 
 Tyrians, would furnish him with workmen to cut down 
 timber at Lebanon, and stone in the quarries of Tyre, for 
 the construction of that holy edifice. He returned an 
 answer to Solomon's communication, which contained 
 the language of amity and esteem. He agreed to extend 
 the fraternal bond of that charity and brotherly love 
 which was common to both the true and spurious Free- 
 masonry, by furnishing cedars and other timber from the 
 forest of Lebanon for the erection of a temple to the 
 living God, and providing the most expert architects in 
 his dominions for its construction, on the simple condition 
 of receiving certain supplies of provisions in exchange ; 
 and he performed his contract with princely munificence 
 and masonic candour. But even this would have been 
 insufficient to produce any satisfactory result, without 
 the presence of a master-mind to animate and direct the 
 proceedings ; and the king of Tyre furnished this Master 
 in the person of his chief architect, Hiram Abiff, by 
 whom the re-anion of speculative and operative masons 
 was to be consummated. 
 
 HIRAM ABIFF. This curious and cunning architect 
 was a widow's son, of the tribe of Napthali, but his 
 father was a man of Tyre, a worker in brass. He waa 
 the most accomplished designer and operator upon earth, 
 whose abilities were not confined to building only, but 
 extended to all kinds of work, whether in gold, silver, 
 brass, or iron ; whether in linen, tapestry, or embroidery ; 
 whether considered as an architect, statuary, founder, or 
 designer, he equally excelled. From his designs, and 
 under his directions, all the rich and splendid furniture 
 of the Temple, and its several appendages, were began, 
 carried on, and finished. Anderson. 
 
 HISTORICAL. The historical portion of the Royal 
 Arch lecture refers to three distinct epochs, namely, to 
 the establishment of the Holy Lodge, the Sacred Lodge 
 and the Grand and Royal Lodge.
 
 HOL 537 
 
 HOLY FIRE. When Nehemiah was appointed to 
 the government of Judea, with full authority to build 
 the walis of Jerusalem, and to finish the Second Temple, 
 he sent to search for the holy fire, which, before the 
 captivity of Babylon, the priests had hidden in a dry and 
 deep pit ; not finding any fire there, but only thick and 
 muddy water, he sprinkled this upon the altar, and pre- 
 sently the wood which had been so sprinkled took fire 
 as soon as the sun began to shine, which miracle coming 
 to the knowledge of the king of Persia, he caused the 
 place to be encompassed with walls where the fire had 
 been hidden, and granted great favours and privileges to 
 the priests. Calmet. 
 
 HOLY GROUND. The lodge is situated on holy 
 ground. The first lodge was consecrated on account of 
 three grand offerings thereon made, which met divine 
 approbation. First, the ready compliance of Abraham to 
 the will of God, in not refusing to offer up his son Isaac 
 as a burnt-offering, when it pleased the Almighty to sub- 
 stitute a more agreeable victim in his stead ; second, the 
 many pious prayers and ejaculations of King David, 
 which actually appeased the wrath of God, and stayed a 
 pestilence which than raged among the people, owing to 
 his inadvertently having had them numbered ; and thirdly, 
 the many thanksgivings, oblations, burnt sacrifices, and 
 costly offerings which Solomon, King of Israel, made at 
 the completion, dedication, and consecration of the tem- 
 ple of Jerusalem, to God's service. These three did then, 
 have since, and I trust ever will, render the ground-work 
 of a Masons' lodge holy. 
 
 HOLY OF HOLIES. The innermost and most sacred 
 part of the temple was called the Holy of Holies, and 
 sometimes the Most Holy Place, and was ordained and 
 made on purpose for the reception of the Ark of the 
 Covenant. The whole end and reason of that most sacred 
 place being none other, but to be a tabernacle for it. 
 This place or roon. was of an exact cubic form, as being 
 thirty feet square and thirty feet high. In the centre the 
 ark was placed, upon a stone rising there three fingers 
 breadth above the floor, to be, as it were, a pedestal for 
 it. On the two sidea of it stood two cherubims fifteen
 
 538 KOL HOR. 
 
 feet high, one on the one side, the other on the othei 
 side, at equal distances from the centre of the ark and 
 each side wall ; where, having their wings expanded, 
 with two of them they touched the said side walls, and 
 with the other two they did meet, and touch each other 
 exactly over the middle of the ark ; so that the ark stood 
 exactly in the middle between these two cherubims. 
 Prideaux. 
 
 HOLY LODGE. This lodge was opened at the foot 
 ef Mount Horeb, in the Wilderness of Sinai, about two 
 years after the exode of the Israelites from Egypt, on the 
 spot whe,re Moses was first commanded to go down into 
 Egypt, and where he ^as directed to put oft' his shoes 
 from his feet, because the ground was holy. Here the 
 Almighty delivered to him the decalogue with the forms 
 of the tabernacle and the ark, and here he dictated those 
 peculiar forms of civil and religious polity, which, by 
 separating his people from all other nations, he conse- 
 crated Israel a chosen vessel for his service. Over this 
 lodge presided Moses, the great and inspired law-giver ; 
 Aholiab, the curious carver and embroiderer, and Bezaleel 
 the famous architect. 
 
 HONEY. Honey was universally used as a symbol of 
 death. The ancients made libations to the dead of honey, 
 wine, and blood. Funeral cakes were placed by the 
 Greeks in the mouths of deceased persons to appease the 
 wrath of Cerberus. Thus Virgil, Melle soporatam et medi- 
 catis frugibus offam. Honava, or round, broad, or thin 
 cakes, with honey, made a part of the funeral offerings, 
 to Hecate, or the Moon. 
 
 HOPE. Hope is an anchor of the soul, both sure and 
 steadfast : then let a firm reliance of the Almighty's good- 
 ness animate our endeavours, and enable us to fix our 
 hope within the limits of his most gracious promises, so 
 shall success attend us ; if we believe a thing impossible 
 oir despondency may render it so, but if we persevere to 
 the end, we shall finally overcome all difficulties. Old 
 
 HOREB. This mountain was remarkable for seven
 
 HOS HOU. 539 
 
 memorable transactions. The Burning Bush ; the striking 
 of the rock with the rod f Moses ; the lifting up ol 
 Moses* hands by Aaron and Hur, which produced the 
 slaughter of the Amalekites ; the delivery of the law ; 
 the forty days abstinence by Moses ; the demolition 01 
 the two tables of stone on sight of the golden calf; and 
 the supernal vision of Elijah. 
 
 HOSPITALITY. The white stone mentioned in the 
 Apocalypse, appears to bear some relation to a particular 
 custom among the ancients, with which they commenced 
 and perpetuated a refined friendship. For this purpose 
 the contracting parties took a small piece of bone, ivory, 
 or stone, and dividing it into equal and similar parts, one 
 of the persons wrote his name on one of these and his 
 friend upon the other, and they made a mutual exchange. 
 This little ticket, or " keepsake," was retained as a 
 sacred pledge and remembrancer of an attachment the 
 most sacred and inviolable, entire and permanent, that 
 could be found. Including the word, sign, and token oi 
 an endeared fraternity, it was the means of ascertaining the 
 heart's affections after many years' absence, and of secur- 
 ing for him a welcome to the privileges, and a share in 
 the endearments of hospitality and love. Of course the 
 token was carefully preserved. Though, in itself, con- 
 sidered of smallest worth, yet as the memorial of a highly 
 esteemed friend, as it renewed those kind emotions oi 
 which he was the object, and called up a history on 
 which the heart delighted to dwell, its value became 
 inestimable, and lest some one else should take the advan- 
 tage of it, the possessor kept it with great privacy, and 
 cautiously concealed from every one the name and mark 
 engraved upon it. Harris. 
 
 HOUR-GLASS. The hour-glass is an emblem of human 
 life. We cannot without astonishment behold the little 
 particles, which the machine contains, pass away almost 
 imperceptibly, and yet, to our surprise, in the short space 
 of an hour all are exhausted. Thus wastes human life. 
 At the end of man's short hour, death strikes the blow, 
 and hurries him off the stage to his long and darksome 
 resting place.
 
 540 HOU IDE. 
 
 HOURS OF WORK. The masters and officers should 
 always be punctual in their attendance, and observe the 
 hour of meeting with scrupulous exactness ; for correct 
 conduct in officers will invariably produce a corresponding 
 accuracy in the brethren. I know nothing which tends 
 more to disgust and sour the mind than the unprofitable 
 employment of waiting impatiently for the attendance 
 of the superior officers, with a probable expectation of 
 being disappointed at last. 
 
 HUMANITY. What it is and how variously it can 
 be explained, is not necessary to be stated here. To the 
 Freemason it must be a thing of the heart. All lodges 
 must exercise it towards each other, as also must every 
 brother, not merely in, but also out of the lodge. 
 Gadicke. 
 
 I. A. M. According to the cabalistical theologians, 
 Moses, asking the Lord if he would tell him the name 
 of his Divine Essence, received for answer, say " I AM 
 THAT I AM," sent me to you, (the children of Israel), 
 equivalent to saying What use is it to ask what is inex- 
 plicable? "I AM THAT I AM," as the ancient sages 
 say, meant, that he was with them in that captivity, so 
 would he be in others ; and therefore He then revealed 
 to Moses the Tetragrammaton ; and this He repeated, as 
 He would manifest Himself by its representation of the 
 ten sovereign lights : and by that means would become 
 known, although veiled in them; because His existence 
 will be ever hidden from all, and cannot be explained by 
 any character. Manasseh Ben Israel. 
 
 IDEAS. The Jewish system was made up chiefly 
 of ceremonies, types, and figures, denoting intellectual 
 things and moral duties. This mode of teaching morality 
 was at that early period of the world necessary. And 
 why? Because then not one person in ten thousand 
 beside the priesthood could read. The people were not 
 then able to exhibit thoughts to the eye by means of 
 writing, hence the necessity arose of teaching by signs 
 and symbols, that when these struck the eye they should 
 raise corresponding ideas in the mind, and thus convey 
 moral truths and duties by the sight and by the operation
 
 ILL IMP. 541 
 
 of tools and mechanical instruments. This is the lul 
 crum on which rests and turns the first and most fasci- 
 nating part of masonic instruction. Watirhouse. 
 
 ILLEGAL SUSPENSIONS. If the Grand Master 
 should be satisfied that any brother has been illegally, 
 or without sufficient cause, suspended, removed, or 
 excluded from any of his masonic functions or privileges, 
 by any private lodge or any subordinate authority, he 
 may order him to be reinstated or restored, and may 
 also suspend, until the next ensuing quarterly communi 
 cation, any lodge or brother who shall refuse to compl) 
 with such order. Constitutions. 
 
 IMMORTALITY OF THE SOUL. The third or Mas- 
 ter's degree leads to that great truth which the sublimest 
 part of the heathen mysteries was intended to teach; 
 nd the faithful believer was assured of a future life and 
 immortality beyond the grave. 
 
 IMMOVEABLE. The immoveable jewels are the 
 tracing-board, for the W. M. to draw his designs on ; the 
 rough ashlar, for the E. A. P. to mark and indent on ; 
 and the perfect ashlar, for the experienced F. C. to try 
 and adjust his jewels on. They are termed immoveable, 
 because they are distributed in places assigned them in 
 the lodge, for the brethren to moralize upon. They 
 were formerly called the trasel-board, the rough ashlar, 
 and the broached thurnel. 
 
 IMPEACHMENT. In 1842 a singular case occurred 
 at New York, in which the rights and privileges of 
 a Master of a lodge were placed in jeopardy, by the 
 action of his lodge. After the lodge was opened, the 
 Master had occasion to be absent for a short time, leaving 
 the Senior Warden in the chair. On his return, he found 
 that charges had been preferred against hims,elf, and a 
 committee appointed to try him ; and the Senior Warden 
 refused to return into his hands the warrant and mallet 
 of the lodge. Complaint being made to the Grand 
 Master by the Master, he directed the Grand Secretary 
 to inform the Senior Warden that it was his direction 
 that he should forthwith return the warrant to the hands 
 of the Master, and that the action of the lodge on that
 
 542 IMP. 
 
 case must be suspended, and the members hold them 
 selves in readiness to maintain their charges before tha 
 Grand Stewards' Lodge, which was all promptly com- 
 plied with by the parties. The ground of his decision 
 was, that the Master of a lodgf* is only subject to im- 
 peachment and trial before his peers, who are acquainted 
 with his duties, but which the members of a lodge 
 cannot know, until they are themselves seated in the 
 oriental chair. 
 
 IMPERFECTIONS. The system as taught in the 
 regular lodges, may have some redundancies or imper- 
 fections, occasioned by the indolence or ignorance of 
 the old members. And, indeed, considering through 
 what obscurity and darkness the mystery has been 
 delivered down; the many centuries, and languages, 
 and sects, and parties, it has run through, we are rather 
 to wonder it ever arrived to the present age without 
 more imperfections. Anderson. 
 
 IMPLEMENTS. A general collection of masonic 
 implements may remind the Master of his power and 
 jurisdiction, while they warn him to avoid the abuse of 
 that power, limiting his jurisdiction and prescribing his 
 conduct. They likewise afford him copious topics of 
 advice to such as assist him in the government of the 
 Fraternity, as well as to all the brethren over whom he 
 is called to preside. He may descant on the excellence 
 of the holy writings as a rule of life ; for those writings 
 teach us that, being born upon a level, we should act 
 upon the square, circumscribing our desires within the 
 compass of Nature's gifts, poured from the horn of plenty. 
 Here, also, he may exhort them to walk uprightly, 
 suffering neither the pressure of poverty, nor the avarice 
 of riches to tempt the heart for a moment to swerve 
 from the line of rectitude which is suspended before them 
 from the centre of heaven. The division of time into 
 equal and regular portions, he may also urge as the surest 
 method of securing the greatest good from the oppor- 
 tunities that are afforded us The subjection of our 
 passions and desires is here likewise taught by the gavel, 
 which is used by the operative builder to remove the 
 excrescences and to smooth the surfaces of the rough
 
 IMP INC. 543 
 
 materials for a building; while the by-laws of the ledge 
 regulate the deportment of the craftsmen, while assembled 
 for the purposes of social improvement and mental 
 recreation, and while separated from the rest of mankind, 
 and placed among none but brethren. Monitor. 
 
 IMPUTATIONS. Individual errors or crimes ought 
 only to reflect discredit on the offending parties, for a 
 gigantic society like ours, whose professors are spread 
 over the face of the earth, and are found in every civilized 
 country on the globe, cannot be responsible for the mis- 
 conduct of every single member of its body. It is very 
 common to hear those who are not Masons urge this 
 argument with all the force and confidence of conviction. 
 A Mason has misconducted himself most grossly, they 
 will say, and therefore Masonry must be a bad institution. 
 But this way of reasoning is absurd. Take the argument 
 in another point of view, and what does it end in ? Why, 
 a general condemnation of all institutions, human and 
 divine. How would it shock our ears were it applied to 
 Christianity. A Christian has been guilty of acts of 
 violence ; he has robbed one neighbour, slandered another, 
 and murdered a third; and therefore mark the conse- 
 quence Christianity must be a bad institution. Is not 
 this preposterous? Does it follow because a wicked 
 Christian commits murder, that the Christian religion 
 must necessarily recommend the commission of murder ? 
 80 Masonry. If some brethren so far forget their solemn 
 obligations IM to overstep the boundaries of decency ; if 
 they set the censure of the world at defiance, and disgrace 
 themselves in the eyes of God and man, it cannot be 
 urged that the institution recommends this conduct. 
 
 IMPOSTS. The members of the secret society of 
 Tynan artists, who were hired by King Solomon to erect 
 that sacred structure, in order to distinguish them from 
 the Jews, who performed the more humble labours, were 
 honoured with the epithet of Free annexed to the name 
 of builder or mason; and being talented foreigners, were 
 freed from the usual imposts paid to the state by the 
 subjects of Solomon. Husenbeth. 
 
 INCOMMUNICABLE. The Cabalistical Jews, and
 
 544 IND INK. 
 
 after them Josephus, and some of the Romans, think that 
 Moses did not ask for the name of God at the burning 
 bush, but for the true pronunciation of it, which they 
 say had been lost through the wickedness of mankind ; 
 for which reason the former affirm that the word gholam, 
 used by God presently after, being written without a vau, 
 should not be rendered for ever, but hid, from the root 
 ghalam, to hide ; not considering that, if that was the case 
 it should be written ghalam, and not gholam. Upon this 
 account, the name is by all the Jews called Shemham- 
 phorah, the unutterable name, which Josephus says was 
 never known or heard of before God told it to Moses, for 
 which reason they never pronounce it, but use the word 
 Adonai, or Elohim, or plainly the word Hashem, the 
 NAME, to express it. Thus in their letters and common 
 discourse, instead of saying the Lord bless you, they say 
 the Name bless you. Universal History. 
 
 INDENTED TARSEL. This is an old name for the 
 ornamented border which surrounds the mosaic pavement, 
 now called the tessellated border. 
 
 INDISSOLUBLE TIE. Masonry annihilates all 
 parties, conciliates all private opinions, and renders those 
 who, by their Almighty Father, were made of one blood, 
 to be also of one heart and one mind ; brethren bound 
 firmly together by that indissoluble tie, the love of their 
 God, and the love of their kind. Daniell. 
 
 INDUSTRY. Masonry is a progressive science, and 
 not to be attained in any degree of perfection but by 
 time, patience, and a considerable degree of application 
 and industry ; for no one is admitted to the profoundest 
 secrets, or the highest honours of this Fraternity, till by 
 time we are assured he has learned secrecy and morality 
 
 Williams. 
 
 INELIGIBLE. To prevent the introduction of im- 
 proper persons, it is provided by the by-laws of every 
 'edge, that no person can be made a Mason in, or 
 admitted a member of, a lodge, if, on the ballot, three 
 black balls appear against him. Some lodges wish for 
 no such indulgence, but require the unanimous consent
 
 INF INI. 545 
 
 of the members present; some admit one black ball, 
 some two. The by-laws of each lodge must therefore 
 guide them in this respect ; but if there be three black 
 balls, such person cannot, on any pretence, be admitted. 
 
 INFLUENCE. The influence of Freemasonry can 
 only be supported by an unanimous determination amongst 
 the brethren to preserve in their private lodges the utmost 
 regularity and decorum, an uniformity of rites and cere- 
 monies, and, above all, a resolution to practice, in their 
 several stations, those moral duties which are so strongly 
 recommended, and so beautifully displayed in the private 
 lectures of the lodge. 
 
 INITIATED. The initiated, while in the lodge, 
 labour to perfect their own mental faculties, as well as 
 those of the whole human race. Here let us seek the 
 secrets of Masonry, in themselves unpronounceable; 
 neither are they to be communicated by the laying on of 
 hands, in a few fleeting hours. Thoughts, the indulgence 
 in which a few short years ago would have been punished 
 by the sword, the stake, or banishment, are, in our days, 
 loved as philanthropic; and princes now do things foi 
 which but a few years back misunderstood philosophers 
 were condemned as mad impostors. But there art 
 thoughts, even in the present day, which the great mast 
 of mankind may mock or curse, but which will in some 
 future period be usefully and beneficially introduced into 
 private life. This has been nearly all, and yet continues 
 to be the chief employment of a genuine Freemason ; 
 although in the lodge those subjects are very seldom 
 openly introduced ; it is for this reason that the great mass 
 consider the ceremonies to be the true secret, whereas 
 they are in reality but the shell in which they are enclosed 
 Gradicke. 
 
 INITIATION. If the brethren, when they enter into 
 this society, do not reflect upon the principles on which 
 it is founded ; if they are content to remain in their primi 
 tive ignorance, or do not act upon the obligations which 
 they have taken upon themselves to discharge, all I can 
 say is, that the sooner such individuals retire from the 
 Order, the better it will be for the society, and the more 
 creditable to themselves. The. Duke of Sussex- 
 46
 
 546 INN INS. 
 
 INNER GUARD. The duty of the Inner Guard is to 
 admit Masons on proof, to receive the candidate in form, 
 and to obey the commands of the Junior Warden. 
 
 INNOCENCE. That innocence should be the pro- 
 fessed principle of a Mason occasions no astonishment, 
 when we consider that the discovery of the Deity leads us 
 to the knowledge of those maxims wherewith he may be 
 well pleased. The very idea of a God is attended with 
 the belief that he can approve of nothing that is evil ; 
 and when first our predecessors professed themselves ser- 
 vants of the Architect of the world, as an indispensable 
 duty they professed innocency, and put on white raiment, 
 as a type and characteristic of their conviction, and of 
 their being devoted to his will. Hutckinson. 
 
 INQUISITION. The sanguinary tribunals of the 
 inquisition have kept immure<d and led to the slaughter 
 many an unfortunate Freemason, for daring to seek Light, 
 Science, and Truth, where Darkness, Ignorance, and 
 Falsehood held an arbitrary sway ! The auto da/6, which, 
 under Philip the Second, was almost quotidian, was insti- 
 tuted to indulge the fanaticism of a barbarous populace, 
 or the capricious ambition of despotic rulers. Not many 
 years ago, a Freemason of the name of Almodovar was 
 burnt in Seville, along with a young w r oman who had 
 been convicted by the holy office of having carried on an 
 intercourse with an evil spirit, and of knowing the futuie 
 by heart. Both these helpless victims of ignorance and 
 fanaticism breathed in every feature the most perfect 
 health, so that the hands of the executioner who threw 
 them on the pile trembled all the while. It was in a 
 square, destined to those horrible assassinations, that at 
 the end of a pathetic sermon the two unfortunate beinga 
 were conveyed on ass-back. " Ite missa cst, " was the sign 
 given to throw the wretched creatures on the burning 
 pile. Freemasons' Quarterly Review. 
 
 INSECT-SHERMAH. Many of the Jews believe the 
 Temple to have been a divine work. Some of them sup- 
 pose that the stones were not so framed and polished by 
 human art and industry, but by a worm called samir, 
 which God created for the purpose. And they further feign
 
 INS. 547 
 
 ihat the stones came to the temple of their own accord, 
 and were put together by angels. This* legend appears 
 to have arisen from a misrepresentation of the word samlr, 
 which signifies a very hard stone, that might be cut and 
 polished with great perfection. It was an emblem of 
 the peace and quiet of a Christian church. In masonu 
 lore, the above worm is called " the insect shermah." 
 
 INSIGNIA. The presiding officers of a lodge aredis 
 tinguished by certain geometrical figures, being combina 
 tions of those which are called perfect, viz., the square, 
 the equilateral triangle, and the circle ; the latter being 
 a general characteristic of grand officers. The compasses 
 (0. M.,) are parts of the triangle; the square (W. M.,) 
 either triangle or square; the level (S. W.,) and the 
 plumb, (J. W.,) are both parts of a square. Now the 
 square, level and plumb, have their separate and specific 
 uses, and are assigned to the three chief officers, as 
 emblems of their respective duties. ^But the Past Master 
 having already executed them all, and being no longer an 
 operative, is relieved from the burden of bearing a work- 
 ing tool, and invested with a problem of the greatest 
 utility in geometrical demonstrations, he having attained 
 the rank of a ruler in Israel ; and therefore the Master's 
 square is relieved by a square silver plate, on which is 
 delineated the forty-seventh problem of Euclid. The 
 compasses are instruments of design, and are thus 
 appointed to the Grand Master. He designs ; the P. M. 
 demonstrates ; the W. M. governs his particular lodge ; 
 the S. W. preserves equality and harmony amongst the 
 brethren ; and the J. W. takes care that the proper hours 
 of labour are maintained. Thus a system of arrangemen; 
 is preserved, which produces order and regularity, anc 
 cstitutes the Wisdom, Strength, and Beauty i>f Free 
 nrasonry. 
 
 INSTALLATION. This ceremony takes place h 
 every lodge at the commencement of the masonic year 
 The officers are instal/ed, and diligently instructed in 
 their respective duties, from the ancient statutes of the 
 Order. It frequently happens that, on those occasions, 
 the newly installed officers prove to the brethren their 
 qualifications, and it is well for the lodge when thev
 
 548 INS 
 
 show that they are duly impressed with the importance 
 of the trust reposed in them by their brethren. Gadicke. 
 
 INSTRUCTED. The candidate is instructed by the 
 W. M. in his duties as a Mason; the first and most 
 impressive part of which, is to study the Holy Bible, and 
 to practice the three great moral duties to God, your 
 neighbour, and yourself. To God, by holding his name 
 fu awe and veneration ; viewing him as the chief good, 
 imploring his aid in laudable pursuits, and supplicating his 
 protection on well-meant endeavours. To your neighbour, 
 by always acting upon the square, and considering him 
 equally entitled with yourself to share the blessings of 
 providence, rendering unto him those favours and friendly 
 offices, which, in a similar situation, you would expect 
 from him. And to yourself, by not abusing the bounties 
 of providence, impairing your faculties by irregularity, 01 
 debasing your profession by intemperance. 
 
 INSTRUCTION. Any person can be made a membei 
 of the Order by being initiated ; but by so doing, he for 
 the most part only learns to know the ceremonies ; and 
 the precise bearing or meaning of Freemasonry he must 
 learn by being afterwards instructed. In many lodges 
 those instructions are written out as a commentary, and 
 are given to the lodge from time to time : at these times 
 the W. M. or lecturer has ample room for explanatory 
 remarks. In other lodges it is left to the W. M. to in- 
 struct the brethren upon masonic subjects, according to 
 his own views. These instructions form a principal part 
 of the labors )f a lodge, and the candidate must pay 
 great attention to them. Gadicke. 
 
 INSTRUCTION, LODGES OF. The importance of 
 meetings under this title is sufficiently apparent, by the 
 provision made for their government and regulation in 
 page 90 of the Book of Constitutions ; indeed, to the dis- 
 cipline which pervades, we may say, all of them, the Or- 
 der is much indebted, as it frequently happens that busi- 
 ness of a general nature, which engages the attention of 
 a lodge, prevents a regular practice in the ceremonials of 
 the Order, and the members would require a longer time 
 to become proficient but for the lodges of instruction
 
 INS INT. 549 
 
 whose business being confined to the principal discipline 
 required in the ceremonials, lectures, &c., givts a more 
 ample opportunity to those who seek information, as 
 well as a greater scope to those who are emulous of pre- 
 ferment. There are several lodges of instruction in 
 London, which are attended by brethren distinguished 
 by their masonic attainments, the benefits of which all 
 &re desirous to impart. 
 
 INSTRUMENTAL MASONRY. The instrumental 
 consists in the use and application of various tools and 
 implements, such at the common gauge, the square, the 
 plunib-line, the level, and others that may be called ma- 
 thematical, invented to find the size or magnitude of the 
 several parts or materials whereof our buildings are com- 
 posed, to prove when they are wrought into due form 
 and proportion, and when so wrought, to fix them in 
 their proper places and positions, and likewise to take 
 the dimensions of all bodies, whether plain or solid, and 
 to adjust and settle the proportions of space and extent. 
 To this part also belongs the use of various other instru 
 ments or machines, such as the lever, the wheel and 
 axle, the wedge, the screw, the pulley, &.x, which may 
 be called mechanic, being used to forward and expedite 
 our business, to alleviate our toils, and enable us to per- 
 form with a single hand what could not be done without 
 many, and in some cases not at all ; and those more pro- 
 perly belonging to our brethren of the second degree, 
 styled Fellowcrafts. Dwnckerly. 
 
 INSTRUMENTS. There are certain tools or instru- 
 ments well known to every Master Mason, which have 
 undergone some variations in style and denomination 
 since the revival in 1717. They were then called, set 
 ting maul, setting tool, and setting beetle. Later in the 
 century, they had the names of setting tool, square, and 
 rule ; which at the union were changed into plumb-rule, 
 level, and heavv maul. 
 
 INTEGRITY. As no man will build a hou* j upon a 
 bog or a quicksand, a man of suspicious integrit} will be 
 found equally unfit to sustain the character ol a true 
 Mason. Noorthouc k.
 
 550 INT INU. 
 
 INTERNAL. The internal preparation of a candidate 
 for Masonry, is exemplified by the declaration he is called 
 on to make with respect to the motives which have in 
 Juced him to seek its privileges. 
 
 INTERRUPTION. There cannot be a greater rude 
 ness than to interrupt another in the current of his dis 
 course; for if it be not impertinence and folly to answer 
 a man before we know what he has to say, yet it is a 
 plain declaration that we are weary of his discourse, that 
 we disregard what he says as unfit to entertain the so- 
 ciety with, and is, in fact, little less than a downright 
 desiring that ourselves may have audience, who have 
 something to produce better worth the attention of the 
 company. As this is no ordinary degree of disrespect, it 
 cannot but always give a very great offence. Martin 
 Clare. 
 
 INTRODUCTION. The mode of introduction which 
 a Mason ought to use to recommend himself to notice, is 
 a salute of respect to the Master in the chair. 
 
 INTRUSTED. When the candidate was intrusted, 
 he represented the tribe of Asher, for he was then pre- 
 sented with the glorious fruit of masonic knowledge, as 
 Asher was represented by fatness and royal dainties. 
 
 INUNDATIONS. The inundations of the Nile natu- 
 rally obliterated the landmarks, which consisted princi- 
 pally of holes dug in the earth at certain distances, 
 forming the boundary lines of each estate or division of 
 property ; for I do not find that they used termini, or if 
 they did, they were merely slight stakes, which the 
 waters loosened and washed away. These holes being 
 filled with the alluvial soil brought down from the moun- 
 tains of Ethiopia, when the waters receded, the whole 
 country presented a level surface, and nothing but the 
 practical assistance of geometry could possibly determine 
 the amount and locality of private possessions. From 
 his superior knowledge of geometry, Euclid was enabled 
 to restore to Masonry its ancient systematic usages and 
 customs, as well as to regulate the affairs of Egyptian 
 agriculture ; and he became a general benefactor to the
 
 INV ION. 551 
 
 country, " giving.'' says an old record of the Craft, " to 
 his system the name of geometry, which is now called 
 Masonry." 
 
 INVESTED. The investment of the candidate re- 
 ferred to Napthali, and by this ceremony he was consi- 
 dered free ; thus the tribe of Napthali had a peculiar 
 freedom attached to them, in conformity with the divine 
 blessing pronounced by Moses just before his death. 
 
 INVESTITURE. Among the primitive Masons, the 
 badge of innocence received a characteristic distinction 
 from its peculiar colour and material; and was indeed 
 an unequivocal mark of superior dignity. The investi- 
 ture of the apron formed an essential part of the cere- 
 mony of initiation, and was attended with rites equally 
 significant and impressive. With the Essenian Masons, it 
 was accomplished by a process bearing a similar tenden- 
 cy, and accompanied by illustrations not less imposing 
 and satisfactory to the newly initiated inquirer. He 
 was clothed in a long white robe, which reached to the 
 ground, bordered with a fringe of blue ribbon, to incite 
 personal holiness, and fastened tightly round the waist 
 with a girdle or zone, to separate the heart from the 
 lower and more impure parts of the body. With feet 
 bare and head uncovered, he was considered a personi- 
 fication of modesty, humility, and the fear of God. 
 
 INVOCATION. The invocation used in the United 
 States at the dedication of masonic lodges, is as follows: 
 " Supreme Architect of all worlds ! vouchsafe to 
 accept the solemn dedication of this hall to the glory 
 of thy holy name ! Make its walls salvation, and its 
 arch praise. May the brethren who shall here assemble, 
 meet in unity, work in love, and part in harmony. May 
 Fidelity keep the door, Faith prompt the duties, Hope 
 animate the labours, and Charity diffuse the blessings of 
 the lodge ! May wisdom and virtue distinguish the 
 fraternity, and Masonry become glorious in all the earth ! 
 So mote it be! Amen." 
 
 IONIC. The Ionic bears a kind of mean proportion 
 between the more solid and delicate orders. It is said
 
 552 IRQ ISH. 
 
 to have been formed after the mode* of an agreeable 
 young woman, of an elegant shape, dressei in her hair; 
 as a contrast to the Doric order, which was formed after 
 that of a robust man. Preston. 
 
 IRON CROW. The crow being an emblem of upright- 
 ness, alludes to the erect manner in which the spirit will 
 arise on that great and awful day to meet its tremendous 
 though merciful judge. 
 
 IRON TOOLS. Every piece of the Temple, whether 
 timber, stone, or metal, was brought ready cut, framed 
 and polished, to Jerusalem ; so that no other tools were 
 wanted nor heard, than what were necessary to join the 
 several parts together. All the noise of axe, hammer 
 and saw, was confined to Lebanon, and the quarries and 
 plains of Zeredatha, that nothing might be heard among 
 the Masons of Sion, save harmony and peace. 
 
 ISAAC. Abraham offered his son Isaac in sacrifice, 
 tfhen it pleased the Lord to substitute a more agreeable 
 victim in his stead. As Isaac was an express type of 
 Christ, so this event pointed out the great atonement; 
 Isaac was named by a celestial messenger before he was 
 corn so was Christ; Isaac carried the wood on which 
 he was offered, and Christ bare the cross on which he 
 was crucified; Isaac was offered on Mount Moriah, Christ 
 was offered on an adjoining mountain; Isaac was to 
 suffer by his father's hand, and whose sword was it that 
 pierced Christ? Isaac was redeemed from death three 
 days after Abraham was commanded to offer him up, and 
 Christ was raised from the dead three days after his actual 
 crucifixion. And, lastly, Isaac became the father of the 
 Jews, as Christ is the universal father of Christians. 
 
 ISHMAEL. It is probable that Ishmael laughed and 
 jeered at the great bustle which was made at Isaac's 
 weaning, looking upon himself as the firstborn, and by 
 right of that to have the privilege of fulfilling the promise 
 of the Messiah. This gives a good account of Sarah's 
 earnestness for the expulsion, not only of him, but of his 
 mother also; who it is likely flattered him, and bare him 
 up in those pretensions. Many think he did more Mian
 
 ISH JAH. 553 
 
 mock him, because St. Paul calls it persecution, which 
 Hierom takes for beating. Isaac, who perhaps resenting 
 his flouts, might say something that provoked Ishmael to 
 beat him. Arid it is very probable his mother encouraged 
 him in this, or at least maintained him in his insolence, 
 which was the reason why Sarah pressed to have them 
 both turned out of doors. Bishop Patrick. 
 
 ISH CHOTZEB. Hewers of stone in the Tyrian 
 quarries, preparatory of King Solomon's Temple. 
 
 ISH SABBAL. The men of burden, being the remains 
 of the old Canaanites who were employed about the work, 
 amounting to 70,000, who are not numbered among the 
 masons. 
 
 JACHIN. In the dome of Wortsberg, in front of the 
 entrance to the chamber of the dead, we see on one side 
 on the chapiter of a column, the mysterious inscription 
 Jachin; and at the other side, the word Boaz, on the 
 shaft of a pillar. And the figure of Christ, which occu 
 pies the top of the portal of the church of St. Dennis, 
 has his hand placed in a position well known to all exist- 
 ing Freemasons. Clavcl. 
 
 JACOB'S LADDER. Either resting upon the floor- 
 cloth or upon the Bible: the compasses and the square 
 should lead the thoughts of the brethren to heaven. If 
 we find it has many staves or rounds, they represent as 
 many moral and religious duties. If it has only three, 
 they should represent Faith, Hope, and Charity. Draw 
 Faith, Hope, and Charity from the Bible; with these 
 three encircle the whole earth, and order all thy actions 
 by the square of truth, so shall the heavens be opened 
 unto thee. Gadickc. 
 
 JAH. The inspired writings inform us that the deity 
 was known in idolatrous nations, under his own proper 
 and significant appellation of Jehovah. St. Paul says, 
 that they knew God, though they glorified him not as 
 God, neither were they thankful ; but worshipped the 
 creature rather than the Creator. And God himself tells 
 us that they possessed the Tetragrammaton, Tetractys, or
 
 554 JED mm. 
 
 sacred name, which amongst the Jews was Jah ; for h 
 says, " from the rising of the sun, even unto the going 
 down of the same, my name shall be (or is, according to 
 the translation of Cudworth,) great among the Gentiles 
 And they superstitiously believed that the Name was of 
 such sovereign efficacy, as to enable the possessor to cure 
 diseases, work miracles, and foretel future events." 
 
 JEDIDIAH. We have a tradition, that King Hiram 
 has been Grand Master of all nations; and when the 
 Temple was finished, came to survey it before its conse- 
 cration, and to commune with Solomon about wisdom 
 and art; when, finding the Great Architect of the Uni- 
 verse had inspired Solomon above all mortal men, Hiram 
 very readily yielded the pre-eminence to Solomon Jedid- 
 lah, i. e.j the beloved of God. Anderson. 
 
 JEHOSHAPHAT. Our ancient brethren who reduced 
 the scattered elements of Freemasonry into order at the 
 beginning of the last century, considered the lodge to be 
 situated in the valley of Jehoshaphat ; and that in what- 
 ever part of the world it might be opened, it was still 
 esteemed, in a figure, to occupy that celebrated locality. 
 Thus it was pronounced, in the earliest known lectures, 
 that the lodge stands upon holy ground, or the highest 
 hill or lowest dale, or in the Vale of Jehoshaphat. This 
 celebrated valley derives its name from Jehovah and 
 Shaphat, which means Christ, and to judge ; and as the 
 prophet Joel had predicted that the Lord would gather 
 together all nations, and bring them down into the val- 
 ley of Jehoshaphat, it was believed by the Jews, (and 
 the Christians subsequently adopted the same opinion) 
 that in this place the transactions of the great day oi 
 'udgment would be enacted. 
 
 mm. This word contains the mystery of the Trinity, 
 as the ancient Jews who lived before Christ testify in 
 their traditions. For by ^ they understand the origin of 
 all things. By n they mean the Son, by whom all things 
 were made. By i which is a conjunction copulative, 
 they understand the Holy Ghost, who is the love which 
 binds them together, and proceeds from them. And 
 further, that n refers to the two natures of Christ, the 
 divine and human. Vatnlndus.
 
 JEH JEW. 555 
 
 JEHOVAH. Most Christian translators of the Old 
 Testament, including our own, generally abstain from 
 introducing the Name in their versions, putting " the 
 Lord " instead of Jehovah, in this following the example 
 of the Jews, who, to avoid any attempt to pronounce the 
 name, read ^tx Adonai, instead of it, and of the seventy 
 who set dow r n the word Ki^ios in lieu of it. The Jewish 
 notion of this matter is explained in the Talmud, on the 
 authority of R. Nathan Ben Isaac, who is reported to say, 
 " In this world things are not as in the world to come ; 
 in this world we write the name f God with the letters 
 mm (Jehovah), and read n =^x (Adonai), but in the world 
 to come we shall both read a id write mm." 
 
 JEPTHA. There is an old masonic tradition respect- 
 ing Jeptha to the following effect. When the Ephraim- 
 ites had assembled together to molest Jeptha, their leader 
 encamped round a certain pillar, which being placed 
 in an elevated situation, commanded a view of the an- 
 cient country, where Jeptha was prepared to receive 
 him. After the battle, when the Ephraimites were 
 retreating, Jeptha called a council of war to decide upon 
 the necessary means of intercepting them, where it was 
 agreed that they should be made to pronounce a pass- 
 word on the shores of Gilgal, by which they might be 
 distinguished in the dark as in the light. And as they 
 were unable to pronounce this word, they were imme- 
 diately slain. This test w r ord having been thus used to 
 distinguish friend from foe, &c. 
 
 JESHUA. Jeshua the high priest was a lineal de- 
 scendant from Seraiah, who held the pontificate when 
 the temple was destroyed, and he became the associate 
 and colleague of Zerubbabel in the furtherance of the 
 great design of building the second temple. 
 
 JEWELS. The Fremasons' ornaments are three jew- 
 els, the square, the level, and the plumb-rule. Those 
 who are intrusted with them must possess great talents, 
 and whether they can be cautious and worthy guardians 
 of them must be apparent from their previous conduct. 
 
 JEWISH MASONS. The true and pure Freemasons
 
 656 JEW. 
 
 Lodges allow no Jews to be admitted ; for a Jew, accord- 
 ing to his faith, cannot lay his hand upon the Gospel of 
 St. John as a proof of his sincerity and truth. Also the 
 doctrine of a Triune God is the most important distinction 
 between Christianity and Judaism, and the chief doctrine 
 of Christianity, so that no Jew can acknowledge this 
 symbol, which is so sacred to a Freemason. Gadicke. 
 
 JEWISH SYMBOLS. The Jews had many symbols 
 represented on the Tabernacle and the Temple. Moses 
 placed in the former two cherubims, or sphynxes, as well 
 as ornaments and decorations of flower-work ; and figures 
 of cherubims were embroidered on the veil of the Holy 
 of Holies, on the hangings of the sanctuary, and probably 
 on the curtain also. It is evident, therefore, that Moses 
 never intended to prohibit the use of symbols ; nor was 
 such a thing understood by the Jews in any age. Solo- 
 mon did not so understand him, for in his temple the 
 cherubims "were represented in the Sanctum Sanctorum, 
 and he decorated the walls with palm-trees, cherubims, 
 flowers, and other figures. The brazen sea rested upon 
 twelve oxen. In Ezekiel's description of the temple 
 are many figures, which, like the Egyptian deities, 
 had heads of animals. The pillars, Jachin and Boaz, 
 were decorated with lily-work, net-work, and pomegran- 
 ates, as symbols of the peace, unity, and plenty which 
 distinguished the building. Even after the Babylonish 
 captivity the same symbolical system was used. The 
 golden lamp in the second temple, of which a represent- 
 ation is still extant on the triumphal arch of Vespasian 
 at Rome, was placed on sphynxes. In the roof, and at 
 the gate of Zerubbabel's temple, there were golden vines, 
 thickly charged with rich clusters of grapes. 
 
 JEWS. The Jews for five hundred years after their 
 delivery from Egypt, have left not a single masonic 
 tradition beyond that recorded in the first degree, and as 
 the second degree treats upon the arts and sciences it 
 certainly came from a different source than the first, for 
 the ten commandments, and more especially the Talmu- 
 dic explanation of the same, were a bar to the higher 
 studies of the Jews. Nothing sculptured, or otherwise 
 made with hands, whereby the Deity, or eternity was
 
 JOH JOS. 557 
 
 represented, was permitted; and the Rabbinical law 
 saying that the sciences were not necessary, operated so 
 powerfully upon the conscientious part of that people, 
 that they followed the humble employment of a pastoral 
 life. This accounts for the scanty documents we have 
 of the Israelitish Freemasonry. Husenbcth. 
 
 JOHN'S BROTHERS. Before the year 1440 the 
 masonic society was known by the name of John's 
 Brothers, but they then began to be called Free and 
 Accepted Masons, at which time in some part of Flan- 
 ders, by the assistance and riches of the brotherhood, 
 the first hospitals were erected for the relief of such as 
 were afflicted with St. Anthony's fire. Although in the 
 exercise of charity we neither regard country nor religion, 
 yet we consider it both necessary and prudent to initiate 
 none into our mysteries, except those who profess the 
 Christian religion. Charier of Culnc. 
 
 JOINING. If any member shall be excluded from his 
 lodge, or shall withdraw himself from it, without having 
 complied with its by-laws, or with the general regula- 
 tions of the Craft, he shall not be eligible to any other 
 lodge, until that lodge has been made acquainted with 
 his former neglect, so that the brethren may be enabled 
 to exercise their discretion as to his admission. When- 
 ever a member of any lodge shall resign, or shall be 
 excluded, or whenever at a future time he may require 
 it, he shall be furnished with a certificate stating the 
 circumstances under which he left the lodge; and such 
 certificate is to be produced to any other lodge of which 
 he is proposed tc be admitted a member, previous to the 
 ballot being taken. Constitutiom. 
 
 JOPPA. There is an old tradition among Masons, 
 ;hat the banks of the river at Joppa were so steep as to 
 render it necessary for the workmen to assist each other 
 up by a peculiar locking of the right hand, which is still 
 preserved in the Mark-Master' s degree. 
 
 JOSEPH. Freemasons are accustomed to esteem 
 Foseph as one of their greatest lights, because of his 
 numerous practical virtues. He forgave his brethier 
 
 47
 
 558 JOU JUN. 
 
 freely when he possessed the power of punishing them 
 for tlieir inhumanity towards him, he succoured his aged 
 father in his distress, and by his superior wisdom and 
 discernment, he saved a whole people from destruction. 
 These are all masonic virtues of the first class; and 
 having been beautifully illustrated in the character and 
 conduct of Joseph, his example is recommended to GUI 
 consideration, as an useful lesson more powerful than 
 precept, and more efficacious than admonition. 
 
 JOURNEY. Every Freemason, when he is initiated 
 into the Craft, is taught to consider human life as a 
 journey. He would faint with fatigue, lose himself in 
 unknown roads, or fall over high precipices if he was not 
 supported, faithfully conducted, and fraternally warned. 
 By these means he arrives in safety at the end of his 
 journey, and is permitted to receive light himself, that 
 he may be able to support, lead, and warn others when 
 travelling the same road. Gadicke. 
 
 JOURNEYMAN. Three or four years since, a para- 
 graph went the round of the press, deriving the English 
 word "journeyman " from the custom of travelling among 
 workmen in Germany. This derivation is very doubtful. 
 Is it not a relic of Norman rule, from the French "jour 
 nee," signifying a day-man ? In support of this, it may 
 be observed that the German name for the word in ques- 
 tion is " tagelohner," day-worker. It is also well known, 
 that down to a comparatively recent period, artisans and 
 free labourers were paid daily. Notes and Queries. 
 
 JUNiOR WARDEN. The Junior Warden is an im- 
 portant officer. The jewel by which he is distinguished 
 is an emblem of uprightness, and points out the just and 
 upright conduct which he is bound to pursue, in con- 
 junction with the Master and his brother Warden, in 
 ruling and governing the brethren of the lodge according 
 to the Constitutions of the Order ; and more particularly 
 by a due attention to caution and security in the exami- 
 nation of strange visitors, lest by his neglect any unquali- 
 fied person should be enabled to impose upon the lodge, 
 and the brethren be thus innocently led to forfeit their 
 obligation.
 
 JUR KEY. 559 
 
 JURISDICTION. En its general sense, the power 01 
 right to exercise authority. All Lodges working within 
 the territorial limits of a Grand Lodge are under itfe 
 control and jurisdiction. 
 
 JUST AND PERFECT. This appellation, which ia 
 given to St. John's lodges ingeneral, is of a more import 
 ant nature than is generally understood by it, for it i 
 not sufficient for a lodge only to be so far just and per- 
 fect as to belong to a certain Grand Lodge, to work 
 according to an acknowledged ritual, and to have all its 
 officers and members in their proper places, but it must 
 be just unto all the brethren, and perfect in the exercise 
 of every masonic duty. It is not just when the brethren 
 are deprived of their rights, even of superintending the 
 economy of the lodge, for such a lodge has no independ- 
 ence, and he who is not independent cannot exercise 
 his masonic duties as a perfect Master. Gadicke. 
 
 JUSTICE. Justice, the boundary of right, constitutes? 
 the cement of civil society. This virtue in a great 
 measure constitutes real goodness, and is therefore repre- 
 sented as the perpetual study of the accomplished Mason. 
 Without the exercise of justice, universal confusion 
 would ensue, lawless force might overcome the principles 
 of equity, and social intercourse no longer exist. Preston. 
 
 JUSTIFICATION. We do not hesitate to appeal to 
 the world in justificafion of the purity of our moral sys- 
 tem. Our Constitutions are well known; we have 
 submitted them freely to general investigation. We 
 solemnly avouch them as the principles by which we are 
 governed, the foundation on which we build, and the 
 rules by which we work. We challenge the most severe 
 critic, the most practised moralist, the most perfect 
 Christian, to point out anything in them inconsistent 
 with good manners, fair morals, or pure religion. Harris. 
 
 KEY. This symbol may be improved to impress upon 
 the mind of every brother the importance of those secret 
 which have been transmitted through thirty centuries, 
 amidst bitter persecutions, for the benefit of the sons of 
 light. As we have thus received them, untarnished bj
 
 560 KEY KIN. 
 
 the t}uch of profane curiosity, and unimpaired by the 
 revolution of time and empires, let us deliver them, in 
 all their purity and perfection, to succeeding brethren, 
 confident that they will never be divulged to such-as are 
 unworthy. 
 
 KEYSTONE. This refers to the keystone of the 
 Royal Arch, called by some the cape-stone, because they 
 erroneously suppose that a knowledge of the principles 
 of the arch is not so old as the building of the Temple 
 of Jerusalem. It was known, however, to the Egyptians 
 several centuries before Solomon flourished, as modern 
 discoveries fully testify. 
 
 KING. The first officer in the Royal Arch Chapter, 
 commonly called the First Principal. He represents 
 Zerubbabel, the Governor of Judea, at the building of 
 the second temple. 
 
 KING HENRY VI. In the minority of King Henry 
 VI., a very respectable lodge was held at Canterbury, 
 "*">d a coat of arms, much the same as that of the Lon- 
 rton Company of Freemasons, was used by them ; whence 
 it is natural to conceive that the said company is descend- 
 -.u from the ancient Fraternity, and that in former times 
 no man was made free of that company until he was 
 initiated in some lodge of Free and Accepted Masons, as 
 a necessary qualification ; and it not only appears that 
 before the troubles which happened in the reign of this 
 unfortunate prince, Freemasons were universally esteem- 
 ed, but even King Henry himself was made a Mason in 
 the year 1442, and many lords and gentlemen of the 
 court, after his example, solicited and obtained admit- 
 tance into the Fraternity. Calcott. 
 
 KING NAME. The name of God includes all things. 
 He who pronounces it shakes heaven and earth, and 
 inspires the very angels with astonishment and terror. 
 There is a sovereign authority in this name ; it governs 
 the world by its power. The other names and surnames 
 of the Deity are ranged about it like officers and soldiera 
 about their sovereigns and generals. From this King 
 Name they receive their orders and obey. Calmet.
 
 KIN KNO. 56] 
 
 KINGLY POWER. The kingly power was restored 
 iu the person of Zerubbabel, who sprang from the royal 
 line of David, and the tribe of Judah ; nor was a vestige 
 thereof again effaced until after the destruction of the 
 city and temple by the Romans, under Titus, in the year 
 70 of the present era, thus verifying the remarkable pro- 
 phecy of Jacob, delivered in Egypt above one thousand 
 years before, that the sceptre should not depart from 
 Judah, nor a law-giver from between his feet, until 
 Shiloh came. 
 
 KNEE BENT. When we offer up our ejaculations 
 to Almighty God, we will remember a brother's welfare 
 as our own; for as the voices of babes and sucklings 
 ascend to the throne of grace, so most assuredly will the 
 breathings of a fervent heart ; and so our prayers are cer- 
 tainly required for each other. Ash. 
 
 KNEELING. When we bow the knee, it represents 
 our fall in Adam ; and when we rise, having received the 
 benefit of prayer addressed to the throne of grace, it is 
 a type of our restoration in Christ by the grace of God, 
 through whom we are able to lift up our hearts to hea- 
 ven. The candidate for Masonry is directed to bend the 
 knee with a similar reference. 
 
 KNOCK. A candidate for Masonry is said to have 
 complied with the terms of a certain text of Scripture, 
 by having first sought in his mind whether he were really 
 desirous of investigating the mysteries of Masonry ; then 
 asked counsel of his friend, and lastly having knocked, the 
 door of Masonry became open to him ; and it will be 
 remembered that the door of a Freemasons' lodge does 
 not stand open for every one to enter, neither do we call 
 labourers to the work, but those who wish to work with 
 us must voluntarily offer their services. If he desires to 
 be admitted, he must knock earnestly and manfully. 
 " Ask and ye shall receive, seek and ye shall find, knock 
 and it shall be opened unto you." He who cannot knock 
 in the full confidence of an honourab\e feeling, and is 
 not convinced in his own mind that he deserves to be 
 admitted, ought not to have the door of the lodge open 
 *d to him. Gadicke.
 
 562 KNO LAB 
 
 KNOWLEDGE. A man of perfect wisdom and 
 knowledge, accomplished in all his ways, and without 
 the least blame, was painted in the Egyptian hierogly 
 nhics with a beautilul face, with wings like an angel, 
 holding in his hands a book, in which he looked, a sword, 
 and a balance, and behind him two vases, one of them 
 full ol water and the other of blazing fire, under his 
 right foot a ball with a crab painted on it, and under his 
 left a deep pot full of serpents, scorpions, and different 
 reptiles, the covering of which had the shape of an 
 eagle's head. Aben Washih. 
 
 KNOW THYSELF. A brother is said to be a good 
 Mason who has studied and knows himself, and has learnt 
 and practised that first and great lesson of subduing his 
 passion to his will, and tries to the utmost of his power 
 to free himself from all vices, errors arid imperfections ; 
 not only those that proceed from the heart, but likewise 
 all other defects of the understanding which are caused 
 by custom, opinion, prejudice, or superstition ; he who 
 asserts the native freedom of his mind, and stands fast in 
 the liberty that makes him free ; whose soul is (if one 
 may so express it) universal and well contracted ; and who 
 despises no man on account of his country or religion; 
 but is ready at all times to convince the world that truth 
 brotherly love, and relief, are the grand principles or 
 which he acts. 
 
 LABOUR. An important Word in Freemasonry we 
 may say the most important. It is for this sole reason 
 ilone, that a person must be made a Freemason ; all 
 other reasons are incidental and unimportant, or uncon- 
 nected with it. Labour is commonly the reason why 
 meetings of the lodge are held, hut do we every time 
 receive a proof of activity and industry ? The work of an 
 operative mason is visible, if even it be very often badly 
 executed ; and he receives his reward if his building is 
 thrown down by a storm in the next momept. He is 
 convinced that he has been active ; so must also the 
 brother Freemason labour. His labour must be visible 
 to himself and unto his brethren, or, at the very least, 
 it must be conducive to his own inward satisfaction. 
 fradicke.
 
 JACOK S VISION FAITH. UOPE AND CUARIT"
 
 LAB LAM. 565 
 
 LABOURER. No labourer shall be employed in the 
 proper work of Masonry; nor shall Freemasons work 
 with those that are not free, without an urgent necessity; 
 nor shall they teach labourers and unaccepted Masons 
 as they should teach a brother. Ancles Charges. 
 
 LADDER. Standing firmly on the Bible, square and 
 compasses, is a ladder that connects the earth with the 
 heavens, or covering of a lodge, and is a transcript of 
 that which the patriarch Jacob saw in a vision when 
 journeying to Padanarum, in Mesopotamia. It is com- 
 posed of staves, or rounds innumerable, which point out 
 so many moral virtues, but principally of three, which 
 refer to Faith, Hope and Charity ; Faith in the Great 
 Architect of the Universe, Hope in salvation, and to be 
 in Charity with all mankind, but more particularly with 
 our brethren. 
 
 LAMBSKIN. The lambskin has in all ages been con- 
 sidered as an emblem of innocence and peace. The Lamb 
 of God who taketh away the sins of the world, will 
 grant to those who put their trust in Him, his 
 peace. He, therefore, who wears the lambskin as a badge 
 of Masonry, is reminded of that purity of life and conver- 
 sation, which it is absolutely necessary for them to 
 observe, who expect to be admitted into the Grand Lodge 
 above. Hardie. 
 
 LAMECH. After the sun had desceLded down the 
 seventh age from Adam, before the flood of Noah, there 
 was born unto Mathusael, the son of Mehujael, a man 
 called Lamech, who took unto himself two wives ; the 
 name of one was Adah, and the name of the other Zillah. 
 Now Adah his first wife bare him two sons, the one named 
 Jabal, and the other Jubal. Jabal was the inventor of 
 geometry, and the first who built houses of stone and 
 timber ; and Jubal was the inventor of music and har- 
 mony. Zillah his second wife, bare Tubal Cain, the 
 instructor of every artificer in brass and iron ; and a 
 daughter called Naanmh, who was the first founder of tlm 
 weaver's craft. Ancient Masonic MS.
 
 506 LAN LAT 
 
 LANDMARKS. What are the landmarks? is a ques- 
 tion often asked, but never determinately answered. In 
 ancient times, boundary stones were used as landmarks 
 before title-deeds were known, the removal of which was 
 
 trictly forbidden by law. With respect to the landmarks 
 )f Masonry, some restrict them to the O.B. signs, tokens. 
 
 nd words. Others include the ceremonies of initiation, 
 passing, and raising ; and the form, dimensions, and sup- 
 port ; the ground, situation, and covering ; the ornaments, 
 furniture, and jewels of a lodge, or their characteristic 
 symbols. Some think that the Order has no landmarks 
 beyond its peculiar secrets. It is quite clear, however, 
 that the order against removing or altering the landmarks 
 was universally observed in all ages of the Craft. 
 
 LATE HOURS. It is a fact, confirmed by experience, 
 that an indulgence in late hours cannot fail to injure the 
 credit and respectability of a lodge, because it introduces 
 other habits which are not consistent with the gravity 
 and decorum which ought always to characterize the 
 proceedings of Masonry. And hence it is an important 
 part of the W. Master's duty, to discountenance such 
 baleful practice. If the brethren meet for the purpose 
 of business, or to cultivate a knowledge of the science by 
 joining in the lectures, let them pursue their labours with 
 assiduity and zeal during the period prescribed in the 
 by-laws ; and should it be necessary for the Junior War- 
 den to perform his office, let the brethren enjoy themselves 
 with decent moderation ; but by all means let the Senior 
 Warden discharge his duty honestly and conscientiously, 
 and let the lodge be closed and the brethren depart to 
 their own homes at such an hour as shall excite no 
 unpleasant feelings, nor call forth reproachful observa- 
 vations from the females of their families, whom it 
 is their duty and interest, as well in the character of 
 husbands and fathers, as of Masons, to love, to cherish. 
 and to oblige. 
 
 LATOMUS, OK LATOMIA. (A quarry.) A term some- 
 times applied to Masons. The title is by no means a 
 correct one. The word lapicida is more appropriate, 
 which Bailey defines a hewer of stones; a stone-cutter,
 
 LAW. 567 
 
 or Mason. The word is derived from the Greek, and in- 
 tended to apply to a cutter and polisher of precious stones. 
 
 LAWS OF THE LAND. The Freemason has the 
 greatest respect for the laws of the land in which lit 
 lives, and he obeys them with the zeal of a faithful subject. 
 If he is intrusted with the putting those laws in force, 
 his masonic duties remind him to be faithful and diligent 
 in applying them. Should the state command the lodge 
 to be closed of which he is a member, he immediately 
 obeys, and visits no assembly which is not allowed, or at 
 least tolerated by the state. In the event of a brother 
 wilfully violating the laws of his country, the Order itself 
 directs the attention of the magistrates unto him, and he 
 who is punished as a criminal by the laws, is excluded 
 from the Order without exception. Gailicke. 
 
 LAWS OF MASONRY. In the Grand Lodge resides 
 the power of enacting laws and regulations for the go- 
 vernment of the Cral't, and of altering, repealing, and 
 abrogating them, provided that they continue to preserve 
 the ancient landmarks of .the Order. No motion for a new 
 law or regulation, or for the alteration or repeal of an old 
 one, shall be made, until it shall have been proposed in, or 
 communicated to, the general committee, which meets on 
 the Wednesday preceding each quarterly communication, 
 nor until it shall have been handed up in writing to the 
 Grand Master. After having been perused and found by 
 him not to contain anything contrary to the ancient land- 
 marks of the Order, the motion may be publicly proposed 
 If seconded, the question shall be put thereon for the 
 opinion of the Grand Lodge. If approved and confirmed 
 at the next ensuing meeting of the Grand Lodge, it 
 becomes a law of the society. Constitutions. 
 
 LAW-SUITS. If any brother do you an injury, you 
 must apply to your own or his lodge, and from thence you 
 may appeal to the Grand Lodge at the quarterly commu 
 nication, as has been the ancient laudable conduct of oui 
 forefathers in every nation ; never take a legal course bu 
 when the case cannot be otherwise decided, and patiently 
 listening to the honest and friendly advice of Master and 
 fellows, when they would prevent your going to law with
 
 568 LEA. 
 
 strangers, tr would excite you to j>ut a speedy period to 
 all lawsuits, that so you may find the affair of Masonry 
 with the more alacrity and success; but with respect to 
 brothers or fellows at law, the Master and brethren should 
 kindly offer their mediation, which ought to be thankfully 
 submitted to by the contending brethren ; and if that sub- 
 mission is impracticable, they must however carry on 
 their process or law-suit without wrath or rancour, (not 
 in the common way) saying or doing nothing which may 
 hinder brotherly love and good oflices to be renewed and 
 continued, that all may see the benign influence of Mason- 
 ry, as all true Masons have done from the beginning of the 
 world, and will do to the end of time. Ancient Charges. 
 
 LEAGUE. It was lawful in ancient times, before the 
 aw of Moses was given, to make leagues with strangers 
 to their religion, for their mutual benefit, as appears by 
 the story of Jacob and Laban, [saac and Ahimelech, 
 (though some doubt whether he was an idolater) and the 
 law of Moses made no alteration. If Hiram therefore 
 worshipped other gods, Solomon might, notwithstanding, 
 make a league with him, (inasmuch as Hiram calls him 
 brother) he being none of the seven nations of Canaan. 
 Bishop Patrick. 
 
 LEATHER APRON. The white leather apron is an 
 emblem of innocence, and the badge of a Mason more 
 ancient than the golden fleece, or Roman eagle, more 
 honourable than the star and garter, or any other order 
 that could be conferred upon the candidate at that or 
 nay future period, by king, prince, or potentate, or any. 
 other person, except he be a Mason ; and which every 
 one ought to wear with pleasure to himself, and honour 
 to the fraternity. 
 
 LEAVING. When a brother changes his residence 
 from the place where the lodge is held, of which he is a 
 member, he will act prudently by requiring a written 
 dismissal from the lodge, more especially if there is a 
 lodge in the place where he is going to take up his new 
 abode, and he wishes to become a member of it. In this 
 dismissal it ought to be certified that he had been a 
 diligent workman, and that he hyd done his duty to the
 
 LEB LEG. 569 
 
 lodge, of which he had up to that period been a member. 
 Should there be any other reason why a member declares 
 himself oft' the lodge, it ought to be truly stated, for truth 
 should ever be one of the distinguishing characteristics 
 of a Mason. Without such a written testimonial, no 
 strange brother should be allowed to leave one lodge and 
 join another. In places where there are many lodges, a 
 brother may leave one and join another, but ought not to 
 do so without a written testimonial that he has done his 
 duty to the lodge he is leaving ; should there be any par 
 ticular reason for this step, both lodges ought thoroughly 
 to know them. Many brethren leave one lodge and join 
 another, without any notice whatever to the lodge they 
 have left ; the consciences of those brethren must be their 
 own accusers or excusers. Gadickc. 
 
 LEBANON. The forests of the Lebanon mountains 
 only could supply the timber for the Temple. Such of 
 these forests as lay nearest the sea were in the possession 
 of the Pho3nicians, among whom timber was in such 
 constant demand, that they had acquired great arid ac- 
 knowledged skill in the felling and transportation thereof, 
 and hence it was of such importance that Hiram consented 
 to employ large bodies of men in Lebanon to hew timber, 
 as well as others to perform the service of bringing it 
 down to the sea-side, whence it was to be taken along 
 the coasts in floats to the port of Joppa, from which 
 place it could be easily taken across the country to Jeru 
 ealem. Kitto. 
 
 LECTURE. Literally, a formal or methodical discourse 
 intended for instruction. Lectures have been adopted 
 from the earliest ages as a convenient mode of teaching 
 the elements of every branch of human knowledge. The 
 course of instruction in Freemasonry is divided in parts 
 or sections, which is called a lecture. Each degree is so 
 arranged that the candidate will enjoy the advantage of the 
 theory, the practice, and then the explanation or lecture 
 Those who are desirous of learning the lectures, with the 
 greatest advantage, must regularly attend the Lodges, and 
 be diligently attentive to the instruction they receive there. 
 
 In the symbolical lodges of the Couti-
 
 570 LEF LEN. 
 
 nent and elsewhere, a lecturer is annually appointed , 
 and after the W. M , and P. M., the lecturer has the most 
 important office in the lodge. He, as well as the two 
 first officers, must be perfectly acquainted with Freema- 
 sonry, and not only a man who has received a liberal 
 education, but must also possess the true spirit of oratory. 
 His orations or lectures must produce an impression on 
 the minds of his hearers. At the election of a lecturer 
 the electors should bear this in mind, and reflect that he 
 has something more to do than merely read the ritual. 
 If the lecturer has sufficient knowledge to be enabled to 
 teach the brethren Freemasonry, or the bearing of moral 
 truths upon the science in an agreeable and instructive 
 manner, and not in mere mystical forms, he will be will- 
 ingly listened to by the brethren. Some discourses are 
 appropriated to certain seasons, but even these the lec- 
 turer must be able to make interesting, in order that 
 they may not appear as mere repetitions. He who con- 
 fines himself to these discourses, and the mere reading ol 
 the ritual, does not fulfil the duties of his office as he 
 ought. 
 
 LEFT HAND. The left hand is mentioned in the 
 system of Freemasonry, as being nearest to the heart. 
 Levinus Lemnius, speaking of the right finger, says that 
 " a small branch of the artery, and not of the nerves, aa 
 Gillius thought, is stretched from the heart unto this 
 finger." 
 
 LEGEND. Amongst the Jews the type xa 
 whether expressed dramatically or by words, was a legend 
 or symbol. This methoa of conveying a striking truth 
 by the use of metaphorical imagery, was employed in 
 their private as well as their public affairs. The symbols, 
 parables, or legends, were, in process of time, multiplied 
 so abundantly, as to form the chief contents of the Mishna 
 and Gemara, compiled by the Rabbi Judah Makkadosh 
 and his successors, which form the text and annotations 
 of the Talmud. 
 
 LENGTH. The length of the lodge expresses the 
 extent of mas3nic love. With this love our profession 
 will never be in danger of acquiring the appellation o 1
 
 LES LEW. 571 
 
 hypocrisy, but will bear the test of scrutiny; and how- 
 ever severely tried, will be found a firm possession. With 
 this love our devotion will be the true devotion of the 
 soul, in all its native simplicity and sincerity. This 
 heavenly spark within our bosoms will catch that hea- 
 venly flame of divine and seraphic love, which alone can 
 unite the Creator with the creature ; and thus alone can 
 be formed and completed, that true felicity of the human 
 soul, the union to its divine original. Inwood. 
 
 LESSER LIGHTS. These lights or luminaries are 
 used to light us to, at, and from labour. They are situ- 
 ated in the east, west, and south, in allusion to the appa- 
 rent course of the sun, which, rising in the east, gains 
 its meridian in the south, and disappears in the west. 
 These luminaries represent emblematically, the sun, 
 moon, and the Master of the lodge. 
 
 LEVEL. The level is used by operative Masons to 
 lay levels and to prove horizontals. It is the duty of 
 the foreman or superintendent of every building, fre- 
 quently to prove the various parts of the building by 
 the level, in the course of its erection, and he who 
 neglects this important part of his duty, lays himself 
 open to severe censure. Gadicke. 
 
 LEVY. The timbers for building the temple at 
 Jerusalem, were felled in the forests of Lebanon, where 
 a levy of thirty thousand men of Jerusalem were em- 
 ployed by monthly courses of ten thousand; and the 
 stones were cut and wrought in the quarries of the 
 mountains of Judea, by eighty thousand men, assisted 
 by seventy thousand who bare burthens. Hemming. 
 
 LEWIS. This appellation is given to the son of a 
 Mason. Lewis formerly had the privilege of being 
 initiated into the Order younger than any other person, 
 even in his eighteenth year ; but they only enjoy this 
 privilege now in those lodges where the law does not 
 prohibit any one to be initiated before he has reached 
 his twenty-fifth year. Lewis must also be a cultivated 
 and morally respectable young man, or the entrance 
 into the lodge will be refused to him as well as to those 
 whose fathers are not Masons. Gadickt
 
 572 LIF LIN. 
 
 LIFE. The sign of the cross amongst the Egyptians 
 signified life, and was the mark by which the Cabalista 
 expressed the number ten, which was a perfect number, 
 denoting heaven, and the Pythagorean Tetractys, or in 
 communicable name of God. 
 
 LIGHT. Light is a symbol of knowledge. May 
 every Mason strive incessantly for light, and especially 
 for the light eternal ! When a society is assembled any 
 where to do good, they require an influential person to 
 communicate the light of experience, instruct them, and 
 point out the way they should go, or bring light to them. 
 This may be done symbolically, by suddenly lighting up a 
 dark room with torches. He who thus introduces the 
 light into the lodge, must be a worthy man, and experi- 
 enced in the Craft. Gadicke. 
 
 LILY. This flower was full of meaning among the 
 ancients, and occurs all over the East. Egypt, Persia, 
 Palestine, and India, presented it everywhere over their 
 architecture, in the hands and on the heads of their sculp- 
 tured figures, whether in bas-relief or statue. We also 
 find it in the sacred vestments and architecture of the 
 tabernacle and temple of the Israelites, and see it men- 
 tioned by our Saviour as an image of peculiar beauty and 
 glory, when comparing the works of nature with the deco- 
 rations of art. It is also represented in all pictures of the 
 salutation of Gabriel to the Virgin Mary, and in fact has 
 been held in mysterious veneration by all people of all 
 nations and times. It is the symbol of divinity, of purity, 
 and abundance, and of a love most complete in affection, 
 charity, and benediction ; as in Holy Scripture, that 
 mirror of purity, Susannah, is defined Susa, which signifies 
 the flower of the lily, a name given to the chief city of the 
 Persians, for its superior excellency. The three leaves of 
 the lily in the arms of France, mean piety, justice, and 
 charity. Sir Robert Kcr Porter. 
 
 LILY -WORK. Lily-work, from its whiteness, denotes 
 peace. 
 
 LINE. The universal bond with which every Mason 
 ought to be united to his brethren, should consist of sixty
 
 LIN LOD. 573 
 
 threads or yarns, because, according to the ancient sta- 
 tutes, no lodge was allowed to have above sixty members ; 
 but it neither depends upon the quality of the thread, nor 
 the number of the brethren, if the bond which unites us 
 all is composed of true brotherly love. Gadicke. 
 
 LINEAR TRIAD. This figure, which appears in 
 some old Royal Arch floor-cloths, bore a reference to the 
 sojourners, who represented the three stones on which 
 prayers and thanksgivings were offered, on the discovery 
 of the lost Word ; thereby affording an example, that it is 
 our duty in every undertaking, to offer up our prayers and 
 thanksgivings to the God of our salvation. 
 
 LINK. Refers to Genesis xi. 
 
 LION. The lion was a symbol of Jeremiah, because 
 of the terrible voice of his threatening ; and of St. Mark, 
 because his gospel begins with the voice in the wilderness; 
 but principally of Christ, who is denominated the lion of 
 the tribe of Judah, and will ultimately subdue all things 
 to himself; " for he must reign till he hath put all enemies 
 under his feet." 
 
 LODGE. As men call the house of God a church, and 
 when religious services are performed in it, say it is church 
 hours, so also we call the locality in which a lodge assem- 
 bles, a lodge, and when the brethren are assembled in it, 
 it is lodge hours. The form of a lodge is an oblong square. 
 Three well-informed brethren form a legal lodge, five im- 
 prove it, and seven make it perfect. We may also call n 
 room in which a lodge is held, a hall. Gadicke. 
 
 The earliest description of a lodge that I have met with, 
 explains it as being "just and perfect by the numbers 
 three, five and seven." This was subsequently exempli- 
 fied in the following prescribed form. "A lodge oi 
 Masons is an assemblage of brothers and fellows met 
 together for the purpose of expatiating on the mysteries 
 of the Craft, with the Bible, square and compasses, the 
 Book of Constitutions, and the warrant empowering them 
 to act." In the formula used at the present day, a further 
 amplification has been adopted. It is here denominated 
 an assembly of Masons, just, perfect, and regular, who art
 
 574 LOD LOG. 
 
 met together to expatiate on the mysteries of the Order 
 just, because it contains the volume of the Sacred Law 
 unfolded ; perfect, from its numbers, every order of 
 Masonry being virtually present by its representatives, to 
 ratify and confirm its proceedings ; and regular, from its 
 warrant of constitution, which implies the sanction of the 
 Grand Master, for the country where the lodge is held. 
 
 LODGES OF LEBANON. Each of the degrees in 
 these lodges had its distinguishing signs, words and 
 tokens, without which confusion and disorder could 
 scarcely have been prevented. The Apprentices messed 
 by seven in a company, and the Fellowcrafts by five. 
 The Masters and Wardens were men of enlightened 
 minds and matured understandings, well skilled in 
 geometry and the rules of proportion. They trained 
 their respective brethren and fellows to the practice of 
 blending moral virtue with the pursuits of science, and 
 inculcated charity or brotherly love, aa the distinguishing 
 feature of their profession. 
 
 LODGES OF TYRE. In the quarries of Tyre were 
 two lodges of Super-excellent Masters, as supervisors of 
 the work, over which Tito Zadok, the high priest, pre- 
 sided: these were the Harodim. There were also six 
 lodges of Excellent Masters, eight Grand Architects, and 
 sixteen Architects men of superior talent, who had been 
 selected for their proficiency in the sciences, and placed as 
 superintendents over the workmen. This was a necessary 
 provision; for thus they were enabled to regulate the 
 proceedings of, and to preserve order and arrangement 
 in, the several departments which were assigned to them. 
 There were three classes of Masters in thirty-six lodges, 
 called Menatzchim, and seven hundred lodges of Ghib- 
 lim, or operative Fellowcrafts, under Hiram AbifF, their 
 Grand Master. 
 
 LOGIC. Consists of a regular train of argument, 
 whence we infer, deduce, and conclude, according to 
 certain premises laid down, admitted, or granted; and 
 m it are employed the faculties of conceiving, judging, 
 reasoning, and disposing which are naturally led on
 
 LOV MAD. 575 
 
 from one gradation to another, till the point in question 
 is finally determined. Preston. 
 
 LOVE. The universal charity of a Mason, is like 
 the charity of the Mason's God, and his God is the 
 God of love. Consider the extent of the love of God, 
 and that only, according to his degree, is the extent 
 of masonic charity. In the broad circle of his affections, 
 he encloses all mankind ; he, like the God of love, looks 
 through station, clime, and colour, and with one wish 
 of universal good-will, he wishes well to all mankind. 
 With the compass of his mind, he measures and draws 
 the square of his conduct, and within that square, having 
 honestly provided for his own household, he forms his 
 little angles of benevolence and charity, to the distressed 
 of all communities. Inivood. 
 
 LOYALTY. As Masons you are required to be, as 
 your ancient brethren have always been, true to your 
 Queen, and just to your country ; to teach all within the 
 sphere of your acquaintance to be loyal ; to assist readily 
 in putting down all disloyalty or rebellion; to follow 
 temperance, fortitude, prudence, and justice, in your 
 walk through this life; to be good husbands, kind 
 parents, "training up your children in the nurture and 
 admonition of the Lord." Percy. 
 
 MADE. This solemn ceremony should never in any 
 lodge be considered as the most important part of a 
 Freemason's work (although it is always a thing of 
 importance to initiate a new member into the Order.) 
 Instruction and charity are the chief works of a Free- 
 mason. Initiations are only secondary to these. The 
 day of his initiation must ever be an important epoch 
 to a Freemason, and lead to a serious self-examination. 
 The reflection that in one evening he has become closely 
 united with many thousands of unknown men, is of itself 
 important, even if the initiated should not be able to 
 appreciate the real spirit of the Order. On his initiation 
 the candidate must place himself unreservedly in the 
 hands of the proper officer appointed to conduct him, 
 and submit himself to every proof that is demanded 
 from him, and make no objection to any of the cere-
 
 576 MAL MAIS. 
 
 monies he has to go through, but answer every question 
 truly and manfully. When he arrives in the assembly 
 of the brethren he is asked again, and for the last time, 
 if it is his wish to be initiated. In the moment when 
 he is about to receive the first degree, every freedom 
 is permitted to him either to go forward in the ceremony, 
 or return from w r hence he came ; for we must admit that 
 to enter upon an unknown undertaking is a dangerous 
 thing. He who is in earnest will here prove that he 
 holds it to be unworthy of a man not to complete any 
 undertaking which he has commenced after mature 
 deliberation. If he does so, the assembled brethren 
 cheerfully and unanimously pronounce him "worthy," 
 and he is made a partaker of the LIGHT. The solemn 
 obligation taken by the candidate, and the sacred and 
 mysterious manner in which the sacred numbers are 
 communicated, have always been respected by every 
 faithful brother. Gadicke. 
 
 MALLET. This is an important instrument of labour, 
 and no work of manual skill can be completed without 
 it. From it we leam that labour is the lot of man, 
 and that skill without exertion is of no avail ; for the 
 heart may conceive, and the head devise in vain, if the 
 hand be not prompt to execute the design. 
 
 MAN. The man formed a part of the cherubic sym- 
 bol, and referred to the prophet Isaiah, because of his 
 prophecy of Christ being a man, by his birth of a virgin : 
 and to St. Matthew, because he gives Christ's human 
 genealogy. It was the insignia of Reuben, and denoted 
 reason and religion. 
 
 MANNA. A Royal Arch symbol. The manna is 
 called by David "the bread of angels." Some Rabbina 
 believe that it had this name, because the angels arc 
 refreshed by divine light, "quod lumen incorporatum 
 est, et factum manna." The Rabbi Ishmael, however, 
 does not subscribe to this doctrine, because the angels 
 being immaterial, do not eat material food; and manna 
 being a material substance, could not be made out of 
 the divine light, which is a spiritual substance. Christian 
 divines, however, think that the mystical manna was
 
 MAN MAR. 577 
 
 called the bread of angels, because it was a type of 
 Christ, whom the angels wished to behold. 
 
 MANUAL MASONS. The manual consists of such 
 parts of business as are performed by hand labour alone, 
 or by the help of some simple instruments, the uses 
 whereof are not to be learnt by any problems or rules 
 of art, but by labour and practice only ; and this is more 
 peculiarly applicable to our brethren of the first degree, 
 (jailed Entered Apprentices. Dunckerhij. 
 
 MANUAL SIGN. This reminds us of that deliberate 
 and steady prudence which ought to guard our actions, 
 forbidding us to seal with the sacred pledge of our right 
 hand, what the heart has not sanctioned with its appro- 
 bation. Hemm ing. 
 
 MANUSCRIPTS. At the revival in 1717, Grand 
 Master Payne had desired that all old masonic records 
 might be brought into the Grand Lodge in order to 
 discover the usages of ancient times ; and in the year 
 1721, Dr. Anderson was employed to prepare a Book ot 
 Constitutions. Between these two periods, several very 
 valuable manuscripts concerning the fraternity, their 
 lodges, regulations, charges, secrets, and usages, which 
 had been deposited in private lodges, particularly one 
 written by Nicholas Stone, the Warden under Inigo 
 Jones, were hastily burnt by some scrupulous brothers, 
 under a jealous supposition that commuting to print any 
 thing relating to Masonry, would be injurious to the 
 interests of the Craft but surely such an act offelo de se 
 sould not proceed from zeal according to knowledge. 
 Noorthoiich. 
 
 MARK OF CAIN. Some say he was paralytic ; th.'a 
 seems to have arisen from the version of the Septuagint 
 " groaning and trembling shalt thou be." The Targum 
 of Jonathan ben Uzziel says, the sign was from the great 
 and precious Name, probably one of the letters of the 
 name Yehovah. The author of an Arabic catena in the 
 Bodleian Library says, " A sword could not pierce him, 
 fire could not burn him, water could not drown him. and 
 air could not blast him ; nor could thunder or lightning
 
 MAR MAS. 
 
 strike hiir.. The author of Bereshith Rabba, a comment 
 on Genesis, says the mark was a circle of the sun rising 
 upon him. Abravanel says the sign was Abel's dog, 
 which constantly accompanied him. Some of the doctors 
 in the Talmud say, that it was the letter P thau marked 
 on his forehead, which signified his condition, as it is the 
 first letter in the word navrn teshubah, repentance. Rabbi 
 Joseph, wiser than all the rest, says it was a long horn 
 growing out of his forehead ! Adam Clarke. 
 
 MARK MASONS. The degree of Mark-Master Masor 
 may be considered as appendant to that of Fellow Craft 
 although entirely distinct and different from it. The 
 order and harmony which this degree communicated to 
 the builders of the temple at Jerusalem, are incalculable ; 
 and, indeed, without it, so many workmen of different 
 nations would have been in continual confusion. Not 
 only was each workman thereby known to the Senior 
 Grand Warden, but every part of the workmanship, for 
 that stupendous structure, was subjected to the nicest 
 scrutiny while every faithful labourer received with 
 punctuality the rewards of industry and skill. But it has 
 a speculative allusion infinitely interesting to every 
 accountable being. It typifies the trial of the great day, 
 when every man's work will be proved, whether it be 
 good or bad. That which is imperfect will be cast out, 
 as unfit for the new Jerusalem, into which " nothing can 
 enter that worketh abomination or maketh a lie." 
 
 MASON. A Mason is a man whose conduct should 
 be squared by strict rectitude and justice towards hia 
 fel low-creatures ; his demeanour should be marked by 
 the level of courtesy and kindness ; while uprightness oi 
 heart and integrity of action, symbolized by the plumb, 
 should be his distinguishing characteristic ; and thus 
 guided by the moveable jewels of Masonry, he may de- 
 scend the vale of life with joy, in the hope of being 
 accepted by the Most High, as a successful candidate for 
 admission into the Grand Lodge above. 
 
 MASON MARKS. Those brethren who have beeu 
 initiated into the degrees of Mark-Man and Mark-Master, 
 perfectly well understand, that the mark which was
 
 MAS. 579 
 
 conferred upon the ancient craftsman was not arbitrary, 
 but selected from a defined and well-understood series 
 that the craftsman was not entitled to use any mark 
 until his fitness had been tried, and he had proved him- 
 self well skilled in the use of the plumb, the level, and 
 the square. That the distinction of the mark was con- 
 ferred with peculiar solemnities ; and that the subsequent 
 obligation to use the particular mark so conferred, and to 
 affix it to every " perfect ashlar," was riot discretionary, 
 but imperative. A knowledge of these facts, combined 
 with a careful examination of the ancient marks, will, no 
 doubt, throw much additional light upon the history 01 
 ecclesiastical architecture, as well as prove the firmer 
 connection, and show the union existing in past ages, 
 between practical architecture arid symbolical or spiritual 
 Masonry. Pryer. 
 
 MASON'S WIND. At the building of King Solomon's 
 Temple, a Mason's wind was said to blow favourably 
 when it was due east and west, because it was calculated 
 to cool and refresh the men at labour. 
 
 MASONIC HALL. A masonic hall should be iso- 
 lated, and, if possible, surrounded with lofty walls, so as 
 to be included in a court, and apart from any other 
 buildings, to preclude the possibility of being overlooked 
 by cowans or eavesdroppers ; for Freemasonry being a 
 secret society, the curiosity of mankind is ever on the 
 alert to pry into its mysteries, and to obtain by illi-cit 
 means, that knowledge which is freely communicated to 
 all worthy applicants. As, however, such a situation in 
 large towns, where Masonry is usually practised, car: 
 seldom be obtained with convenience to the brethren, 
 the lodge should be formed in an upper story ; and if 
 there be any contiguous buildings, the windows should 
 be either in the roof, or very high from the floor. 
 
 MASONIC YEAR. Freemasons date their year accord 
 ing to Mosaic chronology, or from the creation of the 
 world, thus four thousand years more than the common 
 calendar shows. The masonic year does not commence 
 on the 1st January, but on the 24th June. But this way 
 of reckoning is only usual in the writings of the Order
 
 580 MAS. 
 
 MASONRY. It is useless to profess a knowledge of 
 Freemasonry, if we do not frame our lives according to 
 it. It is not enough to be acquainted with its doctrines 
 and precepts, if we fail to reduce them to practice. In 
 such a case, our knowledge will rather tend to our dis- 
 honour in this world, and will certainly be an additional 
 article of accusation against us in the next. It would be 
 very unreasonable to doubt the beneficial effects of our 
 masonic precepts ; but to admit them to be true, and yet 
 act as if they were false, would be unwise in the highest 
 degree. I will not, however, do my brethren the injustice 
 to believe that many of them are capable of such a per- 
 version of reason. And it is my firm persuasion, that 
 they who practise the duties which Freemasonry teaches, 
 in conjunction with the faith propounded in their reli- 
 gion, will inherit that eternal city of God, where they 
 will be associated with a holy and happy fraternity of 
 saints and angels, and enjoy the sweet communings of 
 brotherly love for ever and ever. 
 
 MASTER OF THE CEREMONIES. He must be 
 the first at every assembly of the brethren, to see that all 
 preparations are made that are necessary for holding a 
 lodge, and then invite the brethren to enter. He intro- 
 luces the visiting brethren, and shows them their places. 
 He must enter into conversation with every stranger 
 who comes into the ante-chamber, to discover if he is a 
 brother. In the lodge he must pay attention, and see 
 that everything necessary for the due solemnity is pre- 
 pared before the lodge is opened, and that nothing may 
 disturb that solemnity while it is open. His seat is so 
 placed, that the W. M. has him in full view, and he can 
 leave it as often as he thinks necessary without asking 
 leave of the W. M. He has the same charge at the ban- 
 quet, a.id - the serving brethren are generally under his 
 direction. Visitors apply to him first; and it is therefore 
 necessary to fill this office with an experienced Mason, 
 and, if it be practicable, with one who speaks different 
 foreign languages. Gadicke. 
 
 MASTER OF A LODGE. All preferment among 
 Masons should be grounded upon real wr rth and personal 
 merit only, therefore no brother shall be elected Master
 
 MAT MEE. 581 
 
 of a lodge, or appointed to any office therein, merely on 
 account of seniority or rank. The Master, who must 
 have previously been appointed and served as a Warden 
 of some warranted lodge, shall be annually elected by 
 ballot; and at the next lodge, when the minutes are 
 confirmed, he shall be installed in the chair according to 
 ancient usage; he shall then appoint his Wardens and all 
 other officers of the lodge, except the Treasurer and Tyler 
 Constitutions. 
 
 MATERIAL LIGHT. Light is one of the most 
 astonishing productions of the creative skill and power 
 of God. It is the grand medium by which all his other 
 works are discovered, examined, and understood, so far as 
 they can be known. Its immense diffusion and extreme 
 velocity are alone sufficient to demonstrate the being and 
 wisdom of God. Light has been proved by many experi- 
 ments to travel at the astonishing rate of 194,188 miles 
 in one second of time ! and comes from the sun to the earth 
 in eight minutes lift! seconds, a distance of 95,513,794 
 English miles. Adam Clarke. 
 
 MATURE AGE. The Order of Free and Accepted 
 Masons should consist solely of men of mature age, and it 
 is in accordance with this rule that young men and boys 
 are denied admittance;. In the ancient charges of the 
 English Constitution Book, under date 29th December, 
 1729, it is laid down as a rule that no person shall be 
 initiated under twenty-five years of age. The lodges of 
 other countries initiate at an earlier period, and the son 
 of a Freemason, called Lewis, is allowed to be initiated 
 much earlier. 
 
 MEET ON THE LEVEL. The level is an emblem 
 cf equality, because with God there is no respect of 
 persons, and in his sight all men are equal, liable to the 
 same infirmities, redeemed by the same Saviour, subject 
 to the same death and judgment. This is the sense in 
 which Masons understand the quality of members in tyled 
 lodges They know nothing of that levelling equality 
 which is the idol of the revolutionists of this world ; they 
 are taught by their Constitutions to be "peaceable sub- 
 jects, and obedient to the civil powers," and are enemies 
 49
 
 582 MEE HER. 
 
 to that confusion and anarchy which is destructive of 
 social happiness. Hence the level distinguishes the Senior 
 Warden to remind him that while he presides over the 
 labours of the lodge by command of the W. M., as the 
 Junior Warden does over its refreshments, it is his duty 
 to see that every brother meets upon the level, and that 
 the principle of equality is preserved during the work, 
 without which harmony, the chief support of our insti- 
 tution, could not be maintained in its purity and use- 
 fulness. 
 
 MEETINGS. Our meetings, when conducted accord- 
 ing to the true spirit of the Order, are characterised by 
 an emulation to excel in wisdom, and the knowledge of 
 practical virtue; and that the instruction incessantly 
 poured from the Master's chair is derived from an ample 
 and exhaustless mine, stored with the richest gems of 
 morality and religion, to reform the manners, and culti- 
 vate genial propensities in the mind. 
 
 MEMBERSHIP. A Mason may withdraw from his 
 lodge, but the membership remains inviolable. The true 
 Mason considers, as one of his most sacred duties, the 
 exact fulfilment of the engagements which bind him to 
 his rite, the lodge from whence he first received the light 
 and the masonic body from which he received his powers. 
 He cannot be relieved from his obligations, except by 
 the masonic power with which he made his engagements, 
 and according to the masonic laws which he has sworn 
 to observe and respect. Every attempt which may have 
 for its object to compel a Mason, either by persecution 
 or violence, to quit a rite to which he belongs, is contrary 
 to the spirit and laws of Masonry. 
 
 MENATZCHIM. Overseers and comforters of the 
 people in working, who were expert Master Masons. 
 
 MENTAL. The mental qualifications of a candidate 
 embrace sanity of mind, a capability of understanding the 
 obligations and instructions of the Order, that he may be 
 prepared to perform its duties. 
 
 MERCY. A virtue which inspires us with a com
 
 MER MET. 585 
 
 passion for others, and inclines us to assist them in theii 
 necessities. It is one of the noblest attributes of the 
 Deity, speaking after the manner of men, and explaining 
 what, by supposition, may pass in the mind of God, by 
 what passes in the human mind. The object of mercy is 
 misery; so God pities human miseries, and forbears to 
 chastise severely; so man pities the misery of a fellow 
 man, and assists to diminish it. Calmet. 
 
 MERIDIAN. The sun being a fixed body, the earth 
 constantly revolving round it on its own axis, it necessa- 
 rily follows that the sun is always at its meridian ; and 
 Freemasonry being universally spread over its surface, it 
 follows, as a second consequence, that the sun is always 
 at its meridian with respect to Freemasonry. 
 
 MERIT. At the building of King Solomon's temple, 
 merit alone entitled to preferment ; an indisputable in- 
 stance of which we have in the Deputy Grand Master of 
 that great undertaking, who, without either wealth or 
 power without any other distinction than that of being 
 the widow's son was appointed by the Grand Master, 
 and approved by the people, for this single reason, 
 because he was a skilful artificer. Wkitmash. 
 
 MESOURANEO. The point within the circle was 
 an universal emblem to denote the temple of the Deity, 
 and referred to the planetary circle, in the centre of 
 which was fixed the sun, as the universal God and father 
 of nature ; for the whole circle of heaven was called God. 
 Pythagoras esteemed the central fire the supernal man- 
 sion of Jove ; and he called it Mtaov^avso, because the 
 most excellent body ought to have the most excellent 
 olace, i. e. the centre. 
 
 METAL. Many men dote on the metals silver and 
 gold with their whole souls, and know no other standard 
 whereby to estimate their own worth, or the worth 01 
 their fellow-beings, but by the quantity of these metals 
 they possess, thereby debasing and degrading those quali- 
 ties of the mind or spirit by which alone mankind ought 
 to be estimated. He who wishes to be initiated into 
 Freemasonry must be willing to relinquish all descrip-
 
 5S4 MET MID. 
 
 tions of metal, and all the adventitious circumstances o( 
 rank and fortune, for it is the MAN that is received into 
 Freemasonry, and not his rank or riches. Gadicke. 
 
 METAL TOOLS. At the building of King Solo- 
 mon's Temple there was not heard the sound of axe, 
 hammer, or any other tool of brass or iron, to disturb 
 the peaceful sanctity of that holy place. The stones 
 were hewn in the quarry, there carved, marked, and 
 numbered. The timber was felled and prepared in the 
 forest of Lebanon, and conveyed by floats from Tyre to 
 Joppa ; the metals were fused and cast on the plains of 
 Zeredathah ; after which the whole was conveyed to 
 Jerusalem, and there set up by means of mauls, and 
 other instruments prepared for that purpose. 
 
 MIDDLE CHAMBER. The Temple of Solomon 
 etood on Mount Moriah, and occupied the site of the 
 present mosqr.e of Omar, beneath the dome of which is 
 a remarkable rock, fifteen feet above the level of the sur- 
 rounding platform, evidently left by design for a peculiar 
 purpose, and well answering to the account in 1 Kings 
 vi., where it is stated that " the door for the middle 
 chamber was in the right side of the house, and they 
 went up with winding stairs into the middle chamber, 
 and out of the middle into the third ;" thus establishing 
 the fact that the Holy of Holies was on an elevated 
 spot, to which, and to nothing else, can this remarkable 
 rock be referred with the shadow of a reason. 
 
 MID-DAY. As often as the Freemason commences 
 his work, it is noon or mid-day, or that time in which 
 the sun has attained its greatest altitude ; for the earth 
 being round, the sun is always on the meridian some- 
 where. The Freemason has the most enlightened and 
 useful works to do ; and when high noon is passed, he 
 must be able to give the most satisfactoiy proofs ol 
 the utility of his labour. 
 
 MIDNIGHT. It is only when midnight draws near 
 that a freemason thinks of concluding his labour ; in fact, 
 Lis activity and industry should penetrate unto high 
 midnight, or low twelve.
 
 MIDDLE CHAMBER.
 
 MIL MIS. 587 
 
 MILITARY LODGES. No warrant shall be granted 
 for the establishment of a military lodge without the 
 consent of the commanding officer of the regiment, bat- 
 talion, or company, to which it is to be attached, being 
 first obtained. No military lodge shall, on any pretence, 
 initiate into Masonry any inhabitant or sojourner in any 
 town or place at which its members may be stationed, o. 
 through which they may be marching, nor any persor 
 who does not at the time belong to the military pro- 
 fession, nor any military person below the rank of a 
 corporal, except as serving brethren, or by dispensation 
 from the Grand Master, or some provincial Grand Master. 
 Constitutions. 
 
 MINERVA. Freemasons use the statue of Minerva, 
 or open temples with her statue therein, as symbols of 
 wisdom. Mythology teaches us that Jupiter opened his 
 scull to bear Minerva, for this reason she is the symbol 
 of all thoughts that are formed in the head, and the 
 protectress of the arts and sciences. She is generally 
 represented as a young female in Grecian costume, and 
 has an owl or a cock by her side, as a symbol of useful 
 study and watchfulness. 
 
 MINUTE BOOK. Every lodge shall have its by-laws 
 fairly written, and shall also keep a book or books in 
 which the Master, or some brother appointed by him as 
 secretary, shall enter the names of its members, and of 
 all persons initiated or admitted therein, with the dates 
 of their proposal, admission, or initiation, passing, and 
 raising ; and also their ages, as nearly as possible, at that 
 time, and their titles, professions, or trades, togethc. 
 with such transactions of the lodge as are proper to be 
 written. Constitutions. 
 
 MISCONDUCT. If any brother behave in such a 
 way as to disturb the harmony of the lodge, he shall be 
 thrice formally admonished by the Master, and if he 
 persist in his irregular conduct, he shall be punished 
 according to the by-laws of that particular lodge, or 
 the case may be reported to higher masonic authority. 
 Constitutions.
 
 588 HOC MOM. 
 
 MOCK MASONS. In the year 1747 some unfaithful 
 brethren, disappointed in their expectations of the high 
 offices and honours of the society, joined a number of 
 the buffoons of the day, in a scheme to exhibit a mockery 
 of the public procession to the grand feast. This, as 
 may well be supposed, furnished mirth to the gaping 
 crowd, and disgust to the society, who, wisely recollect- 
 ng themselves, determined in future to confine their 
 operations within the limits of their own assembly. 
 They were called Mock Masons. Noorthouck. 
 
 MODEL. The Temple of Solomon was erected ac- 
 cording to the model presented by God to King David, 
 who nevertheless was not permitted to build this sacred 
 temple himself, because his hands had been stained with 
 blood. 
 
 MODERATION. Towards the well-governing of a 
 lodge of Masons, I would recommend moderation in the 
 superior officers aud subordination in the brethren ; for 
 without mutual good will, equanimity of temper, arid 
 reciprocal forbearance, the superstructure will crumble 
 to decay, and the lodge, sooner or later, be inevitably 
 dissolved. 
 
 MONAD. The monad is the principle of all things. 
 From the monad came the indeterminate duad, as mat- 
 ter subjected to the cause monad ; from the monad and 
 the indeterminate duad, numbers ; from numbers, points ; 
 from points, lines ; from lines, superficies ; from super- 
 ficies, solids ; from these solid bodies, whose elements 
 are four, fire, water, air, earth ; of all which, trans- 
 mutated and totally changed, the world consists. 
 Stanley. 
 
 MONITORIAL. The monitorial sign reminds us of 
 the weakness of human nature, unable of itself to resist 
 the power of Darkness, unless aided by that Light, which 
 is from above, and we thus acknowledge our own frailty, 
 and that we can do no good acceptable service but 
 through Him from whom all good and just counsel doth 
 proceed, arid under whose divine and special favour we 
 cai> neve-- be found unprofitable servants in His sight.
 
 MOO MOR. 589 
 
 MOON. The moon is the second lesser light in Free- 
 masonry, moveable, not fixed, and receiving her light 
 from the sun. Changing Wardens lead and assist us 
 and the moon lights the wanderer on his way by night, 
 but clouds may intercept the light of the moon ; for this 
 reason we must not depend upon her, but choose our 
 road by a great and fixed light. Gadicke. 
 
 MORAL ARCHITECTS. As moral architects we 
 build temples for every virtue ; prisons and dungeons for 
 vice, indecency, and immorality. We are disposed to 
 every humane and friendly office ; ever ready to pour oil 
 and wine into the wounds of our distressed brethren, and 
 gently bind them up, (it is one of the principal ends of 
 our institution,) so that when those who speak evil or 
 lightly of us shall behold our conduct, and see by our 
 means the hungry fed, the naked clothed, the sick sus- 
 tained and cherished shall see our light so usefully 
 shine their evil-speaking may be silenced, their fool- 
 ish prejudices removed, and they may be convinced that 
 Masonry is an useful and a venerable structure, supported 
 by the great and everlasting pillars of Wisdom, Strength, 
 and Beauty. Codrington. 
 
 MORAL DUTIES. The science of Freemasonry em- 
 braces every branch of moral duty, whether it be applied 
 to God, our neighbour, or ourselves. This peculiarity in 
 the system is expressly inculcated on every member of 
 the Order at his first admission into a lodge ; so anxi- 
 ously has Freemasonry provided against any mistake as 
 to its peculiar tenets. No brother can be ignorant of the 
 great points of masonic duty, although he may be unac- 
 quainted with the minuter details. The traditions and 
 peculiar doctrines which are included in the more 
 abstruse portions of the lectures may have remained 
 unexplored ; but of its moral and religious tendencv 
 he cannot be uninformed. 
 
 MORAL LAW. A Mason is obliged by his tenure to 
 obey the moral law ; and if he rightly understand the 
 art, he will never be a stupid atheist nor an irreligious 
 libertine. He of all men should best know that God 
 not as man seeth ; for man looketh at the outward
 
 590 MOR. 
 
 appearance, but God looketh to the heart. A Mason is 
 therefore particularly bound never to act against the dic- 
 tates of his conscience. Let a man's religion or mode of 
 worship be what it may, he is not excluded from the 
 Order, provided he believe in the glorious Architect of 
 heaven and earth, and practise the sacred duties of mo- 
 rality. Ancient Charges. 
 
 MORAL QUALIFICATIONS. The moral qualifica- 
 tions of a candidate are, that he shall neither be an 
 atheist, an infidel, nor an irreligious libertine ; that he 
 must practise the four cardinal and the three theologi- 
 cal virtues ; he must be an humble believer in the wis- 
 dom, power, and goodness of God, because this consti- 
 tutes the religious creed of Freemasonry, and acts as a 
 check upon vice, and a stimulus to virtue. 
 
 MORAL .PHILOSOPHY. The moral philosophy of 
 the Order refers to Him whose injunctions to his crea- 
 tures are peculiarly applicable to the performance of 
 Christian duty. It teaches that we owe a duty to God, 
 which includes reverence for his name and attributes, 
 veneration for his sacred character, and obedience to his 
 just commands. It speaks of a duty to our neighbour; 
 with whom we are directed to act on the square in all 
 the transactions of life. It inculcates a duty to ourselves. 
 We are expected to cultivate self-knowledge and self- 
 respect. For this purpose, an attention to the four 
 cardinal virtues is recommended, as well as the practice 
 of every moral and social duty. Prudence should direct 
 us ; Temperance should chasten us ; Fortitude support 
 us; and Justice be the guide of all our actions. And in 
 the course prescribed for the regulation of our conduct, 
 we are directed to maintain in their fullest splendour 
 those truly masonic ornaments, Benevolence and Cha- 
 rity ; and to imprint indelibly on our minds the sacred 
 dictates of Truth, Honour, and Virtue. 
 
 MORALITY. The morality of Masonry requires us 
 to deal justly with others; not to defraud, cheat, or 
 wrong them of their just dues or rights. But it goes 
 further ; regarding all as the children of one great 
 Father, it considers man as bound by piety, masonic mo-
 
 MOR MOS. 591 
 
 rality, and fraterna bonds, to minister to the wants of 
 the destitute and afflicted ; and that we may be enabled 
 to fulfil this high behest of humanity, it strictly enjoins 
 industry and frugality, that so our hands may ever be 
 filled with the means of exercising that charity to which 
 our hearts should ever dispose us. Henkle. 
 
 MORIAH. The name of the whole mountain, on th< 
 several hills and hollows of which the city of Jeiusalem 
 stood, was called Moriah, or Vision; because it was high 
 land, and could be seen afar off, especially from the south; 
 but afterwards that name was appropriated to the most 
 elevated part on which the Temple was erected, and 
 where Jehovah appeared to David. This mountain is a 
 rocky limestone hill, steep of ascent on every side, except 
 the north, and is surrounded on the other sides by a 
 group of hills, in the form of an amphitheatre, which 
 situation rendered it secure from the earthquakes that 
 appear to have been frequent in the Holy Land, and have 
 furnished the prophets with many elegant allusions. 
 Home. 
 
 MORTALITY. Let the emblems of mortality which 
 lie before you lead you to contemplate your inevitable 
 destiny, and guide your reflection to that most interest- 
 ing of human study the knowledge of yourself. Be 
 careful to perform your allotted task while it is yet day ; 
 continue to listen to the voice of nature, which bears 
 witness that even in this perishable frame resides a vital 
 and immortal principle, which inspires a holy confidence 
 that the Lord of Life will enable us to trample the King 
 of Terrors beneath our feet, and lift our eyes to the bright 
 Morning Star, whose rising brings peace and salvation 
 to the faithful and obedient of the human race. 
 
 MOSAIC PAVEMENT. The mosaic pavement was 
 found before the porch of King Solomon's Temple. For- 
 tunate are they who can draw near unto it, as also unto 
 the porch. Gadicke. 
 
 MOSES. Moses was learned in all the wisdom of the 
 Egyptians; he was initiated in all the knowledge of the 
 wise men of that nation, by whom the learnir.g of anti-
 
 592 MOT. 
 
 quity had been retained and held sacred ; wrapped up from 
 the eye of the wicked and vulgar in symbols and hiero- 
 glyphics, and communicated to men of their own order 
 only, with care, secrecy, and circumspection. This 
 secrecy is not in any wise to be wondered at, when we 
 consider the persecution which would have followed a 
 faith unacceptable to. the ignorance of the nations who 
 were enveloped in superstition and bigotry. Moses purged 
 divine worship of its mysteries and images, and taught 
 the Jews the knowledge of the God of the Universe, 
 unpolluted with the errors of the nations of the earth, and 
 uncorrupted with the devices and ludicrous ceremonies 
 instituted by the people of the east, from whom he 
 derived his first knowledge of the Divinity. Hutchinson. 
 
 MOTIONS. Let the Master of a lodge discourage, on 
 all occasions, that itching propensity which incites a 
 brother to make motions on indifferent or trifling sub- 
 jects. Any motion, on which the lodge is divided, must 
 be to a certain extent injurious, amongst so many various 
 habits, views, and propensities, as usually constitute a 
 lodge of Masons. 
 
 MOTIVE OK REASON. He who wishes to enter 
 into the Order of Freemasonry, should first be able to 
 render unto himself a good and satisfactory account why 
 he wishes to take that step. This is not easy. A man 
 who is not a Freemason, can only know the Order by 
 hearsay, or by reading masonic books, and it is rather a 
 dangerous undertaking to join a society, with which a 
 person is totally unacquainted. It is quite different to 
 joining any other select society, who publish their rules 
 and regulations, and the names of all their members, and 
 by those means invite others to join their society. Free 
 masons on the contrary, try to persuade no one to join 
 their society, do not publish their rules or regulations, 
 and the names of the members are very rarely known, 
 and what is more, the candidate must submit himself to 
 rules and regulations, the purport of which are entirely un- 
 known unto him ; it is true, that there is nothing in those 
 rules contrary to the laws of God, or to his duty to his 
 king and country, as a good citizen (if the state ; but he 
 who is not a Freemason, cannot have any clear idea of
 
 MOU MUS. 593 
 
 what those duties are. What then are the motives suffi- 
 ciently string to induce a free man to ofier himself as a 
 candidate for admission into a comparatively unknowc 
 society. Those parties act the most prudently, who ad- 
 mit that they wish to join the Order, because as a useful 
 and innocent society, it has enjoyed the protection of tht 
 state for such a number of years, because so many pru 
 dent men are members of the Order, and because, ii 
 general, the members distinguish themselves by the pro 
 priety of their manners, the uprightness of their busines 
 transactions, and the correctness of their moral conduct 
 Gadickc. 
 
 MOUNT OF GOD. The ascent to the summit of the 
 paradisiacal mount of God, by means of a pyramid consist- 
 ing of seven steps, was an old notion, certainly enter- 
 tained before the vision of Jacob, for it prevailed amongsr 
 the Mexican savages ; and the original settlers on th 
 vast continent of America could have no knowledge o^ 
 this vision, either by tradition or personal experience 
 The Jewish Cabaiists entertained a belief that the para- 
 disiacal mount was the place of residence chosen by the 
 children of Seth, while the contaminated descendants ot 
 Cain resided in the plains below ; and its altitude was 
 said to be so great, that from its summit might be heard 
 the angels of heaven, singing their celestial anthems 
 before the throne of God ! 
 
 MOVEABLE JEWELS. The compasses, square, 
 level and plumb, are called the moveable jewels, because 
 they distinguish the officers of a lodge, and are transfer- 
 able to their successors. They were formerly suspended 
 from narrow white ribbons, which were succeeded by 
 blue of the same width; but the regulation now is, "the 
 collars to be made of light blue ribbon four inches broad; 
 if silver chain be used, it must be placed ever the light 
 blue ribbon." 
 
 MUSIC. Music teaches the art of forming concords, 
 so as to compose delightful harmony, by a proportional 
 arrangement of acute, grave, and mixed sounds. This 
 art, by a series of experiments, is reduced to a science, 
 with respect to tones, and the intervals of sound oulv 
 50
 
 594 MUS MYS. 
 
 It inquires into the nature of concords and discords, and 
 enables us to find out the proportion between them by 
 numbers. Preston. 
 
 MUSICAL BRETHREN. No lodge is willingly held 
 without songs and music, or a piano at least. If there 
 are many brethren belonging to a lodge who can contri- 
 bute to the musical entertainment, they form themselves 
 into a musical society, and thus provide both social and 
 sacred musical entertainments. Gadicke. 
 
 MYSTERIES. The usages and customs of the ancients 
 in their secret societies are called mysteries. If by mys- 
 teries we merely understand a secret religion, then, in 
 the civilized part of the globe, there can be no mysteries, 
 for God may be openly worshipped everywhere; but if 
 by mysteries we understand secret ceremonies and doc- 
 trines, then we may say that there are still mysteries 
 among Freemasons. But we do not call our secrets 
 mysteries, and we thereby prove that with us there can 
 be no secret religion. No one among us is a mystagogue, 
 and our outward appearance has nothing mysterious 
 about it. Gadicke. 
 
 MYSTERY. The word mystery has given occasion 
 to many improper impressions against our masonic socie- 
 ties. Treason, infidelity, a charge of taking rash and 
 unnecessary obligations, have been laid to their responsi- 
 bilitvj yet none of these charges have ever been sub 
 stantiated by their persecutors. The word mystery hat. 
 brought down anathemas from over-zealous divines upon 
 the heads of Masons, and has induced merciless governors 
 to use their weapons against the Craft, when, upon a 
 slight inquiry, the church as well as the state might be 
 informed, that devotion to God, obedience to the state, 
 and to all superiors, brotherly love and universal charity 
 are the principles which separate our Fraternity from 
 all other sectet societies which have of late years risen, 
 to the degradation of religion, and to the danger of good 
 order in society and the state. Husenbcth. 
 
 MYSTIC. Denotes a secret doctrine which w r orkt 
 specially up >n the feelings of the heart, or <>f feelings
 
 MYS -NAM. 595 
 
 which cannot be expressed by words. The mystic is a 
 man who believes himself exalted above tl.e material 
 world, and feels himself united with the immaterial and 
 spiritual. We may call mysticism the feeling of faith, 
 or living and moving in supernatural and immortal life. 
 Every man ought to be somewhat mystical, but ought to 
 guard against that coarse mysticism, which believes in 
 intercourse with angels, and to be able to penetrate into 
 the third heaven. Gadicke. 
 
 MYSTIC TIE. The sacred and universal principle oi 
 the ro3'al art, which unites men of the most opposite tenets, 
 of the most distant countries, and of the most contradic- 
 tory opinions in one indissoluble bond of affection, so 
 that in every nation a Mason finds a friend, and in every 
 clime a home, has been amply denominated the mystic 
 tie, and the Fraternity are often termed " Brethren of the 
 Mystic Tie." 
 
 MYSTICAL LECTURE. The mystical knowledge 
 of the Royal Arch degree, comprehends the form and 
 exposition of the sacred signs, and the nature and import 
 of the Holy Word, and the traditional ceremony to be 
 used in showing and communicating the secrets. 
 
 NAKED FEET. The act of going with naked feet 
 was always considered a token of humility and reverence, 
 and the priests in the Temple always officiated with feet 
 uncovered, although it was frequently injurious to their 
 health. The command thus given to Moses, did not 
 represent the civil and legal ceremony of putting off the 
 shoes, as the Jews were subsequently directed to do, 
 when they renounced any bargain or contract, nor yet 
 the sign of grief and sorrow, as when David entered into 
 Jerusalem barefooted; but it was enjoined that Moses 
 might approach that sacred place with reverence and 
 godly fear, as if it had been a temple consecrated to 
 divine worship. Thus the preacher says, " Take heed 
 unto thy feet, when thou enterest the temple of God " 
 
 NAME OF GOD. Josephus says that the Name was 
 never known, until God told it to Moses in the wilder- 
 ness; and that he himself did not dare to mention it. for
 
 NAM. 
 
 that it was forbidden to be used, except once in a year 
 by the High Priest alone, when he appeared before the 
 Mercy Seat on the day of expiation. He further adds 
 that it was lost through the wickedness of man ; and 
 hence has arisen a difference of opinion, some supposing 
 the Word itself lost; others, the import, or the meaning 
 only; and many, the manner of its delivery; and from 
 hence contend, that Moses did not ask the Almighty for 
 his name to carry to his brethren, but for the true 
 delivery or pronunciation only. How far that might be 
 the case, is to us uncertain ; but it is certain that the 
 true mode of delivery cannot now be proved from any 
 written record; first, because it is capable of so many 
 variations from the manner of annexing the Masoretic 
 points, which points were not extant in the days of 
 Moses; and secondly, because the language now in use 
 amongst the Jews, is so corrupt and altered from that 
 in which he wrote, that none of them, except some few 
 of their learned, understand anything of it; for which 
 reason the Jews call it nTjsnn DO Shem Hamphoreth, the 
 unutterable name. Hence is our learned brother Pytha- 
 goras his ler^a^afifiniov or quaternion. Dunkerly. 
 
 NAME OF THE LODGE. Any lodge which may 
 not be distinguished by a name or title, being desirous 
 jf taking one, must for that purpose procure the appro- 
 bation of the Grand Master or Provincial GranoJ Master, 
 ;md the name must be registered with the Grand Secre- 
 tary. No lodge shall be permitted to alter its name 
 without the like approbation. Constitutions. 
 
 NAMES OF MASONRY. We still retain all the 
 names by which the science has been distinguished in 
 every age of the world, either in its speculative or 
 operative form; whether it were characterized by the 
 name of Lux, as in the patriarchal age; or Geometry, as 
 it was called by Euclid; or Philosophy, as Pythagoras 
 named it; or Mesouraneo, or any other title; a memorial 
 of such designation has been embodied in the system. 
 We say Freemasonry is a system of Wisdom, Strength 
 and Beauty, and the definition was adopted from our 
 ancient G. M. King Solomon, who called the science 
 Wisdom ; which by the Cabalists was subsequently de-
 
 NAT NEH. 597 
 
 nominate*! Baphomet. And he defines it thus: "Wis- 
 dom is the worker of all things; she is the brightness 
 of the everlasting Light, the unspotted mirror of the 
 power of God, and the image of his goodness. She is 
 more beautiful than the sun, and above all the order of 
 the stars; being compared with the light, she is found 
 before it." 
 
 NATURE AND ART. If we take a view of the pro 
 ductions of nature and art on the face of the planet which 
 we inhabit, we shall tiud that all is replete with the divine 
 principle of the Order. There is not a mountain or valley, 
 a tree, a shrub, or a blade of grass ; there is not a magnifi- 
 cent structure of polished marble, rich in the splendid 
 decorations of gorgeous architecture, or a refuse stone 
 rejected from the quarry ; there is not an object, animate 
 or inanimate in universal nature, but it is instinct with 
 the genius of Freemansonry ; and the learned brother 
 may find an instructive masonic lecture in the wing of a 
 moth, as well as the motions of the august lights o< 
 heaven. 
 
 NEBUCHADNEZZAR In the eleventh year of the 
 reign of Zedekiah, King of Judah, Nebuchadnezzar, King 
 of Bab} 7 lon, besieged, and took the city of Jerusalem, set 
 fire to the temple and city, totally leveling and razing it 
 until it became desolate, and the remnant of the people who 
 escaped the swovd he carried away captive to Babylon. 
 
 NEGATIVE. When any one is proposed to become a 
 member, or any person to be made a Mason, if it appear 
 upon casting up the ballot that he is rejected, no member 
 or visiting brother shall discover, by any means whatso- 
 ever, who those members were that opposed his election, 
 under the penalty of such brother being for ever expelled 
 the lodge (if a member,) and, if a visiting brother, of his 
 being never more admitted as a visitor, or becoming a 
 member ; and immediately after a negative passes on any 
 person being proposed, the Master shall cause the law to 
 be read, that no brother present may plead ignorance. 
 Old Constitutiojis. 
 
 NEHEMIAH- Nehemiah was entrusted with a sjecia ;
 
 61)3 NEI NEU. 
 
 commission to rebuild the walls, and renew the fortifica- 
 tions of Jerusalem, and to effect a full restoration of the 
 lands and property which had been seized during the 
 captivity, by the neighbouring nations. When he arrived 
 at Jerusalem, and took possession of his government, he 
 found his country's enemies, the Samaritans and others, 
 headed by Sanballat, Tobias and Geshem, opposing every 
 obstacle that might distress and discommode the Jews. 
 The reparations of the walls and fortifications met with a 
 formidable resistance from those people, who conspired 
 to attack the Jews while engaged in labour, and conse- 
 quently unarmed ; and to this they were encouraged by 
 some traitors within the city. The vigilance of Nehemiah 
 frustrated the scheme. 
 
 NEIGHBOUR. Freemasonry instructs us in our duty 
 to our neighbour, teaohes us to injure him in none of his 
 connections, and in all our dealings with him, to act with 
 justice and impartiality. It discourages defamation, it 
 bids us not to circulate any whisper of infamy, improve 
 any hint of suspicion, or publish any failure of conduct. 
 It orders us to be faithful to our trusts, to deceive not him 
 who relieth upon us, to be above the meanness of dissimu- 
 lation, to let the words of our mouths be the thoughts of 
 our hearts, and whatsoever we promise, religiously to 
 perform. Codrino-ton . 
 
 NETWORK. Was one of the enrichments with whiJi 
 I he chapiters of the two pillars of Solomon's Porch weie 
 adorned. From the connection of its meshes, it denoted 
 unity. 
 
 NEUTRAL. As all were not of Christ who called 
 themselves Christians in the time of the apostles, so all 
 are not Masons who have been initiated into the Order. 
 A knowledge of signs, words and tokens, without an 
 ability to apply them according to their proper design, 
 can no more constitute a Mason, than the possession of 
 working tools can make a man a carpenter, unless he 
 knows how to use thorn. Th?re are many erroneous 
 opinions abroad on this point. A person procures initia- 
 tion, and fancies that is all he wants. There never ws a 
 more fatal mistake. Initiation is but the horn-book of
 
 NEW N1N. 509 
 
 Masonry, and is only of the same use towards a knowledge 
 of its principles, as the alphabet is to those who desire to 
 excel in literary attainments. If this consideration were 
 duly enforced upon every candidate for Masonry, the 
 Order would assume a different aspect, and its genuine 
 lustre would be more universally displayed. 
 
 NEW LAW. No motion for a new law or regulation 
 or for the alteration or repeal of an old one shall be made, 
 until it shall have been proposed in, or communicated to, 
 the general committee, nor until it shall have been 
 handed up in writing to the Grand Master. After hav- 
 ing been perused and found by him not to contain any- 
 thing contrary to the ancient landmarks of the Order, 
 the motion may be publicly proposed. If seconded, the 
 question shall be put thereon for the opinion of the 
 Grand Lodge. If approved and confirmed, at the next 
 ensuing meeting of the Grand Lodge, it becomes a law 
 of the society. Gcnutitutioii*. 
 
 NILE. In the time of Euclid the river Nile over 
 flowed so far, that many of the dwellings of the people 
 of Egypt were destroyed. Euclid instructed them in 
 the art of making mighty walls and ditches, to stop the 
 progress of the water ; and by geometry measured out 
 the land, and divided it into partitions, so that each man 
 might ascertain his own property. Old Masonic Manu- 
 script. 
 
 NIL NISI CLAVIS DEEST. Attached to the inter- 
 secting triangle of the original jewel of the Royal Arch 
 there is frequently the motto of " nil nisi clavis deest,'' 
 which is a declaration that the wearer of a jewel con- 
 taining this emblem is desirous of doing his duty, and 
 tilling up with justice that link in the chain of creation, 
 wherein the Most High hath pleased to place him. 
 
 NINE. Nine being the square of three, is a perfect 
 ternary, beyond which there is no number. It is ob- 
 served by arithmeticians, says Hume, (Dial. Nat. Rel. p 
 167,) " that the products of nine compose always either 
 9, or some lesser products of 9, if you add together all 
 the characters of which any of the former products is
 
 GOG NIN OAT. 
 
 composed. Thus of 18, 27, 36, which are products of 9, 
 you make 9 by adding 1 to 8, 2 to 7, 3 to 6. Thus 309 
 is a product also of nine ; and if you add 3, 6, 9, you 
 make IS, a lesser product of nine." 
 
 NINE MASTERS. The following are the names 01 
 the nine masters who are said to have been elected by 
 Solomon after the death of Hiram Abiff ; Moabon, Jachin, 
 Boaz, Ganigam, Azariah, Joram, Jsch'gi, Achal, Obed. 
 
 NOACHID^E. Sons of Noah ; the first name of Free- 
 masons ; whence we may observe that believing the 
 world was framed by one supreme God, and is governed 
 by him ; and loving and worshipping him ; and honouring 
 our parents ; and loving our neighbour as ourselves ; and 
 being merciful even to brute beasts, is the oldest of all 
 religions. 
 
 NORTH. The operative mason is accustomed to 
 lay the foundation-stone of a new building on the north 
 side, and for this reason, all those who have not been ini- 
 tiated amongst us have their place in the north. The 
 light streams from the east unto the north, as all our 
 knowledge has been obtained from the orient. Gadickc. 
 
 NORTH-EAST. The foundation-stone of every mag- 
 nificent edifice was usually laid in the north-east ; which 
 accounts in a rational manner for the general disposition 
 of a newly initiated candidate. When enlightened but 
 uninstructed, he is accounted to be in the most superficial 
 part of Masonry. 
 
 NUMBERS. We consider the number three, or three 
 times three, as a sacred number; and in all the mysteries 
 of the ancients, the number nine, was most important. 
 Whether we, as Christian Freemasons, still have an an- 
 cient explanation of the sacredness of this number, or 
 whether we derive its sanctity from the Holy Trinity, we 
 cannot here determine. Gadicke. 
 
 OATH. In Freemasonry a number of men form them- 
 selves into a society, whose main end is to improve iu 
 'Commendable skill and knowledge, and to promote uui-
 
 QBE OBJ. 001 
 
 versal beneficence and the social virtues 01' human life, 
 under the solemn obligation of an oath. This liberty all 
 incorporate societies enjoy, without impeachment or re- 
 flection. Anderson. 
 
 OBEDIENT. To be obedient is one of the great 
 duties of a Freemason, not only to the laws of the Craft, 
 but to the laws of the kingdon or state in which he may 
 reside, to the laws of God, to the laws of morality, but 
 above all, to the laws of true benevolence. He is also 
 bound to be obedient to the commands of his superiors 
 when in the lodge ; but every ruler ought to be cautious, 
 and only give such orders as may be cheerfully obeyed 
 by a free man and Mason, and not require a slavish obe- 
 dience, for in the lodge there are neither lords nor slaves, 
 but truth and justice must there reign in unanimity. 
 Gndicke. 
 
 OBELISK. A high, square-sided and sharp-pointed 
 pillar, which is commonly erected in commemoration of 
 some celebrated person or remarkable event. They are 
 to be found among the masonic emblems. Gadicke. 
 
 OBJECTS. To communicate the blessings of which 
 we are partakers ; to contribute to the successful propa- 
 gation of knowledge, virtue and peace, of the sciences and 
 arts, and of whatever adorns social life ; and to assert 
 the advancement of human happiness, have ever been 
 the great objects of Freemasonry. 
 
 OBJECTIONS. Objections have been urged against 
 Freemasonry in all ages of its existence, by those who 
 were jealous of its secret influence, or envied the privi- 
 leges of the favoured individuals who had been initated 
 into its mysteries. But although refuted over and over 
 again, the same objections recur at stated periods ; being 
 reproduced, as it should appear, for the purpose of fan- 
 ning our zeal and keeping alive our interest in the insti- 
 tution. It is amusing, in studying the history of the 
 Craft, to find the hackneyed arguments which were 
 refuted by Hutchinson, Calcott and others, in the last 
 century, brought forward again and again by new candi- 
 dates for the honour of an anonymous blow at th
 
 602 OBL. 
 
 .immortal giantess Scarcely any novelty in t':ie form of 
 an objection is to be found. The censures have been 
 chiefly confined to its secrecy, the exclusion of females, 
 the obligation, &c. 
 
 OBLATIONS. The oblations which were made by 
 the people towards the erection of the Tabernacle, were 
 so many types of the several graces of Christianity j the 
 gold of Faith, the silver of Hope, the precious stones of 
 Charity ; the blue colour of the silks, &c., denoting the 
 lifting up our hearts to heaven, a privilege conveyed to 
 mankind by the meritorious atonement of Jesus Christ; 
 the purple, our warfare and tribulation for the sake of 
 religion ; and the crimson, or as the original words (tolag 
 hath shani) signify, the double scarlet, the joint love of 
 God and man. 
 
 OBLIGATION. Freemasons in their secret societies, 
 obligate their disciples, similar to the ancient brethren, 
 to keep their doctrines, their engagements, and their 
 transactions, from those who are not of the Order. This 
 obligation is not composed of such tremendous oaths 
 with which we are charged by bigots, who, ignorant as 
 they naturally must be, of the whole of our transactions, 
 unless they had been received into our society, thunder 
 their unholy anathemas and excommunications against 
 us. And thereby make fools approve their rash acts, the 
 world wonder, and the Mason smile at their daring inso- 
 lence, to condemn their fellow-creatures for imaginary 
 sins against God and religion, which must ultimately be 
 laid to the charge of those triflers with their neighbours' 
 consciences. Husenbeth. 
 
 OBLONG. The Tabernacle, with its holy emblems, 
 was a type of a Masons' lodge. It was an oblong square, 
 and, with its courts and appendages, it represented the 
 whole habitable globe. Such is also the extent of our 
 lodges. The former was supported by pillars, and the 
 latter is also sustained by those of W. S. and B. They 
 were equally situated due east and west. The sacred 
 roll of God's revealed will and law was deposited in the 
 Ark of the Covenant; the same holy record is placed in 
 a conspicuous part of our lodges. The altar of inrensa
 
 OBS OFF. 003 
 
 was a do<ib e cube ; and so is our pedestal and stone of 
 foundation. The covering of the Tabernacle was com- 
 posed of three colours, as a representation of the celestial 
 hemisphere ; such also is the covering of a Masons' lodge. 
 The floor of the Tabernacle was so holy that the priests 
 were forbidden to tread upon it without taking ofl' their 
 ghoes ; the floor of the lodge is holy ground. 
 
 OBSERVANCES. Almost all the circumstances 
 attending the promulgation of the Jewish dispensations 
 have been introduced into Freemasonry ; and the par- 
 ticular observances incorporated with its ceremonial. 
 The Divine appearance at the Burning Bush, the shoes, 
 the rod, the serpent, and the Sacred Name, are equally 
 embodied in the system. The plagues of Egypt, with 
 the signs which attended the divine deliverance of the 
 children of Israel from captivity the pillar of a cloud 
 and of fire, the mighty winds, the division of the Red 
 Sea, the salvation of God's people, and the destruction 
 of Pharaoh and his host; the wanderings in the wilder- 
 ness, the delivery of the law, the building of the Taber- 
 nacle, and the establishment of the hierarchy, the order 
 observed in the frequent migrations, led by the banners 
 of each tribe, and other important events, all form parts 
 of the complicated system of Freemasonry, and show its 
 connection with the offices of religion. 
 
 ODD NUMBERS. Odd numbers were ever esteemed 
 more propitious than even ones, and hence were the 
 conservators of greater virtues. They were sacred to 
 the celestial deities, and represented the male sex, while 
 even numbers were female, and appropriated to the sub- 
 terranean gods. Hence the monad was esteemed the 
 father of numbers, and the duad the mother, from whose 
 union proceeded riot only the triad but the sacred quater- 
 nary, which was the origin of the seven liberal sciences, 
 and the maker and cause of all things. 
 
 OFFICE. If the superior officers of a lodge be un- 
 acquainted with the principles of the institution, it can 
 scarcely be expected to prosper. Should the Master be 
 ignorant of his work, the brethren will soon learn to 
 despise his authority. To speak in the technical Ian-
 
 604 OFF OL1. 
 
 guage of Masonry, if he be unpossessed of the art of 
 drawing designs, how are the Fellowcrafts to execute, 
 or the Apprentices to be instructed ? 
 
 OFFICERS. The masonic officers of a lodge are the 
 Master and his two Wardens, with their assistants, the 
 two Deacons, Inner Guard, and the Tyler ; to which, for 
 the better regulation of the private concerns of the 
 lodge, may be added other officers, such as Chaplain, 
 Treasurer, Secretary, &c. Constitutions. 
 
 OIL. One of the elements of consecration. Oil was 
 anciently considered the symbol of prosperity and hap- 
 piness. The oil of gladness mentioned in the Jewish 
 writings was a perfumed oil with which people anointed 
 themselves on days of public rejoicing and festivity. 
 Everything that was appropriated to the purposes of 
 religion in the Tabernacle and Temple, were all conse- 
 crated with oil. Kings and priests were anointed in 
 the same mannei. And our lodges, as temples conse- 
 crated to morality and virtue, are also hallowed by the 
 application of corn, wine, and oil. 
 
 OLIVE BRANCH. A very great sensation has been 
 created in India by the proposal of the Right Worship- 
 ful Brother Burns, Prov. G. M. for western India, to 
 establish a new order, under the designation of the 
 " Brotherhood of the Olive Branch in the East." The 
 proposal was brought forward on St. John's Day, June 
 24, 1845, when no fewer than eighty brethren, of various 
 nations, were assembled at Bombay; and it has been 
 received by the principal members of the Craft in India 
 with great enthusiasm. 
 
 OLIVE TREES. There are some who compare the 
 symbol of a point within a circle to the golden candle- 
 stick flanked by two olive trees, mentioned by Zechariah ; 
 the candidate representing the circle, the oil the point, 
 and the trees the two perpendicular parallel lines. The 
 former was an emblem of the Jewish nation governed 
 by the central oil, or the Holy Spirit of God ; and the 
 olive trees were the two anointed ones, viz., the king 
 and priest, applied by the prophet to Zerubbubel and
 
 ON OPE. 605 
 
 Jeslma, who were raised up by divine providence to 
 preside over the temporal and spiritual affairs of the 
 Jewish nation when the second Temple was building, 
 and bearing an ultimate reference to the lights and 
 ornaments of the Christian church. 
 
 ON. Under this appellation the Deity was worship- 
 ped by the Egyptians, and they professed to believe 
 that he was eternal, and the fountain of light and life 
 but, according to their gross conceptions, being neces 
 sarily visible, the sun was adored as his representative, 
 and was most probably the same as Osiris. If they 
 believed On to be the living and eternal God, they 
 allowed the same attributes to the sun, which they 
 undoubtedly worshipped as the Lord of the creation. 
 Oannes was the God of the Chaldeans, and Dag-On of 
 the Philistines ; both of which are derivations of the same 
 name. On was evidently the same deity as the Hebrew 
 Jehovah, and was introduced amongst the Greeks by 
 Plato, who acknowledges his eternity and incomprehen- 
 sibility in these remarkable words : " Tell me of the God 
 On; which is, and never knew beginning." And the 
 same name was used by the early 'Christians for the 
 true God; for St. John, in the Apocalypse, has this 
 expression Qv, ** b r t v, y.ai o egxoptvos, which is trans- 
 lated by our authorized version of the Scriptures, by 
 "Him, which is, and which was, and which is to come." 
 
 OPENING. The opening of the lodge is a ceremony 
 of great solemnity and importance. Everything is con- 
 ducted in such a manner as to inculcate respect Tor those 
 in authority, with solemn reverence and adoration of 
 the Deity, whose blessing and direction on our leaders 
 is invoked, not in a light and thoughtless manner, as 
 some may perhaps infer, but with the gravity and 
 decency of a well-regulated church. 
 
 OPERATION. The veil thrown over Masonry renders 
 its operations silent and unobserved; yet the influence 
 of a body spread through all classes of society, pervading 
 every circle, and diffusing (though by its separate mem- 
 bers) opinions digested and matured, from remote periods, 
 in the brotherhood, must be powerful in its effect. 
 51
 
 606 OPE OPI. 
 
 OPERATIVE. As operative masons \vs are taught 
 to hew, square, lay stones, and prove horizontals. We 
 allude by operative masonry to a proper application of 
 the useful rules of architecture, whence a structure 
 derives figure, strength, and beauty, and whence result 
 a due proportion and a just correspondence in all its 
 parts. 
 
 OPHIR. Various have been the conjectures con- 
 cerning the situation of Ophir. Josephus places it in 
 the East Indies, in a country which, by his description, 
 should appear to be Malacca. Bochart contends that 
 it was Taphrobana, or Ceylon. Calrnet places it in 
 Armenia; Montanus in America; and Huetius in the 
 eastern coast of Africa. As various have been the 
 sentiments with respect to Tarshish; some consider it 
 as having been near, and others as distant from, Ophir 
 All that Scripture tells us is, that the navy of Tarshish 
 came in once in three years, and furnished Solomon with 
 immense wealth; of which we know not the amount, 
 since we can make no exact estimate of the value of 
 the talents specified. 
 
 OPINIONS. Individuals have passed various oj inions 
 respecting the purity and usefulness of Freemasonry. One 
 says it is a modern institution, and therefore o1 little 
 value; another terms it frivolous, and coriseqently con- 
 temptible. A third calls it anti-christian, and wains the 
 public to avoid it as a snare. Others affirm that it is behind 
 the advancing spirit of the times, and therefore obsolete; 
 but let any one candidly judge it by its fruits, which is 
 the great Christian criterion by which all things ought to 
 be tried, according to the divine fiat of its founder (Luke 
 vi. 44). We feed the hungry, clothe the naked, coirjfort 
 the sick, relieve the distressed, and provide for the father- 
 less and the widow. Is any one hungry we give him 
 meat. Is any one thirsty we give him drink ; naked 
 we clothe him ; sick we visit him ; in prison we 
 come unto him with the messenger of mercy. Whatever 
 may be the opinions of our opponents of such deedss as 
 these, we have the satisfaction of knowing that an approv- 
 ing sentence will be pronounced upon them at the l?et 
 day.
 
 ORD OR1. 07 
 
 ORDER. In every order the spirit of regularity should 
 reign, and more especially in the Order of Freemasonry. 
 The Master's call to order reminds the brethren of this 
 in every lodge, and each one acknowledges by the sign, 
 that he is mindful of his duty. Originally the society of 
 Freemasons was not an Order, but a fraternity, and the 
 name Order has been introduced into England in modern 
 times. Gadicke. 
 
 ORDERS OF ARCHITECTURE. By order is meant 
 a system of all the members, proportions, and ornaments 
 of columns and pilasters. There are five orders, which 
 are thus classed : the Tuscan, Doric, Ionic, Corinthian, 
 and Composite. 
 
 ORGANIZATION. The Dyonitiasts formed one and 
 the same association, as the Jewish Masons who built the 
 Temple of Jerusalem. These latter, beyond doubt, were 
 bound together in an organization which extended beyond 
 Judea. The Bible exhibits them mixing themselves with 
 the Tyrian Masons, notwithstanding the ordinary repug- 
 nance of the Israelites towards strangers ; and masonic 
 tradition, which must not be contemned, shows that they 
 recognized each other by words and secret signs, similar 
 to those employed by the Masons of other countries. 
 Clavel. 
 
 ORIGINAL POINTS. Ancient Masonry admitted 
 twelve original points, which constitute the basis of the 
 entire system, and without which no person ever did or 
 can be legally received into the Order. Every candidate 
 is obliged to pass through all these essential forms and 
 ceremonies, otherwise his initiation would not be legal 
 They are opening, preparing, reporting, entering, pray 
 er, circumambulation, advancing, obligated, intrusted 
 invested, placed, closing. 
 
 ORIGIN OF MASONRY. The origin of Masonry is 
 indisputably traced from the creation of the universe ; for 
 after the Almighty Architect had finished his great 
 design in making all things good, and, according to geo- 
 metrv, Adam, the first of all the human race, did soon
 
 G08 ORP OUT. 
 
 discover this noble science, by surveying tie works of 
 God in his state of innocence; and although he fell 
 through disobedience, and was expelled from that lovely 
 arbour into the wide world, he still retained the know- 
 ledge thereof, and communicated the same to his offspring 
 Multa Paucis. 
 
 ORPHANS. There lived in the county of Essex, a 
 clergyman named Hewlett. He died of malaria. His 
 troubles had been of no common kind. His wife had 
 died of consumption, about three months previously, and 
 nine orphan children were left without a shilling in the 
 world to provide for them. There was a lodge in Roch- 
 fort, Essex ; they met, took the case into consideration, 
 and before they separated, nine brethren agreed each to 
 take a child to his own home. Bushell. 
 
 OUT OF THE LODGE. A Freemason ought to dis- 
 tinguish himself from other men out of the lodge, as well 
 as in it, by uprightness and friendship to the brethren, 
 by a free and unconstrained manner of thinking, and by 
 an unimpeachable purity of living. A brother Freema- 
 son shall not only conduct himself in the lodge, but also 
 out of the lodge, as a brother towards his brethren ; and 
 happy are they who are convinced that they have in this 
 respect ever obeyed the laws of the Order. A free and 
 unconstrained manner of thinking distinguishes not only 
 an enlightened man, but a man who nobly protects that 
 which is just. Gadicke. 
 
 OUTWARD CEREMONIES. A Freemason can nei- 
 ther become a gross sensualist, nor profess to be stoically 
 dead to all sensual pleasures; for it is not necessary 
 that he should deny himself the innocent enjoyments 
 provided for the eye, the ear, and the taste. No man can 
 maintain that he is entirely uninfluenced by outward 
 impressions. To appeal to the bodily feelings or passions, 
 is found the most effectual means of arousing the sympathy 
 and securing the attention of the mulittude. It is for 
 this reason that among the ceremonies of Freemasonry, 
 we find outward forms calculated to work upon the 
 inward feelings; these ceremonies are, for the greater 
 part derived from ancient times, and it is very probable
 
 OX PAS. C09 
 
 that they were more fitted for the state of society then 
 existing, than they are for that which now exists. 
 Gadicke. 
 
 OX. The ox forms a cc mponent part of the cherubic 
 symbol. It was referred to the prophet Ezekiel, because 
 he sets fortli the restoration of the Temple and altar, the 
 emblem of atonement being an ox ; and to St. Luke, who 
 commences with the narrative of Zacharias the priest. It 
 also bore a reference to the priestly office of Christ. 
 
 PARALLEL LINES. In every well-regulated lodge, 
 there is found a point within a circle, which circle is 
 embordered by two perpendicular parallel lines. These 
 lines are representatives of St. John the Baptist, and St. 
 John the Evangelist, the two great patrons of Masonry, 
 to whom our lodges are dedicated, and who are said to 
 have been "perfect parallels in Christianity as well as 
 Masonry." Old Lectures. 
 
 PARTS. An old word for degrees or lectures, lii 
 this sense, Freemasonry is said to be consistent in all its 
 parts, which point to one and the same object, promi- 
 nently kept in view throughout all the consecutive 
 degrees ; and that every ceremony, every landmark, and 
 every symbolical reference, constitutes a plain type of 
 some great event, which appears to be connected with 
 our best and dearest interests. 
 
 PASSIONS. The end, the moral, and purport of Ma- 
 sonry, is to subdue our passions ; not to do our own 
 will ; to make daily progress in a laudable art ; to 
 promote morality, charity, good-fellowship, good nature, 
 and humanity. Anderson. 
 
 PASS- WORDS. Much irregularity has unfortunately 
 crept into the blue degrees, in consequence of the want 
 of masonic knowledge in many of those who preside over 
 their meetings ; and it is particularly so with those who 
 are unacquainted with the Hebrew language, in which 
 all the words and pass-words are given. So essentially 
 necessary is it for a man of science to preside over u 
 lodge, that much injury may arise from the sinalK >
 
 <510 PAS PAV. 
 
 deviation in the ceremony of initiation, or in the lectures 
 of instruction. We read in the Book of Judges, that the 
 transposition of a single point over the Schin, in conse- 
 quence of a national defect among the Ephraimites, 
 designated the cowans, led to the slaughter of 42,000 
 men. Dalcho. 
 
 PAST MASTER. A Past Master, or one who has 
 actually served the office of Master, so long as he remains 
 a subscribing member to any warranted lodge, is, ex 
 officio, a member of the Grand Lodge, and appears to be 
 entitled to many privileges. None but a Past Master can 
 legally initiate, pass or raise. A Master cannot resign 
 his chair except to a past Master. No board of Past 
 Masters can be legally formed, unless three or more 
 installed Masters be present. 
 
 PATRONAGE. Many lodges honour the head of the 
 government as their patron without his being a Free- 
 mason, and receive from him a public local decree, or 
 proteetorium, by which they are not only permitted to 
 hold their lodges, but are also legally protected. It is 
 likewise frequently the case that the patron is a member 
 of the Order. Gadicke. 
 
 PAVEMENT. The voluptuous Egyptians, who ex- 
 hausted their ingenuity in the invention of new luxuries, 
 used in common with painted walls and ceilings, the 
 mosaic pavement, richly tesselated. In the palace of 
 Cleopatra, these pavements were inlaid with precious 
 stones ; and in India, the floors of the most sacred tem- 
 ples, or at least of the adyta, were enriched with polished 
 stones disposed in small squares or tessera, which reflected 
 the beams of the sun in a variety of splendid colours. On 
 a similar principle, the floor of a Masons' lodge has been 
 constructed, which is thus in proper keeping with the 
 rest of its decorations ; for the design would be imper- 
 fect, if a strict regard to uniformity and propriety had 
 not been observed throughout the whole arrangement. 
 This is a striking evidence of the unity of design with 
 which the gr^at plan of Freemasonry was originally 
 constructed. How minutely soever the parts or elements 
 may appear to be disposed, they each and all conduce
 
 PEA PEC. 611 
 
 to the same end, the glory of God, and the welfare of 
 man 
 
 PEACE. A Masons' lodge is the temple of peace, 
 harmony, and brotherly love. Nothing is allowed to 
 enter which has the remotest tendency to disturb the 
 quietude of its pursuits. A calm enquiry into the beauty 
 of wisdom and virtue, and the study of moral geometry, 
 may be prosecuted without excitement ; and they con- 
 stitute the chief employment in the tyled recesses of the 
 lodge. The lessons of virtue which proceed from the 
 east, like rays of brilliant light streaming from the rising 
 sun, illuminate the west and south; and as the work 
 proceeds, are carefully imbibed by the workmen. Thus 
 while Wisdom contrives the plan and instructs the work- 
 men, Strength lends its able support to the moral fabric, 
 and Beauty adorns it with curious and cunning work- 
 manship. All this is accomplished without the use oi 
 either axe, hammer, or any other tool of brass or iron, 
 within the precinct of the temple, to disturb the peaceful 
 sanctity of that holy place. 
 
 PECTORAL. The general signification or symbolical 
 reference of the pectoral was this : the four rows oi 
 precious stones referred to the four cardinal virtues, and 
 the three stones in each, to the three theological virtues. 
 The twelve stones denoted the precious doctrines oi 
 Christianity, promulgated by the twelve apostles ; and 
 the Urim and Thummim, the vital spark of these doc- 
 trines, was Christ, who bears his church to the throne 
 of heaven, as the high priest bore that mystical oracle 
 on his breast. This utensil has been variously explained, 
 one translating the words Urim and Thummim by eluci- 
 dations and perfections; another doctrines and truths- 
 others brightness and perfection, justice and doctrine, 
 lucid and perfect, &c. Philo says they were " duas vir- 
 tutes depictas ; " and the seventy translate them by the 
 word Jr^woiv and Afyd-eiav, manifestations and truth. 
 They were certainly some tangible substances, which 
 were placed in the doublings of the pectoral, as in a purse 
 or pocket, by which responses w r ere vouchsafed to the 
 wearer of the epho i.
 
 til3 PEC PEN. 
 
 PECULIAR RESIDENCE. What was the object of 
 building the temple of Solomon? One purpose, we art) 
 informed, was, that is might be a house of prayer for all 
 nations. But this was not its only purpose. Grod intended 
 to make it the seat of his visible presence, or the place 
 of his habitation. It was not designated, thought an 
 eminent commentator, to be a place to worship in, but 
 a place of worship at, where God was known to have a 
 peculiar residence. Scott. 
 
 PEDAL. The pedal is the point on which we receive 
 the first great recommendation of the Master, ever to 
 continue, as we then appeared, upright men and Masons. 
 It therefore denotes the duty of universal justice, which 
 consists in doing to others as we would they should dj 
 unto us. Hemming. 
 
 PEDESTAL. The altar of the lodge is a pedestal in 
 the form of a double cube, on which is displayed the 
 Holy Bible, to confer upon it the attribute of justice. 
 And why is the open Bible said to be the emblem of 
 justice ? I answer in the expressive words of an eloquent 
 writer Because there is no other virtue of such absolute 
 importance and essential necessity to the welfare of 
 society. Let all the debts of justice be universally dis- 
 charged; let every man be just to himself, and to all 
 others ; let him endeavour, by the exercise of industry 
 and economy, to provide for his own wants, and prevent 
 himself from becoming a burden upon society, and abstain, 
 in the pursuit of his own subsistence, from everything 
 injurious to the interests of others; let every one render 
 unto all their due that property which he is obliged by 
 the laws of the land, or by those of honourable equity, 
 to pay them ; that candour and open dealing to which 
 they have a right, in all his commercial dealings with 
 them ; that portion of good report to which their merit 
 entitles them, with that decent respect and quiet sub- 
 mission which their rightful civil authority demands. If 
 iustice were thus universally done, there would be little 
 left for mercy to do. 
 
 PENAL. The penal sign marks our obligation, and 
 reminds us also of the fall of Adam and tlie dreadful
 
 PEN. 613 
 
 penalty entailed thereby on his sinful posterity, being no 
 less than death. It intimates that the stiffneck of the 
 disobedient shall be cut off" from the land of the living 
 by the judgment of God, even as the head is severed 
 from the body by the sword of human justice. 
 
 PENCIL. This is one of the working tools of a Master 
 Mason. With the pencil the skilful artist delineates the 
 building in a draught or plan for the instruction and 
 guidance of the workmen. The pencil teaches us that 
 our words and actions are observed and recorded by the 
 Almighty Architect, to whom we must give an account 
 of our conduct through life. 
 
 PENITENTIAL. The reverential sign may be con- 
 sidered as the parent of the penitential or supplicating 
 sign, since it justly denotes that frame of heart and 
 mind without which our prayers and oblation of praises 
 will not obtain acceptance at the throne of grace, before 
 which how should a frail and erring creature of the dust 
 present himself unless with bended knees and uplifted 
 hands, betokening at once his humility and dependence '? 
 In this posture did Adam first kneel before God and bless 
 the author of his being ; and there too did he bend with 
 contrite awe before the face of his offended Judge, to 
 avert his wrath, and implore his mercy ; and transmitted 
 this sacred form to his posterity for ever. 
 
 PENT ALPHA. In the Royal Arch Degree, the name 
 of God is depicted in the centre of old floor-cloths, by a 
 double interlacing triangle thus Q, inscribed within a 
 dark circle, representing unlimited space beyond the 
 reach of light, and the top representing the " light 
 shining in darkness, and the darkness comprehending it 
 not." This had been used as a Christian symbol, to de- 
 note the two natures of Jehovah, the God-man, for 
 centuries before the Royal Arch Degree was ever thought 
 of. In this form 2$., or the above, it was called the pent- 
 angle, or seal of Solomon, and the shield of David, and 
 was employed all over Asia as a preservative against 
 witchcraft, in which superstition the Jews are said to 
 have participated ; for they used written charms enclosed 
 in the above hexagonal or pentangular figure, and disposed
 
 GU PER. 
 
 cabalistically, which were worn about their necks. It 
 constituted the Pythagorean pentalpha, and was the 
 symbol of health. 
 
 PERFECT ASHLAR. The perfect ashlar is a stone 
 of a true square, which can only be tried by the square 
 and compasses. This represents the mind of a man at 
 the close of life, after a well-regulated career of piety and 
 virtue, which can only be tried by the square of God's 
 Word, and the compasses of an approving conscience. 
 
 PERJURY. Let any unprejudiced man pronounce 
 his opinion of Freemasonry from the experience of the 
 benefits it has conferred on society, and his judgment 
 cannot be unfavourable. Take the great body of Free- 
 masons, and their most determined enemies must admit 
 them to be honourable in their actions, and estimable in 
 private life. Look over the criminal calendar at any 
 assizes, and you very seldom find members of this Order 
 charged with felonious offences, or accused of disturbing 
 social order. Should a Mason be convicted of felony or 
 perjury, he is immediately expelled the Order. 
 
 PERPENDICULAR. Geometrically, that which is per- 
 fectly upright and erect, inclining neither one way or the 
 other. Symbolically, inclining neither to avarice nor 
 injustice, to malice nor revenge, to envy nor contempt, in 
 our intercourse with mankind ; but as the builder raises 
 his column by the plane or perpendicular, so should the 
 Mason carry himself toward the world ; thus will he stand 
 approved before heaven and before men, purchasing 
 honor and felicity to himself as a professor of Masonry. 
 
 PERSONAL MERIT. All preferment amongst Ma- 
 sons is grounded upon real worth and personal merit 
 only, so that the lords may be well served, the brethren 
 not put to shame, nor the Royal Craft despised. There- 
 fore no Master or Warden is chosen by seniority, but for 
 his merit. It is impossible to describe these things in 
 writing, and therefore every brother must attend in his 
 place, and learn them in a way peculiar to this Fraternity 
 Ancient Charges.
 
 PET PI L. f,i;> 
 
 PETITION. Every application for a warrant to hold 
 a new lodge must be by petition to the Grand Master, 
 signed by at least seven regularly registered Masons ; and 
 the lodges to which they formerly belonged must be 
 specified. The petition must be recommended by the 
 officers of some regular lodge, and be transmitted to the 
 Grand Secretary, unless there be a Provincial Gran 
 Master of the district or province in which the lodge i 
 proposed to be holden, in which case it is to be sent to 
 him, or to his deputy, who is to forward it, with his 
 recommendation or opinion thereon, to the Grand Master. 
 Applications for relief must also be by petition, stating 
 the name, occupation, place of abode, and present cir- 
 cumstances of the petitioner ; together with the name 
 and number of the lodge in which he was initiated, and 
 the time when he was made a Mason. The applicant, 
 unless disabled by disease or accident, must' sign his 
 name to the petition. Constitutions. 
 
 PHRASES OF ADMISSION. When a candidate 
 receives the first degree, he is said to be initiated, at the 
 second step he is passed, at the third raised; when he 
 takes the mark degree, he is congratulated; having passed 
 the chair, he is said to have presided; when he becomes a 
 Most Excellent Master, he is acknowledged and received; 
 and when a Royal Arch Mason, he is exalted. 
 
 PHYSICAL. The physical qualifications of a candi- 
 date are, that he shall be a free man, born of a free 
 woman, of mature age, and able body. 
 
 PICKAXE. The sound of the stroke of the pickaxe 
 reminds us of the sound of the last trumpet, when the 
 grave shall be shaken, loosened, and deliver up its dead. 
 
 PILLARS. Every lodge must be supported by three 
 grand shafts, or pillars Wisdom, Strength, and Beauty 
 Wisdom constructs the building, Beauty adorns, and 
 Strength supports it; also, Wisdom is ordained to dis- 
 cover, Beauty to ornament, and Strength to bear. He 
 who is wise as a perfect Master, will not be easily injured 
 by his own actions. Hath a person the strength which 
 a Senior Warden represents, he will bear and overcome
 
 616 PIL PLO. 
 
 every obstacle in life. And he who is adorned, like the 
 Junior Warden, with humility of spirit, approaches 
 nearer to the similitude of God than another. But the 
 three pillars must be built upon a rock, and that rock is 
 called Truth and Justice. Gadicke. 
 
 PILLARS OF THE PORCH. It is generally thought 
 that these pillars were made and erected only for orna- 
 ment, because they supported no building. But Abar- 
 binel's conjecture is not improbable, that Solomon had 
 respect to the pillar of the cloud, and the pillar of fire, 
 that went before them and conducted them in the wilder- 
 ness, and was a token of the divine Providence over 
 them. These he set at the porch, or entrance of the 
 Temple (Jachin representing the pillar of the cloud, and 
 Boaz the pillar of fire), praying and hoping that the 
 Divine Light, and the cloud of His glory would vouch- 
 safe to enter in there ; and by them God and His provi- 
 dence would dwell among them in this house. Bishop 
 Patrick. 
 
 PLACED. The situation of the candidate at the 
 north-east angle of the lodge, was symbolical of Joseph, 
 who was the father of two tribes of Israel, one of which 
 was placed at the head of his division of the Israelites 
 in the wilderness, and bore one of the great cherubic 
 banners, and the other had two allotments in the land 
 of Canaan. 
 
 PLANS. The tracing-board is for the Master to draw 
 his plans and designs on, that the building may be 
 carried on with order and regularity. It refers to the 
 Sacred Volume which is denominated the Tracing-Board 
 of the Grand Architect of the Universe, because in that 
 holy book he had laid down sucli grand pla"ns and holy 
 designs, that were we conversant therein, and adherent 
 thereto, it would bring us to a building not made with 
 hands, eternal in the heavens. 
 
 PLOTS. A Mason is a peaceable subject to the civil 
 powers wherever he resides or works, and is never to be 
 concerned in plots and conspiracies against the peace 
 and welfare of the nation, nor to behave himself unduti-
 
 PLU POL 617 
 
 fu ly to inferior magistrates. He is cheerfully to conform 
 to every lawful authority; to uphold, on every occasion, 
 the interest of the community, and zealously to promote 
 the interests of his own country. Ancient C/uirgcs. 
 
 PLUMB-EULE. Without this instrument the opera- 
 tive mason cannot prove that his work is perfectly 
 upright; and the overseer or superintendent of any build- 
 ing must have this tool ever in his hands, that he may 
 prove that his men are working correctly. To proceed 
 straight forward in the paths of virtue and honour, and 
 faithfully to perform those duties the Craft requires of 
 us, demands constant attention on the part of every Free 
 and Accepted Mason. Gadicke. 
 
 POETRY OF MASONRY. An intelligible view of 
 the poetry of Masonry may be gathered from its general 
 principles. It inculcates brotherly love amongst all 
 mankind; it tends to soften the harshness of an exclusive 
 feeling towards those who differ from us ill our views of 
 religion and politics, although it allows of no discussions 
 on either the one or the other; it suppresses the attach- 
 ment to class, which is the bane of all other institutions; 
 and, by the purity of its sentiments, it harmonizes the 
 mind, ameliorates the disposition, and produces that 
 genuine feeling of benevolence and Christian charity 
 which " suffereth long and is kind ; which envieth not, 
 vaunteth not itself, is not easily puffed up, doth not 
 behave unseemly, seeketh not her own, is not easily pro- 
 voked, thinketh no evil, rejoiceth not in iniquity, but 
 rejoiceth in the truth, beareth all things, eridureth all 
 things." 
 
 POINT. A point is an inactive effective disposition 
 or inclination to the several duties of man, and is the 
 beginning of every active duty. It is also the beginning 
 of every advantage, profit, pleasure, or happiness, tha 
 flows from the observation or performance of such a duty. 
 
 POINT WITHIN A CIRCLE. As in a circle, how- 
 ever large, there is one middle point, whither all con- 
 verge, called by geoinetricans the centre; and although 
 the parts of the whole circumference may be divided 
 
 52
 
 618 POL FOR. 
 
 inuumerably, yet is there no other point save that one 
 from which all measure equally, and which, by a certain 
 law of evenness, hath the sovereignty over all. But if 
 yoa leave thi3 one point, whatever point you take, the 
 greater number of lines you draw, the more everything 
 is confused. So the soul is tossed to and fro by the very 
 vastness of the things, and is crushed by a real destitu- 
 tion, in that its own nature compels it everywhere tc 
 seek one object, and the multiplicity suffers it not. St 
 Augustin. 
 
 POLITICS. Politics are entirely prohibited from a 
 Freemasons' lodge, and no brother dare attempt to propa- 
 gate his views upon politics by means of the Order, this 
 being in direct opposition to the ancient statutes. The 
 political opinions of mankind never agree, and they are 
 thus directly opposed to brotherly union. If a peculiar 
 set of political opinions gain the upper hand in a state, 
 or if a revolution take place, or if a country be invaded 
 by a foreign army, the lodges close themselves. Charity 
 to a suffering warrior, let him be a friend or a foe, must 
 not be considered as a political act, for it is the general 
 duty of mankind, and more especially it is a masonic 
 duty. Gadicke. 
 
 POMEGKANATE. Grained Apple. The fruit is about 
 the size of an orange, of a tawny brown, containing an 
 abundance of seeds ; when ripe it opens lengthwise, and 
 is full of juice like wine, which is, when cultivated, sweet 
 and highly agreeable. As an emblem for ornamentation 
 it was highly esteemed by most of the nations of antiquity. 
 Moses was directed to put embroidered pomegranates, 
 with golden bells between them, at the bottom of the 
 high-priest's robe. The two pillars set up at the porch of 
 the temple were ornamented with rows of artificial pome- 
 granates. This fruit, because of the exuberance of its 
 seed, has been selected by Masons as an emblem of plenty. 
 
 PORCH. The width of the porch, holy and most 
 holy places, were twenty cubits, and the height over the 
 holy and most holy places, was thirty cubits ; but the 
 height of the porch was much greater, being no less 
 than 120 cubits, or four times the height of the rest of
 
 POT PRA. 
 
 the building. To the north and south sides, and the 
 west end of the holy and most holy places, or all around 
 the edifice, from the back of the porch on the one side, 
 to the back of the porch on the other side, certain 
 buildings were attached; these were called side cham- 
 bers, and consisted of three stories, each five cubits 
 high, and joined to the wall of the temple without. 
 Calmet. 
 
 POT OF INCENSE. The pot of incense presents 
 itself to our notice as an emblem of a pure heart, which 
 is always an acceptable sacrifice to the Deity ; and as 
 this glows with fervent heat, so should our hearts con- 
 tinually glow with gratitude to the great and beneficent 
 author of our existence, for the manifold blessings and 
 comforts we enjoy. 
 
 POT OF MANNA. The pot of manna was placed 
 in the sanctuary to commemorate the heavenly bread, 
 oy which the Israelites were sustained in the wilderness ; 
 it has therefore been adopted as a masonic emblem, to 
 signify that Christ is the bread of God which came down 
 from heaven. 
 
 PUKSUIVANT. An attendant or herald, who publicly 
 announced all new-comers at tournaments, etc. In some 
 Grand Lodges, an officer whose name implies similar 
 duties, and who acts as the inner sentinel. 
 
 PRACTICE. We may talk of religion, its doctrines, 
 its precepts, and its privileges ; we may talk of philoso- 
 phy with all its train of human perfections, and human 
 acquirements; we may become Masons, boast of its 
 secrecy, its science, and its morals ; put on all its gaudy 
 trappings arid ornaments, and decorate ourselves with its 
 richest external jewels. But if our religion is destitute 
 of love to God, and of charity towards our fellow crea- 
 tures ; if our philosophy is destitute of philanthropy, or 
 if our Masonry is destitute of the activity of doing good, 
 away with religious profession, it is but an empty name ; 
 away with philosophical sentiment, it is but as sounding 
 brass ; away with masonic pretensions, they are but as 
 tinkling cymbals. Invvod.
 
 fi20 PR A PR E. 
 
 PRAYER. The legitimate prayers of Freemasonry 
 are short addresses to the Great Architect of the Uni- 
 verse for a blessing on our labours. Now who is this 
 Divine Being whom we thus invoke? Why, according 
 to the interpretation of our ancient brethren, " Him that 
 was carried to the top of the pinnacle of the holy 
 temple," or Jesus Christ. Nor is Freemasonry singular 
 n ttiis interpretation. St. Paul says " Jesus Christ laid 
 the foundations of the earth, and the heavens are the 
 work of his hands," or, in other words, that he is the 
 Great Architect of the Universe. 
 
 PRECAUTION. The greatest precautions are used to 
 prevent the admission of unworthy characters ; if from 
 want of proper information, or from too charitable con- 
 structions, such are introduced, we deeply regret the 
 mistake, and use every proper method to remedy the 
 evil. Harris. 
 
 PRECEDENCY. The precedency of lodges is derived 
 from the number of their constitutions, as recorded in 
 the books of the Grand Lodge. No lodge shall be 
 acknowledged, nor its officers admitted into the United 
 Grand Lodge, or a Provincial Grand Lodge, nor any of 
 its members entitled to partake of the general charity or 
 other masonic privilege, unless it has been regularly 
 constituted and registered. Constitutions. 
 
 PREFERENCE. Though we give a decided prefe- 
 rence to such as have been tried and proved, and found 
 to be worthy, and have in consequence been made mem- 
 bers of the masonic family, we are known to profess and 
 practise charity unconfined, and liberality unlimited, 
 and to comprehend in the wide circle of our bene- 
 volence, the whole human race. Harris. 
 
 PREJUDICE. From prejudice, as well as from igno 
 ranee, arise most of the objections agaicst Freemasonry, 
 and all the misrepresentations of its principles and prac- 
 tices. As the origin of such dislike to our institution i? 
 so well known, it might be deemed paying too great 
 respect to its evils, to take any notice of them all. ID 
 general, it is best to despise the invectives of calumny.
 
 PRE. 62] 
 
 and smile at the impotence of malice ; to disdain taking 
 any notice of groundless surmises, and not to give our- 
 selves the trouble of listening to the queries of the 
 ignorant, or of confuting the opinions of the prejudiced 
 and captious. Harris. 
 
 PREPARATION. Preparation has several depart- 
 ments, various steps and degrees. We must place our 
 feet on the first round of the masonic or theological 
 ladder, before we can ascend the second ; and we must 
 receive the degree of Entered Apprentice before we can 
 obtain the Fellowcraft, and the Fellowcraft before the 
 degree of Master Mason. Then how complete is the 
 analogy between the work of speculative Masonry, and 
 the preparation of the materials for King Solomon's 
 Temple, and what does the argument by way of ana- 
 logy demonstrate 'i Every moral truth which the pre- 
 paration of the materials of the temple teaches, our 
 masonic preparation also illustrates. It would be wise 
 in us, to think often of the necessity of preparation to 
 be advanced in light and knowledge. Scott. 
 
 PREPARED. A man who has been properly pre 
 pared to be initiated iuto Freemasonry, is a true symbol 
 of a pure and uncorrupted man, such as the Society 
 wishes apd requires to have as members. Such an one 
 must be able to appreciate his fellow mortals more by 
 their moral worth arid intellectual attainments, than by 
 their rank, power, or riches. Happy are those who 
 wish to be so estimated, for they will do honour to the 
 Craft when clothed in purple and gold. Gadicke. 
 
 PREPARING BROTHER. It is the duty of the 
 preparing brother, shortly before the candidate for initia 
 tion is introduced into the lodge, to prove if he still con- 
 tinues earnest in his desire to be initiated, what are the 
 reasons which induce him to do so, and if he is willing 
 to submit himself unconditionally to the rules of an 
 unknown society. From this we may perceive that the 
 preparing brother must possess a line knowledge of man- 
 kind. The situation in which he is placed with regard 
 to the candidate, gives him an opportunity of putting a 
 number of questions which could not be put in any other
 
 622 F RE PUT. 
 
 place, or which the candidate could not answer so fully 
 and so unhesitatingly as in the preparing-room. The 
 preparing brother must not terrify the candidate from 
 seeking admission ; his duty is merely to remove any 
 erroneous ideas the candidate may have formed of the 
 Craft, as far as may be found necessary. Gadicke. 
 
 PRE-REQUISITES. No person is capable of becom 
 Jig a member unless, together with the virtues afore- 
 mentioned, or at least a disposition to seek and acquire 
 them, he is also free-born, of mature age, of good report, 
 of sufficient natural endowments, and the senses of a 
 man ; with an estate, office, trade, occupation, or some 
 visible way of acquiring an honest livelihood, and of 
 working in his Craft, as becomes the members of this 
 most ancient and honourable fraternity, who ought not 
 only to earn what is sufficient for themselves and fami- 
 lies, but also something to spare for works of charity and 
 supporting the true dignity of the royal Craft. Moore 
 
 PRIEST. The second principal of the Royal Arch. 
 
 PRINCIPAL POINT. The principal point of Ma- 
 sonry, is Brotherly Love, Relief, and Truth. 
 
 PRINCIPALS. In a Royal Arch Chapter the Com- 
 panions are supposed to be seated round, in the fonn of 
 the catenarian arch, in which the thrones of the three 
 Principals form the key or cope-stone, to preserve a 
 memory of the vaulted shrine in which King Solomon 
 deposited the sacred name of the word. The cope-stones 
 are represented by the three Principals of the Chapter, 
 because as a knowledge of the secrets of the vaulted 
 chamber could only be known by drawing them forth, 
 o the complete knowledge of this degree can be attained 
 only by passing through its several offices. 
 
 PRINTED WORKS ON FREEMASONRY. The 
 Mas >n promises at his initiation, that he will not betray 
 the secrets of the Order by writing, and notwithstanding 
 the great number of the so-called printed works upon 
 Freemasonry which we have, there is not an author ol 
 one of those works who has been a traitor to the re;:)
 
 PKI. f>28 
 
 secrets of the Craft. When it is maintained by the 
 world that the books which are said to have been written 
 by oppressed Freemasons, contain the secrets of Free- 
 masonry, it is a very great error. To publish an account 
 of the ceremonies of the Lodge, however wrong that may 
 be, does not communicate the secrets of Freemasonry 
 The printed rituals are not correct, as they are printed 
 from memory, and not from a lodge copy. Inquiries into 
 the history of the Order, and the true meaning cf its 
 hieroglyphics and ceremonies by learned brethren cannot 
 be considered treason, for the Order itself recommends 
 the study of its history, and that every brother should 
 instruct his fellows as much as possible. It is the same 
 with the printed explanation of the moral principles and 
 the symbols of the Order ; we are recommended to study 
 them incessantly, until we have made ourselves masters 
 of the valuable information they contain ; and when our 
 learned and cautious brethren publish the result of their 
 inquiries, they ought to be most welcome to the Craft. 
 Gadicke. 
 
 i 
 
 PRINTING. No brother shall presume to print 01 
 publish, or cause to be printed or published, the pro 
 ceedings of any lodge, nor any part thereof; or the 
 names of the persons present at such lodge, without the 
 direction of the Grand Master, or Provincial Grand 
 Master, under pain of being expelled from the Order. 
 This law is not to extend to the writing, printing, or 
 publishing, of any notice or summons issued to the mem- 
 bers of a lodge by the authority of the Master. Consti- 
 tutions. 
 
 PRIVATE DUTIES. Whoever would be a Mason 
 should know how to practise all the private virtues. He 
 should avoid all manner of intemperance or excess, which 
 might prevent his performance of the laudable duties 
 of his Craft, or lead him into enormities, which would 
 reflect dishonour upon the ancient fraternity. He is to 
 be industrious in his profession, and true to the Lord and 
 Muster he serves. He is to labour justly, and not to eat 
 any man's bread for nought ; but to pay truly for his 
 meat and drink. What leisure his labour allows, he is 
 to employ in studying the arts and sciences with a dili-
 
 624 PR1 PRO. 
 
 gent mind, that he may the better perform all his duties 
 to his Creator, his country, his neighbour and himself. 
 Moore. 
 
 PRIVILEGES. The majority of every particular 
 lodge, when duly congregated, have the privilege of 
 instructing their Master and Wardens for their conduct 
 in the Grand Lodge and (Quarterly Communications ; and 
 all particular lodges in the same Communications, shall 
 as much as possible observe 'the same rules and usages, 
 and appoint some of their members to visit each other 
 in the different lodges, as often as it may be convenient 
 Moore. 
 
 PROBATIONS. Probation implies progression, and 
 progression implies reward. If the labour of the Entered 
 Apprentice is intended to refer to the fall of man, or the 
 curse pronounced for his disobedience, then the industri- 
 ous and Christian Mason has an assurance that the time 
 will come when he will be called from his labour on 
 earth, to refreshment in heaven. Scott. 
 
 PROCESSIONS. Our public processions have been 
 instituted for many noble purposes. We visit the house 
 of God in public, to offer up our prayers and praises for 
 mercies and blessings ; we attend in a body to shew the 
 world our mutual attachment as a band of brothers ; we 
 are arranged in a set form to exhibit the beauty of our 
 system, constructed on the most harmonious proportions, 
 and modelled by a series of imperceptible grades of rank, 
 which cement and unite us in that indissoluble chain of 
 sincere affection which is so well understood by Master 
 Masons, and blend the attributes of equality and sub- 
 ordination in a balance so nice and equitable, that the 
 concord between rulers and brethren is never subject to 
 violation, while we meet on the level and part on the 
 square. 
 
 PROCLAMATION. On the proclamation of Cyrus 
 the Jews left Babylon, under the conduct of Zerubba- 
 bel, son of Shealtiel, the lineal descendant of thr princely 
 house of Judah, attended by Jeshua the High Priest, 
 Ilaggai the prophet, and Ezra the scribe, and returned
 
 (JRAJiD MASONIC PBOCE8SIOH.
 
 PRO. 627 
 
 to their own land. In the seventh month of the same 
 year the altar of God was erected, and burnt offerings 
 were sacrificed upon it ; and the feast of tabernacles 
 was kept according to the law of Moses. Men were also 
 employed according to the permission of Cyrus, to cut 
 cedars in Lebanon, and bring them by sea to Joppa. In 
 the beginning of the second year, the foundation of the 
 temple was laid by Zerubbabel, the Grand Master of the 
 Jewish Masons, assisted by Jeshua the High Priest, as 
 Senior Grand Warden, with great rejoicing and praise to 
 God. 
 
 PROFANE. The word signifies uninitiated. All 
 those who do not belong to the Order are frequently so 
 called. Before a lodge is held, care must be taken that 
 none but the initiated are present, and that the lodge 
 is carefully tiled. In the lodge lists, which are frequently 
 open to the public, there are given the addresses to which 
 all letters for the lodge must be sent, and these are called 
 profane addresses. It would be much more proper to 
 call them u town addresses," for many of the uninitiated 
 translate the word profane as unmannerly or impious. 
 Gadicke. 
 
 PROGRESSIVE. There are three steps and three 
 degrees in symbolical Masonry. Each step or degree is 
 an advance towards light and knowledge. There is more 
 revealed in the Fellow Craft's degree, than in the degree 
 of the Entered Apprentice ; and there is fulness of light 
 and knowledge in the degree of Master. Mankind, be- 
 fore the appearance of the Messiah, had been partially 
 instructed under the patriarchal and Levitical dispensa- 
 tions. But the world was then comparatively in dark- 
 ness ; more light was wanted, and the Messiah came to 
 give moie light, to teach and instruct the world in the 
 mysteries of his kingdom. Scott. 
 
 PROMISE. The promise of a Saviour, its reference 
 and fulfilment, is the great mystery of Freemasonry. 
 Some of our most sublime observances are founded upon 
 it, and the distinguishing tokens of recognition in one of 
 the degrees, refer exclusively to that gracious interposi- 
 tion of the Deity in behalf of fallen man : and by virtue
 
 02S PRO. 
 
 of one of these significaLt signs, if we prostrate ourselves 
 with our face to the earth, it is to supplicate the mercy 
 of our Creator and Judge, looking forward with humble 
 confidence to his holy promises, by which alone we hope 
 to pass through the ark of our redemption, into the 
 mansions of eternal bliss and glory. 
 
 PROMOTION. Every man strives for promotion, 
 either in office or in knowledge. It is for this reason 
 that the Apprentice strives for the Fellowcraft's degree ; 
 the Fellov craft for the Master's degree, and the Master 
 for a still higher degree, or state of knowledge. Those 
 who really and zealously strive to obtain a correct know- 
 ledge of all that is truly good and valuable in the Craft, 
 will not fail in their endeavours to obtain masonic pro- 
 motion. Gadicke. 
 
 PRONUNCIATION. The name of Jehovah is the 
 fountain and root, produces all others, and itself is 
 derived from none ; which is shewn by being written 
 in 111 in TH which is seventy-two ; and is adduced by 
 " Bereshith Raba," as one of the highest Names, being 
 taught by the priests and wise men, once in seven years, 
 to their equals in piety and virtue, from the pronuncia- 
 tion being extremely difficult and secret. Manasseh Ben 
 Israel. 
 
 PROPAGATION. Our Grand Master Solomon, ob- 
 serving the effects produced by strict order adopted 
 among the Masons employed in his work, conceived the 
 idea of uniting the wise in every nation, in the bond of 
 brotherly love, and in the pursuit of scientific acquire- 
 ments. He admitted to the participation of this system 
 those illustrious sages, who resorted to Jerusalem, even 
 from the uttermost parts of the East, to be instructed 
 in his wisdom ; and they returning to their respective 
 homes, propagated the system of Freemasonry over the 
 whole face of the Eastern continent. Hemming. 
 
 PROPER PERSONS. The persons made Masons, 01 
 admitted members of a lodge, must be good and true 
 men, free born, and of mature and discreet age and sound 
 judgment ; no bondmen, no women, no immoral or scan- 
 dalous men, but of good report. Ancient,
 
 PRO. 629 
 
 It is to be lamented that the indulgence (subjoined tc 
 this wholesome injunction, (no lodge shall ever make a 
 Mason without due inquiry into his character,) should 
 weaken the regard seriously due to it ; for as no man 
 will build his house upon a bog or a quicksand, a man 
 of suspicious integrity will be found equally unfit to 
 sustain the character of a true Mason ; and if some corre- 
 sponding regard to worldly circumstances were included, 
 it would operate more for the welfare and credit of the 
 Society. Noorthouck. 
 
 PROPHET. The third principal of the Royal Arch 
 
 Chapter. 
 
 PROPOSING. Proposing a candidate is a thing which 
 requires the greatest care and attention. Through an 
 improper subject, a whole lodge nay, even the whole 
 Society may receive a deep wound. No one dare pro- 
 pose a person with whom he is not intimately acquainted, 
 and whose conduct he has not had an opportunity ol 
 observing under different circumstances. The person 
 who is about to make a proposition, must have carefully 
 inquired whether the candidate is influenced by the 
 desire of gain or self-interest ; for he must not look to 
 the Order as a means of making money, but rather as a 
 means of expending it in charitable objects. 
 
 PROSCRIPTION. The severest punishment in the 
 Order. The Freemason who is found guilty of a crime 
 against the regulations of the Order, or the laws of the 
 land, is solemnly proscribed, and notice of his proscrip- 
 tion is sent to all lodges, so that he never can gain 
 admission again. Gadicke. 
 
 PROTECTION. The true believers, in order to 
 withdraw and distinguish themselves from the rest of 
 mankind, especially the idolaters by whom they were 
 surrounded, adopted emblems, and mystic devices, toge- 
 ther with certain distinguishing principles, whereby they 
 should be known to each other; and also certify that 
 they were servants of that God, in whose hands all crea- 
 tion existed. By these means they also protected them- 
 selves from persecution, and their faith from the ridicule 
 of the incredulous vulgar Hutchiiison. 
 53
 
 630 PEG. 
 
 PROTOTYPE. Masonry has the Omnipotent Archi- 
 tect of the Universe for the object of its adoration and 
 imitation, His great and wonderful works for its pattern 
 and prototype, and the wisest and best of men of all ages, 
 nations and languages, for its patrons and professors. 
 But though Masonry primarily inculcates morals and the 
 religion of nature, it has caught an additional spark from 
 the light of revelation and the Sun of Righteousness 
 And though Masonry continues to burn with subordinate 
 lustre, it lights the human traveller on the same road, it 
 oreathes a concordant spirit of universal benevolence ai/d 
 orotherly love, adds one thread more to the silken cord 
 jf evangelical charity which binds man to man, and 
 crowns the cardinal virtues with Christian graces. 
 Watson. 
 
 PROVERBS OR MAXIMS. For the most part having 
 reference to the Order, are in many lodges orally com- 
 municated to the brethren, and they are examined in the 
 proficiency they have obtained in discovering the spirit 
 and meaning of those proverbs, before they can obtain a 
 higher degree. Gadicke. 
 
 PROVINCIAL GRAND LODGE. The Provincial 
 Grand Lodge of each province is to be assembled by the 
 Provincial Grand Master or his deputy, at least once in 
 each year for business; and which may also be a masonic 
 festival. The present and past provincial grand officers, 
 being subscribing members of any lodge within the dis- 
 trict, with the Masters, Past Masters, and Wardens of all 
 the lodges, are members of the Provincial Grand Lodge ; 
 and the Master and Wardens shall attend the same when 
 duly summoned, or depute some brethren properly quali- 
 fied to represent them. Constitutions. 
 
 PROVINCIAL GRAND MASTER. The appoint- 
 ment of this officer, for counties and for large populous 
 districts, is a prerogative of the Grand Master, by whom, 
 or, in his absence, by his deputy, a patent may be grant- 
 ed, during pleasure, to such brother of eminence and 
 ability in the Craft as may be thought worthy of the 
 appointment. By this patent he is invested with a rank 
 and power, in his particular district, similar to those pos- 
 sessed by the Grand Master himself.
 
 PRO PUB. 631 
 
 PROVINCIAL GRAND OFFICERS. These officers 
 are to be annually nominated and installed or invested, 
 according to their stations, in the Provincial Grand 
 Lodge; and when so regularly appointed, they possess, 
 within their particular district, the rank and privileges 
 of grand officers; but they are not by such appointment 
 members of the United Grand Lodge, nor do they take 
 any rank out of the province, though they are entitled to 
 wear their clothing as provincial grand officers, or past 
 officers, in all masonic assemblies. No brother can be 
 appointed a Grand Warden unless he be the Master of a 
 lodge, or has regularly served in that office; nor a Grand 
 Deacon, unless he be a Warden, or Past Warden of a 
 lodge. If Grand Stewards are appointed, the number 
 shall not exceed six, nor shall they take any prominent 
 rank or distinction in the province. Constitutions. 
 
 PRUDENCE. The emblem of prudence is the first 
 and most exalted object that demands our attention in the 
 lodge. It is placed in the centre, ever to be present to the 
 eye of the Mason, that his heart may be attentive to her 
 dictates, and steadfast in her laws; for prudence is the 
 rule of all virtues; prudence is the path which leads to 
 every degree of propriety; prudence is the channel 
 whence self-approbation flows for ever. She leads us 
 forth to worthy actions, and, a.s a blazing star, enlightens 
 us throughout the dreary and darksome paths of life 
 Hutchinson. 
 
 PUBLICITY. What is there in Freemasonry, except 
 the landmarks and peculiar secrets, that we ought to be 
 anxious to conceal? Are our doctrines unfavourable to 
 the interests of morality, that we are desirous of hiding 
 them from public observation? Are our ceremonies re- 
 pulsive to virtue, or our practices subversive to the rules 
 and decencies of society"/ Nothing like it. We boast 
 of our benevolent institutions; we extol our brotherly 
 love; we celebrate our regard for the four cadinal, and 
 the three theological virtues. Why place our light under 
 a bushel ? why refuse to let it shine before men, that 
 they may see our good works have a tendency to the glory 
 of our Father which is in heaven?
 
 032 PUN QUA. 
 
 PUNCTUALITY. I would impress upon the Masters 
 and Wardens the necessity of being punctual, and always 
 to open their lodges and commence their business at the 
 exact hour mentioned in the summonses, assured that if 
 they persevere in this duty, they will incite regularity in 
 the brethren, and the consequences will be, that their 
 families, and the world at large, will appreciate an insti 
 tution which thus displays the fruits of sound and whole- 
 some discipline; the lodges' will increase in number and 
 reputation, and through their exemplary conduct, Free- 
 masonry will secure a triumphal ascendancy, and excite 
 general admiration and respect. 
 
 PUNISHMENTS. Those Freemasons who violate 
 the laws of the country in which they reside, are either 
 suspended, excluded, or proscribed. The lodge, never- 
 theless, never usurps the place of the magistrate or judge, 
 as it has been formerly accused of doing. It rather 
 directs the attention of the officers of justice to those 
 brethren upon whom remonstrances are of no avail, and 
 whom it is compelled to exclude. Gadicke. 
 
 PURITY. White was always considered an emblem 
 of purity. Porphyry, who wrote so largely on the spu- 
 rious Freemasonry, says, " They esteem him not fit to 
 offer sacrifice worthily, whose body is not clothed in a 
 white and clean garment ; but they do not think it any 
 great matter, if some go to sacrifice, having their bodies 
 clean, and also their garments, though their minds be not 
 void of evil, as if God were not the most delighted with 
 internal purity, which bears the nearest resemblance to 
 him. It was even written in the temple of Epidauras 
 let all who come to offer at this shrine be pure. Now 
 purity consists in holy thoughts. 
 
 PURPLE. The colour by which the grand officers 
 are distinguished. It is an emblem of union, being pro- 
 duced by the combination of blue and scarlet, and reminds 
 the wearer to cultivate amongst the brethren over whom 
 lie is placed, such a spirit of union as may cement them 
 into one complete and harmonious society. 
 
 QUADRANGULAR DIAGRAM. This figure, which
 
 QUA. 633 
 
 appears on some of the old Royai Arch floor-cloths, 
 reminds us of the seven pair of pillars which supported 
 King Solomon's private avenue, the seven steps in ad- 
 vancing, and the seven seals ; for in those days the O. B. 
 was sealed seven times. The entire hieroglyphic, in- 
 cluding the linear and angular triads, and 
 the quadrangular diagram, was use' 5 in the 
 continental degree of Secret Master, to ex- 
 press the Tetragrammatou, or Sacred Name, which they 
 assert was found written upon the ancient monuments 
 of Jerusalem. 
 
 QUALIFICATION. Every candidate for the office 
 of Master must be true and trusty, of good report, and 
 held in high estimation amongst the brethren. He must 
 be well skilled in our noble science, and a lover of the 
 Craft ; he must have been regularly initiated, passed, and 
 raised in the three established degrees of Freemasonry, 
 and have served the office of Warden in some regulai 
 warranted lodge. He ought to be of exemplary conduct, 
 courteous in manners, easy of address, but steady and firm 
 in principle. He must have been regularly ballotted 
 for, and elected by, the Worshipful Master, officers, ano 
 brethren, in open lodge assembled ; and presented ac- 
 cording to ancient form, to a regularly constituted board 
 of installed Masters. 
 
 QUALIFICATION QUESTIONS. These questions 
 are used as tests, to ascertain the progress of a candidate 
 during his passage through the degrees. They are signi 
 ficant ; and every one who aspires to the character of a 
 perfect Mason, ought to be acquainted with them. 
 
 QUARRELLING. As a Mason you are to cultivate 
 brotherly love, the foundation and cape-stone, the cement 
 and glory of this ancient fraternity, avoiding all wrangling 
 and quarrelling, all slander and backbiting, nor permitting 
 others to slander any honest brother, but defending his 
 character and doing him all good offices, as far as is con- 
 sistent with your honour and safety, and no farther. 
 Ancient Charges. 
 
 QUARRIES OF TYRE. The arrangement of tr*
 
 034 QUA. 
 
 Tyriun quarries must not be compared with the cornmcn 
 stone-pits of this country, but rather to an extensive coal 
 mine. Thus, Shaw describes the quarries of Strabo, at 
 Aquilaria: "Small shafts or openings are carried up 
 quite through the surface above, for the admission of 
 fresh air, whilst large pillars, with their respective arches: 
 are still left standing to support the roof." Here the 
 lodges were opened in the several degrees. 
 
 QUARTERLY COMMUNICATIONS. Four Grand 
 Lodges, representing the Craft, shall be held for quarter- 
 ly communication in each year, on the first Wednesday 
 in the months of March, June, September and December, 
 on each of which occasions, the Masters and Wardens of 
 all the warranted lodges, shall deliver into the hands of the 
 Grand Secretary and Grand Treasurer, a faithful list of 
 all their contributing members ; and the warranted lodges 
 in and adjacent to London, should pay towards the grand 
 fund one shilling per quarter for each member. Articles 
 of Union. 
 
 QUARTERLY SUBSCRIPTIONS. Supporting a 
 lodge, paying the serving brethren, and other expenses 
 which are unavoidable, cause an expenditure which the 
 uncertain fees upon initiation will not meet, and thus 
 renders it necessary for the brethren to contribute a small 
 sum monthly for this purpose ; these sums vary in 
 amount in different lodges according to their own by- 
 laws made for the purpose. The balance in the hands of 
 the Treasurer, after paying all necessary expenses, is 
 spent for the benefit of the lodge, or devoted to charita- 
 ble purposes. No subscribing brother ought to neglect 
 these payments; and he who lives in a place where 
 there is no lodge, and is not a subscriber, acts most 
 unmasonically by neglecting to support the Charities. 
 Poor brethren, and those who are initiated as musical or 
 serving brethren, are exempt from all contributions ; but 
 those who are able to subscribe and do not do so, deserve 
 most justly to be struck off the list of members. 
 Gadicke. 
 
 QUATERNARY. The sacred quaternarj , or number 
 Four, involves the liberal sciences, phy.sirs, morality. &c,
 
 QUE RAI. 6,35 
 
 And because the first four digits, added into each other, 
 produce the number ten, Pythagoras called the quater- 
 nary all number, and used it as the symbol of univer- 
 sality. 
 
 QUEEN ELIZABETH. During the reign of Queen 
 Elizabeth, the government of the country attempted to 
 interfere with Freemasonry, but without success. The 
 queen was jealous of all secrets in which she was unable 
 to participate, and she deputed an armed force, on St 
 John's day, in December, 1561, to break up the annual 
 Grand Lodge. The Grand Master, Sir Thomas Sackville, 
 received the queen's officers with great civility, telling 
 them nothing could give him greater pleasure than to 
 .admit them into the Grand Lodge, and communicate to 
 them the secrets of the Order. He persuaded them to 
 be initiated, and this convinced them that the system 
 was founded on the sublime ordinances of morality and 
 religion. On their return, they assured the queen that 
 the business of Freemasonry was the cultivation of mo- 
 rality and science, harmony and peace; and that politics 
 arid religion were alike forbidden to be discussed in their 
 assemblies. The queen was perfectly satisfied, and never 
 attempted to disturb the lodges again. 
 
 RAINBOW. The rainbow was an emblem common 
 to every species of religious mystery ; and was probably 
 derived from an old arkite tradition, that the divinity was 
 clothed in a rainbow ; for thus he is represented by Eze- 
 kiel the prophet : "As the appearance of the bow that is 
 in the cloud in the day of rain, so was the appearance of 
 the brightness round about; this was the appearance 
 of the likeness of the Glory of the Lord." St. John 
 saw in a vision the throne of God encompassed by a 
 rainbow. A rainbow was in fact the usual emblem of a 
 divine Saviour throughout the world. Some Christians, 
 "from the irradiation of the sun upon a cloud, appre- 
 hend the mystery of the Son of Righteousness in th 
 obscurity of the flesh by the colours green and red 
 the two destructions of the world by water and fire ; or 
 by the colour of water and blood the mysteries of baptism 
 ind the holv eucharist "
 
 o86 flAI KEG. 
 
 RAISED. The expressive term used to designate the 
 reception of the candidate into the third or sublime 
 degree of Master Mason, and alludes both to a part of 
 the ceremony and to oar faith in the glorious morn of tin; 
 resarrection, when onr "bodies will rise, and become aa 
 incorruptible as our souls. 
 
 RECOGNITION, SIGN OR SIGNS, WORD, AND 
 GRIP. Wherever brethren meet, in whatever part of 
 the world it may be, whether they can understand each 
 others language or not, if it be by day or by night, if 
 one be deaf and the other dumb, they can nevertheless 
 recognise each other as brethren. In this respect the 
 recognition signs are a universal language, and they are 
 communicated to every Mason at his initiation. Signs 
 and grips can be given so cautiously that it is not possi-* 
 ble to perceive them, if they are surrounded by thousands 
 who have not been initiated. To give the word is some 
 what more difficult. By the grip we may make ourselves 
 known to the blind, by the sign unto the deaf, and by 
 the word and grip by day or by night. Gadicke. 
 
 RECOMMENDATION. The following is the general 
 form of a petition to the Lodge of Benevolence for relief, 
 which may be altered according to circumstances : We 
 the undersigned, being the Master, Wardens, and majority 
 of the members present, in open lodge assembled, of 
 
 lodge No. called , and held at , this 
 
 day of , 18 - , do hereby certify, that the 
 
 within named petitioner hath been a regular contributing 
 
 member of this lodge for the space of years ; and 
 
 that we have known him in reputable circumstances, 
 and do therefore recommend him to the Lodge of Benevo- 
 lence for relief, having satisfactory grounds for believing 
 the allegations set forth in his petition to be true. Con 
 "titutions. 
 
 RECONCILIATION. Freemasonry teaches to sup- 
 press private prejudices and party spirit; to forget ani- 
 mosities, and to listen to the voice of reconciliation ; to 
 soften into gentleness and complaisance, sympathy, and 
 love ; and to prepare for all the duties of universal 
 benevolence. Harris.
 
 RED REG. 637 
 
 RED SEA. That part of the sea over which the 
 Israelites passed, was, according to Mr. Bruce, arid other 
 travellers, about four leagues across, and, therefore, 
 might easily be crossed in one night. In the dividing oi 
 the sea, two agents appear to be employed, though the 
 effect produced can be attributed to neither. By stretch- 
 ing out the rod the waters were divided ; by the b . jwirig 
 of the vehement east wind, the bed of the sea was dried. 
 It has been observed that in the bed of the sea, where 
 the Israelites were supposed to have passed, the wator is 
 about fourteen fathoms, or twenty-eight yards deep. No 
 natural agent could divide these waters, and cause them 
 to stand as a wall upon the right hand and upon the 
 left ; therefore God did it by his own sovereign power. 
 When the waters were thus divided, there was no need 
 of a miracle to dry the bed of the sea, and make it passa- 
 ble; therefore the strong desiccating east wind was 
 brought, which soon accomplished this object. Adam 
 Clarke. 
 
 REFRESHMENT. I like the good old custom of 
 moderate refreshment during lodge hours, because, under 
 proper restrictions, I am persuaded that it is consonant 
 with ancient usage. The following are the routine 
 ceremonies which were used on such occasions by our 
 brethren of the last century. At a certain hour of the 
 evening, and with certain ceremonies, the lodge waa 
 called from labour to refreshment, when the brethren 
 " enjoyed themselves with decent merrimenfr," and the 
 song and the toast prevailed for a brief period. The 
 songs were usually on masonic subjects, as printed in the 
 old Books of Constitutions, and other works ; and 
 although the poetry is sometimes not of the choicest 
 kind, yet several of them may class amongst the first 
 compositions of the day. Each song had its appropriate 
 toast ; and thus the brethren were furnished with the 
 materials for passing a social hour. And I can say from 
 experience, that the time of refreshment in a masonic 
 lodge, up to the union in 1S13, was a period of unalloved 
 happiness and rational enjoyment. 
 
 REG-ALIA. No brother shall, on any pretence, be 
 admitted into the Grand Lodge, or anv subordinate lodge.
 
 C38 REG. 
 
 without his proper clothing. If an honorary or ot^ei 
 jewel be worn, it must be conformable to, and consistent 
 with, those degrees, which are recognised by the Grand 
 L o dge . Constitutions. 
 
 REGENERATION. The cross on which the Messiah 
 suffered was typified by the staff* of Jacob amongst the 
 patriarchs ; amongst the Jews by the rod of Moses, as 
 an agent of salvation on their deliverance from Egyptian 
 bondage, and during their sojournings in the wilderness ; 
 and also by the pole on which the brazen serpent was 
 suspended : and amongst the heathen by the tau-cross, 
 which was appropriated to Serapis, and other deities ; 
 and, in its triple form (y) , constituting a striking 
 emblem of Royal Arch Masonry united with Christianity 
 at the present day. And it is remarkable, that in each 
 and every case, whether of the staff* of Jacob, the rod of 
 Moses, the pillar of the brazen serpent, or the tau of the 
 heathen nations, the emblem signified alike the cross of 
 Christ, regeneration, and life. 
 
 REGISTRAR. The Grand Registrar is to be appointed 
 annually by the Grand Master on the day of his installa- 
 tion, and, if present, invested according to ancient cus- 
 tom. He shall have the custody of the seals of the 
 Grand Lodge, and shall affix the same to all patents, 
 warrants, certificates, and other documents issued by the 
 authority of the Grand Lodge, as well as to such as the 
 Grand Master, in conformity to the established laws and 
 regulations of the Craft, may direct. He is to superin- 
 tend the office of the records of the Grand Lodge, and 
 to take care that the several documents issued from his 
 office be in due form. Constitutions. 
 
 REGISTRATION. Every lodge must be particularly 
 careful in registering the names of the brethren initiated 
 therein, and also in making the returns of its members, 
 as no person is entitled t^ partake of the general charity, 
 unless his name be duly registered, and he shall have 
 been at least two years a contributing member of a 
 lodge ; except in the following cases, to which the limi- 
 tation of two years is not meant to extend, viz.: ship- 
 wreck, or capture at sea, loss by fire, or breaking or diy
 
 REG -REI. 63il 
 
 locating a limb, fuJly attested and proved. To prevent 
 injury to individuals, by their being excluded the privi- 
 leges of Masonry, through the neglect of their lodges in 
 not registering their names, any brother, so circum- 
 stanced, on producing sufficient proof that he has paid 
 the full fees to his lodge, including the register fee, shall 
 be capable of enjoying the privileges of the Craft. But 
 the offending lodge shall be reported to the Board 01 
 General Purposes, and rigorously proceeded against for 
 detaining monies which are the property of the Grand 
 Lodge. Constitutions. 
 
 REGULAR LODGE. By this term we are not only 
 to understand such a lodge as works under a general 
 warrant, granted by the Grand Lodge of the country in 
 which it is situated, and which is acknowledged by, and 
 is in correspondence with, the neighbouring lodges, but 
 also that the Book of the Holy Law shall be unfolded 
 on the pedestal ; that it shall be composed of the requi- 
 site number of brethren, and the authority of the warrant 
 enforced by the presence of the Book of Constitutions. 
 
 REGULARITY. He only is acknowledged as a Free 
 and Accepted Mason who has been initiated into our 
 mysteries in a certain manner, with the assistance of, and 
 under the superintendence of at least seven brethren, and 
 who is able to prove that he has been regularly initiated, 
 by the ready use of those signs and words which are used 
 by the other brethren. Charter of Colne. 
 
 REGULATIONS Without such regulations as Solo- 
 mon had devised for the government of his servants, 
 without such artificers, and a superior wisdom overruling 
 the whole, we should be ;it a loss to account for the 
 beginning, carrying on, and finishing that great work in 
 the space of seven years and six months, when the two 
 succeeding temples, though much inferior, employed so 
 much more time ; and then we have good authority to 
 believe that the temple of Diana, at Ephesus, a structure 
 not comparable to the Temple of Jerusalem, was two 
 hundred and twenty years in building. Hutcldnson. 
 
 REINSTATEMENT The Provincial Grand Mast
 
 640 R EL REN. 
 
 has no power t > expel a Mason, though he may, when 
 satisfied that any brother has been unjustly or illegally 
 suspended, removed, or excluded from any of his masonic 
 functions or privileges by a lodge, order him to be 
 immediately restored, and may suspend, until the next 
 quarterly communication, the lodge or brother who shall 
 efuse to comply with such order. Constitutions. 
 
 RELIEF. Relief is an important tenet of our pro- 
 ession ; and though to relieve the distressed is a duty 
 incumbent on all men, it is more particularly so on 
 Masons, who are linked together by an indissoluble chain 
 of sincere affection. To soothe calamity, alleviate mis- 
 fortune, compassionate misery, and restore peace to the 
 troubled mind, is the grand aim of the true Mason. On 
 this basis he establishes his friendships, and forms his 
 connexions. 
 
 RELIGION. The ancient lodges only admitted those 
 persons into the Order who acknowledged the divinity of 
 Jesus Christ ; thus they were to be Christians, either of 
 the English, Catholic, Lutheran, reformed, or modern 
 Greek church. Mahometans, Jews, &c., were excluded, 
 for none of these acknowledged the New Testament as 
 a sacred writing. In modern times some of the French 
 lodges have initiated Jews, but they are not acknow- 
 ledged by the ancient lodges to be Freemasons. GaJicJce 
 
 REMOVAL OF LODGES. When any lodge shall 
 have resolved to remove, the Master or Warden shall 
 forthwith send a copy of the minutes of the lodge for 
 such removal to the Grand Secretary, or to the Provincial 
 Grand Master or his deputy, that it may be ascertained 
 whether the above law has been strictly complied with, 
 and that the removal may be duly recorded. If the 
 meeting of a lodge at its usual place should by any cir- 
 cumstance be rendered impossible or improper, the Master 
 may appoint any other place, and consult his brethren 
 on the occasion. Constitutions. 
 
 RENUNCIATION. Amongst the Jews, when a person 
 renounced any bargain or contract, he took off his shoe, 
 and gave it to his fellow; which was considered a suffi-
 
 REP. 641 
 
 cient evidence that he transferred all his right unto that 
 person to whom he delivered his shoe. It is not easy to 
 give an account of the origin of this custom ; but the 
 reason is plain enough, it being a natural signification 
 that he resigned his interest in the land by giving him 
 his shoe, wherewith he used to walk in it, to the end 
 that he might enter into it, and take possession of it him- 
 self. The Targum, instead of a shoe, hath the right-hand 
 glove; it being the custom in his time, perhaps, to give 
 that instead of the shoe. For it is less troublesome to 
 pull off a glove than a shoe, and deliver it to another, 
 though it hath the same signification ; as now the Jews 
 deliver a handkerchief to the same purpose. So R. Solo- 
 mon Jarchi affirms " We acquire, or buy, now by a 
 handkerchief, or veil, instead of a shoe." Bishop Patrick. 
 
 REPASTS. The days of meeting are often days of 
 festivity. The repasts are heightened by the temporary 
 equality, which adds much to the mirth of the meeting, 
 and all cares subside for the day. What has been said oi 
 certain assemblies, where decency was not respected, u 
 most certainly the invention of calumny. Barmel. 
 
 REPORT. The sound of the Master's hammer reminds 
 each brother of the sacred numbers, a thing which oughi 
 to induce us readily and cheerfully to acknowledge and 
 obey his commands. He who wishes to gain admittance 
 amongst us must remember the saying, " Knock and it 
 shall be opened unto you." It is only then that he can 
 enter with a sanctified heart. Gadiche. 
 
 REPORTS. The reports or signals of Masonry are 
 too well known to every brother to need any explanation 
 They are arranged on certain fixed principles to dis- 
 tinguish every separate degree. 
 
 REPRESENTATION. The public interests of the 
 Fraternity are managed by a general representation of 
 all private lodges on record, together with the present 
 and past g*ind officers, and the Grand Master at theit 
 head. All brethren who have been regularly elected 
 and installed as Master of a lodge, and who have exe- 
 cuted the office for one year, shall rank as Past Masters- 
 54
 
 REP. 
 
 and shall be members of the Gra.id Lodge. But if a 
 Past Master shall cease to subscribe to a lodge for the 
 space. of twelve months, he shall no longer enjoy the 
 rank of Past Master, or continue a member of the Grand 
 Lodge. Constitutions. 
 
 REPRESENTATIVES, or DEPUTIES FROM ONE 
 LODGE TO ANOTHER. They may either be represents 
 tives of one Grand Lodge in another, or of a St. John' 
 Lodge in a Grand Lodge. In the last case the deputy 
 must endeavour to maintain the rights and privileges of 
 the lodge he represents, and must not allow any resolu- 
 tions to be passed which may act injuriously to the 
 lodge he represents, or any other lodge. We perceive 
 by this that a deputy should have clear views of the 
 rights and privileges of the lodge he represents, and of 
 the whole Order, or he cannot do his duty as a deputy in 
 bringing any propositions he may have to make before 
 the Grand Lodge. He must also be able to transmit a 
 correct account of the transactions of the Grand Lodge 
 to the lodge from which he is deputed. Gadicke. 
 
 REPUTATION. It seems the Masons have great 
 regard to the reputation, as well as the profit, of their 
 Order; since they make it one reason for not divulging 
 an art in common, that it may do honour to the possessors 
 of it. I think in this particular they show too much 
 regard for their own society, and too little for the rest of 
 mankind. Locke. 
 
 REPROACH. There are some of persons of so captious 
 and uncharitable a make, that it would be impossible for 
 the most cautious to avoid their remarks, or escape their 
 censures. The exceptions may lay hold of some un- 
 guarded circumstance or other, misrepresent what is 
 good, and, by giving it a wrong turn or appellation, spoil 
 both its credit and effect. While the envious and ma- 
 licious will be sagacious in discovering the weak side of 
 every character, and dexterous in making the most and 
 worst of it. Thus circumstanced, how are* we to con- 
 duct ourselves? How is it possible to steer clear from 
 blame? It may not be. But if we cannot escape 
 reproaches, we may avoid deserving them. Harris.
 
 KES. 643 
 
 RESIGNATION. This word is sometimes applied when 
 a member desires to leave his Lodge. A Mason's obliga- 
 tions to the Order are indefeasible. In the separation of 
 brother from his Lodge, the word dimit should be used. 
 
 RESPECTABILITY. In referring to the prosperous 
 condition of the Craft, and the accession which is daily 
 making to its numbers, 1 would observe that the charac 
 ter of a lodge does not depend upon the number but the 
 respectability of its members. It is too often the case 
 that a lodge manifests too great anxiety to swell its 
 numbers, under the erroneous idea that number consti- 
 tutes might. It should, however, be remembered, that 
 the race is not to the swift, nor the battle to the strong. 
 So it is in Masonry ; a lodge of a dozen men, of respect- 
 able standing in society, will exert more influence upon 
 the community than five times the number of doubtful 
 reputation. The latter will be greater in numerical 
 strength, but the former in actual power. TannekiU. 
 
 RESTRICTIONS. When the Temple at Jerusalem 
 was completed, King Solomon, being desirous to trans- 
 mit the society under the ancient restrictions, as a bless- 
 ing to future ages, decreed that whenever they should 
 assemble in their lodges, to discourse upon, and improve 
 themselves in, the arts and sciences, and whatever else 
 should be deemed proper topics to increase their know- 
 ledge, they should likewise instruct each other in secrecy 
 arid prudence, morality and good fellowship ; and for 
 these purposes he established certain peculiar rules and 
 customs to be invariably observed in their conversations, 
 that their minds might be enriched by a perfect acquaint- 
 ance with, and practice of, every moral, social, and 
 religious duty, lest, while they were so highly honoured 
 by being employed in raising a temple to the great Jeho- 
 vah, they should neglect to secure themselves a happy 
 admittance into the celestial lodge, of which the Temple 
 was only to be a type. Calcott. 
 
 RESURRECTION. The Master Mason's tracing-board, 
 covered with emblems of mortality, reads a lesson to the 
 initiated of the certainty of death, and also of a resurrec- 
 tion from the dead. Like that of the two preceding
 
 644 RETREV. 
 
 degrees, it is an oblong square, circumscribed by a black 
 border witbin the four cardinal points of the compass. 
 The principal figure is a black coffin, on a white ground, 
 at the head of which is placed a sprig of evergreen, called 
 cassia, or acacia, which appears to bloom and flourish 
 over the grave, as though it said " death where is thy 
 sting! grave where is thy victory ! " 
 
 RETURNS. Every lodge shall, at least once m the 
 year, transmit, by direct communication, to the Grand 
 Secretary a regular list of its members, and of the 
 brethren initiated or admitted therein since their last 
 return, with the dates of initiating, passing, and raising 
 every brother; also their ages as nearly as possible at 
 that time, and their titles, professions, additions, or 
 trades ; together with all monies due or payable to the 
 Grand Lodge ; which list is to be signed by the Master 
 and Secretary. Constitutions. 
 
 RE-UNION. Freemasonry forms a happy centre of 
 re-union for worthy men, who are desirous of a select 
 society of friends and brothers, who have bound them- 
 selves in a voluntary obligation to love each otlwr, to 
 afford aid and assistance in time of need, to animal*} one 
 another to acts of virtue and benevolence, and to keep 
 inviolably the secrets which form the chief charactt ristic 
 of the Order. Lalande. 
 
 REVELATION. Masonry primarily inculcates n orals 
 and the religion of nature, but it has caught an addr ional 
 spark from the light of revelation and the Sun of Ri fhte- 
 ousness. And though Masonry continues to burn with 
 subordinate lustre, it lights the human traveller OM the 
 same road ; it breathes a concordant spirit of uni T ersal 
 benevolence and brotherly love ; adds one thread more 
 to the silken cord of evangelical charity which bindr man 
 to man, and crowns the cardinal virtues with Chr>iian 
 graces. Watson. 
 
 REVELS. No dark reveis or midnight orgies hte 
 practised in a lodge. No words of wrath or condemnation 
 are heard, and no inquisitorial questions ere asked. The 
 candidate hears of peace, brotherly love, relief, and train
 
 REV RHE. 645 
 
 He is taught to reverence God's holy name, and never tc 
 mention it but with that reverei-tial awe which is due 
 from the creature to the Creator; to implore His aid in 
 all laudable undertakings, and esteem Him as the chief 
 good. Scott. 
 
 REVERENTIAL. We are taught by the reverential 
 sign to bend with submission and resignation beneath 
 the chastening hand of the Almighty, and at the same 
 time to engraft his law in our hearts. This expressive 
 form, in which the Father of the human race first pre- 
 sented himself before the face of the Most High, to receive 
 the denunciation arid terrible judgment, was adopted by 
 our Grand Master Moses, who, when the Lord appeared 
 to him in the burning bush on Mount Horeb, covered 
 his face from the brightness of the divine presence. 
 
 REVISION. A revision of the lodge lectures peri- 
 odically, to meet the advance of civilization and science, 
 ought to take place under the sanction of the Grand 
 Lodge. Every institution, to be perfect, should be con- 
 sistent with itself. And hence the insufficiency of the 
 present lectures may reasonably be questioned. It is 
 therefore desirable that the attention of the fraternity 
 should be fairly awakened to the subject, that they may 
 take the premises into their most serious consideration, 
 and endeavour to place Freemasonry on so substantial 
 a basis, as to constitute the unmixed pride of its friends 
 and defenders, and defy the malice of its traducers and 
 foes, if any such are still to be found amongst those who 
 are indifferent to its progress. 
 
 REWARD. The brethren are released from theii 
 labour to receive their reward. Respect, love, and grati- 
 tude, are their reward, and the consciousness of having 
 deserved such must dwell in the breast of the labourer 
 himself. No one can or dare declare himself to be 
 worthy or unworthy of this reward, much less can he 
 claim merit from his brethren. Gudicke. 
 
 RHETORIC. Rhetoric teaches us to speak copiously 
 and fluently on any subject, not merely with propriety, 
 but with all the advantage of force and elegance : wisely
 
 646 RHY RIG. 
 
 contriving to captivate the hearer by strength of argu- 
 ment and beauty of expression, whether it be to entreat 
 or exhort, to admonish or applaud. 
 
 RHYME. When lectures were added to the system 
 of Freemasonry, they were sometimes couched in doggrel 
 rhyme ; bat their verses seldom embodied any of the 
 peculiar secrets. The introduction of the " Masters 
 Part," as it was then called, was expressed- as follows 
 The passage has been expunged from our disquisitions, 
 as unmeaning and useless, and therefore there will be no 
 impropriety in introducing an extract here, to show how 
 our forefathers worked. Ex. An E. A. P. I presume you 
 have been. R. J. and B. I have seen. A M. M. I was 
 most rare, with diamond, ashlar, and the square. Ex 
 If a M. M. you would be, you most understand the rule 
 of three, and M. B. shall make you free ; and what you 
 want in Masonry, shall in this lodge be shown to thee. 
 II. Good Masonry, I understand ; the keys of all lodges 
 are at my command, &c., &c. 
 
 RIBBON. The ribbon worn by the Companions of 
 the Order, is a sacred emblem denoting light, being 
 composed of the two principal colours with which the 
 veil of the tabernacle was interwoven. It is further 
 signified by its radiated form, and in both respects has 
 been considered an emblem of regal power and dignity. 
 
 RIGHT ANGLE. The perfect sincerity of one right 
 line to another, is as the line of that angle, the line of 
 duty being radius. An acute angle is imperfect sincerity. 
 An obtuse angle is injustice. Join sincerity perfectly to 
 any duty, and it forms justice, and is equal to an angle 
 of ninety degrees. Old Lecture. 
 
 RIGHT HAND. The proper residence of faith or 
 fidelity was thought to be in the right hand, and therefore 
 this deity was sometimes represented by two right hands 
 joined together; sometimes by two little images shaking 
 each other by the right hand ; so that the right hand was 
 esteemed by the ancients as a sacred symbol. And 
 agreeably to this are those expressions in Virgil : " Eii 
 tlext.ra fidesque;" as if shaking by the right hand was
 
 RIG KIT. 647 
 
 an indispensable token of an honest heart And again 
 "Cur dextrae jungere dextram non datur, ac veras auclire, 
 et reddere voces'/" that is to say, why should we not 
 join right hand to right hand, and hear and speak the 
 truth '? Anderson. 
 
 RIGHT LINE. A right line is a duty persisted in 
 with constancy, or any uninterrupted advantage, profit, 
 pleasure, or .happiness. That which hath no dependence 
 on any other thing to make it perfect in itself, is a right 
 line. Every divine command is a right line, and also the 
 sincerity with which such a command ought to be per- 
 formed. Every line representing a duty to be performed, 
 may be supposed to contain .all the particular branches 
 of that duty ; for the branches or parts of any duty, must 
 of consequence make up the whole duty itself. Old 
 Lecture. 
 
 RIGHTS. The right of the Entered Apprentice to be 
 advanced, or the Fellow Craft to be raised, depends, in 
 strict principle, upon his proficiency in the degree which 
 he has received. He should be able to exhibit a beautiful 
 specimen of intellectual or moral work, to entitle him to 
 receive wages, or to enter upon the study of highei 
 departments of science. Scott. 
 
 RITE. A rite is an item in the ceremonial of confer- 
 ring degrees, although in some countries it is extended to 
 include a number of degrees and orders, as in the French 
 rite " ancien et accepte," which comprehends the " Ma- 
 (^onnerie Symbolique, Elu, Chev. d' Orient, du Soleil, 
 Kadosh, Rose Croix," &c., with the " Grades dites Phi- 
 losophiques et Administratifs." 
 
 RITUAL. This word imports how a lodge ought to 
 be opened and closed, and how an initiation, passing, or 
 raising ought to be conducted; this may also be called 
 the liturgy of the lodge. The ritual is not the same in 
 all lodges, nay, there are nearly as many different rituals 
 as there are Grand Lodges. Many of those rituals are of 
 quite modern origin, especially that of the Grand Lodge 
 Royal York, Berlin, and that of the Grand Lodge of 
 Hamburgh. The English ritual is the most ancient, ano
 
 648 RIV ROD. 
 
 extended itself into every part of the earth but was 
 afterwards superseded in many places by the French, 
 Swedish, and others. Those outward forms and cere- 
 monies, although they differ, yet they do not divide the 
 brethren amongst themselves, but each lodge and its 
 members is tolerant with the members of other lodges ; 
 and all lodges are allowed to endeavour and strive to 
 obtain their object by what way they think best. Neither 
 is there any real difference whether some ceremonies are 
 to be performed in this manner, or in that, according to 
 the different rituals, or whether the officers are called 
 this or that. Time and various circumstances have made 
 those alterations in the rituals principally to produce a 
 more lasting impression upon the mind of the candidate 
 at his initiation, and to advance with the improved spirit 
 of the times. Fragments from some of the rituals have 
 been published, especially from the old ones ; but there 
 must be more than a dozen rituals published before an 
 uninitiated person could learn how an initiation was con- 
 ducted, or how a lodge was held. The end to which the 
 ritual leads us is the principal object, or the real secret 
 of Freemasonry, and it would require an adept to discover 
 this from any ritual. There only ought to be one ritual, 
 as was the case in former ages ; and the unlucky word 
 system ought never to have been introduced into the 
 Craft. Gadicke. 
 
 RIVERS OF EDEN. The four rivers of Paradise 
 had a reference to the cardinal virtues. In Pisor, oui 
 first parents revered the fountain of prudence ; in Gihon 
 they beheld the sacred stream of justice. The rapid tor- 
 rent of Hiddekel denoted fortitude, and the Euphrates 
 the mild and steady current of temperance. Happy was 
 their state, while these sacred truths continued to guide 
 their actions; and the Mason will be equally happy who, 
 through life, adheres to the lessons here inculcated. 
 Instructed by prudence, guided by justice, strengthened 
 by fortitude and restrained by temperance, like Adam in 
 the garden of Eden, his services will be acceptable to 
 the Deity. 
 
 ROD. The rod of Moses, fearful as the attack of a 
 serpent to the Egyptians, was a sceptre of righteousness
 
 ROU ROY. 649 
 
 to the children of Israel. It was a sign ^f the divine 
 authority, and a visible demonstration of God's power 
 vised to confound the pretended skill of the magicians, 
 to show the omnipotence of the Deity, and to humble 
 the pride of Pharaoh, when he beheld the mighty won- 
 ders wrought by so contemptible an agent as a shepherd's 
 staff. But above all, this rod metamorphosed, was a 
 type of Christ's death, to which indeed Freemasonry 
 ultimately points ; for as by a serpent death came into 
 the world, so by the death of the Son of God, the 
 serpent, or Satan, was fully vanquished and trodden un- 
 derfoot. 
 
 ROUGH ASHLER. We cannot regard the rough 
 ashler as an imperfect thing, for it was created by the 
 Almighty Great Architect and he created nothing imper- 
 fect, but gave us wisdom and understanding, so as to 
 enable us to convert the seemingly imperfect to our 
 especial use and comfort. What great alterations are 
 made in a rough ashler by the mallet and chisel ! With 
 it are formed, by the intelligent man, the most admirable 
 pieces of architecture. And man, what is he when he 
 tirst enters into the world ? Imperfect, and yet a perfect 
 work of God, out of which so much can be made by 
 education and cultivation. Gadickc. 
 
 ROYAL ARCH. This degree is more august, sublime, 
 and important than those which precede it, and is the 
 summit of ancient Masonry. It impresses on our minds 
 a more firm belief of the existence of a Supreme Deity 
 without beginning of days or end of years, and justly 
 reminds us of the respect and veneration due to that holy 
 name. Until within these few years, this degree wafr 
 not conferred on any but those who had been enrolled a 
 considerable time in the fraternity, and could besides 
 give the most unequivocal proofs of their skill and pro 
 Eciency in the Craft. Ahiman Rezon. 
 
 ROYAL ART. It is a royal art to be able to preserve 
 a secret, and we are, therefore, accustomed to call Free- 
 masonry a royal art. To be able to plan large buildings, 
 especially palaces, is also certainly a great and a royal 
 art, but it is still a more royal art to induce men to do that
 
 650 ROY SAC. 
 
 whicii is good, and to abstain from evil, without having 
 recourse to the power of the law. Others derive the 
 appellation, royal art, from that part of the members of 
 the English Builders' Huts, who, after the beheading oi 
 Charles I., 30fch January, 1649, joined the persecuted 
 Stuart, inasmuch as that they laboured to restore the 
 oyal throne, which had been destroyed by Cromwell. 
 Anderson, on the contrary, in his English Constitution 
 Book, affirms that the appellation royal art is derived 
 from the fact, that royal persons have stood, and still 
 stand, at the head of the Craft. Gadicke. 
 
 ROYAL LODGE. The Royal Lodge was held in the 
 city of Jerusalem, on the return of the Babylonish cap- 
 tives in the first year of the reign of Cyrus ; over it pre 
 sided Z., the prince of the Jews, H., the prophet, and J. 
 the high priest. Now it was that the kingly power was 
 again more visibly restored, and continued till the total 
 destruction of the city and temple by the Romans, under 
 the command of Titus ; when Herod, not of their own 
 royal line, nor even a Jew, was appointed king, and 
 hereby was verified that prophecy of Jacob's in Egypt, 
 delivered more than one thousand years before, " that 
 the sceptre should not depart from Judah, nor a lawgiver 
 from between his feet, until Shiloh come." 
 
 RUAMMI. The words Ammi and Ruammi, made use 
 of by the prophet Hosea, may be interpreted, mij people, 
 and obtained mercy. 
 
 RULERS. The rulers and governors, supreme and 
 subordinate, of the ancient lodge, are to be obeyed in 
 their respective stations by all the brethren, according to 
 the old charges and regulations, with all humility, rever 
 nee, love, and alacrity. Ancient Charges. 
 
 SABBATH. The institution of a Sabbath was in 
 tignum creationis, for a memorial of the creation ; because, 
 as God rested on that day in testimony that his work was 
 completed, so it was accounted holy, and appointed to 
 be observed as a day of universal repose. 
 
 SACRKD. We call that sacred which is separated
 
 SAC. 65 1 
 
 FroiL common things, and dedicated either entirely or 
 partially to the Most High. The ideas of truth and vir- 
 tue, the feeling of a pure love and friendship are sacred, 
 for they elevate us above common things and lead to God. 
 The tenour of sacred thought and feelings is towards 
 religion, and therefore all things are sacred which are 
 peculiarly dedicated to religious services, and carefully 
 guarded from being applied to profane uses, or which, by 
 means of their religious importance and value, are es- 
 pecially honoured and considered indispensable to our 
 spiritual and moral welfare. According to these ideas oi 
 what is sacred, the Freemason can call his work sacred, 
 and every brother must acknowledge it to be so. Our 
 labours being separated from the outward world, and 
 founded upon truth and virtue, require brotherly love 
 and philanthropy, and always elevate the spirit to the 
 Great Architect of the Universe. But true inward 
 sanctity every brother must have in his own breast, and 
 not have it to seek in the degrees of the Order. 
 Gadicke. 
 
 SACRED LODGE. Over the sacred lodge presided 
 Solomon, the greatest of kings, and the wisest of men ; 
 Hiram, the great and learned king of Tyre ; and Hiram 
 Abiff', the widow's son, of the tribe of Napthali. It was 
 held in the bowels of the sacred Mount Moriah, under 
 the part whereon was erected the S. S., -or H. of H. On 
 this mount it was where Abraham confirmed h.is faith by 
 his readiness to offer up his only son Isaac. Here it was 
 where David offered that acceptable sacrifice on the 
 threshing-floor of Araunah, by w r hich the anger of the 
 Lord was appeased, and the plague stayed from his 
 people. Here it was where the Lord delivered to David, 
 in a dream, the plan of the glorious temple, afterwards 
 erected by our noble G. M. K. S. And lastly, here it 
 was where he declared he would establish his sacred 
 name and word, which should never pass away; and for 
 these reasons, this was justly styled the Sacred Lodge. 
 
 SACRED NAME. This name expresses the eternity 
 of the Godhead, and points to his unchangeableness, as 
 well as his infinite perfections. The Hebrews noted the 
 attributes of the Deity under different names. If they
 
 652 ST. 
 
 wished to express his divine essence, they used the \vord 
 Jehovah, if his omnipotence was the theme, it was El, 
 Elah, or Eloah; to express his excellency, they used the 
 word Elion; and for his mercy, Elchannan. 
 
 ST. JOHN THE BAPTIST. He was the forerunner 
 of Jesus, a son of the Jewish priest Zacharias and ol 
 Elizabeth, who, as a zealous judge of morality and un- 
 daunted preacher of repentance, obtained great celebrity, 
 first in his native country, then in the mountains of 
 Judea, and afterwards among the whole nation. His 
 simple and abstemious manner of living contributed 
 much to his fame, and especially the peculiar purification 
 or consecration by baptism in a river bath, which he 
 introduced as' a symbol of that moral purity which he so 
 zealously inculcated. Jesus allowed himself to be bap- 
 tized by him, and from that time forward John said unto 
 his disciples, that he was certainly the Messias. The 
 frank earnestness and .the great fame with which he 
 preached even in Galilee, soon brought upon him the 
 suspicion and hatred of the court of'Tetrarch Antipas, or 
 King Herod, who imprisoned him, and on the 29th 
 August, in the thirty-second or thirty-third year of his 
 life, caused him to be beheaded. The 24th June, his 
 birth-day, is dedicated to his memory through all Chris- 
 tendom. The patron saint of the Freemasons' brother- 
 hood was formerly not St. John the Baptist, but St. 
 John the Evangelist, whose festival they celebrated the 
 27th December, upon which day they hold their general 
 assembly, probably induced thereto because at this sea- 
 son of the year the members could be better spared from 
 their business or profession. For this reason also they 
 chose for their quarterly festivals, the Annunciation of 
 the Virgin Mary, Michaelmas, and the festival of St. John 
 the Baptist, which last festival, on account of the better 
 weather and other circumstances having been found to 
 be more convenient for the yearly assembly, was often 
 appointed for the time on which it should be held, so 
 that it has now become nearly general. Many lodges 
 si-ill celebrate the 27th December, and call it the minor 
 St. John's day. Gudicke. 
 
 ST. JOHN THE EVANGELIST. St. John thi
 
 ST. SAL 053 
 
 Evangelist and Apostle of Jesus, whose gospel is so 
 important to all Freemasons, was born in Bethsaida, in 
 Galilee, a son of Zebedee, and a disciple of Jesus, who 
 loved him because he distinguished himself by his gentle- 
 ness and humility. After the ascension of Jesus, he 
 preached the gospel principally in Asia Minor and at 
 Ephesus, where it is probable that he died in a good old 
 age. He was a man of great energy and poetic fire and 
 life; in his early years somewhat haughty and intolerant, 
 but afterwards an example of love. We have a gospel 
 or biography of Jesus by him, and three of the epistles 
 also bear his name. The gospel of St. John is especially 
 important to the Freemason, for he preached lo^e, and 
 his book certainly contains all the fundamental do '.trines 
 of Freemasonry. As a Freemason ought never to forget 
 that he has laid his hand upon the gospel of St. John, so 
 should he never cease to love his brethren according to 
 the doctrine of love contained in that sacred book. 
 Many lodges celebrate his anniversary, the 27th D mem- 
 ber. Gadicke. 
 
 ST. JOHN'S MASONRY. Originally there was only 
 one kind of Freemasonry. But when the Scottish and 
 other higher degrees were introduced, the three first 
 degrees received the name of St. John's Masonry. 
 Gadicke. 
 
 SALT. In the Helvetian ceremonies of Masonry, 
 salt is added to the corn, wine and oil, because it was a 
 symbol of the wisdom and learning which characterize 
 Masons' lodges. Pierius makes it an emblem of hos- 
 pitality and friendship, and also of fidelity. In the 
 Scriptures, salt is considered as a symbol of perpetuity 
 and incorruption, and used as a covenant. The formula 
 used by our ancient brethren, when salt was sprinkled 
 on the foundation-stone of a new lodge was, "May this 
 undertaking, contrived by wisdom, be executed in strength 
 and adorned with beauty, so that it may be a house 
 where peace, harmony, and brotherly love shall per- 
 petually reign." 
 
 SALUTE. As operative masons and other mechanic* 
 have a so-called sign or pass-word, especially when upoo 
 55
 
 654 SAN SAS. 
 
 tramp so had we also formerly a proper form for saluting 
 strange brethren. At present the sahitntion "from the 
 Worthy and Worshipful Brethren of the Holy Lodge of 
 St. John," fec., &c., is not required from a foreign brother 
 who is paying a visit, because something more is demand- 
 ed from him than this ancient method of legitimation, 
 The salutation of the brethren should be a salute of 
 peace and love, and strengthened by the sacred numbers 
 He who does not really love his brother, let him not 
 take him by the hand, let him not feign love. Expe- 
 rience teaches us that every brother is not worthy of 
 love, and that those who meet every one with an em- 
 brace, who profess to love every one, lay themselves 
 open to the suspicion that they do not really and truly 
 respect any one. Gadlckc. 
 
 SANCTUM SANCTORUM. This was the oracle: 
 -d here were four cherubim, two lesser constructed by 
 Moses of massive gold, and two larger made by Solo- 
 mon and plated with gold. The former were attached 
 to the lid of the Mercy Seat, the latter spread their 
 vings over it as an ornament and protection. 
 
 SANHEDRIM. The Sanhedrim was a council of 
 seventy-one or seventy-two senators among the Jews, 
 who determined the most important affairs of the nation. 
 The room in which they met was a rotunda, half of 
 which was built without the Temple and half within, 
 the latter part being that in which the judge sat. The 
 Nasi, or prince, who was generally the high priest, sat 
 on a throne at the end of the hall, his deputy, called 
 Ab-beth-din, at his right hand, and the sub-deputy, or 
 Chacan,, at his left; the other senators being ranged in 
 jrder on each side. Most of the members of this council 
 were priests or Levites, though men in private stations 
 .f life were not excluded. Calinct. 
 
 SASH. The colour of the R. A. sash is one of the 
 'nost durable and beautiful in nature. It is the appro- 
 priate colour adopted and worn by our ancient brethren 
 of the three symbolical degrees, and is the peculiar 
 characteristic of an institution which has stood the test 
 of *ges and which is as much distinguished by th*
 
 SCA SCH. 655 
 
 durabiity of its materials or principles as by the beauty 
 of its superstructure. It is an emblem of universal 
 friendship and benevolence, and instructs us that in 
 the mind of a Mason, those virtues should be as the 
 blue arch of heaven itself. Moore. 
 
 SCARLET, This rich and beautiful colour is em- 
 blematical of fervency and zeal. It is the appropriate 
 colour of the Royal Arch degree; and admonishes us, 
 that \ve should be fervent in the exercise of our devotions 
 to God, and zealous in our endeavours to promote the 
 happiness of man. Moore. 
 
 SCEPTRE. The old Masons used to say in the R. A. 
 Lecture, " On the top of those staves or sceptres, are 
 the banners of the twelve tribes, which we have for 
 many purposes ; esbecially to commemorate the great 
 wonders wrought for the children of Israel during their 
 travels in the wilderness, when they were first set up as 
 standards around their encampments, and about which 
 each tribe was assembled in due form. The devices 
 thereon were emblematical of what should happen to 
 their posterity in after ages." 
 
 SCHAMIR. It is asserted by the Rabbins, that King 
 Solomon received a secret from Asmodeus, an evil spirit, 
 mentioned in the book of Tobit, who had usurped his 
 throne and afterwards became his prisoner. By the 
 use of this, he was enabled to finish the temple without 
 the use of axe, hammer, or metal tool ; for the stone 
 schamir, which the demon presented to him, possessed 
 the property of cutting any other substance, as a diamond 
 cuts glass. This, however, is wholly fabulous. Metal 
 tools were used in the forest and the quarry, and it was 
 by a very natural process that the building was con- 
 structed without the pollution of these instruments. 
 
 .SCHISM. It is commonly believed that the pie- 
 valence*of schism in any institution, is the fruitful parent 
 of many evils, which cannot fail to detract from its 
 purity and excellence. And so it is; but the evil is not 
 without its portion of good. Experience teaches that if 
 the members of an institution become apathetic, nothing
 
 656 SCH SCI. 
 
 is so likely to rouse them to a sense of duty, as the 
 existence of conflicting opinions, which produce a sepa- 
 ration of interests, and divide them into two adverse 
 sections ; each of which, like the self-multiplying poly- 
 pus, will frequently become as strong and prosperous as 
 the parent institution. 
 
 SCHOOLS. The Royal Freemasons' School for Fe- 
 mule Children was established in 1788, for maintaining, 
 clothing, and educating the female children and orphans 
 of reduced brethren, for protecting and preserving them 
 from the danger and misfortunes to which distressed 
 young females are peculiarly exposed ; for training them 
 up in the knowledge and love of virtue, and in habits of 
 industry; and impressing on their minds true humility, 
 and the practice of all social, moral, and religious duties. 
 Already have nearly 600 female children been admitted 
 to this school, since its establishment, and have been 
 apprenticed, or returned to their friends, many of whom 
 have become ornaments of their sex and station, and all of 
 them good and useful members of society. I must also 
 mention the Royal Masonic Institution for Clothing, 
 Educating, and Apprenticing the Sons of Indigent and 
 Deceased Freemasons, established in 1798. The boys 
 are educated at schools near the residences of their 
 parents or friends, are furnished with books, taught to 
 read, write, and arithmetic, furnished with proper cloth- 
 ing, and on leaving the institution, a suitable apprentice 
 fee is granted to them. Percy. 
 
 SCIENCE. Freemasonry is a science not to be con- 
 fined to a few Israelitic traditions learned by heart, as a 
 school-boy learns his lessons ; it is a science which em- 
 braces everything useful to man ; it corrects the heart, 
 and prepares it to receive the mild impressions of the 
 divine code ; its moral injunctions, if duly weighed and 
 properly applied, never fail to form its disciples into 
 good members of society. It opens a progressive fie d 
 for inquiry, and ought never to be driven into narrow 
 bounds by the enactment of a law, saying, thus far will 
 we allow you to go, and no farther, under the penalty 
 of exclusion from its universality. Iluscnbeth.
 
 SCI SCU. 657 
 
 SCIENTIFIC MASONRY. The scientific consists in 
 the knowledge of several of the arts and sciences, so far 
 as to enable us to discern the reason for the operations 
 of tho.se before-mentioned instruments), tools and ma- 
 chines, and to the force and momentum of the different 
 mechanii-ai powers; and also to clear up and arrange our 
 ideas in sm-.'i a manner, as to be able to delineate them 
 so clearly on our tracing-board, that, by the help .of a 
 proper scale, the brethren of the second degree may take 
 them oil' and complete our design, and if intended for 
 that purpose, erect a structure, which when finished, 
 shall contain the greatest degree of strength, elegance 
 and convenience, that the quantity of materials and space 
 allowed will admit of; and this is the part of, or applica- 
 ble to, our brethren of the highest degree of the Craft 
 of Master Masons. Dunckerfy. 
 
 SCRIBES. The two scribes represent the two co- 
 lumns which supported and adorned the entrance to the 
 arch ; whence is signified their duty of registering, or 
 entering in the records, every act, law and transaction, 
 for the general good of the chapter. 
 
 SCROLL. The fine inner bark of such trees as the 
 lime, ash, maple, or elm, was early used as a substance 
 for writing on. As such was called in Latin liber, this 
 name came permanently to be applied to all kinds of 
 books, and has, in a similar connection, been adopted 
 into most European languages. These books, like all 
 others of flexible materials, were rolled up to render them 
 portable, and to preserve the writing. They were usual- 
 ly rolled round a stick or cylinder, and if they were 
 long, round two cylinders, hence the name volume 
 (voliimen), a thing rolled up, which continues to be 
 applied to books very different from rolls. In using the 
 roll, the reader unrolled it to the place he wanted, arid 
 rolled it up again when he had read it. The book of the 
 law written on parchment, is thus rolled and thus read 
 in the Jewish synagogues at the present time. Kitto. 
 
 SKULL AND CROSS-BONES. These are emblems 
 of mortality, and teach the Master Mason to contemplate 
 death as the end of his afflictions, and* the entrance tc 
 another and a better life.
 
 658 SCY SEC. 
 
 SCYTHE. The scythe is an emblem of time, which 
 cuts the brittle thread of life, and launches us into eter- 
 nity. What havoc does the scythe of time make among 
 the human race! If by chance we escape the numerous 
 evils incident to childhood and youth, and arrive in 
 perfect health and strength at the years of vigorous man- 
 hood; yet decrepid old age will soon follow, and we 
 must be cut down by the all-devouring scythe of time, 
 and be gathered into the land where our fathers have 
 gone before us. Old Lectures. 
 
 SEAL. Every Lodge has its own seal, and a collec- 
 tion of these seals is a very interesting thing, for they 
 each contain either a symbolical or an allegorical allusion 
 to the name of the lodge. Every certificate is sealed 
 with the seal of the Grand Lodge by which it is granted, 
 and as all Grand Lodge seals are well known, it thus 
 prevents false certificates from injuring the Craft. 
 Gadicke. 
 
 The component parts of the cherubim are exhibited in 
 the official seal of, I believe, all the Grand Lodges in the 
 jvorld. In that of the Grand Lodge of England, the two 
 arge cherubims of Solomon are its supporters, and the 
 four figures are impaled with the Masons' arms on the 
 field. The crest is the Ark of the Covenant, on which 
 the cherubim are again repeated as hovering over the 
 Mercy Seat, to form the superb throne of the Deity. 
 
 SEAL OF SOLOMON. The double or endless trian- 
 gle, in one or other of its different forms, constituted the 
 famous seal of Solomon, our ancient G. M., which was 
 said to bind the evil genii so fast, that they were unable 
 to release themselves. By virtue of this seal, as the 
 Moslems believed, Solomon compelled the genii to assist 
 him in building the Temple of Jerusalem, arid many 
 rther magnificent works. 
 
 *o 
 
 SECOND DEGREE. As the darkness of heathenism, 
 or natural religion, preceded the divine revelation vcach- 
 safed to the people of God, so by our initiation into the 
 second degree, we advance still farther into the dawn 
 figured out by tl* Mosaic dispensation, which preceded 
 the more perfect Christian day. Here the novice i
 
 SEC. 669 
 
 brought to light, to behold and handle tools of a more 
 artificial and ingenious construction, and emblematic oi 
 sublimer moral truths. By these he learns to reduce rude 
 matter into due form, and rude manners into the more 
 polished shape of moral and religious rectitude; becom- 
 ing thereby a more harmonious corner-stone of symmetry 
 in the structure of human society, until he is made a 
 glorious corner-stone in the temple of God. Watson. 
 
 SECRECY. Secrecy is one of the first duties of a 
 Freemason, but those Masons err much who think they 
 do their duty by only exercising it in things concerning 
 the Order of the lodge. It is not for this reason only 
 that secrecy is so often inculcated in the lodge as a 
 masonic duty, it is that he ought to use secrecy and cau- 
 tion in all his transactions out of the lodge, and especially 
 where his talkativeness might be the means of causing 
 injury or damage to his fellow-men. Gadicke. 
 
 SECRETARY. An important office in a lodge, for it 
 is necessary thai it should be filled by a man who can 
 not only make out the common transactions of the lodge, 
 but who is also capable of comprehending the spirit of 
 a lecture, and introducing it into the transactions, briefly 
 and at the same time correctly. To write a protocol 
 correctly, so that in the event of any dispute it may 
 serve as written evidence, is, as is well-known, a most 
 difficult task, and requires great experience. The Secre- 
 tary must be a Master Mason, and, when necessary, the 
 brethren must assist him as copyists. Gadicke. 
 
 SECRET. What can it be ? This is a question which 
 has been asked for centuries, and will probably continue 
 to be asked for centuries to come. Ceremonies, customs, 
 moral explanations of allegorical and symbolical instru 
 merits and figures which are to be found in a Freemasons' 
 lodge, are, it is true, considered as secrets by some of 
 the brotherhood. But those cannot be the real genuine 
 secrets of Freemasonry ; it is impossible ; for a Mason 
 may be acquainted with all the ceremonies, usages, and 
 customs of the Craft he may be able morally to explaii. 
 every symbolical or allegorical instrument or figure 
 which is to be found in a Masons' lodge and yet neither
 
 660 SEC SEE. 
 
 be happy in this world, nor have a sure foundation on 
 which to build his hopes of happiness in the world tc 
 come. Gudicke. 
 
 SECRET SOCIETIES. Freemasons ever endeavour 
 to act up to the principles of the ancient secret societies 
 and if they differ in some points from the practices of 
 those ancient worthies, it is in having improved upon 
 their leading principles, by spreading the truth most 
 extensively over the globe, whilst the schools and acade- 
 mies of learning of our predecessors, were more of loca 1 
 than of universal existence. Husenbelli. 
 
 SECT. It must not be imagined that Masonry is a 
 system of religion at the present period. Nothing can 
 be farther from the truth. Such a supposition would 
 reduce it to the level of a religious sect, and utterly de- 
 stroy its universality. It embraces a view of all the 
 main facts connected with the great plan of human 
 redemption; but leaves the brethren to arrange those 
 facts as may suit their own individual opinion. This is 
 the doctrine of the first ancient charge. 
 
 SEDITION. The following clause of exemption from 
 the penalties of the Sedition Act, was highly honourable 
 to the Order : " And whereas, certain societies have 
 been long accustomed to be holden in this kingdom, 
 under the denomination of lodges of Freemasons, the 
 meetings whereof have been in a great measure directed 
 to charitable purposes, be it therefore enacted, that 
 nothing in this act shall extend to the meetings of any 
 Buch society or lodge which shall, before the passing of 
 this act, have been usually holden under the said deno- 
 mination, and in conformity to the rules prevailing among 
 the said societies of Freemasons." 
 
 SEEING. Seeing is that sense by which we are 
 enabled to istinguish objects of different Rinds, and, in 
 an instant of time, without any change of place or situa- 
 tion, to view armies in battle array, figures of tho most 
 stately structures, and all the agreeable varieties displayed 
 in the landscape of nature. Old Lecture*.
 
 SEE SEM. 061 
 
 SEEK. He who is desirous of finding wisdom, must 
 diligently seek for it ; and if he would know the real 
 design of Masonry, he must study, and observe, and medi- 
 tate, on what he hears in the lodge, otherwise the bond 
 age of ignorance will never be removed. 
 
 SELF-INTEREST. Let me travel from east to west, 
 or between north and south, when I meet a true brother, 
 I shall find a friend, who will do all in his power to serve 
 me, without having the least view of self-interest ; and if 
 I am poor and in distress, he will relieve me, to the 
 utmost of his power, interest, or capacity. This is the 
 second grand principle; for relief will follow when there 
 is brotherly love. Dunckerley. 
 
 SELF-KNOWLEDGE. Every Freemason is ear- 
 nestly exhorted to study himself. He who does not 
 know himself, his moral weaknesses, his desires, his 
 powers of toleration, and his real, not his imaginary, 
 spiritual strength, cannot live as the Order requires that 
 he ought to -live, in the bonds of the closest fraternal 
 love with the whole brotherhood ; and if an office is in- 
 trusted to him in the lodge, he cannot know whether he 
 is capable of filling it with credit to himself and profit to 
 the Craft. It is quite as necessary that a Freemason 
 should be as well acquainted with his moral strength as 
 he is with his moral weakness; for many Masons are 
 inactive in the lodge and in the Craft, -nerely because 
 they do not know the power which is wiihin themselves. 
 He who has thoroughly studied himself, and is suscepti 
 ble of all good impressions, will be subject to much less 
 evil than others. Gadickc. 
 
 SEMPER EADEM. What is this imperious institu- 
 tion which has spread her wings over the whole conti- 
 nent of Europe, and which, without the slightest depend- 
 ence on any form of government, has preserved its purity 
 amidst every species of political convulsion, the disasters 
 of empires, and religious wars? What is this immense 
 and influential association whose origin is lost amidst the 
 darkness of antiquity, and whose ramifications branch out 
 amidst the conflicting interests of commercial specula- 
 tion, diplomatic alliances, and all the social establish-
 
 662 SEN SEP. 
 
 ments of mankind, in every country of the world, in spii? 
 of differences in climate, colour, language and manners? 
 What is the signification of its rites and ceremonies, its 
 usages, and its symbols? What services is it able to 
 render to the sacred cause of humanity ? Every reason- 
 able man will answer these questions by a reference to 
 the mysteries of Freemasonry. Janvier. 
 
 SENIORITY OF LODGES. The precedency of 
 lodges is derived from the number of their constitution, 
 as recorded in the books of the Grand Lodge. No lodge 
 can be acknowledged, nor its officers admitted into the 
 United Grand Lodge, or a provincial Grand Lodge, nor 
 any of its members entitled to partake of the general 
 charity or other masonic privilege, unless it has been 
 regularly constituted and registered. Constitutions. 
 
 SENIOR WARDEN. The duty of the Senior War- 
 den, like that of the Master, is indicated by his jewel of 
 office, which is a symbol of equality, and instructs him 
 that the duties of his situation ought to be executed with 
 strict impartiality, and without respect of persons. Re- 
 gularity of attendance is an essential part of this office, 
 because if the Master should die, or be removed, or be 
 rendered incapable of discharging the duties of his office, 
 the Senior Warden must supply his place until the next 
 election of officers ; and even should the Master necessa- 
 rily be absent from any single lodge, the Senior Warden 
 must rule the lodge, if no former Master be present. 
 
 SEPHIROTH. The term sephira is derived from *\*K 
 sapphire, which, in holy writ, appears to have been con- 
 sidered of the highest brilliancy; the word is therefore 
 generally translated " splendour, " although some writers 
 consider its derivation to be from ^ED, to number, and 
 render it " enumerations." The former is the most cor- 
 rect, from its supposed origin being, that previous to the 
 creation all space was filled with infinite light, which 
 was withdrawn to a certain point when the Divine Mind 
 resolved to form the universe, thus leaving a spherical 
 vacuum. From the concave so formed, a beam of light 
 issued to the opaque sphere. This light not continuing 
 long in a rectilinear course, diverged at ten different
 
 SER SEV. 663 
 
 points, forming as many separate concentric circles of 
 light, divided from the supreme light by portions of 
 opaque space, yet leaving in the centre an opaque sphe- 
 rical body; they have therefore termed them sovereign 
 lights. They are named 1, The Crown; 2, Knowledge; 
 3, Wisdom; 4, Might; 5, Mercy; 6, Grandeur; 7, Vic- 
 tory; S, Glory; 9, Stability; 10, Kingdom. 
 
 SERPENT AND CROSS. Before the Israelites were 
 permitted to inhabit the country assigned to the n by 
 covenant from Jehovah to their ancestor Abraham, a 
 compound symbol, which was afterwards introduced into 
 Freemasonry, was publicly exhibited as a type of salva- 
 tion. I refer to the tau-cross and serpent. The Israelites 
 were subjected to a plague of serpents, as the punish- 
 ment of sin ; and on their repentance Moses was directed 
 to elevate a serpent of brass, that whosoever looked on 
 it might be saved. Hence the cross became an emblem 
 of life and salvation ; and being, in a higher degree 
 tripled amongst ourselves, signifies the Tetragrammaton, 
 or Him who made the worlds, even the author of our 
 redemption Jesus Christ. 
 
 SERVITUDE. The stipulated period of an appren- 
 tice's servitude is seven years, but less time will suffice, 
 if found worthy of promotion by possessing the qualities 
 of freedom, fervency, and zeal. 
 
 SEVEN. Seven is an important number to a Freema 
 son. In ancient times each brother was compelled to be 
 acquainted with the seven liberal arts and sciences ; it 
 is for this reason that seven brethren form a symbolic 
 lodge. If two triangles are joined together, they 
 form &, or six-pointed star, and if this figure is enclosed 
 in a circle, then there are seven points ^; and it \vas 
 wilh this figure that the ancients represented the sever 
 .subordinate powers of nature. Gad/eke. 
 
 SEVEN STARS. An emblem which demotes the 
 number of brethren requisite to make a perfect lodge. 
 
 SEVENTY YEARS. This period of the captivity in 
 Babylon must be computed from the defeat of the Kgyp-
 
 664 SHE. 
 
 tians at Carchemish, in the same year that this prophecy 
 was given, when Nebuchadnezzar reduced the neighbour- 
 ing nations of Syria and Palestine, as well as Jerusalem 
 under his subjection. At the end of seventy years, OE 
 the accession of Cyrus, an end was put to the Babylo- 
 nish monarchy ; Babylon itself became a subject and 
 dependant province, and began to experience those divine 
 visitations which terminated at length in what is so 
 iustly called "perpetual desolation." Blarney. 
 
 SHEBA. The Queen of Sheba appears to have been 
 a person of learning, and that sort of turning which was 
 then almost peculiar to Palestine, not to Ethiopia ; for 
 we know that one of her reasons for coming was to 
 examine whether Solomon was really the learned man he 
 was said to be. She came to try him in allegories and 
 parables, in which Nathan had instructed him. They 
 say she was a pagan when she left Arabia ; but being full 
 of admiration at Solomon's works, she was converted to 
 Judaism in Jerusalem, and bore him a son, whom he 
 called Menilek, and who was their first king. Bruce. 
 
 SHEEP. The people of God are often typified in the 
 Scriptures under the name of sheep, because of their 
 mild, patient, and inoffensive nature. The lambskin, 
 then, is an appropriate emblem of the innocence of Jesus, 
 and the meekness of his followers. The lamb, too, is of 
 a social nature, and is emblematical of brotherly love. 
 It is easily led. But there are "lost sheep" spoken of 
 in the Bible those which have wandered far from their 
 fold and shepherd. The apostles were sent to the lost 
 fheep of the house of Israel. Christ called his own 
 sheep by name, and leadeth them out. The sheep should 
 always listen to the shepherd's voice, and follow him and 
 fear. Jesus three times bade Simon Peter to feed his 
 sheep. The repetition of the command is regarded as 
 very beautiful in the Greek dialect. Jesus was called 
 the Lamb of God, not only on account of his spotless 
 innocence, but in allusion to the lamb sacrificed for the 
 passover, he being the true Paschal Lamb, slain from the 
 foundation of the world. Scott. 
 
 SHEKINAH. A beam of glory. This beam show
 
 SHE SHO. C65 
 
 upon Abel and his sacrifice, and is thought by some to 
 have been the moving cause of Cain's envy. God testi- 
 fied his approbation of Abraham's sacrifice by the same 
 glory, which, like the flame of a lamp, passed between 
 the sacrifices. The pillar of a cloud, and the clouds which 
 filled the Tabernacle and the Temple, were of the same 
 nature ; and, according to the Scriptures, were Jehovah, 
 or Christ ; for St. Paul tells the Jews that these bright 
 cffulgencies vouchsafed to their ancestors, were beams of 
 glory from the eternal Son of God. 
 
 SHESH-BAZZAR. Was another name for Zerubba- 
 bel, for it was common in the time of the captivity for 
 the great men of Judah to have two names : one of their 
 own country, which was domestic ; another of the Chal- 
 deans, which was used at court. Nehemiah had two 
 names, and this of Shesh-bazzar seems to have been a 
 good omen of their flourishing condition ; being com- 
 pounded of two words signifying fine linen and gold. 
 On the contrary, Zerubbabel was a name importing the 
 misery of the people of Israel at that time ; for it is as 
 much as an exile or stranger in Babylon, where he was 
 born. Thus pious men, in the midst of the honours they 
 had at court (lor Josephus saith, Zerubbabel was one of 
 the guard of the king's body), were admonished not to 
 forget their brethren, but sympathize with them in theii 
 miseries. Bishop Pa/rick. 
 
 SHEWBREAD. On the golden table in the Taberna- 
 cle of Moses, were placed the twelve loaves of unleav- 
 ened bread, called the presence bread, because it was 
 perpetually before the face of Jehovah, and some say 
 they were marked with the names of the twelve tribes 
 of Israel ; but there is no authority for this conjecture 
 in the sacred writings. 
 
 SHIBBOLETH. Shibboleth signifies waters. Thus 
 the Ephraimites prayed the men of Gilead to allow them 
 to pass over, and were asked in return To pass over 
 what? They could not answer "Shibboleth" without 
 betraying themselves to the enemy. 
 
 SHOE. The putting off the shoes some say, wa 
 56
 
 666 SHO SIG 
 
 commanded Moses, that he should thereby sanctify chut 
 place by mak.ng bare his feet. But the place wis holy 
 already, because of God's presence ; the place was not 
 holy because Moses put off his shoes, but because it 
 was holy he is bid to put off his shoes. Ambrose thus 
 applieth it "that because the shoes are made of the 
 skins of dead beasts, Moses should put off all fear of death, 
 for fear whereof he fled at the first from Pharoah." (Com- 
 ment, in Lucani Ivii.) Cyprian says, "that Moses, by 
 putting off his shoes, does not challenge any right in the 
 spouse of the church, but resigneth it to Christ, the head 
 and husband thereof; for this was the custom, that the 
 next kinsman, by putting off a shoe, surrendered his right 
 to his deceased brother's wife." 
 
 SHOVEL. The use of the shovel is to clear away 
 rubbish and loose earth ; and it morally depicts the 
 mortal state in which the body is laid in the grave ; that 
 when the remains of this body shall have been properly 
 disposed of, we. with humble but holy confidence, hope 
 jhat the spirit may arise to everlasting life. 
 
 SHRINE. The place where the Secrets of the Royal 
 Arch are deposited. 
 
 SIC TRANSIT GLORIA MUNDI. "Every thing 
 vanishes like an extinguished flame." A most important 
 symbol for a Mason. No earthly glory should be able 
 to captivate him ; for he must ever bear in mind the glory 
 of a flame in comparison with which every other glory is 
 vain. Life itself is like a flame, it can be extinguished 
 before it has been scarcely perceived. This beautiful 
 symbol has been adopted by the Knights of the Garter. 
 When the helmet, sword, &c., of a departed brother are 
 solemly lowered, the herald -at -arms exclaims: "Sip 
 transit gloria mundi!" GadicJce. 
 
 SIGNATURE. Every brother to whom a Grand 
 Lodge certificate is granted must sign his name in the 
 margin thereof, or it will not be valid. Constitutions. 
 
 SIGN OF DISTRESS. In a society whose members 
 3ught fraternally to love and assist each other, it is to
 
 SIG SIN. 667 
 
 be expected that they should have a sign whereby they 
 could make themselves known immediately to their 
 brethren, in however distressed circumstances they might 
 be placed, and thereby al the same time claim theii 
 assistance and protection. This is the sign of distress, in 
 conjunction with a few words. He who falls into the 
 greatest difficulty and danger, and supposes that there 13 
 a brother within sight or hearing, let him use this sign, 
 and a true and faithful brother must spring to his assist- 
 ance. Gadicke. 
 
 SIGNS. The science of Freemasonry is still charac- 
 terized by S. W. and T.; but it is a grievous error to 
 suppose them to be the essence of the system ; they are 
 merely senseless designations of something possessing 
 greater value. The are to the Mason as the wig to the 
 judge, law r n sleeves to the reverend prelate, or the gold- 
 headed cane to the ancient physician essentials as to 
 form, but unimportant in reality. The sterling value o 
 our doctrines, as well as their universality, would remain 
 uninjured, if these conventional marks of recognition 
 were all abolished. Preston calls them the keys of our 
 treasure ; and so, indeed, they are to a certain extent, but 
 the cabinet might be opened if these keys were lost. The 
 S. W. and T. are merely conventional, though it is not 
 to be denied that great numbers of Masons are satisfied 
 with their possession, and look for nothing beyond 
 \ hem. 
 
 SILENCE. The first thing that Pythagoras taught 
 I is scholars was to be silent; for a certain time he kept 
 them without speaking, to the end they might the better 
 learn to preserve the valuable secrets he had to commu- 
 nicate, and never to speak but when required, expressing 
 thereby that secrecy was the rarest virtue. Aristotle was 
 asked what thing appeared to him most difficult; he 
 answered to be secret and silent. To this purpose St. 
 Ambrose, in his offices, placed among the principal foun 
 d&tions of virtue the patient gift silence. Dermott. 
 
 SINCERITY. A search after truth is the peculiai 
 employment of Masons at their periodical meetings, and 
 therefore they describe it as a divine attribute, and the
 
 068 SIT SKI. 
 
 foundation of every virtue. To be good men and true, iz 
 the first lesson we sire taught in Masonry. On this theme 
 we contemplate, and by its dictates endeavour to regulate 
 our conduct; influenced by this principle, hypocrisy and 
 deceit are unknown in the lodge; sincerity and plain 
 dealing distinguish us ; while the heart and tongue join 
 in promoting the general welfare, and rejoicing in each 
 other's prosperity. 
 
 SITUATION. The lodge is situated due east and 
 west, for various reasons; but the principal inducement 
 of our ancient brethren to adopt this disposition was, 
 that it might serve to commemorate the great deliverance 
 of the Israelites from bondage, by imitating the arrange- 
 ment of the Tabernacle which was erected by Moses in 
 the wilderness, as a place of public worship until the 
 Lord should reveal the situation which he had chosen for 
 his Holy Name amongst the tribes in the promised land. 
 
 SIX LIGHTS. Royal Arch Masons acknowledge six 
 lights ; the three lesser, together representing the light 
 of the Law and the Prophets, and by this number allude 
 to the Patriarchal, Mosaical, and Christian dispensations. 
 The three greater represent the sacred Word itself, 
 expressive of His creative, preserving, and destroying 
 
 Eower. These lights are placed in the form of an equi- 
 iteral triangle, each of the lesser intersecting the line 
 formed by the two greater. Thus geometrically dividing 
 the greater triangle into three lesser triangles, at its 
 extremities, and by their union, form a fourth triangle in 
 the centre, all of them being equal and equilateral, 
 emblematical of the four degrees in Masonry the En 
 tered Apprentice, the Fellowcraft, the Master Mason 
 and the Holy Royal Arch. 
 
 SIX PERIODS. In six days God created the heavens 
 and the earth, and rested upon the seventh, therefore 
 our ancient brethren dedicated it as a day of rest from 
 their labours, thereby enjoying frequent opportunities to 
 contemplate the glorious works of the creation, and to 
 adore their great Creator. WMe. 
 
 SK1RRET. The skirret acting on a centrepin ;s used
 
 SKY SLI, 669 
 
 to mark out the ground of a new building. As the 
 skirret has a chalked line attached to it, it points out the 
 straight line of duty chalked out in the Sacred Law of 
 God. 
 
 SKY-BLUE. In the cosmogonies divine wisdom cre- 
 ates the world, and the Creator is always coloured blue. 
 Vishnu, according to the sacred books of the Hindus, was 
 born of a blue color. This indicates that wisdom, eman- 
 ating from God, is symbolized by azure. In Egypt the 
 supreme God, the Creator of the universe, Cneph, was 
 painted sky-blue. In Greece azure is the colour of 
 Jupiter. In China the firmament is the supreme God; 
 and in Christian symbolism the azure vault of heaven is 
 the mantle which veils the Divinity. Azure is likewise 
 the symbol of God the Saviour, the Redeemer of man- 
 kind. 
 
 SLINKING. It is not only possible, but it has oftex 
 happened, that men have stole into the Lodge who were 
 never worthy of being admitted members of the Order, 
 but who have managed to get initiated by hypocrisy, and 
 because the members have not had sufficient opportunities 
 to prove them, and to watch their previous conduct. 
 But it is quite impossible for any one who nas not been 
 initiated to find his way into a lodge to indulge his 
 curiosity. Every cultivated and moral man knows that 
 initiation will not be denied him if he applies in a proper 
 manner for it, and we are assured that they will never 
 attempt, either by force or fraud, to gain admittance 
 into a society where they have no right to be. Should 
 any one, destitute of moral feeling, attempt to do so, 
 thinking that from printed works he has made himself 
 acquainted with our customs, and can pass himself off 
 for a Mason, he never can get beyond the ante-chamber 
 for he has no certificate, or if he has, it is not his, and 
 this is soon proved ; his name is not upon any list, nor 
 does he know anything of how he should answer the 
 questions which will be put to him. An uneducated 
 man has still less chance of stealing into a lodge, for his 
 answer to the first question put to him would discover 
 him at once. If we were as well secured from the first 
 manner of improperly gaining admittance into a lodge as
 
 G70 SME SOJ. 
 
 we aie from the last, the Order would be in a more 
 flourishing condition than it now is. Gadicke. 
 
 SMELLING. With regard to the organ, it is an 
 impression made on the nose by little particles continu- 
 ally exhaling from odorous bodies; with regard to the 
 object, it is the figure and disposition of odorous effluvia 
 which sticking on the organ, excite the sense of smelling, 
 and with regard to the soul, it is the perception of the 
 impression of the object on the organ, or the affection in 
 the soul resulting therefrom. 
 
 SOCIETY. Freemasonry forms a happy centre of 
 reunion for worthy men, who are desirous of a select 
 society of friends and brothers, who have bound them- 
 selves in a voluntary obligation to love each othor ; to 
 afford aid and assistance in time of need ; to animate one 
 another to acts of virtue and benevolence ; and to keep 
 inviolably the secrets which form the great characteristic 
 of the Order. Lalande. 
 
 SODALITIES. Cato the censor, when he was Ques- 
 tor, instituted sodalities, or fraternities of congenial per- 
 sons. In the early state of society, when the laws were 
 too weak to afford protection, individuals had no other 
 means of securing their lives and property but by enter- 
 ing into such associations, where a number of persons 
 engaged themselves to vindicate and assist each oilier. 
 And they had periodical meetings, at which they enjoyed 
 themselves merrily. Thus Quintilion said : " Tempestiva 
 corivivia, et pervijiges jocos, advocata soda Hum turba 
 solutas, etaffluens agebam." Confraternities of the same 
 kind, says Bishop Percy, prevailed in this kingdom not 
 only during the Anglo-Saxon times, but for some ages 
 after the conquest. 
 
 SO JOURNERS. While preparations were in progress 
 for building the second Temple, sojourners and pilgrims 
 from Babylon, incited by the admonitions of the Prophets, 
 occasionally added to the number of those who engaged 
 with enthusiasm in these laborious duties ; and their 
 example afforded great encouragement to the workmen
 
 SOL. 671 
 
 SOLID. A solid hath length, breadth, and thickness, 
 and is generated by the flowing of a superficies. A solid, 
 then, is the whole system of divine laws, as existing in 
 practice. For if every duty in practice and perfection is 
 a superficies, it will follow that when they are all laid 
 one upon each other, there will be formed a solid ; and 
 this solid will be a rectangular triangular pyramid, whose 
 altitude and the length and breadth of its base are all 
 equal. For the length, breadth, and height of the who IP 
 law in practice must be perfect. Old Lecture. 
 
 SOLOMON. Solomon, son of David, by Bathsheba, 
 was declared by his father to be heir to the throne of the 
 Hebrews, thereby setting aside his elder brother. He 
 enjoyed during a long and peaceful reign, from 1015 to 
 975 before Christ, the fruits of the deeds of his father. 
 The wisdom of his judicial decisions, as also the improve- 
 ment and perfection of the system of government he 
 introduced, gained him the love and admiration of the 
 people ; and his fame is immortalized by the building of 
 the Temple, which, for size, magnificence, and beauty, 
 far exceeded all the works of architecture ever before 
 seen. This Temple is one of the most sublime symbols 
 in the Order of Freemasonry, for which reason Solomon's 
 name has been introduced here. Gadicke. 
 
 SOLOMON'S TEMPLE. This is most important as 
 a symbol to a Freemason, for in its time it was considered 
 as the most regular and most magnificent building. Solo- 
 mon built this temple at Jerusalem, and it was not 
 only a place for the worship of God, but also a dwelling 
 for the priesthood, and a depository for the ark. David 
 provided a great quantity of building materials, and left 
 an enormous sum of money to pay the expenses of the 
 building, which was carried on in perfect quietness. All 
 the stone arid wood were prepared without the city, and 
 then brought to Jerusalem. The foundation was laid in 
 the year of the world 2993 ; and at that time the Phoeni- 
 sians possessed the best artists of every description, and 
 in architecture they took the lead of all other nations. 
 In order, therefore, to build his Temple according to the 
 best rules of architecture then known, Solomon requested 
 Hiram, King of Tyre, to furnish him with an architect, 
 and he sent him one who was also called Hiram. Hiran*
 
 672 SOL SOU. 
 
 not only possessed scientific knowledge, but also sufficient 
 practical skill in his art to enable him to make everything 
 according to the wish of King Solomon, as well in the 
 building of the Temple with regard to magnificence, as 
 also in originality of formation, and in the appropriateness 
 of the sacred vessels which were necessary in the sacri- 
 fices and burnt offerings, and which were all formed in 
 strict proportion, according to the rules of geometry. 
 The walls that surrounded the Temple were 7700 feet in 
 circumference. The large and noble hall stood towards 
 the west, and the Holy of Holies in the east. Gadicke. 
 
 SOLSTICES. The symbol of a point within a circle 
 has sometimes been invested with an astronomical refe- 
 rence. Thus it is said that the point in the centre 
 represents the Supreme Being ; the circle indicates the 
 annual circuits of the sun ; and the parallel lines mark 
 out the solstices within which that circuit is limited. 
 And they deduce from the hypothesis this corollary, that 
 the Mason, by subjecting himself to due bounds, in imi- 
 tation of that glorious luminary, will not wander from 
 the path of duty. 
 
 SONGS OF MASONRY. What may be termed the 
 domestic manners of a society, vary with the customs of 
 the age in w r hich it flourishes ; and the fluctuations are 
 accurately marked in the character of its songs. It is 
 unnecessary to enter into a dissertation on the merits of 
 masonic poetry. In this respect I am willing to confess 
 that the Craft does not occupy the first rank in the 
 literature of the day. But our songs are not destitute 
 of poetical merit, if it consist in the display of images 
 which are peculiarly appropriate to the subject undo 
 illustration ;. sentiment which strikes the imagination 
 and excites new feelings in the mind ; pathos which 
 touches a sensitive chord in the listener's heart ; and a 
 moral to inspire a love of virtue ; all expressed in chaste 
 language, and divested of extravagancies either in style 
 or matter. 
 
 SOUL OF THE WORLD. Philoh says that the 
 Sabbath was the soul instilled into the world by God ; 
 which R. Abraham Aben Ezra and Nachmanirles properly
 
 SOU SQU. 673 
 
 observe was tlie benediction which God bestowed on the 
 Sabbath Day, sanctifying it thereby ; for by the superior 
 influence of that day, the body is renovated, the strength 
 renewed, and new intelligence and knowledge conveyed 
 to the soul. Manasseh Ben Israel. 
 
 SOUTH. The due course of the sun is from east to 
 south and west ; and after the Master are placed the 
 Wardens, to extend his commands and instructions to the 
 west and the north. From the east the sun's rays cannot 
 penetrate into the north and the west at the same time. 
 Gadicke. 
 
 SPECULATIVE. The masonic system exhibits a 
 stupendous and beautiful fabric, founded on universal 
 piety. To rule and direct our passions, to have faith ana 
 hope in God, and charity towards man, I consider as the 
 objects of what is termed Speculative Masonry. Stephen 
 Jones. 
 
 SPIRIT OF THE CRAFT. O'er the tesselated pave- 
 ment of this fleeting and chequered existence, we are fast 
 hastening to the common end of all men ; arid along the 
 downward track of Time, we are descending, some more 
 smoothly than others, but all with no less sure and quick 
 transition. Let us not, therefore, be unmindful of the 
 merciful ends of our creation and redemption, to " shine 
 as the stars in the heavens," when raised in glorified 
 bodies from the darkness of the tomb, we shall be pre- 
 sented, by our All-sufficient Conductor before the throne 
 of the Almighty and ever-to-be-adored and worshipped 
 Eternal Master of the heavenly lodge above ! Poole. 
 
 SQUARE. In architecture not only are the corners 
 of the building proved by the square, but all horizontal 
 and perpendicular lines are drawn by it. Without accu- 
 rate squaring, a building would be weak and tottering in 
 its first stages of erection, and must continue unfinished. 
 Without a well-defined and very clear code of the recipro- 
 cal laws and duties of the officers and members of any 
 social, charitable, or scientific society, it is impossible for 
 it to avoid being completely overthrown in a very short 
 tin>e. Perfect legality is the only sure foundation for
 
 674 STA. 
 
 any society, and by it alone bodies of men are kept 
 within their proper limits ; for as soon as arbitrary power 
 and physical force usurp the place of the laws of any 
 society, it speedily becomes defunct ; with great propri- 
 ety, therefore, is the square put into the hands of the 
 Worshipful Master, in order that he may keep the breth- 
 ren within the square of the ancient charges of Freema- 
 sonry. This symbol must at all times, and in all places, 
 be regarded as a great light, and the genuine Freemason 
 is not only reminded by this light to do his duty to his 
 brethren, but to all mankind. Gadicke. 
 
 STANDARD. The Israelites in the wilderness were 
 marshalled according to their tribes, each tribe being 
 sub-divided into families. Every head of a sub-division, 
 or thousand, was furnished with an ensign, or standard, 
 under which his followers arranged themselves, according 
 to a pre-concerted plan, both when in camp and when 
 on the march ; and thus all confusion was prevented, 
 how hastily soever the order might be given to proceed 
 or to halt and pitch their tents. The four leading divisi- 
 ons were designated by the component parts of the 
 cherubim a man, an ox, a lion, and an eagle. 
 
 STANDARD BEARER. Grand Standard Bearers 
 may be appointed by the Grand Master as occasion shall 
 require ; they must be Master Masons, and are to carry 
 the standard of the Grand Lodge, Grand Patron, and 
 Grand Master, on all grand ceremonies. They are not, 
 however, by their appointment, members of the Grand 
 Lodge, nor are they to wear the clothing of a grand offi- 
 cer. Any grand officer appointed to have a standard, 
 may appoint a Standard Bearer whenever it shall be 
 necessary, who must be a Master Mason. Constitutions. 
 
 STAR. A star, in hieroglyphical language, always 
 denoted a God. Thus, when Balaam predicted that a 
 star should arise out of Jacob, and a sceptre out of Israel, 
 he referred to the law-giver, or Shilo, of whom that 
 patriarch had already spoken. A star out of Jacob and 
 a God out of Jacob would, therefore, be parallel ex- 
 pressions. And who could that God be who should bear 
 the sceptre of Israel as King of kings and Lord of lords
 
 STA- STE. 675 
 
 but the theocratic King of Israel, Jehovah, the Messiah, 
 or Christ? 
 
 STARS. The Master Mason, like the starry firma- 
 ment, ought to be able to enlighten the younger breth- 
 ren. Seven stars remind us that seven brethren make a 
 perfect lodge. Stars are also employed principally as 
 symbols of great intellectuality, and this symbol has 
 been perpetuated from the most remote antiquity. The 
 decoration of most spiritual and temporal orders consists 
 of a star. Gadicke. 
 
 STATUTES OR DUTIES. Every lodge has its 
 statutes, with which every brother should be well ac- 
 quainted, and which ought frequently to be read in open 
 lodge. They treat upon the duties of a Freemason both 
 in and out of the lodge, upon the duties of the officers, 
 on the management of the lodge, the duties and pri- 
 vileges of the brethren tow r ards each other, and of the 
 locality in which the lodge is placed. Gadicke. 
 
 STAVES. In the year 2513, while Moses was tend 
 ing the flock of his father-in-law Jethro, at the foot of a 
 mountain, he was commanded by the Almighty to go 
 down into Egypt, and deliver his brethren from their 
 galling captivity. The Deity then asked him " What 
 is that in thine hand?" And he said, "A rod." And 
 the Lord said unto him " Cast it upon the ground." 
 And he cast it upon the ground, and it immediately 
 became a serpent, and Moses Hed from it. And the Lord 
 said unto Moses " Put forth thy hand and take it by the 
 tail." He did so, and it resumed its original form. This 
 is the origin of our R. A. staves. 
 
 STEP. In the system of Masonry, the candidate is 
 presented at each step with three precious jewels. As 
 an E. A. P., he receives " a listening ear, a silent tongue, 
 and a faithful heart." As a F. C., it is " faith, hope, and 
 charity." And as a M. M., he receives " humanity, friend 
 ship, and brotherly love." 
 
 STEPS. The reflecting man is cautious how he takes 
 a step, and it is not indifferent to him whether they are
 
 676 STE STK. 
 
 directed to the east or west, north or soith. His desiro 
 is to be continually progressing, and he does progress, 
 even though he is compelled occasionally to wait, or 
 even to take a by-path. But to him the three grand 
 steps, which symbolically lead from this life unto the 
 source of all knowledge, are of the utmost importance. 
 He advances with a firm step, and he never twns back 
 Gadicke. 
 
 STEWARD. The stewards are those officers who 
 have charge of the expenditure of the lodge in refresh- 
 ment, &c. Every lodge has two. Gadicke. 
 
 STONE OF FOUNDATION. The masonic founda 
 tion stone is said to have been inscribed with the awful 
 Name or Word, which is confided to the perfect Master 
 when he has arrived at the highest dignity of the science. 
 The characters were placed within an equilateral triangle 
 and circle, as a symbol of the Divine Being under whose 
 protection this consecrated stone was placed, arid hence 
 it was frequently termed the stone of life. The Rabbins 
 believed that, from the potency of this Word, the stone 
 was invested with oracular powers, and many other 
 singular virtues. 
 
 STONE PAVEMENT. The stone pavement is a 
 figurative appendage to a Master Masons' lodge ; and, 
 like that of the Most Holy Place in the Temple, is for 
 the High Priest to walk on. 
 
 STONE SQUARERS. These were the Dionysiacs, a 
 society of architects who built the Temple of Hercules 
 at Tyre, and many magnificent edifices in Asia Minor, 
 before the Temple of Solomon was projected. They 
 were the Masters and Wardens of the lodges of Masom 
 during the erection of this famous edifice. 
 
 STRENGTH. It is not necessary that the strength 
 of a Warden should consist of the physical or bodily ; it 
 ehoald be of the spiritual. A pillar has strength to bear. 
 He who assiduously goes through the difficult path of 
 life courageously bears up against ab its disappoint- 
 ments manfully and unflinchingly speaks the truth.
 
 STR SUB. 77 
 
 even before the thrones of kings and princes, he pos- 
 sesses true strength. Gadicke. 
 
 STRIKING OFF. Prohibiting a lodge to assemble, 
 or striking a lodge off from the Grand Lodge list. It is 
 an event of a very rare occurrence that a lodge is struck 
 off the list, or prohibited from assembling. This may 
 be done by command of the State ; and when this is the 
 case, the brethren are bound to obey the law without 
 murmuring, or complaining that their sphere of useful- 
 ness is circumscribed. But when a lodge is struck o^* 
 from the list of the Grand Lodge under which it hel^ rts 
 warrant, it must be because it has fallen into irregularity, 
 or has violated the rules of the Craft to such a degree as 
 to bring down upon it the greatest punishment the Grand 
 Lodge can inflict. Gadicke. 
 
 STRING. Our traditions say that when Hiram Abiff 
 went into the H. of H. to offer up his orisons to God at 
 the hour of high twelve, the ark of the covenant had 
 not been removed thither, for that took place at the 
 dedication, after which no one w r as permitted to enter 
 but the H. P., and he only once a year, on the great day 
 of expiation, at which time he had a string, or belt, round 
 his waist, which extended into the court of the Taber- 
 nacle, that he might be drawn from the S. S., in case 
 sudden death should occur whilst he officiated there. 
 Dalcho. 
 
 SUBORDINATION. The rulers and governors, su- 
 preme and subordinate of the ancient lodge, are to be 
 obeyed in their respective stations by all the brethren, 
 according to the old charges and regulations, with all 
 humility, reverence, love, and alacrity. Ancient Charges. 
 
 SUBMISSION. Your obedience must be proved by 
 a close conformity to our laws and regulations ; by 
 prompt attention to all signs and summonses ; by modest 
 and correct demeanour whilst in the lodge; by abstain- 
 ing from every topic of religious or political discussion ; 
 by a ready acquiescence in all votes and resolutions duly 
 passed by the brethren ; and by perfect submission to 
 the Master and his Wardens, whilst acting in the dis- 
 charge of their respective offices. Hemming. 
 57
 
 678 SUC SUP. 
 
 SUCCOTH. "When a sufficient quantity of stone 
 and timber had been provided for the building of the 
 Temple, the brethren were assembled in the extensive 
 plains between Succoth and Zarthaii, where the whole 
 materials were arranged, squared, and carved ; having 
 been first carefully measured under the architect's own 
 eye, and the shape delineated by darker lines; each 
 lodge having its peculiar mark and number, that speci- 
 mens of imperfect workmanship might be known and 
 submitted to general reprobation. 
 
 SUMMONS. The brethren must be invited by sum- 
 mons from the Secretary on every lodge night ; which 
 summons must contain the place where, and the time 
 when, the lodge is to be held, as well as what degrees 
 will be wrought. Gadicke. 
 
 SUN. The sun rises in the east, and in tne east is 
 the place for the Worshipful Master. As the sun is the 
 source of all life and warmth, so should the Worshipful 
 Master enliven and warm the brethren to their work. 
 Among the ancient Egyptians, the sun was the symbol 
 of divine providence. Schiller says, "the sun darts his 
 beams equally into every part of infinity." Gadicke. 
 
 SUPERFICIES. The flowing of a line generates a 
 surface. A surface, therefore, is perfect duty. Duty is 
 either theoretical or practical. The sum of theoretical 
 duties is the whole system of divine commands. Prac- 
 tical duties are those commands as existing in practice. 
 Old Lect tins. 
 
 SUPERINTENDENT OF WORKS. The grand 
 superintendent of the works ought to be a brother well 
 skilled in the science of geometry arid architecture, lie 
 is to advise with the Board of General Purposes, on all 
 plans of buildings or edifices undertaken by the Grand 
 Lodge, and furnish plans and estimates for the same; 
 he is to superintend their construction, and see that they 
 are conformable to the plans approved by the Grand 
 Master, the Grand Lodge, arid the Board of General 
 Purposes ; he is to suggest improvements when necessary. 
 in all the edifices of the Grand Lodge ; and on th'< (iv*
 
 SUP SWO. 679 
 
 meeting of the Board of General Prrposes in every year 
 report on the state of repair or dilapidation of such 
 edifices, and make such farther reports from time to 
 time, as he may deem expedient. Constitutions. 
 
 SUPPORT. The lodge is supported by three pillars, 
 which are called Wisdom, Strength, and Beauty ; because 
 no piece of architecture can be termed perfect, unless it 
 have Wisdom to contrive, Strength to support, and 
 Beauty to adorn. 
 
 SURFACE OF THE EARTH. Reminds the Free- 
 mason that his activity should be universal, that hills or 
 mountains in his way should not be able to turn him 
 from the straight path of duty, but that in the midst of 
 the greatest dangers and difficulties, he should proceed 
 steadily, though cautiously, on his way to light and 
 truth. Gadicke. 
 
 SUSPENSION. If any brother be summoned to at 
 tend the Grand Master or his deputy, or his Provincial 
 Grand Master or his deputy, or any board or committee 
 authorized by the Grand Lodge, and do not comply, 01 
 give sufficient reason for his non-attendance, the sum- 
 mons is to be repeated, and, if he still persist in his 
 contumacy, he shall be suspended from all masonic 
 rights, and the proceeding notified to the Grand Lodge 
 Con st ilvtions. 
 
 SWORDS. In ancient times, every brother was 
 obliged to be armed in the lodge to protect himself, in 
 case the lodge was assaulted, and as a symbol of manly 
 strength. At present, swords are not necessary in many 
 lodges, and in others, they are only used as symbols of 
 obedience, in case that one should be necessary, and to 
 be" regarded as the sword of justice. For the protection 
 of his fatherland, every faithful brother ought to draw 
 the sword of defence cheerfully, but he ought never to 
 stain it with a brother's blood, even though that brother 
 is a foe. Gadicke. 
 
 SWORD BEARER. The Grand Sword Bearer i 
 appointed annually by the Grand Master, on the day of
 
 CSC SYM. 
 
 his installation. His duty is to attend the quarterly 
 communications, and other meetings of the Grand 
 Lodge. 
 
 SYMBOL. Every Apprentice knows what to under- 
 stand by this word, and he also knows that a pillar upon 
 a good foundation may stand firm, although nearly 
 broken. The inscription further says to him, "Let no 
 one despair under his trials, when his anxious strivings 
 after the only true good are impeded at every step ; the 
 man determined to advance in the paths of virtue must 
 be firm as a well-founded pillar, even when it is broken 
 above half-through." Gadicke. 
 
 SYMBOLICAL. Freemasonry being confessedly an 
 allegorical system, all its points, parts, and secrets must 
 partake in common of its emblematical construction. 
 Every doctrine and ceremony has its mystical references 
 every landmark its legitimate explanation. But there 
 are often more important antitypes than those which are 
 commonly assigned, and though they do not appear on 
 the surface, are nevertheless worthy of our serious con- 
 sideration. Hence arises the necessity, in these times 
 of scientific and philosophical research, of maintaining 
 Freemasonry in its proper rank, by investigating the ten- 
 dency of its numerous details, that we may correctly 
 ascertain whether their import be uniform, and their 
 typical reference valuable. 
 
 SYMBOLICAL LECTURE. The forms, symbols, 
 and ornaments of Royal Arch Masonry, as well as the 
 rites and ceremonies at present in use among us, were 
 adapted by our predecessors at the building of the second 
 temple. Thus to preserve in our minds the providential 
 means by which that great discovery was effected, as in 
 our hearts the lesson of that high morality, we, as mem- 
 bers of this exalted degree, ought to practice, we have 
 recourse to the explanations of the symbolical lecture. 
 R. A. Lecture. 
 
 SYMBOLICAL MACHINERY. The learned Faber, 
 speaking of the construction of the Apocalypse, has the 
 following very important remark : " In the repre^enta-
 
 SYM TAG. 681 
 
 tioiibf a pure church, an ancient patriarchial scheme oi 
 symbolical machinery, derived most plainly from the 
 events of the deluge, and borrowed, with the usual per- 
 verse misapplication, by the contrivers of paganism, has 
 been reclaimed (by Christianity) to its proper use." 
 What is this patriarchial scheme of symbolical machinery, 
 from which the heathen contrived and borrowed their 
 spurious Masonrv? What can it be, but a system of 
 truth, appended to the original plan o f divine worship, 
 which was revealed by God to the first man? It was 
 indeed primitive Freemasonry, veiled in allegory, and 
 illustrated by symbols. 
 
 SYMBOLICAL MASONRY. Symbolical Masonry, 
 under whatever form it may be propounded, is a catholic 
 institution, democratic in its form and government, and 
 universal in its operation. This is demonstrable from 
 any of the definitions of the Order, from the free election 
 of its chief magistrate, and the inferior governors of every 
 private lodge, annually and by universal suffrage, and 
 from the reputed form and extent of its lodges. If it 
 were deprived of any of the above attributes, it would be 
 no longer Freemasonry ; and all its beneficial effects upon 
 the mind and manners of men, would be scattered to the 
 winds of heaven. 
 
 TABERNACLE. The Tabernacle appears to have 
 been constructed on the plan of the Egyptian temples. 
 It is true that, strictly speaking, it ought not to be looked 
 upon as a piece of architecture, being only a vast tent. 
 But by reflecting on it more closely, we shall perceive 
 that the Tabernacle had a great relation with architec- 
 ture. In the government of the Hebrews, the Supreme 
 Being was equally their God and King. The Tabernacle 
 was erected with a view to answer to the double title. 
 It served at once for the temple and the palace. 
 
 TACITURNITY. Taciturnity is a proof of wisdom, 
 and an art of inestimable value, which is proved to be an 
 attribute of the Deity, by the glorious example which he 
 gives in concealing from mankind the secret mysteries 
 of his providence. The wisest of men cannot penetrate 
 into the arcana of heaven, nor can they divine to-daj 
 what to-morrow may bring forth.
 
 682 TAS TEN. 
 
 TASSELS. Pendant to the corners of the lodge are 
 four tassels, meant to remind us of the four cardinal vir- 
 tues; namely, temperance, fortitude, prudence and jus- 
 tice ; the whole of which, tradition informs us, wee rcon- 
 Btantly practised by a great majority of our ancient 
 brethren. The distinguishing characters of a good Free- 
 nason, are virtue, honour and mercy ; and should those 
 be banished from all other societies, may they ever be 
 found in a Mason's breast. Hemming. 
 
 TAU CROSS. The emblem (ft) forms the principal 
 
 distinction of a Royal Arch Mason's apron and jewel. 
 Being placed in the centre of a triangle and circle, both 
 emblems of the Deity, it w r ould appear that it was origi- 
 nally intended to typify the sacred name, as the author 
 probably of eternal life; being tripled in the Christian 
 system, because the life to come, according to the light 
 of revelation, is superior to the elysium of the heathen ; 
 or perhaps in allusion to the three heavens mentioned by 
 St. Paul. It has been referred to the three great lights 
 of Masonry, expressive of the creative, preserving, and 
 destroying power of God. 
 
 TEMPERANCE. By temperance, w r e are instructed 
 to govern the passions, and check unruly desires. The 
 health of the body, and the dignity of the species, are 
 equally concerned in a faithful observance of it. 
 
 TEMPLE. The Temple of Solomon was only a small 
 building, and very inferior in point of size to some of our 
 churches, its dimensions being only one hundred and five 
 feet broad, and one hundred and fifty feet long. Its 
 splendour and superiority lay in the richness of its mate- 
 rials, and ornaments, and the cloisters and other buildings 
 with which it was surrounded. It was built of white 
 marble, so excellently put together, that the joints could 
 not be distinguished, and the whole building looked as 
 though it had been cut out of one entire stone. The 
 timber was cedar and olive wood covered with plates of 
 told, and studded with precious stones of many hues. 
 
 TEN. The number of perfection. The great triangle 
 is generally denominated Pythagorean, because it served
 
 TES 683 
 
 PS a principal illustration of that philosopher's system. 
 This emblem powerfully elucidates the mystical relation 
 between numerical and geometrical symbols. It is com- 
 posed of ten points, so arranged as to form one greater 
 equilateral triangle, and at the same time to divide it 
 into nine similar triangles of smaller dimensions. Hem- 
 ming. 
 
 TESSEL ATED. The tesselated border was anciently 
 called the Idented Trasel. A learned Scottish Mason, in 
 a letter to the author, thinks that the proper term is 
 tasselated border. The simple and original meaning, he 
 says, is to be found in books of heraldry, and is nothing 
 more than an indented bordure of a shield, or coat of 
 arms. In Masonry, the border is the margin of the 
 masonic floor-cloth, or tableau of the lodge, the tassels 
 being appended as ornaments. 
 
 TESSERA HOSPITALIS. This was a token or tally 
 amongst the ancient Greeks and Romans, divided length- 
 wise into two equal parts, upon each of which one of the 
 parties wrote his name, and interchanged it with the 
 other as a sign of hospitality. The production of this, 
 when they travelled, gave a mutual claim to the con- 
 tracting parties and their descendants, for reception and 
 kind treatment at each other's houses, as occasion might 
 require. It is supposed that an allusion to these is 
 intended in the Book of Revelations, where it is said, 
 " to him that overcometh will I give a white stone, and 
 in the stone a new name written, which no man know- 
 eth, save he that receiveth it." 
 
 TESTS. One cogent reason why our brethren of the 
 Inst century adopted a series of tests to distinguish the 
 cowan from the true and faithful brother, is found in the 
 fact that the entire system of speculative Masonry .is 
 contained in the Holy Scriptures. The Old Testament 
 presents us with its history and legend, its types and 
 symbols ; and the New Testament with its morality, and 
 the explanation of those allegorical references, which 
 were a sealed book until the appearance of the Messiah 
 upon earth, and the revelation of his gospel. Now, as 
 the particular tests where all this information might bfe
 
 (584 TET THI. 
 
 found, were freely circulated amongst the brethren iu 
 manuscript, if not print, a few stray copies might get 
 into the hands of the uninitiated, and a superficial know- 
 ledge of our references might be thus attained; and 
 without some written tests as a means of detecting im- 
 posture, a bold man, even with such slight pretensions, 
 might have succeeded in introducing himself into a lodge 
 where the officers were careless about the admission of 
 visitors, aud the Senior Entered Apprentice was remiss 
 in the discharge of his duties ; and once there, he would 
 Bee enough to qualify him to repeat the experiment, and 
 thus would become enabled to reveal the truths, which 
 were not bound upon his conscience by any obligations 
 to secrecy. 
 
 TETRAGRAMMATON. The Jews are quite aware 
 that the true pronunciation of the Word is lost, and 
 regard it as one of the mysteries to be revealed in the 
 days of the Messiah. They hold, however, that the 
 knowledge of the Name of God does exist on earth, and 
 he by whom the secret is acquired, has, by virtue of it, 
 the powers of the world at his command ; and they ac- 
 count for the miracles of Jesus, by telling us that he 
 had got possession of the Ineffable Name. Rightly 
 understood, they seem to mean that he who calls upon 
 God rightly, by this His true name, cannot fail to be 
 heard by him. In short, this word forms the famous 
 tetragrammaton, or Quadrilateral name, of which every 
 one has heard. Kitto. 
 
 THEORY. The theory of masonry contains some- 
 thing of the whole of science ; the operative part of 
 Masonry is the practice of all the virtues, of all the 
 sciences. Therefore, to be initiated only into the theory 
 of Masonry, is at least to be in the way of learning well ; 
 and if we follow on to exercise the practice of Masonry, 
 it will as assuredly lead us into the way of doing well ; 
 jud both to learn and to do well, is the whole of our 
 religion, whether as men, as Christians, or as Masons. 
 Jnwood. 
 
 THIRD DEGREE. In the ceremonial of the Third 
 Degree, the last grand mystery is attempted to be illus-
 
 THR. 68* 
 
 tated in a forcible and peculiar mannei, showing by 
 striking analogy, that the Master Mason cannot be deemed 
 perfect in the glorious science, till by the cultivation of 
 his intellectual powers, he has gained such moral govern, 
 ment of his passions, such serenity of mind, that in 
 synonymous apposition with Mastership in operative art, 
 his thoughts, like his actions, have become as useful as 
 human intelligence will permit; and that having passed 
 through the trials of life with fortitude and faith, he is 
 fitted for that grand, solemn, and mysterious consumma- 
 tion, by which alone he can become acquainted with the 
 great secret of eternity. Cruccfix. 
 
 THREAD OF LIFE. By which the masonic key is 
 suspended. 
 
 THREE. A sacred number in Freemasonry, with 
 which all labour is commenced and finished. This num- 
 ber reminds us of the three great lights, the three king- 
 doms of nature, the Holy Trinity, or of the words of 
 Christ : " Where two or three are assembled in my name, 
 there will I be in the midst of you." We may also con- 
 sider ourselves as the third party in unity and love, 
 whose duty it is to exercise those two cardinal virtues. 
 The Christian can also take the number three as the 
 grand distinguishing doctrine of his faith. There are 
 three . principal parts in a man, body, soul, and spirit. 
 Faith, love, and hope, support and adorn life. Gadicke. 
 
 THREE GRAND OFFERINGS. These were all 
 performed on the sacred mountain of Moriah. First, the 
 offering of Isaac, when it pleased the Lord to substitute 
 a more agreeable victim in his stead. The second con- 
 sisted of the many pious prayers and ejaculations of 
 King David, which appeased the wrath of God, arid put 
 a stop to the pestilence which raged among his people, 
 owing to his inadvertently having had them numbered. 
 And the third, of the many thanksgivings, oblations, 
 burnt sacrifices, and costly offerings, which King Solo 
 mon made at tie dedication and consecration of the 
 Temple 
 
 THREE SENSES. The three senses, hearing, seeing
 
 086 THR TOK. 
 
 and feeling, are deemed peculiarly essential amongwt 
 Masons, and held in great estimation. Their nature and 
 uses, form a part of the instruction in the FellowcrafVs 
 degree. 
 
 THREE STEPS. The three steps delineated upon a 
 Master's carpet, are emblematical of the three principal 
 stages of human life, youth, manhood, and old age. 
 
 TIME. The central point is a symbol of time, and 
 the circle of eternity. The latter, like the universe, 
 being unlimited in its extent ; for time is but as a point 
 compared with eternity, and equi-distant from all parts 
 of its infinitely extended circumference ; because the 
 latter occupied the same indefinite space before the crea- 
 tion of our system, as it will do when time is extin- 
 guished, and this earth, with all that it contains, shall be 
 destroyed. 
 
 TOASTS. The brother whose duty it is, as a visitor, 
 to return thanks, must be extremely careful not to say 
 too much, or he is easily led away into an extempora- 
 neous lecture, to which it is not so easy to find a be- 
 coming end ; the opposite fault of repeating a few set 
 phrases, like a parrot, ought to be equally as carefully 
 guarded against. If both old and young members are at 
 the same table, the young never attempt to press before 
 the old. And before the close, the toast, which is so 
 dear to every good Mason, should never be omitted ; viz. 
 "oar sick and afflicted brethren," neither ought the serv- 
 ing brethren ever to be forgot. Gadicke. 
 
 TOKENS. Signs, tokens, and words do not consti- 
 tute Freemasonry, but are local marks whereby they 
 know each other, and may be altered, or entirely done 
 away, without the least injury to scientific Freemasonry. 
 It is with many Freemasons too absurd a belief, and a 
 still more absurd practice, to build our science upon so 
 shallow a foundation as signs, tokens, and words, which 
 I fear constitute with some the only attainment they look 
 for in Freemasonry. That certain signals may be neces- 
 sary, I do readily allow ; but deny that such a mechanism 
 shall constitute a principal part of our institution. 
 llusenbclh.
 
 TON TRA. 687 
 
 TONGUE. A Mason should use his tongue to protect, 
 but never to betray. 
 
 TRACING-BOARD. The tracing-board is for the 
 Master to draw his plans and designs on, that the build- 
 ing, whether moral or literal, may be conducted with 
 order and regularity. 
 
 TRADITION. It is well-known that in former times, 
 while learning remained in few hands, the ancients had 
 several institutions for the cultivation of knowledge, 
 concealed under doctrinal and ritual mysteries, that were 
 sacredly withheld from all who were not initiated into a 
 participation of the privileges they led to, that they 
 might not be prostituted to the vulgar. Among these 
 institutions may be ranked that of Masonry; and its 
 value may be inferred from its surviving those revolutions 
 of government, religion and manners, that have swallowed 
 up the rest. And the traditions of so venerable an 
 institution claim an attention, far superior to the loose 
 oral relations or epic songs of any uncultivated people 
 
 whatever. Anderson. 
 
 \ 
 
 TRAITOR. Ancient Freemasonry inflicted very se- 
 vere punishment for the least treason to the Order; 
 nevertheless, we have accounts of men who have proved 
 traitors, even as w r e find accounts of such traitors to the 
 mysteries of the ancients. With the increase of enlighten- 
 ment and rational reflection, it is admitted that a brother 
 may both speak arid write much upon the Order without 
 becoming a traitor to its secrets. How an initiation is 
 conducted, how a word or grip is given, gives no key to 
 the true secret of the Order; but we nevertheless dis- 
 approve of such disclosures, for this reason, that the 
 uninitiated could only form a useless chimera from them. 
 Gadicke. 
 
 TRANSFERRING. If a lodge be dissolved, the con- 
 stitution shall be delivered up to the Grand Master, and 
 shall not, on any account, be transferred without his 
 consent. If the brethren holding a warrant for a lodge 
 render themselves unworthy of longer possessing it, the 
 Grand Master may, after the Grand Lodge shall bav*
 
 688 TEA TR1. 
 
 decided on that fact, transfer such warrant to othei 
 brethren, whom he may think deserving, with a new 
 number, at the bottom of the lodges then on record. 
 Constitutions. 
 
 TRAVEL. Oui ancient brethren are masonkally 
 said to have travelled from west to east, in search oi 
 instruction ; and it is an undeniable fact that all know- 
 ledge, all religion, all arts and sciences, have travelled, 
 according to the course of the sun, from east to west. 
 From that quarter the Divine glory first came, and thence 
 the rays of divine light continue to diffuse themselves 
 over the face of the earth. From thence came the Bible, 
 and through that the new covenant. From thence came 
 the prophets, the apostles, and the first missionaries that 
 brought the knowledge of God to Europe, to the isles oi 
 the sea, and to the west. Adam Clarke. 
 
 TREASURER. The old founders of the lodges must 
 have intended to collect large sums of money, or very 
 Bmall sums must in those days have been considered large 
 treasures, for they have given the title of treasurer to 
 the brother who has charge of the lodge funds. Every 
 lodge has a treasurer, and it is his duty not only to take 
 care of, but to -collect all the lodge dues. Part of the 
 expenditure of the lodge is fixed, arid part is voted by 
 the Master Masons for charitable purposes. Those lodges 
 which are in the habit of practising the charitable vir- 
 tues, inculcated so forcibly in Freemasonry, seldom are 
 in possession of large funds ; and lodges which pride 
 themselves upon being rich, seldom enjoy a great repu- 
 tation in Freemasonry. Gudicke. 
 
 TRIANGLE. A geometrical figure, which every 
 Freemason knows; and he must in particular study that 
 triangle which has three equal sides, or which is called 
 an equal sided triangle. The ancient Egyptian priests 
 expressed the origin of all things by the triangle; and 
 when they afterwards wished to -describe the Godhead in 
 its various attributes, they also adopted the triangle. 
 The kind, good, gracious, and merciful God, they deline- 
 ated by the water triangle V 5 and the just and angry 
 God, by the fire triangle A, . The triangle considered aj
 
 TRI TRO. G89 
 
 a geometrical figure, is composed of three things, which 
 united, form one whole, viz., of three particular points 
 and angles, by the. union of which the triangle itself is 
 Conned, as one whole, or complete figure. It is for this 
 reason that it has been adopted as the symbol of the 
 Triune God. If we unite a \7 with A, we have a six 
 pointed star Q as a symbol of- the perfect Godhead, in 
 all his attributes and works. If we surround this figure 
 with a circle @ there will be seven points in it, if we 
 include the centre point of the circle, which represent 
 the sacred number seven. Gadicke. 
 
 TRIPLE TRIANGLE. One would be apt tc suspect 
 that they (the Druids) had a regard for the sacred symbol 
 and mystical character of medicine, which in ancient 
 times was thought to be of no inconsiderable value ; this 
 is a pentagonal figure, formed from a triple triangle, 
 called by the name of Hygeia, because it may be resolved 
 into the Greek letters that compose the word. The 
 Pythagoreans used it among their disciples as a mystical 
 symbol denoting health, and the cabalistic Jews and 
 Arabians had the same fancy. It is the pentalpha, or 
 pentagrarnmon, among the Egyptians, the mark of pros- 
 perity. Antiochus Suter, going to fight against the 
 Galatians, was advised in a dream to bear this sign up- 
 on his banner, whence he obtained a signal victory. 
 Ktukeltj. 
 
 TRIPLE TAU. This figure forms two right angles 
 on each of the exterior lines, and another at the centre 
 by their union, for the three angles of each triangle are 
 equal to two right angles. This being triplified, illus- 
 trates the jewel worn by the companions of the Royal 
 Arch, which by its intersection forms a given number of 
 ngles ; these may be taken in five several combinations, 
 and reduced, their amount in right angles will be found 
 equal to the two Platonic bodies, which represent the 
 four elements and sphere of the universe. R. A. Lecture. 
 
 TROWEL. The trowel is appropriated to the Master's 
 degree, because, as the lectures say, it is as Master Masong 
 only we constitute the recognized of the masonic family. 
 Again, this implement is considered as the appropriate
 
 690 TRU TUS. 
 
 working tool of the Master Mason, because, in operative 
 masonry, while the E. A. P. prepares the materials, and 
 the Feliowcraft places them in their proper situation, the 
 Master Mason spreads the cement with a trowel, which 
 binds them together. In speculative Masonry the Master 
 of the lodge is the cement which unites the brethren, 
 and binds them together in peace, harmony, and brotherly 
 love. 
 
 TRUE. The Mason should not only be true to the 
 brotherhood and the Order, but to all mankind. Every 
 Mason ought to act in such a manner as to render it 
 unnecessary to doubt his truth. Flattering words, which 
 are only calculated to entrap the weak and the unwary, do 
 not strengthen that truth which is expected amongst 
 brethren. We must be able to depend with as much 
 confidence upon the word of a Mason as if he had given 
 us a written undertaking. Gadicke. 
 
 TRUTH. Truth is a divine attribute, and the found- 
 ation of every virtue. To be good and true, is the first 
 lesson we are taught in Masonry. On this theme we 
 contemplate, and by its dictates endeavour to regulate 
 our conduct ; influenced by this principle, hypocrisy and 
 deceit are unknown in the lodge; sincerity and plain 
 dealing distinguish us, while the heart and tongue join 
 in promoting the general welfare, arid rejoicing in each 
 other's prosperity. Preston. 
 
 TUBAL CAIN. Before the general deluge there was 
 a man called Lameck, who had two wives, the one called 
 Adah, the other Zillah; by Adah he had two sons, Jabell 
 and Juball; by Zillah he had a son called Tubal, and a 
 
 ighter called Mahrnah. These four children found 
 the beginning of all the crafts in the world. Jabell found 
 out geometry, and had divided flocks of sheep and lambs ; 
 he built the first house of stone and timber. Jnball 
 found out music. Tubal found out the Smith's trading 
 or craft, also the working of gold, silver, copper, iron, 
 and steel. Ancient Masonic Manuscript. 
 
 TUSCAN. The Tuscan being the first, is the most 
 simple and solid of the five orders. It was invented in
 
 TWE UNL 691 
 
 Tuscany, whence it derives its name. The simplicity 
 of the construction of this column, renders it eligible 
 where solidity is the chief object, and where ornament 
 would be superfluous. 
 
 TWENTY-FOUR INCH EULE. An instrument made 
 use of by operative masons to measure and lay out 
 their work ; but we, as Free and Accepted Masons, are 
 taught to make use of it for the more noble and glorious 
 purpose of dividing our time. It being divided into 
 twenty-four equal parts, is emblematical of the twenty- 
 four hours of the day, which we are taught to divide into 
 three parts, whereby we find a portion for the service 
 of God, and the relief of a worthy distressed brother; 
 a portion for our usual avocations; and a portion for 
 refreshment and sleep. Lectures. 
 
 UNANIMOUS. A ballot is unanimous when there are 
 no black balls. This unanimity must be founded upon the 
 proper exercise of the rules and regulations laid down for 
 our guidance in this important part of our duty, and a 
 perfect unanimity in the opinions of the brethren on the 
 moral character of the candidate. Gadicke. 
 
 UNIFORMITY. AU lodges are particularly bound to 
 observe the same usages an 1 customs ; every deviation, 
 therefore, from the established mode of working is highly 
 improper, and cannot be justified or countenanced. In 
 order to preserve this uniformity, and to cultivate a good 
 understanding among Freemasons, some members of 
 every lodge should be deputed to visit other lodges as 
 often as may be convenient. If any lodge shall give its 
 sanction for a lodge of instruction being holden under its 
 warrant, such lodge shall be responsible that the proceed- 
 ings in the lodge of instruction are correct and regular, 
 and that the mode of working there adopted has received 
 the sanction of the Grand Lodge. Constitutions. 
 
 UNIVERSE. The universe is the Temple of the Deity 
 whom we serve. Wisdom, Strength, and Beauty are 
 about his throne, as the pillars of his works; for his 
 Wisdom is infinite, his Strength is in omnipotence, and 
 Beauty stands forth through ail his creation in symmetry 
 and order. He hath stretched forth the heavens as a 
 canopy, and the earth He hath planted as his footstool ; 
 He crowns his temple with the stars as with a diadem;
 
 692 UNI UPP. 
 
 and in bis hand He extendeth the power and the glory j 
 the sun and moon are messengers of his will, and all his 
 law is concord. The pillars supporting the lodge are 
 representative of these divine powers. A lodge, where 
 perfect Masons are assembled, represents these works of 
 the Deity. Hutchinson. 
 
 UNIVERSALITY. The universality of Masonry is 
 thus described by a masonic writer of the last century : 
 "Leaving holy ground, we trace Masonry amongst the 
 Eastern Magi, and in the renowned learning of Egypt. 
 From whence, like other sciences, taking a westerly 
 direction, it was brought by that ^European apostle of 
 Masonry, Pythagoras, from whose propagation it reached 
 the British isle. Its principles were respected and dis- 
 seminated by Brahmins, philosophers, artists, and saints, 
 and diffused the light of science to the remotest corners 
 of the earth. It taught natural religion, philosophy, 
 subordination, and arts on the banks of the Ganges, in 
 the hieroglyphics of Egypt, the sanctuaries of Eleusis, 
 the schools of the sages, the caves of the Druids." 
 
 UNIVERSAL LANGUAGE. An universal language 
 has been much desired by the learned of many ages. It 
 is a thing rather to be wished than hoped for. But it 
 seems the Masons pretended to have such a thing among 
 them. If it be true, I guess it must be something like the 
 language of the pantomimes among the ancient Romans 
 who are said to be able, by signs only, to express and 
 deliver any oration intelligibly to men of all nations and 
 languages. Locke. 
 
 UPPER CHAMBER. Our lodges are formed in upper 
 chambers, and carefully guarded by tyled doors and 
 drawn swords. The highest of hills and the lowest of 
 valleys are situations least exposed to unauthorized intru- 
 sion. Thus Masons are said to meet in these situations, 
 to commemorate a remarkable custom of the ancient Jev/s 
 in the building of their temples, schools, and synagogues ; 
 and as by the Jewish law, whenever ten of them assembled 
 together for that purpose, they proceeded to work, so it 
 was with our ancient brethren, who formed themselves 
 into a lodge, whenever ten operative masons were assem- 
 bled, consisting of the Master, two Wardens, and seven 
 Fellow-Crafts.
 
 TJPBr-YIB. 693 
 
 ' CJPKIGHT POSTUKE. To walk and act uprightly 
 before' heaven and before men is to add still great luster 
 to the Mason's character; to do justice and to have 
 charity, are excellent steps in human life, but to act 
 uprightly, gives a superlative degree of excellence, for in 
 that situation we should become examples in religious, in 
 civil, and in moral conduct, which are among the great 
 principles of our noble institution. 
 
 USAGES. The usages and customs of Masons have 
 ever corresponded with those of the ancient Egyptians, 
 to which they bear a near affinity. Their philosophers, 
 unwilling to expose their mysteries to vulgar eyes, con- 
 cealed their particular tenets, and principles of polity and 
 philosophy, under hierogly pineal figures, and expressed 
 their notions of government by signs and symbols, which 
 they communicated to their priests, or magi alone, who 
 were bound by oath not to reveal them. 
 
 VAULT. Vaults are found in every country of the 
 world as well as in Judea, and were used for secret 
 purposes. Thus Stephens, speaking of some ruins in 
 Yucatan, says " The only way of descending was to tie 
 a rope around the body, and be lowered by the Indians. 
 In this way I was let down, and almost before nay head 
 had passed through the hole, my feet touch the top of a 
 heap of rubbish, high directly under the hole, and falling 
 off at the sides. Clambering down it I found myself in a 
 round chamber, so filled with rubbish that I could not 
 stand upright. With a candle in my hand, I crawled all 
 round on my hands and knees. The chamber was in the 
 shape of a dome, and had been coated with plaster, most 
 of which had fallen, and now encumbered the ground, the 
 depth could not be ascertained without clearing out the 
 interior." 
 
 VIRTUES. In all ages it has been the object of Free- 
 masonry, not only to inform the minds of its members, 
 by instructing them in the sciences and useful arts, but 
 to better their hearts, by enforcing the precepts of 
 religion and morality. In the course of the ceremonies 
 of initiation, brotherly love, loyalty, and other virtues are 
 inculcated in hieroglyphic symbols, and the candidate is 
 often reminded that there is an eye above, which observeth 
 the workings of his heart, and is ever fixed upon the 
 thoughts and actions of meu. Laurie.
 
 694 VIS WAR. 
 
 VISITING BRETHREN. If a Freemason is a 
 her of any lodge, be has a right to be admitted into till 
 other lodges as a visiting brother, but he must be either 
 introduced by a member of the lodge, or he must be able 
 to legitimize himself by producing his Grand Lodge 
 certificate, and proving himself by his work. 
 
 VOTES. All matters are to be decided by a majority 
 of votes, each member having one vote, and the Grand 
 Master two votes ; unless the lodge, for the sake of expe- 
 dition, think proper to leave any particular subject to the 
 determination of the Grand Master. The votes of the 
 members always to be signified by each holding up one 
 of his hands, which uplifted hands the Wardens are to 
 count, unless the number should be so uneven as to 
 render counting unnecessary. Constitutions. 
 
 WAGES. The tradition respecting the payment of the 
 workmen's wages at the building of Solomon's Temple, 
 may or may not be accurate, as I am ignorant of the 
 authority on which the calculations are founded. Indeed 
 the probabilty is, that the tradition has been fabricated 
 in a subsequent age, without the existence of any docu- 
 ments to attest its authenticity. The men were paid in 
 their lodges by shekels, a silver coin of about half-a-crown 
 of our money ; and the number of shekels per day was 
 regulated by the square of the number of the degree 
 which each order of men had attained. Thus with respect 
 to the Entered Apprentices only, there were ten thousand 
 in work, and twenty thousand at rest. These men, at 
 the rate of one shekel per head, would receive daily 
 1,250, or, during the seven years and seven months of 
 building the Temple, 3,458,750. In the higher grades, 
 the men were not only remunerated for their labor, but 
 also for their superior ingenuity and artistical skill. 
 
 WARDENS. Every lodge has two, and they stand 
 next in rank to the M. W. Their .places are so situated, 
 that they are enabled to superintend the execution of the 
 commands of the W. M. Experienced brethren, who 
 have a sufficient knowledge of strength and beauty, and 
 who are at all times ready to use the level and the plumb- 
 rule, ought always to be chosen as Wardens, that they 
 may be enabled to conduct the business of the lodge ID 
 the unavoidable absence of the W. M. or his deputy.
 
 WAR WHL 695 
 
 WARE ANT. In former times a lodge forn.bJ itself 
 without any ceremony, wherever a sufficient nu.nber of 
 brethren dwelt to form a lodge, and one of tho neighbor- 
 ing lodges formed it for them. But in 1722 the Grand 
 Lodge in London determined that every new lodge in 
 England 'should have a patent, and since that time all 
 those brethren who wish to form a new lodge, strive to 
 obtain a warrant from the Grand Lodge. The new lodge 
 then joins the Grand Lodge as a daughter Iodg3, binds 
 itself to work according to its system, and to keep within 
 the ancient landmarks. Then is such a lodge called just 
 perfect, and regular. Gadicke. 
 
 WATCH-WORD. The Word is not to be understood 
 us a watch-word only, after the manner of those annexed 
 to the several degrees of the Craft, but also, theologically, 
 as a term to convey to the mind some idea of tLat Great 
 Being who is the sole author of our existence, and to 
 carry along with it the most solemn veneration for his 
 sacred Name and Word, as well as the most clear and 
 perfect elucidation of his power and attributes that the 
 human mind is capable of receiving. 
 
 WEST. Where the sun closes its daily race, there the 
 thanks of the inhabitants of the world follow it, and with 
 the ensuing morning it again commences its benevolent 
 course. Every brother draws near to the evening of his 
 days ; and well will it be with him if at the close of his 
 labors he can look forward with hope for a good reward 
 lor his work. Gadicke, 
 
 WHITE. This color has ever been regarded as em- 
 blematic of purity and innocence. In the York rite the 
 apron is always of this color, though the trimming varies 
 in the symbolic and chapitral degrees. " Let thy garments 
 be always WHITE," etc. Solomon. 
 
 WHITE STONE. The white stone is an inestimable 
 gift, promised to every one who lives a moral and virtuous 
 life. White is an emblem of purity, and the new name 
 conveys a title to be admitted within the veil, and honored 
 with a seat near the living God in that palace which is 
 described by St. John as a perfect cube, whose walls and 
 foundations are garnished with all manner of precious 
 stones, all hewed, squared, and polished by the masterly 
 hand of the T. G. A. O. T. U.
 
 696 WID WOIV 
 
 WIDOW'S SON. Hiram, the architect, is described in 
 two places of Scripture ; in the first he is called a widow's 
 son, of the tribe of Naphtali, and in the other is called the 
 son of a woman of the daughters of Dan ; but in both that 
 his father was a man of Tyre ; that is, she was of the 
 daughters of the city of Dan, in the tribe of Naphtali, and 
 is calted a widow of Naphtali, as her husband was a 
 Naphtalite ; for he is not called a Tyrian by descent, but 
 a man of Tyre by habitation. Anderson. 
 
 WINDING STAIRCASE. When the Fellow-Crafts 
 went to receive their wages, they ascended a winding 
 staircase, the steps of which, like all the Masonic symbols, 
 are illustrative of discipline and doctrine, as well as of 
 natural, mathematical, and metaphysical science, and open 
 to us an extensive range of moral and speculative inquiry. 
 In their delineation, the steps, which count odd numbers, 
 shoiild be more particularly marked as one, three, five, 
 seven, eleven; and in ascending them the Fellow-Craft 
 should pause on each alternate step, and consider the 
 several stages of his progress, as well as the important 
 lessons which are there inculcated. 
 
 WISDOM. Those alone are wise who exercise the 
 powers of the mind in secrecy, and who, without any 
 selfish object, endeavor to promote the universal happi- 
 ness of mankind, whom neither fortune nor misfortune are 
 able to drive from a cairn and steady progress through 
 life. To possess Masonic wisdom it is not necessary to be 
 very learned, or to have a most penetrating genius; the 
 man of good plain common sense may be more masoni- 
 cally wise than the most learned man in existence. It is 
 not the act of a wise man to make a great profession of 
 wisdom ; rnd the secrets of our Lodges ought to teach us 
 how to exercise our Masonic wisdom. Gadicke. 
 
 WORKING TOOLS OF FREEMASONS. They are 
 of three kinds, viz: ornaments, furniture, and jewels. 
 What we understand by these are things without which 
 we are unable to perform any manual labor as ought to be 
 expected from working tools; but if we take them as 
 .symbols, then they have a most important signification. 
 
 WORLDLY WEALTH. Masonry regards no man on 
 account of his worldly wealth and honor. The poor as 
 well as the rich may knock at the door of cir temple, and
 
 RCH OF THE TEMPLE AND WINDING 8TAIKS.
 
 WO1R TEA. 699 
 
 gain admission. All are welcome if found worthy to 
 receive light. This is strictly spiritual: "Seek, and ye 
 shall find ; ask, and ye shall receive ; knock, and the door 
 shall be opened unto you." Scott. 
 
 WORSHIPFUL. A title of respect given to justices of 
 the peace, etc., and in the same sense to symbolic Lodges, 
 and also to the present and Past Masters of the same. 
 
 WORSHIPFUL MASTER He who has attained the 
 third degree in Freemasonry is a Master ; and where they 
 do not work in the so-called high degrees, has attained 
 the summit of his profession. None but F. Cs. who have 
 been found worthy can obtain this degree. As a M. M. 
 he has a voice in all the consultations of the officers of 
 the Lodge, and he may, if possessed of sufficient Masonic 
 skill, be appointed to any office in the Lodge, even that 
 of W. M. This is the highest preferment a Mason can 
 obtain in St. John's Masonry, through the three degrees 
 of which every candidate for the P. M. degree must have 
 passed. If there are members in the Lodge who have 
 the. higher degrees, they are generally elected W. M. ; but 
 although it is by no means necessary to possess those 
 degrees to enable a brother to be elected to the chair, it 
 is absolutely necessary that he should be a man of good 
 moral character, and extensive Masonic information ; he 
 is then elected by his brother M. Ms. for one year. The 
 greatest care and caution ought to be used by the brethren 
 at this election to pi-event the Lodge being injured by 
 the election of an improper person. He must also be 
 well acquainted with the Order, its doctrines, its secrets, 
 its history, and constitution, and must possess the power 
 of communicating his own reflections upon all these sub- 
 jects, in a clear comprehensive form, to the brethren. 
 
 YEAR OF MASONRY. The birth of Christ is com- 
 monly giveu to the autumn of the year 5 before Christ, 
 which is an apparent anomaly, which may require a few 
 words of explanation. The era of the birth of Christ 
 was not in use until about 532 A. D., in the time of Jus- 
 tinian, when it was introduced by Dionysius Exiguus, a 
 Sej'thian by birth, and a Roman abbot ; and which only 
 began to prevail in the West about the time of Charles 
 Martel and Pope Gregory II., A. D. 730. It has long 
 been agreed by all chronologers that Dionysius made
 
 700 YOR -ZEE. 
 
 a mistake in placing the birth of Christ some years 
 too late; but the amount of the difference has been 
 variously estimated at two, three, four, five, and even 
 eight years. The general conclusion is that which is 
 adopted in our Bibles, and which places the birth of Christ 
 four years before the common era, or more probably a few 
 months more. In Masonry we add 4000 up to the birth 
 of Christ, and that sum constitutes the reputed year of 
 Masonry. 
 
 YORK MASONS. The brother of King Athelstan, 
 Prince Edwin, being taught Masonry, and taking upon 
 him the charges of a Master Mason, for the love he had 
 to the said Craft, and the honorable principles whereon 
 it is grounded, purchased a free charter of King Athelstan 
 for the Masons ; having a correction among themselves, 
 as it was anciently expressed, or a freedom and power to 
 regulate themselves, to amend what might happen amiss, 
 and to hold a yearly communication and general assem- 
 bly. That accordingly Prince Edwin summoned all the 
 Masons in the realm to meet him in congregation at York, 
 who came and composed a general Lodge, of which he 
 was Grand Master ; and having brought with them all 
 the writings and records extant, some in Greek, some in 
 Latin, some in French, and other languages, from the 
 contents thereof that assembly did frame the Constitution 
 and Charges of an English Lodge, and made a law to 
 preserve and observe the same in all time coming. 
 
 ZEREDATHA. The pillars and other brass work were 
 cast in the clayey ground between Succoth and Zeredatha. 
 In the Hebrew the words for " clayey ground " are " in 
 the thickness of the ground." That is, the earth was stiff 
 and glutinous, and upon that account more fit to make 
 moulds of all kinds. 
 
 ZERUBBABEL. The son of Salathiel, cf the royal 
 race of David. Cyrus committed to his care the sacred 
 vessels of the temple, with which he returned to Jerusalem. 
 He is always named first, as being the chief of the Jews that 
 returned to their own country, where he laid the founda- 
 tions of the second temple. When the Samaritans offered 
 to assist in rebuilding the temple, Zerubbabel and the 
 principal men of Judah refused them this honor, since 
 Cyrus had granted his commission to the Jews only.
 
 POPTILAK 
 
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