ATLAS 
 
 BRITISH & CENTRAL AMERICA 
 
 v A. Keitli .Johnston. 
 
 1 8 57 
 

ATLAS 
 
 OF 
 
 THE UNITED STATES 
 
 OF NORTH AMERICA, 
 
 CANADA, NEW BRUNSWICK, NOVA SCOTIA, NEWFOUNDLAND, 
 MEXICO, CENTRAL AMERICA, CUBA, AND JAMAICA. 
 
 ON A UNIFORM SCALE. 
 
 FROM THE MOST RECENT STATE DOCUMENTS, MARINE SURVEYS, AND 
 
 UNPUBLISHED MATERIALS. 
 
 WITH PLANS OF THE PRINCIPAL CITIES AND SEA-PORTS, 
 
 AND AN INTRODUCTORY ESSAY ON THE PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY, 
 PRODUCTS, AND RESOURCES OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 BY PROFESSOR HENRY DARWIN ROGERS, OF BOSTON, U.S. 
 
 AND 
 
 A. KEITH JOHNSTON, F.R.S.E., F.R.G.S., F.G.S., 
 
 GEOGRAPHER TO THE QUEEN. 
 
 LONDON: JOHN MURRAY, ALBEMARLE STREET. 
 
 EDINBURGH: W. & A. K. JOHNSTON. 
 
 MDCCCLVH. 
 
 [THE AUTHORS RESERVE THE niutrr OF TRAKSLATIOS.] 
 
ED1NBUHOH : T. CONSTABLE, PRINTER TO HER MA.TESTV. 
 
Bancroft Library CONTENTS. 
 
 IN ORDER TO FACILITATE REFERENCE, EACH SHEET IS MARKED ON THE OUTER MARGIN WITH A NUMBER CORRESPONDING TO 
 THE PAGE OF THE ADJOINING MAP. THE SCALE 18 UNIFORM THROUGHOUT, SO THAT THE AREA AND COMPARATIVE 
 EXTENT OF THE SEVERAL COUNTRIES AND STATES MAY BE ESTIMATED WITHOUT MEASUREMENT. 
 
 INTRODUCTION, PAGE 5-20 
 
 MAP 
 
 INDEX MAP, 1 
 
 MAP SHOWING THE FREE AND SLAVE-HOLDING STATES OF AMERICA, . 2 
 
 BEITISH AMERICA (SEE ALSO MAP 22,) 
 
 NEWFOUNDLAND, NEW BRUNSWICK, NOVA SCOTIA, CAPE BRETON, AND PRINCE 
 
 EDWARD ISLAND, . ...... 3 
 
 UPPER AND LOWER CANADA, . . . . 4 
 
 UNITED STATES 
 
 STATES OF MICHIGAN, WISCONSIN, AND IOWA, ... . 5 
 
 TERRITORY OF MINNESOTA, . . . . . . . . 6 
 
 TERRITORY OF NEBRASKA, .... . . 7 
 
 TERRITORIES OF WASHINGTON AND OREGON, ...... 8 
 
 STATES OF *MAINE, *NEW HAMPSHIRE, *VERMONT, *MASSACHUSETTS, *RHODE ISLAND, 
 
 'CONNECTICUT, NEW YORK, PENNSYLVANIA, AND NEW JERSEY, 9 
 STATES OF DELAWARE, MARYLAND, (WITH THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.) VIRGINIA, NORTH 
 
 CAROLINA, OHIO, KENTUCKY, TENNESSEE, AND INDIANA, ... 10 
 
 STATES OF ILLINOIS, MISSOURI, AND ARKANSAS,. . . . . . H 
 
 TERRITORY OF KANSAS AND INDIAN TERRITORY, . 12 
 
 TERRITORY OF UTAH, . .... 13 
 
 STATE OF CALIFORNIA, . . . 14 
 
 STATES OF SOUTH CAROLINA, GEORGIA, ALABAMA, AND FLORIDA, 15 
 
 STATES OF MISSISSIPPI AND LOUISIANA, ... . 16 
 
 STATE OF TEXAS, . . . .17 
 
 TERRITORY OF NEW MEXICO, . . . 18 
 
 MEXICAN CONFEDERATION- 
 MEXICO, NORTH-WESTERN STATES, . . 19 
 
 MEXICO, NORTH-EASTERN AND CENTRAL STATES, . 20 
 
 MEXICO, SOUTHERN STATES, ..... . 21 
 
 CENTRAL AMERICA- 
 YUCATAN^ GUATEMALA, SAN SALVADOR, AND HONDURAS ; WITH THE BRITISH COLONY 
 
 OF BELIZE, ......... 22 
 
 NICARAGUA AND COSTA RICA, WITH PART OF THE REPUBLIC OF NEW GRANADA, 23 
 
 CUBA AND JAMAICA, (WEST INDIA ISLANDS,) . .... 24 
 
 CITIES AND SEA-PORTS- 
 PLANS OF QUEBEC AND MONTREAL, . . 25 
 
 PLAN OF NEW YORK, . . 26 
 
 PLANS OF PHILADELPHIA AND BOSTON, . . 27 
 
 PLANS OF CINCINNATI AND LOUISVILLE, . 28 
 
 PLANS OF NEW ORLEANS AND SAN FRANCISCO, . 29 
 
 * A star is prefixed to the names of the six New England States. 
 
 f Yucatan ranges geographically with Central America, but since 1846 it has formed politically a part of the Mexican Confederation. 
 
NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 GEOGRAPHICAL. FEATURES AND STATISTICS. 
 
 LIMITS AND DIMENSIONS. North America, including Central America and Greenland, embraces all that portion of 
 the American Continent, with its immediately contiguous Islands, which lies north of the Isthmus of Panama. In form it is 
 irregularly triangular, having the Atlantic Ocean for its south-eastern boundary, the Pacific Ocean for its south-western, and 
 the Arctic Sea for its northern. Its position on the sphere is between latitude 8 north, and 82 34' north, the highest Arctic 
 point hitherto attained. In longitude, omitting Greenland, it lies between Cape Spear, Newfoundland, 52 39' west, and 
 the Western Headland of Russian America, 167 59' west from Greenwich. 
 
 Its length, from south-east to north-west, exceeds 6000 miles ; its breadth, where widest, namely, between Newfoundland 
 and Vancouver Island, is about 3400 miles. 
 
 Excluding Greenland, the area of the Continent is very nearly 8,000,000 square miles, or somewhat more than twice the 
 surface of Europe, and more than one-sixth of that of all the dry land of the globe. 
 
 The entire shore line of the Continent is estimated at nearly 23,000 miles, thus distributed : 
 
 From Hudson Strait to Florida Channel, ........ 4,800 miles. 
 
 From Florida to Panama, ......... 4,600 
 
 From Behring Strait to Panama, including the shores of the Gulf of California, . . . 10,500 
 
 Arctic Coast from Behring Strait to Baffin Bay, ....... 2,700 
 
 General Physical Divisions. Taking a comprehensive survey of the larger physical features of North America, it exhibits 
 four general or primary slopes, each sinking to one of the four seas which encircle it. The two principal inclinations of its 
 surface are, a very broad easterly one descending towards the Atlantic, and a much narrower westerly one towards the Pacific, 
 divided by a lofty mountain-axis, the Chippewayan Chain or Cordillera of North America, coincident throughout a large part 
 of its course with the main water-shed, or axis of drainage of the Continent. This great mountain-chain reposes upon a broad 
 wave of the earth's crust, which, at its greatest elevation extending from the head of the Eio Grande to the southern source of 
 the Mackenzie River, has a mean height of nearly 7000 feet, and which gradually sinks in level from thence towards Central 
 America and the Arctic Sea. From each base of this backbone of the Continent the surface slopes at first rapidly, and then 
 more gently, on the one hand, towards the Atlantic ; on the other, at a faster rate, towards the Pacific Ocean, the portions of 
 each plain at the bases of the chain possessing, in the central latitudes, an elevation above the sea of about 5000 feet. Only two 
 important swells of the surface interrupt its general declinations towards the two opposite oceans. One of these supports the 
 Atlantic or Appalachian Mountain-Chain ; the other sustains the Pacific or Cascade Chain of California, Oregon, and British 
 and Russian America. Neither of these Oceanic mountain-systems effectually obstructs the eastern and western drainage from 
 the great Continental axis. The Appalachians, it is true, deflect the two greatest east-pouring streams, the St. Lawrence and 
 the Mississippi, but they are themselves intersected to their base by several large Atlantic rivers, as the Hudson, the Delaware, 
 and the Susquehanna, which have their sources behind the mountains on the eastern edge of the central plain. Still more 
 strikingly the Pacific Chain, though southward, it turns the Colorado to enter the Gulf of California, and northward the Yucon, 
 to flow into Norton Sound, yet allows free passage to the equally majestic streams, the Oregon or Columbia River, and Fraser 
 River of British America, both of which, and several others, flow through this belt of very lofty mountains by low, transverse 
 valleys, sunk to the level of the general slope. 
 
 The two other general slopes of the Continent, or those which descend respectively to the Arctic Sea, and the Sea or Gulf 
 of Mexico, are parts of another great wave of the earth's surface ; a broad, gentle swell of the land which crosses the Continent 
 from the coast of Labrador obliquely towards the west south-west to the coast of the Pacific, in Northern California; passing, 
 in its slightly curvilinear course, north of Lake Superior ; then by the sources of the Missouri, or the main focus of the waters 
 of the Continent in the Rocky Mountains ; next through the high plateau of Northern Utah ; and so through the Pacific Chain, 
 where, at a great elevation, these mountains give origin to the Sacramento and Klamath Rivers of California. From this great, 
 transverse bulge of the land traversing nearly at right angles the longer and loftier swell of the Rocky or Chippewayan 
 Mountains, the whole Continent possesses the structure of a rudely outlined, unsymnietrical, broad pyramid, whose high but 
 level apex gathers the waters which feed the four great diverging rivers the Missouri, the Saskatchewan, the Columbia, arid 
 the Colorado; flowing respectively north-east, south-east, north-west, and south-west, into four independent recipients. 
 
 Regarding for the present only the influence of the transverse or east and west swell, it divides all that portion of the 
 Continent lying east of the Chippewayan Chain, or more than three-fourths the total surface, into two great slopes, a northern, 
 declining to the Arctic Sea, and a southern to the sea of Mexico; and, more locally, it confers a northward and a southward 
 slope upon the wider part of the remaining area of the Continent, or that west of those mountains. But the truest analysis of 
 the slopes of North America is that which recognises, in connexion with its pyramidal form, not an east, west, north, and south 
 declension of its plains, but a north-east, south-west, and, more partially, a north-west and south-east declension. All these 
 four slopes are well indicated in the directions of the several systems of river drainage. 
 
 Looking closer at the separate divisions of the Continent, with an eye to a classification of its several great natural areas, it 
 is seen to comprise one broad continental plain ; one long, narrow, elevated plateau ; three independent great mountain systems ; 
 and two long, narrow oceanic slopes, 
 
 A 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 A. THE GREAT CENTRAL PLAIN. By far tlie largest of these divisions is the GREAT CENTRAL PLAIN, extending and 
 expanding northward from the Gulf or Sea of Mexico to the Arctic Sea and Hudson Bay, and spreading westward from the 
 Appalachians to the Eocky Mountains. This is a wide continental region of plains, gentle slopes, and elevated table-lands, 
 watered by many great rivers, and indented by the basins of numerous expansive lakes. 
 
 It consists of two physically dissimilar districts ; one, a western region of dry or semi-desert elevated steppes or table-lands, 
 extending for many hundred miles from Texas to the Saskatchewan in a broad belt, bounded by the eastern base of the Eocky 
 Mountains ; the other, a wider, more irregular, eastern tract of less average elevation, consisting of vast rolling plains, studded 
 with many hills, but almost no mountains, and for the most part copiously watered. It is divisible into four extensive river 
 systems, or basins of river and lacustrine drainage, separated by low, nearly level, water-sheds. 
 
 I. THE WESTERN STEPPES. The general eastward slope from the base of the Eocky Mountains, especially in the 
 latitudes south of the Upper Missouri, descends not so much by one even inclined plain, as by a succession of terraces, which 
 are especially prominent south of the Eiver Arkansas. These terraces are not level, but conform to the general inclination ; nor 
 has the district embracing them any well-defined line of escarpment separating it from the lower gentler slope with which the 
 land subsides to the level of the Mississippi, and the Upper St. Lawrence Lakes. Nevertheless, there is a marked change in 
 the physiognomy of the whole eastern slope, about half-way between the Mississippi and the Eocky Mountains. There the rise 
 of the surface becomes more rapid ; the grassy prairies giving place to sterile and arid table-lands. Adopting a contour line of 
 level about 2000 feet above the sea, as approximately coincident with this more abrupt change of slope, climate, and general 
 aspect, we may define the district included between this line and the foot of the mountains, as a wide, elevated zone, ranging 
 from the 28th to the 60th degree of latitude. Its eastern limit, from Texas to the Nebraska Eiver, lies a little west of the 
 meridian of 99 west, and deflecting thence somewhat westward, it crosses the Missouri near the meridian of 102, or somewhere 
 about Fort Bevthold. North of the Missouri it swerves rapidly to the west, and approaches the base of the Eocky Mountains 
 about the upper waters of the Athabaska Eiver. The zone thus defined has a breadth south of the Missouri of nearly 350 
 miles, and a mean level above the sea of some 3500 feet, rising by slopes and terraces to an elevation of 5000 feet, or even 
 more, at the immediate foot of the mountains. To the north-west of the level water-shed insulating the streams of the Upper 
 Missouri from the south branch of the Saskatchewan, the high-terraced zone rapidly declines in level, and contracts in breadth, 
 growing, despite its progress northward, less sterile, and becoming even fertile ; until, discarding the semi-desert character 
 for that of the grassy and cultivable prairie, it forms part of the well-watered, lower, broad region lying to the east and north 
 eastward. South of the Nebraska, particularly near the Arkansas Eiver and the Eio Pecos, the plateau is divided by a some 
 what well-defined slope amounting even to an abrupt escarpment in the region of the Eed Eiver and the Eio Brazos into 
 two chief tables or terraces. The upper of these plateaux, called the Staked Plains, or El Llano Estacado, is about 1000 feet 
 higher than the table east of it : its general height being about 3500 feet ; it is a verdurelcss and almost rainless desert. 
 Northward the upper belt, in prolongation of the Staked Plains, exhibits the same characters, but mitigated, as we cross the 
 Arkansas, though as far as latitude 45, passing the north branch of the Nebraska, there are vast tracts of parched desert east 
 of the Eocky Mountains, and the Yellow-Stone Eiver ; some of which, of singularly broken surface, are known under the name 
 of the Bad Lands, or Mauvaises Terres. North of the Missouri it begins to lose these features. 
 
 The lower terrace resembles the upper in its flat monotonous surface, its treeless wastes, and arid summer climate, but it is 
 rather more grassy, and its southern streams are better fringed with trees and verdure. All the rivers, from the Pecos to the 
 Arkansas, issue from the upper table-land to the lower, through deep narrow sluices (canons), between precipices of enormous 
 height. For more than 400 miles, from the Brazos to the Arkansas, the lower treeless plain is fringed by a remarkable belt of 
 woodland, from five to twenty-five miles wide, which is called the " Cross Timbers." This strip of forest forms the western 
 boundary of the fertile still lower and better-watered plain of Texas, a region of verdant prairies, clotted with natural parks, 
 and clumps of live oaks and other noble trees. 
 
 II. GREAT EASTERN AND NORTHERN PLAIN. This vast tract, embraced in width between the north-west base of 
 the Appalachian Mountains, and the eastern border of the elevated western steppes, and north of them the base of the Eocky 
 Mountains, is a wide, well-watered, gently-rolling plain ; irrigated with innumerable streams, the tributaries of many majestic 
 rivers and huge lakes, some of which latter are almost of the dimensions of inland seas. Its surface nowhere rises higher than 
 1700 feet above the sea, and none of its great water-sheds higher than about 1500 feet, while by far the larger portion of it is 
 included between the elevations of 400 and 800 feet above the ocean. This diversified region comprises nearly half the area of 
 the continent, and more than five-sixths of its great central plain or valley. It is subdivisible into four great river basins : an 
 Arctic basin, the basin of Hudson Bay, the basin of the St. Lawrence, and the basin of the Mississippi. These, in their limits 
 and physical aspects, will be sketched presently, in connexion with the general river drainage of the entire continent. The 
 region is divisible upon another basis than that of its water-sheds, into an Arctic zone, a forest zone, and a zone of open plains 
 or prairies, which will also be briefly touched upon ; and like the whole continent, it contains several distinctly characterized 
 belts of climate, susceptible of definition. 
 
 B. THE APPALACHIAN MOUNTAIN ZONE. This Atlantic mountain-range embraces the whole belt of mountain 
 ridges extending from the Gulf of St. Lawrence at Gaspe, to Georgia and Northern Alabama. It consists of two divisions a 
 north-eastern, ranging from Gaspe to the valley of the Hudson ; and a south-western, thence to the interior of Alabama : the 
 total length of the chain is about 1500 miles, while its breadth varies from 150 to 200 miles. In the chief divisions of its 
 length it is a wide complex belt of many parallel ridges, whose crests nowhere ascend much beyond 4000 feet above the sea ; 
 the base of the chain, where highest, being about 1800 feet above the sea level. From Alabama to the Hudson, the Appalachian 
 chain is the water-shed between the Atlantic rivers and those of the Ohio and Lake Ontario ; and from the Hudson to the Gulf 
 of St. Lawrence it separates the drainage of those flowing to the Atlantic from the shorter streams entering the St. Lawrence. 
 The Hudson valley does not entirely separate this long, nearly continuous mountain system. A depression of the continent to 
 a depth of only 300 feet, would let the ocean through from the Gulf of St. Lawrence to the Bay of New York, and interpose a 
 strait nearly as broad as that between England and the European continent, between the mainland of North America and the 
 even now half-insulated district of New England, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia. 
 
 The North-eastern section of the Appalachians contains as its principal chain the Green Mountains, a long belt of parallel 
 and swelling ridges, commencing in the Notre Dame range south of the St. Lawrence, in Lower Canada, and terminating at the 
 Schuylkill Eiver in Pennsylvania. These mountains at the Hudson, under the name of the Highlands, are cut to their base by 
 that tidal river. In Vermont their rounded summits are 4000 feet high, but on the Hudson they nowhere exceed 1600 feet. 
 The White Mountains of New Hampshire, and the Adirondac group in the north-east corner of New York, are lofty outlying 
 masses, subsidiary to the Appalachians. They consist chiefly of the crystalline rocks. Their highest peaks exceed 5000 feet ; 
 and Mount Washington, next to the loftiest summit east of the Eocky Mountains, is 6428 feet above the sea level. 
 
INTRODUCTION. 7 
 
 South-western Appalachians. From the Hudson and Mohawk to middle Alabama, extends the other great division of the 
 Appalachian chain, marked by an extraordinary parallelism, length, narrowness, steepness, and evenness of its numerous ridges. 
 Its south-eastern belt, the most undulating and picturesque, is the Blue Ridge of Virginia, and the Smoky or Unaka Mountain 
 range of Carolina, Georgia, and Tennessee; it is nearly identical in geological structure with the Green Mountains, and 
 resembles them in contour and scenery. Its highest crests, which are in North Carolina and Tennessee, reach to 4000 and 
 5000 feet above the sea; and one knob, the Black Mountain of Carolina, attains the height of 6476 feet, the greatest elevation 
 known anywhere in the eastern half of the continent. 
 
 To the north-west of the Blue Ridge, and separated from it by a long continuous plain called the Great Appalachian 
 Valley, runs the parallel range of the middle Appalachian belt, traceable from the St. Lawrence to Alabama. This central 
 zone of mountains consists of long narrow level ridges, divided by narrow longitudinal valleys, and cut to their bases by sharp 
 deep ravines permitting the passage of the rivers. These ridges, caused by excessive erosion of the parallel waves of the strata 
 of which the central Appalachians consist, are linked into groups of several parallel crests, some of them remarkably straight for 
 great distances, others gently curving. In many instances two narrow mountain crests unite at the two extremities to enclose a 
 deep trough-shaped valley ; some of these valleys, with their mountain borders, having a remarkable resemblance to a long 
 narrow canoe or skiff. One class have a synclinal structure, the highest strata being in the bed or centre of the valley, and 
 the hard lower rocks forming the enclosing parallel mountain crests. The other class are anticlinal in their form, a powerful 
 erosive action of waters having carved them out by cutting through the crests of the original crust-waves, and scooping down to 
 the softer lower strata. In some portions of this middle belt the long narrow ridges unite in wider mountain table-lands of the 
 general height of the chain. 
 
 The north-western belt of the Appalachians is a long and comparatively narrow high table-land, called the Alleghany 
 Mountain in Pennsylvania, the Sewell Mountain in Virginia, and the Cumberland Mountain in Tennessee. Almost the whole 
 way continuously from North-eastern Pennsylvania to Northern Alabama, it presents a high escarped slope, facing south-east 
 ward toward the middle chain. 
 
 A longitudinal survey of the Appalachian chain shows much undulation in its direction, and discovers eleven distinct sec 
 tions as respects its trend. Six of these are straight, three of them convex towards the north-west, and two of them convex 
 towards the south-east. 
 
 C. THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS, OE CHIPPEWAYAN CHAIN. This very elevated mountain axis, or main water-shed 
 of the continent, consists generally of two, but in some districts of three, principal ranges, each composed of many high moun 
 tain crests, deep valleys, and elevated table-lands. The great component ranges are approximately parallel, but they are variously 
 linked and inosculated by transverse ridges. Their crest lines undulate on a stupendous scale, and many of their summits are 
 sharply notched and serrated like the Alps. The main eastern range rises like a huge rampart above the great table-land at 
 its base, presenting a deeply gashed flank, and vast mountain buttresses towards the plain. Longitudinally the whole chain 
 consists of many sections broken by deep passes, and by the cessation of the leading ridges, which, in many instances, do not 
 join, but lap past each other. This recently ascertained feature presents unexpected facilities for the construction of railways, 
 and other avenues of communication across the continent. In Northern Mexico the eastern range is the Cordillera of Cohahuela 
 and Potozi, the Guadaloupe Mountains of New Mexico being only an outlying chain of ridges ; and the western range is the 
 Sierra Madre. Opposite the sources of the Arkansas, the eastern belt is the Sierra de Sawatch, and White or Wet Mountain ; 
 and the western the La Plata and San Juan Mountains. The noble valley of the Eio Grande del Norte is here embraced 
 between the two ranges. From the Arkansas to the north fork of the Platte, the chain is more complex and triple ; its eastern 
 range contains some of the loftiest summits of the Rocky Mountains : such as the Medicine Bow Mountains, the Spanish Peaks, 
 Pike's, Long's, and Laramie's Peaks, rising to 10,000 and 12,000 feet above the sea. North of the Platte, rise the Wind 
 River Mountains, the loftiest division of the chain. Here Fremont's Peak has an elevation of 13,570 feet. This high mountain 
 axis is the focal water-shed of the continent, for it parts the head fountains of the Missouri flowing to the Atlantic, from those 
 of the Columbia and Rio Colorado, descending westward to the Pacific. 
 
 Branching southward from the Rocky Mountains, near the Wind River range, is the long and lofty chain called the 
 Wahsatch. It is the eastern boundary of the Great Utah Desert, and the western barrier of the basin of the Rio Colorado, the 
 Rocky Mountains being the eastern. Northward of the Wind River chain, the eastern or main axis of the Rocky Mountains is 
 exceedingly high, where it divides the middle and northern streams of the Columbia, from the sources of the Missouri and Sas 
 katchewan. Near the head of the latter great river, Mount Hooker towers to the height of 15,700 feet above the sea; and a 
 little further north, Mount Brown, the feeder of the river Athabaska, reaches the yet greater altitude of 15,990 feet. From this 
 culminating district the chain gradually declines northward to the Arctic Ocean. Beyond lat. 55 the main eastern crest ceases 
 to be the water-shed between the Pacific and Hudson Bay, or the Arctic Ocean. 
 
 North-west of the Wind River chain, the Salmon River Mountains spur off towards the west-north-west, from the main 
 chain or water-shed of the continent, extending from opposite the southern sources of the Missouri, to the Snake River. 
 Further north, the Bitter Root, or Cceur d'Alene Mountains, branch off towards the north-north-west to run parallel with 
 Clark's Fork of the Columbia. 
 
 The Chippewayan or Primary Water-shed. It has been stated, that the western portion of the continent ascends in both 
 directions towards the Rocky Mountains, in form of a broad, elevated wave, sustaining on its high flat crest the main water-shed 
 of the continent ; this great swell of the surface, maintaining a part of its height under the wide lofty plateau of the western 
 desert zone, sinks much more rapidly westward towards the Pacific, than eastward towards the Mississippi ; therefore, in several 
 districts, the crest line of the waters is at the western base, or even far beyond the backbone chain of the continent. Traced 
 longitudinally, this line of separation of the drainage, so interesting, from its containing the real passes insulating the eastern 
 from the western slopes of the continent, is approximately coincident with the main eastern crest of the chain, from the southern 
 end of the Wind River range at the Great South Pass, in lat. 42 30', northward to the sources of the Athabaska near Mount 
 Brown. Between the Great South Pass and the head of the Arkansas, it undulates between the eastern and the western ridges, 
 but southward of that river it follows the western chain, which to the west of the Rio Grande, becomes a broad high table-land, 
 stretching thence to Mexico, under the name of the Sierra Madre. Northward of the Athabaska, the water-shed leaves the 
 Rocky Mountains proper, swerving westward through the western plateau, between the sources of the Peace, the Turnagain, 
 and the Peel rivers of the great Mackenzie, the fountains of the Frazer River, and the Yukon or Kwitchpak of the Pacific 
 Ocean. This somewhat undulating line winds between the head streams of the two interlocking systems of rivers, which drain 
 the two opposite slopes of the entire western half of the continent. 
 
 It also undulates when regarded in profile. Traced northward, it declines from a high level in Mexico, to near latitude 
 32, the lowest level which it reaches. From recent surveys, this is between the waters of the Rio Grande, and those of the 
 San Pedro of the Rio Gila. Here its height above the sea is about 5200 feet. Ascending, the water-shed attains its maximum 
 
8 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 elevation about the thirty-eighth parallel, opposite the head of the Rio Grande, where it reaches the great height of 10,000 feet, 
 thence northward it declines, sinking at the South Pass near latitude 42 30' to about 7490 feet, and still further in latitude 
 47 at Cadotte's Pass to 6044 feet. Beyond this point it ascends again, passing the northern head tributaries of the Upper 
 Missouri, where, at the Marias Pass, in latitude 48 30', its elevation exceeds 8500 feet. The dividing line now gradually de 
 clines to the feeders of the Saskatchewan, beyond which, the Athabaska portage is said to be 7324 feet above the sea. Still 
 further north, it once more rises, and then slowly subsides towards the Arctic Ocean, though with that undulation of its crest, 
 which is characteristic of all very extensive water-sheds. 
 
 D. THE QEEAT WESTERN DESERT PLATEAU. Between the Rocky Mountains on the east, and the Pacific Alps, 
 or Cascade Chain, and Sierra Nevada on the west, there stretches from the Gulf of California to the Arctic Ocean, an elevated 
 desert zone of great breadth and height, especially in its central section, between latitudes 35 and 45, where its mean level 
 above the sea is between 4000 and 5000 feet. It consists, north of the Gulf of California, of three principal regions, the Central 
 Desert Plateau, now indicated ; a semi-desert area, south-east and south of this, the basin of the Rio Colorado, divided from it 
 by the Wahsatch Mountains ; and a northern region, that of the Columbia and Frazer Rivers, sterile and rugged in its southern 
 portion, but more fertile in its northern, separated from the central by the mountain table-land south of the Columbia. 
 
 The Central Plateau, or Great Utah Desert, is an almost rainless region, parched by dry winds. The evaporation balancing 
 the rain-fall, none of its scanty drainage passes to the sea, but each attenuated stream ends in a closed lake, the water of which 
 is more or less salt. It is a vast elevated arid waste, containing wide plains incrusted with salt, a soil generally more or less 
 saline, and large tracts of light volcanic scoriw and ashes. Through its centre there runs, southward, a broad belt of straight 
 mountain ridges, the Humboldt Mountains, composed in part of crystalline rocks, in part of carboniferous limestone, and other 
 palaeozoic strata. The chief stream is the Humboldt River, which, flowing west, dies away in a salt morass, before it reaches 
 the foot of the Sierra Nevada. There are twelve or fifteen salt lakes of considerable magnitude in this high insulated basin. 
 The largest of these is the Great Mormon, or Utah Salt Lake, the waters of which are impregnated almost to saturation, con 
 taining 20 per cent, of common salt, and 2 per cent, of other salts. Its length is 75 miles, and mean breadth about 30 miles. 
 
 The Southern Desert Basin, or that of the Rio Colorado, lying between the Rocky Mountains and the Wahsatch and 
 Californian Mountains, is, like the Utah Desert, a succession of arid table-lands and plains, intersected by rugged mountains. 
 Its north-eastern portion is better fed with rain than its western ; those tracts most under the lee of the intercepting barrier of the 
 Pacific Mountains being more desiccated than the districts further removed. The Pacific Mountains are also less elevated in 
 this latitude than further north, opposite the Central Desert. This Southern or Colorado Desert slopes gently southward to the 
 ocean level at the head of the Gulf of California, north of which there is an arid tract of the surface, which is actually lower 
 than the surface of the sea, having, it is believed, a depression in its centre of 300 feet, a region of continental depression, from 
 which the dry winds have lapped up the remnant waters of the Gulf of California, and annually drink away every trace of the 
 back waters of the Rio Colorado, which temporarily flood it at the season of its rise from the rains in the mountains. In some 
 localities along the western edge of the Colorado Desert, the rounded water-worn pebbles which strew the surface are beautifully 
 polished, from the action of a sharp diy sand driven furiously over the gravelly pavement by the prevailing high westerly winds ; 
 and in several of the gorges or passes through the Sierra Nevada, in the same neighbourhood, the fixed rocks of the mountains 
 are themselves smoothed and striated by the same agency. 
 
 Only a low barrier of hills, declining south-westward, from the Wahsatch Chain, divides this Desert of the Colorado from 
 that of the Plateau of Utah. The true configuration of the whole vast desert tract, from the Rio Gila on the south, to the 
 Snake River or south branch of the Columbia, on the north, is that of an elevated valley between the Rocky Mountains and Sierra 
 Madre on the east, and the Pacific Chain on the west. In its position it is like some of the high table-lands of the Andes. 
 
 E. THE PACIFIC MOUNTAIN CHAIN. The third, or western belt, of the great elevated mountain zone of Western 
 North America, is the oceanic chain which runs adjacent to the Pacific, from Russian America to the peninsula of Lower Cali 
 fornia. The northern section of this chain traversing Russian and British America, is sometimes called the Pacific Alps ; the 
 middle section, from Frazer River to the Klamath, the Cascade Range ; and the southern section, lapping past part of the 
 southern end of the latter, and extending from the Columbia River to about lat. 35, and becoming extinct in the San Barnadino 
 country, is called the Sierra Nevada. The central ridge of the peninsula of Lower California, a part of the same great Pacific 
 chain, is the southward prolongation of a parallel mountain axis, which, in Middle and Northern California, ranges parallel to the 
 Sierra Nevada, west of it, and close to the Pacific coast, and is there known as the Coast Mountains. Low in its southern sec 
 tions, the great Pacific mountain chain is in Middle California, Oregon, and Russian America, broad, complex, and very lofty, its 
 main central crest containing nearly the highest summits upon the continent. The Sierra Nevada, a great water-shed insulating 
 the high rainless plateau of Utah from the basin of California and from the sea, carries a very elevated crest, many parts of 
 which reach a height of 10,000 feet : but it has few insulated peaks towering above this line. The Cascade range, on the con 
 trary, wholly different in its geological structure, being largely volcanic, is in many places cleft nearly to the sea level, and yet 
 bears some of the most colossal conical summits to be met with on the globe. The three great volcanic peaks, Mount Jefferson, 
 Mount Hood, and Mount St. Helen's, tower in great masses to the height of 15,500 feet, and even above this. Mount Fair- 
 weather 14,782 feet high, and Mount St. Elias 17,850 feet, are both volcanoes, believed to be occasionally active; while 
 Mount St. Helen's and Mount Regnier, though rather torpid, are known to be occasionally in eruption. About latitude 35, 
 the Sierra Nevada and the coast range diverge northward, to enclose between them the gold-producing valley of California. 
 
 The coast range proper of California, which scarcely anywhere exceeds in elevation 3000 feet, terminates southward north 
 east of Santa Barbara, and a distant chain of low mountains commences at the coast near Point Conception, and extends east- 
 south-east to cross the Colorado and Gila Rivers near their junction. This is called the San Bernardino range. The peninsular 
 chain of Lower California starts off from this oblique one near the San Gorgonia Pass, and ranges south-south-east to Cape San 
 Lucas. 
 
 F. THE PACIFIC OR WESTERN SLOPE. Between the great Pacific chain and the western shore of the continent there 
 extends the very long and comparatively narrow Pacific slope, everywhere declining, more or less steeply, to the sea. Slender in 
 the Californian peninsula, it widens north of lat. 34 to admit the coast mountains and the gold-bearing valley of Upper Cali 
 fornia, and here presents three subordinate belts, covering a breadth of about 100 miles, which size it maintains to Vancouver 
 Island, and beyond it. From the valley of the Sacramento, northward, its surface is more rugged, until approaching the 
 Columbia, it admits between the Cascade chain and the coast range, the open and fertile valley of the Willamette River. 
 
 G. THE ATLANTIC OR EASTERN SLOPE. This long and slender zone stretches from the Gulf of St. Lawrence to 
 the Gulf of Mexico, and descends with a gentle lateral slope from the base of the Appalachians to the Atlantic coast. Its several 
 
INTRODUCTION. 9 
 
 subordinate belts differ both in physical features and geological structure. One subdivision, ranging from the Gulf of St. Law 
 rence to the Hudson, through New Brunswick and New England, has a hilly surface, and many rivers, which meet the tidal 
 level far inland from the sea. It contains short chains of rounded hills, some of them mountains in size, and it is spotted with 
 a multitude of clear lakes and ponds, and is throughout admirably watered. This region forms one general slope to the sea, not 
 being fringed on its ocean border, as the corresponding zone further south is, by a true tide-water plain. 
 
 The south-western section of the Atlantic slope, expanding south-westward from the Hudson, attains in Virginia a width of 
 at least 200 miles, under which it continues to the southern end of the Appalachians. It includes two parallel belts, quite dis 
 tinct in their geology and scenery : that nearest the mountains is a true slope, descending from a height of several hundred feet 
 to the level of the tide ; that bordering the sea is a low monotonous and very level plain. Between the slope and the plain runs 
 a well-defined line of demarcation, indicated in a sudden change in the topography, and in the abrupt transition in all the 
 streams, from rapids to the ebb and flow of the tide. Upon this physical boundary are seated all the chief cities of the 
 Atlantic sea-board, from Trenton in New Jersey, to Halifax in North Carolina. This line marks, indeed, an ancient sea-coast 
 of the earlier continent in the times anterior to the elevation of the horizontal tertiary deposits. 
 
 The upper, or Appalachian division of the Atlantic slope, traced south-westward, ascends from the level of the tide at the 
 Hudson, to its maximum height of 1000 feet near the sources of the Roanoke, and declines again beyond the Catawba, to a 
 more moderate level in middle Alabama. From Long Island Sound to the Potomac its surface is varied and pleasing, and its 
 soil very fertile. 
 
 It possesses many broad, fruitful, and salubrious valleys; is singularly well watered by clear running brooks, but is 
 nowhere marshy, and is altogether the garden spot of the Atlantic border of the continent. 
 
 From the Potomac, south-westward, the features of this slope are more monotonous, the soil less fertile, consisting of light 
 sands and meagre clays, produced from subjacent talcose and chloritic schists, and other altered azoic rocks. The climate is less 
 temperate, being liable to great heat in summer, and to heavy rains, which wash its pulverulent soil. These conditions of soil 
 and climate impart excessive turbidness to its swiftly flowing streams, causing indirectly extensive sand bars and shoals at the 
 mouths of its rivers and estuaries, tending to block their navigation. Immediately at the base of the Blue Ridge, in Virginia 
 and North Carolina, this region contains a highly fertile and picturesque tract. 
 
 The Atlantic Plain, or sea-board belt of the Atlantic slope, nowhere rises above 100 feet from the ocean level. From 
 Long Island to North Carolina, though intersected by many tidal creeks, it is not marshy, except near the ocean, and bordering 
 the estuaries of the Delaware and Chesapeake ; but farther to the south-west, through North and South Carolina, Georgia, and 
 Florida, its seaward half is excessively swampy and much overflowed. 
 
 RIVER SYSTEMS. North America contains properly eight independent River Systems, or separate Hydrographic Basins. 
 Commencing with the more northern, these are : 1st, The Arctic System ; 2d, The Hudson Bay System ; 3d, The St. Law 
 rence System ; 4th, The Atlantic System ; 5th, The Gulf of Mexico, or Mississippi System ; 6th, The Northern Pacific 
 System ; 7th, The Continental System, or Landlocked Basin of Utah ; and 8th, The Southern Pacific System, or that of the 
 Gulf of California. 
 
 1st, The Arctic River-System discharges northward from the sources of the Mackenzie into the Arctic Sea, between Beh- 
 ring Strait and the Gulf of Boothia. It is bounded west, by the water-shed of the Great Plateau, west of the Rocky Moun 
 tains ; south and east, by the low, winding, imperfect water-shed, separating the Athabaska and other southern streams of the 
 Mackenzie from the Saskatchewan and Churchill Rivers of Hudson Bay; and northward, by the Arctic Coast. Its south 
 eastern border, or water-shed, commences at the Rocky Mountains, opposite the northern sources of the Columbia ; passes 
 between the great rivers named, by Methy portage and Wollaston Lake, then between the Great Fish River and Chesterfield 
 Inlet, and through the centre of Melville Peninsula, where it terminates at the Hecla and Fury Strait, which connects Boothia 
 Gulf of the Arctic Sea with the Hudson Strait waters of the Atlantic. 
 
 This wide region of northward drainage includes the Great Mackenzie River and its tributary streams and lakes, which, it 
 is computed, water an area of about 442,000 square miles. It contains also the Coppermine and the Great Fish Rivers. The 
 total length of Mackenzie River, from the sources of the Athabaska or Elk River, its most southern feeder, is not less than 
 1600 miles. This stream rises near Mount Brown, at the great elevation, it is said, of 15,000 feet. Here the four largest rivers 
 of the Continent, the Missouri, Saskatchewan, Columbia, and Mackenzie, have their common nucleus, or focal water- shed, near 
 latitude 55 north. The head fountains of the Mackenzie and the Columbia being only about two hundred yards apart, and those 
 of the Columbia and the Saskatchewan approximating to fourteen paces. The Peace River, or more northern tributary, rises on 
 the west side of the main crest of the Rocky Mountains, within 300 yards of Frazer River, which flows to the Pacific. The 
 Athabaska and Peace Rivers unite below Lake Athabaska, which receives the north-flowing waters of Lake Wollaston, a third 
 upper tributary of the Mackenzie. Lake Wollaston is, however, itself a part of the water-shed between the Mackenzie and the 
 Churchill, for it sends a south-flowing stream into the Missinipi, the upper feeder of that river ; thus anastomosing the drainage 
 of the Arctic and the Hudson Bay River Systems. The three blended streams below Lake Athabaska form the Slave River 
 which flows into Great Slave Lake, from the western end or outlet of which, the main trunk stream bears the name of Mackenzie 
 to the Arctic sea. It receives in its flow the tributary rivers Lizard and Peel, from behind the Rocky Mountains ; and from the 
 east the waters of Great Bear Lake, lying near the Arctic Circle. The general elevation of the water-shed in the vicinity of 
 Methy Lake on the main canoe route, from Lake Winnipeg to the Mackenzie, is estimated at a little less than 1700 feet * 
 above the sea, assumed to be the mean level of the district, from which it slowly declines north-eastward with the slope of the 
 continent. 
 
 2d, Hudson Bay, or Baffin Bay System. This vast river basin, draining into Hudson Bay and its outlets, stretches from 
 the sources of the Saskatchewan in the Rocky Mountains, and embraces a coast front on the Sea, from the extremity of Melville 
 Peninsula to the eastern point of Labrador. Bounded, north-west, by the low water-sheds separating it from the Arctic Basin, 
 and south, by a still more tortuous one, dividing it in the west from the waters of the Missouri, and east from those of the St. 
 Lawrence, it gathers a wide converging drainage eastward, north-eastward, northward, and also westward, into the somewhat 
 central reception of Hudson Bay. Its southern water-shed which, from the Rocky Mountains to East Canada, meanders 
 between the parallels of 46 and 50, declines from an elevation of about 3000 feet very gradually with the slope of the con 
 tinent to Labrador, maintaining, opposite the St. Lawrence and its lakes, an average elevation above those waters of not more 
 than 700 feet. It is only west of longitude 102 that this low axis of drainage ascends to the height of 2000 feet above the sea. 
 
 The chief rivers which drain the north-eastern slope of the continent, and fall into Hudson Bay, are, the Chesterfield, the 
 
 * See Arctic Searching Expedition, by Sir John Richardson. 
 B 
 
10 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 Missinipi or Churchill, the Saskatchewan or Nelson, the Severn, and the Albany, all from the west ; and from the south and 
 east, the Abbitibbe, Arricanaw, Rupert, East Mnin, and Big and Little Whale Rivers. Of these by far the grandest are the 
 Churchill and the Saskatchewan. 
 
 The Churchill rises on the slope far east of the Rocky Mountains, under the name of the Beaver River ; flows north 
 eastward, receives the waters of Itethy and La Crosse Lakes, takes thence the name of Missinipi, is again augmented by the 
 waters of Deer Lake, the southern outflow of Wollaston Lake, and bears thence the name of Churchill River to its discharge in 
 Hudson Bay. The water-shed separating this river basin from the Saskatchewan is so flat, that at the Frog Portage it inter 
 poses only a few feet of elevation, so that in times of flood it is overflowed, and the waters run both ways. Wollaston Lake, 
 too, as already intimated, discharges into both basins. 
 
 The Saskatchewan, or Nelson Eiver, by far the largest stream entering Hudson Bay, rises in the Rocky Mountains, 
 where its northern branch is fed by Mount Hooker, one of the loftiest mountains on the continent. Joined by the southern 
 branch about 500 miles from its source, the united river flows into Lake Winnipeg, entering it towards its north-western end, 
 and issuing thence, under the name of Nelson River it keeps north-eastward to Hudson Bay. Lake Winnipeg, the main southern 
 tributary, is 250 miles in length, and is itself fed from sundry lateral lakes. Its main feeder, however, is the Red River of 
 the North, which heads against the upper Mississippi and its western branch, the Minnesota or St. Peter's ; the Red River receiv 
 ing the Assinniboin from the west. Another drainage also enters Lake Winnipeg, flowing through Rainy Lake and the Lake of 
 the Woods, interlocking in its course with the waters of Lake Superior. Thus the great basin of the Saskatchewan is separated 
 from the basins of the Mississippi and the St. Lawrence, on its south, by water-sheds or portages nearly as depressed as that 
 which on its north insulates it from the basin of the Churchill. 
 
 The Severn River falls into Hudson Bay near latitude 56, flowing north-eastward, from a source near Lake Winnipeg, if 
 indeed it does not get a portion of its waters from that basin. 
 
 The Albany Eiver has its source in Lake St. Joseph, in latitude 51, and flows eastward nearly 400 miles, to James' Bay, 
 of Hudson Sea. 
 
 Of the southern and eastern tributaries of Hudson Bay very little is specifically known to geographers. 
 
 A low plateau crosses this broad basin from near Lake Superior, towards the north-north-west, which checks, but does 
 not arrest the north-eastward drainage of the rivers, and converts them into an intricate network of lakes, through a belt of 
 200 miles in breadth. Throughout this zone, which extends across the Arctic river-basin also, the water surface is enormous, 
 exceeding, it is thought, the area of the dry land. This part of the Hudson Bay river-basin is a region of innumerable tor 
 tuous streams and inosculating lakes and swamps, lying for the most part north and south, or transverse to the general eastern 
 drainage. It is a cold, inhospitable, and snowy district ; its intractable crystalline rocks, deeply covered with sterile drift, and 
 its summer climate humid and cold, and decidedly more Arctic than the western half of the so-called Arctic Basin itself. The 
 average elevation of this swampy zone seems not to exceed 700 feet above the sea. 
 
 3d, The St. Lawrence Basin or River System. This remarkable Lake-River System extends eastward and then north 
 eastward from the Missabay heights, a little west of Lake Superior, to the Gulf of St. Lawrence. It is embraced between the 
 main transverse water-shed, or east and west swell of the surface from Missabay Heights to Labrador, on the one side, and 
 on the other, the lower, more deeply- trenched water-shed, forking away from this at the sources of the Mississippi, and 
 winding thence closely by the south shores of Lakes Superior, Michigan, and Erie, until, falling into the Appalachian water 
 shed, through the centre of New York and the Green Mountains, it coincides with this latter in its north-east range to Gaspe, 
 on the Gulf of St. Lawrence. 
 
 Unlike the river-basins of the Arctic Sea, the Hudson Bay and the Missouri-Mississippi, which lie in part within the great 
 Prairie region of the continent, it is confined altogether to the eastern Forest Zone. It is a curious feature that its western rim 
 is not more than fifty miles west of the head of Lake Superior, where its water-shed is in some places so flat, that in states of 
 flood a canoe passage is practicable from its head stream, the St. Louis River, into feeders of the upper Mississippi. This fea 
 ture of inosculation of the waters, discernible to some extent in all the water-sheds of the eastern side of the continent, is especi 
 ally remarkable in that which separates the Lawrentian Basin from the eastern tributaries of the upper Mississippi. Thus, in 
 wet seasons, so depressed is the ground between Fox River of Lake Michigan and the Wisconsin River of the Mississippi, that 
 a barge may float from one stream to the other ; and there is, indeed, a permanent channel from Lake Michigan into the 
 Illinois river, through a low swamp a short distance from the lake south-west of Chicago. This summit, if it can be called 
 such, is only 600 feet above the level of the sea. From this lowest depression it gradually ascends eastward, being 745 feet 
 between the Wabash and Maumee in Indiana ; 993 feet between the Scioto and Sandusky ; 990 feet between the Muskingum 
 and Cuyahoga, in Ohio ; 1095 feet between Conneaut Creek and the Harbour of Erie, in Pennsylvania ; 1320 feet between Bear 
 Lake of the Connewango and Lake Erie in New York ; and finally, 1678 feet between the sources of the Genesee of Lake Onta 
 rio, and those of the Alleghany River.* Chautauque Lake, the feeder of the Ohio, 2300 miles from the mouth of the Missis 
 sippi, lies within seven miles of the side of Lake Erie, at an elevation of 737 feet above its level, the summit between them 
 being only sixty feet higher, which excavated, would make Lake Chautauque a joint feeder of both great River Basins, 
 with a series of foaming rapids and cataracts falling at the rate of 100 feet per mile. An immense portion of this basin, about 
 80,000 square miles, is covered with fresh water, Lake Superior, their greatest expanse, being about 400 miles long, 3200 
 square miles in area, 900 feet deep, and 627 feet above the level of the sea ; while Lake Ontario, the lowest enlargement of the 
 Lawrentian Lake-River, is 180 miles long, 500 feet deep, and 230 feet above the ocean. The whole basin of its five great 
 lakes is simply a wide level plateau, sinking slowly eastward by successive terraces, supporting the lakes and intermedi 
 ate slopes producing the connecting river sections of the general St. Lawrence. The anomaly of the close proximity of 
 the lake-basin to waters flowing to the Gulf of Mexico, vanishes, when we recognise the river character of these lakes, and 
 discern the half-way position of their southern water-shed, between the mouth of the Mississippi and the Gulf of St. Lawrence. 
 
 4th, Atlantic System, or Drainage of the Atlantic Slope. This belt of river-drainage, which from its structure is not 
 entitled to the name of a basin, but to that of a slope, has a general discharge south-eastward from the Appalachian water-shed 
 into the Atlantic Ocean. It extends from the Promontory of Gaspe, on the St. Lawrence Gulf, to the end of the Peninsula of 
 Florida. Strictly it has but one water-shed. Tracing this south-westward from its commencement at Gaspe, we shall find it to 
 follow a very meandering line, approximately parallel with the south river shore of the river St. Lawrence, nearly to the head 
 
 * See Physical Geography of Mississippi, by Charles Ellet, Engineer. Smithsonian Contributions. 
 
INTRODUCTION. 1 1 
 
 waters of the Woolastook or St. John, through the N&tre Dame and Shickshock Mountains, sending short streams northward 
 to the St. Lawrence, longer ones into the Bay of Chaleurs, and large rivers southward into the Atlantic. Between the sources 
 of the Woolastook and the Chaudiere, the crest line deflects to run nearly south to the head of the latter river, south of Lake 
 Megantic, there it turns west, then south-west, round the head waters of the Connecticut, to become the water-shed of Vermont, 
 where it enters the Green Mountains, and follows this chain to a point nearly opposite the south end or head of Lake George, 
 running westward to the head of which it doubles suddenly northward, then turns westward around the streams and lakes at 
 the sources of the Hudson, in the Adirondack Mountains, passing which it turns once more to the south-west, to separate West 
 Canada Creek of the Mohawk from the Black River of Lake Ontario, and further on the Mohawk itself from Lake Oneida. 
 Thence it ranges south-westward in a very serpentine course across New York into Pennsylvania, winding round the heads of 
 Cayuga, Seneca, and Canandaigua Lakes, and between the sources of the Susquehanna a river of the Atlantic, and the Genesee 
 flowing northward into the Ontario and the Alleghany, descending south-westward by the Ohio to the Gulf of Mexico. Pass 
 ing this summit, which is a local water-shed of streams entering into the Atlantic, the St. Lawrence, and the Gulf of Mexico, 
 and the point where the crest line of the waters forks, the south rim of the Lawrentian lake-basin, branching off westward 
 between the Genesee and Alleghany Rivers toward Lake Erie, the Atlantic or Appalachian water-shed keeping its course south- 
 westward ; this latter runs forward now exclusively between the waters of the west branch of Susquehanna and the eastern 
 tributaries of the Alleghany River, deflecting southward to the sources of the Juniata and the Patomac, where it takes the main 
 east escarpment of the Alleghany Mountains or Appalachian table-land. Here, near the western confines of Maryland, the 
 water-shed trending a little more westward, takes through Virginia, a winding course between the sources of the James and 
 Roanoke Rivers of the Atlantic slope, and the Great Kanawha River, running towards the Ohio, following no one main moun 
 tain crest, but ranging obliquely across the whole Appalachian chain, until at the sources of the Kanawha it enters the Blue 
 Ridge, and insulates the western waters from the head fountains of the Roanoke, Pedee, and Santee Rivers, flowing to the 
 Atlantic. Having now reached the most eastern ridge of the Appalachians, it pursues the main crest of this to the northern 
 boundary of Georgia, and across the northern corner of that state ; in all this part of its course separating the streams of the 
 Atlantic slope from those which feed the Tennessee River, another tributary of the Ohio. Near the north-eastern corner of 
 Georgia, opposite the sources of the Savannah River, the Atlantic water-shed, taking the southern spurs of the Blue Ridge, 
 finally leaves the Appalachians altogether, and after passing between the head waters of the Altamaha an Atlantic river, and 
 the Chattahoochee, a stream flowing to the Gulf of Mexico, it turns from its previous south-west course to take a direction south- 
 south-east, between the Ocmulgee and the Flint Rivers, to the Okefinokee Swamp on the confines of Florida, whence it ranges 
 through the middle of this flat state, as a very depressed and swampy water-shed, winding between innumerable lakes and 
 sluggish streams to the extremity of the peninsula. Throughout this last southern reach, it separates the Atlantic waters from 
 streams flowing directly into the Mexican Gulf, and not into the Mississippi, just as, at its north-eastern extremity, it divides the 
 Atlantic rivers from streams passing directly to the St. Lawrence, and not to its lake-basin. 
 
 The elevation above the sea of this remarkable water-shed is unequal in different parts of its course. From Gaspe to the 
 head of the Connecticut, it generally amounts to 1700, or even 2000 feet ; and it attains a yet greater height than this in 
 crossing through Vermont, but it descends to a strikingly low level in the valley embracing Lake Champlain and the river 
 Hudson, where the summit level of the Champlain Canal is no higher than 147 feet above the ocean. It is very high around 
 the sources of the Hudson, but falls again to a low level, where it passes the heads of the Mohawk and of the Lakes of New 
 York. Thence it again ascends, until in Northern Pennsylvania, at the sources of the Siunemahoning, it is about 1900 feet 
 above tide, and 2300 feet at the sources of the Juniata. At the summit of the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, near the south line of 
 Pennsylvania, it is 2754 feet ; and passing between the James and the Kanawha rivers in Virginia, its elevation nowhere 
 descends to a lower level than 2079 feet ; beyond this it again rises in the Blue Ridge ; leaving which in Northern Georgia, it 
 progressively declines, first rapidly, then very gently, through that State, until, traversing the length of Florida, it is nowhere 
 elevated 100 feet above the sea. 
 
 5th, Gulf of Mexico River System, or that of the Missouri and Mississippi. This vast river-system, embracing all the 
 southern half of the Great Central Plain of the continent, has its northern boundary in the east and west water-shed bordering 
 the Saskatchewan and Winnipeg drainage from the Rocky Mountains, to near the head of Lake Superior; and in the southern 
 border of the St. Lawrence basin, thence to the sources of the Alleghany River in New York. Its western limit is the primary 
 water-shed of the continent, already traced, with which it coincides, from the sources of the Missouri to Yucatan ; while its 
 eastern border is the Appalachian water-shed, from the head springs of the Alleghany River to the point of Florida. All that 
 chief portion of it north and west of the Mexican Gulf, possesses in reality three slopes : a wide one descending from the Rocky 
 Mountain axis, to the valley of the Mississippi, down which descend all the streams entering the Gulf and the lower Mississippi 
 from the west ; another declining southward from the northern rim of the basin, down which flow all the northern tributaries of 
 the Missouri, the Mississippi, and the Ohio ; and a third, falling more rapidly than either of these, westward from the Appala 
 chian water-shed, irrigated by all the southern tributaries of the Ohio and the eastern feeders of the lower Mississippi. The 
 great Missouri itself flows along the south-east dipping-trough, formed by the intersection of the eastward and southward slopes ; 
 while the Ohio, with its head the Alleghany, descends in a similar manner south-westward along the shorter trough made by 
 the intersection of the southward and westward slopes. The point of junction of the Ohio and the Mississippi may be regarded 
 as the place of meeting of the three inclined planes. The elevations of the three borders of this quadrangular basin have been 
 stated already, but a few additional heights will contribute to a clearer notion of the form of its surface. The Mississippi flows 
 so gently southward along its axis of lowest depression, that at the mouth of the Missouri, nearly 700 miles from the sea, the 
 elevation of the valley is only 388 feet ; and so gently does the northern slope descend, that at the Falls of St. Anthony, 1150 
 miles from the sea, and not far from the northern rim, the height is no more than 856 feet. Westward, for a great distance, the 
 ascent is extremely gentle, the elevation at the mouth of the Republican Fork of the Kansas, about 340 miles west of the 
 Mississippi at St. Louis, amounting to but little more than 1000 feet ; but that of the opposite slope is rather steeper, the 
 mouth of the Tennessee river being 286 feet above the Atlantic, while the height of the slope at Chattanooga in the mountains, 
 is 624 feet, the distance in a right line being about 230 miles. It has been shown already, that we must advance from the 
 Mississippi westward, nearly to the longitude of 100 west, to attain an elevation above tide of 2000 feet, while northward, pro 
 ceeding quite as far, to the water-shed just south of Luke Superior, we get no higher than about 1000 feet, and in something like 
 half the same distance south-eastward from the mouth of the Ohio, we encounter the Appalachian water-shed on the northern 
 border of Georgia, with a mean elevation of about 2000 feet. About one-third of the Missouri-Mississippi basin, namely, 
 that western portion from the Rocky Mountain water-shed, to the eastern edge of the Barren Steppes, is, with the exception of 
 a few valleys in the Rocky Mountains, extremely arid and sterile ; but a large part of the remaining two-thirds, especially 
 all that to the east of the meridian of 96 west, is well irrigated, arid possesses fertile soils and climates, making it, with its vast 
 coal fields, and other mineral wealth, a region of unsurpassed productive resources. From the western slopes of the Appala 
 chians, to the prairies beyond the Mississippi, the Wawbash, and Lake Michigan, and from the Gulf of Mexico northward to 
 
12 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 the lakes; throughout, in other words, the whole western slope of the basin, the surface was originally clothed with one 
 almost unbroken forest ; but westward of the limit traced, the wide trough of the Missouri, and the slope ascending to the Eocky 
 Mountains, is, in its eastern half, a region of gently rolling verdant prairies, a vast open expanse of grassy and flowery 
 uplands, intersected by broad river- valleys and their countless ravines, all fringed with strips of woodland, beautiful patches of 
 which, in the better-watered districts, stretch out upon the higher plains. From the Arkansas, southward, large tracts of this 
 prairie country are sprinkled with clumps of forest, creating in the midst of these verdant wastes, great natural parks of the 
 highest beauty. 
 
 6th, The Northern Pacific System, or Northern Half of the Pacific Slope. This, like the Atlantic Eiver System, is a 
 long narrow belt sloping all one way, in the present instance, from the water-shed of the Eocky Mountains and the plateau west 
 of it, westward into the Pacific Ocean. Its shore line is of enormous extent, stretching from Behring Strait to the southern end 
 of the peninsula of Lower California. From Eussian America to the northern rim of the desert-basin of Utah, its boundary is the 
 primary water-shed or backbone of the Continent already traced. This widest part of the zone contains its chief large rivers. 
 These are the Yukon of Eussian America ; the Frazer Eiver of British America, entering the Pacific Ocean by the Gulf of 
 Georgia, opposite Vancouver Island ; and the Columbia Eiver of the United States, the largest of all. South of latitude 42, 
 this belt of direct drainage into the Pacific is narrowed to a comparatively slender strip, being the confined slope bounded on the 
 east by the crest or water-shed of the Sierra Nevada of California, and its extension southward, the mountain axis of the 
 peninsula of Lower California. Within this part of the slope the only rivers of magnitude are the Umpqua, the Klamath of 
 the Coast, the Sacramento River, and the San Joaquin of the gold-bearing valley of California. The whole of this zone of 
 river-drainage slopes rapidly to the sea from a high eastern axis or water-shed. 
 
 7th, The Continental River System, or Land-locked Basin of Utah and California. This is a wide elevated desert 
 plateau of approximately triangular form, bounded northward by the high level water-shed, insulating it from the southern 
 streams of the Snake River of the Columbia, eastward by the Wahsatch Chain and the Rio Colorado, south of latitude 36, and 
 westward by the Sierra Nevada of California. The eastern and northern tracts of this desert are from 4000 to 5000 feet above 
 the sea, but its general surface gradually descends to a much lower level southward, and it has likewise a slight declension 
 towards the west. In the region of the Mojave, it is only a very few hundred feet above the tide ; no mountain rim confines it 
 on this southern side, or on its wider northern border. The interior of this high insulated basin is traversed by a broad belt of 
 parallel mountain ridges, ranging nearly north and south, coinciding in direction with the Wahsatch and Rocky Mountains east of 
 them, and with the northern part of the Sierra Nevada, and coast ranges west of them. They are called the Humboldt Moun 
 tains, and are turned at their northern extremities, and partially cut through by the Humboldt river a long attenuated stream 
 which flows westward, and loses itself by evaporation in the Humboldt Lake, a mere morass or sink. None of the waters of 
 this desert, which for the most part are salt, or at least brackish and very scanty, flow off into the ocean ; for it is a region 
 where the evaporation by hot and parched winds, balances the supply from the clouds, which by observation and estimation 
 scarcely amounts to five inches in the year. Within its limits are more than twenty lakes, fed chiefly by feeble streams from 
 the mountains, and nearly all of these are more or less salt. The Great Salt Lake, so called, in the north-east corner of the 
 basin, is by far the largest. It is about 75 miles long, and has a mean breadth of 30 miles, but, like many of the others, it is 
 not at all deep, having only 15 or 20 feet of water near the shore, and 36 feet farther in. It is almost encircled by salt marshes, 
 and has evidently been at one period considerably larger than at present ; indeed, there are large patches throughout the desert 
 which indicate, in their perfect levelness, their incrustations of salt, and their lake-like shape, the former presence of similar 
 salt lakes dried entirely away by excess of evaporation, which has only partially shrunk the dimensions of this still extensive 
 sheet of water. As a consequence of the equilibrium or excess of evaporation over supply, none of these very brackish lakes 
 possess outlets, but only in some instances an overflow from one into another adjoining it. The general surface of the desert 
 is arid in the extreme ; treeless, and, except on the slopes of the higher ridges, or in the humid morasses near the lakes, destitute 
 of vegetation. 
 
 8th, The Southern Pacific System, or that of the Gnlf of California and Western Central America. This district of 
 streams flowing to the Pacific is bounded, like the northern, by the primary water-shed of the Continent, here coincident with 
 the main axis of the Sierra Madre or Cordillera of Mexico, and the American Isthmus. It extends from the sources of the 
 Colorado in the Wind-Eiver Mountains, near latitude 43 30', south and south-east as far as Panama. Its northern portion, 
 north of the Gulf of California, is an arid region, and in some parts as parched and desert as the dry plateau of Utah, into 
 which, indeed, it merges by the southward subsidence of the dividing water-shed of the Wahsatch Mountains. The southern 
 division, stretching from the head of the Gulf of California, is much better watered ; for the Pacific Mountains, which further 
 north intercept so effectually the moisture of the Pacific winds, subside and cease in the peninsula of California, so that the belt 
 loses the basin form, and becomes a single slope facing the sea, and gathering mist and a moderate amount of rain. Its rivers, 
 therefore, are comparatively short and numerous. Even this region, however, contains some semi-arid tracts, especially in the 
 interior. 
 
 CLIMATES OF THE UNITED STATES. North America possesses, in respect to temperature especially, nearly all the 
 climates of the globe, but their geographical distribution is peculiar. The more remarkable ones, so far as they are susceptible 
 of description in a general way, will be briefly sketched. This Continent, being more restricted in its dimensions, especially 
 in its east and west diameter, than that of Europe and Asia, yet comprises almost as wide a range of heat and cold, and of 
 dryness and humidity. Here these extremes are brought together within narrower limits ; there they are expanded, both in 
 latitude and longitude, over wider zones. Here, geographically, their transitions are more abrupt ; there, their gradations are 
 more gentle. 
 
 This closer packing together of the various belts of temperature and humidity, the result of a closer proximity of the earth's 
 tropical and polar currents, oceanic and atmospheric, occasions the several climates of the Continent to act and react upon each 
 other with greater potency. Hence the whole region is one of marked climatal contrasts, contrasts as striking, when we com 
 pare different districts, as when we regard the different seasons. 
 
 Geographically surveyed, this fact of contrast in its climates is conspicuously seen when we compare first the east with 
 the west side of the Continent. Thus, throughout much of its western slope, all the atmospheric changes, as well the periodic 
 ones of season as the non-periodic fluctuations, are distinguished by relatively small oscillations, and by a state of equilibrium ; 
 whereas, throughout the eastern half of the Continent, the law of the seasons and the weather is that of sudden and wide 
 transitions. Again, when we compare the north and the south slopes of the land, or those severally influenced by the 
 Arctic Sea and the tropical Gulf of Mexico, we discern the contrast under a different form. Both are regions of comparatively 
 steady climates, but one of them is, for the hemisphere, abnormally cold throughout the year ; the other abnormally hot. In 
 
INTRODUCTION. 13 
 
 the one, a polar climate occupies latitudes which, in other parts of the world, are temperate ; in the other, the climate of 
 the equator encroaches upon a zone which is extra-tropical. 
 
 These contrasts in the climates display themselves in remarkable relief, when we compare the Atlantic side with the 
 Pacific. Thus, between latitudes 50 and 30 north, we find, from the Atlantic to the Mississippi, all the climates whose 
 mean temperatures for the year range from 32, or the freezing-point, up to 70, or summer-heat ; while on the Pacific, within 
 the same zone of 20", the range is from a mean temperature of 51 to a mean temperature of 66. In the one case, 20 of 
 latitude include mean annual temperatures nearly 50 apart ; in the other, mean temperatures differing only about 15 ; so 
 striking is the contrast between the climatal diversities of the eastern, and the climatal sameness of the western portions of 
 the Continent. 
 
 The close crowding of the extremes of temperature, extends from the Atlantic about half way across the Continent, or 
 as far as the Valley of the Winnipeg and Texas, beyond which, the gradation between north and south grows progressively 
 gentler, especially after passing the interruption caused by the Eocky Mountains, until we reach the Pacific. There, and 
 in the great desert regions to the east of it, the lines of similar temperature, or the isothermals, have their maximum of 
 expansion north and south. From the Atlantic to longitude 97 or 98 west, places possessing the same average temperature 
 for the year however they may differ in their summers and winters range themselves in lines running approximately east 
 and west, undulating where the comparison is between low plains and abrupt elevations ; but west of the meridian indicated, 
 the lines tying together such places of average annual warmth, swerve off to the north-west in all the district north of latitude 
 40, and east of the Rocky Mountains ; and so great is this deflection, that places in the valley of the Mackenzie River, as high 
 north as latitude 60 and 61, are as safe for the cultivation of wheat as those under latitudes 45 and 46, in Minnesota and 
 Canada. Neglecting the lesser undulations northward and southward, of zones of mean annual warmth, and giving attention 
 only to the more conspicuous ones, we have, first, this region east of the Rocky Mountains, where the warmth ascends far to 
 the north, making soft climates all the year round in comparatively high latitudes ; a transition from the state of things on 
 the Atlantic side of the Continent, which appears to be greater and greater the further we travel north. 
 
 To the south-west of this middle zone succeeds suddenly a wintry region in the elevated belt of the Rocky Mountains, 
 which carry a sub-arctic climate into elsewhere temperate latitudes. Beyond this refrigerated narrow tract of Continent, there 
 occurs another warm belt, ranging north-north-west, parallel with the Mountains and the Pacific coast, in which, notwith 
 standing a high general level above the sea, the temperature is everywhere remarkably warm for the latitude. Here the lines 
 of average annual warmth of 45 and 50 of Fahrenheit ; or, in other words, the climates which embrace Massachusetts, New 
 York, and Pennsylvania, Northern Ohio, Southern Michigan, and Iowa, after ascending northward to the Upper Missouri, and 
 then suddenly deflecting to turn the Rocky Mountains, between latitudes 35" and 37, mount again far to the northward into 
 British America, and ascend even to latitudes 55 and 57 upon the Pacific coast. Further southward, or between the Columbia 
 River and the Peninsula of California, there exists an opposite condition of things, in a narrow belt of unusually cool climate, 
 occupying the immediate coast, or slender strip between the coast mountains and the sea ; but between this cool oceanic border 
 and the Great Chippewayan Chain, the whole broad, desert plateau throughout New Mexico, Utah, and Oregon, to latitudes 
 much further north, the desert district, despite its elevation, has climates abnormally warm for the mean temperature of the 
 Continent. Thus, then, in traversing the United States, from the Atlantic to the Pacific, we cross five regions of different 
 mean annual climate ; 1st, a region possessing the temperatures of the Atlantic slope, extending as far as longitude 97 ; 2d, the 
 wide, elevated district of the Western Steppes, much warmer for its latitudes than the country east of it ; 3d, the cool mountain 
 belt of the Chippewayan Chain ; 4th, the excessively heated desert region, extending from that chain, almost, and in certain 
 latitudes, quite to the Pacific ; and 5th, a narrow, very cool district, immediately bordering that ocean. 
 
 These remarkably different climatal areas, display yet more strongly their characteristics, or show bolder contrasts, when we 
 regard, not their mean annual temperatures, but their summer warmth and winter cold. From the Atlantic, to about the 
 meridian of 95 west, the zones of equal summer temperature, or of sameness of summer climate, range very much as those of the 
 year do, namely, due westward, though with much more conspicuous undulations, caused by the local effects of the sea, the 
 Appalachians, and the Great Lakes ; but, beyond that longitude, they swing northward very rapidly, carrying a summer warmth 
 to near the Arctic circle, east of the Rocky Mountains. The line of maximum summer temperature east of that chain, ranges 
 from the Upper Saskatchewan, near longitude 110, south-eastward, nearly to the Missouri river in latitude 45, where it curves 
 rapidly southward to follow nearly the meridian of 98 or 97, through the summer-scorched prairies of Nebraska, Kanzas, and 
 Texas, until it encroaches on the Gulf of Mexico. 
 
 The other warmest belt, or that of excessive summer temperature, ranges through the middle of the great interior desert, 
 west of the Rocky Mountains, from north of the Columbia River, southward a little east, to the head of the Gulf of California. 
 In the eastern, or prairie tract, the belt, possessing an average summer warmth of 60, or that which is compatible with the 
 growth and ripening of wheat, after ranging nearly due westward from Prince Edward Island, to the head of Lake Superior, 
 turns abruptly northward, and ascends to beyond the 60th parallel ; there turning suddenly southward in the Rocky Mountains, 
 this Isothermal follows the slope of that chain to the sources of the Rio del Norte, where, crossing the mountains, it turns once 
 more north-westward, to range along their western base to a high latitude, probably beyond 60, where, curving westward, and 
 approaching the Pacific, it turns sharply southward, and ranges clown the coast at a short distance inland from the sea, the 
 whole way to latitude 34 or 35, leaving the continent near Santa Barbara. Eastward, or inland from this line, the tempera 
 ture of the country rapidly increases, notwithstanding its extraordinary ascent in level, until, in the centre of the Utah and 
 Colorado Desert, the temperature, from the 32d to the 40th parallel, is of full tropical warmth, or from 80 to 85. West 
 ward, or directly on the coast, throughout this great distance in latitude, the summer temperature is cool, or everywhere below 60. 
 The chief cause of so remarkable a contrast, is to be sought in a current of cold water, of a mean temperature of 57 in the 
 summer, which sets down the coast of the Pacific nearly to the tropic, the chill moist wind from which, blowing inward 
 towards the heated land, cools the immediate front of the continent, but becoming rapidly heated, and therefore dried, gives 
 forth no rain, nor even interposes clouds to intercept the heat of the sun, but leaves everywhere in its path towards the east, a 
 parched, treeless desert, with no waters but brackish lakes. 
 
 On the eastern side of the continent, the summer season which in its influence upon vegetable life is all controlling as 
 respects climate presents climatal contrasts fully as remarkable as those displayed in the Pacific slope. It is in that division 
 of the continent, namely, a little north of Hudson Bay, that the maximum degree of cold, of the northern hemisphere, for the 
 summer months is found ; the mean summer temperature of Winter Island, latitude 66 11', being about the freezing point. With 
 so truly Arctic a summer in so low a latitude, this side of North America has, under the same meridian, at the same season of 
 the year, an opposing zone of excessive tropical heat, as far removed from the equator as latitude 32 or 33. Between the 
 southern end of Florida, and the sea-board of South Carolina, there stretches to the table- lands of Western Texas, a wide belt 
 bordering the Gulf of Mexico, and limited by the parallel of 32, ascending to latitude 34, a country having a summer tempera 
 ture of 82 of Fahrenheit, or the mean annual heat of the equator. This is the sugar-growing region of the Southern States. 
 Here then the greatest summer cold of the hemisphere, and almost the fullest summer warmth, are approximated under the same 
 
 C 
 
u 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 meridian to within less than 30 of each other. No wonder that the summer portion of the year, in the country east of the 
 Mississippi, is visited by all the extremes of cool and hot, and moist and dry, and by the most abrupt transitions of wind and 
 temperature. 
 
 Having presented the foregoing general sketch of the chief physical divisions of North America, their limits, the relief of 
 their surface, their drainage, and their climates, we proceed to offer a tabular statement of the political divisions of the Continent, 
 and to follow this by a more detailed description of the countries represented in this Atlas. 
 
 The Political Divisions contain, according to late authorities, the following areas, populations, and ratios of population, to 
 surface : 
 
 DIVISIONS. 
 
 Area, Square Miles. 
 
 Population. 
 
 Population to 
 a Square Mile. 
 
 
 600,000 
 
 
 
 
 380,000 
 
 9 400 
 
 A f) 
 
 
 481 276 
 
 78000 
 
 A 1 
 
 Hudson Bay Territories, 
 
 2,4b6,000 
 
 80463 
 
 1 
 
 British Colonies, 
 
 442,338 
 
 2,487 552 
 
 5 6 
 
 
 118 
 
 1,338 
 
 11 4 
 
 
 2,936,116 
 
 23 191 876 
 
 7 9 
 
 
 829 916 
 
 7 661 520 
 
 9 2 
 
 
 19,200 
 
 10,710 
 
 05 
 
 
 72,000 
 
 308 000 
 
 4 3 
 
 
 28000 
 
 972 000 
 
 84 7 
 
 Nicaragua, > States of Central America, 4 
 
 48,000 
 
 247,000 
 
 6 1 
 
 
 13,000 
 
 363 000 
 
 280 
 
 Costa Rica, j 
 
 16,000 
 
 138 000 
 
 8 6 
 
 
 23 000 
 
 6 000 
 
 A o 
 
 
 
 
 
 TOTAL 
 
 8 324 964 
 
 35 554 859 
 
 4 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 Commencing with the more northern political divisions, included in this Atlas, namely, the British Colonies in North 
 America, the following Table exhibits their respective areas, populations, and chief towns, as these stood in 1851 : 
 
 DIVISIONS. 
 
 Canada, ! u ! :. . 
 New Brunswick, 
 Nova Scotia, &c., . 
 Prince Edward Island, 
 Newfoundland, 
 
 Area Sq. Miles. 
 
 357,822 
 
 27,704 
 
 18,746 
 
 2,134 
 
 35,913 
 
 Population. Pop. Sq. Miles. 
 
 TOTALS, 442,319 
 
 1,842,265 
 
 193,800 
 
 276,117 
 
 62,678 
 
 101,600 
 
 2,476,460 
 
 5-1 
 
 7-0 
 
 14-7 
 
 29-3 
 
 2.8 
 
 CHIEF TOWNS. 
 
 Quebec. 
 Fredericktown. 
 Halifax. 
 
 Charlotte Town. 
 St. John's. 
 
 CANADA, 
 
 Position. Canada lies between latitudes 52 40' and4147' north, and longitude 61 54' and 90 20' west from Greenwich. 
 
 Boundaries. North, The water-shed separating the St. Lawrence basin from the river-basin of Hudson Bay. East, 
 
 south-east, and south, Labrador, the Gulf of St. Lawrence, the Province of New Brunswick, and the States of Maine, New 
 
 Hampshire, Vermont, New York, and the St. Lawrence Eiver, and Lakes Ontario, Erie, Huron, and Superior; and, West, 
 
 by the Kiver Kaministiquia, which enters Lake Superior near Isle Eoyale. 
 
 Extent. The length of Canada East and West, is about 1275 miles; its average breadth nearly 200 miles, though its 
 least width is 80, and its greatest 300 miles. The estimated area of Upper Canada is 147,832, and that of Lower Canada 
 209,990 square miles. 
 
 Surface and Scenery. On both sides of the valley of the lower, or tidal division of the St. Lawrence, the scenery is 
 mountainous and bold ; and that of its northern tributary, the Saguenay, is almost sublime. West of the Chaudiere, there com 
 mences a highly fertile plain, watered by the river Eichelieu, and other streams heading southward in the Appalachian 
 Hills. The features of Upper, or Western Canada, are comparatively monotonous, wide tracts of it consisting of undulating 
 plains, enclosing broad shallow valleys, and low chains of hills. 
 
 Rivers and Lakes. Almost the whole of Canada is watered by one great river and its tributaries, with its lake 
 expansions. This is the St. Lawrence which, for its length and the volume of its waters, is one of the chief streams of the 
 continent. Its entire length from the Gulf to the sources of the Eiver St. Louis, a feeder of Lake Superior, is about 3000 
 miles, nearly 700 of which belong to the St. Lawrence, so called, or the portion below Lake Ontario ; the estimated annual 
 discharge of this mighty stream is 4,300,000 tons of fresh water. The Ottawa, the largest tributary, has a length, including 
 the portion above Lake Temiscaming, of more than 450 miles ; the whole area drained by this river is 80,000 square miles.* 
 
 The climate and productions of Canada have been sufficiently indicated in the general sketch already given of these, in 
 describing the physical sections of the Continent. 
 
 Divisions. Lower Canada, or Canada East, contains fifty-nine counties under a recent subdivision, and Upper Canada, or 
 Canada West, forty-two counties. 
 
 Upper Canada, with a total population of 952,004 inhabitants, contained by the last census : 
 
 Born in the British Islands, " . 334,777 
 
 Canada, not French, ". 526,093 
 
 Canada, French, 26,417 
 
 United States, . . . . . .,,''.. 43,732 
 
 Lower Canada, with a total population of 890,261 inhabitants, contains: 
 
 Born in the British Islands, '. . '.".'"' .' 77,294 
 
 Canada, not French, . . . .'..".' 125,580 
 Canada, French, . . . .".'"..' '. "" 669,528 
 
 United States, . . . . . '".'"'."." . 12,482 
 
 * Tins district, now very thinly inhabited, is estimated capable of supporting a population of 8,000,000. Its soil is for the most part fertile, and it 
 contains valuable minerals and timber. 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 15 
 
 Immigration into Canada. In 1854 there arrived from England and Wales 18,175, Ireland 16,168, Scotland 6,440, 
 Lower Ports, 857, European Continent, 11,537 ; or a total of 53,183 immigrants. Up to the end of 1854, there had immi 
 grated in all 824,187. While Upper Canada has more than doubled its population in the last ten years, Lower Canada has 
 required twenty-five years to double its inhabitants. 
 
 Agriculture. By the Census of 1851, it appears that Canada possesses, 
 
 Total Acres, . . 
 
 Acres of Land held, . 
 Acres under Cultivation, 
 
 Upper Canada. 
 
 20,794,825 
 
 9,826,417 
 
 3,695,763 
 
 Lower Canada. 
 
 134,393,600 
 8,113,379 
 3,605,076 
 
 Total. 
 
 155,188,425 
 
 17,939,796 
 
 7,300,839 
 
 GRAIN CHOPS IN BUSHELS IN 1851 : 
 
 Upper Canada, 
 Lower Canada, 
 
 TOTAL, 
 
 United States, . 
 
 Wheat. 
 
 Rye. 
 
 Oats. 
 
 Buckwheat. 
 
 Barley. 
 
 Maize. 
 
 12,674,503 
 3,045,600 
 
 479,623 
 345,290 
 
 11,186,161 
 8,984,123 
 
 679,754 
 
 588,280 
 
 625,355 
 456,344 
 
 1,662,524 
 419,017 
 
 15,720,103 
 100,485,944 
 
 824,913 
 14,188,813 
 
 20,170,284 
 146,584,179 
 
 1,268,034 
 8,956,912 
 
 1,081,699 
 5,167,015 
 
 2,081,541 
 592,071,104 
 
 Lumber. The product of Canada in lumber is very great ; the saw-mills of the Ottawa and Saguenay turning out 
 annually more than 800,000,000 feet of lumber, and 5,000,000 planks. 
 
 Minerals. Copper and iron, of great value, and in great abundance, are found towards the north of Lakes Huron and 
 Superior. These will become available when the projected railways through the Valley of the Ottawa and along the northern 
 shores of the lakes are carried through. 
 
 Canals and Railways, The canals of Canada, though not long, are of great capacity, and are very superb works ; that 
 along the St. Lawrence, from the tide to Lake Ontario, consists of 41 miles of canal, in seven interrupted sections, overcoming 
 impediments in the river. Some of the locks are 200 feet long, and 40 to 50 feet wide, 10 feet deep, and from 100 to 140 feet 
 on the broad water-surface. The Rideau Canal, from Lake Ontario to Ottawa City, is 135 miles long, and carries vessels of 120 
 tons burden. 
 
 The railways of Canada are on a grand scale ; and some of their viaduct bridges among the most stupendous in the 
 world. Such are the Victoria Tubular Bridge across the St. Lawrence, near Montreal, and the great Suspension Bridge over 
 the Niagara River, below the Falls. It is estimated that Canada possesses at present (1857) 2000 miles of railway, costing 
 18,000,000 sterling.* 
 
 Commerce. The Imports of Canada for 1852 were valued at a little more than ,5,000,000. 
 
 The Exports for the same year at 3,827,000. This was exclusive of vessels exported. 
 
 The coasting traffic, and interior commerce between Canada and the United States in 1854, engaged 7,470,312 tons of 
 shipping, about one-third of which was American, U.S. 
 
 Cities and Towns. In Upper Canada, Toronto the capital, now contains about 55,000 inhabitants. In Lower Canada, 
 Montreal, also growing rapidly, contains at present about 75,000. Quebec (1851), 61,526. Kingston (1852), 11,585. 
 
 /I HE UNITED STATES. 
 
 Position. The United States lie between latitudes 49 and 24 20' north, and longitudes 66 48' and 125 32' west. 
 Boundaries. Northern, The 49th parallel separates the United States from British America, between the Pacific Ocean 
 and the Lake of the Woods, east of which the line runs through the Great Lakes and the St. Lawrence, and thence along the 
 southern border of Canada to the Atlantic at the mouth of the St. Croix. Eastern, The Atlantic Ocean from the St. Croix, to 
 the south end of Florida. Southern, The Gulf of Mexico, thence the Rio Grande north-westward to El-Paso, thence the present 
 northern boundary of Mexico, nearly westward to the Pacific Ocean, near the Bay of San Diego. Western, The Pacific Ocean 
 from the last-named point, to latitude 49. 
 
 Dimensions. The length of the United States, east and west from Passamaquoddy Bay to the Pacific in the same latitude 
 is about 2850 miles ; and the breadth of the country north and south on the meridian of 97 west, or the mouth of the Rio 
 Grande, is about 1600 miles. The extentof the whole frontier is about 10,000 miles; 5100 being sea-coast, 1200 lake and 
 river coast, and 3900 conventional boundaries across the land. But following the sinuosities of its shores, its entire sea-line is 
 about 12,600 miles ; that on the Atlantic, including bays and sounds, being 6860 miles. 
 
 The estimated area is 2,963,666 square miles. The Pacific slope, or region west of the primary water-shed, contains about 
 786,000 square miles ; the Atlantic slope, 514,416 square miles; the Northern Lake, or Lawrentian basin, 112,649 square 
 miles; the Gulf of Mexico slope, about 333,037 square miles; and the Mississippi basin, 1,217,562 square miles. The total 
 area east of the Rocky Mountains, 2,073,459 square miles, while west of the Rocky Mountains, it is 890,209 square miles. The 
 area east of the Mississippi amounts to 865,576 square miles. 
 
 The total river shore line, counting both banks, is estimated at 49,065 miles. Europe has 156 square miles of surface to 
 one mile length of coast ; the United States 241 to 1. 
 
 The territorial increase of the United States displays the following acquisitions : 
 
 Area at Peace of 1783, . . . . . 820,680 square miles. 
 
 By purchase of Louisiana, 1819, 899,579 
 
 By the Florida Treaty, 1819, . . . ' . . 66,900 
 
 By the Annexation of Texas, 1846, .... 318,000 
 By the Oregon Treaty, 1846, ". . ... ' . : , ; ; 308,052 
 By the Treaty with Mexico, 1846, . - . .- 522,955 
 By the Treaty with Mexico, 1853, . . . . 27,500 
 
 TOTAL, 
 
 2,963,666 
 
 * The Grand Trunk Railway connects, through Quebec, Montreal, and Portland, the Atlantic Ocean with the extreme West of Canada, and with 
 the vast network of railways in the western portions of the United States. This line was opeued in 1-856, and 849 miles are now in operation. When 
 completed, it will extend to upwards of 900 miles, and the capital invested will amount to 12,000,000 sterling, or 60,000,000 of dollars. The Victoria 
 Tubular Bridge is 7000 feet in length, and is supported on twenty-four pieces of solid masonry, composed of stones from one to three tons in weight, 
 bound together with iron. The piers will present to the current a narrow edge, with an acute angle, in order to ward off the masses of ice which aro 
 borne down by the stream on the breaking up of the lakes and rivers in spring. It is expected that the bridge will be opened in 1859. 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 Political Divisions, Population, &c. The United States include 31 States; 7 Organized Territories; the undivided 
 Indian Territory, and the Federal District of Columbia. 
 
 STATISTICS OF THE FREE AND SLAVE STATES, ACCORDING TO THE UNITED STATES CENSUS OF 1850. 
 
 'i Hi. FREE STATES. 
 
 Area in 
 
 till MllCS. 
 
 POPOLATIOH. 
 
 Popu- 
 lat on 
 to 
 Square 
 Mile. 
 
 Valuation at 
 Property. 
 
 Cash Value of 
 FarniB. 
 
 Acres of Im 
 proved Land. 
 
 Value of 
 Live Stock. 
 
 Educational 
 Income. 
 
 Capital in 
 Manufactures 
 
 Miles 
 Rail 
 way 
 in 
 1850. 
 
 Whites. 
 
 Free 
 coloured 
 
 Slaves. 
 
 Total. 
 
 
 31,766 
 9,280 
 10.212 
 7,800 
 1,306 
 4,67 J 
 47,000 
 8,320 
 46,000 
 39964 
 33,809 
 56,243 
 55,405 
 53,924 
 50,914 
 155,980 
 
 581,813 
 317,456 
 313,402 
 985,450 
 143,875 
 363,099 
 3,048,325 
 465,509 
 2,258,160 
 1,955,050 
 977,154 
 395,071 
 846,034 
 304,756 
 191,881 
 91,635 
 
 1,356 
 520 
 718 
 9,064 
 3,670 
 7,693 
 49,069 
 23,810 
 53,626 
 25,279 
 11,262 
 2,583 
 5,436 
 635 
 333 
 982 
 
 
 583,169 
 317,976 
 314,120 
 994,514 
 147,545 
 370,792 
 3,097,3.14 
 * 489,555 
 2,311,786 
 1,980,329 
 988,416 
 397,654 
 851,470 
 305,391 
 192,214 
 92,597 
 
 18.36 
 34.26 
 30.76 
 127.50 
 112.97 
 79.33 
 65.90 
 5884 
 50.26 
 49.55 
 29.24 
 7.07 
 1537 
 5.66 
 3.78 
 .69 
 
 $122,777,571 
 103,652,885 
 
 92,205,049 
 573,342,286 
 80,51)8,794 
 155,707,980 
 1,080,309,216 
 163,151,619 
 729,144,998 
 504,726,120 
 202,650,264 
 59,787,255 
 156,265,006 
 42 056,595 
 23,714,638 
 22,161,872 
 
 $54,861,748 2,039,596 
 54,245,997 2,251,488 
 63,367,227 2,601,409 
 109,076,347 ! 2,133,4-6 
 17,070,802 356,487 
 72,726,422 1,768,178 
 554,546,642 12,408,964 
 120,237,511: 1,767,991 
 407,876,099 8,623,619 
 358,758,603 9,851,493 
 136,385,173 5,046,543 
 51,872,446 1,929,110 
 96,133,290 5,039,545 
 28,528,563 1,045,499 
 16,657,567 824,682 
 3,874,041 32,454 
 
 $9,705,726 
 8,871,901 
 12,643,228 
 9,647,710 
 1,532,637 
 7,467,490 
 73,570,499 
 10,679,291 
 41,500,053 
 44,121,741 
 22,478,555 
 8,008,734 
 24,209,258 
 4,897,385 
 3,689,275 
 3,351,058 
 
 $401,347 
 231,529 
 256,898 
 1,486,796 
 160,904 
 436,979 
 2,718,939 
 000,282 
 2,251,520 
 1 ,097,945 
 445,664 
 214,717 
 419,483 
 138,473 
 65,800 
 35,092 
 
 $14,700,452 
 18,242,114 
 6,001,377 
 83,357,642 
 12,923,176 
 23,890,348 
 99,904,405 
 22,184,730 
 94,473,810 
 29,019,538 
 ?, 941,602 
 6,534,250 
 6,385,387 
 3,382,148 
 1,292,875 
 1,006,197 
 
 175 
 309 
 243 
 1095 
 50 
 434 
 1070 
 231 
 981 
 299 
 86 
 344 
 22 
 
 2. New Hampshire, 
 
 4. Massachusetts,.. 
 5. Rhode Island, .. 
 6. Connecticut, 
 7. New York 
 8. New Jersey 
 9. Pennsylvania, .. 
 10 Ohio 
 
 
 
 
 14. Wisconsin, 
 
 
 16 California, 
 
 Total, 
 
 612,597 
 
 13,238,670 
 
 196,016 
 
 ... 
 
 13,434,922 
 
 21.91 
 
 $4,102,162,098 
 
 $2,147,218,478 
 
 57,720,494 
 
 $286,374,541 
 
 $10,971,768'$431,290,351 
 
 5339 
 
 
 THE SLAVE STATES. 
 
 2,120 
 11,124 
 61,352 
 50,704 
 29,385 
 58,000 
 59,268 
 50,722 
 47,156 
 41,255 
 237,504 
 52,198 
 45,600 
 37,680 
 67,380 
 
 71,169 
 417,943 
 894,800 
 553,028 
 274,563 
 521,572 
 47,203 
 426,514 
 295,718 
 255,491 
 154,034 
 162,189 
 756,836 
 761,413 
 592,004 
 
 18,073 
 74,723 
 54,333 
 27,463 
 8,960 
 2,931 
 932 
 2,265 
 930 
 17,462 
 397 
 608 
 6,422 
 10,01 1 
 2,618 
 
 2,290 
 90,368 
 472,528 
 288,548 
 384,984 
 381,682 
 39,310 
 312,844 
 309,878 
 244,809 
 58,161 
 47,1110 
 239,459 
 210,981 
 87,422 
 
 91,532 
 583,034 
 1,421,661 
 869,039 
 668,507 
 906,185 
 87,445 
 771,623 
 606,526 
 517,762 
 212,592 
 209,897 
 1,002,717 
 982,405 
 682,044 
 
 43.18 
 52.41 
 23.17 
 17.14 
 22.75 
 15.62 
 1.48 
 15.21 
 12.86 
 12.55 
 0.89 
 4.02 
 21.99 
 26.07 
 10.12 
 
 $18,855,863 
 219,217,364 
 391,646,438 
 226,800,472 
 288,257,694 
 335,425,714 
 23,198,734 
 228,204,332 
 228,951,130 
 233,998,764 
 55,362,340 
 39,841,025 
 207,454,704 
 301,628,456 
 137,247,707 
 
 $18,880,031 
 87,178,545 
 216,401,543 
 67,891,766 
 82,431,684 
 95,753,445 
 6,323,109 
 64,323,224 
 54,738,634 
 75,814,398 
 16,550,008 
 15,265,245 
 97,851,212 
 155,021,262 
 63,225,543 
 
 580,862 
 2,797,905 
 10,360,135 
 5,453,975 
 4,072,551 
 6,378,479 
 349,049 
 4,43.5,614 
 3,444,358 
 1,590,025 
 643,976 
 781,530 
 5,175,173 
 5,368,270 
 2,938,425 
 
 $1,849,281 
 7,997,634 
 ' 33,656,659 
 17,717,647 
 15,060,015 
 25,728,416 
 2,880,058 
 21,690,112 
 19,403,062 
 11,152,275 
 10,412,927 
 6,647,969 
 29,978,016 
 29,661,436 
 19,887,580 
 
 $114,599 
 683,303 
 854,860 
 421,959 
 510,879 
 480,514 
 54,519 
 663.798 
 460,205 
 731,165 
 178,411 
 105,819 
 443,868 
 653,036 
 440,641 
 
 $2,978,945 
 14,753,143 
 18,109,993 
 7,252.225 
 6,056,865 
 5,460,483 
 547,060 
 3,450,606 
 1,833,420 
 5,318,074 
 539,290 
 324,065 
 6,975,279 
 12,350,734 
 9,079,695 
 
 16 
 324 
 303 
 302 
 241 
 609 
 54 
 113 
 60 
 66 
 
 '28 
 
 
 
 
 4. North Carolina, 
 5. South Carolina, 
 6. Georgia, 
 
 7. Florida, 
 
 
 9. Mississippi, 
 
 11. Texas 
 
 
 13. Tennessee, 
 14. Kentucky, 
 
 
 Total, 
 
 851,508 
 60 
 612,597 
 1,472,061 
 
 6,184,477 
 37,941 
 13,238,670 
 91,980 
 
 228,128 
 10,059 
 196,016 
 292 
 
 3,200,364 
 3,687 
 (236) 
 (26) 
 
 9,612,969 
 51,687 
 13,434,922 
 92,298 
 
 11.29 
 861.45 
 21.91 
 .06 
 
 $2,936,090,737 $1,117,649,649 
 16,723,6191 1,730,460 
 4,102,162,098, 2,147,218,478 
 11,586,5)2 4,976,839 
 
 54,975,427 $253,723,687 
 16,267 71,643 
 57,720,494 286,374,541 
 320,426 4,010,645 
 
 $6,697,536 
 
 122,272 
 10,971,768 
 42,155 
 
 $95,029,877 
 888,965 
 431,290,351 
 1,050,300 
 
 2016 
 5339 
 
 District of Columbia, 
 THE FREE STATES,... 
 The Territories, 
 
 Total of U. 8 ,... 
 
 2,936,166 
 
 19,553,068 
 
 434,495 
 
 3,204,313 
 
 23,191,876 
 
 7.90 $7,066,562,966'$3,27 1 ,575,426 
 
 113,032,614 $544,180,516 $17,824,331 
 
 $527,209,193 
 
 7355 
 
 The Census erroneously reports 236 persons in New Jersey under the caption of ' 
 slave after 1804 were free in 1820. 
 
 Slaves." In that State slavery was provisionally abolished in 1784 ; all children born of a 
 
 ADDITIONAL STATISTICS TO 1856. 
 
 FREE STATES. 
 
 Population in 
 1856. 
 
 Slaves hi 1856.* 
 
 Value of Real and 
 Personal Estate, as 
 given by Secretary 
 of Treasury, 1856. 
 
 Tonnage, 1855. 
 Value $50 per 
 ton. 
 
 Exports, 1855. 
 
 Impous, 1855. 
 
 Canals, 
 1854. 
 
 Railways, 
 1856. 
 
 
 335,000 
 401,292 
 1,242,917 
 1,149606 
 325,014 
 623,862 
 1,133,123 
 509,374 
 324,701 
 3,470,059 
 569,499 
 2,215,750 
 2,542,960 
 166,927 
 325,206 
 662,109 
 
 ... 
 
 $165,000,000 
 203,756,831 
 833,237,474 
 301,868,474 
 110,000,000 
 131,128,186 
 697,936,995 
 116,693,580 
 103,804,327 
 179,750,000 
 1,364,154,625 
 860,877,354 
 1,031,731,304 
 91,699,850 
 91,165,680 
 87,500,000 
 
 $92,623 
 137,170 
 63,797 
 3,698 
 
 806,587 
 970,727 
 69,490 
 80,330 
 1,404,221 
 121,020 
 91,607 
 397,768 
 61,038 
 6,915 
 15,624 
 
 $8,224,066 
 878,874 
 647,053 
 
 4,861,207 
 28,190,925 
 668,091 
 1,523 
 113,731,238 
 687 
 847,148 
 6,274,338 
 336,023 
 2,895,468 
 174,057 
 
 $5,951,379 
 036,826 
 64,509 
 
 2,927,443 
 45,113,774 
 281,379 
 1 ,786 
 164,776,511 
 1,473 
 600,656 
 15,309,935 
 536,387 
 691,593 
 48,159 
 
 "el 
 
 100 
 367 
 
 60 
 
 100 
 
 "ll 
 
 989 
 147 
 921 
 937 
 
 22 
 
 699 
 2,285 
 1,783 
 94 
 494 
 1,451 
 679 
 660 
 2,794 
 504 
 2,725 
 1,777 
 145 
 616 
 467 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Ohio, 
 
 Pennsylvania, 
 
 Rhode Island 
 
 Vermont, 
 
 
 Total .. 
 
 16,887,399 
 
 
 $5,770,194,680 
 
 $4,252,615 
 
 $167,620,693 
 
 $236,847,810 
 
 3,682 
 
 16,201 
 
 
 SLA vi STATES. 
 
 835,192 
 253,117 
 07,295 
 
 110,725 
 935,0'JO 
 1,086,587 
 600,387 
 639,580 
 671,649 
 831,215 
 921,852 
 705,661 
 1,092,470 
 500,000 
 1,512,593 
 
 414,888 
 85,722 
 2,129 
 3,224 
 49,608 
 461,834 
 229,252 
 311,520 
 90,438 
 459,367 
 113,748 
 317,302 
 425,887 
 283,486 
 300,000 
 487,293 
 
 $279,233,027 
 64,240,726 
 30,466,924 
 
 49,461,461 
 500,000,000 
 411,000,098 
 270,425,000 
 261,243,660 
 251,525,000 
 223,948,731 
 239,603,372 
 303,434,240 
 321,776,810 
 240,000,000 
 630,994,897 
 
 $36,274 
 19,186 
 
 14,835 
 29,505 
 22,680 
 204,149 
 234,805 
 2,475 
 60,592 
 60,077 
 60,235 
 8,404 
 8,812 
 92,788 
 
 $14,270,586 
 68,087 
 
 1,403,594 
 7,543,519 
 
 65,367,962 
 10,395,984 
 
 433,818 
 12,700,250 
 
 9'i'6,961 
 
 4,379,928 
 
 $619,964 
 "5,821 
 
 45,998 
 273,716 
 
 12,900,821 
 7,788,946 
 1,661 
 
 243,083 
 
 1,588,542 
 
 262,568 
 855,405 
 
 51 
 "l4 
 
 "28 
 486 
 101 
 184 
 
 "is 
 
 50 
 189 
 
 397 
 
 87 
 94 
 
 26 
 1,142 
 284 
 296 
 643 
 337 
 145 
 653 
 846 
 592 
 67 
 1,295 
 
 Alabama, 
 
 
 
 
 Florida, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Texas 
 
 Virginia, 
 
 
 TOTAL, 
 
 10,793,413 
 
 3,795,698 
 
 $3,977,353,946 
 
 $855,517 
 
 $107,480,688 
 
 $24,686,528 
 
 1,116 
 
 6,746 
 
 
 GRAND TOTAI 
 
 26,680,812 
 
 3,795,698 
 
 $9,747,548,626 
 
 $5,108,132 
 
 $275,001,881 
 
 $261,434,338 
 
 4,798 
 
 22,947 
 
 Estimated at ratio of last decennial period. 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 COMPARATIVE VIEW OF FINANCES OK THE STATES, JANUAHY 1, 1856. 
 
 17 
 
 STATES. 
 
 Absolute 
 Debt. 
 
 Contingent 
 Debt. 
 
 Total Debt. 
 
 Annual Interest 
 on Absolute 
 Debt. 
 
 Amount of 
 Scbool Fund. 
 
 Other 
 Productive 
 Property. 
 
 Other Property 
 not now 
 Productive. 
 
 Ordinary Annual 
 Expenditure, 
 eTclusive of 
 Debts & Schools. 
 
 Maine 
 
 $057,500 
 None. 
 None. 
 1,764,000 
 None. 
 None 
 25,464,898 
 95,000 
 40,196,994 
 None. 
 10,669,856 
 26,001,012 
 5,209,848 
 2,287,156 
 2,644,222 
 None. 
 5,888,134 
 2,271,707 
 3,839,222 
 None. 
 1,506,017 
 3,992,857 
 5,993,577 
 16,273,427 
 2,347,470 
 7,338,473 
 13,994,615 
 602,000 
 79,796 
 100,000 
 1,812,502 
 
 $306,430 
 
 5,049,555 
 382,335 
 
 $963,930 
 None. 
 None 
 6,813,555 
 382,335 
 None. 
 26,234,898 
 95,000 
 40,196,994 
 None. 
 14,949,588 
 29,899,512 
 5,209,848 
 5,287,156 
 2,644,222 
 None. 
 5,888,134 
 7,271,707 
 12,459,350 
 None. 
 3,319,696 
 8,744,857 
 5,993,577 
 16,273,427 
 2,347,470 
 7,338,473 
 13,994,615 
 19,602,000 
 79,796 
 100,000 
 1,812,502 
 
 $39,450 
 
 $125,281 
 None. 
 None. 
 1,625,932 
 73,896 
 2,049,953 
 6,740,662 
 418,475 
 
 435,600 
 161,867 
 1,641,758 
 1,638,995 
 
 "23",086 
 1,258,933 
 
 46i',269 
 2,128,668 
 
 684^060 
 1,443,165 
 5,000,000 
 1,384,288 
 2,559,308 
 799,083 
 675,668 
 1,000,000 
 1,897,269 
 463,360 
 
 $575,034 
 None. 
 None. 
 7,462,211 
 
 406,000 
 38,800,000 
 262,174 
 35,774,271 
 350,638 
 13,355,797 
 3,044,282 
 3,077,000 
 4,683,473 
 5,000,000 
 
 132,000 
 
 1,676,000 
 2,244,827 
 
 $2,656",483 
 
 $150,000 
 80,000 
 100,000 
 600,000 
 55,000 
 130,000 
 750,000 
 125,000 
 435,000 
 25,000 
 170,000 
 600,000 
 85,000 
 115,000 
 131,000 
 45,000 
 100,000 
 130,000 
 515,000 
 100,000 
 35,000 
 165,000 
 250,000 
 200,000 
 125,000 
 80,000 
 125,000 
 110,000 
 25,000 
 100,000 
 700,000 
 
 
 
 
 106,000 
 
 1,372,000 
 5,700 
 2,022,128 
 
 660,000 
 1,530,000 
 312,591 
 124,477 
 168,653 
 
 
 
 New York, 
 
 770,000 
 
 4,279,732 
 3,898,500 
 
 3,000,000 
 
 5,000,000 
 8,620,128 
 
 ll'3l579 
 4,752,000 
 
 19,000,000 
 
 New Jersey 
 
 764,670 
 321,032 
 
 13,642,446 
 21,596,824 
 
 260,000 
 
 
 Delaware, 
 
 Maryland, 
 
 Virginia 
 
 North Carolina, 
 
 South Carolina, 
 
 
 Florida . 
 
 
 315,000 
 136,000 
 250,000 
 
 
 
 2,000,000 
 2,416,938 
 
 
 Texas 
 
 Arkansas, 
 
 82,800 
 215,327 
 855,000 
 955,433 
 140,848 
 316,000 
 839,000 
 35,805 
 7,600 
 8,000 
 120,000 
 
 
 
 Ohio, 
 
 18,000,000 
 
 378,538 
 68,671 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Total, near Jan. 1, 1856, 
 
 $182,030,283 
 
 $56,872,259 
 
 $238,902,542 
 
 $10,006,812 
 
 $34,386,476 
 
 $135,169,816 
 
 $43,648,393 
 
 $6,356,000 
 
 Condition of the United States REVENUE AND 
 June 30, 1856, were, 
 
 From Customs, . . . .'. 
 
 From Sales of Public Lands, . 
 From Miscellaneous Sources, 
 
 EXPENDITURE. The receipts into the Treasury for the year ending 
 
 - . . . . ; . - i ; .-. . $64,022,863 
 
 .- - f '..-'---.. ... . 8,917,644 
 
 .-.-.. , .. .... . 977,633 
 
 The Expenditures were, 
 
 For Civil List, ..,. , .. 
 
 For Foreign Intercourse, . 
 For Miscellaneous, . . 
 For Department of Interior, 
 For War Department, 
 For Navy Department, 
 For Total Public Debt, . 
 
 Total Receipts, ; . . $73,918,141 
 Balance in Treasury, July 1, 1855, 18,931,976 
 Total Means, . . ; . 
 
 $5,916,429 
 
 3,618,891 
 
 15,739,610 
 
 3,872,826 
 
 16,948,197 
 
 14,077,047 
 
 12,776,390 
 
 $92,850,117 
 
 Total Expenditures, . . -. 
 Balance in Treasury, July 1, 1856, 
 
 72,948,792 
 $19,901,325 
 
 During the year ending June 30, 1855, there was sold, for cash, 15,729,524.88 acres; located with military warrants, 
 1,345,580 acres; in all, 17,075,104.88 acres. In addition, there were reported under swamp-land grants, 7,470,746.62 acres ; 
 and for internal improvements, railways, &c., 11,558 acres; making an aggregate of 24,557,409.50. During the year ending 
 September 30, 1855, 15,315,283.18 acres were surveyed. The following table gives the sales for the year in detail in the 
 several States: 
 
 
 Gross Amount of Lands sold during the Fiscal Year. 
 
 STATES. 
 
 
 
 Acres. 
 
 Purchase-money. 
 
 Ohio, 
 
 62,712.32 
 
 $27,433.72 
 
 Indiana, ' '. . " ."'* . V 
 
 354,417.46 
 
 64,049.03 
 
 Illinois, . *. . . V 
 
 1,189,887.61 
 
 955,779.80 
 
 Missouri, >i * .- . *> . - * . 
 
 2,930,199.47 
 
 1,282,072.34 
 
 Alabama, . . .,: . . . .., .. . 
 
 2,272,181.19 
 
 533,250.75 
 
 Mississippi, . . ^. ; . v 
 
 986,213.41 
 
 285,672.91 
 
 Louisiana, 
 
 394,525.59 
 
 194,121.19 
 
 Michigan, . . . " ." 
 
 829,318.78 
 
 623,263.79 
 
 Arkansas, . . . .'".'" 
 
 500,514.33 
 
 192,829.77 
 
 Florida, ..... 
 
 264,395.62 
 
 112,117.37 
 
 Iowa, ...... 
 
 3,822,694.91 
 
 4,741,341.98 
 
 Wisconsin, ..... 
 
 1,730,509.28 
 
 1,983,479.53 
 
 Minnesota Territory, 
 
 385,595.55 
 
 482,020.38 
 
 California, ..... 
 
 
 
 Oregon Territory, . . . . ~t 
 Washington Territory, ... . j 
 
 6,359.36 
 
 7,949.19 
 
 TOTAL, . i: ' 
 
 15,729,524.88 
 
 $11,485,384.75 
 
 D 
 
13 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 Agriculture. The whole area in acres of the Free States (not including California) is . . 292,231,880 
 
 Number of acres in farms, V .... . 108,082,774 
 
 Number of acres not in farms, . . . . . . . . . 184,149,100 
 
 Value of the lands in farms, . . $2,143,344,437 
 
 Value per acre, ............ $19.83 
 
 Whole area of the Slave States, (including South Carolina, according to the 
 
 incorrect census figures), ... ... 544,742,926 
 
 Number of acres in farms and plantations, 180,572,292 
 
 Number of acres not in farms, &c., 364,170,634 
 
 Value of the land in farms, &c., . . $1,117,649,649 
 
 Value per acre, ... . ..... $6.18 
 
 An error in the South Carolina return, and the omission of California, will about balance each other. 
 
 Including only the lands under cultivation in the two sections, the value per acre in the North is more than three 
 times that of the South. Including the whole area, the proportion is still larger. 
 
 VALUE OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIONS, PER ACKE, IK 1850. 
 
 The value of agricultural productions per acre for 1850 is obtained by dividing the total product by the number of acres of 
 land under cultivation. Thus, 
 
 FREE STATES. 
 
 Number of acres in farms, 
 Agricultural product, 
 Product per acre, . 
 
 SLAVE STATES. 
 
 Number of acres in farms and plantations, 
 Agricultural product, .... 
 Product per acre, 
 
 108,193,522 
 
 $858,634,334 
 
 $7.94 
 
 180,572,392 
 $631,277,417 
 
 $3.49 
 
 AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES 1850. 
 
 Agricultural Products. 
 
 1850. 
 
 Agricultural Products. 
 
 1850. 
 
 
 4336719 
 
 
 (313345,306 
 
 
 559 331 
 
 
 (105535,893 
 
 Horses, asses, and mules 
 
 4,896,050 
 6 385,094 
 
 Total butter and cheese 
 
 418,881,199 
 9,219,901 
 
 
 1 700 744 
 
 
 $5,280,030 
 
 Other cattle 
 
 10293069 
 
 
 
 
 18 378 007 
 
 
 $7,723,186 
 
 
 21 723,220 
 
 Beeswax and honey, pounds ... 
 
 14,853,790 
 
 
 30 354213 
 
 Poultry 
 
 
 
 $544 180516 
 
 
 $27,493,644 
 
 
 $111 703 142 
 
 
 
 
 100 485 944 
 
 
 562 312 
 
 
 14 188813 
 
 
 7,709,676 
 
 Oats 
 
 146 584 179 
 
 
 33 193 
 
 
 693,071,104 
 
 
 1 678 
 
 
 / G5 797 896 
 
 
 34 253 436 
 
 
 \ 38 268 148 
 
 
 237 133 
 
 
 104 066 044 
 
 
 12 700 991 
 
 
 5 167 015 
 
 
 2 445 793 
 
 
 8 956 912 
 
 
 215313,497 
 
 
 13838,642 
 
 
 199,752,655 
 
 
 3 497,029 
 
 Wool, 
 
 52,516,959 
 
 
 468 978 
 
 
 10,843 
 
 
 416831 
 
 
 221,249 
 
 
 
 
 
 The number of acres in actual cultivation in 1850 was about 113,000,000; and in 1856, by estimate, 135,000,000. 
 
 Coal and Coal-Fields. The eastern half of the Continent exhibits five great coal fields, extending from Newfound 
 land to Arkanzas. 1, The first, or most eastern, is that of the British provinces, Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, Cape 
 Breton, and New Brunswick. This seems to have been originally one wide coal-field, subsequently broken up into patches 
 by upheaval and denudation, and by the submergence which formed the Gulf of St. Lawrence : the area of the coal 
 measures of the provinces is probably about 9000 square miles, though only one -tenth of this surface appears to be 
 underlaid by productive coal seams. 2, The second, or great Appalachian coal-field, extends from north-eastern Penn 
 sylvania to near Tuscaloosa, in the interior of Alabama. It is about 875 miles long, and 180 broad, where widest in 
 Pennsylvania and Ohio ; and, by a careful estimate, contains about 70,000 square miles. The narrow basins of anthracite 
 in eastern Pennsylvania, containing less than 300 square miles of coal, are outlying troughs from this great coal-field. 
 3, A third, smaller coal-field, occupies the centre of the state of Michigan, equidistant from Lake Huron and Michigan ; 
 it covers an area of about 15,000 square miles, but it is very poor in coal. 4, A fourth great coal-field is that situated 
 between the Ohio and Mississippi anticlinals, in the States of Kentucky, Indiana, and Illinois. It has the form of a 
 wide elliptical basin. It is about 370 miles long, and 200 miles wide, and contains, by estimation, 50,000 square miles 
 of coal measures. 5, The fifth, and most western, is .the large and very long coal-field filling the centre of the great 
 basin of carboniferous rocks which spreads from the Mississippi and Ozark anticlinals, westward to the limit of the 
 palaeozoic region, where the cretaceous strata begin. The coal-field itself has its northern limit on the Iowa Eiver, and 
 its southern near the Eed Eiver, on' the western border of Arkanzas. It is in length 650 miles, and in greatest 
 breadth 200 miles. The total area of this great irregular basin is probably not less than 57,000 square miles. Three or 
 more small detached tracts of coal strata, encompassed by the cretaceous deposits, stretch at intervals south-westward 
 from the southern limit of the longer field through Texas. They are pr&bably extensions of the great field laid bare by 
 denudation. Other localities of coal- bearing strata occur in the high table-lands on both sides of the Eocky Mountains, and 
 also on the Wahsatch chain of Utah, but it is doubtful whether any of them belong to the true carboniferous series. The 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 19 
 
 aggregate space underlaid by these vast fields of coal amounts to at least 200,000 square miles, or to more than twenty times 
 the area which includes all the known coal deposits of Europe, or, indeed, of the whole eastern continent. 
 
 The coal mines of the anthracite fields of Pennsylvania yielded in 1855, 6,552,301 tons ; and in 1856, just closed, about 
 7,000,000 tons. The total coal product of all the coal mines of the United States, in anthracite and bitumenous coal, may be 
 estimated, for 1856, at about 12,000,000 of tons. The yield of the British mines is about 65,000,000. 
 
 Iron. Approximate calculations indicate that the product in crude iron of the smelting furnaces of the United States 
 was, during 1856, about 1,000,000 of tons. 
 
 Commerce. The Imports for the year ending June 30, 1856, were, 
 
 Specie and Bullion, 
 
 Free, exclusive of Specie, 
 
 Dutiable, .... 
 
 TOTAL, 
 
 The Exports of domestic produce were, 
 Specie and Bullion, 
 Merchandise, . . . * '' ', 
 
 Total, . ... .. , 
 
 TOTAL EXPORTS, 
 
 The Exports of Cotton were, 
 Tobacco 
 
 ,, ,, luce ,, 
 
 Hemp 
 
 $4,207,632 
 
 52,748,074 
 
 257,684,236 
 
 $314,639,942 
 
 $44,148,279 
 266,438,051 
 
 $310,586,330 
 $326,964,908 
 
 $128,382,351 
 
 12,221,843 
 
 2,390,233 
 
 28,598 
 
 Mint. From June 30, 1855, to June 30, 1856, there were coined 1,582,146 double eagles, 107,490 eagles, 365,671 
 half-eagles, 57,100 three-dollar pieces, 377,334 quarter-eagles, 792,110 gold dollars. The value of the gold coined in fine bars 
 was $21,956,327.16; in nnparted bars, $3,746,136.52. The total gold coinage in value for this period was $62,155,413.68 ; 
 the total silver coinage, $5,355,061.04 ; the total copper coinage $17,455.84. The whole number of pieces coined in this period 
 was 26,088,731. Their value was $67,527,930.56. The deposits of gold at the mint and branches during this period were 
 $60,085,906.90, of which $59,608,609.50 were from California. The entire deposit of domestic gold at the Mint and branches 
 to the close of 1854 was $273,609,355, of which $264,250,018 were from California. 
 
 Immigration to the United States. During the thirty years ending with the autumn of 1849, nearly 2,100,000 persons 
 of foreign birth arrived in the United States ; and in the subsequent six and a quarter years, ending 1st January 1856, a very 
 nearly equal number, nearly 2,118,404 arrived ; in these thirty-six and a quarter years the total number of immigrants being 
 4,212,624. The largest fraction, 1,747,930, were born in Ireland ; 1,206,087 were born in Germany ; and next in numerical 
 order were those from England, and then those from France. Nearly every civilized country of the globe has been contributing 
 to swell the population. In the years 1854 and 1855, there came 16,526, all of whom landed in California. 
 
 The following Tables give the aggregate population of the several States in 1790, 1820, and 1850; and, in connexion 
 with this, the number of inhabitants to a square mile in 1850 : 
 
 SLAVE STATES. 
 
 Population 
 in 1790. 
 
 Population 
 In 1820. 
 
 Population 
 in 1850. 
 
 Density 
 in 1850. 
 
 Increase 
 per cent, 
 from 
 1840 to 1850. 
 
 Decrease 
 per cent, 
 from 
 1840 to 1850. 
 
 FREE STATES. 
 
 Population 
 in 1790. 
 
 Population 
 in 1620. 
 
 Population 
 in 1850. 
 
 Density 
 in 1850. 
 
 
 
 127,901 
 14,273 
 72,749 
 
 771,623 
 209,897 
 91,532 
 
 15.21 
 4.02 
 43.18 
 
 35.22 
 136.96 
 
 12.09 
 21.45 
 
 
 
 
 92,597 
 370,792 
 851,470 
 988,416 
 192,214 
 583,16:> 
 994,514 
 397,654 
 317,976 
 3,097,394 
 489,555 
 1,980,329 
 2,311,786 
 147,545 
 314,120 
 305,391 
 
 .59 
 79.33 
 15.37 
 29.24 
 3.78 
 18.36 
 127-50 
 7.07 
 34.26 
 65.90 
 58.84 
 49.55 
 50.26 
 112.97 
 3076 
 5.66 
 
 
 
 
 238,141 
 
 275,202 
 55,211 
 147,178 
 
 Delaware, 
 
 59,096 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 87,445 
 906,185 
 982,405 
 517,762 
 583,034 
 606,326 
 682,044 
 869,039 
 668,507 
 1,002,717 
 212,592 
 1,421,661 
 
 1.48 
 15.62 
 26.07 
 12.55 
 52.41 
 12.86 
 1012 
 17.14 
 22.75 
 21.99 
 0.89 
 23.17 
 
 52.85 
 35.85 
 15.75 
 45.32 
 0.07 
 58.74 
 50.01 
 17.38 
 17.71 
 30.08 
 New State. 
 5.21 
 
 
 
 Georgia 
 
 82,548 
 73,077 
 319,728 
 
 340,987 
 564,317 
 153,407 
 407,350 
 75,448 
 66,586 
 638,829 
 502,741 
 422,813 
 
 
 96,540 
 378,717 
 
 298,335 
 523,287 
 8,896 
 244,161 
 1,372,812 
 277,575 
 581,434 
 1,049,458 
 83,059 
 235,764 
 
 
 Massachusetts, 
 
 
 
 New Hampshire, ... 
 New York 
 
 141,899 
 340,120 
 184,139 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 393,751 
 249,073 
 35,791 
 
 Ohio 
 
 
 Pennsylvania, 
 Rhode Island, 
 
 434,373 
 69,110 
 85,416 
 
 
 Texas 
 
 Virginia, 
 
 748,308 
 
 1,065,379 
 
 
 TOTAL, 
 
 TOTAL 
 
 
 
 1,961,372 
 
 4,452,780 
 
 9,612,769 
 
 11.28 
 
 
 
 
 1 ,968,455 
 
 5,152,372 
 
 13,434,922 
 
 21.93 
 
 From these Tables it will be seen that, in 1790, the population in the present non-slaveholding States was 1,968,455 ; 
 and in the present slaveholding States, 1,961,372 ; showing a difference of 7083 in favour of the non-slaveholding States. 
 This difference, at first so slight, only 7000, we find constantly increasing, until in 1820 (thirty years from that time) it 
 becomes 699,592 ; the population of the slaveholding States being at that time 4,452,780, and that of the non-slaveholding 
 States, 5,152,372. In thirty years more (1850), the population of the fifteen Slave States is 9,612,769, and of the sixteen 
 Free States, 13,434,922 ; a difference of 3,822,153 in favour of the Free States. Thus, from having a majority of less than 
 four-tenths of one per cent, in 1790, the Free States had in 1850 a majority of more than thirty-nine per cent. And this, 
 notwithstanding 87,000 inhabitants were added to the Slave States by the annexation of Louisiana and Florida, and a large 
 population by the annexation of Texas. 
 
 The average number of inhabitants to a square mile, in the Slave States, is 11.28, and in the Free States, 21.93; almost 
 exactly two to one. 
 
'20 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS STATISTICS. 
 
 SHOWING THE CONDITION OF PUBLIC SCHOOLS IN CERTAIN CITIES IN 1851. 
 
 CITIES. 
 
 Population. 
 
 Schools. 
 
 Teachers. 
 
 Pupils. 
 
 Cost of Tuition. 
 
 Boston, 138,788 203 353 21,678 $237,000 
 
 New York, 517,000 207 332 40,055 274,794 
 
 Philadelphia, 409,000 270 781 48,056 341,888 
 
 Baltimore, 169,012 36 138 8,011 32,423 
 
 Cincinnati, 116,000 17 124 6,006 81,623 
 
 St. Louis, 81,000 73 168 6,642 
 
 THE LAKE CITIES FROM THE LATEST ENUMERATIONS. 
 CITIES. 1840. 1850. 1855. 
 
 Buffalo, 18,282 42,200 75,000 
 
 Cleveland, 6,671 17,035 55,000 
 
 Sandnsky, 1,434 6,008 10,000 
 
 Toledo, 1,222 1,819 15,000 
 
 Detroit, 9,102 21,891 40,000 
 
 Chicago, 4,170 20,000 80,000 
 
 Milwaukee, 1,710 21,401 40,000 
 
 Railways in the United States. The Eeport of the Secretary of the Treasury to Congress, contains some interesting 
 statistics relating to Railways in the United States. 
 
 It appears that last year the Secretary addressed a circular to the Railway Companies, asking replies to a series of ques 
 tions which he submitted. Ninety-three companies neglected to make returns, four of which were from Massachusetts. 
 The companies making returns, represented 
 
 Miles completed, 1 9,936 J 
 
 unfinished, . 16,069 
 
 Finished and unfinished, . . 36,0051 
 
 The statistics of this immense system of intercommunication, as reported by the Secretary, are, 
 
 Amount of capital stock paid in, $433,286,946 
 
 bonds issued, 303,137,973 
 
 floating debt, 40,126,958 
 
 Total liability, . . . $776,551,877 
 
 Estimated cost when completed, .... y ; . $1,090,381,114 
 
 Receipts, .,- - 1 - ...... . 91,132,693 
 
 Working expenses, :. . . . 48,712,381 
 
 Net Income, . .+ t 41,929,404 
 
 TRAFFIC DURING PAST YEAR. 
 Number of passengers, . . . . . . 61,110,613 
 
 tons of freight, 121,990,998 
 
 The average haul of passengers was .... 18 miles. 
 ,, freight was .... 23 
 
 Of the $736,424,919 invested in stock and bonds, only $81,871,000 are reported as held by foreigners. 
 
ATLAS OL' I'NITF.D STATES ,1-c. 
 
 120 
 
 115 
 
 110 
 
 100 
 
 1., 
 
 M 7, 
 
 .in 
 
 10 
 
 - r \\r n 
 ill 1/ 
 
 EXPLANATION OF SIGNS USED INTHE ATLAS. 
 
 Ifjiilwqvs 
 
 JLinhr* 
 
 KuanJarirj of Xlatts of' t'mnaieji 
 
 Cupit.il* at'Stat,,, ,hn., NASHVILLE .Vn, ,w 'faunnfs.dai., JACKS O.V 
 
 I'uliituls at' I'auntirx . Jrfirrsou Impui-lilia T,mns . Portland 
 
 Eleva&aiU are narked in fert abmr tht level of' the \fii 1),.3.>8 
 C.H.Cimrt lluuxf. Z.7T. K/ktKmse.T.ff.r,;!. X ..Kernlrin/i . fl . Flashing . 
 
 Jn,li.w Tribes in Ii'ylit Iftters, Lluu.i .Iparhct . 
 
 Figures an. / near Atlakai refer ta thr usual kvel,ofOu> auitiux voter obma the Sea, 
 1'roposed, Politic Baihay routes in, ttirple . 
 
 : 
 
 e West of Grcenwicli 
 
 no 
 
 105 
 
 100 
 
 9 5 
 
 . 
 
I 
 
 10 
 
 t , Kdinhitrrfli . W. if-J, l\..li>ltnxtvn . 
 
 -*-;: ' : . tutnii. 
 
ATLAS OF UNITE!) STATES 
 
 125 
 
 120 
 
 10f) 
 
 100 
 
 30 
 
 25 
 
 20 
 
 115 
 
 EXPLANATION OF THE COLOURS. 
 
 Free Slates and Territories coloured (lieen. 
 
 The titirk til-em xtivwx the Fi-re xfllleil Slilttj . 
 iifiJ thf Itfiht Cn-ffn the Tem'tti rift . 
 
 Slave holding States coloured Hed . 
 
 Thr dtii-i.' Hi-it .-<hfi*.< thr Sltur trrifiiitlirnf , 
 titul tli? Itifht fffil rfif Slinr r'j-fitiffjrttf ,'*t l tti',v . 
 
 110 
 
 Scale of E 
 
 UK) 200 
 
 Louyllllll,' W< 
 
 105 
 
 100 
 
 - . . , ,, .,, | ,.. 
 
 , John Murray, A 
 
li Miles. 
 
 (1KNKRAL MM* OF THE 
 
 ^l'D STATUS 
 
 Showing ihc area and cAtciil of the 
 
 FREE &SLAVE-HOLDING STATES, 
 
 :iiul tin' Territories <>!' the 
 
 UN I ON. 
 
 25 
 
 85 
 
 |.YW.*A.K..I..Iin 
 
 . KJinhiiriih, II' (//. A', li'lm. --Ian . 
 
ATLAS OK UNITED STATES ,<.-<. 
 
 I'A.I'IB 1BM11W &:PMOT KllM'AM !ls. 
 
 Scale- :i i.,oo(u. ornrttui'c, .Vtl miles to t inrl 
 
 S.-:ile ol Knclisli Miles 
 
 o Id :" '." in .W o 7() HO i> lo 
 
 , - 
 
 **v '' 
 
 4^/ 
 
 . rj/vy V J 
 
 - li'f ', . .,.-*,' 
 
3 
 
 60 
 
 T>6 Luugiluilf Wrsl of (irciMiwich. 54 1 
 
 llljffl . W. .f . /. l\..l<tll'tlan 
 
 !;V W O 
 
 .ll.< 
 
AT I. AS OF UNITED STATES 
 
 
 48 
 
 PiSJS DJi ^ST 
 
 AND 
 
 ft A W 
 
 BT PHOF.H.D. ROGERS * A.KP.ITH JOHNSTON. P. ILS/E. 
 
 I.onjjitudi- West of (frc(-nwii;li 
 
 . ";iin-i to uct ff Cangrws. in, the Yc-ir lft&7 fry H ll fi^urf u\ rttf <1rrks i)fr- 
 
 10 
 
 London ..Ichii Mnrrn\, .Hht'intn-ir Strt 
 
'tintmryli . (I' if- . /. l\.-lnliti.vlti 
 
ATLAS 01'' UNITED STATES & 
 
 >* - \_ i --";:\' WJ,,.'H>,-V^ 
 
 /.,.- Pte^F4tv3i2 
 
 . U,,...l.,.:..,,,. 
 
 l.tnirltiii ..1'iliit Mtirrn\-..Hhi'in<lfti' 
 
5 
 
 STATES 01' 
 
 BY PROF.aD. E.OGEK3 & A.KEITH JOHNSTON. KR.S.t 
 
 Si-ale :;..t;.o.(K>o uflmturi 1 , f>-4i inilc.s to 1 inch 
 Scalp of English Miles 
 
 Proposed Pacific Railway Routes in Purple 
 
 bnute 
 
 5g.L ,<,,, ,. 
 
 "H 1 ^;> : h----^ .4 * 
 
 fStfrjA 
 
 D I !S 
 
 10 
 
 Tlnp-av^.. . . . iitibur^h. 
 
AT I. AS OK I'NITKD STATF.S XT. 
 
 
 - . 
 
92 
 
 A 
 
 90 
 
 TKHKITORY OF 
 
 8ft 
 
 
 
 S.'.-llr a.'l:.t..(KH> of uallll'i-, .V1 i miles 1(> I inrli 
 S.-al.- orKlijilish-MiU-s 
 
 

ATLAS OF UN1TKD STATES & 
 
 %...* J^ 
 
 Jt atwding to act of Ctngr&sa, 1/1 tfm lea/- 7W7 fry JT D Jt^y.w-5 / . 
 
>GEHS * A.KEITH JOHNSTOli 
 
 XKI of iiiitm-i', .">!! miles Ii> I ini'li. 
 SciOr of Knslisli. Miles 
 
 _0 -1O -W 6O 7O BO 90 100 
 
 
 M-~^ i^ ^ i?Y~ 
 
 'w^ ../^ '"'WVS''' ATT -T^- -^ 
 
 
 - 
 
 ^^ NV^\ | I~ ^-^ / i|[| 
 
 
 102 1] 
 
 98 96 
 
 
 
 . )(.' ff - /. l\..,lii{in,flt>n . 
 
AT I.A 
 
 S Or !' NIT F.D STATKS &c. 
 
 !'. I'in ^ /^ 
 
 -|,,,,l,h,,," > 
 
 
 124 
 
 122 Lon^tude West of Greenwich. |20 
 
 118 
 
 , 
 
 14 
 
 London, John JfumtY^Jlbrmartr .">! 
 
8 
 
 .118 
 
 sed Pacific Railway Routes in Purp 
 
 '"']_'__,_ aBHJ 
 
 i 
 
 13 
 
ATLAS OF UNITED STATES X-<-. 
 
 STATES OF 
 
 TlftRHIDHTf, 
 
 BY PROF.H.D. ROGERS & A.KEITH JOHNSTON. T'.K K K 
 
 ;VI. ; A>.<K>O <>rim1ui't i , ;VH miles to I inch 
 
 8 Longitude West of Greenwich . 7 H 
 
 . ./.,...,.-, , ,;,gnn. "v* &/ JM7 *y ff B ' 
 
 10 
 
 tt . Julin Mitriviv. . l 
 
9 
 
 - r 'Hi 
 
 NOVA 
 SCOTIA 
 
 
 70 
 
 68 
 
 
 
 /",'<tiltfitlfr/tl . M.''f-. / [\..lttltllfiltni . 
 
ATLAS OF I'NITKD STATF.S &c. 
 
 tetli^h;' \? 
 
 I C H\ I 
 
 GJaAi 
 
 S I S S J P P\ I . 
 
 i v/Mw 
 
 fr-4 / \ 1. A B A M 
 
 f / 
 
 X \l ,/ ;' I'lkKviOv 
 
 ^ f 6 
 
 OO Lon^itudf- West (!' (i 
 
 of Congr&as. m,rhe Ye,ir 16&7 !-. .. . , ,kr, Qtrkf 0fK,r " 
 
 16 
 
 n . John Mnifrtv. Mbtnuaie 
 
9 
 
 10 
 
 STATES OF 
 
 I A \\7 A O 5* 
 1 j-A /\y TA 11 L* '} 
 
 (tie District of Columbia) 
 
 J N 1 II -J 1 }J C A & i J fl A, 
 
 re a HESS E 
 
 BY ROP ii . ' .. ,\.KKIT)[ JOHKI 
 
 Sc.ilc ;t. I-O.IKIO oi'iiMtui'i ',;")(; miles to I inch. 
 
 . anr&> vKi^mff^Ky '^^^WT^^P-' 
 
 r;; -m 
 
 : L^fU 
 
 , 34- 
 
 80 
 
 78 
 
 /6 
 
 tA.KJoiourtnii.E . 
 
 t , Edinlntt'rfh . K f- ./ KJ 
 
ATLAS OF UNITED STATES Ac. 
 
 i ;--.,- ."--, 
 I ^ < 
 
 " 
 
 ;- :> ' . ' 
 
 -'.Afton 
 
 ' ' 
 
 ttif Tear 1857 fy E Holers . m, fre. Clerks 0#iof.- ofiht-Distrvt, Cfure 
 
 
 Lit f red m. $1& 
 
 . John Mnrrii\..UI>t'tntn-if 
 

 i : *. 'p..* 
 
 >' i ./. . r> P. t 
 
 ;/,,.-.. 
 
 - 
 
 STATES OF 
 
 2 S- 3 !) 'fl 
 
 v /^' 
 
 _/%(? .itxlonl 
 
 ''^viV-T 
 
 7 712/7" S i 
 
 bY PROF.H.D. HOGERS & A.KEITH JOHNSTON FR.S.E 
 
 Scale ;i. i.-.o.(HK> oi''nntui'i-. ,S-H mile* to I inrli 
 
 Sr ;i l,- ( .i'Ki U ;tishM.les 
 
 15 
 
 d "W "W & A.K.Jolmirton, Edinburgh 
 
 Kth'nhnrtflt . W. <( A. /C. l 
 
ATI.AS OK l'NITK.1) STATES 
 
 108 
 
 IOG 
 
 104 
 
 13 
 
 18 
 
 ICO 
 
 ?- 
 
 TERRITORY 
 
 F 
 
 ' 1 " >EHS .v A.KBITH . 
 
 Sc:ilc> :>. i;,o.(xi i)i' nntlii'c, .")! ! inilc'S In 1 inrl 
 
 Si-nlc ol'Kimlisli Miles 
 ap so <o Hfs go -o BO 90 x 
 
 Proposed Pacific Railway Routes in Purple 
 
 't. i 
 
 Loiuantde West of Greemrid . 104 
 
 " ..... 
 
 , 
 
 18 
 
 l.i>inlf>ii . .Inhn Mut'itiv. .-/lin'tntiffi' ^ 
 
100 
 
 LL*- ' ''"''//./ 
 
 ,,!, i; ' -l';,,,ll.. 
 
 sils I 
 
 1 
 
 i^sgspsa ."4 
 . >.^, ; , s ""' 1 '""' 
 
 100 
 
 17 
 
 ' 
 
ATLAS OF UNITED STATES &c. 
 
 &t; 
 
 1 F JR \ - I 
 
 : H, . ^i 
 
 ^ /.l/tf.-.W'' 
 1 1 ",'ivj iif<i,'rfSi z *i .4/,.. vrt.^.1 
 
 / 
 lCif_ _(-<T<'m 9rtt57>) fjT tie \ntfd nbtn-f fhe__s?<i he;vir--~:iiQOOtc^>u 
 
 - : - ... . (*v r?7//v/ 
 
 rfV^r.? (z//,-/ ,',/;-,;.. ,i7//./, /',,, , . .,. , w ,/, //., . s , ,,..//,- 
 
 *//''/ ('i/.^r- u,y;.-'i. hurt- rt, ]rr h-',v/ ,'.-.!'!, }m i . ,;ini UDfltae n;l -,.* wh 
 
 
 . mitf Year 1957 Ay Jf JJ Raym-a vutht /7/r-fcs 
 
 ' ' ' ' " 
 
13 
 
 112 
 
 K 
 
 T E R R I T R Y 
 
 BY TROT. B.D. ROGERS * AJKEITH .TOHNRTOi: 
 
 Seal: 1 :i. tr.it.ixH> 01' iinture, "At milc,s to i 
 
 ,. 
 
 *"? 
 fl;;i / 
 
 - I ;r ' r< 
 
 Y i "! ^ ' 
 
 A -s.-,,;.:.;,!. ', 
 
 ; Proposed Pacific Railway Routes in Purple 
 c : 
 
 :^K 
 
 108 
 
 J06 
 
 ..ld"hTi.Ttan. Edinburgh. 
 
ATI. AS OF HNriT.lV STATES X-o. 
 
 BC 
 
 *^^~ . 
 
 j 
 
 I . (' 
 
w V 
 
 > ^. > - '* i fxKv 
 
 , 
 
 : ,!' . /. KJl,li*t.ni . 
 
ATLAS Ol-' I'M TED STATES Arc. 
 
 16 
 
 - 
 
 30 
 
 jit *& '^sr^ 
 
 XL... -a __Ji 
 
 M** ,4Tt'luuiflrleU" 
 
 * & A 
 
 ^> /? Is-iiuids 
 
 \G 
 
 28 J- 
 
 \ % 
 
 -TfeTT 
 
 ^^- ^^ 
 
 ^ 7 
 
 Jid 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 88 
 
 86 
 
 
 
 |f . 
 
Bfef^L' 
 
 '^r^ rfi<w 
 
 f^ /,.,,,,;,,.; 
 
 M 
 
 STATES OF 
 
 I I .'OHNSTCN. r.KS.'E. 
 
 ,W7, t* XV,,,, .,; 
 
 .-/T. 
 
 Scale 3;-4so.ooii oi'iiaturi-, o-i; inilc^s to 1 nid 
 S,'.il(. i.C filial ish . 
 
 . /.'//,/,,/,//,. li:.r../ A.. //,.<;, 
 
ATLAS OF UNITED STATES 
 
 . STATES OF 
 
 ffllSSJ 
 
 DOE] S * A.KK1TI- 
 
 .1 IKSoo iit'uiitiiiv, iVIl miles tolmt 
 
 
 ) 
 
 ;r\ L-,V,7;>-" V V'' JJ---.*! 
 
 
 mifffiti. John Mitfittv. . l!!>t'ni<iflf 
 
10 
 
 
 Kiliiilainili. V. ,(-./. K..li>hnxlon . 
 
ATLAS OF UNITED STATES 
 
 S ' ' A ' E 
 
 BY PROF.H.D. K.OG35RS 4 [. ' :. KR.S.E. 
 
 XL -LL.A iVOjf IB .V TA c 
 
 Scale 3.-*6o.6oo cd'nalurc, aTi miles to 1 inch 
 
 Scalo of Knglisli Miles 
 
 O . ID 2O 30 -W 50 60 70 BO 00 100 
 
 I^gtaAinut 
 
 E \ 
 
 -"- - -4- * 
 
 > ! " 
 
 8M 4 
 
 /' Elaaxarui 
 
 .I'.llll , 
 
 x ; A 
 
 01 
 JL'.KHvrtte* Sffi 
 
 S I D I 
 
 Loufttudc Wi-sl of Greenwich . I O'l' 
 
 ( i*. SmXaS.I<m*>, -1 twcrdmi ta aa of Conjrw. at the ftv 1SS7 ly KH Ror^ ut, Ou. Cta-to OOia, af * Dismal Ca 
 
 20 
 
 l.tnitinn , Jftfin Mitrrm . AUffmorlf 
 
O f 
 
 M /'/ X I (' 
 
ATI.AS-OF UN1TK1) STATES 
 
 ; ' - 
 
 32 L 
 
 :u> 
 
 Longitude West of (irronwioh . 
 
 no 
 
 : i!l '. H:,f HS ' ' . '.' ...(V 
 
13 
 
 
 rt 7"-fc^ N i > ^ijj^ 
 
 A*,, I . ,*-./ ' ' \ .(-/Siim 
 
 ,., = 
 
 O\. .I/,-.,.,, ./^ K 
 Jio.,,.. ( 
 
 . , . 
 
 i /:,,'-. 
 
 /fR r h'iit f . ' 
 
 i /; / < rate dimTa t I < / " " 
 
 irr TV cute?) 
 
 TERRITORY 
 
 OF 
 
 vf R J 'T l(Tifi 
 
 /Jjij.A. UU 
 
 BY FB.OKU.] . , ani , . 
 
 St-ali- n.-i.-KuxKi ol'niklurc, .VH imlc'S lo I inrli 
 
 S.-;il,-i.rKii 
 10 .1(1 -to > 60 70 SO 
 
 Proposed Pacific Railway Routes in Purple 
 
 t. Kilwliiiiyli. ll.'.f .y./v./H/inW 
 
ATLAS OF UNITED STATES Ac 
 
 *HrfT^,r>^. .V.WMK ..,.- \^ / V, <?J 
 
 ttfv.nt.lTmnnlle IhiliTr,*,,. \<\ fc'% ' / '"'< *<" V^'", ' . la I" P<!alc /f/ 
 
 ../ .n// ,*, or -j[,i.,, t ,.,. (B p p , ,;.../ i-,,;,vfiv ' '!>*S ,L f-vieowau, %?& 
 
 <''.v-a.,,. ts , n ,, rr ,.,,. r f * /'"'"-4t\^,, / ,,.,,, ,,.,""'' / o?-^, ^' r,.*,, y/ J 
 
 / \ j >t.wf" ) ""'-"-">""?.- ( A- V , f^^i- <^ 
 
 / N/.V,;" \ 4U7-, /,.,. QpHsl.- * 
 
 "' \n 
 "5> 
 
 i: ' ; ""'- 
 
 
 
 Scale :'..::*.<' ol'iialurr, ">! i nillos to 1 inch. 
 S(-:tl<- of Kuslish Miles 
 
 i r;n 70 .| I 
 
a f \,., 
 
 {u V -^ "'* '' i 
 
 X^ ^,.,,, /y/ ,. ^'^^^rv,,,,,, : r DunmM" ;"' 
 .."^X ,. V - v'" pP 
 
 - '' !>."> , ,,;L 
 
 , , . :. -. "..iuibnrfih- 
 
ATI.AS OK UNITED STATKS &c. 
 
 '--;' | 
 
 ;. ' 
 
 
 J.ftitloti . .Mm Mnrrriv.JllM'Hitti'tr t 
 
i: JrY ^ f \ V 
 *< rvs ff. ?bf, \n 
 
 .. 
 
-ATLAS OF TINITKI) STATES Sec.. 
 
 102 
 
 LOO 
 
 19 
 
 - .V.<5u.,.-,,,;,,,r^ , ... 
 
 ' '. - 
 
 ,. ilCr:,] 
 .lhil 
 
 I'linltila ' 
 
 . - 
 
 B L A \>'.-*"'t*l 
 
 BY PR07.H.D. ROGERS <fc A.KEITH JOHNSTON. F.R.S.E 
 
 Scale ri.-t:w>,<Kx> ol' natupf, 54 i miles to 1 inrli 
 Scale of Kn^ish Allies 
 
 it F I. 
 
 1 0'2 Longituilc West of Grurarwidl . 
 
 100 
 
 r I6ir7 by S D Rvgers w th Cltrka /Ww*. afth Duttrw Couro ofVtLasajhusHa 
 
 Linitlrm . Jftliu Murrtn . .t/ln'tnrii^t- .S 
 
21 
 
 96 
 
 94 
 
 92 
 
 90 
 
 I 
 
 a ii c i' r 
 
 u 
 
 L 
 
 F. 
 
 /' 
 
 I 
 
 1 ,c^> 
 
 JlllfVO c. 
 
 I 1C 
 
 de 
 
 F 
 
 . Kennffu T. 
 
 ...ray <*<, 
 
 ,' 'JRngKsli Bank* 
 
 XS!^ 
 
 20 
 
 18 
 
 16 
 
 1)6 
 
 ... EOirihnnih. V.JS-A. K../,,liii.it,ni . 
 
ATI. AS OF rNITKl) STATES ,V-o. 
 
 G- IT L I 
 
 %^^> V<lr t'lniliun 
 l' f d, n-Jyfi Mo I 
 
 /J 
 
 XUItufLI,! 'J 
 
 ~5S i^'naa </p Teaninos h 
 
 <^.' 
 
 W* , . ^ 
 
 ,'.l,,,,,,l/ 
 
 3^y . *" 
 
 i ij Mf?j -?'$': 
 
 V3C -.'- :^j g O"1 
 
 -..-^',.,V'/<J 1 < ; - 1 v-\* 
 
 ATE'MALA I ^ . '.% > . "/_: . ' ..n'a.?a f a A 
 
 ,,, Jf ">" " S:!; 'J|^ A- 
 
 'IP A 11 
 
 ,-., ,,. , .. .... 
 
 t.onr/fw.. lohn M. t rnn;.llhn,><n>l<- S 
 
24 
 
 .,0*- *&,eC 
 
 , S, 
 
 , '"<, _ 
 
 f 
 
 i^,.li'"M "i MIUIVITS I. 
 
 - ^ 
 
 CENTRAL AMERICA 
 
 STATUS 0V 
 
 T'H CA'J'Afi 
 
 U, S. 5MY/ 
 
 with (Ti e 
 
 BlMTISilll OH, 
 
 BY PKOF HD. ROOJ:RS A AKI'.ITH JOHNSTON. KR.S.E. 
 
 Scale :i. I.VKKK) of nature, "i-li iiiilt*s lo 1 inch. 
 Scale of English Alilcs 
 
 $ IS A 
 
 ,1 B IB 
 
 . 
 
ATLAS OF UNITED STATES 
 
 oiijfitudp West of Greenwich . R 
 
 ; fi a 
 
 Lfiriffun . Julln Mi:i'fft\\ . i 
 
82 
 
 80 
 
 78 
 
 Bank 
 
 .Uirr.ii/li' 
 A-rt' 
 
 
 , 
 
 .". ; Quit a. 
 V Sueno 
 
 Bank 
 
 
 ' ' AWr.. 
 
 If 
 
 "itmt'atlfr 
 Bank 
 
 Kl (\i 
 
 SUndrrm 
 
 CENTRAL_AMERICA. 
 
 STATES 01-' 
 
 i> i\ rnpfiY v r 
 
 laiiLrUxi^^ L 
 
 wilh paH of 
 
 '1'MIR ElEFUTIBILKU (DF 
 
 BY FROF.SD. B.OGFRS & A.KF.ITH JOHNSTON. F.R.S.E. 
 
 Scale a74ao.<xk> of uatin-f, 5-Ji miles to 1 inch 
 
 St-Ht<- of Knglisb. Miles 
 
 O TO 30 30 -K) M 6O 7O BO tO J(X' 
 
 16 
 
 L4 
 
 12 
 
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