>'^-i^^^iifr^i^^t^H<-^jf>,i->i.-i^ lit ^,i i A GIllIlE TO LISBON 'AND ITS, ENVIRONS INCLUDING GTTfTRA AND MAFRA WITH A LARGE PLAJi OF LISBON JOAQUIM ANTONIO DE MACEDO. SIMPKIN, MARSHALL & C.», LONDON. MATTHEW LEWTAS, LISBON. 1874. yjv■^y■■l.^■^.il^..>^■^^..^;;.■)j<~>i^-■^^■^^;<■■;;^^■>;^^>t^^■l^-}t^^^>$^^■>{<■^>{^^4•^♦••>^^^ GUIDE TO LISBON "ka (Ei^iv..v. ^Ig^" «i/|q9 A GUIDE TO LISBON AND ITS ENVIRONS INCLUDING CINTRA AND MAFRA WITH A Um PLAN OF LISBON JOAQUIM ANTONIO DE MACEDO POIITUGDESE VICE-CONSUL AT LEEDS. 3) ^~T yj Suut bona, sunt mala fjuaedam, /**\ I >fi ^K^ Suut mediocria plui ». ;S[MPK1N, MAKbHALL & C", LONDON. MATTHEW LEWTAS, LISBON. 1874. 'The right of Translation is reserved. LISBON. NATIONAL PRINTING OFFICE. 1874. CONTENTS. I*ART I. PRELIMINARY. 1. Directions to travelers arriving at Lisbon 1 2. British Legation and Foreign consulates 1 3. Banks and bankers 2 4. Hotels ;j 5. Eating-houses and cafes 4 (i. Pulilic baths 5 7. Clubs and newsrooms 7 8. The Press 8 9. Chronological resume of the history of Portugal 10 10. Portuguese language and litcrature,with chronograiihic map 20 11. Historical sketch of Lisbon 28 PART II. DESCRIPTIVE. 1. Table by which to ascertain the names of the princi- pal buildings 73 2. Geographical position, population and general view. . 80 3. The streets of Lisbon ' 83 4. Climate 92 o. Squares 96 Pra^a do Comraercio 96 Pra§a de D. Pedro 104 Pra9a de Luiz de Camoes 105 Largo de S. Roque 109 Largo do Pelourinho 110 Largo de Belem 110 Pra^-a do Principe Real Ill Pra^a da Figueira Ill Pra^a dos Romulares Ill Largo de S. Paulo Ill Largo do Rato Ill Largo das Amoreiras Ill Campo de Sant'Anna 112 Largo do Carmo 112 Largo do Barao de QuintcUa 112 Pra^a das Florcs 112 Pra^a d'Alegria 112 2133372 VI CONTENTS. (}. Churches and Convouts 112 Basilica de Santa Maria Maior, or 8e de Lisboa . . 113 Igreja e niostciro do Santa Maria de Belem 117 S. Roque 125 CoUegio Inglcz, vnlgo o.s Inglezinhos 129 Igreja do Cor])() Santo •. . 130 Convento de Santa Brigida 131 Igreja c mosteiro de S. Vicente 134 Convento de S. Bento 136 Basilica do Coracao de Jesus 139 Nossa Seuhora da Graoa 140 Igreja e convento de Jesus 143 Igreja e convento do ( 'arnio 144 Igreja da Real Casa de Santo Antonio 14(> Nossa Senliora da Pcnha de Franga 148 Nossa Scnhora dos Martyrcs 150 Nossa Senhora da Encarnacao 150 Nossa Senhora do Loreto 152 Igreja de S. Domingos 153 Igreja de S. Jose 154 Convento de Odivellas 155 Convento de Santos, o Novo 15G Nossa Senhora do Monte 156 Igi-eja de Santos, o Velho 157 Igreja da Conceicao Velha 159 Igreja de Nossa Senliora do Livramento 159 Santa Engracia 161 Igreja de S. Juliao 1()2 Igreja de S. Nicolau 1()3 Igreja de S. Paulo 163 Igreja de Santa Maria Magdalena 163 Igreja de S. Francisco de Paula 164 Igreja das Chagas 164 Convento de S. Domingos 164 Convento de Nossa Senhora do Bom Succcsso 164 Collegio de S. Patricio 165 Convento da Madre de Deus 165 Conventinho do Desaggravo 165 Igreja de Nossa Senhora do Soccorro 165 Igreja de S. Sebastiao 166 Igreja de S. Pedro de Alcantara ]()() Igreja do SS. Sacramento 166 Igreja de S. Miguel 166 Igreja de Santo Esteviio 16(5 Igreja de Santa Izabel 166 Igreja de S. Joiio da Pra^n 16() Igreja de S. Jorge 166 Igreja de Santa Cruz 166 Igreja de Nossa Senhora da Ajuda 166 Igreja de Santa Luzia 166 Igreja de S. Lourenco 166 Igreja de S. Thiago 166 CONTENTS. VII Igreja de S. Tliomt' IGG Nossa Seuhora dos Anjos 160 Igreja do SS. CoraQilo de Jesus 16(i Nossa Senhora da Peua 16G Igreja de S. Christovao 166 Nossa Seuhora da Concei^ao, Nova 166 Nossa Senhora da Lapa 166 Igreja de S. Luiz ^ 166 Convento de Sant'Anna 166 Convento de Santa Martha 166 Convento de Santa Monica 166 Convento do SS. Sacramento 166 Convento da Encarna§ao 166 Convento da Invoca^ao da Santa Cruz 166 Convento das Salessias 167 Convento da Esperan^a 167 Convento de S. Pedro de Alcantara 167 Convento das Trinas: 167 Convento das Albertas 167 Convento de Chellas 167 7. Palaces 167 Ajuda 167 Necessidades 185 Belem 186 Bemposta 187 Queluz 188 Caxias 189 Alfeite 189 8. Public amusements 189 Bull-fight 189 Portuguese Theater 194 Theatro de S. Carlos 196 Theatro de Dona Maria II ' 198 Theatro de Trindade 198 Theatro do Gymnasio 199 Theatro do Princii^e Real 199 Theatro da Rua dos Condes 199 Theatro das Variedades 200 9. Libraries 200 Bibliotheca Nacioual 20( > Bibliotheca da Ajuda 204 Bibliotheca do Convento de Jesus 204 Bibliotheca da Academia das Sciencias 204 10. Picture Galleries 204 Galeria Nacioual de Pintura 204 Galeria de quadros no Palacio da Ajuda 210 11. Museums 210 Museu Nacioual de Lisboa 210 Museu Colonial 212 Museu do Instituto Industrial 212 Museu Archeologico 212 12. Roman antiquities 212 Vm CONTENTS, 13. Aqueduct .'iikI Fountains 215 14, Observatories 220 Obscrvatorio Astrouomico 220 Observatorio Meteorologico 221 Obscrvatorio da Marinha 221 ir». Hospitals 222 Hosijital Real de S, Jose 222 British naval hospital 223 Hospital da Marinha 223 Hospital da Estrelliuha 223 Hospital do Desterro 223 Hospital de S. Lazaro 223 IG. Law Courts 223 Boa Hora 223 Suj^remo Tribunal do Justi^a 224 Supremo Tribunal de Justi^'^ Militar 224 Relagao de Segunda Instancia 224 Tribunaes de Primeira Instancia 224 Tribunal do Commercio 224 Relagao Ecclesiastica 224 17. Arsenals 224 Arsenal da Marinha 224 Arsenal do Exercito 225 18. Prisons 226 Limoeiro 226 Aljube 227 Castello de S. Jorge 227 Torre de Belem 227 S. Juliao da Barra 227 19. Markets 227 Praga da Figueira 227 Ribeira Nova (fish) 22S Ribeira Velha 229 Feira da Ladra 229 20. Public walks and gardens 229 Passeio publico ,. 229 Passeio da Estrella *. 230 Passeio de S. Pedro de Alcantara 230 Jardim botanico 230 21. Public Educational Establishments 231 Escola polytechnica 231 Escola medico-cirurgica 231 Escola de pharniacia 231 Institute agricola 231 Escola naval 232 Escola do exercito 232 Avda do commercio 232 Couscrvatorio real 232 Curso sujierior de letras 232 Institute industrial 232 Collegio dos aprendizes do arseual 233 Lyceu de Lisboa , 233 CONTENTS. IX 22. Barracks 233 23. Cemeteries 233 Cemiterio dos Inglczcs, or Cyprestes 233 Cemitcrio dor, Prazcres 2.34 Cemiterio do Alto de S. Joao 235 Cemiterio da Ajiula 236 Cemiterio dc S. Luiz 236 Cemiterio dos Judciis 236 Cemiterio dos AUemaes 236 Vallo Escuro 236 24. Otlier jiublic buildings 236 Cocheira Real 236 Castcllo dc S. Jorge 237 Torre dc Bclem 239 Lazareto 241 Cordoaria 241 Alfandega Grande (Custom-house) 241 Moeda (Mint) 246 Xabregas 246 Statue of S. Joiio Ncpomuceno 247 Terreiro do trigo 247 Matadouro 248 Imprensa uacional 249 Casa dos bicos 249 25. Environs of Lisbon 2.50 26. CiNTBA 256 Ramalhao 258 Quinta do Marquez 258 Palacio real 260 Palacio da Pena 262 Castello dos Mouros 262 Convento da Cortioa 263 Collares '. r 264 Pedra de Alvidrar 264 Monserrato 265 PenhaA'erde 266 Setiaes 266 Quiutas 266 27. Mafra 266 PART III. S UPPLEME NTAR Y. 1. Royal family 273 2. Titles of nobility 275 3. Municipality 278 4. Fire signal 279 5. Communications 280 Telegraphic 280 Postal 281 CONTENTS. Railway 283 Hackney carriages 288 Lisbon Carriage Company 288 Vapores lisbonenscs 290 Boats 291 Omnibuses 291 Tramway 291 Steam tramway 292 Steamers 290 Money, weights and measux-es 301 Currency 301 Portuguese to English money 303 English to Portuguese money 307 Portuguese metrical w eights compared with English 309 Old Portuguese weights compared with metrical and with English 309 Table for reducing Portuguese to English weight 310 Table for reducing English to Portuguese weight 311 Portuguese Long measure compared with English . . 312 Old Portuguese Long measure 312 Reduction of Portuguese Long measure to English . 312 Reduction of English to Portuguese Long measure . 313 Square measure 314 Portuguese dry and liquid measure 314 Old Portuguese liquid measure 314 Centigrade thermometer compared with Fahrenheit 315 PART I. PRELIMINARY. 1. DIRECTIOXS TO TRAVELERS ARRIVING AT LISBON. Travelers arriving at Lisbon by sea are required to give up their passports at the police office in the cus- tom-house. Within the space of three days the visitor should present himself" at the Governo Civil, in the Tra- vessa da Parreirinha, near the theatre of S. Carlos, where he will receive a hilhete de rtsidancla, or author- ization to reside in the capital: his passport will at the same time be returned to him and should be taken to the respective consulate to be vised. Persons arriving by land must present themselves at the aforesaid Governo Civil to receive the hilhete de residencia. Neglect of the above formalities is punishable with a fine not exceeding £ 20. An Englishman, however, intending to stay but a few days in Lisbon need not take out a hilhete de residencia, but should get his passport vised by the consul, without which he will not be able to qiut Lis- bon by sea, though he may do so by land. 2. BRITISH LEGATION AND FOREIGN CONSULATES. BEITISH LEGATION — rua de S. Francisco de Borja FOREIGN CONSULATES: Austria — Rua Nova de S. Francisco de Paida. Belgium — Travessa do Sequeiro das Chagas, 1. Brazil — Rua da Atalaia, 107. 1 BANKS AND BANKERS. Chili — Rua das Flores. Denmark — Travessa do Scqiieiro das Cliagas, 1. France — Kua Formosa, 108. Germany — Rua da Emenda. Great Britain — Pateo do Pimenta. • Greece — Travessa do Sequeiro das Chagas, 1. Italy — Beco dos Apostolos, 7. Netherlands — Rua da Emenda. Peru — Rua de S. Francisco, Russia — Rua direita do Calvario. SiAM — Rua do Ferregial de Cima, 21. Spain — Rua da Trindade. Swiss Confederation — Chiado, 61. Sweden and Norway — Alto do Santa Catharina. Turkey — Rua direita de S. Francisco de Paula. United States of America — Rua do Ferregial de BaixOj 33. Uruguay — Rua de S. Francisco, 13. Venezuela — Rua Nova do Almada, 11. 3. BANKS AND BANKERS. Banco de Portugal — 148, Rua dos Capellistas. Banco Lusitano — 85, Rua dos Capellistas. Banco Ultramarino — 74, Rua dos Capellistas. New London and Brazilian Bank — 75, Rua dos Capellistas. Banco Hypothecario — Largo do Santo Antonio da Se. Fonseca, Santos & Vianna — 120, Rua dos Capel- listas. Jose GoNgALVES Franco, Filhos — 170, Rua dos Capellistas. FoRTUNATO CnAMigo & Filhos — 10, Calyadinlia de S. Francisco. RicARDO Carvaliio & C.^ — 156; Rua dos Fanquei- ros. F. H. Van-Zeller& C."^ — Rua, da Horta Secca. Krus cS: C.'"^ — 1, Rua das Pedras Negras. .1. Pi. DoTTi — 49, Rua dos Capellistas. J. R. Blanco — 19, Largo de Santo Antonio da S'e. HOTELS. 3 4. HOTELS. - (HOTEIS OR HOSPEDAEIAS.) Lisbon is well supplied with hotels and the prices are modcratCj rangini^- from 4->500 rcis to 500 reis (20-. to 2^ 3'^) per day for bed, breakfast and tabic. d'hOte. In the cheaper hotels Portugncr^e only is spoken, but the traveler may get on pretty well with Spanish, The fol- lowing are the chief hotels : in the four first English is spoken, in the others French. Braganza — 41, Rua do Thesouro Velho, considered the first hotel in Lisbon, well situated Avith a charming view of the Tagus. Prices 1-S700 reis (7\ G'^) a day, and iipwards according to the quality of bedroom. Central — 25, Praca dos Komulares, vulgo, Caes do Sodre. A large hotel with excellent table d'hote. Its situation is very low and is for this reason consid- ered by some to be mihealthy. The stench from the river at low water in summer is a nuisance. Prices from DURAND — Largo do Barao de Quintella, much fre- quented by the English. A comfortable well conducted house. Prices from 7^ Street's English Hotel — 102, Rua do Alecrim, a good hotel with moderate prices. Hotel dos Embaixadores — 102, Rua Nova do Al- mada, being a wing of l)aron Barcellinho's palace. Well furnished lofty apartments. Prices from V. EUEOPA — 16, Rua Nova do Carmo, another Aving of the above palace. An old established hotel. Prices from 6^ 8 'I. Hotel Borges^ — at the top of the Chiado, the most fashionable street in Lisbon. A newly fitted up house, centrally situated and with moderate charges, a good family hotel. jMr. Borges, who was for many years ma- nager of the Allianea, is most solicitous for the comfort of his guests. Grand Hotel du Matta, in the building lately oc- cupied as the ministry of the Interior, at the toj) of tlie Chiado. A recently established hotel, under the direction 4 EATING-HOUSES AND CAFES. of the famed M;itta, who may be considered the Soyer of Portugal. Allian^a — 10, RuaNova da Trindade, with windows looking into the Chiado, prices from 5^. Universal — 23, Travessa deEstevao Galhardo, also looks into the Chiado. Fair table d'hote, at wliich per- sons not living in the hotel may dine for S'*, or paying by the month for 2^, 3'\ including half a bottle of wine. Prices from 5^ The prices above stated are for bed, breakfast d la fourchette, table d'hote and service, of course if the vi- sitor take his meals in private, an additional charge is made. In almost all the hotels, half a bottle of ordinary wine (vinho de pastoj is allowed per head at dinner. Other wines, which with the exception of Port are as a rule very bad, according to list. 5. EATING-HOUSES AND CAFES. (casas de pasto e capes.) EATING-HOUSES. Matta's — 72, Chiado. All the delicacies of the season served in first rate style, a la carte. Dinners, suppers, etc. supplied for balls and parties. Jansen's — Rua do Thesouro Velho, near the hotel Braganza. Restaurant Central — Rua Aurea, entrance 99, travessa da Assumpcao. Uniao — 149, Rua da Concei9ao, vulgo, rua dos Re- trozeiros. Estrella de Ouro — 289, Rua Bella daRainha (rua da Prata). Peixe Assado — 72, Rua Larga de S. Roque. Gallo — 91, Rua de S. Juliao (rua dos Algibe- bes). Manuel LouRENgo — 100, Rua Bella da Rainha (rua da Prata). In all these eating-houses a number of dishes are always ready cooked, a list of which with prices is placed on the table. PUBLIC BATHS. 5 CAFES. Central — in the Chiado, under the Hotel Universal. Tho' poorly furnished is the best cafe in the city. Beef- steaks, ham, fried fish and other sim])le dishes arc also supplied contrary to the custom of the Lisbon cafes. It is the only one open after midnight and is much used after the opera. There are several private rooms. AuREA Peninsular — in the rua Aurea. Martinho — Largo deCamdos, near the W. end of the theatre of D. Maria IL ]\Iuch frequented by politicians and men of letters. Martinho da Neve — at the NE. corner of the Praya do Commercio or Black horse square. The best ices in Lisbon are to be had here on summer evenings. IMontanha — Travessa da Assumpcao : a modcrnly furnished cafe Avith six billiard tables. Price or Taberna Ingleza — 76, Caes do Sodrc, ce- lebrated for its beefsteaks a ingleza, Bass on draught. Jansen's — Rua do Thesouro Velho^ near Hotel Bra- ganca. A cool place in summer. A drinkable glass of beer brewed on the spot, may be had here for 40 reis (2^). Fabrica de gelo — Rua da Boa Vista, near the Mint, with an entrance from the Aterro. This establishment, attached to an ice and chocolate manufaetury, supplies refrigerated beverages of every description including beer and soda-Avater. The waiters in all the cafes understand only Portu- guese or Spanish, but to compensate for their want of linguistic attainments they are well versed in j^antomi- micry. 6. PUBLIC BATHS. (BANHOS PUBLICOS.) Sea Bathing (Hanhos do mar). — From the 1."' of July to the I.*'' of November, half a dozen barques or floating baths (harcas de banhosj arc moored in the Tagus, at a short distance from the shore, o|)posite the Praca do Commercio and Caes do Sodre, where boats are in waiting to convey bathers to the baths. Each 6 I'UliLlC BATHS. Larquc contains some 20 se])aratc compartments im- mersed in the water to the depth of 4 or 5 feet. The charg'e is 100 reis inchidin"' boat. Each Ijarquc has a distinctive name such as Flor do Tejo, Deusa do Mar, Flor da Praia. The water however in tliis part of the river is not as ck>ar as might be desired, and Hoating objects unplea- sant to contemplate, deposited l)y the crews of the ships anchored in the vicinity, often make their appearance to the disf^ust oi" tin' ])(»or bathers. The sandy Ijcach near the tower of Belcm is a far more agreeable place and much frequented ])y sea bath- ers. There are several bathing establishments which supply rooms or tents, toAvels, etc., and charge a mere trifle. A visitor staying at Lisbon can take one of the early steamers to Belem, which sail every half hour from the Caes do Sodre, fare there and back 100 reis. On reaching the jetty at Ikdem, boats meet the steamers and convey the passengers gratis to the loathing esta- blishments. Many bathers who know how to swim, prefer going to the middle of the river in boats fitted up with can- vas for the jourpose of undressing, and plunge into the water secured by a cord tied round the wrist. Baths of Alcacakias (Banhos das Alcacarias) — 000 rcis per annum, is published expressly to go by the mail to the Brasils and other countries. It gives a resume of home and foreign intelligence up to the latest moment. The following periodicals are also published in Lis- bon : Annaes do cliih militar naval, monthly. Archivo rural, fortnightly. Direito, weekly. Gazeta medica, fortnightly. Jornal de agricidtura pratica, monthly. Jornal de 'pharmacta, monthly. Jornal das sciencias medicas, monthly. Repertorio das camaras^ Revista agricola, monthly. Revista de legislacao, Aveekly. Revista de ohras indjllcas, monthly. Revista dos tabelliaes, Revista militar, fortnightly. Revista de Portugal e Brasil, fortnightly. Artes e Letras, monthly. lu CJIRONOLOGICAL RESUME D. CHR0N0L(3GlCxVL liESUME OF THE HISTORY OF PORTUGAL. The history of Portugal being Kttlc read in Enghmd, the following chronological table of the principal cvcnt.s may prove useful to English tourists : — 13. C. 300 — Subjiiiration of Lusitaiiia, alonpjwith the rest of the Peninsula, by tlie Carthaginians. 220 — Roman conquest. 149 ■ — Viriatus rai-ses the standard of revolt against the Romans. 142 — Assassination of Viriatus. A.D.409 — Incursion of the Vandals, Alani and Suevi. 711 — Moorish invasion. 1095 Count Henrique receives from Al- fonso VI. of Leon and Castile, the inv(>stiture of Portugal, along with the hand of his daughter Theresa. 1112 Death of CNnnit Henrique, is succeed- ed by his infant son Atlbnso Hen- ri({ues under the regency of his mo- tlicr. Battle of Campo d'Ourique. Affonso ii;j9 Affonso Henriques. proclaimed king of Portugal. 1147 Siege and capture of Lisbon from the Moors by Attbnso, assisted by a party of English and Flemish Crusaders. 1 ir.8 Aleacer-do-Sal taken after GO days siege : the whole Moorish garrison slaughtered. lis.-, Death of Atibnso Henriques «tlie Con- queror ■> aged 74. Lies in a magui- iicent tomb in the Church of Santa Cruz, Coimbra; is succeeded by his son, 1 18.-) Sanciio I. • Father of liis Country." 11S9 Silves taken : the sovereign adds to his title that of Kiuy of Ahjarve. 1211 Death of Saneho aged 57 : lies in the Church of Santa Cruz, Coimbra ; is succeeded bv his son, 1211 Affonso II. .The Fat». OF THE HISTORY OP PORTUGAL 11 1211 Assembly of tlic first Parliament at Coimbra. 1217 Battle of Alcacor-do-Sal which had bcoii retakeu by the Moors in 1190. 1223 Death of Affonso II. aged 37 : lies in tlie Convent at Alcoba^a; is suc- ceeded by his son, i22;j Sanciio II. -■Capello'. 1245 Rebellion of the aristocracy and clergy, de])f)sition and flight of the king to Toledo, where ho died in 1248, and is buried in the cathe- dral of that city : succeeded by his brother, 1215 Affoxso III. «0f Boulogne.' 1249 Taking of Faro and comiilete con- quest of the Algarve. 1254 Cortes assemliled at Leiria, at wliicli delegates from the municipalities for the first time appear. 1279 Death of Affonso III. aged ()9 : buried at Aleobaca; succeeded by his son, 12711 Dl.NIZ. «The Husbandman- who marries St. Isabel in 1281. ^ 12S5 Civil war, tlie king's younger brother claiming the throne. 1318 Rebellion of the king's son Affonso. 1289 University of Lisbon founded. 1320 Military order of Christ founded. 1325 Death of Diniz aged.«)4: buried at Odivellas; succeeded by his son, l;]25 Affonso IV. .The Brave.. 1340 J)attle of Salado: tiie Moorish power in the Peninsula finally crushed. 1354 Clandestine marriage of the Infante D. P(xlri) witli tlie beautiful Ignez de Castro. 1355 Civil war between the king and his sou D. Pedro: murder of Ignez de Castro. 1357 Death of Affonso IV. aged G7 : buried in the Cathedral at Lisbon ; suc- ceeded by his son, 1357 ri:Duo I. «The Severe*. 13G1 Kxliumatioii and Coronation of tlie murdered Ignez de Castro. 13(37 Death of Pedro I. aged 47 : buried at Alcobai^a ; succeeded by his son, 1367 Fernando. "The Handsome ». 1370 War with Castile. 12 CHRONOLOGICAL KESUME 1385 1433 1438 1373 1383 Intkr- REGNUM. JoAO I. 138G 13S7 1415 1120 1418 1422 1433 DUARTE. 1437 1438 Affonso v. 1438 1440 Alliance witli tho Duke of Lancaster, son of Edward III. Death of Fernando aged 38 : buried in the Convent of S. Francisco at iSantareni; succeeded by an, D. Juan I. of Castile claims the king- dom in right of his wife Dona Beatrice, daughter of Fernando, but D. Joao, Master of Aviz, his natural sou is elected king by the ( 'ortes at Coimbra. Nuno Alvares Pereira distinguishes himself on the national side. «0f Good memory". 14."' August. Famous IJattle of Alju- ])arrota, 6:000 Portuguese com- pletely routing in half an hour 25,000 Sjianiards. D. Joiio thrown from his horse, is rescued by Gon- calo de Macedo. Artillery for the first time used in Portugal. D. Joao I. marries Philippa of Lan- caster and founds the ro^-al Con- vent of Batalha. Conquest of Ceuta in Africa. Discovery of Madeira by Joao Gon- calves Zarco and Tristao Vaz. Discovery of Porto Santo by Bar- tholomeu Pcrestrello. Adoption of the Christian era in place of that of Ca3sar. The Infante D. Henrique lays the foundation of tlie maritime greatness of Portu- Dcatli of Joao I. aged 7G: buried in the convent of Batalha, which he had founded to commemorate the battle of Aljubarrota ; succeeded by his third son. • The Eloquent". Battle of Tanger: defeat of the Por- tuguese; captivity and martyrdom of the Infante D. Fernando. Death of Duarte aged 47 : buried at Batalha; succeeded by his son, «Thc African* with his uncle D. Pe- dro as Regent. Civil war between the king and the regent. Battle of Alfarrobeira ; defeat and death of D, Pedro. OF THE HISTORY OF PORTUGAL. 13 1476 Battle of Toro in Spain: the Portu- guese defeated in their attempt to take tlic crown of Castile. 1449 Discovery of tlic A(;ores. African conquests. Alfonso resigns and re-assumes the crown. 1481 Deatli of Alfonso V. aged 49 : buried at Batalha; succeeded by his son, 1481 JOAO II. "The Perfect •. Conspiracy of nobles against the king. 1482 Discovery of Guine by Diogo d'AziimbuJa. 1483 Duke of Bragan9a beheaded. 1484 Duke of Viseu stabbed by the king at Betubal. 148G Discovery of Angola and Benguella by Diogo Cao. 1487 Cape of Good Hope doubled by Bar- tliolomeu Dias. Ali'ouso de Paiva and Jo;1o da Covilhil set out bj' land to discover India, but never return. 1495 Deatli of Joao II. aged 40 : buried at Batalha ; succeeded by his cousin, son of the Infante D. Pedro and grandson of Duarte. Hot rSE OF VIZEU. 1495 Manuel. "The Fortunate ». 149G Expulsion of the Jews. 1498 Discovery of India by Vasco da Ga- 1500 ma. Brazil discovered by Pedro Alvares Cabral. 150G Discovery of Madagascar by Ruy Pereira Coutinho. 1507 Discovery of tlie Maldiva islands by Lourenco d'Almcida. 1508-10 Conquest of Ormuz, Malaca and Goa, the three chief emporiums of Asia. 1517 Discovery of China by Ferniio Peres de Andrade. 1521 Death of Manuel aged 52: rests in the convent of St. Jerome at Be- lem, Lisbon ; succeeded by his son, H CHRONOLOGTCAL RESUME 1521 1557 JOAO III. 1 530-41 > 153G 1540 154G 1557 Sebastiao. 1562 1574 1578 1578 157.S Cardinal Henrique. 1580 .The Pious.. Colonization of Brazil. Portugal at- tains the height of its glory. Establismcnt of the Inquisition in I'ortugal. Entrance of the Jesuits, with ,St. Francis Xavier. Taking of Diu by D. Joao de Mas- carenhas. Death of Joao III : buried in St. Je- rome's Belem; succeeded by his grandson, «The E.egretted» with his grandmo- ther as regent. Cardinal Hem-ique regent. D. Sebastian's first visit to Africa. Fatal expedition composed of 16,000 men, including the flower of the Portuguese aristocracy, headed by D. Sebastiao, and accompanied by ]\Iuley Hamct who disputes the crown of Morocco with Muley Ma- luco. 4."' of August. Battle of Alcacer-Qui- bir, defeat and disappearance of Sebastiao, whose fate remains a mystery. The Portuguese army is utterly destroyed. Sebastiao at the time of his disappearance was aged 24: his supposed remains, brought to Portugal by Philip II, are deposited in St. Jerome's, Be- lem; succeeded by his great-uncle, 7."^ son of king Manuel, • The chaste ». Death of the Cardinal King aged 68 : buried in St. Jerome's Belem. The throne is claimed by Philip II. of Spain; Antonio, Prior do Crato; Joao, Duke of Bragan9a ; Emanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy; the Prince of Parma; Elizabeth of England, and the Pope. The claim- ants resolve themselves into Phi- lip II. of Spain and the Prior do Crato. The duke of Alva invades Portugal, and Philip prevails. OF THE HISTORY OP PORTUGAL. CASTILIAN USURPATION. The GO years captivity. 1581 1598 1G21 Philippe I. 1589 1588 1598 Philippe II. 1610 1G21 Philippe III. 1625 1610 i^II. of Spain) 'Tlic Prudent'. Siege of Lisbon by flie Prior (h> Crato. The invincible fleet of 150 ships sails from Lisbon to conquer Eng- land, but is driven back by con- trary winds and many of the ships Avrecked. Various impostors give themselves out as D. Sebastian, the most notable being a man who ai)peared at Venice having marks on his body corresponding exactly with D. Sebastiao. Many Portu- guese believe in his identity, but Philip! casts him into prison where he pei'ishes. Kapid decline of the Portuguese emjHrc. Death of Philip I. aged 71 : buried in the Escurial, near Madrid. Suc- ceeded by his sou, (III. of Spain) . Tlie Idle . . The Dutch ruin the Portuguese empire in Asia and conquer nea:rly the whole of Brazil. Expulsion of the Moors from Portu- gal and from the rest of the Pen- insula. Death of Philip II. aged 43 : buried in the Escurial; succeeded by his son. (IV. of Spain) «The Unfortunate ». Bahia retaken from the Dutch. 1."' December. TIic Portuguese tired of the tyranny of Spain resolve to expel tlie f Strabo, De rerum geogra'pharum, lib. iii, page 224. Now if there were many people in the time of Augus- tus who spoke Latin, is it not safe to assume that after a further sway of the Romans of upward of four cen- turies, the Latin laniiiiaire Avould have become the general langnage of the people V Some proud Spaniards go so far as to say that Cas- tilian is not derived from Latin, but Latin from Casti- lian ! «Alguuos han querido que no el romance del latin sino el latin del romance nuestro, hal)ia tornado su ori- gen.)) Sarmiento. It is a remafkable fact that many of the Latin wri- ters in the silver age Avere l)orii in Spain, as for instance, the two vSenecas, Columella, Lucanus, Quintillianus, Martialis, Mela, etc. Latin then, having bec(»me the gen- eral language of the Peninsula, but with various dialects, one of these was the foundation of the Galician lan- guage, and another of the Castilian. The former has been developed into Portuguese. So that Castilian and Portuguese have groAvai up side by side independent of 22 PORTUGUESE LANGUAGE each othei', but u-s their Ibundatiaus were dialects of onv and the same lan^'iiag'e, there is a very close resem- ])lancc between the two, but they stand in the same relation to each other as Spanish and French. Portuguese is as near Latin as may be, after abolish- ing the case-endings and introducing prepositions in their stead. To shew the very close connection between Portu- guese and Latin let us take one of Cicero's letters and compare all the verbs, adverbs, nouns, ])ronouns and adjectives, viz : «Tullia nostra vcnit ad we pridio Idus Junias, cujus summa virtute ct singulari huraanitate graviore ctiam sum dolore affeetus nostra factum esse negligentia ut longe alia in fortuna csset atque ejus pietas ac dignitas postulabat. Nobis erat in aninio Ciceronem ad Caesa- reni mittcre, et cum eo Cn. Sallustium. Si profectus erit, faciam to certiorem. Yaletudinem tuam cura diligon- ter. Vale. )^ Omitting proper names and ])utting the nouns and adjectives in the abl. a"iid the verbs in the iirst per. singular, present indicative, we have. nostra venio me pridie Jmiio cujus summa virtute singulari Immanitatc grave sum dolore affecto facto nea:liii:entia Porfuguose. nossa venho me No equivalent adv .lunho cujo summa virtude • singular humanidade grave sou dor affecto facto nec'ligcncia AND LITERATURE. 23 Latin. Portuguese. longe lougo alia oiitra fortuna for tun a pietatc ])ietladc dignitatc dignidadc postulo postulo animo animo mitto rcnietto CO clln proficiscor parto tacio laro te tc valctiidine saiide ccrto certo euro euro valco vallio Indeed so much alike are the two languages that An- tonio de Sousa do jMacedo has published a collection of orations both in pro?c and verse, wliich may be read as Portuguese or Latin. The following is a sample: « quam gloriosas luemorias publico considerando quanto vales, nobilissiraa lingua lusitana cum tua fe- cundiaexcessivamonte nos provocas, exeitas, inflammas, quam altas victorias procuras, quam celebres triumphos spcras, quam excellentes fabricas fundas, quam pervcr- sas furias castigas, quaui feroces insolencias rigorosa- mente domas, raanifestando de prosa e de verso tantas elegancias latinas » . (cAlta resurge j)i() felix de ])riueipe terra Et renova palmas lysia chii'a tuas Vive triumphando charissima })ati'ia vivo Que fiima, im})erio gloria maior tM-as Et tua de mundo certo celeberrinia lingua (Extiuguas voces lingua latina tuas) Prospera continuos dando fortuna favores Conserva gcntes forte bcviigua suas.» After the overthrow of the lloman empire, Portugal successively fell a prey to the Vandals, Suevi, Alanos, 24 PORTUGUESE LANGUAGE Visigoths, Arabs and Moors, the latter occupying the CDiintry for more than three centuries and introducing into its language many Arabic words which are still retained and generally begin with al, like alfandega, custom-house; alfinetCj, pin; almogo^ breakfast. After the expulsion of the Moors, the language may be said to have undergone no radical change; the diffe- rence between Portuguese of the xvi century, and that of the present day, is principally a change of orthogra- phy and latterly the introduction of French words and gallicisms. Portuguese literature may be said to begin with Gil Vicente, who flourished in the first half of the XVI. cen- tury : the following are the chief classic authors since that period : Bernardim Ribciro. 8a do Miranda, 1405-1558. Joap de Barros, 1400-1570. Damiao de Goes, 1501-1 57o. Jeronymo Osorio, 150(3-1580. Fernao Mendes Pinto, 1509-1583. Camoes, 1524-1580. Antonio Ferreira, 1528-15G0. Diogo Bernardes, 1530 (•?)-1605. Joao de Lucena, 1540-1 GOO. Frei Luiz de Sousa, 1555-1632. ' Freire de Andrade, 1597-1G57. Antonio de 8ousa de Macedo, 1606-1682. Padre Vieyra, 1608-1607. Manuel de Mello, 1611-16G6. Jose Agostinho de Macedo, 1761-1834. Bocage, 1765-1805. Garret, 1798-1854. Of men of letters of the present day the number is great, and journalism being the shortest cut to place and poAver, many ambitious men take to the pen, not from a love of literature, but as a means to an end. However there are many distinguished Avi'iters in all branches of literature, and at the head of the list stand ttie AND LITERATURE. 25 names of Viscondc do Castilho, Hcrciilano, Mendes Leal, Castcllo Branco, Latino (Joclho. To an Englishman, Portuguese is by no means an easy language to learn. It contains many nicitics of expres- sion and j)ronounciation. There are 21 distinct vowel sounds represented by the five vowels a^ e, ij, o, u, and 20 consonant sounds represented by 18 letters, by which are formed the 1,800 syllables and 40,000 words com- posing the Portuguese language. The vowels e and o are each pronounced in six different Av\ays without any accents to guide foreigners, indeed the only Avay to acquire a tolerably correct pronunciation is by constant practice and residence in the comitry; all rules given in grammars are of little use, it being impossible to apply them in practice. It is as necessary to educate the ear for language as for music, and it is only after a year or two that an Englishman begins to distinguish the pro- nunciation of a Portuguese from that of a Brazilian, tho' to the natives there is as great a difference as be- tween cheese and chalk. The principal difficulty to be got over by an English- man is the ^- chiante and the double r, which must be very distinctly articulated to distinguish it from the sin- gle r. The easiest way to learn Portuguese is to master thoroughly the paradigms of the verbs and the rules of concordance. There is nothing more profitable than learn- ing phrases by heart, so as to be able to write them down from memory. Before committing any thing to memory care must be taken to give each word its prop- er pronunciation. By this means the learner will not only acquire a knowledge of the genders, irregular verbs, signification of words, orthography and pronun- ciation, but he will also learn to put the right Avord into the right place ; for there are many synonyms in Portu- guese, the use of which practice alone will teach, and which if wrongly employed sound very odd to Portu- guese ears, just as to an Englishman it would sound strange to hear any one say Mendelssohn's moon.shine sonata tho' the signification of moonshine and of moon- light is exactly the same. The Portuguese are very vivacious in familiar con- versation, and often make use of onoraatopeias to enli- 26 HISTORICAL SKETCH. yen tlK!ir discourse. Thus in recounting the exploits of .'i warrior who cut off the head of his enemy, they woukl imitate the action by a wave of the hand and the noise of the percussion by 2.'a?j. In Portuguese hke in Latin the personal pronouns arc not used with tlie verbs, except for the sake of emphasis or to prevent and)iguity, and this feature of the language makes it especially adajttcd for e})ic poetry. The same may be said Avith regard to tlie relative jjositions of the nominative, verb and object which can be varied infi- nitely more than in English. The best English-Portuguese grammar isVieyra's, but it does not contain any exercises. There is also a me- thod of teaching Portuguese by Cabano, on the Ahn syst(>m; it is not a bad book, but the Portuguese part is full of errors. A small book of exercises by the llvv. A. J. 1). D'Urscy tho' printed in London is more cor- rect, as Avell as his «ColIof[uial Portuguese 11 . The best Portuguese-English dictionary'- is that by T^a- cerda.Vieyra's though less copious is nnich cheaper, and quite sufficient for beginners. It is correct as lar as it goes. The distinction between .ser and estar, both repre- sented by to he in English, offers considerable difficulty at first, which practice alone will overcome. Scr is de- rived from the Latin e^sCj and <^star from stare- but their use and signification are very different in the two lan- guages. The former corresponds with archbishop Whatc- ly's Inseparahle accident, and the lattei" with his se- 2)arable accident. Many nice shades of meaning arrise from the combination of the three auxiliaries haver, es- tar and ter, with the verb «to be» ser, by which exis- tence is predicated as commencing, continuing or end- ing. Li conversation, however, there is no time for me- taphysical subtilties, and the student will find it by far )nore profitable to learn the practice first and the theory afterwards. l*ortugucs<' diifcrs from nil the other Euro])ean lan- guages in ptjssessing a j^ersijnal infinitive in addition to the impersonal one, and this circumstance does away Avith andjiguity in those ])ropositions, Avhere the subject of the infinite is difterent, from that of the finite verb. C'hrOnOljrajTilic Maj> .ft/,,- /.r„u;/,al R,r/„juese C/.is^ic ,„r,trr.^ ,o,„/mrcJ „„//, l/n,.re of Itahf. S,nu„ F?m,ce„,ul E„^la,„l 1300 IT.XLIJVX SPAMSH P()RTr(;ri']SK KRKXC'H KXC. MSII o z X " jioo ■'" ^l.L.:...i„ t f i , ' : 1 !"■ 3 " ra s 3> C c n = o —.IT J"! ■■ ^ ^ ;- Ljj- IttJ 1 'Z ! ! - o m 3 -< ; r^ "~ Z'^ m|2 " " ii > ^ 1^ ~ ^' i 1 s ^ ■ r^ --■ c ! 1 s - -^ £ = ^ r^ ts ^ 5 -*- n-' ■ J-, . ..i^ ^ n ■^ ^^ - o 2 X C _ 3) a > r^ I ^ a, > t- — o S > ^ s ~ 5 r- s 5 m >' y ™ s 1 — > o "f^ m o » ^ i o ;. c ^ f*^ > -'- ! 2 o - 13' = o — 5 III > o. ^ ^ „ 1 — z^ = i :;^ ^ o =■ " = s ^ s a ji^ 5 n I £ 1 1 s S 1^ s o ^ ^ — 1 — 1 •-'■ i M " m '^■" UJ ~ "' 5 s & , 'C, ^- ' 1 Lfi- i n J [, » ^ o J ^' z' , i' m £ T ^%^ " ~^i ■Lj' — z 2 2 F o s [ '■' 'tt^ "■ ^ s '= ^ m J I ^ ? ^ -iii, 1 , *■ ■■' m O > p % ' ^ ;^^ i s "^ ^Ll o ? m 3 ; " •s ±^ ■ : - S ^ - n > --, > g Sh pr S %- s s _ r- 1 s s ^ 1 ; S T ■< 1700 t 5_ 1 - > O t 1 i ^ ~ TF f- „ ^ i t br - sr '- 1 3 T " " _J " "" s m £1 — jmj ^ » ? '■ -i - ' hr ' > -^- " 5 s_ P ^ ^ m. m = i- ^ 3 s ^ ^ o ^ ' : ! ? ~T '^ J id z ^ 5 _^ ^ i;. z 2 15 33 r^ - ° 1 n r 5u... 1 c S m ^ ^ > s 2""n " , ^^ ■ L_ ^ ? ° " 1- 2 = f, : ; i 1 . M z ^ ■",: : c E ■"' " ■X— r.,' - r< ;,) ? ISOO S ~1 ^'- _ f^J S <■ X -z [| t - -r 1 — 3; ^ 1 ^ i" 1 -f- 1 i 1 J ^ - 1 - .^ ~" ; 1 Ufa ;i| s > c 5 ^ ^ ^ - - 3 o i s - £ 1 i 1 X ^ 1 1 1 1 — 1 "' r- = m S S SI ■./ J s ^ '5 m -in m 3?: » ; (8 -^ = > - " > ^ ^ ^ ' p T- 2 m It » 1 V ? - "^1 > ^ = ^ u,. " s ^ V ILo . . Z s s 1 > ~ 5 ^ 1 ;; — ^ ^;^ ? f ^ I c y i s 3 IR :- . « S " ^' . i , L-^ 5 i •^ -J Is " -^ " a J s In TT M : —L 1 1 _ _ ij ^ ; 1 s ■ J i ! i ' I i m s ■ 1^ TT :i 1 ^ " 17^ — -1 X i -J 1 ■f.ia^^s^a ail /rTJsraitj jVids/Ji AND LITERATURE. 27 There are three modes of address called tratamentosj like in French. The second person singular tu is used in addressing near relations, intimate friends, and lower servants; the second person plural voft in place of the singular, is noAV almost obsolete ; and the third person u ^Senhor^ Vossa jSenhoria^ Vossa Exctllcncla, is used with equals and superiors, and may be safely used by a foreigner in addressing all classes of society : >Se- )ihor tjuer jantar? Like Monsieur, veut-il diner? In addressing ladies Vossa Excellencia is always used. An Englishman s])eaking French can get on very well in Lisbon or Oporto, but if he intend to travel in tlie interior of the country, a knowledge of Portuguese is indispensable. There may be said to be no patois in Portugal if avc except the province of the Minhu, Avhose inhabitants are in the habit of changing the v into h and vice- versa. Along the Spanish frontier also, slight modifications of pronunciation may be observed, but they can scarcely be said to amount to dialects. The following chronographic map presents at one view, the relative position in j)oint of time, of the princi})al Portuguese classics compared with those of Italy, Spain, France and England down to the end of the last cen- tury. The map is divided by the thicker horizontal li- nes, into five centuries, which arc aa,"ain subdivided into decades. The numbers at the top and bottom of each figure denote the years of birth and death. The per- ]tendicuhir space covered by each figure re})resents the duration of the Avi'Iter's life. 28 HISTORICAL SKETCH. 11. HISTORICAL SKETCH OF LISBON. The origin of Lisbon is lost among the nebulae ot remote antiquity. Like most cities of the Peninsula, its historians claim for its foundation a remoteness Avliich carries us back to the regions of {able ; and much learned time has been spent in attempting to prove that the Elysian lields were situated in Portugal ; that the Lima was the river of oblivion, and that Lisus or Lu- sus, who accompanied Bacchus in his travels, was the foiuidcr of Lisbon and progenitor of the Lusitanians: Lusns the loved companion of the God, In Sjmin's fair bosom fixed his hist abode, Our kingdom founded, and illustrious reign'd. In whose fair lawns, the blest Elysium feign'd, Where winding oft the Guadiana roves. And Douro murmurs through the flowering gi'oves. Here with his bones he left his deathless fame, And Lusitania's clime shall ever bear his name. (Camoes, cant, viir.) Others again Avith no less zeal contend that Lisbon owes its origin to Ellsa., great-grandson of Noali, and with marvelous precision determine the exact date to be 2150 B. C. or 278 years after the deluge. The pop- ular belief, however, is that it was founded by Ulys- ses after the destruction of Troy, and though there is no definite authority in favor of Homer's astute hero, yet he has boon generally adopted by the poets in their litcubrations, and the story has thus gained currency with the people. It is related that Ulysses after long- contending with the tempestuous ocean, entered the Ta- gus for the double purpose of repairing the damage his ships had sustained in a storm, and of giving an inter- val of repose to his Aveary followers ; that after a con- siderable delay, when he proposed to resume his voyage, he found fcAv or none willing to exchange the securi- ty of a delightful harbor for the stormy perils of an unknown ocean, that in this emergency he adapted himself to circumstances, and in accordance with the wishes of his men, traced out the foundations of a new ORIGIN or LISBON. 29 city wliich he called Olyssippo, and built in it a temple to Minerva; that the predatory habits of" these con- quei'ors of Troy soon drew upon them the hostility of the natives, and that the prudent chief representing to his followers tliis opposition as an insurmountable obsta- cle to their plans of permanent colonization, induced them to abandon the place and to sail Avith him once more in search of Ithaca : That other chief th'embroidered silk displays, Tossed on the deep whole yefin- of weary days, On Tagus' banks at last his vows he paid. To Wisdom's God-like power, the Jove Ixirn inaid. Who fired his lips with eloquence divine, On Tagus' banks he reared the hallowed shrine, Ulysses he, though fated to destroy On Asia's ground the heaven built towers of TroVi On Europe's strand, more gxateful to the skies. He bade th'cternal walls of Lisbon rise i. (^LusiAD., cant, vin — iv, v.) But leaving the regions of iiction we find that the first certain event recorded of Lisbon is its reduction with the rest of Spain under the dominion of Carthage. In the wars which the African republic waged against Rome, its citizens joined the standard of the victorious Hannibal. The lasting hatred against the Romans infused by that general into his followers, displayed itself in the jjertinacious struggle which the Lusitani maintained under the immortal Viriatus; and long after Carthage had fallen beneath the power of her rival, they still fouglit for independence under the conduct of Apimanus and Sertorius. The unequal contest at last terminated in the destruc- tion of Lusitanian liberty, and the whole of further Spain was reduced into the form of a Roman proA'ince. Under the Emperors, good military roads were con- structed, connecting Lisbon with the other principal 1. This tradition is the subject of Antonio de Sousa de Ma- cedo's epic poem "Olj'ssippo* wi'itten in the middle of the 17."* century, and considered one of the classic works in the Portu- guese language. 30 HISTORICAL SKETCH. towns of Lusitania : its aiificnt name Ulyslppo * was changed into the more classical one of Feiicitas Julia, as that of Bcja was into Pax Julia. Both appellations were Ijcstowed by Julins Caesar, and the same Empei'or gave to LisLon the privileges of a Eoiiian j]fiu)icipimn. From the time of Julius Caesar nothing wcn'thy of notice occurs till the reign of Honorius, when the Goth- ic invaders of the Roman empire, after desolating the fairest provinces of Italy and Gaul, scaled the PyreneeSj an-d scattered their countless legions over the Peninsula. Lisbon soon attracted the attention of the barbarians. The terrified inhabitants, following the temporizing po- licy of Rome, met with a calamity similar to that which befel the Latin capital. A prodigious sum procured the departure of the foe: the same year witnessed his re- turn. The interval had been employed in j^roviding addi- tional means of defence, and the garrison had been raised to twice the number of men. For three months all the efforts of the barbarians to force an entrance had proved unavailing. At length a termination was put to the struggle by the treachery of Lucidius, the commander of the garrison. The besiegers were admit- ted, and the city was given up to plunder. Yet whatever Lisbon may have suffered from the rapacity of the in- vaders, she could not eom])lain of preeminence in disas- ter: every city of Spain bore its share in the general calamity. The Gothic invasion, however, was not without its advantages. Impoverislied by the successive exac- tions of Roman governors, the country had little to lose, perhaps much to gain, by a change of masters. The Goths by incorporating themselves with the natives, gra- dually spread ainong them ideas of independence, all tendency to which the suspicious policy of Rome had been careful to suppress 5 and thus, if the people under the Gothic sway retrograded in civilization, the evil Avas partly compensated by the onAvard move they made in liberty. Among the nations Avhich had folloAved 1. Plin}- and Gi'uter assert that the ancient name of Lisbon was Olisipo or OUsippo, a word of Phaniieian etymology moan- ing a pleasant bay. In the inseriirtions still extant of the time of Domitianus and' of the middle of the 3.''i century, it is styled Olidpo. TTIE VISIGOTHS AND MOORS. 31 the standard of Alaric, the jjrincipal were the Goths or Visig-otlis, the Vandals, Suevi, Ahmi and Siligni. Each tribe had its own chief and ])rofessed independence. These divisions soon proved a fertile source of discord, and the conquered country, after being' exposed to the miseries of invasion, was doomed to experience the hor- rors of civil war. Lisbon was a second time besieged and taken. The Visigoths, under Theodoric finally gained the ascendant, and during the space of two hundred years thirty Visigothic kings successively wielded the scep- ters of Spain and Pf»rtugal. Roderic closed the series; a man remarkable only for his shamcfid irregularities, which after having earned for him the detestation of his subjects, finally occasioned the loss of his crown and life after the fatal battle with the Moors, on the banks of the Guadelete in 713. The followers of Mahomet had at this period extended their power from the eastern border of Arabia to the shores of the Atlantic. One only fortress bade defiance to their arms. This was Ceuta. Before this important place, Musa, the general of Caliph, appeared Avith an array of 140,000 men. For a considerable time the efforts of the infidel were without success, and his army would probably have wasted away before this impregnable rock had not the governor himself treacherously given him admission, to revenge an insult which Roderic had offered him in the person of liis daughter. Count Julian not only became an apostate and a traitor, but offered to head the expedition which had for its object the sub- jugation of the Peninsula to the Mahometan yoke. The appearance of the forces after landing on the coast of Spain, under Yarrick, the lieutenant of j\lusa, is thus described by Southey : — There on tlie boacli the unbelievers spread Their banners Hauntini;- to the sun and breeze: Fair shone the sun upon tlicir prond arra}-. "^.Vhile turbans, glittering armor, shield engrailed With gold, and seyuntars of Syrian steel. And gently did the breezes, as in sport, Cnrl their long tlags outroUing, and display The blazoned scrolls of Ijlasphemy. 32 HISTORICAL SKETCH. The landing of the Mooi's Avas an event the more appalling as it was nnexpeeted. Xo adequate means of cheeking the progress of the invaders had been pro- vided; town after town was either forced or terrilied into submission, and within the space of two years fron\ the appearance of the Moslem fleet, the standard of Ma- homet waved from every ])rincipal city in the l*enin- sula. The dominion of the Moors forms a long and dreary night in the history of Lisbon. In the year 793, after a christian army had rallied round the king of Asturias, a suecessfid effort was made by Don Alonzo, surnamed «the Chaste)), to wrest the city fr(»m the hands of the infidels. But though he gained, he was unable to retain possession of it. During a period of 300 years the Christ- ians and ]\Ioors were alternately its masters. The im- portance of its position was equally felt by both jKirties, and many and bloody were the contests carried on, either within the city itself, or in its immediate neighborhood. In the meantime its population decreased; the ap])ear- ance of the temples changed according to the religion of the victors ; and its public buildings and ancient mon- uments were remorselessly pulled down to aid in con- structing works of defense. Even its name was destin- ed to undergo a change. The ancient appellation of Lispo, the abbreviation of Olisipo, was transformed into Lisbo, an alteration easily accounted for by the fact that the letter ]) does not exist in the Moorish alphabet. Such was the situation of Lisbon, when in the year 1095 Don Affonso VI, king of Castile, gave with the hand of his daughter, the investiture of the whole of Portugal to the valiant Prince Henry, duke of Bur- gundy. This prince, by a series of victories over the Moors, had well nigh succeeded in realizing, before the end of liis long reign, a title which when bestowed was only nominal. At his death he left a son, whose achieve- ments were to form the first and brightest page in the history of the Portuguese monarchy. This was AfFonso Hem'iques. Assuming the reins of government Avhen only eighteen years old, he first combated and quelled an mmatm-al cabal in the regency, which had for its object to deprive him of the rights which he inherited AFFONSO HENRIQUES. 83 from his fatlicr. His next efforts were directed against the Moors. They were his avowed and natural enemies. Puttin<^ himself at tiie head of an army he advaneed into Estremadura, crossed the Tagus, and carried devasta- tion into the country south of that river. To arrest his progress the intid(ds united their forces. Five Moorish kings assembled their respective armies on the plains of Ourique. Victory declared for Aifonso, who with 13,00() men defeated a liost of 200,000, and returned laden with spoil and with glory*. His chief object in this ex- pedition had been to strike terror into the enemy by ravaging the open country as he passed. An unsuccess- ful attempt on Lisbon closed the campaign. T\u' great battle of Ourique was fought in ll;>i). After a short repose he again took the field. I'rom Lamego, where he had been proclaimed by the three estates, he marched once more in th(^ direction of Lisbon. Leiria and Santarem were taken by assault ; the smaller towns surrendered at discretion, and no further opposi- tion was attempted till he came in sight of the Moorish 1. Tradition says that on the eve of the battle, while the count was meditating on the vast superiority of his enemy's forces, a hermit suddenly entered his tent and told him in God's name, to go forth next morning on hearing the bell ring for mass, and turn his face towards the east. He obeyed and be- held the image of our crucified Saviour surrounded by a bright halo, who jjromised him not only victory, but a regal crown : A matutiua luz serena e fria, As estrellas do polo ja apartaAa Quando na Cruz o Fillio de Maria, Mostrando-se a Affonso, o animava. Elle adorando quem Ihe apparecia, Na Fe todo infianmiado, assi gritava : Acs infieis, Senhor, aos infieis, E nao a mini, qu(; creio o que podeisi Com tal milagre «)s animos da gente Portugueza inflammados, levantavam For sen rei natural estc excellente Frinci])e, que do peito tanto amavam ; E diante do exercito potcnte Dos imigos, gritando o ecu tocavam, Dizendo em alta voz: Keal, Real, For Aflbnso, alto rei de Fortugal. »^Camof,s. I 34 HISTORICAL SKETCH. capital. Here the infidels had detennined to make a final stand. Having- concentrated within the walls the best and bravest of their forces, they bade defiance to all the efforts of the besiegers. A strong wall defended by seventy seven towers, surrounded the- ph^cc. Stores of every kind had been abundantly provide id, and the en(;rgies of the Christian army Avould pr(tbably have wasted away in as vain attempts as those that had been made the pre- ceding year, had not a fortunate and unexpected occur- rence taken place, which idtimately decided the contest in favor of Affonso. This was the arrival of a fleet of some two hundred galleys on its way to Palestine Avith an army of Crusaders, composed principally of English, French, Germans and Flemings. Having been driven to Oporto tln-ough stress of wea- ther, Affonso did not lose th(i golden opportunity. He represented to the commanders of the expedition that the infidels whom he was besieging were in effect the same as those whom they had bound themselves to con- quer, and that to aid him in expelling from his domin- ions these enemies of the Christian name, was as merito- rious and honorable an entreprisc as if they had landed on the shores of Palestine. His arguments and entreaties prevailed. The forces amounting to 20,000 men were landed at Lisbon, and the siege was continued with the combined strenght of l)0th armies. Who the leaders of these Crusaders were has long been a vexata qucestio among historians. Several distinguish- Tlius translated by Micklc : 'T was morn's still hour, before the dawning grey. The stars' bright twinkling died away ; When lo, res])lendent in the heaven serene, ]ligh o'er the prince the sacred cross was seen, The godlike ])rince with faith's warm glow inllamed. Oh, not to me, my bounteous God, exelaim'd, Oh, not to me, who well thy grandeur know. But to the I'agan herd thy wonders shew. The Lusian host, enraptured, mark'd tlie sign, That witnessed to their chief the aid divine : Right on the foe they shake the beamy laiice, And with firm strides, and heaving breasts, advance, Then burst tlie silence, Hail, O King, they cry; Our King, our King, tlie echoing' dales reply. SIEGE OP LISBON. THE CEUSADERS. 35 ed names are mentioned, such as Eric, king of Den- mark, the duke of Burgundy and the count of Flanders. Some authors arc of opinion that the expedition was under no particuhir chief, but that it was an heteroge- neous multitude, who had taken the cross in different countries and trusted more to the guidance of Heaven, than to that of their leaders. The following account of the siege of Lisljon by Afion- so Henriques is taken from a letter Avritten in 1147 by one of the Crusaders, a nobleman named Arnulfo, to the bishop of Jerona, in France, and published at Paris 1724 in a work entitled Veterum. Afonumentorum by two Benedictine monks of Sc. Maurus*. «0n Monday, entering the l>ar of the river called Douro, we arrived at Oporto where we found the bishop of that city joyfully awaiting our arrival by order of the king, and there we stayed eleven days for count Ar- noldo de Ardescot and the Constable, who had been se- parated from us Ijy a tempest, and wo were liberally supplied with wine and other delicacies by the gene- rosity of the king. ((Count Arnoldo and the Constable having arrived, we set sail and on the second day, the vigil of the apostles SS. Peter and Paul (28."' June) we reached Lis- bon, which city according to the Moorish historians, was founded by Ulysses after the destruction of Troy. It is admirably constructed both as to its walls and towers and is situated at the top of a hill almost impregnable to 1. For the boriolit of tliosc wlio take an interest in antiquities W"C give the Lntia text of this curious document : • Secunda feria a. Portucallimper alveum iiuniinis, qui Dorius (licitur, applicuimus, ul)i Episcojjuui clvitatis ejusdoui adventnm nostrum cun\ niagno gaudio juxta praeceptuni Regis praesto- lantem repcriinns. Ubi per dies xi adventum eoinitis Arnohli de Ardescot nee non Clu'istiani Constahidarii, cpii a nol)is ])raedicta tempestate divisi erant expeotantes, ae(|uam venditionein tam vini, quani cacteraruin deliciaruiu ex benevoh"'ntia regis liabui- mus. • Eandcni comito Arnoldo sinudcpie Stabulario roceptis, navi- gantes secunda die apud Ulixibonam in vigilia apostolorum Pe- tri et Pauli a])pulimus. Quae civitas. sicut tra(hint liistoriae Sa- i-acenorum, ab I'lixe i)o>t excidiuin Troiac coudita, niirabili stru- ctura tani inurorum (piam turriuin, super niontcni humauis viribus insuperabilis fundata e-t. 3. 3G IIISTURICAL SKETCH. luiman forces. Pitching our tents around it we captured thc! suburbs, by divine assistance, on the l.'^'- of July. After this, assaulting the walls in various places, with great loss to ourselves and to the enemy, we spent tlie time till the 1.''* of August in niakuig military machines. We constructed two towers near tlu; shore, one on the east side where the Flemings were located, and the other on the west side where the English had pitched their camp. We constructed also four bridges in the ships, to gain admission to the city by scaling the walls. On St. Stephen's day (SJ^ August) we advanced with the ships, but being driven back by contrary winds and damaged by the engines of war, we had to withdraw them. Then, Avhile we were fighting with tlie Moors, the English having been remiss in the defense of their tower, it was suddenly set on fire and the flames could not be extinguished. In the meantime we began to undermine the wall by means of a machine, but the Moors observing this, poured burning oil on to it, and the machine was set on fire. After which they killed a large number of our men by their darts and engines and were themselves 'Severely jmnished by us. Our men, somewhat downcast by the destruction (jf their machines and thc damage they had received, rely- « Circa quain, figeutis tentoria. Kalendis Julii siiburbana ejus Diviua virtute adjiiti, cepimus. Post haec assaltus, varios circa muros non sine magno uostrornm et illoruin detriinento f'aeien- tes, usque ad kalendas Augusti in madiinis facicndis teinpns jji-otraxiiuus. Siquidcm duas turres juxta litus unam in orieutali parte, ubi Flandrigenae couscderant, alteram in occidental!, ubi Augli castra locaverant, magno sumptu construximus. "Pontes etiam quatuor in navibus, per quos nobis aditus super urbis inuros patereut, construximus. "Haec in inventione B. Stephani Protomart3'ris admoventcs, vento contrario repulsi, nee non magnellis quodammodo laesi, naves retraximus. Deindc nobis ex nostra parte pugnantibus cum Saracenis, Angiici minus caute suam turrim custodieiites banc ex improvise igne suceensam extinguere non potuerunt. Interim nos quadam machiua murum efltbdere coepimus. Quod videntes Saraceni igne oleo admixto, eandem macliinam in fa- villam redegerunt, praeterea mortes innumeras, tam magnellis quam sagittis, nostris inferentes, ipsi quoque a nostris puniti sunt. Nostri de fractura machinarum et suorum contritione ali- quantis perfracti, in misericordia Dei sperantea, ingenia et ma- cminas reparare coeperunt. THE CKUSADEKS. 37 iiii;^ on the- mercy wort]iy undertaking was completed at the exjDcnse of the king, and Avith the assistance of the whole army, about the middle of October. In like manner, a certain individual, by his genius and the help of many others, made huge excavations nnder the walls of the city. The Moors, annoyed at this, made a sally on the feast of St. Michael (29."* September), about ten o'clock in the morning, and fought over the fosse "Intcrea Saraccni civitatis qui alimentis abundahant, snis con- fivibns egentibus aliiiicnta !idoo snl)trahebaiit ut qnaiiipluriini enruin fame iiiorfrt'iitur; quidaiii aufcin coruni cjmi's ot cattos non nbhorrebant devoraiT. Ilonim pars phu'iina ("brislinuis so obtiilit ft Baiitisnii iSacnuncnta .'^uscejiit. Qnidain aiUcin illoruiii truiicatis manilKis ad muruia rciiiissi, a suis (•(>ncivil)us Inpidati sunt. «Multa ui>l)is advcrsa scu jjrospera secuiiduin ((uod variur^ evcntus est belli aecidcrunt, quae propter itrolixitatein vitan- dain silentio transivinins. "Taiideni quidani Pisauns uatidue vir ina,i;iia(> industriae eirca Nativitatem Sanetae Mnviae tuvriin li^ueain uiii-ae altitiidinis in ea parte qua prius Aii_ij,-l(unuu turris destrueta Inerat, eoap- tavit, et oi?us biudabile tani ex regio sumptu quani ex totius exei'citus labore circa medium (,)cti)bris eousuuniiavit. Similiter quidam sub uiuro civitatis incrntes cavatioues sun iuucino et nmltorum auxilio fecit, cpunl !>araceui mi>lt>ste ferentes iu festo Sancti Michaelis circa horam tertiam latenter exeuutes. nobis- cum usquf ad vesporam su])cr fossam pua'uam continuabant. ;18 UISTOKICAL SKETCH. with our iUfii till evening. Attacking- the t'nemy Avith our archers, wc so obstructed the road by which they hoped to return, that scarcely a single one of them es- caped without a wound. After this, our men, Avorking day and night, completed the mine and filled it with sticks, on the same day that the king together with the English, applied their tower to the walls. On the night of St. G alius (IG.'"' October) having set fire to the wood in the mine, a part of the wall, about 200 feet in length, fell doAvn. Our soldiers awakened by the crash, seizing their arms, Avith a loud shout rushed to the as- sault, expecting that tlie defenders Avould flee from th(; walls, but Avhen they came to the breach they found before them a hill of difficult ascent and a croAvd of Moors prepared for the defense. Nevertheless our men made the attack, nor did they retire from the battle, Avhich began at midnight, till the ninth hour of the next day, and having suffered A-arious repulses, they quitted the fight just as the toAver Avas being brought up, and by this the IMoors Avere very nuich dislicart- ened. At length the tOAver, filled Avith brave Avarriors, Avas placed against the Avail, and at the same time the army on our side and the Lorencse at the breach in the Avail, made a vigorous attack on the Moors. "Nos autein, sagittariis cis oppositis, A'ias per quas redire sperabaiit adco A^allavimus, iit A'el nnllus, a'cI vix aliquis eorum sine plaj^a CA'aderct. Hine iiostvi die iioctuque laborantcs opus subterraiieum ligiii^ IcA'igatis iinpletnm cadem die consummaA'e- runt qua rex cum auglieis nmris turriin suam apjjlicabat. Siqui- deni iu ipsa nocte iSaueti Galli Abbatis. igne fossae iinposito, Ji- giiisquc ardeutibus, corruit nuirus s])atio ducciitorum pedum. • Nostri de taiita ruina somno ex])ergifaeti, sumptis armis cum maguo clamorc! assiliebaut, spectautes vigiles custodes murorum fugisse. Ad ruiuam autcm cum A'enisseut mous aditu diffieilis supcreminebat, et turba Saracenorum parata stabat in defen- sione. Nihilominus auteni nostri assiliebant nee a pugna media nocte incboata usque ad diei boram nonam eessabant. Tandem variis percussionibus attriti, jjugnae sc subtrahebant quosqiie communicatio turris admoA'cretur et sic Saracenorum populus hine inde vexaretur. Et ccce turris A'iris bellieosis impleta, muro superiminebat. Eadem bora excrcitus nostrae pari is, Lotliaringes, ad fracturam murorum iudieio pugnantibus, Saracenos mirabili assaltu impetebant. Interim milites regis qui in arec turris pu- truabaut, maguellis Saracenorum ferriti, minus virilitcr pugnu- THE CKU.SADEKS. 39 Meanwhile the king's soldiers, who were fighting at the top of the tower, being terrified by the engines of the enemy, were resisting with little spirit, so that the Moors would have burnt the tower, had not some of our men who had gone thitlier by ehancc, prevented it. When the news of this danger reached our cars, we sent the best part of our forces to defend the tower, lest our hopes in it .sh(.)uld be destroyed. When the Moors saw the Lorcncsc and Flemings ascending to the top of the tower Avith so much alacrity, they were seiz- ed with such terror that they threw down their arms and held out their hands in sign of peace. Whence it resulted that their chief, the alcaide, concluded the following treaty with us, viz that our army should receive all their moveable goods, gold and silver, and that the king should have the city with its inhabitants and all their lands. This divine rather han human victory over 200,500 Moors was consummated on tlie feast of the eleven thousand Virgins (21. "' October) 1147. The first care of Dom Alfonso after his victory was to bury the dead. The remains of his own foll(-»Av<'rs he caused to be interred in the spot where he had fixed his encampment on the eastern side of the city and he erected a church over the place. By a similar dis})0si- tion he consecrated to (lod the resting place of his al- lies who had fallen in the siege, on the western de- clivity, when they had advanced to the assault. The former spot is now covered by the church of St. Vin- cent, the latter by that of our Lady of the Martyrs. bant usque adco, quod Snracoui cxeunt03 turrim conercmassent siquidcin de nostris qui casu ad cos vcuerant nou obstitissont. Haec pcriouli fania cum ad nostras venissot auros, niollorcs cxorcitus iiDstrae ]tartis ad defcndondani turrim. i\v nostra spe in ea adnullarctur transmisiuuis. Vidoutos autrni SaraciMii Lo- tliaringos ot Flameng-os tanto fcrvore in arc^cm turris asrondcn- tes, tanta formidiue torriti sunt ut arma submittcront ot d<'.\- tras sibi in sii^iunn pacis dari potcront. • Undo factum vt^t ut alchaida princops oonnn hoc jiacto no- biscum convoiiircl ; ut nostor cxorcitus omniun supcUcctilom eorum cuni auro ot argonto accipcrot, rex aud'm civitatom cum uudisi Saracouis et tota terra obtinerct. Consununata est autom haoc divina non humana victoria in duccutis millibus ot quin- gcntis viris yarucenorum in fcsta undccini millium "\'irginuni.» 40 UISTOKICAL SKETCH. Ill return tor the efFoctual services rendered to him l)y the crusaders, Affonso bestowed on all who chose to remain, lands, which extended along the north hank of the Tagus as far as Villa Franca, and another tract at Almada, on the south side. Numbers, principally English, accepted the reward; the rest emliarked for Palestine. It is jierhaps owing to the above circumstance that the first person nominated to the bishopric of \jh- bon after the expulsion of the Moors was an P^nglish- inan. His name was Gilbert. He had quitted his native country Avith the crusaders and having remained with the English who accepted lands, was selected by Af- fonso to head the list of Lisbon's prelates. The final con- quest of Lisbon from the Moors forms a grand epoch in the history of the city and Avas an event of the utmost importance to the infant monarchy. The Moors, in their brave but unsuccessful efforts to defend it, did not over-rate its value : E til, uobre Lisboa, que no iniindo Facilmente das outras es priuccsa, Que edificada foste do facuudo, Por eujo engauo foi Dardania accesa : Tu, a quern obodeco o mar profundo, Obedeceste a forca Portugueza, Ajudada tambem da forte armada, Que das Boreaes partes foi mandada. La do Germanico Albis e do Rlieno, E da fria Bretanha conduzidos, A destruir o povo Sarraceno, Muitos com tenciio saiita erain ])artidos : Eiitrando a boca ja do Tejo ameno, Co"o arraial do grande Alibnso nnidop, Cuja alta fama cntao subia aos ceos, Foi jiosto cerco aos miiros Ulysseos. Cinco vezcs a lua se escondera, E outras tantas mostrara cheio o rosto, Quando a cidade cntrada se rendora Ao duro cerco, que Ihe ostava posto. F(ii a batallia tao sanguina c fcra, Quanto obrigava o firme presupjDOsto ])(' vencedores asperos c ousados, E de vencidos ja desesiierados. (Camoes, cant, m.) BURNING OF THE CITY. 41 From this time, the history of Lisbon presents scarce- ly any event of importance till the reign of Fernan- do, towards the close of the fourteenth century, when the g-reatcr part of the city was Ijurned by Don Hen- rique, king of Castile. On tlic death of Peter the Cruel, king of Castile, Fernando of Portugal laid claim to the vacant throne as great-grandson of Don Sancho. It Avas however seized by Don Henrique, the bastard brother of Peter and his^supposcd murderer. A bloody and protracted Avar ensued between the claimants. At last Fernando was prevailed upon to accept the media- tion of Pope Gregory IX, and a treaty of peace was solemnly entered into at Evora on the last day of March 1371. Fernando, however, broke tlu'cnigh his engage- ments, repudiating his queen Dona Leonor, the daughter of Don Henrique, and in open defiance of law and com- mon decency, and in spite of the clamors and remon- strances of his subjects married Dona Leonor Telles de Menezes, wife of Joao Louren^o da Cunha. Hereupon Don Henrique enraged to the highest degree at the in- sult offered to his daughter, and still farther inHaiued by the pressing instances of the wretched hu.--liand, Avho had fled from Poi'tugal and taken refuge in his court, entered Beira Avith a poAA^erful army, declaring that he Avould not sheath his sAVord till he had taken a terrible vengeance. After reducing that province al- most to a desert he adA'anced into Estrcmadura, and meeting with but a feeble resistance, took possession of the unfortified part of Lisbon, a)id inflicted on its innocent inhabitants all the cruelties Avhich a capri- cious and insatiable revenge could iuA-ent. Finding himself imable to reduce the castle of 8f. (leorge, the only part of Lisbon not in liis hands, he resoh'cd to draw off his forces to some; distance; but before he retir- rd lie destroyed all the outworks that had fallen into his j)OAV('r and burnt tlie city to the grcmnd *. The deso- lation he caused is thus hinted at bA' Camoes: — 1. Souic Iiit^tiiri;uis assert tliat Lislmn was set on i'lrr by its inhal)itauts in (irdor to rid theinst'lvos of the liated invaders, and force Fernando to come to terms Avith Don Henrique. i2 HISTOKICAL .SKETCH. The stern Castilian drew the vengeiul brand, And strode proud victor o'er the trembling land, How dread the hour, when injured Heiiven in rage Thunders its vengeance on a guilty age;! Unmanly ploth the king, the nation stained. And lewdness fostered ))y the monarcli reigned. Such was his rage for beauteous Leonore, Her from her husband's widowed arms he tore, Then Avith unlilest unliallnwed nuptials stained The sacred altar, and its riglits profaned. Alas! the splendor of a crown how vain From Heaven's dread eve to vail the dinime.^l stain. This terrible blow had the effect of luiuibling the pride of Fernando, who had during this time been safe- ly lodged Avith a small army in Santarera, and he reluctantly submitted to the conditions of peace dictat- ed by the conqueror. Returning to Lisbon he ordered its walls to be rebuilt. The work was begun on the 13."' September 1373 and terminated in July 1375. Upon the death of Fernando, his queen or paramor Dona Leonor Telles assumed the reins of government, as regent for her danghter Beatrice, who had been mar- ried to the king of Castile. At the same time Dom Joao, the son of Dom Pedro and the unfortunate Inez de (Jastro, was proclaimed at Lisbon. Upon this, tliat ill-fated prince was seized and imprisoned in Spain, and shortly after the king and queen of Castile were proclaimed by Dona Leonor in Lisbon to the great dissatisfaction of the people. This woman whose charac- ter is one of the most infamous in history, so exaspe- rated the Portuguese by her iniquitous rule and the decided preference she always shewed for foreigners, that a report spreading through the city that Dom Joao the brotlun- of the late king, and Grand Master of the order of Aviz. had assassinated in the Palace her chief adviser and favorite, a Spaniard of the name of Juan Fernandez Andero, upon whom she had bes- tOAved the title of Conde de Ourem, the populace of Lisbon rushed to arms, and meeting the bishop Don ^Martiiio also a Spaniard and one of her creatures, they pursued him to the cathedral. Here he ascended the tower and began to ring the tocsin, as a signal to ihe troops to come to his assistance, Avhich so infuriated SIEGE BY J)OX JUAN OF CASTILE. 4o the populace that Ijursting' open the doors of" the church they hurled him hcadhjng from the tower. They theu rushed to the palace (now the prison) of Limoeiro, and elected Dom Joao regent by acclamation. Upon this the king of Castile entensd Portugal with a powerful army and besieged Lisbon, wliilc his fleet took hostile posses- sion of the Tagus. The regent though destitute of a fleet, and almost without troops and money, resolved to make a deter- mined stand for his country's liberties. He was inde- fatigable in his exertions; and owing to a secret cor- respondence he maintained Avith several Portuguese who surrounded the Castilian monarch, he anticipated all his attacks Avith vigor and success, and made seve- ral sorties Avhich spread consternation through the camp of the besiegers. He commission(;d the I'rior do Crato to raise an ar- my in the north and invade (Jastile, and that brave patriot gained several brilliant advantages over the generals opposed to him. In the meantime, a squadron Avhich had been equipped in Oporto, sailed out of the Douro, captured several of the enemy's ships, and en- tered Lisbon with provisions. The king had now grown weary of the siege, when a pestilential disease appear- ed in his army and swept away vast numbers of his troops. Xotice Avas also brought tliat Xuno Alvares Pe- reira, the Lord High Constable, was ap])roaching Avith a strong force from Evora : upon Avhich he broke up the siege in great haste, and covered Avitli ignominy, led back the miserable remnant of his army to Spain. The folloAving account of the siege of Lisbon by Don Juan, king of Castile Avas, in 1384, given by Lorenzo Fougace, one of the ambassadors from Portugal, to the Duke of Lancaster in England : «Don Juan of Castile arrived Avith his wliolo army before Lisbon, and by his manner of forming the siege, plainly sheAA'cd he Avould not break it up until he had it in his power. He uienaced the blaster of ,\.vi/. (the Regent) Avho AA'^as Avithin the toAvn, that, if lu> could take him, he Avould put liim and all the rebels to an igno- minious death. 44 HiSTORiCAT. sKiyrcii. ((The array of Don Juan was very iiuincrous; and the Castilians and the French^ who had come to his assistance, had so closely surrounded Lisbon that no one could come out or go in without danger of being taken. When any Portuguese Averc made jirisoners by the Castilians in a skirmisli or otherwise, their eyes were torn out, their legs, arms, or other inembers were cut off; and in such maimed state, they were sent back to Lisbon, and bid tell their town's folk, that they had been so treated in despite of the Lisboners and their Master of Aviz, whom they were so eager to crown king; and that they would keep the siege until they liad won the town by storm or famine, when they would shew mercy to none, but put all to death, and give up the city to fire and flame. ((The Lisboners, however, did not rev(Mige them- selves so cruelly, for Avlienever they mad(; any jirisoners, their king afforded them every comfort, and did n(jt send them back with luu't of any sort. This made many of the army say he was a gallant fellow thus to return good for evil, ((During this siege of Lisbon, which lasted upwards of a year, there were every week two or more skir- mislies, in which many were killed and wounded on both sides. The town was besieged by sea as well as by lautl; and the besiegers had plenty of all things, for provisions came to them from different parts of Spain. ((The Spaniards made one course up to tlu; v(ny gates of Tjisbon ; when Lourenco da (Junlia (t\\v govc^'uor) sallied forth out of the barriers with his ])emion and aftei' a severe skirmish, was slain by a dart which pierced through his armor and body : he was succeed in tlie government of Lisbon by his cousin da Cunha, who re- venged his death in several successful sorties. ((The siege of Lisbon was contiimed to the great dis- may of the inhabitants; for no succor seemed likely to come to them from any quarter. When tlieir hopes be- gan to fail of help from England, the king was advised to embark for that country, as their andjassador liad brought intelligence thence, that assistance Avould be sent: and that your Grace would bring reinforcements; «In God's name that is very true)), replied the Duke of SIEGE BY DON JUAN OF CASTILE. 45 Lancaster, «for I was on the point of sailing, having every thing prepared, Avhen the war in Handers broke out. The men of Glient called on England for aid, and tliey had given to them all, or at least the greater part, of those troops wliich I was to have led into lAjrtugal. The bishop of Norwich carried them with him beyond the sea, and thus retarded the expedition to Portugal'. 'I vow to God, ray lord, ^said the Ambassador, ^we in Lisbon tliought that there had something happened in England to prevent your coming to us'. «We managed, however, as well as we could, and bore up against the power of the king of Castile, which was not small; for he had upwards of sixty thousand men on sea and land, and menaced daily to destroy us without mercy, and burn Lisbon to the ground. ((During this siege of Lisbon, a lord of our country called de Acosta, did us a notable piece of service, and gained by it great renown. He freighted and armed twenty galk^ys at Oporto, Avith good men-at-arms and provisions, with which he put to sea, and by the grace of God, having a favorable wind to second their exer- tions, passed though the Spanish fleet, consisting of one hundred great vessels, that were lying at anchor before Lisbon, so opportunely that, whether they Avould or not, he arrived in the port with all his galleys unhurt, car- rying with him four of the enemy's vessels which he had conquered. The inhabitants were very much rejoiced at the success and arrival of the lord de Acosta. The siege lasted upwards of a year, for the Idng of Castile had sworn he would never break it up until Lisbon were under liis obedience, or until some more powerful jjrince should force him from it. ((Considering what happened, the king of Castile re- ligiously kept his vow of not breaking up the siege, unless foi'ced to it by .a more powerful lord, as I will explain. A most destructive pestilence burst out in his camp so that persons died suddenly whilst in conversa- tion with each other. Upwards of twenty thousand were carried off by this plague ; which so much alarmed the king, that he was advised to break up the siege and retire to Santarem, or elsewhere, and disband his army until the disorder should be cheeked. He consented to 40 HISTORICAL fiKETCH. tliis very unwillins^'ly; but he was forced to it by the prin- cipal lords in his army, who pressed him to march to Santarcni)). The Spaniards were closely followed in their retreat, and suffered severely from the active exertions of tlic Portu^ii'uese. In the beginning- of April 1385, the regent was, by a solemn act of the cortes assembled at Coimbra, clio- sen to fill the throne, which was considered vacant ])y the imprisonment of Dom Joao in Castile, and whic-h was declared to have been forfeited by the Castilian mo- narch, owing to his hostile invasion of the realm. He took the name of Dom Joao I, and shortly afterwards gained the famous battle of Aljubarrota, in which 6,600 Portuguese completely routed 30,000 Castilians, wlio lost in tlie battle and pursuit, one third of their entire army ^ . The year 1496 was remarkable fur the departure from Lisbon of Vasco da Gama and his discovery of the passage to the East Indies round the Capo of Good Hope. For some time previous the enterprising spirit of the Portuguese had prompted them to undertake voyages along the coast of Africa. AVhen they commenced their first voyage of discovery, it is probable that they had nothing furtlier in view than to explore those parts of the coast of Africa, which lay nearest to their own shores. But success animated them to fresh exertions and j^i'ompted them to advance along the western sliore of the African continent far beyond the utmost boun- dary of ancient navigation. At length they became more adventurous, despised dangers which formerly appalled them, and overcame difficulties which they once deemed insurmountable. When, in the torrid zone which the an- cients had declared to be uninhal:)itable, they found rich and fertile countries occupied 1)y ])opulous nations, and perceived that the continent of Africa, instead of extending in luvadtli townrds the west, according to 1. It was not till this rcipi that Lisbon became fairly the capital of the kingdom and wrested tliat honor from Coimbra, which hitlierto had been the permanent residence of the court. In 1394 it received the further honor of being raised to the rank of an archl)is]inpric. VASCO DA GAMX. 47 the o])iiiion of Ptolemy, eonti'tictetl itself inwards to the east, more extensive prospects opened before them, and inspired them with hopes of reaching India, by continu- ing- to hold the same conrse. After several unsuccess- ful attempts to accomplish this o1)jocv; a small stpuidnni sailed from the Tagus on the ;3.'''' of July 1497 mi- der the command of Vasco da Gama. Though the abi- lities and courage of this officer fitted him to conduct the most arduous enterprise, yet as he was unacquaint- ed with the proper season and route of navigation over the vast ocean through which he had to steer his course, his voyage was long and dangerous. At length he doul)led that cape, which for several years had been an object of terror and of hope to his countrymen. Thence after a prosperous navigation he arrived at the city of Melinda, whose inhabitants he found to l)o so far advan- ced in civilization and the various arts of life, as to carry on an active commerce, not only with the nations of their own coast, but with the remote countries of Asia. Conducted by their pilots, he sailed across the Indian Ocean, and landed at Calicut, on the jMalabar coast, in 1498, ten months and seventecu days after his departure from Lisbon. Here he was exposed to numerous dangers from the open attacks or secret machinations of the Indians; but he extricated himself from them all with singular pru- dence and dexterity, and at last departing with his ships laden not only with the commodities peculiar to that coast, but with many rich productions of the eastern part of India, he arrived in the Tagus, after an absence of two years, and landed amid the enthusiastic greet- ings of the whole population of Lisbon. The discoveries made in this arduous voyage led the way to all the great results which modern enterprise has effected: whilst to the Portuguese they opened an avenue to wealth and power far beyond their loftiest aspirings. From this time all the treasures of the east Avcre poured out for centuries in one unceasing tide on the banks of the Tagus: and so rapidly did Lisbon rise in splen- dor and commercial importance that it soon became one of the richest and busiest emporiums of Europe. In grateful acknowledgment to Heaven \'ov the ]u-(>sper- 48 HISTORICAL SKETCH. ous tonnination oi' this niomorable voyage, king Em- manuel the Great, Luilt the magnificent monastery and church of Santa Maria filled Avith lighted candles for the celebration oi' the feast of All Saints, Avhen the earthquake took place. GREAT EARTHQUAKE . 55 Of course any attempt to stop tlie conflaii^ration on the part of the awe-striken citizens was out of the question, and it was not till the close of the sixth day that the progress of tlic flames was checked. The des- truction of pro})erty due to the tire was not less than that occasioned by the earthquake itself. The king, queen, and royal family fled from the palace only a few moments prior to its fall. The JSpan- ish ambassador, Avith nine members of his family, were buried beneath the ruins of th(; embassy. The only Englishman of note who is recorded to have lost his life on this occasion, was the Rev. J. j\[anley, president of the English college. The losses sustained by the different foreign nations on this fatal day were comput- ed at the time to amount to 10.000:000 cruzados, in the following proportion: Great-Britain 0.400:000 Hambm-g 1.660:000 The rest of Germany 80:000 Italy 1 .000:000 Holland 400:000 France 160:000 Sweden 120:000 The rest of Europe 320:000 10.i4():0O(,) The losses of the Portuguese were immense. In the Royal palace, the Patriarch's establishment, the custom- house, sete casas, and tlieater, they are calculated at 10.000:000: in churches and private houses 2.S. 000:000: in furniture stores and other goods 480.000:000, besides 1.230:000 in church ornaments, sacred vessels, mar- bles, candelabra, statues and paintings: in coined mo- ney 1.000:000: in diamonds. Jewels and })reci(»us stones 4.000:000 besides 2.000:000 in diamonds belonging to the crown. Adding these enormous sums to those lost bv foreigners as above stated, the grand total is r336.370:000 cruzados or £;V.). 51)6,000. Out of 20,000 dAvelling houses scarcely 3,000 remained that coidd be inhabited with safety, and beneath the ruius of thosQ 5G HISTOltlCAL SKETCH. tliat were tliroAvn down, were l)uricd 24,000 to 25,000 persons. The following particulars were written by an eye- witness a few days after the catastrophe: — «0n the 1.'*' of November 1755, the ])arometer stand- ing at 27 inches 8 lines and Keauniur's thermometer at 14 above freezing (63° Fahr.) the weather being tine and serene, at 9.45 a. m. the earth trembled, but so slightly that it was attributed by most to a passing waggon. This agitation lasted 2 minutes: after the lapse of another 2 minutes, the earth sliook with so much violence that the houses began to split and crack. This second shock lasted about 10 minutes, and tlic dust was so great as to obscure the sun. There was then an interval of three minutes and the dust subsided so that people coidd recognize one another. Then the third and most tremendous shock succeeded. The greater part of the city was in a moment laid in ruins. The sun was perfectly obscured and it seemed as if the earth was about to be reduced to chaos. The screams of the living, th(! groans of the dying, and the |)rofound darkness, increased the horror. In 20 minutes all had become cahn. Every one endeavored to escape into the coun- try; 'ont our misfortunes had not reached their height. As soon as avo began to breathe more freely, fires broke; out in various ])arts of the city. The wind blew stron.L,^- ly; no one attem})ted to stop the pi-ogrcss of tlie flames; each endeavored to save his own life. Some attempt might perhaps have been made to subdue the conflagration, if the sea had not at the same time threat- ened to overwhelm Lisbon. On Friday November 7.*^ at 5. A. M., there Avas such a severe shock that it seemed as if our misfortunes were about to begin again; no da- mage, hoAvever, was done, for the movement was re- gular like the heaving of a ship, Avhereas that which occasioned the mischief consisted of shocks moving in opposite directions. I have obserA'cd that the most vio- lent shocks ahvays occurred early in the )norning. It is said that the sea rose 9 feet higher than the greatest recorded inundation in Portugal. I saAV, with the gi'cat- est alarm, on the morning of Sunday., the 2. "*^ of No- GllEAT EARTHQUAKE. 57 vcmber that the Tngus, which in some places is more than two leagues broad, was nearly dry on the side next the city. I write this in the fields; I cannot lind a single house in which to shelter myself". Lisbon has disappeared. » The following account of the earthquake is by an- other eye-witness and was published shortly after the event : — ((There never was a finer morning seen than the 1.**' of November 1755: the sun shone ont in his full luster; the whole face of the sky was perfectly serene and clear; and there was not tlie least signal or warning of that approaching event Avhich has made this once flour- ishing, opulent and populous city a scene of the utmost horror and desolation, except only such as served to alarm, but scarcely left a moment's time to fly from the general destruction. ((It was on the morning of this fatal day, between the hours of nine and ten, that I was sat down in my apartment, just finishing a letter, when the papers and table I was writing on, began to tremble with a gentle motion, which rather surprised me, as I covdd not per- ceive a breath of wind stirring: whilst I was reflecting with myself what this could be owing to, but without having the least apprehonsion of the real cause, the Avholp house began to shake from the very foundation; which I at first imj)uted to the rattling of several coach- es in the main street, which usually passed that way at this time from l^eleni to the palace; but, on hearken- ing more attentively, I was soon undeceived, as 1 found it was owing to a strange frightful kind of noise mider ground, resembling the hollow distant rumbling of thunder. All this passed in less than a minute; and I must confess, I began to be alarmed, as it naturally occurred to me that this noise might possibly be the forerunner of an earthquake, as one I remembered, which had happened about six or seven years ago, in the Island of ]\Iadeira, connnenced in the same manner, though it did little or no damage. ((Upon this I threw do^yn my pen, and started upon 58 HlSTOKlt'AL SKETCH. my feet, remaining- for a moment in suspense whether I should stay in the apartment, or run into the street, as the clanger in both places seemed equal; and still flattered myself that tliis tremor might ])roduce no other effects than such inconsiderable ones as had been felt at ]\Iadcira; but in a moment I was roused from my dream being instantly stunned with a most horrid crash, as if every edifice in the city had tumbled down at once. The house I was in, sliook with such violence, that the upper stories innuediately fell ; and though my apart- ment (which was the first floor) did not then share the same fate, yet every thing was thrown out of its place in such a manner, that it was with no small difficulty I kept my feet, and expected nothing less than to be soon crushed to death, as the walls continued rocking to and fro in the most frightful manner, opening in se- veral places, large stones falling down on every side from the cracks, and the ends of most of the rafters starting out from the roof. To add to this terrifying scene, the sky in a moment became so gloomy, that 1 could now distinguish no particular object: it Avas an Egyptian darkness indeed, such as might be felt; owing no doubt, to the prodigious clouds of dust and lime, raised from so violent a concussion and as some report- ed, sulphureous exhalations: but this I cannot aflirm: hoAvever, it is certain I found myself almost choked for nearly ten minutes. «As soon as the gloom began to disperse, and the violence of the shock seemed pretty much abated, the first object I perceived in the room, Avas a Avoman sit- ting on the floor, with an infant in her arms, all cover- ed Avitli dust, pale, and trcral)ling; but her consterna- tion was so great, that she could give me no account of her escape. I suppose that, Avhon the tremor first be- gan she ran out of her own house and finding herself in such imminent danger from the falling of stones, retir- ed into the door of mine, Avhich Avas almost contiguous to hers, for shelter; and Avhen the shock increased, Avhich filled the door AA'ith dust and rubbish, ran upstairs into my apartment, which Avas then open: be it as it might, this was, no time for curiosity. I remember the poor creature asked me, in the utmost agony if 1 did GREAT EARTHQUAKE. 59 not think the world was at an ond? at the same time she complained of being choked and begged for God's sake I would procure her a little drink, on which I went to a closet Avh(>re I kept a large jar with water, but finding it broken to pieces, I told her she nmst not now think of quenching her thirst, but saving her life, as the house was just falling on our heads, and if a second shock came, would certainly bury us both. I bade her take hold of my arm, and that I would endeavor to bring her into some place of security. I shall always look upon it as a particular providence, that I happened on this occasion to be undressed: for had I dressed myself as I proposed when 1 got out of bed, in order to breakfast with a friend, I should in all probability have run into tlie street at the beginning of the shock, as the rest of the people in the house did, and consequently have had my brains dashed out, as every one of them had. However, the imminent danger I was in, did not hinder me from considering that my pre- sent dress, only a gown and slippers, Avould render my getting over the ruins almost impracticable : I had, therefore, still presence of mind enough left to put on a pair of shoes and a coat, the first that came in my way, which was every thing I sav(Ml; and in this dress I hurried down stairs, the woman with me, holding by my arm; and made directly to that end of the street which opens to the Tagus; but finding the passage this way entirely blocked up with the fallen houses to the height of their second stories, I turned back to the other end which led into the main street (tiie common thoroughfare to the palace) and having helped the woman over a vast heap of ruins, with no small hazard to my own life, just as we were going into the street, as there was one part I could not well climb over Avith- out the assistanc(^ of my hands as well as of my feet, I desired her to let go her hold, which she did, renu\in- ing two or three feet behind me; at which time then^ fell a vast stone from a tottering Avall, and crushed both her and the child to pieces. So dismal a spec- tacle, at any other time, Avould have affirted me in the highest degree; but tlu^ dread I was in of sharing the Sfime fate myself, and the many instances of the same BO HISTORICAL SKETCH. kind that pres^ented themselves all around; were too shocking to make me dwell a moment on this single object. «I had now a long narrow street to pass, with the houses on each side four or five stories liigh; all very old, the greater part already thrown down or continually falling, and threatening the passengers Avitli inevitable death at every step, numbers of whom lay killed before me, or, what I thought tar more deplorable, so bruised and wounded, that they could not stir to help themselves. For my own part as destruction apjieared to me un- avoidable, I only Avished I might b(^ made an end of at once, and not have my limbs broken; in which case T could expect nothiiig else but to bo left on the sjiot, lingering in misery like these poor unhappy wretches, without receiving the least succor from any person. «As self- J) reservation, however, is the first law of nature these sad thoughts did not so far prevail as to make me totally despair. I proceeded on as fast as I could, though with the utmost caution, and having at lengtji got clear of this horrid passage, I found myself safe and unlmrt in the large open space before St. Paul's church, which had been thrown down a few minutes before and had buried a great part of the congrega- tion, which was generally pretty ni;merous, this being reckoned one of the most populous parishes in Lisbon. Here I stood some time considering what 1 should do; and not thinking myself safe in this situation I came to the resolution of climbing over the ruins of the west end of the church in order to get to the river side, that I might be removed as fcir as possible from the totter- ing houses, in case of a second shock. <(This with some difficulty I accomplished: and here I found a prodigious concourse of people of both sexes, and of all ranks and conditions ; among whom I observ- ed some of the principal canons of the patriarchal church, in their purple robes and rockets, as these all go in the habit of bishops; several priests who had run from the altars in their sacerdotal vestn^icnts, in the midst of their celebrating mass; ladies half dressed, and some Avithout shoes; all these, whom their nnitual dan- gers had here assembled as to a place of safety, Ave re GREAT EARTHQUAKE. 61 on their knees at prayers, witli tlie terrors of death in their countenances, every one striking his breast and crying out incessantly miser /rord/'a iiicu Dcus! «In the midst of our devotions, the S(;cond great shock came on, little less violent than the first, and completed the ruin of those buildings which had been already much shattered. The consternation now became so universal that the shrieks and cries of misericordla could be distinctly heard from the top of St. Catharine's hill, at a considerable distance ofl*, Avhither a vast num- ber of people had likewise retreated : at the same time we could hear the fall of the parish church there, whereby many persons were killed on the spot and others mort- ally Avounded. You may judge of the force of this shock when I inform you it was so violent that I could scarce- ly keep on my knees: but it was attended by some circumstances still more dreadful than the former. On a sudden I heard a general outcry. ((The sea is coming in, we shall all be lost !» Upon this turning my eyes towards the river, wliich in that place is nearly four miles broad 1 could perceive it heaving and swelling in a most unaccountable manner, as no wind was stirring : in an instant there appeared, at some small distance a large body of water, rising like a mountain: it came on foaming and roaring and rushed towards the shore with such impetuosity, that we all immediately ran for our lives as fast as possible* many were actually swept away, and the rest above their waists in Avater at a good distance from the banks. For my oami part I had the narrowest escape, and should certainly have been lost had 1 n(jt grasped a large beam that lay on the ground, till the water returned to its channel, which it did almost at the same instant, with equal rapidity. As there now appeared at least as much danger from the sea as from the land, and I scarcely knew where to retire f^r shelter, I took a sudden re- solution of returning, with my clothes all drojoping, to the area of St. Paul's: here I stood some time and ob- served the ships tumbling and tossing about, as in a violent storm; some had broken their cables and were carried to the otlier side of thcTagus; others were whirled about with incredible swiftness; several large boats 62 HISTORICAL SKETCH. were turned keel upwards, and all this without any wind, which seemed the more astonishing. It was at the time of which I am now speaking, tliat the fine new quay, built of nuvrble at an innnense expense, was en- tirely swallowed up, with all the people on it, who had fied thither for safety, and had reason to think them- selves out of danger in such a place: at the same time, a great number of boats and small vessels anch(jrod near it (all likewise full of people, who had retired thither for the same purjiose) were all swallowed up, as in a Avhirlpool, and never more appeared. ((This last dreadful incident I did not see with my own eyes as it passed three or four stones'throw from the sjiot where I then was: but I had the account, as here given, from several masters of ships, who were anchored within two or three hundred yards of the quay and saw the whole catastrophe. One of them informed me, that when the second shock came on, he could perceive the whole city waving backwards and forwards, like the sea when the wind first begins to rise: that the agitation of the land was so great, even under the river, that it threw up his large anchor from the moor- ings, which swam, as he termed it, upon the surface of the water: that immediately upon tliis extraordinary concussion, the river rose at once nearly twenty feet, and in a moment subsided; at Avhich instant he saw the quay, with the whole concourse of people upon it, sink down into the cavity, which he supposes instantly closed upon them, in as much as not the least sign of a wreck ' Avas ever seen afterwards. Tliis account you may give full credit to, for as to the loss of the vessels, it is con- firmed by every body; and with regard to the quay, I went myself a few days afterwards to convince my- self of the truth, and could not find even tlie ruins of a place, where I had taken so many agreeable walks, as this was the connnon rendez-voiis of the factory in the cool of the evening. I found it all deep water, and in some parts scarcely to be fathomed. ((This is the only place which I could learn was swallowed up in or about Lisbon, though I saw many large cracks and fissures in different parts, and one odd phenomenon I must not umit, which was com- GREAT EARTHQUAKE. 63 municated to me by a friend who had a houso and wine cellars on the other side of the river: namely tliat the dwellin<;- house Loini;- first terribly shaken, which made all the family run out; there presently fell down a vast hi^^h rock near it; that upon this the river rose and subsided in the manner already mentioned and im- mediately a great number of small fissures appeared in several contiguous pieces of grouiul, whence tliere spout- ed out like a jet-d'eau a large quantity of fine white sand to a prodigious height. «I had not been long in the area of St. Paul's, when I felt the third shock; which though somewhat less vio- lent than the two former, the sea rushed in again and retired with the same ra})idity and I remained up to my knees in water though I had got upon a small eminence at some distance from the river, with the ruins of se- veral intervening houses to break its force. At this time I took notice, the water retired so impetu(»usly that some vessels were left quite dry, which rode in seven fathom water. The river thus continued alternately rushing on and retiring several times together, in such sort, that it was justly dreaded Lisbon would now meet the same fate, which in 1746 had befallen the city of Lima. ((Perhaps you may think the present doleful subject here concluded: but alas! the horrors of the L** of No- vember are sufficient to fill a volume. As soon as it grew dark, another scene presented itself, little less shocking than those already described. The whole city appeared in a blaze, which was so bright that I could easily see to read by it. It may be said, without ex- aggeration, it was on fire in at least a hundred places at once, and thus continued burning for six days to- gether without intermission or the least attempt being made to stop its progress. «I could never learn, that this terrible fire was ow- ing to any subterraneous eruption, as some have re- ported; but to three causes, which all concurring at the same time, Avill naturally account for the prodigious havock it nuide. The I.''' of November being All Saints' day, a high festival among the Portuguese, every altar in every church and chapel, was illuminated with a number of wax ta])ers. and himps as customary, these 64 HISTORICAL SKETCH. setting" fire to the curtains and tinil)er work that fell with the shock, the conflagration soon spread to the neighboring- houses and being there joined with the iii'es in the kitchen chimneys, increased to such a de- gree that it might easily have destroyed the whole city, though no other cause had concun'ed, especially as it met with no interruption. «But what would appear incredible to you, were the fact less public and notorious is that a gang of hardened villains, who had been confined and got out of prison when the wall fell at the first shock, were busily em- ployed in setting fire to those buildings which stood some chance of escaping the general destruction. « The fire by some means or other, may be said to have destroyed the whole city, at least every thing that was grand or valuable in it, and the damage on this occasion is not to be estimated. « The whole number of persons that perished, includ- ing those who were burnt, or afterwards crushed to death whilst digging in the ruins, is supposed, on the lowest calculation to amount to more than 00,000; and though the damage in other respects cannot be com- puted, yet you may form some idea of it when I assure you, that this extensive and opulent city is now no- thing but a vast heap of ruins 5 that the rich and poor are at present upon a level, some thousands of families which but the day before had been in easy circumstan- ces, being now scattered about in the fields, wanting every conveniency of life, and finding none able to re- lieve them. «A few days after the first consternation was over, I ventm-ed down into the city, by the safest means I could pick out, to see if there was a possibility of get- ting any thing out of my lodgings : but the ruins were now so augmented" by the late fire, that I was so far from being able to distinguish the individual spot where the house stood, that I could not even distinguish the street, amidst the mountains of stone and rubbish which rose on every side. Some days after, I ventured down again Avith several porters, who having long plied in these parts of the town, Avere well acquainted with the situation of particular houses: by their assistance I at GREAT EARTHQUAKK. ('/, last discovered the spot; but was soon convinced, that to d\^ for anythino- there, besides the dan^-er of such an attempt, would never answer the expense. «0n both the times when I attempted to make this fruitless search, especially tlie first, diere came such an intolerable stench from the dead bodies, that 1 was ready to faint away: and though it did not seem so great this last time, yet it had nearly been mortal to me, as I contracted a fever by it, but of which (God be praised!) I soon got the better. However this made mo so cautious for the future that 1 avoided passing near certain places, where tlie stench was so excessive, that people began to dread an infection. A gentleman told me, that going into the town a few days after the earth- quake, he saw several bodies lying in the streets, some horribly mangled, as he supposed, by dogs ; others half burnt; some quite roasted; and that in certain places, particularly near the doors of churches, they lay in vast heaps, piled one upon another. » After the earthquake the city was infested with bands of robbers, and for fifteen days it was not safe to return to it. iSebastiao Jose de Carvalho, better known as the Marquis of Pombal, took energetic measures to restore order. Gallowses were erected by his direction in many parts of Lisbon, and whoever could not give a clear account of the property found upon him was hanged on the spot and 350 persons thus perished, including in that number five Irishmen. The efiects of the earthquake were not confined to the capital, but extended themselves more or less over the whole kingdom, but more especially in the south. Indeed the shocks w(n'e felt throughout the greater part of Europe, reaching as far north as the Orkneys and as far west as Jamaica. The waters of Loch Lomond and Loch Ness in Scotland were agitated in an uncommon manner. The latter cinitinued ebbing and flowing for the space of an hour, wIumi a wave mueh greater than the rest terminated the commotion by overflowing the north bank of the lake to the extent of 30 feet. At the same period a singular phenomenon happened at Bristol : the water of the hot well became as red as blood and so (;(; HISTORICAL SKETCH. turbid as to be imtit for driiik. The water also of a com- mon well, which had been remarkably clear, at once turned as black as ink, and continued unfit for use for nearly a fortnight. The tide likewise in the river Avon flowed back, contrary to its natural course; and various other effects of some unknown convulsion in tlie bowels of the earth were perceived in different places. But all conjecture as to the cause of these extraordinary cir- cumstances was in vain, till the news arrived of the eartliquake at Lisbon having happened on the same day, which gave a satisfactory solution to the several phenomena. Lisbon, like the Phoenix, soon rose again from its ashes. Through the energy of the Marquis of Pombal, the celebrated prime minister of I). Jose 1, those por- tions of the city Avhich had apparently received the most irreparable damage Avere reconstructed in a modern and altogether superior style. The prosperous state of the finances, owing to the prodigious sums which were an- nually drawn from the Brazils and from the Eastern Colonies, enabled the government to repair the ruined edifices in an incredibly short space of time. The wealth of the Covu't and the devotion of the citizens soon pro- duced rich palaces, spacious churches and splendid monasteries in every quarter ; whilst in the center of the city, instead of the irregular houses, among which wound narroAV, crooked, and ill-paved streets, might be seen long and symmetrical roAvs of buildings, intersected by Avidc and straight thoroughfares bordered by neat foot paths, and laid out Avith taste and method. Thus a tem- porary disaster was by the genius of Pombal converted into a source of lasting benefit to the capital. The close of the year 1808 presented a new and in- teresting phenomenon in history, the migration of a European court tout LS, 000 Portuguese subjects. So critical was the juncture that before the Portuguese fleet quitted the Tagus, the French army under general Junot, with their Spanish auxiliaries were in sight, and on the following day the invaders entered Lisbon without opposition. From the deep rooted aversion of the Portuguese to the French, Junot soon discovered that all his exertions 1. Tho Mnnifevr of 11."' November 1^07! FKKNC'II INVA.SJOX. 69 W(nild be required to preserve the publie tranquillity. By the constant l)l(jcka(le of the port the inhabitants experienced much inconvenience : the horrors of famine began to be felt ; trade was entirol y destroyed ; money was so scarce that there was no sah' for any goods but those of the most pressing necessity, scarcely any mer- chants paid their bills, or accepted those that were drawn upon them ; the India house was closed ; and every thing bore the appearance of gloom and despondency. From all these causes, the minds of the people were excited to an extreme state of irritation ; disturbances frequent- ly took place in the city; and in the surrounding country assassinations were daily committed. The hoisting of the French colors aroused the populace against the in- vaders of their country and the soldiers were obliged to fire repeatedly upon them before they could be com- pelled to disperse. There can be no doubt, however, that the French force would have eventually brought" the inhabitants iff Lisbon under complete subj<'cti(»n, liad not the gene- ral and determined opi)osition of tlie Spaniards to Bo- napart's views, the rising in the north of Portugal, the revolt at Oporto, and the disembarcation of a powerful English force under Sir Arthur Wellesley in Mondego bay, fortunately conspired to set them free. The battles of Rolica and Vimeiro were now fought and lost by the French; the disgraceful convention of Cinfra was sign- ed, and the invaders and plunderers of Portugal with all their booty were allowed to be transpf)rted at an enemy's cost to their native shores. On the 15."' Sep- tember 1808 Lisbon Avas completely free from the pre- sence of the execrated French, Avho for ten months had devastated the country, plundered its wealth, destroyed or carried off its artistic productions, desecrated its temples, and demoralized its inhabitants. The total number of French troops who embarked from Lisbon by virtue of the convention of Cintra amounted in all to 24,035 men. The French in their progress through the Peninsula had industriously spread revoluti this period Por- tui^al had been ruled by hereditary monarchs, whose power was controlled by a National repi'oscntation con- sisting of Clergy, Nobilit}'^ and People, called the Three Estates of the realm. The nobles and higher orders of Clergy were members of the Cortes in virtue of their rank or office. The people sent their deputies elected by the cities and towns. The Cortes were called together and dissolved at th(>, Ivoyal pleasure. Whatever may have been the evils of the ancient regime, and however liable to occasional abuse the power Avhich it conferred on the sovereign, still it can- not be denied that under it the Portuguese had been on the whole a ha])}»y and iniited people. Under it had passed the palmy days of their history, and Avith it were linked the glorious feats of their enterprising and chi- valrous forefathers. But the new philosophy of France here, as elsewhere, secretly but effectually gained ground. The first attempts at innovation were unsuccessful, and those Avho prominently engaged in them fell martyrs to the cause. On the 18."' October 1818, general Gomes Freire de Andrade was executed, as Avere also some others of less note, for consj)iring to overthrow the established order of things. Tavo years later a fresh attempt was made and suc- ceeded. On the 2-1.^^ August 1820 the constitution was first proclaimed at Oporto, and on the 15.*'' of the folloAV- ing month at Lisbon. The Regency was dissolved, and a provisional junta Avas established in the name of the king, Avho AA\as still at Rio de Janeiro. The first efforts of the newly installed government Avere directed to frame a code in harmony with the new views. It Avas pro- claimed and sworn to on the 11.''' of November following. In the year 1822 D. Joao VI. returned from the Brazils, and on the A^ery day of his landing at Lisbon His bulky and uuintellectual Majesty Avas made to swear himself the First Citizen of the kingdom. The fundamental change that had taken place in the government AA'as folloAved by A^ery material alterations in almost all the laAA's and institutions of the country. These changes AA-ere einbodied in Avhat Avas termed the Nova Lei Fundamental ,, Avhich Avas proclaimed and DON MIGUKL. 71 sworn in 1822. ]\y this code the sovorcionty was do- clared to reside essentially in the people, and the title of Majesty was given to the Cortes. But before these novel experiments in legislation had time to take root in the affections of the people, an end was ]mt to them by a counter revolution bi-ought al)out by the king's second son, D. Miguel, who was (Jonunander-in-chief of the army. In the year 1824, Avas beheld the novel spectacle of the Portuguese king seeking refuge on board an English ship of the lino (the Windsor Castle) from a real or feigned conspiracy. How far the Infante D. ]\Iiguel was innocent or guilty in the affair, his friends and his foes are not agreed; but before the king left his asylurii, he signed a decree for banishing his son, who was con- veyed in a Portuguese frigate to Brest, whence he wont to Vienna, in which city he continued till after tlie death of his father, which happened in March 1826. The next phase of this eventful period was the regen- cy of Dona Izabel i\Iaria, who shortly after received from her l^rother D. Pedro, then emperor of Brazil, what afterwards proved an apple of discord for this country, the Constitutional Cliarter, of which the En- glish minister Sir Charles Stuart, Avas the bearer. Then followed the return of D. Miguel in 1827, and his trampling on the Charter as Avell as on the claims of his niece Dona Maria, in Avhose favor her father D. Pedro had abdicated. The Avar of succession ensued, AA'hich commencing in the island of Terceira in 1830, con- tinued AA'itli A'aried success to the contending parties till the year 1833, AA'hen the duke of Terceira, having landed in the Algarve with 2,00(J men, rapidly march- ed to Cacilhas, and defeating the ]MigucHtes on the S. bank of the Tagus, crossed over on the 24."* July to Lisbon, Avhicli the duko of Cadaval, the timid com- mander of the forces in the city, had pi-ecipitately aban- doned on the previous night. Then came the final defeat of the ]\Iiguelites and the couA'cution of EA'ora Monte, by Avhich D. Miguel resigned (lie kingdom; tlu> ac- cession of Dona Maria 11 in 1833, AA-ho reigned till 18o3, Avhen she died in child ]>irtli. and was succeeded by her son D. Pedro V, 72 lUSTOKlCAL SKET( II. In 18511 Jjisbon was afHictxid l)y an awful epidemic, the yellow fever, thousands upon thousands of its inha- bitants perished in a few days : the city was almost deserted, and those strieken with the malady were aban- doned by their nearest friends. D. Pedro V. however, though yet a youth, set a noble exani])le and refused to leave; ho visited the sick and dying in tlie hospitals, and by his courageous conduct, did more than any one else to alleviate the miseries of his suft'ering subjects. His high cultivation and great intelligence, the interest he took in every thing calculated to promote his coun- try's welfare and encoiu'age her arts, sciences or patrio- tism, but above all his singleness of heart and the be- nignity of his disposition endeared him to all men. No sovereign who ever filled the throne of Portugal was more beloved by his subjects, and on his death in No- vember 1861 at the age of 24, the whole city attended his funeral, and the tears and lamentations were uni- versal. The circumstances of his death are somewhat singular. A year previous he had lost his beautiful and beloved wife, queen Estephania, the brightest ornament of his court. He was attacked early in November with a kind of fever, which carried him off in a few days, and in the short space of two months his other three brothers were attacked in a similar manner, the young- est of them alone escaping. It was on account of these melancholy occurrences that the royal family removed from the Necessidades, Avhere they then resided, to the palace of Ajuda. Lisbon has been the birth place of many illustrious men, amongst whom may be mentioned St. Anthony, surnamed of Padua; Luiz de Camoes, the great poet; Padre Vieyra, tiie distinguished preacher; and Pope John, XXI. PART TI. DESCRIPTIVE. 1. TABLE BY WHICH TO ASCERTAIN THE NAME OF THE PRINCIPAL BUILDINGS. It often happens that the tourist in rambling through a foreign city, ])asses many l)uildings which attract his attention and excite his curiosity, but witlutut being- able to make out Avhat they are by reason of his un- ftimiliarity with the native language; and in this way he often passes by objects which Avould have interested him had ho only had a means of ascertaining their exis- tence. This want is easily supplied with regard to Lisbon, for every public gas lamp has its own number in black figures near the top, and distinctly visible both by day and night. By the help of those numbers the visitor can at once ascertain the nami; of any of the principal buildings. He has only to o))serve the number of the gas lamp nearest to the entrance thereof and on referring to the following table he will find the designation of the edifice and tlie ])age where it is mentioned in the guide. LISBON. N." of Lami). Page. 19 Convento dos Santos o Novo 156 21 Convento de Lazaro Leitao. 27 Convento dos Barbadinlios, Santa Engraeia. 38 Abarracamentt) da Cruz d(»s Quatnt Caminhos. —Barracks 233 74 TABLE N." of Lamp. Pafru. 91 Estacao de mercadorias do cainiiilio de t'erro. — Goods station of Northern llailway. 97, 99 Estacao do caniinho de ferro do norte e leste. — North Eastern Railway .-station. . 284 103 Arsenal do Exereito. — Military arsenal. , . . 225 104 Ermida da Boa Nova. 125 Hospital da Marinha. — Naval Hospital 223 126 Fimdieao de Ciina. — Artillery Foundry. 128j 129 Palacio do Marquez de Lavradio. 141 Santa Engracia.— Unlinished church lOl 141 Convento do Desaggravo 1G5 144 Fundigao de Baixo. — Artillery Foundry. 152, 153 Igreja de S. Vicente de Fora. — St. Vin- cent's church 134 161 Convento das Monicas 166 204 Igreja de Santo Estevao. — St. Stephen's... 166 209 Igreja de S. Thome.— St. Thomas's 166 239 Armazem da alfandega. 243 Bomba da companhia das aguas. — Pumping engine of waterworks. 245 Mercado do azeite. — (Jil-market. 249, 252 Terreiro do Trigo e alfandega munici- pal. — Corn-market and municipal custom- house 247 261, 262 Igreja de S. Miguel.— St. Michael's. . . 16<) 290 Igreja de Santo Andre. — St. Andrew's. 300, 301 Igreja da Graca. — Church of our Lady of Grace '. 140 302 Ruinas do Palacio do duque de Louie. — Ruined palace of the duke of Louie. 309 Quartel da Graca.— Convent of Graca, now barracks 233 360 Igreja de Nossa Senhora do Monte. — Church of our Lady of the Mount 15<) 387 Igreja da Santa Cruz do Castello. — Church of the Holy Cross H'.C) 398 Igreja de Santa Luzia. — St. Lucy's 166 399 Igreja de S. Thiago.— St. James's 166 404, 405 Limoeiro.— The Gaol 126 429 Igreja de S. Lourenco. — St. Lawrence's... 266 457 Igreja de S. Christovao. — St. Christopher's. 166 OF THE PRlNCn»AL BUILDINGS. 75 N." of Lamp. Page. 465a Palacio do Marquez do Penaficl. 466 Collegio dc S. Patricio 165 478, 479 Real casa de Santo Antonio. — Jiirtli place of St, Anthony 146 483, 484 Santa Maria Mayor.— The Cathedral.. 113 487 Aljiibe. — Prison for women 227 499 Igreja de vS. Joao da Praoa.— St. John's. . 166 528 Cask da fructa. 548 Igreja da Conceicao Volha. — Old church of the Conception 159 549, 550 Alfandeg-a grande. — Custom-house ... 241 558 Casa dos bicos. — The spiked house 249 570 Igreja da Magdalena. — St. Magdalen's... 1<)3 589, 590 Igreja de Nossa Senhora da Saude. — Church of our Lady of Health. 619, 1044 Theatre do Principe Real.- Prince Royal's theater 199 674, 694 igreja de S. Xicolau.— St. Nicholas's. . 163 817, 818 Igreja de S. Domingos. — St. Dominic's 15o 902, 1963 Igreja de S. Juliao.— St. Julian's. . . 162 956, 967 Passeio publico.— Public walk 229 970 Theatro da rua dos Condes.— Theater 199 976, 980 Ruinas de S. Jose.— Ruins of St. Joseph's chui'ch. 979 Lyceu nacional de Lisboa. — Lyceum 233 1014, 1015, 1016, 1017 Theatro de Dona Maria Segunda.— Theater 198 1038, 1050 Hospital Real de S. Jose.— St. Joseph's Hospital 222 1044 Theatre do Principe Real 199 1045 Igreja do Soccorro. — Church of Soccorro.. 16,) 1050, 1038 Hospital Real de S. Jose.— St. Joseph's hospital 222 1052 Hospital de S. Lazaro.— St. Lazarus' hos- pital 223 1083 Praya dos Touros.— Bull-ring 189 1087 Convento de Santa Anna. — St. Anne's Con. 166 1088 Igreja de Nossa Senhora da Pena. — Church of our Lady of the Pena 166 1091 Convento da Encarnaeao. — Convent of the Incarnation 166 76 TABLK N." of Lainii. Page. 1145 Asylo (\v jMcndicidadc — roor-liou.-c 114!) Hospital dv, Rilhulullcs. — Lunatic asylum. 11G4 Palacio o (Japella Keal dc Bemposta 1.S7 1180 Palacio do Conde da Lapa. 1194, 111)5 Convento do Desterro. — Convent of Desterroj now a hospital "J'S.) 12G1, 1262 IgTcja dos Anjos.— Church of the Angels !()() 1269 Ermida dc N. S.'^ do Resgate das Almas. . 1298 Igreja de S. Jorge. — St. George's church. . 166 1321 Instituto agricola. — Agricultural Institute. 231 1329, 1330 Matadouro.— Slaughter-house 248 1364 Igreja de S. vSebastiao. — St. Sebastian's. . . 166 1370 Convento de S.^ Rita. — Conv. of St. Rita. . 1382 Convento de Santa Joanna. — Convent of St. Joanna. 1385 Palacio do marquez de Borba. — Palace of the marquis of ])orl)a. 1387 Igreja do Coracao de Jesus. — Church of the Sacred Heart of Jesus 166 1387 Convento dc Santa Martha. — Convent ol'St. Martha 16() 1414, 1415 Quartel dc cacadores 2. — Barracks. 233 1432 Convento das Trinas ao Rato. — Convent of Trinas 1(;7 1433 Palacio do marquez de Vianna. — Marquis of Yianna's palace. 1464 Mac do Agua. — Reservoir for water supply 217 1466 Arco das Aguas Livres. — Arch of aqueduct 21() 1470, 1482 Palacio da condessa de Anadia. — Countess of Annadia's palace. 1530 ImprensaNacional. — National printing-office 249 1541 Palacio do duque de Palmella. — Duke of Palmclla's palace. 1545 Igreja de S. Mamcdc, 1552 Escola Polytechnica. — Polyteclmic scliool. 231 1617, 1618 Passeio Publico.— PuWic walk 229 1621 Circo Price. — Price's circus. 1621 Theatro das Variedades.— Theater 200 1640 Igreja de S. Jose. — St. Joseph's church. . . 154 1649, 1673 Passeio de S. Pedro de Alcantara. . . 230 OF THK PRTNCIPAL BUILDINGS. 77 N." of Lamp. Page. 1074 Convento de 8. Pedro de Alcantara. — Con- vent of 8t. Peter of Alcantara 167 1G97 Palacio do marquez de Ponil>al. 1712 Collegio dos Inglezinhos. — Enj^lish college 129 1713 Conservatorio real. — Royal conservatory . . 232 1749 Palacio do duque de PalnK'lla.--Duke of Palmella's palace. 1807^ 1808 IgTcja da Encarnafuo. — Church of the Incarnation 150 1809, 1810 Igreja do Loreto. — Ch. of Lorctto . . 152 1814 Ig-reja dos Martyres. — Ch. of the Martyrs., 150 1818 Palacio do harao de Barcellinhos. — Baron Barcellinho's palace. 1831 Convento do Carmo. — Conv. of the Carnio. 144 1857 liiiinas da igreja do Carnio. — Kuined church of the Carmo 144 1800 Club Lisbonense.— Lisbon club 7 18(')2 If^Teja do Santissimo KSacraniento. — ^ Church of the Most Blessed Sacrament 106 18(i() Casino. 1870, 1873 Theatro da Trindade.— Theater 198 1872 Theatro do Gymnasio.— Theater 199 1875 Ig'reja de 8. Roque. — St. Roch's cluu-ch. . . 125 1892 Gremio litterario. — Literary club 7 1920 Theatro de S. Carlos.— Opera '. 196 1941 Governo civil. — Chief police-office 1 1945 Bibliotheca nacional. — National library. . . 200 1945 Academia das bellas artes. — Academy of fine arts !!. . . 204 1955 Boa Hora. — Court-house 223 1957 Igreja da Conceicao Nova 166 19(')3 Igrc'ja de S. Julirio. — St. .Julian's 162 1968 Caniara municipal. — Town-Hall, 1974 Teleorapho.— Chief telegraph-Office 280 1976 Arsenal da marinha. — Naval Arsenal 224 1978 Museu de productos coloniaes. — Museum of colonial products 225 1990 Igreja do Corpo Santo.-— Irish cluu-ch 130 2026, 2040 j\[ercado do peixc— Fish market . . . 228 2033, 2034 Igreja de S. Paulo.— St. Paul's 163 2077 Instituto industrial. — Industrial institute . . 232 8 TABLE N." of Lamp. I'age. 21 15a Ca.-H da Mocda.— The Mint 246 2148 Igreja das Chagas.— Clmrch of the Chagas 1()4 2158 CoiTcio gcral. — General post-offiee 281 2162 Igreja dos Pnulistas, Santa Catharina. — Church of the Paulists. 2202a Igreja e convento de Jesus.- — Church and convent of Jesus 143 2210 Academia das tScicncias. — Acad, of Sciences 144 2341 Convento da Esperanca. — Conv. of Hope. . 107 2^64, 2305 Convento de S. Bento, palacio das Cortes. — Conv. of St. liento, now Houses of parliament, and national archives.. . . 130 2368 Convento das Francezinhas. — French conv. 166 2369d Camara dos pares. ^ — Part of St. Bento. — House of peers 130 2405 Igreja de Santa Izabel.— St. Elisabeth's . . 160 2410, 2437 Cemiterio e igreja dos inglezes. — English protestant cemetery and church. 233 2413, 2425 Quartel de infanteria.— Barracks . . . 233 2437, 2462, 2403, 2405, 2400 Passeio da Estrel- la.— Public walk caUed Estrella 230 2461, 2464 Igreja da Estrella.— Ch. of Estrella. 13t) 2467 Hospital Militar.— Mihtary hospital 223 2498 Convento das Inglezinhas. — English Brigit- tine convent 131 2512 Palacio do marquez de Abrantes. — Marquis ol Abrantes's palace. 2514, 2515 Igreja dos Santos o Velho. — Church of the Saints 157 2532 Igreja dos Marianos. — Now presbj'terian ch. 2541, 2546 Palacio do marquez do Pombal. — Marquis of Pombal's palace. 2553 Quartel de infanteria 2. — Barracks 233 2556 Igreja de S. Francisco do Paula. — Church of St. Francis de Paul 164 2571 Convento do Santissimo Sacramento. — Con- vent of the Blessed Sacrament 106 2574 Quartel de eavallaria municipal. — Barracks 2576 Quartel de invalidos da marinha. — Hospital for disabled seamen 233 2585 Ermida de Nossa Senhora do Livramento. OF THE PRINCIi'AL BUILDINGS. 79 N.** of Lamp. Papc. 2624 Igreja das Nccessidades 185 2627 2650 Palacio das Necessidadcs. — Koyal Palace of Nccessidades 185 2724 British leg-atloii 1 2738 Igreja da Lapa. — Church of the Lapa. . . . 166 2739 Asylo de infancia dosvalida. — Asylum for poor children. BELEM. 1 Estatua de 8. Joao Neponiuceno e Ponte de Alcantara. — Statue of St. John Nepumo- cene 247 13 Igreja de S. Pedro em Alcantara 160 19 Escola normal. — Normal college. 20 Convento das flamengas. — Flemish conv. 30 Palacio do manjuez da Ribeira. — Marquis of Ribeira's Palace. 32 Palacio do Infante; de Hespanha. — Spanish Infante's Palac< . 35 Palacio do Marquez de Valladas. — Marcpiis of Valladas Palace. 40 Cordoaria. — Rope walk 241 68 Igreja de Santo Amaro. — St. Amaro's. 70, 71, 78 Palacio de Belem. — Palace of-Belem 186 78 Igreja da Memoria. — Church called Memo- ria 159 91, 93 Jardim botanico. — Botanical garden. . . . 230 109 Santa Maria dc Belem, viilrjo^ S. Jeronymo. — St. Jerome's church 117 111, 112 Casa Pia. — Charitable institution 124 118 Convento do Bom Successo. — Irish convent 164 126, 145 Palacio de Belem.— Palace of Belem . . 186 136 Convento das Salessias. — Conv. of Salessias 167 147 Q,uartel de Artilheria, 1.— Artillery liarracks 233 147 Cocheira real. — Royal coach-house 236 152 Quartel de lanceiros, 2. — Cavalry Barracks. 233 155 Quartel de infanteria, 1. — Infantry Barracks 233 181 Bibliotheca de Ajuda. — Ajuda Library. . .. 184 182, 183 Palacio da Ajuda.— Palace of Ajuda. . 167 192 Igreja da Boa Hora. — Chrnvh of Boa Hora. 80 GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION 2. GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION, POPULATION, AND GENERAL VI KW. The situation of Lisbon is unsurpassed in beauty by that of any other city in Europe, unless it be Con- stantinople. Naples and Lisbon in this respect are rivals, the beautiful bay of the former vying with the noble river of the latter, and both seem to be condemned by na- tvu'e to pay dearly for the advantages she has accorded them, for Naples lives in constant dread of Vesuvius, while Lisbon is ever tormented by the fears of an earthquake * . Lisbon is situated in latitude 38" 42' N. and longi- tude 9*' 5' W. of Greenwich, on the N. bank of the Ta- gus where the river spreads itself into a lake, 9 miles before entering the Atlantic ocean. It is the capital of the kingdom, see of a patriarch, seat of the govern- ment, of the supreme civil and military tribunals, and one of the 17 civil districts into which the kingdom is divided. Its population according to the census of 1864 amounted to 103,7(33, intra-muros: reckoning the sub- urbs it reaches about 200,000. A slight glance at the map shews that Lisbon is destined to become one of the busiest, as it is one of the best ports in the world. The traffic between South America and Em'ope is increasing with amazing rapidity and the commercial relations with Africa are daily becoming of greater importance. Lisbon is already connected by rail with all the countries of Europe, and it only requires a little less apathy on the part of the several companies to shorten the time at present taken, to one half, so that passengers and mails from the whole of Europe to South America and Africa, might be embarked at Lisbon not only with a great saving of time, but also with increased safety, from the avoidance of the dangers of the northern seas. The port of Lisbon affords secure anchorage for any number of ships and its bar is easily 1. Lisbon has suffered from earthquakes in the years 1009, 1117, 1146, 1344, 135G, 1.531, l.'')7W, 1099, 1722 and 175.5. AND GENERAL VIEW. 81 entered in rough weather. The construction of docks projected by governmcmt will be an addition to the advantages it ah'eady possesses. Nota de embiirciU'oos ji varicdjulc, Huiiias de tr;ito,s da maior riqueza : Outras que toiii inaii)r felicidade Em sirjeitar do iiuindo a rcdondczii. iSe adverten d'ossc jmrto a magestadc, Conheceras que o iuitor da, iiatureza O fez capaz do inuitt) que antevia Que largo mar aqui tributaria. (Ulyssippo, cant, xiv — xxii.; The city is generally described as built like ancient Rome on seven hills, but the skeptical inquirer Avill iind it as difficult to ascertain their names as those of the seven sages of Greece. No doubt the description was cor- rect in former times, but at present the city has out- grown its classical proportions and covers a greater number. The Castello do S. Jorge, Clraca, Nossa Senhora do Monte, Penha de Franca, Cam[)0 de Sant'Anna, Buenos Ayres, Chagas, Santa Catharina, S. Vicente, and S. Roque are now all within its walls. The panorama which ])reseuts itself to view on en- tering the Tagus is acknowledged by all to be of sur- passing beauty, and its effect may be said to be ma- gical on the poor voyager who has for days previously been deprived of the sight of land and gazed upon no- thing but sky and water. (,)n rounding cape Kock, the villages of Cascaes. Car- cavellos, Oeiras, and Paco d'Arcos, nestling in orange groves of emerald and gold, successively come into view, with the rugged mountains of Cintra in the distant background, crowned with the fairy-like palace of D. Fernando, whilst on the opposite side of the river aVe the blue bleak Arrabida moimtains strcaching along the horizon to cape Espichel and in the foreground the lishinc: village of Trafaria. Approaching Belem the first vie^v of Lisbon is obtain- ed. The graceful tower of Beknn, Avhich marks the spot where Vasco da Gama landed on his return from the Indies, at once attracts attention. A little further on is the famous Jeronymite convent founded by Dom Ma- M GEOGRAPHICAL POSITIOJ^ nucl the Great, in commemoration of Vasco's discovel'- ies" higher up is the church of the Memoria, and the huge unfinished palace of Ajuda (now tlie residence f»f the Royal family), backed by verdant hills covered with a host of busy windmills. Proceeding up the Tagus we pass successively the Astronomical Observatory, standing in the midst of a large enclosure or cerca of olive trees; the industrial subiu'b of Alcantara, with a few tall mill chimneys of brick suggestive of England; the asylum for disabled sailors, standing prominently forward, while further back on the brow of the hill is the palace of Necessi- dades, occupied by the king's father Dom Fernando. Next comes the palace of the Marquises of Pombal, lately the residence of the Empress of the Brazils, and rising above the roofs of the houses, the dome of the Estrella is plainly visible. Passing the new boulevard called Aterro da Boa Vista, over which in bold relief stands the church of the Cha- gas, we come to the very heart of the city the Praya do Commercio, or Black Horse Square, surrounded by the government offices of uniform architecture, built over a spacious arcade. Facing the water is the trium- phal arch of Rua Augusta, and in the center the splen- did equestrian statue of Dom Jose I. On the right of this principal square is the Custom-house, and on the left the Naval Arsenal. Further E., on the acclivity of a hill, appear the square towers of the old Cathedral, and on the summit of the hill is the Castle of St. George, while still further east may be seen the church and convent of St. Vincent, the incomplete uhras de /Santa Engracia and the Railway station. It is impossible to describe the charming eifcct ]yvo- duced by the tout ensemble, especially when viewed from the middle of the river at early morn. When the sun rises the Avhole city appears lit u]) with ten thou- sand sparkling lights, the reflection of the azidcjos or glazed tiles, with which the exteriors of many houses are lined, and Avhich present the appearance of being studded with gems. The S. side of the Tagus or Oidra Banda has quite another aspect, and consists of a chain ol vine clad hills AND GENeHaL view. 83 cKtendlug" as far as Caclllias, opposite the Arsenal, Avherc the bank makes a l)end towards the SE. form- ing a spacious bay called Cova da Piedade, but known to Eiiiiilish tars by the less euphonious title of « Jackass Bay». The river here is some 4 miles wide, and four ^•un boats are moored in front of the Custom-house to form a square within whicli all vessels having i^ratique must anchor and nobody is allowed to visit them with- out an order from the customs authorities. Vessels arriv- ing from infected ports have to anchor in front of the Lazai'eto, opposite the tower of Belem. The best general views of Lisboa are obtained from St. George's Castle, N. S. do Monte, the Penha de Fran- ca, the Graca, the dome of the Estrella, or from Al- mada. 3. THE STREETS OF LISBON. The generic names applied to the thoroughfares of the capital are Rua a street, Travessa a cross street, Cal- cada, a steep street, and Beco a street without any outlet or cul-de-sac. As a rule the streets are tortuous and narrow, especially in the ancient quarter of ^4//'a7??a, A striking exception in this respect is the hnver part of the city called the Bai.i-a, where the streets are all of a fair width, perfectly straight, and intersecting each other at right angles. This distinction is owing to the fact that the great earthquake of 1755 so utterly ruined the whole of this district that every house had to be rebuilt from its foundation, and the ]\Iarquis of Pombal, at that time the all powerful minister of D. Jose I, availed himself of this circumstance to improve and widen the streets and introduce uniformity into their architecture, though it is much to be lamented that lie did not pay more attention to sanitary requirements. Indeed the Baixa may be pointed io as a true exemplification of Pombal's character. In the hard straight lines and rectangles, in the uni- formity of the elevations, and in the celerity with which the work was accompli.-ked, arc evinced the energetic despotism of the unliending ruler, combined with the statesman's sense of public utility, but when we closely 0. 84 THE STREETS OF LISBON. analyze the internal construction of the houses we find them wanting- in those sanitary arrangements which con- duce to the health and hap])iness of the individual fa- milies, shewing that while Pombal effected great public improvements, he lost sight of those higher and more important interests on which depend the real prospe- rity and happiness of a nation. Long and tortuous as are many of the streets them- selves, they are not more so than the names by which they are known, tho' in inverse proportion, that is to say, the shortest streets have the longest names e. g. Rua da Porta do Carro do Hospital Real de JS. Jose, Tra- vessa do Aharracamento da Cruz do Tahoado, Rua de, Santo Antonio da Praca do Convento do Coragao de Jesus. Nor do the Lisbonites rest satisfied with the elongated nature of the names, but still further to puzzle the un- fortunate foreigner, they never fail to speak of their streets by the vulgar names, and not by the official names written up at the corners. Thus Rua Bella da Rainha is invai-iably called Rua da Praia. Rua Nova de El-Rei is much better known as Rua dos CapelUs- tas, indeed the majority of the inhabitants are acquaint- ed only with the vulgar name. The following are the principal streets and squares rejoicing in this double nomenclature : Official name. Vulgar name. Rua Nova da Princeza. Rua dos Fanqueiros. Rua Bella da Rainha. Rua da Prata. Rua Aurea. Rua do Ouro. Rua Nova de El-Rei. Rua dos Capellistas. Rua de S. Juliao. Rua dos Algibebes. Rua da Conceigao. Rua dos Retrozeiros. Rua dos Correeiros. Travessa da Palha. Rua dos Sapateiros. Rua do Arco do Bandeira Praga de D. Pedro. Rocio. Pra9a do Commercio. Terreiro do Pa90. Pra9a de Alcantara. Pra^a de Armas. Most of the vulgar names are the names of trades and had their origin in the regulations of former times ARCHITECTURE. 85 when persons carrying on a certain trade were com- pelled to occupy shops in a certain street. Thus the goldsmiths were exclusively in the liua do Ouro and the silversmiths in the Rua da Praia, etc. Nearly all the streets are paved with small hard stones which render thick soles essential to the comfort of the pedestrian. The Calcadas arc mostly macadam- ized to prevent the horses slipping and it is astonish- ing to see how safely they are driven at full speed down the steep inclines. A few streets, principally in the Baixa, have flagged causeways for foot passengers but they are of little use in wet weather, none of the houses having fall pipes, but being constructed so as to drip the eaves water on to the heads of the passers by. The architecture of the dwellings is in general plain and inelegant. The too numerous windows are inva- riably surrounded by clumsy stone frames projecting slightly from the walls and appearing to form part of the window rather than of the wall, so that the piers look nuich narrower than the openings, producing an unpleasant effect; and in some buildings the Avindows are so close to each other that the Avhole front seems one immense window. Asuhjo^ a kind of Dutch tile, generally blue and Avhite (whence the name) is also ex- tensively employed for lining the exteriors and presents a very neat appearance, besides having the advantage of keeping the walls cool by reflecting the rays of the sun: in fact the whole construction of the houses in Lis- bon is with a view to lessen the inconvenience arising from the tropical heats of summer, so that during the short interval of winterly weather they arc cold and comfortless. On comparing the houses built two or three centuries ago with those of to day, little difference will be found except in details: they are constructed with greater solidity than in England and (what may appear para- doxical to strangers) it is not uncommon to see a house roofed in before the walls are built. On account of its liability to earthquakes the houses of Lisbon are first erected in skeleton composed of timber on which the roof rests, so that in the event of a violent shaking the 86 THE STREETS OF LISBON. outer walls can fall to the ground and still leave the house standing. They arc generally three or four stories high, sometimes even ii\(! or six: the dwellings are in flats with a conniion staircase for G or 8 families and the rents decrease as the elevation increases. This system bl'ihgs the different classes of society into constant con- tact, for it is not unusual to see a fidalgo occupying the first floor, a doctor the second, a tradesman the tliird, a clerk the fourth and a seamstress the fifth, Avitli a cobbler in the staircase. There is no fashionable quarter occupied solely ];y the rich as in England : the nobleman's palace and the poor man's cottage stand side by side. The system of letting is somewhat peculiar. Houses are uniformly let by the aemestre or half year, from the 1.''* of January to the oO."' of June, and from the l.'^* of July to tlie end of Decem- ber. The rents are often paid in advance, but even this is not considered sufficient security by soiue landlords who insist on having a fiador or bondsman, to answer for any damage the tenant may do to the ])roperty dur- ing his occupancy. Wlien the tenant Avishes to leave, instead of giving a written notice to his landlord, he sticks square pieces of Avhite paper called ef^criptos in all his windows on the 20."^ May or Dec. On these dtas de por escripfos all the people in the streets may be seen walking about with upturned faces, and running against each other, so intent are they on satisfying their curiosity as to who is removing and who is not. Many of the streets are so narrow that carriages can- not pass each other and a notice is posted up at the entrance prohibiting the transit of vehicles, except in one direction, and the opposite neighbors can sit at their windows and talk scandal with the greatest fa- cilitv. A geiuu-al o])inion ])revails amongst untraveled En- glishmen tliat Lisbon is preeminently a dirty place, and nothing has done more to perpetuate this erroneous be- lief tlian Lord Byron's reference to it in « (Jhildr- I larold » : But whose entereth within this toAvn, That sheening far cek'stial seems to be, Disconsolate will wander up and down 31id many things uusigtlily to strange ee, POLICE. FIRES. 87 Whatever foundation for this charge tlierc mif^ht have been in the poet's time, it certainly cannot be brou;;ht against the Lisbon of the pre^■ent day. The streets are well drained and clean ; the scavenger's cart going round every morning to remove the refuse from the houses. No doubt before these sanitary measm'cs were introduced it was not very safe to venture along a narrow street at night, for the only means of getting rid of the refuse was by pitching it out of the Avindow, and woe to the unhappy pedestrian who neglected the warning, often too tardily given, of agua vae, to apprise him of the coming shower of solids and liquids mix(!d, emitting an odor less agreeable than powerful and characteristic. The thoroughfares are all lighted with gas, and the tourist may wander about at all hours of the night with as much or more safety than in any other capital in Europe, and without being subjected to those impor- tunities Avhieh lie v.'ould be liable to in the large cities of England. The police force consists of three bodies independent of each other: the cjuarda munici'pal is a military force composed of infantry and cavalry selected from the flower of the army, and is at the orders of the min/'stro do reinOj or Home Secretary. Next comes the policia civil, corresponding in organisation with our huhhy, a body of civil policemen armed with a short saber and an aj)ito, or Avhistle wherewith to sunnnon the assistance of their companions : these are under the orders of the fjovernador civil. Lastly come the ccd)OS de policia, si- milar to our Constable, who are appointed by the re- gedor de parochia, an authority elected by the parish- ioners. One of the dangers aggravated by very high houses and the system of Hats, is that of tires, which are of constant oecurreuee and often prove disastrous froni the rapidity with which they sprciul owing to the large "amount of wood employed in the buildings and the diffi- culty of escape from the top stories. Lideed tlie casual- ties woidd be deplorably great were it not for the admirable organisation of the lire brigade. *^hould the tourist remain some time in Lisbon he is sure to be start- led from his sleep by the hurried tolling of the church 88 THE STREETS OF LISBON. bells. The city is divided into 22 districts, each repre- sented by a certain nuinljer of strokes varying- from 11 to 32. On the iirst alarm of fire, the police hasten to the nearest church, and ring- the prescribed number of strokes by means of a rope fostened to one of the bells and terminating- outside in a small box, to Avhich they have access at all hovu's. This signal is repeated thrice and the other churches take up the alarm, so that in a few minutes the whole capital is made aware of the existence of the fire and the precise district in which it has broken out. The fire brigade is composed entirely of aguadeiros or water-carriers, who are nearly all cjal- legos or natives of Galicia in Spain. A certain number of them are attached to each chafariz or fountain, and no- one else is allowed to sell water. In consideration for this mono]j(jly they are obhged to a})p(!ar at the fire with their barrels on the first alarm, under pain of fine. They are also obliged to have their barrels full of water on retiring- to rest, to be ready in case of need. The first 30 who arrive at the scene of action receive an extra reward, and the whole of them must continue their ser- vices as long- as the fire lasts, running backwards and forwards with ant-like industry. In many parts of the city bomhas or fire engines are stationed, worked also by the aguadeiros, and there is a 1.** and 2.'^^ prize for those which are earliest on the spot, and a picket is sent by each regiment quartered in the capital. Th(^ signal is repeated at intervals for a small fire, but when the confiagration assumes vigorous proportions the bells after tolling- the number of the district continue with an indefiaiite nmiiber of strokes in quick succession which is termed re])icar. AVhen the fire has been subdued three strokes are given as a signal that no further as- sistance is required. The gallegos are not only the water carriers and fire extinguishers, but also the general drudges of the ca- pital, and meet Avith the same unmerited contemjit which is bestowed on the poor Irish laborer in England. They are a most hard working- and frugal race of men, lit- erally the « hewers of stone and drawers of water » . Many of them are small landed proprietors in their own country, possessing a patch of ground with a cow and GALLEGOS. 89 pig. To escape liability to military service and be allow- ed to emigrate they get married and quit their country a few days after the eca-emony, leaving their wives to look after the home concerns. After years of toil in for- eign cities they manage to scrape together a small pit- tance, and then return to thtiir native village were they spend the remainder of their lives in agricultural pur- suits. The. number of gallegos in Lisbon is upwards of 3,000, and they do most of the hard work, especially porterage. It is sm-p rising to see what heavy weights they can carry suspended by a rope from a strong wooden bar resting (jn a horse-shoe-shaped collar called a chinguico, placed on their sliolders, as they trudge along in pairs, out of step, to neutralize the oscillation of their bodies. This mode ^ r^ S ?•?" > January 1 February. 3) ■B "S 3 ^ x> X •^ o o o p 2ii c ? 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From E. toW. it measures 585 feet and from ^\ to iS. 530. On the S. it is bounded l)y the Tagus having on this side a low wall of white marl)le, with numerous seats and in the middle a semicircular landing place from which a noble flight of marble steps gracefully descend into the limpid waters, terminating in two majestic columns. This is called the C(xes das Cohimnas. The other three sides are bounded by two storied buildings (jf uniform architecture, resting on lofty arcades or piazzas, well flagged and lighted affording a pleasant promenade in wet weather. The building on the E. side is tlie custom-house (alfandega) having at the southern extremity an elegant square jiavilion sur- mounted l>y a balustrade and trophies, tlie gromid floor of which serves as an exchange (BoUa or Pram), Avhere the merchants of the city meet from 2 to 4. The west- em building is occupied by the ministries of Foreign Affairs, Public Works, and other government offices, and terminates in a pavilion similar to the opposite one, where the ministry of War is located. On the N. side, which is divided by the three chief streets of the lower city (cidade haixa) Rua do Ouro, Rua Augusta, and Rua da Praia, are the ministries of the Interior, Jus- tice, Supreme Tri])unal of Justice and the Junta do Credito Publico. In the center of the square is the famous equestrian statue of Dom Jose I, acknowledged by all to be un- surpassed in elegance by any other in Europe. It vtas erected in 1775 by the inhabitants as a testimony ot gratitude to the king and to the Marquez de Pomljnl for their energy and solicitude in succoring the needy and rebuilding the city after the calamitous earthquake of 1755. Considering the baclvAvard state of art in Por- tugal at the time, this monument may be pointed to as PRAf;A DO COMMERCIO. 97 a triumph ot genius, and the names of the artists who, surrounded by difficulties of cveiy kind, succeeded in accomplishing their arduous task, justly deserve to be blazoned on the scroll of fame. They are Joaquim Ma- chado de Castro, a native of Coimbra, the sculptor, and General Bartholomeu da Costa, the engineer who super- intended the casting and collocation of the bronze statue. The statue was cast in one })iece on the 15.*'' Oct, 1774 in the Fundigao do Exercito. Its height is 21 feet, and its weight after being dressed, 80,040 lbs. It was con- veyed to its present position by means of a machine invented by Bartholomeu da Costa, a representation of which may be seen on a jjorcelain medal whicli is in the Numismatic Cabinet at the Ajuda Palace. Dom Jose, dressed in uniform Avith helmet and plume, having a military cape thrown over his shoulders, is seated on his charger wliich is tramjjling on serpents and noxious plants, symbolic of the vices. The attitude of both horse and rider is gi'accful and natural. The statue stands on an obhmg ])edestal 21 feet high, 18 feet. long and 12 feet wide which is itself placed on an elevated base. On the W. side of the pedestal is an allegorical group, denoting Victory trampling upon the enemy and winning the trophies of war. On the opposite side is another groiip representing Fame trumpeting abroad the achievements of Victory in Asia and Africa. These two groups are splendid specimens of Castro's skill as a sculptor. He has been much criticized for making the elephant the same height as the horse. If he had preserved the unequal proportions of the two ani- mals when full grown, the effect would have been im- pleasant in the extreme. As the groups now stand the harmony of the two sides has been preserved without violating fidelity to nature, for the animal represented is a cub elephant as is plaiidy evident from the short- ness of its tusks which arc only just making their appearance. On the fi'ont of the pedestal arc the arms of Portugal and underneath them a medallion with the effigy of the Marquez de Pombal, the great promoter of this work who thereby intended not only to honor his Koyal master, but at the same time to add a feather to his own 7 98 SQUARES. cap. When he lost his master and liis place, his likeness was torn down by the very persons who a few days previously had paid homage to the original. On learning this, the Marquis then in banishment at Porabal, cooly observed. «1 am glad of it, for it was not like mo). A ship, the city arms, was put in the place of the Mar- quis's effigy; but on the 12.*^ Oct. 1833 the former was removed and the latter reinstated in its former posi- tion. On the base is the following inscription: .lOSEPHO I. AUGUSTO FIO FELICI PATR] PATRIAE quod'*regiis, JURIBUS, ADSERTIS LEGIBUS EMENDATIS CO.MMERCIO PROPAGATO MILli lA ET BONIS ARTIBUS RESTITUTIS L'RBEM FUNDITUS EVERSAM TERRAEMOTU ELEGANTIOREM RESTAURAVIT AUSPICE ADMINISTRO EJUS MARCHIONE POMBALIO ET COLLEGIO NEGOTIATORUM CURANTE S. P. Q. O. BENEFICIORUM MEMOR A. MDCCLXXV P. JOAQUIMUS MACHADIUS CASTRIUS PIXXIT ET SCULPSIT BARTHOLO.MAEUS COSTIUS STATUAM EQUESTRE.M EX AERE FUDIT On the N. face of the pedestal is a hasso relievo intended to celebrate the king's liberality. Royal Ge- nerosity is represented by a female with a crown u2-)on her head and clothed in royal robes. She is descending from the throne and is in the act of granting her pro- tection to the city of Lisbon also figured by a female in a swoon, clinging for support Avith hor left hand to an escutcheon on which are emblazoned the arms of the Senate. Grenerosity has her symbol the lion at her feet. On her right appears a man clad in mail, armed with a lance and holding in his hand a brancli of olive by which is denoted State Government endeavoring to raise the fallen city. Virtue is represented by a genius crowned PRA9A DO COMMERCIO. 99 with laurel having- a star over his iiead and holding- three erowiis of laurel in his left hand, ■while with his riglit he eonduets State Government to the presence of Royal Generosity to Avhom he communicates the design he has formed of raising the city. Koyal Generosity seems to approve the design and Avith her left hand points out the site, while with her right she discloses the means which are Commerce, Industry and Architec- ture. Commerce is personified by a man richly habited, who on his knees presents Royal Generosity with an open coffer filled with riches, and near him are his attributes the stork and millstones. Industry is repre- sented by a female cro^vned with ripe ears of wheat holding- in her hand the rudder of a ship and two keys. She is addressing- herself to Commerce, to whom by an inelegant gesture of the thuml) she discovers Architecture also figured by a female having in her right hand a square and compass, and holding Avith both the plan ot the city. This hasso relievo is considered a master-piece of art. It is not, however, exempt from grave defects: no- tice for instance, the hands ofConnneree; their ex- traordinary size suggests the idea that he is suffering li'om elephantiasis. On the N. side of the square, over the rua Au- gusta is an ornamental arch generally called arco da rua Augusta. Its origin dates from the rebuilding of the city in 1755, but its completion was only effected in 1873, the work, or rather the delays, having oc- cupied more than a century. During- its construction successive ministries havc^ so altered and modified the primitive design that scarcely any traces of it have sur- vived. It was to have been a belfry, but has turned out a triumphal arch with Avindows at one side and a clock at the other! The height from the croAvn ot the arch to the cornice is much too great, and imparts an appear- ance of lieaviness to the Avhole structure. This space is filled by the Royal arms of Portugal surroinided by fantastic ornamentations much batter in execution than design. The six colmnns tho' well proportioned are dAvarfed by the immense amount of stone above them. They are some 30 feet high. Avhilc the distance from 100 SQUARES. their capitals to the t()|) coniice is dO foot. The span is .-33 foot and tho hoio'ht of th(^ crown above; tho street 70 feet. The subject of the nia'j;niiieont all(;ii,'orical group at the top is (jrlory rewarding Valor and Genius. Glory is represented by a draped female figure standing on a throne composed of three steps, and wearing tho peplum or Greek robe of state. A wreath of laurel encircles her brow and on her forehead is a star. With outstretched arms she holds in her hands two crowns suspended over the heads of Valor and Genius sitting at her feet, on the second step of the throne. Valor, on the right of Glory, is personified by an amazon partially cover- ed with the (Jhlamys, or ancient greek military dress, and wearing a high crested helmet with a dragon on each side, the symbols of Vigilance and of the noble house of Bragan^a. Her right hand rests on tho head of a lion lying at her feet, tho emblem of Force and Magna- nimity. Her left grasps the Parazom'um or girdle dag- ger, as a symbol of her past victories, which are further symbolized by a trophy of flags at her back, which serve also to connect the two figures. Genius is personified by the nude figure of a youth with wings partially spread, the right serving to connect the figure with the rest of the group, and the left encompassing a statue of Jupiter, the supreme god of the Greeks. At his side are the attributes of Letters and Arts, and his right hand rests on the angle of the second step while his left re- poses on the Lyre to signify that Harmony should pre- side over the products of Intelligence. This group is by the distinguished French sculptor M. Calmels, who has now for many years resided in Portugal, laboring constantly for the advancement of his noble art. As early as 1839 M. Calmels obtained the prize at the Paris concours annuel^ and has since executed many important works, including the eques- trian statue of Dom Pedro IV. at Oporto. In the group here described M. Calmels has been especially felici- tous in the gracefulness of the attitudes, the expres- sion of the faces, and symmetry of the whole, as well as in the appropriateness witli which he has allegorized his subject. There is a refined grace in the whole com- PBAgA DO COMMERCIO. 101 position which calls to mind the exquisite siibtilities of ancient Greek art. On account of the great height (over a 100 feet) of the top cornice, the group had to be made of colossal proportions, and is perhaps the largest in Europe. The height fi'om the lower step of the throne to the summit is 29 feet 6 in., and the Avidth at the base IJO" feet. The figure of Glory measures 23 feet, and that of Jupiter, scarcely visible from thc^ srpiare 8 ft. 2 in. Under the group is the following inscription : VIRTUTIBUS MAfORUM IJT SIT OMNIBUS DOCU.MIiNTO P. P. I). The four statues over the columns arc of four national heros, and are due to the chisel of the Portuguese sculp- tor Victor Bastos, as well as the two recumbent figures representing the rivers Tagus and Douro. The statue nearest the center on the right (looking at the arch) is the Marquez de Pombal and th(>, one at his left Nuno Alvares Pereira. The corresponding statues on the left side are of DomVasco da Gama and Viriatus. A rapid sketch of the lives of these worthies may not be unacceptable to the reader. Marquis of Pombal. Sebastiao Jose de Carvalho, born in Lisbon in 1699, was educated for the magistra- ture and army, both of which he abandoned to enter the diplomatic service. Dom Jose I. on ascending the throne, named him Foreign minister in 1750 and Prime minister in 175o, which post he retained till the death of the king in 1777. He Avas created Count of Oeiras in 1758 and Marquis of Pombal in 1770. On the death of his nominal master, he fell into disgrace and was exiled to Pombal, where he died in 1782. He owes his celebrity to the energy he displayed in rebuilding the city after the great eartliquako, to his administrative reforms, and to the protection he granted to trade and manufactures. But his expulsi(m of the Jesuits and the cruelty with which he persecuted the aristocracy, procured for him many enemies and bnmght about his i-uin. NuNO Alvakes rEKEiKA, a famous warrior, mIio may be styled tlte Achilles of Portugal. Born near Ccrtan in 102 SQUARKS. 1360, he exhibited in hid youth a taste for ehivah'ic deeds and the adventures of kuighterrantry. He iirst distin- f^uished himself in the wars of Dom Fernando against Castile, hut his fame may be said to commence in 1383 when he espoused the cause of the Mestre d'Aviz, af- terwards Dom Joao I. He was the terror of the Castil- ians and by his personal courage, joined to a military instinct, was always successful in his encounters with them. He vanquished them at Atoleiros in Alemtejo in 1384, and next year at the famous battle of Al- Jubarrota after which he Avas named Lord High Con- stable of the kingdom. He then marched into Castile Avith 6,000 men and defeated an army of 33,000 at Valverde near the Cluadiana. On the termination of the war of Independence this Paladin of Portuguese history set out Avith the African expedition to Ceuta. Having accom- ])lished so much for this world he noAV turned his atten- tion to the next, and resolved on spending the remainder of his live in religious seclusion, for which purpose he entered the Convent of Carmo, founded by himself at Lisbon and here he breathed his last in 1431, with the reputation of a saint. His ciiaractcr may be said to bo a combination of the valor of the Avarrior Avith the meek- ness of the monk. Dom Yasgo da Gajia, the descoverer of the Indies, was born at Sines, a port of tlie Algarve, in 1469. When only 28 years of age he Avas appointed by king Ma- nuel to command the expedition sent out to discover the Indies. On the 3.'''' of July 1497, Avith a small fleet of 4 ships and 128 men, he set sail from Lisbon, and after encountering many perils, doubled the Caj)e of Good Hope and landed at C^alicut on the Malabar coast on the 20.*'' of May 1498. He returned to Lisbon AA'here he arrived on the 29.*"^ of August 1499, haA^ng lost the third part of his creAv. In 1502 Vasco again returned to the Indies with a fleet of 16 ships and 3,000 soldiers, and IiaA'ing suljdue*! the king of Calicut and made alliance AAith those of Cochim and Cananor, he reduced to A'assalage the .Scheik of Quiloa. Dom ]\Ianuel rcAA'ai'ded these services by granting him the title of Dom, naming him Count of Vidigueira, and PKA^A DO COMMERCIO. 103 Admiral of the Indian seas, with a pension of 1,000 cru- zados (about £ 90). He was afterwards treated with neglect, till Doni Joao III having- sneceeded to the throne, nominated him Vice Roy of India in 1524. Ho did not, however, long enjoy his new dignity, for having reached India in Septem- ber, he expired on Christmas day of the same year. In 1538 his remains were translated to Lisbon where they were received with the utmost pomp, and thence taken to the Carmelite C'hurcli at A'idigueira, where they now repose in a magnificent mausoleum erected to the memory of tlie rcnoAvned Discoverer of the Indies. ViKiATUS, the Vercingetorix of Portugal. The Lusita- nians, like the other peoples of the Peninsula, Avere wri- thing under the iron rule of Rome. They had been con- quered, but not subdued, and although obliged to submit to the Roman sway, they still preserved an ardent love of their former independence, and only awaited some favorable opportunity to throw off the hated yoke. Viriatus at one time a peaceful pastor, deprived of his flocks by the injustice of a Roman pretor, had fled to the mountains and become the chief of a band of rob- bers. The Lusitanians no longer able to bear the oppres- sion of their conquerors raised the standard of revolt, but were defeated by Caius Vitellius. Viriatus now came to the front and was cliosen leader by his country-men B. C. 149; and ]jy his astute strategy turned the scale against the Romans. Everywhere their skilful leaders were outgeneraled. Vitellius was beaten near Tribola. 5,000 legionaries on their way to Tartasso were inter- cepted and cut to pieces. Caius Plaucius was defeated in a pitched battle at Evora, and Viriatus entered trium- ])hautly into Ilispania eiterior. Pretor after pretor was defeated. Caius Nigidius who had brought large rcen- forcements was completely routed near Viseu. Caius Lelius, at first successful, Avas joined by Fabius Emilia- nus, who had come from Rome witli 15,000 infantry and 2,000 cavalry, but their united forces Avere A'an- quished at Ossuna by the valiant Lusitanian. Fabius obtained a temporary advantage atBeja, but was unable to stay the triumphant march of his adversaries, who penetrated as far as Granada and Murcia. Rome then 101 SQUARES. sent two ol' Iut best generals to the Peninsula, Quintus MetoUus against the Ccltiberi and Servilianus against the Lusitanians: after two defeats tlie proud eonsul was conij)elled to make a treaty acknowledging the power of Viriatus, whieli tn^aty however was not ratified by the Senate who dispatched Sci})io to the scene of action. This wily general discovered in two of Viriatus's am- bassadors, two vile traitors, wliom he bribed to assassi- nate their master, and thus ended tlie career of the bi-ave Viriatus, B. C. 142, vanquished by treachery, but un- subdued by force. Quando reuilida Italia ao forte Peno Nelle ha de ver hum Lusitano Marte: Quando dc Cezaron, c de Conclicno Vcja glorioso Hespaiiha o cstandarte. Quando, do Tojo rico ao Turia a.meno, 8e mosti'e viotorioso em quaUjuer j^arte Hum novo Alcidcs, digo hum Viriato, E Romano ardiloso a patria ingrato. Ulyssipo, cant. 14—7. PRACA DE J). PEDRO. COMJIONLY CAL],i;n TIIK U0€IO. A line open space oblong in shaiic, measuring 200^'^* by 60, paved with small l)laek and white stones in a peculiar undulating pattern which produces a singular and on the whole disagreeable effect on the eye. This square, in ])oint of importance the second in Lisbon, is surrounded ))y trees and numerous seats. On the N. side is the theater of D. jMariall, and on the other three sides lofty regular houses four stories high, the res-de-chausse being occupied as shops. In the center is a monument in memory of D. Pe- dro IV, the ((Soldier King». It consists of four parts: base, pedestal, column, and statue. The total height is 92 feet. At the corners of the base, which is square with the angles chamfered, are seated four figures re- presenting Prudence, Justice, Fortitude and Modera- ti(m, bet\^T3en which are sixteen shields, four on each faci;, bearing tlie anus of the principal Portuguese cities. The PRAf;A DE LUIZ DE CAM5eS. 105 pedestal is also square with chamfered angles, having on the E. side the date of D. Pedro's birth aNasceu em 12 de outuhro de 1798)) on the W. the date of his death aFalleceu em 14 de Setemhro de 1834)) j on the N. the date of his granting the constitutional charter « Outor- gou a carta constitucional em 29 de ahril de 1826)) and on the S. the date, of the inauguration of the monumcnit (I A D. Pedro IV os porlufjuezes 187(h). The lower third of the shaft of the column is encircled by a Avreath of laurel and four ligiires of Fame in hasso- relievo connected by festoons, which they hold in their hands. The rest of the cohnnn is fluted andsurnidunted by a Corinthian capital with the arras of Portugal at each face. Standing erect on a hemisphere is a colossal bronze statue of his Majesty D. Pedro IV. of Portugal and first Emperor of Brazil, in the uniform of a general and crowned with laurel, holding in his right hand the constitutional charter, and his h^ft hand resting on the hilt of his sword. This monument is the work of two Frenchmen, M. Clabriel Davioud, architect and M. Ro- bert, sculptor. PRACA DE LUIZ DE CAM0E8. A moderate sized square near the largo das diias igrejas, at the top of thcs Chiado. Encircled by neat iron railings and rows of ever- green trees, it lias in the center a monmnent in honor of the great Portuguese poet Canioes. For many years influential men had been lamenting the apathy and ingratitude of their fellow country-men in alloAving near three centuries to })ass away Avithout a mark of honor to the genius avIio had imparted so much luster to tlu^ literature of Portugal, but it was not till 1802 that their persistent cftbrts were so far crowned with success as to be able, by means of a public sub- scription, to commence the realizaticm of their patriotic design. On the 28."' Jime of that year, the foundation stone was laid with great pomp and ceremony by his Majesty, Dom Luiz I, in jii-esonce of the whole court and an immense and brilliant assemblage. The inscri- ption on the stone is as follows: 106 SQUARES. NOISIINI [MMORTALf ALOISII DE CA.MOENS LUSITANORUM POETARU.M PRINCIPI HOC MONUMENTUM VOLUNTARIIS ELARGITIOMBUS FUIT ERECTUM CUJUS LAPIDEM AUSPICALEM IN TANTI OPERIS MOLITIOXEM LUDOVICUS I PORTUGALIAE ET ALGARBIORl'.M REX QUARTO KALENDAS MENSIS JUI.II ANNO MDCCCLXII PLAI^'DENTIBUS CIVIBUS UNIVERSIS SOLEMNITER FIXIT The niouuinont was inaugurated in 1807. It was de- sig'ned and modeled by the Portuguese sculptor Victor Bastos, and consists of a colossal bronze statue of Ca- nioes 13 foot in height;, holding in one liand his famous poem the Lusiadas and the other resting on his sword to denote his twofold character of Warrior and Poet. Thif; figure is supported by an octagonal pedestal sur- rounded by eight marble statues, 8 feet high, of the foUowing literary worthies: Fernao Lopes, tlie earliest Portuguese historian; Pedro Nunes, cosmograjiher; Go- mes Eannes de Azurara, Joao de Barros, and F(U'nao Lopes de Castanheda, historians of the Portuguese dis- coveries ; Vasco Mousinho de Quevedo, Jeronynio Corte Real and Francisco de Menezes, epic poets who have eeleljrated the Lusitanian conquests. TJie puny appearance of these eight subordinate fi- gures in presence of the heroic dimensions of the prin- cipal statue detracts very much from the honor which it was intended to do them, by suggesting the idea that in comparison Avith the glorious poet they were mere Pigmies, and thus the splendor of their talents a[)pcars reduced to a feeble glinmier by the vivid bril- hancy of a godlike genius. A sketch of the life of this remarkable man may not be out of place. I'KAyA 1)K LUIZ DE (JAMOES. 107 Liiiz de Camoes, son of Sirano Yaz do Ciimoo.s and Anna de S;i dc jMacodo, was born in Lisljon in tlio year 1524. He evinced ironi an early age, an ardent love of letters, and great aptitude for poetry, and though he had the misfortune to lose his father by shipwreck, when still a youth, yet' his mother, notwithstanding her straitened circumstances, sent him to the univer- sity which had boon transferred to Coirabra ])y John III. Such were his talents that he completed his studies at the university before attaining his 20.'^' year. Return- ing to Lisbon his poetic genius and agreeable manners gained him admission to the best society, ])ut his suc- cess at court Avas of short duration for he fell in love with D. Catharina de Athayde a lady of high station, and her relations not approving of the connection, in- trigued against the poet and obtained his banishment to Santarem, and it was during liis retirement there that he commenced his famous epic poem the Lus/adas. His ardent temperament ill brooking the prosaic and mo- notonous life of a provincial town, he entered the army and joined the expedition sent to the relief of Ceuta in Africa, and ho lost his right eye m a naval engage- ment near the straits of (iibraltar. On his i-eturn to Lisbon seeing his services unrequited, he resolved to sail for Lidia in 1553, bidding adieu to his native land in the words of Scipio Africanus's (;[)itapli: <:- Ligrata patria Oamocs distinguished liinisclf l)y the valor he dis- played, especially in the battles fought against the king of Chembe on the Malabar const, l)ut his poetic genius soon got him into troubley for he published a sa- tire entitled Disparates da India^ censuring the vices of the governor, for which he was banished to China, where he passed three years. A quondam triond of the poet's liaving been appointed governor of India in 155S his banishment ceased, and he Avas nominated admin- istrator, at Macau, of the effects of the dead and absent. It was here that he wrote the greater part of the Lusiad, in a grotto overlooking the sea, whither he used to re])air to eonnnunc with tlio nm:-^o=!, and which bears the poets name lo the jm-sc ut day. In 1501, hav- ing accumulated a small fortune, he sailed for Goa, 108 SQUARES. but as ill luck would have it, the shi]) in Avhich he em- barked was wrecked at the bar of the river Mecon, the poet Avith diftlculty saving hi.s life and his precious man- uscript, wliich like Caesar, he held above the waves with his right hand while with his left he swam to the shore. Nor did this disaster come single, for soon afterwards ho again fell a victim to the malice of his enemies, and was falsely accused of malversation of the funds intrust- ed to him as administrator, cast into prison, and wluni, having proved his innocence, he was about to emerge from his dungeon, his body was seized for debt and only liberated at length through the influence of the Governor Count Redondo. He had now completed his great poem and was preparing to return to Lisbon, when his usual ill luck brought him into contact with Pe- dro Barreto, governor of Sofala, who by dint of false promises persuaded the poet to accompany him to Mo- zambique in Africa, at which place he was very ill treat- ed and obliged to live in the greatest wretchedness and privation. Some of his friends, passengers in the ship Santa Fe which chanced to call at Mocambiquc, took compassi(jn on his wretched plight, paid his debts, and gave him a passage home to Lisbon, where he arrived in 1570 when an awful pest was raging. In 1572 he published the first edition of his poem, dedicated to king Sebas- tian, who rewarded him Avith a pcnsiiMi of 15^000 reis (3 I. & s. ^ d.) His hopes of better times were hoAvcA^er soon destroyed, for Misfortune, having granted the poor poet a short res2)ite such as the cat grants the mouse, pounced upon him again just Avhen he thought he had escaped her clutches. He Avas reduced to such straits, that Avere it not for a faithful black servant An- tonio, Avho went about begging in the public streets to support his master, he might haA'e perished from sheer Avant. As it Avas, he lingered on in the midst of CA'cry privation, till 1580 Avhen he died in the hospital, in abject proA'erty, neglected and forgotten by liis former friends, and Avas buried as a pauper in the church attach- ed to the convent of Sant'Anna. This church ha\dng been destroyed by the great earthquake and afterAvards rebuilt, the precise spot Avhere the poet had been interred LARGO I)E S. ROQUP:. 109 was lost sight oi', but in 1855 u committee of emin- ent men was appointed by govermcnt to examine the place and all documents which could throw any light upon the subject, and after taking up the floor the tomb Avas discovered. On being- opened the bones of more than one skeleton were found, and as it was impossible to distinguish which belonged to the; great poet, they were all transferred together to a coffin which was again deposited in the church. It is to be hoped that ere long a respectable covering may be provided for the re- mains of Portugal's greatest poet, and that more gene- rosity may be shewn towards his mouldering bones than was accorded to him Avhile living! LARGO DE S. ROQUE. A small square with garden near the chmx-h of the same name. In the center is an inelegant monument erected by the Italian residents of Lisbon to com- memorate the marriage of his present majesty D. Luiz, with D. Maria Pia, daughter of Victor Ennuanuel of Italy. It consists of a column surmountc^d by a disk, having on tlu' W. side the following inscription: PEL FAUSTO CONSORZIO DELLE LORO MAESTA IL RE DON LUIGI 1)1 PORTl GALLO i: I-A PRINCIPESSA MARL^ PIA Dl SAVOLA A DI 6 OTTOBRE 1 862 NUOVO PEGNO DI FRATELLANZA FRA 1 DUE POPULI GI.I ITALIAN! RESIDENTI IN LISBONNA ERESSERO The inscription on the other face is a Portuguese translation of the above. 110 SQUARES. LAlUiO DO rELOURIKHO. A modcratc-sizcd sqiiaiv liaviiig- on the S. the arsenal, E. the new town-hall in course of ("reetion and Avhieh Avill Le, for its size, the finest building in Lisbon. On the N. and W. it is bounded b}' private property. The pelourinho is a cohnun eat out of a single stone into the form of three concentric parallel spirals, and surmounted by an armillary sphere. The etymology of this word is easily traced in ancient codices, in which it appears in the forms piloria, pilorhtm^ and pdorimim It corresponds Avith the English pillory, imdtlm columna. J\loenta of the Romans and was introduced by them into the Gallias and coj^ied by the Portuguese from the es- tablishment of the monarchy. These columns arc very common in Portuguese towns, and they are generally situated opposite the town-halls, or casas da camara, and arc provided Avitli four iron branches and a cage of iron, which served to expose criminals to piiblic view and also for the infliction of ca])ital punishment. These iron branches were removed in 18o4 and the armillary sphere substituted in its place. The last execution at the pelom'iiiho in Lisbon took place at the beginning of this century in the person of a young nobleman, who was hanged for fratricide. At present these colmnns only serve as emblems of municipal authority. From this square start omnibuses to all parts of Lis- bon. LARGO DE BELEM. A large open space surrounded by trees and seats, bounded on the K. by the Palace of Belem, on the E. by the Royal stables, on the S. by the Tagus and on the W. by private houses. At the river side is a marble quay with steps descending into the water. This square is famous as having been the spot where the Duke of AAciro, IMarquis and Marchioness of Ta- vora. Count Atoguia along with several other members of the Portuguese aristocracy were executed in the most ignominious and cruel manner on the 13."' of Jan. 1759, having been falsely accused and found guilty of parti- « SQUARES. m cipation in the pseudo-conspiracy against the king's life ingeniously contrived by the Marquez de Pombal. After the execution, tho l^odics were burned and their ashes cast into th*^ Tagus. A little farther to the W. of tliis square near the mufariz or fountain stood the palace of the Duke of Aveiro. The site is now occu- pied by an eating-house and in the yard behind it, is a marble column, erect(?d to commemorate the razing of the palace, th(! ground being aftemvards strewn with salt in order that nothing whatever might grow on the hated soil, as appears fmm the following inscription on the column: Aqui foram as cafas arral'adas e lali^adas de Joic Mafcaranhas exauthorado das honras de Duque de Aveiro e outras, e condemnado per lentenca proferida na Suprema Junta da Inconlidencia em 12 de Janeiro de 1730, julticado como hum dos chefes do barbaro e execrando defacato que na noute de 3 de Setembro de 17 58 fe havia com- mettido contra a Real e Sagrada pellba d'ElRei iNolIb Senhor Dom Jole Primeiro. N'clte terrene infame fe nao podeni cditicar em tempo algum. The other squares of more importance are : Praqa do Principe Real, also called Patriarchal Queimada^ being the site of the old Basilica which was reduced to ashes last centiny. In the center is a large basin of water with a copious fountain. It is surrounded by good houses and laid out as a garden with shady trees and numerous seats. Praca da FigueirAj the Covent Garden of Lisboa. Praca DOS Romulakes, vulirarlv called Caes do /So- dre, near the river at the bottom of Rua do Alecrim: paved with small black and white stones in a neat pattern: it is much resorted to by seamen. Largo de S?vo Paulo, also paved in mosaic witli a fountain in the center and planted with trees. Largo do Rato, in which is the Palace of the ^iar- quis of Vianna. Largo das A:\iokeiras, which derives its name.'^ from being planted witli nudberry trees and is situated near the Mae d'Af/ua or great reservoir. 112 CHURCHES AND (.'ONVENTS. Campo de Sant'Anna, planted with trees: at the M. cud is a small public garden and at the 8. the bull cir- cus, with private palaces on the W. side. Here is held every Tuesday the Feira da Ladra (see Markets). Largo do Carmo, also planted with trees and hav- ing a fountain in the middle; tm the E. side is the ruined church of Carmo and tlie (Jhih Lisbonense. Largo do Barao de Quintella, with a line palm tree in the center. On the E. side is the Palace of Count Farrobo, now occupied by the Gremio Litterario or literary club. PRA9A DAS Flores, with a garden in the middle. Pra^a de Alegria, besides many others of minor importance. 6. CHURCHES AND CONVENTS. The ecclesialogist will be sorely disappointed with the churches of Lisbon, especially if he have visited the Eternal city, gazed upon the wonderous fabrics of Spain or feasted his eyes on the stately minsters of England, France and Germany. With the single exception of the Jeronymite convent at Belem there are none which possess any feature in their exterior architecture to excite either admiration or Avonder. There are some fair imitations of the Italian style such as the Kstrclla and Memoria^ the rest arc; connnon place buildings devoid of elegance, more attention evidently having been given to internal decoration than to external beauty. Lisbon is divided into 35 parishes each with its parish church; besides which there are many temples devoted to public worship, which do not form part of the parochial system, such as the Estrella^ Santo Anto- nio, LoretO) etc., and in addition to these, the churches attached to the convents, and numerous private chapels called ermidaSj, so that altogether there are not fewer than 200 places of worship in the capital. The best time to see the churches is before nine o'clock in the morning, at which hour they are usually closed except on Sundays and Holidays when they remain open till 12 o'clock. SANTA MARIA MAIOI.'. \V\ Tlie following' are the (Has aantos at })retsent officially observed in Portugal, on Avhich days all the public offices are closed, viz: 1.^* January — The Circumcision of our Lord. 6.*^ January — Kings. 2."'^ February — The Purification. 25.*'' March — The Annunciation. Holy Thursday — Moveable tea st . Good Friday — Moveable feast. Ascension day — Moveable feast. Corpus Christi — Moveable feast, IS.*** June — Santo Antonio. 24.*'' June— St. John the Baptist. 29.*'' June — Sts. Peter and Paul. 25.*'' August — The Assumption. 8.*'' December — Xossa Senhora da Concei9ao, pa- troness of Portugal. 25.*'' December — Christmas day. Visitors will find some difficulty in gaining admission to the churches after the hour for closing, as the sacristans are not always on the spot and moreover cannot under- stand how any person can wish to inspect a church through mere curiosity, being often shocked and dis- gusted at the irreverence, not to say profanity, of ill bred people who pay no respect to the feelings of those who differ from them in religious belief. BASILICA DE SANTA MARIA MAIOR or 8e de Lishoa. — The Cathedral, situated halfway up the SW. acclivity of the hill crowned by the castle of St. George. Authorities are divided as to the epoch of the foun- dation of this church. Some assert that the original edifice was erected by the Emperor Constantinc. Others say it was a ]\Ioorish mosque and that king Alfonso Henriques on capturing the city had it purified and consecrated by our countryman Gilbert, the first bishop of Lisbon nominated by him. Others again affirm that the church was built a fiindamentis by the aforesaid king soon after 1147. It is however not improbable that the primitive temple existed as the see of a bishop at the beginning of the IV. century. There is positive evidence that Lisbon was a ])islio])ric long before the 114 OHURCHE?i AND CONVENTS. C3tabllsliiur>iit (if the Portuguese niouareliy, fi)r in llio synodical council held at Toledo A.i). 589 the name of J'aulus appears as Olissiponensis ecchsice ej)iscopus, and in like councils held at the same place in 610, 633, G4:6, GijQ, (J83, 688, the signature of a bishop of Lisbon again appears. It is beyond doubt that when Affonso wrested the city from the Moors, it contained Avithiti its walls many Cliristians or ]\[ossarabs, and their bishop is spoken of in history as having assisted at a parley during tlie siege. Add to this the fact that tradition has constantly pointed to this church as the see of a bishop from re- mote ages and that there is no other building or ruin in the city which furnishes the slightest indication of having served a similar purpose and is it not reasonable to conjecture that the foundation goes back to the pri- mitive times of Christianity V The fabric has suftered from so many catastrophes in the course of ages that it offers very little clue to its early history. Even in modern times it has undergone great alterations, for in 1344 an earthquake shook down the choir which was rebuilt by king Aftbnso IV. and destined by him for his last resting place. Again in 1356 an earthquake on St. Bartholomew's day so damaged it that it was taken down and rebuilt by Dom Joao I., who erected two magnificent tombs on the gospel side in which lie placed the remains of Affonso IV. and his queen. On the king's tomb Avas a figure of Fame hold- ing in her hand a trumpet taken from the Moors at the battle of Salado, where their cause was finally crushed and which was the only trophy liis Majesty retained for himself. HAEC TUBA, QUAiM MAURIS ALPHONSUS NOMINE QUARTl'S ABSTULIT, UT FAMAM PRIMUS IN ORBE FORET DUM RESONAT REGEM PARTUMQUE A REGE TRIUMPHUM ALPHONSUM AD FAMAM SURGERE, VOCE JUBET The gi-eat earthquake in 1755 brought down the cupola, roof, and south clock tower, which Avas soon afterwards rebuilt by order of the energetic Pombal. The conflagration which succeeded the earthquake not SANTA MARIA MAIOR. 115 only did iumicnso damage to the fabric and ricli d<-- corations, but also utterly consumed the archives, caus- ing the loss of many ancient documents, which could have thrown light on the origin of the temple. In its present state the church is gloomy without being grand. To relieve the; somber aspect of the in- terior the massive stone pillars have been plastered over and jjainted to imitate marble, and look quite out of har- mony M^th the rest of the church. The nave and transept are much too narrow in proportion to their lieight and length. Around the back of the choir is a corridor in which are a number of chapels dedicated to difterent saints, the most celebrated of which is that containing the ashes of the glorious martyr St. Vincent, whose body lay formerly in the choir and was reduced to a cinder by the fii'e which followed the earthquake of 1755. In a small caged compartment in the yard are kept a couple of ravens, a practice which dates from 1173 in which year the remains of St. Vincent were deposited in the church. Until recently the ciceroni would inform visitors that the ravens thus exhibited were the iden- tical birds which accompanied the ship that brought the saint's body from the cape which bears his name. Many strange stories having been invented by tourists and others in connection with this subject, it may perhaps be well to give the true version. In the beginning of the fourth century, one of the most illustrious victims of the persecution of Diocletian was the martyr St. Vincent. After he had undergone the most frightful torments, his lifeless body was exposed by order of the pre tor Dacian outside the walls ofValentia, but a miraculous interposition of Heaven guai'ded the remains of the martyr by the agency of a raven which defended them from the attacks of beasts and birds of prey. The fact is attested by St. Augustine and other contem])orary writers. Under the dominion of the floors in Spain the Christians of the province ofValeutia suf- fered violent persecution under Abderamen, and to es- cape the cruelty of the Saracen they retired to a distant promontory at the extreme west of the peninsula, where pursued by the enemies of their faitli and stopped by the 116 CHURCHES AND CONVENTS. Atlantic ocean thoy lild the relics of St. Vincent in a secret and inaccessible sj^ot. VVlim Doni Affonso Hen- riques extended his kingdom beyond t\\v I'agus, the re- mains of the martyr were brought by sea from the cape, thenceforward called St. Vincent's, to Lisbon, and de- posited with great pomp in the Cathedral on the 15."' of September, 1173. « . . . . do Martyre Vicente O saiitissimo corpo venerado Do saero promontorio conhecido A cidadc Ulyssca foi trazido. » In that age of faith the translation of the body was considered an event full of interest, worthy of lasting remembrance and likely to bring down upon the city abundant blessings from the Clod of martyrs. St. Vin- cent was therefore chosen patron of the metropolis. A legend says that a couple of ravens accompanied the vessel on its voyage, and to commemorate the arrival of the relics and the connection of the birds with the martyr's history, a ship and two ravens were adopted as the arms of the city, and a couple of the same birds were ordered to be perpetually kept at the Cathedral. The baptismal font at which Santo Antonio received the first sacrament is here preserved and bears the fol- lowing inscription : HIC SACRIS LUSTRATUS AQUIS ANTONIUS ORBEM I.UCFT BEAT, PADUAM CORPORE. MENTE POLUM. In a neat mausoleum on the gospel side of the choir or capella vwr are the remains of Doni AfFonso IV: ALPHONSI S NOMINE QUARTUS ORDINE SEPTIMUS PORTUGALIAE REX OBIIT XXVIII MAII MCCCLVII PRIORI TUMULO TERRAEMOTU EVERSO HIC TRANSLATUS MDCCLXXXI Opposite to this is the tomb of his queen Beatrice: SANTA MAlilA DK BELKM. 117 Bh'AlRlX POR'lLGAIJAl:; REGINA ALPHONSI QLARTI LXOR OBIIT 1)11-: XXX OCTOBRIS ANNO MCCCI.Xl PRIORI TIMULO TERRAEMOTU liVERSO HUG TRANSLATA MDCCLXXXI As the abovo inscriptions shew, the original tombs erected bj John I. were overthrown by the great earth- quake. In 1383 Dom Martinho, the then bishop of Lisbon, who was favorable to the claims of the Spanish party, was, while in the act of tolling the tocsin during the insurrection Avhicli gave the crown to the ]\Iast(ir of Aviz, hurled headlong from the clock tower and his naked body di'aggcd through the streets. « E como Astinax, iirccipitado, Sem Ihe valerem ordens, d'alta Torre A quern ordciis, nem aras, nein respcito, Quern nu por ruas e cm peda^os fcito. . . ' At the east end of the church is an ancient stone chair in which the earlier kings used to administer jus- tice. The date 1629 is the year of its removal to its present position. Gilbert, the first bishop appointed by Affonso Hen- riques to the see of Lisbon was an Englishman. He was consecrated in 1150, and introduced the breviary and missal of the Anglican church of Salisbury which con- tinued in use down to 1536. Lisbon was elevated to an Archbishopric in 1394 and in 1716 to the dignity of a Patriarchate. IGREJA E MOSTEIRO DE SANTA I^IARIA DE BELEM, commonly called Convento dos Jeronymos — Church and Convent of St. Jerome at Belem. This venerable pile, in historical interest and archi- tectural merit unrivah>d by any other building in Lisbon, stands out in bold relief among the generally common-place structures of the capital. When the immortal Vasco da Gama and his intrepid companions had ])repared ewry thing refidy for embark- 118 CHURCHES AND CONVENTS. iug on tlioir grand voyage of (liseovciyj Leing religious as ■well as brav(^j tlicy passed tlie night previous to their dcpartiu'e in a .iuiall chapel near the shore^ asking God's Blessing on their perilous undertaking and beseeching the patronage of the Blessed A'irgin, Star of the Sea, to guide their barques in safety through the unknown Avildernc^ss of Avaters, to the land of tlieir hopes and' dreams. On the 3.''' of .July 1497 Vaseo and his heroic party of 148 men eml)ar]ved in 4 small ships which were ly- ing in the Tagus just o[)posite the spot where St. Je- rome's now stands. After two years of toil and danger the gallant crew returned, their ships laden with the richest treasures of the East, and having completed the greatest voyage of discovery that the world has ever laiown. King Manuel, in thanksgiving to the Almighty for his protection and to perpt^tuate th(> memory of this glorious achievement, founded a church dedicated to St. Mary, devoting the first gold that came from India to this purpose, and sparing no expense to render the monument worthy of himself and of the deed it was to commeuKjrate. The foundation stone was laid by D. Manuel in 1500, the site chosen being that of the little chapel where Vasco spent the vigil of his embarkation. The first architect engaged on the Avork was an Italian named Boutaca, who was succeeded by the Portuguese architect Joao de Castilho in 1517. The l)uilding was not completed till the reign of D. Manuel's successor king John III. Over the entrance door of the Monastery was the follow- ing inscription said to have been written by the famous Andre de Rezende: VASTA MOJ.E SACRUM DIMNAK IN LITORE .MATRf, REX POSUIT REGUM MAXIMUS EMMANUEL, AUXIT OPUS HAERES REGNI ET PIETATIS, UTERQUE STRUCTURA CERT ANT, RELIGIONE PARES. At the time when the church was built it wan nearer to the sea than it is at present, the waters having receded on account of sand-banks having been deposit- SANTA MAKIA DE BEL KM. 119 ed Oil this side of the riv(!r. The tow(u* of Belom built at about the same time, was at first couij)h-t<'ly surrounded by the sea, but is now joined to the land l)y an isthmus. Indeed so near to the shore was St. Jerome's that it was built upon piles of pine wood which were driven into the sandy foundation. The church consists of nave, transept (having a mas- sive wing at each end to act as abutmenls), and chancel or sanctuary, the latter being of a later period and quite out of harmony with the rest. The nave is entered by two porticos, one at the west end, the other and more richly ornamented one on the south side facing the Tagus. At the W. end which formerly was the prin- cipal front, there were two elegant cupolas, one of which has been recently restored. The whole exterior is of limestone called lioz, at first white, but by the action of time assuming a rich golden hue. The principal object Avhich strikes the eye of the artist is the magnificent portico, on which the architect seems to have concen- trated all his skill. It consists of a high semicircular arch sculptured in mezzo relievo. At each side of the portico is a huge buttress reaching up to the roof, so profusely ornamented with statues, niches and grotesque figm'es that its character is almost lost sight of. The two small medallions over the doors are the effigies of king Manuel and his queen. Over the central shaft is the Infante D. Henrique, dressed in armor, this wise prince; having contributed so greatly to the advancement of science and navigation. On either side and at the same level are the twelve apostles placed in niches. On the crown of the large arch is an image oi Nossa /SenJwra dos Reis, to Avhoso invocation the church is dedicated, and over it a splendid canopy reaching to the roof: on the top of all is a statue of the archangel St. Michael. Flanking the portico are two large windows with circular heads elaborately carved and ornamented in the Mamidlne style, and farther to the left 4 smaller windows of like design. The cupola at the southwest angle has been re- cently restored, but is not in keeping with the ancient work. The original cupola was Aery ditierent and served as a clock tower. After its destruction the present clock with its azuh'jo face was stuck into the window open- 12(t CHUKCHES AND ('ONVENTS. ing which it now occupies to the disfigurement of the general aspect. The west portico is also deserving of close examina- tion : it has been much damaged by the great earthquake and by that still more destructive agent, man. It is now in course of restoration. On each side are four angels and over the door two cherubim supporting the arms of Portugal. The central group represents the birth of our Lord, the one to the left the Annunciation, and to the right, the Adoration of the jMagi. On either side of the door is a statue in a kneeling posture with an attendant. These arc D. Manuel and his queen I). Maria. On the pedestal which supports th(^ foundcn* may be observed his distinctive emblem the armillary sphere, and on that of the queen are the arms of Portugal and Castile. The windows at the sides, beautiful specimens of the Ma- nueline style, had been walled np and plastered, but are now being uncovered. On entering the church l)y the south door the first objects that fix the attention are the 4 pillars support- ing the vaulted roof of the nave which is 25G feet long by GO wide and about 66 feet high. The pillars are of white marble richly carved in the flamboyant style and ornamented with grot(^sque figures of animals, birds, and foliage. The shafts of the pillars are dividend lon- gitudinally into eight parts by as many slender columns in mezzo relievo, and again by three bands which en- circle them at different heights into four parts, in the second of which are eight niches intended for statues. In the wall opposite the entrance are seven doors surmounted by niches and canopies; these are the con- fessionals. Turning to the right Ave come to the transept supported by two massive pillars, each representing a cluster of 4 pillars like those of the nave. The center arch of the nave is horse-shoe-shaped, approaching to the Moorish style of architecture, and the side arches over the ailes are pointed. The best view of these arches is obtained from the choir. Against the large pillars and facing each other, are two pulpits resting on marble pedestals. The pulpits themselves tho' prettily design- ed, are merely painted wood. The vaulted roof of the transept is admirably constructed and the numerous SAN'J'A MAK'IA Dl'. MKFjEM. 121 ribs, radicitiu^L;' ihnn the centers and intersecting each other give an appearance of lightness to what is in real- ity a stupendous mass of stone. Indeed so slender are the supports com})ared with the immcnise weight they have to bear that when tlio work Avas finished the ar- chitect was obliged to abscond to screen himself from the severe censures that were passed upon him by the critics of the day, who confidently predicted that the roof Avould fall in as soon as the scaffolding should be taken away and so far did these surmises influence the mind of the king that he ordered the woodwork to be removed by the hands of condemned felons with the promise that if they escaped the presumed danger, they should be set at liberty. The scaffolding was taken down, the building stood and the architect emerged from his hiding place. The criminals built themselves houses Avith the timber they had remoA-ed and became respectable members of society. The Avinds and storms of near four centuries have buffeted this venerable pile; it has been more than once severely shaken by earthquakes, and yet notAvithstanding its sandy foun- dation it still stands proudly erect in attestation of the piety of its founder and in commemoration of Vasco da Garaa's brilliant discoveries. The floor is flagged Avith dark grey, pink, and Avhito marbk; so as to produce a geometrical design. At the extremities of the transept arc lofty pointed arches richly carA'cd, Avhich open into the rectangular Avings which serve as abutments. In the chapel on the epistle side, noAV occupied by a Avooden praesejnum of exceed- ingly bad taste, are the tombs of the children of king John III. In the center is a cenotaph, supposed to con- tain the ashes of the unfortunate D. Sebastian Avho died in Africa. There are grave doubts as to this matter, for the remains AA^ere brought from Africa and deposited here by the ►Spanisli PhiHps AAdio AA^ere anxious to put an end to the ])opular superstition of the Schastianis- tas, AA'ho Avovdd not beUe\"e in the death of the king and Avho" firmly believed that he AvoiUd return in triumph to take possession of the throne; and so fixed became this idea in their minds that they could not be brought to relinquish their linpos, and e\'en at the present day 122 CHUKCHE.S ANL> CONVENTS. there arc pei'sons in otlier respects quite mmo, whu te- naciously adhere to this old superstition of their fore- fathers. Th(! skepticism of the Portuguese as to the au- thenticity of the remains here deposited, is expressed in the insci'iption which runs thus: CONDITUR HOC 'IL'MULUS, SI VERA EST FAMA, SEBASTUS, QUEM TULIT IN LYBICIS MORS PROPERATA PLAGIS NEC DICAS FALLI REGEM QUI VIVERE CREDIT, PRO LEGE EXTINCTO MORS QUASI VITA FUIT. Ill tliis tomb rests, if report be true, Sebastian, Whom a premature death snatched away from Afric's plains. Say not they err Avho believe him still to live For dyin£>- in defense of right, his death Avas life. The chapel opposite is appropriated to the Blessed Sacrament. Behind the four large paintings are the tombs of several royal princes, as also that of the Car- dinal king Henrique, who succeeded D. Sebastian. The higli pointed arch which gives access to the sanc- tuary is elaborately carved and has on either side a curiously sculptured pulpit of no ordinary merit. At the sides of the arch are four small chapels ornamented w^ith Corinthian columns and carved woodwork covered with gold. The two on the gospel side are dedicated to Nossa Senhora de Belem and to St. Jerome; the image of the latter is of porcelain and was a present from one of the Popes. On the epistle side are the chapels of St. Paula and of Nossa Senhora do Carmo. The sanctuary, separated from the transept by a ba- lustrade of white marble, was Ijuilt at a later period and plainly marks the influence of Italian art at that time. It was completed in 1551 by the architect of the con- vent Diogo de Torralva. Around its walls are 16 Ionic columns supporting an entablature and cornice on which rest an equal number of smaller columns of the Corin- thian order. The vaulted roof is of red and green mar- ble in panels, producing an unpleasant effect and re- sembling inverted tombs. At the east end arc five jiaint- ings representing the passion of our Lord. The high altar was entirely covered with silver, but a great por- tion of it has been pilfered. SANTA :\1AUIA DE liELEM. 123 The .sacrarium ritill retains its .silver covering. The mezzo-^'elievo on the porta coeli represents the adora- tion of the I\Iagi ami wa.s chiseled by a female-artist Josepha d'Obidos. The inscription on it: «() principe D. Pedro quo Deus guarde, deu este sacrario a este real Mosteiro de Beleni no anno 1675)), shews that it was a present from D. Pedro II. In the recesses at the sides of the sanctuary are 4 Avhite marble sarcophagi, each supported by two ele- phants of grey Cintra marble. The one nearest the al- tar on the gospel side contains the remains of D. ]\Ia- niiel the Great. The insci'iption on it is remarkable and runs thus: LITTORE AB OCCIDUO QUI PRIMI AD LIiMINA SOI.IS (iXTENDIT CILTLM NOTITIAMQUE DEI, TOT REGES DOMITI GUI SUB.MISERE THIARAS, CONDITUR HOG Tl MULO MAXI.MLS E.M.MAN'UEL. The other toml) on the same side is of D. Maria, daughter of Ferdinand the Catholic, and wite of king Manuel. Facing the founder's tomb is the sarcophagus of his successor king John III. with the following in- scription : PAGE DOMI BELLOQUE FORIS MODERA.MINI MIRO AUXIT JOANNES TERTILS IMPERIU.M DIVINA EXGOLLIT REGNO IMPORTAVIT ATHENAS HEIG TANDEM SITUS EST REX PATRIAEQUE PARENS. Tlie adjoining tomb contains the ashes of liis wife D. Catharina of Austria, daughter of Philip I. of Spain. The remains of the unhappy Ationso VI. Avho after many years ot incarceration, expired in the Palace at Cintra, were placed in a small chamber l)ehiud the high altar, but have been removed to the Koyal mausoleum in St. Vincent's. Leaving the sanctuary and turning to the right Ave come to a door that leads to the sacristy, a spacious room with a vaulted roof supported by a pillar in the center. Around \\^ walls arc tiers of drawers coiitaininfj ia4 CHUKCllES AND ( ONViiNTS. some rich specimens of antique vestments embroidered in gold. An almost incredible quantity of gold and sil- ver plate of great artistic merit used to be kept here, but D. Pedro during the civil war removed it to the mint for greater sectirity where most of it Avas transformed into current coin of the realm. Some few objects es- caped such as the Remonstrance made of the first gold brought by Vasco da Gama from Quiloa as a tribute, and which at present occupies a place in the king's museum in the Palace of Ajuda. The paintings on the panels over the draM'ers repre- sent various episodes in the life of St. Jerome. TJie choir at the W. end is supported by throe arclies: The larger one was brought down by the earthquake of 1755, but lias been rebuilt. The entrance to the choir is from the upper cloister ai the (Jasa -pia. The stalls, about 8U in number, are exquisitely carved with delicate arabesque tracery. Over them are 14 paintings of inferior merit representing the apostles, St. Jerome, and St. Augustine. The large organ on the epistle side was never finished, but the one on the gospel side was built in 1781 and was noted for the ricli melodious sweetness of its tones : it has been allowed to fall into complete ruin, many of the smaller pipes* having been stolen and sold for the value of the metal they contained. The small organ which at present docs duty was transferred from the palace of Ajuda. Leaving the church by the W. door, and turning to the right we come to the entrance to the Convent, now occuj)ied as an asylum for poor orphans, called the Casa pia. Overhead is the following inscription: EXTITIT ALCYDES GENTIS DO.MIXATOR IBERAi: FRENAVIT CAESAR GALLICA REGNA JUGO REX PIUS E.MAM i:i, VICTOR SUPEREMINET INGENS SOLIS AD USQUE ORTUM QUI TULIT IMPERILM. On the right is a bust of Hercules under which is written : HOC I.AI'IDK ANTE !• ORES .DEPIC'I A ALCYDIS l.MACO HEGALIS FIRMUM DEXOTAT AEblS OPI S. S. ROQUE. 125 Tlio bust on the other sido is of Jalius Cjicsar: CAESARIS INCISO PRAl'SI'NS IN MARMORK VLI-TIS INDUAT AUGUSTA!-; LI.MINA I-AUSTA UO.MUS. On application t(j the porter permission to visit the cloisters is readily obtained. With the exception of Al- coba^a and liatalha, they ar(; the finest in Portuf^^al. They are built in the form of a square, each side mea- suring 180 feet and consisting of a piazza with 6 beau- tifully carved arches or Avindows. The court in the cen- ter is embellished with fountains and statues, and taste- fully laid out as a garden. The cloister is two storied, having a second piazza less elaborately carved, built on the top of the principal one. The refectory, at one corner of the cdoister, is a long narrow room lined Avith azulejo^ and has on its walls a complete series of likenesses of the kings of Portugal, works of little value. The dormitory and cells occupied the long Aving built on a piazza running W. from the front of the church. This portion is noAv being restored and is intended to accommodate the orphan girls of the Casa pia. The boys who are already installed in other parts of the building number about 350. The monastery was occupied by the monks of St. Je- rome, to whose order D. Manuel presented the church and house, at the same time clianging the name of the locality to Helem, Avhich means Bethlehem. Santo Teinplo Que nas praias do mar esta assentado. Que o nome teiu da terra para exemplo Donde Deu8 foi em carne ao mundo dado. C-AMOKs, e. 4, t. S7. S. ROQUE, St. Roch, at the top of the rua larga de S. lioque. This church, as well as the adjoining Ijuildings, Avas formerly in the hands of the Jesuits, t(» Avhom it Avas giA'en in 1533 by king John III. *St. Francis Boi'gia, third general of the society, is said to haA^e preached from one (^f its pulpits, and his cloak or black goAvn 12(i CHURCHES AND CONVENTS. (laviicd, })r(>baljly ]>y liiinscjf. -\vitli Avhitc thread, i.-- Btill preserved here as a relic. The church contains some good paintings by Bento Coolho, Gaspar Dias, AveUar and Vioira Lusitano. The life of St. Francis Xavier Ly Diogo Reinoso in the sacristy is worthy of attention. But the great object of attraction to a stranger is the far-famed chapel of St. John the Baptist. It is the richest work of art in Portugal, and probably has no rival out of Rome. It is needless to ask who was the founder of this chapel. One glance at the costly materials of this mi- racle of art is enough to satisfy the 1)eholder that it must have been king- John V., who by the discovery of the gold mines and brilliants of the Brazils was enabled to vie in magnificence and ostentation with Louis XIV. It is related that on the feast of St. Ignatius Loyola in 1718; king John V. attended the church of St. Roch and observing that all the c'hapels, except that of St. John the Baptist, were adorned with a profusion of candles and flowers, he inqunx-d the reason, and being informed that while every other chapel had a brother- hood or guild to provide for its embellishment, St. John's had none. 'Then', said the monarch, 'since the chapel is dedicated to the saint of my name, henceforward it shall be imder my care '. A few days afterwards, he sent the dimensions of the place to his ambassador at Rome, Avith orders for him to have a chapel made of the richest material and fin- est Avorkmanship, regardless of expense. Vanvitelli was the architect chosen to make the design, and a model having been made and sent to Lisbon for the king's apprtjval, he remitted fabidous sums to carry out the work. The chapel, having Ijeen completed, was erected in St. Peter's and Pope Benedict XIV. con- secrated it, and was the first to officiate on its altar, and he received for this favor, as a present from the king, a solid gold chalice set with brilliants wortli £10,000. Having been taken to pieces and packed in cases it was sent to Lisbon accompanied by the celebrated sculp- tor Alessandro Giusti, who was engaged to superintend S. ROQUE. 127 the fitting of It up. The pour kiiigj Iiuwcamm-^ did unt livf to sec the result of his generous soh'citude, being on his death-bed when the c-hapel arrived, and it was not till the 13.*'* of January 1751 that the inauguration took place in the presence of his successor Joseph I. Fortun- ately it escaped destruction by the great earthquake which happened four years later, and which shook to the ground the farade of St. Koch's. The chapel is the first adjoining the transept on the gospel side, and is concealed from view by massive curtains. The exterior of the arch is of coral, with the royal arms of Portugal on the key-stone supported by two alabaster angels. The interior of the arch is of ala- baster. A balusti-ade of verd-antique divides the chapel from the body of the church, the entrance to it being by two side doors of bronze delicately worked and with jambs and lintels of verd-antique. The walls are of black marble, jald-antique and ala])aster, with pilasters of j aid- antique. Over the doors are two mosaics set in porphyry frames. The cornice is of jald-antique relieved with bronze. The vaulted roof is of the same stone and verd- antique ornamented with jasper. Over the altar is a large mosaic with porpliyry frame representing the baptism of Christ in the Jordan. The Eternal Father appears in a cloud attended by a group of angels ; underneath, the Dove descends over the head of Christ who is standing in the Jordan near th(^ Baptist, ministered to by angels and regarded by the two Marys. The artist has been singularly felicitous in dclinoating the feet, faintly dis- cernible under the water. The; mosaic on the gospel side represents the descent of the Holy Ghost on the Apostles and the B. Virgin; that opposite is the Annunciation. These mosaics are so well executed that many incredul- ous visitors refuse to believe they are other than oil paintings until they are convinced by running their hands over the chilly surface. On either side of the principal mosaics are four co- lumns of lapis-lazzuli with bronze capitals and bases of alabaster and jald-anti(pie. The Avail at the back of the columns is of alabaster and amethysts : the architrave is of jald and the Hgures of angels of jasper. The space between the altar and mosaic is filled with coral, ameth- 128 CHURCHKS AND CONVENTS. ysts, and lapis-lazziili. The stop on whitli the cross and candh'sticks are placed is of coral with gilded bronze: and the whole of the altar of jasper, with a frontal of lapis-lazzuli and amethysts. The altar steps are por- phyry and the suppedanenni of Egyptian granite. The floor is marble mosaic inlaid with porphyry imitating a richly flowered carpet, with a globe in the center. The mosaics were made in the celebrated Vatican manufactory. They are copies of three chefs-d'oeuvre by renowned artists. The Baptism is a copy of the painting by Michael Angelo. The Annunciation by Guide Keni, and the descent of the Holy Ghost by Raphael 8anzio da Urbino. The originals were copied for the purpose of being imitated in mosaic, by Agostino Massuci. From the roof hang 3 large lamps of silver and gild- ed bronze, and at the sides of the chapel are two mas- sive candelabra of gilded silver 8 feet in height, profusely adorned with statues of apostles, evangelists and other saints and figures in hasso relievo. Four men are re- quired to move one of them: they cost £ 16,000. Many other valuables, which are only used on the feast of St. John, are kept in the Treasury of the chapel in three rooms near the sanctuary. Amongst these may be mentioned a frontal ot silver and lapis-lazzuli having on each side of it, a silver angel 3 feet in height: it cost upwards of £ 5,000. Four reliquaries weighing 600 lbs. A carpet of gold thread valued at £ 7,000. The total cost of the chapel with its accessories is cal- culated at £ 200,000. Under the pidpit near the chapel of St. John is the tomb of an English knight. Sir Francis Trejean. The history of this gentleman is curious and is related in a latin memoir printed shortly after his death. Having been seen at com't by queen Elizabeth, she fell deeply in love with him, but finding him indifferent to her advances, her love turned to hatred, and she pursued him with the bitterest resentment. His adherence to the creed of his forefathers furnished her with a pretext, and the knight, after an imprisonment of twenty eight years, escaped to the continent and died at Lisbon with the reputation of a saint. The inscription on his tomb is as follows: — COLLKOIO INCiLKZ. 129 Aqui elta em pt- o corpo dc Dom Krancil'co Tre- jcan. Fidalgo Inglcz mui illustre o qual dcpois de contilcados leus Ellados c grandcs trabalhos pa- decidos em 28 annos de prifuo pela delc-ra da tc Catholica em Inglaterra em pcrlcguicao da Rainha Izabel no anno dc iGoS a 21) de Dezembro morreu nefta cidade de Lisboa com grande iama dc lan- tidade. Havcndo 17 annos que eftava I'epultado nefta Igreja de S. Roquc da Companhia de I.H.S. no anno de 1626 aos 20 de Abril fe achou leu corpo inteiro e incorrupto e foi collocado nclte logar pelos Inglefes Catholicos rcfidentes nelta Cidade aos 29 de Abril de iGi)(',. COLLEGK) INGLEZ, commonly callod Os hujlesi- nhos. The English coUeg-c situated on tho rising ground to the W. of the Passeio de S. Pedro de Alcantara. This establishment owes its existence to the persecuting enactments of former times. Excluded in their fatherland from the seats of learning raised by the piety of their ancestors, the Britisli Catholics Avere for centuries forced to educate their youth in foreign climes. When reared, if vested with the sacerdotal character, they were stealthily introduced to the scene of their future labors, where, branded by the law as felons and traitors they were compelled to skulk for the rest of their lives in hourly dread of the informer and pursuivant, often terminating their career in prison, or on the scaffold. These things have happily passed away. Splendid CathoFic establish- ments, both lay and ecclesiastical are now to be met with in every part of Great Britain : yet as the seminary at Lisbon still answers the end of its original institution, it has been thought proper to maintain it in its present state. It is supported almost entirely from England and spending its income in this country, amply repays the protection that has been aflx)rded to it l)y all the go- vernments that have ruled in Portugal. The date of its foundation is 1G28: the building is of irregidar architecture, having been erected at dif- ferent periods. It possesses a cabinet of natm-al philoso- phy, a library and an astronomical observatory. The view from the latter is one of the finest in i\\Q city, commanding the river, and its bar, and the Atlantic Ocean to the W., Palmella and the Arrabida mountains to ]30 CHURCHES AND CONVENTS. tlie S.J thf famous lines of Torres Vcdriis to tlic N., to- e;ether with a magnificent panorama of the circumjacent town. The college usually numbers about thirty students, and many eminent divines, well known to English Cathol- ics, have received here their training. The Very Rev. ^ D."" Baincs is President, the 21.*'' since the foundation of the college. In the neat church attached to the college and dedicated to Saints Peter and Paul, mass may bo heard every woek-day at 7 and (^n Sundays and Holi- days at 10. IGREJA DO CORPO SANTO in the Largo do Corpo Santo, a short distance to the W. of Black Horse Square. This church and convent were founded by, and still continue in the possession of the Irish Dominicans. During the epoch of persecution which followed the overthrow of the church in England, the catholics were subjected to most stringent penal laws, and every mea- sure was taken to extinguish their faith. Not being able to celebrate their religious rites in public and still less to educate priests, they were obliged to have recourse to the expedient of establishing seminaries in foreign countries. In 1629 the Irish Dominicans, having heard of the success which had attended a similiar institution of the Jesuits, resolved to establish at Lisbon a college for the education of youths intended for the Irish priesthood, and with this view communicated with Frey Domingos do Rosario, an Irishman formerly called Dominic O'Da- ly, one of their order who happened to be at the court of Madrid. Frey Domingos obtained a letter of recom- mendation from Pliilip IV. to the governors of Portugal, this country being at that time under the sway of Spain. Leave having been granted by the Portuguese authori- ties, the Dominicans rented some miserable houses in the locality calhHl Sitio da Cotovia where they remained one year, removing then to an equally wretched habi- tation in the Calgada do Comhro, where they stayed until 1633 when a Portuguese nobleman, D. Luiz de Castro do Rio, Lord of Barbacena, made them a pre- sent of a theater formerly devoted to comedy, at- SANTA BRIGIDA. 131 taclied to his house situated in a street called Fanf/as da Farlnha, on the site now occupied by the Boa Hora or court-house. The poor i'riars converted the Loxcs of the theater into cells in which they lived, and the stage was fitted up as a chapel. Better times were, however, in store for them, for D. Joao IV., who had succeeded to the throne of Portugal on the expulsion of the Spaniards, died in 1G56 and the regency Avas conferred on his widowed queen, Dona Luiza de Guzman, with Avhom Frey Doraingos do Ro- sario, the first rector of the Irish college, was a great favorite. By her influence and munificence the Domini- cans were enabled to purchase the site in CORPO Santo and build a church and convent not unworthy of their merits. This edifice however was shaken to the ground by the great earthquake of 1755, and the present build- ing has since been erected through the generous con- tributions of catholics in Ireland, assisted by their cha- ritable Portuguese sympathizers. On the abrogation of the penal laws in the United Kingdom, this college became of less importance and when the monastic orders were prohibited in Portugal, tho' the measure did not extend to themselves, yet they were placed in a very unfavorable position which in- duced them to dispose of the greater part of their pro- perty in Lisbon, and migrate to Tallaght near Dublin, where they purchased land and built a new house. Many illustrious men afterwards promoted to the miter in Ire- land and elsewhere have been educated in tliis con- vent, not to mention a number of others who by their pious zeal and disinterestedness have merited well of their country and proved an honor to the college in which they received their training. The Rev.*^ Thomas Smith is the present Rector, and mass is still celebrated in the church every morning. CONVENTO DE SANTA BRIGIDA. — Brigittine convent near S. Bento, half a mile W. of the general post-office. — This convent was until a few years ago occupied by a Community of English nuns, successors of those who at the beginning of the xv. ei-ntury possessed Sion House, the seat of the Dukes of Northumberland. 132 ClIUlJCilKS AXU CONVENTS. Henry V. of England in 1415 founded a convent near his palace at ]vichniond, and gave it the name of Sion. It Avas inluibited by 60 nuns, all of noble blood, of the order of St. Bridget. On the suppr(!S.sion of th(^ nionasteriey by Henry VIII. the nuns lied to Derraond in Flanders, Avhere they took shelter in a convent be- longing* to the same order. On the accession of queen Mary, Sion was restored to its rightful owners who how- ever enjoyed a very short possession being* again driv- en out by queen Elizabeth. They returned to Flanders whence they mig-rated to Zurich-zee, in Zealand, to a small convent g-iven to them in 1563 by the duchess of Parma then governess of Flanders, and here they re- mained till 156'*^ wlien finding the place extremely un- healthy and having lost many of their number by death they removed to Mishagan where they were not permit- ted to dwell more than a few years when their con- vent was sacked, the poor ladies escaping to Antwerp, and thence to Mechlin were they bought a house. Three years later the city was taken by the prince of Orange and the jiersecuted commiuiity again Hod, iirst to Ant- werp and then to Kouen where they arrived in 1580. Their wanderings Avere however not yet at an end, for Rouen Avas besieged and taken in 1595 by Henry the IV. and the poor nuns, noAV reduced in number to 15, took re- ftige on board a ship by which they Avcre conveyed to Lisbon, where they arrived on the 20.^'' of May of the same year. Philip II. of Spain, then reigning* o\'er Por- tugal, gave them a pension of 2j^000 reis per diem, Avhich Avas continued by his successor D. Joao IV. Misfor- tune seemed still to cling to the community for in 1650 their couA^ent Avas reduced to ashes. Having been re- built by the generosity of the king and other friends it was completely destroyed by the great earthquake of 1755. They managed again to build a Sion House of their oAvn, Avhere, thougli driA'en out for a while by the Peninsular army, they still remained, keeping the origi- nal keys of Sion House in token of their continued right to the property. They Avere visited by a former duke of Northumberland to whom they exhibited these keys. Over the entrance door Avas a beautifully carved stone pedestal surmounted by an iron cross Avhich the nuns SANTA niiiciDA, i;j;j broug-ht away from Sioii Jjousc aiul c^irricfl with thfiu through all their pci'cgriiiations. The following history of Sion 1 louse from Spolmau's work on sacrilege may prove interesting: «Sion House, Avith the exception of Shaftesbury, was the most influential nunnery in England. This site was, on the dissolution, kept in the king's hands, and Ca- tharine Howard was confined here for nearly three months, leaving this prison for the scaffold; Henry's body lay here in state ; and here it was that Father Peto's prophecy was fuHilled, by the dogs licking his blood. Edward VI. granted tlie ]>laco to the duke of Somerset, Avho perished on the scallold: then it reverted lo tlic, croAvn. Next it came to John Dudley, duke of Northum- berland; and here it Avas that Lady Jane Crrey was persuaded to accept the crown. In 1557 the nuns, hav- ing all this time liA'cd together in community, Avere recalled and put in possession of the house, and vSir Francis Englelield rebuilt two sides of the monastery. On the re-dissolution by queen Elizabeth, it came again to the crown, and Avas by James I. granted to Henry Percy, earl of Northumberland, Vjne of the most unfor- tunate, says Augier, of his race'. On a groundless sus- picion of having been eonceriied in the (lunpowder Plot, he Avas stripped of all his offices, adjudged to pay a fine of £ 30,000, and sentenced to imprisonment in the Tower for life. In 1613 he offered Sion House in lieu of the fine, but it Avas not accepted. In 1619, after fifteen years' imprisonment, he AA'as set at liberty on payng £ 11,000. In the time of his son, it Avas used as a prison for the children of king Charles; and his grandson Joseline, eleventh earl, died Avithout issue male. Lady Elizabeth Percy was heiress of this, .and of five other of the old- est baronies in England: and before she A\'as sixteen, she had been thrice a Avife and twice a AvidoAA'. She Avas married at the age of thirteen, to Henry Ca\'endish, carl of Ogle, only son and heir of the NcAvcastle family; he died a fcAv months afterwards. Thomas Thyme, of Longleat, Esq. of tlie family of church-jji-ojx'rty noto- riety, and count Konigsmark, Averc riA'als for her hand. Sho WMS married to the former; 1)ut before the mar- 131 CHURCHES AND CONVENTS. riage could be consummated, he was assassinated by three ruffians hired by Konigsmark. She was married three months afterwards to Charles the Proud, duke of Somerset. The character of this man is Avell known. The roads used to be cleared Avhen he rode out; he made his daughters stand while he slept in the afternoon ; and left one of them £ 20,000 less than the others for sitting down at that time when tired. He had many children, but one son only survived him. In this son the male line failed again, Sir Hugh Smithson succeeding. » IGREJA E MOSTEIRO DE S. VICENTE, com- monly called S. Vicente de Fora. In the earlier periods of Portuguese history, in those dark ages when men were strongly imbued with love for their country, Avith eagerness for the propagation of Christianity and the acquisition of glory, it was custom- ary to perpetuate the memory of great achievements, by the founding" of churches and monasteries. These institutions have proved of the utmost benefit to man- kind, for not only did they tend to keep burning the lamp of faith, but also were the retreats of learning and genius, and without them letters, arts and sciences would inevitably liavc perished in the turmoil of Avar. S. Vicente de Fora was founded by Aftbnso Hem'i- ques to commemorate the taking of Lisbon. The siege having lasted five months, the city was taken by assault on the 21.'^' of October 1147. Soon after this event the august conqueror laid the first stone of this temple, giv- ing thanks to God for the victory He had vouch- safed to the champions of the Cross. The spot selected was that Avhere the king had erected a temporary chapel, hospital and cemetery. The new church was dedicated to the Blessed Virgin Mary and St. Vincent, but has always been known under the latter name, especially since Afibnso Henriuues declared St. Vincent patron of Lisbon. The people added the term de fora because^ it was situated outside the walls of the city. The royal founder made a donation of the church to the canons regular of St. Augustine. The first fabric lasted only four centuries, and when the usurper Philip II. of Spain came here in 1581, h<' found it in a state of ruin and S. VICENTE. 135 to in^'atiate himself with the peo})le of Lisbon, he re- solved to rebuild it a fundamentis. On demolishing the old edifice the foundation stone was rliscovcred bearing the following inscription: HOC TEMPLLM AiiDlFlCAVlT REX PORTUGALIAE ALFHONSUS 1 IN HONOR F.M BEATAE MARIAE VIRGINIS ET SANCTI VICENTI MARTYRIS XI CALEND. DECEMBRIS SUB ERA MCLXXXV. Another stone was found at the same time with a Latin inscription dedicated to the emperor Vespasian. The new chiu'ch was commenced on the 25."^ Decem- ber 1582 and completed in 1627, after 45 years of un- interrupted labor. The principal facade, looking W. has three porticos, two small toAvers and seven statues, six of them representing saints of the order of St. Au- gustine, one being of St. Anthony, who at tirst entered this order; the seventh is St. Sebastian who is placed here in compensation for having taken down a church dedicated to him in order to use the stone for this building. The interior corresponds to the exterior in magnifi- cence. It has the form of a Latin cross, the high altar being in the center, surmounted by a baldacliin, the work of the celebrate sculptor ]\[achado de Castro. The statues on it are St. Vincent, St. Sebastian, St. Augustine and St. Theotonio. The floor is flagged with squares of mar- ble, the vaulted roof is of blue and Avhite marble, in fact the whole interior is ornamented with marble of various hues. The organ is at the back of the altar, and on the gospel side of the sanctuary is a small door that leads to the mausoleum of the Patriarchs of Lis- bon, a long narrow apartment draped with black cloth. Near the collateral chapel on the same side is the tomb of Nuno Alvares Pereira, the f^imous Lord High Con- stable of the kingdom, and progenitor of the reigning family of Bragani;a. His remains Avere by 1). ^Marin L transferred to this ])lae(' fri»ni the ruined convent "f the (Jarmelites, which he had founded and in which his body had lain unmolested from the time of his death. The i;i(; ciiUKCiir.s and convknts. original iiioiunnent of alabaster Avas destroyed by the earthquake; the present one is a fac-simile in wood. The last resting place of the dynasty of Braganga is at the back of the sanctuary, the entrance to it is from the cloister. All the kings of this house are here, except Affonso VI. and ]\lary I. In the center are two marble cenotaphs, on one is the coffin of D. Pedro IV. who is to remain there permanently, the other is the temporary resting place of the last sovereign and is now therefore occupied by I). Pedro V. The other coffins arc placed in order, each having a sliver jjlate with the name, date of birth and death of its mouldering tenant, a sad and significant epilogue to all the grandiose titles in which they gloried when living. The large and noble convent attai-hed to the church is now the residence of the Cardinal Patriarch. It con- tains the ecclesiastical archives and the office in which the business connected with the church is transacted. The extensive grounds reach nearly to the Graca, con- taining vases, statues, etc. Part of its walla are the ancient ones with which D. Fernand I. surrounded Lis- bon in 1372. CONVENTU DE S. BENTO, about half a mile to the W. of the post office. This extinct convent of the Benedictines was built by that order as is shewn by the inscri^ition over the entrance to the cloister whieh ran thus : GUI TAMIM SACRATl R OFIS GUI NOBII.li TEMPH'M HACC BENE BIS DICTO DEDICAT ORDO NIGER QUI PARAT EXPENSAS MONAGHLM DITISSIMA PULGHRIM PAIPERIES PROPRIIS SIMPTIBUS FEGIT OPUS The building was ci)m})leted in 1598 and is one of the few that escaped injury by the great earthquake. Architecturally however there is nothing to note except its vast size and the solidity of its construction. The convent at present accommodates the House of Peers, House of Deputies, and Torre do Tomho, or na- tional archives. The Camara dos Pares or House of Peers occupies the W. side of tlic building and has been recently erected S. HKNTD. 137 at grout oxpe.ii.sc. The tiiyade is oi Portuguese marble in a simple but eflfcctive style. From the nature of the ground, however, it lias the appearance of being buried in a hole. The entrance to it is by the principal door on the E. front. The chamber is in the form of a semi- elliptical amphitheat(;r, having two galleries running round its circumference, the lower one for the Ivoyal Family, Dij)loinatic Corps, and members of the l*eers' families: the upper one for the general public. In front of the galleries are 22 Corinthian colunnis of white mar- ble with composition capitals. Over the president's chair is a full length portrait of his Majesty Dom Luiz, by Jose Rodrigues, over which is a crown supported by two angels carved in wood by Portuguese artists. In front of the tribune are two bronze medallions with the effigies of the former presidents, the duke of Palmella and Cardinal Guilherme Patriarch of Lisbon. Over the two entrance doors are Carrara marble allegorical groups by M. Calmels. The ceiling is painted to imitate stucco Work, and* the room is lighted from the top on the same principal as the English House of Commons. An elegant corridor runs round the outside of the chamber in which are the busts of its former presidents, dukes of Terceira, and Palmella, Cardinal Guilherme and count Lavradio Avho was for many years Portuguese minister at the court of St. James's. The peers are nominated by the king without any limit as to number, and there are at present about 140. They are either hereditary or life peerages; in the former case certain conditions are attached to the succession, such as the possession of a certain amount of property and the taking of a degree at the university of Coim- bra. The peerage does not carry with it any title of no- bility, but as many members of the aristocracy have been created peers, there are some mcnnbers of the upper house who have titles, Avhilst otliers are simply styled Dignos Pares do Ilelno. The Camara dos Deputados or House of Deputies is situated on the north side of St. Bento. It is a large cliamber in the form of a parallelogram surrounded by tribune's for ,tlie publi<-. for ladies, Diplomntie Corps 138 CHUKCHES AND CONVENTS. and members' friends. The house has no pretensions whatever to elegance. Nor are its acoustic qualities superior to its decorations, so that honorable members have to vociferate with stentorian voices to make them- selves heard in all parts of the room. The number of deputies is 1 07 elected by ballot by the 107 circles or electoral districts into which the king- dom is divided. The franchise is limited to householders who have an income of 200;5>000 (£ 45) per annum. The qualifi- cation for a deputy is the possession of an income amounting to 400;^000 (£ 90). Torre do Tomho, or archives of the nation, is open from 9 A. M. to 2 p. M. every day except vSundays and Holidays. Permission to visit it is politely accorded on application to the Gnarda Mor, who is generally on tlie spot. Tombo is a law term meaning the examination and description of the tenures of all kinds of property, boundrics of lands and the registration of the deeds by which they are held. The word was afterwards applied in a figurative sense so as to denote the depot in which all public and private papers of great value are regis- tered or lodged. The original copies of the laws, royal grants, ratifications of treaties and state papers of every kind are here deposited. Prior to 1755 these archives were lodged in a building in the castle of 8t. George, which being destroyed by the terrific earthquake of that year, caused their removal to this convent, though not without the loss of many valuable documents. The oldest deeds here deposited arc of the ix. cen- tury, but the great bulk of tiiem may be said to begin with the (\stablishmcnt of the Portuguese monarchy. To the tourist the following may prove of interest: Treaty of peace made the 29."' December 1652 between Oliver Cromwell and D. Joao IV., with secret article and ratification exchanged in 1655. — Signed by the Protector and bearing the great seal rei)rcsentiug the English parliament. Commercial Treaty between Portugal and Siam, signed and sealed by the first and second kings ot the latter country, with Englisli translation. Commercial Treaty between Portugal and Japan, written on gold speckled paper and enclosed in a beautiful Japan case. COBA^AO DE JESUS. 139 Diploma of tho order of tho Garter conferred on 1). Joao VI. by George IV., 1823. Treaty of Peace (1844) between Turkey and Portiif:^al. Treaty of the marriage of Dom Pedro V. with Dona Fvstephania of IloheuzoUcrn-Sigmaringen, a fine specimen of modern cali- graphy. Treaty of the marriage of Doua Antonia with Leopold of Sig- marigen. Small book of Gospels used in the administration of oaths by the Portuguese Inquisition. Vellum MS. ill. Several MS. Offices of the iilessed Virgin. 111. vellum (n."" IG, 17 and 18). Office of the B. V. beautifully ill., which belonged to Philippa of Lancaster. Reforma de D. Manuel ou lAvros de leitura nova, 58 folio vols. MS. vellum. Contains a copy of all documents existing in the archives prior to his reigu. There arc in it several authentic specimens of Portuguese ilhuninatiou at the beguining of the XVI. century. Hydrogi-aijhic Atlas, made at Goa in 1571 by Fernao Vaz Dou- rado. MS. folio, vellum. The Bible, with commentaries by Frci Nieolau de Lira, MS. 2 vols, fol., ill. initials and numerous pictures. Mesfre das Scnteiir,as,Mi\s:'\?>iQi' Senteiitiarum. MS. 1 vol. ill. 1594. Livro da nobreza e jferfeicuo dos reis c/tristaos e nohrcs linhagens dos reinos e so.nhorios de Porlugal. MS. 1 vol. fob, vellum, xvi. century. Livro das fortalezas que sao sitnadas no extrerao de Portugal e Castella.MH. fol.,vel., end of xv. and l)eginning of xvi. centur- ies. Contains views and plans of the frontier fortresse.-;. But by fiir the most valuable work in an artistic point of view is the famous Jeronymite Bible, which as a specimen of illuminntion is without a rivnl in Portugal. It consists of the Bible with annotations by Nieolau de Lira, in 7 large folio volumes MS. vellum Mud jtrofusely illumiiiated on almost ever}- l)age. It was exccute and completed in 1790. The principal architect was Matheus Vicente, the same who built St. Antonio da Se. The architecture is in imitation of the famous convent at Mafra, especially the dome and the two towers. The four colossal figures on the peristyle supported by 4 columns, Avliicli adorns 'the west front, represent Faith, Adoration, Jjiberality and Mr;i.titude, rjualitics so conspicuous in the IJnyal foundress. Tlie images in the niches are St. Thereza, St. Elias and St. Mary ]\Iagda- len de Pazzi. The two statues iji the vestibule are Our Blessed Lady and St. Joseph. In the sanctuary are two seraphim beautifully executed, and on the epistle side is the Mausoleum of D. Maria I., whose mortal re- mains were translated from Rio de Janeiro where she died in 181G. Most of the scul])ture in the interior is by the celebrated Maehado de Castro, author of the eques- trian statue of Joseph 1. The figures on the outside are by his disciples. The facade which looks towards the enclosure of the convent is considered superior to the west one in point of architecture. The fine view from the cupola Avill amply repay the trouble of ascend- ing it. The towers contain a ring of eleven bells : the largest weiglis upwards of 4 tons. The church is said to have cost Ki milHon cruzados^ or about £ 1.4()(),O0U. NOSSA SENHORA DA (^RAC'A on the second of the chain of hills which commences with that crowned by St. (ieorge's Castle. The Hermits of St. Augustine came to Lisb(»n soon after its capture from the Moors by Affbnso Henriqu(;s, and established themselves at the foot of the hill on which is the church of Nossa Senhora do Monte, in a small hermitage with the invocation of St. (xens, first Bisho]) of Lisbon, Avho us',;d to preach to the ])eopl<' ivoni (iUAOA, 141 that spot. Tlicncc they iHiinovc*! to tlx' top of the hill takinsj; with them the stone chair of St. (jlens, whicli may still be seen in the church of Nussa Senhora do Monte. Finding this situation too bleak and distant from the city they determined in 1271 to remove to the site at present occupied by the church and convent of the Graga, this hill beini!,- at that time called Almofala. The church Avas at iirst dedicated to St. Augustine and known by that name till 1362, when some fishermen at Cascaes on drawing in their nets found a beautiful image of Our J^ady carved in cypress wood which tliey looked upon as miraculous and deposited in the cliurch of St. Augus- tine. This image having acquired great fame under the title of Nossa Senhora da Graqa, the chui'ch became widely known by this name, and its invocation was changed by the popular wish. The original fabric hav- ing suffered much by the lapse of time was pulled down and the foundation of a new one laid on the 9."' jMaiT'h 1550 by Frey Lul/ de Montoya, Avhich however lasted but two centuries, being almost completely destroy- ed by the great earthquaki^ of 1755. 'J'he present building, erected soon after the earthquake, is uninteresting In an architectural point of view. It is cruciform in sliape, having a single nave and transept : the interior decorations ar(» mostly imitations of stone and marble. The painting on the celling of the choir or cnpdla mor, representing the ap])arItIon of Christ to St. Augustine, and the four Evaiigclists, are by the celebrated J^rtuguese artist Pedro Alexandrine, as well as the ten pictures representing episodes in the life of St. Augustine. Among the relics preserved at this church, is an arm of St. Vincent, Avhicli being enclosed In a wooden rell- tpiary, escaped the ra])acity of the French. .Vt the S. end of the transept Is an image of Our Sa- vlom-, sinking under the weight of the cross. This image Is well known throughout Portugal, under the name of Nosso /Seiihor dos Passos, and is visited by immense numbers of ])llgrlms every Friday, In commemoration of our Lord's passion and death, more especially in Lent, when the Image is carried in procession to the church of St. Roque, and on the following day brought 142 CHURCHES AND CONVENTS. back accompanied by the variou.s brotherhoods and crowds of people. The crystal coffer which serves to contain the sacred Host is an object of great merit. It is the work of a celebrated Venitian lapidary, and was made at Venice at the and of the xv. century, of the finest crystal that could be procured. It measures 4 7-2 palms in length by 3 in width and is 2 ^|l^ palms high. Round it are 28 spiral colunms, with silver capitals having between them crystal panels of elegant design. The lapidary brought the coffer to Lisbon and offer- ed it to D. Manuel for 50,000 cruzados, thinking that monarch, on accomit of the enormous riches he derived from the recently discovered Indies, the most likely customer to purchase so costly an object. D. Manuel however declined to buy it, on which its owner took it to Madrid for the purpose of seeing whether the Emperor Charles V. would become its purchaser. He found the price too high so that the disappointed lapi- dary had to return with his treasure and after ofiering it to the king of England and several other princes, and not finding any one in Europe willing to pay so high a figure, he took it to the East and eventually sold it to the king of Ormuz for 37,500 cruzados. It afterwards became the property of a Moorish prince, who in return for some favor, made a present of it to Dom Frey Aleyxo de Menezes, archbishop of Goa, who sent it to Lisbon to be used as a Sacrarium in the church of Nossa Senhora da Graca. Strange to say though the whole of the building, except the belfry, was shaken down by the great earthquake, this fragile object escap- ed iminjm'ed. The following inscription was under the sacrarium : MANNA ABSCONDITO FIDEI ARCANO PENITISSIMO TREMENDO ADORANDO HUMANO SALUTIS PIGNORI ASSERVANDO PRATER ALEXIUS DE MENESES HUJUS CONVENTUS HUMILIS ALUMNUS ET PRIOR, ARCHIEPISCOPUS BRACHARENSIS, HISPANIAE ET INDIA PORTUGALIAE PROREX, SUPREMI CONSILII PROSES ANNO D. MDCXV. JESUS. H'^> ^ Within the crystal coffer was a second one of silver and tortoise and within this a third of gold, one palm in length, presented by Dona Philip})a do Vilhena, wido\y of the Vice-Roy of India, Mathias d' Albuquerque. The whole was supported by two silver angels, eleven palms in height. This valuable coffer which if we reckon compound interest has cost the enormous sum of over £ 2,500.000,000, is at present covered with dust and dirt! The famous Affonso d'Albuquerque, the greatest captain of his age, who conquered and reduced to feudatories all the kings of India, is interred in the casa do capitulo, without any monument ! ! In the sacristy is the mausoleum of Mendes Foyos, secretary of state of Dom Pedro II. IGREJA E CONVENTO DE JESUS.— The con- vent of Jesus belonged to the third order of Franciscans, and dates from the 30."' of July 1G15. Its church suffered gi'eatly from the violent earthquake of 1 755, so much so that early next year the roof fell in, and the whole building became a heap of ruins. The present edifice was erected shortly afterwards from the designs of the architect Joaquim de Oliveira. The monastic orders hav- ing been abolished in Portugal, the church is now used as the parish church of Nossa Senhora das Merces. In the corridor which leads from the transept to the sacristy, is n marble mausuleum containing the remains of Antonio de Sousa de Maccdo. The walls of the cor- ridor are lined with azidrjo bearing Latin and Portu- guese verses taken from the works of this celebrated writer. The principal attraction is the library, a noble room 200 feet by 60, well lighted and ventilated. The books are methodically arranged on shelves siu-mounted by 1 >usts, painted to imitate marble, of the most distinguish- ed philosophers, poets, historians, etc., of different na- tions and ages. The painting on the ceiling represents the Sciences and Virtues presided by Religion. There is a well classified and conqjlete catalogue, and the room is open to the public as a reading room from 10 A. u. to 3 p. M. every day except Sundays and Holi- days. The number of volumes is upwards of 40,000, 144 CHURCHES AND CONVENTS. principally on religious subjects. There arc ti tew MS8., amongst which deserve particular notice a Missal richly illuminated Ly Estevao GoncalvcSj canon ofVizeu cathe- dral. The Avork was commenced in Id 10 and finished soon after 1G21. The several leasts are illustrated by exquisitely painted miniatures, and every page is sur- rounded by a brilliant border. Also a curious hydro- graphic atlas made shortly after Vasco da Gama's discoveries, as appears from the author's own statement: aLazaro Luis fes esfe liuro de fodo o unmerqo efoifelto na era de mil he guiuhentos he scs't^ta he tres anos». I5()ii of the era of Caesar corresponds with 1525 of the present calendar. In an adjoining room is the library of the Academy, of Sciences; it is not open to tlie public, but strangers are readily admitted. The library consists principally of the transactions and reports of the chief scientific societies of Europe. The Portuguese Royal Academy of Sciences, Academia Real das ISciencias, was establish- ed through the exertions of the diique de Latoes, a noble- man of great talent who having been banished from Portugal traveled over the whole of Europe during 22 years. On his return to Lisbon in 1778 he undertook the organizing of this society under the patronage of Dona Maria 1. to succeed the Academia Real de His- toria which had died out. Its members are either Honor- ary, Effective, Free or Corresjjonding. His Majesty Dom Fernando is president. Its secretary 111.'"° Sr. Jose Maria Latino Coelho, ex-minister of Marine, one of the first orators in Portugal and a distinguished writer, is also an accomplished linguist, being familiar with all the languages of Europe, as well as an excellent classical scholar. The society have published many volumes under the title of Memorias^ containing learned papers on a variety of useful subjects, thus acting up to their motto : uNisi xdile est quod faclmus stidta est gloria ». The meetings of the Society are held in the Convento de Jesus. IGREJA E CONVENTO DO CARMO. — In the square of the same name, near the Chiado. These ruins are most interesting to lovers of Gothic architecture. The church was founded by the pi-ogenitor CARMO. 145 of the reigning dynasty, Uoni Nnno Alvarcs Pereira, Lord High Constable of l^ortugal, in fulfilment of a vow for the successful issue of the glorious battle of Alju- barrota. It was commenced in 1389 and completed iu 1422, the whole expense being borne by its noble found- er. Documents are in existence which shew that the workmen employed in its construction received 13 reis =:^/4^^ per diem, at that time equivalent to 2^j^ alquei- res of wheat, about a bushel. The church was dedicated to Nossa Senhora do IJ- vramento and presented to the monks of the Carmelite order, and when Nuno Alvares Pereira, the greatest warrior of his age and the savior of his country, de- termined to retire from the world and abandon the turmoil of war for the peaceful repose of monastic life, he selected this convent for his abode, and having taken the habit of a Carmelite friar, passed the rest of his days in religious seclusion. He died here on the Pi."" of May 1431, and his remains were interred in the church. It was customary for the inhabitants of Lisbon to repair to his tomb on each anniversary, and strewing flowers on it, sing the following verses: El gran Condcstablc Nuno Alvare?; Porcira Difendio Portugale Con sua bandera E con sou peudone No me lo digades none Quo santo es el Condc. The remains of the Constable were by I). Maria I. translated to the church of S. Yicfntc de Fora^, where they now lie. The great earthquake and subsequent tire destroyed the major part of the building. The lofty arch of the sanctuary still remains standing, as well as the ribs of several other: the Gothic porch also withstood the shock. The nave was of an innuense size, measuring 160 feet in length. The splendid tower is worthy of examination, and permission to gain access to it may be easily obtained by applying to the Commander of the Municipal Ca- valry, which occupy tlie ndjoining eonvent. 14*; CHURCHES AND CONVENTS. The church at present serves for the Museum of the Archaeological Society, and contains many interesting^ specimens arranc,'C(l in what was the sanctuary and col- lateral chapels. iVdmittance to the public on Sundays and Thursdays from 11 to 3. There is no catalogue published of this collection nor are the objects num- bered or placed in any order: it is therefore impossible to describe them in a guide book. The two colossal statues to the right on entering the ruined nave were intended to form a part of the monument erected in honor of D. Pedro IV, The five female figures so conspicuous at the east end of the chancel are part of a monument which was to have been raised to the memory of D. Maria I. These statues were cut at Rome by the Portuguese sculptor Aguiar: the center one represents Her Majesty and the four others Asia, Africa, America and Europe. The iron railing with bronze ornaments is from the con- vent at Mafra. In the side chapels are plaster models of different works of art, the most notable being that of the exquisitely chaste pidpit oitianta Cruz at Coimbra. Also diminutive models of the acropolis, circus maximus and other classical buildings. At the far end of the first chapel is a model of the tomb of the founder of the church, the original in alabaster having been destroyed by the great earthquake. The upright figure in armor represents Nuno Alvares Pereira as Lord High Con- stable, and the recumbent figm'e represents him in the habit of a Carmelite fi-iar. In a glass case are a few specimens of flint implements and weapons, as also Roman relics found at Troy, an ancient Roman settle- ment near Setubal. IGREJA DA REAL CASA DE SANTO ANTO- NIO, commonly called Santo Antonio da Se, from its proximity to the Cathedral, in front of which it is built. King John II. left a legacy to build a church in honor of St. Anthony on the site of the house in which this saint was born in 1195. This bequest was carried out by D. Manuel who erected a splendid church, completed about 1509, but which was destroyed by the great earthquake and succeeding fire, nothing escaping ex- cept the image of the saint. The present church was SANTO ANTONIO. 147 erected in 1787 by the architect who built the church of the Estrella, Mathcus Vicente. It is of moderate size with handsome fittings, and contains a number f)f paint- ings representing the life of the saint. The full-length portrait of St. Anthony is much venerated by the people, who evince their devotion by kissing the feet as they pass. St. Anthony is perhaps the most favorite Saint in Portugal, where he is invariably styled of Llslxju tho' in other countries he is better known as of Padua where he died. A brief sketch of his life may not be out of place. Santo Antonio was born in 1195. His parents were of noble descent and distinguished piety. He was first educated in the Se where ho learned the elements of christian doctrine, Latin, and music. At the age of 15 he entered the order of the canons regular of St. Augus- tine who occupied S. Vicente de Fora, whence he was transferred to one of their houses at Coimbra. Influenced by the arrival of the relics of five Franciscan martyrs, brought from Morocco by tlie Infante Dom Pedro, he resolved upon entering that order in 1221. Burning with zeal to become a martyr he visited Morocco, but being attacked by a severe illness he was unable to continue his labors as a missionary and resolved to retm'n to Por- tugal. Stress of weather, however, drove him to Sicily, and he availed himself of this circumstance to visit the founder of his order at Assis. He became afterwards a professor at Padua and acquired great fame for his eloquence and numerous miracles. He devoted the rest of his life to missionary labors in France and Italy, and died at Padua in 1231 where his remains (except the head which is preserved in a gold casket in his church at Lisbon) are interred in the magnificent church built in his honor. Eleven months after his death, on the 30.'^' May 1232, he was canonized by Gregory IX, on which day it is said that all the bells in Lisbon rang forth merrily of their own accord and that the inhabi- tants hon gre mal gre were irresistibly lead to dance in the streets: En toda la ciudad fiestas se haciau Sonando por si mismas las cainpaiiiis Que inny soleiimcmente sc tauian Haciendo consonancias mas qne liniuanas 148 CIIUUC'IIKS AND CONVENTS. Miiy f^ruiide ucbuiriiclon todos tciiinn Pov vor (.[xw criiii las (.'unsas soberanns, Pues no liiiliia en todo cl imchlo (juiiMi sn]>ie.^o I*(ir(liic till p-ozd y liosta se liieiesc. k5t. Anthony ot" Lisbon is generally represented as a young man habited as a monk with the infant Saviour in his arms. This refers to an episode in his life when a missionary in France. Having been sheltered by one of the faithful, the master of th(^ house on passing his guest's door to retire to rest, peeped through a chink and saw the saint with the infant Jesus in his arms, and St. Anthony, aware that he had been observed, made his host promise not to reveal what he had seen until after his death: O graiule Antonio, claro por natnrcza, Famoso em letras, raro ein santidado, Gloria maior da p'loria Portnguoza, Insignc filho da Ulyspea cidade! Tal de tua doutrina he a grandcza, Tal dc tua virtude a claridade, Quo, penetrando as aguas, faz que aciida, Para tc ouvir a gera^ao niais muda. Uhjssipn, cant. 14-34. NOSSA SENHORA DA PENH A DE FRANCA, situated on the most northerly of the chain of hills forming the east of Lisbon. — A carver in wood named Antonio Simoes, who formed one of the unfortunate expedition to Africa in which D. Sebastiao lost his life, being in great danger at the battle of Alcacar-Quibir, made a vow that if he escaped he would make nine images of our Lady under different titles. Having returned safe to Lisbon, he set about fulfiling his vow and having dedicated eight of the images he was at a loss what name to give the ninth. At the suggestion of a Jesuit, he chose Nossa Senhora da Pe- nha de FrauQa, after a celebrated image of this title near Salamanca in Spain. The image was at iirst lodged in a small chapel in Rua do Ouro, now Nossa Senhora da Victoria, and afterwards removed to a church built by Simoes on the summit of the hill where the present one now stands. In 1599 while an awful plague was raging in Lisbon, as many as 600 persons dying per ]'ENHA DE FKANrA. 149 diem, the Si^nnish truups headed by their Captain- General, Count Portak'gre, went in procession to the ermida^ and the Senate of Lisbon registered a vow to build a new church and make a yearly procession to it from Santo Antonio da Se, if the pestilence ceased. The plague ended and the senate erected a large church, finished in 1625. This building was thrown down by the great earthquake, more than oOO worshipers perishing beneath its walls, but was re1)uilt in three years. The image is the ancient one, which was dug out of the ruins some- what mutilated. The paintings are said to be the first works of the fertile Pedro Alexandrino. Near the sa- cristy is a room, dos Mlla(/res, in Avhich is a crocodile called by the Lisbonitcs, o lac/arto da Pcnha de Franga. The legend runs that a pilgrim having toiled up the hill, fell asleep near the church, and was attacked by an immense lizard, but that the Virgin went to the as- sistance of the exhausted traveler, giving him super- natural strenght and courage to overcome the monster. Outside the sanctuary this legend is represented in azulejo. Visitors to the church, who do not see the cro- codile, are joked by the Portuguese who say « foi a Pe- nha e nao viu o lagarto)), which is like saying «to go to Rome and not see the Popc». This Senhora is held in especial veneration by sailors, who frequently go thither in procession to" testify their gratitude for the succor they believe themselves to have received, when in imminent danger, through the intercession of our Blessed Lady. On these occasions they carry part of the sails or masts of their vessel to the church, which is dedicated to Nossa Senhora, and there redeem them for wax candles to be burnt before her shrine, or other appropriate emblems of their res- pect and gratitude. They also suspend small waxen figures or pictures Avhich they intend to serve as public acknowledgments of ciu'cs they believe to have been wrought by the Almighty through the intercession of his glorified servants. Nor can this practice be deemed altogether superstitious by those who believe in the in- tei'ference of Providence in the affairs of this world, and that the prayer of the just num avnileth much and that gratitude is a duth inculeated by lieligion. 150 (JHUIICHES AND CONVENTS. NOSSA SENHOKA LM)S MARTYRES, in the Chiado. The foundation of this church is the most ancient in the ca])ital. It was here that the English and other crusaders who died in the assault on Lisbon when it Avas captured from the Moors by Affonso Henriques in 1147, received christian jnirial, the ground having been consecrated for that purpose by D. Joao Peculiar, arch- bishop of Braga, by order of the king. The crusaders erected a small chapel to mark the spot ivhere their companions lay, and placed in it an image of our Lady, which they had brought with them from England. As those who perished in the cause of a Christian king against the hated Sarasen were accounted martyrs, the chapel acquired the name of Nossa Senliora dos Mar- tyres. Shortly afterwards, D. Affonso built a handsome chiu'ch on this site, to perpetuate the memory of those who had rendered him such signal service, and mark the burial-place of his foreign allies. The original fabric was altered and restored in 1598, 1710 and 1750, but the great earthquake reduced it to a heap of ruins. The present building is quite modern, and consists of a single nave with chapels at each side, the paintings in v/hich, are by the celebrated Pedro Alexandrino. It was in the baptistry of this church that the first Moor received baptism after the taking of the city. The original font was preserved down to the time of the great earthquake and bore the following inscription : Efta he a pia em que fe baptifou o primeiro Chriflao n'efta cidade quando no anno de 1 147 fe tomoLi aos Mouros. Pedro JuHo, afterwards elevated to the pa})al chair under the name of John XXL, was at one time prior of this parish. NOSSA SENHOIIA DA ENCARNAglo, at the top of the Chiado, o]>posite N^oasa Sunhora do Loreto. Owing to the proximity of these two cluu'ches, the open space between them is called Largo das diias If/rejas. The original church was built by Dona Elvira de Vilhena, Countess of Poutevel, being commenced in 1698, and completed in 1708. The noble foundress never KNCAKNAgXo. 151 once entered the cliurcli during- her lite time, lest she should be guilty of vaing-lory on beholding the result of her muniticcnee; only after death did she cross its threshold for the first and last time, her remains being interred within its sacred precincts. The great earthquake and subsequent iire destroyed nearly the whole of the old fabric Avith its precious works of art ; the present edifice is of modern construction, being finished within the last fcAV years. Exteriorly there is nothing to claim admiration. The principal facade is much too high in proportion to its width. It has three doors, the center one flardced by Co- rinthian columns and pilasters supporting an entablature ornamented with angels, over which is a hasso relievo representing the Annunciation. The two side images are Nossa Senhora do Lorefo and ^Sanfa Catharina. The interior of the; church is neatly decorated and contains some fine specimens of Portuguese marble as well as imitations of the same in stucco. Besides the capella mor or sanctuary there are 8 chapels, 4 on each side of the nave, ornamented with Corinthian columns of artificial marble and oil paintings of no great merit. On the gospel side are the chapels of the Blessed Sa- crament, Nossa Senhora da Concelqao, Santa Anna and Santo Antonio. On the opposite side Nossa Senhora da Piedade, S. Miguel, Nossa Senhora de Carmo, and S. Sebastido. Under the choir is a small baptistry lined with marbles of different colors Avhich are scarcely vi^^ible, the place being so dark. The chapel of the Blessed Sacrament is most beautiful. It is entirely lined Avith rich blue, pink and white marble exquisitely sculptured, and is closed by a pair of elegant gilt bronze gates. .The roof is octagonal and embellished with symbols of the New Testament in alto relievo. In the center of it, are the Lamb, the Book the seven seals and lamps, surrounded by the heads of a man, of an ox, of a lion and of an eagle, symbolic of the foiu" evangelists. On the narrow panels wdiich form the corners of the chapel are symbols of the Old Testament, the ark with two cherubim, the vase of manna, the tables of the law, a burninc heart, a 1;VJ CHUKCIIES AND CONVENTS. sword ami staft' on a cushion with a royal crown over it, and the column oflirc which guided the Israelites. The painting of the Last Supper between the columns over th(> altar is not equal in merit to the rest of the work. The capcUa iiior is also lined with fine marbles, as Avell as the high altar. It has f(nn- Brazilwood doors delicately carved. The remains of the foundress rest on the epistle side, and on a black marble tablet edged with white and surmounted by a coronet may be read the following inscription: CHRIS'lO SACRIM OSSA 1). EF.VIRA1-. MARIAI, VILLEMAi: CO.MITIS PONTEVELKNSIS HEIC QUIESCENT TRLMO MONUMENTO QEOI) IPSA SIBI PARAVERAT AEDEQUE QUAM SEA PECUNIA STRUXERAT TERRAEMOTU DIRUTIS NOVUM IN HAC NOVA AEDE BENEMERENTI POSUERE On the gospel side lies her husband Count Pontcvel : CHRISTO SACRUM NONII CUGNIAE ATAIDII COMITIS PONTEVELENSIS PRIMO MONUMENTO UNA CUM AEDE DIRUTO OSSA HEIC REPOSTA SI NT REQUIESCAT IN PACE ANNO CIDIDCCI.XXIIII The painting on the ceiling representing the Annun- ciation is attributed to Pedro Alexandrino. The sacristy contains nothing of interest. NOSSA SENHORA DO LORETO at the top of the C/iiadoj, directlv facing the church of the Incarnation. S. DOMINGO.S. 153 Th(5 Lorctto uwcs its origin to the Italian residents of Lisbon, which city in the xvi. century was one of the groat oniporiunis of commerce in Europe. Many foreign mc^rchants, especially Italians, took up their residence in it, and wishing to have a church of their own, they subscribed the necessary funds, and having obtained the consent of the Pope and Portuguese au- thorities, built the original Loretto in which mass was first celebrated on the 8.*'' of .January lh'22, in the reign of D. Joao III. The j)rimitivc fabric Avas reduced to ashes on the 2*.*."' of March Kl;")!, and rebuilt by the Italians in the course of 25 years. The great earth((uakc of 1755 damaged it to a great extent and the sub- sequent fire consumed the whole of the valuable works of art which adorned the interior. The principal front looks S. and at the sides of the entrance are the statues of SS. Peter and Paul. In the center at the top placed in a niche is the conventional statue of our Lady of Loretto. The church consists of a single nave with 5 chapels on the epistle side and 4 on the gospel side; the walls are decorated with fine polished marbles. In niches over the chapels are the twelve apostles and the Evangelists St. Luke and St. Mark painted by Cyrillo Wolkmar Machado in imitation of the statues destroyed by the fire. Seen from the entrance, they produce a very good effect and present the appearance of solidity. The painting on the ceiling rejiresenting Xossa Senhora do Loreto with angels in the act of transporting her house, is by Pedro Alexandrine. For the benefit of late-ri- sers it may be well to mention that the last mass on Siuidays and Holidays is at 1 o'clock P. M. S. DOMINGOS. — St. Dominic's, near the east end of the theater of Dona Maria II: the most spacious church in the capital. It Avas founded in 1241* by 13. Affonso III., attached to the convent of the Dominicans, the first stone of wliich had been laid by his predecessor D. Sancho II. in 1241, and Avas subsequently en- larged by D. Manuel. At the time of the establish- ment of this chiu'ch an arm of the sea ran up close to its gates and on several occasions it suftered inundation, '^llie originnl building was e()m])lotely destroyed by the IM CilCRCHES AND CONVENTS. great earthquake and was afterwards rebuilt. After the extinction of the monastic orders, the convent was converted into dwelling- houses, and the church incor- porated into the parochial system as Santa Jnda e Ru- fina. It is ornamented Ly eight columns of red marble at the altars in the transept, and by forty six half co- lumns in the nave. The sanctuary contains four colossal pillars of blue marble with some, bold carving by the sculptor Padua. At the entrance to the sacristy is the toml> of th(; famous ascetic writer Fr. Luiz de Granada, with the following inscription : Frater Ludovicus Granatenhs ex Praedicatorum familia cujus doctrinae maiora extant miracuhi Gregorii decimi tertii Pontihcis Maximi oraculo quam fi caecis aspecUim mortuis vitam impetras- set. Pontiticia dignitate faepius reculata clarior mira in Deum pietate et in pauperes milcricordia, infignumque librorum ac concionum varietate toto orbe illuftrato aetatis i'uae anno 84 Olyflipone moritur magno Reipublicae Chriftianae defiderio pridie Kalend. Januarii anno i58g. S. JOSE. — In the Rua de S. Josil, which runs pa- rallel to the Passeio Publico at a short distance to the E. thereof. The church of St. Joseph was built in 1509 by the societies or guilds of Carpenters and Masons. The great earthquake seriously damaged the principal fa9ade, which was })ulled down and rebuilt by the said socie- ties in 1757 as may be learned from the inscriptions at each side of the entrance, Avhich run thus: On the gospel side: In. A. O. (In atialhema oblivionis.) Per caula do lamentavel terramoto do primeiro dc Novembro de lySS le arruinou a frontaria d'efta igreja. A irmandade do Shr. S. Jofeph, como pa- droeira da mefma a mandou Icvantar no eltado cm que I'c acha, no anno dc 17(17. liltra non commovebitur. Liv. i. Par: 17. o- Under this inscription are scidj/tured the mason's implements with these words: Hie clt Fabcr. Jofeph t'abcr lapidarius. OmVELLAS. 155 The inscription ou the other side says ; Na era de \b3j I'c principiou a confraria do Siir. Isao Jofeph que foi a primeira d'e'te Reino, e na era de i 547 a 7 dc abril fc tirou S. Jofeph de Santa Julta para e(ta cal'a. Poflcderunt liHi Jofeph. Jofue. lO. 4. Under which are sculptured joiners tools; on the saw is written: Jofeph faber lignarius. The year 1537 of the era of Caesar, corresponds with 1499 of the present calendar. CONVENTO DE ODIVELLAS, 5 miles to the N. of Lisbon on the road which passes Campo Grande. This convent is celebrated for the excellent marma- lade made by the nuns. Marmelada properly so called is made from the quince, in Portuguese marmelo. The church is the only part of the ancient building which remains and it contains the tomb of its founder D. Diniz, in a small dark chapel. In one of the walls at the entrance is embedded a stone ball more than a yard in circumference, under Avhich is the following inscrip- tion : Elte pclouro mandou aqui oftbrecer a San. Ber- nardo Dom Alvaro dc Noronha por fua devocam, que e dos quom que Ihe os turcos combateram a fortaleza Durumuz fendo elle capitani dela, na era de I 537. c. ir,(; (1IUK( UKS xVNl) CONVENTS. CONVENT(J DE SANTOS O X()\'0, at the ex- treme E. of the city. During" the reigni ot" the Emperor Diocletian, the Christians were persecuted with the utmost rigor, and among the number of his victims were the sisters Maxima and Juh"a who together with their brother Vcris- simus were martyred at Lisbon in the year 303. After the infliction of most atrocious torments, they were beheaded and their bodies cast into the Tagus. Though Aveighted with heavy stones the corpses miraculously came to shore and wei'c buried in the spot now occupied by the parish church of ^Santos o Velho, a small chapel being built in after years to commemorate the spot. P^ven the Moors on becoming masters of the city, res- pected the belief of its inhabitants and permitted chris- tian worship to be continued within its walls. D. Af- fonso Henriques, on capturing the city, built a church in place of the humble hermitage, and his successor Sancho I. added to it a convent and made a donation of b(jth to the Commendadores of the military order of Santiago, who retained possession of it till 1217, when they migrated to Alcacar-do-Sal. The old convent was now occupied by the wives and female relations of the knights of Santiago, who organised themselves into a religious community, with the title of Commendadeiras da ordem mllitar de tSantiago. In the reign of D. Joao II. the Commendadeiras built a new house at the extreme east of the city, near where the present convent stands, and removed to it in 1490, taking with them the relics of the mar- tyrs. In com'se of time the place became too small for them, so that thev erected the present spacious Iniilding in 1685. NOSSA SENHORA DO MONTE on the summit of the second hill to the N. of St. George's Castle. A line view of the city and river is obtained from this spot, which is elevated about 340 feet above the level of the sea. The present church, a small building erected on the ruins of the former one Avhich Avas completely destroyed by the great earthquake, is suiTOunded by an enclosure in wliieh arc several trees of great antiquity SANTOS O VELHO. 157 and In the ccHtcr is a small obelisk bearing- the tbllowin/]^ inscription : ULISSIPONE HIC AUGUSTINnNSlU.M PRIMA SEDES AB ANNO I 148 from wliicli it appears that the Aiigustinians settled here soon after the takin;^- of Lisljon ])y Affouso Henriques. It was formerly called the hermitag'e of St. Gens, the first bishop of Lisbon, and a rude stone chair in which the saint used to sit while preaching to the people, is still preserved in a closet under the choir on the epistle side within the church, lentil some years ago this chair was placed outside the church imdcr the aljyendre or porch, and was an object of much devotion being visited by many pilgrims, but especially by women in a state which made the ascent of so steep a hill a matter of no small difficulty and Avho entertained the belief that by seating themselves in the chair of St. Gens they would insure « a good time » . One of these devotees was Dona Maria Anna of Austria who made a pilgrimage to this chair in 1723. The primitive building- was taken down in 1243 and a new one built which the Augustinians continued to occu})y till 1271 when they migrated to the adjoining hill wherc^ they had built the magnificent convent of the Graca. IGREJA DE SANTOS O VELHO, at theW. end of the new embankment called Aterro da Boa Vista. In the year 303 the two sisters jMaxima and Julia and their brother Verissimus were martyred by order of the infamous Emperor Diocletian. After being sub- jected to excruciating tortures, they were put to death and their bodies, weighted Avith stones, cast into the Tagus near Almada. The corpses were soon after washed on shore and religiously buried by the (Christians. Mas, mio tc cegue resplandor somente Quo a alta casa de Aiitonio revorbera, Ollia tainbeiii ea outro, qin' excellentft N'esta t'idadc u inesmo Coo veiu'ra. 158 CHURCHES AN1> CONVENTS. Qnando da f^rande Roma a a^pn ffcnte Porsiga a nova loy quo o iniUKlo ospcra, Verissiino, com Mnxima e com Julio, Ganliarao n'oKtc sitio sacra dulia. Irmuos em sangue como cm fortaleza, E dc Lisboa fillaos esfor^ados. Depois do mortos com a, maior firmcza, Com huma pcdra ao mar ! CONVENTS. This beautiful little eliun-h was erected to com- uieniorate the providential escape from attempted assassi- nation of king Joseph I. on the o.''^ of September 1758. The kini;' was proceeding in his carriage late at night to the palace of Ajuda and on reaching this spot a vol- ley of shots was tired at the carriage, and its occupant severely wounded. It is not known who were the au- thors of this attempt, ))ut the king's Prime minister Se- bastiao Jose Carvalho, afterwards so notorious mider the title of JMarquis of Pombal, made it a pretext for wreaking most cruel vengeance on his own enemies, and persuaded the king that the attack was the result of a conspiracy against his person. In consequence of this, many noble families, obnoxious to the crafty mi- nister, beheld their principal members, of both sexes, either exiled or imprisoned, their estates confiscated, and their names declared infamous. Tortures were em- ployed to wring from the noble victims a confession of guilt, and when this did not succeed, false evidence Avas fabricated and the ill-fated nobles condemned to the scaffold. They were executed with the utmost barbarity in the Largo de Belem, on the 13.*^' of January 1759. The foundation stone was laid the year after by the king himself as may be seen from the following inscriptions engraved on it: JOSEPHUS I LUSITANIAE REX FIDELISSIMUS . DHIPARAE LIBERATRICIS PROTECTIONE III NONAS SEPTEMBRIS • ANNI MDCCLVIII HIC INTER DENSOS GLOBOS PLIMBEOS SOSPENS EVADENS CONSPIRATORUM INSIDIAS IN EUM GEMINA SCLOPORUM DISPLOSIONK IRRUENTIUM TEMPLUM HOC IN PERPETUUM TANTI BENEFICII MONUMENTUM AEDIFICARI FECIT SANTA ENGRACIA. 161 HIJUS TKMPI.I IN HONOREM DEI ET BEATISSIMAE VIRGINIS MARIAE LIBERATRICIS AC IPSIl'S SPONSI SANCTI JOSEPH DICANDI LAPIDEM HUNG PRIMUM AB IPSO REGE DELATUM BEN'EDIXIT AC IMPOSUIT EM.**"^ I). FRANCISCUS 1 S. R. E. CARDINALIS DE SALDANHA PATRIARCHA LISBONENSIS SUMMO PONTIFICE CLEMENTK XHI DIE III SEPTEMBRIS ANNO DOMINI .MDCCLX POST TERRAE.MOTU V The church was built in the reign of D. jNIaria I., and is in imitation of the Estrella. The architect was Joao Carlos Ribiena. SANTA ENGRACIA, near St. Vincent's, a short dis- tance to the NE. of the cathedral. The original church of this name was built by the Infanta Dona Maria in 15G8. On the stormy night of the 15.'^ of January IGoO sacrilegious robbers entered the church and stole the sacred vessels not even respect- ing the consecrated particles. The indignation felt at this unprecedented outrage caused a society to be form- ed consisting of 100 members of the aristocracy, who every year made a feast in honor of the Blessed Sa- crament, and who provided funds for the erection of a splendid temple. When however it was nearly finished, the walls gave way and the whole fabric fell to the ground. A fresh beginning was made and the foundation stone of the present unfinished editicc Avas laid in 1682 by king Pedro II. and has on it the following explana- tory inscription : 11 16r? CHURCUES AND CONVENTS. Cum incunte irigefimo I'upra milciimum Ibxcen- tcfimum falutis anno ck D. Engraiiae Aide quidam nefarius homo per tencbras proccllolac noctis San- dillimum corpus Domini furatus clfet, Nobilitas Lulitana in lanti facrilcgii cxpiationcm ccntum- virale Ibladitium conitituit ct codcm in loco ma- gniticum Templum propriis I'umptibus conftruere dccrevit, ut ubi impia manus Sacrofanctam Eu- chariitiam temerare fuerat aufa, ibi a piis animis acternum colcnda forct. At opere jam perfeclioni proximo forte colapfo iterum Nobilitas Lufitana, impellcnte ac magnitice adjuvante Screniflimo Petro Portugalliae Principe et Moderatore aliud Templum, fed elcgantioris ftruclurae erigere fta- tuit, cujus primum fundamentorum lapidem idem Sereniflimus Princeps pro infita Lulitanis Regibus pietate propria manu jecit. Ann. Dni. mdclxxxii. It was intended to have been the largest rotunda known, with a single altar in the center. The architects however, fearing the walls would not bear the pressure of the dome desisted from the work and left it in its present unfinished state. A legend says that one Simrio Peres JSolis, con- demned to death as a participator in the act of sacrilege above referred to, declared on the scafibld that in proof of his innocence the church would never be finished. Considering, however, that the execution took place half a century before the foundation stone of the building was laid, it appears that Solis must have been a prophet as well as a martyr ! Cotiio as ohras de Santa Engracia has become a proverb in Portugal, and is applied to anything which is never likely to bo finished. The building is now used as a depot for artillery. S. JULIAO, at the N. side of the Camara Muni- cipal. — The parish of 8t. Julian existed prior to 1200, but the exact date of its foundation is unknown. The ancient church in which Pope John XXI, one of the two Portuguese who have occupied the chair of St. Peter, was baptized, was completely destroyed by the great earthquake. Having been shortly afterwards rebuilt it was reduced to ashes on the 4.*^ of October 1816, on the occasion of the funeral ceremonies of Dona Maria I. The SANTA MAIUA MAGIJALKNA. 163 present l)uilding, recently completed, contains some fine marbles, two superb cokimns in the choir or capella mor and some beautiful carvini^ work. S. NICOLAU. — St. Nicholas's in the Una da Praia, the most easterly of the three streets which ter- minate in Black Horse Square. — The foundation dates from 1280, the present church is of recent construction and possesses no features which call for special mention. In the sacristy are some rich ancient vestments acquired from the extinct monasteries. S. PAUIiO at the W. end of the Larrp de S. Paxdo, half a mile to the W. of Black Horse Square. The original church, according to the following verses which were enscribed over the door, was founded in 1388. Numen adest intus Paulo maiora canamus Kegia dum mirum numera pandit opus. Aera salutis habet septem saecida Phoebi Bis sex annorum si tarn excipias. The awful earthquake of 1755 however entirely des- troyed the old building, the present church being erected shortly after the catastrophe. SANTA MARIA MAGDALENA, at the E. end of the Una da ConceicaOj one of the streets which inter- sect Rua Augusta. The foundation of this church is as old as the Portu- guese monarchy, its exact date is not known, but it was prior to 1164 in which year the death of one of its priests is recorded in the register. It resisted the great earthc[uake, but the succeeding fire reduced it to ashes. The portico still remains as a sanq>le rtuguese and foreign artists of eminonce, such as (ira(» Vasco, Bento Coelho, Andre (jou^alves, Christovao de Ftrecht. The best are in the sacristy. The church is now being restored in a most judicious manner. CONVENTIXHO DO DESAOGRAVO.— This little convent, adjoining the unfinished church of St. Engra- cia, was founded by Dona Maria Anna, daughter of D. Jose I., in 1783, on the ruins of the famous con- vent of St. Clare. Dona Maria Anna died in 1813 at Rio de Janeiro and her remains Avere translated to Lis- bon in 1822, and deposited in a tomb under the choir of this convent Avherc they now rest. OTHER CHURCHES.— Beside, the foregoing there are also the followin"' churches: IGi; CUUliCIlES AND CONVENTS. NossA Senuora do Soccoiiiio, founded in 1046. 8. SiSBASTiAO, founded in 1G52. 8. Pedro d'Alcantaua. Hantissimo Sack*a:\iemtOj iounded in 1(371. 8. J\IiGUEL, foundation unknown, rebuilt in 1074. 8ANT0 Estevao, founded prior to 1295. 8anta TzabeLj queen of Portu,L;-al, founded 1742. 8. JoAO da I'liA^A, founded anterior to 1517. 8. Jorge, founded in the reign of D. Diniz 1279. 8anta Ciiuz DO Castello. NOSSA 8ENH0RA DA AjUDA. 8anta Luzia, under the invoeation of 8. Bkaz. 8. LoUIiENCO. 8. TlIIAGO. 8. TnOiME E 8ALVAD0K. NOSSA 8ENH0KA DOS AnJOS. 8antissimo Coracao de Jesus. NoSSA 8ENHOHA fla PenA. 8. Christov?u"). XOSSA 8ENHORA DA (JoNCKlCAO, NoVA. NossA Seniiora da Lapa. 8. Luiz, Rei de FRAxgA, the French cimrch. Besides the convents of nuns mentioned in the pre- ceding pages, tlie following are still in existence as such : 8anta Anna, of Religious of the third order of 8t. Francis, founded in loG2. In^ts church rest the ashes of the immortal poet Camoes. Santa Martha, founded in 1571 by king Sebastian. Santa Monica, founded in 1586 by D. Maria Abran- ches. ^ Do Santissimo Sackamento, near Alcantara, of the order of St. Dominic: founded in 1G07 by the Count and Countess of Vimioso. Da Encarnacao, of the militaiy order of 8. Bento d'Aviz, founded' in 1617 by the Infanta Dona Maria, daughter of king Manuel the Great. Da Invocacao da Santa Cruz, commonly called Das Frakcezinhas, French nuns of the order called Capuchlnlias, founded in 1G07 by Dona Maria Fran- cisca, wife of AfFonso VI, PALACIO DA AJUOA. 167 Da8 Salessias, at Belem, of the order of St. Fran- cisco de Sales. Da Esperanoa. De S. Peduo d'Alcantaua. Das Trinas. Das Albertas. De ChellaS; about 2 miles NE. oT Lisbon, contain- ing many antiquities, esj)ecially Ivomau remains: said to be the site of the ancient Temple of Vesta. 7. PALACES. PALACIO DA AJUDA. (palace of ajuda.) , Situate near the summit of a hill above the subm*b called BeUm^ and is one of the conspicuous objects which strike the ej^e on coming up the Tagus. This palace, at j)resent the residence of the king and queen of Portugal, is a vast uniinished building, erected on the site of a temporary edifice of wood has- tily raised to receive the royal family after the cala- mitous earthquake of 1755. The foundation stone was laid by D. Joao VL, and were the palace to be fin- ished on the gigantic scale of the original plan it would certainly be one of the largest in the world. Only a third however has been built, which is more than suf- ficient to accommodate a monarch. On account of its unfinished state it presents the appearance of a ruin without the charm of antiquity. Prince Lickuowsky somewhat too severely observes, in his « Recollections of 1842 >. : ((What interest can I take in this enormous and cold mass of stone, abandoned to loneliness, without a past and without a present ! Unfinished modern ruins which offer nothing and recall nothing to recollection! The wretched style of the last century, the ugly statues, the cold marble, all this cannot ]ilease merely because eighty millions of cruzados were spent on the work, and because it would be a great work if it were t(» 1)0 completed. » IHH PALACES. The S. side was to be the principal facade, with the state entrance in the middle, but the E. side only- being yet finished, it is considered the front of the palace. It consists of a central peristyle forming the en- trance, having three arches between six Tuscan columns, suj)porting a balcony over Avliich are G columns of the Composite order Avith architrave, frieze, and cornice and three windows corresponding with the arches bo- low. At the top are two allegorical figures, but this part is not yet finished. On each side of the peristyle riuis a wing terminat- ing in a square pavilion of similar architecture but a story higher and croAvned with a balustrade and tro- phies. BetAVcen the AA'indoAA\s of both AA'ings and pa- vilions are tiers of pilasters corresponding in order with the columns of the peristyle. What is finished on the 8. side is identical with the wings here described. The Avhole of the building is of a kind of AA^hite marble called lioz. The appearance of the finished fa9ade is much marred by haA^ing immediately in front of the N. pa- vilion, a lot of Avretched looking houses and the ruined foundation of the former patriarchal church. Entering under the three arches aa'^c come to two circular vesti- bules adjoining each other and surrounded by columns and interA'ening niches in Avhich are placed statues repre- senting Perseverance, LoA^e of Virtue, Love of country, Clemency, Affability, Innocence, Humanity, Good Tidings, Virtuous action, Desire, Diligence, J)ecorum, (Iratitude, Grenerosity, Constancy, Liberality, Counsel, Consideration, Honesty, Intrepidity, Liberty, and Pro- vidence. These allegorical figures bear the names of the Por- tuguese sculptors Machado de Castro, Barros, Aguiar, Faustino Jose Kodrigues and others, but the works do no great credit to their authors. The parts of the interior Avhich offer any interest to the visitor are: 1.*^*, the State apartments; 2."'^, the Royal private apartments; o.'"^, the Picture Gallery; 4.*'', the Numismatic Cabinet, and 5.''^ the Library, Avhich however is not in the palace itself but in a build- ing contiguotis. PALACIO DA AJUDA. 160 THE STATE APARTMENTS. Are situate at the E. front and consist of large lof- ty rooms painted in fresco and decorated at the be- ginning of this centmy. The jirincipal saloon called the 8ala da tocha has painted on its walls and ceiling the acclamation of D. Joao IV., by the Portuguese artist Taborda. The >Sala de audiencia is decorated in a si- milar manner. The next saloon is the ^Hala do heijamao so called from the ancient custom of kissing the king's hand at the levees hold on gala days. Foraierly the Monarchs of Portugal Avere treated with the utmost de- ference by their subjects, who used to fall down on their knees to kiss their sovereign's hand. The ceremony of heijamao is now abolished in the case of the king, being substituted by a profound inclination of the body. In paying homage to the queen, however, the ladies still continue the ancient practice. Now follow a long suit of rooms terminating in a small chapel, but which contain nothing that demands special notice. THE ROYAL APARTMENTS. Occupy the first floor at the W. end of the S. front, with windows opening on to a terrace and enjoying a splendid vieAV of the Tagus. They were fitted up shortly after the marriage of his Majesty D. Luiz, Avith her Royal Highness the Princess Maria Pia, daughter of king Victor Emmanuel of Italy. In the center of the suit is a marble hall, called the Sala de marmore^ which separates the apartments of the king from those of the queen. Its ceiling is divided into 64 panels composed of different varieties of agate presented to the king by the Vice-Roy of Egypt. Run- ning round the room is a Doric entablature of wine-co- lored marble having between the triglyplis metopes of agate corresponding with the panels of the ceiling, but having the center ornaments guilded. From the archi- trave down to the plinth, some 15 feet, the walls are also lined with agate, the Avindow jambs and plinths being of marble like the entablature. An agate arch Avith crys- tal sliding doors gives access to tlie apartments of the 170 PALACES. Idng. The total space covered with agate is 1,900 sq. ft. The floor is a mosaic of Portuguese inai'blc and agate. A secret door formed of a single agate opens by a spring on applying the foot to a. certain part of tlic mosaic. In the middles of the room is a fountain, being a large basin on a pedestal with a group of dolphins and two genii of Carrara marble. Htate dinners are sometimes given in this hall, in which case the table is placed over the fountain. The adjoining apartment is the king's smoke-room and is iitted up and furnished with american oak and green silk. The ceiling is of pa- neled oak in the style of the xv. century. The stems and sterns of ships, carved on the octago- nal medallions, represent the war ships commanded by his Majesty before his accession or launched during his reign. There are also four pictures of the principal Por- tuguese men of war, by Sr. Pedroso. The floor is inlaid Avith Avood of various hues. The next room, intended as a private reception room, is lined witli rich blue silk. The marble statue on a pe- destal surrounded Ijy .'i divan, represents ((Resignation)) and was ofibred to the queen by the city of Naples. It is by the Italian scul})tor Solari. A number of pictures adorn the walls. The one opposite the statue, repre- senting an attack of Arab horsemen, is by Fasini. The interior of a room with mountebanks awaiting day-break is by Volterra. An episode of the Italian war, by Ger- raano Induno. The magnificent vase of Sevres china in the center of the room is a present from Napoleon III. Another vase from the Royal Berlin manufactory, and presented by the king of Prussia, is admirably painted. At one side of the mirror is a silver gilt tete- a-tete, a gift of the emperor of the F]-ench, and on the mantel-piece two urns formerly belonging to Frederic Augustus, king of Poland. Returning to the marble hall and proceeding W., Ave come to the apartments of her Majesty the queen. The tirst is a small cabinet lined with rose colored veh'ct and the furniture ornamented AA'ith exquisitely jiainted porcelain and the ceiling with richly gilt stucco, Asiatic birds and butterflies. Around it are tweh^e medallions with vicAvs of Italy and of Lisbon painted by Signori PAL AGIO DA AJUDA. 171 Cinatti and Rambois, talented Italian artists- resident in the capital. The floor is of inlaid woodwork. In this room are two g'ilt bronze statues worthy of notice. One represents a Punchinello, the other «Tho man with the Iron Masks. The latter is a miracle of nature and art combined. Ho is dressed a Louis XIV. with knee-breeches fringed witii gold^ white silk stock- ingSj buckled shoes, a slouched hat with one side looped up with brilliants and a velvet cape thrown over his shoulders. He holds in his hands a guitar studded with brilliants and having strings of gold. To represent the silk stockings, the satin breeches, the lining of the cape, the brim of the hat, the hands, and the part of the face not concealed by the maslc, single jyearls are employed, having been secreted by the oysters in the exact shape required to imitate the different objects above specified, and in this consists the extreme rarity of the statue. In the next apartment, lined with green silk, is a beautiful marble bust of the queen's sister, princess Clotilde, by Santo Varui. There are also some good por- traits of D. Pedro IV., of D. Amelia, late empress of the Brazils, of D. Maria II., of D. Luiz while an in- fante, painted by Wiiiteralter. Also the portraits of the king's father D. Fernando and of Victor Emmanuel of Italy. Another picture, the interior of Milan Cathedral by Luigi Bisi, was presented by that city to the queen: the opposite painting, representing an island of Venice, is by Sr. Fiona. There is also a silver model of the third and last tomb erected to the memory of Italy's great poet Dante Alighieri. It is a quadrangle crowned with a dome. The cornice is in imitation of that on the tomb of CoeciliaMe- tella in the Via Appia at Rome. Over a Tuscan door is engraved the simple epitaph: DANTIS FOl'TAK SEPULCHRl.M This model is a present from the inhabitants of Ra- vena, where the autht.tr of the Divlna Comedfa died in 1321. The .splendid album presented to the (|ucen by the city of Turin contains 24 Avatcr-color pmntings by distin- 172 PALACES. guished Italian artists. The marble statue representing « Innocence)) is by Benedetti di Lizc and is a present from the city of Palermo. In the oratory is a most ingenious genuflexorium made by Martinetti & Son of Turin and offered to the queen by the workpeople of that city. The large paint- ing over the altar is a copy of Murillo. There is also a small Madonna by Perugino valued at £ 7,000, THE PICTURE GALLERY. Open to the public on Sundays from 1 to 4, consists of two well lighted and ventilated rooms on the third floor of the palace. This collection of oil paintings is entirely due to the efforts of his Majesty D. Luiz, ever anxious to contribute to the advancement of art, and though its origin is thus recent it is already the best of its kind in the country. The first room is devoted to modern pictures ; the second to the old masters. A third room is about to bo added for statuary. There are very few specimens of Portu- guese art prior to the present century. There seems to have been absolutely no demand for paintings (except for the churches), as Camoes says: Outros muitos vevias que os piutorey Aqui taiabciii pnj- crrto pinfiiriam, Mas falta-llios jiincel, faltaia-lhes cores, Honra, preiiiio, favor que as artes criam; Culpa dos viciosos successores Que dcgcneram certo e se desviam Do lustre e do valor dos scus i)assados Em gostos e vaidades atolados. FIRST ROOM. MODERN PAINTINGS. 1 The Portuguese Royal family Joiio Pedroso, Port. leaving the Tagus, accom- panied l)y the French war ships « Magenta », «Flandrc» and "Heroines. 2 Episode of the battle of Marino, F. Vittori, Italian. 3 The troubador of tlie village. Yisconde dc ]\IcnczcF, Port. 4 Moonlight view. F. A. Niekol, German. PALACIO DA A.TUDA. 173 5 A Moor. (J A Warrior. 7 Naval combat. 8 Luiidsca2)e. 9 An oagle. 10 Landscape 11 Landing at Villa Franca de Nisa of the Princess Bea- trice, daughter of D. Ma- nuel and wife of the Prince of Savoy. 12 Calf's head. 13 A «muleta». 14 An Odalisk. 15 Cascade at Tivoli. 16 A Beggar. 17 A country lad. 18 Portrait of Napoleon IIL 19 A procession. 20 A hermit. 21 Guido taking the ])ortrait of Beatrice Cenei on the eve of her execution. 22 Returning from the jiasture. 23 View of an ancient castle. 24 Meditation by moonlight. 25 Landscape. 20 Study of a head. 2G A family scene. 28 Portrait of J. Rossini. 2i> Tinturetto interrupting the painting of his daughter's l^ortrait to contemplate her corpse. 30 Naval combat off Cape St.Vin- cent. 31 A market. 32 Embarcation of Catharina Cornaro. 33 Castle of Sigmariugen. 34 Interior of the cathedral at Monza. 35 Marriage of His Majesty D. Luiz with Dona Maria Pia, in the church of St. Domin- gos, Lisbon. 3G Dutch scene. 37 The Princess of Lamballe, episode of the French rcA'o- lution. M. H. da Silva, Port. Miguel Angelo Lupi, Port. ]. d'lvernois, Suisse. I. Ne\vt(jn, Port. Joao Baptista Ribeiro, Port. I. Newton, Port. H. Gamba, Italian. Palizzi. L. Ascencio Tomazini, Port. P. Ponunayrac, French. Massimo d'Azeglio, Italian. Jose Rodrigues, Port. Jose Rodrigues, Port. A. Ivon, French. M. Tedesco, Italian. Visconde de Menezes, Port. John Lewis Reilly, English. Thomas Jose d'Annuncia- ^iio, Port. Ferri, Senior, Italian. Miguel Angelo Lupi, Port. C. Hugard, French. A. Zona, Italian. G. Gonin, French. Cosselli, Italian. Miguel Angelo Lupi, Poit. Morel Fatio, French. Francisco Jose Rezende, Port. Italian. A. Lasinsky, German. M. Biauchi, Italian. Antonio Manuel da Fonse- ca, Port. P. Tctar Van Elven, Dutch. C. Ferri, Italian. 374 PALACES. subject taken 2Kjem entitled 38 Faitliful inito dealli. o9 Landscape. 40 Landscape. Castle of Iloheii- zollern. 41 Landscape. 42 A pliilosopliev 43 D. Martinho, from the D. Jayme. 44 Portrait of Bulhao Pato. 45 A bitch sneklinfj her pujis. 4() Study of a head. 47 A market. 48 Landscape. 49 A Beggar. 50 Arabian hunters. 51 Christ at Emmaus. 52 A view in Switzerland. 53 Landscape. 54 Tasso on the eve of his death contemplating the Capitol. 55 Innocence. 56 Episode of the Italian war of 1859. 57 Landscape. 58 Landscape. 59 Italian customs. 60 Episode of the Italian war of 1859. John Lewis Reilly, English, Kalckreuth, German. A. Lasiusky, German. E. Bertea, Italian. M. H. da Silva, Port. Bordallo Pinhciro, Port. M. H. da Silva, Port, licnriette Ronner, Belgian. M. H. da Silva, Port. Leonel Marques Pereira, Port. Kalckreuth, German. Estcves, Port. Pasini, Italian. French school. C. Hugard, French. C. Bcrnyer, French. M. H. da Silva, Port. Gastaldi, Italian. Italian. French school. C. Bernyer, French. Italian. Italian. SECOND ROOM. OLD PAIN TINGS. 1 St. Francis of Assis receiving the Cross. 2 Landscape. 3 Bambochata. 4 Virgin and Child. 5 A village feast. 6 St. Francis of Assis. 7 A sketch. 8 A jjortrait. 9 Study of a head. 10 The fortune teller. 11 Portrait of one of the Medici. 12 A Pieta. 13 St. Magdalen. 14 Nymphs. Bolognese school. Jaeopo de Ponte Bassano, Venetian. Adrian Van Ostadc, Dutch. Venetian school. Flemish school. S])anish school. Trevisani. French. Bolognese school. Moise Valentin, French. Venetian school. German school. Attrib. to Francisco Mola. Cornells Poeleuburg, Fle- mish. VALAC'IO DA AJODA. 17: 15 Lo with iiii'. (laughters. 16 Sketch of Abraham and hi.s 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 2r, 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 son. Two children playing at cards. Madonna. Lucrecia. The Holy Family. Cain killing Abel. Meleagrus ottering to Atal ante the head of the Calydonian boar. Portrait of Domenico Pisani. The Head of our Lord. St. Francis of Assis receiving the protection of the Bles- sed Virgin. Turkish embassy. Virgin and Child with St. John. Portrait of an old man. A philosopher. Portrait of the celebrated Francis Ajolle. St. Bruno receiving the pro- tection of the Virgin. Portrait of a young latly. Portrait of a Venetian jjcr- sonage. Portrait. A family scene. A nymph in the garden of the Hesperides. Fruit. The descent from the cross. Aurora. Landscape. The descent of the Holy Ghost. St. Luke. Judith. A hermit. 45 St. Stephen. 46 Portrait. 47 Study of a head. 48 The descent from the cross. 49 P(u-trait of 1). Olimpia Pam- phili Doria. 50 St. Sebastian. 51 Our L(jrd. 52 The Transiiguratioji. 53 Fietk. Attributed to Parmigiauo. Bolognese school. J. B. de Faria Barros, Port. Bolognese school. Lucas llranack, Germ;iu. Lombard school. Bolognese school. Peter Paul Rubens, Flomisli. Giovanni Bellini. Vi'nitian. German school. German schooL Diego Velasquez, Spanish. Leonardo d aVi nci ,Lombartl . Flemish school. Gerard Dow, Dutch. Andrea del Sarto. Anthony Van Dyck. Ferdinand Bol, Dutch. Gio. Battista Moroni. Thomas Gainsborough. Dutch school. Paulo Veronese. Jan Davidze de Heem, Fl. Quintin dc Matzis, German. Bolognese school. Paul Bril, Flemish. German school. German school. Bolognese school. Spanish school, attributed to Murillo. Bolognese school. Flemish school. Dutch school, attributed to Adrian Van O.stade. Florentine school. Flemish school. Florentine school. Bolognese school. Copy of Raphael by Giulio Romano. A. Allegri Corrogio. Lomb. 17G PALACES. 54 Virgin andChikl with St. Anne. 55 Virgin and Child. 5G Virgin and Chikl with St. John. 57 Martj-rdom of St. Stephen. 58 Mystical marriage of St. Ca- tharine. 59 Virgin and Child. 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 Pi eta. The B. Virgin with her divine Son. Virgin and Cliild. S. Bartholomew. St. George killing the dragon. Country scene. Mystical marriage of St. Ca- tharine. St. Mary Magdalen. St. Sebastian. St. Jerome. The Infant Jesus. The adoration of the shepherds. Cato tearing out his enti^ails. Mystical marriage of St. Ca- tharine. Works of charity. Military scene. The Nativity. Give vnito Caesar that ^\ Inch is Caesar's, Portrait of Charles I England. St. Jerome. Portrait of William IV. of England. St. Matthew. A young lady. Christ bound to the column. A philosopher. Landscape. St. Magdalen. Landscape. Crucifixion. 90 St. Anthony receiving the lily. 91 St. John the Baptist preaching in the desert. 92 Likeness of a nun. 93 Portrait of Paulo ^''isconti's daughter. Loml)ard .^chool. Roman school attributed to Giuliu Romano. Bolognese school. Andrea Sacchi, Roman. Murillo. Composed bj-Rapha el, paint- ed by Bagnacavallo. Hans Memling. Jacques Stella, French. Francesco Francia, Bologn. Spanish school. French school. German school. Klcngl, Flemish. German school. Tiziano Vecellio. Anthony Van Dyck. Parmezan school. Josepha d'Obidos, Port. Roman school. Jose Ribera Spagnuoletto. Guercino. Flemish school. Philip Wouverman, Flem. Florentine school. Flemish school. of Anthony Van Dyck Flemish sch. att. to Teniers. Sir Godfrey Kneller. Subleyras, Bolognese. French school. Domingos A. Sequcira, Port. Neapolitan school. Salvator Rosa. Spanish school. Petit, French. Bolognese school, attributed to Guido Reni. Carlo jNlaratti, Roman. D. Antonio Sequeira, Port. Hans Holbein, German. Paris Bordonc, Venetian. PAL A 010 DA AJUDA. 177 94 Marine. 95 R(4igif)us subject. 96 Tlio fiood yauiaritaii. 97 St. Jcrouic. 9S Vii-f^nii and Child. 99 Negro's head. 100 Abraham expelling A;^ar and Isma(d. 101 Tlie Virgin with her divine Son. 102 Portrait of Louis XIV. in liis infancy. 103 A phihjsopher. 104: A view of Venice. 105 A village. 106 Crucifixion. 107 Portrait. 108 Sea piece. 109 Crucifixion. 110 Portrait. 111 Sea piece. 112 Jesus on hi.s way to Calvary. 113 Portrait. 114 Sea piece. 115 Fruit. 116 Portrait of D. Joao V. 117 Portrait of D. Marianna of xiustria, Joao V"s queen. 118 Christ bearing the Cross. 119 Portrait. 120 Christ. 121 Christ tormented. 122 Portrait of queen Maria de Medici. 123 The IIolv Famih-. 124 David. 125 Virgin and Child. Vanderweld, J)utch. Venetian school. Flemish School. Guercino, Bolognese. Italian school. Study, French school, Geri- caiilt. IJassano, Venetian. Carlo Maratti, Italian. French school. Spanish school, attributed to Spagnuole.tto. Venetian school. Dutch school. Giaquinto Corrado. French school. Dutch school. Hans Memliug, German. Maes, French. Dutch school. Wofmat, German. Anthony Van Dyck. Flemish school. Dutch school. Attrib. to Pompeo Batoni. Attrib. to Pompeo Batoni. Attrib. to Andrea del Sarto. Bolognese school. Bolognese school. Albrecht Dnrer, German. Rubens. Andrea del Sarto. Salvator Rosa. Att. to sch. of Grao Vawo. GABINETE NUMISMATICO. The Numismatic cabinet contains a fine collection of ancient and modern coins and medals, to,2,'ether with a number of valuable Avorks of art in i;old and silver. Of ancient coins, the best and most complete collection is the Roman, consisting of 2,G53 gold, silver and copper coins. The Republic is represented by 519; the Empire by 1,840, and the Bysantine empire by 294. 1?8 HLACfi^, A few words on Roman money during the two former periods may not be out of place. In primitive ages when exchanges were made in kind, there Avas no one article which served as a standard of value for the rest, but in course <»f time cattle, and especially sheep and oxen, in consecpience of their value and universal necessity to man, as well as of the facility of transfering them from one place to another, being found the most convenient article of exchange, gradually became the measure of value for other commodities, and from the Latin name pacus, cattle, was derived the term p<'xun{a, money, wealth. Later on, the Komans made use of pieces (jf copper, at first without any fixed weight (jr shape, but afterwards a uniform weight, a pound, was adopted and Servius Tullius began in the sixth century B.C. to cast copj)er money in the sha])e of animals, generally the ox or the sheep. The pound of copper called as llhralis retained its weight till the beginning of the first Pmiic wai* B.C. 2<)4 dm'ing which, on account of the necessities of the treasiuy, it was gradually reduced to 2 oz, and in the second Punic war to 1 oz. and subsequently l)y the Lex l\vp(ria iJ.c. 191 to */2 an ounce which contiiuied to be the standard down to the Empire, retaining its ori- ginal name as as well as its subdivisions semis, triois^ qnadrans, sea;taas, and tuicia, respectively th(> half, third, fourth, sixth and twelfth old and silver eoinaf^e 20 per cent, l)ut without ^oin.^* to the troul)h' of stani})ini^ the coins, and thus tlie a-u- zado was reckoned 480 reis thouii,'h it continued to be marked 400. The silver vintcin had now arrived at If) grs. and was again reduced by I). Joao V. to 12 ^ grs. and so it remained till the reign of D. Maria 11. , whe)i it was substituted by the copper vintem ot 512 grs,, the silver one being found highly inconvenient on ac- count of its microscopic dimensions. During the foregoing vicissitudes of the silver vin- tem, the copper real was projiortionately reduced so as to continue one twentieth of its value, and eventually became so small that three oi them were required to make a coin eqiial to half a tarthing. Thus it appears that in the XIV. century the original real was of silver and weighed 70 grains, while the last silver real (having changed its name to viutevi) weighed, only 12 3 grs. and was equal to 20 reis copper, in other words the stan- dard real has been reduced to the ~ of its value. The effect of the Brazilian gold mines is plainly visi- ble in the number and size of the gold pieces coined during the reign of D. Joao V., indeed such was the plen- tifulness of the precious metal that most of the coins oi' that period are found to exceed their legal weiglit. Amongst the artistic treasures may be numtioncid a processional gold cross weighing 12 marks 4 oz., beau- tifully wrought and presented by D. 8ancho I. to the chiu'ch of the Holy Cross at Coimbra. The principal face is studded with 17 rubies and sa])phires, and 5(3 pearls. The former were taken from the crown of a Moorish king and each has engraved on it a talismanic sign. At the back of the cross are the symbols of the four evangelists Avith an Agnus Dei in the center. The following inscrijition rims from the top to the bottom : J)NS - SANGUIS - REX - lUSSlT - FII'RI - 11 AC - X ANO- ICARNA IIOIS - MCC XII ((King Sancjus ordered this cross to be uiathj in tin; year of the Incarnation 1212.» PALACIO DA AJUDA. * 183 But by far the most intorcstinjj,' object in this luuseuin is the Kemoustrance, formei-ly the property of the Con- vent of St. .lerome at Belem. It is a chef-d'oeuvre of the MauueHue stylo of rortu^-ueso art. It was made in Lisbon by order of king Manuel out of the first gold received in tribute from India consequent on its disco- very and vassalage by Vasco da Gama, as may be seen from the white enamel inscription round the rim of the base: O MUITO ALTO PRINCIPK FODKROSO SENHOR REI 1)5 iMANUKL A MANDOU FAZKR DO OURO E DAS FARIAS DE QL'ILOA At,)rABOU FM CCCCCVI «The most high and powerful king Dom Manuel or- dered this remonstrauee to be made out of the gidd and tributes from Quiloa Aquabou in lo06.» The upper part of the base is divided by blue ena- mel chains into six compartments tilled with flowers and birds in alfo relievo brilliantly enameled. The knol) of th(i stem is surrounded by six armilla- ry spheres. The main body is flanked by two open pillars, ornamented with angels in niches, playing va- rious instruments. In the center is a circular recepta- cle for the sacred Host under which are keeling in ad- oration the twelve ajjosthis, with seraphim hovering over their heads. The upper part, supported by co- lumns a jour forms a kind of canopy on the summit of which is a cross. In the center of the canopy are two niches: in th(! upper one is the Kternal Father holding in His left hand the globe and cross while with His right He is giving His blessing. In the lower one is suspended a dove to represent the Holy Ghost. This chef-d'ceuvre is unsurpassed for artistic merit, for his- toric interest, for the richness of the materials and the celebrity of its author. It was chiseled by the famous (lil A'^icente, the tatlun- of the Portugut'se theater, who though victorious in the field of literature, carried on the business of a goldsmith. It is made entirely of gold and enamel and by the originality of the design, the extreme delicacy of the ornamentation, the brilliancy of the colors, and the gracefulness of the outlines it 184 PALACES. captivates the attention, satisfies the exigencies, and ex- cites the admiration ol' the most fastidious critic. In glass cases round the cabinet an^ many vahiable pieces of silver-gilt plate, some Polish tankards of beau- tiful workmanship, a curious baptismal font set with 138 Koman coins, and which has served at the chris- tening of the sovereigns of Portugal for many genera- tions; Thomason's illustrations of the Holy Scriptures, being a series of medals in five vols., and many other articles of vtrtu. THE LIBRARY. Occupies a mean looking building in front of the N. pavilion of the palace. Part of this house serves as an occasional residence for the learned librarian Alexan- dre Herculano, who wrote here his famous history of Portugal. This library consists of about 25,000 volumes nearly all old works including many taken from the Jesuits, especially from the extinct CoUegio dos Nohres. Amongst them are many rare books such as: The Cancioneiro, or collection of Portuguese ballads, a large folio MS. attributed to the reign of D. Diniz, 1279-1325. Symmicta Lusitanica ex MSS. Codicihus BibUothecae Aposfolicae Vaticanae aliarumque tirbis, 222 vols, folio MSS. 1744. Written by order of tlie magnificent D. Joao V., and contains a copy of every document referring to Portugal which could be found in the Vatican and other arcliives and libraries in Rome. Letters written from India, China and Japan by the Jesuit Missionaries to their Sujjerior in Portugal down to the begin- ning of the xviii. century, 50 vols, folio MSS. on Japanese and Indian paper. Several MSS. Bibles and Breviaries of the xv. century. The works of the Jesuit father Jacoine Goncalves in Chingalese, a language of the Island of Ceylon, 6 vols. MSS. 1725. Many specimens of early printing, amongst ^\•hich Mifttial Ihui- chareitse de D. Jorge da Costa, Lisbon, 1498, Gothic. Ordenagues do reino, 1521. Decades of Joao de Barros, 1553. Also a splendid edition of the Lusiad of Camues printed by the Morgado de Matheus. The library is not open to the public, pei-missicju to visit it nmst be obtained from the Librarian or his sub- stitute. PALACIO DAS NECESSIDADES. 185 PALACIO UAS NECESSIDADES. Situate at the extreme west of the city on tlic rising ground above the Pra<-a de Alcantara, commanding a magnificent view of the Tagus and its bar. It may be divided into three parts, viz., the palace properly so called, which taces the S. ; the church adjoining the same; and the upper palace, form<'rly a convent, which faces E. and W. The name of « Necessities » is certainly not the most appropriate appellation for the residence of a Monarch and especially of its foimder, king JohnV. who gave it this name, and who, enriched by the constant liow of gold from the Brazils, vied Avith Louis XIY. in the splendor of his court and in the profuse magnificence of his en- tertainments. A short history of tlu; origin of the palace vdW clear up this apparent incongruity and explain the true signi- fication of the ominous title. In 1598, a poor weaver who lived at Ericeira, a small village on the W. coast, to escape a plague which broke out in the neighborhood, fled with his family to Lis- bon -and took up his quarters at Alcantara, bringing with him an image of our Lady of Health (Xossa Se- niiora da iSaude), which he held in great estimation. By the assistance of some friends, and the alms of the faith- ful, he was enabled to erect a small chapel for its re- ception, which he dedicated to our Lady under the title of Reliever of our Necessities. The image soon became fiimous and was much resorted to by the people under the impression that many wonderful cures had been effected through the intercession of Christ's Holy Mo- ther. Among others D, Joao V. entertained a parti- cular veneration for this image and attributed to the prayers of her whom it represented, his recovery from a dangerous illness in 1742. In gratitude for this cure he bought the whole of the land which forms the site ot the present edifice and built a beautiful church in place of the humble chapel, as well as a convent which he gave to the congregation of St. Philip Neri, conunonly called (Jratorians, whose members besides their sacred duties, devoted themselves to th(^ instruction of vouth. 186 PALACES. That lie mig-lit liiinself be near the shrine, liis Majf^sty ordered a palace to be erected adjoining the church and it -svas called by the same name of Necessities. The M'ork was completed iu 1747 and is one of the few buildings that escaped destruction by the terrific earthquake of 1755. Admission to the lower palace and gi'ounds is readily granted on applying to the Vedoria, but to visit the interior of the convent, now occupied by D. Fernando, and containing many rare works of art collected by him, permission must be obtained from some officer of his household, which is not usually grant- ed except wlien his Majesty is from home. The gardens are tastefully laid out and well stocked with flowering shrubs and trees, fountains, aviaries, etc. The church in an artistic point of view possesses but few attractions. The statues of Saints Peter and Pavd, of S. Carlo Borromeo and S. Camillo de Lellis deserve attention. PALACK) DE BELEM. (On the N. side of the Praca de D. Fernando, commonly called Largo de Beleni.) This palace formerly belonged to count Aveiras, and was bought by D. John V. in 172G. It is intended for a summer residence, but the present royal family rarely occupy it. It is now principally used to lodge foreign sovereigns and princes who may come to visit his JVlost Faithful Majesty. The palace contains some fine rooms comfortably furnished, but there are few works of art to call the visitor's attention. The entrance hall, paved with squares of blue and white marble, contains the busts of Itoman emperors in jasper, and in the central apartment is a magnificent bust of king John V., in Cairara marble on an elegant pedestal. The palace is surrounded by a garden and an orange grove with shady walks. There are two delightful ter- races. That in front of the palace commands a fine view of the Tagus, and has an elegant fountain in the center. The upper terrace" on the W. of the i)alace, is eml)ellish- ed with fountains and statues, and contains two pavilions PALACIO DE BEMPOSTA. 187 converted into aviaries, Ijetween which is a cascade surmounted by a colossal uiarhU' g-rouj) rcpresentin^jj Hercules beheading the Hydra ot" Lerna. There are two other marble statues brour;ht from Italy. ( )ne of them represents the death of Cleopatra, and has the following inscription : IMPROBE AMOR QUID NON MORTAMA PHCTORA COGIS. (Virgil.) Jofe Mazzuoli Scncnfi fecit Roma anno mdccxvh. The other symljolizes charity, being a young matron suckling her captive father. On the pedestal is written: ()rO NOX PENETRAT AIT QIFD NON EXCOGITAT PIETAS. Val. Max. Liv. v. cap. i\) This statue was made at liome in 1737 by Bernardino Ludovici. Adjoining the palace is a splendid riding school, called o picadeiro^ compleled by Joseph 1.: it is one of the finest in Europe, and it is here that the young princes are taught to ride. PALACIO DE BEMPOSTA. (Coinnionly called I'alai-id da Raiiilin, near the Cainiin do Santa Anna on tlif road tf) Arroios.) 'lliis palace M'as built about 17(>0 by (\v\i^\}\i Catharine of Braganca, daughter of John IV. of Portugal, and widow of Charles II. of England. A treasure of great value is supposed to be concealed in some ])art of the estate. On the site of tlie })alace was formerly a house occu])ied by a gentleman named Telles, who atiirmed that his father repeatedly declared that he had concealed a large sum of )noney on th(> premises during a riot and that after his death, the stone of a ring which he constantly wore Avas to be taken out and that on the back of it letters were engraved which would point (Uit the s]jot. On his death, however, tlie ring was not forth- coming and the disap])ointed heir was unable to discover 188 PALACES. the hiding' place^ but sokl the property tu the queen with the proviso that shoukl ever the treasure be found, it should be given up to the vendor's family in solidum. King John VI. died in this palace on the 10.*^ of March 182G: in point of architecture it has nothing- notable. The chapel is dedicated to Nossa Senhora da Conceicao, who is represented in the painting over the high altar by an Italian, Giuseppi Trono, but the likenesses of D. Maria I. and of the young princes which form part of the same picture, as well as of Santa Izabel (queen) and of 8. John the Baptist are by an Eng-lish artist named F. Ilichey, who having called at Lisbon on his way to India, was induced to remain to execute these paintings. The paintings in the Sacristy are by Andre Gonealves, who died in 1730. There is also a Madonna with a number of virgi^is attributed to Grao Vasco. The grounds attached to the Palace are at present used by the agricultural Society for experimenting with new instruments. It is here also that the new hospital called D. Estephania is being erected, founded by the lament- ed D. Pedro V. in memory of his virtuous and beautiful queen. The palace is now used for the military school. PAL AGIO DE QUELUZ. At a small village of the same name, about 6 miles north of Lisbon. This palace, commenced in the reign of D. Pedro III. at the end of the last century, is an irregular pile of buildings, overcharged Avith ornamen- tation. It was formerly a favorite residence of the Royal family, especially of D. Joao VI. and of D. Miguel, of whom a very good full length likeness, as a youth of 20, is here exhibited. Many valuable works of art used to adorn this Palace but of late it has been almost entirely abandoned and allowed to fall into utter disre- pair. The noble rooms which were decorated with im- mense mirrors, excellent paintings, beautiful tapestries , and huge China vases are now almost empty and pre- sent an aspect of discomfort, damp, and moth. One of the rooms is considered an o1)ject of historical interest, because D. Pedro IV. happened to die there, and the bed in which he breathed his last, is shown to tlie visitor PALACIO DE CAXIAS. 189 with the assurance that it is in exactly the identical same state as on the fatal 24."' of September 1834. In the oratory is a Doric column made of a single piece of agate which Avas taken from the excavations at Herculaneum and sent by Pope Leo XII, as a pre- sent to D. Miguel. The extensive gardens and pleasure grounds, with their numerous shady walks, offer a most agreeable promenade during the hot sunmicr weather. A high cascade and several fountains with inarljle basins and statues add to the attractions of the luxuriant vegetation and enliven the sylvan solitude. A good Hotel in the village affords accommodation to visitors who go to spend the day. Admission to the Palace and grounds is readily granted on the spot. PALACIO DE CAXIAS. About () miles to the W. of Lisbon. This ])alace is situate near the shore, and is only occupied by the Royal family during the bathing season. Attached to it is a pleasure ground having a magnificent cascade and a mir'cmte, which commands a fine view of the Ocean and the bar of the TagiiN. The road to Caxias, Paco de Arcos and Cascaes is l)y far the pleasantest drive in the neighborhood of Lisbon, and runs 'close to the banks of the river. The king has several other palaces not far from Lis- bon, such as Alfelte on the south bank of tlie Tagus, where his Majesty goes to shoot, Cintra, Mafra^ etc. 8. PUBLIC amuseot:nts. PRAgA DOS TOUROS, Bull-ring. In tiie Camiio de /Sunt' Anna. Th(! bull-fight is generally characterized a cruel and brutalizing amusement, but these e{)ithets, however justly applied in former times, arc scarcely applicable to the touradas of the present day at Lisbon, and no visitor who has the opportunity, should miss witnessing this national sport ot the i'ortuguese, which though not pos- 1*10 i'ttBLK,' AMtSliiMbNtgi scssin^L;- llic lit'c-aiid-d* atli interest of the Spanish origi- nal, yet never fails to pvodnco a thrill of excitement un- aecoinj)anied hy the barbarous cruelty and disgusting- brutality which disgrace the bull-lights of Spain. The ^jJYTc'a is a large open circus, in form a twelve- sided polygon, Avitli two tiers ot about 200 boxes ex- tending half way round its circumference, on the; shade sid(^ Under these boxes but extending nearer to the cen- ter and encircling the whole jyt'aca, are rows of seats forming the f/alleria^ which cost 500 r^is on the shade sid(>, and 240 reis in the sun. The price of the boxes varies according to size and tier, from 2/>r)00 reis to 4;>5(X) reis. The l^ull-ring or arena is separated from the gallery by two barriers 5 feet high leaving between them a space 3 feet wide, called the trinckeira. The center box, with the royal arms over it, belongs to the king: the one beneath it, to the commissioner of police. Op})osite the i-oyal box, ou tlie other side of the cir- cus, is the door l)y Avhich the horsemen enter, and on the left is a large folding d(jor Hanked hy two wickets: from the latter the bulls alternately issue, and by the former make tlieir exit after having been fou.i'-ht. To the enthusiasts of this sport the entertainment begins on the vigil of the fight. In Lisbon the bull-iights are gX3nerally held on Sundays and Hobdays during the sum- m(!r months. The number of bulls in each performance is usually 13, whic-h, however tame they may b(^, are al- ways announced as hravlasi'mos. They are driven in a herd along with trained oxen called cabrestos_, into Lis- bon on the night previous to the fight, by the road M-hich passes Camjjo Grande' and to this place large num- bers of carriages, occupied by amateurs and the fast life of the capital, repair to pay their respects to the horned quadrupeds and satisfy their curic^sity as to the cpiality of the animals. So long as the bulls are driven in a herd and accompanied by the cahrestosj, they are not dangerous, but if one of them get se|)arated from the rest, he immediately becomes infuriated and rushes througli the streets attacking anything that conies in his way, and his mad career is rarely brought to a close without serious damage and often loss of life. l»ilA(;A bos TOITROS. I9l The bulls luiving been iit length snt'ely conducted to the j)raca, the next oi)oration is that of embolar or placing wooden balls on the tips of their horns. This ceremony begins at 10 o'clock on the morning of the tight and may \w. witnessed by ticket holders. Poor taurus is driven into a small cage in which he is se- curely ]iinion('d and liis head fastened so as to admit of tlu^ balls, attached to leather sheaths, being placed on his horns, which is only accomplished after a hard struggle. The bull is now ready to cuter the arena. The best age for bulls to be fought is from 5 to 7 years. Their age is easily known by the number of rings on the lower part of the horns; the first ring represents 3 years, and each succeeding ring one year, so that a bull with foiir rings is 6 vears old. There is a great difference in the rpiality of the bulls, the best are tliose that are well l)r<'d, having fine glossy coats, thin legs and long tails, Ijright black eyes, and restless velvety ears. Those that have been t()ught before are very cunning and danger- ous, as also those that are long-sighted, short-sighted or see more with one eye tlian with the other. l>ulls are divided into seven clashes according to their 1)eliavior in the ring: 1."* f/oiantcs or those that are very wild and misophisticated, easily dazzled, and rush to the attack with blind fury; these are the best and sa- fest to fight. 2."'^ Eevoltosos are like the first witli this difference that they turn round very quick and take more notice of any object which is jilaced before them, follow- ing it up with eagerness. oJ^ Que se cingem or bulls that are not easily deceived by the colored cape with which the bull-fighter seeks to dazzle them, but follow him up closely. 4.*^' Que ganham terreno or those that instead of stopping to toss their adversary continue their course and chase him out of the ring. 5.*^' De sen- tido are the knowing ones, which having been fought before are not to be deceived and aiv the most danger- ous of all to deal with. G.'^ Abantos are naturally timid and run away Avhen attacked, and 1 .^^ Burri-cie- gos are those that, from defective vision, liave not their attention attracted at the proper distance, and ha^"e to be treated in an exceptional manner. 192 rUBLIC AMUSEMENTS. TIh' hiill-Hght begins at ab(jiit o o'clock. The circus is crowded witli several thousand s])ectators, and decorated with banners, trophies, evergreens and other devices. The varied costumes ot" the noisy throng in the gallery and the gay toilets of the ladies in the boxes, lit u]) by the brilliant rays of the summer sun^ with over-head a sky of indigo l)lue, ])resent a spectacle full of animation and rarely surpassed by any for pictur(;s(pieness. In Lisbon deadly weapons are not emphtyed. The Mdfador no longer disj)lays his mortal skill. The only weapon used is a slender wooden dart with an iron barb. These darts called handarilhas or farpas are ornamented with bright colors and arc^ about 2 feet long for the fighters on foot, and twice that length for the fighters on horse- back. The performers who take part in this contest are the cavalhdros or horsemen, the handarilheros or capi- nhas, or fighters on foot, and the homens de forcado who are athletic Alemtejanos, whose ofiice is to seize and holdfast the bull by sheer muscular strength. Some- times, but rarely, Negros are introduced, who ofll^r themselves to be tossed about by the bulls, and whose ludicrous antics cause immense merriment, th(aigh they often end by getting seriously hm-t and even killed outright. The cuvalhiros Avear an antiquated dress of last century consisting of a broad-tailed coat, breeches, high boots, and a cocked hat. The handarilhelros wear richly embroidered short velvet jackets of various hues, velvet breeches to match, white stockings, thin shoes and a red sash round their waists. The homens de for- cado in red jackets, strong leather breeches and Avhite stockings, ai'e armed with long poles having a blunt iron prong fixed at the end, called a forcado. Having described its principal elements, let us now give a faint idea of the bull-fight itself. To give anything like a correct description is as impossible as to describe a cricket-match to a person unacquainted Avith the game and therefore unable to enter into its merits. The performance opens with the cortezia in which all the artists take part, but principally the caur/ZZcM-os, who put their horses through a vai-iety of evolutions of old Spanish horsemanship, and having made their olx^isances to the royal box and to the spectators in general, they PRACA DOS TOUROS. 103 retire and the real business of tlie day Ix-gins. The director da p^aqa who acts as master of the ceremonies, sits in front of a body of municipal guards under the royal box, and gives his orders by means of a Ijugler who is at liis side. The bugle sounds and immediately a handarilheiro takes his stand directly in front of one of the small doors, holding in each hand a favpa or dart, his object being to fix them in either side of the bull's neck just behind the horns. The wicket is thrown open and the bull rushes in, bewildered and maddened by the shouts of the multitude. On perceiving the handarilheiro he runs at him lowering his head to toss, and at this cri- tical moment the artist lixes the darts in the bidl's neck and by a quebro or supple movement of the waist avoids being tossed and escapes as best he can, jumjiing over the barrier into the alley. He is enabled to accomplish this feat because the bull on seeing him, measures th«^ distance at a glance, and closes his eyes before lowering his head to toss, so that he does not notice the altered position of his opponent and tosses the air. The goaded animal now shakes his head with rage, scampers about the ring, and is attacked in turn by the other han- darilheiroSy while he is further infuriated by the sight of the brilliant colored capas or capes- which are shaken before his eyes. The behavior of the bull in the ring varies according to his class. He usually selects some spot where he imagines there is some security ov chance of escape, and this is technically called his (jne- ren^a. To this favorite position he repeatedly returns after chasing his tormentors, and at times obstinately refuses to quit it, till induced to do so by the goads. There are many ways in which the handarilheiro may await and avoid the attack of the bull, and these are the different sortes which are so vociferously cheer- ed or criticised by the habitue, tho' their merits are quite lost to the casual looker-on. After receiving 8 or 10 fa rjxis^ which hang dangling from his neck, he is now submitted to the operation called capear or j)assar a capa, viz. the bandaril/ieivos who are also called capinhas, throw aside their darts and play the bidl with gaudy caj)es, d(>luding him in a 13 191 PUliLIC AMUSEMENTS. most artistic manner and escaping- his lun-ns ])y the agility of their movements. Master taiirus being now partially exhausted is, if he have displeased the spectators by displaying tamcness, sentenced to be caught and held fast by the kbmens de forcado, muscular specimens of humanity who risk their lives for a few shillings. One of these reckless individuals awaits the bull and when it lowers its head to toss, throws himself between its horns, and grasping its neck with his arms is dragged about the ring while his companions, six or seven in number, seize the animal by its tail and jump upon its back till it is completely overpowered. It would be well if this part of the en- tertainment were abolished, for it is certainly most brutal as well as dangerous. The poor foolhardy men are often badly hurt, though after receiving the few coppers which are thrown to them from the gallery, and after smok- ing a cigarette and drinking a glass of wine, they seem much better than miglit have been expected. Having thus been punished, the bull is set at liberty, the fold- ing doors are thrown open, and half a dozen trained oxen with bells attached to their necks are driven into the arena, whom he at once recognises as friends and in whose company he is driven out of the ring. Two or three bulls only out of the 13 are fought by the cavalleiro, Avhose object is to ±ix a dart about 4 feet long in to the bull's neck and always save his horse fronx harm. He is assisted by capinhas who attract the bull's attention when tiie horseman is in danger. Many of the wilder bullr. jvuup over the barrier into the trench and some will even leaj) into the gallery, so that strangers will do well to avoid the front seats. After the performance, the darts are taken out of the bulls' necks and their woimds, which are mere punctures, rubbed with a mixture of salt and vinager. The bulls arc driven out of Lisbon by night in the same way that they were brought in, THEATERS. A few words on the Portuguese theater may not be out of place hero. In the early centuries of the monarchy, doAvn to the end of the xv., we find traces of a kind of THEATERS. 19") theatrical representations called momos, bein^' a com- bination of mimicry with dancincf, resembling the modern pantomime. Gil Vicente is the; acknowledged father of the Por- tuguese theater: his first work was represented on the occasion of the birth of D. Jono 111., 7."' June 1502, and consisted of a short pastoral monologued. Several of his other plays were performed during the reigns of D. Manuel the Great and of his son D. Joao III. Gil Vicente was undoubtedly an original writer, his plays exhibiting a complete ignorance of classic models. He Vrotc 17 nutos (sacred drama in one act), 4 comedies, 11 farces and various trovas (jxjctic pieces), which were represented in the churches, royal palaces, and other places, on a raised platform or stage, Avith changeable scenes. Sa de Miranda, Gil's contemporary, laid the founda- tion of the Portuguese classic drama, following the example set by Italy, where the classic theater had been already restored. His comedies Os esfrangeiros and Vilhalpandos are in imitation of Terence and Ariosto. Miranda's disciple Antonio Ferreira, though in many respects inferior to his mast(M', wrote the first tragedy entitled Castro, after which no other was written for two centuries. Next come the tragi-comedies and magic-co- medies, the former invented by the Jesuits and intend- ed for representation in the cloisters of the monasteries with the accompaniment of music. The latter were de- vised by the cimiic actor kSimao JMachado. During the Spanish domination the Portuguese theater fell into decay, being superseded and eclipsed by the superior works of Lope de Vega and Calderon de la Barca. The Itahan opera was introduced during the reign of D. Joao IV., himself an accomplished musician, and was much pa- tronized by the ostentatious D. Joao V. At the com- mencement of the xviii. century the principal theater in Lisbon was in Rua da Rosa, where several Portu- guese operas by Antonio Jose wei-e represt^ited, but towards the end of the century the jjojndar taste had become so vitiated that more attention was paid to the beauties of the actresses than of the plays, which led Dona Maria I. to prohibit the appearance of females on 19G PUBLIC AMUSEMKNTS. the staoe. Tho only old tlieator which has survived h that of liua dos Oundes, which was destroyed by the great earthquake, but Avas soon after rebuilt. Thouji^h the senior theater of the capital it is devoted to the lowest comedy. The next theater was built in Rua do Salitre in 1782 and was occasionally used for the Italian opera till ITOo, when 8. Carlos was built by a company of rich merchants headed by Baron Quintella, the lavish patron of art. Few modern authors of merit appear till Almeida Garrett wrote his Auto de Gil Vicente in 1838, whence dates the regeneration of the Portuguese drama, many original plays by talented authors following in quick succession. Through Garrett's influence and exer- tions the normal theater of Dona ]\laria 11, Avas established in 1842 and opened in 184G, the first play performed being Alvaro GoncalveSj, o JSlagrico, e os doze de In- fjlaterva by J. H, de Faria Aguiar de Loureiro. Of late years there has been a marked decline on account of the preference given to translations of immoral French comedies, which never fail to draw good houses, tho managers thus filling their pockets by pandering to tho depraved tastes of the populace. The Lisbon theaters are open on Sundays as well as week-days. The performances begin from half past seven to eight o'clock and end about midnight. Evening dress is the exception, not the rule. Tho pit is called plateia geral; the stalls, cadeiras; the first tier of boxes are called frisas; the second tier is the lyrimeira ordem or ordem nohre, the boxes in this tier being considered the best in the house; the third tier is calh'd segunda ordem and so on to the top. THEATRO DE S. CARLOS. — The Theater of S. Carlos, in the Rua Nova dos MartyreSj, which runs S. out of the Chiado, opposite the hotel Gibraltar. This theater, devoted to the Italian opera, was built by a company of rich merchants, the chief of whom was the Barao de Quintella, afterwards created Conde de Farrobp. The architect was Jose da Costa e Silva; the building Avhich is mostly of stone was completed in the short space of six months and was opened on the 29. "' of April 179.S to celebrate the birth of Dona Maria The- THEATliO I)E S. (AULOS. 11)7 reza, at that time heir |)i'osumptivc' to tiic throne and afterwards married to Don Carlos of Spain. Tlie prineipal facade is unpretending but neat, hav- ing at th(! entrance an arcade of tliree arches under which the carriages })ass to set down (»r take up, and are thus ^^rotceted from the rain. Over the portico are four Doric columns and between these, three windows over which are three tablets, the center one bearing the following inscription: CARLOTAE BRASILIAE PRINCIPI QUOD FELICEM STATUM REI V. REGIA PROLE CONFIRMARIT THEAT. AUSPICATO EXSTE AUD. DED. ING. PIN. MANIQ P. P. OLYSIPONENSIS GIVES SOLIC. A.MORE KT LONG A FIDL ERGA DOMUM AUG. PROBATE IN MON. PUBLICAE LAETITIAE C, ANNO MDCCXClll The other tablets are ornamented with cornucopia and Mercury's caduceus, the symbols of commerce. The painting on the ceiling of the entrance hall is by Cy- rillo Wolkmar ]\Iachado and represents the fall of Phae- ton. The saloon over the entrance is of noble propor- tions and neatly decorated ; it is often used for concerts and other amusements. The house is elliptical and con- tains five tiers of 24 boxes. The pit is divided into ge- ral and three rows of stalls. The opera season begins on the 29."' of October, the birth day of His Majesty D. Fernando, and lasts until March or April, the number of performances is about 100. On the dias de grandc gala or great gala days, such as the king's birth day, etc., the royal family appear in state with the high officers of their liousehold, and occupy the trihuna or state box. On other occasions the royal family occupy their private box. The prices of admission are very reasonable com- pared with London, Paris or ,St. Petersburg, though the 1««8 iniBl.lC AaiUSEMENTS. quality of the })('rl«trni,nnc<(S is of a hi,ii;h character, many singers of world -wirle fame havincj taken part in them. The first tier of boxes (on a. h;vel with the royal box) cost 6/^500 reis, the/ris«s 6?>000 reis, second tier 4^000 reis, third 25500 reis, fourth (tovrlnkas) 1;>600 reis; stalls (cadciras) lrS200 reis, pit (f/rral) 700 reis. Por- tuj:^ucse ladies do not usually go to the stalls, but foreign ladies often do. IS' or is it necessary for gentlemen to wear evening drcss^ a's in some capitals. THEATRU DE I). MARIA SEGUNDA. (Theater of Mary II). — "Situate at the N. end of the praca de D, Pedro commonly called the Bocio, architecturally one of the finest in Europe. It was built in 184G on the site of the palace and prison of the inquisition. The principal facade is adorned with an elegant peristyle supported by six Ionic columns. The center statue re- ]>resents Gi/ Viceuta the father of the Portuguese thea- ter. The side figures represent Melpomene and Thalia, the muses of tragedy and comedy. The tympanum is embellished vrith. a group representing Apollo and the other seven muses. In the attic are four mezzo-relievos denoting the natiu'al divisions of the day. The two on the right are dawn and mid-day: the two on the left, evening and night. The interior decorations are not cc|ual to the magni- ficent exterior, moreover its acoustic properties are de- fective. It contains 70 boxes (camarotcs) in four tiers (ordet'is), and is constructed with every precaution as to fire, etc., having water cisterns and numerous stone staircases. This theater is subsidized by government and is a kind of national school for actors, who have the entree gratis. It is devoted jirincipally to tragedy and high comedy. The best l^ortuguese actors may be heard here, not- withstanding which, the house is badly attended, low comedy and Offenbach being unfortunately more in vogaie with Lisbon audiences. THEATRO DA TRINDADE, in the Rua nova da Trindade, which runs N. out of the Chiado. This thea- THEATliO DA ItUA I>()S CONDES. 199 ter, built a few years ago in imitation of the Parisian houses, is hand^•ome]y decorated and possesses a large saloon sometimes used for concerts and masked balls. Comedies and burlesque operas form the staple re- presentations. The prices are as follows : Lower boxes (frisas) , 3/>(X)0 Boxes (primeira ordem) bHibOO Boxes, third tier (^scgunda ordem) 2?5i500 Boxes, fourth tier (terceira ordem) 1{$50() Balcony stalls (balcao) ^GOO Stalls (cadeiras) ^500 Pit 55i200 THEATRO DO GYMNASIO, in the Rua Nova da Trindade, a little below the Trindade. This theater, recently built, is devoted to comedy and farces, and owes most of its success to Taborda, the celebrated Portuguese comedian, whose appearance on the stage is always the signal for an outbm'st of merriment. The following are the prices : Lower boxes ffrisas) 2^000 Boxes, second tier (camarotes de primeira ordem) 2)$500 Boxes, third tier (camarotes de segunda ordem) 2)5SOOO Boxes, fourth tier (camarotes de terceira ordem) Ij^OOO vStalls (cadeiras) ?j»500 Pit (geral) f520(> THEATRO DO PRINCIPE REAL, in the Rua Nova da Palma, a modern theater where comedies and jjantomimes are principally given. Lower boxes (frisas i 2{§!000 Boxes, second tier (camarotes de primeira ordem) 3)$0(X) Boxes, third tier (camarotes de segunda ordem) 2j5iOOO Boxes, fourth tier (camarotes de terceira ordem "i 1^200 Stalls (cadeiras) ^00 Pit (geral) •>20() THEATRO DA RUA DOS CONDES — E. of the Passeio Publico, the oldest theater in Lisbon. The house 200 l.llJHAlilKS. was destroyed by the great eartli(|uake, after Avhich the present shabby building Avas creeted. Low comedy and burlesques prevail here. Prices: Lower boxes (frisas) 1)$»2()0 Boxes, second tier (caniarotes de prinieira ordeni) 2ij>4i)0 Boxes, third tier (eainarotes do segunda ordem) 1)5(800 Boxes, fourth tier (camarotes dc terciura ordem) 155(500 Stalls (cadeiras) ^(400 Pit (geral) 555200 THEATRO DAS VARIEDADES, a small theater to the N. of the Passeio Publico : gives performancoa of the same class as the l\ua dos Condcs. 9. LIBKAKIES. BIBLIOTHECA XACIONAL, National Library. In the extinct convent of /S. Francisco, the entrance being in the Rua de S. Francisco Avhicli runs out of the Chiado. — Open to the public every day, except Sundays and Holidays from, 9 A. M. to sunset. On Saturdays it closes at 2 p. m. The total number of volumes, arranged in the corri- dors and cells, exceeds 280,000, the greater part derived from the libraries of the suppressed convents, and it is much to be lamented that many of the most valuable works belonging to the religious houses disappeared during the political tumults attendant on their abolition. A large well ventilated public reading room is provided, with officials in attendance to seek any book which may be asked for. There is no systematic catalogue of the whole. Of MSS. there are not fewer than 10,000 including 300 of the Cistercian order from the convent of A/coba9a, one of which is the first volume of a Bible taken from the Spaniards at the battle of Aljubarrota in 1385, and said to have belonged to the king of Castile, whose arms it bears. The following ]\ISS. on vellum deserve particular no- tice: BIBLIOTHECA NACIONAL. 201 The Old Testament in Hebrew witli Rabbinic annotations, a splendid MS. bought at a Jew's sale at Amsterdam by the Portucruese ambassador, Condc fie IJnhares, for 800-3000 r6is; it has" lately been valued at £2,000. Several Latin Bibles and OHices of the B. V., especially an Horac Ikal. Marine of tlie x\ . century, beautifully illuminated and having in the Calendar re])re.sentati(jns of the signs of the zodiac and of the domestic occupations of each month. Forns Judicum, the first Castilian translation of the Visigothic Fuero juzgn, 1 vol. in fol. xiv. century. Missale frafrum ordinis Beatue Mariae dc Monte Canaeli, ill. initials, xv. century. Another ilhiminated Missal, 8vo. xiv. century. St. Ambrose's Officlorum lihri tres, ill. init. French Gothic. Diodorus Sicvlus, Roman character, ill. iuit. lioma triumphans, of Flavins Blondus Forliensis, 1 vol. in fol. XV. century. Chronica de Fernao Lopez, in Portuguese, 1 a'oI. in fol. ill. Commento 6 Esposicion d las Chronicas de Etiseheo, 5 vol. in fol. XV. century, in a beautiful state of preservation. Expositio viginti librorum Titi, written by order of Pope John XXli. 2 vol. in fol. SpecHlum historiale. The library contains al^u numerous specimens of early printing, iirst and foremost of Avhich is the: Latin Bible, in 2 vol. fol. printed at Moguncia in 1454 by the inventor of printing tlie immortal Guttemberg. Vita Christij 4 vol. in fol. Lisbon 1495, Gothic. A remarkable edition, printed by order of king D. Joiio IL Estoria do Muy nobre Vespasiano eiitpcrador de lioma, 4to. Gothic Avith wood engravings, Lisbon, 1400. List of English works on Portugal in the National Library. Link, M.'', Travels in Portugal and through France and Spain. Translated from the German bv Mr. Hincklev. — London, 1801, 8vo. History (^A) of the campaigns of the British forces in Spain and Portugal, from the French usurpation. — London, 1812, 4 vols. 8vb. History (The) of the revolutions of Portugal from the founda- tion to the year 1, illustrated with plates. — London, 1795, 4to. Murph)- (James), A general view of the state of Portugal, contain- ing a topographiciij .description thereof ^vjth plates. — Lon- don, 1798, 4tQ. 202 LIBRARIES. Laudin;inn (Gcoi-gci. Ilistorical, military and picturesque obser- vations on Portugal, iliiistratod by 75 eulored plates, — Lon- don, 1821, 2 vol. 4to. (no pvbiuote^. Annals of the Peninsular eaniiinii^ns tVom 1808 to 1814. - Edinbnrg, 1829, 2 vols. Badeock (L.), Rough leaves from a journsd kept in Spain and Portugal during the years 1832-^1833 and 1834. — London, 183."), 8vo. Baker (R. P.), The history of the Inquisition, illust. Avitli 12 plates. — London, 173G, 4to. Baretti (J.), A Journey from London to Genoa, through England, Portugal, Spain and France. — London, 1770, 4 vols. 8vo. Baxter (W. E.), The Tagus and the Tiber, or notes of Traviils in Portugal, Spain and Italy in 1850-18ril. — London, 1852, 2 vol. 8vo. Beckford, Recollections of an excursion to the Monasteries of Aleobaea and Batalha by the author of Vathek. London, 1835, 8vo. Beckford, Italy with sketches of Spain and Portugal. Paris, 1834, 8vo. Beckford (Mr.\ Memoirs. Visit to Portugal, Spain, etc. London, 1850, 2 vol. '8vo. Brown (general), Portugal in 1820, an historical view of the late revolution of Portugal. — London, 1827, 8vo. Camoes. The Lusiad. Translated by W. G. Miekle. — Dublin, 1791. 2 vol. 8vo. Camoes. The Lusiad. Translated bv Mr. Julius Miekle. — Lon- don, 1809, 12mo. Camoes. Poems. Translated by Viseount Strangford. — London, 1810, 8vo. Camoes. The Lusiad. Translated by Rich.'' Fanshaw. — Lon- don, 1655. foi. Carnarvon (Earl of), Portugal and Galieia,with a review of the social and political state of the Basque Provinces. — London, 1848, 8vo. Charnock (Dr.), Illustrated haud-hook to Spain and Portugal, with nia))s, ])Ians, and steel engraving--^. — London, 8vo. Corner (Miss), The histories of Spain and Portugal. With illus- trations. — London, 8vo. Costigan (A), Sketches of society and nianucrs in Portugal. — London, 2 vol. 8vo. Dumbar (Lady), A faniilv tour round the coasts of S^jalu and Portugal durincr the winter of 1860-1861. — London, 1862, Svo. Fanshaw (R.), Original letters during his embassies in S2")Miu and Portugal. — London, 1701, 8vo. Hervey (C), Letters from Portugal, Sit.-iin, Italy and Gerniany, in the years 1759-1761.- -London, 1785, 3 vol. 8vo. Historic sketches in Spain and Portugal, London, 1835, 12mo. History of Portujyal (A). — London, 12mo. History of Portugal (The) from B. C. 1000 to A. D. 1814. — Lou- don, 1833, 8vo. BI15LI0THECA NACIONAL. 208 Hodgo.s (G. Lloyd), Narrativf of the oxjifditioji U> Portugal in 1S32 under the orders of Dom Pedrf), Duke; of Jiragan^a. — London, 2 vol. 8vo. Hughes (T. M.) An Ovm-lnnd journey to Lisbon at the close of 184G. With a picture of the. aotuid state of S))ain and Por- tugal. — London, 1847, 2 vol. 8vo. Journal of a few nioutlis, residence in Portugal antl glinij)ses of the south of Spain. — London, 1847, 2 vol. 8vo. Kingston i W. H. G.j, Lusitauiau sketches of the pen and pencil, with engravings. — London, 1845, 2 vol. 8vo. Letters from Portugal on the late and present state of that kingdom. — London, 8vo. Life, of St. Elizabeth, queen of Portugal, by a secular priest. — Loudon, 1859, 12mo. Lives of the most eminent literary and scientific men of Italy, Spain and Portugal. — Londim, 1835, 3 vol. 8vo. Lusitanian scenes and sketches in Portugal. — Porto, 1844, 8vo. Mathews (Henry), The diary of an invalid, being the journal of a tour in ])ursuit of health in Portugal, Spain, etc. — Lon- don, 1820, 8vo. Memoirs concerning the Portuguese inquisition. — London, 1761, 8vo. Mendez Pinto (Fernao'i The voyages and adventures of, ilonc into English by H. C. Gent. — London, 1G53, fol. Millingen {Dr.) Stories of Torres Vcdras. — -London, 8vo. Mins (Captain). A Narrative of the naval part of the expedi- tion to Portugal under the orders of D. Pedro, Duke of Bra- ganza, etc. with illustrations. — Loudon, 1833, 8vo. Pardoe (Miss), Traits and Traditions of Portugal. London, 1833. Porter (Miss Anna Maria), Dom Sebastian or the House of Bra- ganza, an historical romance. — Longeau, 1809, 4 vol. 8vo. Scevole and Louis de Sf. Marthe, A genealogical- history of the kings of Portugal, with their arm;3 and eml)lazons, engraven on copper-plates. — London, 1662, fol. Sismondi (J. C L. Simonde de), Historical view of the literature of the south of Europe. Translated by Thomas Roscoe. — London, 1853, 2 vol. 8vo. Strickland (Agnes), Lives of the Queens of England, vol. 5 con- tains the life of Catherine of Braganxa, wife of Charles the 2."*^, etc. with portraits. London, 1857, 8vo. Thackeray (W. M.), Notes of a journey from Cornhill to Grau Cairo, by way of Lisbon, Athens, etc. Lond'^n, 1864, 8vo. Travels through Spain and part of Portugal, with maps. — Lon- don, 1808, 2 vol. 12mo. Vane (C. W.), A steam voyage to Constantinople and to 1 Portu- gal and Sj)ain. with illustrations. London. 1842, 2 vol. 8vo. Vertot (Abbot), The histcuy of the revolution in Portugal in the jear 1640, translated from the French. — I^oudnn, 1700, 12mo. Walton, A letter to the late Marquis of Landsdowne, on the affairs of Portugal -and Spain. — Loudon, 1827, 8vo. Wurtiey (Lady E. Stuart\ A visit to Portugal and Madeira. — London, 1854. 8vo. 204 LlBliARIES. The national library possesses a good collection of ancient and modern coin^, about 25,000 in number, ar- ranged in a room to the left of the entrance, called qa- hinete de medalhas. The following are the priucipal series: — Celtiberian coins — Colonies and numicipalities ot Spain — Cities of ancient Greece — Kings of Macedonia, Syria, Egypt and other eastern states — Consular and Imperial Families from Jvdius Casar down to Commo- nus — Coins and medals of Portugal, Spain, Fi'ance, Italy, Germany, England and Russia, Moorish coins. In the numismatic Cabinet are also to be seen a few ancient Roman bronze statues, Roman lamps in bronze and earthenware, Amphorae, lachrymatory vases and cinerary vases of pot and glass, together Avith a line collection of African implements and weapons. BiBLiOTHECA DA AjUDA, SCO page 184. BiBLiOTHECA DO CoNVENTO DE Jesus, see page 14;>. BiBLIOTIIECA DA Ac'ADEMIA DAS SciENCIAS, SCO pa- ge 144. 10. PlC^rURP: GALLERIES. GALERIA NACIONAL DE PINTURA, National Picture Gallery, in the Academia das hcUas arfes., Rua de S. Francisco, which runs into the Chiado. Open to the public on week-days till 3 P. M. The National Gallery is of very recent date being founded in 1836 in connexion Avith the Academy of fine arts. When the religious orders Avere abolished in 1833, a decree Avas issued ordering all the Avorks of art be- longing to the extinct monasteries to be collected in a depot at Lisbon, and it is from this source that most of the pictures representing the Portuguese school were derived, but as may be imagined, many of the best w^orks taken from the religious houses in those turbu- lent times, ncA^er reached Lisbon. The gallery contains ^jQG paintings by Portuguese and foreign artists, hung in 5 rooms. The first is de- voted to paintings presented by the artists to the Acade- my to obtain the titleof Academician, and are nearly all by Portuguese. The second room contains but fcAv Avorks by Portuguese artists. The third, called Sala de D. For- GALKRIA XACIONAL. 205 nando, contain.s tlic pictures Ijoii^^ht with the subsidy of £ o,00(J a year generously conceded by his ^[ajesty D. Fernando, who is himself an artist and who has con- tributed greatly to the elevation of the taste of the peo- l)le by his example, and by his liberal patronage of the line arts. In the fourth room are paintings by national and foreign artists; and the fifth is devoted entirely to paintings representing the Portuguese school of the end of the fifteenth and beginning of the sixteenth centu- ries, and is by far the most interesting part of the col- lection. Althougli foreign artists are represented, amongst others, by the following brilliant names: Michael Angelo (147), Caracci (356), Carlo Dolci (191), Guido (G-4), Guer- cino (190 and 350), Murillo (178), Perugino (168), Poussin (140), Kafael (150), Pembrandt (151), Salva- tor Kosa (80 and 82), Pubens (135 and 136) and Te- niers (127 and 128), yet it must be confessed that the works are inferior specimens, and not to be compared 'with the chefs d'ceiivre of these renowned masters. P^ngland has only one representative, Jolm (Iresbant (181 and 182), an Englishman who lived in Lisbon about 1680. Modern native, artists are also poorly represent- ed, the principal specimens being those presented by themselves to the Academy. The whole interest, therefore, of the Gallery centers in the works of the Portuguese painters of tlie XV. and XVI. centuries. It appears that a Dutch painter John Van Eyck came to Portugal in 1428 and remained a considerable time in the country surrounded by a group of disciples to whom be taught his art. After Van Eyck quitted I'ortugal liis disciples, left to themselves, began to de- velop a style of their own, retaining nuich of the Flem- ish school but adding new characteristics which may be noted in the surpassing richness of the embroidered vestments studdinl with precious stones, in the elaborate- ly worked gold ornaments and sacred plate, in the architecture, arms, coins, etc. all of which are undoubt- edly Portuguese of the reigns of Maniiel and John III. The chief of this school was one Vasco, commonly called Grao Vasco. there wore also Andrea (lonzales, 200 PICTURE GALLEiilES. CampcUo, (Jristotoro Lopes, Fernando (lallegos de Sa- lamanca and some others. All the paintinf>'s of these artists are on boards, and are devoted t(j religious sub- jects, the church at that time beinri^ almost the only patron and supporter of art. The influence of Italian art and the Castilian usur- pation gave the death-blow to this school and from that time to the present day Portugal may be said to have produced no distinctive style; in fact men's minds were so engrossed by wars and political changes that the fine arts w^ere altogether neglected. Indeed so little attention was given to this subject that it is now very difficult to ascertain with certainty the authorship of the few works vv'hieh have siu'vived and it is only by comparison and a close examination of their individuality that most of the pictures said to be by Grao Vasco, can be attributed to that master. Those who take an interest in this subject are referred to Kaczynsky's «Les arts en Portugal)), and Robinson's ((Memoir on the Portuguese school of painting)). The library of the Academy, open daily from 9 to 3 not only to students but to the public, contains many valuable books on the fine arts in -Portuguese, English, Italian, French and some works of art presented by his ]\Iajesty D. Luiz. At the entrance to tlie picture gallery a complete ca- talogue in Portuguese may be purchased : we shall therefore give only a list of the finished works by na- tive artists : 3 ISt.Pcter of Al(.'aiit;irain ccstacy. Suqueira (17(W-18^]i)). 4 St. Autiio and 8t. Paul. » 5 St. Onol'rc. » 7 St. Bruno prosti-iit(Hl at pvay(^r. » 9 E^as Moniz and family in pre- /> sence of Afibnso VII. of Leon. 11 The Coronation of ti!(^ Vii'gin. • lU St. Augustine. Vicira Lusitano (1G99- 1783. 20 Madonna of the rosary. 22 The _ Infant Jesus adored by Maehado (1719-182;-J). saints. 23 The Epiphany. Pedro Alexandrino d( 24 Christ Avitli the Doctors. Carvalho (1730-1810). OALERIA NACIONAL. 9()7 2u Atlovjitiou of tlio blossL'd Eucha- rist. 29 Game. 81 Flowov.s and Fruit. .'53 Mv.stical inan-iago of St. Catha- rine. 84 St. John thr Evauiiclist writint? the Apocalyp^o. 85 The Judgment of Salomon. 44 Village scene. 47 The Communion of St. Jerome (copy of Domenichino). 48. The Transfiguration (copy of Raphael) 49 Landscape. 50 Flowers (on zinc). 52 View of the Penlia de Fran9a. 53 Flowers. 55 View of Lisboa fjom Entromu- ros. 56 Fruit and Flowers. 58 Cardinal Henrique receiving the news of D. Sebastian's death. 59 D. Joao de Portugal. 60 Morning. 61 Sea piece. 102 The adoration of the Sheplu'rds. 175 Tlie Ascension. 176 The Annunciation. 177 Presentation of Cln-ist in the Temple. 193 St. Lucas and St. Jerome. 194 St. Matthew and St. John the Evangelist. 195 The MaVtyrdom of a saint. 196 Condemnation of a holy Martyr. 197 Martyrdom of St. Sebastian. ^ 198 Christ with his Apostles. 200 Virgin and Child, St. Julia and St. Querito. 208 St. Helena finding the Cross. 209 The Prophet Daniel and Su- sannah. 211 St. John the Bapti.st. 212 Apparition of Cln-ist to his bles- sed mother. 213 A veronica sustained by two angels. 214 The Assumption. Pedro Alexandrino de Cavvalho (178O-1810> Monteiro da Cruz fl770- 1851). . Ferreira de Freitas('1770- 1857). Ayalla ( 1634-1684i. Metrass (1824-1861). Marques. Fonseca. Annuncia^So. Silva. Lupi . Alfredo de Andrade. Tomazini. Roinoso (1641). Portuguese School. 208 PICTURE GALLERIES. 215 Tlie Asconsioii. 21G Piacsepeum. 217 The Virgin and Ciiild with ;ui augel. 218 St. Sebastian and anotlier saint. 219 Ajiparition of Clirist to his Apos- tles. 220 A bishop. 221 Virgin and Child between two saints. 22.3 Marriage of the Blessed A'irgiii. 224 The Annunciation. 225 The Visitation. 226 Praesepeum. 227 The adoration of the Magi. 228 Presentation of Christ in the Temple. 229 The Vir-in flecino- into Egvj.t. 230 The death of our Lady. 231 The death of our l.adv. 232 Death of the Blessed Virgin. 233 The Annunciation. 234 Praesepeum. 235 Praesepeum. 2.3G Tiie Visitation. 237 Adoration of the Magi. 238 Presentation in the Temple. 239 Christ with the Doctors. 240 Adoration of the Magi. 241 The Circumcision. 242 The profession of a Knight. 243 The profession of a Knight. 244 St. John preaching. 245 The manna in the Desert. 246 The Last Supper. 247 A pope celebrating Mass. 248 Abraham offering bread and wine to IMelchisedech. 249 The Temptation of St. James 250 The corpse of St. James carried by two bulls. 251 Christ, St. John and St. James. 252 St. John teaching prince D. Joiio to pray. 253 St. Dominic teaching a prayer. 254 Payo Peres Correa beseecliing our Lady. 255 Payo Peres Correa vanquishing the Moors. 256 St. John writing the Apocalypse. 257 The Holy Trinity. 258 The Eternal Father. Portuguese School. (irao Vasco. Piiifujiue e Stliodl. Grao Vasco, Portuguese School. GALKRIA NACrONAL. 200 2r)9 The Ascfiihsioii. 2G0 The Conception (jfoiir Lady. 2(}1 The Baptism of L'hiif^t. 2G2 The Resurrection of our Lord. 263 The Descent of tlie IIolv Ghost. 2G4 The Flight into Egypt.' 265 Christ on his way to Calvary. 266 An Infanta of rnrtugal antl a Cardinal. 267 Virgin and Child with two An- gels. 268 Virgin and Child with Angels. 269 St. John i]i the desert. 271 St. Vincent and St. Jolni. 270 The adoration of the Magi. 272 St. Nicholas and St. James. 273 St. Margarite and St. ]Magdalen. 274 St. Lucy and St. Agatha. 275 The profession of a nun. 276 The Carmelites giving their rule to the nuns. 277 St. Thomas of Aquino. 278 St. Anthony at prayer. 279 Deposition of Chrit-t in the sc- pulcher. 280 The Descent from the cross. 281 A bishop. 282 A bishop. 283 The Last Judgment. 284 Jesus praying in the garden. 285 Christ on his way to Calvary. 289 Burning of a country house. 290 Burning of a house in the citv. 291 Still nature. 292 Flowers and Fruit. 293 Flowers and Fruit. 325 A Fisherman playing the guitar. 326 The Kiss of Judas. 328 A halberdier. 333 Flowers. 334 St. Michael. 335 Apollo. 341 A scenefromone of llerculano's romances the Mongc of Cister. ■Porfuguese ScIk ol. Grao Vaseo. Portutruese School. (xrao Vasco. PurtuL'uese School. ll.ieha (1730-1786). Ayalla. Eezende. Metrass. Chaves. Portuguese School. Bordallo Pinheiro. In connexion with the Academy, is a museum of work.'^ of art in silver and gold, consisting principally of sacred plate, chalices, crosses, remonstrances etc., taken from the suppressed monasteries. ]\lany of tliem are exqui- sitely chased and studded witli precious stones: they correspond exactly with tliose represented in the paint- 210 JIUSEUMS. ings of Grao Vasco. —Permission to vi.sit the museum may be obtained by applying- to the director of the Academy. Galeria de quadros no palacio da ajuda. — Pic- ture gallery at the Ajuda palace, see page 172. 11. MUSEUMS. MUSEU NACIONAL DE LISB(3A, in the Poly- technic school, a little to the N. of the Praca do Principe Real. This museum is divided into two sections viz. zoology, and mineralogy, the latter occupying a suit of rooms on the ground floor, running the whole length of the E. side of the building, while the former is installed in a si- milar position on the second floor. The mineralogical department is open to the public on Thursdays from 11 to 3 and consists of 5 distinct collections as follows : 1. General collection classified according to Dufrenoy, but with some modification of nomenclature. It comprises 7,114 specimens, representing 50 genus and 352 species. 2. Collection to demonstrate the physical characteristics of the minerals and intended for the use of the students of mineralogy. It was purchased of Louis Scemann at Paris in 1865 and consists of 405 spe- cimens arranged so as to demonstrate the following properties — Crystaline form — Pscudomorphosis — Imitative form — Splinter — Fracture — Refrac- tion of light — Transparency — Phosphorescence — Glitter — Color — Powder — Magnetism — Electri- city — Coliesion — Hardness ■ — Touch — Taste — • Fusibility — -and Smell. 3. Collection of Crystals; comprising 176 specimens arranged to illustrate the science of crystallogra- phy. 4. Collection of minerals of Portugal, classified after Dufrenoy. It is very incomplete. :museu nacioxal dk lisboa. 211 5. Collection of iniiuirals of Kussia, Vesuvius, Canary Isles, and Brazil, which formerly formed part of the Koyal museum of Ajuda, including an immense^ block of native copper weighing 2,666 lbs. and found at Caxoeira in the Brazils: it has stamped on it the royal arms and the following Latin legend : MARIA I ET PETRO III IMPERANTIBUS CUPRUM NATIVUM MINERAE FERRI MIXTUM PONDERIS LIB. MMDCLXVI IN BAHIENSI PRAEFECTURA PROPE CAXOEIRAE OPPIDUM DETECTUM ET IN BRASILIRNSIS PRINCIPIS MUSEO P. MDCCLXXXII Notice also the flexible stone flags from the Brazils. FOSSILS. The paleontological section comprises the following collections : 1,722 Specimens of animal fossils presented by M. Al- cide d'Orbigny to D. Pedro V. in 1855, They all belong to the sub-kingdoms of mollusca and radiata. 140 Specimens of mollusca presented to D. Pedro V. by Senhor Carlos Ribeiro. Fossils of Sicily and fossil trunks of trees. The above collections are the gift of his Majesty D. Luiz, in addition to which are four others acquired by the museum, viz: 1. A collection of 2,406 specimens arranged according to the strata in Avhich they were found, and com- prising mollusca, radiata, insects, annellata, Crus- tacea, fish, reptiles and mammalia. 212 TJOMAN ANriQUITIKS. '2. A collection of 475 specimens fprinciijally mi)llusca) of the tertiary period. o. 29 Specimens of vegetable fossils. 4. Collection of I'ortuguese fossils, very im})(^rfcct. There arc also several collections of rocks and mar- bles, both native and foreign. The Zoological department up stairs, is open to the pub- lic on thursdays from 12 to 3.30. It is on a small scale, and contains but few specimens except of birds and shells. Among the former is a very rare one of the Pingulnus, nJca impumitSj an extinct species of the Arctic regions. It was presented by king Victor Emma- nuel of Italy, and is valued at 5 c(mtos (£ 1,111). The only other specimen extai\t is in the museum at Flo- rence. The last six compartments in the same room contain a fair collection of the birds of Portugal. In the center of the room is a beautiful collection of shells, some of them very rare; for instance, a Gloria maris cost £ 80. Ovulo volva £> 100, three specimens of Conns ledonulli £ 150. liermitis Angolensis £ 500 and. Spondylus regius £ 100. In the S. room are also shells and birds, together with some fine specimens of the Crococh'lus niger from the Brazils and an immense Sphargis Coriacea taken on the coast of Portugal near Pcniche. ]\rusp:u COLONIAL, SCO page 225. ■\1USEU 1)0 IXSTITUTO IXUUSTKL^L, SCO page 232. MuSEU ARCHEOLOGico, see page 140. 12. RODMAN ANTIQUITIES. Considering the long period Lisbon was occupied by the Pomans, it is surprising so few Iloman remains are to be found. Before the earthquake of 1755 there were many tablets bearing Latin inscriptions which had been found in digging the foundations, and were built into the walls of the houses and churches, and it is greatly to be regretted that these interesting relics, instead of be- ing preserved, have been concealed In the foimdations of the ncAv buildings. IJOAIAX ANTK^LITIK.S. li'lS Four inscriptions wliicli have escaped this Vandalism, may be seen built into the wall of a house in the Tra- vessa do Ahnada, a small street near the church of St. Magdalen. They are in good preservation and may be easily read. The larg-er one runs as follows: L. CAKCILIO. L. F. CELERl RECTO QUAEST. PROVING. BOET. TRIE. PLEB. PRAETORI. PEL. JUL. OLISIPO. « Lucio Caecilio Lucii Filio Celeri Rcctissimo Quaes- tori Provinciao Bacticae Tribuno Plobis Praetori Feli- citas Julia Olisipo. » The city of Lisbon, now called Felicitas Jidia, erects this tablet to Lucius Caecilius son of Lucius Celer, most upright Quaestor of the province of l^oetica, Tril)une of the people and Pretor. The inscription on the .stone to the right of the larger one, rims thus: MATKl. DE LM. MAG. 11) AE PHRYG. T. L. LYCH. CERNO. P. H. R. PERN. liVI CASS. ET. CASS. STA. M. AT. ET. AP. COSS. GAl which is explained thus: «Matri Deum ]\Iagnae, Idae Phrygiae Titus Licinius Lychaoniae Cerno Provinciae Hispaniae Rector Pernobilis Duumviri Cassius et Cassianus Statuti Mario Attilio et Apronio Nobilissimis Oonsulibus. Gaio. » Titus Licinius Cerno of Lychaonia dedicated this tablet to the mother of the gods, the great Idae of Phry- gia: Cassius and Cassianus being duumviri; Attilius and Apronius consuls; and Gains governor of Spain. Several interpretations have been given, but what appears beyond doubt is that the tablet is dedicated to Cybelos, Avife of Saturn, worshiped as the mother of the gods under tlie lith' of viof/iin mafvr. 214 KOJIAX ANTIQUITIES. ( )u the luft of the lari^'cr stone is a small quadrangle resting on the shaft of a column which has been cut plain with the surface of the wall into which it is embedded, containing the following inscrijition : i)i;r.\i MATR. •| . I.ICIMUS AMARANTH'S V. S. L. M. «Dcum ]\Iatri Titus Licinius Amarantius votum suo libens nierito. » Titus Licinus Amarantius, willingly makes this votive oJBfering to the mother of the gods for the benefits he has received. The fourth stone, about a yard in height has been broken longitudinally and the inscription thereby trunc- ated. The letters wliich remain are: MERCUR. . . CAESA. . . AUGUST. . . C. JULIUS F. JU. . , PERMISSU DEC. . . DEDIT F. . . which may be reconstructed thus: ((Mercurio Caesare Augusto, Caius Julius Felicitas Julia permissu Decurionum dedit iieri.» Caius Jidius, a native of Felicitas Julia (Lisbon) dedicated this tablet by permission of the Decurions, to Mercury and to Augustus Caesar. These stones were found in 1749 Avhen digging the foundation of the house in which they are placed : many others were found with Latin inscriptions, together with sculptured fragments evidently forming part of an im- portant building: also many broken columns and a capital of the Ionic order beautifully executed, all of which have been lost. It was plain that these buried ruins extended far beyond the area excavated, but no further effr)rts at discovery were made, on the contrary AGUAS LIVKES E CHAFARIZKS. 215 several highly interesting remains were covered up again because it was found difficult to extract them! In the small village of ChellaS; about a league to the east of Lisbon, are some Koman antiquities which may be interesting to the anti({uary. A temple of Vesta in said to have existed there. Also near Setubal there are the highly interesting ruins of the ancieiit Roman town of Caetobriga, which noAv goes by the name of Troy. Setubal is on the Southern railway, and can easily be visited from Lisbon in one day. 13. AQUEDUCT AND FOUNTAINS. AQUEDUCTO DAS AGUAS LIVRES E CHAFA- RIZES. — This stupendous work Avas constructed dur- ing the reign of D. Joao V., having been commenced in 1719 and completed in 1738. It Avas designed by Manuel da Maia, and does great credit to the engineer- ing skill of its constructors. The entire length of the aqueduct is some 9 miles, and it conveys the waters called Aguas livres from near Bellas to the immense reservoir, or Mae dJagua, at the NW. of Lisbon, whence they are distributed to the various fountains which supply the city. Durin-g its course the channel alte.rnately dips below the surface of the earth and is carried at vary- ing heights above the level of the ground by means of series of stone arches, in all 127 in number. But by far the most wonderful part of this undertaking is the Arco grande or great arch Avhieh Avith its 3-1 lesser companions, carries the duet over the deep valley of Alcantara, just before entering Lisbon. Though this aqueduct cannot be compared, in point of extent, Avith the miles of arches of the ancient Romans, yet in the colossal proportions of the larger arches it is perhaps unrivaled by any other in Europe. The total height of the princi])al arch is 263 feet, AArith a span of 110 feet. The 14 larger arches are pointed, and tlie rest senii- circidar, Avhich some^vhat detracts from the harmony ot the vicAV. Some idea of tlu'ir solidity and correct equi- libration may be formed from the fact that they Avere able to withstand the terrific earthquake of 1755, though 211) At^UEIHiCT AND FOUNTAINS. its shocks were so violent as to shako down o of the IG vcntihitors on the summit of the aqueduct. A broad stone causeway, protected by a low parapet, runs on each side of the duct over the valley of Alcantara, and was formerly nsed by the. inhabitants of the villages in the neighborhood, Init for some years this road has been closed on aee(junt of the many suicides c(mimitted by j^ersons jumping off and being daslied to pieces by the fall. It was also a favorite })lace for robbers to lay in wait for their victims, many of whom were precipi- tated from the arch after being robbed. A plain Doric arch carries the aqueduct over the road, just before entering the reservoir. It was erected by the city of Lisbon to commemorate the happy completion of th(; work, and bears the following inscripti<^n on the south side: [ JO.WM'S \' KICIM MAXIMIS BONO rriu-ico u'sitamam MODERANTI': SOLIDISSIMIS AQUAE DUCHIBUS ET AETERNUM MANSURIS I'ER CIRCUITUM NOVEM MILLE PASSUUM AQUAE SALUBERRIMAE IN URBEM INTRODUCTAE AERE PUBLICO SED TOLERABILE ET CO.M.NnNI OMNIUM PLAUSU ANNO DOMINI MDCCXXXVIII On the N. face: JOANNES V LUSITANORUM REX JUSTUS, PIUS, AUG. FELIX P. P. LUSITANIA IN PACE STABILITA VIRIBUS, GLORIIS, OPIBUS FIRMATA PROFI.IGATIS DIFFICULT ATIBUS IMO PROPE VTCTA NATURA PERENNES AQUAS IN URBEM INVEXIT AGUAS L1V14ES E CHAFARIZES. 217 ET BRHVK INDFVIGINTI ANNORl.'M SPATIO MINIMO PUBLICO IMMENSUM OPUS CONFKCIT GRATITUDINIS ERGO OPTIMO PRINCIPE ET PUBLICO UTILITATIS AUCTOR! HOC MONUMEXTUM POS. S. P. Q. O. ANNO 1). MDCCXXXVIII. Not fill" from this arch, the aqueduct terminates in a covered massive stone reservoir which is styled ((Orna- ment of the eity» and ((Miracle of the world » in the inscription over the entrance, which in fulsomeness is not inferior (o the hvo preceding ones and runs thus: , JOANNES V LUSITANORUM REX MAGNIFICUS LIBERALIS CIVITATE PROPITIUS EXCIPIENDIS AQUIS POPULO MANANTIBUS HANG MOLEM STRUENDAM CURAVIT URBIS ORNAMENTUM ORBIS MIRACULUM TANTI NOMINIS AETERNITATI. S This structure called vulgarly the Mae d'agua (mother of water) Avas not finished till the reign of D. Pedro IV., and is said to bo able to store sufficient water to supply Lisbon for a month, when economically used. On entering the reservoir the visitor finds himself in a large quadrangular chamber Avith a vaulted roof resting on 4 square pillars springing from the bottom of an immense basin Avliich occupies the central space and is surrounded by a stone parapet, and has a walk all round. The Avater Aoaa's from the mouth of a dolphin at the top of a mass of rough stones AAdiich f(»rm a cas- cade at the summit of Avhich is a statue of Neptune 218 AQUEDUCT AND FOUNTAINS. whose jurisdiction is not coniined to the l)riny ocean, but extends also to rivers and fountains. The object of the cascade is to purify the water as it falls by bringing it into contact with the air and light. The ancient Ro- mans used also to interrupt the course of the water ia their aqueducts for this inirposC; by Ioav cascades called 'piscina limaria. From the reservoir the visitor can en- ter the aqueduct which is a vaulted corridor some 5 feet wide and nine feet high. In the center is a flag causeway, and at each side a semicircular channel 13 in. wide, by which the water is conducted, one of them being used while the other is being cleaned or re- paired. The cost of this work is said to have exceeded 13.000,000 cruzados or £ 1.130,000. To see the inte- rior of the Mae d'agua and aqueduct a ticket is neces- sary, which is to be obtained from the camara munici- pal. The cool atmosphere and continued murmur of the falling waters, render this place a delightful retreat in hot weather, and the extensive view of Lisbon and surrounding country, to be had from the terrace on the roof, is of itself sufficient to repay a visit. THE FOUNTAINS, (chafarizes.) Though the fountains of Lisbon cannot with justice be called monuments of art like those of Rome, yet they never fail to ])resent a lively and picturesque apjjear- ance, surrounded by throngs of noisy Gallegos or water carriers with gaily painted barrels awaiting their turn to fill. With the exception of three or four near the hill on which is the castle of St. George, all the fountains are supplied with the aguas livreSj brought by the aque- duct. In the dry season the water becomes very scarce and it is not uncommon to see hundreds of barrels in a row waiting to be tilled. Before the great earthquake there were three famous fountains viz: in Black Horse Square, in the Rocio, and near the church of S. Julino, which were entirely des- troyed by that catastrophe. Those at present in existence are 31 in number, all with more or less artistic preten- sions. The finest one is the Chafariz das Necessidades, AGUAS LIVRES E CHAFARIZES. 219 opposite the palace of the same name. It was construct- ed by order of D. Joao V. in 1747. In the center of a marble Ijasin. a])])i-oachod by three steps, rises a square pedestal on which is placed an obelisk of pink marble siu'mounted by a spiked globe and a cross of bronze. The foUowinf;' inscription is cut on the pedestal: B. V. .MARIAE DEI. GEN. JOANNES V LUS. REX OBSE. SERVATUM POSUIT DIE NATALIS SUO AX. DOM. MDCCXLVII The water issues from the mouths of four colossal grotesque faces, each placed between two dolphins, and encircled by marine plants. The chafarizes do Carmo, S. Paulo, Janellas Ver- des, and Praca d' annas also deserve attention. In point of antiquity and historic interest the Chafa- riz do Rei claims the first place. Down to the reign of D. j\Ianuel, this Avas tlie only fountain to supply the Avhole of the city. The water, which flows abundantly both winter and summer, is not from the aguas llvres brought by the aqueduct, but is from an independent spring, and possesses the valuable property- of keeping a long time without becoming unlit to drink. This water was in such great request during the reign of D. JMa- nuel for the numerous ships which made long voyages to India and to the Brazils, that the inhabitants often had to fight for it and many deaths residted from these tumults, till the nnmicipal senate made stringent regu- lations, sanctioned by fine and imprisonment, to pre- vent the monopolization of the precious clement and insure its equitable distribution to the different classes. List of the fountains with their respective numbers. At Lisbon. N.° 1. Chafariz do Thesouro Vclho. N." 2. Chafariz do Car mo. N.° 3. Chafariz do S. Pedro do Alcantara. 220 OBSERVAIORIES. N.° 4. Chalariz do Rato. N.° 5. Chalariz da Rua Formosa. N.° 6. Chafariz do Campo do Sant'Auua. N.° 7. Chafariz da Esperanca. N.° 8. Chafariz de S. Paulo'. N.° 9. Chafariz das Janellas Verdos. N.° 10. Chafariz da Praca das Armas. N.° 11. Chafariz da Praca das Blores. N.° 12. Chafariz do Arco. N.° 13. Chafariz das Amoreiras. N.° 14. Chafariz da Estrella. N.° 15. Chafariz das Terras. N.° 16. Chafariz do Santa Rita. N.° 17. Chafariz da Cruz do Taboado. N." 18. Chafariz do Roi. N." 19. Chafariz de Dcntro. N.° 20. Chafariz da Praia. N.° 21. Chafariz da Pica do Sapato. N.° 22. Chafariz da Alegria. N.° 23. Cliafariz do Largo do Intendento. N.° 24. Chafariz da Graea. N.° 25. Chafariz da kSaniaritaiia. N." 26. Chafariz do Soccorro. At Belem. N.° 1. Chafariz de Pelem. N.° 2. Chafariz de Pedroucos. N.° 3. Chafariz da Junqucira. N.° 4. Chafariz da Memoria. N.° 5. Chafariz do l^argo da Paz 14. 013SERVAT0RIES. OBSERVATORIO ASTRONOMICO, situate iu the Royal park called Tapada da Ajuda, on the high ground to the east of the Palace of the same name. The observatory had its origin in 1857 -when the la- mented D. Pedro v., ever anxious for the advance- ment of science^ made a donation of 30 contos as a nucleus for the establisliment of an astronomical ol>ser- OBSKRVATOIMKS. 221 Viitory. The next year, government sent out Lieut. Frede- rico Augusto Oom, 11. N., to the famous Pulkova obser- vatory near St. Petersburt;-, with the object of studying sidereal astronomy and ae(j[uirini^' o.ycvy information ne- cessary to carry out tlie project. The buihling was conunenced in 18G1 and is, with slight modifications, an imitation of the Pulkova obser- vatory. It consists of a central octagonal body with four wings radiating from it, corresponding with the cardinal points of the compass. The principal entrance is in the S. wing, which is ornamented by a neat peristyle open- ing into a vestibule which communicates with the upper and lower stories of the central octagon and Avith the subterranean apartment destined for the normal pen- dulum. The X. wing is occupied Ijy a Vertical instrument, by Pepsold of Hamburg, according to the design of Pro- fessor Struve of St. Petersburg. Its aperture is 6.. 3 in- ches and its focal distance 7 feet 7 in. In this apartment is also a Zygonometer, for tlie graduation ot the spirit levels. In the E. room is a portable Transit instrument con- structed by Pepsold on the plan devised by Mr. Oom. The aperture is 2.3 in., and the focal distance 30.7 in. The W. room contains a Meridian circle, also by Re})Sold. The graduated circles arc 3 feet in diameter. The aperture, 5.9 in. and the focal distance 6 feet 7 in. The great Equatorial refractor in the cupola, is on the Hansen system; its aperture is 15 in. and its focal dis- tance 23 feet. The lenses of all these instruments are l)y ]Merz of IMvmich. The Tapada da Ajuda is open to the public aiul affords a pleasant walk: a foot-path runs through it, one entrance is at Alcantara and the other near the pa- lace of Ajuda, OBSEliVATOiao I\1ETE()K()L0GI(M) 1)0 IN- FANTE D. LUIZ, at the Polytechnic School is supphed with instruments for making meteorological observations which are published every year. There is also a small observatory at the Naval arsenal, whicli contains nothing demanding notice. 222 HOSPITALS. 15. HOSPITALS. HOSPITAL REAL DE S. JOSE, St. Joseph's Royal Hospital, situated on the rising ground to the W. of Rua Nova da Palma. The building was erected by the Jesuits in 1593, for their celebrated college of Santo Antao, and it was here that the famous Portuguese divine. Padre Antonio Vieyra, preaclied his memorable sermons, which arc considered models of sacred eloquence. On the expulsion of the Jesuits from Portugal by Pom- bal, their college was converted into a hospital, and its name changed, out of compliment to the then reigning monarch, to S. Jose, The patients from the old hospital of Todos OS Santos were removed thither on the 3.'''^ of April 1755. Over the entrance arch improvised out of the ma- terials taken from the church, are the arms of Portugal supported by two genii ; above the columns are two marble figures, one of them holding an escutcheon on which is inscribed: MONUMENTUM HOC AD PERPETUAM MEMORIAM RESTAURATIONISPORTUGALIAEINHAGDIECOMMEMORATAE, ERECTUM FUIT ANNO DOMINI DIE DECIMA QUINTA SEPTE.MBRIS MDCCCXI. The statues of the apostles, ranged against the wall were at the same time marched out of the demolished church. On St. Joseph's day (19."' of March) the hos- pital is thrown open to the public, and is thronged by great numbers who go to see the king and queen dis- tribute food to the sick. Though not constructed for a hospital it answers the purpose very well, the spacious well ventilated galleries being used as wards. There arc beds for about 900 patients. There are also private rooms for persons who do not need gratuitous treat- ment and who, on payment of a few tostoons a day, have the benefit of the best medical advice, together with every advantage that science and careful attention can afford. In connection with this institution is a medico-surgical school with dissecting rooms and an anatomical museum. L\W COURTS. 223 HOSPITAL DA :MARINI1A INGLEZA, supported by the British government for the treatment of mem])er.s of the navy. It is under the dircetion of Dr. Lloyd. HOSPITAL DA MARINHA, in the Campo de Santa Clara, to the east of the church of St. Vincent. This naval hospital was erected by government in 1797 on the site of the Jesuit College of St. Francis Xavier, It consists of ten wards with accommodation for 400 patients. In the entrance hall, called sala do Principe, is a statue of king D. Joao VI. by Fabre. The situation is good, having a beautiful sea view, which is a great advantage for a hospital destined for the seafaring class. HOSPITAL DA ESTRELLINHA, near the public garden of Estrella: it is exclusively for the army. HOSPITAL DO DESTERRO, and Hosintal de S. Lazaro, the former for women of the unfortunate class and the latter for persons suffering from cutaneous diseases, are worked in conjunction with the Royal Hos- pital of S. Jose. There is also a veterinary hospital attached to the agricultural Institute. *&' 16. LAW COURTS. BOA HORA, half way down the Rua Nova do Al- mada Avhich runs S. from the bottom of the Chiado. This site was formerly occupied by a theater belong- ing to the Lords of Barbacena, who ceded it to the Irish Dominicans in 1G3)3. The good friai's made the boxes into cells, in which they lived, and converted tlic stage into a chapel. When the Irish Dominicans removed to Corpo Santo in 1659, the house passed into the hands of the Oratorians who continued in it till 1G74 when it became the property of the Padres Agostinhos descalcos who demolished the old theater and built in its place a church and convent called Nossa /Senhora da Boa Hora. The great earthquake of 1755 almost entirely destroyed the fabric and the decree of 1833 extinguished the order 224 ARSENALS. itself. It is now used as a (.•ourt-housc tho" it is not in the least adapted for the purpose and the govennuent is about building a Palais de Justice worthy of the capital. At present the various tribunals arc located and constituted as follows: SUPREMO TRIBUNAL DE JUSTICA, on the N. side of Black Horse Square. This is the highest tribii- nal of justice in the kingdom and is C(nnposed of eleven judges called conselheiros, who hear appeals from the courts of segunda instancia. SUPREMO TRIBUNAL DE JUSTIQA MILITAR, in the naval arsenal at the S. side of the Larcjo do Pclon- riiiho. It is divided into tAvo sections, one for naval and the other for military offences. Each is composed of six General officers and a registrar. RELAgAO DE SEGUNDA INSTANCIA DE LIS- BOA, over the principal entrance of the naval arsenal. It has 15 Judges, who hear appeals from the courts of primeira instancia. TRIBUNALS DE PRIMEIRA INSTANCIA, six in number, corresponding Avitli the six varas or judicial districts into which Lisbon is divided. They hold their sittings in the extinct convent of Boa Hora. Each is presided over by a judge called juiz de direito de pri- meira instancia. TRIBUNAL DO COMMERCKJ, exclusively for commercial causes and Bankruptcy cases, holds its sit- tings in a handsome room over the Exchange in the Pavilion at the SE. corner of Black Horse Square. RELAgAO ECCLESIASTICA, at the Patriarch's residence in S. Vicente de Eora. 17. ARSENALS. ARSENAL DA MARINHA, the Naval Arsenal, si- tuate at the river side, the principal entrance being from the Largo do Pelourinho. — This site was former- ly occupied by a royal palace called Pages da Ribeira which was destroyed by the gi-eat earthquake of 1 75;") ARSENALS, 22:"; and tlio prcsfiiit arsenal was .';()on at'torw;ii'Sala do Misco, 250 feet long by 05 broad and 50 high. iVt one end is an immense model ship fully rigged, where the students are taught their exercise. It has also some marble busts of D. Pedro, Dona ]Maria 11. and D. Fer- nando. The arsenal possesses also a pair of huge sheers worked by steam for elevating the masts of ships and also for unloading very heavy Avcights, up to 50 tons. Its services are available to the public on payment of a moderate charge for coal and attendance, wJiich is n great convenience, as the Custom-House cranes cannot lift weights exceeding 3 tons. Near the sheers and rising out of the bed of the Ta- gus is a spring of sulphuretted fresh water which is sup- posed to be useful in rheumatic and other diseases: it is now conveyed in pipes to a bathing estal)lishmont near St. Paul's church. (See jjagc 0.) On the third floor is an interesting muse'um of colo- nial products especially from the Portuguese Possessions of Angola, Mocambique and Goa. It is open to the public every day from 11 to 3 P. M. The entrance is by a door in the Riia do Arsenal, a little to the W. of the- chief entrance. AKSENAL DO EXERCITO. — :\lilitary arsenal close to the river, three (piartcrs of a mile to the E. of Black Horse Square. This building, vulgarly called Fundicao to distinguish it from the otht-r arsenal, is of irregidar architectun;. The facade i^^ elaborately orna- mented with Corinthian columns, military trophies, etc., but the effect produced is not pleasing. It dates from 17()0 and w^as constructed by direction of the energetic Mar- quez de Porabal, the architect being ^I. Larre. The establishment is divided into several de})artments, including a foundry for artillery and a small-arms ma- i.-i \>-/Xj PJil,S0N8. uiii'actory. In the yard is a curioius old bntiizc camion called 7V?-o de Diu taken from the kinpj of Cambaia by Nuno da Cunha at the siege of Diu in 1533. It is 19.*' 8.'" in length. This monster g'un was formerly kept at fort St. Julian, and was brought to the arsenal in the reign of D. Jose for the purpose of being melt- ed down to form part of the equestrian statue of that monarch . It was however rescued from the furnace by the in- terv^ention of the Tunis ambassador, who, accidentally reading the Arabic inscription on the breech explained its meaning to the authorities who determined on pre- serving so memorable a trophy. The following is a trans- lation of the inscription : «0f our sovereign Mahey, king of the kings of the age, son of the noble lady Rahan, Defender of the Ma- hometan law, Conqueror of the Taneous, Exterminator and Vanquisher of the Ebaditas (on the day of the me- morable battle with king Salib) Heir of king Suliman, Coniider in God, Father of his country and of the scien- ces, king of Madercha. This cannon was cast on the fifth day of the month of Til-Kade in the year 939 of the hegira.)) This date corresponds with the 16."' of January 1526. In the interior are some specimens of ancient armor and also several good paintings on the ceilings by Pe- dro Alexandrino, Bruno and Berardo, together with a fuU-lenght likeness of Dona Maria II. by Joaquim Ka- phael. Permission to see the arsenal is readily granted to tourists on applicatioii to the inspector or officer on duty (official de dia). 18. PRISONS. (PEisoES.i LIMOEIRO, a little above the cathedral, is the chief prison of Lisbon. The building, which is not at all adapted for its present purpose, was originally a Royal palace called Palacio dos Infantes. King Fernando «the Hand- some)) resided here in the xiv. century and it was here MARKETS. 227 alsu thai the Mestrc d'Aviz, afterwards kiii;^- John I., assassinated the infamous Andeiro, eonde de Ourem, before the eyes of his mistress f[ueen Lconor Telles dc Menezes. The inmates of the prison are allowed to remain in a "wretehed state of tilth, nor is their moral, superior to their physical condition since criminals encarcerated for light offenses generally become confirmed felons. Government is at present erecting a spacious peni- tenciary on the principle of Pentonville which will be one of the greatest boons conferred on the present ge- neration of thieves and vagabonds. ALJUBE. — Formerly a place of detention for eccle- siastics who were entitled to clerical privileges, but now used as a prison for female criminals. CASTELLO DE S. JORGE, mihtary prison. Torre de Belem and S. Juliao da barra are also used as prisons for military and political offenders, the latter containing some horrid dungeons partially under water, which call to mind the shocking cruelties of Naples. 19. MARKETS. PRAgA DA FIGUEIRA, a few paces to the E. of the Rocio or Praca de Dom Pedro. This large square, paved in the center and planted with trees, is the Co- vent Garden of Lislion. Here are displayed every kind of fish, flesh, foAvl, fruit and vegetable, and the picture presented by this market, early in the morning, is ex- tremely animated and picturesque. The vendors spread their wares under huge white umbrellas which contrast agreeably with the verdure of the foliage, and the richly tinted fruits interspersed with bouquets of eamelias and a thousand other flowers of brilliant hues. A bell rings at 2 P. M. when every thing must be cleared out of the square. Should the visitor ha])pen to be in Lisbou on the of eve the feast of St. Anthony (13.^'' of June), of St. John (24.*'^ of June) or St. Peter''(29.''' of June) he should not fail to pay a visit to this square, which is on those nights illuminated and decked with the choicest oos M \nKKT.S. fruits aiul flowers of the season, together with eakes and wino and a variety of articles not usually to be seen here. The coneourse of country people is very great and the market continues erinvded the whole night till 8 o'clock next morning. Countless pots of wanr/e r (;.\1\UENS. illiuuiiuituil aiui a barul oH limbic pcrtormiiig till mid- night, the price of admission is 50 r6is. On these occa- sions it is one of the fashionable rcndez-vous of the ca- pital. There is also a jjaviliou where coffee, wine, beer, and ices may be had. Concerts and displays of tirc- Avorks also occasionally take place here. PAS8EI0 DA E.STKELLA, near the church of the same name, a mile and a half N. W. of Black Horse S(piare. This public garden^ hiid out in ISo;), is now one of the prettiest in Lisbon, and contains many rare plant* and shrubs. Winding gravel walks shaded from the sun by the foliage of luxuriant trees under Avhich are nu- merous scats, afford a most agreeable retreat in hot weather. A military band performs on Sunday and Ho- liday afternoons. From an artificial mound, a good view of Lisbon and the Tagus is obtained. There are also artificial grottos and lakes with swans ; a hot-house, estiifa ; and a magnificent lion in a cage. PASSEIO L>E S. TEDiaJ JJE ALCANTAKA, situated N. of the church of 8. Roque, consists of a pro- menade planted Avith rows of trees. On a lower level is a terrace laid out Avitli flowers and shrubs. From its ele- vated position S. Pedro de Alcantara is a favorite place of resort on summer evenings, to enjoy the cool re- freshing breeze and the splendid panorama of the eastern part of the city. The upper promenade is open at all hours, but the terrace garden is closed after sun set. JAKDIM BOTANICO. —Botanical garden, near the Palace of Ajuda at Belem. EstabHshed by Dona Maria L at the end of last century. Within the entrance gate are two rude military figures of stone dug up near Porta- legre in 17r55 and declared by some archaeologists to be of Phoenician workmanship. The plants are mostly arranged in the Linnean system. The finest specimen in the garden is a dense Dracaena Draco^ or Gum Dra- gon tree, upwards of 2L" in diameter. There is also a collection of wretched specimens in pots headed «Systema rDBLlU EDUCATIONAL ESTABLISHMENTS. 2yl do Lindley:Familias iiaturaos)) which tho' not very suc- cessful, is a step in the ri^lit direction. The i^arden is open to the public on Thursdays. There are also small botanical gard(,'ns connected with the Polytechnic and Avith tho hospital of S. Jose which may be visited every day. 21. PI^BLIC EI)i:CA11()NAL ESTABLISHMENTS. ESCOLA POLYTECHNICA, one of the handsom- est buildings in Lisbon, a little to the N. of the Praya do Principe Real. The site was originally occupied by a college of the Jesuits and after their expulsion it was converted by Pombal into the Collegio dos Nobres for the- education of young noblemen. In 1836 it was changed into the Polytechnic school and destroyed by fire in 1843, when the present noble edifice was built in its place. The Polytechnic school is a government establish- ment. There are 12 professors and tho number of stu- dents is great. In the same building is the National Museum, (see p. 210) and Meteorological observatory (see p. 221). ESCOLA MEDICO-CIRURGICA, adjoining the Hospital of S. Jose. The school has been reformed thref times, viz. in 1825, 1836 and 1844 and is now one of the best in Europe. There are 1 1 professorships for the following subjects 1.''^ Anatomy, 2."*^ Physiology, 3."' Materia medica, 4.'^ External l^athology, 5.**^ Medicine, 6.*'' Midwifery, 7."' Internal Pathology, 8.'^' Clinical medicine, 9.*^^ Clinical surgery, 10."' Legal medicine, ll.*** Pathological anatomy. The school possesses an anatomical amphitheater, medical library, and patholo- gical museum. ESCOLA DE PHARMACIA or Pharmaceutical school is in the same edifice as the above. INSTITUTO AGRICOLA E ESCOLA VETERl- NARIA. — The agricultural institute, situate at the N. ■2n-2 l>LIi;i-i< I'.DUC VIloNAh KSTAHIvISIIMKNTS. (if the city iicju' the Matadoitro, is inaintainerl by the .state: there are eleven professors who lecture on agri- culture, chemistry, and the veterinary art. The lectures are gratis. ESCOLA NAVAL E AULA L)E (JONSTRUCgliJ NAVAL. — The naval school, and school of naval ar- chitecture are Loth in the Naval Arsenal, I-^argo do Pe- lourinho. ESCOLA DO EXEKCITO, for preparing young men for the army, in the Palaeio da Rainha, Bcmposta. There arc 6 professors. AULA ])() (JOMMERCK), iu the Instituto Lidus- trial. Run da Boa Vista. \ CONSERVATORIO REAL DE LLSBOA.— The Royal conservatory is in the extinct convent of the Cae- tanos near the English college. There arc 10 professors of music, and 3 of the dramatic art; there are also clas- ses for mimicry, dancing, fencing, elocution, history, declamation, Latin, Italian and French. CURSO SUPERIOR DE LETRAS, in the extinct convent of Jesus. This course of lectures on literature was established by the late king D. Pedro V., and is fi-equented by students of the highest class of society. There are T) professors. INSTITUTO INDUSTRIAL E COMMERCIAL, in the Rua da Bella Vista, a little to the W. of the Gas Works. This institution, established in 1852 by the Mi- nister of Public Works, affords gratuitous technical education to a large numljer of pupils. There are 11 professors avIio deliver lectures in the evening, and in connection Avith the institution is a workshop where })ractical mechanical engineering is taught. The technological ]Vluseum belonging to this establish- raent contains models of engines, nnichines, tools, cast- ings, etc., and is open to the public on Mondays. In a shed near the Avorkshop is a collection of products principally from Belgium, BARRACKS. 233 COLLEGK) J)()S APRENDIZES DO ARSE- NAL. — Consists of(JO pupils, 20 being sons of soldiers, 20 sons of operatives in the arsenal, and 20 from the charitable institutions of the Misericordia and Casa Pia. They are taught reading, writing, arithmetic, grammar, geometry and applied mechanics, and are allowed to make choice of any trade that can be learned in the military arsenal. LYCEU DE LLSBUA.— This examining body con- sists of 17 professors who give certificates of proficiency in the following subjects. Philosophy, Literature, Geo- graphy, Gn^ek, Latin, English, German, Natural Phi- losophy, I'ortuguese, Elocution, Drawing, Mathematics French and Arithmetic. In additit)n to the above, there are many elementary schools in Ijisbon supported by the state and by private charity. 22. BARRACKS. Artillery, L""^ rcg., Oalcada da Ajuda, Bclem. Engineers, Cruz dos Quatro Caminhos. Cavalry, 2.'"^ Lancers, Cal5ada da Ajuda, Belem. ( Javalry, 4.*'' l^eg-? Campolide. Infantry, L**' R^g., Calgada da Ajuda, Belem. Infantry, 2."*^ R^g., 8. Joao de Deus. Lifantry, 7.*'' Reg., Torre da Polvora. Infantry, 10."' Reg., Convento da Gra9a. Infantry, 16.'^' i^eg., Campo do Ourique. Infanti-y, 2."^^ Bat. Cacadores, Valle de Pereiro. Infantry, 5.*^' Bat. Cacadores, Castello de IS. Jorge. Marines, Praca de Alcantara. Guarda IVIunicipal, Convento do (^armo. '2:;. oe:\ieteries. CEMITERIO E IGRE.IA DU8 INGLEZES or Os Cypi-estes. — English protestant cemetery and church, situate near the jiublic garden called Estrella in the neighborhood of Hu'^nos Ayres. 284 CEMETERIES. At the lower eiitranec stands the par.sfjiuige, a build- ing originally erceted by Gerard Vinios, Esq., and made over by him to the British factory at Lisbon as a hos- pital for poor British subjeets. The cemetery is inter- sected by rectilinear walks shaded by lofty cypress trees. Among- the numerous tombs may be noticed that of Henry Fielding, the celebrated novcilist. His grave was suftered for a long period to remain Avithout memorial till by the exertions of the late Rev/^ C. Nevill, British Chaplain, the present large plain monument was placed over it. The inscription, heavy and inelegant as the tomb itself, runs thus: HENRICl FIELDING a suimersetensibus apud glastoniam oriundi, viri summo ingenio, en quae restant stylo quo non alius unquam, intima qui potuit cordis reservare, mores hominum exolendos suscepit. virtute degorem, vitio faeditatem asseruit, suum cuique tribuens, non quin ipse subinde irretiretur evitandis. ardens in amicitia, in miseria sublevanda effusus, hilaris urbanus et conjux et pater adamatus, alus, non sibi vixit. vixit: sed mortem victricem vincit DUM NATURA DURAT DUM SAECULA CURRUX'l NATURA PROLEM SCRIPTIS PRAE SE FERENS SUAM ET SUAE GENTIS EXTENDET FAMAM. Fielding came to Lisbon for the good of his health, and after a few months sojourn expired in October 1754, at the age of 47. The church is situated at the upper end and is a neat tho' plain Innlding. "^Phe present British Chaplain is the Rev.'' Godfrey Pope. CEMITERIO DOS PRAZERES, literally trans- lated the ((Cemetery of pleasures » rather an odd name for a place of this kind. It derives its festive appellation CKMETEKIES. 235 from having been ibrnierly thc^ .sit(^ of a chapel dedi- cated to Our Lady under the title of Nossa Scnhova dos Prazeres. This cemetciy being* situated at the ex- treme W. of the city is also called Cemiterio occidental. It is laid out in walks and planted with cypi'ess trees and contains many magnificent mausoleums, amongst which are most notalde, those belonging to tlie families of the Duke of Palmella and Conde das Antas. The funerals at Lisbon are not conducted as in Eng- land. Near relatives do not accompany the corpse to its last resting place, but remain secluded at home in a darkened room for eight days, which is called estar de nojOf and receive the condolence of their friends. An amusing story is told of a certain English ambassador, who went to pay a visit of condolence to a distinguished Portuguese family of his acquaintance, and on entering the gloomy apartment out of the glaring sunshine, being unable to distinguish the objt'cts around him, made a profound obeisance and presented his p'".ameSy or con- dolence, to a large Cliina vase standing in a corner, and seated himself with his back to the assembled mourners. After remaining a few minutes in silence, as etiquette required, ho made another profound bow to the China vase and left the room, having done more to dispel the mournful thoughts of his friends by his ludicrous mis- take than he could have done by the most eloquent discourse. The coffins resemble huge trunks, having a convex lid fixed on hinges and fitted with a lock and key. On reaching the cemetery the lid is raised, a lit- tle quick-lime thrown on the face, after which the cof- fin is locked and the key given to the chief mourner. The coaches in whicli the priests accompany the cor- tege are called herh'ndas_, and are interesting specimens of the Portuguese vehicles of last century. CEMITERIO DO ALTO DE 8. JOAO, at the east of the city, is called also Cemiterio oriental. It con- tains some fine monuments though not equal to those in the Prazeres. The mortuary chapel is a modern building and contains some splendid marl»le. Besides the above cemeteries there arc the following: 2H« OTHKlv l'UJ5LIC BUILDINGS. Do 8. J^UIZ, Ibr tlic French, near tin; eliiirch nf the same name; Da Ajuda, at Belem; Dos Allemaes, for the Germans, rua do Patroehiio, a Boa-Morte; Dos JuDEUS, for the Jews; Val Escuro, for animals. 24. OTHER PUBLIC BUILDINGS. COCHES REAES, Royal Coaches. To be seen in the eoaeh-house, a little way np the ('alcada da Aja- da, on the left, near the palace of Belem. Coaches were introduced into Portugal l)y I'hilip II. of Spain, when in 1581 he came to Lisbon to take possession of the usurped throne. Prior to that period the kings, princes, and nobles traveled on horseback. The ladies, invalids, and infirm in a kind of Sedan chair called Uteiraj and the other classes of society made use almost exclusively of mules. On the introduction of coaches and other vehicles, they were confined entirely to Lisbon and afterwards reached Oporto and Coimbra. It is only very recently that carriages are to be found in any other towns, in fact 20 years ago there were no roads in the provinces on which a carriage could run. This collection comprises many curious specimens of the coach-builder's art, especially dimng the reign of D. John V. who was extremely fond of ostentatious displays. The extent to which this monarch indulged his taste for brilliant pageants may be judged from the composition of the royal cortefje on the occasion of th^- double marriage of his son, prince of the Brazils, Avith an infanta of Spain and of the prince of Asturias with an inffinta of Portugal. The Portuguese royal family went in procession from Elvas to the frontier to meet the Spanish court and exchange the brides. This cortege consisted of 49 royal coaches drawn by 354 horses, 150 royal carriages drawn by 468 horses and inules, 673 saddle-horses with velvet saddle-cloths embroidered with gold, and 316 mules, besides an immense number of carriages and horses belonging to the nfinucs of the CASTKLLO DE S. JORGE. 237 uobles and othtir persons who accompanied their Ma- jesties. The numbei" of c(jaclu!S possessed hy the crown has been greatly reduced; the earthquake of 175;") destroyed many; upAvards of 50 were taken to the lirazils by the royal family; and many in a dilapidated conditi(m were sold durinf;- the rei shore, so that ships could sail between the tower and the land, and even down to the latter half of last century, small craft still made use of the northern channel. The tendency 240 OTHER I'UliLIC iJUlLDINGS. of the river tu deposit sand on the X. bank, increased by the obstruction which the tower itself offered to the flowing waters, gradually caused an accumulation of sand which in the course of three centuries has united it with the land, forming a kind of })romontory jutting into the river. The building consists of two parts, the fortress and the tower. The former has a casemate with embrasures for 15 guns, now without artillery, and over it a plat- form Avith an embattled parapet, on which are seven cannon of ancient and elaborate workmanship. In a mi- litary point of view the fort is of little or no value, be- ing armed with old fashioned guns, whose jirojectiles would make no impression whatever on the armor })lated vessels of the present day, and whose walls, thcaigh ten feet thick, would be instantly shattered by modern artillery. The tower is three stories high: on the first is the royal saloon called sala regia opening on to a balcony looking towards the river. This saloon possesses peculiar acoustic properties. Its roof is ellipsoidal and two per- sons placed at the foci at the opposite sides can converse with each other without their words being audible to those who may be in the middle of the room and conse- quently between the interlocutors. Above this are two other chambers and at the top a terrace from which a delightful prospect may be enjoyed. The tower is often styled Torre de jS. Vicente having been dedicated to St. Vincent in remembrance of the martyr's entry into the Tagus, when his remains were brough from the Promon- torio Sacro to Lisbon in 1173. The tower is now used for firing salutes and as an occasional prison for military or political criminals. In an architectural point of view it is a most interesting exemplification of the Manuelwe style of Portuguese Gothic, as may be at once perceived on comparing it with its neighbor, the famous convent of St. Jerome, built also by king Emmanuel. To the poet as well as to the archaeologist the tower of Belera is an object of enchantment and he must 1)0 indeed devoid of soul who can gaze unmoved on this venerable monument of by-gone glories, with its mass- 've walls pitted by the finger of time, its crenellated ALFANDEGA GRANDE. 241 torraco, the watch towoi's hanft'inp^ in tlif; air, and the flowered cro^^ses of llic ord(>r ot'( 'hi'ist .so deUeat<^ly carved on the battlements; while he listens to the sound of the waves as they beat against its foundation, and to the whistling of the wind as it sweeps over its summit, re- minding- him that it was on this identical spot that the immortal Vasco da Gama set his foot, on returning from the discovery of a new empire. LAZARETO.— On the 8. bank of the Tagus, im- mediately opposite the tower of Belem. This establish- ment, built by government within the last few years, consists of a large stone edifice divided into seven se- parate pavilions, each capable of lodging 150 passen- gers. The situation is elevated and airy, and the view from the terrace charming. Each pavilion is fitted up to accommodate three classes of passengers. The charge for the 1.*' class is Ij^ODo por diem, 2."^ class 595 reis, and o.'*i 299 reis. Luggage is now examined by the customs authorities at the lazaretto, so that travelers can proceed on their journey direct, without having to go to the custom-house as heretofore. The revenue derived by government from the laza- retto exceeds £ 10,000 per annum. CORDOARIA, Rope walk. At Junqueira a, little to the E. of Belem. This building about a quarter of a mile in length, Avas erected in tlie reign of D. Maria L, and is one of the conspicuous objects that strike the eye on entering the port of Lisbon. It is occupied as a rope and sail factory by the government and formerly gave employ- ment to a large number of operatives. Now, however, it is almost abandoned, most of the machinery having become obsolete. ALFANDEGA GRANDE. The Custom-House forms the E. side of the Praca do Commcrcio or Black Horse Square. An immense fire-proof building erected by the Mar- quez do Pombal after the great earthquake. It is con- structed with the greatest solidity, all the w^irehouses 242 ()T?IER I'UHLIC BUILDINGS. havin<>" vaulted roofs. The sola grande upstairs Is a rooiii ot" noble dimensions. To clear anything' through the Custom-House is a business requiring great patience. No less than sixteen signatures are required before the operation is comploto. Some improvements have been introduced of late, such as a steam crane, hydraulic elevator, and tramways. No further description is ne- cessary for if the visitor arrive at Lisbon by sea, he will have ample time to make himself familiar with every nook and corner of this vast edifice before his luggage be examined. The amount of the duties collected at the Lisbon Custom-House exceeds £ L 150,000 per annum. Tobacco is the chief item producing £ 400,000. The following is a list of the vessels which entered the port of Lisbon in 1870 : Nationality. Sailing. Steamers. American 22 3 6 3 30 34 32 13 24 432 7 251 761 29 109 78 5 59 12 21 490 67 49 2 Austrian Belgian Brazilian German Danish French Spanish Dutch English Italian Portuguese Portuguese Coasters Russian Swedish and Norwegian Entered the port thro'stress of weather Total nimiber of vessels. . . 1,834 705 39 The annexed statistics of the Imports and Exports of Portugal during the year 1870 will give the reader a fair idea of its present trade with foreign nations : ALFANDEGA GRANDE. 243 occecir;t^xi>-i>-'^(MiniOcc(M'-iCi 1— i-^LnT— iTtiO'i-->nifMi-Ha5i-H-.— icocoo CO^GO^CO (M^Ol i-< O CO l-^ CO iC r-i^'JJ 00 c» c^oT'jS o'l-i Ci 00 CO cc -^~o '-T CO I— T-i o) T-( ^ '^t* o cf: CO '^i M i-i '^' cc — CO --2 Ol O O O O O O O O O C' O' o o c: O O O O O O O O' O "' O O C' o OCOOOOOOOOOOOO' "0- ' f';); '^ ".1 SO- ":? «i co' 1-H o o tH CO oo I o o t^ f-o, -;5, 00 S i0i0OC-l>-Ci'HOC0O'<#':0(MT-l-*00t-('rJHi0 OI>-CNT-IC0C0O00T-lO05C0C0rt ^CN^T-H^t-^^t-^--^ C^G^ oq^O iQ^CO lO^G^ ^'^ ^ '^^l, o"'^co"-i^ic"cD lo'-^ccTcd cTirTcTcS "^^ oT a0OiOOl^t£>O'C'C000(MT-li-l t^ I— O -^ CO G^l CM T-l (M ooo ooo C^ t— CD *o sa r-O- «^ '^J f«000 930 r,Hl:i>l6fp00n 129,159, 1.0i;j;121;>000 236,7t;0 <.S5;0G8,^O00 174,400 L'13;ll:>iiS0OO 47,540 i.OO-l-.OSOt'j.OOO 889,794 385:247 (51000 85,610 01:073rSnOO 20,438 574:',)i)G;SOO0 127,777 STjlhlllfiOOO 189,594 151:950 ,.S000 33,7CG I.!)a4:n43^000 429,987 Chief items 1.055:1C1;^000 G3:231,«i000 70:OG5,>000 27:083/5000 220:619 ;^000 165:893 ,.5000 263:594.^000 12:511 :824;'?000 Butter Tallow Cheese Salt cod Cloth Carpets Shawls Unmanuiacturcd. Cloth, raw Cloth, bleached.. Cloth, ]irinted. . . Kerchiefs . .' Thread Muslin Canvas Hemp Cloth Thread 234,480 14,051 15,580 6,018 49,026 36,865 58,570 2.780,4051 Rice Wheat Flour liiscuits Sugar Tea Tobacco Linseed oil Dye woods Gold coin Iron, wrought. . . Iron, plates Iron, pig Tin and tin plate Brass Copper-plates . . . Cutlery Coal Flower of sulphur Spirits Beer Glass Delf Crystal Carbonate of soda Saltpeter White lead Red lead Indigo Machinery India rubber . . . Ships I05,5.'iO 5,3.34 1,777 234,222 140,890 4,«90 4,690 38,444 449,000 175,660 131,330 51,550 27,110 8,440 32,220 15,560 11,100 5,560 91, .560 14,(;70 14,000 4,220 74,220 72,670 20,450 12,G70 5,330 240,450 70,450 26,670 5,780 20,000 10,800 7,560 9,340 212,220 13,330 6,670 4,450 5,.560 5,.'J40 2,450 i:i,7S0 ,s,(ioo 5,110 2.4.".0 25,7^<» 29,7«0 5,340 4,560 OTHEK PUBLIC BUILDINGS. 245 Exports to Great-Britain in 1870 as classified by the Portuguese custom-house with the chief items in each class. Classes I — Live animals. . . II — Animal products Ill-Fish IV — Wool and hair . . V-Silk VI — Cotton VII — Linen VIII- Wood IX — Farinacea X — Colonial produce XI — Vegetable products XII-Mctals ., XIII — Minerals , XIV— Beverages XV — Glass anil crystal. . . . XVI — I'aper XVII — Chemicals X VIII — Various products . . . XIX —Various maiiufactur> Kcis 1.752:844^000 209:307^000 12:499,5000 224:175;>000 4:202^000 G7:255j>000 1:720(9000 292:r.29jSO0O 9G:811jS000 54:949^000 1.292:870^000 3G:01Sj9000 ].829:OS3:'-000 (!. 337: 105^000 l:293AO00 3:!tr)3;>00O 40:512:5000 199:727^000 11:704:>000 389,521 40,513 Chief items Bullocks. . Bee's wax Ivorv , Eggs Hides Sheep's wool. Embroidered . Cork New potatoes. . 2j^j JCotfee Sweets Oranges Onions Locust bean . . . Figs Olive oil Purgueira oil.. Palm oil Grapes Other fruits. . . , Gum copal Almonds , Ore hella' weed 8,004 1 400 [ Copper ore . 4(32 1 Manganese. ' Lead ore . . Other ores. Port wine . 245 J Madeira... 'other wine? 12:4fi8:6G82,S!I0 5,110 5,5.')0 3.330 246 OTllKK I'UBLiC liUlLDlNGS. MOEDA, The Mint. In the Eua da Boa Vista, a little to the W. of the church and square of St. Paul. This establishment is well fitted up on a small scale Avith steam machinery for coining gold, silver, and copper. Postage and inland revenue stamps are also printed here. In a room adjoinin;^' the archives, is an interesting collection of Portugue>;e coins from the earliest period down to the present day. The influence of the discovery of gold mines in the l>razils is ])lainly visible in the size and number of gold coins struck during the reign of D. Joao V. The intrinsic value of the largest is £ 30 and the number of coinages in gold 96. The sil- ver coins were formerly so heavy in ])roportion to their nominal value that immense quantities Avere exported to England to bo melted. Ilecent governments however have gone to the opposite extreme and the present silver currency is about 20 per cent less in intrinsic, than in nominal value. ]\Iany valuable works (jf art in gold and silver which used to be exhibited in this collection, have been dis- persed, the principal jiart having gonci to the Museum of the Academy of line arts or to the Palace of Ajuda. Permission to go over the Mint is readily granted on a})plieation to the director or his substitute Avho is usually on the spot. Visitors are admitted on Aveek-days from 11 to 3. XABREGtAS. — This ediiice was formerly a convent belonging to the Franciscans and usually contained upA\'ards of one hundred friars. It possessed a handsome church, and in a side chapel a representation of Cah'ary beautifully executed Avith figures, life size. On the sup- pression of the monks the building and ground were sold by the goAxrnment, and converted into a Tobacco manufactory. In Lisbon, the male section of society arc almost Avithout exception Tobacco consumers, and the duty levied on this article, is the chief source of reve- nue to the gOA'crnment. Little boys of 5 years arc often to be seen puffing their cigarettes AA'ith the complacent air of coniuiisseurs. Indeed Lisbon was one of the first cities to adopt this habit. Tobacco Avas discovered in TERREIRO DO TIJIGO. 247 1520 in the province of Yucatan in America. The first portions, however, came to the peninsula from the island of Tabago, Avhero the plant abounds, and whence its name was deprived. Jean Nicot, t'rench ambassador at the court of his Most Faithful jMajcsty in 15(30, took a quantity of prepared tobacco from Lisbon to Paris, and the French botanists gave it the name of Nicotiana Taba- cum. Catherine de Medicis, to whom Nicot had presented a portion, at once became addicted to its use, which becoming fashionable, rapidly spread throughout Europe. STATUE OF ST. JOHN NEPOMUCENE. — On the bridge of Alcantara, just outside the most westerly gates of the city. The martyr St. John, called Nepomucene from the piace of his birth, was a native of Nepomuk, a small vllagc in the kingdom of Bohemia, 15 leagues dis- tant from the famous city of Prague. Ho suffered mar- tyrdom in 1383, being thrown from the bridge of Prague irio the waters of the Moldaw, by order of the cruel Wcnccslau IV. king of Bohemia, for refusing to violate tie secrecy of confession. From the circumstance of his death St. John Nepomucene was selected to be the pa- tron of bridges, and the present statue was erected by D. Maria Anna of Austria, being solemnly -inaugurated in 1744. It is the work of the sculptor Padua and is considered a fair specimen of his skill. On the pedestal is the following inscri])tion : S. Joanni Nepomucene, novo orbis thaumaturgo lerrae, aquis, igni, aerique imperanti, atque cum alias tum praesertim in itinere maritime lucelento fofpitatori fuo, grati animi erga banc statuam cliens devotiss. An reparat falut. mdccxliji. Joao Antonio de Padua a fez. TEKKEIRO DO TRIGO.— Corn Exchange. This ca- })acious pidilic granary and corn market Avas built in the rtign of Joseph I. and intended, according to the ideas of political economy at that time prevailing, to secure an abundance of bread for the citizens of Lisbon and pxevent monopolies, as may be gathered from the following inscription over the principal entrance: 2i8 OTHEU I'UliLIC BUILDINGS. AUGUSTO INVICTO PIO RKI K PAE CLEMENTISSIMO DOS SEUS VASSALLOS PARA SEGLRAR A ABUNDANCIA I)E PAO AOS MORADORES DA SUA NOBRE E LEAL CIDADE DE LISBOA E DESTERRAR d"'eLLA A IMPIEDADE DOS MONOPOLIOS DEBAIXO DA INSPECCAO DO SENADO DA CAMARA SENDO PRESIDENTE d'eLLE PAULO DE CARVALHO ♦ DE MENDONCA MANDOU EDIFICAR DESDE OS FUNDAMENTOS ESTE CELLEIRO PUBLICO ANNO MDCCLXVI \ Part of this building is at present used as the mu- nicipal custom -house . A wide passage, open at the top, runs longitudinally through the middle of the Tcrreiro to insure thorougli ventilation. In it are ranged the merchants' stalls o% which are displayed a variety of kinds of grain, suc|i as wheat, barley, (»ats, Indian corn, etc. The east end of the ground lioor is devoted to wind, principally the common quality called vinho de liastL Avhich pays duty here before going into consumption. During business hours a great number of mules aie to be seen tied to the row of rings extending the whole length of the front of the edifice. They are waiting f((>r the corn which they have to convey to the innumeralio windmills in the vicinity of Lisbon. MATADOURO.— Slaughter-house at the Cruzilo Tahoado at the extreme N. of the city. This estalilishment belongs to the municiiiality, i/nd is fitted up with every requisite demanded by sanitiiry science. All the cattle destined for the consumption of the capital must be slaughtered liere, being first examined by a veterinary surgeon to see that they be in a s/)und state. The price charged, including food, is lj^200 reis for oxen, 700 i-eis for calves and 140 reis for sheep. Ujitvards of 22,000 oxen, 2,000 calves and 16,000 sheZ-p are annually slauglitered, leaving a net profit to the munici- pality of £ 2,000. C'ASA DOS BICOS. 249 IMPRENSA NACIONAL. — National printing-of- ficG, a short distance to the NW. of the Escola Poly- technica. This ostablishmont belongs to the state, and was founded by the Marquez de Pombal in 17(58. It is well worth a visit; every process of the typographic and lithographic arts can here be Avitnessed. The work turned out bears comparison with the first establishments of Europe. The toucliing episode of Ignes de Castro from Camoes' great poem, has lately been printed in fourteen languages by the Imprensa for the Vienna Ex- hibition, and is a good specimen of its capabilities. It is under the direction of the Conselheiro Firmo Augusto Pereira Mareeos, who has occupied that position since 1844, and to whom arc due many of the improvements introduced of late years. CA8A DOS BICOS, in the rua dos Bacalhoeiros, near the custom-house. This curious old liouse, has for centuries been an ob- ject of Avonder to the inhabitants of Lisbon, and many are the popular stories related with reference to it. Some say that it was coramcncod by a modern Croesus, who intended to place a diamond in the apex of each of the pyramids which project from the front, but when it was half finished, the king became jealous of there being in his capital a house which would eclipse his own palace in splendor, and an embargo was put on the fur- ther progress of the Avork, Avhich thus remained in its present unfinished state. Others say that in the reign of D. Manuel, it was tlie residence of a colored queen who possessed an enormous amount of brilliants. Be it as it may the house has ahvays been associated in the popular mind with the idea of immense wealth, so that in common parlance it is synonymous with riches and is applied to denominate anything of great value: Ora nao se 2^<^f'ca a casa dos BicoSj, is a saying Avhieh still survives and has got incorporated into Pertuguese phra- seology. The true history, liowevcr, does not bear out the poitu- lar version. The house was built in 1523 by Atfonso do Albuquerque, natural son of the renowned Vice Roy 2o() TUE ENVIRONS OF LISBON. of India; and when completed wa.s three stories liigh, the principal facade being- towards the rua do Ahnar- geni. The great earthquake reduced it to a ruin, and what is now left is the back part. As to whether it really ever was studded Avith diamonds, is a vexata quaestio. It certainly w^as called Casa dos diamantes, during- the reign of the Philips, but this appellation pro- bably had its origin in the shape of the pyramids Avith which the house is covered. 25. THE ENVmONS OF LISBON. Nothing can be more delightful than an occasional excursion into the country, and the tourist who has sufficient time at his disposal, should not fail to visit some of the villages in the neig-hborhood, where he will meet with many things to excite his ciu'iosity. In sum- mer time especially, these villcyc/iature are in great favor with the Lisbonites, and all Avho have the means, con- trive to spend a few months in the country during the hot season. The country immediately around Lisbon, is more productive than picturesque, lacking wood and. water. The principal trees to be seen are the olive, orange, and lemon. The vine flourishes in full luxu- riance, and nothing can exceed the wondrous beauties of nature as exhibited in this plant: how it embraces Avith its tendrils, as with hands, whatever it meets, and climbing aloft, spreads out its broad leaves to protect the ripening- grape from the too ardent rays of the sun. As Cicero says: «Vitis quidem quae natura caduca est et nisi fulta sit fertur ad ten-am, eadem ut se erigat claviculis suis quasi manibus quidquid est nacta complectitur; quam serpentem multiplici lapsu et erratico ferro amputans coercet ars agricolarum, no silvescat sarmentis ct in omnes partes nimia fundatur. Itaque ineunte vere in iis ([uae relicta sunt exsistit tamquam ad articulos sarmen- torum ea quae gemma dicitur, a qua oriens uva sese ostendit; quae et succo terrae et calore solis augesccns primo est pcracerba gustatu, delude maturata dulces- QUINTAS. 251 cit, vostitaquc pampinis ncc iiiodico tempore caret et nimios solis clefcndit ardores. Qua quid potest esse, turn fructu lactius turn adspeetu pulelu'ius?» De Senectute, cap. xv. How immutable are the laws of nature I And how true is Cicero's description to-day, thought it was writ- ten 2,000 years ago! The cdfacinha (nickname given to the inhabitants of Lisbon on account of their supposed fondness for alface, lettuce) passionately loves a garden, and it is his great- est ambition to be the possessor of a quinta, or coun- try-house surrounded by a garden, in which he may spend at least his Sundays and Holidays, if not a great- er part of the year. The grounds are usually divided into a pomar, orchard; jarcUm_, flower-garden; and horta, vcgetableg-arden. The environs of Lisbon are thickly studded with tlicso delightful qidntas, and their proprietors are most liberal in admitting strangers and even throwing them open to the public, thus con- verting them, not only into a source of gratilication to the many, but also into a means of elevating and refin- ing the tastes of the people. As Lord Bacon says: «God Almighty iirst planted a garden and indeed it is the purest of human pleasm-es; it is the greatest re- freshment to the spirits of man; without which buildings and palaces are but gross handy works; and a man shall ever see, that, when age grows to civility and elegancy men come to build stately sooner than to garden finely; as if gardening were the greater per- fection. » During smiimer and autumn, arraiaes are held at some of the quintas. An arraial is a kind of rural re- ligious feast attended In' tlie peasantry of the surround- ing disti'ict. It is on these occasions tliat the visitor lias the best opportunity of observing the dress, cus- toms, and manners of the saloios, as the peasants in the neighborhood of Lisbon are styled. The Portuguese as a nation are noted for politeness. Cervantes, speaking of the people of Lisbon^ says: 252 THE ENV1UOK8 OF 1JS150N. «Aqui el amor y la honcstedad so dan la.s numoii y se pasean juntos; la cortesia no deja quo so lleguo la arrogancia, y la bravcza no consiente que se lo acer- quo la cobardia: todos sus moradores son agradablos, son corteses, son liberales y son enamorados porquc son diseretos. » To the testimony of the illustrious author of Don Qui- xote may be added that of the noble Earl of Carnar^'on : «If I could divest myself of every national partiality, and suppose myself an inhabitant of the other hemi- sphere traveling- solely for my amusement, uoting men and manners, and were asked in what country society had attained its most polished fornij I should say Por- tugal: Portuguese politeness is deligthful, because it is by no means purely artificial, but flows in a great mea- sure from a natural kindliness of feeling. « As I am here alluding to the manners of the covnitry I will just state that in Portugal a gentleman never quits an apartment in w^iich there are ladies ^vithout tm-niug round on arriving at the door although he has already taken leave, to renew his parting salutation to his friends, Avho gracefully return it; and so invariable is this practice, that a man disregai'ding it would bo con- sidered as positively deficient in the courtesies of good society, and a lady would feel somewhat disconcerted by the omission of such a customary mark of attention. Ilabit is so completely second nature, that on return- ing to England, after a considerable residence in Por- tugal, I could hardly refrain from this jn-actice; and till British customs had again in some degree eifacod my foreign impressions, I felt on seeing our Englishmen quit the drawing-room without this salutation, that kind of uncomfortable sensation Avhich is involuntarily ex- cited in the mind by witnessing a rather course neglect of any of the recognised convenances of society. «I remember a striking instance of the great extent to which mere ceremony is carried by Portuguese of the old school, and it may not be amiss to relate it while I am touching on the subject. I called one morning on a hii^h di^nitarv of the clnn*ch. and ascending a jnagni- PORTUGUESE POLITENESS. 253 ficeut staircase, passed tliroufih a hmii; suit of rooms to tiie apartment in which tlie reverend Ecclesiastic was seated. Havin_^* concluded my visit, I bowed and de- parted, but turned, according- to the invariable custom of the country, when J reached the dooi', and made an- other salutation : my host was slowly following me, and returned my inclination by one equally profound; when 1 arrived at the door of tlie second apartment, he was standing- on the threshold of the lirst, and the same ceremony again passed between us; when I had gained the third apartment, he was occupying the place I had just left in the second; the same civilities were then re- newed, and these polite reciprocations Avere continued till I had traversed the whole suit of apartments. At the banisters I made a low and, as I supposed, a final salutation: but no: when I had reached the first landing- place, he was at the top of the stairs, when I stood on the second landing-place, he had descended to the first ; and upon each and all of these occasions our heads wag- ged with increasing humility. (Jur journey to the foot of the stairs was at length completed. I had now to pass through a long hall divided by columns, to the front door, at which my carriage was standing. Whenever I reached one of these pillars, I turned and found his Eminence waiting for the expected bow, which he im- mediately returned, continually progressing, and ma- naging his paces so as to go through his share of the ceremony on the precise spot which had witnessed my last inclination. As I apjtroached the hall door, our mu- tual salutations were no longer occasional but absolutely perpetual; and ever and anon they still continued, after I had entered my carriage, as the Bishop stood with uncovered head till it was driven away.» It has often been said that if civility were civiliza- tion, Portugal would be the most civilized country on the face of the earth. Civility, however, is certainly not one of the concomitants of modern civilization, for the nearer we approach the great centers of civilization the less civility do we meet with among the people. Here the tourist will also have many occasions of noting the primitive anethods of agriculture. The plough is often little else than a curved piece of wood, tipped 254 TIIK ENVIRONS OF LISBON. with iron, and drawn by a yoke of oxen. Horses are rarely used in agricultural labors: for the lighter kinds of work, nudes are employed. The IjrcHid of horses has been allowed to d(^generate7 but of late, elforts have been made to effect an improvement in this respect, by the establishment of races, prizes, etc. The Lusitanian horses of ancient times were famed for swiftness, and this quality gave rise to the belief that the mares near Lis- bon and on the banks of the Tagus, conceived of the wind. Pliny, states this as a fact, in his Natural His- tory: « Constat in Lusitania, circa Olysiponera et Tagum amnera, equas Favonio flanto obsersas, animalem con- cipere spiritiuu idque partum tieri.)) The mules are found capable of enduring greater hardships and are more economically fed. Some of them are very vicious and the stranger Avill do well to beware of their heels and mouths, though ihvj generally give notice of their hostile intentions by throwing back their ears and giving a kind of squeak. This is alluded to in the following proverb, which as it contains a reflection on learned ladies, we will not translate: Do luaclio que diz im, E da laullier que sabe latim, Libera nos Domine. The corn harvest begins in June, and all its opera- tions are carried on in the open air. The threshing-lioor, called e«Va^ is formed in the field, by leveling a circu- lar piece of land, and having thoroughly saturated it with water, driving over it a flock of sheep who patter it with their feet until it dries, when it becomes hard and smooth. On this eh-a the wheat is spread and threshed by the feet of oxen and mules which are driven round and round, first in one direction and then in another, accompanied by harvest songs and music. The winnowing is accomplished by the winds of heaven, which seem to spring up on purpose at this season. During the hottest part of the day^ is heard the shrill chirping of the tree-cricket (cicada) which by certain SINGING-BIRDS. 255 organs In tlio interior oi its abdomen, is enablod to pro- duce a remarkably loud sound : Et cantu qucriilae rumpfiiit ;n-lju.sta cicatlae, (ViR(i, Geor, iii.) The feathered songsters, join also in the harvest con- cert, and as evening draws on, the sweet tones of the nightingale, add enchantment to the scene: As aves velozmente discorrendo, O ar de varias penas esmaltando, Em reciproeos cantos respondendo E em suaves coros alternando, Em confusa harmonia susijendendo, Aos que alcg-res deixavam duvidamlo Se era mais grato ouvi-las, se mais vel-as Cantando doces, ou voando bellas. O melro^ canta da intriucada rama, Entre euja verduva o uinho esconde^ A tutinegra- est;i dizendo que ama A quem ingratameutc corresponde ; A chamaris^ incauta a prisao chama, pintasirgo'' vario llie responde: De mna parte a calandria^ forma 1mm coro, O pintarouxofi do outra m.ais soiioro. Mas sobre todos suave ua harmonia Saudava em can^oes a tarde amena E mestre do coro alado parecia A Sirea do bosquc, a Filomena", Tam docemeute as queixas repetia, Que fez alhea gloria a propria pena, E em rcqucbros de voz, fugas e aeentos Movia OS montes, quaudo atava os ventos. Com ostilo tam vario modulava Articulada voz, que juutamente Harpa, laiide, e citara imitava Com alma, em uin so oorpo, ditt'erente. 1. Melro, blackbird. 2. Tutinegra, kind of duck. 3. Chamaris, eoldcii oriole, a kind oftlirusli. 4. Pintasirgo or pintasilgo, linnet. 5. Calandrla or calhaudra, lark. (>. Pintaronxo, robiu-red-brea.^t. 7. Filomena or rouxinol, nightingale. 250 THE EN\lRON.S OF LISBON. Que digo corpoV quaiido ;i voz Ibnnava Espii'ito de corpo iudepondentt^ Jliiiu canto viv(j ua anra h^u I'luidadd, Hum atomo sonante-, hum flato alado. (Ulyssipo, cant, iii.) The choir of Angels seems also to take part in the general harmony of nature when the sound of the An- gelus bell bids every one join in the solemn memento of the great mystery of the Redemption : Ave Maria! Blessed be the hour! The time; tlie clime; the spot; where I so oft Have felt that moment in its fullest power Sink o'er the earth so beautiful and soft, While swung the deep bell in the distant tower, Or the faint dying day-hymn stole aloft, And not a breath crept thro' the rosy air. And yet the forest leaves seemed stirr'd with prayer. (Bykon.) Even after dark the air is filled with a multitude of sounds : the monotonous creaking of the novas or wooden engines for drawing water; the hoarse croaking of the frogS; the metallic ring of the toads, the hooting of the owls, the squeaking of the bats, and the Hitting lights of the luzcuz or lire-fly, all testify to the superabun- dance of life with which nature has endowed this fertile country. 26. GINTRA. To go to Lisbon and not visit (Jintra, is like going to Rome and not seeing the Pope. There are several ways of reaching this far famed spot; on horseback; by the steam tramway; by omnibus; or in a carriage, the latter being by far the most comfortable method. A carriage-and-pair may be hired at the Companhia de Carruagens Lishonense ; the fare to Cintra and back in one day (from sunrise to midnight) is 6?9(>00 or about 30^ A char-d-hancs for 9 persons, for the same service costs 10?^200 or £ 2. 5^ An omnibus starts at G A.M. from the Eua do Ouro, and returns in the evening. Fare there and back lj$(000. The oldest and best hotel is the Victor, where the traveler will find comfortable accommodation, as he may OINTRA. 2o7 also at the Hotel Europa, or Mrs. l^awrcnce's Hotel. One day is hardly sufficient to sec the principal lions of Cintra, and to explore it thoroug;hly at least a week is required. Cintra is about 10 miles W. of Lisbon. The Urst village after leavinc; the city is the long straggling one of Bemlica. The objects most likely to engage^ the traveler's attention, as he passes along, are the windmills playing on the neighboring heights, an occasional grove of orange trees, the turrcted lino of the aqueduct, and the hedge-rows of aloe and Indian fig. Bemfica is the residence of Dona Izabel Maria, great-aunt of the king, and formerly regent, before the return of her brother 1). Miguel from banishment. Her palace and quintet ■ lie on the left at a short distance from the liigh road, and contain a collection of natural curiosities and rare botanical specimens. In the neighborhood stands the extinct Dominican convent and church, containing the chapel and mausoleum of the celebrated Vice Roy of India D. Joao de Castro, and the tombs of the Portu- guese classic writer Frei Luiz do Sousa and of Joao das Regras, the famous lawyer whose eloquence procured the election of D. Joao I. at the Cortes of Coimbra (see page 164). After passing Queluz (seepage 188), the road lies over an extensive heath, in which there is nothing to divert the traveler's attention from the magnificent scene which expands itself before him. The elevated mass of rocks which seen in the distance presents only a smooth undulating outline, displays as he approaches : Horrid crags by topling convent crowned, The cork trees hoar that clothe the shaggy steep. The mountain's top by scorching skies embrowned, The sunken glen whose sunless shrubs must weep. Not unfrequently a zone of clouds is seen hanging about the middle of the mountain, while its loftiest peaks are glittering in brilliant sunshine; and at nightiall the rays oi' the sun linger on these sumuiits long after it has set for the plain below. RAMALHAO. — The termination of the heath brings us to the palace and quinta of Ramalhao. This estate was thc! private lii'oju'rtv of l)on;i (*nrl(tita, wif<' (»f 258 THE ENVIRONS OP LISBON. D. Joito VI. and great-grandmother of his present Majesty. It was the residence of the pretender D. Car- los of Spain in 1832, and it was from this phice that he dated his protest against the recognition of his niece queen Isabel II. It was brought to the hammer in 1851 and purchased by a rich merchant of Lisbon. QUINTA DO MARQUEZ DE \T[ANNA. — The village at the foot of the rock, which we next reach is called S. Pedro and is remarkable for a beautiful quinta belonging to the Marquis of Vianna. It is here that the tourist, as he turns the edge of the mountain and descends towards the town of Cintra, which lies N. of the rock, is gratified with the first magnificent burst of scenery. Lo ! Cintra's glorious Eden intei-venes In variegated maze of mount and glen. Ah me ! What hand can pencil guide or pen To follow half on which the eye dilates, Through views more dazzling unto mortal ken, Thau those whereof such things the bard relates, Who to the awe-struck world unlocked Elysium's gates. Cintra has something peculiar in the position and appearance of its buildings, raised one above another, and here and there perched like birds' nests in the rock, and displaying, in striking contrast with the mountain on which they stand, the littleness of the works of man compared with those of the Creator. PALACIO REAL. — It is a common remark that there is but one step from the sublime to the ridicu- lous, and this the reader will believe to be verified when after all the magnificent descriptions he has heard and read of this romantic spot, he learns that the most striking objects that the town presents when seen at a distance, are two large kitchen chimneys. Every one who has visited the place will immediately know that we allude to the large conical chimneys of the royal palace, which rise conspicuous in every view of the town. To this palace, called the iKiXacio real we will, if he please, conduct the tourist. Permission to see it CTKTRA. S.Y) in the absence of the royal family; may Le obtained from tlio almoxarifc^ or resident superintendent. The building is a strange compound of Moorish and Christian architecture. The ornaments of the windows are Arabesque and represent interlaced branches of trees, without leaves. In each window there are slender columns of granite supporting arches composed of a sin- gle piece of stone. Every thing within the palace cor- responds with the anachronisms of the exterior. Histo- rical reminiscences of widely distant events meet the eye in almost every apartment. The numerous fountains, reservoirs, and jets d'eau in every part of the building, the prevailing style of the architectm'C, and the very names by which many of the apartments arc still laiown, prove it to have been of 5loorish origin, probably the Alhambra of a king. D. Joao I. repaired and adapted it for his own residence. The saloon of mag- pies, sola das pecjas;, was painted by his orders. It is a large room painted all over with magpies, each bird holding in its beak the legend por hem, literally «for good)) but used in sense of «no harm)). Por hem was the motto of D. Joao I., and the expression and inci- dent that gave rise to it strongly remind one of the Honi soil qui mal y pense of Edward III. On a certain occasion D. Joao was detected by his queen Philippa of Lancaster, in the act of bestowing some very question- able mark of attention on one of her maids of honor. When his eye met the dagger looks of his English con- sort, he felt the full extent of his indiscretion, yet mi- conscious of any evil intention, he condescended to apo- logize by the memorable words Por hem. Certain gos- siping tongues of the palace having given publicity to the affair he determined to chastize their inalevolent In- quacity by representing them as chattering magpies. The sola das armas is the work of D. Manuel. This apartment has a circular roof. In the center of the ceil- ing are the royal arms of Portugal and immediately around them are the escutcheons of the five sons and two daughters of the king. The rest of the ceiling is covered with the coats of arms of the Portuguese nobi- lity, each shield hanging from a stag's head. The es- cutcheons, 74 in number, are painted in two concentric 260 TTTE ENVIRONS OP LISBON. circles, so that precedence is given to none. Two of the shields have been erased, those of the families of Tavora and Aveiro, who were implicated in the pseudo-conspi- racy against tlie llfc! of Joseph I. Under the cornice the following words are inscribed in gold letters: Pois com esforQOri e leaes Hci'vieos forao ffanliados, Com estes e outros taes Dovem de ser conservados. In another part of the palace is pointed out the room in which the unfortunate D. Sebastiao held his last au- dience before he undertook his ill-fated Afi'ican expedi- tion, and the chair of state is still shown on which the youthful monarch sate on that occasion when the crown is said to have fallen from his head. Near the chapel may be seen the apartment in which Affonso VI. was confined during the last nine years of his life. That unhapj^y prince whiled away the dreary hom's of his captivity in pacing up and down one side of his cell, whence he could see the rocky steep that overhangs the town, where it is said that one who still remained faithful to the monarch in his misfortunes, daily made him a sign of recognition. By thus con- tinually walking to and fro tlie bricks forming the floor are worn away on that side. Such was the rigor with which the royal prisoner was guarded, that in or- der to prevent recognition on his attending Mass, a small aperture was made over the choir, where without being seen he could assist at the holy sacrifice. He died on the 12.'^ of September 1683. PALACIO DA PENA or de D. FERNANDO.— On the summit of one of the highest peaks and being the most conspicuous object at Cintra. The convent of Pena formerly belonged to the monks of the Jeronymito convent of Belem and was built by D. Manuel on the rock, which he so often ascended to see if he could descry the returning fleet of Vasco da Gama, and from which in fact he was the first to discover it. When tlie monastery was secularized and sold, it became the pro- perty of a private gentleman from whom it was pur- ClNTIiA. 261 clia.sed in a ruinous state by his Majesty D. Fernando., who has changed it into a fairy-like palace. The style of its architecture is the Norman Grothic that flourished at tlie end of the xil. century. A broad road in the rock partly Availed and partly open, conducts after many windings to a draw-bridge, leading to the principal entrance of the palace, over which are sculptured the arms of Portugal and Saxony. A large tower, several lateral turrets, walls croAvned with niched battlements and an open court, surround the two principal buildings. The whole stands between lofty peaks of the rock, and colossal masses of granite. The monastic character of the interior has been in a great measure preserved. The cloister and chapel exist nearly in the same state as in the time of the monks, so that the building may be said to be a com- bination of Palace, (Jastle, and Convent. In the chapel is a rich altar-piece of trans[)arent jas- \)vv inlaid with alabaster. It is carved in relief exliibit- iug some of the stages of the I'assion, and is siu'mounl- ed by niches in Avhich arc groups representing va- rious passages in the life of our Lord; over these are festoons of flowers supported by columns of black jas- per. A lighted taper held behind the tabernacle will shew its transparency. The work was executed by an Italian artist by order of D. Joao III., early in the xvl. century. The Pena is certainly a marvelous structure, both as regards its situation and construction. The view descried from its summit is magnilicent beyo'nd description. The deep azure of the vast Atlant- ic spreading far to the west; the scenery south of the Tagus, Avith its regular succession of imdulating hills, backed by forests of pines and these again by the dim peaks of the Arrabida mountains; the noble riA^er it- self «Avhich poets vainly pave Avith sands of gold » the distant hills of ]\lonsant() in tlie direction of Lisbon; and to the north as far as the eye can reach, an exten- sive plain variegated AAdth heath and cultivated tracts dotted with quintcifi and Anllages, and the solitary pile of Mafra, form altugethei" a panoi'aiua Avliieh it Avoidd be hard to pra'aiJcL 262 THE ENVIRONS OP LLSHON. Tho grounds surrounding' the palace are laid out in shrubberies, with ornamental water and beds of flowers. The softness of the rock, which it was often necessary to cut through for the purpose of forming walks, facili- tated these improvements which however cost a largo sum of money. CASTELLO DOS MOUROS.— From these gardens a path conducts to the Moorish castle. The ruins so termed crown the peak to the W. of that on which the Pena stands and immediately overhang the town of Cintra. They consist of the remains of ancient walls, constructed over the cavities and along the ridges of the rock. About half way up the steep are ruins said to be the remains of a Moorish mosque. Part of the vaulted roof has I'esisted the ravages of time, and on it vestiges of stars painted on an azure; ground may still be discerned. Here and there Arabic characters are seen on the w^all. In another part of the same in- closure is a quadrangular cistern supposed to have been a Moorish bath. It is 50 feet long by 17 broad and is built of stone with a vaulted roof. CONVEXTO DA CORTICA or de SANTA CRUZ. — From the Pena a road over a wild and rugged tract conducts to the Cork convent. This poor monastery standing in dreary solitude in a recess of the serra is worthy of its projector D. Joao de Castro, the pious and pennylcss hero of a hundred battles, of whom, in his dying moments St. Francis Xavier, his intimate friend, is reported to have said « the Viceroy of India is dying so poor, that he has not wherewith to buy a fowl » . This convent or hermitage consists of a church, sa- cristy, chapter-house, refectory, and about 20 cells. These various apartments are partly formed of holes in the rock and are partly built on its surface. They are lined with cork as a means of counteracting the damp; and from this circumstance the convent derives its name. Each cell Is about 5 feet square, and the doors are so low that they cannot be entered without stooping, and are proportionately narrow. CINTRA. 26y Every thing about the place is in perfect keeping with the above description. In the time of the monks, who were Reformed Franciscans, the luxmy of a com- fortable bed was never known within the precincts of the cork convent. The bell at the entrance was rung by the aid of a vine-stem instead of a rope. The seats of the dining-room, if the cavern used as such may be so called, as well as the dining-table are cut out of the solid rock. At a little distance from the building is shewn a hole, partly covered by an enormous stone, in which a hermit of the name of Honorius dwelt for the last sixteen years of his life. This holy man, after the labors of the day, and after spending a good part of the night with the rest of his brethren in singing the praises of God in the church, would retire to this incommodious recess, where he had only a few leaves for his couch and a stone for his pillow, and Avhere from the smallness of the cave it was impossible for him to stretch himself out at full length. Yet notwithstanding the severity of these and other acts of j^enance, which the annals of his order recount of him, he lived to the age of ninety five. A simple stone was placed by his brethren in front of the cave with the following in- scription : HIC HONORIUS VITAM FINIVIT,- ET IDEO CUM DEO IN COELO REVIVIT. OBIIT ANNO DOMINI 1 5^6. To those whose notions rise no higher than the matter which surrounds them, and who know no higher plea- sure than the gratification of those senses Avhich they have in common with the brute, the conduct of such men as Honorius must seem little better than insanity or driveling enthusiasm. Such seems to have been the opinion of the sensualist Lord Byron, when ho wrote: Deep in you cave Honorius long did dwell In hope to merit Heaven by making earth a Hell. COLLARES. — Descending the mountain, wo descry lying at some distance to the N. W. the village of Col- lares, Avhich gives its name to the well known wine so 2tr4 J'lll'; ENVIRONS OF Ll.SJJON. culled, 'J'liis rich valley, covered as it i« with (jraugo p,-roves and orchards, offers a most delig-htful object for the eye to dwell upon, and contrasts most beautifully Avith the bare and arid mountain along- the foot of Avhich it extends. The villaii,'e itself is small and stragc^lini:^-. Se- veral lloman inscriptions have been found in the neigh- borhood, and are described in a Avork by Viscount Je- rumenha. At the extremity of the valley is an artificial lake or pond called the Varseci^ on Avhich is a pleasiire- boat. Here ]iarties from ( 'intra often meet for purposes of amusement. A small rivulet Avinds its Avay from this spot to the ocean. Formerly Avhen it Avas a navigable river, the fruit from the trees overhanging its banks Avere carried doAA'n its stream and gave to the beach the name by Avhich it is still knoAA'n, Praia das Macas, apple beach. PP^DRA D'ALVIDRAK. — Al)ove th(>, boach, al)0Mt a league from Collares, there is a rock or headland rising to a perpendicular hciglit of about 200 feet and is knoAvn by the name of Pedra d' Alvidrar. At certain points the AvaA^es of the Atlantic dash against its base and have undermined it to a great extent, as may be seen at some distance from the edge of the pre- cipice Avliere there is a circular hole or chasm, at the bottom of Avhich the sea is visible and by its incessant chafing strikes terror into the stoutest heart Avhen vicAved from above. At the highest point of the rock, immediate- ly over the ocean, a horrifying feat i.s performed by persons AAdio inhabit the neighborliood. Without any assis- tance or su])port but their hands and foot they descend the pcrpendieidar rock, from the summit to the Avater's edge and return in the same manner. The least slip or the giving Avay of a piece of rock must inevitably plunge them to certain destruction, and yet they are eager to venture doAvn the steep in the hope of receiving a fcAV vintens fi'om the A^isitor. Sometimes fishermen, laden Avith baskets of lish Avill ascend the dangerous steep merely for their OAvn convenience, ^[ONSERIIATE. —Returning in the direction of Oin- tra Ave come to the beautiful quinta of Monserrate, now CI.NTKA. 265 the prf)|ierty of Mr. Cook, who hna lately I'eceived from the Portuguese sovereign the title of Visconde de Mon- serrate. Situated on an eminence branching from the ser7xi it presents one of the most ciiarming prospects that even Cintra can present. The site was selected by the celebrated Mr. Beckford, wliose refined taste for the beautiful no one will dispute. He built a chateau and laid out the grounds in a most tasteful manner, but after a few years the place was abandoned and allowed to fall into utter ruin and tlius it remained till purchased by its present possessor who has spared no expense to render it a paradise on earth. All the most beautiful and valuable trees and shrubs that can grow in this climate are here to be seen, and the Palace, be- sides containing many curiosities, has in its interior some wonderfully fine carving in marble of the Moorish style. The Viscount resides here during the months of l\Iay-July, when pi^rmission to see the quinta may be obtained from him on the spot. xA.t other times a ticket of admission must be obtained from his agent at Lisbon. PEXHA VERDE. — Near the above is the quinta of Penha Verde, once the property of the renowned D. Joao de Castro. This distinguished hero, one of the greatest men Portugal has produced, chose this spot as his 'favorite retreat after his many victories in two quarters of the globe. After the memorable defence of IJiu, the only reward he asked from his sovereign was that a rock on which stood six trees might be annexed to his quinta^ and it is still known as the Monte das Alvicaras. Here also is a chapel built by him in honor of Our Lady. At the bottom of the steps which conduct to it, are two stones which he brought from the east as tro2)hies and on which are carved various emblematic figures and below these a long inscription in Sanscrit dedicated to tlie god Seva. Over the ehajiel door is the following : 'J6G THE ENViKONS OF LISBON. Joannes Caltrenfis cum viginti annos in durillimis bcllis in utraque Mauritania pro (^hriiti religione confumpfiUct et ilia clariflima Tunetis expugnatio- nem interfuiflet atquc tandem finus Arabic! littora et omnes Indiae oras non modo lultrall'et sed lit- terarum monumentis mandavillet Chrilli numini i'alvus domum rediens Virgini Matri fanum ex voto dicavit anno i 542. The great hero bequeathed this property to his des- cendants with the express condition of their not de- riving pecuniary advantages from its cultivation, saying that even from the earth he wouhl accept no reward for liis hi1)ors. SETIAES. — Before reaching Cintra after leaving Penha Verde, we come to the palace belonging to the Duke of Louie and which derives some celebrity from the disgraceful convention between Sir H. Dalrymplc and Junot which is said to have been signed here: And ever since that martial nynod met, Britannia sickens, Cintra! at thy name; And folks in office at the mention fret And fain Avonld blush, if l)lush they could, for shame. This place, known by the name of /Setutes, is the fashionable promenade for the visitors on summer even- ings. QUINTAS. — liesides the foregoing there are many delightful quintets, generously thrown open to visitors by their owners. The principal ones are those of the Duke of Salda- nha, Barao da Regaleira, JMarquis of Pombal aud Mr. Smith. In the quinta de 1). Caatano, between Cintra and the new quarter called Villa Estephania, is a douche bath of crystalinc Avator, Avhich is much frequented. 27. MAFRA. Seven leagues NW. of Lislson and three leagues N. of Cintra. Tourists generally take Mafra on their return from Cintra. A carriage-and-pair may be hired at the Companhia de carruagens lishonenses, to go to Mafra MAFRA. 261 and back in two clays for 9;5000 or £2. A char-d-hancs for the same service, Avitli nine places, costs £ 4. Tiio hotel near the palace offers i^oocl accommoda- tion. The village itself is of no importance, the whole in- terest centers in the Palace, Convent, and Basilica, a building of stupendous magnitude. D. JoaoV. anxious to have issue to succeed him on the throne, made a vow that on the birth of a son he would erect a magnificent monastery on the site of the poorest priory in his kingdom. On the birth of Prince Jose, Mafra was selected for the fulfilment of the vow, for on this spot stood a hut in which dwelt twelve Ar- rabidos, the poorest order in Portugal. The plan was draAvn and having met with the monarch's approval, was executed by the Grerman architect Frederic Lu- dovici. The foundation stone was laid on the IT.*"^ No- vember 1717 and this ceremony alone cost 200,000 crowns. Thirteen years w^ere spent in the erection of the building. According to documents still existing the average number of workmen daily employed during that period Avas 14,700. The bills from June to October of 1750 shew that no fewer than 45,000 persons were employed in this interval, of whom 7,000 were soldiers who received 150 reis per diem, in addition to their ordinary pay. The king ordered a temporary hospital to be erected for the sick workmen, containing eight wards capable of holding 5,350 sick, in addition to two others for 240 convalescents. In the five years 1729-1734, the hospital received 17,007 patients and the expense is set down at 92 million reis. The total cost of this immense fabric has never been exactly stated, but it is calculated at 19.000,000 crowns. The basilica was consecrated on the 22."*^ Oct. 1730, the king's birthday, with the greatest possible pomp. The festivities lasted eight days. The king ordered re- freshments to be given from his kitchen, to all who ap- plied and 9,000 persons partook of his hospitality on the single day of the consecration. The entire edifice forms an immense parallelogram, the longest sides of which extend N. and iS. 1,150 ft. 2BS THE KNVIKONS OF LISBON. The Ijuilding comprises a basilica, a uioiiasteiy, and two royal palaces. It contains 8GG rooms, two lofty towers each o50 feet high, one very large court, two of more moderate size and six small ones. The front of this imposing pile which faces the W. is formed by the chrirch and pala- ces, the former being in the center, approached by a noble flight of steps. The palace on the N. was the king's residences and that on the S. the queen's ; both are four stories higli and terminate in large turrets, at the extreme angles. The masonry has been well executed: the walls widen gradually to their base where they are twenty palms thick, and are surmounted by a parapet 16 palms high. The roof of the Avhole building forms a vast platform elevated 90 feet above the ground, on which 10,000 soldiers might be reviewed. The, two palaces so closely resemble (^ach otiicr in their architectural details, that a description of one will serve for both. On entering, the visitor Avill be struck with the number and magnificence of the apartments through wliich he is conducted. Allegorical or mytho- logical subjects are painted in fresco on the ceilings and walls. The floors are of marble of various hues, and many of the rooms are adorned with handsome pillars of the same material. It has been remarked, jind perhaps not unjustly, that in this long suit of apartments, there is not one room whose size corres];onds with the vast proportions of the whole. The audience chamber is still preserved in the same state in which it was when D. Joao VI. inhabited the palace ^jrevious to the invasion of the French, as well as after his return from I Brazil. It is hung Avith curtains of l)luc velvet and damask, and is the only apartment by which we are (*nabledt<> judge of the tape.sseriej, when Mafra was actually th<: residence of a wealthy and gorgeous court. iVll th<' wood of the doors and windows is the best that the Brazils could furnish, but it is to be lamented that its beauty has been concealed under a coating of paint. The convent, dedicated to St. Anthony, was held by the Reformed Franciscans, They were for some time :\IAPRA . 269 superseded by the canons regular of S. Vicente, but were again restored and continued in possession till the suppression of monastic orders in 1834. This part of the building' is square, with an open cloister in the in- terior in which is a noble fountain. The various entrances into the convent, as well those fi.*om without as those from the church or palaces, lead to a spacious corridor which runs E. and W. the whole Icnght of the building. Entering it from th(! cloister w(5 pass the chapel do Campo ^Santo., destined for the in- terment and obsequies of the brethren. It is very richly and appropriately decorated : its altar is of white marble, supported by ' black and white columns of the same material. The chapel is 120 palms by 40. Another apartment worthy of attention is th(^ (Jasa dos ados. It is IKi palms by 40. Here were held the scholastic theses : at one end is a pulpit, below a large table of white marble bearing a Latin inscription. There are also two tribunes where the king and coiu't occa- sionally attended to hear the discussions of the learned disputants. !Near this is the lavatory, an octagonal apartment with vaulted roof, supported by arches and iitted up with marble fountains and basins of chaste and elegant finish. From this we pass through another room equally spacious, to the refectory, which is deservedly celebrated for its noble proportions, its light airy character and the sim- plicity of its decorations. Above the head table is a large painting of the Last Supper framed in light blue marble. The tables are 36, each 20 ]ialms in length and 3 in breadth; the seats are of Brazilwood with backs of polished yellow marble. The convent contains about 300 cells. The infirmary is divided into separate partitions, each containing a porcelain figure of Our Lady and the divine Babe, or the representation of some mystery of faith. At one end is a handsome chapel Avith galleries corresponding to the difterent floors, so that inviilids from each could attend without inconvenience or exposure. The chapter room is a noble oval-shaped apartment, having a remarkable echo. The library is a magnifici'ut room 300 ft. in length, and broad and high in pr(i|M»i-tiou. The pavement is of 270 THE ENVIRONS OF LISBON. red and white marble, and the arched roof beautifully stuccoed, A light gallery runs round the interior at an elevation of 1(5 palms. The book-cases are made of Bra- /ihvood and contain about oO^OOO volumes. Annexed to the convent is a walled inclosure, contain- ing an ample tank, a ball court, kitchen garden, or- chard, and shrubberies ornamented with statues and artificial lakes. Beyond this extends the royal park which is 10 miles in circumference and is inclosed by a 12 feet w^all. The park is stocked Avith deer and va- rious kinds of game. Returning to the roof of the building and ascend- ing one of the turrets, we come to the belfry. The ma- chinery of the clocks fills a good sized room, and the complicated works remind one more of an engineering establishment than of a religious house. There are two immense cylinders covered with spikes wdiich act upon levers connected wath the bells and produce from them, the beautiful chimes for w'hich they are famed. The bells were cast in Belgium and their weight of metal and richness of tone, are perliaps unrivaled. The entire weight of metal in each tower is 207 tons. These chimes cost upwards of 2.000,000 ci'owns. Orders were first given for a single set of chimes, and before the work was commenced one of the ministers said to D. Joao V. that perhaps his Majesty was not aware of the immense expense to be incurred. «How much», asked i). Joao. «More than a million crow'ns)), replied the minister)). «Is that alb), said the monarch, «in that case order two sets)) . In the S, tower the hands of the clock mark the time in tlie common way : those in the N. in the Roman method, that is, with only six divisions in the circumference of the face. Before the clock strikes, the bells ring a pleas- ing chime, and they can be made to play any of the tunes at pieasm-e. We now^ descend to tlu^ cliurch, which, in splendor and magnificence far surpasses all that we have hitherto described. The facade and portico are adorned with colossal statues of saints, finely executed in white marble. The exterior, as W'ell as the interioi', is encrusted with polished marble, and carved into an endless variety of tasteful and appropriate designs. The first cowp d'onil AIAFEA. 271 on entering is very imposing. The high altar adorned with two majestic columns of red variegated marble, each a single block about 50 feot in liei^lit, immediately fixes the attention. Trcvisani painted the altar-piece, which represents St. Anthony in ecstasy, beholding the infant Jesus descending into his cell amid an effulgence of gloiy. ((Never did 1 1)ehold», says the autor of Vashelz, who visited Mafra in 1789, ((an assemblage of such beau- tiful marble as gleamed above, below, and around us. The collateral chapels, six in number, are each enriched with finely finished hassi relievi and stately portals of black and yellow marble, richly veined, and so highly polished, as to reflect objects like a mirror. The pave- ment, the vaulted ceiling, the dome, and even the top- most lantern, is encrusted with the same costly and durable material. Roses of white marble and wreaths of palm branches, most exquisitely sculptured, enrich every part of the edifice. I never saw Corinthian capi- tals better modeled, or executed with more precision and sharpness than those of the columns Avhicli support the nave. Having satisfied our curiosity by examining the ornaments of the altar, we pass through a long co- vered gallery to the sacristy, a magnificent vaulted hall, paneled with some beautiful varieties of alabaster and porphyry, and carpeted, as well as the chapel adjoining it, in a style of the utmost magnificence. We traversed several more halls and chapels, adorned with equal splendor, till avc Avere fatigued and bewildered like knights errant in the mazes of an enchanted palace». Such is Mr. Bcckford's account of the impression pro- duced on him by the inspection of the church, seen at the time when it was at the zenith of its splendor. The length of the church from the entrance to the sanctuary is 28o palms. Its total breadth including the lateral chapels 14:^ palms. The dome over the transept is 300 palms in h(_'ight and is infinitely superior in point of design to the rest of the edifice and may certainly be reckoned among the lightest and best proportioned in Europe. The visitor may if he please mount to its sum- mit, and from the balustrade sm'vey the wide prospect below. The arch of the dome is closed by a single stone, hollowed out and pierced by eight circular windows. 272 THE ENVIRONS OP LISBOX. The circumference of this stone is iVd feet, its height 10 feet: it was drawn from the quarry by 172 oxen, and during its transit, forty masons were hannnering away without any embarrassment upon it. It was raised to its present position by four cranes, worked by 160 men in the space of two liours. In conclusion Mafra may bo characterized as being at once rich and simpk^ Its design was grand and its execution imiformly successful. As an architectural production it has been declared by an able critic to be faultless, neither vitiated by a mixture of styles, nor Ijlemished by absurd anachro- nisms. PART TIL SUPPLEMENTARY. 1. THE ROYAL FAMILY. The king. — Sua Magestado Fidelissima El-Roi o Senhor D. Luiz Filippe jMaria Fernando Pedro de Al- cantara Miguel Rafael Gabriel Gonzaga Xavier Fran- cisco de Assis Joao Augusto Julio de Braganca e Bour- bon, liei de Portugal e dos Algarves, d'aquem o d'aleni mar, em Africa Senhor dc Guine, e da Conquista, Na- vegacao e Commercio da Ethiopia, Arabia, Persia c da India, etc. The reigning Sovereign, under the title of His Most Faithful Majesty D. Luiz I.; born Oct. 31, 1838, son of queen Dona Maria II. and of prince Fer- dinand of Saxe-Coburg ; succeeded his brother I). Pe- dro V., Nov. 11.*'', 1861; married by proxy at Turin 27.*'' Sept. 1862 and personnally at Lisbon 6.*'' Oct. of the same year to, Queen. — Dona Maria Pia, born Oct. 16."', 1847, the youngest daughter of king Victor Emmanuel of Italy. Issue of the union are two sons : Sons of the king. — Sua Alteza Serenissima o Prin- cipe Real o Senhor D. Carlos Fernando^ heir to the throne, born Sept. 28.*^ 1863. Sua Alteza o Senhor Infante D. Afjbnso Henrique^ born July 31.«*, 1865. Father of the king. — Prince Ferdinand of Saxe- Coburg, titular king of Portugal, born 29."' Oct. 1816, eldest son of the late prince Ferdinand of Saxc-Cobm'g; married 9.*'' April 1836 to Dona Maria II, queen of Portugal; received the title of king, 16."' Sept. 1837; widower Nov. 15."' 1853; regent of Portugal during* the minority of his son D. Pedro V. from 15."' Nov. 1853 to 16."' Sept. 1855; married a second time 10."^ June 1869 to jMadanie Hensler, condessa d'Edia. 274 ROYAJj EAMILY. Brother and Sis^pers of the king. — U Senhor Infanto D. Aiicjusto, born 4.*'' Nov. 1847. A Scnhora Infanta Dona Maria Anna, born 21.^' July 1843, married 11.*'' May 1859 to prince George, second son of the king of Saxony. A Senhora Infanta Dona Antoiiiaj born IT.*'^ Feb. 1845, married 12.*'' Sept. 1861 to prince Leopold of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringcn. Great Aunt of the king. — A Senhora Infanta Dona Jzahel Maria, born 4.*'^ July 1801, Regent of Portugal from 10.*" March 1826 to 26.*'^ Feb. 1828. The reigning dynasty belongs to the House of Bra- gan9a which dates from the beginning of the fifteenth century, and the first monarch of this line was D. Joao IV., the Fortunate, who was proclaimed in 1640 on the expulsion of the Spaniards. The average duration of the reign of the Portuguese sovereigns is 22 years. The royal arms are, argent, five escutcheons, azure, placed crosswise, each charged with as many bosants as the first placed falterwisc and sable for Portugal. The shield bordered, gules, charged with seven towers or three in chief and two in each flank. The supporters arc two winged dragons, and the crest a dragon, or un- der the two flanches, and the base of the shield appears at the end of it, and two crosses, the first flower-de- luce vert, which is for the order of Aviz, and the second patee, gules, for the order of Christ; the motto is change- able, but it is frequently Pro Rege et Grege «For the king and People)). The foflowing is the civil list j)aid by the goyerument to the members of the royal family: The king 365:000;>000 reis = £ 81,030 The queen 60:000^^00 reis = £ 13,320 D. Carlos Fernando . . 20:000?5'000 reis = £ 4,440 D. AfFonso Henriques. 10:000^000 reis = £ 2,220 1). Fernatido 100:000.S000 reis = £ 22,200 D. Augusto 16:000;>000 reis = £ 3,552 Dona Izabel Maria. . . 20:000;>000 reis = £ 4,440 .591:000,/5000 reis = £ 131,202 TITLES OF NOBILITY. 275 2. TITLES OF NOBILITY. After the conquest of the Peninsula by the Arabs at the beginning of the eight century, the christians were reduced to the abject condition of shives, their former distinctions ceased and they were all made equals in misfortune and driven to take refuge in the mountains of Asturias. After several centuries of suffering the Christians suc- ceeded in shaking off the hated Mussulman yoke, and established the monarchy of Asturias, and the lirst dis- tinctions which appear are escadeiros, applied to those who fought with sword and shield (escudo) cavaUeiros, those who possessed a horse (cavallo) and ricos-homens (literally rich men) who had acquired fortunes at the expense of the enemy. Subsequently, when the kingdom of Astiu'ias merged into the more extensive monarchy of Leon, titles of nobility were for the first time introduced at com't, and they consisted of ricos-homens, infancoes and vassallos. Affonso Heni'iquos, when he founded the Portuguese monarchy, followed the example of Spain and introduced the same titles. At that time there was no regular pay for the army. The chiefs were rewarded by the spoils of the enemy. The king, however,- was obliged to provide food for the soldiers, and as this obligation at times weighed heavily on his shoulders he devised the plan of conceding the title of ricos-homtns, with cer- tain privileges, to such as maintained a given number of soldiers at their own expense. This title is now ob- solete yet nevertheless the homens ricos (rich men) of the present day receive quite as much consideration as their ancient prototypes, there being no place in the world where the Golden calf is more worshiped than at Lisbon. The titles of infancdo and vassallo are also ex- tinct. In the reign of Aftbnso III. the term fiJalf/o was in- troduced. This word is an abbreviation of /il ho d'algo (son of somebody) to distinguish those nobles who had derived their titles from their ancestors, from those who were ennobled by royal favor. This addition combined with former titles produced escudeiro fidalgo^ cavalleiro 270 TITLES OF NOBILITY. jidcdgo and moco jidahjo, the two latter being still recognized at the Portuguese Court. The first king of l^ortugal, being merely a conde (count) at the time of liis aeelamation, did not possess sufficient authority and prestige to confer this title on others, and it was not till the reign of D. Diniz that the kings of Portugal assumed this prerogative, and created the County of Barcellos in 1298. Next in order of antiquity comes the title of Duque (Duke). King John I. of Portugal, having routed the Spaniards in the famous battle of Aljubarrota, the more firmly to establish his throne, made proposals of alliance to John of Gant, duke of Lancaster, offering him ships and every assistance in order to prosecute the claims of his (the duke's) wife to the throne of Castillo and avenge the murder of her father D. Pedro I. This alliance having been cemented the duke of Lancaster accom- panied by his wife and daughter and many noblemen em- barked in a fleet of English and Portuguese ships, and landed with an army on the Spanish coast. John I. has- tened to meet his new ally and a close friendship sprang \\\) between the two. John I. married John of Cant's eldest daughter Philippa. The matrimonial and political al- liance, together with the familiar intimacy which exist- ed between the two Johns, caused many English cus- toms to be introduced into Portugal, and there can be no doubt that it was owing to these influences that, on his return from the conquest of Ceuta in 1415, king John, wishing to reward his two sons Pedro and Henrique, for their services during the siege, created them respec- tively duque de Coimbra and duque de Vizeu. The title of duke has generally been reserved for members of the royal family and very rarely conceded to mem- bers of the aristocracy for distinguished services. The title of marquez (marquis) was flrst given by Af- fonso v., Avho in 1451, on the occasion of his sister's mar- riage with Frederic TIL, emperor of Germany, confer- red the dignity of marquez do Valenya 'on the count d'Ourem Avho escorted the bride to Germany and repre- sented the person of his royal master. The titles of visconde (viscount) nnd barao (baron) were also introduced by Affonso V., the former in 1476 TITLES OF N0I51LITY. 277 and the latter in 1475. Since the establislniient of con- stitutional monarchy in Portugal, successive govern- ments have advised great liberality in the concession of titles, especially ol the two lattei-, mostly for one life only. The term JidaJf/o is only applied to those who are descendants of ancient families : the new men are simp- ly tituJares (titled). The visitor will observe that many persons prefix the title of Dom to tlicir christian names, l)om or I), is an abbreviation of the latin I )ovnnus and was formerly con- ceded very sparingly by l*ortuguese inonarchs, being at first confined, to the legitimate descendants of royal blood. I). Joao I. was the first natural son of the king who was permitted to make use of this distinction. In later times it Avas given in exchange for signal services and was held in great estimation, so much so that Emmanuel the Great, thought he had fully requited the services of Vasco da Gama for the discovery of a new empire, w^hen he bestowed upon the distinguished navigator the title of Dom, and a pension of 1,000 cruzados (£ 40) per annum ! At present, however, it has become much vulgarized though not quite so nmch as in Spain, where every one without exception arrogates to himself the title of Don. In Portugal it is confint^l principally to the descendents of noble families, but is often assumed by those who liavc no right to it: as Garcia de Rezende says: «0s reis por aerescentar As pessoas em valia Por Ihes servicos pagar Vimos a nns o Dom dur, E a outroy fiilalguia. Jji OS reis mio hao mister Pois loina o Dom (juem quer, E armas nobres tainbem Toma quern armas nuo tern E da o Dom a mulher. " The title of Dona is given by courtesy to all ladies. 278 MUNICIPALITY. 3. THE MUNIOlPxVLITY. Tlie CAMARA MUNICIPAL, or miinici])al cluunber, holds its sittings temporarily in a small building called Sete casasj E. of the Custom-house, until such time as their new hall, in the Pclourinho, be completed. The camara consists of 1 2 memljcrs or vereadorcs elected in November every two years, by burgesses who pay 5;5000 property tax or 1;>000 income tax or decima. The camara is assisted by a council, Conselho muni- cipalj, composed of 13 of the greatest tax-payers in the city, who deliberate conjointly witli the municipal chamber on questions relating to finance. Tlie adminis- trador do concelho, an official appointed by govern- ment, has also the right of being present and voting at the meetings of the chamber. Its duties are divided into departments or pclouroSj, as follows: 1, Litigation; 2, Police, markets, squares; 3, leaving, draining and other works; 4, Adjustments and stamping of weights; 5, Slaughter-house; G Cemeteries; 7, Quays and shores; 8, Public walks and gardens; 9, Fires; 10, Lighting;^ 11, Scavenging; and 12, Water supply. Each pelouro is taken charge of by one of the verea- dores who is elected for that purpose by his colleagues : The total revenue amounts to about 340:000/5000 reis or £ 74,500, and its principal sources are : Government grant 150:000-5000 £ 33,300 Slaughter- Iiouse 44:000-5000 » 9,708 Rents and interest 3{3:000;5O00 » 8,000 Granting of licenses 27:000-5000 » 0,000 Cemeteries 1 1:000^000 » 2,442 Markets 8:000.^000 » 1,770 The expenditure is about balanced by the receipts and its chief items are : Lighting 01:000/5000 £ 13,555 Scavenging 00:00OrS000 » 13,333 Paving 30:000-S000 » 0,000 Slaughter-house 30;000;5000 » (),(iOO PIRE SIGNAL. 27?) Public gardens and works . . 40:000->000 £ Cemeteries 5:000r>000 » 1,111 Water 6:000>000 » 1,333 An octroi duty is levied on the following articles of consumption on entering the city, the proceeds being taken by the government, out of which they pay reis 15O:00O?50OO to the municipal chamber for lighting, scavenging and paving, and retain the rest for national purposes. Octroi duties collected in the financial year 1872- 1873: Meat .357:283^649 £ 79,317 Corn 241:85ruS072 ). 53,692 Vegetables 23:416;$i261 » 5,199 Wine 429:675f51095 » 95,388 Brandy 1 :558-5660 » 346 Olive oil 60:176;S644 » 13,360 Vinegar 2:423^.675 j> 538 Liqueurs 8rJ»700 » 2 Gin 7^5590 >. 2 Beer 767?5870 » 170 Oils (not olive) 1:716^)900- » 381 Fuel 28:924:5*228 » 6,421 Fruit 81:419,^977 » 18,075 Rs 1.229:2356321 » 272,891 The guarda municipal and policia civil are both paid by government. 4. FIRE SIGNAL. As tlie tourist who remains some time in Lisbon will probably be startled from his sleep by the hurried tol- ling of the clnu'ch bells as a signal of fire, it may be convenient to have at hand a means of ascertaining whether the danger be near or remote. On counting the number of strokes, and referring to the following table the locality of the fire will be discovered (see page 87). 2.SU COiMMUNlCATlONS. WITHIN THE CITY WALLS. Name of Church Nauif of Cliurch 'A "' Santa Engraeia Beato Antonio S. Vicente 11 11 12 12 la 14 14 14 15 If) 10 17 IS 1!) 20 20 Tenlia de Franca .... S. iScbastiao 20 21 21 22 22 23 24 24 25 20 27 28 29 30 31 32 Coracao de Jesus .... Monserrate S. jMamedo Santa Izabel iSanto Estevao Graca S. Thiago 8('' (Catliedral) S. Clu-istovuo Cavnio Estrolla Lapa Nccessidade^j S. Francisco de Paula Santos Vellio Paulistas Conceicao Nova S. Nicolau Soccorro S. Jose Cliagap S. Rouue Pena Bemposta Marty re.-; S. Paulo Anios OUTSIDE THE CITY WALLS. Name of Church 1=1 Name of Churcli ^ o Carnide G 7 7 7 Alcantara ',1 \) 10 10 Odivellas Ijcmfica Porcalhota Erm.das Dorcs, Belem S. Jerom'mo, Belem Torre da Ajuda Boa Hora S. Domiugos 4. COMMUNICATIONS. TELEGllAni. riELEGRAi-no.) The principal telegraph station (estacao telegraphica) is under the arcade at the N. W. corner of Black Horse Square. In telegraphing- to England care should be taken to state hy the suhmarine cable (pelo cabo submarine): a TELEGRAPH. 281 message sent overland is subject to many delays, and when it arrives is so mutilated and changed by repeat- ed transfers in different countries, as to be scarcely readable. Besides the principal station, there are branches at Belem, Bom Successo, Camide, S. Bento, Ajuda, and in other quarters of the city, bctAveen which telegrams may be exchanged for 50 reis (20 Avords). Telegrams of not more than 20 words (including name and address of receiver and name of sender) between any two stations in Portugal, cost 200 reis, and for each succeeding series of 10 words, 100 reis. Prices of telegrams not exceeding 20 words (including receiver's name and address, and sender's name) from Portugal to other European countries. Destination. By cable via Falmouth. Austria 3si350 Belgium 2fi650 Denmark 3,^000 PVance 2,^850 Germany 3-3200 Gibraltar (direct) Great Britain and Ireland Ic5950 Holland 2:^850 Greece - Italy 3^300 Norway 3.^000 Russia (Eurojiean) 4^100 Sjniin I - Sweden , j 3.;^450 Switzerland 3^200 Turkey (European) 5:3100 Overland. 1,^950 lr3400 1^850 .^950 1,^750 .3750 1^950 lij550 2^450 li^500 2,^200 2^^650 ^400 2;§100 13400 2^400 POST-OFFICE AXD POSTAGES (CORKEIO E POliTES) The General Post-office (^currcio geral) occupies a 'uined palace in the Calcada do Combro, a short distance 282 COMMtn000 reis. Letters J5resented for registry must be sealed with wax. TfAfLWAYS. 283 Postages from Portugal to other countries Destination Lett I'l'S News napcrs 1.2 1 ^ 1 1 - lag ^'1 1 B .'i Austria , 15 10 10 15 10 15 10 15 7 1/.. 15' 15 10 15 ~<'lz 15 15 10 15 10 15 7 !/•> 70 120 150 80 95 80 70 60 120 120 90 140 120 100 150 105 105 25 110 140 IGO 160 50 40 30 40 50 40 50 40 40 40 50 50 40 40 30 50 50 40 50 40 40 40 20 20 20 10 35 20 20 20 20 30 30 40 20 20 20 35 30 10 35 15 30 45 Belgium. , Brazil, per subsidized steamer . . Brazil, per private steamer Denmark France Germany Gibraltar Great Britain and Ireland per str Great Britain and Ireland over land mail , Holland Greece Italy, overland. Italy, by steamer India, China, Australia, via Gi- braltar Norway Kussia Sweden United States, per str. via England United States, via Spain RAILWAYS. rcAMiNHOS de ferro.) Portuguese railway-compauies might appropriately adopt as their motto the ItaHan proverb: « Chi va piano va lontano e sanoi), the quickest trains ruuuing only 16 miles an hour, (including stoppages) and fatal acci- dents to passengers being things unknown. There arc two companies having termini in Lisbon, the ((Caminko de ferro do Norte e Le.sto), which con- nects the capital Avith Oporto and Badajoz, and tlie aCaminho de ferro do sid e suestey>j, which, connects it 2S4 COMMUNICATIONS. with Sctubal, Evora, and Boja. The following tables shew the names of the intermediate stations, their dis- tance in Idlometros (5 kilometres ^=: 3 miles) and fares. Passengers should be at tlic station at least iialf an hour before the time for starting in order to book their lug- gage, the weighing of which occupies a considerable time : COMPANHIA DO NORTE E LESTE. Th(^ terminus in Lisbon is at Santa A[)olonia, at the extreme E. of the city. From Lisbon to the Junction. (Entroncameuto.) Xami' of statioiit^. Po^o do Bispo Olivaes Sacavem Povoa Alverca Alhandra Villa Franca Carregado Azambuja Ponte de Regucngo Saiit'Aiiua Saiitavcm Yallo dc Figiu'ira Mai to dc :Miraiida Torres Novas Entroncamcnto (^Juuctiun) Fai'cs from Lisbon. Distance from j Lisbon. ,1. St class Kilom. — Reis 4 7 1(» 18 22 2G .31 .37 47 55 Gl 75 84 01 103 107 5120 :;S140 -3100 5350 ,5420 5500 5590 5700 5800 15040 15160 1 5420 15500 15780 15050 25030 2.'i'l class S.nl das R6is 5090 5110 5150 5270 5330 5300 5460 5550 5700 5810 5900 15110 15240 15300 15520 15580 5070 5080 5110 5 too 5240 5280 5330 5300 5500 5580 5650 5790 5800 5900 15000 15130 RAILWAYS. From the Junction to Oporto. 285 Names of stations. Distance fi-oiii I-isbcm. Kiloiu. l.-i class Keis 2M fla.-ss ReU 13780 1(^920 2^060 23210 23390 23500 23740 23970 33120 33210 3^310 33490 33610 33720 4^020 43240 43430 43590 43680 43720 43830 4(3900 3.r'J cla.-:s RGis 1,3280 1;3370 1^470 1^3580 13710 1,3790 13960 2,3130 2^230 23290 23370 23490 2^580 23660 23870 33030 33170 33280 33340 33380 33450 33500 Thomai- (Payalvo) Chao do Maeas Caxarias 121 130 140 150 162 170 186 202 212 21S 225 237 245 253 273 288 301 312 318 321 328 333 23290 23460 2^650 23840 3^070 33220 33520 33820 43010 43130 43260 43480 43640 43790 53160 53450 53690 53900 63020 63070 63200 6,3300 Albei'garia Vermoil Pombal Soure Formoselha Taveiro Coimbra Souzclla Mealliada Mogotbres Oliveira do Bairro Aveiro Estarreja Ovar Esmoriz Es^jiiilio Graiiia Valladares < )porto (V. N. de Gaiaj . From the junction to Badajoz. XaiiK-s of stations. Barquinha . . . . Praia Tramagal Abr antes Bemposta Ponte dc Sor. . Clianca Crato Portalegre . . . . Assiimar Santa Eulalin, Elvas Badajoz | 282 Distance from Lisbon. Kiloni. Ill 119 130 135 147 164 184 200 217 227 246 265 ■2 1.=' class. Kcis. 23100 23250 23460 23560 23780 33100 334SO 33780 43110 43300 4 3650 5,3010 53350 2.11J class. Rc-is. 1,^640 1(3750 1,3920 13990 23170 23420 23710 23940 33190 3,3340 33620 33900 43160 3.nl cli Riis 13170 13250 13370 1,3420 13550 13730 13940 23100 2.3280 23390 23590 23790 28G COMMDNUiATIONS. COMPANHU DO SUL E SUESTE. The terminus is at BaiTciro on the S. bank of thc^ Ta.cuSj -whither })as.sengers arc conveyed by steamers which start from the jetty at the SW. corner of the Praga do Commercio or Black Horse Square, where tickets may also be bought. Lisbon to Setubal and Beja. Name of stations. Barreiio Lavradio Alhos Vedros Moita Pinhal Novo Branch to Setubal Palmella hjctiibal Poceiriio Pegoes Vcudas Novas Moutemor Casa Branca (junction). Alcacovas Viamia Villa Nova Alvito Cuba Beja Baleisao Quintos Distal) ((^ from Lisbon. Kiloiii. 12 15 2.0 .HO 35 .'18 49 64 82 !i7 lOi) 117 124 i;]2 144 Kn 17.", ISO Farns from Lisl)on. l.si clasi Keis. i^l50 ^320 ^320 ^400 ^600 2.11' class. 3.''! claf.s. Reis. Iliiia. ^150 i^SoO ^500 ,rS770 :^G30 ^5)00 ^720 i^080 ^780 1^^250 ;§990 li§630 1^270 2,^080 1^610 2^^460 1^900 2^760 2;3120 2^970 2i^270 3,^140 2M10 3,^340 2i§560 3^650 2j^780 4i^07O 3^100 4S380 33330 4,^550 3:^465 i^lOO i3210 ^240 ,3350 ^430 ^500 ^530 i3670 1;^()90 1^280 li^430 1.-^530 1,^620 1^720 li§870 2^080 25240 2^320 BAILWAYS. Lisbon to Evora and Extremoz. 2SZ Xames of stations. Lisbon to Casa Branca, junction, as abovo . . . Evora Azaruja Valle de Pereiro Vcnda do Duquo Extremoz Distance froiii Libboii. 97 123 143 148 156 175 1.^' class. Ri'is. 2-3080 3^120 3,^620 3^1750 3,^950 4^430 2M class. El' is. 1;3610 2;5390 25780 21860 3.3010 33370 S.rJ class, Kris. U090 U610 1^860 1^920 2^020 23260 Fares and distances from Lisbon by rail to the principal cities of Europe. Amsterdam IJerlin Bordeaux Brussels Copenbaft-en Dresden Edinburiili Florence Frankfort Geneva Hague London, via Dieppe. . London, via Boulogne London, via Calais. . . Madrid Milan Moscow Naples Paris Rome St. Petersburg Turin Vienna Dist ance Kilom. Miles. 2,861 1,777 3,467 2,153 1,748 1.084 2,643 3,300 1,642 2,050 3,559 2,210 3,358 2,085 3,609 2,241 3,014 1.892 2,958 1,836 2,801 1,740 2.624 2^718 1,630* 1,688'* 2,884 1,858* 881 547 3,290 2,044 5,595 3,475 4,261 2,64(; 2,333 4,000 1,449 2,485 5,126 3,185 3,142 1.952 3,748 2,328 Fares. 1.5' class. 2. ml class. Kuis ' Reis .58^650 73J050 365210 .5451^0 70jS77O 75-3000 775240 765600 625100 605600 575470 .545870 (505390 61 5490 185000 655280 1205880 S95490 485000 835770 106^740 675470 785780 445340 565380 275370 405810 565080 575670 575830 585320 4i;5640 455670 435000 415320 455150 465350 135790 495050 91 5590 685210 365220 635820 825020 475510 585760 » Exclusive of Chauuol passage . 288 COMMUNICATION.S. HACKNEY CARRIAGES. (Trens de pka^a.) Fares for 1 or 2 persons. Within the city walls. From any one point to any other, viz. a course (uma corrida). . . . By time (as horasj : For the first hour For every additional quarter of an hour or fraction thereof. . . Outside the city walls. (lint within a I'adius of 10 kilometros, G miles) By time : For every quarter of an hour in going For every quarter of an hour, waiting For returning, two thirds of the fare due for going. By day- light. Reis. ^300 ;2100 >gl50 By night. Up lO 1 A. M. =^-120 ;^105 :3ir).5 After 1 A.M. till day- In'eak. Ut'iK. ;g620 i^820 ^205 f^305 If more than 2 persons, the fare is half as much again for each additional passenger. Thus for a single course by day for one or two persons the fare is 300 reis ; for three persons 450 reis; for four, 600 reis; and for five 750 reis. Children over one year, can be legally charged as passengers. To avoid disputes or overcharge it is advi- sable to agree with the cabman Ijeforehand. LISBON CARRIAGE COMPANY. (COMPANHIA DE CARRUAGENS LISBONENSES.) This Company formed for supplying the capital with respectable looking vehicles of all descriptions, is highly LISBON CARRIAGE COMPANY. 289 useful. The coachmen, dressed in decent hvcry, contrast favorably with their brethren of the whip who ply in the public streets and who never fail to impose upon their fares, except when they have not the opportunity of doing so. The head office of the Company is in the Largo de /S. Roque, a little above the Trindade theater. There is a branch at n." 50 Rua direifa de Alcantara: also telegraphic stations at n.° 85 Travessa de /Santa Justa and «.° 25 Rua de 8. Bento^ at any of which places carriages may be ordered. They do not ply in the street for hire. Prices of the Lisbon Carriage Company. (.'arriaf (Ova Cintra), Ameixoeira, Largo da Charneca, Alto da Portello and Xarfifo do s OUvaes. 19 290 COMMUNICATIONS. ■■ ■ J ' ' Carriage and pair. For 2 persons For 4 persons (coup6) (caleche) Special fares Cintra. A whole day, from sunrise Reis R6is to midnight there and back 5^200 6^600 Cintra, a single journey there or back 4.S000 43800 Collares. A whole day, there and back G 3(500 83600 Collares, single journey either way.. r)3000 63200 Mafra, two days, there and back. . . 03000 123000 Mafra single journey either way . . . 6,3400 83000 Ericeira, two days, there and back 113000 143200 Ericeira, single journey either way 8,3400 103200 Mafra and Cintra., three days. 1.*' to Mafra, 2.'"' Mafra to Cintra. 3.'''' home 133000 16,^800 Estoril and Cascaos, whole day, there and back 53000 43000 G3000 43500 Estoril and Cascaes, single journey. Queluz or Bellas, at tlie same rate as within the demai-kation -3- -;^_ Railivay station, to fetch or take . . . uooo 15200 Theater, taking to, and fetching. . , . 13200 13500 2^400 33000 Bath, taking to, and fetching 13500 1.3800 Each month of 30 days 70,3000 78,^000 The Company liave also char-a-han cs for 10 p( 'rsons, tlie price of which is double that for a ca leche. Besides the Company there arc many other hackney carriage proprietors in different quarters of the city, whose prices are much the same as above. VAPORES LISBONENSES. Start from the jetty opposite the hotel Central, Caes do Sodre. BOATS. OMNIBUSES. TRAMWAY. 2M1 To Alcantara, every half hour — fare 30 reis. To Belcni, every half liour — fare 50 rcis. To Cacilhas, every 40 ininutos — faro 50 r6is. BOATS. (BOTES.) There is no fixed tarift' for the boatmen (catraieiros), the visitor must therefore take care to agree beforehand as to the fare, otherwise he will have to pay three times the proper amount. OMNIBUSES. (COjmpanhia de carruagens omnibus.) Central station, n.° 16 Larcjo do Pelourinho. Opposite the new town-hall, whence omnibuses start for the follow- ing places : To Belem, every half hour, 60 reis by daylight, and 100 reis by night. As far as Alcantara 40 reis. To Bemfica, five times a day in summer and three in winter, 120 reis by day, 160 reis by night. To any place on the route, within the city walls, 60 reis by day and 80 reis by night. To Lumiar, the same as to Bemfica. To Poco do Bispo, four times a day in summer and three in winter 80 reis, as far as Xabregas 60 reis. To Oeiras, every day at 3 ^ p. M., returning at 6 ^ A. m. 240 reis. As far as Pedroueos 120 reis. As far as Cruz Quebrada 160 reis. To Cintra, during the summer months 600 reis, retui'n ticket Ij^OOO reis. The omnibuses belonging to the above Company have «Companhia» printed on a cross board to distinguish them from the others. TEAMWAY. To Alcantara, Belem, ]-*edroucos, and Santa Appo- lonia. Carris de ferro de IJshoa, \nilgarly called O Ame- ricano. This tramway runs the entire length of the city, ex- tending to the W. as far as Pedi'oucos, a favorite sea 2H2 COMMUNICATIONS. bathing place 4 ^/a miles from Black Horse Square. The carriages run eveiy ten minutes and the fare is 50 reis for any distance within the walls, and an additional 30 reis from Alcantara to Belem or intermediate distance. STEAM TRAMWAY. TO CINTRA AND TORRES VEDRAS. (Vulgarly called Larmanjat.) The terminus is at the Portas do Rego, outside the walls 2 miles due N. of Black Horse Square. Passen- gers are conveyed gratis to the station by omnibuses Avhich start from the Portas de /Santo Antcio, near the NE. corner of the Rocio. The trains run three or four times a day. Fares from Lisbon to Torres Vedras and intermediate stations. Caiiipo PoQueuo Fares fro 1.5t Class Reis m Lisbon a.rd Class R6is 120 120 160 180 200 280 360 400 .500 [^20 680 740 820 840 8S0 900 100 100 120 140 160 200 260 320 400 420 540 580 640 660 680 700 Campo Grande Lumiar Nova Cintra Povoa de Santo Adriao Loures Pinheiro de Loures Lousa Ycnda do Pinlieiro Malvpira Villa Franca do Rosario Barras Freixofeira Turcilal Carvalhal Torres Vedras Each passenger is ;illoMcd to tak( Children under 3 year.s gratis, over 3 ' 22 lbs. of half price. luggage. STEAM TKAMWAY. 293 Fares from Lisbon to Cintra and intermediate stations. Sete Rios. Bemfiea Porcalhota Ponte de Carenque Queluz Cacem Rio de Mouro Ranholas Ciutra Return tickets to Cintra. l.st Cla-ss 3. Id Class Reis Ki-is 110 100 160 140 200 160 260 200 260 200 340 260 420 3fM) 500 360 550 400 950 700 Each passenger is allowed to take 22 lbs. of luggage. Childen under 3 years gratis, over 3 half price. )i^4: (;OAlMUNJ CATIONS. a S CO •^ O) m «J W (/} « h r> CCS ^ CD > ID ;-i zn w « O) W t< ^ -a ,-H +j W rS3 o H ,£3 $1 o S3< K r. ''■ "'■ c £ ■ q c C K C.;- o a s '--'p^ odos - ::; o -2^ o o ^ o -^ ^ ^2 o o" Tn 1—1 o 1^ 2 " o o o^ is^'l^-^j'-^t^o- K 2 s § -a: -J- r^"^ -£ -jj £ :=5 d ..J, ..g^ _„ 1— 1 ,,_ ^ .J._, _- ■/. Si TiT ^'-'*^ .:;• cT"© =^ ~5 J 1^5 J ^"^ a-' sT cT s^" o£ cj:i^ o , -t; _ ^ .J.. ..= r fcf) bJO?» o 3 <5 .s -g S -^ 'i ^ o k cc r o o •^ ^ r— — ^ "^ ^ ^ ■f • S r— • O « o oo;g ssW^htit; o o o oo iqHp-^2-,W«WOH CL, w WW ! : : ■ I 6 : ■- '. = 5 ~ >■ >^ . >■. « 2 2 • o r-^ o p — •— . -i;- " s c . fN <- Ol o P — ! s « -S 5 '^ -5 J^ .ij .^ loWfi-iSWi-Hr-iHi r^ ^ T! :m iQ o CO CO 1 CO CM (^ •sst;p,s-i "'^- . J TO CO a? c; i— ^ '-O lO '^ ■+'ro o CM CM 1-1 oj o o CM O r-t 1 CO O^ o ^ " — =^ « s a2 ^H :c o Sr2 i w 5 X fJ'ci^ « ;i^ ^ j2 t* f^ r-i ^ .2^5 ■fi; ^ ?^ ^ s a c *c <1 (l;Cr:3a;OOC;'wOr— cs ct '-'-'- g 5 ^1^ ^ ■^ 1 o o 13 1 ^ 2 iT-" "£ i 'S^ --T 2 M o ^ ^ • z^''t. • ^ s . r;'-=^-= ^J --s ■ S i^ « 2 li'^^-^^S SOChOS^S 1:^-3 ^■►^« »-: H^ oatnt-jKLdyw-sisi-i^! O ti r^i • ; c« T^ '^ ► ^ ' . ^ 'TJ rtrS .-^ S-^-^ K'f'^ >■ o a 1-^ r^ •r-l 5^ O - •:* U Cj %< ^ U i^ ^ U U Q. C3 fe.S£^ (^ <= iT, -a o ►>, o ri o o r; o o >> o t>- 35 •ssvio pu'o 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 II II 1 «« j^ CO aj T-( •S8B[3 js'I 5^00CC' lO cocc t-GOOtOiCCOt— cocooox iD O 1-1 _ . . c o_ : :z : : : d : :o O ' cj '. s o c; .' <^ ^5 N . ci . * ■^ N . '-M -— e :^ : c: >-' J-i c: .&' ci c; T^ .51 !i^ w 3: : S 1^^ S;^S :^ o !^ Or- J _= C, !'2 i c c Kq o .2 ^ 1 .J c- c .2 'n ct i"-*-/-, *^ c5 !/2 ^— ^J 5 '^ 'T ■S '7 ~ tM^^'2 i.s il^Jv ra p^"='5 u •;: ^ > ':o'C - f i .1 i 1 |"E i I'i II H 3 iJ X' H W C O :c^CL, CO CC 1 5 "5 c i. (5 ■/ S x- T « 3 :' ■— ; c« &C > u ^ ct P — a> .S o 5 rK OK '^ X m -1 J STEAMERS. 297 1 to C3 3 cs-?^ < 73 o CO -^2 ^2 -11 o CO O 'bob 'fee a, ^ ~ 'P -5 o "^ o .2 CO O -a ci 'EC'S SO "- "cS y hM Is '^ •? f^ - ct tSH ,-o CO rt o (M T-l o 5 2 ccci 7^ CJ i' •is o fi v- S '^-J^ Sr£ 2 .:S Ph ^'■- _ K o 1— ( d TJ O CM T-H _ o r2'« o o TO 1-^ ^; s -f. -. ^ r: '5 CO J ^ ^ Is ^ 2 S" 6 :o ^ ^ -J Q ^. "p 2<: 2 ^ « &hW^ t-5 ;i; C5 S '-s i-s O « ^ -^Dh WOH ^I' § -2 -2 '^ s s Z6^ ^^ ^^;^ § CO s 1— 1 1-1 Cm fc^ § 1 1 1 1 1 -^ o 1 1 1 1 1 1 'o (M CM CM t. ^ ^.SJ «co.5h:i « 5 ^ tCi 2 =: -:3 N r^ i!^^^ 5: =:Q I JOi J ^73 ^ a y^ h-; d ^ 2 ^^ IS, .a- g =i o ^ -s to u S <'-' 298 COMMUNICATIONS. P 6 c/ c 03 $A ' \J 1 o c; E ■"' fi S ~ ^ ^ c: 5^ rt i 1 - ^ c ■^ ^^ •3 bL< ^ s ?; o ^ •^ 3 ■J c 1 - o o o a> 'Ti — ' in o t, -rt n: O aT o 4- c w ^ ^ c:; r. s r3 ci'-i -- s ^ ^ ^^ Pm c: ,^ " ci ,' • E n C ^ c^ '' o o -^^-^ -^ -> cy ■^ C aT'^ '^ cj cc v^ 1^ . CS.= U2 c: a o cc CQ 3 be § fee fcr^ ^ o •- O C "^ p_ 3 o o N 1— ; 1^^ a. J t « c a O CD !7^ ■'- O ^ ^ '^ r 1— ( •/J r^ 3^11 1|Q cC fc: S [i; f4 ^ ^ ^ a^ofi- •-i ^ ¥ d : ; ■ '.!!<: '5 2 '^ iJit^i •5' .j • ^ g ^. "^ - O ^ -r-r, ^ c '^* 'J 5&9 ^ C*4 o ^ CT (> ri « t> .2P':-! ^^^ g^ S)C- k— ( , CO 1 M I •SSt'p pu'g «*> — O 1 1 _ 1 1 1 o 1 1 1 1 1 ?^) ^!>] oa GV] r^ 1 O C: OJ to a: rH t— CO 1-H 1 =**S c 1'* O 1^ CO CO t- iH 00 O) <>] CM * cc CN coco c^ O CM C^ CN • • • • c • • °. rH c O > r;J Ci X _2 O s . N! ^ ■"i c 3 . O C N ^ 1 ?5 0; "3 » _ rr < rt .7.' c c < is '— t 3 J- .s N a,j5 2 ^ .s %H C ■■f^ '3 '^ ^ Ij ^ 6 "^'^ "" cC Si « i^ 7^ _o rt o a o *> Or/3 0- (^ a CD C5 C C -4- r^ Q o CO I— ; rr ,0 oi ^ c CS s s \^ c o Ph Ph BTEAM£KS. 299 >^ « o 2--3 o tJD O rM c^ E I" K 0 ^ C CM '.', ,—, 'M (M r: *^ g Tfjj;- - g -^ g Tr. '^^ TfP^ r; _ -.CO 1— 1 ;^S CJ ci CM i) f^ i3 (M J-, T-H 1—1 T-l T— 1 lO 30 C^ 00 ' -o 1— ( t-l ^4 . tH (M CM CM CM (M >-< CM CO T-( - T-l (M-^ o t- t- ,-^ OJ t- X en lO CM Ca (N 1— 1 rH (M (M CM CO (M CN 'M CM "M (Tl CM 00 02 S fcr P > ^ rt 5= 1-! r^ :t r, f , fct ^ ;y. :o •= s cs c: "A 5 (^ y J^ N f^ aC:5 m"2 '-^ ijj u 5 s S<5 3 >; .0 s 03 3 g tf «co 300 COMMUNICATIONS. 1 C ai 03 CO tC ^ ci rt « ^ ^ ci c:^ viJ^ = s - s .2 o- .2 "^ ^ _o ^' rS 535^ % ^05 5 «■. .2 1 rt 4i . .. « «^ §^ '7 3 ^ : t,u~^^ -=t< '^ M 's ;;: ^ .-^ C5 'cj 'T '^ rt cS 2 "■- ^ <« 173 M ,i^ a 0^ 7-1 i4 tH H ri « 02 " =^ -. ? ^ ■a g ^ S '^ "^ s s g ^ ?> J° pi( c^ f^ .^ £ s^j-^s-^l a 'r. ■M, rz « i. — -Ti -a ^^ CO 1^ ;^ ■• ~Z C 0* ^ -^TjT =i 5 2 ^.' g a; cc ? r; r; O *c3 ^^ 's '5 -fTrh"'*" -^ -r' ■— J-/: re m ri> ■-• C5 ,j> * •2 >— 1 cT 2 5 o- C cTJ rS S -^ - H ^ - 8 "■ ^__p ic s ^; be tc fee p "^ * — S E <3 <1 c 2 . . c -5 1-: ll^ll^ w C X oj tf ■JC « fx'^ Is rt ^ ::d fi .• r^ r£ -%q y- r4 pi ^ C^CL,OWi.i-J _• 6 c c c" ; : -. ,/ • • ■ c ■ ^ — S ^ C' » C^i i~ >. . '^ -^ - . S ^ ^I C " - - g S (M c S ~ •"—'".- 'rt 'c3 •^ : rj Ci CS « 2 : 'r c ci ce =: ' s-^, fei^l fj:l 1 » ^ c h -5^i'"-^i' S) ■5 CO '^ >r: ic ir: -. -. CO tH -tH I— I t-( ifl li^ 1— ( Uh S rH fcMCM _ / I- cc l^ 1 m 1 -SSBIJ pu'6 1 5rt 1 '^ (>J (N ' -^ 3^1 ?^ 1 1— ( CM T-l T-l ■^ I ' M ro CO ■M i „ . X r^ T-H T— ( 1 -SSEI.) IS- 1 '^^g C>5 t~ ;r --r --r CT CO •^ X X I— I— t^ Ol \ G>Q T-l CM T— 1 1—1 CO ^D«0 t< =.••=.•• J : : : :o > '. ^ "5 ! I ! .' c W. -2 i 5 S g ' *-*- 11!^ 'i ! c: ^ -^ . . '^" N «" . ifc 1^ •■^ ^^ P .'i d t 5 S S S 2 = "' ^ -^ c^ 5 5 — 3 ^ c: -< ^ ^!^ ^ , -I^ f^ CX -i^ -il C^ hZ " ^ ^ 5 ^'i'i i^ - C^ X 7 — 5 Z ?J ^ ^ J J '-^ •■5 & ^ ^ ^ ^ _ ^ ■5 'Z ;r z c ?2 N N N N "^ '•^ •^ ^- ^ ;-« i-4 ^ ^ •-H "— Zj -r "-^ i; ■" > = >x >,~ p^'E ~ ;: p— 3 ;^ w ;^;^ w r:^i^ J ^ ^ r^ ^ ^ X , hi. ; c ; s c ■J-^So'l ^ - 6 72 X 1-2 £ &^ 5 c 'J} 'P ^ >• reis 5^000 = 11. 2*'. , 3d. . 4^500 = 1 » 25250= 10 . 2.^000= 8 11 MONEY. 301 G. MONF.Y, AVEIGHTS AND MEASURES. MONEY. (DINHEIRO.^ The coins current in Portugal are the: GOLD. Value Moe.da de cinco mil rels, markod 5000 . Libra or Sobcrano (Eiig'lisb sov.) Meia libra or meio soberano (•/2 sov.) Moeda de dots mil rdis marked 2000. , SILVER. Meia Coroa, marked 500 reis 500 = ()/. 2s. od. Cruzado novo, marked 400 » 4S0 = 2 2 Doze, vintens, old, unmarked » 240 = 01 1 Dois tostues, marked 200 •■ 200 = 11 Seis vintens, old, unmarked » 120 = 0.0 Tostao, marked 100 - 100 = 00 5 Tostao,^ marked LXXX - 100 = 5 Tres vintens, old, unmarked ■ 60 = '6 Meio tostao, marked 50 » 50 = 21/2 Meio tostao, old, ixnmarked » 50 = 21/2 COPPER. Pataeo, marked 40 reis 40 = 0/. Os. 2d. Vintrm, marked XX » 20 = 1 Dez reis, marked X « 10 = 01/2 Cinco reis, marked V •> 5 = (h/,^ Besides the above there are other coins, now no h)n- ger in circulation, such as the: Dobrao reis 30^000 = 6/. 13s. 4f/. Dobra » 165000 = 3 11 Peca - 85000 = 1 15 7 Accounts are kept in mil reis and reis; the sign ?$(, called a cijrao, is used to denote mil reis; thus 14;!5>000, or 14{5! signifies fourteen mil reis. In speaking of amounts of money the following expressions are used in familiar discourse Um conto for a million reis Uma moeda 45800 Tim quartinho 15200 Um pinto 5480 » Um cruzado 5400 . 302 MONEY, WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. The English sovereign and half-sovereign have been adopted by the I'ortnguese government and made legal tender for 4;5>50O and 2-S250. As the British govern- ment charges no seigniorage on the coinage of gold, the Portuguese, instead of going to the expense of coining- gold, find it more economical to send it over to England and get it done gratis. In changing circular notes etc., it is necessary to bear in mind that the sovereign represents in Portugal 4;^500 reis and not a pound sterling. The amount to be received will of course vary according to the exchange, which fluctuates between 52 '^ and 54*^ per milree. Ff)r instance a bill for £ 81 drawn on Lisbon at the exchange of 54"^ would be paid by 80 sovereigns, for £ 81 @ 54^= 360^000 reis or 80 times 4?5150O reis. As to the origin of the Portuguese real see page 180. The folloAving tables may be fomid useful in reducing English to Portuguese money and vice-versa. Example — How much is 289(^560 rt'I.* in Eiiji'lisli money? Ecfovrinp: to the first part of table I. wo find 5G( I reis = 2s. 5 dA/o and in the other eolumns 280,^000 reis = 64/. 4 5* Ans. 64/. 6s. 10 d. 1/2 Again —How much is 196/. lis. 6f?. in Portuguese money? In the pounds eolumns of table 11. we find 196/. = . 882^000 and in tin; first column 11 s.=: 2S475 and 7 d.= ^131 Ans. Rs. MONEY. TABLE I. 30S Portuguese to English money at the exchange of SS*/^ per 1^000 reis, or 4,>500 = £ 1. Kiiis £ s D Eeis £ s i) Ki-is £ .S D 10 0V2 450 2 890 311 20 1 460 2 Ol/o 900 4 ;]0 1V2 470 2 1 910 4 01/2 40 2 480 2 1V2 920 4 1 50 21/2 490 2 2 - 930 4 11/., (30 500 2 2V2 940 4 2' 70 31/0 510 2 3 950 4 21/2 80 4 ■ 520 2 31/2 960 4 3 HO 4V2 530 2 4 970 4 31/, 100 () 5 540 2 4V2 980 4 4" 110 -^'h 550 5(;0 2 2 5 51/, 990 4 41/2 120 6 130 (^'A 570 2 6 1^000 4 5 140 7 580 2 6'/2 2.^000 811 150 8 590 2 7 ' 3:3000 013 4 IGO SV2 600 2 8 4,5000 017 9 170 9 6J0 2 8V2 5:^000 1 2 3 180 ;"/2 (;20 2 9 65000 16 8 190 10 (;30 2 i>V2 75000 111 1 200 lOi/o 640 2 10 85000 115 7 210 11 ~ 650 2 101/, 95000 2 220 111/. 660 2 11 10.5000 2 4 5 230 ' 670 2 11V2 115000 2 811 240 01/2 680 3 125000 213 4 250 1 690 3 01/, 135000 2 17 9 2G0 1V2 700 3 1 145000 3 2 3 270 2 710 5 3 l'/.> 155000 3 6 8 280 () 21/2 720 3 2 165000 311 1 290 3 730 3 21/., 175000 315 7 300 4 740 3 3 185000 4 310 41/2 750 3 4 195000 4 4 5 320 760 3 4V2 205000 4 811 330 5V2 770 5 215000 413 4 340 6 780 3 51/0 225000 417 9 350 1) 6V-> 790 3 6 23.5000 5 2 3 360 7 800 3 <^'/2 245000 5 6 8 370 7V2 810 7 255000 511 1 380 8 820 3 ^'/2 265000 5 15 7 390 8V2 830 3 8 275000 6 400 9 840 3 8V2 285000 6 4 5 410 9V2 850 3 9 295000 6 811 420 10 860 3 91/, 305000 613 4 430 440 101/2 870 3 10 " 31,5000 6 17 9 11 880 3 101/2 325000 7 2 8 304 MONEY, WEIGTIIS AND iMEASUKES". Reis £ ,s D lleis £ S D Reis £ s u 33^000 7 6 8 82i^000 18 4 5 1315000 29 2 3 34r300O 7 11 1 835000 18 811 132.5000 29 6 8 355000 7 15 7 84^000 1813 4 133^000 29 11 1 36^000 8 85^5000 18 17 9 134„5000 2915 7 37;A0(K) 8 4 5 8()5000 19 2 3 J35iiOOO 30 3H;iOOO 8 8 11 87^5000 lit 6 8 1365000 30 4 5 31) .5000 8 13 4 88iiO0O 19 11 1 137.5000 30 8 11 40^000 8 17 9 89^000 19 15 7 1385000 3013 4 415000 9 2 3 90,5000 20 139,5000 3017 9 425000 9 6 8 91;5000 20 4 5 140,5000 31 2 3 •135000 9 11 1 925000 20 811 141.5000 31 6 8 445000 9 15 7 93^000 2013 4 142^000 3111 1 45 5000 10 94^000 2017 9 143 5000 3115 7 4(55000 10 4 5 95^000 21 2 3 144,^000 32 47^5000 10 8 11 96^000 21 6 8 145i^000 32 4 5 485000 10 13 4 97,^000 2111 1 146;300O 32 811 49j|l000 10 17 9 98^3000 2115 7 147(5000 3213 4 505000 11 2 3 99^000 22 1485000 3217 9 515000 11 G 8 1005000 22 4 5 1495000 33 2 3 52;500O 11 11 1 101,5000 22 811 1505000 33 6 S 535OOO 11 15 7 102^000 2213 4 151;5000 3311 1 54^000 12 103,5000 2217 9 152,^000 3315 7 55^000 12 4 5 1045000 23 2 3 1535000 34 56^000 12 8 11 1055000 23 6 8 154,5000 34 4 5 575000 12 13 4 1065000 2311 1 155i5000 34 811 58 5* '00 12 17 9 1075000 2315 7 156;5000 3413 4 5!)(^000 13 2 3 108^000 24 157i^000 3417 9 605000 13 6 8 109rSOOO 24 4 5 158i^OOo 35 2 3 61^000 13 11 1 110,^000 24 811 159,^000 35 6 8 62^000 13 15 7 111^000 2413 4 160,5000 3511 1 63^000 14 112r5000 2417 9 1615000 3515 7 64^000 14 4 5 113,5000 25 2 3 162,5000 36 65/5000 14 8 11 1145000 25 6 8 163^000 36 4 5 6G;5O00 14 13 4 1155000 2511 1 164;5000 36 811 07 5000 14 17 9 116,5000 2515 7 165y5000 3613 4 08,5000 15 2 3 117;5000 26 1665000 3617 9 69,5000 15 6 8 118,^000 26 4 5 167,5000 37 2 3 70ii000 15 11 1 119^000 26 811 168^000 37 6 8 715000 15 15 5 120^000 2613 4 169:5000 3711 1 7250U0 16 121^000 2617 9 1705000 37 15 7 735000 16 4 5 1225000 27 2 3 171;5000 38 745000 16 8 11 1235000 27 6 8 172,5000 38 4 5 755000 16 13 4 1245000 2711 1 1735000 38 811 705000 16 17 9 1255000 27 15 7 174,^000 3813 4 77^000 17 2 3 1265000 28 1755000 38 17 9 785000 17 6 8 127^000 28 4 5 176,5000 39 2 3 795000 17 11 1 128,5000 28 811 177^000 39 (; 8 80^000 17 15 7 129,5000 2813 4 178^000 3911 1 81i50OO 18 130,^000 2817 9 179.^5000 3915 7 M< »NKY 3f»r» 1 Ueis £ S L) Keis 229^000 £ s j> Kcis £ s j> 180.^000 40 50 J 7 9 27S i(»o(t 61 15 7 181.^000 40 4 5 2303000 51 2 3 27'. 13000 (;2 182-iOOO 40 8 11 2313000 51 6 8 2803000 62 4 5 183^000 40 13 4 2323000 51 11 1 2813000 62 811 184ii()()0 40 17 9 2333000 51 15 7 282300<» 62 13 4 185:i()U0 41 2 3 2343000 52 28;;::»ooo (J217 9 18(5^000 41 6 8 2353000 52 4 5 284 3(M)0 (53 2 3 187:i0l»O 41 11 1 2363000 52 8 11 28530(.»0 63 6 8 l.S8-30()O 41 15 7 2373000 5213 4 28(5 3000 6311 1 18'.ii()00 42 2383000 5217 9 2873000 (53 15 7 li)0.:5(IU0 42 4 5 239 3000 53 2 3 2.SS 3( )( K I 64 lilliOOO 42 8 11 24030(10 53 6 8 289 3000 64 4 5 l!)2-i(»0() 42 13 4 2413000 53 11 1 290 3000 64 811 r,).'].o3000 (i5 2 3 i;iG;iUOo 43 11 1 2453000 54 8 11 2943000 65 6 8 lilT-ilHlO 43 15 7 2463O0O 5413 4 2953000 (j511 1 1M8 .30(10 4^4 2473000 5417 9 2963000 6515 7 lilHiOOO 44 4 5 2483000 55 2 3 297 300(» m 200^000 44 8 11 2493000 55 (J 8 2'.)8 3000 (56 4 5 201^^000 44 13 4 2503(XI() 55 11 1 2;);) 3000 {\{j 8 11 202:3000 44 17 9 2513000 55 15 7 3(j03ooo 66 13 4 20o:5000 45 2 3 25230(JO 56 3013000 66 17 9 2043000 45 (5 8 2533000 5() 4 5 3023000 67 2 3 205 -M m 45 11 1 2543000 56 811 3033000 (i7 6 8 20('..3O(J0 45 15 7 2553000 56 13 4 3043000 67 11 1 207-3000 46 256 3000 36 17 9 30530('io 67 15 7 208-3000 46 4 5 257 3000 57 2 3 30630(»0 68 209^000 46 8 11 2583000 57 6 8 ,'!07 J>( K X • (;8 4 5 210^000 46 13 4 259 30(JO 57 11 1 308 3000 i'>H 811 211-3000 46 17 9 2lJ03()0O 57 15 7 30; 13000 (5813 4 212^3000 47 2 3 2613000 58 310 3000 (;8 17 9 213-3000 47 6 8 2(J2 3000 58 4 5 3113000 (;9 2 3 2143000 47 11 1 2633000 58 811 3123000 (59 6 8 215^000 47 15 7 2643000 58 13 4 3133(K»0 69 11 1 21G.-3O00 48 2653000 5817 9 3143000 69 15 7 217-3000 48 4 5 26)6 3000 59 2 3 3153000 70 218^000 48 8 11 2673000 59 (! 8 3163000 70 4 5 2193000 48 13 4 268 3000 59 11 1 3173000 70 8 11 2203000 48 17 9 2693000 59 15 7 3183(KI0 70 13 4 2213000 49 2 3 270,3000 60 319 3000 7017 9 2223000 49 6 8 2713000 60 4 5 3203000 71 2 3 2233000 49 11 1 2723000 60 811 3213000 71 6 8 2243000 49 15 7 2733000 6013 4 3223000 7111 1 2253000 50 2743000 60 17 9 3233000 7115 7 2263000 50 4 5 2753000 61 2 3 32430(H) 72 2273000 50 8 11 27(V300O 61 6 8 3253000 72 4 5 2283000 50 13 4 2773(JOO 6111 1 3263000 72 8 11 ■2i) m'i MONEY, WEIGTHS AND MEASURES. Rftis £ S D Keis £ S D R6i8 £ ,S D 327:500l> 72 13 4 376,^000 8311 1 425 5000 94 8 11 32S,)0(I() 72 17 9 377,5000 8315 7 426 4000 9413 4 329i()00 73 2 3 3785000 84 427,.jOOO 9417 9 330iU00 73 6 8 379^000 84 4 5 42SjO(X) 95 2 3 331;i000 73 11 1 380,5000 84 811 4294000 95 6 8 332^)000 73 15 7 381-5000 8413 4 4304000 9511 1 333.o()0() 74 382-j0("»0 8417 9 4314000 9515 7 334i()0O 74 4 5 383y000 85 2 3 4324000 96 330-5000 74 811 384 '5000 85 6 8 43340(M) 96 4 5 33(5 iOl )0 74 13 4 385^5000 8511 1 434;§000 96 811 337-3000 74 17 9 386^000 8515 7 435,4000 9613 4 338-5000 75 2 3 3875000 86 4364000 9617 9 33!).50(M) 75 6 8 388?500<:) 86 4 5 43740tK) 97 2 3 340-5000 75 11 1 389;^000 86 8 11 438i^0()0 97 6 8 341.-5000 75 15 7 3905000 8613 4 4394000 9711 1 3424000 76 3915000 8617 9 4404000 97 15 7 343-5000 76 4 5 3925000 87 2 3 4414000 98 344:5000 76 811 393,5000 87 6 8 4424000 98 4 5 3455000 76 13 4 3945000 8711 1 443^000 98 811 3465000 76 17 9 395.-5000 87 15 7 4444000 9813 4 347 5000 77 2 3 3965000 88 445,^000 9817 9 348r5000 77 6 8 397,-5000 88 4 5 4464000 99 2 3 34i 15000 77 11 1 3985000 88 811 4474000 99 6 8 3505000 77 15 7 399:5000 8813 4 448,4000 9911 1 351:5000 78 400,4000 8817 9 4494000 9915 7 3525000 78 4 5 401-5000 89 2 3 4504000 100 353-5000 78 811 4024000 89 (3 8 4514000 100 4 5 3545000 78 13 4 4034000 8911 1 4524000 100 811 355-5000 78 17 9 4044{K10 8915 7 4534000 10013 4 35<;.-iOOO 7i) 2 3 4054O(M) 90 4544000 10017 9 357:5000 7;» 6 8 4064000 90 4 5 455,4000 101 2 3 3585000 7;> 11 1 40740a) 90 811 45640(X) 101 6 8 35!) -5000 70 15 7 •4(J84000 9013 4 457i40O0 10111 1 360 5000 80 4094000 9017 9 4584000 10115 7 361 5000 80 4 5 4104000 9i 2 3 4594000 102 3G2 5OO0 80 811 411-5000 91 (5 8 4604000 102 4 5 3635000 80 13 4 4124000 9111 1 4614000 102 811 3645000 80 17 9 4134000 9115 7 4624000 10213 4 365-5000 81 ;> 414oOOO 92 463 5000 10217 9 366.5000 SI t; s 4154000 92 4 5 4644000 103 2 3 .•{675000 81 11 1! 4I6400O 92 8 11 4654000 103 6 8 ;!6,S-;jO00 81 15 7 41 7 -.^000 9213 4 46(;4OO0 10311 1 36'.)5O0(» 82 41 S 4000 9217 9 4674000 10315 7 3704(_H)0 82 4 5 4194000 93 2 3 4684000 104 371*,O00 82 811 420.5000 93 6 8 469,4000 104 4 5 372 5000 82 13 4 4214000 9311 1 4704000 104 8 11 37;;500() 82 17 9 4225000 9315 7 4714000 10413 4 374.5000 83 2 3 4234000 94 4724000 10417 9 375.5000 83 6 8 4244000 94 4 5 4734000 105 2 3 MONEY. TABLE n. 307 English to Portuguese money at the exchange of 53Y3 per 1,^000 reis, or 4;S509-^£ 1. s 1 R6is £ Re IS £ Reis 19 12 545000 56 2525000 2 38 13 585500 57 2565500 3 56 14 635000 58 2615000 : 4 75 15 675500 59 2(555500 5 94 16 725000 60 2705000 G 113 17 765500 61 2745500 7 131 18 315000 62 2795000 8 150 19 855500 63 2835500 9 169 20 905000 64 2885000 10 188 21 945500 65 2925500 11 206 22 995000 66 2975000 1 225 23 1035500 67 3015500 2 450 24 1085000 68 306500() 3 675 25 1125500 69 3105500 4 900 26 1175000 70 3155000 5 15125 27 1215500 71 3195500 6 1:3350 28 1265000 72 3245000 7 1 :;i575 29 130;3500 73 3285500 8 1^800 30 1355000 74 3335000 9 2.3025 31 1395500 75 3375500 10 2,^250 32 1445000 76 3425000 11 2-3475 33 1485500 77 - 3465500 12 25700 34 1535000 78 3515000 13 25925 35 1575500 79 3555500 14 35150 36 1625000 80 3605000 15 35375 37 1665500 «1 3645500 16 3,5600 38 1715000 82 3695000 17 35825 39 1755500 83 3735500 18 45050 40 1805000 84 3785000 19 4^275 41 42 1845500 -4 of\ -' /^r\(\ 85 3825500 189ji000 86 3875000 £ K6is 43 44 1935500 87 3915500 198s)000 88 3965000 1 45500 45 2025500 89 4005500 2 95000 46 2075000 90 4055000 3 135500 47 2115500 91 4095500 4 18i&000 48 2165000 92 41450(X) 5 225500 49 2205500 93 41855(K> 6 275000 50 2255000 ;)4 423^000 7 315500 51 2295500 95 4275500 8 365000 52 2345000 96 4325000 9 405500 53 2385500 97 4365500 10 455000 54 2435000 98 4415000 11 49.5500 55 2475500 99 4455500 308 jrONEY, WEIOTIIS AND MKASURES. £ Reis £ RiMs £ Reis 100 450M)O(» 149 670^5(M) 198 89U0OO 101 454i>50<» 150 6753000 199 8953500 102 459^000 151 6793500 200 900 3 000 103 463;i500 152 ( 1843000 201 9043500 104 468^000 153 6883500 202 909^000 105 472^500 154 6933000 203 913^500 106 477.iOO() 155 697^500 204 9183000 107 481.i5()() 15(; 7023000 205 9223500 los 486;^0(»() 157 706^500 206 92740(MI lO'.l 490^500 158 711i^000 207 9313500 110 495^000 159 715^500 208 9363000 111 499i5(»(» 160 720^000 209 940^500 112 504,3000 161 72435CK* 210 8453000 118 508^500 162 729;3000 211 9493500 114 51 3 #»(»(> 163 7333500 212 9513000 115 517,-ii500 164 738^000 213 9583501) IIG 522^000 1<'>5 742,3500 214 963^000 117 526^500 166 747^000 215 9673500 118 53U0OO 167 751^500 216 9723000 119 535 :i 500 168 756.3000 217 9763500 120 540^000 169 7603500 218 9813000 121 544.35(»0 170 7653000 219 9853500 122 549:,0()0 171 769.3500 220 9903000 12;5 553 3500 172 774^000 221 9943500 124 55S,.j0OO 173 778,^500 222 9993000 125 562r>500 174 7833000 223 1:0033500 126 567iiOOO 175 787^500 224 1:0083000 127 57U500 17(5 7923000 225 1:0123500 128 576,3000 177 796^500 226 1:017^000 12i» 580.3500 178 801.3000 227 1:0213500 i;jo 585.3000 179 805^500 228 1:0263000 i;;i 5893500 180 810^000 229 1:0303500 ];i2 5943000 181 814^500 230 1:0353000 13;5 5983500 182 8193000 231 1:0393500 l.')l 603 £,000 183 8233500 232 1:0443000 i3r» 607 3500 184 8283000 233 1:0483500 i.'it; 6123000 185 8323500 234 1:0533000 137 6163500 186 8373000 235 1:0573500 KiS 6213000 187 8413500 23(> 1:0623000 i:;it < 125 3500 188 8463000 237 1:066.3500 140 63030( )( I 189 850.3500 238 1:0713000 141 (;34;i500 190 8553000 239 1:0753500 112 639^3000 191 859^500 240 1:0803000 14;; 6433500 192 864.3000 241 1:0843500 144 6483000 193 868,3500 242 1:0893000 145 652.^500 194 873^000 243 1:0933500 146 657^300 » Oitava =; 3 escrupulos ;>,585 = 55.;! > < )iii;a i^omu-i' i = S oitavas •JiS.GS.'! =^ l.OllG oz. avoirdupoit; :srano (mark) =^ 8 on<;;vs 229,.ii;4 ^ 8.093 I,il)ra (apotliecary .■^ pouml)^-il'/:iiianos 34-1, 1 96 = 12.140 Arratol (pounil) = 2 marcos 459,000 - l.Ollti lb. -Vrroba = 32 arrateis 14:(385,000 ==^ 32.374 > Quintal (liundred weight) = 4 arrolias.. ,").S:742,000 =^ 129.49s . Toncjiada fton.)= 13 '/. (iiiintais 793:02S.n00 = 174S.225 > » 110 :monkYj weights and .aieasures. Table for the reduction of Portuguese to English weight. Pounds avoirdupois ^ -,, g ■ 5 S 2 o o e S 3 . 5 S . s 1 f) 2 2 CI 4 G 2 4 4 tl 2 3 G 6 1 3 8 , 4 8 8 1 8 4 f) 1 2 : 3 6 •> 2 2 7 6 7 f 5 4 3 2 2 ; . 8 7 6 1 3 G 8 ■ 9 1) 8 1 4 1 4 The above table gives the equivalents in pounds or deci- mals of a pound of any number up to 9, of kilos or its multi- ples or submultiples. Care must be taken to put the de- cimal point in its right place according to the directions at the top of the perpendicular lines. For instance 2 ki- los =4.4092 lbs, 200 kilos = 440.92 lbs or 20 gram- mas =.044092 lbs. Having clearly imderstood how to place the decimal point, the reader will find no further difficulty in applying this useful little table: Examples — How much is 258 kilos in Eiiiclisli wciffht? 200 kilos = 440.92 50 kilos =110.230 8 kilos = 17.G368 Ans. 568.7868 lbs. Hov,' much is 33 kilos G75 grammas in English weight? 30 kilos =- 66.138 .3 kilos = 6.6138 GOO grammas -- 1.3227G 70 grammas :=- 0.154.322 5 grammas ^ 0.011023 33,675 Alls. 74.239905 lbs. MEASURES. 311 Of course minute decimals may bo omitted t 2 tons. = 2:032,096 Qrs. Kilof^. 15 cwt.= 762,030 3 qr.s. = 38,101 1 12,700 21 lbs. = 9.525 2 25,401 — 3 38,101 Aus. 2:841,752 kilos. MEASURES. Like the weights, the measm*es at present officially recognized, are copied from the French metrical system with slight- modilicatioiis of the names. iil2 MONEY, WEKUITS AND MEASUliKS. Long measure. Milliiiictro, or Ihousaiidlli ot' a uictio. — O.OSitlJT Centiinctro, or lumtlredth of a metro . = 0.3937 Dfcimctro, or tontli of a metro = :J.9;!7 Metro ^ 3;>.37 Decametro, i>r ten iiu'tros = 32.800 IloctniiK'tro, or liuinlrod inctros = 328.0!) Kilometro, or tliousaiui mctros =3:280.!) 5 kilometros ftlie modern Icasiu!) =5:4(58.1(1 0.03280!) feet. 3.280!) > 10.93() yard.s 109.36 > 1,093.63 « 3.1019 miles Old Portuguese long measure compared with the metrical and with English, PoiUo (point) - (1,0002 metro or 0.0075 iiulie.v. I.inlia (liiK') -- liJ poiUos ^ 0,0023 . ().0!t02 I'ollegada (iuchj =^ 12 linlias = 0,0275 ■< 1.0827 l'almo(palm) = 8pollegadas= 0,22 . 8.G(;m Covado = 3 palmos = 0,66 > 25.9842 P6 (foot) = 12 pollesada-s . . . = 0,33 » 12.9921 » = 1.0826 feet. Vara = 3 '/, pes or 5 palmo.s = 1,1 . 43.307 » = 3.609 » IJraca = 2 varas = 2,2 » 86.614 > =7.218 Milha (mile) = 1851,8 > 2,025.22 yds = 1.1507 mile. Legua (league) = 3 milha.s. .== 5555,5 > (!,075.()7 •• =3.4521 » Tables for the reduction of the metrical long measure to English inches, feet or yards. (For explanation see prececiing table for kilogrannnay, page 310.) o _ S rn 3 9 3 7 7 8 7 4 1 I H 1 1 1 5 7 4 8 1 !» 6 S 5 '■} 3 6 2 2 2 7 5 5 9 3 1 4 9 G o 5 4 3 3 2 S w 3 2 8 G 5 G 1 9 8 4 2 1 3 1 2 3 1 G 4 4 1 9 6 8 5 2 2 9 6 6 G 2 4 7 2 9 5 2 8 E-KAMPLKS — llow iiiuci) i.so iiictrus ill English inches? Ans.l9G,85. How much is 5 inctros in English feet? Ans. 1G,4045. How niucii is 5 mctros in English yards? Ans. 5,468165. How much is 23.4G0 mctros in English inches? aiEASUKES. 13 20 nietro.s ^ 787.4 3 metros = 118.11 0,4 decimetres = 15.748 0,06 centimetros = 2.3622 23,460 Aus. 923.6202 ^ i_i o o ,5 o =. - 1 f) 3 6 3 2 1 8 7 2 6 3 2 8 8 y 4 3 7 4 f> 3 b 4 6 8 1 6 6 5 6 1 7 9 7 6 5 5 4 3 8 7 4„ 9 6 1) 8 4 2 6 f) Table for reducing English inches, feet and yards to metros. "4. 1 4I3 5!4 6|.5 7 1 6 81 7 9' 8 9 1 4 8 2 8 7 4 .) 5 7 2 4 8 ('> 4 3 1 f) >> r) Metros. ^ a J S ■" g 'A 1 "* 3 4 8 2 6 9 6 .) 9 1 4 4 4 1 2 1 9 2 f) 1 5 2 4 6 1 8 2 8 8 7 2 1 3 3 (5 8 2 4 3 8 4 9 2 7 4 3 2 .a a "S 1 .025 2 .051 3 .076 4 .102 5 .127 6 .152 7 .178 8 .203 9 .229 10 .254 11 .279 314 MONEY, WEiqUTS AND MEASURES. Examples — How much is 8 yards h\ Portugueso, metres? Ans. 7,8152. How much is 80 yards in Portuguese measure? Ans. 7o,152. How much is 23S yards in metrical ijica^ftve? ■ 200 yards -- 182.88 30 » ^ 27.432 9 » =-- 8.229(5 239 Answer 218..5416 motros How many metros is 69 feet, 5 inches? 60 feet = 18.288 9 » = 2.7432 5 inches = .127 69-5 Answer 21.1582 inelros Square measure. Milliare, or a tenth of a square metro = 1.076 square feet. Centiare, or a square metro =^ 10.7(54 >■ Declare, or ten square metros =^ 11.96 square yds. Are, or hundred square metros = 119.6 Decai-e, or thousand square metres.. . = 1196.0 » Hectare, or ten tliousand square metres =^ 2.4711 acres. Dry and liquid measure. Millilitro or thousandth of a litro = .061 cubic inch. ( .'entilitro or hundredth of a litro -= .61 >■ Decilitro or tenth of a litro. . . ^= ().l Litro = 61.028 « =-. .22 gall. Dccalitro or ten litros = 2.2 » Hectolitro or hundred litros =^ 22.0 » Kilolitro or thousand litros (cubic metro) = 220.0 ' Old Portuguese liquid measure. Quartilho = Canada = 4 quartilhos = Pote = 6 cuuadas - Almude, Lisbon=12canadas - Almude, Oporto = Pipa = 25 almudea = 423.75 Tonel = 2 pipas =: 847.50 .3531 litros = .0779 i?all, 1.4125 =rr .3107 8.475 „ 1.8645 » 16.95 n 1^ 3.729 » 25.45 ■ 1 5.6 - .23.75 „ ■■ — 93.225 y i47.50 1. =3 186.45 » MEASURES. 315 MEASURE OF TEMPERATURE. Centigrade thermometer compared with Fahrenheit. Degrees . Cent. 34 Degrees. Fahr. Cent. 68 Degrees. Fahr. Cent. Fahr. 32 freezing;. 93.2 154.4 1 33.8 ' 35 95.0 69 1.56.2 2 35.6 36 96.8 70 158.0 3 37.4 37 98.6 71 1.59.8 4 39.2 38 100.4 72 161.6 5 41.0 39 102.2 73 163.4 6 42.8 40 104.0 74 165.2 7 44.6 41 105.8 75 167.0 8 46.4 42 107.6 76 168.8 •» 48.2 43 109.4 77 170.6 10 50.0 4J 111.2 7.S 172.4 11 51.8 45 113.0 79 174.2 12 53.6 4G 114.8 80 176.0 13 55.4 47 116.6 81 177.8 14 57.2 48 118.4 82 179.6 15 59.0 49 120.2 83 181.4 16 60.8 50 122.0 84 183.2 17 62.6 51 123.8 85 185.0 18 64.4 52 125.6 86 186.8 19 66.2 53 127.4 87 188.6 20 G8.0 54 129.2 88 190.4 21 69.8 55 131.0 89 192.2 22 71.6 56 132.8 90 194.0 23 73.4 57 134.6 91 195.8 24 75.2 58 136.4 92 197.6 25 77.0 59 138.2 93 199.4 26 78.8 60 140.0 94 201.2 27 80.6 61 141.8 95 203.0 28 82.4 62 143.6 96 204.8 29 84.2 63 145.4 97 206.6 30 86.0 64 147.2 98 208.4 31 87.8 65 149.0 99 210.2 32 89.6 66 150.8 100 212 boilin-. 33 91.4 67 152.6 END. INDEX. Page. Academy of Fiue arts 204 » Sciences 144 Affonso Henriques 32 Agi-icultural institute 231 Agua var 87 Ajuda, palace 167 Alani, the 31 Alca^arias, baths of. 6 Alca^ar-Quibir, battle of 48 Alfandega graiide 241 Aljubarrota, battle of 46 Aljnbe, prison 227 Anglican church 233 Anthony, St. (Life of) 147 Antiquities, Roman 212 Aqueduct, great 215 Arch of Rua Augusta 99 » Doric, of Aqueduct .- 216 . ofD. Diniz 155 Architecture of dwellings 85 Archives, national 138 Arsenal, military 225 Arsenal, naval 224 Association, commercial 8 Jiaixa, the 83 Banks and Bankers 2 Barracks 233 Baths, public 5 Battle of Alcacar-Quibir 48 » Aljubarrota 46 » Ourique 33 Beco 83 Belem tower 23;> Bilhe.tc do residencia 1 Birds, singing 255 Black-Horse-Square 96 Boa Hora 223 Boats 291 Bolsa, or Praca 96 318 ISDEX. Botanical garden 230 J?ritish legation and foreign consulates 1 Bull-iiglit. 189 IJurning ol" Lisbon by D. Henrique 41 Caes das Coliimnas 96 Cafes 5 Calcada 83 Camara dos dcputados 137 Camo.ra dos pares 136 Camara municipal 278 Camocs (Luiz de), life of 107 Campo de Sant'Anna 112 Capote e lenco 91 Carriage Company 288 Carthaginians, the 29 Cart drawn by oxen 89 Casa dos bicos 249 Casa pia 124 Castle of St. George 237 Cemetery of Ajuda 236 » English 233 French 236 » Grerman 236 " Jewish 236 » Prazeres 235 Alto de S. Joao 235 » ValleEscuro 236 Centigrade thermometer compared with Fahrenheit 315 Chronof>Tai3hic maj:) of Portuguese, Italian, Spanish, French and English classic writers 27 Chronological resume of the history of Portugal 10 Church, Ajuda 166 » Anjos 166 » Carmo 144 Cathedral 113 » Chagas 164 CoUegio Inglez 129 » Concei^ao Nova 166 j> Conceioao Velha 159 » Coracao de Jesus (])arish) 166 » Coracao de Jesus (Estrella) 139 » Corpo Santo 130 » Enearnaeao 150 Estrella .' 139 Gra^a 140 » Jeronymite 11"^ » Jesus 143 . Lapa 166 Loretto l-''2 Martyres , l^f> » Mcmoria 1^-^ » do Monte 156 i:5UEX. 319 Church, Pena 1(>^ > Penha de Franca 148 ). Sacraintnito 1G6 » Santa Cruz 1 ("G » Santa Eugracia I'^jl » Santa Izabel 1< S. Christovao 166 * S. Domingos 153 » S. Francisco de Paula • 164 » S. Joao da Praca 166 » S. Jorge 166 S.Jose 154 S. Juliao 162 » S. Loureneo 166 ji S. Luiz 166 S.Miguel 166 » S. Nicolau • 163 S. Paulo 163 » S. Pedro d'Alcantara 166 » S. Roque 125 « S. Sebastiao 166 S. Thiago 166 S. Thome 166 S.Vicente - 134 Se (Cathedral ) 113 i> Soccon-o 165 CXKTRA 256 Castello do3 Mouros 262 Collares 263 Cork convent 262 Monserrate 264 Palacio da Pena 260 Palacio real 258 Pedra de Alvidrar 264 Penha Verde 265 Quiuta do Marquez de Vianna 258 Quiutas, various 266 Ramalhao 257 Setiaes 266 Civility and civilization 253 Climate 92 Clubs 7 Coach-House, Royal 236 Caches reaes 23G Collegio dos aprendizes 233 320 TNDEX. Collcgin inglez Vl\\ Consorvatory iJ.'J'i Constitiitional chartcM' 70 ('onsuhitcH 1 Convent of Albertas lOT » Bom Succosso 164 Chellas 1G7 » Desaggravo KJf) » Encarna(^'ao ] 0(1 » Esperaiiya KJT » Francezinlias lOO » Madre do Deiis IGf) Odivollas 155 » SS. Sacramento 166 » Salessias 167 » Sant'Anna 166 » Santa Brigida 131 » Santa Martha 166 » Santa Monica 166 » Santos Novo 156 » S. Bento 136 » S. Domingos 164 » S. Patricio 165 ■> S. Pedro d'Alcantara 167 » Trina.s 167 Convention of Cintra 69 26(J Cordoaria 24 1 Corn-market 247 Court-house 223 Courts of justice 224 Crusaders, the 34 Currency, Portuguese 301 Currency, Roman 178 Curso sui^erior de Ictras 232 Custom-house 24 1 Custom-house, municipal 24 do Carmo 112 » do Pelourinho 110 » do Rato Ill » de S. Paulo Ill » de S. Roque 109 Latin, great similarity of Portuguese and 22 Laus pcromis 92 Lazaretto 241 Legation, British 1 Letting, system of. 86 Library of academy of sciences 144 >' at Ajuda 184 » of the Convent of Jesus 143 y national 200 Limoeiro, prison of. 226 Literature, Portuguese 20 Lotteries 90 Lyceum. 233 Mafija , 266 822 INDEX. Mae d'agua 217 Manners, Portuguese 251 Market, feira da ladi-a 229 . fish 228 » Pra^a da Figueira 227 . EibeiraVelha 229 Marquis of Pombal (life of) 101 Massacre of the Jews 48 Matadouro 248 Measures, Portuguese 312 Mestre d'Avis 42 Miguclite war 71 Mint, the 246 Moeda, casa da 246 Money, Portuguese i301 Moorish invasion 31 Mules 254 Municipal custom-house 248 » revenue and exj^enditurc 278 Municipality, the 278 Museum, Archaeological 146 Colonial 225 Industrial 232 » National 210 Newsrooms 7 Nobility, titles of. 275 Numismatic cabinet (Ajuda) 177 Nuno Alvares Pereira (life of) 101 Observatory, astronomical 220 J meteorological fde D. Luiz) 221 Octroi duties 279 Omnibuses 291 Origin of Lisbon 28 Ourique, battle of 33 Palace, Ajuda 167 » Belem 186 I Bemposta 187 Caxias 189 » Necessidiides 185 Queluz 188 Parochial divisions 112 Passeio, da Estrella 230 publico^ 229 » de S. Pedro d'Alcantara 230 Pedro v., D 72 Peers, Chamber of. 136 Pereira, Nuno Alvares (life of) 101 Picture Gallery, Ajuda 172 » " Nutioual 204 Pish-sh 90 Police force 87 Politeness, Portuguese 252 INDEX. 323 Pombal, Marqui.s of (lite of) 101 Poijulatiou of Lisbon 80 Ports with Avhich there is regular steam communication, alphabetical list of 294 Portuguese language and literature 20 Post-ofiice and jjostages 281 Pra^a da Alegria 112 » do Commercio 96 » da Figueira Ill, 227 » das Flores 112 » de Luiz de Camoes 105 » de D. Pedro IV 104 » do Principe Real Ill » dos Komulares Ill Praqa dos Touros 189 Press, the 8 Printing-office, the national 249 Prison, "Aljube 227 Castello de S. Jorge 227 S. Juliao da Barra 227 » Limoeiro 226 Torre de Belem 227 Processions, religious 91 Public amusements 189 Railways, Portuguese 283 Railway fares to the jirincipal cities of Europe 287 Rainfall 95 Real^ the Portuguese 180 Rebuilding of the city 66 Ribeira nova ^ 228 Ribeira velha 229 Roads, Portuguese 89 Roman antiquities 212 Roman conquest 29 Rope-walk 241 Royal family, the 273 liua 83 Salolos 90 S. Pedro de Alcantara, Passeio de 230 School, commercial 232 » medical 231 military 232 » naval 232 » pharmaceutical 231 » polytecnic 231 Sebastiao's (D.) departure to Africa 48 Ships, number of, entering Lisbon 242 Siege of Lisbon by Ati'ouso Henriques 34 Siege of Lisbon by D. Juan of Castile 43 Siligui, the 31 Site of the duke of Aveiro's palace Ill Slaughter-house , 248 324 INDEX. Squares 96 Statistics, exports and imports 243 » shipping 242 » weather 94 Statue of Camoes 10;") » equestrian of D. Jose 1 9fj ' of D. Pedro IV 104 » of St. John Ncpomiiceuc 247 Steamers, to foreign ports 294 Steamers, river 290 Streets of Lisbon, the 8o Streets, double nomenclature of 84 Streets, generic names of. 83 Suevi, the 31 Tabic by which to ascertain the name of the principal buildings 73 Telegraph 280 Temperature, diurnal variation of 94 Temperature, mean, maximum, and minimum 94 Terreiro do Paco 96 Terreiro do trigo 247 Theater, S. Carlos 196 » Gymnasio 199 D. Maria II 198 » Principe Real 199 » rua dos Coudes 199 Trindade 198 Variedades 200 the Portuguese 194 Thennometer, centigrade 315 Titles of nobility 275 Tobacco, introduction of 247 Torre do Tombo 138 Tower of Belcm 239 Trade with foreign nations 243 Tramway 291 Tramway, steam 292 Travessa 83 Tribunal of commerce 224 » ecclesiastical 224 » of 2M instance 224 » supreme military 224 » supreme, of Justice 224 Tribunals of l.st instance 224 Vandals, the .'JJ Vasco da Gama (life of) 16, 102 Viriatus, (life of) 103 Visigothic invasion 30 Weather statistics 94 Weights, Portuguese , 309 Wind, prevailing direction of. 05 Xa})regas 246 el d7 gC f 3 e9 e7 f2 4 4 g 1 c4 h9 e4 f 6 e3 f 1 c4 Riia di: S Paulo 1' • di'. S. Pedro de Alcantara Q . de S. Si'bastiao da Pedreira Q » de S. Thomi T ^ de S. Vken te T > dos Sapateirof H ' da Siudadi- S » da Scnhora da Grafa U « do Sol do Ralo > do Telhal K » do Terreiro do Trigo '1' ■> dos Terremotos L " da Torre da Pnlvora L - da Trinas do Moiambo N > do Vaile de. Pi'reiro Q ' ■• do Valle de Sanio Aalonio V . de Vaico (D.) F ; Travessa do Pinlor S ' do Pombal P i • de Sinto Amaro H » dt Veronica U I '^.■»-^-i|i-t{<"^"tj<"^*->^">j<"^"^--4<">}<--^->{f"^->}i"t}<-i?<-tj<">{!">!<">!<"^^ LISBON. NATIONAL PRINTING OFFI' 1874. ;^{(..it(..^^..^..^t<..;t<..,|<..ii<.4..;;<..:^..,{<..»;<..>i<.4..i|<..>;<..>^->{(..><<-.>t<-4-->;!-4-->i<--^^^