A DRILL BOOR IN ENGLISH 1111 r i2ij Oav A drill book in Southern Branch of the University of California Los Angeles Form L 1 PE lii 1 QjZS jM This book is DUE on the last date stamped belo^ OCT 4 - 1926 OCT 2 1928 ,£3 2 5 192. JUL 2 1^ J I^AY 2 7 1958 JAN 4^980 ^P»? ^8 193 OCT 10 c>X MAR 10 1947 Fori!] ].-9-5/((-7,'23 A DRILL BOOK IN ENGLISH S COMPILED BY GEORGE E. GAY 3^ 73(^ " Let the Master, at the hrst, lead and teach his Scholer, to loyne the Rewles of his Grammer booke, with the examples of his present lesson, vntill the Scholer, by him selfe, be hable to fetch out of his Grammer, eneric Rewle, for euerie Example." — ASCHAM. " The whole gist of riietorical teach- ing, is to awaken the minds of the pupils to the sense of good and evil in composition." — Bain. 33oston ALLYN AND BACON 1893 Copyright, 1891, By GEORGE E. GAY. Typography by J. 8. Gushing & Co., Boston. Pbebswork by Bbrwick «f Smith, Boston. PEEFACE. The teacher who has decided on a jmori grounds that bad forms of English should never be presented to a pupil for his consideration, will not examine this book. The author, accordingly, addresses himself to those teachers who recognize the fact that their pupils use many incorrect forms of expression, in both spoken and Avritten English, and who have learned, by long experience, that the only way to make the vices of language hateful is to place them side by side with their contrasting virtues. This book is designed for the use of pupils that have previously learned the substance of the rules which it con- tains. It does not aim to give all the principles of the English tongue, but it is believed that it contains those which are most frequently violated. It is not supposed that any class will complete the entire book in course. On the other hand, it is hoped that the teacher will not need to go outside of the book for all needed illustrations of common errors of speech. The author hesitated whether to admit incorrect forms in spelling, for he realizes the difference between errors that are the violation of well-established principles and errors that sin against arbitrary usage. In his hesitation, iii IV PREFACE. he appealed to his own classes, and the zeal and profit with which they corrected misspelled words decided the ques- tion ill favor of admitting errors of this kind. The method in which the book shall be used will natu- rally vary in different schools, according to the advance- ment of the pu})ils, and the time devoted to this kind of work. The author has pursued the following plan with . good success : — The rules, etc., on one subject are reviewed and illus- trated till all the pupils understand their application. Then the exercises assigned for a lesson are studied "out of class," and corrected " in class " under the eye of the teacher. When the corrections have been made, the errors are discussed, and the reasons for the corrections made are formally stated. As several grammatical terms are used with various meanings in different text-books, the following definitions are given, in order to show in what sense they are to be understood in this book. A sentence is a collection of words that expresses a com- plete tlunight. A proposition is a collection of related words containing a subject and predicate. It may be a whole sentence or a part of one. An independent proposition is a proposition that does not fulfil tlie office of a noun, an adjective, or an adverb. A dependent proposition is a proposition that fulfils the office of a noun, an adjective, or an adverb. A clause is a dependent proposition. A compound sentence is a sentence that contains two independent propositions. PREFACE. V A member of a compound sentence is one of its inde- pendent propositions. A complex sentence is a sentence that contains one inde- pendent proposition, and one or more clauses. Special acknowledgments are due to Bigelow's Handbook of Panellation, Morris and Bowen's English Grammar Exer- cises, and Longmans' School Composition. Malden, Sept. 1, 1891. DRILL BOOK IN ENGLISH. -ooJOJOo- CHAPTER I. EXPLANATION OF MARGINAL MARKS USED IN CORRECTING ERRORS. 5 dele, take out. ^-^ under a space indicates that the space between the words so marked should be reduced. V indicates the same. ^^ over and under a space indicates that there should be no space. Jf indicates that a space is requii'ed. X indicates a poor type. _L indicates that a " space " stands up and makes an impression. A curved line is put under the space nuirk. under words or letters indicates that they should stand as printed. Stet is placed in the margin. n indicates that a line should be indented. [ indicates that a word or line is to be moved to the left to the line of the face of the bracket. Reversed, it means move to the right. 1 indicates that a new paragraph should be made. tr. indicates that the letters or words which are marked should be transposed. Qy. or ? indicates a question as to the pi'opriety of spelling or use of language. The suggested change is written in the margin. I.e. indicates that the marked letters ought to be in "lower case," or small letters. One line under a word signifies Italics; two, small capitals ; three, LARGE CAPITALS. A wavy line indicates heavy- face type. Corrections should appear in the order of the errors. indicates that the letter is upside down. !"./. indicates that the letter used belongs to a font of type different from that used in the rest of the page, 1 'a/i4 : DUILL BOOK IN ENGLISH. ^(z/ Though several differing opinions exist as to /the individual by wi^om the art of printing was ^J first discovered; yet all authorities concur in admitting Peter Schoeffer to be the person ' who invented cast metal types, having learned ^ the art -ef of cutting the letters from the Gu- '\l tenbergs/ he is also supposed to have been *;^ the first whoengraved on copper plates. The'/-/ following testimony is preseved in the family, ^ ^/ ' / by I 'jo. I^Fred. ^^Faustus, f^of ^'Ascheffenburg: »o|— [ /\ ' Peter Schoeffer, of Gernsheim, perceiving ^^^-^ "\y his master Fausts design, and being himself "y. ^desirous | ardently] to improve the art, found out (by the good providence of God) the method of cutting { iacideHdi ) the characters ^f^f- in a matrix, that the letters might easily be ^ ■> I singly cast I instead of bieng cut. He pri- "/^. M I vately cut matrice^ for the whole alphabet : Faust was so pleased with the contrivanc '-';^at he promised P'eter to give him Ing^nly ^^l€^ '* " daughter Christina in marriage,yar promise 3 /^ / which he soon after performed. 0\ «8 '^adl '^"^ there were many/difficulties at first ^^^ with these letters, as/tnere had been before ^ t 09/1. 5 . with wooden one^ the metal being too soft ^ /^ / to support thp^orce of the im pression : but ^' -"^ this defepr was soon remedied, by mixing a suljgitance with the metal which sufficiently ^. Q hafxlened it/ ceUeld caj^ /lo9?i tu&te 9na^U'ce4j EXPLANATION OF MAtiGINAL 3{ARKS. Though several differing opinions exist as to the individual by whom the art of printing was first discovered ; yet all authorities concur in admitting PETER SCHOEFFER to be the person who invented casi metal types, having learned the art of cutting the letters from the Gutenbergs : he is also supposed to have been the first who engraved on copper-plates. The following testimony is preserved in the family, by Jo. Fred. Faustus, of Ascheffenburg : 'Peter Schoeffer, of Gernsheim, perceiv- ing his master Faust's design, and being him- self ardently desirous to improve the art, found out (by the good providence of God) the method of cutting {hicidejidi) the characters in a niatrix, that the letters might easily be singly cast, instead of being cut. He privately cut matrices for the whole alphabet : and when he showed his master the letters cast from these matrices, Faust was so pleased with the contrivance, that he promised Peter to give him his only daughter CJtristina in marriage, a promise which he soon after performed. But there were as many difficulties at first with these letters, as there had been before with wooden ones, the metal being too soft to support the force of the impression : but this defect was soon remedied, by mixing the metal with a substance which sufficiently hardened it. Note. — The proof-sheet on the opposite page is from " The American Printer," by Thomas MacKellar. 4 DRILL BOOK IN ENGLISH. What preacher need moralize on this story ; what words save the simplest are requisite to tell it ? It is too terrible for tears. The thought of such a misery smites me down in submission before the Ruler of kings and men, the Monarch Supreme over empires and republics, the inscru- table Dispenser of life, death, happiness, victory. com- rades ! enemies no more, let us take a mournful hand together as we stand by this royal corpse, and call a truce to battle ! Low he lies to whom the proudest used to kneel once, and who was cast lower than the poorest ; dead, whom millions prayed for in vain. Driven off his throne ; buffeted by rude hands ; Avith his children in revolt ; the darling of his old age killed before him untimely ; our Lear hangs over her breathless lips and cries, " Cordelia, Cordelia, stay a little ! " Exercise 1. Indicate the X)Toper corrections in the following 2'>Toof: — what preeacher need moralise on this story? What worps save the simplest are requisite to tellit? It is too terible for tears, the thought of such misery sinits niedowr. iu surniission before thej-uler of Kings iiiaii, the monarch Supreme over over empires and republics, the inscrutable Uispenier of life death^and Victory Oh com rades, enemies no more, let us take a nihurnl'ul hand togethe.'as we stand by this royal coi-yse, and call a truce to battle ! Low lies he to w/toin the proudest ised to kneeel once, and who wor cast lower"than the poorest: Dead wlioni mil- lions preyed for i vain, I Driven of his throan, buffetted by rude hands, withe his children iu revolt, the darling of his old age killed before him" untiinelv : our Leah hanges over her witli breathless lips and cries, Cordelia, Cardelia, Stay a T.ittle! DRILL BOOK IN ENGLISH. 5 On one occasion, in the public discharge of his functions as corrector of manners, Augustus had brought a specific charge against a certain kniglit for having squandered his patrimony. The accused proved that he had, on the con- trary, augmented it. " Well," answered the emperor, some- what annoyed by his error, " but you are at all events living in celibacy contrary to recent enactments." The other was able to reply that he was married, and was the father of three children ; and when the emperor signified that he had no further charge to bring, added aloud, *' Another time, Cffisar, when you give ear to informations against honest men, take care that your informants are honest themselves." Augustus felt the justice of the rebuke thus publicly admin- istered, and submitted to it in silence. Exercise 2. Indicate the j^roper corrections in the folloiving : — On one ocasion in the public dischai'ge of his funcion as corector of manners ; Augustus had brought specific charges against a certain night for haveing squandered his patrinioney. The accused proved that he on the contry had aug- mented it. Well, " answered the Emperor," somewhat annoied by his error, but you are at all events living in cellibacy contrary to recent enactmants " The otherwas able to reply that he was married and was the father of three chil- dren, When the Emperor signified that he had no farther charge to bring, he added allowed, " Another time, Caesar, when you give ear to informations against honest men take cair that youre informants are themselves honest. Augus- tus felt the justice of the rebuke thus publicly administered, and submited to it in silense. Drill book in i:nglish. CHAPTER II. RULES FOR SPELLING. 1. Derivatives from words ending in c, formed by adding a termination l)eginning with e, ?', or i/, insert k after the c ; as, trafficked, mimicking. 2. Derivatives formed by adding a termination begin- ning with a vowel, to monosj'lhibles and words accented on the last syllable that end in a single consonant (not h or .t) preceded l)y a single vowel, donble the conso- nant ; as, planned, regretted. Exception. — Most derivatives of gas, and derivatives which throw the accent back ; as, gaseous, j)'>'eference. 3. Derivatives of words ending in a single consonant and accented on some other syllable than the last, are spelled differently by different lexicographers ; as, can- celled or canceled, equalled or equaled, traveller, travel- ling, travelled or traveler, traveling, traveled. 4. Derivatives formed by adding a termination begin- ning with a vowel to words ending in silent e iisnally drop the e ; as, rising, noticing. Exception. — The e is retained in a few words whose pronunciation seems to require it, and in a few wliicli ntlierwise might be mistaken for other words ; as, hoeing, shoeing, toeing, singeing, dyeing, etc. 5. Derivatives formed by adding the termination ing to words ending in ie drop the e, and change i to g ; as, dging, lying. RULES FOR SPELLING. 7 6. Derivatives formed by adding terminations not beginning with i to polysyllables ending in ?/, change 1/ to i; as, rectified, qualifier. I. Verbs ending in e, drop the e on adding ed; as, stated, rated. 8. A few derivatives from all and well drop one I ; as, almighty, iveleome. 9. Compounds of mass drop one s ; as, Christmas^ candlemas. 10. Compounds whose last part is the adjective full drop one I ; as, hatefid. II. Whenever in derivatives the same letter would otherwise occur three times in succession, one letter is dropped ; as, freer, fully. (Before the termination less two Ts may be retained and a hyphen inserted; as, skill-less.^ 12. Plurals are formed by adding s to the singular, when they can be pronounced readily in this form; otherwise they add es, which forms an additional sylla- ble ; as, days, distresses. Exceptions. — Echo, carr/o, embargo, motto, and potato add es. Letters, figures, and characters add an apostrophe and s to form their plural. Nouns ending in ij preceded by a consonant, change y to i and add es. Many other exceptions occur, especially in words adapted from other languages ; as, 5's, cities, strata. 13. In other cases, derivatives and compounds are usually formed without change of the primitive ; as, befall, windmill. 14. When a word is divided at the end of a line, the division must be made between two syllables. Mono- syllables, therefore, can never be divided. DRILL BOOK IN ENGLISH. Exercise 1. Correct the errors in the following : — A PALACE IN A VALLEY. Ye who listen with credulity to the whisper of fancie, and persue with egerness the phan- toms of hope ; who expect that age wiil perform the promisis of youth, and that the deficiencyes of the present day will be supplyed by the morrow ; attend to the historyof Rasselas, Pri- nce of Abysinia. Rasselas was the fourth son of the mighty emperor in whoes dominions the Father of Waters begins his course ; whose bounty poures down the streams of plenty, and scatters over half the world the harvests of Egipt. According to the custum which has desended from age to age among the monarchs of the torid zone, Rasselas was confinned in a private pallace, with the other sons and daughters of Abyssinyan royality, till the order of succesion should call him to the thi'one. The place which the wisdom or policie of an- tiquity hah destined for the residense of the Abyssinian princes was a spaceious valley in the kingdom of Amliara, surounded on every side by mountians, of which the suraits overhang the middle part. The only pasage by which it cou- ld be onterd was a cavvern that passed under a rock, of whitch it has long beon disputed wether it was the work of nature or of human industery. The outlett of the cavern was consealed by a thick wood, and the mouth which opened into the vally was closed with gates of iron, forged by the artifficers of ancient days, so niassey that no man could withouth the help of engines open or shut them. RULES FOR SPELLING. 9 Exercise 2. Correct the errors in the following : — THE DISCONTENT OF RASSELAS. Here the sons and daughters of Abysinia lived only to know the soft visissitudes of ple- asure and repose, attended by all that were skil- ful to delight, and gratified with whatever the senses can enjoy. They wandered in gardens of fragrance, and sleeped in the fortreses of security. Every art was practiced to make them pleased with their own condition. The sages who in- structed them told them of nothing but the niiserys of publick life, and described all bey- ond the mountains as regiouns of calamity, where discord was always rageing, and where man preyd upon man. To highten their opinion of their own felisity, they were daily entertained with songs, the sub- ject of which was the happey valhj. Their ape- tites were excited by frequent enumerations of diferent enjoyments, and revelery and merryment was the buisness of every hour from the daun of morning to the close of even. These methods were generally successful!; few of the princes had ever wished to enlarge their bounds, but past their lives in full convic- tion that they had all within their reach that art or nature could bestow, and pittied thoes whom fate had exkluded from this seat of tran- quility, as the sport of chance and the slave of misery. Thus they rose in the morning and laid down at night, pleased with each other and with them- selves, — all but Raselas, who in the twenty^ second year of his age begun to withdraw him- self from their pastimes and assemblys, 10 DRILL BOOK IN ENGLISH. Exercise 3. Correct the errors in the following : — A SPIDER IN DIFFICULTY. Now, then, iu peacefull possession of wliat was justley its own, it waited three days with the utmost impacience, repairing the breeches of its webb, and taking no sustainance that I could percieve. At last, however, a large blue fly fell into the snare, and struggled hard to get lose. The spider gave it leave to entangle itself as much as posible, but it seemed to be too strong for the cob-web. I must own I was greatly surprised when I saw the spider immediately saly out, and in less than a minute weave a net round its capt- ive, by which the motion of its wings was stoped, and when it was fairly hampered in this manner, it was siezed and draged into the hole. In this mander it lived, in a precaryous state, and nature seemed to have iited it for such a life ; for upon a single fly it subsisted for more than a weak. I once put a wasp into the net, but when the spider came out in order to seize it as usual, upon percieving what kind of an enemy it had to deal with, it instantly broke all the bands that held it fast, and contribeted all that lay in its power to disengage so formidable an antigonist. When the wasp was at liberty, I exspected the spider would have sat about repairing the breaches that were made in its net ; but those, it seems, were ireperable, where- fore the cobweb was now entirely forsaken, and new one began, which was completed in the usual time. I had now a mind to try how meny cobwebs a single spider could furnish ; wherefore I des- troied this, and the insect set about another. CAPITALIZATION. 11 CHAPTER III. capitalization. Rules fok the Use of Capitals. 1. Every sentence, every line of poetry, and every direct quotation sliould begin with a capital letter. 2. The pronoun / and the interjection should always be written in capitals. 3. Names and titles of the Deity, of Jesus Christ, and of the Trinity should begin with capitals. 4. Pronouns refei'ring to the Deity or to the Saviour should be capitalized when used without an antecedent ; or where, with an antecedent, other pronouns are used. Example. — O Thou that hearest prayer! 5. All proper names and all adjectives formed from proper names should begin with capitals. Examples. — Boston, Washington, Ciceronian. 6. Titles of honor should begin with capitals when they are applied to a particular person, or precede a name, or occur in formal address. Example. — Governor Smith. 7. Names of races, countries, and districts should be capitalized. Examples. — ^Creole, Yankee, Hoozier, the North, Trans-atlantic. 8. Compound titles should have both parts capitalized. Examples. — Attorney-General, Vice-President, Rear-Admiral. 12 DRILL BOOK IN ENGLISIL 9. State., when referring to one of the United States, is capitalized. 10. Words used for the Bible should be capitalized. Examples. — The Scriptures, the Word, the Gospels, etc. 11. Names of sects and parties should begin with capitals. Examples. — Republican, Presbyterian. 12. Names of things personified, and of important events and things, should be capitalized. Examples. — The Revolution, the Senate. 13. Titles of books, pictures, etc., should begin with capitals ; and all nouns and other important words in them should be capitalized. Example. — Drill Book in English. Exercise 1. Justify the use of capital letters in the following : — 1. God, Creator, Father, the Almighty, Infinite One, Supreme Being, Parent of Good. 2. O Thou that hearest the mourner's prayer ! 3. The Gulf of Mexico, the Atlantic Ocean, the Mediterranean Sea, Lake Ontario, Broadway, New York City (but the city of Xeui York), January, Monday, Elizabethan, African, Indian. 4. Catholic, Episcopalian, Universalist, Mahometan, .lew. 5. The Governor of Massachusetts, the Mayor of Boston, the Duke of Burgundy, the Prince of Wales. fi. The States of the Union, Commonwealth of Kentucky, Plymouth Colony, the State of New York, the states of Europe. 7. President Eliot, Lieutenant Maury. 8. Upon this. Fancy began again to bestir herself. 9. Tlie Reformation, the Middle Ages, the Declaration of Inde- pendence, the Constitution, Magna Charta. CA PITA LIZ A TION. 1 3 10. Brother Jonathan, Aunt Mary, Cousin John. 11. It entereth not his thoughts that God Heareth the sufferer's groan ; That in His righteous eye their Ufe Is precious as his own. 12. He was a quick fellow, and, when hot from play, would toss himself in a corner, and in five minutes be deep in any sort of book that he could lay his hands on : if it were Rasselas or Gulliver, so much the better ; but Bailey's Dictionary would do, or the Bible with the Apocrypha in it. Something he must read when he was not riding the pony, or running and hunting, or listening to the talk of men. All this was true of him at ten years of age : he had then read through Chrysal, or the Adventures of a Guinea, which was neither milk for babes nor any chalky mixture meant to pass for milk ; and it had already occurred to him that books were stuff, and that life was stupid. His school-studies had not much modified that opinion ; for though he "did" his classics and mathematics, he was not pre- eminent in them. Exercise 2. Justify the use of capitals in the folloioing : — DEATH OF PAUL DOMBEY. When Paul saw him, he stretched out his hand, and said "Good by!" "Good by, my child !" cried Mrs. Pipchin, hurrying to his bed's head. "Not good by?" For an instant, Paul looked at her with the wistful face with which he had so often gazed upon her in his corner by the tire. "Ah, yes," he said, placidly, "good by ! Walter dear, good by ! " turning his head to where he stood, and putting out his hand again. ' ' Where is papa ? " He felt his father's breath upon his cheek, before the words had parted from his lips. "Remember Walter, dear papa," he whispered, looking in his face, — "remember Walter. I was fond of Walter!" The feeble hand waved in the air, as if it cried "good by ! " to Walter once again. "Now lay me down again," he said; "and, Floy, come close to me, and let me see you ! " 14 BE ILL BOOK IN ENGLISH. Sister and brother wound their arms ai'ound each other, and the golden light came streaming in, and fell upon them, locked together. " How fast the river runs between its green banks and the rushes, Floy ! But it's very near the sea. I hear the waves. They always said so ! " Presently he told her that the motion of the boat upon the stream was lulling him to rest. How green the banks were now, how bright the flowers growing on them, and how tall the rushes ! Now the boat was out at sea, but gliding smoothly on. And now there was a shore before him. Who stood on the bank ? He put his hands together, as he had been used to do at his prayers. He did not remove his arms to do it, but they saw him fold them so behind her neck. " Mamma is like you, Floy. I know her by the face ! But tell them that the print upon the stairs at school is not divine enough. The light about the head is shining on me as I go ! " The golden ripple on the wall came liack again, and nothing else stirred in the room. The old, old fashion ! The fashion that came in with our first garments, and will last unchanged until our race has run its course, and the wide firmament is rolled up like a scroll. The old, old fashion — Death ! CAPITALIZATION. 15 Exercise 3. Correct the errors in the foUoiving : ' — THE PROGRESS OF ENGLAND. in the course of seven centuries the wretched and degraded race have become the greatest and most highly civilized people that ever the world saw, have spread their dominion over every quarter of the globe, have scattered the seeds of mighty empires and republics over vast conti- nents of which no dim intimation had ever reached ptolemy or strabo, have created a mari- time power which would annihilate in a quarter of an hour the navies of tyre, atliens, carthage, Venice, and genoa together, have carried the sci- ence of healing, the means of locomotion and correspondence, every mechanical art, every man- ufacture, everything that promotes the conven- ience of life, to a perfection which our ancestors would have thought magical, have produced a literature which may boast of works not inferior to the noblest which greece has bequeathed to us, have discovered the laws which regulate the motions of the heavenly bodies, have speculated with exquisite subtilty on the operations of the human mind, have been the acknowledged lead- ers of the human race in the career of political improvement. the history of england is the history of this great change in the moral, intellectual, and phy- sical state of the inhabitants of our own island, there is much amusing and instructive episodical matter, but this is the main action, to us, we will own, nothing is so interesting and delightful as to contemplate the steps by which the england of the domesday book, the england of the curfew, has thus changed. 16 BRILL BOOK IN ENGLISH. Exercise 4. Correct the errors in the following : — EXTKACT FROM THE ESSAY ON MAN. heaven from all creatures hides the book of fate, all but the page prescribed, their present state ; from brutes what men, froni men what spirits know, oi" who could suffer being here below ? the lamb thy riot dooms to bleed to-day, had he thy reason, would he skip and play V pleased to the last, he crops the flowery food, and licks the hand just raised to shed his blood. o blindness to the future ! kindly given, that each may fill the circle nuirked by heaven ; who sees with equal eye, as god of all, a hero perish or a sparrow fall ; atoms or systems into ruin hurled, and now a bubble burst, and now a world. hope humbly, then, witli trembling pinions soar ; wait the great teacher, death ; and god adore, what future bliss, he gives not thee to know, but gives that hope to be thy blessing now. hope springs eternal in the human breast ; man never is, but always to be blest ; the soul, uneasy and confined from home, rests and expatiates in a life to come. lo the poor Indian, whose untutoi'ed mind sees god in clouds, and hears him in the wind ; his soul proud science never taught to stray far as the solar walk, or milky way ; yet simple nature to his hope has given, behind the cloud-topped hill, a humbler heaven ; some safer world in depth of woods embraced, some happier island in the watery waste, where slaves once more their native land behold. CAPITALIZATION. 17 Exercise 5. Correct the errors in the folloioing : — THE HEBREW RACE. ill consequence of what transpired at madrid, i went straight to paris, to consult the president of the french council ; i beheld the son of a french jew, a hero, an imperial marshal, and very properly so, for who should be military heroes if not those who worship the lord of hosts? "and is soult a hebrew?" "yes, and several of the french marshals, and the most famous ; massena, for example, — his real name was manasseh. but to my anecdote, the con- sequence of our consultations was, that some northern power should be applied to in a friend- ly and mediative capacity, we fixed on prussia, and the president of the council made an appli- cation to the Prussian minister, who attended a few days after our conference, count arnim entered the cabinet, and i beheld a prussian jew. so you see, my dear coningsby, that the world is governed by very different personages from what is imagined by those who are not behind the scenes, favored by nature and by nature's god, we produced the lyre of david ; we gave you isaiah and ezekiel ; they are our olynthiacs, our philippics, favored by nature we still remain ; but in exact proportion as we have been favored by nature we have been persecuted by man. after a thousand struggles, — after acts of heroic courage that rome has never equalled, — deeds of divine patriotism that athens and sparta and carthage have never excelled, — we have endured fifteen hundred years of supernatural slavery ; during which every device that can degrade or destroy man has been our destiny. 18 nniLL BOOK IN ENGLISU. CHAPTER IV. punctuation. Rules. 1. SENTENCES. 1. A declarative sentence takes a period at its close; as, Tlie work is completed. 2. An interrogative sentence takes an interrogation point at its close ; as, Wlio discovered America? 3. An exclamatory sentence takes an exclamation point at its close ; as, What a liero he is ! 4. An imperative sentence takes a period at its close ; as, John, close the door. 3. MEMBERS. 5. If any member of a compound sentence contains a semicolon, a colon should be used to separate the mem- bers ; as, Our hearts yon see not: they are pitiful; ; And pity to tlie general wrong of Rome Hath done this deed on Csesar. Note. — The principles of punctuation can best be learned froui liige- low's Handbook of Punctuation (Boston, Lee & Shepard), a treatise e(iually valuable as a text-book and as a book of reference. PUNCTUATION. 19 6. If any member of a compound sentence contains a comma, a semicolon should be used to separate the members ; as, But speak all good you can devise of Csesar, And say you do 't by our permission ; Else shall you not have any hand at all About his funeral. 7. Members slightly connected in thought are sepa- rated by semicolons ; as, Yet stay awhile ; Thou shalt not back till 1 have borne this corse Into the market-place. 8. Members closely connected in thought are sepa- rated by commas ; as, The sun has risen, his rays gild the mountain tops. Exception. — Short members that are very closely connected in thought may omit the comma, and the members of an interrogative sentence may be separated by an interrogation point ; as, The wind blew and the rain fell. Who has seen him ? who has heard of him ? 3. CLAUSES. 9. Clauses should be separated from one another, and from the rest of the sentence, by commas ; as. The wicked flee, when no man pursueth. If this is your excuse, you should be ashamed. Exception 1. — Clauses that are closely connected with the words they modify, are not separated by commas from the words which they modify. This exception applies most frequently to restrictive relative clauses, to clauses introduced by as and than in comparisons, and to single object clauses introduced by the conjunction that ; as. The man that lies loses the respect of his fellows. He is better than he seems. He said that he should sail the next day. 20 DRILL BOOK IN ENGLISH. Exception 2. — When one of a series of clauses contains a comma, the clauses should be separated by semicolons ; as, This occurred when the art of printing had not been invented ; when physical science was a myth ; when individual liberty, as we now understand it, had never been dreamed of. Exception 3. — Long direct quotations, and quotations introduced by asfolloios, these words, etc., are preceded by a colon ; as, Mr. Smith arose and spoke as follows : " I am happy to count my- self a member of this company." Exception 4. — Where but, and, or other connecting particle, occurs after a period or semicolon, immediately before a clause, the comma before the clause should be omitted ; as, He removed from the city last year ; but if he had remained here longer, he would have gained no more friends. 4. PHRASES. 10. Phrases are separated by commas from the rest of the sentence, — (1) When they are preceded by a modal adverb like even, especially, etc. ; as, There are, even in Boston, a few who cannot earn their living. (2) When they are equivalent to clauses that would require to be set off by commas ; as. They build, if possible, large and rambling houses on high hills. (3) When they are separated from the word which they modify, and the voice in reading tliem is naturall}^ checked, in order to give the desired meaning ; as, In all the countries of the Old World, beggars are as numerous as street lights. 11. Infinitive phrases are usually set off by commas when they are preceded by the expression, in order ; as, lie retired early, in order to recuperate his exhausted physical energies. PUNCTUATION. 21 12. Phrases arranged in pairs, are separated in pairs by commas ; as, 111 sickness and in health, in safety and in danger, God is our best friend. 13. A series of phrases modifying the same word, takes a comma after each phrase ; as. In London, in Paris, in Berlin, in New York, and in Chicago, we find men to be practically the same. 14. A phrase used parenthetically, and modifying the whole sentence rather than any one word, is set off by commas when the author wishes to emphasize the paren- thetical nature of the phrase ; as, The aristocrats of to-day, to speak plainly, are not aristocrats at all. 5. WORDS. 15. Words used parenthetically are separated from the rest of the sentence by commas. This includes, — (1) Vocative words and their modifiers ; as, Good friend, depart. (2) Words in apposition with some preceding word, unless the preceding word has the force of an adjective ; as, Henry VIII., King of England, was accused of many crimes. (3) Words repeated for emphasis ; as, Truth, truth is the highest of virtues. (4) Most modal adverbs ; as, Our civilization, therefore, has its defects. 22 DRILL BOOK iA' LWGLISIL 16. When a noun or verb is omitted for the sake of brevity and emphasis, a comma usually takes its place; as, Homer was the greater genius ; Vergil, the better artist. 17. Words arranged in pairs are separated in pairs by connnas ; as, Prince and pauper, master and slave, city and country, are por- trayed with equal fidelity. 18. A series of separated words in the same construc- tion takes commas in the places of the omitted conjunc- tions ; and when the last conjunction is expressed, takes a comma before the conjunction ; as, Henry, James, Charles, and Joseph are common names. Exception. — When the last of two or more adjectives in a series is an essential attribute of tlie noun modified, tlie comma sliould be omitted before it ; as, Many ragged little children were seen playing about the door. 19. All nouns in the singular number and all nouns in the plural ending with any other letter than s, form the possessive case by the addition of an apostrophe and the letter s ; as, John's, men's. Exception. — The additional s may be elided in poetry, and in the phrases, " for righteousness'' sake,'''' '\f or conscience^ sake,'''' "for good- ness'' sake,'''' " for Jesus'' sake,'''' etc. All plural nouns ending in s form the possessive by the addition of an apostrophe after the s ; as, Boys\ 20. Abbreviations which do not contain an apostro- phe, and Roman letters used to represent numbers, are followed by the period ; as, Mass., XIV. PUNCTUATION. 23 21. Interjections, except 0, and vocatives that express strong feeling, may be followed by an exclamation point ; as, Ah! Man! Interjections usually have no exclamation ponit when they stand in exclamatory sentences ; as. Ah, my friend, what a fall was that ! 6. MISCELLANEOUS. 22. The dash is used (1) where the construction of the sentence is suddenly changed or suspended ; (2) be- fore and after a parenthetical clause when the break is too great for the use of commas ; and (3) to denote the omission of words or letters ; as, He is — I dare not say what he is. Religion — who can doubt it? — is the noblest theme. John B n was assaulted by John S h. 23. Parentheses are used to enclose an explanation, authority, definition, reference, translation, or other mat- ter not strictly belonging to the sentence ; as. The Egyptian style of architecture (see Dr. Pocock's work) was the mother of the Greek. 24. In the address, date, and conclusion of a letter or other document, commas should be used to separate the different items ; as, Boston, Mass., June 1, 1891. 25. No question should be divided by any other point than a comma or an interrogation mark ; but if a ques- tion is so constructed that a greater break is required, the dash should be used ; as, If God be with us, who can be against us ? If his deeds are villainous, — what say you to that ? 24 BRILL BOOK IN ENGLISH. 26. Marks of quotation [" "] are used to indicate a passage from another author, or anything said by a speaker when it is given in his own words ; as, "Yes, SU-," said he, " I have." Remarks. — In quoting words or sentences the period and comma always come before the closing (juotation mark ; but the interrogation or the exclamation point, the colon, or the semicolon should come before or after the quotation mark according as it is a part of the quotation or not. When one quotation occurs within another, single marks should be used to enclose it. 27. Omitted letters are sometimes denoted by the apostrophe ; as, Don't yield. 28. The semicolon should be used before as, viz., e.c/., i.e., and similar words, when examples or particulars follow ; and a comma should follow them ; as, He uses many rustic expressions ; e.g., ain't, hain't, that 'ere 7nan, etc. 29. The use of brackets is the same as that of paren- theses, but is restricted to interpolations, corrections, notes, or explanations made by authors in quotations from others, or by editors in editing books ; as, See Livy, Book I., line 73. [Pliiladelphia, 1872.] 30. The parts of a compound predicate, if long or differently modified, should be separated by commas or semicolons ; as. He dined at his club, but supped with his family on the Avenue. 31. When a date is inserted in a sentence witliout a preposition or other word to connect it with the preced- ing words, a comma should be used before it ; as, AVashington was born, Feb. 22, 1732. PUNCTUATION. 25 32. The dash may be used after another mark to add to its force ; as, When all men are virtuous and altruistic, — then we may realize the ideals of " Looking Backward." 33. The parts of compound subjects, if long or dif- ferently modified, should be separated by commas ; as, The man who designed the statue, and Mr, Brown of Sacra- mento, were the principal guests. 34. When the subject is long or complex, it may be separated from the predicate by a comma ; as. The truths maintained by our fathers with their lives, and the principles which our brothers are now defending on the field of honor, deserve all the sacrifice which they have received. 35. The comma is sometimes omitted after abbrevia- tions ; as, Henry B. Jones, Jr. was elected mayor. 36. Words and expressions in a series may take a comma after every such word or expression for the sake of emphasis, even when all the conjunctions are expressed ; as. He is honest, and truthful, and devoted to his duty. 7. PAK A GRAPHING. 37. A new paragraph should be begun whenever the immediate topic of discourse is changed. 38. In printing conversations between different per- sons, whatever each person says or does usually consti- tutes a separate paragraph. STATE NORMIISC! 26 BRILL BOOK IN ENGLISH. Kxcrcise 1. Justify the punctuation in the following : — 1. But in the first year of Cyrus, the king of Baby- lon, the same King Cyrus made a decree to build tliis house of God. 2. Greece, Carthage, Rome, — where are they? 3. Heaven gives its favorites — early death. 4. Learning is the ally, not the adversary, of genius. 5. We came to a large opening, or inlet. .6. O that I had wings like a dove ! 7. O that this too, too solid flesh would melt, thaw, and resolve itself into a dew ! 8. The husband, wife, and children suffered ex- tremely. 9. True eloquence, indeed, does not consist in mere speech. 10. The death of President Wadsworth occurred, March 16th, 1737, and was lamented with more tlian ordinary demonstrations of sorrow. 11. Hark! hark! the Dauphin's drum ! u 12. It is the law of nature, that the mother shall pro- tect and cherish her offspring. 13. Our opinion is, that as to this part of the fund the trust should be terminated, and the amount paid over to the claimant. 14. Socrates recommended to one of his disciples this prayer : " O Jupiter, give us those things," etc. 15. How amiable thou art, O "Virtue ! 16. Ah, cliild ! you are as innocent as the flower that grows under our feet. 17. A clause is either independent or dependent : independent, if it forms an assertion by itself; depend- ent, if it enters into some otlier proposition with tiie value of a part of speech. 18. But though they had been victorious in the land engagements, they were so little decisive as to lead to no important result. PUNCTUATION. 27 Exercise 2. Justify the punctuation in the foUoiving sequences: — 1. Their search extends along, around the path. 2. The four greatest names in Engiisli poetry are almost the first we come to, — Chaucer, Spenser, Shake- speare, and Milton. 3. Are you still — I fear you are — far from being comfortably settled ? 4. Then the eye of a child, — who can look unmoved into that well undefiled, in which heaven itself seems to be reflected ? 5. For I know that in me (that is, in my flesh) dwelleth no good thing. 6. To render the Constitution perpetual, — which God grant it may be, — it is necessary that its benefits should be practically felt by all parts of the country. 7. What is civilization ? where is it? what does it consist in? by what is it excluded? where does it com- mence? where does it end? by what sign is it known? how is it defined? In short, what does it mean? 8. In order to prove this, I will now read precisely what the gentleman did say. 9. In his last moments he uttered these words : " I fall a sacrifice to sloth and luxury." 10. A noun is the name of anything that exists, or of which we have any notion ; as, London, man, virtue. 11. The ancient Greek language has been divided by grammarians into four principal dialects ; viz. Attic, Ionic, Doric, and ^Eolic. 12. He was courteous, not cringing, to superiors ; affable, not familiar, to equals ; and kind, but not con- descending or supercilious, to inferiors. 13. The keystones, etc. of the choir, and the com- partments between the ribs in the eastern part of the choir, were re-decorated in color. 14. Athens seemed now restored, if not to power, at least to independence ; and if she reflected but the 28 DEILL BOOK IN ENGLISH. shadow of her former greatness, she was at least raised up from the depths of her degradation. 15. A wise man seeks to shine in himself ; a fool, in others. 16. Price of admission, 50 cents. 17. Shaw, C. J. delivered the opinion of the court. 18. Hon. George F. Hoar, AVashington, D. C. 19. I am, sir, very respectfully, your obedient servant, George Washington. 20. For the things which are seen are temporal, but the things which are not seen are eternal. Exercise 3. Justify the punctuation in the following sentences: — 1. The poet INIilton wrote excellent prose and bet- ter poetry. 2. On the deatli of the Empress Anne, her niece assumed the government, as guardian of her son John. 3. By simple truth, staleness and tameness are not meant, for there should always be richness of thought. 4. To prove its location, reputation, and tradition, recitals in ancient deeds, and the evidence afforded by ancient maps and plans, are admissible. 5. She had dark blue eyes and beautiful light brown hair. 6. He then proceeded to draw on a pair of old, shabby, and very dirty white kid gloves. 7. Strong proofs, not a loud voice, produce con- viction. 8. Death had lost its terrors and pleasure its charms. 9. Saying with a loud voice. Worthy is the Lamb that was slain to receive jiower, and riches, and wisdom, and strength, and honor, and glory, and blessing. 10. Cherish true patriotism, which has its root in benevolence. 11. His stories, which made everybody laugh, were often made to order. PUNCTUATION. 29 12. They have forgotten, that in England not one shilling of paper money is received but of choice, that the whole has had its origin in cash actually deposited, and that it is convertible at pleasure into cash again. 13. Dante's knowledge of him is owing to the fact, that the profane Latin literature had been revived in the twelfth century. 14. United, we stand ; divided, we fall. 15. The prince, his father being dead, succeeded. 16. His father dying, he succeeded to the estate. 17. To confess the truth, I was much in fault. 18. Vices, like shadows, towards the evening of life grow great and monstrous. 19. I had grown to my desk, as it were, and the work had entered my soul. 20. True eloquence, indeed, does not consist in mere speech. 21. Patience, I say; your mind perhaps may change. Exercise 4. Justify the punctuation in the folloioing sentences: — ^ 1. Patriots, heroes, rise to this height of sacrifice. 2. A^jply your whole heart to this day's work ; you will never have the opportunity again. 3. The time that brings no hour-glass with it, is the time of youth. 4. These meteors, especially in the autumn, are seen in great numbers. 5. He rode over the country, in order to secure evi- dence in his client's favor. 6. Sink or swim, live or die, survive or perish, I give my heart to this vote. 7. On the mountain, in the valley, in the sea, in the wilderness, we see the handiwork of the Creator. 8. Hill and valley, forest and plain, rivulet and tor- rent, are filled with animal life. 9. King James's version of the Bible is often called the Authorized Version. 30 DRILL BOOK IN ENGLISH. Exercise 5. The following extract contains all necessary marks of punc- tuation, jyrojyerly 2ilciced, except commas. Correct errors in punctuation and the use of capitals : — DECAY OF CHIVALRY. it is now sixteen or seventeen years since i saw the queen of france then the dauphiness at Ver- sailles; and surely never lighted on this orb which she hardly seemed to touch a more delight- ful vision, i saw her just above the horizon decorating and cheering the elevated sphere she just began to move in — glittering like the morn- ing star full of life and splendor and ]oy. o what a revolution ! and what a heart must i have to contemplate without emotion that elevation and that fall ! little did i dream when she added titles of veneration to those of enthusiastic dis- tant respectful love that she would ever be obliged to carry the sharp antidote against dis- grace concealed in that bosom : little did i dream that i should have lived to see such disasters fallen upon her in a nation of gallant men in a nation of men of honor and of cavaliers, i thought ten thousand swords must have leaped from their scabbards to avenge even a look that threatened her with insult. but the age of chivalry is gone, that of soph- isters economists and calculators has succeeded; and the glory of europe is extinguished for ever, never never more shall we behold that generous loyalty to rank and sex that proud submission that dignified obedience that subordination of the heart which kept alive even in servitude itself the spirit of an exalted freedom, the un- bought grace of life the cheap defence of nations PUNCTUATION. 31 the nurse of manly sentiment and heroic enter- prise is gone ! it is gone that sensibility of principle that chastity of honor which felt a stain like a wound which inspired courage whilst it mitigated ferocity which ennobled whatever it touched and under which vice itself lost half its evil by losing all its grossness. this mixed system of opinion and sentiment had its origin in the ancient chivalry ; and the principle though varied in its appearance by the varying state of human affairs subsisted and in- fluenced through a long succession of genera- tions even to the time we live in. if it should ever be totally extinguished the loss i fear will be great, it is this which has given its character to modern europe. it is this which has distin- guished it under all its forms of government and distinguished it to its advantage from the states of asia and possibly from those states which flourished in the most brilliant periods of the antique world, it was this which without con- founding ranks had produced a noble equality and handed it down through all the gradations of social life, it was this opinion which miti- gated kings into companions and raised private men to be fellows with kings, without force or opposition it subdued the fierceness of pride and power ; it obliged sovereigns to submit to the soft collar of social esteem compelled stern au- thority to submit to elegance and gave a dom- inating vanquisher of laws to be subdued by manners. but now all is to be changed, all the pleasing illusions which made power gentle and obedience liberal which harmonized the different shades of life and which by bland assimilation incoi'- porated into politics the sentiments which beau- tify and soften private society are to be dissolved by this new conquering empire of light and 32 DRILL BOOK IN ENGLISH. reason, all the decent drapery of life is to be rudely torn off. all the superadded ideas fur- nished from the wardrobe of a moral imagina- tion which the heart owns and the understanding ratifies as necessary to cover the defects of our naked shivering nature and to raise it to dignity in our own estimation are to be exploded as a ridiculous absurd and antiquated fashion. on this scheme of things a king is but a man a queen is but a woman ; a woman is but an animal and an animal not of the highest order, all homage paid to the sex in general as such and without distinct views is to be regarded as ^ romance and folly, regicide and parricide and sacrilege are but fictions of superstition corrupt- ing jurisprudence by destroying its simplicity, the murder of a king or a queen or a bishop or a father is only common homicide; and if the people are by any chance or in any way gainers by it a sort of homicide much the most pardon- able into which we ought not to make too severe a scrutiny. PUNCTUATION. 33 Exercise 6. In the folloioing extract, commas are put for all marks of punctuation. Correct all errors : — THE TRIAL OF WARREN HASTINGS. there have been spectacles more dazzling to the eye, more gorgeous with jewelry and cloth- of-gold, more attractive to grown-up children, than that which was then exhibited at Westmin- ster, but perhaps there never was a spectacle so well calculated to strike a highly cultivated, a reflecting, an imaginative mind, all the various kinds of interest which belong to the near and to the distant, to the pi-esent and to the past, were collected on one spot, and in one hour, every step in the proceedings carried the mind either backward, through many troubled centu- ries, to the days when the foundations of our constitution were laid, or far away, over bound- less seas and deserts, to dusky nations living under strange stars, worshipping strange gods, and writing strange chai'acters from right to left, the high court of parliament was to sit, according to forms handed down from the days of the plantagenets, on an englishman accused of exercising tyranny over the lord of the holy city of benares, and over the ladies of the princely house of oude. the place was worthy of such a trial, it was the great hall of william rufus, the hall which had resounded with acclamations at the inaugu- ration of thirty kings, the hall which had wit- nessed the just sentence of bacon and the just absolution of somers, the hall where the elo- quence of Strafford had for a moment awed and melted a victorious party inflamed with just 34 BRILL BOOK IN ENGLISH. resentment, the hall where charles had con- fronted the high court of justice with the placid courage which has half redeemed his fame, neither military nor civil pomp was wanting, the avenues were lined with grenadiers, the streets were kept clear by cavalry, the peers, robed in gold and ermine, were marshalled by the heralds under garter king-at-arms, the judges in their vestments of state attended to give advice on points of law, the gray old walls were hung with scarlet, the long galleries wei-e crowded by an audi- ence such as has rarely excited the fears or the emulation of an orator, there were gathered to- gether, from all parts of a great, free, enlight- ened, and prosperous empire, grace and female loveliness, wit and learning, tlie representatives of every science and of every art, there were seated round the queen the fair-haired young daugliters of tlie house of brunswick, there tlie ambassadors of great kings and commonwealths gazed with admiration on a spectacle which no other country in the world could present, there siddons, in the prime of her majestic beauty, looked with emotion on a scene surpassing all the imitations of the stage, tliere the historian of the reman empire thought of the days when cicei-o pleaded the cause of sicily against vei'res, and when, before a senate which still retained some show of freedom, tacitus thundered against the oppressor of africa, there were seen, side by side, the greatest painter and the greatest scholar of the age, the spectacle had allured reynolds from that easel which has preserved to us the thoughtful fore- heads of so many writers and statesmen, and the sweet smiles of so many noble matrons, it liad induced parr to suspend his labors in tliat dark and profound mine from which he had ex- PUNCTUATION. 35 tracted a vast treasure of erudition, a treasure too often buried in the eartli, too often paraded with injudicious and inelegant ostentation, but still precious, massive, and splendid, there ap- peared the voluptuous charms of her to whom the heir of the throne had in secret plighted his faith, there too was she, the beautiful mother of a beautiful race, the saint cecilia whose delicate features, lighted up by love and music, art has rescued from the common decay, there were the members of that brilliant society which quoted, criticised, and exchanged repartees, under the rich peacock-hangings of mrs. montague, and there the ladies whose lips, more persuasive than those of fox himself, had carried the Westminster election against palace and treasury, shone round georgiana, duchess of devonshire, the sergeants made proclamation, bastings advanced to tlie bar, and bent his knee, the cul- prit was indeed not unworthy of that great pres- ence, he had ruled an extensive and populous country, had made laws and treaties, had sent forth armies, had set up and pulled down princes, and in his high place he had so borne himself, that all had feared him, that most had loved him, and that hatred itself could deny him no title to glory, except virtue, he looked like a great man, and not like a bad man, a person small and emaciated, yet deriving dignity from a carriage which, while it indicated deference to the court, indicated also habitual self-possession and self-respect, a high and intellectual fore- head, a brow pensive, but not gloomy, a mouth of inflexible decision, a face pale and worm, but serene, on which was written, as legibly as under the picture in the council-chamber at Calcutta, 7nens cequa in arduis. 36 DRILL BOOK IN ENGLISH. Exercise 7. Correct the errors in the following. Pay especial attention to imnctuation and jKiragraphing. DEATH OF LONG TOM COFFIN. when the tide falls said dilloii in a voice that betrayed the agony of fear though his words expressed the renewal of hope we shall be able to walk to land thei"e was one and only one to whose feet the waters were the same as a dry deck returned the coxswain and none but such as have liis power will ever be able to walk from these rocks to the sands the old seaman paused and turning his eyes which exhibited a mingled expression of disgust and compassion on his companion he added with reverence had you thought more of him in fair weather your case would be less to be pitied in this tempest do you still think there is much danger asked dillon to them that have reason to fear death listen do you hear that hollow noise beneath ye tis the wind driving by the vessel tis the poor thing herself said the affected coxswain giving her last groans the water is breaking upon her decks and in a few minutes more the handsomest model that ever cut a wave will be like the chips that fell from her in framing why then did you remain here cried dillon wildly to die in my cof- fin if it should be the will of god returned tom these waves are to me wliat the land is to you I was born on them and I have always meant that they shall be my grave but i i shrieked dillon I am not ready to die i cannot die i will not die poor wretch muttered his companion you must go like the rest of us when the death-watch is called none can skulk from the nmster i can PUNCTUATION. 37 swim dillon continued rushing with frantic eagerness to the side of tlie wreck is there no billet of wood no rope that i can take with me none everything has been cut away or carried off by the sea if you are about to strive for your life take with you a stout heart and a clean con- science and trust the rest to god god echoed dil- lon in the madness of his frenzy i know no god there is no god that knows me peace said the deep tones of the coxswain in a voice that seemed to speak in the elements blasphemer peace the heavy groaning produced by the water in the timbers of the ariel at that moment added its impulse to the raging feelings of dillon and he cast himself headlong into the sea the water thrown by the rolling of the surf on the beach was necessarily returned to the ocean in eddies in different places favorable to such an action of the element into the edge of one of these counter-currents that was produced by the very rocks on which the schooner lay and which the watermen call the under-tow dillon had unknow- ingly thrown his person and when the wavers had driven him a short distance from the wreck he was met by a stream that his most desperate efforts could not overcome he was a light and powerful swimmer and the struggle was hard and protracted with the shore immediately be- fore his eyes and at no great distance he was led as by a false phantom to continue his efforts although they did not advance him a foot the old seaman who at first had w'atched his motions with careless indifference understood the danger of his situation at a glance and forgetful of his own fate he shouted aloud in a voice that was driven over the struggling victim to the ears of his shipmates on the sands sheer to poi't and clear the under-tow sheer to the southward dil- lon heard the sounds but his faculties were too 38 DRILL BOOK IN JSNGLISH. much obscured by terror to distinguish their object he howeA'er blindly yielded to the call and gradually changed his direction until his face was once more turned towards the vessel toni looked around him for a rope but all had gone over with the spars or been swept away by the waves at this moment of disappointment his eyes met those of the desperate dillon calm and inured to horrors as was the vetei-an seaman he involuntarily passed his hand before his brow to exclude the look of despair he encountered and when a moment afterwards he removed the rigid member he beheld the sinking form of the victim as it gradually settled in the ocean still struggling with regular but impotent strokes of the arms and feet to gain the wreck and to pre- serve an existence that had been so nmch abused in its hour of allotted probation he will soon meet his god and learn that his god knows him murmured the coxswain to himself as he yet spoke the wreck of the ariel yielded to an over- whelniinsx sea and after a universal shudder her timbers and planks gave way and were swept towards the cliffs bearing the body of the simple- hearted coxswain among the ruins GRAMMAR AND RHETORIC. 39 CHAPTER V. grammar and rhetoric. Rules of Concord. 1. A verb agrees with its subject in number and person. Doesn't he know ; not D/« hiiu in character. Agree with a person. Agree to a thing. Neither, nor. Either, or. Attribute to (verb). Attribute o/(noun). Betray io a person. Betray into a thing. Confide to (active). Confide in (passive). Accord to (active). Accord with (passive). Compare to (for illustration). Compare with (for quality). Copy from nature. Copy after a parent. Defend others /ro?w. Defend ourselves against. Die of a disease. Die by a sword. Reconcile a person to. Reconcile a thing toith. Both, and. So, that (before finite verb). So, as (before infinitive). Such, as. Such, that (before finite verb). GRAMMAR AND RHETORIC. 51 Whether, or. As, in affirmative state- Though, yet. ments. Not only, but also. So, in negative and restric- tive statements. Use at and in after verbs of rest ; to and into after verbs of motion. Fish live in the river. The boy fell into the river. 66. In comparisons, as follows the positive degree, and than the comparative. He is as good as I. He is better than I. This is sometimes forgotten when positive and com- parative both occur in the same sentence. Incorrect : He is as good if not better than his brother. Correct : He is as good as, if not better than, his brother. Note. —The arrangement of this sentence is objectionable. 57. Between should be used only when two objects or sets of objects are referred to. Aynong is used when more than two objects or sets of objects are referred to. No love is lost between them. [Two.] The apples were distributed among them. [More than two.] 58. What should not be used for the conjunction that. I don't know but that [not what'] I sliall go. 59. Where and ivhen should not be used instead of which and its adjuncts. This is the city in which [not lohere'] he died. This rule is often violated by good writers. 60. Ye is a nominative form and should never ' be used as the object of a verb or a preposition. I tell you [not ye'\. 52 BRILL BOOK IN ENGLISH. 61. The adjectives either and neither refer to one of two objects. Neither of them [two] was here. Any one of them [more than two] will do it. Some authors use each and which only in reference to one of two objects. 62. The verb commence should not be used to govern the infinitive. He began [not commenced] to accumulate wealth. Repetitions, Redundancies, Ellipses, Etc. 63. When nouns come in a series, if the first requires an indefinite article, all require it. Correct : A horse and a cow are in the pasture. Incorrect : A horse and cow are in the pasture. 64. In a series, nouns that denote the same person or thing take the article with the first noun only. The Governor and Commander-in-chief has arrived. 65. When several adjectives qualify a noun and only one thing is spoken of, the indefinite article must be placed before the first adjective only. A large and enthusiastic audience had assembled. [One audi- ence.] QQ. When several adjectives modify a noun and sev- eral things are spoken of, the indefinite article must be placed before each adjective. A large and an enthusiastic audience assembled last evening. [Two audiences.] GRAMMAR AND RHETORIC. 53 67. When two nouns compared refer to one person, the first only has the article ; when they refer to two persons, both have the article. He is a better friend than counsellor. [One person.] He is a better friend than a counsellor. [Two persons.] 68. The rules for repeating the definite article are the same as for repeating the indefinite article, but are not so rigidly observed. 69. Be careful to insert or to omit the article before separate nouns as the sense requires. Men [not the men] are mortal. 70. When a participial noun has an article before it, it should have of after it. The reading of the letter gave great satisfaction. 71. When the verbs are diiferent, they should be expressed in every member of a sentence. He lives in the city, and they live in the country [not they in the country~\ . 72. From should not be used before hence, thence, and whence, because it is implied in these words. Say, from this place, from that place, from what jjlace. 73. Do not insert a preposition between a transitive verb and its object. He approves this [not approves o/this]. 74. Avoid superfluous words. Correct : He has a large fortune [not has got"]. Incorrect : Hence you will see, therefore, he must necessarily be in error. 64 DRILL BOOK IN ENGLISH. 75. The relative pronoun in the nominative should not be omitted. Incorrect : This is the man discovered the island. Rules for Securing Clearness. 76. Use words with propriety and precision. His stories were incredible [not incredulous]. 11. Do not in any sentence employ the same word in more than one sense. The well was nearly full [not ivell Jilled]. 78. When there are two or more words with which a participial phrase may be used, great care should be taken in placing it. Incorrect : I remember when the French band of Guides were in this country, reading in the Illustrated News, etc. 79. The participle not used independently, even in the gerundive use, should refer to a noun or pronoun in the nominative or the objective case. Incorrect : Having eaten heartily, his powers were dormant. 80. An ellipsis which may be understood in more tlian one way should not be employed. Incorrect : Lovest thou )ne more than these ? 81. Use personal pronouns with care. Incorrect : He told his friend that if he did not feel better soon he ought to return. 82. Do not mix literal and metaphorical language. Incorrect : He flung liis powerful frame into the saddle, and his great soul into the cause. GRAMMAR AND RHETORIC. 55 83. Do not mix metaphors. Incorrect: He took arms against this avalanche of troubles. Rules for Securing Unity. 84. The scene shoiikl be changed as little as possible. Incorrect : He built the house of timber that was brought from Palestine, the land in which the Saviour lived and wrought his miracles. 85. Never crowd into one sentence thoughts which have so little connection that they could be expressed better in two or three sentences. Incorrect : The King called together his Parliament ; soon after the plague broke out in London. 86. Do not use a parenthesis in the middle of a sentence.^ Incorrect : The people (so he said) had rights that the King ought to respect. 87. Do not attach a clause to a sentence which would be complete and more expressive without it. Incorrect : The British hired Hessians to conquer us, and the Hessians were defeated, which added much to Washington's fame. 1 This rule is for tyros. See page 23. 56 DRILL BOOK IN ENGLISH. Exercise 1. 1. A man may see a metaphor or an alle- gory in a picture, as well as read them in a description. 2. I had no sooner placed her at my right hand, by the fire, but she opened to me the rea- son of her visit. 3. A prudent wife, she shall be blessed. 4. Not only the counsel's and attorney's, but the judge's opinion also favored his cause. 5. The vicious inclined dog was shot be- fore he had bit any of the children. 6. The boy brought some fruit for my sister and I. 7. May me and Amelia go for a walk? 8. He who committed the offence I will punish. 9. Whatever others do, let thou and I act wisely. 10. By sailing on so stormy a day he run a great risk. 11. He soon begun to weary of having nothing to do. 12. Who brought these flowers ? Me. 13. He would have went with us had he been asked. 14. The window was broke yesterday. 15. No new danger has arose. X 16. He writes as the best authors would have wrote, had they written on the same subject. 17. Neither riches, nor honor, nor no such blessings satisfied him. 18. Be truthful, nor take no thought of false- hood. 19. We cannot by no means permit you to go. 20. Both of these opinions have the sanction of the highest authority, and it may be well to examine which of them is the wisest. GEAMMAE AND EIIETOEIC. 57 21. Shakespeare is more admired than any English poet. 22. When reason doubtful, like the Samian letter, points him two ways, the narrowest is the best. 23. This picture of the king's does not much resemble him. 24. I offer observations that a long and check- ered pilgrimage have enabled me to make on man. 25. Clelia is a vain woman, who, if we do not flatter, she will be disgusted. 26. Let's you and I go to the city. ^ 27. John and I was there. 28. The bridge is opposite Brown's Brothers'. 29. Was Cain's and Abel's father thei-e? 30. We have men and boy's clothing. 31. There is but little difference between the Earth and Venus's diameter. Exercise 2. 1. The doctor said in his lecture that fever always produced thirst. 2. The Annals of Florence are a most im- posing work. 3. The Jews were always very careful in the observation of the religious festivals. 4. After a journey of a week's endurance he arrived home. 5. The author is distinguished by property in the use of words. 6. The messenger brought news of great import. 7. I knew that he was there, but I had no conscience of his presence. 8. Though learned, well bred ; and, though well bred, sincere; Modestly bold and humanly severe. 58 JJliILL BOOK IN ENGLISH. 9. He was learned in all the ceremonious rites of the church. 10. He demeaned himself before his supe- riors. 11. Dr. Dodd is a very populous preacher. 12. She parts her hair in the centre. ■^j 13. The title of sage bestowed upon him by his scholars was due more to their ignorance than his knowledge. 14. Negligence of this leaves us exposed to an uncommon levity in our conversation. 15. The calamities of the children were due to the neglect of their parents. 16. They manifested great candidness throughout the transaction. 17. The importance as well as the authenti- calness of the books has been displayed. 18. The attempt, however laudable, was found to be impracticable. 19. He is our mutual benefactor. 20. The river broke through its banks and the country was overflown. 21. The proposition for each of us to relin- quish something was accepted, and led to a cor- dial reconcilement. 22. This paste will adhere labels to tin. 23. All the so plii^ m wliich has been employed cannot obscure so plain a truth. 24. He was so ill that he could not set up at all, but had to lay in bed. 25. He had no less than seventy houses. 26. jNIr. Jones learns us geography. 27. Conversation is the business, and let every one that please add their ojiinion freely. 28. There are many more shining qualities in tl)e mind of man, but there are none so use- ful as discretion. 29. Frequent commission of crimes harden the heart. GRAMMAR AND RHETORIC. 59 30. In our earliest youth the contagion of manners are observable. 31. The pyramids of Egypt has stood more than three thousand years. 32. I saw Jones, he who discovered the island. 33. That building must be either a church or school. 34. We may fairly regard the book as a col- lection of youthful reflections, as to the advisa- bility of publishing which tlie i^oet had not yet made up his mind, and perhaps had he lived would have suppressed. Excrci.se 3. 1. If I were in his position, I would not have gone. 2. They would neither eat themselves nor suffer nobody else to eat. 3. Did you expect to have heard so poor a speech ? 4. I had the physician, the surgeon, and the apothecary's assistance. 5. It was Peter the Hermit, him that in- cited the crusade. 6. Here come my old friend and teacher. 7. Having failed in this attempt no fur- ther trial was made. 8. Nothing but grave and serious studies delight him. 9. Dreams are instances of that agility and perfection which is natural. 10. It is not for such as us to sit with the princes of the land. 11. To this lady he presented David as his mother. 12. Of all others he is the ablest man they have. 60 DRILL BOOK IN ENGLISH. i;j. lie trusted to have equalled the Most ' High. 14. We know little, individually, of his hearers. 15. The following facts may or have been adduced on the other side. 16. This is the general, him that was wounded at Gettysburg. 17. The num and his sister was drowned. 18. I do not care whether John or William come. 19. If Clive were victorious at Plassey, it was not through numbers. 20. Though the field were badly tilled, it pro- duced a good crop. 21. Though eating be necessary, man should not over-eat. 22. A thousand pounds are more than I can afford. 23. Three shillings are more than that book is worth. 24. Eleven yards of the cloth are not enough to make a gown. 25. This change, though mainly owing to their own violence, excited no small indignation in the minds of the reformers. 26. Soon after his master's death in 1441 Caxton went abroad. 27. After his father's death one of the Paston correspondents wrote to him several times before he heard that he was dead. 28. He adopted Trajan, then about forty years of age, and who commanded a powerful army in Lower Germany. 29. A woman of exemplary character and who, with her family, has been for more than thirty years a tenant of the same house in this neighborhood, has a husband who is entirely and permanently incapacitated for work. GRAMMAR AND RHETORIC. 61 Exercise 4. 1. Their conduct resembled a coward's who is afraid to speak the truth. 2. Words should convey an exact copy of his idea who uses them. 3. The more accurately we search into the human mind the stronger traces we find every- whei'e of His wisdom who made it. 4. Of all other figures of speech, irony should be the most carefully employed. 5. This kind of wit is that which abounds in Cowley, more than in any author that ever wrote. 6. The gag forced into the mouth of whom- soever lifts up his voice with a pure heart to preach his faith — that gag I feel between my own lips. 7. My memory does not serve me as to whom it was. 8. We were betrayed by those whom we thought would sacrifice everything to help us. ft. We met young Brown, whom all agree is very affable. 10. ]\Ir. Allen Thorndyke Rice, who, it is an- nounced, President Harrison has appointed American minister to St. Petersburg, is a dis- tinguished journalist. 11. An occasional interchange of newspapers was effected through the medium of a dark ser- vant of the Major's, who Miss Tox was quite content to classify as a native. 12. Nobody put themselves out of their way to secure her comfort. 13. Everybody breakfasts when and where they please. 14. Many a one has gone out of the world no wiser in many respects than when they came into it. 62 DRILL BOOK IN ENGLISH. 15. Neither flatter or coatemn the rich or the great. 16. Many would exchange gladly their hon- ors, beauty, and riches, for that more (juiet and humbler station, which thou art now dissatisfied with. 17. High hopes and florid views is a great enemy to tranquillity. 18. Many persons will not believe but what they are free from prejudices. 19. I will lie me down in peace, and take my rest. 20. Don't he want any help? 21. That ain't the right answer to that ques- tion. 22. There is a horse and a cow in the field. 23. The good temper of the children charm me. 24. Each of the workmen are worthy of their wages. 25. I thought it was him. 26. I understood it to be he. 27. Me and Tom Brown are going fishing. 28. Between you and I, I do not trust him. 29. I suffer more from the quarrel than him. 30. Will you pass me some of them plums? 31. Jack didn't ought to tease his little sister. 32. Nothing but vain and foolish pursuits delight some people. 33. A variety of pleasing objects charm the eye. 34. True dignity with softness of manners were happily blended in him. 35. Not one of them whom thou sees clothed in purple and fine linen are perfectly happy. 36. Thou should love thy neighbor as sin- cerely as thou loves thyself. 37. The religion of these people, as well as their customs, were clearly described. GRAMMAR AND RHETORIC. 63 38. One and nineteen makes twenty. 39. One added to nineteen make twenty. 40. She that is idle and mischievous reprove sharply. 41. He invited my brother and I to see his library. 42. Temperance and exercise, howsoever lit- tle they may be regarded, they are the best means of preserving health. 43. I intended to have called. 44. Many a man were killed. Exercise 5. 1. We have done no more than it was our duty to have done. 2. He showed me two kinds, but I did not buy any of them. 3. They told me of him liaving failed. 4. He has already, and will continue to re- ceive many honoi's. 5. The party whom he invited was very numerous. 6. She is the same lady who sang so sweetly. 7. After the most strictest notions of the sect, I lived a hermit. 8. There was more sophists than one. 9. If a person have lived twenty or thirty years, he should have some experience. 10. Either you or I are in the way. 11. One bullet entered his neck and killed him dead. 12. When are you going to begin to start? 13. The resolution was carried unanimously by every one present. 14. He has a voice quite vociferous. 15. These words were audibly heard by all present. 64 DRILL BOOK IN ENGLISH. 16. Allow me to express our gratitude for the universal marks of sympathy shown to the mem- ory of my late husband by all who knew him. 17. Prisoner was a powerfully built man. 18. He stooped down to pick up a stone. 19. Corns radically eradicated by a new and novel remedy. 20. The name of the town was called Wey- mouth. 21. The town has a population of only forty thousand inhabitants. 22. At last he returned back to his brother. 23. This new innovation proved more than abundantly sufficient to disturb his equanimity. 24. We went alone to the foot of the moun- tain, from whence we were conducted by a bald- headed guide. 25. Carefully read your composition over when finished, put in the words left out and correct all mistakes. 26. Nothing is more lovelier than virtue. 27. Changed to a worser shape thou canst not be. 28. I have drunk no spirituous liquors this six years. 29. Solid peace and contentment consists neither in beauty nor riches, but in the favor of God. 30. A talent of this kind vv'ould prove the likeliest of any other to succeed. 31. He would not be persuaded but what I was greatly in fault. 32. Nothing shall die of all that is the chil- dren's of Israel. 33. Call at Smith's, the bookseller and sta- tioner's. 34. We read of Jack's the Giant-killer won- derful exploits. 35. Ruth and I, and you too, must answer for yourselves. GRAMMAR AND RFIETORIC. 65 Exercise 6. 1. His treatment by the barrister who had so shamefully abused the questionable privilege of his profession to question his integrity, was not only forgiven but even justified by his gen- erous victim. 2. A fondness for show is, of all other fol- lies, the most vain. 3. A more worthier man you cannot find. 4. The poor girl still coughs considerable. 5. Chatterton died miserable poor. 6. The French did not feel the w^ar like we did. 7. Ganymede answered that he came of as good parentage as he did. 8. While Orlando was answering that he knew not what to think, Ganymede entered and asked the Duke if he brought his daughter whether he would consent to her marriage. 9. A thousand weary miles now stretch Between my love and I. 10. His wealth and him bid adieu to each other. 11. Here's none but thee and I. 12. Let you and I look at these. 13. There is a painful difference between the founder of a style and he who imitates it. 14. Who did that come from? 15. Who was it killed the bear? 16. You know surely that La Guyara and the salvation of one whom we believe dwells there, was our first object in this adventure. 17. This was as far as he could carry the case that day, as a witness whom he expected would have been present was unfortunately absent. 18. He saw on the night of the burglary a man whom he believed was the accused. 66 DRILL BOOK IN ENGLISH. 19. It is indeed the essential quality of a gen- tleman, and which no man, wlio ever was great in the field, can possibly be without. 20. To his inexpi-essible delight he beheld a sail at a very little distance, and which luckily seemed to be making towards him. 21. A gentleman on board, and who was in my situation, rescued me from his hands. 22. The Board offer their grateful acknowl- edgments for the liberal support hitherto so freely extended, and wliich has so greatly con- tributed to this satisfactory result. 23. The prince or magistrate, the soldier or merchant, reconciled their fervent zeal and im- plicit faith with the exercise of their profession, the pursuit of their interest, and the indulgence of their passions. 24. Every one must judge of their own feel- ings. 25. The governor and the commander-in- chief [one person] has arrived. 26. The governor and commander-in-chief [two persons] have arrived. 27. She was annoyed by the presence of Mr. Jekyl, whom lier brother insisted should remain to dinner. 28. The great teacher himself, whom he might fear would have passed away, is waiting. 29. Slie determined to marry nobody, let him be whom he might. 30. The sign of the Good Samaritan is writ- ten on the face of whomsoever opens to the stranger. 31. Whomsoever they accused were cast into her peculiar prisons. 32. Either of these three will answer. GRAMMAB AND RHETORIC. 67 Exercise 7. 1. Men were led to false conclusions, not through mere ignorance, but from hastily assum- ing the correctness of the data they reasoned from without sufficient grounds. 2. This necessitated his being parted from the books which he loved for a time. 3. I am glad that you have pointed out the ambiguity in the report, as it enables me to give him the credit he deserves, by sending this let- ter to the papers. 4. It is not necessary to accurately define the meaning of everything that is said. 5. I scarcely ever i-emember to have had a rougher walk. \_Ever qualifies to have had.^ 6. She published a separate volume of poems, and contributed many beautiful short pieces of poetry to periodicals, which are marked by great vigor and originality. 7. He was arrested in bed, and attempted to commit suicide by firing a pistol at his head, which he had concealed amongst the bed-clothes. 8. Very tenderly does Arethusa appeal to her son not to deprive her of his protection, companionship, and help, who had devoted her life to him by retiring into a monastery. 9. Resolve me why the cottager and king, Him whom sea-severed realms obey, and him Who steals his whole dominion from the waste, Repelling winter blasts with mud and straw. Disquieted alike, draw sigh for sigh. 10. The ebb and flow of the tides were ex- plained by Newton. 11. John, James, or Charles will do it; send either. 68 DRILL BOOK IN ENGLISH. 12. Its convex surface, by raising the breast, enabled the priest to perform liis diabolical task more easily of removing the heart. 13. The deatli is announced from San Fran- cisco under melancholy circumstances of Mr. A. H. C. 14. I would act the same part if I were him. 15. They believed it to be I. 16. Whom do you think it is? 17. Who do you suppose it to be ? 18. They seemed to be nearly dressed alike. 19. The apple tastes sweetly. 20. Velvet feels smoothly. 21. I have not had no dinner. 22. I will not take that course by no means. 23. He spoke the piece clear and distinct. 24. Witness said that his wife's father came to his house and he ordered him out, but he refused to go. 25. Father Fremare was quite shocked, and said he could only explain it, by concluding that the devil had practised a trick to annoy his friends, the Jesuits. 26. After my poor father's death, the good gentleman took me because he was a captain in his regiment and gave me education. 27. At home I studied geometry, that I found useful afterwards. 28. This is the friend which T love. 29. Man is not such a machine as a watch or a clock which move merely. 30. Neither despise or oppose what you do not understand. 31. He is more bold but not so wise as his companion. 32. Will it be urged that the four Gospels are as old or even older than tradition ? 33. As far as I am able to judge, the book is well written. QRAAnrAR AND RHETOBIC. 69 34. Sincerity is as valuable, and even more so, as knowledge. 35. An invitation was sent to me and George. Exercise 8. 1. So you must ride On horseback after we. 2. The boy stood on the burning deck Whence all but he had fled. 3. The money is to be divided between the three brothers. 4. Each clergyman declares aloud that he believes it a dozen times every year. 5. He propounds revolutionary sentiments sufficient to make a bishop's hair bristle on his head in a subdued and ladylike voice. 6. He was driving away from the church where he had been married in a coach and six. 7. The council is the executive, and not the committee. 8. It is reported from Sofia that ex-King Milan has declared that he is going back to Servia, to claim the throne which he abandoned in order to put a stop to the anarchy which pre- vails there. 9. The carriage drove round ready packed and loaded and absolutely screaming with de- light Lady Juliana sprang into it. m. They are all faithful ; select either. 11. Nor does this false modesty expose us only to such actions as are indiscreet, but very often to such as are highly criminal. 12. I think you will find my German at all events as good as his. 13. It is not only hard to distinguish between too little and too much reform, but between the good and evil intentions of different reformers. 14. This cannot often at least be done. 70 DUILL BOOK IN ENGLISH. 15. " The Spirit of Laws " was only completed when the author was sixty years of age. 16. The first two named only ascended to the summit. 17. The river could only be distinguished from the ocean by its calmness and discolored water. 18. The crown can be worn only by a Pro- testant. 19. I only spoke a very few words. 20. When Garrick appeared, Peter was for some time in doubt whether it could be him or not. 21. Tlie company was very numerous. 22. Thy ]\Iaker's will has placed thee here, A Maker's wise and good. 23. He turned to the left of tlie house and then he left abruptly. 24. He means to take advice as to the best means of succeeding. 25. In this case the noun is in the nomina- tive case. 26. She always leaves the leaves of her book dirty. 27. The present satisfies me at present. 28. I do not like to see a boy write like that. 29. A man of his sense should have a hi"her sense of duty. 30. I bought the bonnet at Smith's and Babb's. Exercise 9. 1. He proposed the study of Italian as an occupation for my idleness. 2. The counsel tried to confound the wit- ness. 3. The good nnin is not overcome by disap- pointment when that which is mortal passes GRAMMAR AND RHETORIC. 71 away, when that which is mutable dies, and when' that whicli is transient begins to change. 4. Galileo discovered the telescope ; Harvey invented the circulation of the blood. 5. Neither of the company wore jewels. 6. A lot of time was wasted in endeavoring to reach her mental senses, which are become very obfuscated through dissipation. 7. As this irascible embodiment of senile and impotent officiousness evidently desiderates enlightenment, I will answer his strictures seriatim . 8. Afterwards they went in for Terpsicho- i"ean exercises and tripped it on the light fantas- tic till the " wee sma' hours ayont the twal." 9. At last the door opened and Miss Smith put in an appearance. 10. He had expended a considerable siim in erecting a residence. 11. There were several old disciples of Izaak Walton, with several juvenile votaries of the piscatorial art. 12. The proper time to make hay is while the bright orb of day hangs resplendent in the blue vault of heaven. 13. The infantile portion of the community felt great interest in her shop. 14. The accused was condemned to enjoy the hospitality of the State for six months. 15. The pedestrian contest terminated in the defeat of Robinson. 16. The water escaped through small per- forations. 17. The cat was lying in the sunny window taking her matutinal nap. 18. The Queen and her suite was in the palace. 19. He repents him of that indiscreet action. 20. It was me and not him that wrote it. 72 DRILL BOOK IN ENGLISH. 21. I am a man who approves of wholesome discipline, and who recommend it to others ; but I am not a [)erson who promotes severity, or who object to mild and generous treatment. 22. Everybody rises early and goes to the spring, where they partake of the water with much energy and perseverance. 23. Every girl should bring their books. 24. They who had laid up nothing came upon the parish at once ; they who had saved some- thing spent that first. 25. They who have talents want industry; they who have industry want talents. 26. I experienced little difficulty in distin- guishing from among the pedestrians they who had business with St. Bartholomew. 27. I see another great man whose mind is a more abject slave to his own greatness and is more tortured and racked by it than those of all his vassals. 28. No man shall ever receive a favor at my hands who is guided by any other law than that of my will. 29. There is one thing the loss of which I should deplore infinitely more than that of liberty and life also, I mean that of a good conscience. 30. He likewise produced some baked flesh, a little resembling that of venison. 31. This is the man killed the general. 32. The rich and poor have a common interest. 33. The man wore a large, a dark, and a faded cloak. 34. What is the use of you whipping a dead horse ? 35. I am sorry to own that he failed through me neglecting to help him. 36. He trusted to me keeping his secret. GRAMMAR ANf> RHETORIC. 73 37. I am delighted at you having succeeded.. 38. I am annoyed at him being excluded from the party. Exercise 10. 1. Athelstane, confident of his strength, and to whom his flatterers at least ascribed great skill in arms, had determined to make him feel the weight of his battle-axe. 2. A good substitute was found in the maize, the great agricultural staple of both the northern and southern divisions of the American conti- nent, and which after its exportation to the old World spread so rapidly as to suggest the idea of its being indigenous to it. 3. In this fight he took the French king and his son prisoner and whom he treated with great respect. 4. Neither of the presidents has been re- elected twice. 5. Ne'er man a more industrious spouse pos- sessed, Ne'er children in a mother was more blessed. 6. Every one of these letters are in my name. 7. The continual succession of the small craft, like the frequent repetition of all things which have nothing in them great, beautiful, or admirable, tire the eye and give us distaste and aversion instead of pleasure. 8. Neither of these gentlemen are kindly disposed to this country. 9. His voice and manner was studiously calm. 10. The horse and its rider make a fine appearance. 11. No one gave his opinion so modestly as he. 74 DRILL HOOK IN ENGLISH. 12. I do not deny l)Ht, lie lias merit. 1 •>. We oxpeel-ed something more besides this. 11. Was the singing any different to-night than usual? 15. He is not only accused of theft but of murder. 16. I soon expect to have finished my work. 17. This veil of flesh parts the visible and invisible world. 18. It cannot be me you mean. 19. Praise from a friend or censure from a foe Are lost on hearers tliat our merits know. 20. That wife of my cousin's and that friend of my brother's were there. 21. I do not know who you profess to be. 22. I thought I should have died with laughter. 23. Let me awake the king, — he who lies there drenched with sleep. 24. A red and a white flag was the only one displayed from the tower. 25. A hot and cold spring were found in the same neighborhood. 26. The first and second book are difficult. 27. A man, woman, and infant were riding in the cars. 28. He comes, nor want nor cold his course delay. 20. The terms rich or poor are not so used. 80. The whole need not a physician, but them that are sick. 31. He will ill no wise cast out whomsoever come unto him. 32. Xow, therefore, come thou, let us make a covenant, I and thoti. 33. In France cheap wood is made to per- fectly imitate mahogany. 34. The great historian and the essayist is no more. GRAMMAR AND RHETORIC. 75 35. There were two men present ; him whom I now see, and another. 36. The crowd w^ere immense. Exercise 11. 1. These kind of vei'bs are very expressive. 2. Early to bed and early to rise Makes a man healthy, wealthy, and wise, 3. Mankind is appointed to live in a future state. 4. The blessings that political and intellect- ual freedom have brought in their train, etc. 5. The logical and historical analysis of a language generally in some degree coincides. 6. It could not have been her. 7. Did you see the man and the dog which passed this way ? 8. I intend to immediately retire from business. 9. I think I will return home next week. 10. In the sister island, indeed, we had read of such horrors. 11. Metal types were now introduced, -which before this time had been made of wood. 12. No man ever bestowed such a gift upon his kind. 13. Wherever the giant came, all fell before him ; but the dwarf had liked to have been killed more than once. 14. Hoping I shall soon hear from you, be- lieve me yours truly. 15. The man whom you thought was a phi- lanthropist turns out to be a scoundrel. 16. I would like to know whose hat this is. 17. Sailing up the river, the whole town may be seen. 18. This is either a man or a woman's voice, coming from John and Henry's apartment. 76 DRILL BOOK IN ENGLISH. 19. This scissors are dull. 20. AVe heard of your liouor comiug to town, 21. Day and night are a consequence of the earth revolving on its axis. 22. He had a large family, and by these means was prevented from laying up money. 23. Sir Theodore was one of the few South Sea directors who (though he lost considerably) did not lose his character. 24. Spencer is one of the poets that adorns "the spacious times of great Elizabeth." 25. There is not one of his poems that are not worthy of careful study. 26. Carbon is one of the substances that is difficult to fuse. 27. His book is one of the best that has been •written on the subject. 28. Not you, but Mary are the best scholar. Exercise 12. 1. The cares of life or the deceitfulness of riches have choked the seeds of virtue. 2. He or I are certain to come. 3. You or he are diligent in study. 4. If he was your friend he would defend you. 5. If the boy desire to get on he does not use the right means. 6. Though honesty be the best policy some people do not practise it. 7. You shall soon see whether I be master. 8. Though I be absent from you in the flesh I am present with you in the spirit. 9. Who but must laugh if such a man there be. 10. Take heed lest passion sways thy judg- ment. 11. The club meet on Tuesday. GRAMMAR AND RHETORIC. 77 12. Gliding along its passages, many a word was uttered. 13. Looking back on the affair after the lapse of years, the chief mistake seems to have been the siumltaneity of the new ecclesiastical arrangement and the advent of the Cardinal Archbishop. 14. Amazed at the alteration in his manner, every sentence that he uttered increased her embarrassment. 15. His career was cut short in the youth of his popularity having been killed in a duel by v Aaron Burr. 16. Not having seen them for some years, her arrival caused considerable excitement. 17. Who counted the money ? Both the clerk and me. 18. He must be a wiser man than me. 19. If I was well, I should go. 20. Congress have adjourned. 21. I expected to have ploughed my land last Monday. 22. I called on him and wished to have sub- mitted my manuscript to him. 23. They, supposing him to have been in the company, went a day's journey. 24. He would have been able to have cele- brated his triumph fitly. 25. I meant to have learned my lessons thor- oughly. 26. It is a long road has no turning. 27. Smith's the baker's horse was killed. 28. For the Son's of Man's sake. 78 DRILL BOOK IN ENGLISH. Exercise IS. 1. I have left my father lying across his bed, and uncle Toby in his old fringed chair, sitting beside him, and promised 1 would go back to them in half an hour. 2. "By all that is good and great, brother Toby," said my father, " if it was not for the aid of philosophy, which befriended one so nnich as they do, you would jiut a man beside all temper." 3. The colonists shot down the natives for killing the sheep as if they were birds. 4. The above is the Persian tradition, who date the cause and origin of their enmity to Greece from the destruction of Troy. 5. Agreeably to the will of his father Crcesus took possession of the throne, but destroyed this man who had opposed him, with a fuller's instrument. 6. Their favorite resorts are the low islands in the river wliere they are seen basking in the sun, the most intense heat of which seems grati- fying to them by numbers at a time. 7. It comes from Arabia to the temple bear- ing the dead body of its parent in myrrh which it buries. 8. Already several juvenile representatives of the population have been unable to withstand the temptation. 9. A martyr to tin; crowing of a too matu- tinal chanticleer applied for address at the police court last week. Swiftly following the martyr in question comes the victim of the ululation of the canine species. '' 10. T proceed to lay down the rules to be ob- served in the conduct of metaphors and wliich are much the same for tropes of every kind. 11. Xext comes a trap of great efficacy, but ■which answers better for mice than rats. GRAMMAR AND RHETORIC. 79 12. The enterprise I neither attempted to conceal from myself nor from him would be a dangerous one. 13. Comfortable ladies' and gentlemen's din- ing-room. 14. Of the biblus which is an annual plant after taking it from a marshy place where it grows they cut off the tops. 15. The man whom lie employed with a dis- honest view so artfully disposed one of the stones that two or even one person might remove it from its place. 16. They sent him five hundred minse of silver, which as soon as he received with his own hands he threw among his soldiers. 17. The sturdy blackamoor had to be put into the vehicle which was to convey him to the station almost b}^ force. 18. Campbell's " Pleasures of Hope " were sold for fifty cents. 19. A pillar sixty foot high. 20. His conduct evinced the most extreme vanity. 21. These trees are remarkable tall. 22. He acted bolder than was expected. 23. This is he who I gave the book to. 24. From whence came they? 25. The army were defeated. Exercise 14. 1. John told the same story which you did. 2. This is the largest tree which I have ever seen. 8. Let he and T read the next chapter. 4. Those sort of dealings are unjust. 5. David the son of Jesse was the youngest of his brothers. 6. You was very kind to him, he said. 80 DBILL BOOK IN ENGLISH. 7. This son's of a prophefs mantle. 8. Many fresh and uiiliackneyed pieces are interspersed with otlier indispensable favorites. 9. Mr. S. M. writes to state that he was not the solicitor for the prosecution in the case of the man who was sentenced — unjustly it is held — to three months' hard labor for an alleged assault on a blackleg by Mr. Saunders at Wor- ship Street. 10. The young ladies of a place which shall be nameless, as a protest against chattering women, recently organized a ' Thought Club,' which has proved so successful that at the very first meet- ing they talked for five whole hours on ' the advantages of silent meditation.' 11. If fresh milk does not agree with a child, boil it. 12. One or other of the candidates were be- fore the electors every night. 13. After many days of arid desiccation the vaporing captains marshalled tlieir thundering hosts and poured out upon scorching humanity and the thoroughly incinerated vegetation a few inches of agua jiiuvialis. 14. On their return to the Villa Medicis they kicked further over the traces; so M. Ilebert promulgated his edicts, which forbade the bud- ding painters, sculptors, and musicians to wan- der at night around certain places contiguous to the academical groves wherein they might catch the Roman fever, to sit up late in their rooms, to refrain from employing certain objec- tionable models, and so on. 15. Tlieir ideas are in some respects identical with the vegetarians. 16. The action and the attitude of the hero- ine show what are her feelings at this dread moment rather than the expression of her coun- tenance. GRAMMAR AND RHETORIC. 81 17. Sound was his claret and his head, Warm was his double ale and feelings. 18. They have been known even to destroy the monkey. 19. The West, however, is more prolific in women barbers than the East, and there used to be a pretty girl in Denver who manipulated the hirsute encumbrances of the cowboys and burly miners much to their satisfaction. 20. All our objections to a bonus of this de- scription being classified as a genuine ' profit- sharing ' scheme remains intact. 21. I declare beforehand 'tis wrote only for the curious and inquisitive. 22. Anybody's else book. 23. Well, said I, what does thou think of him now ? 24. James is one of those boys that was kept in at school, for bad behavior. 25. Thou, James, did deny the deed. 26. Neither good nor evil come of themselves. 27. He expected to have gained more by the bargain. 28. You should have drank goat's milk. 29. It was him who spoke first. 30. Who did you buy your grammar from ? 31. If one takes a wrong method at first set- ting out, it will lead them astray. Exercise 15. 1. I will make him to know. 2. He need not to wonder. 3. The enemies who we have most to fear are those of our own hearts. 4. Surely thou who reads so much in the Bible, can tell me what became of Elijah. .5. Neither the master nor the scholars is reading. 82 BRILL BOOK IN ENGLISH. 6. In the corrupted currents of this world Offence's gilded hand may shove by justice. 7. . . . Bristol Castle which they say is held By Bushy, Bagot and their complices, The caterpillars of the commonwealth, Which I have sworn to weed and pluck away. 8. 1 bridle in my struggling muse with pain, That longs to launch into a bolder strain. 9. This is a mortal wound to the very key- stone upon which the whole vast arch of moral- ity reposes. 10. Straight the fierce storm involves his mind anew. Flames through the nerves and boils along the veins. 11. We will burn all our ships and with every sail unfurled steer boldly out into the ocean of freedom. 12. Tlie chariot of the revolution is rolling along and gnashing its teeth as it rolls. 13. He is like a di-owning man clutching at a straw and trying to kill two birds with one stone. 14. My slenderer and younger taper imbibed its borrowed light from the more matured and redundant fountain of yours. 15. There was an earthquake which made the earth to tremble. 16. He was very much made on at school. 17. Though he were a son, yet learned he obedience by the things which he suffered. 18. The committee wears badges. 19. Shall we stand here and see those we love perish in this awful manner without an eifort ? 20. They felt that under his banner only they could hope for victory. 21. She only drank milk by the advice of her medical attendant. GBAMMAB AND BHETORIC. 83 22. Breathe through the nose only in cold weather. 23. Dr. A. remembered that he had a salary to receive and only forgot that he had duties to perform. 2-i. It was our intention to present our read- ers this month with a woodcut, but we have been compelled to hold it over until our next issue. There is one consolation in this disap- pointment, it has yet to come. 25. The world hath this reason at least to honor such characters as that of Wild. 26. It was feared that the untimely death of the surgeon to tlie hospital, occurring as it did so very shortly after its opening, and to whose untiring energy the institution mainly owes its existence, might seriously affect its future pros- pects and position. 27. His having been with Lorenzo at the time of his death, and who had wished to con- fess to him, raised him prodigiously in the opin- ion of all those who had been the admirers of the prince. 28. Sucli are a few of the many paradoxes one could cite from his writings, and which are now before me. Exercise 16. 1. A profusion of white waistcoats were to be observed among the male members of the choir. 2. The resemblance in the cases are so remarkable as to give grounds . . . 3. A comparison of the materials which Defoe worked up into the " Life and Adventures of Robinson Crusoe " clearly prove that . . . 4. Jones with a number of other men were engaged in the work. S^€ r^>^!„K-^c.v 84 DEILL BOOK IN ENGLISH. 5. Let the British government continue the protectioia of last year, and we will be all right. G. In a veiy short time we will probably find ourselves on a new footing. 7. The time is coming when we will have to dig deeper in search of both coal and metallic ores. 8. The National Assembly dare not avenge them, as they should lose the favor of the intox- icated people. 9. Vested with a dignity which humanity has never possessed in any other person, this aggravation in his case was unparalleled. 10. A yoiing hunter fell in love with a beau- tiful girl, whom he sought for his wife, and being the pride of his tribe both for swiftness in the race and for courage in war, his suit was ac- cepted by her father. 11. Being early killed, I sent a party in search of his mangled body. 12. Entering the factory gate, the evidence offered his visual organs might lead . . . 13. I have been to London after having lived at France. U. We touched in (^neenstown on our way for New York. 15. You have bestowed your favors to the most deserving persons. 16. The English were very different then to what they are now. 17. We were altogether averse from the pro- posal. 18. We profit from our experience. 19. Jack has no resemblance with his brother. 20. By filling out and returning this card, we will give you the desired information. 21. He was poisoned, languishing in great pain and suffering until the 14th day of August, and tlien died. GRAMMAR AND RHETORIC. 85 22. The rain came down and continued dur- ing the time the cyclists had their competition, clearing off about half-past twelve, and continu- ing fine the remainder of the day. 23. AVe sell bicycles and tricycles fitted with the most modern improvements and well-known manufacture. 24. We have frequently had occasion to notice his vocal performances and congratulate liim upon his appointment. 25. He stepped to the stone basin in which the waters of the fountain, as tliey fell, formed bubbles which danced in the wliite moonlight, and took so long a draught as if he meant to exhaust the spring. 20. One victory by land or sea turns the scale, and the Northern Powers who have more reason to hate France than England will join us. Exercise 17. 1. Our climate is mild and somewhat moist, and except wlien covered by snow, always pre- sents a gi'een surface. 2. The call for the exhilarating beverage becomes fainter as summer wanes, and at the present season of the year, with the wintry wind blowing and the rain falling, could be in no demand at all. 3. I can recall some of my own verses writ- ten under similar circumstance with twinges of shame. 4. These revolutions extended only to a change of persons, but not of principles. 5. The Polish artillery consisted only of twelve pieces. 6. They ride faster than us. 7. Tliough the measure be mysterious, it is worthy of attention. 86 BRILL BOOK IN ENGLISH. 8. Attention to details is not more essential to the strength than to the beauty of the building. 9. Every composition is fairly liable to crit- icism both in regard to its design and to its execution. 10. These not only enable him to bear emo- tion with impunity but to prolong its duration with enjoyment. 11. Homer was not only the maker of a nation but of a language and a religion. 12. The laws are for the government not only of those who are to obey them but for those who make them. 13. In these times one can neither speak of kings or queens without suspicion of politics or personalities. 14. He was accustomed to a land at home where every height might prove a cathedral tower. 15. He has visited several countries as a pub- lic minister where he formerly wandered as a gipsy. IG. We do those things frequently which we repent of afterwards. 17. He said he had seen a hand pass through the floor of the summer-house which he believed to be Dr. Brown's by the rings on it. 18. (Juilt is more likely to meet with indul- gence than misfortunes. 19. Few people learn anything that is worth learning easily. 20. Mr. Carlyle has taught us that silence is golden in thirty volumes. 21. A father who brouglit his boy to the police court complained that he got up and ran away before he was out of bed. 22. The nation rejoice when its fleet is victo- rious. GRAMMAR AND RHETORIC. 87 23. The inob are dispersed by the police; it scatters in all directions. 24. The crowd were on the whole well behaved, but a few persons in it were disorderly. Exercise 18. 1. Yourself and many others were discon- tented. 2. After parting from Jones, we again met himself and his sister. 3. A short time ago a letter from myself appeared in your valuable journal. 4. George and myself spent a month at Brighton. 5. My brother and myself had a beautiful walk. 6. I learned much from the master's exam- ple who was very kind to me. 7. He married Fred's sister "who is my brother. 8. We suspected his sincerity who always flattered us. 9. We were interested in the people's em- ployment who work in the pit. 10. He was brought up under her own eye by a tutor of deep erudition but who was totally unfitted for forming the mind. 11. James or I am willing to help you. 12. Neither the general nor the soldiers were confident of victory. 13. Neither we nor John was late. 14. I or he am in the wrong. 15. Either the prior or thou has made some singular alterations. 16. Nothing which either he or you has said bears on the question. 17. " The Canterbury Tales " are a collection of poems by Chaucer. 88 DRILL BOOK IN ENGLISH. 18. Dryden's "■Absalom and Achitophel" were directed against the enemies of the court. 19. "The Two Gentlemen of Verona" were written by Shakespeare. 20. Was your son called Judas, the sordid and treacherous idea so inseparable from the name would have accompanied him through life like his shadow. 21. If he do feel sorry he will show it in his actions. 22. No one should travel in that country unless he be prepared for dirt and discomfort. 23. Was I in your place I would act differ- ently. 24. Tell him to be careful lest he breaks the rules. 25. I am able to devote as much time and attention to other subjects as I will be under the necessity of doing next winter. 26. Compel me to retire and I should be fallen indeed ; I would feel myself blighted in the eyes of all my acquaintance ; I would never more lift up my face in society ; I would bury myself in the oblivion of shame and soli- tude ; I would hide me from the world ; I would be overpowered by the feelings of my own dis- grace ; the torments of self -reflection would pur- sue me. 27. He rose the stone four feet. 28. The middle station of life seems to be the most advantageously situated for gaining of wisdom. 29. Take care, little children, lest the dog bites you. 30. INIy exercises are not well wrote, I do not hold my pen well. 31. Grammar teaches us to speak proper. GRAMMAR AND RHETORIC. 89 Exercise 19. 1. When I had lain me down. 2. He passed into and through the cloud. 3. He said some thief had taken his hat and ran away with it. 4. The reward has already or soon will be paid. 5. Their intentions might and probably were good. 6. I intended to have called on you last week. 7. Who would have thought it possible to have received a reply from Australia so soon ? 8. He had deserved to have been whipped. 9. The mistress had resolved to have taken the servants with her. 10. It would have been better to have waited. 11. I intended to have insisted on this. 12. It would have been unkind to have refused help when it could have been rendered so easily. 13. His exj^erience proved that there was many a slip 'twixt the cup and the lip. 14. I should thank you if you would help me. 15. He was so tired that I was afraid he could not have walked to the end of the journey. 16. Pius associated Marcus to all the labors of government. 17. This hospital will be closed for repairs on Saturday, September 1, until Friday, October 5. 18. He died after going through a similar operation as the emperor's. 19. By pushing steadily nine hundred and ninety-nine people in a thousand will yield to you. 20. We shall stay two months at England. 00 DRILL BOOK IN ENGLISH. 21. I would rather never go iu a* carriage again as show myself in the park with that frightful thing. 22. I really believe he would rather sit down with the tinkers by the roadside as spend a day in my company. 23. They preferred to spend the night there than bivouac close to the enemy's camp. 24. Some still clung to the prince, preferring proscription and even death itself rather than desert him in his extremity. 2'). Prisoner, a bountiful Providence has en- dowed you with health and strength, instead of which you go about the country stealing hens. 26. As soon as she was left alone Augusta went back to the cabin, taking Dick with her, and laid herself down in the berth with a feeling of safety and thankfulness to which she had long- been a stranger, where very soou she fell sound asleep. 27. The aunts of the bride made her valuable presents, of which there was a large and costly list. 28. He sat the chair down. 29. He rode over and killed the dog. 30. His attention was not, like Arnold's, occu- pied on a variety of subjects, a circumstance, of course, tending to diminish its intensity on any one. 31. We have been reading lately many of the French modern poets, and are much i)leased with some by Saint Beuve. 32. That she was a somnambulist I know, as I have seen her under its influence. Exercise 20. 1. They don't frivol over speculative points of abstrusive philosophy. GRAMMAR AND RHETORIC. 91 2. They have grown quite rampageous. 3. She carries the historic proud countenance of the Geraldines of her day — aristocratic, matri- cian, and fixed. 4. It grieveth me to see him misbehave. 5. " And then," quoth he, " you may return." 6. It irks me to see so perverse a disposition. 7. I wot not who has done this thing. 8. Xothing but an oscitancy from which no w'riter is exempted can accoinit for so odd a mis- application of a familiar term. 9. The jovial and eupeptic vicar in a very nonchalant manner confessed the crime. 10. It may be fine fun for them, but the exchange of Billingsgate badinage coram pub- lico by embryonic M.P.'s is not conducive to public decorum. LI. They knew little of Cortes who reasoned thus. 12. His genius is over and above me. 13. No people has more faults than they that pretend to have none. 14. 8he taught him and I to read. 15. I never remember to have felt an event more deeply. 16. This is the most powerful article we ever remember to have read. 17. The committee disable him and main- tains its right to do so. 18. The nation enforces their laws. 19. We have a pretty cat. We like to see her playing with its kittens. 20. The shepherd ran after a sheep and caught it just as she was jumping over a hedge. 21. Each cow knows its own stall. 22. The hen is feeding its chicks. She calls them around her with a " cluck ! " 23. The parrot is on its perch. She is crying " Pretty Polly." 92 BRILL BOOK IN ENGLISH. 24. The winter has not been so severe as we expected it to have been. 25. A lampoon, or a satire, does not carry in them rol)bery or mnrder. 26. This is a most universal fault. 27. He is respected who deserves respect. 28. I love to work ever since I was a child, but I like also to have had a little play. 29. He will not go thither in order that he might get some food. 30. I wish he will come at once. 31. I should be obliged to him if he will gratify me in that particular. 32. Ye will not come unto Me that ye might have life. 33. I have been in London a year and seen the Queen last summer. Exercise 21. 1. The present member and myself will have the pleasure of holding meetings in the various parts of the division, when we shall be able more fully to express our views, and be ready and willing to answer any questions, and trust thereby to secure your votes and interests. 2. If one candidate more than another deserves support it is that of ]\Ir. G. C. 3. A strange man had struck her and then ran away. 4. My bachelor friend settles himself com- fortably in an armchair, gives my companion a mock-heroic glance, closed his eyes, but never for one moment paused from caressing his moustache. 5. Thetford Democrats denounce the imbe- cile and savagely vindictive sentence on Mr. A. B., M.C., and expresses its unanimous sympathy for his brave wife. GRAMMAR AND RHETORIC. 03 6. That is an official obstruction as should be brought to the notice of the public. 7. They were in almost the exact form as those of the present day. 8. His faith was as perfectly orthodox as St. Paul himself. 9. The more than 14,000 examples sent in gave us great satisfaction, and even those which did not secure a prize bore testimony to the ability and patience with which their teachers had trained them. 10. In stature he would be quite six feet, he is of strong build, and he has a charming presence. 11. The earth is about half way between Mercury and Saturn in the matter of density. Mercury is of about the specific gravity of iron, while that of Saturn corresponds with that of cork in the matter of density and specific gravity. 12. Him whom they seek is in the house. 13. They or he is much to be blamed. 14. Those set of books was a valuable present. 15. We ought always to have a great regard for them who are wise and good. 16. Anger is troublesome, not only to those who suffer it but to them who behold it. 17. These two paragraphs are extremely worthy of Mr. Addison, and exhibit a style which they who can successfully imitate may esteem themselves happy in following. 18. His kingdom was more universal than Csesar's. 19. The regiment has formerly been famous for its discipline, but this year it was guilty of irregularities. 20. Young said that procrastination was the thief of time. 21. Who first asserted that virtue was its own reward ? 94 DRILL BOOK IN ENGLISH. 22. Be ready to succor such persons who need your help. 23. They had no sooner risen Vjut tliey began to work. 24. Such men that act faithlessly ought to be shunned. 25. He gained nothing more by his speaking but the praise of eloquence. 26. I had scarcely addressed him than he knew me. 27. Scarcely had she gone than she returned again. 28. He then joined an expedition into Spain, and by his help placed Pedro of Castile upon the throne, against which the French had helped. 29. A very useful and explicit little treatise upon a rule which is often a stumbling-block to young teachers at examinations. Examples of every type are worked out, and numerous exer- cises, with their answers. 30. Eggs either poached or fried are a very favorite and eatable accompaniment of either bacon or ham. In my own opinion the former of these two methods is to be preferred in both cases. 31. Among the merits of these illustrations we place very high the portraits. Exercise 22. 1. We may go further and say that if any teacher is anxious to find out a means of dis- pensing with punishment in his school, a patient and careful study of this book, which is not dull and which is exceedingly well printed, will give him valuable help. 2. We offer prices as low or lower than any co-operative store. GBAMMAR AND BHETORIC. 95 3. The family of Glenfern having already said so much for themselves that it seems as if little remained to be told by their biographer. 4. He is the chiefest of sinners. 5. This at least is very probable, that some of these gentlemen may contribute a share of their abilities to the carrying on this work; in which, as nothing shall ever appear in it incon- sistent with decency or the religion and true civil interest of my country, no person, how great soever, need be ashamed of being imagined to have a part. 6. His wealth, the influence of his wide possessions, and the sway attendant on the castle towers, as they looked over the fertile acres of the rich vale of Berkeley that had maintained them for so many centuries from the Severn to the hills in all their ancient feudalism, and the willingness of the AVhig government to barter rank for support in Parliament, formed a strong foundation for success. 7. His views are the extremest that I have heard expressed. 8. I and he went to town. 9. Let nothing induce you to live in a house that never gets sunshine or a family that never worship. 10. Ely is not much better, though it has the advantage of the magnificent cathedral within view just beyond the gardens where the plum- trees are now blossoming and the sluggish river Ouse which bounds them and keeps them in sustenance. 11. In February he left her telling her he had to fulfil an engagement and had never since returned. 12. A young lady of exquisite beauty' had tried for months to shake off an importunate lover, who refused to go, though she had told him 96 DRILL BOOK IN ENGLISH. repeatedly that slie would not have him at any price, but persisted in dogging her footsteps wherever she went. 13. Is it true that three publishers defy com- petition by having each of their subscribers photographed yearly, and present them with twelve copies ? 14. The meeting between their royal high- nesses was most cordial, the duke expressing himself pained that certain words which had been spoken had been much exaggerated, and unhesitatingly agreed to proceed at once to meet his nephew and niece. 15. The reduction in price is simply a Christ- mas present to our friends and can be had in bottles only. 16. Sir, — In accordance with your instruc- tions I have seen CoUings and Medburn, and asked them about Hicks's family, who, I am glad to say, are perfectly ready to give every infor- mation and help. Hicks fell off the scaffolding at A. Farm buildings on Tuesday week, and, besides breaking his leg above the knee, injured himself internally, and which will keep him laid up for two months at least. 17. If I know the truth I would tell it you. 18. If he received your instructions he would have obeyed them. 19. Be virtuous and you would be happy. 20. He walks as if he is racing. 21. When I see him again, I shall have told him many things that happen since I met him last at his own house. 22. I am sure they have been there and did what is required. 23. But official gentlemen then were even more official than they are now ; and fancying that every man in office was a great man, every one out of it a small one, their especial contempt was reserved for a public writer. GRAMMAR AND RHETORIC. 97 24. This copy is now in my possession, hav- ing purchased it at the sale of his grace's library, and I need not add that T esteem it as one of my greatest literary treasures. 25. Looking back, the happiness of my young life is associated with her ; looking forward, I have comfort and satisfaction in the hope of rejoining dear grandmamma. 26. When preparing for his examinations, I had sometimes to rise from my own bed to urge him to retire to his. 27. I and you have refused. Exercise 23. 1. He and you are at fault. 2. Whom did you speak of? 3. Neither were conscious of the nature of that sentiment. 4. The lack of beauty, fashion, and elegance disappoint the stranger. 5. Neither Beauty nor her mistress were to be taken in. 6. Neither of the preceptresses were better skilled. 7. The works of Flavius Josephus, to which is added three dissertations. 8. He did not know where I or the girl were. 9. Honesty of purpose is the only power that ever has or ever will sustain a man in such a situation. 10. Dishonesty never has and never can be a satisfactory substitute. 11. I wrote home last week ; my brother also has. 12. What are you thinking of ? 13. In all my travels I never met but one Scotchman but what was a man of sense ; I believe, indeed, everybody of that country that has anv leaves it as fast as thev can. 98 JJlilLL BOOK ly ENGLISH. 14. Tlie friendless state which lie said he was in, and tliat he wished to die, niade Rosalind think that he was like herself unfortunate. 15. He had come to the conclusion that the child had tumbled into the water and was drowned. 16. T conceive that by scratching it and tear- ing it the soot gets in and creates the irritability, which disease we know by the name of the chimney-sweeper's cancer, and is always lectured upon separately as a distinct disease. 17. There they found themselves in the same distress for want of food that Ganymede and A lien a had been. 18. I married the girl T loved, a respectable housemaid, and the daughter of a laborer. 19. There are three crops, one in April, May, August. 20. J. D. and .1. T. were charged with steal- ing a watch from the person of J. R. whilst asleep on the highway near Llanelly. 21. He has never and cannot deny the allega- tions. 22. The geographical readers are as a rule good ; but if drawn up more on the lines of . . .'s geography, this important subject would be bet- ter handled than is now the case. 23. Antony was not less desirous of destroy- ing the conspirators than his officers, but he could not brook that it should be owing to Caesar. 24. If I had wings they would grow out of my two shoulders, I suppose, like tlie angfil in in the hymn-book. I 25. In stooping down to drink, the w^eight of the cart forced tlie mare's head first into the water, and before she could be relieved was drowned. 20. Maria is not as clever as her sister Ann. ghammah and rhetoric. 99 27. Though he promises ever so solemnly, I will not believe him. 28. The full moon was no sooner up, in all its brightness, but he opened to them the gate of paradise. Exercise 24. 1. I remember of reading liis life. 2. They censured the governor's (as they called him) severe administration. 3. He was not willing to accept Captain G.'s (the chief mourner) apology for delay. 4. James's company (my eldest brother) is quite delightful. .5. I can affirm the accuracy of Mr. Evans's (the rural dean) statements of our churches. 6. He found the place replete with wonders of which he proposed to solace himself with the contemplation. 7. These are the master's rules who must be obeyed . 8. Ellen's (my eldest cousin) portrait comes first. 9. France's (as we read) noblest chivalry fell on the plain. 10. They eagerly obeyed the Protector's (as they called him) imperious mandates. 11. He learned to easily talk. 12. This is the needle I sew with. 13. The Almighty hath given reason to a man to be a light unto him. 14. He also is the son [descendant] of Abra- ham. 15. The king has given him the title of a duke. 16. The fire, the earth, the air, and the water were called el'ements. 17. He has been blamed for paying a little attention to his duties. 100 BRILL BOOK IN ENGLISH. 18. With this booty, he made off to a distant part of the country, where he had reason to believe that neither he nor his master were known. 19. I live at Philadelphia. 20. I am not ashamed at the eating apples. 21. These tickets will be good from Satur- day A.M. until Sunday night, and by paying a small sum in addition, will be good from Friday afternoon to Monday night, so that those who wish to accompany the nine on the whole trip, can use the same tickets. 22. Such extreme disorder called for little severity in the punishment. 23. He was so impudent and wicked that he found a few persons to speak for him. 24. He has tried the old and new method of cure. 25. The chief priests and officers [not the chief officers] saw him. 26. Wanted, a nurse and housemaid [two servants]. 27. He was placed over the civil and military affairs of the nation. 28. Novelty pi-oduces in the mind a vivid and an agreeable emotion. 29. A great and a good man looks beyond time. 30. We look ujion these as a first-fruits. 31. The feat was, however, successfully and most cleverly accomplished some few years ago by Mr. Gould, the eminent ornithologist, and it [a kingfisher's nest] is now to be seen in the British Museum. ; 32. The house was soon filled with smoke, but Supeiintendent K. witli a bucket of water soon succeeded in quenching it. 33. I once intended to have written a poem. GRAMMAR AND RHETORIC. 101 Exercise 25. 1. He tethered his steed to the column. 2. Quoth Smith, I am ill. 3. He is very disgusted. 4. He is worse as I. 5. He is somewhere between them all. 6. He smiled to thank her as he took three tiny little sips. 7. They humbly asked of Him in heaven once more to meet again their own poor little Jim. 8. For this trifling consideration thousands of lives are saved and their property secured to them. 9. Tf the Rev. B. K., a minister of the gospel of reconciliation, has ceased to believe in " Over- come evil with good " and fall back to " An eye for an eye," so be it. 10. I should have put these two together and let them fought it out. 11. Descending the western slope of the mountain the port of Ujiji lay below sm-- rounded by palms. 12. Lord St. Aldegonde who whether there were a fire or not always stood with his hands in his pockets moved discourteously among them. 13. Yet much I marvel that I cannot find no steps of mine imprinted in the earth. 14. Liverpool is an important port whose commerce is almost equal to all the other ports put together. 15. I hope that everybody will understand my position and extend their consideration to me. . 16. Their conduct was more like a wild Indian's than civilized people. 102 BRILL BOOK IN ENGLISH. 17. The stockings are much better than last year. 18. 15 Reward. — "Whereas some person or persons stabbed my donkey on the 26th of Jan- uary, and well-known about the town, and has since died through the wound inflicted, I hereby offer the above reward to any person giving any information concerning the cruel deed. 19. The procession was very fine and nearly two miles in length, as was also the sermon of the minister. 20. He called attention to the number of ownerless dogs about the streets, and urged that the police should have instructions to destroy them, or order dogs with owners to be muzzled. 21. His helm is broken. 22. He is very injured. 23. I am very pleased to see you. 24. Among the two, I did not know which to choose. 25. I saw the house where I was born. Exercise 26. 1. T am very fond of the bananas. 2. In building of chaises, I tell ye what. 3. It commenced to rain just as we started. 4. We halted occasionally to allow the in- fantry who had started some hours previously and which we had soon overtaken to come up with us. 5. It must be understood that the object of the department is to cause the public as much expense as possible and to disturb the leisure the female officers have for chattering with one another and engaging in flirtation with suitable persons on the other side of the counter as little as possible. 6. It is remarked that Mr. Gladstone has in GRAMMAR AND RHETORIC. 103 contemplation a literary task of some impor- tance. The leader of the Liberal party has not lost at four-score his keen interest either in the passing questions of the hour or the remote problems of antiquity. 7. He was obliged to finish the house begun by his predecessor at an expense of about $10,000. 8. Country teachers know quite as much if not more about teaching as their town brethren. 9. She was a widow woman. 10. They were surrounded on all sides. 11. The painting represents a portrait of St. Lawrence. 12. He bit me with his teeth. 13. The mead is filled with flowers. 14. The apples are a useful fruit. 15. The writing letters is a difficult task. 16. The speaker poured forth a shower of eloquence, and wiped the perspiration from his forehead. Allyn C7^ Bacon . . . Boston. Select Essays of Macatilay. Edited by Samuel Thurber. i2mo, cloth, 70 cts. ; boards, 50 cts. This selection comprises the essays on Milton, Bun- yan, yohnson, Goldsmith, and Aladame UArblay, thus giving illustrations both of Macaulay's earlier and of his later style. It aims to put into the hands of high school pupils specimens of English prose that shall be eminently interesting to read and study in class, and which shall serve as models of clear and vigorous writing. The subjects of the essays are such as to bring them into close relation with the study of general English Literature. The annotation is intended to serve as a guide and stimulus to research rather than as a substitute for research. The tioles therefore are few in number. Only when an allusion of Macaulay is decidedly diffi- cult to verify does the editor give the result of his own investigations. In all other cases he leads the pupil to make investigation for himself, believing that a good method in English, as in other studies, should leave as much free play as possible to the activity of the learner. *- Thurber's Addison. Select Essays of Addison, IVith Macaitla}Ps Essay on Addison'' s Life and Writings. Edited by Samuel Thiirber. Boards, 60 cents. The purpose of this selection is to interest young students in Addison as a moral teacher, a painter of character, a humorist, and as a writer of elegant English. Hence the editor has aimed to bring to- gether such papers from the Spectator, the Tatler, the Guardian, and the Freeholder as will prove most readable to youth of high-school age, and at the same time give something like an adequate idea of the richness of Addison's vein. The De Coverley papers are of course all included. Papers describing eighteenth-century life and manners, especially such as best exhibit the writer in his mood of playful satire, have been drawn upon as peculiarly illus- trating the Addisonian humor. The tales and alle- gories, as well as the graver moralizings, have due representation, and the beautiful hymns are all given. By omission of the least essential parts of the selected papers it has been possible to print, in 226 pages, seventy choice specimens of the writings of Addison, including sufficient representatives of the work of his co-laborers, Steele and Budgell. Pas- sages lacking in refinement of language according to modern standards have been carefully omitted. Trusting to his own experience as a teacher, the editor has deemed it wise somewhat to shorten the essay of Macaulay. This he has effected by the omis- sion of passages somewhat episodic or discursive in their character, in which the essayist displays his his- torical erudition, but in which he cannot profitably be followed by immature readers. -* *- Keekr's English Composition. Studies in ^^ English Composition. Harriet L. Keeler. i2mo. Price, 80 cents. This book is the outgrowth of the author's expe- rience as teacher of composition in the Cleveland high school during the past ten years, and the lessons which it contains have all borne the actual test of the class-room. It is intended to meet the wants of those schools which have composition as a weekly exercise in their course of study. It contains an orderly suc- cession of topics adapted to the age and development of high school pupils, together with such lessons in language and rhetoric as are of constant application in class exercises. The author believes that too much attention can- not be given to supplying young writers with good models. They not only indicate to the pupil what is expected and serve as an ideal toward which to work, but they stimulate and encourage the learner in his first efforts. For this reason numerous examples of good writing have been given, and many more have been suggested. The primal idea of the book is that the pupil learns to write by writing. And therefore that it is of more importance to get him to write than to prevent his making mistakes in writing. Consequently the pupil is set to writing at the very outset, the idea of pro- ducing something is kept constantly uppermost, and the function of criticism is reserved until after some- thing has been done which may be criticised. The book is an attempt to teach the art of composition, rather than to present a manual of criticism, and it undertakes to develop the constructive rather than the critical faculties. *- 3 1 158 00539 2690 imffllSS^'^LLIBRARy ' FACILITY ^^ 000 355 300 B'M •.<^- r