'BRA I. BEOWULF- AN ANGLO-SAXON POEM. II. THE FIGHT AT FINNSBURH: A FRAGMENT. WITH TEXT AND GLOSSARY ON THE BASIS OF M. HEYNE. EDITED, COKRKCTEI), AND ENLARGED. BY JAMES A. HARRISON, LL.D., Lirr.D., PROFESSOR OF ENGLISH AND MODEltN LANGl'AfiES, WASHINGTON AND I.EE UNIVERSITY, I J ? 3 1 > > » ROBERT SHARP (Ph.D. Lips.), PROFESSOR OF GREEK AND ENGLISH, TCLANE UNIVERSITY OF LOUISIANA. FOURTH EDITION. REVISED, WITH NOTES. J ' » J > « 'J » . * » * » - » ' » » » > • > ^ , • » • 3 J ) J J GINN & COMPANY BOSTON • NEW YORK • CHICAGO • LONDON 119861 ...» • ' J, » * .-» Kntored according to Act of Congress, In the year 188S, by James Albbrt Harbison and Robeht Shabf; in the Office of the Ubrarian of Oongreae, at WoBhington. 35.12 .. ;;•• GINN .V CUiMl'ANV • PRO- PRIETORS • BOSTON • U.S.A. DEDICATED TO PROFESSOR F. A. MARCH, OF LAFAYETTE COLLEGE, FA., FREDERICK J. FURNIVALL, Esq. rOUNDEK OF THE "NEW 8HAKSPERE BOCIBTT," THE "CHAUCEB SOCIETT," ETC., ETC. PKEFACE TO THE FOURTH EDITION. The favor with which the successive editions of "Beo- wulf" have been received during the past thirteen years emboldens the editors to continue the work of revision in a fourth issue, the most notic-eable feature of which is a considerable body of explanatory Notes, now for the ^ first time added. These Notes mainly concern themselves '^ with new textual readings, with here and there grammati- \ cal, geographical, and archaeological points that seemed worthy of explanation. Parallelisms and parallel pas- ^ sages are constantly compared, with the view of making .^ the poem illustrate and explain itself. A few emenda- tions and textual changes are suggested by the editors with all possible diffidence ; numerous corrections have I been made in the Glossary and List of Names ; and the ;! valuable parts of former Appendices have been embodied ^ in the Notes. For the Notes, the editors are much indebted to the various German periodicals mentioned on page 116, to the recent publications of Professors Earle and J. L. Hall, to Mr. S. A. Brooke, and to the Heyne-Socin edition of " Beowulf." No change has been made in the system of accentuation, though a few errors in quantity have been corrected. The editors are looking forward to an event- ual fifth edition, in which an entirely new text will be presented. October, 1893, • NOTE TO THE THIRD EDITION. This third edition of the American issue of Beowulf will, the editors hope, be found more accurate and useful than either of the preceding editions. Further corrections in text and glossary have been made, and some additional new readmgs and suggestions will be found in two brief appendices at the back of the book. Students of the metrical system of Beowulf will find ample material for their studies in Sievers' exhaustive essay on that sub- ject (Beitrage, X. 209-314). Socin's edition of Heyne's Beowulf Ccalled the fifth edition) has been utilized to some extent in this edition, though it unfortu- nately came too late to be freely used. While it repeats many of the omissions and inaccuracies of Heyne's fourth edition, it con- tains much that is valuable to the student, particularly hi the notes and connnentary. Students of the poem, which has Ijeen subjected to much searching criticism durmg the last decade, will also derive especial help from the contributions of Sievers and Kluge on difficult questions appertauiing to it. Wiilker's new edition (in the Grein Bihliothek) is of the highest value, however one may dissent from particular textual views laid down in the ' Berichtigter Text.' Paul and Braune's Beitrage contain a varied miscellany of hints, corrections, and suggestions principally embody- ing the views of Kluge, Cosijn, Sievers, and Bugge, some of the more important of which are found in the appendices to the pres- ent and the preceding edition. Holder and Zupitza, Sarrazin and Hermann Moller (Kiel, 1883), Heinzel (Anzeiger f. d. Alterthum, X.), Gering (Zacher's Zeitschrift, XH.), Brenner (Eng. Studien, IX.), and the contributors to Anglia, have assisted materially in the textual and metrical interpretation of the poem. The subject of Anglo-Saxon quantity has been discussed in several able essays by Sievers, Sweet, Ten Brink (Anzeiger, f. d. Alterthum, V.), Kluge (Beitrage, XL), and others; but so much is \ i :n"ote I. nnHE present work, carefully edited from Heyne's fourth edition, -*- (Paderborn, 1879), is designed primarily for college classes in Anglo-Saxon, rather than for independent investigators or for seekers after a restored or ideal text. The need of an American - edition of " Beowulf " has long been felt, as, hitherto, students have had either to send to Germany for a text, or secure, with great trouble, one of the scarce and expensive English editions. Heyne's first edition came out in 1863, and was followed in 1867 and 1873 by a second and a third edition, all three having essen- tially the same text. So many important contributions to the " Beowulf " literature were, howevei-, made between 1873 and 1879 that Heyne found it necessary to put forth a new edition (1879). In this new, last edi- tion, the text was subjected to a careful revision, and was fortified by the views, contributions, and criticisms of other zealous scholars. In it the collation of the unique "Beowulf" Ms. (Vitellius a. 15 : Oottonian Mss. of the British Museum), as made by E. Kblbing in Herrig's Archir (Bd. 5G ; 1876), was followed wherever the present condition of the Ms. had to be discussed; and the researches of Bugge, Rieger, and others, on single passages, were made use of. The discussion of the metrical structure of the poem, as occurring in the second and third editions, was omitted in the fourth, owing to the many controversies in which the subject is still involved. The present editor has thought it best to do the same, though, happily, the subject of Old English Metr'ik is undergoing a steads- illumination through the labors of Schipper and others. Xll NOTE I. Some errors and misplaced accents in Heyne's text have been corrected in the present edition, in which, as in the general revision of the text, the editor has been most kindly aided by Prof. J. M. Garnett, late Principal of St. John's College, Maryland. In the preparation of the present school edition it has been thought best to omit Heyne's notes, as they concern themselves principally with conjectural emendations, substitutions of one read- ing for another, and discussions of the condition of the jNIs. Until Wiilker's text and the photographic fac-simile of the original ]\Is. are in the hands of all scholars, it will be better not to introduce such matters in the school room, where they would puzzle without instructing. For convenience of reference, the editor has added a head-line to each "fit" of the poem, with a view to facilitate a knowledge of its episodes. Washington and Lee University, Lexington, Va., June, 1882. NOTE II. -•©•- THE editors now have the pleasure of presenting to the public & complete text and a tolerably complete glossary of "Bemvulf.'" The edition is the first published in America, and the first of its special kind presented to the English public, and it is the initial volume of a " Library of Anglo-Saxon Poetry," to be edited under the same auspices and with the cooperation of distinguished schol- ars in this country. Among these scholars may be mentioned Professors F. A. March of Lafayette College, T. R. Price of Colum- bia College, and W. M. Baskervill of Vanderbilt University. In the preparation of the Glossary the editors foimd it necessary to abandon a literal and exact translation of Heyne for several reasons, and among others from the fact that Heyne seems to be wrong in the translation of some of his illustrative quotations, and even translates the same passage in two or three different ways under different headmgs. The orthography of his glossary differs considerably from the orthography of his text. He fails to discriminate with due nicety the meanings of many of the words in his vocabulary, while criticism more recent than his latest edition (1879) has illustrated or overthrown several of his ren- derings. The references were found to be incorrect in innixmerable instances, and had to be verified in every individual case so far as this was possible, a few only, which resisted all efforts at verifica- tion, having to be indicated by an interrogation point (?). The references are exceedingly numerous, and the labor of verifying them was naturally great. To many passages in the Glossary, where Heyne's translation could not be trusted with entire cer- tainty, the editors have added other translations of phrases and sentences or of special words ; and in this they have been aided by a careful study of the text and a comparison and utilization of the views of Kemble and Professor J. M. Gamett (who takes Grein for his foundation). Many new references have been added ; xiv NOTE II. and the various passages in which Ileyne fails to indicate whether a given verb is weak or strong, or fails to point out the number, etc., of the illustrative form, have been corrected and made to harmonize with the general plan of the work. Numerous misprints in the glossary have also been corrected, and a brief glossary to the Finnsburh-fragment, prepared by Dr. Wm. Hand Browne, and supplemented and adapted by the editor-in-chief, has been added. The editors think that they may without immodesty put forth for themselves something more than the claim of being re-trans- lators of a translation : the present edition is, so far as they were able to make it so, an adaptation, correction, and extension of the work of the great German scholar to whose loving appreciation of the Anglo-Saxon epic all students of Old English owe a debt of gratitude. While following his usually sure and cautious guidance, and in the main appropriating his results, they have thought it best to deviate from him in the manner above indicated, whenever it seemed that he was wrong. The careful reader will notice at once the marks of interrogation which point out these deviations, or which introduce a point of view illustrative of, or supplementary to, the one given by the German editor. No doubt the editors are wrong themselves in many places, — " Beowulf " is a most difficult poem, — but their view may at least be defended by a reference to the original text, which they have faithfully and constantly con- sulted. A good many cognate Modern English words have been intro- duced here and there in the Glossary with a view to illustration, and other addenda will be found between brackets and parentheti- cal marks. It is hoped that the present edition of the most famous of Old English poems will do something to promote a valuable and interesting study James A. Hahkison, Washington and Lee University, Lexington, Fa. April, 1883. Robert Sharp, University of Louisiana, New Orleana. The responsibility of the editors is as follows : H. is responsible for tlie Text, and for the Glossary from hrinan on ; S. for the List of Names, and for the Glossary as far as hrinan. ARGUMENT. The only national [Anglo-Saxon] epic which has been preserved entire is Beowulf. Its argument is briefly as follows: — The poem opens with a few verses in praise of the Danish Kings, especially IScild, the son of Sceaf. His death is related, and his descendants briefly traced down to HroSgar. HroSgar, elated with his prosperity and suc- cess in war, builds a magnificent hall, which he calls Heorot. In tills hall HrotSgar and his retainers live in joy and festivity, initil a malig- nant fiend, called Grendel, jealous of their happiness, carries off by night thirty of Hro'Sgar's men, and devours them in his moorland re- treat. Tliese ravages go on for twelve years. Beowulf, a thane of Hygelac, King of the Goths, hearing of IlroSgar's calamities, sails from Sweden with fourteen warriors to help him. They reach the Danish coast in safety; and, after an animated parley with HroSgar's coast- guard, who at first takes them for pirates, they are allowed to proceed to the royal hall, where they are well received by HroSgar. A banquet ensues, during which Beowulf is taunted by the envious Hunferh'5 about his swimming-match with Breca, King of the Brondings. Beowulf gives the true account of the contest, and silences Hunferh'5. At night-fall the King departs, leaving Beinvulf in charge of the hall. Grendel soon breaks in, seizes and devours one of Beiiwulf's companions ; is attacked by Beowulf, and, after losing an arm, which is torn off by Beo'wulf, escapes to the fens. The joy of HroSgar and the Danes, and their fes- tivities, are described, various episodes are introduced, and Beowulf and his comjianions receive splendid gifts. The next night Grendel's mother revenges her son by carrying off ^schere, the friend and coun- cillor of HroNgar, during the absence of Beowulf. Hrotigar appeals to Beowulf for vengeance, and describes the haunts of Grendel and his mother. They all proceed thither ; the scenery of the lake, and the mon- sters that dwell in it, are described. Beowulf plunges into the water, and attacks Grendel's mother in her dwelling at the bottom of the lake. He at length overcomes her, and cuts off her head, together with that of Grendel, and brings the heads to HroSgar. He then takes leave of HrcSgar, sails back to Sweden, and relates his adventures to Hygelac. xvi ARGUMENT. Here the first liali' of tlie poem ends. Tlie seeoyd begins with the accession of BeiJwulf to the throne, after tlie fall of Hygelac and his son Heardred. He rules prosperously for fifty years, till a dragon, brooding owu^a hidden trea.suro, l)egins to ravage the country, and des- troys Beowulf's palace with fire. Beowulf sets out in quest of its hiding- place) with twelve men. Having a\presentiment of his approaching end, he pauses ancFrecals to minil his pasttrf«juid exploits. He then takes leave of his followers, one by one, and advances alone to attack the dragon. UiKil)le, fron) the heat, to enter the cavern, he shouts aloud, and the dragon xxijnes forth. The dragon's scaly hide is proof against Beowulf's sworcL £Kid he is reduced to great straits. Then Wiglaf, one of his followers, advances to help him. Wiglaf's shield is consumed by the dragon's fiery breath, and he is compelled to seek shelter under Beo- wulf's shield of iron. Beowulf's sword snaps asunder, and he is seized by the dragon. Wiglnf stabs the dragon from underneath, and Bedwulf cuts it in two with his dagger. Feeling that his end is near, he bids Wiglaf bring out the treasures irom the cavern, that he may sec them before he dies. Wiglaf enters the dragon's den, which is described, returns to Bedwulf, and receives his last conuuands. Be(iwulf dies, and Wiglaf bitterly reproaches his companions for their cowardice. The disastrous consequences of Beo'wulf's death are then foretold, and the poem ends with Ids funeral. — H. Sweet, in Warton's History of Emjlish PoptTji, Vol. IT. (ed. 1871). Cf. also Ten Brink's Ilistori/ of Knyllsh Literature. 60-94.] BEOWULF. 60 in worold wAcun, weoroda rseswan, Heorogdr and Hr6t5gdr and Hdlga til ; hyrde ic, j'at Elan cwen Ongen]>e6wes was Hea6oscilfinges heals-gebedde. pa was HrdSgdre here-spSd gj^en, 65 wiges weorS-mynd, )'at him his wine-m4gas georne hyrdon, 66 piit se6 geogoS gewedx, mago-driht mi eel. Him on m6d beam, |7at heal-reced hitan wolde, medo-arn micel men gewyrcean, 70 |7one yldo beam sefre gefrunon, and faer on innan eall gedaelan geongum and ealdum, s\v3'lc him god sealde, bfiton folc-scare and feorum gumena. pa ic wide gefriign weorc gebannan 75 manigre maegSe geond ]>isne middan-geard, folc-stede friitwan. Him on fyrste gelomp adre mid 3'ldum, J^at hit wearS eal gearo, heal-tirna maest ; sc6p him Heort naman, se fe his wordes geweald wide hafde. 80 He be6t ne &leh, beilgas daelde, sine at symle. Sale hlifade hedh and horu-gedp : heaSo-wylma bM, latSan llges ; ne was hit lenge ]>Sl gen })at se ecg-hete aSum-swerian 85 after wiil-nlSe wilcnan seolde. pa se ellen-goest earfoSllee prage gefolode, se \>e in ])5'strum bdd, j'at he ddgora gehwdm dredm gehyrde hlAdne in healle ; )?aer was hearpan 8w6g, 90 swutol sang sc6pes. Sagde se ]>e cftSe frum-seeaft fira feorran reccan, cwa3 fat se almihtiga eorSan worhfe, wlite-beorhtne wang, swd water beb(lge8, gesette sige-hr6(5ig sunnan and m6nan 4 BE6wULP. [9fr-123 95 le6man td le6hte land-bfiendum, and gefratwade foldan scedtas leomum and ledfum ; lif edc gese cwice hw)Tfa5. Sw4 pa driht-guman dredmum lifdon 100 eddiglice, 6S ))at kn ongan fyTene fremman, fe6nd on helle : was se gi-imma gast Grendel hdten, maere mearc-stapa, se ]>e m6ras he61d, fen and fasten ; fifel-cynnes card 105 won-saelig wer weardode hwUe, siStSan him scyppend forscrifen hiifde. In Caines cynne fone ewealm gewrac, 6ce drihten, J)as pe he Abel sl6g; ne gefeah he paere fsehSe, ac he hiue feor forwriic, 110 metod for py mdne man-cyune fram. panon untydras ealle onwdeon, eotenas and ylfe and orcnfias, swylce gigantas, pd wi6 gode wunnon lange prage; he him pas ledn forgeald. III. Grendel's Visits. 115 Gewat pd ne6sian, sjiSSan niht becom, hedn hftses, hfl hit Hring-Dene after be6r-pege gebftn hiifdon. Fand )>d paer inne a^elinga gedriht swefan after symble ; sorge no cAtSon, 120 won-sceaft wera. Wiht unhaelo grim and grsedig gearo s6na was, re6c and r66e, and on raste genam pritig pegna: panon eft gewdt httSe hr6mig td hdm faran, 125 mid pare wal-fylle wlca ne6san. 126-160.] BEOWULF. p4 was on uhtan mid aer-dage Grendles gd^-crMt gumum undyme: pSi was after wiste w6p up dhafen, micel morgen-sw6g. Maere J)e6den, 130 aSeling 8er-g6d, unbliSe sat, polode J'ry5-swyt5, pegn-sorge di-edh, sytSSan hie pas U5an l^st seedwedon, wergan g^stes ; was pat gewin t6 Strang, las and longsum. Nas hit lengra lyrst, 135 ac ymb fine niht eft gefremede morS-beala mdre and n6 mearn fore faehSe and fyrene; was td fast on p4m. p4 was edtS-fynde, pe him elles hwser gerdmlicor raste sdJite, 140 bed after bflrum, pa him gebedcnod was* gesagd s6t511ce sweotolan tacne heal-pegnes hete; he61d hine s^iSSan fyr and fastor, se pam fe6nde atwand. Swa rixode and wi5 rihte wan 145 ana wi8 eallum, 6t> pat idel 8t6d hftsa shiest. Was se6 hwil micel: twelf wintra tld toru gepolode wine Scyldinga, we^na gehwelcne, sldra sorga ; forpam sy66an wearS 150 ylda bearnum und3Tne cft6, gyddum gedmore, patte Grendel wan hwile wits HrdSgar; — hete-ni(5as wag, fyrene and fsehSe fela missera, singale sace, sibbe ne wolde 155 wis manna hwone magenes Deniga feorh-bealo feorran, fe6 pingian, ne paer nsenig witena wfinan porfte beorhtre b6te t6 banan folmum; atol aglseca 6htende was, ]60 deorc dedS-scfta duguSe and geogo?5e 6 BE6WULF. [161-192. seomade and sj^ede. Sin-nihte he6Id mistige m6ras ; men ne cunnon, hwyder hel-rftnan hwjTftum scrlSaS. Sw4 fela fjTena fe6nd man-cj'nnes, 165 atol dn-gengea, oft gefremede heardra hyntSa ; Heorot eardode, sinc-fSge sel sweartum nihtum (nd he J'one gif-st61 gr6tan m^ste, mat5(5um for metode, ne his m3'ne'wi88e); 170 fat was wraec micel wine Scj'ldinga, mddes brecSa. Monig-offc gesat rice t6 rftne ; raed eahtedon, hwat swi5-ferh(5um shiest waere wis fser-gryrum t6 gefremmanne. 175 Hwllum hie geh^tou at harg-trafum wig-weor6unga, wordum baedon, fat him gdst-bona ge6ce gefremede wis pe6d-]5redum. Swj-lc was fedw hyrti, haeSenra hyht ; helle gemundon 180 in m6d-sefan, metod hie ne cASon, daeda dfimend, ne wiston hie drihten god, ne hie hftru heofena helm h^rian ne cA5on, wuldres waldend. Wd biS pam fe sceal purh pltSne ni3 sdwle besedfan 185 in fyres faSm, frdfre ne w^nan, wihte gewendan ; wel biS |)am f e m6t Sfter ded(S-dage drihten sficean and t6 fader faSmum freoSo wilnian. Tv. Kygelao's Thane. SwA ])& mael-ceare maga Healfdenes 190 singala sed6 ; ne mihte snotor haleS wedn onwendan : was fat gewin t6 sw^, IAS and longaum, fe on ]>& le6de becom, I93-2J7.] BEdwULF. nyd-wracu nl5-grim, niht-bealwa msest. pat fram hAm gefragn Higeiaces fegn, 195 g6d mid Gedtum, Grendles dseda: se was mon-cynnes magenes strengest on pam dage )>ysses llfes, atSele and edcen. H6t him 5'5-lidan gddne gegyrwan ; cwa5 he gflS-cyning 200 ofer swan-rdde sficean wolde, maerne )ie6den, ]^^ him was manna j^earf. pone slS-fat him snotere ceorlas lyt-hw6n Idgon, pedh he him le6f wtere ; hwetton higerdfue, hael scedwedon. 205 Hafde se gdda Gedta le6da cempan gecorone, pAra pe he cfinoste findan mihte ; fiftena sum sund-wudu s6hte ; secg wtsade, lagu-criiftig mon, land-gemjTcu. 210 Fyrst forS gewdt: Acta was on yt5um, bdt under beorge. Beornas gearwe on stefn stigon ; stredmas wundon sund wis sande ; secgas bseron on bearm nacan beorhte fratwe, 215 g66-searo geatolic ; guman At scufon, weras on wil-sl8 wudu bundenne. Gewdt ]>d ofer wseg-hobn winde gefysed flota fdmig-heals fugle gellcost, 66 pat ymb dn-tid 6t5res ddgores 220 wunden-stefna gewaden hafde, fat I'd liSende land gesdwon, brim-clifu blican, beorgas stedpe, side sae-nassas : ]?d was sund Men, eoletes at ende. panon up hrat5e 225 Wedera Ie6de on wang stigon, sae-wudu saeldon (syrcan hrysedon, gftS-gewsedo) ; gode pancedon, I BEOWULF. £228-^57 fas J>e him yi5-14de e&6e wurdon. pA of wealle geseah weard Scildinga, 230 se )>e holm-clifu healdan scolde, beran ofer bolcan beorhte randas, fjTd-searu f&slicu ; bine fyrw3't .brae mdd-gebygdum, bwat \>k men wseron. Gewdt him ))4 td waroSe wicge rldan 235 fegn Hr66g^res, juymumm cwehte miigen-wudu mundum, me(5el-wordum fragn: ' ' Hwiit S3-udou ge searo-hiibbendra '*b3'rnum werede, pe |'us brontne ce61 "ofer lagu-straete laedan cw6mon, 240 " hider ofer holmas helmas boeron? " Ic was ende-saeta, aeg-wearde he61d, " fat on land Dena IdSra nsenig "mid scip-herge sceSSan ne meahte. " N6 her cfiSlicor cuman ongunnon 245 " lind-habbende ; ne ge ledfnes-word " gft(5-fremmendra gearwe ne wisson, " m^ga gem^du. Naefre ic mdran geseah eorla ofer eorSan, j^onne is e6wer sum, secg on searwum ; nis j'iit seld-guma 250 " waapnum geweorcSad, nafne him his wlite le6ge, ' aenllc an-syn. Nu ic e6wer sceal ' frum-cyn witan, aer ge fyr heonan ' ledse scedweras on land Dena ' furfiur fSran. Nu ge feor-bflend, 255 " mere-116ende, minne geh5'ra6 ' &n-fealdne gej'Aht : 6fest is sfilest 't6 gec5'^anne, hwanan e6wre cyme sj-ndon.'* 258-289.] BEOWULF. 9 V. The Errand. Him se yldesta andswarode, werodes wisa, word-hord onledc: 260 "We synt gum-cynnes Gedta le6de " and Higel^ces heorS-genedtas. "Was mill fader folcum gecji^ed, " a(5ele ord-fruma Ecg];e6w hdten; " gebdd wintra worn, aer he on weg hwiirfe, 265 " gamol of geardum ; hine gearwe geman "witena wel-hwj'lc wide geond eorSan. — "We Jmrh holdne hige hldford ])inne, " sunu Healfdenes, s^cean cwdmon, " le6d-gebyrgean : wes ]m As Idrena g6d! 270 "HabbaS we t6 l^am mseran micel serende " Deniga fredn ; ne sceal )>aer dyrne sum "wesan, })as ic w6ne. pu w^st, gif hit is, " swA we s6(5lice secgan hyrdon, " fat raid Scyldingum sceaSa ic ndt hwylc, 275 " de6gol daed-hata, deorcum nihtum " edweS j'urh egsan unctiSne nl(5, "hynSu and hr^-fyl. Ic J^as HrdSgAr mag "furh rftmne sefan raed gelseran, "hA he fr6d and gdd fe6nd oferswySeS, 280 "gyf him ed-wendan aefre scolde "bealuwa bisigu, b6t eft cuman " and ]>&. cear-wylmas cdlran wurSatS ; "o6Se k S5i5t5an earfotS-prage, " pred-nyd polaS, fenden ]jser wunatJ 285 "on hedh-stede hftsa shiest." Weard maSelode, faer on wicge sat ombeht unforht: "^ghwaSres sceal " scearp scyld-wlga gescM witan, "worda and worca, se J^e wel tjence*. 10 BEOWULF. [290-319 290 " Ic |)iit gehyre, J>at }>is is hold weorod " frein Scyldinga. GewltatJ forS beran " waepen and gewaedu, ic e6w wlsige: " swylce ic magu-fegnas mlue h^te " vn6 fe6nda gehwone flotan e6weme, 295 " niw-tyrwedne nacati on sande " 4rum healdan, 66 pat eft byreS " ofer lagu-stredmas le6fne mannan " wudu wunden-hals t6 Weder-mearce. " GftS-fremmendra swj'lcum gife(5e bi'5, 300 "fat fone hilde-raes Ml gedigeC." Gewiton him \>k fSran (flota stille bAd, seomode on sMe sld-faSmed scyp, on ancre fast) ; eofor-llc sci6non ofer hle6r-beran gehroden golde 305 f;a,h and fyr-heard, ferh wearde he61d. GASmdde grummon, guman onetton, sigon atsomne, 6(5 J)at hy slil timbred geatollc and gold-fdh ongytan mihton ; pat was fore-maerost fold-bdendum 310 receda under roderum, on pam se rlca bftd; lixte se le6ma ofer landa fela. Him I'd hilde-de6r hof m6digra torht getaehte, pat hie him t6 mihton gegnum gangan ; gftS-beorna sum 815 wicg gewende, word after cwaS : ' ' Mael is me t6 fSran ; fader alwalda " mid fl,r-stafum e6wic gehealde " 8l6a gesunde ! ic t6 sse wille, " wis wrAt5 werod wearde healdan.** 82(^-361.] BEOWULF. U VI. Be6wulf's Speech. 320 Strjet was stdn-fdh, stlg wlsode gumum atgadere. Gft6-b3Tne scdn heard hond-locen, hring-iren sctr song in searwum, pt, hie t6 sele furSum in hjTa gr^'re-geatwum gangan cw6mon. 325 Setton sse-mSSe side scj'Idas, rondas regn-hearde wi5 )'as recedes weal, bugon ]>k t6 bence ; byruan hringdon, gfttS-searo gumena ; gdras st6don, sae-manna searo, samod atgadere, 330 asc-holt ufan graeg : was se Iren-predt wsepnum gewurcSad. pd }'aer wlonc haleS oret-mecgas after iitSelum fragn : " Hwanon ferigeaS ge fatte scyldas, " gi-aege s^'rcan and grim-helmas, 335 " here-seeafta hedp? — Ic eom Hrd^g^res " dr and ombiht. Ne seah ic el-)ie6dige " fus mauige men m6digllcran. "W6n' ic pat ge for wlenco, nalles for wrac-stSiim, " ac for hige-]5rymmum Hr6Sgdr s6htou." 340 Him ]>t ellen-r6f andswarode, wlanc Wedera le6d word after sprac, heard under helme : "We synt HigelAces " be6d-gene^tas ; Be6wull is mln nama. " Wille ic dsecgan suna Healfdenes, 345 " maerum )je6dne min aerende, " aldre )'lnum, gif he As geunnan wile, " Jjat we hine sw^ g6dne grStan m6ton." "Wulfgdr maSelode (pat was Wendla le6d, was his m6d-sefa manegum gecj'^ed, 350 wig and wls-d6m): " ic pas wine Deniga, "fredn Scildinga frinan wille, 12 BEOWULF. [86»-88a " be&ga bryttan, swft ]>u bfina eart, " |)e6den maerne ymb |)lnne sl5 ; "and \>e ]>Si andsware adre gecySan, 855 " l^e me se gdda dgifan penceS." Hwearf I'd hriidlice, j'aer HrdSgAr sat, eald and unbdr mid his eorla gedriht ; eode ellen-rdf, J'iit he for eaxlum gest6d Deniga fredn, cASe he duguSe j'edw. 360 "Wulfgdr maSelode td his wine-drihtne: " Her s3'ndon geferede feorran cumene " ofer geofenes begang Gedta le6de : " fone yldestan oret-mecgas " Be6wulf nemnaS. H}' b6nan S3^nt, 365 " J>at hie, J)e6den min, wiS J'e mdton " wordum wrixlan ; nd |>u him wearne gete6h, " flnra gegn-cwida gladniau, Hr65gdr ! " Hj^ on wig-geatwum vvjxSe )'inceat5 "eorla gesehtlan; hAru se aldor dedh, 370 " se paem heaSo-rincum hider wlsade." VII. Hrothgar's Welcome. Hr6Sgar ma(5elode, helm Sc^idinga: " Ic bine cftSe cniht-wesende. "Was his eald-fader Eeg|5e6 hdten, "])am t6 ham forgeaf Hr65el Gedta 375 " dngan d61itor; is his eafora nu " heard her cumeu, s6hte holdne wine. " ponne sagdon |'at sae-llSende, " J)A pe gif-sceattas Gedta fyredon " })yder t6 ))ance, Tp'sit he j'rittiges 380 "manna miigen-craft on his muud-gripe " hea(5o-r6f habbe. Hine hdlig god "for &r-8tafura fts onsende, a63 4ir.] BEOWULF. 18 (( td West-Denum, ]>as ic w6n habbe, *'wi8 Grendles gryre: ic ]>dm gddan sceal 385 " for liis m6d-])race mMmas be6dan. " Be6 pu on 6feste, hdt hig in gan, " se6n sibbe-gedriht samod atgadere ; " gesaga him edc -vvordum, j'iit hie sint wil-cuman " Deniga le6dum." pd wi^ duru healle 390 Wulfgdr eode, word inne dbedd : " E6w h6t secgan sige-drihten mln, "aldor Edst-Dena, }'at he e6wer aSelu can "and ge him syndon ofer sae-wylmas, " heard-hicgende, hider wil-cuman. 395 " Nu ge m6ton gangan in e6wrum gAS-geatawum, "under here-griman, HrdSgdr gese6n ; "laetaS hilde-bord her onbidian, "wudu wal-sceaftas, worda gejnnges." Ards ]y§L SB rica, ymb hine rinc manig, 400 )>ry61ic j^egna hedp ; sume j'aer bidon, heaSo-redf he61don, swd him se hearda bebedd. SnjTedon atsomne, I'd secg wisode under Heorotes hrdf ; hyge-rdf eode, heard under helme, ]>at he on heo6e gestdd. 405 Be6wulf maSelode (on him b3'rne scdn, searo-net se6wed smiSes or-))ancum) : "Wes ]>n HrdSgdr hdl! ic eom Higeldces "maeg and mago-pegn ; habbe ic maerSa fela " ongunnen on geogoSe. Me wearS Grendles ping 410 "on mlnre 66el-t3'rf undyrne cAS : " secgaS sae-116end, )'at )'es sele stande, " reced selesta, rinca gehwylcum "Idel and unnyt, siSSan 8efen-le6ht "under heofenes hddor beholen weorSett. 415 " pd me pat gelaerdon le6de mine, " pd sfilestan, snotere ceorlas, "pe6den Hr66gdr, pat ic pe s6bte: 14 BEOWULF. [41&-452. 420 425 430 i35 440 44^ 450 for))an hie mSgenes craft mlnne cftSon : selfe ofersdwon, ))d ic of searwum cwom, fail from fe6ndum, J'aer ic fife geband, 5't5de eotena cj'n, and on yiSnm sldg niceras nihtes, nearo-J'earfe dredli, wrac "Wedera nl6 (wedn aiisodon) forgi'and gramum ; and nu wi6 Greudel sceal, wis pain aglaecau, Ana geliegan {jing wis |)yrse. Ic J'e nu ])d, brego, Beorht-Dena, biddan wille, eodor Sc3-ldinga, dnre bSne ; ))at ]m me ne forw3'rne, wigendra lile6, fre6-wine folca, nu ic |'us feorran com, )?at ic m6te dna and minra eorla gedryht, fes hearda hedp, Heorot fselsian. Habbe ic edc gedhsod, pat se aglaeca for his won-hjdum wsepna ne rficeS ; ic pat ponne forhicge, swil me Higeldc sle, min mon-drihten, mddes bliSe, pat ic sweord bere o56e sidne sc^'ld geolo-rand t6 gftSe ; ac ic mid grdpe sceal f6n wis ft'6nde and j'mb feorh sacan, Ids wis IdSum ; pasr gelj-fan sceal dryhtnes d6me se pe hine dedS nimeS. W6n' ic piit he wille, gif he wealdan mdt, in pam gAS-sele Gedtena le6de etan unforhte, swd he oft d3'de magen HrfiSmanna. Nd pu mlnne pearft hafalan hydan, ac he me habban wile dre6re fdhne, gif mec dedS nimeS ; b3'reS blddig wal, b3Tgean penceS, eteS dn-genga uumurnllce, mearcaS m6r-hopu : nd pu 3'mb mines ne pearft llces feorme leng sorgian. Ousend Higeldce, gif mec hild nime, 46»-«83.] Be6wULF. 15 " beadu-scrAda betst, fat mine bre6st weret5, " hragla sfilest; fat is Hr651an Idf, 455 " W61andes geweorc. GaeS & Wyrd 8w4 hi6 seel ! " VIII. Hkothgar tells of Gkendel. HrASgar mat5elode, hebu Scj'ldinga: ' for were-fyhtum J)U, wine min Be6wulf, ' and for dr-stafum fisic sdhtest. ' Gesldh fin fader faehSe maeste, 460 "wear6 he HeaSoldfe t6 hand-bonan ' mid Wilfingum ; f A hine Wedera cyn ' for here-br6gan habban ne mihte. ' panon he ges6hte SAS-Dena folc ' ofer ySa gewealc, Ar-Scyldinga ; 465 " fd ic furSum we61d folce Deninga, ' and on geogoSe he61d gimme-rice ' hord-burh halet5a : f 4 was HeregAr dedd, ' mln yldra maeg unlifigende, ' beam Healfdenes. Se was betera fonne ic I 470 "Si66an fa faehSe fe6 f ingode ; ' sende ic Wylfingum ofer wateres hrycg ' ealde mMmas : he me dSas sw6r. ' Sorh is me td secganne on sefan mlnum ' gumena aengum, hwat me Grendel hafaS 475 " h^TiSo on Heorote mid his hete-fancum, ' faer-nlSa gefremed. Is min flet-werod, ' wlg-hedp gewanod ; hie Wyrd forswe6p ' on Grendles gryre. God edc5e mag ' f one dol-scaSan daeda getwaefan ! 480 " Ful oft gebe6tedon be6re druncne ' ofer ealo-waege oret-mecgas, *fat hie in be6r-sele bidan woldon ' Grendles gCtSe mid gryrum ecga. 16 BEOWULF. [48+-514. " poikne was pe63 medo-heal on morgen-tld, 485 " driht-sele dre6r-fah, l>onne diig lixte, " eal benc-J'clu bl6de best5'med, " heall heoru-dre6re : dhte ic holdra \>y las, " dc6rre dugu6e, ]>e j'd dedS fornara. "Site nu td symle and onsael raeoto, 490 " sige-hr65 secgum, swd pin sefa liwette ! ** p4 was Gedt-macgum geador atsomue on be6r-sele bene gerymed ; ))aer swi6-ferh(5e sittan eodon j?ry3um dealle. pegn nytte behe61d, 495 se |)e on handa bar hroden ealo-woege, scencte scir wered. Scop hwilum sang hMor on Heorote ; paer was hale^a dredm, duguS unlytel Dena and Wedera. IX. HuNFERTH Objects to Be6wulf. tTNFEU^ maSelode, EcglAfes beam, 500 )'e at fdtum siit fredn Sc3idinga ; onband beadu-rftne (was him Be6wulfes stS, m6dges raere-faran, micel tif-jamca, for)>on ]'e he ne <16e, I'iit jenig 66er man aefre maerSa j'on md middan-geardes 505 gehfidde under lieofenum j'onne he sylfa) : " Eart ))u se Be6wulf, se |)e wi5 Brecan wunne, " on si(bie sae ymb sund flite, " I'aer git for wlence wada cunnedon " and for dol-gilpe on de6p water 510 " aldrum n66don? Ne inc aenig mon, " ne lc6f ne ld8, beledn mihte " sorh-fuUne siS ; ]>d git on sund re6n, " )jser git edgor-stredm earmum l>ehton, " msetoQ mere-straeta, mundum brugdon, 616-649.] BEOWULF. 17 515 "glidon ofer gdr-secg; geofon yt^um we61, "wintres W3'lme. Git on wiiteres aeht " seofon niht swuucon ; he )'e at sunde oferflat, "hafde mdre miigen. pA hine on morgen-tld " on HeaSo-rsemas holm up atbar, 62C " ]?onon he ges6hte swaesne eSel " le6f his le6dum lond Brondinga, " freoSo-hurh fagere, ]'8er he folc dhte, "burg and bedgas. Be6t eal wiS pe " sunu Bednstdncs s65e gelaeste. 525 " ponne w6ne Ic td \>e wyrsan ge))inge8, " l>edh I'u heaSo-raesa gehwaer dohte, " grimre gft5e, gif ]m Grendles dearst " niht-longne fyTst nedn bidan ! " Be6wulf ma(5elode, beam Ecg]'e6wes : 530 "Hwat ]>u worn fela, wine min tTnferS^ "be6re druneen ^Tub Brecan spraece, " sagdest from his siSe ! S66 ic taUge, "fat ic mere-strengo mdran dhte, " earfeSo on jfium, jonne ffiiiig 66er man. 535 "Wit pat gecwaedon cniht-wesende " and gebe6tedon (waeron begen )>d git "on geogoS-feore) j'dt wit on gdr-secg At " aldrum nfiSdon ; and pat geafudon swd. " Hafdon swurd nacod, ]>t wit on sund re6n, 540 ' ' heard on handa, wit unc wi5 hron-fixas " werian ])61iton. N6 he wiht fram me " fl6d-5'^um feor fle6tan meahte, "hracSor on holme, nd ic fram him wolde. " pd wit iitsomne on sae waeron 545 " fif nihta fyrst, 63 pat unc fl6d t6drdf, " wado weallende, wedera cealdost, " nlpende niht and norSan wind "heaSo-grim andhwearf; hre6 waeron yiJa, ' ' Was mere-fixa m6d onhrfired : 18 BEOWULF. [550-680. 550 " paer me wi5 IdtSum ltc-S3Tce mln, "heard honil-locen, helpe gefremede ; " beado-hriigl broden on bre6stum lag, " golde gegyrwed. Me t6 grunde tedh " fah fe6nd-sca3a, fiiste biifde 555 " grim on grApe : hwiiSre me gyfe^e wear5, " I'iit ic agl£ecan orde geraehte, " hilde-bille ; heat5o-raes fornam "mihtig mere-de6r J»urh mine hand. X. Beowulf's Contest with Breca. — The Feast 560 565 670 675 680 ' SwA mec gel6me iaS-gete6nan ' I'redtedon j'carle. Ic him ])Snode ' de6ran sweorde, swd hit gedfife was ; ' uas hie j'aere fylle gefedn hiifdon, ' mdn-fordaedlan, pat hie me I'^gon, ' symbol 3'mb-sseton sae-grunde nedh, ' ac on mergenne m6cum wunde ' be yt5-ldfe uppe laegon, ' sweordum Aswefede, ))at sj'SSan nft '3'mb brontne ford brim-llSende ' Idde ne letton. Le6ht edstan com, ' beorht bedcen godes ; brimu swaSredon, ' pat ic sae-niissas gese6n mihte, ' windige weallas. Wyrd oft nereS ' unfaegne eorl, Sonne his ellen dedh ! ' HwaSere me gesffilde, J)at ic mid sweorde ofsldh ' niceras nigene. N6 ic on niht gefragn ' under heofones hwealf heardran feohtan, ' ne on 6g-stredraum earmran mannan ; ' hwaSere ic fdra feng fcore gedigde, ' 8l(Ses w^rig. pa mec sae 65bar, ' fl6d after faro6e, on Finna land, 581-615. J BEOWULF. 19 " wadu weallendu. NA ic wiht fram pe " swylcra searo-nl?ia secgan hj'rde, " bilia brdgan: Breca nsefre git " at heaSo-ldce, ne gehwatSer incer 585 ' ' swd de6rlice daed gefremede ' ' f^gum sweordum nd ic yds gylpe ; " ])edh ]m l)inum br65rum td banan wurde, " hedfod-maegum ; ]'as fu in helle scealt 590 " werh6o dre6gan, \>eih. ]An wit duge. " Secge ic pe td s6t5e, sunu EcgUfes, "pat naefre Grendel swA fela gryva. gefremede, " atol aglaeca ealdre J^lnum, " hj'nSo on Heoi'ote, gif |)in hige woere, 595 " sefa swA searo-gi-im, swd \>\i self talast. "Ac he hafaS onfunden, j'iit he ]?d faehSe ne fearf, ' ' atole ecg-prace e6wer le6de " swiSe onsittan, Sige-Scyldinga ; " nymeS nj'd-bMe, naenegum draS 600 " le6de Deniga, ac he on lust wlgetS, " swefeS ond sendeS, secce ne w6ne6 " td Gdr-Denum. Ac him Gedta sceal " eafoS and ellen unge^ra nu "gA6e gebe6dan. GaeS eft se ]>e m6t 605 " td medo mddig, siSSan morgen-le6ht " ofer 5'lda beam 63res ddgores, ' '• sunne swegl-wered s<15au sclneS ! " p4 was on sdlum sinces brytta gamol-feax and gAS-r6f, ge6ce gelyfde 610 brego Beorht-Dena ; gehyrde on Bedwulfe folces h}Tde fast-rsedne ge|'6ht. paer was haleSa hleahtor; hlyn swynsode, word waeron wynsume. Eode Wealhpedw forS, cw6n HrdSgdres, cynna gemyndig, 615 grdtte gold-hroden guman on healle, 20 BEOWULF. [616-650, and ]>k frc611c wif ful gesealde aerest Edst-Dena 6(^el-wearde, bad hine bliSne at paere be6r-))ege, le6dum le6fne ; he on lust gej'eah 62i3 S3Tnbel and sele-ful, sige-r6f kj'ning. Ymb-eode ))4 ides Helminga dugu8e and geogot5e dael aeghwjlcne; sinc-fato sealde, 65 pat sael dlamp, fat hi6 Be6wulfe, bedg-hroden cw6n, 625 mdde ge]>ungen, medo-M iltbar ; grfitte Gedta le6d, gode |>aucode wts-fast wordum, pas ]>e hire se willa gelamp, fat heo on aenigne eorl gelyfde fyrena fr6fre. He ))at ful gefeah, 630 wal-re6w wiga at Wealh]5e6n, and ]>k g3'ddode gftSe gefysed, Be6wulf maSelode, beam Ecgpe6wes : " Ic pat hogode, ))& ic on holm gestdh, " sae-bit gesat mid minra secga gedriht, 635 ' ' )>at ic Anunga G6wTa le6da "willan geworhte, ot5Se on wal crunge, " fe6nd-gi-Apum fast, Ic gefremman sceal "eorllc ellen, ot5tSe ende-diig " on pisse meodu-healle mlnne gebldan." 6i0 pam wife ]yk word wel licodon, gilp-cwide Gedtes ; eode gold-hroden fre61icu folc-cwSn td hire fredn sittan. pA was eft swd aer inne on healle pr}i5-word sprecen, ))e6d on saelum, 645 sige-folca sw6g, 6(S pat semninga sunu Healfdenea sficean wolde aefen-raste ; wiste at pam ahlaecan t6 pam hedh-sele hilde ge])inged, 8i36an hie sunnan le6ht gese6n ne meahton, 650 oHe nlpende niht ofer ealle, fi61-681.] BEOWULF. 21 scadu-helma gesceapu scrtSan cw6man, wan under wolcnum. Werod eall ^rds. Grdtte pd giddxtm guma 66erne, HrdSgdr Bc6wulf, and him hael fibedd, 655 win-arnes geweald and pat word d,cwa5 : " Naefre ic aenegum men aer dlf'fde, " siSSan ic hond and rond hebban mihte, " pryS-arn Dena bftton J'e nn \h. "Hafa nu and geheald hAsa shiest; 560 " gemyne mserSo, miigen-ellen cy5, "waca wi6 wraSum! Ne biS pe wilna g^d, "gif pu pat ellen-wcorc aldre gedlgest." XI. The Watoh for Grendel. pi him Hr«38gdr gewAt mid his haleSa gedrj^ht, eodur Scyldinga At of heallt ; 665 wolde wig-frmna Wealh))e6 s^cau, cw6n t6 gebeddan Hilfde kyningd w^uldor Grendle t6-ge4nes, sw^ guman getrungon, sele-weard dseted . sundor-nytte behe61d jTnb aldor Dena, eoton weard dbedd; 670 ht se g6da g3'lp-worda sum Be6wulf Gedta, aer he on bed stige : " Nd ic me an here-waesmum hndgran talige " gdS-geweorca, ponne Grendel hine ; 680 "forpan i; hint sweorde swebban nelle, " aldre bene6tan, pedh ic eal maege. 22 BEOWULF. [682-710. "NAt he ^ra gdda, pat he me on-gedn sled, "rand gehedwe, pedh }>e he r6f s!e " ntS-geweorca ; ac wit on niht sculon 685 " secge ofersittan, gif he ges6cean dear "wig ofer waepen, and si6Sau witig god " on sw^ hwaSere hond hftlig dr3-hten "maerSo dSme, swd him gemet jnnce." H3'lde hine pa heaSo-de6r, hle6r-bolster onffing 690 eorles andwlitan ; and hine ymb monig snelllc sae-rinc sele-reste gebedh. Naenig heora ])6hte pat he panon scolde eft eard-lufan aefre gesScean, folc o66e fre6-burh, ))aer he Affided waa 695 ac hie hiifdon gefrunen, pat hie aer t6 fsla micles in pam win-sele wal-deiiS fornam, Denigea le6de. Ac him dryliten forgeaf wig-sp6da gewiofu, Wedera le6dum frdfor and fultum, pat hie fe6nd heora 700 purh anes craft ealle oferc6mon, selfes mihtum : s65 is gecj'Sed, pat mihtig god manna cynnes we61d wide-ferh6. Com on wanre niht scctSan sceadu-genga. Sce6tend swaefon, 705 pa pat horn-reced healdan scoldon, ealle buton Anum. pat was yldum cAt$, pat hie ne mdste. pA metod nolde, se s^-n-scafta under sceadu bregdan ; ac he waccende wrd6um on andan » 710 b&d bolgen-m6d beadwa gepinges. 711-748.1 BEOWULF. 28 XII. Gkendel's Raid. pi com of mdre under mist-hleotSum Grendel gongan, godes yrre bar. Mynte se man-scaSa manna cynne8 sumne besjTwan in sele }>am he^n ; 715 w6d under wolcnum, t6 pas J'e he win-reced, gold-sele gumena, gearwost wisse fattum fdhne. Ne was ]>at forma slS, fat he Hr6t5gares hdm ges6hte : naefre he on aldor-dagum aer ne sitSt5an 720 heardran hale, heal-J^egnas fand ! Com )'d t6 recede rinc siSian dredmum bedffiled. Dm-u s6na onarn fyr-bendum fast, sji5San he hire folmum hrAn | onbrad ]>^ bealo-hydig, )'^ he 4bolgen was, 725 recedes mASan. RaSe after |ion on fagne fl6r fe6nd treddode, eode yrre-m6d ; him of edgum 8t6d l!ge gellcost le6ht unfiiger. Geseah he in recede rinca manige, 730 swefan sibbe-gedriht samod atgadere, mago-rinca hedp : j'a his m6d dhl6g, mynte ]'at he gedaelde, aer pon dag cwAme, atol aglaeca, dnra gehwylces llf wis lice, j'^ him Mumpen was 735 wist-fylle w^n. Ne was fat wyrd pa gen, fat he md m6ste manna cynnes ficgean ofer ]>&. niht. prjiS-swy6 behedld maeg Higellces, hA se mdn-scaf5a under faer-gripum gefaran wolde. 740 Ne fat se aglaeca yldan f6hte, ac he gef^ng hraSe forman stt5e slaependne rinc, sldt unwearnum, 24 BEOWULF. [743-777 bAt bdn-locan, bldd Cdrum dranc, syn-snaedum swealh : s6na Mfde 745 unlyfigendes eal gefeormod f6t and folma. ForS nedr atstdp, nam ))d mid hauda hige-jnhtigne rinc on raste ; raehte ongedn fe6nd mid folme, he oufdng hratSe 750 Inwit-fancum and wiS earm gesat. S6na pat onfunde fyrena h3Tde, fat he ne m6tte middan-geardes eorSan scedta on elran men mund-gripe mdran : he on m6de wearS 755 forht on ferhSe, n6 \>^ aer fram meahte ; hyge was him hin-fCls, wokle on heolster fle6n, s6can de6fla gedrag : ne was his drohtotJ Jjaer, swylce he on ealder-dagum aer gemStte. Gemunde fd se g6da maeg Higeldces 760 aefen-spraece, up-lang dst6d and him f aste wi(5f6ng. Fingras burston ; eoten was At-weard, eorl fui-Sur st6p. Mynte se maera, paer he meahte swd, wldre gewindan and on weg )ianon 765 fle6n on fen-hopu ; wiste his fingra geweald on grames grdpiim. piit was ge6cor stS, fat se hearm-sca6a t6 Heorute dtedh: drj'ht-sele dj'nede, Denum eallum wear6, ceaster-bflendum, cfinra gehwylcum, 770 eorhim eahi-scerwen. Yrre waeron begen, rfiSe rfin-weardas. Reced hlj-nsode ; ]>& was wundor micel, fat se win-sele wi^hafde hea(5o-de6rum, )>at he on hrusan ne fe6!, f ager fold-bold ; ac he fas f aste was 775 innan and Atan Iren-bendimi searo-foneum besmiSod. paer fram sylle Abedg medu-benc monig mine gefraege, r78-S08.] BEOWULF. 25 golde geregnad, J^aer ]'& graman wunnon; yds ne w6ndon ser witan Scyldinga, 780 fat hit d mid gemete manua aenig betlic and bdn-fdg tdbrecan meahte, listum tdlAcan, nymSe liges fa6m swulge on swaSule. Sw^g up dstdg niwe genealihe ; NorS-Denum stdd 785 atellc egesa dnra gehwylcum p4ra I'e of wealle w6p gehyrdon, gryre-le65 galan godes andsacan, sige-ledsne sang, sAr wdnigean helle haftan. He61d hine td faste 790 se ]>e manna was magene strengest on pam dage Jjysses llfes. XIII. Be6wulf Teaks off Geendel's Arm. NoLDE eorla lile6 aenige l?inga fone cwealm-cuman cwicne forlaetan, ne his lif-dagas le6da aenigum 795 nj'tte tealde. paer genehost bragd eorl Be6wulfes ealde Idfe, wolde fred-drihtnes feorh ealgian maeres pe6dnes, paer hie meahton sw&; hie fat ne wiston, \>k hie gewin drugon, 800 heard-hicgende hilde-mecgas, and on healfa gehwone hedwan fdhton, sdwle s6can, Pat fone syn-scaSan aenig ofer eorSan li'enna cyst, gh gefjelsod, se J'e aer feorran com, snotor and sw^'S-ferhti sele HrdSgdres, genered wi6 nl5e. Niht-weorce gefeh, ellen-mserSum ; hafde Edst-Denmn 830 Gedt-mecga le6d gilp gelaested, sw^'lce oncySSe ealle gebfitte, inwid-sorge, ]>e hie aer drugon and for fred-nydum j'olian scoldon, torn unlytel. pat was tdcen sweotol, 835 sySSan hilde-de6r hond dlegde, earm and eaxle (]>iBr was eal geadoi Grendles grdpe) under gedpne hi6f. 838-869.1 BEOWULF. 27 XrV. The Joy at Heorot. pi was on morgen mine gefrsege ymb J)d gif-healle gfttS-rinc monig: 840 fgrdon folc-togan feorran and nedn geond wid-wegas wundor scedwian, iat5es Idstas. N6 his llf-geddl sdrllc j'Ahte secga aenegum, pdra ]>e tlr-ledses trode scedwode, 845 ht he wSrig-m6d on weg )'anon, ni6a ofercumen, on nicera mere faege and geflymed feoi'h-ldstas bar. pser was on bl6de brim weallende, atol y'Sa geswing eal gemenged 850 hdtan heolfre, heoro-dre6re we61; dedS-faege de6g, si66an dredma leds in fen-freoSo feorh diegde haeSene sdwle, paer him hel onffing. panon eft gewiton eald-gesl6as, 855 sw^'lce geong manig of gomen-wd3e, fram mere m6dge, me arum rid an, beornas on blancum. paer was Be6wulfes maerSo maened ; monig oft gecwaS, ydtte sAS ne norS be saem tweonum 860 ofer eormen-grund 6(5er naenig under swegles begong sSlra naere rond-habbendra, rices wj^r^ra. Ne hie hAru wine-drihten wiht ne 16gon, gladne HrdSgdr, ac j'dt was g6d ejning. 865 Hwilum hea6o-r6fe hledpan l^ton, on geflit faran fealwe mearas, ])8er him fold-wegas fagere ]je eal-fela eald-gesegena worn gemunde, word 65er fand 863e gebunden : secg eft ongan sl6 Be6wulfes snyttrum st3'rian and on sp6d wrecan spel gerdde, 875 wordum wrixlan, wel-hwylc gecwa3, yat he fram Sigemunde secgan hj^de, ellen-daedum, uncflSes fela, Walsinges gewin, wide stSas, fAra ])e gumena beam gearwe ne wiston, 880 faeMe and fyrene, bAton Fitela mid bine, Jjonne he swylees hwat secgan wolde eAm his nefan, sw4 hie A waeron at nl6a gehwAm nyd-gesteallan : hafdon eal-fela eotena C3'nnes 885 sweordum gesaeged. Sigemunde gesprong after dedS-diige d6m unlj'tel, S}i56an wiges heard w}Tm dcwealde, hordes hyrde ; he under hftrne stAn, aSelinges beam, dna gen65de 890 frficne daede ; ne was him Fitela mid. HwaSre him gesaelde, pat Jjjit swurd )jurhw6d wriitliene wyrm, pat hit on wealle fit8t6d, drjhtllc Iren ; draea morSre swealt. Hafde aglaeca elne gegongen, 895 pat he bedh-hordes brAcan m6ste selfes d6me : sae-bdt gehl6d, bar on bearm scipes beorhte fratwa, Walses eafera ; w}Tm hdt gemealt. Se was wreceena wide mserost 900 ofer wer-pe6de, wlgendra hle6 ellen-daedum : he pas dron pdh. SiScSan HeremAdes hild sweSrode eafo(5 and ellen. He mid eotenum weaiU on fe6nda ge weald forS forldeen. •06-934.] BEOWULF. 29 905 snAde forsended. Hine sorh-w}imas lemede t6 lange, he his le6dum wear8, eallum aSelingum td aldor-ceare; swylce oft bemearn aerran mselum swl3-ferh5es sit5 snotor ceorl monig, 910 se fe him bealwa td b6te gelyfde, ydt \>&t ]5e6dnes beam ge]'e6n scolde, fader-aSelum onfdn, folc gehealdan, hord and hle6-burh, hale^a rice, 66el Scyldinga. He J'ser eallum wear8, 915 mseg Higel^ces manna cj'nne, fre6ndum gefagi'a ; hine fyren onwdd. Hwllum flitende fealwe straete mearum maeton. pd was morgen-le6ht scofen and scynded. Eode sceale monig 920 swlt5-hicgende td sele ))am hedn, searo-wundor se6n, sw3'lce self cyning, of bryd-bfli'e bedh-horda weard, tryddode tir-fast getrume micle, cj'Stum gecy^ed, and his cw6n mid him 925 medo-stlg gemat magSa h6se. XV. Hrothgar's Gratulation. HR6t5GAR ma^elode (he t6 healle ge6ng, st6d on stapole, geseah stedpne hrdf golde fdhne and Grendles bond): " )>isse ansyne al-wealdan ]'anc 930 "lungre gelimpe ! Fela ic IdtSes gebM, "grynna at Grendle: k mag god w3Tcan " wunder after wundre, wuldres hyrde I " pat was ungedra, fat ic aenigra me "wedna ne wAnde td wldan feore 30 BE(JWULF. [935-960 935 "bdte gebldan ))onne blMe f4h hftsa shiest heoro-dre6rig st6d ; wed wid-scofen witena gehw\-lcne f^ra )'e ne w6ndon, |)iit hie wide-ferhS le6da land-geweorc 146uin beweredon 940 " scuccum and scinnum. Nu scealc hafatJ ' |)urh drihtnes tniht daed gefremede, ' fe we ealle aer ne meahton ' snj'tti'um besyrwan. Hwiit ! )>at secgan mag ' efne sw4 hwylc magSa, swd ))one magan cendt 945 "after gum-cj'nnum, gyf he6 gyt lyfaS, ' ydt h3're eald-metod 6ste wgere ' bearn-gebyrdo. Nu ic Be6wulf ' fee, secg betsta, me for sunu wylle ' fre6gan on ferhSe ; heald forS tela 950 " niwe sibbe. Ne biS ]>e naenigra gM ' worolde wilna, ]>e ic geweald habbe. • Ful-oft ic for lassan ledn teohhode ' hord-weorSunge hndhran rince, ' saemran at sacce. pu pe self hafast 955 " daedum gefremed, )'at ]>\n ddm lyfaS ' 4wd td aldre, Alwalda )'ec ' g6de forgylde, swd he nu gyt dyde ! " Be6wulf macSelode, beam Ecg}'e6we8 : We j'Jit ellen-weorc 6stura miclum, 960 " feohtan frcmedon, frficne gen6Moii ' eafo(5 uncftSes ; dSe ic swiSor, ' ]>'Sit ]m hine selfne gese6n mdste, ' fe6nd on friitewum fyl-w6rigne ! ' Ic hine hriidlice heardan clammum 965 "on wal-bedde wrlSan )'6hte, ' jjat he for raund-gripe minum scolde ' licgoan lif-b3'sig, bAtan his lie swice ; ' ic hine ne mihte, )'& metod nolde, 'ganges getwi^man. n6 ic him y&s georne fitfealh. 970-1000.] BEOWULF. 31 970 " feorh-genlSlan ; was td fore-mihtig " fe6nd on ffeSe. HwaSere he his fohne forl6t "t6 lif-wraSe Idst weardian, ' ' earm and eaxle ; nd ]>ier lenige sw4 pe&h " fed-sceaft guma fr6fre gebohte: 975 " nd ]>y leng leofaS ldS-gete6na " synnum geswenced, ac hyne sdr hafa8 "in nyd-gripe nearwe befongen, "balwon bendum: peer dbidan sceal " maga mdne f^h miclan d6mes, 980 "hft him sclr metod scrifan wille." pd was swlgra secg, sunu Ecgl4fe8, on gylp-sprcece gtiS-geweorca, siSSan iiSelingas eorles crafte ofer hedhne hi'6f hand scedwedon, 985 fe6ndes fingras, forau seghwj'lc ; was stfide nagla gehwylc, st^'le gellcost, haet5enes hand-sporu hilde-rinces egle unhe6ru ; £eg-hwylc gecwaS, ))at him heardra ndn hrlnan wolde 990 Iren ser-gdd, pat pas ahlaecan blddge beadu-folme onberan wolde. XVI. The Banquet and the Gifts pA was hdten hretSe Heort innan-weard folmum gefratwod : fela pEera was wera and wtfa, ]>e pat win-reced, 995 gest-sele gyredon. Gold-fdg scinon web after wagum, wundor-si6na fela secga gehwylcum pdra ]>e on swylc starafi Was pat beorhte bold t6brocen swlSe eal inne-weard Iren-bendum fast, 1000 heorras tdlilidene ; hr6f dna genas 32 • BEOWULF. [1001-1036 ealles ansund, pa se aglaeca fyren-daedum fAg on fledm gewand* aldres or-w6na. Nd j^at y6e bytS tA befle6nne (fremme se J>e wille 1) 1005 ac gesacan sceal sdwl-berendra n^de genydde niSSa bearna grund-bftendra gearwe st6we, faer his lic-homa leger-bedde fast swefeS after sjonle, pd was ssel and mael, 1010 fat t6 healle gang Healfdenes sunu; wolde self cyning symbel }>icgan. Ne gefragen ic ]>&. vasegSc mdran weorode ymb hyra sinc-gyfan s61 gebaeran. Bugon ))& t6 bence blsed-dgende, 1015 fj'lle gefaegon. Fagere gepaegon medo-ful manig mdgas f J^Ara swl5-hicgende on sele pam hedn, HrdtSgAr and Hr65ulf. Heorot innan was fre6ndum Afylled ; nalles fdcen-stafas 1020 pe6d-Seyldmgas })enden fremedon. Forgeaf ]>& Be6wulfe beam Healfdenes segen g3'ldenne sigores td ledne, hroden hllte-eumbor, helm and byrnan; maere mA(53um-sweord manige gesdwon 1025 beforan beorn beran. Be6wulf ge)'ah ful on flette ; n6 he l^aere feoh-gyfte for sce6tendum scamigan })orfte, ne gefragn ic fre6ndllcor fe6wer m^dmas golde geg3Tede gum-manna fela 1030 in ealo-bence 6t5rum gesellan. Ymb I'as helmes hr6f hedfod-beorge wlrum bewunden walan fttan he61d, fat him ffila Idfe frficne ne meahton scilr-heard 8ceSt5an, fonne scj'ld-freca 1035 onge&n gramum gangan scolde. 103<'-1064.] BEOWULF. 33 H61it \>Si eorla hle6 eahta mearas, fated-hle6re, on flet te6n in under eoderas ; ]'dra ^num stdd sadol searwura fdh since gewurSad, 1040 ))at was liilde-setl hedh-C3-ninges, j)onne sweorda geldc sunu Healfdenes efnan wolde ; naefre on 6re lag wld-ce mid Be6wulfe brim-lMe te4h, on j'sere medu-bence mdSSum gesealde, yrfe-ldfe, and j'one aenne Mht 1055 golde forgyldan, pone pe Grendel aer mdne dcwealde, swd he liyra md wolde, nefne him witig god wj'rd forst6de and pas mannes m6d : metod eallum we61d gumena C3'nnes, sw^ he nu git d6(5 ; 1060 for]'an biS andgit seghwaer s61est, ferhSes fore-]'anc ! fela seeal gebldan le6fes and IdSes, se pe longe her on p3'ssum win-dagum worolde brftce^. paer was sang and sw6g samod atgadere 84 Be6wULF. [106^-1099 1065 fore Healfdenes hilde-wlsan, gomen-wudu grated, gid oft wrecen, ponne heal-gamen Hr6?5gdre8 scdp after medo-bence maeuan scolde Finnes eaferum, j^d hie se faer begeat: 1070 "HaleS Healfdenes, Hniif Scyldinga, "in Fr . . es wale feallan scolde. "Ne hdru Hildeburh h6rian porfte " Eoteua treowe : unsynnum wearS "beloren le6funi at J>am lind-plegan 1075 "bearnum and brdSrum; hie on gebjrd hruron " g4re wunde ; }?at was gedmuru ides. " Nalles h61inga Hdces d6htor " meotod-sceaft bemearn, sy66an morgen com, " ]>Sl he6 under swegle gese6n meahte 1080 " morSor-bealo rndga, paer he6 aer maeste he61d " worolde wynne: w!g ealle fornam " Finnes ])egnas, nemne fedum dnum, " t'at he ne mehte on ])am me^el-stede " wig Hengeste wiht gefeohtan, 1085 " ne J)^ wed-ldfe wlge for|>ringan "))e6dnes pegne; ac hig him gepingo budon, "fat hie him dSer flet eal gerymdon, " healle and hedh-setl, |)at hie healfire geweald "' wis Eotena beam dgan mdston, 1 090 ' ' and at feoh-gyftum Folcwaldan sunu " ddgra gehwylce Dene weorSode, " Hengestes hedp hringum wenede, "efne swd swlSe sinc-gestre6num "fiittan goldes, swd he Fresena cjni 1095 "on be6r-sele byldan wolde. " p& hie getrAwedon on twd healfa " f aste frioSu-waere ; Fin Hengeste " elne unflitme dSum benemde, • " p&t he ])& wed-lAfe weotcna d6me 1100-iioO.] BEOWULF. 85 1100 "Arum heolde, fat ]>ser senig mon *'wordum ne worcum wsere ne braece, "ne purh inwit-searo aefre gemaenden, " ]>eAh. hie hira beiig-gyfan banan folgedon " )>e6den-le4se, ]>k him swd ge]>earfod was: 1105 "g3'f ponne Frysna hwylc frScuan spraece "pas morSor-hetes myndgiend -wsere, "Jjonne hit sweordes ecg sySSan scolde. "AtS was geafned and icge gold " dhafen of horde. Here-Scyldinga 1110 "betst beado-rinca was on bsel gearu; " at pam Me was 6S-gesyne " swdt-fah syrce, swyn eal-gylden, "eofer iren-heard, aSeling manig " wundum dwyrded; sume on wale crungon. 1115 "H6t pa Hildebm-h at Hnafes dde "hu'e selfre sunu sweolo(5e befastan, "ban-fatu barnan and on bsel ddn. " Earme on eaxle ides gnornode, " gedmrode giddum ; gAS-rinc astah. 1120 "Wand t6 wolcnum wal-fyra moest, " hlj-node for hiawe ; hafelan multon, " ben-geato burston, ponne bldd iitspranc "laS-bite liees. Llg ealle forswealg, "gaesta gtfrost, para pe paer gftS fornam ll2o "bega folces ; was hira blaed scacen. XVIII. The Gleeman's Tale is Ended. "Gewiton him pa wlgend wlca ne6sian, "fre6ndum befeallen Frysland gese6n, "hamas and hed-burh. Hengest pa gyt "wal-fagne winter wunode mid Finne 1130 '■'• ealles unhhtme ; eard gemunde, 8g BEOWULF. [1131-1166, " \>ekh pe he we meahte on mere drifan " hringed-stefnan ; 'lolra storme we6l, " won wis winde ; winter ySe beledc " Is-gebinde 68 I'iit dSer com 1135 "gedr in geardas, swA nu gyt d6t5, " J)^ )'e syngales s61e bcwitiaS, " wuldor-torhtan weder. pd was winter scacen, " fager foldan bearm ; fundode wreeca, "gist of geardum; he td gj-rn-wrace 1140 "swtt5or ]'6hte, j'onne t6 sae-ldde, " gif he torn-gem6t J)urhte6n mihte, '• I'jit he Eotcna beam inne gemunde. " Swd he ne forw^Tnde worold-raedenne, " fonne him Hftniafmg hilde-le6man, 1145 "billa sfelest, on bearm d^'de: ''jms waeron mid Eotenum ecge cft6e. " Swylce ferhS-frecan Fin eft begeat " sweord-bealo sllSen at his selfes hdm, "siS(5an grimne gripe GfiSldf ond OsMf 1150 '^lifter sae-stSe sorge maendon, " atwiton wedna dael ; ne meahte wiifre m6d "forhabban in hreSre. pd was heal hroden " fe6nda feorum, swilce Fin sliigen, " cj'ning on corSre, and se6 cw6n numen. 1155 " Sce6tend t5cyldinga t6 scypum feredon " eal in-gesteald eorS-cyninges, " swylce hie at Finnes hdm findan meahton " sigla searo-gimma. Hie on sne-ldde " drihtlice wif t6 Denum feredon, 1160 '^lifiddon td le6dura." Le66 was dsungen, gle6-mannes gyd. Gamen eft dstdh, beorhtode benc-sw6g, b3Telas sealdon win of wunder-fatum. pd cwom Wealh))e6 foi^ gdn under gyldnum hedge, I'aer ))d g6dan twegen 1165 sieton suhter-gefaderan ; I'd gyt was hiera sib atgadere 1166-1192.] BEOWULF. 37 aeghw^^lc 65rum trywe. Swylce Jjser Tjnferti j'vle at fdtum sat fredn Scyldinga : gehwylc hiora his ferhSe tre6wde, fat he hafde m6d micel, ]>e&h. ]>e he his magum naere arfast at ecga geMcum. Sprac ]>^ ides Scyldinga : 1170 "Onf6h pissum fuUe, fre6-drihten mln, " sinees brj'tta ; ]m on saelum wes, " gold- wine gumena, and td Gedtum spree " mildum wordum! Sw4 sceal man d6n. " Be6 wi(5 Gedtas glad, geofena gemjmdig ; 1175 " nedn and feorran ])U nu fri'6u hafast. " Me man sagde, pat ]'u ]>e for sunu wolde " here-rinc habban. Heorot is gefaelsod, "bedh-sele beorhta ; brflc penden ])u m6te "manigra mfeda and pinum m^gum laef 1180 "folc and rice, ponne ]m forS scyle " metod-sceaft se6n. Ic mlnne can "gladne Hr66ulf, pat he pa geogoSe wile " arum healdan, gyf pu aer ponne he, "wine Scildinga, worold oflaetest; 1185 " w6ne ic, pat he mid g6de gyldan wille " uncran eaferan, gif he pat eal gemon, "hwat wit t6 willan and td worS-myndum "umbor wesendum aer drna gefremedon." Hwearf ]>k bi bence, paer hjTe byre waeron, 1190 Hi'^Srlc and Hr6(5mund, and haletSa beam, giogO(5 atgadere ; paer se g6da sat Be6wulf GeAta be paem gebr6t5nun twaem. 11986 1 S8 Be6wULF. [I19a-1222 XIX. Be6wulf'8 Jewelled Collar. The Heroes Rest. Him was ful boren and fre6nd-la6u wordum bewagned and wunden gold 1195 6stum geedwed, earm-hredde twd, hragl and hringas, heals-bed,ga maest jj^ra pe ic on foldan gefragen habbe. Naenigne ie under swegle selran hjTde hord-maSSum hale(5a, sj'SSan Hdma atwag 1200 td J>aere bj'rhtan byrig Brosinga mene, sigle and sine-fat, searo-ntSas fealh Eormenrices, geceds 6cne raed. pone bring hafde Higeldc Gedta, nefa Swertinges, nyhstan sl6e, 1205 siSSan be under segue sine ealgode, wal-redf werede ; hj-ne Wyrd fornam, sj^San be for wlenco wedn dbsode, fsehSe td Frysum ; be ))d fratwe wag, eorclan-stduas ofer y6a ful, 1210 rice )'e6den, be under rande gecranc; gebwearf pd in Francna fiiSm feorh cyninges, bre6st-gewaedu and se bedb somod : wjTsan wig-frecan wal redfedon after ge6 mat5elode, be6 fore j'am werede sprac: " Brdc I'isses bedges, Be6wulf, Ie6fa " hyse, mid bale, and j'isses hriigles ne6t " })e6d-gestre6na, and gepe6b tela, 1220 " cen pee mid criifte and Jjj'ssum cnj'htum wes *' Idra ItSc ! ic pe J'iis ledn geman. " Hafast })u gefered, |'at pe feor and ne&h 1223-1261.] BEOWULF. 89 "ealne wtde-ferht5 weras ehtigatJ, "efne sw^ side swA sse bebAgeS 1225 "windige weallas. Wes, fenden \>i\ lifige, "aSeling eMig! ic ]>e an tela " sinc-gestre6na. Be6 }'u suna mlnum " daedum gedSfe dredm healdende! " Her is aeghwylc eorl 65rum getrywe, 1230 "mddes milde, man-drihtne hold, " f egnas s^'ndon gefwaere, pe6d eal gearo: "druncne dryht-guman, d6S sw^ ic bidde!" Eode ]>Si t6 setle. paer was S3Tnbla cyst, druncon win weras : wjTd ne c(i(5on, 1235 ge6-sceaft grimme, sw^ hit ^gangen wear5 eorla manegum, sy88an aefen cwom and him HrdSgdr gew^t td hofe slnum, rice t6 raste. Reced weardode unrlm eorla, sw^ hie oft aer dydon: 1240 benc-)7elu beredon, hit geond-braeded wear* beddum and bolstrum. Be6r-scealca sum ffts and fsege flet-raste gebedg. Setton him t6 hedfdum hilde-randas, bord-wudu beorhtan ; paer on bence was 1245 ofer aSelinge y^-ges6ne hea^o-stedpa helm, hringed byrue, frec-wudu pr^onlic. Was fedw hyra, |)at hie oft waeron an wig gearwe, ge at hdm ge on herge, ge gehwa^er fAra 1250 efne swylce raaela, swylce hira man-dryhtne pearf gesselde; was se6 ]>e6d tilu. 40 BEOWULF. [1262-1282 XX. Grendel's Mother Attacks the Ring-Danes. SiGON ])k td slsepe. Sum sAre angeald aefen-riiste, sw4 him fiil-oft gelamp, siSSan gold-sele Grendel warode, 1255 unriht iifnde, 68 ))at ende becwom, swj'lt after sj'nuura. piit ges^'ne wearS, wld-cftS werum, J'atte wi'ecend ]>Sl gyt lifde after IdSum, lange J'rage after gAS-ceare ; Grendles mddor, 1260 ides aglrec-wif ^TmSe gemunde, se ))e water-egesan wunian scolde, cealde stredmas, si66an Cain wearS td ecg-banan dngan br6Ser, faderen-mjBge ; he j'd fdg gew4t, 1265 morSre gemearcod man-dredm fle6n, w^sten warode. panon wdc fela ge6sceaft-gd,sta ; was l)aera Grendel sum, heoro-wearh hetellc, se at Heorote fand waccendne wer wlges bldan, 1270 paer him aglaeca at-graepe wearS ; hwaSre he gemunde miigenes strenge, gim-fiiste gife, J'e him god sealde, and him id anwaldan dre gelyfde, fr6fre and fultum : j'}'' he j'one fe6nd ofercwom, 127f gehnaegde helle gdst: |>d he hedn gewAt, dredme bedaeled dedS-wlc se6n, man-C3'nnes fe6nd. And his m6dor )>d gyt glfre and galg-m6d gegdn wolde sorh-fulne sl6, suna dedS wrecan. 1280 Com )'d 16 Heorote, ]>iBT Hring-Dene geond j'iit said swaefun. ])d j'aer s6na wearS ed-hwjTft eorlum, 8it5t5an inne fealh 1283-1317.] BEOWULF. 41 Grendles mddor; was se gryre lassa efne swd micle, swA bitS magSa craft, 1285 wlg-gr3Te wlfes be waepned-men, fonne heoru bunden, hamere gepureu, sweord sw^te fdh swin ofer helme, ecgum dj'htig andweard sciret5. pd wiis on healle heard-ecg togen, 1290 sweord ofer setlum, sid-rand manig hafen handa fast ; helm ne gemunde, byrnan side, J?e hine se brdga angeat. He6 was on Afste, wolde At panon feore beorgan, )>§, he6 onfunden was ; 1295 hraSe he6 aSelinga dnne hiifde faste befangen, pa, he6 td fenne gang; se was Hr65gdre hiileSa le6fost on geslSes hdd be ssem tweonum, rice rand-wiga, pone pe he6 on raste dbredt, 1300 blaed-fastne beorn. Nas Be6wulf paer, ac was 66er in aer geteohliod after m^StSum-gife mrerum Gedte. Hredm wear6 on Heorote. He6 under heolfre genant ctSe folme ; cearu was geniwod 1305 geworden in wieum : ne was pat gewrixle til, pat hie on b^ healfa biegan scoldon &e6nda feorum. pd was fr6d cyning, hdr hilde-rinc, on hre6n m6de, sySSan he aldor-pegn unl^-figendne, 1310 pone de6restan deddne wisse. HraSe was t6 b^e Be6wulf fetod, sigor-eddig secg. Saraod aer-dage eode eorla sum, aSele cempa self mid gesiSum, paer se snottra Md, 1315 hwaSre him al-walda £efre wille after wed-spelle wyipe gefremman. Gang ]>k after fldre fjTd-wyrSe man (( (( 42 BEOWULF. [1818-1348 mid his hand-scale (heal-wudu dynede) ]>2it he pone wlsan wordiim hnaegde 1320 fredn Ingwina; fragn gif him waere after ne6d-la'5u niht getaese. XXI. Sorrow at Heorot : ^schere's Death. HR6t5GAR mat5elode, helm Scildinga : " Ne frin ]m after saelum ! Sorh is geniwod " Denigea le6dum. Dedd is Ase-here, i325 " Yrmenldfes yldra br6t)or, "min rftn-wita and mln raed-bora, eaxl-gestealla, fonne we on oiiege hafelan weredon, fonne hniton f66an, " eoferas cnysedan ; sw3'lc scolde eorl wesan 1330 '•'■ dueling ser-gM, swylc Asc-here was. ' ' WearS him on Heorote t6 hand-banan "wal-goest wafre ; ic ne wdt hwader " atol sese wlanc eft-sl5as tedh, " fylle gefraegnod. He6 \)t, faehSe wrac, 1335 " )7e J'U g3'stran niht Grendel cwealdest " )jurh haestne hM heardum clammum, ' ' forfan he td lange le6de mine " wanode and wjTde. He at wige gecrang ' ' ealdres scyldig, and nu 6(5er cwom 1340 " mihtig mdn-sca8a, wolde hyre maeg wrecan^ " ge feor hafaS faeh^e gestaeled, " pas pe j'incean miig ])egne monegum, " se pe after sinc-gyfan on sefan gre6tetS, " hreSer-bealo hearde; nu se6 hand ligeS, 1345 " se pe e6w wel-hwylera wilna dohte. " Ic J'at lond-bftend le6de mine " sele-raedende secgan hyrde, " pat hie gesAwon swylce twegen 1349-1383.] BEOWULF. 43 "micle mearc-stapan mdras healdan, 1350 " ellor-gaestas : faera 66er was, "fas fe hie gewislicost gewitan mealiton. "idese onlicnes, 66er earm-sceapen "on weres wastmum wrac-ldstas trad, " nafne he was mdra )ionne aenig man d'Ser, 1355 " fone on gear-dagum Grendel nemdon " fold-bAende : nd hie fader cunnon, " hwaSer him aenig was aer dcenned " djTnra g^sta. Hie dygel lond " warigeat5, wulf-hleo(5u, windige nassas, 1360 "Mcne fen-gelM, J^aer fyrgen-stredm "under nassa genipu nitSer gewiteS, "fl6d under foldan; nis pat feor heonon " mll-gemearces, fat se mere standee, "ofer ]>'dm hongiaS hvimge bearwas, 1365 "wudu wjTtum fast, water oferhelmatS. "paer miig nihta gehwaem ni8-wundor sedn, "fyr on fl6de; n6 fas fr6d leofaS "gumena bearna, fat fone grund wite ; " fedh ])e haeS-stapa hundum geswenced, 1370 "heorot hornum trum holt- wudu s6ce, " feorran geflymed, aer he feorh sele«, "aldor on 6fre, aer he in wille, "hafelan hydan. Nis fat he6ru stdw: "fonon y6-geblond up ^stigetS 1375 "won td wolcnum, fonne wind styre* "146 gewidru, 66 fat lyft drysmatS, "roderas re6tat5. Nu is raed gelang "eft at fe 4num! Eard git ne const, " frfecne st6we, faer fu findan miht 1380 "sinnigne secg: s6c gif fu djTrel "Ic fe ]>k faehtSe fe6 lednige, " eald-gestre6num, sw^ ic aer dyde, " wundnum golde, gyf fu on weg cymest.'* 44 BEOWULF. [1884-U13 XXII. Beowttlf Seeks the Monster in the Haunts of THE Nixies. Be6wulf ma^elode, beam Ecg))e6wes : 1385 " Ne sorga, snotor guma! sfilre bi6 aeghwaem, "fat he his fre6nd wrece, J>onne he fela murne ; " Are aeghwylc sceal ende gebidan ' ' worolde lifes ; wyrce se pe m6te " ddmes aer dedcSe ! piit biS driht-guman 1390 " unlifgendiim after sfilest. " Arls, rices weard ; uton hraSe fSran, " Grendles m^gan gang scedwigan ! " Ic hit ]>e gehdte: nd he on helm losaS, " ne on foldan fa6m, ne on fjTgen-holt, 1395 " ne on g3'fenes grund, gt j'ser he wiilt. " p3's d6gor I'u ge)>yld hafa " wedna geliwj'lces, swd ic J?e w6ne td!" Ahle6p j^d se gomela, gode j^ancode, mihtigan drihtne, pas se man gespriic. 1400 pd was Hr65gdre hors gebaeted, wicg wunden-feax. "Wisa fengel geatollc gengde ; ' gum-fS6a st6p lind-habbendra. Ldstas waeron after wald-swaSura wide gesyne, 1405 gang ofer grundas ; gegnum t'dr pd ofer mjTcan m6r, mago-J'egna bar pone sClestan sdwol-ledsne, pdra pe mid Hr6(5gdre hdm eahtode. Ofer-eode pd aSehnga beam 1410 stedp stdn-hli(So, stlge nearwe, enge dn-pat5as, un-cftS geldd, neowle nassas, nicor-hftsa fela; he fedra sum beforan gengde 1414-1448.] BEOWULF. 45 wtsra monna, wong scedwian, 1415 66 pat he fseringa fyrgen-bedmas ofer hdrne stdn hleonian funde, wyn-ledsne wudu ; water under stdd dre6rig and gedr^fed. Denum eallum was, winum Scyldinga, weorce on m6de, 1420 td gepolianne pegne monegum, oncyS eorla gehwa^n, sySSan Asc-heres on pam holm-elife hafelan mutton. F16d bldde we6l (folc td saegon) hdtan heolfre. Horn stundum song 1425 mslic f?/rcZ-le6t5. F6Sa eal gesiit; gesdwon )'d after watere wyrm-cynnes fela, selliee sse-dracan sund cunnian, sw^'lce on nas-hleotSum nicras licgean, pa on undern-mael oft bewitigatS 1430 sorh-fulne sl6 on segl-rdde, wyrmas and wil-de6r ; hie on weg hruron bitere and gebolgne, bearhtm ongedton, g66-horn galan. Sumne Gedta le6d of fldn-bogan feores getwsefde, 1435 yS-gewinnes, pat him on aldre st6d here-stral hearda ; he on holme was sundes pe stenra, pe h3'ne swylt fornam. HraSe wearS on 5"5um mid eofer-spre6tiiin heoro-h6cyhtum hearde genearwod, 1440 niSa genseged and on nas togen wundorlic waeg-bora ; weras scedwedon gr3Telicne gist. G3'rede hine Be6wulf eorl-gewsedum, nalles for ealdre mearn: scolde here-byrne hondum gebroden, 1445 sld and searo-fdh, sund cunnian, se6 pe ban-c6fan beorgan cftSe, pat him hilde-grdp hreSre ne mihte, eorres inwit-feng, aldre gesceSSan; 46 BEOWULF. [H49-U79, ac se hwita helm hafelan werede, 1450 se pe mere-grundas mengan scolde, sfican sund-gebland since geweorSad, befongen fre^-wrdsnum, swd bine fyTn-dagum worhte waepna smi(5, wundrura te6de, besette swin-licum, ))at hine s^-SSan nd 1455 brond ne beado-mdcas bltan ne meahton. Nas ydt J'onne maetost magen-fultuma, yat him on ]»earfe Idh )>yle Hr65gdres ; was J'iim haft-m6ce Hrunting nama, pat was dn foran eald-gestre6na ; 14G0 ecg wiis iren ater-tedrum fdli, dh^-rded heaSo-swdte ; naefre hit at hilde ne swdc manna aengum j'dra pe hit mid mundum bewand, se pe gr^Te-siSas geg^n dorste, folc-stede fdra; nas Jnit forma st3, 1465 pat hit ellen-weorc afnan scolde. Hdru ne gemunde mago Ecgldfes eafoSes craftig, piit he aer gesprac wine di'unceii, pSi he j'iis waepnes onl4h s61ran sweord-frecan : selfa ne dorste 1470 under ySa gewin aldre genfiSan, drilit-sc3^pe di'e6gan ; j'ier he d6me forleds, ellen-maerSum. Ne was pam 6Srum sw&, sySSan he hine td gftSe gegjTcd hiifde. XXI 11. The Battle with the Water-Drake, Be6wulf ma(5elode, beam Ecg)'e6wes : 1475 " gepenc nu, se maera maga Healfdenes, " snottra fengel, nu ic eom sl6es ffts, '•gold-wine gumena, hwat wit ge6 spraecon, "gif ic at pearfe plnre scolde "aldre linnan, I'iit pn me & wsere 1480-1514.] BEOWULS". 47 1480 " forS-gewitfcnum on fader stale; ' • wes ]>u mund-bora mlnum mago-fegnum, " hond-gesellum, gif mec hild nime: "swylce ]>n pd mddmas, ]>e fu me sealdest, " HrdSgdr le6fa, Higeldce onsend. 1485 "Mag fonne on pam golde ongitan Gedta dryhten, " gese6n sunu Hr^Sles, ponne he on ]>at sine staraS, " J)at ic gum-cystum g6dne funde " bedga bryttan, bredc J'onne m6ste. "And pu tTuferS Iset ealde lafe, 1490 " wratllc waeg-sweord wid-cft6ne man "heard-ecg habban; ic me mid Hruntinge " ddm gewyrce, oS6e mec dedS nimeS." After J>aem wordum Weder-Gedta le6d 6fste mid elne, nalas andsware 1495 bidan wolde ; brim-wylm onffeng hilde-rince. pd was hwil dages, aer he pone grund-wong ongytan mehte. Sdna pat onfunde, se pe fl6da begong heoro-glfre behe61d hand missera, 1500 grim and graedig, pat paer gumena sum al-wihta eard ufan cunnode. Grdp pd t6gednes, gftS-rinc gefSng atolan clommum ; nd py aer in gescdd hdlan lice : bring titan j'mb-bearh, 1505 pat he6 pone fyrd-hom purh-f6n ne mihte, locene leoSo-syrcan IdSan fingi-um. Bar pd se6 brim-wylf, pd he6 td botme com, hringa pengel td hofe slnum, swd he ne mihte nd (he pas m6dig was) 1510 waepna gewealdan, ac hine wundra pas fela swencte on sunde, sae-deor monig hilde-tuxum here-syrcan brae, 6hton aglaecan. pd se eorl ongeat, pat he in niS-sele ndt-hwylcum was, 48 BEOWULF. [1515-1549. 1515 faer him naenig water wihte ne 8cet5ede, ne him for hr6f-sele hrtnan ne mehte faer-gripe fl6des : fyr-le6ht geseah, bl^cne le6man beorbte scinan. Ougeat ))d se g6da griincl-wyrgenne, 1520 mere-wif mihtig ; miigen-raes forgeaf hilde-bille, bond swenge ne oftedh, pat hire on hafelan hring-mffil Agdl graedig gfi6-le65. pd se gist onfand, I'iit se beado-le6ma bttan nolde, 1525 aldre sce66an, ac se6 ecg geswdc }'e6dne at J^earfe : polode aer fela hond-gem6ta, hebn oft gescar, faeges fj'rd-briigl : ])at was forma slS de6rum mA6me, \>Sit his d6m Alag. 1530 Eft was dn-raed, nalas elnes lat, maerSa gemj'ndig maeg Hj'geldces ; wearp ]>§i wunden-msel wriittum gebunden 3Tre oretta, pat hit on eor5an lag, stl5 and st^i-ecg ; strenge getrflwode, 1535 mund-gi'ipe magenes. Swd sceal man ddn, ))onne he iit gflSe geg^n J'enceS longsumne lof, nd 3-mb his llf cearaS. Gefeng ])§i be eaxle (nalas for ftehSe mearn) GftS-Gedta le6d Grendles m6dor ; 1540 bragd )>d beadwe heard, I'd he gebolgen was, feorh-geniSlan, J'jit be6 on flet gebedh. He6 him eft hra15c and-ledn forgeald grimman grdpum and him t6gednes ffeng; oferwearp )'d w6rig-m6d wtgena strengest, 1545 f(65e-cempa, )>at he on fylle wearS. Ofsiit I'd J'one sele-gyst and byre seaxe getedh, brdd and briin-ecg wolde hire beam wrecan, dngan eaferan. Him on eaxle lag bre6st-net broden ; piit gebearh feore, 1650-1579.] BEOWULF. 49 1550 wis ord and wiS ecge ingang forstdd. Hafcle ]jSl forslSod sunu Ecg}>e6wes under gj'nne grund, Gedta cempa, nemne him heaSo-bp-ne heipe gefremede, here-net hearde, and hdlig god 555 gewe61d wig-sigor, witig drihten ; rod era rsedend hit on ryht gescfid, ^elice sySSan he eft dstdd. XXIV. Beowulf Slays the SpRiTis. Geseah ]j4 on searwum sige-eddig bil, eald sweord eotenisc ecgum fyhtig, 1560 wigena weorS-mj-nd : pat was waspna cyst, bftton hit was mdre fonne senig mon 66er td beadu-ldce atberan meahte g6d and geatolic giganta geweorc. He gefiSng ]^k fetel-hilt, freca Scildinga, 1565 hre6h and heoro-grim hring-mael gebragd, aldres orwfina, }Tringa sl6h, ))at hire wi6 halse heard grdpode, bdn-hringas brae, bil eal ]>urh-w6d faegne flajsc-homan, he6 on flet gecrong ; 1570 sweord was swdtig, secg weoree gefeh. Lixte se le6ma, le6ht inne st6d, efne swd of hefene hddre seined rodores candel. He after recede wldt, hwearf )>d be wealle, waepen hafenade (575 heard be hiltum Higeldces I'egn, }TTe and dn-rsed. Nas se6- ecg fracod hilde-rince, ac he hraSe wolde Grendle forgyldan gft6-raesa fela pdra \>e he geworhte td West-Denum 50 BE6wULF. [1580-1614. 1580 oftor micle ponne on aenne st5, |)onne he HrdSgdres heorS-genedtas sl6h on sweofote, slaepende frat folces Denigea fyf-tyne men and 65er swylc ftt of-ferede, 1585 ia(5licu Idc. He him )'as ledn forgeald, r66e cempa, tA )>as ))e he on raste geseah gClS-w6rigne Grendel licgan, aldor-ledsne, sw^ him aer gesc6d hild at Heorote ; hrd wide sprong, 1590 sySSan he after dedSe drepe prowade, heoro-sweng heardne, and hine ]>& heAfde becearf. S6na j'iit gesdwon snottre ceorlas, |>a J'e mid Hr6{5gdre on holm wliton, l^at was y"5-geblond eal gemenged, 1595 brim bl6de fdh : blonden-feaxe gomele ymb gddne ongeador spraseon, ))at hig J'iis aSelinges eft ne w6ndon, ))at he sige-hr68ig s6cean edme maerne ))e6den ; ]>&. yds monige geweai^, 1600 pjit hine se6 brim-wylf Abroten hafde. pa, com n6n dages. Nas ofgedfon hwate Scyldingas ; gewdt him hdm ponon gold-wine gnmena. Gistas s6tan, mddes se6ce, and on mere staredon, 1605 wiston and ne w6ndon, j'iit hie heora wine-drihten selfne gesAwon, pd ))at sweord ongan after heaSo-swAte hilde-gicelum wig-bil wanian ; pat was wuudra sum, pat hit eal gemealt Ise gelicost, 1610 ponne forstes bend fader onlaete5, onwindeS wal-rdpas, se )»e geweald hafaS saela and maela ; pat is 866 metod. Ne nom he in )'aem wlcum, "Weder-Gedta le6d, maSm-aehta m&, p6h he paer monige geseah, 1615-1G49.] BEOWULF. 61 1615 bdton l>one hafelan and ]>& hilt somod. since fdge ; sweord ser gemealt, forbarn broden mael: was fat bI6d td pas hdt, Eettren ellor-gsest, se paer inne swealt. S6ua was on sunde, se ]>e aer at sacce gebM 1620 wig-hr^Te wrASra, water up ]mrh-dedf; waeron y^-gebland eal gefelsod, edcne tardas, )>^ se ellor-g^st ofl^t lif-dagas and pds laenan gesceaft. Com ]>k td lande lid-manna helm 1625 swl6-m6d swymman, sae-lAce gefeah, magen-byrSenne )'dra |>e he him mid hafde. Eodon him ]>&. tdgednes, gode pancodon, prySllc pegna hedp, |)e6dues gefSgon, ]>as I'e hi h3nie gesundne gese6n mdston. 1630 pd was of ydm hr6ran helm and bjTne lungre Mysed: lagu drusade, water under wolenum, wal-dre6re fdg. F^rdon forS ponon f6t5e-iastum ferhSum fagne, fold-weg mseton, 1635 c65e straete ; cyning-balde men from pam holm-clife hafelan baeron earfo^lice heora seghwaSrum fela-m6digra : fe6wer scoldon on 6am wal-stenge weorcum geferian 1640 t6 piim gold-sele Grendles hedfod, dS l^at semninga t6 sele c6mon frome f;yTd-hwate fedwer-tyne Gedta gongan; gum-dryhten mid m6dig on gemonge meodo-wongas trad. 1645 pd com in gdn ealdor pegna, dsed-cSne mon d6me gewurSad, hale hilde-de6r, E[r66gdr gr6tan : pd was be feaxe on flet boren Grendles hedfod, paer guman druncon, 62 Be6wULF. [1650-1680. 1650 egesllc for eorlum and \>iBre idese mid: wlite-se6n wratllc weras ons&won. XXV. Heothgar's Gratitude : He Discoueses. Be6wulf matSelode, beam Ecgpedwes: "Hwat! we pe ]>&s sae-lAc, sunu Healfdenes, "le6d Scyldinga, lustum br6hton, 1655 "tires td tdcne, pe ]>n her t6 16cast. "le })at unsdfte ealdre gedlgde: " wige under watere weorc gen63de "earfoSlice, at-rihte was "gd^ getwaefed, nym^e mec god scj^lde. 1660 " Ne meahte ic at hilde mid Hruntinge "wiht gewyrean, ))edh pat waepen duge, " ac me gedSe ylda waldend, " fat ic on wage geseah wlitig hangian " eald sweord edcen (oftost wisode 1665 " winigea ledsum) pat ic py waepne gebrad. " Ofsl6h I'd at paere sacce ()'d me sael dgeald) "hftses hyrdas. pd pat liilde-bil " forbarn, brogden mael, sw4 piit bl6d gesprang, " hdtost hea^o-swAta: ic pat hilt panan 1670 " fe6ndum atferede ; fjTcn-daeda wriic, " ded(5-cwealm Denigea, swd hit gedSfe wiis, " Ic hit pe ponne gehdte, pat pu on Heorote m6st *' sorh-leds swefan mid j'lnra secga gedryht, " and pegna gehwylc plnra le6da, 1675 " duguSe and iogofie, pat ]'U him ondraedan ne pearft, " pe6den Scyldinga, on pd healfe, " aldor-bealu eorlum, sw4 pu aer dydest." pft was gylden hilt gamelum rince. hdrum hild-fruraan, on hand gyfen, 1680 eutA aer-geweorc, hit on aeht gehwearf 1681-1714.] BEOWULF. 53 after de6fla hryre Denigea fredn, wundor-smiSa geweorc, and \>Si f>As worold ofgeaf grom-heort guma, godes andsaca, morSres scyldig, and his m6dor edc; 1685 on geweald gehwearf worold-cyninga )?am s^lestan be saem twe6num f&ra ])e on Sceden-igge sceattas daelde. HrOSgdr maSelode, hylt scedwode, ealde IMe, on fam was 6r wi-iten 1690 fyTn-gewinnes : sySSan fl6d ofsldh, gifen ge6tende, giganta cjn, frScne gef&rdon : )>at was fremde \>e6d 6cean drj'htne, him )'as ende-ledn furh wateres wj^m waldend sealde. 1695 Swd was on j^aem scennum sctran goldes furh rAn-stafas rihte gemearcod, geseted and gesaed, hwam pat sweord geworht, irena cyst aerest wsere, wreoSen-hilt and wjTm-fdh. p^ se wlsa sprSc 1700 sunu Healfdenes (swigedon ealle) : " pat la mag secgan, se pe s65 and riht " fremeS on folce, (feor eal gemon "eald 66el-weard), }'at ])es eorl waere " geboren betera! Blaed is trsered 1705 "geond wid-wegas, wine min Be6wulf, ' ' })ln ofer ]'e6da gehwylce. Eal )m hit gepyldum healdest, ' ' magen mid m6des snyttrum, Ic ]>e sceal mine geloestan " fre6de, sw§, wit furSum sprsecon ; ]>u scealt td frdfro weoi'San '' eal lang-twidig le6dum ))lnum, 1710 "haleSum t6 helpe. Ne wearS Heremdd swA "eaforum Ecgwelan, Ar-Scyldingum ; "ne gewe6x he him t6 willan, ac tA wal-fealle " and t6 dedS-cwalum Deniga le6dum ; "bredt bolgen-m6d be6d-genedta8, 54 BEOWULF. [1716-1746 1715 " eaxl-gesteallan, 65 J)at he S,na hwearf, ' maere ]>e6den. mon-dredmum from : ' \>e&.h. ye hine mihtig god miigenes W3'nnum, ' eafeSum st6pte, ofer ealle men ' forS gefremede, hwiicSere him on ferhSe gre6w 1720 "bre6st-hord blM-re6w : nallas bedgas geaf ' Denum after ddme ; dredm-leds gebftd, ' fat he pjis gewinnes weorc prowade, ' le6d-bealo longsum. pu ]>e laer be fon, ' gum-cyste ongit ! ic }'is gid be ]>e 1725 " dwriic wintrum fr6d. Wundor is t6 secganne. ' hft mihtig god manna c^'nne * furh sldne sefan sn^-ttru bryttat5, ' eard and eorl-scipe, he dh ealra geweald. ' Hwilum he on lufan IseteS hworfan 1730 " monnes m6d-ge]'onc maeran cynnes, ' sele6 him on 6(5le eorfian wj'nne, ' t6 healdanne hle6-burh wera, ' ged6S him swd gewealdene worolde daelas, ' side rice, pat he his selfa ne miig 1735 " for his un-sn^'ttrum ende gepeneean ; ' wunaS he on wiste, nd hine wiht dweleS, ' ddl ne yldo, ne him inwit-sorh ' on sefan sweorceS, ne gesacu 6hwaer, ' ecg-hete e6weS, ac him eal worold 1740 " wendetS on willan ; he )>at w3Tse ne con, ' 6S pat him on innan ofer-hygda dsel 'weaxeS and wridacS, ponne se weard suofc's, ' sdwele hyrde : bi(5 se slsep t6 fast. ' bisgum gebunden, bona swtSe tk dli. 1745 "86 pe of fldn-bogan fyrenuni sct'dteft. 1746-1774.1 BEOWULF. 56 XXVL The Discour'Se is Ended. — Be6wulf PREPAREa TO Leave. " pONNE bis on hret5re under helm di'epen " biteran strale : him bebeorgan ne con " worn wundor-bebodum wergan gdstes ; "]nnceS him td lytel, l^at he td lange he61d, 1750 "gytsaS grom-hydig, nallas on gylp seleS "fatte bedgas and he ]>^ forS-gesceaft " forgyteS and forgymeS, I'iis ]'e him ser god sealde. "wuldres waldend, weoi-S-mynda dael. "Hit on ende-staf eft gelimpeS, 1755 "fat se llc-homa laene gedre6set5, "faege gefealleS ; f6h(S 6«er td, " se pe unmurnlice mMmas dseletS, " eorles aer-gestre6n, egesan ne gymeS. " Bebeorh ])e j^one bealo-nl5, Be6wulf le6fa, 1760 "secg se betsta, and pe J)at seke gece6s, "6ce raedas; oferhj'da ne gym, "maere cempa! Nu is );ines magnes blaed " kne hwile ; eft s6na biS, "fat fee Ml 0(5 ($e ecg eafoSes getwaefetS, 1765 "o6(5e fyres feng ot56e fl6des wylm, " o56e gripe mfices o6Se gdres fliht, "oS6e atol yldo, o56e edgena bearbtm "forsiteb and forsworceS ; semninga bi6, " fat )'ec, dryht-guma, dedt5 oferswySeS. 1770 " Swd ic Hring-Dena hund missera " we61d under wolcnum, and hig wige beledc "manigum msegSa geond fysne middan-geard, " ascum and ecgum, fat ic me senigne "under swegles begong gesacan ne tealde. 56 BEdWULF. [1776- 18C9 177i "Hwat! me J^as on 651e edwenden cwom, •'g3Tu after gomene, seoSSan Grendel wearS, " eald-gewinna, in-genga mln : ' ' ic )>aere s6cne singales wiig " mdd-ceaie raicle. piis sig metode J^anc, 1780 " 6cean diihtne, Jias J^e ic on aldre gebM, " jjat ic on fone hafelan heoro-dre6rigne " ofer eald gewin edgum starige ! " G^ nu td setle, S3"mbel-w3-nne dre6h " wigge weorSad : unc sceal worn fela 1785 " mdSma gemaenra, siSSan morgen h\6." Gedt was glad-mdd, ge6ng s6na td, setles ne6san, swd se snottra hfiht. pd was eft swA aer ellen-rdfum, flet-sittendum fagere gereorded 1790 ni6wan stefne. Niht-helm geswearc deorc ofer drjht-guraura. DuguS eal drds ; wolde blonden-feax beddes ne6san, gamela Scylding. Gedt ungemetes wel, r6fne rand-wlgan restan l^ste : 1795 s6na him sele-]'egn slSes w^rgum, feorran-cundum forS wlsade, se for andrysnum oalle beweotede jiegnes j'earfe, swylce \>y d6gore bedfio-llfiende habban scoldon. 1800 Reste hine 1)^, rflm-lieort; reced hlifade gedp and gold-fdh, giist inne swiif, 66 pat hrefn blaca lieofones wj'nne bllfi-heort bodode. ]U com beorht sunne scacan ofer grundas; scaSan onetton, 1805 waeron afielingas eft t6 lc6dum fftse td farenne, wolde feor ))anon cuma collcn-ferhfi ce61es ne6san. HCht I'd se hearda Hrunting beran, sunu Ecgldfes, h6ht his sweord niman. 1810-1840.] BEOWULF. 57 1810 le6flic Iren ; sagde him )'as lednes jianc, cwaS he fone gtiS-wine gddne tealde, wlg-craftigne, nales wordum Idg m6ces ecge : J'iit was m6dig secg. And ]>Si siS-frome searwum gearwe 1815 wlgeud wseron, eode weorS Denum aSeling t6 yppan, paer se 6Ser was hale hilde-de6r, Hr6t5gar gr^tte. XXVII. The Paktinq Words. Be6wulf maSelode, beam Ecg})e6wes : " Nu we S8e-li(5end secgan w^'llaS 1820 " feon'an cumene, jmt we fundiaS " Higelic sScan. Waeron her tela ' ' willum bewenede ; |ju As wel dohtest. " Gif ic j'onne on eorSan 6wihte mag " jiinre m6d-lufan mfiran tilian, 1825 "gumena diyhten, ponne ic g3't d^'de, " gftS-geweorca ic be6 gearo s6na. " Gif ic ydt gefricge ofer fldda begang, " pat )'ec ymbe-sittend egesan ))ywa5, " sw4 ]>ec hetende hwilum djdon, 1830 " ic ])e fftsenda fegna bringe, " haleSa td helpe. Ic on Higeldce wdt, " Gedta dryhten, |'edh ])e he geong sy, " folces h3Tde, ])at he mec fremman wile "wordum and worcum, yat ic ]>e wel herige, 1835 " and ]'e td ge6ce gdr-holt here " magenes fultum, )>aer ])e biS manna fearf; "gif him I'onne HrfrSric td hofum Gedta "ge]'inge^, j^eddnes beam, he mag fger fela " fre6nda findan : feor-cySSe be66 1840 " sMran gesdhte i?am ]>e him selfa dedh." 58 BEOWULF. [1841-1876 Hrd(5gAr ma^elode him on andsware : " pe ]>&, word-cw3-das wittig drihten "on sefan sende ! ne hyrde ic snotorltcor "on swd geongum feore guman j>ingian : 1845 " J'u eart magenes Strang and on m6de fr6d, " wis word-cwida. W6n ic talige, " gif J^at gegange^, ]>'dt \>e gdr n3'met5, " hild heoru-grirame HrfeSles eaferan, " ddl otS6e Iren ealdor ]'lnne, 1850 " folces h3Tde, and fu pin feorh hafast, ' ' J^at ]>e SjB-Gedtas s61ran nabben " td gece6senne cyning aenigne, " hord-weard hiileSa, gif |'u healdan wylt " mAga rice. Me j'ln m6d-sefa 1855 "licaS long swA wel, le6fa Be6walf: "hafast )m geffired, )'at j'dm folcura sceal, " Gedta lc6dum and Gdr-Denum "sib gem.ienum and sacu restan, " inwit-nlcSas, J'e hie ser dragon; 1860 " wesan, J'enden ic wealde widan ilces, " mAcSmas gemaene, manig 65erne ' ' g6dum gegrfitan ofer ganotes ba6 ; ' ' sceal hring-naca ofer hedftn bringan "lAc and hif-tdcen. Ic ]>&. Ie6de wdt 1865 "ge wi6 fe6nd ge wiS fre6nd faste geworhte " seghwas untaele ealdo wtsan." pd git him eorla hle6 inne gesealde, macro Healfdenes mdSmas twelfe, h6t hine mid |'aem Idcum le6dc swaese 1870 s6cean on gesyntum, snAde eft cuman. Gecyste |>d cyning aSehim g6d, )7e6den Scildinga, pegen betstan and be healse gcnam ; hruron him teiras, blonden-feaxum : him was bega w6n, 1875 ealdum infr6dum, 6t5res swlSor, 1876-1903.] BEOWULF. 59 pat hi seot56an gese6n m6ston ra6clige on meSle. "Was him se man td fon le6f, pat he pone bre6st-w3'lm forberan ne mehte, ac him on hreSre hyge-bendum fast 1880 after de6rum men d^Tne langaS beorn wi5 bl6de. Him Be6wulf panan, gftS-rinc gold-wlanc griis-moldan trad, since hr^mig: sse-genga bdd dgend-fredn, se pe on ancre rM. 1885 pd was on gange gifu Hr65gdres oft geaehted : pat was dn cyning jeghwas orleahtre, dS pat hine yldo benam magenes wynnum, se pe oft manegum scdd. XXVIII. Beowulf Returns to Geatland. — The Queens Hygd and Thrytho. CwoM pa td fl6de fela-mddigra 1890 hag-stealdra liedp; hring-net baeron, locene leoSo-s^Tcan. Land-weard onfand eft-slS eorla, sw^ he aer dyde ; nd he mid hearme of hliSes nosan gastos grfitte, ac him tdgednes rM ; 1895 cwaS ])at wilcuman Wedera le6dum scawan sclr-hame td scipe fdron. pA was on sande sae-gedp naca hladen here-wsedum, hringed-stefna mearum and md^mum : mast hlifade 1900 ofer HrdSg^res hord-gestre6num. He ]'am bdt-wearde bundeu golde swurd gesealde, pat he sySSan was on meodu-bence nid(5me py weorSra, HO BE(5WULF. [1904- n)38 yrfe-ldfe. Gewdt him on ^9"-nacan, 1905 drefan de6p water, Dena land ofgeaf. pd was be maste mere-hiiigla sura, segl sdle fast. Sund-wudu |'uncde, r\6 I'fier \v6g-flotan wind ofcr y(^nm siSes getwiBfde ; sae-genga f6r, 1910 fledt ffimig-heals forS ofer jiJe, bnnden-stefna ofer brim-stredmas, fat hie Gedta clifu ongitan meahton, cASe nassas. Ce61 np geprang, h-ft-geswenced on lande st6d. 1915 HraSe wiis iit holme hyS-weard gearo, se pe ser lange tld, le6fra manna ffts, at faro6e feor wlAtode ; Sffilde t6 sande sld-HiSme scip oiieer-bendnm fiist, ]>y las hjTn ^a I'ryra 1920 wudu wj'nsuman forwrecan meahte. Hfit ]'A np beran aSelinga gestreOn, friitwe and fat-gold ; nils him feor ))anon t6 gesecanne sinces br^-ttan : Higeldc HrSSling ))8er at hdm wunaS, 1925 selfa mid geslSum sae-wealle nedh; bold was betlic, brego-r6f cyning, bed 071 healle, Hj'gd swlSe geong, wis, wel-]nmgen, J^edh ))e wintra l3i; under burh-locan gebiden hiibbe 1930 HareSes debtor: nas hi6 hndh swd J'edh, ne t6 gnedS gifa Gedta le6dura, md6m-gestre6na. M6d pry6o wag, fremu folces cw6n, firen ondrysne : nrenig pat dorste de6r gen65an 1935 swaesra geslSa, nefne sin-fred, ydt hire an diiges edgum starede ; ac him wal-bende weotode tealde, hand-gewri(5ene : hraSe seo^^an was 1939-1968.] BEOWULF. 61 after mund-gripe mfice gej'inged, 1940 pat hit scea3en-mael sc3Tan mdste, cwealm-bealu cy(5an. Ne bit5 swylc cwfinhi peiw idese td efnanne, J>edh ]>e hi6 senllcu sf, Jjatte freotSu-webbe feores onsace after llge-torne le6fue mannan. 1945 Hftru ])at onh6hsnode Heminges maeg; ealo drineende 6Ser saedan, pat hi6 le6d-bealewa las gefremede, inwit-nlSa, sySSan aerest wear5 g3'fen gold-hroden geongum cempan, 1950 aSelum di6re, sySSan hi6 Offan flet ofer fealone Add be fader Idre slt5e gesdhte, paer hi6 syt56an wel in gum-st61e, g6de maere, llf-gesceafta lifigende bredc, 1955 hi61d hedh-lufan wiS hale'Sa brego, ealles mon-cynnes mine gefraege pone s61estan bl saem twe6num eormen-e^'nnes ; forpam Offa was geofum and gd siicce genas, maeg wi6 maege, sy(5(5an man-dryliten 1980 furh lile66or-cw3-de holdne gegrSttc meaglum wordum. Meodu-scencum hwearf geond ydt reced Hiire^es d6htor: lufode l>d le6de, 116-waege bar haelum t6 handa. Higeldc ongan 1985 slnne geseldan in sele pam hedn fagre fricgean, hyne fyrwet brae, hwylce Sse-Gedta slSas waeron : " HA lomp e6w on IMe, le6fa Bi6wulf, ' ' \>Si ]m faeringa feorr gehogodest, 1990 " sacce sficean ofer sealt water, "Wide t6 Hiorote? Ac pu Hr66gare " wld-cft(5ne wedn wihte gebfittest, " maerum ))e6dne? Ic ]>as ra6d-ceare " sorh-w3'lmum sedt5, sl5e ne trftwode 1995 " le6fes mannes ; ic ]>e lange bad, " pat )'U pone wal-gaest wihte ne grfitte, " 16te SflS-Dene sylfe geweorSan "gearf Grendeles mdga ' oenig ofer eorSan uht-hlem fone, ' SB fe lengest leofaS IdSan cynnes, ' fenne bifongen. Ic fser furSum cwom, ' td J>am hring-sele Hr6(5gdr gr6tan : ' s6na me se msera, mago Healfdenes, ' sy^San he mdd-sefan mtnne cASe, ' wis his sylfes sunu setl getaehte. ' "Weorod was on wj-nne ; ne seah ic wldan feorh ' under heofenes hwealf heal-sittendra 'medu-dredm miran. Hwilum maeru cw6n. ' friSu-sibb folca flat eall geond-hwearf, ' baedde byre geonge ; oft hi6 bedh-wriSan ' secge sealde, aer hi6 t6 setle ge6ng. ' Hwilum for duguSe ddhtor HrdSg^res ' eorlum on ende ealu-waege bar, ' f d ic Freeware flet-sittende ' nemnan hjrde, ]>ser hi6 nligled sine ' haleSum sealde : si6 gehdten was, ' geong gold-hroden, gladum suna FrAdan ; 'hafaS pas geworden wine Scyldinga 'rices h^Tde and I'iit raed talaS, ' fat he mid py wife wal-faehSa dael, ' sacca gesette. Oft nd seldan hwaer ' after le6d-liiyre lytle hwlle 'bon-gdr btigeS, pedh 8e6 bryd dugel 64 BEOWULF. [2033-2063 XXX. Be6wtjlf's Story of the Slayinqs, 2035 2040 2045 2050 2055 2060 Mag ])as jjonne ofj'yncan }'e6den HeaSobeardna and j'egna gehwum )'dra le6da, fjonne he mid faemnan on flett gaeS, dryht-bearn Dena duguSa biwenede : on him gladiaS gomelra Idfe heard and hring-mael, Hea6obeardna gestre6n, J^enden hie ])dm waepnum wealdan radston, 63 ]>at hie forlaeddan t6 pam lind-plegan swaese geslSas ond h3Ta S3'lfra feorh. ponne cwi6 at be6re, se ]>e bedh gesyht5, eald asc-wtga, se )>e eall geman g^r-cwealm gumena (him biS grim sefa), onginneS ge6mor-m6d geongne cempan fnrh hreSra geh^'gd higes cunnian, wig-bealu weccean and J>at word AcwjiS : ' Meaht )m, min wine, mfice geendwan, ' })one J'in fiider t6 gefeohte bar ' under here-grlman hindeman sl(5e, ' dyre iren, paer hyne Dene sl6gon, ' we61don wiil-st6we, S3i53an wi6er-gyld lag, 'after hiileSa hr3Te, hwate Scylduugas? ' Nu her })Ara banena hyre ndt-hwylces, ' friitwum hrSmig on flet gaeS, ' morSres g3'lpe6 and pone mA65um byreS, ' pone pe pu mid rihte raedan sceoldest ! ' " Mana'6 swd and myndgaS msela gehwjice s^rum wordum, 65 pat sael C3'me(5, pat se faemnan pegn fore fader daedum after billes bite bl6d-fdg swefeS, ealdres sc3'ldig ; him se 63er ponan losat* 'ifigende, con him land geare. 2064-2098.] BEOWULF. 65 "ponne bi66 brocene on b4 healfe .2065 " a,6-sweord eorla; sy^^an Ingelde " weallaS wal-niSas and him wlf-lufan "after cear-walmum cdban weorSaS. '■'■py ic HeaSobeardna hj'ldo ne telge, " dr3'ht-sibbe dael Denum unfaecne, 2070 " fre6nd-scipe fastne. Ic sceal for6 sprecan " gen ymbe Grendel, fat ]m geare cunne, " sinces br^'tta, t6 hwan sySSan wearS " hond-rses haleSa. S}i5San heofones gim "glM ofer grundas, gast jTi-e cwom, 2075 " eatol aefen-grom, Aser ne6san, " pser we gesunde sal weardodon; " f aer was Hondsci6 hild onssege, " feorh-bealu faegum, he fyrmest lag, "gjTded cempa; him Grendel wearS, 2080 " maerum magii-])egne td mftS-bonan, ' ' le6fes mannes He eall forswealg. " N6 ]>y aer tt ]>k gen idel-hende "' bona bl6dig-td5 bealewa gemyndig, " of )>am gold-sele gongan wolde, 2085 " ac he magnes r6f mln costode, " gi-dpode gearo-folm. G16f hangode ' ' sid and sj'llle searo-bendum fast, " si6 was orponcum eaU geg^Twed " de6fles craffcum and dracan fellum : i090 "he mec paer on innan unsj-nnigne, " di6r daed-fruma, ged6n wolde, "manigra sumne : h^'t ne mihte sw4, " sy^San ic on yn-e upp-riht dstdd. " Td lang 3's t6 reccenne, hft ic )>am le6d-sceaSan 2095 "yfla gehwylces ond-le^n forgeald ; " faer ic, ])e6den mln, fine le6de " "weoi^ode weorcum. He on weg losade, *'lytle hwlle llf-wj'nna bredc; gg BE6wULF. [2099-2133. " hwaSre him si6 swiSre swabe weardacle 2100 "hand on Hiorte and he hedn ])onan, " m6des gedraor mere-grund gefe611. " Me ]'one wal-rses wine Scildunga " fiittan golde fela lednode, "manegum maSmum, sj^ScSan raergen com 2105 " and yre td symble geseten hafdon. "pier was gidd and gle6 ; gomela Scilding " fela fricgende feorran rehte ; " hwihim hilde-de6r hearpan w3-nne, "gomen-wudu grfitte ; hwiUim gyd awrac 2110 "s6S and sarlio ; hwilum syllic spell "rehte after rihte rAm-heort cyning. "Hwilum eft ongan eldo gebunden, "gomel gftS-wlga gioguSe cwt(5an ' ' hilde-strengo ; hreSer inne we611, 2115 " fonne he wintrum frdd worn gemunde. " Sw^ we I'aer inne andlangne dag " ni6de ndman, 6tS ])at niht becwom "66er td yldum. p4 was eft hrac5e " gearo gjTn-wi'ace Grendeles m6dor, 2120 "siSode sorh-fuU; sunn dedS fornam, " wlg-hete Wedra. Wlf unhyre "hj're beam gewrac, beorn dcwealde " ellenllce ; j'ser was Asc-here, "fr6dan fyrn-witan, feorh iiSgenge; 2125 "n6(Ser hy hine ne mdston, sjiSSan mergen cwom, " ded5-w6rigne Denia le6de " bronde forbiirnan, ne on bsel hladan "le6fne mannan : hi6 J'iit lie atbar " fe6ndes fsc6mum under firgen-stredm. 2130 "pat was HrdSgAre hre6wa tornost " l^dra ]'e le6d-fruman lange begedte ; " ))4 se J'e6den mec J'lne life "healsode hre6h-m6d, )'at ic on holma gearing t 2134-2160.] BEOWULF. 67 " eorl-scipe efnde, ealdre geneSde, 2135 " maerSo fremede : he me mMe gehfit. " Ic }>^ pas wiilmes, }>e is wide cone pc him Wealli|)e6 geaf, 2175 )'e6dnes d6htor, |)n6 wicg somod swancor and sadol-beorht ; hyre s^iSSan was after bedh-}>ege bre6st geweorSod. SwA bealdode beam Ecg|'e6wes, guma gftSum cflS, g6dum doedum, 2180 dredh iifter d6me, nealles druncne slAg heorS-geuedtas ; nils him hre6h sefa, ae he man-c3'nnes maeste crafte gin-fastan gife, j)e him god sealde, he61d hilde-de6r. Hedu was lange, il85 swd hyue Gedta beam g6dne ne tealdon, ne h3'ne on medo-bence micles w3TSne drihten wereda ged6n wolde ; swj^e oft sdgdon, J)at he sleac waere, aSeling uufrom : edweuden cwora 2130 tlr-eadigum menn torna gehw3'lces. H6t I'd eorla hle6 in gefetian, hea(So-r6f C3'ning, Hr651es Idfe, golde geg3'rede ; nas mid Gedtum )'& 8inc-md56um s61ra on sweordes hdd ; 2195 {jat he on Bi6wulfes bearm dlegde. 2196-2226.] BEOWULF. 69 and him gesealde seofan pftsendo, bold and brego-st61. Him was bdm samod on ])am le6d-scipe lond gecynde, eard 65el-riht, 6Srum swtSor 2200 side rice, ]'ara j'ser sfilra was. Eft ydt geiode ufarau ddgrum hilde-liliimmum, sySSan H^'geldc lag and Heardrfide hilde-mdceas under bord-lire6(^an td bonan wurdon, 2205 ))d hyne gesdhtan on sige-)5e6de hearde hilde-frecan, Heat5o-Scilfingas, nlSa gensegdan nefan Hererlces. Syti8an Be6wulfe brdde rice on baud gehwearf: he gehe61d tela 2210 fiftig wintru (was j)d frdd cyning, eald 6c5el-weard), 6(5 J^at dn ongan deoreum nihtum draca ricsian, se |)e on heh'e hce^e hord beweotode, stdn-beorh stedpue : stig under lag, 2215 eldum uncftS. paer on innan gi6ng ni^a ndt-hvrylces neode gef6ng haetinum liorde bond . d . . gep . . hwylc since fAhne, he ]>'dt s3i5San . . . J) . . . IS . )) . . 1 • g 2220 slaepende be fyie, fjo-ena hyrde fe6fes crafte, I'iit sie . . . . SioS . idh . folc-beorn, ]>ai he gebolgen was. XXXII. The Fire-Drake. The Hoard. Nealles mid geweoldum wyrm-horda . . . craft sdhte sylfes willum, se ]>e him sdre gesce6d, 2225 ac for pred-nfidlan pedw ndt-hwylces haleSa beama hete-swengeas fledb. 70 BEOWULF. [2227-2261. for ofer-]}ea.rfe and J^aer inne fealh secg syn-bysig. Sdna in )?a tide I'at, fam gyste . . . . br . g . st6d, 2230 hwii(5re earm-sceapen . . t5 . . . sceapen o . . . . i r . . e se faes begeat, sine-fat geseah: ]>seT was swylcra fela in fam eorS-scrdfe aer-gestre6na, swk hy on gedr-dagum gumena ndt-hwylc 2235 eormen-ldfe aSelan cynnes ]janc-hycgende J)aer geh^'dde, de6re maSmas. Ealle hie dedS fornam aerran maelum, and se tn ]>& gen le6da duguSe, se j^aer lengest hwearf, 2240 weard wine-gedmor wiscte ))as 3'ldan, fat he lytel fac long-gestre6na brftean mdste. Beorh eal gearo wunode on wonge water-y6um ne4h, niwe be nasse nearo-criiftum fast : 2245 ])ser on innan bar eorl-gestre6na hringa hj'rde hard-fyrdne dael fattan goldes, fed worda cwa6 : " Heald |)u nu, liriise, nu haletS ne ni6ston, "eorla aehte. Hwat! hit aer on fe 2250 "g6de begedton ; gAS-ded^ fornam, " feorh-bealo frCcne fjTa gehwylcne, "le6da mlnra, pdra pe pis Z?/ ofgeaf, "gesdwon sele-dredm. Ndh hwd sweord wege " o6(5e fetige flited wgege, 2255 ' ' drync-fat de6re : duguS ellor sc6c. " Sceal se hearda helm %rsted golde ''fatum befeallen: feormiend swefatS, " )'d ]>e beado-griman b}-wan seeoldon, "ge swylce se6 here-pM, si6 at hilde gebdd 2260 " ofer borda gebriic bite irena, "brosnaS after beorne. Ne mag byrnan hring 2262-2296.] BEOWULF. 71 ' ' after wig-fruman wide ffiran " haleSum be healfe ; nas hearpan wyn, "gomen gle6-bedmes, ne g6d hafoc 2265 " geond sal swinget5, ne se swifta mearh " burh-stede bedteS. Bealo-cwealm hafatS " fela feorh-cynna feorr onsended!" Swd gi6mor-m6d giohSo maende, &n after eallum unbliSe hwe6p, 2270 dages and nihtes, 66 )>at dedSes wylm hrdn at heortan. Hord-wynne fond eald uht-scea6a opene standan, se pe byrnende biorgas s6ce6 nacod nlS-draca, nihtes fle6geS 2275 fyre befangen ; hyne fold-btiend tvlde gesdwon. He gewunia.n sceall hldw under hrusan, faer he haetSen gold waraS wintrum fr6d ; ne hy6 him wihte ffi 361. Swd se J>e6d-scea^a pred hund wintra 2280 he6ld on hrusan hord-arna sum edcen-craftig, 65 fat hjme dn dbealh mon on m6de : man-drj-htne bar fated wasge, frioSo-waere bad hldford sinne. pd was hord rdsod, 2285 onboren bedga hord, bene getlSad fed-sceaftum men. Fred scedwode fira f^Tu-geweorc forman slSe. pd se wjTm onw6e, wr6ht wds geniwad ; stone I'd after stSne, stearc-heort onfand 2290 fe6ndes f6t-ldst ; he t6 forS gest6p, d^Tnan erafte, dracan hedfde nedh. Swd mag unfaege ed^e gedlgan wedn and wi'ac-slS, se pe waldendes hyldo gehealdet5. Hord-weard s6hte 2295 georne after grunde, wolde guman findan, J'one \>e him on sweofote sdre gete6de: 72 Be6wULF. [2297-2326 h&t and hredh-mdd hlaew oft jTiibe bwearf, ealne Atan-wesrdne ; ne paer aenig mon was on l^aere wSstenne. HwaSre hilde gefeh, 2300 beado-weorces : hwtlum on beorh iithwearf. sinc-fiit s6hte ; he ]mt s6na onfand, pat hafde gumena sum goldes gefandod hedh-gestre6na. Hord-weard onbM earfoSllce, 65 l)at sefen cwom ; 2305 was ]>k gebolgen beorges h3Tde, wolde se Idtia lige forgyldan drinc-fat dyre. pd was diig sceacen W3'rme on willan, n6 on wealle leng btdan wolde, ac mid baele f6r, 2310 fyre gefysed. Was se fruma egesltc le6dum on lande, sw^ hyt lungre wearS on hyra sinc-gifan sAre geendod. XXXIII. Beowulf Resolves to Kill the Fire-Drake. pA se gast ongan gl6dum spiwan, beorht hofu barnan ; bryne-le6ma st6d 2315 eldum on andan ; nd l^aer Aht cwices Ids l^^t-floga laefan wolde. Was pas Wynnes wig wide gesyne, nearo-fdges nl6 nedn and feoiTan, hft se g{15-scea(5a Gedta le6de 2320 hatode and h}'nde : hord eft gescedt, dryht-sele d^Tnne aer dages hwlle. Hafde land-wara lige befangen, baele and bronde ; beorges getrAwode, wiges and wealles: him se6 w6n geledh. 2325 pa was Bi6wulfe br6ga gec3'5ed sndde t6 866e, j'at his sylfes him 8327-2361.] BEOWULF. 7J< bolda s6lest brj-ne-wylmum mealt, gif-st61 Gedta. pat J?am gddan was hre6w on hreSre, hj'ge-sorga maest: 2330 w6nde se wlsa, pat he wealdende, ofer ealde riht, 6cean dryhtne bitre gebulge : bre6st innan we611 ()e6strum gej^oncum, swd him gejjj'we ne was. Hafde lig-draca le6da fasten, 2335 ed-lond titan, eorS-weard ]'one gledum forgrunden. Him J^as gft6-cyning, Wedera ]5i6den, wrace leornode. H^ht him pd gewyrcean wlgendra hle6 eall-trenne, eorla dryhten 2340 wig-bord wriitlic ; wisse he gearwe, pat him holt-wudu helj^an ne meahte, lind wis lige. Sceolde laen-daga aSeling 8er-g6d ende gebldan worulde lifes and se wyrm somod, 2345 pedh ]>e hord-welan he61de lange. Oferhogode J'3, hringa fengel, pat he J'one wid-flogan weorode gesdhte, sldan herge ; n6 he him J'd sacce ondr6d, ne him pas wjTmes wig for wiht dyde, 2350 eafotS and ellen ; forpon he aer fela nearo nSSende nl6a gedlgde, hilde-hlemma, s}i5San he Hrdt5g4res, sigor-eddig secg, sele faelsode and at gASe forgrdp Grendeles raaegum, 2355 IdSan cynnes. N6 pat lasest was hond-gemota, paer mon Hj'geldc sldh, sy5t5an Gedta cyning gfttSe raesum, f red- wine folces Freslondum on, Hr6(5les eafora hioro-dryncum swealt, 2360 bille gebedten ; ])onan Bi6wulf com Bylfes crafte, sund-nytte dredh; 74 BEOWULF. [2362-2391 I hafde him ou earme . . . XXX hilde-geatwa, ]>k he td holme stkg. Nealles Hetware hr^mge forfton 2365 f(66e-wtges, pe him foran ongedn linde baeron : lyt eft becwom fram j^am hild-frecan h^mes ni6san. Oferswam )>d si61e5a bigong sunu Ecgl7e6we8, earm da-haga eft t6 le6dum, 2370 \>3eT him Hygd gebedd hord and rice, bedgas and brego-st61 : bearne ne trflwode, ])'dt he wis al-f^-lcum 66el-st61as healdan cftt5e, I'd wiis Hj'gelde dedd. N6 )'}' 0er fed-sceafte findan meahton 2375 at J'am afielinge aenige pinga, ydt he HeardrMe hldford waere, oSSe l^one cyne-d6m ci6san wolde ; hwiiSre he him on folce fre6nd-ldrum he61d, 6stum mid dre, 6(5 J'at he yldra wearS, 2380 Weder-Gedtum weold. H3'ne wrac-macgas ofer sae s6htan, suna Ohteres : hafdon h}' forhealden helm Scj'lfinga, Jjone sfelestan sae-cyninga, ])dra l^e in Swi6-rice sine brytnade, 2385 maerne l5e6den. Him J'iit td mearce wearS ; he j^aer orfeorme feorh-wunde liledt sweordes swcngum, sunu H^-geldces ; and him eft gewdt Ongen])i6wes beam hdracs ni6san, syfiSan Ileardr^^d Itig ; 2390 16t pone brego-st61 Bi6wulf healdan, Gedtum wealdan: pat was gM cyning. 2892-2421.] BEOWULF, * 75 XXXIV. Retrospect of Beowulf. — Strife between SWEONAS AND GeATAS. Se pas le6d-hryres ledn gemunde uferan ddgrum, Eddgilse wearS fed-sceaftum fe6nd. Folce gestepte A *^.395 ofer sae side suuu Ohteres wlgum and waepnum : he gewrac sySSan cealdum cear-slt5um, cyning ealdre binedt. Swd he ni6a gehwane genesen hafde, sllSra geslj^hta, sunu Ecg]n6wes, 2400 ellen-weorca, 65 ])oue duue diig, ]>e he wis ])am wyrme gewegan sceolde. Gewdt ]>& twelfa sura torne gebolgen dryhten Gedta dracan scedwian ; hiifde J'd gefrunen, hwanan si6 faehS drds, 2405 bealo-nt(5 biorna ; him t6 bearme cwom md6c5uin-fat masre )mrh j^iis meldan bond. Se was on j'am jTedte ])reotteoSa secg, se l^iis orleges 6v onstealde, haft h3"ge-gi6mor, sceolde hedn ponon 2410 wong wisian : he ofer willan gi6ng t6 ]'as ]>e he eorS-sele dnne wisse, hlaew under hrusan holm-wylme n6h, yt5-gewinne, se wiis innan full wratta and wira : weard unhi6re, 2415 gearo gftS-freca, gold-md5mas he6ld, eald under eorSan ; nas ])at yt5e cedp, t6 gegangenne gumena aenigum. Gesat ]>k on nasse ntt5-heard cyning, I^enden haelo dbedd heorS-genedtum 2420 gold-wine Gedta : him was ge6mor sefa, wafre and wal-f&s, Wyrd ungemete nedh, 76 BEOWULF. [2422-2456. se pone gomelan gr6tan sceolde, s^cean s4wle hord, sundur gedaelan Itf wis lice : n6 I'd! lange was 2425 feorh aSelinges flaesce bewunden. Bi6wulf mafielade, beam Eegl)e6we3 : " F'ela ic on giogoSe gft(5-raesa genas, " orleg-hwila : ic ))at call gemon. " Ic was s^'fan-wintre, |'d mec sinca balder, 2430 " fred-wine folca at minum fader genam, " he61d mec and hafde HrfiSel C3"ning, " geaf me sine and S3'nibel, sibbe gemunde ; " nas ic him t6 life IdSra 6wihte " beorn in burgum, j^onne his bcarna hw3'lc, 2435 " Herebeald and HiBc^cyn, o6(5e Hygeldc mln. " Was J^am yldestan unged^felice " maeges daedum morSor-bed strfid, " sjiSSan h^-ne HaeScyn of horn-bogan, " his fred-wine fldne geswencte, 2440 " miste mercelses and his maeg ofsc6t, " brdSor 6Serne, blddigau gdre : " pat was feoh-leds gefeoht, f3Tenura ges3'ngad. " hreSre h3-ge-me6e : sceolde hwaSre swd j'cdh " aSeling unwrecen ealdres linnan. 2445 " Swd bi6 gedmorlic gomelum ceorle " t6 gebidanne, I'iit his b3Te ride "giong on galgan, )'onne he g3'd wrece, " sdrigne sang, j'onne his sunu hangaS " hrefne t6 hr6(Sre and he him helpe ne miig, 2450 " eald and in-fr6d, senige gefremman. " S^'mble bis gem3'ndgad morna gehw3'lce ' ' eaforan ellor-sl5 ; 66 res ne gymeS •■' to gebidanne burgum on innan " jTfe-weardes, ponne se dn hafaS 2455 *' purh dedi'Ses n3M daeda gefondad. '' Gesyh(S sorh-coarig on his suna bftre ^457-2484.J BEOWULF. 77 " win-sele westne, wind-gereste, " re6te berofene ; ridend swefaS " haleS in hoSman ; nis ]>9sr hearpan 8w6g, 2460 " gomen in geardum, swylce faer id waeron. XXXV. Memories of Past Time. — The Feud with THE FiRE-DeAKE. " GewiteS fonne on sealman, sorh-le63 galetS " in after dnum : \>thte him eall t6 rdm, " wongas and wic-stede. Swd Wedra helm " after Herebealde heortau sorge 2465 ' ' weallende wag, wihte ue meahte "on ]>am feorh-bouan faehSe gebfetau: " n6 ]>j aer he ]'one heaSo-riuc hatian ne meab'-e " IdSum daedum, ]>eih him le6f ne was. " He I'd mid paere sorge, l^e him si6 sir belamp, 2470 " gum-dredm ofgeaf, godes le6ht geceds ; " eaferum laefde, swd d^6 eddig mon, "lond and le6d-b}Tig, I'd he of life gewdt. " pd was synn and sacu Sweona and Gedta, " ofer wid water wr6ht gemaene, 2475 " here-nl6 hearda, sySSan Hr^^el swealt, " o'SSe him Ongenl5e6wes eaferan waeran " frome fyrd-hwate, fre6de ne woldon "ofer heafo healdan, ae j-mb Hreosna-beorh " eatolne inwit-scear oft gefremedon. 2480 " pat maeg-wine mine gewraecan, " faehSe and fyrene, swd h}i; gefrasge was, " pedh I'e 65er hit ealdre gebohte, " heardan cedpe: HaeScynne wearS, " Gedta dryhtne, g65 onsaege. 78 BEOWULF. [2486.-2519 2485 ' pfl, ic on morgne gefragn maeg 66erne billes ecgum on bonan staelan, " j'aer Ongen|)e6w Eofores ni6sade: "gA6-helm t6glM, gomela Scylfing " lireds Jieoro-hliic ', bond gemimde 2490 " fjEh(So gen6ge, feorb-sweng ne oftedb. •' Ic Mm ))A mASmas, ))e be me sealde, •'geald at gflfie, swA me gifeSe wiis, le6btan sweorde : be me lend forgeaf, "card 66el-w3'n. Niis bim aenig J^earf, 2495 " \>dt be td Giffium o66e t6 Gdr-Denum ocSSe iu Swi6-rice s^ceau J'urfe "wyrsan wig-frecan, weorSe gecyiDan ; " 8}Tnle ic bim on fSSan beforau wolde, " dna on orde, and swd t6 aldre scoall 2500 " sacce frcmman, peuden ])is sweord polaS, " )>at mec aer and s!6 oft gelaeste, " S3i5(5an ic for dugeSum Diigbrefne wearS " td band-bonan, Huga cempan: nalles be J^d friitwe Fres-cj'ninge, 2505 " bre6st-weor(Sunge bringan m6ste, ac in campe gecrong cumbles bjTde, aSeling on ebie. Ne wiis ecg bona, " ac bim bilde-grdp beortau wjlmas, " bdn-bfts gebrac. Nu sceall billes ecg, 2510 'bond and beard sweord 3'mb bord wtgan." Be6wulf maSelode, be6t-wordum sprac ni^bstan stSe : "Ic gen6Sde fela "gGSa on geogoSe ; gyt ic wylle, '• fr6d folces weard, faebSe s6can, 2515 " raaerSum frcmman, gif mec se mdn-sceaSa "of eoi-(5-sele fit ges6cet5 ! " Gegrfitte pd gumena gebwylcne, bwate helm-berend bindeman slcSe, swaese geslSas : " Nolde ic sweord beran, 2520-2554.] BEOWULF. 79 2520 " waepen td wyrme, gif ic wiste hft " wits fam aglaecean elles meahte "gj'lpe wiSgrlpan, swd ic gi6 wiS Gren.Ue dyde; " ac ic paer heaSu-fyres h^tes w6ne, " rfiSes and-hattres : forpon ic me on hafn 2525 " bord and byrnan. Nelle ic beorges wcard " oferfle6n f6tes trem, fednd unliyre, ' ' ac unc sceal weorSan at wealle, swd unc Wyi-d gete6(' "metod manna gehwas. Ic eom on mOde from, " ]5at ic wi6 pone gftS-flogan gylp ofersitte. 2530 " Geblde ge on beorge byrnum weredc, " secgas on searwum, hwaSer s61 maege " after wal-raese wunde gedygan " uncer twega, Nis pat e6wer si6, " ne gemet mannes, nefne min dnes, 2535 "pat he wi6 aglsecean eofoSo daele, " eorl-scype efne. Ic mid elne sceall "gold gegangan o6(5e gA5 nime^, " feorb-bealu fr^cne, fredn e6werne ! " Ar4s pa bl ronde r6f oretta, 2540 heard under helm, hioro-sercean bar under stdn-cleofu, strengo getrtlwode anes mannes: ne biS swylc earges sl6. Geseah pa be wealle, se pe worna fela, gum-cystum g6d, gASa gedigde, 2545 hilde-hlemma, ponne hnitan fSSan, (st6d on stdn-bogan) stredm ftt ponaii brecau of beorge ; was psere burnan wiilm heat5o-fyrum hat: ne meahte horde iicdh unbj'rnende aenige hwlle 2550 de6p gedygan for dracan l^ge. L6t pa of bre6stum, pa he gebolgen was, Weder-Gedta le6d word tt faran, stearc-heort styrmde ; stefn in becora heaSo-torht hlvnnan under harne stan. 80 BEOWULF- [2555-2589 2555 Hete was onhrfired, hord-weard oncni6w mannes reorde ; nils J'ser mdra fyrst, fre6de td friclan. From serest cwom oruti agliX'cean ftt of stdne, hat hilde-swat; hruse d3'nede. 2560 Biorn under beorge bord-rand onswftf wis pam gryre-gieste, Gedta dr3'hten: j)^ was hring-bogan heorte gefysed sacce t6 s6ceanne. Sweord aer gebrad g6d gti5-c3'ning gomele Idfe, 2565 ecgum ungledw, aeghwiicSruin was bealo-hj-cgendra brdga fram 6(Srum. Sti5-m6d gest6d wi6 stedpne rond winia bealdor, f4 se w3Tin gebedh snOde t6somne: he on seai-wum bM. 2570 Gewdt );d b3Tnende gebogen scriSan td, gescife scyndan. Scyld wel gebearg life and lice lasfan hwile maerum l)e6dne, ponne his rayne sdhte, )nBr he ]'y fjTste formau d6gore 2575 wealdan m6ste, swd him "Wyrd ue geser^f hr63 at hilde. Hond up dbriid Gedta dryhten, gr3Te-fdlme sl6h incge Idfe, J'iit si6 ecg gewdc brttn on bdne, bdt unswiSor, 2580 Jjonne his j)i6d-cyning |>earfe hiifde, bysigum gebaeded. pd wiis beorges weard after heaSu-swenge on hre6um m6de, weariD wal-f3Te, wide sprungon hilde-le6man : hr65-sigoia ne gealp 2585 gold-wine Gedta, gdS-Ijill geswdc nacod at ni(5e, swd hyt nd seeolde, Iren eer-gOd, Ne was |>at 66e siS, Jjat se maera maga Ecg}'e6we8 grund-wong fone ofgj-fan wolde; 2590-2620.] BEOWULF. 83 2590 sceolde wyrmes willan wlc eardian elles hwergen, sw4 sceal aeghwylc mon aiaetan laen-dagas. Nas fA long t6 pon, pat ]>k agljBcean hy eft gem^tton. HjTte hyne hord-weard, hreSer se6me we611, 2595 niwan stefne : nearo prowode fyre befongen se \>e ser folce we61d. Nealles him on hedpe hand-gesteallan, aSelinga beam ymbe gestddon hilde-cystum, ac hy on holt bugon, 2G00 ealdre burgan. Hiora in ^num we611 sefa wis sorgum : sibb aefre ne mag wiht onwendan, pam ]>e wel penceS. XXXVI. WiGLAF Helps Beowulf in the Feud, WIglaf was haten Weoxst^nes sunu, le6flic lind-wiga, le6d Scylfinga, 2605 mseg Alfheres : geseah his mon-diyhten under here-gilman hdt prowian. Gemunde ]^k ]>§i dre, pe he him aer forgeaf wic-stede weligne "Waegmundinga, folc-rihta gehwjic, sw^ his fader dhte ; 2610 ne mihte pd forhabban, bond rond gefSng, geolwe linde, gomel swyrd getedh, pat was mid eldum Ednmundes Idf, suna Ohteres, pam at sacce wear^ wracu wine-ledsum Weohstdnes bana 2615 meces eegum, and his mdgum atbar brftn-fdgne helm, hringde bj-man, eald sweord eotonisc, pat him Onela forgeaf, his gadelinges gdS-gewaedu, fjTd-searo fftsllc: nd j-mbe pd faehSe sprac, 2620 pedh pe he his br66or beam Abredwade, . g2 BEOWULF. [2621-2656 He fratwe gehe61cl fela missera, bill and b}Tnan, 66 fat his byre milite eorl-seipe efnan, sw& his aer-fader; geaf him j'd mid Gedtum gdS-gewaeda 2625 sEghwas unrim ; )>4 he of ealdre gew^t, fr6d on forS-weg. pA was forma st5 geongan cempan, pat he gAt5e raes mid his fre6-dryhtne fremman seeolde ; ne gemealt him se mdd-sefa, ne his mseges W 2630 gew^c at wlge : j'at se wjTm onfand, sySSan hie tdgadre geg^n hafdon. WigUf maSelode word-rihta fela, sagde geslSum, him was sefa ge6mor: " le J'at msel geman, peer we medu f^gun, 2635 "fonne we gehfeton Assum hiaforde "in bi6r-sele, ]>e ts ]>k3 bedgas geaf, " pat we him j'4 g(l5-geatwa g3'ldan woldon, " gif him pysllcu pearf gelumpe, " helmas and heard sweord : p6 he ftsic on herge geceds 2640 "td pyssum slS-fate sylfes willum, "onmunde ftsic maerSa and me \>k9 mdtSmas geaf, " pe he ftsic g^r-wigend g6de tealde, "hwate helm-berend, ]>e&h pe hUford ts " ))is ellen-weorc Ana Apdhte 2645 "td gefremmanne, folees hyrde, " forpam he manna maest maer^a gefremede, "daeda doUlcra. Nu is se dag cumen, " pat tire man-dryhten magenes beh6faS " gMra gftS-rinea: wutun gangan t6, 2650 "helpan hild-fruman, penden hyt s^, "glM-egesa grim! God wdt on mec, " pat me is micle le6fre, pat mlnne Itc-haman "mid mlnne gold-g>'fan glfid fiifimie. " Ne pyncetS me gerysne, piit we rondas beren 2655 "eft t6 earde, nemne we aeror maegen 2656-2690.] BEOWULF. 83 " fane gefyllan, feorh ealgian " Wedra J)i6dnes. Ic wdt geare, " pat nEeron eald-gew^'rht, fat he Ana scyle ' ' Ge4ta duguSe gnorn ]?rowian, 2660 " geslgan at sacce : sceal trum \>sit sweord and helm, "byrne and byrdu-scrfld Mm gemaene." W6d ))d jiui'h fone wal-r^c, wig-heafolan bar fredn on fultum, fed worda cwaS : " Le6fa Bi6wulf, laest eall tela, 2665 " sw4 )m on geoguS-feore gedra gecwaede, " pat )m He Alaete be ]>e lijagendum "ddm gedre6san: seealt nu daedum rdf, " aSeling dn-hydig, ealle magene ' ' feorh ealgian ; ic ]>e fullsestu ! " 2670 After ]>t,m wordum wyrm jrre cwom, atol inwit-gast 66re siSe, fyr-wylmum f^h fi6nda ni6san, IdSra manna ; llg-y^um forborn bord wis ronde : bp'ne ne meahte 2675 geongum gdr-wigan ge6ce gefremman: ac se maga geonga under his mseges scyld elne geeode, )'d his dgen was gl6dum forgrunden. p4 gen gftS-c^'ning mce?'5a gemunde, magen-strengo, 2680 sl6h hilde-bille, pat hyt on heafolan st6d ntSe gen^'ded : Nagling forbarst, geswdc at sacce sweord Bi6wulfes gomol and graeg-msel. Him piit gifeSe ne was, pat him irenna ecge mihton 2685 helpan at hilde ; was si6 bond td strong, se pe mfica gehwane mine gefraege swenge ofersdhte, ponne he t6 sacce bar waepen wundrum heard, nas him wihte p6 s6I. pk was pe6d-scea6a priddan si5e, 2690 fr6cne fyr-draca faehSa gemyndig, 84 BEOWULF. [2691-2721 raesde on J)one r6fan, ]>Si him rtim Aguald, hdt and heat5o-grim, heals ealne 3'mbef6ng biteran bdnum; he gebl6degod wear5 8dwul-dri6re ; sw4t ySum we611. XXXVIL Beowulf Wounded to Death. 2695 pA ic at pearfe gefrdgn ))e6d-cyninges and-longne eoii ellen cySan, craft and cfinSu, swd him gecj'nde wiis ; ne hfedde he ))as heafolan, ac si6 hand gebarn mddiges mannes, paer he liis maeges liealp, 2700 J)at he fone nicS-gast niofior hw^ne sl6h, secg on searwum, pat ])at sweord gededf fdh and fated, pat pat fyr ongon swet5rian sy5(5an. pd gen sylf eyning gewe61d his gewitte, wall-seaxe gebrad, 2705 biter and beadu-scearp, ))at he on byrnan wag forwrdt Wedra helm wyrm on middan. Fe6nd gefyldan (ferh ellen wriic), and hi hyne \A begen Abroten hafdon, sib-a'Selingas : swylc sceokle secg wesan, 2710 pegn at pearfe. pat para pe6dne was siSast stge-hwlle sylfes daedum, worlde geweorces. p4 si6 wund ongon, pe him se eorS-draca aer geworhte, swSlan and swellan. He pat sdna onfand, 2715 pat him on bre6stum bealo-nl5 we611, dttor on innan. pd se aSeUng gi6ng, pat he bl wealle, wis-h^'cgende, gesat on sesse ; seah on enta geweorc, hA I'd stAn-bogan stapulum faste 2720 6ce eor6-reced innan he61don. Hyne p& mid handa heoro-dre6rigne 2722-2752.] BEOWULF. 85 |)e6den maerne fegn ungemete till, wine-dry hten his wiitere gelafede, hilde-sadne and his helm onspe6n. 2725 Bi6wulf maSelode, he ofer benne sprac, wunde wal-bledte (wisse he gearwe, pat he dag-hwila gedrogen hafde eortSan W3'nne ; fd was eall sceacen d6gor-gerimes, dedS ungemete nedh) : 2730 " Nu ic suna minum s^'llan wolde " g66-gewsedu, paer me gifeSe swd " aenig yrfe-weard after wurde, "lice gelenge. Ic pds le6de he6ld " ftftig wintra: nas se folc-cyning '^735 " ymbe-sittendra genig ]'dra, " pe mec gAS-winum gr^tan dorste, " egesan )'e6n. Ic on earde bdd " mael-gesceafta, he61d mln tela, '' ne s6hte searo-nlSas, ne me sw6r fela 2740 " dSa on unriht. Ic pas ealles mag, " feorh-bennum se6c, gefedn habban: ' ' forpam me witan ne ])earf waldend fira " morSor-bealo mdga, ponne min sceaceS " llf of lice. Nu pu lungre 2745 " geong, hord scedwian under hdrne stdn, " Wigldf le6fa, nu se wyrm ligecS, " swefeS sdre wund, since beredfod. " Bi6 nu on 6foste, pat ic ser-welan, ' ' gold-aeht ongite, gearo scedwige 2750 " swegle searo-gimmas, pat ic py sfeft maege " after md66um-welan mln dlsetan "llf and le6d-scipe, pone ic longe he61d." 86 BEOWULF. [2763-2782. XXXVIII. The Jewel-Hoard. The Passing of Beowulf. pA ic snAde gefragn sunu Wihstdnes after word-cwjdum wiindum drj'htne 2755 hj-ran hea-6o-si6cum, hring-net beran, brogdne beadu-sercean under beorges hrdf. Geseah fk 8ige-lir6t5ig, ))d he bl sesse ge6ng, mago-})egn m6dig maSSum-sigla fela, gold glitinian grunde getenge, 2760 wundur on wealle and J)as wj-rmes denn, ealdes uht-flogan, orcas stondan, fjrn-manna fatu feormend-ledse, h^Tstum behrorene: ]>ser was helm monig, eald and 6mig, eann-bedga fela, 2765 searwum gesaeled. Sine ed6e mag, gold on grunde, gume?i« c^-nnes gehwone ofer-higian, hyde se ))e wylle ! Swylce he siomian geseah segn eall-g34den hedh ofer horde, hond-wuiidra maest, 2770 gelocen leoSo-craftum : of j)am le6ma stdd, I'iit he ))one grund-wong ongitan meahte, wrate giond-wlitan. Nas pas w3Tmes paer onsyn aenig, ac hyne eeg fornam. pd ic on hlfflwe gefragn hord redfian, 2775 eald enta geweorc Anne mannan, hun on bearm hladan bunan and discas • sylfes ddme, segn edc genom, bedena beorhtost; bill aer-gesc6d (eeg was Iren) eald-hldfordes 2780 ))am ))dra mdt5ma mund-bora was longe hAvlle, l!g-egesan wag hAtne for horde, hioro-weallende, 2783-2817.] BEOWULF. 87 middel-nihtum, 65 fat he morSre swealt. Ar was on 6foste eft-slt5es georn, 2785 fratwum gefyrSred: h3'ue fyrwet brae, hwa^er collen-ferS cwicne gemfitte in J'am wong-stede Wedra pe6den, ellen-si6cne, ]>ser he hine aer forl6t. He 1'4 mid pdm mdSmum mserne J'i6den, 2790 dryhten slnne dri6rigne fand ealdres at ende : he hine eft ongon wiiteres weorpan, 6(5 pat wordes ord bre6st-hord furhbrac. Bedwulf ma^elode, gomel on giohSe (gold seedwode) : 2795 " Ic pdra fratwa fredn ealles pane " wuldur-cyninge wordum seege, "6cum dryhtne, \>e ic her on starie, "pas pe ic m6ste mlnum le6dum " aer swylt-dage swyle gestrynan. 2800 " Nu ic on mdSma hord mine bebohte " fr6de feorh-lege, fremmaS ge nu " le6da pearfe ; ne mag ic her leng wesan. "HdtaS hea'So-maere hlaew gewyrcean, " beorhtne after baele at brimes nosan ; 2805 " se seel t6 gemyndum mlnum le6dum " hedh hlifian on Hrones nasse, " pat hit sse-liSend 8yt5tSan hdtan " Bi6wulfes biorh, p4 pe brentingas " ofer fl6da genipu feorran drlfat5." 2810 D^'de him of healse bring gyldenne pi6den prlst-hj^dig, pegne gesealde, geongum gdr-wigan, gold-fdhne helm, bedh and b}Tnan, h6t hj'ne brdean well: "pu eart ende-ldf Asses cj^nnes, 2815 " Waegmundinga ; ealle Wyrd forswe6f, "' mine mdgas t6 metod-seeafte, *' eorlas on elne: ic him after sceal." 88 BEOWULF. [2818-2848 pat was |)am gomelan gingeste word bre6st-geh3'gdum, aer he bael cure, 2820 hdte hea^o-wylmas : him of hretSre gew&t sfiwol sficean s6(5-fastra ddm. XXXIX. The Coward-Thanes. pi was gegongen guman unfrddum earfo811ce, ))at he on eorSan geseah I'one le6festan lifes at ende 2825 bledte gebaeran. Bona swjlce liig, egeslic eorS-draea, ealdre beredfod, bealwe gebaeded : bedh-hordum leng W3'rm woh-bogen wealdan ne m6ste, ac him irenna ecga forndmon, 2830 hearde heatio-scearpe homera Idfe, fat se wld-floga wundum stille hreds on hrusan hord-arnc nedh, nallcs after l3'fte Idcende hwearf middel-nihtum, mdSm-aehta wlonc 2835 ansj'n ywde : ac he eorSan gefe611 for pas hild-fruman hond-geweorce. Hiiru fat on lande lyt manna fdh magen-dgendra mine gefrtege, fedh ]'e he dseda gehwas dyrstig waere, 2840 )>at he wiS dttor-scca8an orei5e geraesde, o5(5e hring-sele hondum styrede, gif he waccende weard onfunde bOan on beorge. Bi6wulfe wear3 dryht-mdSma dael ded(5e forgolden ; 2845 hafde aeghwaSer ende gefSred laenan liles. Nas ]>& lang t6 fon, fat J>A hild-latan holt ofgfifan, tydre tredw-logan tyne atsomne. 2849-2883.] BEOWULF. 89 ]>& ne dorston aer dareSum Ucan 2850 on hyra man-dryhtnes miclan {^earfe; ac hy scamiende sc3idas baeran, gA(5-gewaedu, paer se gomela lag : wlitan on Wlgldf. He gew^rgad sat, f(6Se-cempa fredn eaxlum nedh, 2855 wehte hyne wiitre ; him wiht ne spe6w ; ne meahte he on eorCan, \ie6h he ftt5e wel, on fam frum-gdre feorh gehealdan, ne J»as wealdendes willan wiht oncirran ; wolde d6m godes daedum raedan 2860 gnmena gehwj^lcum, sw4 he nu gen d6S. pd was at ]>ava geongan grim andswaru 65-beg6te \>km ]>e ser his elne forleds. Wlgldf mat5elode, Weohstdnes sunu, secg sdrig-ferS seah on unle6fe : 2865 "pat Id mag secgan, se ]>e wj'le s6S sprecaii, " fat se mon-dryhten, se e6w pd mdSmas geaf, " e6red-geatwe, ]'e ge j^aer on standa'5, " fonne he on ealu-bence oft gesealde " heal-sittendum helm and b3'rnan, 2870 " pe6den his ])egnum, swylce he prySUcost " 6hwaer feor 0(5(5e nedh findan meahte, " fat he genunga gAS-gewaedu "wrdSe forwurpe. pd hyne wig beget, " neaUes folc-cyning fyrd-gesteallum 2875 " gylpan forfte ; hwaSre him god ftSe, " sigora waldend, fat he hyne sylfne gewrac " dna mid ecge, fd him was elnes fearf, " Ic him lif-wraSe lytle meahte " atgifan at gtlSe and ongan swd fedh 2880 "ofer mln gemet maeges helpan: " symle was ]>^ ssemra, fonne ic sweorde drep " ferh6-gent51an, fyr unswlSor " we611 of gewitte. Wergendrp t6 lyt 90 BE6wULF. [2884-2914 " frong ymbe fe6den, ]>&. hyne si6 frag becwora. 2885 " Nu sceal sinc-pego and swjTd-gifu " eall 6Sel-wyn e6wrum cynne, " lufen aiicgean: lond-rihtes m6t " ])aere maeg-burge monna aeghwylc "idel hweorfan, sj'^tian aSelingas 2890 " feorran gefricgean fledm e6werne, " d6m-le4san daed. Ded6 bitS sfella ' ' eorla gehwylcum fonne edwlt-llf 1 " XL. The Soldier's Dirge and Prophecy. Heht \>& fat heat5o-weorc t6 hagan bi6dan up ofer 6g-clif, ]>iBT Jjat eorl-weorod 2895 morgen-longne dag in6d-gi6mor sat, bord-hilbbende, bega on w6num ende-d6gores and eft-cymes le6fes monnes. Lji; swlgode niwra spella, se ])e nas gerM, 2900 ac he s6611ce sagde ofer ealle ; " Nu is wil-geofa Wedra le6da, " dryhten Gedta ded^-bedde fast, "wunat5 wal-reste w^'rmes daedum; *' him on efn ligeS ealdor-gewinna, 2905 " siex-bennnm se6c: sweorde ne meahte " on )>am aglaecean senige j'inga " wunde gewyrcean. Wlgldf siteS " ofer Bi6wulfe, byre Wihstdnes. " eorl ofer 6(5rum unlifigendum. 2910 "healdeS hige-mfitSum hedfod-Avearde '' Ie6fe8 and Idbes. Nu ys leodum w6d " orlog-hwlle, 8>i58an undenio *' Froncum and Frysum fyll cyninges ** wide weorSeS. Was s\6 wi6ht scepen 2915-2946.] BEOWULF. 91 2915 "heard witJ Hugas, sySSan HigelAc cwom " faran flot-herge on Fresna land, " )»8er hyne Hetware bilde gehnsegdon, " elne geeodon mid ofer-magene, " pat se b}Tn-wiga bftgan sceolde, 2920 " fe611 on feSan : nalles fratwe geaf " ealdor dugoSe ; lis was ^ sySSan " Merewioinga milts ungyfeSe. " Ne ic td Swe6-])e6de sibbe oSt5e tre6we "wihte ne w6ne ; ac was wide cAS, 2925 "fatte Ongen]n6 ealdre besnySede "Hae^cyn Hr661ing wi5 Hrefna-wudu, " ]>k for on-mfidlan serest ges6hton " Gedta le6de GftS-scilfingas. " S6na him se fr6da fader Ohtheres, 2930 " eald and eges-full ond-slyht figeaf, " 4bre6t brim-wisan, bryd dhe6rde, " gomela i6-meowlan golde berofene, " Onelan m6dor and Ohtheres, " and I'd folgode feorh-geniSlan 2935 " 6t5 pat hi 65eodon earfoSlice "in Hrefnes-holt hUford-ledse. " Besat ]>t sin-herge sweorda life " wundum wfirge, wedn oft geh^t ' ' earmre teohhe andlonge niht : 2940 " cwat5 he on mergenne m^ces ecgum " getan wolde, sume on galg-tie6wum '■'■fuglum t6 gamene. Fr6for eft gelamp " sirig-m6dum somod aer-dage, "sySSan hie Hygeliees horn and bymaa 2945 "gealdor ongeMon. p4 se g6da com "le6da dugoSe on list faran. 92 BEOWULF. [8947-2978. XLT. He Tells of the Swedes and the Geatas ' Was si6 sw&t-swaSu Sweona and Gedta, ' wal-roes wera wide gesj-ne, ' ht ]'4 folc mid him faeht5e t6wehton. 2950 " Gew^t him ]>§l se g6da mid his gadelingum, ' fr6d fela ge6mor fasten sficean, ' eorl Ongeu])i6 ufor oncirde ; 'hiifde Higeldces hilde gefrunen, ' wlonces wig-craft, wi6res ne trAwode, 2955 " ]>Sit he sae-mannum onsacao mihte, ' hedSo-liSendum hord forstandan, ' beam and bryde ; beiih eft ponan ' eald under eorS-weall. pd wJis aeht boden ' Sweona le6dum, segn HigelAce. 2960 " Freo(5o-wong j'one forS ofereodon, ' sy8San HrfiSlingas td hagan prungou. ' paer wearS Ongen]n6 eegum sweorda, ' blonden-fexa on bid wrecen, ' pat se )'e6d-c3-ning pafian sceolde 2965 " Eofores dnne d6m : hj'ue yrringa ' Wulf Wonrdding wfepne geraehte, ' pat him for swenge swfl,t aedrum sprong ' forS under fexe. Nas he forht swA p6h, ' gomela Scilfing, ac forgeald hraSe 2970 "w}Tsan wrixle wal-hlem pone, ' S3i56an pe6d-C3'ning )J3xler oncirde : ' ne meahte se snella sunu "Wonredes ' ealdum ceorle ond-slyht giofan, ' ac he him on hedfde helm ser gescer, 2975 " pat he bl6de fdh bftgan sceolde, ' fe611 on foldan ; nas he faege )>4 git, ' ac he h3'ne gew^rpte, pedh pe him wund hrtnc. ' L6t se hearda Higeldces pegn 2979-^012.] BEOWULF. 93 2980 2985 2990 2995 3000 3005 3010 ' brMne m6ce, ]'d his br6t5or lag, ' eald sweord eotonisc, entiscne helm, ' brecan of er bord-weal : J'A gebedh cyning, ' folces h^Tde, was in feorh dropen. ' p^ waeron monige, J'e his maeg wiiSon, ' ricone draerdon, J)d him gerJTned wearS, ' ]mt hie wal-st6we wealdan m6ston. ' penden redfode rinc dSerne, ' nam on Ongen]n6 iren-b3Tnan, ' heard swyrd hilted and his helm somod ; ' hdres h^Tste HigeMce bar. ' He ]>dm friitwum f6ng and him f agre geh^t ' ledna fo7-e leodum and gelseste swA : ' geald pone gftS-roes Gedta drjhten, ' HrfiSles eafora, ]>§l he td hdm becom, ' Jofore and Wulfe mid ofer-miSmum, ' sealde hiora gehwaSrum hund ])(isenda ' landes and locenra bedga ; ne j'orfte him fd ledn 66witan ' mononmiddan-gearde, sySSanhiepdmaerSagesldgon ; ' and pd Jofore forgeaf dngan debtor, ' hdm-weorSunge, hyldo td wedde. ' pdt ys si6 faehSo and se fe6nd-scipe, ' wal-nl5 wera, pas pe ic wSn hafo, ' pe 6s s6ceat5 t6 Sweona le6de, ' sj'SSan hie gefricgeaS fredn dserne ' ealdor-ledsne, pone pe ser gehe61d ' wis hettendum hord and rice, ' after halec5a hrjTe hwate Scylfingas, ' folc-raed fremede o66e furSur gen ' eorl-scipe efnde. Nu is 6fost betost, ' pat we pe6d-e3'ning paer scedwian ' and pone gebringan, pe ts bedgas geaf, ' on dd-fare. Ne seel dnes hwat ' meltan mid pam m6digan, ac paer is md^ma hord. 94 BEdWTJLF. [3013-3047. "gold unrlme grimme gecedpod "and nu at siSestan sylfes feore 5015 "bedgas gebohte; ]>Si sceal brond fretan, " iiled J'eccean, nalles eorl wegan " m^66um t6 gemyndum, ne magS scyne " habban on healse bring- weort5unge, " ac sceall ge6mor-m6d golde beredfod 3020 " oft nalles sene el-land tredan, " nu se here-wlsa hleahtor dlegde, " gamen and gle6-dredm. Forpon sceall gAr wesan " monig morgen-ceald mundum bewunden, " hiifen on handa, nalles hearpan sw6g 3025 " wigend weceean, ac se wonna hrefn " its ofer faegum, fela reordian, " earne secgan, lift him at aete spe6w, " j^enden he wi6 wulf wal redfode." Swd se secg hwata secgende was 3030 IdSra spella; he ne ledg fela w^Tda ne worda. Weorod eall drds, eodon unbllSe under Earna nas wollen-tedre wundur scedwian. Fuudon ])d on sande sdwul-ledsne 3035 hlim-bed healdan, J'one ]'e him hringas geaf aerran maelum : pd wds ende-dag g6dum gegongen, pat se gti6-c)Tiiug, Wedra l>e6den, wundor-dedSe swealt. JEr hi ges^gan sylllcran wiht, 3040 wyrm on wonge wi(5er-rahtes j'ter IdSne licgean : was se 16g-draca, giimlic gryre-gdst, glfidum beswaeled , se was fiftiges f6t-gemearccs lang on legere, lyft-w^Tine he61d 3045 nihtes hwilum, njiSer eft gewdt dennes ni6sian ; was J'd dedtSe fast, hafde eorS-scrafa ende gen^-ttod. 3048-3075.] BEOWULF. 95 Him big stddan bunan and orcas, diseas Idgon and dyre swyrd, 3050 6mige furh-etone, swd hie wi6 eorSan faSm fiisend wintra fser eardodon: fonne was ]>at yrfe edcen-craftig, iii-monna gold galdre bewunden, pat ]iam hring-sele hrlnan ne mdste 3055 gumena aenig, nefne god sylfa, sigora s66-c3'ning, sealde fam \>e he wolde (he is manna gehyld) hord openian, efne sw& hwylcum manna, swA him gemet pOhte. XLII. WiGLAF Speaks. The Building of the Bale-Fire. pi was gesyne, pat se si6 ne \>&h 3060 pam })e unrihte inne gehy^dde wrate under wealle. "Weard ser ofsl6h fedra sumne ; ]>k si6 faehS geweai'S gewi-ecen wr461tce. Wundur hwdr, ponne eorl ellen-r6f ende gef&re 3065 lif-gesceafta, ponne leng ne mag men mid his ??idgum medu-seld bftan. SwS, was Bi6wulfe, ]'4 he biorges weard s6hte, searo-ni^as : seolfa ne cA6e, ]?m-h hwiit his worulde geddl weorSan seeolde ; 3070 swd hit 65 d6mes dag di6pe benemdon })e6dnas maere, pd pat paer dydon, pat se secg waere synnum scildig, hergum geheaSerod, hell-bendum fast, wommum gewitnad, se pone wong stride. 3075 Nas he gold-hwat: gearwor hafde 96 BEOWULF. [3076-3 I la 3080 3085 3090 3095 3100 3105 Agendes 6st ser gescedwod. Wlgldf maSelode, Wihstanes sunu : Oft sceall eorl monig Anes willan wrsec ddre6gan, swd As geworden is. Ne meahton we gelaeran le6fne })e6den, rices hyrde raed aenigne, )?at he ne grette gold-weard J'one, 16te h^-ne licgean, ])aer he longe was, wlcum wuuian 6(5 woruld-ende. He61don hedh gesceap : hord ys gescedwod, grimme gegongen ; was pat gife^e t6 swl6, \>e fone ]>e6den pyder outyhte. and I'iit call geond-seh, )id me ger3'med was, si(5 dlyfed Ic on 6foste gef6ng miigen-byrSenne 8110 Ic was ]'8er inne recedes geatwa, nealles swaeslice inn under eorS-weall micle mid mundum hord-gestre6na, hider tt atbar cyninge minum : cwico was ]>t, gena, wis and gewittig ; worn call gespriic gomol on gehSo and e6wic grdtan h^t, biid ))at ge geworhton after wines daedum in btel-stede beorh ))one hedn micelne and maerne, swd he manna was wlgend weoii5-fullost . wide geond eorSan, l^enden he burh-welan brftcan m6ste. Uton nu 6fstan 66re st^e se6n and s^cean searo-geprac, wundur under wealle ! ic e6w wlsige, ])at ge gen6ge nedn scedwiatS bedgas and brdd gold. Sle si6 baer gearo adre geiifned, J^onne we At cjonen, and fionne geferian fredn Aserne, le6fne mannan, faer he longe sceal on pas waldendes wsere gepolian." 81 11-3137.] be6wulf. 97 H6t pa gebe6dan b}Te WihstAnes, hale hilde-di6r, hiileSa monegum bold-dgendra, ]'at hie bsel-wudu feorrau feredon, folc-dgende 3115 g6dum t6g6nes : " Nu sceal glM fretan " (weaxan wonna ISg) wigena strengel, " fone )'e oft gebM isern-scftre, '' ])onne straela storm, strengum gebaeded, " sc6c ofer scild-weall, sceft n3'tte he6Id, 3120 "• feSer-gearwum Ms Mne full-eode." H& gegiredan Gedta Ie6de dd on eorSan un-wdclicne, 3 MO helmum behongen, hilde-bordum, beorhtum byrnum, swd he bfina was; dlegdon J'd t6-midde8 maerne )>e6dea haleS hi6fendc, hiaford le6fne. Ongimnon )'A on beorge bael-f^'va maest 3145 wigend weccan : wudu-r6c dstdh sweart ofer swio6ole, sw6gende 16g, w6pe bewunden (wind-blond gelag) OS )>at he ]>&, bdn-hfts gebrocen hafde, hat on hreSre. Higum uni'dte 3150 m6d-eeare maendon mon-drjhtnes cwealm ; sw^'lce gi6mor-g3'd f 1^^ • "*" meowle wunden heorde . . . serg (?) cearig saelde geneahhe pjit bio hyre .... gas hearde 3155 ede waltylla wonn . . hildes egesan hySo haf mid heofon r6ce swcalh (?) Geworhton ]>& Wedra le6de hlaew on hliSe, se was hedh and brM, 3160 waeg-liSendum wide gesyne, and betimbredon on tyn dagum beadu-r6fes bficn : bronda hetost wealle beworhton, swA h^t weorSUcost fore-snotre men findan mihton. 3165 HI on beorg dj'don bfig and siglu, call sw3'lce hjTsta, sw^'lce on horde ser nl(5-h3dige men genumen hafdon ; forlfiton eorla gestre6n eoi'San healdan, gold on gre6te, l)8er hit nu gen lifaS 3170-3184.] BEOWULF. 99 3170 eldum swd unnyt, swA hit ceror was. pd ymbe hlaew riodan hilde-de6re, aSelinga beam ealra twelfa, woldon ceare cwtSan, kyning maenan, word-gyd wrecan and ymb wer sprecan, 3175 eahtodan eorl-scipe and his ellen-weorc dugutSum demdon, swd hit ge-d^/e bit5, pat mon his wine-dryhten wordum h^rge, ferhSum fre6ge, })onne he forS scile of lic-haman loene weorSan. 3180 Swd begnornodon Gedta le6de hldfordes hryve, heorS-genedtas, cwaedon pat he wsere woruld-cyning mannum mildust and mon-pwserust, le6dum USost and lof-geornost. APPENDIX. The Attack in Finnsburg.* " nas byrnaS naefre." HleoSrode pd heat5o-geong cj'ning: " Ne pis ne dagaS edstan, ne her draca ne fle6ge5, " ne her )>isse healle hornas ne bjrnaS, 5 " ac f&r forS beraS, fugelas singacS, " gylleS graeg-liama, gftcS-wudu hlj'nnecS, " sc3-ld seefte oncwy6. Nu scyneS pes nl6na ' ' waSol under wolcnum ; nu drisatS wed-daeda, " ])e pisne folces nt6 fremman willaS. 10 "Ac onwacnigeaS nu, wlgend mine, ' ' hebbaS e6wre handa, hicgea6 on ellen, " winnaS on orde, wesa6 on m6de ! " pd drds monig gold-hladen pegn, g}'rde hine his swurde ; I'd t6 dura eodon di'ihtUce cempan, 15 SigeferS and Eaha, h3Ta sweord getugon, and at 65rum durum Ordldf and GftSldf, and Hengest sylf; hwearf him on Idste. pd git Gdrulf GASere styrode, ))at hie swd fre6lic feorh fonnan sl5e 20 t6 I'aere healle durum hyrsta ne baeran, nu hyt nl5a heard dn^Tnan wolde: ac he fragn ofer eal undearninga, de6r-m6d haleS, hwd ])d duru he61de. " SigeferS is mln nama (cwd6 he), ic eom Secgena le6d, • See V. 1069 seqq. 25-48.] BEOWULF. 101 25 "wi-ecca wide cM. Fela ic wedna gebdd, " heardva hilda ; )'e is gyt her witod, " swaSer )'u sylf t6 me s^cean wylle." pd was on wealle wal-slihta gelilyn, sceolde celod bord cfenum on lianda 30 bdn-helm berstan. Buruh-)!elu dynede, 66 }'at at paire gA6e Gdrulf gecrang, ealra rerest eorS-bfiendra, GfiSiafes sunu ; ymbe hine gddra fela. Hwearf /laera hraew hrafn, wandrode 35 sweart and sealo-brftn ; swurd-le6ma stdd swylee eal Finns-buruh fyrenu waere. Ne gefragn ic ncefre wurSlicor at wera hilde sixtig sige-beorna s61 gebaeran, ne naefre swdnas sw^tne medo s61 forgyldan, 40 )?onne Hniife guidon his hag-stealdas. His: fuhton flf dagas, swd hyra ndn ne fe61 driht-gesiSa, ac hig J'd duru he61don. pa gewat him wund haleS on wag gangan, ssede |)at his byrne dbrocen waere, 45 here-sceorpum hr6r, and edc was his helm pyrl. pa hine s6na fragn folces hyrde, hfl I'd wigend hyra wunda genaeson o6Se hwaSer J^sera hyssa LIST OF NAMES; NOTES; AND GLOSSARY. ABBREVIATIONS. m. : masculine. f . : feminine. n. : neuter. OOm., gen., etc.: nominative, genitive, «> w.: weak. w. V. : weali verb. St.: strong. St. V. : strong verb. I., II., III.: first, second, third pen: comp. : compound. imper. : imperative. ■w. : with. instr.: instrumental. G. and Goth. : Gothic. O.N.: Old Norse. O.S.: Old Saxon. O.H.G.: Old High German. M.H.G.: Middle High German. The vowel ii = a in qlad ) ( apijro.ximately. The diphthong jb =a in hair ) The names Leo, Bugge, Rieger, etc., refer to authors of emendation Words beginning with ge- will be found under their root^word. Obvious abbreviations, like subj., etc., are not included in this list. LIST OF NAMES. Abel, 'Gain's brother, io8. Alf-here (gen. Alf-heres, 2605), a kinsman of Wiglaf 's, 2605. .\sc-here, confidential adviser of King HroSgar (1326), older broth- er of Yrmenlaf (1325), killed by Grendel's mother, 1295, 1324,2123. Ban-stan, father of Hreca, 524. Beo-wulf, son of Scyld, king of the Danes, 18, 19. After the death of his father, he succeeds to the throne of the Scyldings, 53. His son is Ilealfdene, 57. Beo-wulf (Biowulf, 1988,2390; gen. Beowulfes, 857, etc., Biowulfes, 2195, 2808, etc.; dat. Bedwulfe, 610, etc., Biowulfe, 2325, 2843), of the race of the Geatas. His father is the Wsegmunding Ecgheow (263, etc.); his mother a daughter of Hre'Sel, king of the Geatas (374), at whose court he is brought up after his seventh year withHreSel's sons, Herebeald, Hce^Scyn, and Hygelac, 2429 ff. In his youth lazy and unapt (2184 f., 2188 f.) ; as man he attains in the gripe of his hand the strength of thirty men, 379. Hence his victories in his combats vnth bare hands (71 1 ff., 2502 ff.), while fate denies him the victory in the battle with swords, 2683 f. His swimming-match with Breca in his youth, 506 ff. Goes with fourteen Geatas to the assist- ance of the Danish king, HrolSgir, against Grendel, 198 ff. His combat with Grendel, and his victory, 7 1 1 ff., 819 ff. He is, in consequence, pre- sented with rich gifts by HroSgir, 1021 ff. Hiscombat with Grendel's mother, 1442 ff. Having again re- ceived gifts, he leaves HroSgdr (1S1S-1SS8), and returns to Hyge- lac, 1964 ff. — After Hygelac's last battle and death, he flees alone across the sea, 2360 f. In this bat- tle he crushes Daghrefn, one of the Hfigas, to death, 2502 f. He re- jects at the same time HygelSc's kingdom and the hand of his widow (2370 ff.), but carries on the gov- ernment as guardian of the young Heardrgd, son of Hygelic, 2378 ff. After Heardred's death, the king- dom falls to Beowulf, 2208, 2390. — Afterwards, on an expedition to avenge the murdered Heardrld, he kills the Scylfing, Eadgils (2397), and probably conquers his country. — His fight with the drake, 2539 ff. His death, 28 1 8. His burial, 31 35 ff. Breca (ace. Brecan, 506, 531), son of Beanstin, 524. Chief of the Brondings, 521. His swimming- match with Beowulf, 506 ff. Brondingas (gen. Brondinga, 521). Breca, their chief, 521. Brosinga inene, corrupted from, or according to MUllenhoff, written by 106 LIST OF NAMES. mistake for, Breosinga mene (O.N., Brisinga men, cf. Haupts Zeitschr. XII. 304), collar, which the Bri- singas once possessed. Cain (gen. Caines, 107) : descended from him are Grendel and his kin, 107, 1262 ff. Dag-hrefn (dat. Daghrefne, 2502), a warrior of the Hftgas, who, accord- ing to 2504-5, compared with 1203, and with 1 208, seems to have been the slayer of King Ilygelac, in his battle against the allied Franks, Frisians, and Hfigas. Is crushed to death by Beowulf in a hand-to- hand combat, 2502 ff. Dene (gen. Dena, 242, etc., Denia, 2126, Deniga, 271, etc.; dat. De- num, 768, etc.), as subjects of Scyld and his descendants, they are also called Scyldings; and after the first king of the East Danes, Ing (Run- enlied, 22), Ing-wine, 1045, 1320. They are also once calledHr^ 5men, 445. On account of their renowned warlike character, they bore the names Gar-Dene, i, 1857, Hring- Dene (Armor- Danes), 116, 1280, Beorht-Dene, 427, 610. The great extent of this people is indicated by their names from the four quarters of the heavens: East-Dene, 392, 617, etc., West-Dene, 383, 1579, Sd'S-Dene, 463, NorS-Dene, 7S4. — Their dwelling-place " in Scedelan- dum," 19, "on Scedemgge," 16S7, " be sasm tweonum," 1686. Ecg-laf (gen. Ecglafes, 499), Hftn- fer^'s father, 499. Ecg-J>e6w (nom. Ecg>e6w, 263, Ecg>e6, 373; gen. Ecgbe6wes,529, etc., Ecgpiowes, 2000), a far-famed hero of the Geatas, of the house of the Waegmundings. Beowulf is the »on of Ecghe6w, by the only daugh- ter of HrS^el, king of the Geatas, 262, etc. Among the Wylfmgs, he has slain I lea^olSf (460), and in con- sequence he goes over the sea to the Danes (463), whose king, IIro??gSr, by means of gold, finishes the strife for him, 470. Ecg-wela (gen. Ecg-welan, 1711). The Scyldings are called his de- scendants, 1 71 1. Grein considers him the founder of the older dynas- ty of Danish kings, which closes with Heremod. See Hercmod. Elan, daughter of Ilealfdene, king of the Danes, (?) 62. According to the restored text, she is the wife of OngenJ'eow, the Scylhng, 62, 63. Earna-uas, the Eagle Cape in the land of the Geatas, where occurred Beowulf's fight with the drake, 3032. E&dglls (dat. Eadgilse, 2393), son of Ohthere, and grandson of Ongen- }>e6w, the Scylfing, 2393. His older brother is E&ninund (gen. Eanmundes, 2612). What is said about both in our poem (2201-2207,2380-2397,2612-2620) is obscure, but the following may be conjectured : — The sons of Ohthere, Eanmund and Eadgils, have rebelled against their father (2382), and must, in consequence, depart with their fol- lowers from Swiorlce, 2205-6, 2380. They come into the country of the Geatas to Heardr^d (2380), but whether with friendly or hostile in- tent is not stated; but, according to 2203 f., we are to presume that they came against IleardrSd with de- signs of conquest. At a banquet (on feorme; or feorme, MS.) Hear- drSd falls, probably through treach- ery, by the hand of one of thfl LIST OF NAMES. 107 brothers, 2386,2207. The murderer must have been Eanmund.to whom, according to 2613, "in battle the revenge of WeohstSn brings death." Weohst^n takes revenge for his murdered king, and exercises upon Eanmund's body the booty-right, and robs it of helm, breastplate, and sword (2616-17), which the slain man had received as gifts from his uncle, Onela, 261 7-18. But Weoh- stSn does not speak willingly of this fight, although he has slain Onela's brother's son, 2619-20. — After Heardred's and Eanmund's death, the descendant of Ongen- I'eow, Edilgils, returns to his home, 2388. He must give way before Beowulf, who has, since Heardred's death, ascended the throne of the Geatas, 2390. But Beowulf remem- bers it against him in after days, and the old feud breaks out anew, 2392-94. Eadgils makes an inva- sion into the land of the Geatas (2394-95), during which he falls at the hands of Beowulf, 2397. The latter must have then obtained the sovereignty over the Sweonas(3005- 6, where only the version, Scylfin- gas, can give a satisfactory sense). Eofor (gen. Eofores, 2487, 2965; dat. Jofore, 2994, 2998), one of the Geatas, son of WonrSd and brother of Wulf (2965, 2979), kills the Swedish king, Ongenj'eow (2487 ff., 2978-82), for which he receives from King Hygelac, along with other gifts, his only daughter in marriage, 2994-99. Eormen-ric (gen. Eormenrtces, 1202), king of the Goths (cf. about him, W. Grimm, Deutsche Helden- sage, p. 2, ff.). Hama has wrested theBrosinga mene from him, 1202. Eomaer, son of Offa and iJrySc (cf. pry So), 1961. Finn (gen. Finnes, 1069, etc. ; dat. Finne, 11 29), son of Folcwalda (1090), king of the North Frisians, i.e. of the Eotenas, husband of Hildeburg, a daughter of Hoc, 1072, 1077. He is the hero of the inserted poem on the Attack in Finnsburg, the obscure incidents of which are, perhaps, as follows : In Finn's castle, Finnsburg, situ- ated in Jutland (1126-28), the Hoeing, Hnaf, a relative — per- haps a brother — of Hildeburg is spending some time as guest. Hnaf, who is a liegeman of the Danish king, Healfdene, has sixty men with him (Finnsburg, 38). These are treacherously attacked one night by Finn's men, 1073. For five days they hold the doors of their lodging-place without losing one of their number (Finnsburg, 41, 42). Then, however, Hnaf is slain (1071), and the Dane, Hen- gest, who was among Hnaf 's fol- lowers, assumes the command of the beleaguered band. But on the attacking side the fight has brought terrible losses to Finn's men. Their numbers are dimin- ished (1081 f.), and Hildeburg be- moans a son and a brother among the fallen (1074 f., cf. 1116,1119). Therefore the Frisians offer the Danes peace (1086) under the conditions mentioned (1087-1095), and it is confirmed with oaths (1097), and money is given by Finn in propitiation (1108). Now all who have survived the battle go together to Friesland, the home proper of Finn, and here Hengest remains during the winter, pre- 108 LIST OF NAMES. " vented by ice and storms from re- turning home (Grein). But in spring the feud breaks out anew. CaSiaf and Oslaf avenge Hnaf's fall, probably after they have brought help from home (1150). In the battle, the hall is filled wi'h the corpses of the enemy. Finn himself is killed, and the queen is captured and carried away, along with the booty, to the land of the Danes, 11 47- 1 160. Finna land. Beowulf reaches it in his swimming-race with Breca, 580. Fitela, the son and nephew of the Walsing, Sigemund, and his com- panion in arms, 876-890. (Sige- mund had begotten Fitela by his sister, Signy. Cf. more at length Leo on Beqwulf, p. 38 ff., where an extract from the legend of the Walsungs is given.) Folc-walda (gen. Folc-waldan, 1090), Finn's father, 1090. Fraiican (gen. Francna, 121 1 ; dat. Froncum, 2913). King HygelSc fell on an expedition against the allied Franks, Frisians, and Ilftgas, 1211, 2917. Fresan, Frlsan, Frysan (gen. Fresena, 1094, Frysna, 1 105, Fres- na,29i6: dat. Frysum, 1208,2913). To be distinguished, are : i ) North Frisians, whose king is Finn, 1069 ff. ; 2) West Frisians, in al- liance with the Franks and Ilflgas, in the war against whom Hygelac falls, 1208, 2916. The country of the former is called Frysland, 1 1 27 ; that of the latter, Fresna land, 29 1 6. Fr . . es wal (in Fr . . es wale, 107 1 ), mutilated proper name. Freawaru, daughter of the Danish king, IIr35g3r; given in marriage to Ingeld, the son of the Hea^o- beard king, Froda, in order to end a war between the Danes and the IleaJSobeardnas, 2023 ff., 2065. F^rOda (gen. Frodan), father of In- geld, the husband of Freaware, 2026. Gilrinund (gen. Gdrmundes, 1963) father of Offa. His grandson is Eomaer, 1961-63. Gedtas (gen. Geata, 205, etc. ; daL Geatum, 195, etc.), a tribe in South- ern Scandinavia, to which the hero of this poem belongs ; also called Wedergeatas, 1493, 2552; or, We- deras, 225, 423, etc. ; GQSgeatas, 1539; Ssegeatas, 1S51, 1987. Their kings named in this poem are : HrSSel; HaeScyn, second son of HrSSel; Hygelac, the brother of Has'Scyn; HeardrSd, son of Hyge- lac; then Beowulf. GlfiJas (dat. GifSum, 2495), Ge- pidcc, mentioned in connection with Danes and Swedes, 2495. Grendel, a fen-spirit (102-3) of Cain's race, 107, in, 1262, 1267. He breaks every night into Hro5- gar's hall and carries off thirty war- riors, 115 ff., 1583 ff. He contin- ues this for twelve years, till Beo- wulf fights with him (147, 71 1 ff.), and gives him a mortal wound, in that he tears out one of his arms (817), which is hung up as a tro- phy in the roof of Ileorot, 837. Grendel's mother wishes to avenge her son, and the following night breaks into the hall and carries off Aschere, 1295. Beowulf seeks for and finds her home in the fen-lake (i493ff.), fights with her (1498 ff.), and kills her (1567) ; and cuts off the head of Grendel, who lay there dead ( 15S9), and brings it to Hro* gSr, 1648. LIST OF NAMES. 109 Gfiiar-laf and Oslaf, Danish war- riors under Hnaf, whose death they avenge on Finn, 1149. Halga, with the surname, til, the younger brother of the Danish king, HroSgar, 61. His son is Hro'Sulf, loi 8, 1 165, 1 182. llama wrests the Brosinga fiiene from Eormenric, 1199. Hareff (gen. HareSes, 19S2), father of Hygd, the wife of Hygelic, 1930, 19S2. Haeafcyn (dat. Has'Scynne, 2483), second son of HreSel, king of the Geatas, 2435. Kills his oldest brother, Herebeald, accidentally, with an arrow, 2438 ff. After Hr8- "Sel's death, he obtains the king- dom, 2475, 2483. He falls at Ra- venswood, in the battle against the Swedish king, OngenJ'eow, 2925. His successor is his younger broth- er, Hygelac, 2944 ff., 2992. Helmingas (gen. Helminga, 621). From them comes Wealh^eow, HroSgSr's wife, 621. Heming (gen. Heminges, 1945, 1962). Offa is called Heminges maeg, 1945 ; Eomaer, 1962. Ac- cording to Bachlechner (Pfeiffer's Germania, I., p. 458), Heming is the son of the sister of GSrmund, Offa's father. Hengest (gen. Hengestes, 1092; dat. Hengeste, 1084) : about him and his relations to Hnaf and Finn, see Finn. Here-beald(dat.Herebealde,2464), the oldest son of HreSel, king of the Geatas (2435), accidentally killed with an arrow by his younger brother, Hoe'Scyn, 2440. Here-mdd (gen. Heremodes, 902), king of the Danes, not belonging to the Scylding dynasty, but, ac- cording to Grein, immediately pre ceding it; is, on account of his unprecedented cruelty, driven out, 902 ff., 1 7 10. Here-ric (gen. Hererices, 2207) Heardred is called Hererices nefa, 2207. Nothing further is known of him. Het-^vare or Franks, in alliance with the Frisians and the Hflgas, conquer Hygelac, king of the Gea- tas, 2355, 2364 ff-, 2917. Healf-deue (gen. Healfdenes, 189, etc.), son of Beowulf, the Scyl- ding (57) ; rules the Danes long and gloriously (57 f.) ; has three sons, Heorogir, HroSgSr, and HSlga (61), and a daughter. Elan, who, according to the renewed te.\t of the passage, was marriad to the Scylfing, Ongen^edw, 62, 63. Heard-red (dat. HeardrSde, 2C03, 2376), son of Hygelic, king uf the Geatas, and Hygd. After his fath- er's death, while still under age, he obtains the throne (2371, 2376, 2379) ; wherefore Beowulf, as nephew of Heardred's father, acts as guardian to the youth till he becomes older, 2378. He is slain by Ohthere's sons, 2386. This murder Beowulf avenges on Ead- gils, 2396-97. HeaUo-beardnas (gen. -beard na, 2033, 2038, 2068), the tribe of the Lombards. Their king, Froda, has fallen in a war with the Danes, 2029, 2051. In order to end the feud. King HroSgar has given his daughter, Freawaru, as wife to the young Ingeld, the son of Froda, a marriage that does not result hap- pily; for Ingeld, though he long defers it on account of his love for his wife, nevertheless takes revenge no LIST OF NAMES. for his father, 2021-2070 (Widsi^, 45-49)- Heaafo-laf (dat. HeaSo-iafe, 460), a Wyll'ingish warrior. Ecgbeow, Beowulf's father, kills him, 460. Heaiiro-i-aMnas reached by B. in the swimming-race with Beowulf, 519. Heoro-gar (nom. 61 ; Heregar, 467 ; Hiorogar, 2159), sonof ITealfdene, and older brother of IlroSgSr, 61. His death is mentioned, 467. He has a son, Heoroweard, 2162. His coat of mail Beowulf has received fromHroSgar (21 56), and presents it to Hygeiac, 2158. Heoro-weard (dat. Heorowearde, 2162), HeorogSr's son, 2161-62. Heort, 78. Ileorot, 166 (gen. Heo- rotes, 403; dat. Heorote, 475, He- prute, 767, Hiorte, 2100). HroS- gSr's throne-room and banqueting hall and assembly-room for his liegeme'n, built by him with un- usual splendor, 69, 78. In it oc- curs Beowulf's fight with Grendel, 720 ff. The hall receives its name from the stag's antlers, of which the one-half crowns the eastern gable, the other half the western. HiUlcburh, (laughter of Hoc, rela- tive of the Danish leader, Hnaf, consort of the Frisian king, Finn. After the fall of the latter, she be- comes a captive of the Danes, 1072, 1077,1159. See also under Finn. Hnaf (gen. Hnafes, 1115), a Ho- eing (WldsiS,29), the Danish King Healfdene's general, 1070 ff. For his fight with Finn, his death and burial, see under Finn. Hon which has been built at great cost (74 ff.), is visited every night by Grendel (102, 115), who, along with his mother, is slain by Beowulf (711 ff., 1493 ff). Hro^- gar's rich gifts to Beowulf, in con- sequence, 1021, iSiS; heispraised as Ijeing generous, 7 1 ff., 80, 1028 ff., 1868 ff.; as being brave, 1041 ff., 1771 ff.; and wise, 1699, 1725. — Other information about HroSgar's reign for the most part only sug- gested : his expiation of the murder which EcgJ'eow, Beowulf's father, committed upon HeaSolif, 460, 470; his war with the HeaSobeard- nas ; his adjustment of it by giving his daughter, Freaware, in mar- riage to their king, Ingeld; evil re- sults of this marriage, 2021-2070. — Treachei7 of his brother's son, Hro'Sulf, intimated, 1165-1166. HrGiSf-mund, HroSgar's son, 11 90. IlrolSF-ulf, probably a son of Halga, the younger brother of King Hro5- gSr, 1018, 1 182. Wealhbeow ex- presses the hope (1182) that, in case of the early death of Hro ^gar, Hro'S-ulf would prove a good guar- dian to HroSgar's young son, who would succeed to the government; a hope which seems not to have been accomplished, since it appears from 1 165, n66 that HroS-ulf has abused his xust towards HroSgir. Hrones-nas (dat. -nasse, 2806, 3137), a promontory on the coast of the country of the Geatas, vis- ible from afar. Here is Beowulf's grave-mound, 2806, 3137. Hrunting (dat. Hruntinge, 1660), HQnferS's sword, is so called, 1458, 1660. Hugas (gen. HQga, 2503), HygelSc wars against them allied with the Franks and Frisians, and falls, 2195 ff. One of their heroes is called Daghrefn, whom Beowulf slays, 2503. [H]un-fera', the son of Ecgiaf, \>y\e of King HroSgar. As such, he has his place near the throne of the king, 499, 500, 1 167. He lends his sword, Hrunting, to Beowulf for his battle with Grendel's mother, 1456 f. According to 58S, 11 68, he slew his brothers. Since his name is always alliterated with vowels, it is probable that the origi- nal form was, as Rieger (Zachers Ztschr., 3, 414) conjectures, UnferS. Hun-lafing, name of a costly sword, which Finn presents to Hengest, 1 144. See Note. Hygd (dat. Hygde, 2173), daughter of Hare 5, 1930 ; consort of Hyge- lac, king of the Geatas, 1927; her son, HeardrSd, 2203, etc. — Her noble, womanly character is em- phasized, 1927 ff. Hyge-lac (gen. Ilige-laces, I94,etc., Hygelaces, 2387 ; dat. Higelace, 452, HygelSce, 2170), king of the Geatas, 1 203, etc. His grandfather is Swelling, 1204; his father, Hr^- "Sel, i486, 1848; his older brothers, Herebeald and Hse'Scyn, 2435; ^'^ sister's son, Beowulf, 374, 375. Af- ter his brother, HiE'Scyn, is killed I by OngenJ^eow, he undertakes the 112 List of names. government (2992 in connection with the preceding from 2937 °^)- To Eofor he gives, as reward for slaying Ongenl'cow, his only daugh- ter in marriage, 2998. But much later, at the time of the return of Beowulf from his expedition to Ilroi'^gar, we see him married to the very young Hygd, the daugh- ter of IlxreS, 1930. The latter seems, then, to have been his sec- ond wife. Their son is Tleardrcd, 2203, 2376, 23S7. — Ilygelac falls during an expedition against the Franks, Frisians, and HQgas, 1206, 1211,2356-59,2916-17. Ingeld (dat. Ingelde, 2065), son of Froda, the Hea'Sobeard chief, who fell in a battle with the Danes, 2051 ff. Inordertoend the war, Ingeldis married to Freawaru, daughter of the Danish king, HroiNgar, 2025- 30. Yet his love for his young wife can make him forget only for a short while his desire to avenge his father. lie finally carries it out, excited thereto by the repeated ad- monitions of an old warrior, 2042- 70 (WidsiS, 43-59). Ing-n'ine (gen. Ingwina, 1045, 1320), friends of Ing, the first king of the East Danes. The Danes are so called, 1045, 1320. >Iere-%\'ioingas (gen. Mere-wioin- ga, 2922), a name of the Franks, 2922. Nagling, the name of Beowulf's sword, 2681. Offa (gen. Offan, 1950), king of the Angles (WidsiS, 35), the son of Girmund, 1963; married (1950) to |3ry^o (1932), a beautiful but cruel woman, of unfeminine spirit (1932 fT.), by whom he has a son, Ednuer, 1961. Oht-here (gen. Ohtheres, 29291 2933 ; (^hteres, 2381, 2393, 2395, 2613), son of Ongen)>e6w, king of the Swedes, 2929. His sons are Eanmund(26i2)andEadgils, 2393. Onela (gen. Onelan, 2933), Oht- here's brother, 2617, 2933. Ongen-J»e6w (nom. -l^eow, 2487, -\>i6, 2952 ; gen. heowes, 2476, -Howes, 23S8; dat. ->i6, 2987), of the dynasty of the Scylfings; king of the Swedes, 2384. His wife is, perhaps. Elan, daughter of the Danish king, Healfdene (62), and mother of two sons, Onela and Ohthere, 2933. She is taken pris- oner by Hre^cyn, king of the Cea- tas, on an expedition into Sweden, which he undertakes on account of her sons' plundering raids into his country, 2480 ff. She is set free by Ongen^eow (2931), who kills Hae^cyn, 2925, and encloses the Geatas, now deprived of their lead- er, in the Ravenswood (2937 fi".), till they are freed by Hygelac, 2944. A battle then follows, which is un- favorable to OngenJ^eow's army. Ongenj'cow himself, attacked by the brothers, Wulf and Eofor, is ^ slain by the latter, 2487 ff., 2962 (T. Os-laf, a warrior of Hnaf's, whc avenges on Finn his leader's death, ii49f. Scede-land, 19. Sceden-Ig (dat. Sceden-Igge, 1687), 0-N-i Scdn-ey, the most southern portion of the Scandinavian peninsula, belonging to the Danish kingdom, and, in the above-mentioned passages of our poem, a designation of the whole Danish kingdom. S<'f»f or Sccaf. See Note. Scyld (gen. Scyldes, 19), a ScSfmg, 4. His son is Beowulf, 18, 53; LIST OF NAMES. 113 his grandson, Healfdene, 57; his great-grandson, HroSgir, who had two brothers and a sister, 59 ff. — Scyld dies, 26; his body, upon a decorated ship, is given over to the sea (32 ff.), just as he, when a child, drifted alone, upon a ship, to the land of the Danes, 43 ff. After him his descendants bear his name. Scyldingas(Scyldungas, 2053; gen. Scyldinga,53,etc.,Scyldunga,2i02, 2160; dat. Scyldingum, 274, etc.), a name which is extended also to the Danes, who are ruled by the Scyldings, 53, etc. They are also called Ar-Scyldingas, 464; Sige- Scyldingas, 598, 2005; peod-Scyl- dingas, 1020 ; Here-Scyldingas, 1 109. Scyliingas, a Swedish royal family, whose relationship seems to extend to the Geatas, since Wiglaf, the son of Wihstan, who in another place, as a kinsman of Beowulf, is called a Waegmunding (2815), is also called leod Scylfinga, 2604. The family connections are per- haps as follows : — Scylf. Wsegmund. Ecgl^eow. WeohstSn. Ongenl)e6w. Be6wulf. Wtglaf. Onela. Ohthere. Eanmund. Eadgils. TheScylfingsaie also called Hea^o- Scilfingas, 63,GQ«-Scylfingas,292S. Sige-mund (dat. -munde, 876, 885), the son of Wals, 878, 898. His (son and) nephew is Fitela, 880, 882. His fight with the drake, 887 fif. Swerting (gen. Swertinges, 1204), Hygelac's grandfather, and Hrfi •Sel's father, 1204. Sweon (gen. Svveona, 2473, 2947, 3002), also Sweo-l'eod, 2923. The dynasty of the Scylfings rules over them, 2382, 2925. Their realm is called Swiorice, 2384, 2496. pryiSfo, consort of the Angle king, Offa, 1932, 1950. Mother of E6- mser, 1961, notorious on account of her cruel, unfeminine character, 1932 ff. She is mentioned as the opposite to the mild, dignified Hygd, the queen of the Geatas. Wals (gen. Walses, 898), father of Sigemund, 878, 898. Waeg-mundingas (gen. Wsegmun- dinga, 2608, 2815). The Wseg- mundings are on one side, WihstSn and his son Wigldf; on the other side, Ecgl^eow and his son Beowulf (2608, 281 5) . See under Scylfin- gas. Wederas (gen. Wedera, 225, 423, 498, etc.), or Weder-geatas, See Gedtas. Weland (gen. Welandes, 455), the maker of Be6wulf 's coat of mail, 455- Wendlas (gen. Wendla, 348) : their chief is Wulfgdr. See Wulfg§,r. The Wendlas are, according to Grundtvig and Bugge, the inhabi- tants of Vendill, the most northern part of Jutland, between Limfjord and the sea. Wealh-J>e6w (613, Wealh-t'co, 665, 1 163), the consort of King Hro"5- gar, of the stock of the Helmings, 621. Her sons are HrSSric and Hro'Smund, 11 90; her daughter, Freawaru, 2023. Weoh-stan (gen. Weox-stSnes, 2603, Weoh-sttnes, 2863, Wih-stines, 114 LIST OF NAMES. 2753, 2908, etc.), a Waegmunding (2608), father of WlglSf, 2603. In what relationship to him Alf here, mentioned 2605, stands, is not clear. — WeohstSn is the slayer of Eanmund (2612), in that, as it seems, he takes revenge for his murdered king, HeardrSd. See Ednmund. Wig-laf, WeohstSn's son, 2603, etc., a Waegmunding, 2815, and so also a Scylling, 2604; a kinsman of Alf- here, 2605. For his relationship to Beowulf, see the genealogical table under Scylfingas. — He supports Bedwulf in his light with the drake, 2605 ff., 2662 flf. The hero gives him, before his death, his ring, his helm, and his coat of mail, 2810 ff. Won-red (gen. Wonr^des, 2972), father of Wulf and Eofor, 2966, 2979. Wulf (dat. Wulfe, 2994), one of the Geatas, Wonred's son. He fights in the battle between the armies of HygelSc and Ongenheow with On- genjieow himself, and gives him a wound (2966), whereupon Ongen- )>e6w, by a stroke of his sword, dis- ables him, 2975. Eofor avenges his brother's fall by dealing Ongen- l^eow a mortal blow, 2978 ff. Wulf-gar, chief of the Wendlas, 348, lives at HroSgSr's court, and is his "ar and ombiht," 335. Wylfingas (dat. Wylfingum, 461). Ecg^eow has slain 1 lea'Solif, a war- rior of this tribe, 460. Yrmen-laf, younger brother of Asc- here, 1325. ADDITIONAL. Eotenas (gen. pi. Eotena, 1073, H reeling, son of Hre^el, Hyge- 1089, 1 142; dat. Eotenum, 1146), the subjects of Finn, the North P'risians : distinguished from eo- ton, giant. Vid. eoton. Cf. Bugge, Beit., xii. 37; Earle, Beo- wulf in Prose, pp. 146, 198. lac: noni. sg. 1924; nom. pi., the subjects of Hygelac, the Geats, 2961. Scefing, the son ( ?) of Scef, or Sceaf, reputed father of Scyld, 4. See Note. ABBREVIATIONS. B. tot : Bugge. Br. : S. A. Brooke, Hist, of Early Eug. Lit, C. : Cosijn. E. : Earle, Deeds of Beowulf iu Prose. G. : Garaett, Translation of Beowulf. Gr. : Grein. H. : Heyne. Ha. : Hall, Translation of Beowulf. H.-So. : Heyne-Socin, 5th ed. Ho. : Holder. K. : Kenible. Kl. : Klufje. Miillenh. : Miillenhoff. R. : Kieger. S. : Sievers. Sw. : : Sweet, Anglo-Saxon Reader, 6th cd. Ten Br. : : Ten Brink. Th. : Thorpe. Z. : Zupitza. PERIODICALS. Ang. : : Anglia. Beit. : : Paul und Braune's Beitrage. Eng. Stud. : Englische Studien. Germ. : : Germania. ;s Zeitschr. : : Haupts Zeitschrift, etc. Mod. Lang'. Notes: Modern Language Notes. Tidskr. : Tidskrift for Pliilologi. Zachers Zeitschr. : Zachers Zeitschrift, etc. NOTES. 1. I . h^vat : for this interjectional formula opening a poem, cf. Andreas, Daniel, yuliana. Exodus, Fata Apost., Dream of the Rood, and the " Listen- ith lordinges ! " of mediaeval lays. — E. Cf. Chaucer, Prologue, ed. Morris, J-^ " Sin I shal beginne the game, What, welcome be the cut, a Goddes name ! " we . . . gef riinon is a variant on the usual epic formulce ic gefragn (1. 74) and mine gefraege (1. 777). Exodus, Daniel, Phcenix, etc., open with the same formula. 1. I. "Gar was the javelin, armed with two of which the warrior went into battle, and which he threw over the ' shield-wall.' It was barbed." — Br. 124. Cf Maldon, 1. 296; Judith, 1. 224; Gnom. Verses, 1. 22; etc. 1.4. " Scild of the Sheaf, not ' Scyld the son of Scaf; for it is too inconsistent, even in myth, to give a patronymic to a foundling. According to the original form of the story, Sceaf was the foundling; he had come ashore with a sheaf of corn, and from that was named. This form of the story is preserved in Ethelwerd and in William of Malmesbury. But here the foundling is Scyld, and we must suppose he was picked up with the sheaf, and hence his cognomen." — E., p. 105. Cf. the accounts of Romu- lus and Remus, of Moses, of Cyrus, etc. 1. 6. egsian is also used in an active sense (not in the Gloss.), = to terrify. 1. 15. S. suggests J»a (johicli) for )>at, as object of dredgan; and for aldor-lease, Gr. suggested aldor-ceare. — Beit. ix. 136. S. translates : " For God had seen the dire need which the rulerless ones before endured." 1. 18. " Beowulf (that is, Beaw of the Anglo-Saxon genealogists, not our Beowulf, who was a Geat, not a Dane), 'the son of Scyld in Scedeland.' This is our ancestral myth, — the story of the first culture-hero of the North ; ' the patriarch,' as Rydberg calls him, ' of the royal families of Sweden, Denmark, Angeln, Saxland, and England.'" — Br., p. 78. Cf A.-S. Chron. an. 855. "7 118 NOTES. 1 1. -So. omits parenthetic marks, and reads (after S., Beit. ix. 135) eaferan; cf. Fata A post. : lof wide spranj; J>e6(liies }»egna. " The name Beoxuidf means literally ' Bee-wolf,' wolf or ravager of the bees, = bear. Cf. beorn, ' hero,' originally ' bear,' and beohata, ' warrior,' in Credmon, literally ' bee-hater ' or ' persecutor,' and hence identical in meaning with beozvu/f." — Sw. Cf " Arcite and Palamon, That foughten breme, as it were bores two." — Chaucer, Knightes Tale, 1. 841, ed. Morris. Cf. M. Miiller, Science of Lang., Sec. Series, pp. 217, 218; and Hunt's Daniel, 104. 1. 19. Cf. 1. 1866, where Scedenig is used, = Scania.^ in Sweden(?). 1. 21. Avine is pi.; cf. its apposition wil-gesHflTas below. H.-So. com- pares Ileliand, 1017, for language almost identical with 11. 20, 21. 1. 22. on ylde : cf. " In elde is bothe wisdom and usage." — Chaucer, Knightes Tale,\. 1590, ed. Morris. 1. 26. Reflexive objects often pleonastically accompany verbs of motion; cf. 11. 234, 301, 1964, etc. 1. 28. faroff = shore, strand, edge. Add these to the meanings in the Gloss. I. 31. The object of ahte is probably geweald, to be supplied from wordiiiii Ave61d of 1. 31. — H.-So. R., Kl., and B. all hold conflicting views of this passage : Beit. xii. 80, ix. 188; Zachers Zeitschr. iii. 382, etc. Kl. suggests la;nflagas for lange. 1.32. " hringed-stofiia is sometimes translated 'with curved prow,' but it means, I think, that in the prow were fastened rings through which the cables were passed that tied it to the shore." — Br., p. 26. Cf. 11. 1132, 1898. Ilring-horni was the mythic ship of the Edda. See T jller-Bosworth for three different views; and cf. ^vunden-stefna (1. 220), liring-naca (1. 1863). II. 34-52. Cf. the burial of Haki on a funeral-pyre ship, Inglinga Saga; the burial of Balder, Sinfiotli, Arthur, etc. 1. 35. " And this [their joy in the sea] is all the plainer from the number of names given to the ship-names which speak their priiie and affection. It is the .(Etheling's vessel, the Floater, the Wave-swimmer, the Ring- sterned, the Keel, the Well-bound wood, the Sea-wood, the Sea-ganger, the Sea-broad ship, the Wide-bosomed, the Prow-curved, the Wood of the curved neck, the Foam-throated floater that flew hke a bird." — Br., p. 168. NOTES. 119 1. 49. " We know from Scandinavian graves . . . that the illustrious dead were buried ... in ships, with their bows to sea-ward; that they were how- ever not sent to sea, but were either burnt in that position, or mounded over with earth. " — E. See Du Chaillu, The Viking Age, xix. 1.51. (i) sele-raedende(K., S., C); (2) sele-raedenne (H.); (3) sele- raedende (H.-So.). Cf. 1. 1347; and see Ha. 1. 51. E. compares with this canto Tennyson's "Passing of Arthur" and the legendary burial-journey of St. James of Campostella, an. 800. 1. 53. The poem proper begins with this, "There was once upon a time," the first 52 lines being a prelude. Eleven of the " fitts," or cantos, begin with the monosyllable l»a, four with the verb gewitan, nine with the formula HroSgar (Beowulf, UnferS) maSelode, twenty-four with mono- syllables in general (him, swa, se, hwat, )»a, heht, Aviis, niiig, c^voin, strtet). 1. 58. gamel. " The . . . characteristics of the poetry are the use of archaic forms and words, such as iiiec for me, the possessive sin, gamol, dogor, swat for eald, daeg, bl6d, etc., after they had become obsolete in the prose language, and the use of special compounds and phrases, such as hildenaedre (jva>--adder') for 'arrow,' gold-gifa {gold-gizier) for ' king,' . . . goldAvine guinena {goldfrieiid of men, distributor of gold to fnen) for ' king,' " etc. — .Sw. Other poetic words are ides, ielde {men), etc. 1. 60. H.-So. reads rfeswa (referring to Heorogar alone), and places a point (with the Ms.) after Heorogar instead of after raesn'a. Cf. 1. 469; see B., Zachers Zeitschr. iv. 193. 1. 62. dan here (OHG. Elana, Ellena, Elena, Elina,Alyan) is thought by B. ( Tidskr. viii. 43) to be a remnant of the masc. name Onela, and he reads: [On-Jelan cvven, Heai5'oscilflngas( = es) healsgebedda. 1. 68. For he, omitted here, cf. 1. 300. Pronouns are occasionally thus omitted in subord. clauses. — Sw. 1. 70. J»one, here = J»onne, than, and micel = mare? The passage, by a slight change, might be made to read, medo-arii micle ma gewyroean, — J»one = by much larger than, — in which Jjone (J>onne) would come in naturally. 1. 73. folc-scare. hAA folk-share to the meanings in the Gloss.; and cf guS'-scearii. I. 74. ic wide gefriign : an epic formula very frequent in poetry, = men said. Cf. Judith, 11. 7, 246; Phcenix, 1. I; and the parallel (noun) formula, mine gefraege, 11. 777, 838, 1956, etc. II. 78-83. " The hall was a rectangular, high-roofed, wooden building, its long sides facing north and south. The two gables, at either end, had 120 NOTES. stag-horns on their points, curving forwards, and these, as well as the ridge of the roof, were probably covered with shining metal, and glittered bravely in the sun." — Br., p. 32. 1. 84. Son-in-law and father-in-law ; B., a so-called dvanda com- pound. Cf. 1. 1 164, where a similar compound means uncle and nephew; and \Viclsi3"s suhtorftedran, used of the same persons. I. 88. " The word as J»e = because, especially after verbs of thanking (cf. 11. 228, 627, 1780, 2798); according as (1. 1351). 1. 108. The def. article is omitted with Drihten {Lord) and Deofol {devil; cf. 1. 2089), as it is, generally, sparingly employed in poetry; cf. to sae (1. 318), ofer sse (1. 2381), on laiide (1. 2311), to riiste (1. 1238), on vvicge (1. 286), etc., etc. 1. 119. weras (S., H.-So.] ; %vera (K., Th.). — Beit. ix. 137. 1. 120. unfselo = uncanny (R.). 1. 131. E. translates, majestic rage; adopting Gr.'s view that SAvyff is = Icel. sviiSfi, a burn or burning. Cf. 1. 737. 1. 142. B. supposes heal-Jjcftiies to be corrupted from hel}>egiies; cf. 1. loi. — Beit. xii. 80. See Gu3'lac, 1. 1042. 1. 144. See Ha., p. 6, for S.'s rearrangement. 1. 146. S. destroys period after selest, puts wiis . . . micel in paren- thesis, and inserts a colon after tid. 1. 149. B. reads sarcwidiiin for sySlJan. 1. 154. B. takes sibbe for accus. obj. of wolde, and places a comma after Deniga. — Beit. xii. 82. 1. 159. R. suggests ac se for atol. 1. 168. H.-So. plausibly conjectures this parenthesis to be a late insertion, as, at 11. 180-181, the Danes also are said to be heathen. Another com- mentator considers the throne under a "spell of enchantment," and there- fore it could not be touched. 1. 169. ne . . . Avisse : nor had he desire to do so (W.). See Ha., p. 7, for other suggestions. 1. 169. myne wisse occurs in Wanderer, 1. 27. I. 174. The gerundial inf. with t6 expresses purpose, defines a noun or adjective, or, with the verb be, expresses duty or necessity pas- sively; cf. 11. 257, 473, 1004, 1420, 1806, etc. Cf. to 4- inf. at 11. 316, 2557- II. 175-188. E. regards this passage as dating the time and place of the poem relatively to the times of heathenism. Cf. the opening lines. In days of yore, etc., as if the story, even then, were very old. 1. 177. gast-bona is regarded by Ettmiiller and G. Stephens ( Thunor, p. 54) as an epithet of Thor {r^ giant-killer), a kenning for Thunor or Thor, meaning both man and monster. — E. I. 189. Cf. 1. 1993, where similar language is used. H.-So. takes both mQd-ceare and mael-ceare as accus., others as instr. II. 190, 1994. seaS : for this use of sediffan cf. Bede, Eccles. Hist., ed. Miller, p. 128, where p.p. soden is thus used. 1. 194. fram ham = in his home (S., H.-So.); but fram ham may 122 NOTES. he for frain him {from them, i.e. kis people, or from Hrolhgar's). Cf. I la., p. 8. 1. 197. Cf. 11. 791, 807, for this fixed phrase. 1. 200. See Andreas, Elene, and yiiliana for SAvan-rafl (= sea). "The swan is said to breed wild now no further away than the North of Sweden." — E. Cf. ganotes hiiH, 1. 1862. 1. 203. Concessive clauses with J>eiih, J>eah J»e, }>eah . . . eal, vary \v ith subj. and ind., according as fact or contingency is dominant in the niiud; cf. 11. 526, 1 168, 2032, etc. (sui)j.), 1 103, 1614 (ind.). Cf. gif, iiofiie. I. 204. htel, an OE. word found in Wiilker's Glossaries in various forms, = augury, omen, divination, etc. Cf. haelsere, augur; hael. omen ; htc'sung, augurium, hi»lsian, etc. Cf. Tac, Germania, 10. 1. 207. C. adds "= impetrare" to the other meanings of findan given in the Gloss. 1. 217, Cf. 1. 1910; and Andreas, 1. 993. — E. E. compares Byron's "And fast and falcon-like the vessel flew," — Corsair, i. 17. and Scott's 1. 218. Cf. " Merrily, merrily bounds the bark." — Lord of the Isles, iv. 7. " The fomy stedes on the golden brydel Gnawinge." — Chaucer, Knightes Tale, 1. 1648, ed. Morris. 1. 219. Does an-ti(l mean hour (Th.), or corresponding hour = and- tid (H.-So.), or in due time (E.), or after a time, when 6J>res, etc., would l)e adv. gen.? See C, Beit. viii. 568. I. 224. eoletes may = (i) voyage; (2) toil, labor; {j,) htirried journey ; but sea or fjord appears preferable. II. 229-257. " The scenery ... is laid on the coast of the North Sea and the Kattegat, the first act of the poem among the Danes in Seeland, the second among the Geats in South Sweden." — Br., p. 15. 1. 239. " A shoal of simple terms express in Bedwulf the earliest sea- thoughts of the luiglish. . . . The simplest term is Sf«. . . . To this they added Wteter, Flod, Stream, Lagii, ^Icri*, Holm, Gruiid, Heathii, Snnd, Brim, Garsecg. Kagor. Geofoii, Fifel, Hroii-rad, Swaii- rad, Segi-rad, Ganotes-btctf. ' — Br., p. 163-166. 1. 239. " The infinitive is often used in poetry after a verb of motion where we should use the present participle." — Sw. Cf. 11. 71 1, 721, 1163 1803, 268, etc. Cf. German spazieren fahren reiten, etc., and similar con- structions in French, etc. NOTES. 123 1. 240. W. reads hringed-stefnan for helmas baeron. B. inserts (?) after liolinas and begins a new line at the middle of the verse. S. omits B.'s " on the wall." 1. 245. Double and triple negatives strengthen each other and do not produce an affirmative in A.-S. or M. E. The neg. is often prefixed to several emphatic words in the sentence, and readily contracts with vowels, and h or w; cf. U. 863, 182, 2125, 1509, 575, 583, 3016, etc. 1. 249. seld-guma = man-at-arms in another^s house (Wood) ; = lorv- ranking fellow (Ha.); stubeiihoeker, stay-at-home (Gr.), Scott's "car- pet knight," A/armion, i. 5. I. 250. nafne (nefne, nenine) usually takes the subj., = unless ; cf. 11. 1057, 3055, 1553. For ind., = except, see 1. 1354. Cf. butan, gif, l»eah. 1. 250. For a remarkable account of armor and weapons in Bedwulf, see S. A. Brooke, Hist, of Early Eng. Lit. For general "Old Teutonic Life in Beowulf," see J. A. Harrison, 07'erland Monthly. 1. 252. ser as a conj. generally has subj., as here; cf. 11. 264, 677, 2819, 732. For ind., cf. 1. 2020. 1. 253. leas = loose, roving. Ettmiiller corrected to lease. 1. 256. This proverb (ofest, etc.) occurs in Exod. (Hunt), 1. 293. 1. 258. An " elder " may be a very young man; hence yldesta, = emi- nent, may be used of Beowulf. Cf. Laws of /Elf red, C. 1 7 : Na J>at aelc eald sy, ac J»at he eald sy on nisddme. 1. 273. Verbs of hearing and seeing are often followed by ace. with inf.; cf. 11. 229, 1024, 729, 151 7, etc. Cf. German construction with sehen, h'oren, etc., French construction with voir, entendre, etc., and the classical constructions. 1. 275. daed-hata ~ instigator. Kl. reads dsed-hwata. 1. 280. ed-wendan, n._(B.; cf. 1775), = edwenden, hmited by bisigu. So ten Br. — Tidskr. viii. 291. 1. 287. " Each is denoted . . . also by the strengthened forms feg- • hwaeSer (fegSer), eghwaeSer, etc. This prefixed se, ce corresponds to the Goth, aiw, OHG. eo, io, and is umlauted from a, 6 by the i of the gi which originally followed." — Cook's Sievers' Gram., p. 190. 1. 292. " All through the middle ages suits of armour are called ' weeds.' " — E. 1. 303. " An English warrior went into battle with a boar-crested hel- met, and a round linden shield, with a byrnie of ringmail . . . with two javelins or a single ashen spear some eight or ten feet long, with a K>ng two-edged sword naked or held in an ornamental scabbard. ... In his belt was a short, heavy, one-edged sword, or rather a long knife, called the seax . . . used for close quarters." — Br., p. 121. 124 NOTES. 1. 303. For ortier references to the boar-crest, cf. 11. 11 12, 1287, 1454; Grimm, Myth. 195; Tacitus, Germania, 45. " It was the symbol of their [the Baltic /Estii's] goddess, and they had great faith in it as a preserva- tive from hard knocks." — E. See the print in the illus. ed. of Green's Short History, Harper & Bros. 1. 303. " See Kemble, Saxons in England, chapter on heathendom, and Grimm's Teutonic Afythology, chapter on Freyr, for the connection these and other writers establish between the Boar-sign and the golden boar which Freyr rode, and his worship." — Br., p. 128. Cf. Elene, 1. 50. 1. 304. Gering proposes hieor-bergan = cheek-protectors ; cf. Beit. xii. 26. " A bronze disk found at Oland in Sweden represents two warriors in helmets with boars as their crests, and cheek-guards under; these are the hleor-bergan." — E. Cf. hauberk, with its diminutive haber- geon, < A.-S. heals, neck + beorgan, to cover or protect; and harbor, < A.-S. here. (7;-wi' + beorgan, id. — Zachers Zeitschr. xii. 123. Cf. cinberge, Hunt's Exod. 1. 175. 1. 305. For ferh ^vearde and giiiJniGile gniinmon, B. and ten Br. read ferh-^vearde (1. 305) and guffinodguiu men (1. 306), = the boar- images . . . guarded the lives of the warlike men. 1. 311. leoma: cf. Chaucer, A^onne Prcestes Tale, 1. no, ed. Morris: " To dremen in here dremes Of armes, and of fyr with rede lories." 1. 318. On the double gender of sae, cf. Cook's Sievers' Gram., p. 147; and note the omitted article at 11. 2381, 318, 544, with the peculiar tmesis of between at 11. 859, 1298, 1686, 1957. So Qcdmon, 1. 163 (Thorpe), Exod. 1. 562 (Hunt), etc. 1. 320. Cf. 1. 924; and Andreas, 1. 987, where almost the same words occur. "Here we have manifestly before our eye one of those ancient causeways, which are among the oldest visible institutions of civilization." — E. 1. 322. S. inserts comma after scir, and makes hriug-iren (= ring- tnail) parallel with giiS'-byrne. 1. 325. Cf. 1. 397. " Ihe deposit of weapons outside before entering a house was the rule at all periods. ... In provincial Swedish almost everywhere a church porch is called vakenhiis, . . . i.e. weapon-house, because the worshippers deposited their arms there before they entered the house." — E., after G. Stephens. 1. 333. Cf. Dryden's " mingled metal damask' d o'^x with gold." — E. 1. 336. " sel-, el-, kindred with Goth, aljis, other, e.g. in 8el}>eodig, elJ>('odig, foreign." — Cook's Sievers' Gram., p. 47. NOTES. 125 1. 336. Cf. 1. 673 for the functions of an oinbiht-J>egn. 1. 343. Cf. 1. 1 714 for the same beod-geneatas, — "the predecessor title to that of the Knights of the Table Round." — E. Cf. Andreas (K.), i. 2177. I. 344. The future is sometimes expressed by -w^illan + inf., generally with some idea of volition involved; cf 11. 351, 427, etc. Cf. the use of willan as principal vb. (with omitted inf.) at 11. 318, 1372, 543, 1056; and sculan, 11. 1784, 2817. 1. 353. siff here, and at 1. 501, probably means arrival. E. translates the former by z'isit, the latter by adventure. 1. 357. iinhrir= hairless, bald {Gr., etc.). 1. 358. eode is only one of four or five preterits of gan (gongan, gangan, gengan), viz. geong (giong: 11. 926, 2410, etc.), gang (1. 1296, etc.), gengde (11. 1402, 1413). Sievers, p. 217, apparently remarks that eode is " probably used only in prose.'' (? !). Cf. geng, Gen. 11. 626, 834; Exod. (Hunt) 1. 102. 1. 367. The MS. and H.-So. read with Gr. and B. gladman HrOUgar, abandoning Thorkelin's gladnian. There is a gloss, liilaris glad- man. — Beit. xii. 84; same as glad. 1. 369. dugan is a "preterit-present" verb, with new wk. preterit, like sculan, durran, magan, etc. For various inflections, see 11. 573, 590, 1822, 526. Cf. do in " that will do " / dottghty, etc. 1. 372. Cf. 1. 535 for a similar use; and 1. 1220. Bede, Eccles. Hist., ed. Miller, uses the same expression several times. " Here, and in all ther places where cniht occurs in this poem, it seems to carry that tech- nical sense which it bore in the military hierarchy [of a noble youth placed out and learning the elements of the art of war in the service of a quali- fied warrior, to whom he is, in a military sense, a servant], before it bloomed out in the full sense of knight." — E. 1. 373. E. remarks of the hyphened eald-fader, " hyphens are risky toys to play with in fixing texts of pre-hyphenial antiquity"; eald-fader could only = grandfather. eald here can only mean honored, and the hyphen is unnecessary. Cf. " old fellow," " my old man," etc. : and Ger. alt-vater. 1. 378. Th. and B. propose Geatum, as presents from the Danish to the Geatish king. — Beit. xii. I. 380. habbe. The subj. is used in indirect narration and question, wish and command, purpose, result, and hypothetical comparison with s\^'elce = as if. II. 386, 387. Ten Br. emends to read : " Hurry, bid the kinsman-throng go into the hall together." o 126 NOTES. 1. 387. sibbe-sf'li'iht, for Beowulfs friends, occurs also at 1. 730. It is subject-acc. to seou. Cf. 11. 347, 365, and Hunt's Exod. 1. 214. 1.404. "Here, as in the later Icelandic halls, Beowulf saw Hrothgar enthroned on a high seat at the east end of the hall. The seat is sacred. It has a supernatural quality. Grendel, the tiend, cannot approach it." — Br., p. 34. Cf. 1. 168. 1.405. "At Benty Grange, in Derbyshire, an Anglo-Saxon barrow, opened in 1848, contained a coat of mail. 'The iron chain work consists of a large number of links of two kinds attached to each other by small rings half an inch in diameter; one kind flat and lozenge-shaped . . . the others all of one kind, but of different lengths.'" — Br., p. 126. 1. 407. Wes . . . hal : this ancient Teutonic greeting afterwards grew into ^vassail. Cf. Skeat's Luke, i. 28; Andreas (K.), 1827; Layamon, 1. 14309. etc. 1.414. "The distmction between wesan and Aveorffan [in passive relations] is not very clearly defined, but wesaii appears to indicate a state, \vcor3'an generally an action." — Sw. Cf. Mod. German iverden and sein in similar relations. 1.414. Gr. translates hador liy receptaciduni ; cf. Gering, Zachers Zeitschr. xii. 124. Toller- Bosw. ignores Gr.'s suggestion. 11.420, 421. B. reads: |>yer ic {011) fifelgeban {= ocean) y'SAe eoteiia cyn. Ten Br. reads: J>8er ic fifelgebaii yS^'c, eoteiia ham. Ha. suggests fifelgeband = 7nonster-band, without further changes. I. 420. R. reads |>8era = of them, for J>aer. — Zachers Zeilschr. iii. 399; Beit. xii. 367. 1. 420. " niht has a gen., nihtes, used for the most part only adverbi- ally, and almost certainly to be regarded as masculine." — Cook's Sievers' Gram., p. 158. 1. 425. Cf. also 11. 435, 635, 2345, for other examples of Beowulfs deter- mination to fight single-handed. 1. 441. l»e hine = whom, as at 1. 1292, etc. The indeclinable J»e is often thus combined with personal pronouns, = relative, and is sometimes separated from them by a considerable interval. — Sw. 1. 443. The MS. has Geotena. B. and Fahlbeck, says H.-So., do not consider the GeAtas, but the Jutes, as the inhabitants of Swedish West- Gothland. Alfred translates Juti by Geatas, l^ut Jutland by Gotland. In the laws they are called Gutl. — Beit. xii. i, etc. 1. 444. B., Gr., and Ha. make uiiforhte an adv. ■=. fearlessly, modify- ing etan. Kl. reads anforhte = ti?nid. 1. 446. Cf. 1. 2910. Th. translates: thou wilt not need my head to hide NOTES. 127 (i.e. bury') . Simrock supposes a dead-watch or lyke-wake to be meant. Wood, thou wilt not have to bury so much as my head ! H.-So. supposes heafod-'weard, a guard of honor, such as sovereigns or presumptive rulers had, to be meant by hafalan hydan; hence, you need not give me any guard, etc. Cf. Schmid, Gesetze der A., 370-372. 1. 447. S. places a colon after ninieS". 1. 451. H.-So., Ha., and B. (^Beit. xii. 87) agree essentially in translat- ing f^OTTC^^, food. R. translates consumption of my corpse. Maintenance, support, seems preferable to either. 1.452. Ronning (after Grimm) personifies Hild. — Beovulfs Kvadet, I. 59. Hildr is the name of one of the Scandinavian Walkyries, or battle- maidens, who transport the spirits of the slain to Walhalla. Cf. Kent's Elene, 1. 18, etc. 1. 455. "The war-smiths, especially as forgers of the sword, were gar- mented with legend, and made into divine personages. Of these Weland IS the type, husband of a swan maiden, and afterwards almost a god." — Br., p. 120. Cf. A. J. C. Hare's account of " Wayland Smith's sword witli which Henry II. was knighted," and which hung in Westminster Abbey to a late date. — Walks ifi London, ii. 228. 1. 455. This is the aelces inannes wyrd of Boethius (Sw., p. 44) and the wyrd biS swiSost of Gnomic Verses, 5. There are about a dozen references to it in Bedwulf I. 455. E. compares the fatalism of this concluding hemistich with the Christian tone of 1. 685 seq. II. 457, 458. B. reads waere-ryhtiiin { = from the obligations of clien- tage) . 1. 480. Cf. 1. 1 23 1, where the same sense, " flown with wine," occurs. 1. 488. "The dugulSf, the mature and ripe warriors, the aristocracy of the nation, are the support of the throne." — E. The M. E. form of the word, douth, occurs often. Associated with geogoff, Ih 160 and 622. 1. 489. Kl. omits comma after meoto and reads (with B.) sige-hreS- secguni, = disclose thy thought to the victor-heroes. Others, as Korner, convert meoto into an imperative and divide on sael = think upon happi- ness. But cf. onband beadu-rfine, 1. 501. B. supposes onsael meoto =^ speak courteous words. Tidskr. viii. 292; Haupts Zeitschr. xi. 41 1; Eng. Stud. ii. 251. 1. 489. Cf. the invitation at 1. 1783. 1. 494. Cf. Grimm's Andreas, 1. 1097, for deal, = proud, elated, exult- ing; Phcenix (Bright), 1. 266. 1. 499. MS. has Hunferiy, but the alliteration requires Unferff, as at II. 499, 1 166, 1489; and cf. 11. 1542, 2095, 2930. See List of Names. 128 NOTES. 1. 501. SjfS - arrival (?); cf. 1. 353. 1. 504. I>on ma = the more ( ?), may be added to the references under I'on. 1. 506. E. compares the taunt of Ehab to David, i Sam. xvii. 28. 1. 509. (lol-gilp — uile boasting. The second definition in the Gloss. is wrong. 1. 513. " Eagor-stream might possibly be translated the stream of Eagor, the awful terror-striking stormy sea in which the terrible [Scandinavian] giant dwelt, and through which he acted." — Br., p. 164. He remarks, "The English term eagre still survives in provincial dialect for the tide- wave or bore on rivers. Dryden uses it in his Threnod. Angust. ' But like an eagre rode in triumph o'er the tide.' Yet we must be cautious," etc. Cf. Fox's Boethius, 11. 20, 236; Thorpe's Cadmon, 69, etc. I. 524. Kriiger and B. read Banstanes. — Beit. ix. 573. 1.525. R. reads wyrsan ( = wyrses : cf. Mod. (J>x. guten Muthes) .nejjinges; but H.-So. shows that the MS. wyrsan . . . |>insea = wyrsona l>inga, can stand ; cf. gen. pi. banan, Clinst, 1. 66, etc. 1. 534. Insert, under eard-liifa (in Gloss.), earfo3', st. n., trouble, difficulty, struggle ; ace. pi. earfeiJo, 534. I. 545 seq. "Five nights Beowulf and Breca kept together, not swim- ming, but sailing in open boats (\o swim the seas is to sail the seas), then storm drove them asunder. . . . Breca is afterwards chief of the Brond- ings, a tribe mentioned in IVidsith. The story seems legendary, not mythical." — Br., pp. 60, 61. II. 574-578. B. suggests swa J>fer for hwaffere, = so there it befell me. But the word at 1. 574 %&Qm% — however, and at 1. 578 =;'<;'/,■ cf. 1. 891; see S.; Beit. ix. 138; Tidskr. viii. 48; Zacher, iii. 387, etc. 1. 586. Gr. and Grundt. read faguin sweorduin (no ic J»as fela gylpe!), supplying fela and blending the broken half-lines into one. Ho. and Kl. supply geflites. 1. 599. E. translates nyd-bade by blackmail ; adding "ned bad, toll : iiee6w at 1. 11 64. 1. 631. gyddode. Cf. Chaucer, Prol. 1. 237 (ed. Morris) : " Oi yeddynges he bar utterly the prys." Cf. giddy. 1. 648. Kl. suggests a period after gej'inged, especially as B. ( Tidskr. viii. 57) has shown that oJ>J>e is sometimes = ond. Th. supplies ne. 1. 650. o}>}>e here and at 11. 2476, 3007, probably = and. 1. 651. Cf. 704, where soeadu-genga (the night-ganger of Leechdoms, ii. 344) is applied to the demon. — E. 1. 659. Cf. 1. 2431 for same formula, "to have and to hold" of the Marriage Service. — E. 1. 681. B. considers J»eah . . . eal a precursor of Mod. Eng. although. 1. 682. gOdra = advantages in battle (Gr.), battle-skill (Ha.), skill in war (H.-So.). Might not nat be changed to nah = ne + ah (cf. I. 2253), thus justifying the translation ability (?) = he has not the ability to, etc. 1. 695. Kl. reads hiera. — Beit. ix. 189. B. omits hie as occurring in the previous hemistich. — Beit. xii. 89. 1.698. "Here Destiny is a web of cloth." — E., \\ho compares the Greek Clothe, " spinster of fate." Women are also called " weavers of peace," as 1. 1943. Cf. Kent's Elene, 1. 88; JVidsi'S, 1. 6, etc. 1. 711. B. translates j'a by 7i>hen and connects with the preceding sen- tences, thus rejecting the ordinary canto-division at 1. 711. He objects to the use of com as principal vb. at 11. 703, 711, and 721. (Beit, xii.) 1. 711. "Perhaps the Gnomic verse w-hich tells of Thyrs, the giant, is written with Grendel in the writer's mind, — l>5'rs soeal on fenne ge\vunian ana innan lande, the giant shall dwell in the fen, alone in the land (Sweet's Read., p. 187)." — Br. p. 36. 1. 717. Dietrich, in Haupt. xi. 419, quotes from .Elfric, Horn. ii. 498: he beworhte J>a bigelsas mid gyldeiium Itefrum, he covered the arches zoith gold-leaf, — a Roman custom derived from Carthage. Cf. Mod. Eng. oriel = aureolu??i, a gilded room. — E. (quoting Skeat). Cf. II. 2257, 1097, 2247, 2103, 2702, 2283, 333, 1751, for various uses of gold- sheets. 1. 720. B. and ten Br. suggest hell-thane (Grendel) for heal-J»egnas. and make hiile refer to Beowulf. Cf. 1. 142. 1. 723. Z. reads [gejhran. 1. 727. For this use of standan, cf. 11. 2314, 2770; and Vergil, Eel. ii. 26 : " Cum placidum ventis staret mare." 130 NOTES. 1- 757- gedr.ig. Tumult is one of the meanings of this word. Here, appar. = occupation, lair. 1. 759. R. reads mCdega for gdda, " because the attribute cannot be separated from the word modified unless the two alliterate." 1. 762. Cf. Andreas^! 1. 1537, for a similar use of ut = off. — E. 1. 769. The foreign words in Bed'viilf (as coaster- here) are not num- erous; others are (aside from proper names like Cain, Abel, etc.) deofol (diaboliis), candcl (1. 1573), ancor (1. 303), scrifan (for- ge-), .segn (1. 47), gigaiit (1. 113), mil- (1. 1363), straet (1. 320), onibcht (1. 287), gim (1. 2073), etc. 1. 770. M.S. reads cer^veIl, a word conceived by B. and others to be part of a fern, compd. : -scervven like -wenden in ed-^venden, -raeden, etc. (cf. meodu-scerpen in Andreas, \. 1528); emended to -scerwen, a great scare tinder the figure of a mishap at a d7-inking-bout ; one might compare bescerwan, to deprive, from bescyrian (Grein, i. 93), hence ealu-scerwen would — a sudden taking away, deprivation, of the beer. — 11. -So., p. 93. See B., I'idskr. viii. 292. 1. 771. Ten Br. reads reffe, renhearde, = raging, exceeding bold. 1. 792. Instrumental adverbial phrases like aenige J»inga, iiseuige J»inga {not at all), hum }>inga {especially) are not infrequent. See Cook's Sievers' Gram., p. 178; March, A.-S. Gram., p. 182. I. 811. myrffe. E. translates /« Ti^rtw^w ww^/. ToUer-Bosw. does not recognize sorrow as one of the meanings of this word. II. 850, 851. S. reads deop for deog and erases semicolon after weol, = the death-stained deep welled -with sword-gore ; cf. 1. 1424. B. reads deaff- faeges ah = he throve in honor (B.). Ten Br. inserts comma after J>ah, making siS'iJan introduce a depend, clause. — Beit. viii. 568. Cf. weorS-myiidum >ah, 1. 8; 11. 1155, 1243. — H.-So. 1. 902. Heremodes is considered by Heinzel to be a mere epithet = the valiant ; which would refer the whole passage to Sigmund (Sigfrid), the eotenas, 1. 903, being the Nibelungen. This, says H.-So., gets rid of the contradiction between the good " Heremod " here and the bad one, 1. 1710 seq. — B. however holds fast to Heremod. — Beit. xii. 41. on feonda ge^veald, 1. 904, = into the hands of devils, says B.; cf. 11. 809, 1721,2267; Christ, \. 1416; Andreas, \. 1621; for hine fyren onwdd, cf. Gen.\. 2579; H-anVs Dan. 17: hie ^vlenco anwod. 1. 902 set]. " Heremod's shame is contrasted with the glory of Sigemund, and with the prudence, patience, generosity, and gentleness of Beowulf as ^ chieftain." — Br., p. 66. 1. 906. MS. has leinede. Toller-Bosw. corrects to lemedon. 1. 917. Cf. Hunt's Exod., 1. 170, for similar language. 1. 925. hOs, G. hansa, company, " the word from which the mercan- tile association of the ' Hanseatic ' towns took their designation." — E. 1. 927. on sta}>ole = on the floor (B., Rask, ten Br.). — Beit. xii. 90. 1. 927. May not stedpne here = bright, from its being immediately followed by golde fahne ? Cf. Chaucer's "his eyen stepe," Prol. 1. 201 (ed. Morris); Cockayne's Ste. Marherete, pp. 9, 108; St. Kath., 1. 1647. 1. 931. grynna may be for gyrnna (^— sorroius), gen. plu. of gj^rn, as suggested by one commentator. 1. 937. B. (^Beit. xii. 90) makes geh\\^^lcne object of -wid-scofen (hafde). Gr. makes we^ nom. absolute. 1.940. seuccum: cf. G. scheuche, scheusal; Prov. Eng. old-shock; perhaps the pop. interjection O shucks ! ( !) 1. 959. H. explains we as a " plur. of majesty," which Beowulf throws off at 1. 964. 182 • NOTES. 1. 963. fe6nd J>one friitgan (B. Beit. xii. 90). 1. 976. syniiuin. " Most abstract words in the poetry have a very wide range of meanings, diverging widely from the prose usage, synn, for instance, means simply injury, mischief, hatred, and the prose mean- ing sin is only a secondary one; hata in poetry is not only hater, but persecutor, enemy, just as niU is both hatred and violence, strength ; heard is sharp as well, as hard." — Svv. 1. 986. S. places >\'as at end of 1. 985 and reads stiSrti iiiigla, omit- ting goh\vylo and the commas after that and after sooawedon. Beit. ix. 13S; stedra (H.-So.); hand-sporu (M.-So.) at 1. 987. 1. 986. Miller {Anglia, xii. 3) corrects to seghwylcne, in apposition to fingras. 1.987. hand-sponi. See Anglia, vii. 176, for a discussion of the intrusion of 11 into the nom. of n-stems. 1. 988. Cf. 11. 2121, 2414, for similar use of unhconi = iingeheuer. 1. 992. B. suggests hedtinibred for haten, and gofratnon for -od; KL. hroden {^Beit. ix. 189). 1. 995, 996. Gold-embroidered tapestries seem to be meant by web = auri/risium. 1. 997. After J>ara ]>e = 0/" those that, the depend, vb. often takes sg. for pi.; cf. 11. 844, 1462, 2384, 2736. — Sw.; Dietrich. 1. 998. " Metathesis of 1 takes place in seld for setl, bold for botl," etc. — Cook's Sievers' Gram., p. 96. Cf. Eng. proper names, Bootle, Battle- field, etc. — Skeat, Principles, i. 250. I. 1000. heorras : cf. Chaucer, Prol. (ed. Morris) 1. 550 : " Ther was no dore that he nolde heve of harre." II. 1005-1007. See Zachers Zeitschr. iii. 391, and Beit. xii. 368, for R.'s and B.'s views of this difficult passage. I. 1009. Cf. 1. 161 2 for sael and ina'l, surviving still in E. Anglia in " mind your seals and meals" = times and occasions, i.e. have your wits about you. — E. II. 1012, 1013. Cf. 11. 753, 754 for two smiilar comparatives used in conjunction. I. 1014. Cf. 1. 327 for similar language. II. 1015, 1016. 11. -So. puts these two lines in parentheses (fylle . . . J>tlra). Cf. B., Beit. xii. 91. 1. 1024. One of the many famous swords spoken of in the poem. See Ilriinting, 11. 1458, 1660; Ilfinlafiiig, 1. 1144, etc. Cf. Excalibur, Roland's sword, the Xibelung Balmung, etc. 1. 1034. scur-heard. For an ingenious explanation of this dis- NOTES. 133 puted word see Professor Pearce's article in Mod. Lang. Notes, Nov. i, 1892, and ensuing discussion. 1. 1039. eoderas is of doubtful meaning. H. and ToUer-Bosw. regard the word here = enclosure, palings of the court. Cf. CcEcimon, 11. 2439, 2481. The passage throws interesting light on horses and their trappings 1.1043. Grundt. emends wig to \\\q^^, — charger ; and E. quotes Tacitus, Germaiiia, 7. 1. 1044. " Power over each and both " ; cf. " all and some," " one and all." For Ingwin, see List of Names. 1. 1065. Gr. contends that fore here = de, concerning, about (Ebert's Jahrb., 1862, p. 269). 1. 1069. H.-So. supplies fram after eaferum, to govern it, = concern- ing (?). Cf. Fight at Finnsburg, Appendix. 1. 1070. For the numerous names of the Danes, "bright-" "spear-" " east-" " west-" " ring-" Danes, see these words. 1. 1073. Eotenas = Finn^s people, the Frisians ; cf. 11. 1089, 1 142, 1146, etc., and Beit. .xii. 37. Why they are so called is not known. I. 1084. R. proposes wiht Hengeste wiS gefeohtan {Zachers Zeitschr. iii. 394). Kl., wiij H. wiht gefeohtan. II. 1085 and 1099. wea-laf occurs in Wulfstan, Llom. 133, ed. Napier. — E. (^f. darolSa laf, Brunanb., I. 54; ades lafe, Phcenix, 272 (Bright), etc. 1. 1098. elne unflitme = so class der eid (der inhalt des eides) nicht streitig -ivar.— B., Beit. iii. 30. But cf. 1130, where Hengist and Finn are again brought into juxtaposition and the expression ealles (?) unhlitme occurs. 1. 1 106. The pres. part. + be, as myndgiend wtere here, is compara- tively rare in original A.-S. literature, but occurs abundantly in translations from the Latin. The periphrasis is generally meaningless. Cf. 1. 3029. I. 1 108. Korner suggests ecge, = sword, in reference to a supposed old German custom of placing ornaments, etc., on the point of a sword or spear {Eng. Stud. i. 495). Singer, ince-gold = bright gold ; B., andiege = Goth, andaugjo, evidently. Cf. incge lafe, 1. 2578. Possibly: and inge { = you7ig tnen) gold ahofon of horde. For inge, cf. Hunts Exod. I. 190. II. 1115-1120. R. proposes (het J>a . . .) banfatu barnan ohd on bsel don, earme on eaxe = to place the arms in the ashes, reading guSjrec = battle-reek, for -rinc {Zachers Zeitschr. iii. 395). B., Sarrazin {Beit. xi. 530), Lichtenfeld {Haupts Zeitschr. xvi. 330), C, etc., pro- pose various emendations. See H.-So., p. 97, and Beit. viii. 568. For guijrinc astah, cf. Old Norse, stiga d bdl, " ascend the bale-tire." 134 NOTES. 1. 1116. sweoloffe. "On Dartmoor the burning of the furze up the hillsides to let new grass grow, is called zwaylitig." — E. Cf. sultry, Ci. schiuiil, etc. 1. 1 1 19. Cf. -wudu-rcc astah, 1. 3145; and Exod. (Hunt), 1. 450 : ^V8elInist astali. 1. 1 122. iitspranc = bur si forth, arose (omitted from the Gloss.), oniie him Hun Ijafing, = military brotherhood, when Him laid upon his breast (the sword) lAifing. There is a sword Laufi, Lovi in the Norse sagas; but swords, armor, etc., are often called the leaving (laf) of files, hammers, etc., especially a precious heirloom; cf. 11. 454, 1033, 2830, 2037, 2629, 796, etc., etc. 1. 1 152. rodeu = reddened {^., Tidskr. viii. 295). I. 1 160. I'or 11. 1069-1160, containing the Finn episode, cf. Moller, Alteng. Folhsepos, 6g, 86, g4; Hc'mzel, Am. /. dtsch. Alter t., 10, 226; B., Beit. xii. 29-37. ^f- lytdstS, 1. 33, etc. II. 1 1 60, 1 161. leoS (lied = song, lay) and gyd here appear synonyms. 11. 1162-1165. "Behind the wars and tribal wanderings, behind the contentions of the great, we watch in this poem the steady, continuous life of home, the passions and thoughts of men, the way they talked and moved and sang and drank and lived and loved among one another and for one another." — Br., ]i. 18. 1. 1 163. Cf. wonderwork. So rvonder-death, wonder-bidding, wonder- treasure, -smith, -sight, etc. at 11. 1748, 3038, 2174, 1682, 996, etc. Cf. the German use of the same intensive, = wondrous, in lounder-schon, etc. 1. 1 165. J>a gyt points to some future event when "each" was not "true to other," undeveloped in this poem, sulitor-gefaderan — HroS- gSr and IlroSulf, 1. 1018. Cf. aiJuni-sworian, 1. 84. 1. 1 1 67 almost repeats 1. 500, iit fOtuin, etc., where UnfertJ is first introduced. 1. 1 191. E. sees in this passage separate scats for youth and middle-aged men, as in English college halls, chapels, convocations, and churches still. NOTES. 135 1. 1 192. ymbutau, round about, is sometimes thus separated: ynib hie utan; of. Voyage of Ohthere, etc. (Sw.), p. 18, 1. 34, etc.; Bciwulf, 11. S59, 1686, etc. 1. 1 194. bewiigned, a a7ra$ XeySnevov, tr. offered by Th. Probably a p.p. wageii, made into a vb. by -ian, like own, drown, etc. Cf. hafe- nian (e, m.; changed by some to seo J>e. At 11. 1393, 1395, 1498, Grendel's mother is referred to as m.; at 11. 1293, 1505, 1541-1546, etc., as f., the uncertain pronoun designating a creature female in certain aspects, but masculine in demonic strength and savage- ness. — H.-So.; Sw. p. 202. Cf. the masc. epithets at 11. 1380, 2137, etc. 1. 1270. aglaeca = Grendel, though possibly referring to Beowulf, as at 1. 1513. — Sw. 1. 1273. "It is not certain whether an^vaIda stands for Qnn'ealda, or whether it should be read an\v('alda, = only ruler. — Sw. 1. 1279. The IMS. has siinu J>eod -wrecan, which R. changes to sunn }>e6d-Avrccan, J»t'6d- = monstrous ; but why not regard )»e6d as oppo- sition to suuu, = her sou, the prince ? See Sweet's Reader, and Korner's discussion, £ng. Stud. i. 500. 1. 1281. Ten Br. suggests (for sOiia) sara = return of sorro-os. 1. 1286. "gej»ureu (twice so written in MSS.) stands for gej>riien, forged, and is an isolated p.p." — Cook's Sievers' Gram., 209. But see Toller-Bosw. for examples; Sw., Gloss.; March, p. 100, etc. 1. 1292. J»e hine = zvhom ; cf 11. 441, 1437, 1292; H'cliand, i. 1308. 1. 1298. be saem tiveonuni; cf. 1. 1192; Hunt's Exod. 1. 442; and Mod. Eng. "to «j-ward, etc. — Earle's fhilol., p. 449. Cf. note, 1. 1 192. 1. 1 301. C. proposes Offer him am = another apartment 'was assigned him. NOTES. 137 1. 1303. B. conjectures unfler hrSf genam; but Ha., p. 45, shows this to be unnecessary, under also meaning in, as in (or under) these circumstances. 1. 1319. E. and Sw. suggest naegde or negde, accosted, < negan = Mid. Ger. nehzvian, pr.p. nehwiandans, approach. For hnsegan, press doivn, vanquish, see 11. 1275, 1440, etc. 1. 1 32 1. C. suggests nead-laffum for neod-laffu, after crushing hos- tility ; but cf. freond-laiSfu, 1. 1193. I. 1334. K. and ten Br. conjecture gefagnod = rejoicing in her fill, a parallel to sese wlanc, 1. 1333. 1. 1340. B. translates: "and she has executed a deed of blood-ven- geance of far-reaching consequence." — Beit. xii. 93. I. 1345. B. reads ge6 for eow {Zachers Zeitschr. iv. 205). II. 1346-1377. "This is a tine piece of folk-lore in the oldest extant form. . . . The authorities for the story are the rustics (11. 1346, 1356)." — E. 1. 1347. Cf. scle-raedende at 1. 51. 1. 1 35 1. "The ge [of gewitan] may be merely a scribal error, — a repetition (dittography) of the preceding ge of gewislicost." — Sw. I. 1352. ides, like firas, men, etc., is a poetic word supposed by Grimm to have been applied, like Gr. vvfxcp-q, to superhuman or semi-divine women. II. 1360-1495 seq. E. compares this Dantesque tarn and scenery with the poetical accounts of yEneid, vii. 563 ; Lucretius, vi. 739, etc. 1. 1360. firgenstream occurs also in the Phanix (Bright, p. 168) 1. 100; Andreas, 11. 779, 3144 (K.); Gnoinic Verses, 1. 47, etc. 1. 1363. The genitive is often thus used to denote measure = by or in miles; cf. 1. 3043; and contrast with partitive gen. at 1. 207. 1. 1364. The M.S. reads hrinde = hrinende (?), which Gr. adopts; K. and Th. read hrinde-bearwas; hringde, encircling (Sarrazin, Beit. xi. 163); hrimge =y;w/j' (Sw.); zuith frost-zuhiting covered (Ha.). See Morris, Blickling Horn., Preface, vi., vii. 1. 1364. Cf. Ruin, hrimige edoras belirofene, rimy, roofless halls. 1.1366. niffwundor may = niff- (as in niff-sele, q.v.) wundor, zvonder of the deep. 1. 1368. The personal pronoun is sometimes omitted in subordinate and even independent clauses; cf. wite here; and Hunt's Exod., 1. 319. 1.1370. hornum. Such "datives of manner or respect" are not infrequent with adj. 1. 1 37 1. " seleS is not dependent on aer, for in that case it would be in the subjunctive, but aer is simply an adverb, correlative with the conjunc- 138 NOTES. tion ser in the next line : ' he will (sooner) give up his life, before he will,' etc." — Sw. 1. 1372. Cf. 11. 318 and 543 for willau with similar omitted inf. 1. 1373. heafola is found only in poetry. — Sw. It occurs thirteen or fourteen times in this poem. Cf. the poetic gamol, swat (1. 2694), etc., for eald, blort. 1. 1391. uton: hortatory subj. of Avitan, go, = let us go; cf. French allotts, Lat. eamus, Ital. andiamo, etc. + inf. Cf. 11. 2649, 3102. 1. 1400. H. is dat. of person indirectly affected, = advantage. I. 1402. geatolic probably = iti //is equipments, as B. suggests {Beit. xii. 83), comparing searolic. II. 1402, 1413 reproduce the wk. form of the prct. of gan (Goth, gag- gida). Cf. Andreas, 1. 1096, etc. 1. 1405. S. {Beit. ix. 140) supplies [\nev heoj gegriuui for; B. {ibid. .xii. 14) suggests hwter heo. 1. 141 1. B., Gr., and E. take au-paffas = paths wide enough for only one, like Norwegian eiiistig; cf. stige nearvve, just above. Trail is the meaning. Cf. enge aiipaffas, uncfiU gclad, Exod. (Hunt), 1. 58. 1. 1421. Cf. oncyff, 1. 831. The whole passage (11. 1411-1442) is replete with suggestions of walrus-hunting, seal-fishing, harpooning of sea- animals (1. 1438), etc. 1. 1425. E. quotes from the 8th cent. Corpus Gloss., " Falanx foeSa." 1. 1428. For other mention of nicors, cf. 11. 422, 575, 846. E. remarks, " it survives in the phrase ' Old Nick ' . . . a word of high authority . . . Icel. nykr, water-goblin, Dan. n'ok, nisse, Swed. ndcken, G. nix, nixe, etc." See Skeat, N^ick. 1. 1440. Sw. reads gehiijeged, prostrated, and regards ni'Sa. as gen. pi. " used instrumentally," = by force. 1. 1 44 1, -bora = bearer, stirrer ; occurs in other compds., as iiiund-, raed-, Avoff-bora. 1. 1447. him = for /lim, a remoter dative of reference. — Sw. 1. 1455. Gr. reads broiidne, = flaming. 1. 1457. leon is the inf. of lah; cf. oiilah (< onleon) at 1. 1468. lihaii was formerly given as the inf.; cf. Itene = la'hiic. 1. 1458. Cf. the similar dat. of possession as used in Latin. 1. 1458. H.-So. compares the Icelandic saga account of Grettir's battle with the giant in the cave, haft-iiiece may be = Icel. heptisax {Anglia, iii. 83), "hip-knife." 1. 1459. " The sense seems to be ' pre-eminent among the old treasures.' . . . But possibly foran is here a prep, with the gen.: 'one before the old treasures.' " — Sw. For other examples of foran, cf. 11. 985, 2365, NOTES. 139 1. 1460. ater-tearuni = J>oison-dro/>s (C, Bei^. viii. 571; S., Hit/, xi. 359)- 1. 1467. J>at, comp. relative, = //^a^ w/iick; "we testify ^/ia( we do know." 1. 1480. forff-gewitenum is in appos. to me, = fni/ii defuncto. — M. Callaway, Am. Joiirn. of PhiloL, October, 1889. 1. 1482. niine. Conditional clauses of doubt or future contingency take gif orbuton with subj. ; cf. 11. 452, 594; of fact or certainty, the ind.; cf. 11. 442, 447, 527, 662, etc. For buton, cf. 11. 967, 1561. 1. 1487. "findan sometimes has a preterit funde in W. S. after the manner of the weak preterits." — Cook's Sievers' Gram., p. 210. 1. 1490. Kl. reads wal-sweord, = battle-sword. 1. 1507. "This cave under the sea seems to be another of those natural phenomena of which the writer had personal knowledge (11. 2135, 2277), and which was introduced by him into the mythical tale to give it a local color. There are many places of this kind. Their entrance is under the lowest level of the tide." — Br., p. 45. 1. 1 5 14. B. (^Beit. xii. 362) explains niSsele, hrofsele as roof-covered hall in the deep ; cf. Grettir Saga {Anglia, iii. 83). 1. 1538. Sw., R., and ten Br. suggest feaxe for eaxle, = seized by the hair. 1. 1543. and-lean (R.) ; cf. 1. 2095. The MS. has hand-lean. 1, 1546. Sw. and S. read seax. — Beit. ix. 140. 1. 1557. H.-So. omits comma and places semicolon after yffelice; Sw. and S. place comma after gesced. I. 1584. Offer swylc = another fifteen (Sw.); = fully as many (Ha.). II. 1 592-1 61 3 seq. Cf. Anglia, iii. 84 (Grettir Saga). 1. 1595. WoixA^ni^VkTi. — grizzly-haired (Bright, Reader, p. 258); cf. Brunanb., 1. 45 (Bright). 1. 1599. gewearff, impers. y\y., = agree, decide — many agreed upon this, 'that, etc. (Ha., p. 55; cf. 11. 2025-2027, 1997; B., Beit. xii. 97). 1. 1605. C. supposes wiston = wiscton = %vished. — Beit. viii. 571. 1. 1607. broden mael is now regarded as a comp. noun, = inlaid or damascened sword. — W., Ho. 1. 1611. ■\\i\\-vA^?i?, = water-ropes = bands of frost (\. 1610) (?). Pos- sibly the Prov. Eng. weele, whirlpool. Cf. wael, gurges, Wright, Voc, Gnoin. Verses, 1. 39. — E. 1. 161 1, -waegi-apas (Sw.) == wave-bands (Ha.). 1. 1622. B. suggests eatna = eotena, eardas, haunts of the giants (Northumbr. ea for eo). 1. 1635. cynlng-holde (B., Beit. xii. 369); cf. 1. 290. 140 NOTES. 1. 1650. H., Gr., and Ettniiiller understand idese to refer to the queen. 1. 1651. Cf. Anglia, iii. 74, Beit. xi. 167, for coincidences witli the Grettir Saga (13th cent.). 1. 1657. Restore MS. reading \vigge in place of wige. 1. 1664. B. proposes ootenisc . . . este for eacen . . . of tost, omit- ting brackets {Zac/iers Zeitschr. iv. 206). G. translates viighty . . . often. I. 1675. ondraedan. " In late texts the final u of the preposition on is frequently lost when it occurs in a compound word or stereotyped phrase, and the prefix then appears as a : abiitan, aniang, a\veg, aright, adrfedan." — Cook's Sievers' Gram., p. 98. II. 1680-1682. Giants and their work are also referred to at 11. 113, 455. 1563. 1691, etc. I. 1680. Cf. ceastra . . . orffanc cnta geweorc, Guomic Verses, 1. 2; Sweet's Reader, p. 186. II. 1687-1697. "In this description of the writing on the sword, we see the process of transition from heathen magic to the notions of Christian times. . . . The history of the flood and of the giants . . . were substi- tutes for names of heathen gods, and magic spells for victory." — E. Cf. Mohammedan usage. 11. 1703, 1704. J»at }»e eorl naere geboren betera (B., Tidskr. 8, 52). 1. 1 715. ana hvvearf = he died solitary and alone (B., Beit. xii. 38); = lonely (Ha.); = alo7te (G.). 1. 1723. leod-bealo longsiiin = eternal hell-torment (B., Beit. xii. 38, who compares Ps. Colt. 57, Iff longsum). I. 1729. E. translates on lufan, towards possession; Ha., to possessions. 1. 1730. inudgeJ»onc, like lig, sae, segn, niht, etc., is of double gen- der (m., n. in the case of mOdge]'.). 1. 1 74 1. The doctrine of nemesis following close on ii/3pts, or overween- ing pride, is here very clearly enunciated. The only protector against the things that " assault and hurt " the soul is the " Bishop and Shepherd t)f our souls" (1. 1743). 1. 1745 appears dimly to fore-shadow the office of the evil archer Loki, who in the Scandinavian mythology shoots Balder with a mistletoe twig. The language closely resembles that of Psalm 64. 1. 1748. Kl. regards Avom = AA'0(u)ni; cf. woh-bogen, 1. 2828. See Gloss., p. 295, under ■\vani. Contrast the construction of bebeor- gan a few lines below (1. 1759), where the dat. and ace. are associated. 1. 1748. See Cook's Sievers' Gram., p. 167, for declension of wOh. «/r^;;_^ = gen. ^v6s or W'Oges, dat. ■\vofu';ni, etc.; pi. gen. -worn, dat. wO(u)ni, etc.; and cf. declension of hcah, hreoli, ruh, etc. NOTES. 141 1. 1748. w^ergan gastes; cf. Blickl. Horn. vii. ; Andreas, 1. 1171. ^^ Aidd Wearie is used in Scotland, or was used a few years ago, ... to mean the devil." — E. Bede's Eccles. Hist, contains (naturally) many examples of the expression — devil. 1. 1750. on gyld = in reward (B. Beit. xii. 95); Ha. translates boast- fully ; G.,for boasting; Gr., to incite to boastfulness. Cf. Christ, 1. 818. 1. 1767. E. thinks this an allusion to the widespread superstition of the evil eye (w«/ occhio, viativais a'il). Cf. Vergil, Eel. iii. 103. He remarks that Pius IX., Gambetta, and President Carnot were charged by their enemies with possessing this weapon. 1. 1784. wigge geweorSad (MS. Avigge Aveorffad) is C.'s conjec- ture; cf. Elene, 1. 150. So G., honored in war. 1. 1785. The future generally implied in the present of beon is plainly seen in this line; cf. 11. 1826, 661, 1830, 1763, etc. 1. 1794. Some impers. vbs. take ace. (as here, Geat) (if the person afTected; others (as }>yncan) take the dat. of the person, as at 11. 688, 1749, etc. Cf. verbs of dreaming, being ashamed, desiring, etc. — March, A.-S. Gram., p. 145. 1. 1802. E. remarks that the blaca hrefii here is a bird of good omen, as opposed to se woniia hrefii of 1. 3025. The raven, wolf, and eagle are the regular epic accompaniments of battle and carnage. Cf. II. 3025- 3028; JMaldon, 106; Judith, 205-210, etc. I. 1803. S. emends to read: "then came the light, going bright after darkness: the warriors," etc. Cf. Ho., p. 41, 1. 23. G. puts period before " the warriors." For onettan, cf. Sw.'s Gloss, and Bright's Read., Gloss. II. 1808-1810. Miillenh. and Grundt. refer se hearda to Beowulf, correct sunu (MS.) to suna Ecglafes (i.e. Unferth); \_he\ (Beo.) thanked hifH (\]n.) for the loan. Cf. 11. 344, 581, 1915. 11. 1823-1840. " Beowulf departing pledges his services to Hro6'gar, to be what afterwards in the mature language of chivalry was called his ' true knight.'" — E. 1. 1832. Kl. corrects to dryhtne, in appos. with HigelSce. '• '835. gar-holt more properly means spear-shaft ; cf. asc-holt. I. 1855. sel = better (Grundt.; B., Beit. xii. 96), instead of MS. Avel. II. 1855-1866. "An ideal picture of international amity according to the experience and doctrine of the eighth century." — E. 1. 1858. S. and Kl. correct to gemaene, agreeing with sib. — Beit. ix. 140, 190. 1. 1862. "The gannet is a great diver, plunging down into the sea from a considerable height, such as forty feet." — E. 1. 1863. Kl. suggests heafu, = seas. 142 NOTES. 1. 1865. B. proposes geJ»ohte, = with firm thought, for geworhte; cf. 1. 611. 1. 1876. geseon = see again (Kl., Beit. ix. 190). S. and B. insert na to modify geseon and explain IlroSgar's tears. Ha. and G. follow 1 leyne's text. Cf. 1. 567. 1. 1 88 1. Is beorn here = beam (be-arn ?) of 1. 67 ? or more likely = born, barn, = burned? — S., Th. 1. 1887. orleahtre is a ctTraf Xeyo/jievov. E. compares Tennyson's "blameless" king. Cf. also 11. 2015, 2145; and the god cyning of 1. 11. 1. 1896. scafSan — 7oarriors (cf. 1. 1804) has been proposed by C; liUt cf. 1. 253. 1.1897. 'he boat had been left, at 11. 294-302, in the" keeping of HroSgar's men; at 1. 1901 the bSt-weard is specially honored by Beo- wulf with a sword and becomes a " sworded squire." — F,. This circum- stance appears to weld the poem together. Cf. also the speed of the journey home with ymb an-tid oJ»res dogores of 1. 219, and the simi- larity of language in both passages (faniig-heals, olifu, niissas, saelde, brim, etc.). — The nautical terms in Beowulf would form an interesting study. 1. 1904. R. proposes, geAvat him on naca, = the vessel set out, on alliterating as at 1. 2524 {Zachers Zeitschr. iii. 402). B. reads on nacan, l)ut inserts irrelevant matter (^Beit. xii. 97). 1. 1913. Cf. the same use of ceol, = ship, in the A.-S. Chron., ed. Earle- Plummer; Gnomic Verses, etc. 1. 1914. S. inserts }»at hf' before on lande. 1. 1916. B. makes leOfra manna depend on wlixtoAe, = looked for the dear men ready at the coast {Beit. xii. 97). 1. 1924. Gr., W., and Ho. jjropose >viinade, = remained ; but cf. 1. 1929. S. conceives 11. 1924, 1925 as "direct speech" {^Beit. ix. 141). 1. \()2'] seq. "The women of Beowulf are of the fine northern type; trusted and loved by their husbands and by the nobles and people; gen- erous, gentle, and holding their place with dignity." — Br., p. 67. Thrytho is the exception, 1. 1932 seq. \. 1933. C. suggests freonii, = dangerous, bold, for Thrytho could not be called "excellent." G. writes " Modthrytho " as her name. The womanly Hygd seems purposely here contrasted with the terrible Thrytho, just as, at 1. 902 seq., Sigemund and Heremod are contrasted. For Thrytho, etc., cf. Gr., Jahrb. fiir rorn. u. eng. Lit. iv. 279; Mullcnhoff, Ifaupts Zeitschr. xiv. 216; Matthew Paris; Suchier, Beit. iv. 500-521; R. Zachers Zeitschr. iii. 402; B., ibid. iv. 206; Korner, Eng. Stud. i. 489-492; H.-Sc, p. 106. NOTES. 143 11. 1932-1963. K. first pointed out the connection between the histori- cal Offa, King of Mercia, and his wife Cwendrida, and the Offa and prySo (Gr.'s Drida of the Vita Offce Secundi) of the present passage. The tale is told of her, not of Hygd. 1. 1936. Suchier proposes andaeges, = ^^'^ to eye; Leo proposes an- da?ges, = the zv/iole day ; G., by day. No change is necessary if an be taken to govern hire, = on her, and dages be explained (like nihtes, etc.) as a genitive of time, = by day. 1. 1943. R. and Suchier propose onsece, = seek, require ; hut of. 2955. 1. 1966. Cf. the heofoncandel of Exod. 1. 1 15 (Hunt). Shak.'s 'night's candles.' 1. 1969. Cf. 1. 2487 seq. for the actual slayer of Ongen)ie6w, i.e. Eofor, to whom Hygelac gave his only daughter as a reward, 1. 2998. 1. 1981. meodu-scenciim = with mead-pourers or mead-cups (G., Ha.); draught or cup of mead (Toller-Bosvv.). 1. 1982. K., Th., W., H. supply [heal-]reoed ; Moller [hea-]. 1. 1984. B. defends the MS., reading Iiae nu (for hfeffnii), which he regards as — Heinir, the inhabitants of the Jutish "heaths" (hajiJ). Cf. H.-So., p. 107; Beit. xii. 9. 1. 1985. sinne. " In poetry there is a reflexive possessive of the third person, sin (declined like iiiin). It is used not only as a true reflexive, but also as a non-reflexive (= Lat. ejus')." — Sw.; Cook's Sievers' Gram., p. 185. Cf. 11. 1508, 1961, 2284, 2790. 1. 1994. Cf. 1. 190 for a similar use of sedS; cf. to "glow" with emo- tion, " boil " with indignation, " burn " with anger, etc. weallan is often so used; cf. 11. 2332, 2066, etc. 1. 2010. B. proposes facne, = in treachery, for fenne. Cf. Juliana, I. 350; Beit. xii. 97. 1. 2022. Food of specific sorts is rarely, if at all, mentioned in the poem. Drink, on the other hand, occurs in its primitive varieties, — ale (as here: ealu-^vaeg), mead, beer, wine, li^ (cider ? Goth. lei\>us, Prov. Ger. leit- in leit-haus, ale-house), etc. 1. 2025. Kl. proposes is for ^^'as. I. 2027. Cf. 1. 1599 for a similar use of 'weorSan, = agree, be pleased luith (Ha.); appear (Sw., Reader, 6th ed.). II. 2030, 2031. Ten Br. proposes: oft seldan (^ — gave) ■waere after leod-hryre: lytle hwile bongar beiges', J>eah seo bryd duge = oft has a treaty been given after the fall of a prince : but little while the murder-spear resteth, hoiuever excellent the bride be. Cf. Kl., Beit. ix. 190; B., Beit. xii. 369 ; R., Zachers Zeitschr. iii. 404 ; Ha., p. 69 ; G., p. 62. 1. 2036. Cf. Kl., Beit. ix. 191; R., Zachers Zeitschr. iii. 404. 144 NOTES. 1. 2042. For beuh B. reads ba, = both, i.e. Freavvare and the Dane. 1. 2063. Thorkelin and Conybeare propose ■wigende, —fighting, for liligeude. 1. 2068. W.'s edition begins section xxx. (not marked in the MS.) with this line. Section xxxix. (xxxviii. in copies A and B, xxxix. in Thorkelin) is not so designated in the MS., though J>a (at 1. 2822) is written with capitals and xl. begins at 1. 2893. 1. 2095. Cf. 1. 1542, and note. 1. 21 15 seq. B. restores thus: t'rer on innan giong niSSa n.ithwylc, neode to gefeng hoe'Snum horde; hond atgenam seleful since fSh ; ne he | at sySSan Sgeaf, heah he he slaepende besyrede hyrde Jjeofes crafte : \>2X se ^ioden onfand, by-folc beorna, jjat he gebolgen was. — Beit. xii. 99; 7.achers Zeitschr. iv. 210. 1. 2128. atbjir here = bear aivay, not given in the Gloss. 1. 2129. B. proposes fcerunga, = suddenly, for Gr.'s reading in the text. — Beit. xii. 98. 1. 2132. JVIS. has >ine life, which Leo translates by thy leave (— ON. le}fi) ; B., by thy life. — Beit. xii. 369. 1. 2150. B. renders gen, etc., by "now I serve thee alone again as my gracious king" {Beit. xii. 99). 1. 215 1. The forms liafu [liafo], hafast, hafad', are poetic archaisms. — Sw. 1. 2153. Kl. proposes ealdor, = prince, for eafor. W. proposes the compd. eafor-heafod.segii, = helm ; cf. 1. 1245. 1. 2157. The wk. form of the adj. is frequent in the vocative, especially when postponed : " Beowulf leofa," 1. 1 759. So, often, in poetry in nom. : wudii Selesta, etc. 1. 2158. aerest is possibly the verbal subs, from arisan, to arise, = arising, origin. R. suggested aerist, arising, origin. Cf. Bede, Ecdes. Hist., ed. Miller, where the word is spelt as above, but = (as usual) res- urrection. .See Sweet, Reader, p. 21 1; E.-Plummer's Chronicle, p. 302, etc. The MS. has est. See Ha., p. 73; S., Beit. x. 222; and cf. 1. 2166. 1. 2188. Gr., \V., 11. supply [^ven]dou, = zoeened, instead of Th.'s [oft sagjdon. 1.2188. The "slack" Beowulf, like the sluggish Brutus, ultimately reveals his true character, and is presented with a historic sword of honor. NOTES. 145 It is "laid on his breast" (1. 2195) as Hun laid Lifing on Hengest's breast, 1. 1 145. 1. 2180. "The boy was at first slothful, and the Geats thought him an unwarlike prince, and long despised him. Then, like many a lazy third son in the folk tales, a change came, he suddenly showed wonderful daring and was passionate for adventure/' — Br., p. 22. 1.2196. " Seven of thousands, manor and lordship" (Ha.). K\., Bei^. ix. 191, thinks with Ettm. that >usendo means a hide of land (see Schmid, Ges. der Aiigl. 610), Bede's fainilia = \ sq. meter; seofan being used (Hke hund, 1. 2995) only for the alliteration. 1. 2196. "A vast Honour of 7000 hides, a mansion, and a judgment- seat" [throne]. — E. 1. 2210. MS. has the more correct Avintra. 1. 221 1. Cf. similar language about the dragon at 1. 100. Beowulf's "jubilee" is fitly solemnized by his third and last dragon-fight. 1. 2213. B. proposes se >e on hearge hsegfen hord beweotode; cf. Ha., p. 75. 1. 2215. "The dragon lies round the treasures in a cave, as Fafnir, hke a Python, lay coiled over his hoard. So constant was this habit among the dragons that gold is called Worms' bed, Fafnir's couch, Worms' bed- fire. Even in India, the cobras ... are guardians of treasure." — Br., p. 50. 1.2216. neode. E. translates deftly; Ha., with ardor. H.-So. reads neode, = with desire, greedily, instr. of neod. 1. 2223. E. begins his " Part Third " at this point as he begins " Part Second" at 1. 1252, each dragon-fight forming part of a trilogy. 11.2224, 2225. B. proposes: iiealles mid gewealdum wyrmes weard giist sylfes willum. — Zachers Zeitschr. iv. 21 1; Beit. xii. 100. 1. 2225. For J^eoAV read J^egn. — K. and Z. 1. 2225. l>e6\A', St. m., slave, serf (not in H.-So.). I. 2227. For ofer-J»earfe read semes J>earfa. — Z. II. 2229-2231. B. proposes: secg synbysig sona onwlatode, t)eah bam gyste gryrebroga stod, hwa'iSre earmsceapen innganges J'earfa feasceapen, b^ hyne se fser begeat. — B^it. xii. 101. Cf. Ha., p. 69. 1. 2232. W. suggests seah or scir for geseah, and Gr. suggests searolic. 146 NOTES. 1. 2233. Z. surmises eorff-huse (for -scriife). 1.2241. B. proposes lxn-jrestre6nii, = Oa/isi^orv, etc.; Th., R. pro- pose leng (= longer^ gestreona; S. accepts the text but translates "the long accumulating treasure." 1.2246. B. proposed (i) hard-fyndne, = /mr^/ /o /««'/ (2) hord- wyniie dael, = « deal of treasure-joy (cf. 1. 2271). — Zachers Zeitschr. iv. 211; Beit. xii. 102. 1. 2247. fecword = banning words (?) MS. has fee. 1. 2254. Others read feor-[niie], —furbish, for fetige : I oivn not one "who may, etc. 1.2261. The Danes themselves were sometimes called the "Ring- Danes," = clad in ringed (or a ring of) armor, or possessing rings. Cf. 11. 116, 1280. 1. 2264. Note the early reference to hawking. Minstrelsy (hearpan wyn), saga-tellmg, racing, swimming, harpooning of sea-animals, feasting, and the bestowal of jewels, swords, and rings, are the other amusements most frequent in Bedivulf. I. 2264. Cf. Maldon, 11. 8, 9, for a reference to hawking. 1. 2276. Z. suggests swyiffe ondrajdaff; Ho. puts gesecean for Gr.'s gewunian. 1. 2277. Z. and K. read: hord on hrusan. "Three hundred win- ters," at 1. 2279, is probably conventional for " a long time," like hiind missera, 1. 1499; hiind t>usenda, 1. 2995; J>ritig (of Beowulf's strength),!. 379; J>ritig (of the men slain by Grendel), 1. 123; seofan Jjusendo, 1. 2196, etc. 1. 2285. B. objects to hord as repeated in 11. 2284, 2285; but cf. Ha., p. 77. C. prefers sum to hord. onboren = inminutus ; cf. B., Beit. xii. 102. 1. 2285. onberan is found also at line 991, = carry off, with on- = E. un- {iin-bind, -loose, -tie, etc.), G. ent-. The negro still pronounces onne. 1. 2449. For taelpan read helpe. — K., Th., S. (^Zeitschr. f. D. Phil, xxi. 3. 357)- 148 NOTES. 11. 2454-2455. (I) Mullenh. {Hatipts Zei/sc/ir. xiv. 232) proposes: bonne se Sn hafa'5 |>urh dreda nyd deatSes gefandod. (2) B. proposes : burh dreda ntS deifies gefondad. — Zac/iers Zeitschr. iv. 215. 1.2458. Cf. sceotend, pi., 11. 704, 1155, like riflend. Cf. Judith, 1. 305, etc. 1. 2474. Th. considers the "wide water" here as the Malar lake, the boundary between Swedes and Goths. 1. 2477. ^" oJ»J>e = and, cf. B., Tidskr. viii. 57. See Ha., p. 83. 1. 2489. B. proposes hresi-blac for Gr.'s heoro-. — 7 ikskr. viii. 297. 1. 2494. S. suggests efifel-^'ynue. I. 2502. E. translates for dugeffiini, 0/ my prozvess ; so Ettmiiller. II. 2520-2522. Gr. and S. translate, "if I knew how else I might oni- hat the monster's boastfulness." — Ha., p. 85. 1. 2524. aiul-hrtttros is H.'s invention. Gr. reads oreiJes and attres, blast and venom. Cf. oruS', 1. 2558, and 1. 2840 (where attor- also occurs). 1. 2526. E. quotes fleon fotes tryin from Maldon, 1. 247. 1. 2546. Gr., H.-So., and Ho. read staudan stan-bogan (for stud on stan-bogan) depending on geseah. 1. 2550. Grundt. and B. propose deor, brave one, i.e. Beowulf, for deop. I. 2565. MS. has nnglca^v (K., Th.), unglaw (Grundt.). B. pro- poses unsla^v, = sharp. — Beit. xii. 104. So' H.-So., Ha., p. 86. II. 2570,- 2571. (i) May not gescife (MS. to gscipe) = German schief, " crooked," " bent," " aslant," and hence be a parallel to gebogen, bent, coiled? cf. 1. 2568, J>a se ^vyrni gebcah snilde tOsonine, and 1. 2828. Coiled serpents spring more powerfully for the coiling. (2) Or perhaps destroy comma after to and read gescape, = his fate ; cf. 1. 26: hhn J»a Scyld gewat to gescap-li>vile. G. appar. adopts this reading, p. 78. 1. 2589. grund-^vong = the field, not the earth (so B.); H.-So., cave, as at 1. 2771. So Ha., p. 87. 1. 2595. S. proposes colon after stefne. — Beit. ix. 141. 1. 2604. Mullenh. explains leod Scylfinga in Anzeiger f. d. Altert. iii. 176-178. 1. 2607. are —possessions, holding (Kl., Beit. ix. 192; Ha., p. 88). 1. 2609. folorihta. Add " folk-right " to the meanings in the Gloss.; and cf. eiflPel-, land-riht, >vord-riht. NOTES. 149 I. 2614. H.-So. reads with Gr. wrseocan Aviueledsuni Weohstan bana, =: -whom, a friendless exile^ W. had slain. II. 2635-61. E. quotes Tacitus, Germania, xiv. : " turpe comitatui vir- tutem principis non adaequare." Beowulf had been deserted by his comi talus. 1. 2643. B. proposes user. — Zachers Zeitschr. iv. 216. 1. 2649. -wutun; 1. 3102, utou = pres. subj. pi. ist person of witan, to go, used like Mod. Eng. let us + inf., Lat. eajiius., Ital. andiaino, Fr. allojis; M. E. {Layamon) titen. Cf. Psa. ii. 3, etc. March, ^.-5. Gravi., pp. 104, 196. 1. 2650. B. suggests hat for liyt. — Beit. xii. 105. I. 2656. fane = fah-iie; cf. fara = fah-ra, 1. 57S; so heaoue (MS.) — heah-ne, etc., 1. 984. See Cook's Sievers' Gram. II. 2660, 2661. Why not read beacUi-scriul, as at 1. 453, = battle-shirt ? B. and R. suppose two half-verses omitted between byrdu-scrud and bain genisene. B. reads by«'dn, = handsome, etc. Gr. suggests unc nu, = to us t7vo no7c>, for uruni; and K. and Grundt. read beon geinaene for bam, etc. This makes sense. Cf. Ha., p. 89. 1. 2666. Cf. the dat. absolute without preposition. 1. 2681. Nagling; cf. Hriinting, Lilting, and other famous wundor- sniid'a ge'weorc of the poem. 1. 2687. B. changes J>onne into J>oue (rel. pro.) = which. — Beit. xii. 105. 1. 2688. B. supports the MS. reading, -wunduni. 1. 2688. Cf. 1. 2278 for similar language. 1. 2698. B. (^Beit. xii. 105) renders: "he did not heed the head of the dragon (which Beowulf with his sword had struck without effect), but he struck the dragon somewhat further down." Cf. Saxo, vi. p. 272. 1. 2698. Cf. the language used at 11. 446 and 1373, where liafelan also occurs; and hydan. 1. 2700. hweue; cf. Lowl. Sc. loheen, a number; Chaucer's ivoon, number. 1. 2702. S. proposes 1>3/ (for J»at) J>at fyr, etc., = wheji the fire began, etc. 1. 2704. "The (hup)-seax has often been found in Saxon graves on the hip of the skeleton." — E. 1. 2707. Kl. proposes: feorh ealne \vrac, = droz^e out all the life; cf. Gen. 1. 1385. — Beit. ix. 192. S. suggests gefylde, = he felled the foe, etc. — Ibid. Parentheses seem unnecessary. 1. 2727. djig-hwil = time allotted, lifetime. 1. 2745, 2745. Ho. removes geong from the beginning of 1. 2745 and places it at the end of 1. 2744. 150 NOTES. 1. 2750. R. proposes sigle searogimmas, as at 1. 1158. 1. 2767. (i) B. proposes douljtfuUy oferhigean or oferhigan, = Goth, ufarhauhjan, p.p. iifarhauhids (Gr. Tu0a;0eis) = exceed in value. — Tidskr. viii. 60. (2) Kl. proposes ofcrhj'dian, = to inake arrogant, infatuate; cf. oferhj'd. — Beit. ix. 192. 1. 2770. gelocen leoffocraftuiii = (i) spell-bound (Th., Arnold, E.) ; (2) wrought with h,ntd-cra/t (G.) ; (3) meshed, linked together (II., Ho.); cf. Elene, 11. 1 251, 522. 1. 2778. B. considers bill . . . ealdhlafordes as Beowulfs short sword, with which he killed the dragon, 1. 2704 ( y'/V/f/'r. viii. 299). K. proposes ealdhlaforde. MUllcnh. understands ealdhlaford tu mean the former possessor of the hoard. \V. agrees to this, but conceives a^rgest'od as a compd. = aere I'alceatus, sheathed in brass. Ila. trans- lates tergescod as vh. and adv. 1. 2791. Cf. 1. 224, eoletes at cude; landes at ende, Exod. (Hunt). 1. 2792. MS. reads ■wiiteres iveorpan, which R. would change to wiitere sweorfaii. 1. 2806. " Men saw from its height the whales tumbling in the waves, and called it Whale's Ness (Hrone.s-nfes)." — Br. p. 28. Cf. 1. 3137. 1. 2815. WJglaf was the next of kin, the last of the race, and hence the recipient of Beowulf's kingly insignia. There is a possible play on the word laf (Wtg-/r?/; ende-/r//). 1. 2818. gingeste word; cf. novissitna verba, and Gtt. jiingst, lately. 1. 2837. E. translates on lande, in the world, comparing on life, on worulde. 1. 2840. geraesde = pret. of geraesan (omitted from the Gloss.), same as raesan; cf. 1. 2691. 1. 2859. B. proposes deaiflf artcdan, = determine death. — Beit. xii. 106. 1. 2861. Change geongiini to geongan as a scribal error (?), but cf. Lichtenheld, Haupts Zeitschr. xvi. 353-355. 1. 2871. S. and W. propose ower. — Beit. ix. 142. 1. 2873. S. punctuates : ^v^a^'e for^vurpe, ]>a, etc. 1. 2874. H.-So. begins a new sentence with nealles, ending the pre- ceding one with beget. I. 2879. iitgifan = to render, to afford ; omitted in Gloss. II. 28S5-2892. "This passage . . . equals the passage in Tacitus which describes the tie of chief to companion and companion to chief among the Germans, and which recounts the shame that fell on those who survived their lord." — Br., p. 56. 1. 28S6. cyn thus has the meaning of gens or clan, just as in many NOTES. 151 Oriental towns all are of one blood. E. compares Tacitus, Germania, 7; and cf. "kith and kin." 1. 2892. Death is preferable to dishonor. Cf. Kemble, Saxons, i. 235. 1. 2901. The Hy^eXos begins his d,77eXi'a here. 1. 2910. S. proposes higemeSe, sad of soul ; cf. 11. 2853 and 2864 {Beit. ix. 142). B. considers higeineUuin a dat. or instr. pi. of an ab- stract in -u {Beit. xii. 106). H. makes it a dat. pi. = for the dead. For heafod-\vearde, etc., cf. note on 1. 446. 1. 2920-2921. B. explains "he could not this time, as usual, give jewels to his followers." — Beit. xii. 106. 1. 2922. The Merovingian or Prankish race. 1, 2940 seq. B. conjectures : cwa'S hte on mergenne meces ecgum getan wolde, sumon galgtreowu aheawan on holte ond hie ahoan on hd fuglum to gamene. — Beit. xii. 107, 372. Cf. S., Beit. ix. 143. getan = cause blood to be shed. 1. 2950. _B. proposes gomela for gOda; "a surprising epithet for a Geat to apply to the 'terrible' Ongentheow." — Ha. p. 99. But "good" does not necessarily mean "morally excellent," as a "good" hater, a "good" fighter. 1. 2959. See H.-So. for an explanatory quotation from Paulus Diaconus, etc. B., K., and Th. read segii Higelaces, = H.'s banner uplifted began to pursue the Swede-men. — Beit. xii. 108. S. suggests saecc, = pursuit. 1. 2977. ge^vyrpton : this vb. is also used reflexively m Exod. (Hunt), I. 130: wyrpton hie Averige. 1. 2989. bar is Grundt.'s reading, after the MS. "The surviving victor is the heir of the slaughtered foe." — H.-So. Cf. Hildebrajids Lied, II. 61, 62. 1. 2995. "A hundred of thousands in land and rings" (Ha., p. 100). Cf. 11. 2196, 3051. Cf. B., Beit. xii. 20, who quotes Saxo's bis senas getttes and remarks : " Hrolf Kraki, who rewards his follower, for the slaying of the foreign king, with jewels, rich lands, and his only daughter's hand, answers to the Jutish king Hygelac, who rewards his liegeman, for the slaying of Ongentheow, with jewels, enormous estates, and his only daughter's hand." 1. 3006. H.-So. suggests Scilfiingas for Scyldingas, because, at 1. 2397, Beowulf kills the Scylting Eadgils and probably acquires his lands. Thus 11. 3002, 3005, 3006, would indicate that, after Beowulf s death, the Swedes 152 NOTES. desired to shake off his hated yoke. Mullenh., however, regards 1. 3006 as a thoughtless repetition of 1. 2053. — Ilaupts Zeitschr. xiv. 239. 1. 3008. Cf. the same proverb at 1. 256; and Exod. (Hunt.) 1. 293. 1. 3022. E. quotes: " Thai token an harp in gle and game And maked a lai and ) af it name." — Weber, I. 358. and from Percy, "The word glee, which jjeculiarly denoted their art (the minstrels'), continues still in our own language ... it is to this day used in a musical sense, and applied to a peculiar piece of composition." 1. 3025. "This is a fmer use than usual of the common poetic attendants of a battle, the wolf, the eagle, and the raven. The three are here like three Valkyrie, talking of all that they have done." — Br., p. 57. 1. 3033. Cf. Hunt's Dan. 1. 731, for similar language. 1, 3039. B. supplies a supposed gap here : [banan eac fundon bennum seocne (ne) cer hi htem gesegan syllicran wiht] wyrm on wonge ... — Beit. xii. 372. Cf. Ha., p. 102. W. and Ho. insert [J'aer] before gesegan. 1. 3042. Cf. 1. 2561, where gryre-giest occurs as an epithet of the dragon. B. proposes gry[re-fah]. I. 3044. lyft-wynne, in the pride of the air, E.; to rejoice in the air. Ha. 1- 3057- (0 He (God) is men's hope; (2) he is the heroes' hope; (3) gehyld = the secret place of enchanters; cf. helsiiianna gehyld, Gr.'s reading, after A.-S. hfelsere, haruspex, augur. 1.3060. B. suggests ^liyx'^iS'X^, = plundered (i.e. by the thief), for gehj'dde. II. 3063-3066. (O B. suggests wundur [deAffe] hwar >onne eorl ellenrof ende gefere = let a brave man then somewhere meet his end by 'wondrous venture, etc. — Zachers Zeitschr. iv. 241 ; cf. 1. 3038. (2) S. supposes an indirect question introduced by hwar and dependent upon wundur, = a mystery is it when it happens that the hero is to die, if he is no longer to linger among his people. — Beit. ix. 143. (3) Miillenh. suggests : is it to be wondereti at that a man should die when he can no longer live? — Zachers Zeitschr. xiv. 241. (4) Possibly thus: Wundra'5 hwat )>onne, eorl ellen-rof, ende gefere Itf-gesceafta, l^onne leng ne mag (etc.), NOTES. 153 in which hw^at would = J>urh hwiit at 1. 3069, and eorl would be sub- ject of the conjectural vb. \viiiitlra9' : " the valiant earl wondereth then through what he shall attain his life's end, when he no longer may live. ... So Beowulf knew not (wondered how) through what his end should come," etc. W. and Ho. join J»oniie to the next line. Or, for Iiwar read Wfere: Wundur vv^aere }>onne (= gif), etc., = "would it be any wonder if a lirave man," etc., which is virtually MiillenhofPs. 1. 3053. galdre beAviiiiden, spell-bound, throws light on 1. 2770, gelo- cen leoSTo-craftum. The " accursed " gold of legend is often dragon- guarded and placed under a spell. Even human ashes (as Shakespeare's) are thus banned. 11. 3047-3058 recall the so-called "Treasury of Atreus." 1. 3073. herh, liearh, temple, is conjectured by E. to survive in Harrow. Temple, barroiv, etc., have thus been raised to proper names. Cf. Bio- wulfes biorh of 1. 2808. 1. 3074. H.-.So has strudc, = ravage, and compares 1. 3127. MS. has strade. S. suggests stride, = tread. 1. 3074. H.-So. omits stradan, = tread, stride over, from the Gloss., referring 11. 3174 and 3074 to strudan, q.v. 1. 3075. S. proposes : nils he goldh^vates gearwor hafde, etc., = Beowulf had not before seen the greedy possessor's favor. — Beit. ix. 143. B. reads, goldh\vate gear>vor hiifde, etc., making goldh^vate modify est, = golden favor ; but see Beit. xii. 373, for B.'s later view. 1. 3086-3087. B. translates, " that which (i.e. the treasure) drew the king thither was granted indeed, but it overwhelmed us." — Beit. xii. 109. 1. 3097. B. and S. propose after wine deadum, = /« memory of the dead friend. — Beit. ix. 144. 1. 3106. The brad gold here possibly includes the ifi-nionna gold of 1. 3053 and the -wunden gold of 1. 3135. E. translates brad by bullion. 1. 31 14. B. supposes folc-agende to be dat. sg. to gSdiim, referring to Beowulf. I. 31 16. C. considers 'weaxan, = Lat. vescor, to devour, as a parallel to fretan, and discards parentheses. — Beit. viii. 573. 1.3120. tus= furnished with; a meaning which must be added to those in the Gloss. II. 3124-3125. S. proposes: eode eahta sum under inwit-hrof hilderinca : sum on handa bar, etc. — Beit. ix. 144. 1. 3136. H.-So. corrects (after B.) to affelingc, the MS. having e. 1. 3145. " It was their [the Icelanders'] belief that the higher the smoke 154 NOTES. rose in the air the more glorious would the burnt man be in heaven." — Ynglinga Saga, lo (quoted by E.). Cf. the funeral pyre of Herakles. 1. 3 1 46-3 1 47. B. conjectures : . . . swogende lee wope bewunden windblonda leg (lee from lacan, see Gloss.). — Beit. xii. 1 10. Why not ^vilKlblonda lae? 1. 3147. Miillenhoff rejected ^vind-bIon(l geliig because a .great tire raises rather than "lays" the wind; hence B., as above, = " swoughing sported the flame wound with the howling of wind-currents." 1. 3151 seq. B. restores conjecturally : swylce giomor-gyd sio geo-meowle [after Beowulfe] bunden-heorde [song] sorg-cearig, ssede geneahhe, }>at hio hyre [hearm-]dagas hearde on [dr]§de, walfylla worn, [wjtgendes egesan, h^[n]'5o ond haftn^d, heof on rtce wealg. — Beit. xii. 100. Here ge6-lneo^vle = 0/^ -woman or w/^ok;/ bunden-heorde = TwiV/z bound locks : \\^bi — lamentation ; cf. 1. 3143. on rice \vealg is less preferable than the MS. reading, lieofoii reee s^vealg = heaven s7oal- lowed the smoke. — H.-So. B. thinlcs Beowulf's widow (geomeowle) was probably Hygd; cf. 11. 2370, 301 7-3021. 1. 3162. H.-.So. reads (with MS.) bronda be lafe, for betost, and omits colon after been. So B., Zachers Zeitschr. iv. 224. 1. 31 71. E. quotes Gibbon's accounts of the burial of Attila when the "chosen squadrons of the Ilun, wheeling round in measured evolutions, chanted a funeral song to the memory of a hero." 11- 3173-3174- B. proposes: woldon gen cwlSan [ond] kyning wordgyd wrecan ond ymb wel sprecan. — Beit. xii. 112. 1. 3183. Z., K., Th. read manna for niannuni. 1. 3184. "It is the English ideal of a hero as it was conceived by an tinglishman some twelve hundred years ago." — Br., p. 18. NOTES. 155 NOTES TO THE FIGHT AT FINNSBURG. The original MS. of this fragment has vanished, but a copy had been made and printed by Hickes in his Thesanrtis Lingiiarum Septentriona- lium, i. 192. The original was written on a single sheet attached to a codex of homilies in the Lambeth Library. Moller, Alteng. Epos, p. 65, places the fragment in the Finn episode, between 11. 1 146 and 1147. Bugge {Beit. xii. 20) makes it illustrate the conflict in which Hnaf fell, i.e. as described in Bedwulf 2.1, antecedent to the events there given. Heinzel {Anzeiger f. d. Altert.), however, calls attention to the fact that Hengest in the fragment is called cyning, whereas in Bedzmilf, 1. 1086, he is called J>egn. See H.-So., p. 125. " The Fig/i( at Fiunshurg and the lays from which our BeSwulf was composed were, as it seems to me, sung among the English who dwelt in the north of Denmark and the south of Sweden, and whose tribal name was the Jutes or Goths." — Br., p. loi. 1. I. R. supposes [horjnas, and conjectures such an introductory con- versation as follows : " Is it dawning in the east, or is a fiery dragon flying about, or are the turrets of some castle burning?" questions which the king negatives in the same order. Then comes the positive declaration, " rather they are warriors marching whose armor gleams in the moonlight." — Alt- unci A7igels. Lesebuch, 1861. Heinzel and B. conjecture, [beorh- tor hor]nas byrnaaf iia?fre. So. G. — Beit. xii. 22; Anzeiger f. d. Altert. X. 229. 1. 5. B. conjectures fugelas to mean arnrws, and supplies: ac her forS bera'5 [fyrdsearu rincas, flacre flanbogan], fugelas singa'5. He compares Saxo, p. 95, eristatis galeis hastisque sonantibus instant, as explanatory of 1. 6. — Beit. xii. 22. But see Brooke, Early Eng. Litera- ture, who supposes fugelas = raven and eagle^ while graeg-liama is = wolf {\h& " grey-coated one"), the ordinary accompaniers of battle. 1. II. hicgeaij, etc.: cf. Maiden, \, 5; Exod. 1. 218. I. 15. Cf B. (yBeit. xii. 25), etc., and Saxo, p. loi, for 1. 13. II. 18-21. H.-So. remarks: "If, according to Moller and Bugge, Garulf is one of the attackers, one of Finn's men, this does not harmonize with his character as GfiSlaf's son (1. 11), who (1. 16, and BeSiuulf, 1. 1149) is a Dane, therefore one of Finn's antagonists." B. {^Beit. xii. 25) conjectures : J'a gyt G(i•^'dene Garulf styrode, J^at he swa freoltc feorh forman stSe 1 56 NOTES. t8 bsere healle durum hyrsta ne baere, nd lite ntiNa heard anyman wolde; in which GuUdene is the same as SigefercS, 1. 24; he (1. 22) refers to Oarulf; and hie (1. 21) to hyrsta. 1. 27. swsiSer = either (had or good, hfe or death). — H.-So. 1.29. celod: meaning doubtful; of. Maldoii, \. 283. G. renders " curved board " ; Sw. suggests " round " ? " hollow " ? 1.30. B. suggests bar-helm, —boar-helm. Cf. Saxo, p. 96. — Beit. xii. 26. 1. 34. B. conjectures : (i) hwearf flaera hrsew hrafen, waiulrode; (2) hwearf flaera hraew hriifeii fram Off rum —flew from one corpse to another. — Beit. xii. 27. 1. 43. B. supposes wuiid hiileff to be a Dane, folces hyrde to be Hnaf, in opposition to Holtzmann {Germania, viii. 494), who supposes the wounded man to be a Parisian, and folees hyrde to be their king, P'inn. — Beit. xii. 28. 1.45. B. adopts Th.'s reading heresceorp unhror = ei/ui/>ments use- less. — Beit. xii. 28. 1. 47. "Though wounded, they had retained their strength and activity in battle." — B. , Beit. xii. 28. ADDENDA. 11. 105 and 218. MS. and Ho. read won-saeli and fami-heals. 11. 143, 183, 186, etc. Read >iBm for J»am. 1. 299. MS. reads % agltecean, 2593. aglfec--wif, st. n., demon, devil, in the form of a wo?nan; of Grendel's mother, 1260. aldor. See ealdor. al-wealda. See eal-w. ani-biht (from and-b., Goth, and- baht-s), St. m., servant, man-ser- vant : nom. sg. ombeht, of the coast-guard, 287; ombiht, of Wulf- gar, 336. ainbiht-J»egii (from ambiht n. offi- cium and J'egn, which see), servant, man-servant : dat. sg. ombiht- t>egne, of Be6wulf 's servant, 674. an, prep, with the dat., on, in, with respect to, 678 ; with, among, at, upon (position after the governed word), 1936; with the ace, 1248. Elsewhere on, which see. ancor, st. m., a7ichor : dat. sg. ancre, 303, 1S84. ancor-bend, m. (?) f. (?), anchor - cable : dat. pi. oncer-bendum, 19 19. and, conj. (ond is usual form; for example, 601, 1149, 2041), and ;i;i, 39, 40, etc. (See Appendix.) anda, w. m., excitement, vexation, horror: dat.wra'Sum on andan, 709, 2315- and-git, st. n., insight, understand- ing : nom. sg., 1060. See gitan. and-hator, st. m. n., heat corjiing against ojie : gen. sg. rS'Ses and- hattres, 2524. and-lang, -long, adj., very long. hence i) at whole length, raised up high : ace. andlongne eorl, 2696 (cf. Bugge upon this point, Zach- ers Ztschr., 4, 21 7) . — 2) continual, entire; andlangne dag, 21 16, the whole day ; andlonge niht, 2939. and-ledn, St. n., reward, payment in full : ace. sg., 1542, 2095 (hand-, hond-lean, MS.). and-risno, st. f. (see risan, surgere, decere), that which is to be ob- served, that which is proper, eti- quette : dat. pi. for andrysnum, ac' cording to etiquette, 1 797. 158 GLOSSARY. anfl-saca, w. m., adversary : godes andsaca (Grendel), 7S7, 16S3. and-slyht, st. m., bhiu in retttm : ace. sg., 2930, 2973 (MS. both times hond-slyhf). an(l-s\varu,st. f., act of accosting : i ) to persons coming up, an address, 2S61. — 2) in reply to SDmothing said, an answer, n^, I494i 1S41. au(I-\veard, adj., present, existing: ace. sg. n. swin ofer lielme and- vveard (jJie image of the boar, which stands on his helm), 12S8. and-wlitci, "w.m., countenance : ace. sg. -an, 690. an-sund, adj., entirely unharmed : riom. sg. m., lOOI. an-sjri, f., the state of being seen : hence l) the exterior, the form, 251 : diWsyn yw'de, shoTved his form, i.e. appeared, 2S35. — 2) aspect, af'pearance, 929; on-syn, 2773. an-\valda, w. m., He who rules over all, (iod, 1273. See Note. atol, adj. (also eatol, 2075, etc.), hos- lilc, frightful, cruel : of Grendel, '59. '65, 593, 2075, etc.; of Gren- del's mother's hands (dat. pi. ato- lan), 1503 ; of the undulation of the waves, 849 ; of battle, 597, 2479. — cf. O.N. atall, fortis, stre- nuus. att'lTc, adj., terrible, dreadful : ate- Itc egesa, 7S5. A, adv. (Goth, aiv, ace. from aiv-s ^^\'\ym),ever, always, 455^ 882,931, 1479: S sy'5*San, ever afterwards, ever, ever after, 283, 292 1 . — ever, 780. — Comp. nd. M.^'iX.m. funeral pile : ace. sg. Sd, 3139; dat. sg. Sde, llii, 1115. ad-fani, St. f., way to the funeral pile, dat. sg. on ad-fare, 3011. S^^y%\..{., sickness, 1737, 1764, 1849. aij, St. m., oath in general, 2740; oatk cf allegiance, 472 (?); oath of reconciliation of two %varring peo- ples, 1098, 1 108. aU-s weord, st. n.,thesolem n takingoj an oath, the s:i'rai-i/ig of an oath : nom. pi., 2065. See sweord. a3'ain-s\vcrian, m. pi., son-in-law and father-in-law : dat. pi., 84. agan, verb, pret. and pres., to have, to possess, w. ace. : III. prs. sg. ah, 1728; inf. Sgan, 1089; prt. ahte, 487, 522, 533; with object, ge- \veald,tobesupplied,3i. I<"orm con- tracted with the negative : prs. sg. I. nSh hwa sweord vvege {I have no one to ivield the sivord), 2253. agen, adj., oion, peculiar, 2677. agend (prs. part, of Sgan), possessor, owner, lord : gen. sg. agendes, 0/ God, 3076. — Compounds : blaed-, bold-, folc-, magen-agend. agend-fred, w. m., owner, lord: gen. sg. agend-frean, 1884. Tihsian, ge-ahsian, vv. v. : i) to ex- amine, to find out by inqniring : pret. part, ge-ah.sod, 433. — 2) to experience, to endure : pret. Sh- sode, 1207; pi. ahsodon, 423. alitjSt. n. (contracted from S-wiht, which see), something, anything: Sht cwices, 2315. &n, num. The meaning of this word betrays its aj^parcnt demonstrative character: i) this, that, 241 1, of the hall in the earth mentioned before; similarly, 100 (of (jrendel, already mentioned), cf. also 2775. — 2) one, a particular one among many, a single one, in numerical sense : ymb fine niht {the next night), 135; Jjurh 4nes craft, 700; GLOSSARY. 159 J)ira anum, 1038; Sn after Snum, one for the other (Hre'Sel for Herebeald), 2462: similarly, Sn after eallum, 2269; Snes hwat, sotm single thing, a part, 301 1; se in leoda duguSe,/"/^^ one of the heroes of the people, 2238; z.vi&'s,W\Wz.\-\,for the sake of a single one, 3078, etc. — Hence, again, 3) alone, distin- guished, 1459, 1886. — 4) a,\Vi the sense of an indefinite article : in . . . feond, 100; gen. sg.dnre bene (or to No.2[?]),428; in...draca, 2211 — 5) gen. pi. inra, in connection with a pronoun, single; inra gehwilces, every single one, 733; inra geh- wylcum, 785. Similarly, the dat. pi. in this sense : nemne feaum Snum, ^except a fe%v single ones, 1082. — 6) solus, alone: in the strong form, 1378, 2965 ; in the weak form, 145, 425, 431, 889, etc.; with the gen., Sna Gedta duguSe, alone of the warriors of the Gedtas, 2658. — 7) solitarius, alone, lonely, see sen. — Comp. nan. 3.n-feald, adj., simple, plain, without reserve : ace. sg. infealdne geboht, simple opinion, 256. an-genga, -gengea, w. m., he -who goes alone, of Grendel, 165, 449. an-haga, w. m., he who stands alone, solitarius, 2369. an-hydig, adj. (like the O.N. ein- rad-r, of one resolve, i.e. of firm re- solve), of one opinion, i.e. firm, brave, decided, 2668. S.nga, adj. (only in the weak form), single, only : ace. sg. Sngan dohtor, 375, 2998; Sngan eaferan, 1548; dat. sg. Sngan br^'Ser, 1263. S.n-pad', St. m., lonely way, path: ace. pi. dnpa'Sas, I411. ftn-rsed, adj. (of. under in-hydig), of firm resolution, resolved, 1530, 1576. a.n-tid,st. f.,\., noble di'- scent, nobility, in the sense of noble lineage: ace. pi. aSclu, 392; dat. pi. cyning aSelum god, the king, of noble birth, 1871 ; a^elum diore, worthy on account of no- ble lineage, 1950; aSelum (hsele- I'um, MS.), 332. — Comp. fiidcr- iiiNelii. ufiiaii, w. V. w. ace, to prrforiii, to carry out, to accomplish : inf. clleii- weorc iifnan, to do a heroic deed, 1465; pret. unriht iifnde, perpe- trated 'wrong, 1255. ge-iifnan, i) to carry out, to do, to accomplish : pret. pi. )'at geafndon swS, so carried that out, 538; pret. part. &tS was geafned, the oath was sworn, H08. — 2) get r^a*/)/, /rf- /rtr^/ pret. part, geafned, 3107. See efnan. after (comparative of af, Ags. of, which see; hence it expresses the idea oi forth, away, from, back), a) 3.(i\., thereupon, afterwards, 12, 341, 1390, 2155. — ic him after sceal , / shall go after them, 2817; in word after cwiiN, 315, the sense seems to be, spoke back, having turned; b) prep. w. dat., l) (tem- poral) after, 1 19, 128, 187, 825, 1939, etc.; after beorne, after the (death of) the hero, 2261, so 2262; after maSSum-welan, after (obtain- ing) the treasure, 275 1 . — 2) (causal) as proceeding from something, de- noting result and purpose, hence, in consequence of, conformably to : after rihte, in accordance with right, 1050, 21 n; after faroSe, %vith the current, 580; so 1321, 1721, 1944, 2180, etc., after hea'So-swate, in consequence of the blood of battle, 1607 ; after walniSe, in consequence of mortal entnity, 85 ; /';/ accordance tvith, on account of, after, about : after aSeluni (h£elelnmi,MS.)fragn, asked about the descent, 332 ; ne frin Ini after sa;lum, ask not after my welfare, 1323; after sincgy fan greo- ter/h alone, 46 aene, adv., once: oft nallesaene, 3020. sBnig, pron., one, any one, 474, 503, 510, 534, e'c : instr. sg. nolde . . . aenige binga, woui.J in no xvay, not at all, ']()2\ lyt ainig mearn, little did any one sorrow (i.e. no one), 3130. — With the article: nas se folceyning . . . aenig, no people's king, 2735. — Comp. naenig. GLOSSARY. 1G3 een-lic, adj., alone, excellent, distin- guished: oenlic ans>'n, distinguished appearance, ^'^i; I'eah he hio aan- licu s^, though she be beautiful, 1942. aer (comparative form, from a) : i) adv., sooner, before, beforehaiid, 15, 656, 695, 758, etc., for a long time, 2596 : eft swS aer, again as formerly. 643 ; asr ne siSSan, neither sooner nor later, "Jig; cer 2,.-n6.%V^, sooner n)id later {s.\\ times), 2501 ; no \>y set (^not so much the •sooner), yet not, 755, 1503, 2082, 21 61, 2467. — 2) conjunct., btfore, ere : a) with the ind. : aer hio to sctle geong, 2020. b) w. subjimc. : cer gc fyr feran, before you travel fa7-ther, 252 ; aer he on weg hwurfe, 264, so 677, 2S19 ; p^r |)on dag cwome, ere the day break, 732; aer correlative to ser adv. : ser he feorh sele'5, aldor an ofre, eer he wille . . ., he will sooner (rather) leave his life upon the shore, before (than) he ivill . . ., 1372. — 3) prepos. with dat., before : xt deacSe, before death, 1389 ; xr dages hwile, be- fore daybreak, 2321 ; aer swylt- djige, before the day of death, 2799. aeror, comp. adv., sootier, before- hand, 810 ; formerly, 2655. aerra, comp. adj., earlier : instr. pi., a;rran niaelum, in former titnes, 90S, 2238, 3036. aerest, superl. : i) adv., first of all, foremost, 6, 617, 1698, etc. — 2) as subst. n., relation to, the begin- ni7ig: ace. \>'iX ic his aerest Jjc eft gesagde {to tell thee in what rela- tion it stood at first to the coat of mail that has been presented), 2158. See Note. »r-dag,st. m. {before-day), morning- twilight, gray of morning : dat. sg. mid aerdage, 126; samod aerdage, 1 31 2, 2943. serende, st. n., errand, trust : ace. sg., 270, 345. aer-fader, st. m., late father, de- ceased father : nom. sg. swS his aerfader, 2623. ser-gestreon, st. n., old treasure, possessions dating from old times : ace. sg., 1758; gen. sg. swylcra fela aergestreona, wz^f/i of such old treasure, 2233. See gestreon. aer-ge'woorc, st. n., work dating from old times : nom. sg. enta asr- geweorc, the old-ioork of the giants (of the golden sword-hilt from Grendel's water-hall), 1680. See ge^veorc . aer-god, adj., good since old times, long invested with dignity or ad vantages : adding asrgod, 13c ; (eorl) aergod, 1330 ; iren aergjd {excellent sword), 990, 2587. ser-wela, w. m., old possessions, riches dating from old times : ace. sg. aerwelan, 2748. See wela. aes, St. n., carcass, carrion : dat. (instr.) sg. aese, of Aschere's corpse, 1333- ai.t, St. m., food, 7neat : dat. sg., hQ him at aete speow, how he fared well at meat, 3027. settreu (see attor), ^^\., poisonous : was )>a.t blod to l^as hat, aitlren ellorgast, se l^cer inne swealt, so hot was the blood, {and) poisonous the demon (Grendel's mother) who died therein, 1618 B baua, bona, w. m., murderer, 158, 588, 1 103, etc.: ace. sg. bonan Ongent>e6wes, of HygelSc.although 164 GLOSSARY. in reality his men slew Ongenl-eou (2965 ff.), 1969. Figuratively of inanimate objects : ne was ecg bona, 2507; wear's wracu Weoh- stanesbana, 2614. — Comp. : ecg-, feorh-, gast-, hand-, mflS-bana. bon-gar, st. m. murdering spear, 2032. ge-bannan, st. v. w. ace. of the thing and dat. of the person, to commanii, to bid : inf., 74. bad, St. I., pledge, only in comp. : n^d- bM. ban, St. n., bone : dat. sg. on bane (on the bony sl;in of the drake), 2579; dat. pi. heals ealne ymbe- feng biteran banum (here of the teeth of the drake), 2693. b&n-cofa, w. ni., " cubile ossium " (Grimm) of the body : dat. sg. -co fan, 1446. b&n-fag, adj., variegated with bones, either with ornaments made of bone-work, or adorned with bone, perhaps deer-antlers; of Hro-Sgar's hall, 781. The last meaning seems the more probable. ban-filt, St. n., bone-vessel, i.e. the body: ace. pi. bSn-fatu, 1 117. ban-hring, st. m., the bone-struc- ture, joint, bone-joint : ace. pi. hire wi'5 halse . . . banhringas brae (^jroke her neck-joint), 1568. bfl.n-hus, St. n., bo7te-house, i.e. the body : ace. sg. b^nhfls gebrac, 2509; similarly, 3148. ban-loca, w. m., the enclosure of the bones, i.e. the body: ace. sg. bSt bSnlocan, bit the body, 743; nom. pi. burston bSnlocan, the body burst (of Grendel, because his arm was torn out), 819. bat, St. m., boat, craft, ship, 211. — Comp. sai-bSt. bat-'weard, st. m., boat-watcher, he who kcips -Match OTer the crafl; dat. sg. -wearde, 1 901. biiU, St. n., bath : ace. sg. ofer gano- tes baN, over the diverts bath (i.e. the sea), 1862. barnaii, w. v., to cause to burn, to burn : inf. h^t . . . binfatu bar- nan, bade that the bodies be burned, 1 1 1 7 ; ongan . . . beorht hofu bar- nan, began to consume the splendid country-seats (the dragon), 2314. for-barnan, w. v., consume with fire : inf. hy hine ne moston . . . bronde for-barnan, /'//^_)'(the Danes) could not burn him (the dead Aschere) upon the funeral-pile, 2127. baedan (Goth, baidjan, O.N. bei- ISa), /^ incite, to encourage: pret. ba:dde byre geonge, encouraged the youths (at the banquet), 2019. ge -baedan, w. v., to press hard: pret. part, bysigum gebreded, distressed by trouble, difficulty, danger (of battle), 2581; to drive, to send forth : stiTela storm strengum ge- bceded, the storm of arrows sent with strength, 3118; overcome: draca . . . bealwe geboeded, the dragon . . . overcome by the ills of battle, 2827. bsel (O.N. \M'),'i.\..x^.,fire,flames : (wyrm) mid bxle for, passed {through the air) with fire, 2309 ; hafde landwara lige befangan, btele and bronde, with fire and burn- ing, 2323. — Especially, the fire of the funeral-pile, the funeral-pile, 1110,1117,2127; Kr he bail cure, ere he sottght the burning (i.e. died), 2819 ; hata'S . . . hlasw ge- wyrcean . . . after baele, ajter lam burned, let a burial mound be thrown up (Be6wulf's words), 2804. GLOSSARY. 165 bael-fyr, st. n., bale-fire, fire 0/ the funeral- pile : gen. pi. bselfyra msest, 3144. bail-stede, st. m., place for the fu- neral.pile : dat. sg. in bjel-stede, 3098. bael-wudn, st. m., wood for the fu- neral-pile, 31 1 3. baer, st. f., bier, 3106. g e - baeran, w.v.. to conduct one'' s self, behave: inf. w. adv., ne gefragen ic hu masgSe . . . sel gebaeran, / did not hear that a troop bore itself better, maintained a nobler de- portment, 1013; he on eorSan geseah hone leofestan Itfes at ende bleate gebaeran, swlV the best-beloved upon the earth, at the end of his life, struggling miserably (i.e. in a helpless situation), 2825. g e - baetan (denominative frombaete, the bit), w. v., to place the bit in the mouth of an animal, to bridle : pret. part. J>S was Hroflgare hors gebseted, 1400. be, prep. w. dat. (with the funda- mental meaning near, " but not of one direction, as at, but more gen- eral ") : l) local, near by, near, at, on (rest) : be ydlafe uppe te- gon, lay above, tipon the deposit of the waves (upon the strand, of the slain nixies), 566; hafde be honda, held by the hand (Beowulf held Grendel) ,815; be ssem tweo- num, in the circuit of both the seas, S59, 1686 ; be maste, on the mast, 1906; be iyxe, by the fire, 2220; be nasse, at the promontory, 2244; sat be Jiaem gebroSrum twtem, sat by the two brothers, II92 ; was se gryre lassa efne swa micle swa biS mag'Sa craft be wsepnedmen, the terror was jus*, so much less, as is the strength of woman to the 7varrior (i.e. is valued by), 1285, etc. — 2) also local, but of motion from the subject in the direction of the object, oji, upon, by : gefeng be ea.xle, seized by the shoulder, 1538; aledon leofne l^eoden be maste, laid the dear lord near the mast, 36 ; be healse genam, took him by the neck, fell upon his neck, 1873 ; waepen hafenade be hiltum, grasped the weapon by the hilt, 1575, etc. — 3) with this is con- nected the causal force, on account of, for, according to : ic his gid be he awrac, / spake this solemn speech for thee, for thy sake, 1724 ; hfl he Iser be hon, learn according to this, from this, 1723 ; be fader lare, according to her father'' s di- rection, 1 95 1. — 4) temporal, w//?7^, during : be he lifigendum, while thou livest, during thy life, 2666. See bi. bed, St. n., bed, couch : ace. sg. bed, 140, 677; gen. sg. beddes, 1792; dat. pi. beddum, 1241. — Comp. : dea'5-, hlin-, lager-, mor'Sor-, wal- bed. g e - bedde, w. f., bed-fellow : dat. sg. wolde secan cwen to gebeddan, wished to seek the queen as bed-fel- low, to go to bed with her, 666. — Comp. heals-gebedde. begen, fem. \)A,both: nom. m.,536, 770, 2708; ace. fem. on bShealfa, on two sides (i.e. Grendel and his mother), 1306; dat. m. bim, 2197; and in connection with the posses- sive instead of the personal pro- noun, drum bam, 2661 ; gen. n. bega, 1874, 2896; begagehwaSres, each one of the two, 1044 ; bega io\cQS, of both peoples, 11 25. g e - belgan, st. v. (properly, to causi to swell, to swell) , to irritate : w. 1(^.(1 GLOSSARY. dat. (pret. subj.) t'St he ecean dryhtne bitre gel)ulge, that he had bitterly attgered the eternal Lord, 2332; pret. part, gebolgen, 1540; (gebolge, MS.),2222; pl.geholgne, 1432; more according to the origi- nal meaning in tome gebolgen, 2402. i-belgan, to anger: pret. sg. vv. ace. 85 Jjjit hyne Sn dbealh mon on mode, till a man a^igered him in his heart, 2281 ; pret. part. Sbol- gen, 724. ben, St. f., wound : ace. sg. benne, 2725. — Comp. : feorh-, seax-ben. bene, St. f., bench : nom. sg. bene, 492; dat. sg. bence, 327, 1014, 1 189, 1244. — Comp. : ealu-, medu- benc. benc-s\veg, st. ni., {bench-rejoic- ing), rejoicing which resounds from the benches, II 62. benc-}>cl, st. n., bench-board, the wuinscotted space 7uhere the benches stand: nom. pi. benc-J'elu, 486; ace. pi. benc)jelu beredon, cleared the bench-boards (i.e. by taking away the benches, so as to prepare couches), 1240. bend, St. m. f., bond, fetter : ace. sg. forstes bend, frosCs bond, 1610; dat. pi. bendum, 978. — Comp. : f$>r-, hell-, hyge-, tren-, oncer-, searo-, wal-bend. ben-geat, st. n., {-wound -gate), wound-opening : nom. pi. beu- geato, 1 122. bera (O.N. beri), w. m., bearer : in comp. hleor-bera. beran, st. v. w. ace, to carry • III. sg. pres. byre's, 296, 448; l^one md'SSum byre's, carries the treas- ure ^upon his person), 2056; pres. subj. here, 437; pi. beren, 2654; inf. beran, 48, 231, 291, etc.; heht \>^ se hearda Hrunting beran, to bring I/runtittg, 1808; up beran, 1921; in beran, 2153; pret. bar, 495, 712, 847, etc.; mandryhtne bar fated wEge, brought the lord the costly vessel, 2282; pi. bjeron, 213, 1636, etc.; bseran, 2851 ; pret part, boren, 1 193, 1648, 3136. — The following expressions arc po- etic paraphrases of the forms go, come : \>'i.t we rondas beren eft to earde, 2654; gewftaS for"5 beran waspen and gewa;du, 29 1; ic ge- fragn sunu Wihstanes hringnet be- ran, 2755 ; wigheafolan liar, 2662; helmas baeron, 240 (conjecture) ; scyldas basran, 285 1 : they lay stress upon the connection of the man with his weapons. at-beran, to carry to : inf. to bea- dolace {battle) atberan, 1562; pret. I'd hine on morgenltd on Hea'(Sora;mas holm up atbar, the sea bore him up to the //ea'^or(Cinas, 519; hio Beowuife medofal alba*. brought Bed'wulf the mead-cup, 625; magenbyrSenne . . . hidcr fit atbar cyninge mtnum, bore the great burden hither to my king, 3093; pi. ht hyne atbreron to brimes fn- ro'Se, 28. for-beran, to hold, to suppress : inf. hat he hone brcostwylm forberan ne mehte, that he could not suppress the emotions of his breast, 1878. ge-beran, /o bri tig forth, to bear: pret. part, hat IS mag secgan se he so^ and riht fremeN on folce . . . I'iit hes eorl waere geboren betera {that mccy every just man of the people say, that this nobleman is better born), 1704. 6'5-beran, to bring hither: pret. hS mec sse otSbar on Finna land, 579- GLOSSARY. 1^1 on-beran (O.H.G. in beran, intpe- ran, but in the sense of carere), au- ferre, to carry off, to take away : inf. tren Eergod I'at has ahlffican blodge beadufolme onberan wolde, excellent snwrd which would sweep off the bloody hand of the demon, 991; pret. part, (was) onboien beaga hord, the treasure of the rings had been carried off, 2285. — Compounds with the pres. part. : helm-, sawl-berend. berian (denominative from bar, naked), w. v., to make bare, to clear : pret. pi. bencl>elu beredon, cleared the bench-place (by remov- ing the benches), 1240. berstan, st. v., to break, to burst: pret. pi. burston banlocan, 819; bengeato burston, 1122. — tocrack, to make the noise of breaking : fin- gras burston, the fingers cracked (from Beowulf's gripe), 761. for-berstan, break, to fly asunder : pret. Nagling forbarst, N'dgliitg (Beowulf's sword) broke in two, 2681. betera, adj. (comp.), better: nom. sg. m. betera, 469, 1704. bet-lic, adj., excellent, splendid: nom. sg. n., of HroNgar's hall, 781; of Hygelac's residence, 1926. betst, betost (superl.), best, the best : nom. sg. m. betst beadurinca, 1 1 lO; neut. nu is ofost betost, VHi we . . ., now is haste the best, that ■we . . ., 3008; voc. m. secg betsta, 948; neut. ace. beaduscrflda betst, 453; ace. sg. m. J>egn betstan, 1872. bScn, St. n., {beacon), token, mark, sign : ace. sg. betimbredon beado- rofes been (of Beowulfs grave- mound), 3162. See beacen. be^. See bedg. ben, St. f., entreaty : gen. sg. bSne, 428, 2285. bena, w. m., suppliant, supplex : nom. sg. swa t>u bena eart (as thou entreatest), 2S^y swS he bena was (as he had asked), 3141 ; nom. pi. hy benan synt, 364. ge-betan: i) to make good, to re- move: pret.ac hu Hro'Sgare wtdcfi'S- ne wean wihte gebettest, hast thou in anyway relieved Hro'Sgdr of the evil knowtt afar, 1992; pret. part, ace. sg. swylce oncySSe ealle ge- bette, retnoved all trouble, 83 1. — 2) to avenge : inf. wihte ne meahte on ham feorhbonan fsehSe gebetan, could in no way avenge the death upon the slayer, 2466. beadu, st. f., battle, strife, combat : dat. sg. (as instr.) beadwe, in com- bat, 1 540; gen. pi. bad beadwa ge-Jnnges, waited for the combats (with Grendel) that 7vere in store for him, 710. beadu-folm, st. f., battle-hand : ace. sg. -folme, of Grendel's hand, 991. beado-grima, w. m., (battle-mask), helmet: ace. pi. -griman, 225S. beado-hriigl, st. n., (battle-gar- ment), corselet, shirt of mail, 552. beado-lac, st. n., (exercise in arms, tilting), combat, battle : dat. sg. to beado-lace, 1562. beado-leoma, w. m., (battle- light] , sword: nom. sg., 1524. beado-niece, st. m., battle-sword: nom. pi. beado-mecas, 1455. beado-rinc, st. m., battle-hero, war- rior: gen. pi. betst beadorinca, 1 1 10. beadu-rOf, adj., strong in battle: gen. sg. -rofes, of Beowu'f, 3162. beadu-run, st. f., mystery of battle : ace. sg. onband beadu-rftne, solved the mystery of the combat, i.e. gave battle, commenced the fight, 501. 168 GLOSSARY. boadu-scearp, adj., battle-sharp, sharp for the battle, 2705. bcadu-scrud, st. n., {battle-dress'), corselet, shirt of mail : gen. pi. beaduscrftda betst, 453. beadu-serce, \v. {., {battle-garment), corselet, shirt of mail : ace. sg. brogdne beadu-sercean (because it consists of interlaced metal rings), 2756. boado-'weorc, st. n., {battle-iuork), battle : gen. sg. gefeh beado- weorces, rejoiced at the battle, 2300. boald, adj., bold, brave: in conip. cyning-beald. bcaldiau, w. v., to show otters self brave: pret. bealdode godum dae- dum {through brave deeds), 2178. bealdor, st. m., lord, prince : noin. sg. sinca baldor, 2429; winia beal- dor, 2568. bcalu, St. n., evil, ruin, destruction : instr. sg. beahve, 2827 ; gen. pi. bealuwa, 281 ; bealewa, 20S3 ; bealwa, 910. — Comp. : cvvealm-, ealdor-, hre'Ser-, leod-, niorSor-, niht-, sweord-, wig-bealu. bealu, adj., deadly, dangerous, bad : instr. sg. hyne sar hafa^ befongen balvvon bendum, pain has en- twined hitn in deadly bands, 978. bealo-CAvealin, st. ni., violent death, death by the sword {}), 2266. bealo-hycgende, pres. part., think- ing of death, meditating destruc- tion : gen. pi. acgh\va"(5rum bealo- hycgcndra, 2566. bealo-hydig, adj., thinking of death, meditating destruction : of Gren- del, 724. bealo-niU, st. m., {zeal for destruc- tion), deadly enmity: noni. sg., 2405 ; destructive struggle : ace. sg. bebeorh \>t J^one bealontIS, be- ware of destructive striving, 1759; death-bringing rage : nova. sg. hira on bredstum bealo-ntS weoll, in his breast raged deadly fury (of the dragon's poison), 2715. bearhtin (see beorlit) : i) st. m., splendor, brightness, clearness : nom. sg. eagena bearhtm, 1767. — 2) sound, tone : ace. sg. bearhtm ongeaton, gflcihorn galan, they heard the sound, {heard) the bat- tle-horn sound, 1432. bearin, m., gremium, sinus, lap, bosoTn : nom. sg, foldan bearm, 1 1 38; ace. sg. on bearm scipes, 35> S97 ; on bearm nacan, 214; him on bearm hladan bunan and discas, 2776. — 2) figuratively, /oj- session, property, because things bestowed were placed in the lap of the receiver (1145 and 2195, on bearm licgan, alecgan) ; dat. sg. him to bearme cwom ma'SSum- fat mx»re, came into his posses- sion, 2405. bcariijSt.n., i) child, son : nom. sg. beam Healfdenes, 469, etc. ; EcglS- fes beam, 499, etc. ; dat. sg. bearne, 2371 ; nom. pi. beam, 59; dat. pi. bearnum, 1075. — 2) in a broader sense, scion, offspring, descendant : nom. sg. Ongen^eow's beam, of his grandson, 2388 ; nom. pi. yldo beam, 70 ; gumena beam, chil- dren of men, 879 ; hale'Sa beam, 1 190; aSelinga beam, 3172 ; ace. pi. ofer ylda beam, 606 ; dat. pi. ylda bearnum, 150 ; gen. pi. ni'^'Sa bearna, 1006. — Comp. : bro"i5or-, dryht-beam. bearn-gebyrdu, f., birth, birth of a son : gen. sg. hat hyre eald- metod 6ste wasre beam-gebyrdo, has been gracious through the birth of such a son (i.e. as Be6wulf ), 947 GLOSSARY. 169 bcaru, st. m., {Jite b:arer, hence properly only the fruit-tree, espe- cially the oak and the beech), tree, collectively /(7;'«/.' nom. pi. hrtmge bearwas, rime-covered or ice-clad, 1364. bedcen, st. n., sign, banner, vexil- lum : nom. sg. beorht beacen godes, 0/ the sun, 570 ; gen. pi. beacnabeorhtost, 2778. See been. ge-bedcnian, \v. v., to mark, to in- dicate : pret. part, ge-beacnod, 140. bedg, St. m., ring, ornament : nom. sg. beah (^neck-ring'), 1 212; ace. sg. beah (the collar of the mur- dered king of the HeaSobeardnas), 2042 ; beg (collective for the ace. pi.), 3165 ; dat. sg. cwom Wealh- l^eo for 5 gan under gyldnum beage, she walked along under a golden head-ring, wore a golden diadem, 1 1 64; gen. sg. beages (of. a col- lar), 1217; ace. pi. beagas (rings in general), 80, 523, etc.; gen. pi. beaga, 35, 352, 1488, 2285, etc.— Comp. : earm-, heals-beag. be^g-gj'fa, \v. m., ring-giver, des- ignation of the prince : gen. sg. -gyfan, 1 103. bedg-hroden, adj., adorned with rings, ornamented with clasps : nom. sg. beaghroden, cwen, of Hro'Sgar's consort, perhaps with reference to her diadem (cf. 1 164), 624. liedli-hord, st. m. n., ring-hoard, treasure consisting of rings: gen. j>g. beah-hoides, 895 ; dat. pi. beah- hordum, 2827 ; gen. pi. beah-hor- da vveard, of King Hr6(5gar, 922. bedh-sele, st. m., ring-hall, hall in which the rings were distributed : nom. sg., of Heorot, 11 78. be4h-J>egu, St. f., the receiving of the ring: dat. sg. after beah->ege, 2177. bedh-wriffa, \v. m. ring-band, ring wdth prominence given to its having the form of a band : ace. sg. beah- wriSan, 2019. bedni, st m., tree, only in the com- pounds fyrgen-, gleo-beam. bedtan, st. v., thrust, strike : pres. sg. mearh burhstede beate^, tin steed beats the castle-ground (place where the castle is built), i.e. with his hoofs, 2266 ; pret. part, swealt bille ge-beaten, died, struck by the battle-axe, 2360. beorb, St. m. : i) mountain, rock: dat. Sg. beorge, 211 ; gen. sg. be- orges, 2525, 2756 ; ace. pi. beorgas, 222. — "i) grave-mound, tomb-hill : ace. sg. biorh, 2808; beorh, 3098,^ 3165. A grave-mound serves the drake as a retreat (cf. 2277, 2412) : nom. sg. beorh, 2242 ; gen. sg. be- orges, 2323. — Comp. stan-bsorh. beorh, st. f., veil, covering, cap; only in the comp. heaford-beorh. beorgan, st. v. (w. dat. of the in- terested person or thing), /o save, io shield : inf. wolde feore beorgan, place her life in safety, 1294; here- byrne . . . seo \>& bancofan beorgan cfti^e, which could protect his body, 1446; pret. pi. ealdre burgan, 2600. be-beorgan (w. dat. refl. of pers. and ace. of the thing), to take care, to defend one's self from : inf. him be-beorgan ne con worn, cannot keep himself from stain (fault), 1747; imp. bebeorh \>& )'one bea- lon«, 1759. gc-beorgan (w. dat. of person or thing to be saved), to save, to pro- tect: pret. sg. }>at gebearh feore, protected the life, 1549; scyld wel gebearg life and lice, 2571. ymb-beorgan, to surround pyo- 170 GLOSSARY. Uctingly : pret. sg. bring fltan ymb- liearh, 1504. beorht, byrht, adj.: i) gleaming, shilling, radiant, shimmering : nom. sg. beorht, of the sun, 570, 1803; beorhta, of Heorot, 11 78; ^at beorhte bold, 998; ace. sg. beorhtne, of Beowulf's grave- niouiui, 2804 ; dat. sg. to [nEre hyrhtaii (liere-byrhtan, MS.) byiig, 1200; ace. pi. beorhte fratwe, 214, 897; beorhte randas, 231; bord- wudu beorhtan, 1244; n. beorht hofu, 2314. Super].: beacnabeoih- tost, 2778. — 2) excellent, remark- able : gen. sg. beorhlre bote, 158. — Comp. : sadol-, wlite-beorht. beorhte, adv., brilliantly, brightly, radiajitly, 15 18. bcorlitiaii, w. v., to sound clearly : pret. sg. beorhtode benc-sweg, 1162. beorn, sc. m., hero, warrior, noble man: nom. sg. (HroSgir), 1881, (Beowulf), 2434, etc. ; ace. sg. (Beow.), 1025, (Aschere), 1300; dat. sg. beorne, 2261 ; nom. pi. beornas (Beowulf and his com- panions), 211, (Hro(5gar's guests), 857; gen. pi. biorna (Beowulf's liege-men), 2405. — Comp.: folc-, gft'S-beorn. beornan, st. v., to burn : pres. part, oyrnende (of the drake), 2273. — Comp. un-byrnende. for-beornan, to be consumed, to burn: pret. sg. for-barn, 161 7, 1668 ; for-born, 2673. ge-beornan, to be burned: pret. gebarn, 2698. beorn-cynlng, st. m., king of war- riors, king of heroes : nom. sg. (as voc), 2149. beodan, st. v.: \) to announce, to inform^ to make known : inf. bid- dan, 2893. >— 2) to offer, to proffer (as the notifying of a transaction in direct reference to the person concerned in it) : pret. pi. him geHngo budon, offered then an agreement, 1086 ; pret. part. \>3l was ffiht boden Sweona leodum, then was pursuit offered the Siued- ish people, 2958; inf. ic t>am godan sceal mSSmas beodan, /shall offer the excellent man treasures, 385. i - b e 6 d a n , /^i present, to announce : pret. word inne ahead, made knouni the words 7aithin, 390 ; to offer, to tender, to wish : pret. him hocl ahead, wished him health (greeted him), 654. Similarly, htelo ^bead, 2419 ; eoton weard ahead, offered the giant a watcher, 669. be-be6dan,/(7 command, to order : pret. sw5 him se hearda behead, as the strong man commanded them, 401. Similarly, swi se rica be- head, 1976. ge- beodan: l) to command, to order: inf. h£t \>^ gebeodan byre Wihstanes haleSa monegum, \>?x hie . . ., the son of Wihstan caused orders to be given to many of the men ...,3111. — 2) to offer : him Hygd gebead herd and rice, of- fered' him the treasure and the chief power, 2370 ; inf. gCiiie ge- beodan, to offer battle, 604. beod-genedt, st. m., table-compan- ion : nom. and ace. pi. geneatas, 343. 1714- beon, verb, to be, generally in the future sense, will be: pres. sg. 1. gftSgeweorca ic beo gearo s8na, / shall immediately be ready for warlike deeds, 1826 ; sg. III. w5 bi'5 ham J^e sceal . . ., 'tvoe to him who . . . ! 183 ; so, 186 ; gifeSe biS is given, 299 ; ne biS |>e wilna GLOSSARY. 171 g4d {no wish will be denied thee'), 66l; hser be biS manna bearf, if thou shall need the warriors, 1836 ; ne biS swylc cwenlic t>eaw, is not becoming, honorable to a woman, 1941 ; eft sona biS, will happen directly, 1763; similarly, 1768, etc.; pi. bonne bioS brocene, then are broken, 2064 ; feor cySSe beo^S selran gesohte l>ani be . . ., " terrae longinquae meliores sunt visitatu eiqui . . ." (Grein), 1839; imp. beo (bio) bu on ofeste, hasten ! 386, 2748 ; beo vvi'5 Geatas glad, be gracious to the Gedtas, 1 1 74. beor, St. n., beer : dat. sg. at beore, at beer-drinking, 2042 ; instr. sg. beore druncen, 531 ; beore drunc- ne, 4S0. beor-scealc, st. m., keeper of the beer, cup-bearer : gen. pi. beor- scealca sum (one of 1 IrotSgar's fol- lowers, because they served the Geatas at meals), 1241. beor-sele, st. m., beer-hall, hall in which beer is drunk : dat. sg. in (on) bedrsele, 4S2, 492, 1095 ; biorsele, 2636. be6r-J>egu, st. f., beer-dl-inking, beer-ba7iquet : dat. sg. after beor- bege, 117; at brere beorbege, 618. be6t, St. w., promise, binding agree- ment to something that is to be undertaken: ace. sg. he beot ne il§h, did not break his pledge, 80 ; beot eal . . . geloeste, performed all that he had pledged himself to, 523. ge-beotian, w. v., to pledge one's self to an undertaking, to bind one's self: pret. gebeotedon, 480, 536. beot- word, st. n., same as beot : dat. pi. beot-wordum sprac, 251 1. blddau, St. v., to beg, to ask, to pray: pres. sg. I. do 5 swS ic bidde ! 1232; inf. (w. ace. of the pers. and gen. of the thing asked for) ic be bid- dan wille Unre bene, beg thee for one, 427; pret. swa he selfa bad, as he himself' had requested, 29 ; bad hine TJTT^ine (supply wesan) a' baere beorbege, 'T)egged him to be cheerful at the ^>eer-banquet, 618 ; ic be large bad bat bu . . ., begged you a long tit?ie that yon, 1995 ; frio'Sowjere bad hlaford sinne, begged his lord for protectiin (ace. of pers. and gen. of thing), 2283 ; bad bat ge geworhton, asked that yon . . ., 3097; pi. wor- dum baedon bat . . ., 1 76. on-bidian, \v. v., to await: inf. laeta'S hilde-bord her onbidian . . . worda gebinges, let the shields await here the result of the con- ference (lay the shields aside here) 397- YyTlfSi.n. sword: nom. sg. bil, 1568; bill, 277S ; ace. sg. bil, 155S ; instr. sg. bille, 2360; gen. sg. billes, 2061, etc. : instr. pi. biilum, 40 ; gen. pi. billa, 583, 1145. — Comp. : gG'S-, hilde-, wig-bil. bindan, st. v., to bind, to tie . pret. part. ace. sg. wudu bundenne, the bound wood, i.e. the built ship, 216; bunden golde sw urd, a stoord bound with gold, i.e. either having its hilt inlaid with gold, or ha\ing gold chains upon the hilt (swords of both kinds have been found), 1901 ; nom. sg. heoru bunden, 1286, has probably a similar mean- ing. ge-bindan, to bind: pret. sg. \>xt ic fife geband, where I had bound five(fi), 420; pret. part, cyninges t>egn word oSer fand so^'e gebun- den, the king's man found (after many had already praised Beowulf's 172 GLOSSARY. deed) other 'words (also referring to Be6wuir, but in connection with Sigemund) rightly bound together, i.e. in good alliterative verses, as are becoming to a gid, 872; wun- denmael wrJittuni gebunden, sword bound with ornaments, i.e. inlaid, 1532; bisgum gebunden, bound together by sorrow, 1744; gomel gflivvjga eldo gebunden, hoary hero bound by old age (fettered, oppressed), 21 12. o n - b i n d a n , to unbind, to untie, to loose : pret. onband, 501. ge-bind, st. n. coll., that which binds, fetters : in conip. is-gebind. bite, St. m., bite, figuratively of the cut of the sword : ace. sg. bite irena, the swords' bite, 2260; dat. sg. after billes bite, 2061. — Comp. laS-bite. biter (primary meaning that of bit- ing), adj.: i) sharp, cutting, cut- ting in : ace. sg. biter (of a short sword), 2705; instr. sg. biteran strale, 1747; instr. pi. biteran ba- num, with sharp teeth, 2693. — 2) irritated, furious : nom. pi. bitere, 1432. bitre, adv., bitterly (in a moral sense), 2332. bi, big (fuller form of the prep, be, which see), prep. w. dat. : l) near, at, on, about, by (as under be, No. i) : bi saem tweonum, in the circuit of both seas, 1957; Sias bi ronde, raised himself tip by the shield, 2^2>9'' ''•' vvealle gesat, ja/ (^/ the wall, 2718. With a freer posi- tion : him big stodan hunan and orcas, round about him, 3048. — 2) to, towards (motion) : hwearf \A bi bence, turned then towards the bench, 1189; ge6ng bi scsse, went to the seat, 2757. bid (see bidan), st. n., tarrying hesitation : haer wear'6 Ongenl>i<5 on bid wrecen, forced to tarry, 2963. bidan, st. v. : i) to delay, to stay, to remain, to wait : inf. no on wealle leng bidan wolde, would x-ot stay longer within the wall (the drake), 2309; pret. in hystrum bad, re- viained in darkness, 87 ; flota stille bdd, the craft lay still, 301 ; rece- da . . . on ))am se rica bSd, where the mighty one dwelt, 310; haer se snottra bad, where the wise man (Hro^"gar) -waited, 1314; he on searwum bSd, lie (Beowulf) stood there armed, 2569; ic on earde bdd mslgesceafta, lived upon the pater- nal grou)id the time appointed me by fate, 2737; pret. pi. sume \>xi bidon,.fow^ remained, ivaited there, 400. — 2) to await, to wait for, with the gen. of that which is awaited : inf. bidan woldon Gren- dles gfli'^e, wished to aivait the com- bat with Grendel, to undertake it, 482; similarly, 528; wiges bidan, await the combat, 1269; nalas and- sware bidan wolde, would await no answer, 1 495 ; pret. bad bead wa gehinges, awaited the evoit of the battle, 710; scEgenga bad Sgend- frean, the sea-goer (boat) awaited its owner, 1SS3; sele . . . heaSo- wylma bad, laSan liges (the poet probably means to indicate by these words that the hall Ileorot was destroyed later in a fight by fire; an occurrence, indeed, about which we know nothing, but which 1 165 and 1 1 66, and again 2068 ff. seem to indicate), 82. S -bidan, to await, with the gen.: inf., 978. ge-bldan: i) to tarry, to wait GLOSSARY. 173 imp. geblde ge on beorge, wait ye on ike mowitain, 2530; pret. part. I'edh [)e wintra lyt under burhlocan gebiden habbe Hare'Ses dohtor, although Hh daughter had divelt only a few years in tjie castle, 1929. — 2) to live through, to experieyice, to expect (w. ace.) : inf. sceal endedag mi one gebidan, shall live my last day, 639 ; ne vvende . . . bote gebidan, did not hope . . . to live to see reparation, 935 ; fela sceal gebidan leofes and liSes, expej-ience much good and much affliction, 1061 ; ende gebi- dan, 1387, 2343; pret. he has frofre gebad, received consolation (com- pensation) therefor, 7; gebSd win- tra worn, lived a great number of years, 264; in a similar construc- tion, 816, 930, 1619, 2259, 3117. With gen. : inf. to gebidanne oSres yrfevveardes, to await another heir , 2453. With depend, clause : inf. to gebidanne ViX his byre ride on galgan, to live to see it, that his son hattg upon the gallows, 2446; pret. dream-leas gebad ^at he . . ., joy- less he experienced it, that he . . ., 1 721; Jjas J'C ic on aldre gebM I'at ic . . ., for this, that I, in my old age, lived to see that . . ., 1780. or -bidan, to zuait, to await : pret. hordweard onbad earfoSlice oS \>'iX sefen cwom, scarcely waited, could scarcely delay till it was evening, 2303. bitan, St. v., to bite, of the cutting of swords: inf. bitan, 1455, 1524; pret. bit bSnlocan, bit into his body (Grendel), 743; bSt unswiiSor, c«/ with less force (Beowulfs sword), 2579. blanca, w. m., properly that which shines here of the horse, not so much of the white horse as the dappled : dat. pi. on blancum, 857. ge -bland, ge -blond, st. n., mix- ture, heaving mass, a turning. — Comp. : sund-, ^S-geblond, wind- blond. blanden-feax,blonden-feax,adj., fnixed, i.e. having gray hair, gray- headed, as epithet of an old man . nom. sg. blondenfeax, 1792; blon- denfexa, 2963; dat. sg. blonden- feaxuni, 1874; nom. pi. blonden- feaxe, 1595. bliic, adj., dark, black : nom. sg hrefn blaca, 1802. blac, adj.: i) gleaming, shitting: ace. sg. blacne leoman, a brilliant gleam, 15 18. — 2) of the white death-color, /rt/d"/ in comp. heoro- blac. blaed, st.m. : i) strength, force, vigor: nom. sg. was hira blsed scacen (of both tnhc?,), strength zvas gone, i.e. the bravest of both tribes lay slain, 1 1 25; nu is )nnes magnes bloed Sne hwile, now the fidness of thy strength lasts for a time, 1 762. — 2) reputation, renown, knoinlcdge (with stress upon the idea of filling up, spreading out) : nom. sg. bted, 18; (Jsin) blaed is arsered, thy re- nown is spread abroad, 1 704. blaed-agend, pt., having renown, renowned : nom. pi. blsed-dgende, 1014. blsed-fiist, 5.d].,firm inrenown, re- nowned, known afar: ace. sg. blaedfastne beorn (of Aschere, v/ith reference to 1329), 1300. bledt, adj., miser able, helpless ; only in comp. wal-bleat. bleat e, adv., miserably, helplessly, 2825. blican, St. v., shine, gleam : inf., 222 bliije, adj. : i) blithe, joyous, happy 174 GLOSSARY. ace. sg. bli^ne, 6i8. — 2) gracious, pleasing: nom. sg. bliSe, 436. — Comp. un-bli'tSe. bliff-heort, adj., joyous in heart, happy: nom. sg., 1803. blOd, St. n., blood: nom. sg., 11 22; ace. sg., 743; dat. sg. bl8de, 848; after deorum men him langa S beorn wi« blode, (he hero ( I Iro Sgdr) longs for the beloved man contrary to blood, i.e. he loves him although he is not related to him by blood, 1881 ; dat. as instr. blode, 486, 935, 1595, etc. blod-fag, adj., spotted with blood, bloody, 2061. blOdig, adj., bloody : ace. sg. f. blod- ge, 991 ; ace. sg. n. blodig, 448; instr. sg. blodigan gare, 2441. ge-blOdian, w. v., to make bloody, to sprinkle 'ivitli blood: pret. part, ge-blodegod, 2693. blodig-to3', adj., with bloody teeth : nom. sg. bona blodig-toS (of Gren- del, because he bites his victims to death), 2003. Dl5d-re6w, adj ., bloodthirsty, bloody- minded : nom. sg. him on feihSe gre6vv breost-hord blod-reow, in his bosom there grew a bloodthirsty feeling, 1 720. be-bod, St. n., command, order ; in comp. wundor-bebod. bodiaii, w. v., {to be a messenger), to announce, to make known : pret. hrefn blaca heofones wynne bliS- heort bodode, the black raven an- nounced joyfully heaven's delight (the rising sun), 1S03. boga, w. m., boiu, of the bended form; here of the dragon, in comp. hring-boga; as an instrument for shooting, in the comp. flSn-, horn- boga; bow of the arch, in comp. stSn-boga. bolca, w. m., " forus navis " (Grein), gangway; here probably the planks which at landing are laid from the ship to the shore: ace. sg. ofer bolcan, 231. bold, St. n., building, house, edifice . nom. sg. (Heorot), 998; (Hyge- ISc's residence), 1926; (BeowulPs residence), 2197, 2327. — Comp. fold-bold. bold-agend, pt., house-owner, prop- erty-holder : gen. pi. monegum boldSgendra, 31 13. bolgen-inOd, adj., angry at heart, angry, 710, 17 14. bolster, st. m., bolster, cushion, pil- low : dat. pi. (reced) geond-brse- ded wear^ beddum and bolstrum, was covered loith beds and bolsters, 1 24 1. — Comp. hleor-bolster. bon-. See ban-, bora, w. m., carrier, bringer, leader: in the comp. nuind-, rDed-,wreg-bora. bord, St. n., shield : nom. sg., 2674; ace. sg., 2525; gen. pi. ofer borda gebrac, over the crashing of the shields, 2260. — Comp.: hilde-, wig-bord. bord-habboiid, pt., one having a shield, shi: Id-bearer : nom. pi. hiib- bende, 2896. bord-hreoiSa, w. m., shield-cover, shield with particular reference to its cover (of hides or linden bark) : dat. sg. -hreoSan, 2204. bord-rand, st. m., shield : ace. sg., 2560. bord-weall, St. m., shield-wall, wall of shields : ace. sg., 29S1. bord-\vudu, st. m., shield-wood, shield: ace. pi. beorhtan beord- wudu, 1244. botni, St. m., bottom : dat. sg. t3 botme (here of the bottom of the fen-lake), 1507. GLOSSARY. 175 bOt (emendation, cf. bStan), st. f. : i) relief, remedy: noni. sg., 281 ; ace. sg. bote, 935; ace. sg. bote, 910. — 2) a performance in expiation, a giving satisfaction, tribute : gen. sg. bote, 1 58. braud, brond, st. m. : i) burning, fire : nom. sg. ha sceal brond fre- tan {the burning of Ike body) , 3015; instr. sg. hy hine ne moston . . . bronde forbarnan {could not be- stoiv uponhim the solemn burning^, 2127; hafde landwara lige befan- gen, ba?Ie and bronde, tuith glow, fire, and flame, 2323. — 2) in the passage, ]?at hine no brond ne bea- domScas bitan ne meahton, 1455, brond has been translated sxvord, brand (after the O.N. brand-r). The meaning fire may be justified as well, if we consider that the old helmets were generally made of leather, and only the principal parts were mounted with bronze. The poet wishes here to emphasize the fact that the helmet was made entirely of metal, a thing which was very unusual. — 3) in the passage, forgeaf ha Beowulfe brand Healf- denes segen gyldenne, 1021, our text, with other editions, has emen- dated, beam, since brand, if it be intended as a designation of Hro'SgSr (perhaps son'), has not up to this time been found in this sense in A.-S. brant, bront, adj., raging, foaming, going high, of ships and of waves : ace. sg. brontne, 238, 568. brad, adj. : l) extended, wide : nom. pi. brade rice, 2208. — 2) broad: nom. sg. heah and brid (of Beo- wulf's grave-mound), 3159; ace. sg. bradne mece, 2979; (seax) brSd [and] brClnecg, the broad. short s-cvord zvitk bright edge, 1547. — 3) massive, in abundance . ace. sg. brad gold, 3106. ge-brac, st. n., noise, crash: ace. sg. borda gebrae, 2260. g e o n d - braedan, w. v., to spreaa over, to cover entirely : pret. part, geond-breeded, 1240. brecan, st. v. : i') to break, to break to pieces: pret. bdnhringas brae, (the sword) broke the joints, 1568. In a moral sense : pret. subj. hat hasr a;nig mon wsere ne brsece, that no one shoitld break the agreement, iioi; pret. part, honne bioS bro- cene . . . S5-s\\ eord eorla, then are the oaths of the men broken, 2064. — 2) probably also simply to break in ttpo7i something, to press upon, w. ace. : pret. sg. saede6r rnonig hildetuxum heresyrcan brae, many a sea-animal pressed zvith his bat- tle-teeth upon the shirt of mail {A\d not break it, for, according to 1549 f., 1553 f., it was still unharmed). 15 1 2. — 3) to break out, to spring out : inf. geseah . . . stream fit bre- can of beorge, saw a stream bren k out from the rocks, 2547 ; letdsf hearda HigelSces hegn brSdne mece . . . brecan ofer bordweal, ca used the broadsiuord to spring out over the wall of shields, 2981. — 4) figuratively, to vex, not to lei rest : pret. hine fyrwyt brae, furi- osity tormented (N.H.G. brachte die Neugier urn), 232, 1986, 2785. ge-breean,/o break to pieces : pret. banhfis gebrae, broke in pieces his body (Beowulf in combat with Daghrefn), 2509. to-breean,/i3 break in pieces : inf., 781; pret. part, to-brocen, 99S. t>urh-brecan, to break through. pret. wordes ord breosthord hurh- 17(i GLOSSARY. brae, the word^s point broke through his closed breast, i.e. a word burst out from his breast, 2793. b Tecs', St. f., condition of being brok- en, breach : nom. pi. modes brec'Sa (^sorrow of hea rt) ,171. fl-brednian, w, v. w. ace, to fell to the ground, to hill(?): pret. dbredwade, 2620. bregdan, st. v., properly to sruing round, hence: i) to seeing: inf. undtTScezdnhregdan, swingamong the shadows, to send into the realm of shadows, 708; pret. bragd ealde lafe, swung the old tveapon, 796; bragd feorh-geni'Slan, STvung his mortal enemy (Grendel's mother), threw her down, 1540; pi. git eagorstream . . . mundum brugdon, stirred the sea with your hands (of the movement of the hands in swim- ming), 514; pret. part, broden (brogden) mrel, the draiun sword, 1617, 1668. — 2) to knit, to knot, to plait : inf., figuratively, inwitnet oSrum bregdan, to weave a way- laying net for atiolher (as we say in the same way, to lay a trap for another, to dig a pit for another), 2168; pret. part, beadohragl bro- den, a woven shirt of mail (because it consisted of metal rings joined together), 552; similarly, 1549; brogdnebeadusercean, 2756. S-bregdan, to s~ving : pret. hond up S-brad, szvung, raised his hand, 2576. ge- bregdan: i) swing: pret. hring- mail gebragd, sivung the ringed sword, 1565; eald sweord eacen . . . \>dX ic }>^ wcepne gebi ad, an old heavy s-iuord that I swung as my weapofi, 1665; with interchanging instr. and ace. wallseaxe gebrad, biter and beadu-scearp, 2704; also. to draw out of the sheath • sweord asr gebrad, had drawn the s'.vord before, 2563. — 2) to knit, to knot, to plait : pret. part, here-byrne hondum gebroden, 1444. o n - b r e g d a n , to tear open, to throw open : pret. onbrad \>k recedes mftSan, had then thrown open the entrance of the hall (onbregdan is used because the opening door swings upon its hinges), 724. brego, St. m., prince, ruler: nom. sg. 427, 610. brego-rOf, adj., powerful, like a - ruler, of heroic strength : nom. sg. m., 1926. brego-stol, st. m., throne, figura- tively for rule : ace. sg. him ge- sealde seofon J^fisendo, bold and hxego-'s\.o\, gave him seven thousand (see under see at), a country- scat, and the dignity of a prince, 2197; \>xr him llygd gebead . . . brego-stol, where II. offered him the chief power, 2371 ; let hone bregostol Beowulf healdan, gave over to Bedzvulf the chief power (did not prevent Beowulf from entering u]ion the government), 2390. brenie, adj., knozun afar, renowned. nom. sg., 18. brcnting (see brant), st. m., ship craft: nom. pi. brentingas, 280S. S-bredtan, st. v., to break, to break in pieces, to kill : pret. abre6t brim- wisan, killed the sea-king (King Hce^cyn), 2931. See brcotan. breost, st. n.: i) breast: nom. sg., 2177 ; often used in the pi., so ace hat mine bredst were 5, 'which p>p tects my breast, 453; dat. pi. bea dohragl broden on breostum lag 552. — 2) the inmost thoughts, thi mind, the heart, the bosom : nom. GLOSSARY. 177 sg. bre6st innan weoll J'eostrum ge- Jjoncum, his breast heaved with troubled thoughts, 2332; dat. pi. let bd of breostum word fit faran, caused the words to come out front his bosom, 2551. breost-gehygd, st. n. f., breast- thotigkt, secret thought: instr. pi. -gehj'gdum, 2819. breost-gewaedu, st. n. pi., breast- clothing, garment covering the breast, of the coat of mail: nom., 1212; ace, 2163. breost-hord, st. m., breast-hoard, that which is locked in the breast, heart, mind, thought, soul: nom. sg., 1720; ace. sg., 2793. breost-net, st. n., breast-net, shirt of chain-mail, coat of mail : nom. sg. breost-net broden, 1549. b^e6st-^veo^3'ung, st. f., ornament that is ivorn tipon the breast : ace. sg. breost-weorSunge, 2505 : here the collar is meant which Beowulf receives from Wea]hl>e6w (1196, 2174) as a present, and which B., according to 2173, presents to Hygd, while, according to 1203, it is in the possession of her husband Hygelac. In front the collar is trimmed with ornaments (fratwe), which hang down upon the breast, hence the name breost-weorSung. breost-vrylm, st. m., heaving of the breast, emotion of the bosom : ace. sg., 1878. breotan, st. v., to break, to break in pieces, to kill : pret. breat beodge- neatas, killed his table-companions (courtiers), 1714. ft-breotan, same as above: pret. t)one he heo on raste Sbreat, whom she killed upon his couch, 1299; pret. part. JjS bat monige gewearS, J>at bine se6 brimwylf Sbroten haf- de, t?iany believed that the sea-wolf (Grendel's mother) had killed him, 1600; hi hyne . . . abroten hafdon, had killed him (the dragon), 2708. brim, st. n., flood, the sea : nom. sg., 848, 1595; gen. sg. to brimes fa- ro'Se, to the sea, 28; at brimes no- san, at the sea's promontory, 2804 ; nom. pi. brimu swaSredon, the waves subsided, 570. brini-clif, st. r\.,sea-cliff, cliff washed by the sea : ace. pi. -clifu, 222. brini-lad, st. {., flood-way, sea-way : ace. sg. I'ara l^e mid Beowulfe brim- lade teah, who had travelled the sea-way with B., 1052. briin-liiafend, pt., sea-farer, sailor • ace. pi. -liSende, 568. brim-stredm, st. m., sea-stream, the flood of the sea : ace. pi. ofer brim- streamas, 191 1. briin-"wisa, w. m., sea-kiitg : ace.sg. brimwisan, of Hae'Scyn, king of the Geatas, 2931. brim-\vylf, st. f., sea-wolf (designa- tion of Grendel's mother) : nom. sg. seo brimwylf, 1507, 1600. brim-Avylm, st. m., sea-wave : nom. sg., 1495- bringan, anom. v., to bring, to bear : prs. sg. I. ic be [>(isenda {^egna bringe to h&l'pt, bring to your assist- ance thousands of ivarriors, 1S30; inf.sceal hringnaca ofer hea'Subrin- gan lac and luftacen, shall bring gifts and love-tokens over the high sea, 1863; similarly, 2149, 2505; pret. pi. we J^ds sseldc . . . brohton, brought this sea-offering (Grendel's head), 1654. ge-bringan, to bring: pres. subj. pi. YiX we J'one gebringan ... on lidfaie, that we bring him upon the funeral-pile, 30 1 0. brosnlan, w, v„ to crumble, to be- 178 GLOSSARY. come 7otien, to fall to pieces : pis. sg. III. herepM . . . brosnaS after \)tOTx\e,thecoat of mail fallsio pieces after (the death oi) the hero, 2261. brOffor, st. m., brother : nom. sg., 1325, 2441 ; dat. sg. brS^er, 1263; gen. sg. his broSor beam, 2620; dat. pi. broSrum, 588, 1075. ge-bro'JSru, pi., brethren, brothers : dat. pi. sat be I'aem gebroSrum twa;m, sat by the tiuo brothers, 1 1 92. brOga, w. m., terror, horror : nom. sg., 1292, 2325, 2566; ace. sg. bilk brogan, 583. — Comp. : gryre-, here-broga. brucan, st. v. w. gen., to use, to make use of: prs. sg. III. se he longe her worolde brftceS, zvho here long makes use of the world, i.e. lives long, 1063; imp. brfic manigra m^da, viake use of many rewards, give good rewards, 1 1 79 ; to enjoy : inf. bat he beahhordes brdcan mos- te, could enjoy the ring-hoard, 895; similarly, 2242, 3101; pret. breac lifgesceafta, enjoyed the appointed life, lived the appointed time, 1954. With the genitive to be supplied : breac bonne nioste, 1488; imp. brdc Hsses beages, enjoy this ring, take this ring, 1 21 7. Upon this meaning depends the form of the wish, wel brClcan (compare the German geniesze froh!): inf. h§t bine wel brftcan, 1046 ; h^t hine brflcan well, 2813; imp. brflc ealles well, 2163. brun, adj., having a brown lustre, j^?«i;/^.- nom. sg.si6ecgbr(in, 2579. brun-ecg, adj., having a gleaming blade : ace. sg. n. (hyre seaxe) brSd [and] brflnecg, her broad sword with gleaming blade, 1 547. brun-ffig, adj., gleaming like metal: ace. sg. br&nf^ne helm, 2616. bryne-le6ina, w. m., ligl-i of a con- flagration, gleam of fit e : nom. sg., 2314- bryne-wylm, st. m., wave of fire : dat. pi. -wylmum, 2327. brytnian (properly /o break in small pieces, cf. bredtan), w. v., to bestow, to distribute : pret. sine brj'tnade, distributed prcsents,'\.Q. ruled (since the giving of gifts belongs espe- cially to rulers), 2384. brytta, w. m., giver, distributer, always designating the king : nom. sg. sinces brytta, 608, 1171, 2072; ace. sg. beaga bryttan, 35, 352, 1488; sinces bryttan, 1923. bryttian (^to be a dispenser^, w. v., to distribute, to confer : prs. sg. III. god manna cynne snyttru brytta'S, bestows wisdom upon the human race, 1727. brj'dj St. f . : i) wife, consort : ace. sg. bryd, 2931 ; bryde, 2957, both times of the consort of Ongen- beow (?). — 2) betrothed, bride : nom. sg., of HroSgSr's daughter, Freaware, 2032. bryd-biir, st. n., woman's apart- ment : dat. sg. eode . . . cyning of brydbflre, the king came out of the apartment of his zvife (into which, according to 666, he had gone), 922. bunden-stefna, w. m., {that 7vhich has a bound pro7o), the framed ship : nom. sg., 191 1. bune, w. f., can or cup, drinking- vessel: nom. pi. bunan, 3048 ; ace. pi. bunan, 2776. burh, burg, st. f., castle, city, forti- fied house : acc.sg. burh, 523; dat. sg. byrig, I2CX3; dat. pi. burgum, 53, 1969, 2434. — Comp. : fre6-, freoSo-, hea-, hle6-, hord-, Ie6d-, maeg-burg. GLOSSARY. 179 burh-loca, \v. m., castle-bars : dat. sg. under burh-locan, under the castle-bars, i.e. in the castle (Hy- gelac's), 1929. burh-stede, st. m., castle-place, place where the castle or city stands : ace. sg. burhstede, 2266. burh-'wela, w. m., riches, treasure of a castle or city : gen. sg. I'cnden he burh-welan brfican moste, 3101. burne, w. f., spring, fountain : gen. I'aere burnan wahn, tke bubbling of of the spring, 2547. buan, St. v.: \') to stay, to remain, to dtvell : inf. gif he weard on- funde b&an on beorge, if he had found the watchman dwelling on the mountain, 2843. — 2) to in- habit, w. ace. : meduseld bdan, to inhabit the mead-house, 3066. g e - b fi a n , w. ace, to occupy a house, to take possession : pret. part, hean hfises, hft hit Hring Dene after beorbege gebfln hafdon, hozu the Danes, after their beer-carouse, had occupied it (had made their beds in it), 117. — With the pres. part, buend are the compounds ceaster-, fold-, grand-, lond-bdend. bugan, St. v., to bend, to bozv, to sink ; to turn, to flee : prs. sg. III. bon-gar bftge^, the fatal spear sinks, i.e. its deadly point is turned down, it rests, 2032; inf. J'at se byrnwiga bfigan sceolde, that the armed hero hc.d to sink down (having re- ceived a deadly blow), 2919; sim- ilarly, 2975; pret. sg. beah eft under eor^weall, turned, fled again behitid the earth-wall, 2957; pret. pi. bugon to bence, turned to the bench, 327, 1014; hy on holt h\x- goxi, fled to the wood, 2599. 8,-bflgan, to bend off, to curve away from : pret. fram sylle Sbeag me- dubenc monig, from the threshold curved away many a mead-bench, 776. be-bflgan, w. ace, to surround, to encircle : pis. swa (which) water bebflgeS, 93; efne swS side swS see bebflge'S windige weallas, as far as the sea encircles tvindy shores, 1224. ge-bftgan, to bend, to bozv, to sink : a) intrans. : heo on flet gebeah, sank on the floor, 1 541 ; ba gebeah cyning, then sank the king, 2981 ; ha se wyrm gebeah snftde tosonine {zvhen the drake at once coiled it- self up), 2568; gew^t h^ gebogen scri'6'an to, advanced zvith curved body (the drake), 2570. — b) w. ace. of the thing to which one bends or sinks : pret. selereste gebeah, sank upon the couch in the hall, 691; similarly gebeag, 1242. bur, St. n., apartment, room : dat. sg. bfire, 1311, 2456; dat. pi. b(i- rum, 140. — Comp. br^^d-bdr. butan, buton (from be and fitan, hence in its meaning referring to what is without, excluded): i) conj. with subjunctive following, lest : bQtan his lie swice, lest his body escape, 967. With ind. follow- ing, but: bfiton hit was mare l^onne asnig mon ©"Ser to beadu- lace atberan meahte, but it (the sword) was greater than any other man could have carried to battle, 1 56 1. After a preceding negative verb, except : hara J^e gu- mena beam gearvve ne wiston bfl- ton Fitela mid hine, which the children of men did not know at all, except Fitela, who was with him, S80; ne nom he maSm-aehta m^ bfiton bone hafelan, etc., he took no more of the rick treasure than 180 GLOSSAKY. the head alone, 1615. — 2) prep, with clat., except : bftton fokscare, 73; bfiton Jje, 658; ealle bdton Snum, 706. bycgan, \v. v., to buy, to pay : inf. ne was [-at gewrixle til bat hie on bd healfa bicgan scoldon freonda feorum, that zvas no good transac- tion, that they, on both sides (as well to Grendel as to his mother), had to pay with the lives of their friends, 1 306. be-by cgan, to sell : pret. nu ic on rndSma hord mine bebohte fiode feorhlege {ji07v I, for the treasure- hoard, gave up my old life), 2800. ge-bycgan, to buy, to acquire; to pay : pret. w. ace. no ]>xr senige . . . hohe gehohte, obtained no sort of help, consolation, 974; hit (his, MS.) ealdre gebohte, paid it luith his life, 2482; pret. part, sylfes feore beagas [gebohjte, bought rings 7a! tk his 07on life, 3015. byldan, w. v. {to make beald, which see), to excite, to encourage to brave deeds : inf. w. ace. swa he Fresena cyn on beorsele byldan wolde (by distributing gifts), 1095. ge - byrd, st. n., " fatum destinatum " (Clrein) (?) : ace. sg. hie on gebyrd hruron gare wunde, 1075. ge-byrdu, st. f., birth; in com- pound, bearn-gebyrdu. l>yrdii-scrud, st. n., shield-orna- ment, design upon a shield(7) : nom. sg., 2661. byre, st. m., (born) son : nom. sg., 2054, 2446, 2622, etc. ; nom. pi. byre, 1189. In a broader sense, young man, youth ; ace. pi. bsedde byre geonge, encouraged the youths (at the banquet), 2019. byrffen, st. f., burden; in comp. magen-byrSen. byrcle, st. m., ste7vard, waiter, cup- bearer : nom. pi. byrelas, 1162. byrgan, \v. v., to feast, to eat : inf., 448. ge-byrgea, w. m., protector; in comp. leod-gebyrgea. byrht. See beorht. byrue, w. f., shirt of mail, mail : nom. sg. byrne, 405, 1630, etc.; hringed byrne, ring-shirt, consist- ing of interlaced rings, 1246; ace. sg. byrnan, 1023, etc.; side byr- nan, la)-ge coat of mail, 1292; hringde byrnan, 2616; hSre byr- nan, gray coat of mail (of iron), 2154; dat. sg. on byrnan, 2705; gen. sg. byrnan bring, the ring of the shirt of mail (i.e. the shirt of mail), 2261; dat. pi. byrnum, 40, 238, etc.; beorhtum byrnum, 7oith gleaming mail, 3141. — Comp.: g(i5-, here-, hea'So-, iren-, isern- byrne. byrneiid. See beornan. byrii-Aviga, w. m., 7uarrior dressed in a coat of mail: nom. sg., 2919. bysgu, bisigii, st. f., trouble, diffi- culty, opposition : nom. sg. bisigu, 281; dat. pi. liisgum, 1744, bysi- guni, 2581. bysig, adj., opposed, in need, in the compounds lif-bysig, syn-bysig. bynic, w. f., a loind-instrument, a trumpet, a trombone : gen. sg. byman gealdor, the sound of the trumpet, 2944. by^van, w. v., to ornament, to pre- pare : inf. I'a I'e beado-griman bywan sceoldon, 7uho should pre- pare the helmets, 2258. GLOSSARY. 181 C camp, St. in., combat, fight between two : dat. sg. in campe (Beowulf's with Daghrefn ; cempan, MS.), 2506. candel, st. t., light, candle : nom. sg. rodores cetndel, of the sun, 1573. — Comp. «'oruld-candel. cempa, \v. ni., fighter, -warrior, hero : nom. sg. aSele cempa, 131 3; Geata cempa, 1552; reSe cempa, 1586; msere cempa (as voc), 1762; gyrded cempa, 2079; dat. sg. geongum (geongan) cempan, 1949, 2045, 2627; Huga cempan, 2503 ; ace. pi. cempan, 206. — Ciimp. feSe-cempa. cennan, w. v. : i ) /one magan cende, T£'/^(? bore the son,()^; pret. part, bam eafera was after cenned, to him 7vas a son born, 12. — 2) reflexive, to show one^s self, to reveal one's self: imp. cen )?ec mid crafte, prove yourself by your strength, 1 220. S.-cennan, to bear : pret. part, no hie fader cunnon, hwa'Ser him senig was Der acenned dyrnra g3.sta, they (the people of the country) do not knoxv his (Grendel's) father, nor whether any evil spirit has been before born to him (whether he has begotten a son), 1357. cenffu, St. f., boldness : ace. sg. cenSu, 2697. cene, adj., keeti, warlike, bold : gen. pi. cinra gehwylcum, 769. Superl., ace. pi. cSnoste, 206. — Comp.: dsed-, gar-cene. ceald, adj., cold: ace. pi. cealde streamas, 1262 ; dat. pi. cealduni cearsi'Sum, with cold, sad journeys, 2397. Superl. nom. sg. wedera cealdost, 546. — Comp. morgen- ceald. cearian, w. v., to have care, to take care, to trouble one's self : prs. sg. III. na ymb his lif cearab', takes no care for his life, 1537. cearig, z.^y, troubled, sad : in comp. sorh-cearig. cear-siiSf, st. m., sorrowful ivay, an undertaking that brings sorrow, i.e. a warlike expedition : dat. pi. cearsiSum (of Beowulf's expedi- tions against Eadgils), 2397. cearu, st. f., care, sorrow, lamenta- tion : nom. sg., 1304; ace. sg. [ceare], 3173. — Comp.: ealdor-, gu5-, mrel-, mod-cearu. cear-walni, st. m., care-agitation, waves of sorrow in the breast : dat. pi. after cear-walmum, 2067. oear-'W'ylm, st. m., same as above : nom. pi. ha cear-wylmas, 282. oeaster-buend, pt., inhabitant of a fortified place, inhabitant of a castle : dat. pi. ceaster-bfiendum, of those established in HroSgar's castle, 769. ceAp, st. m., purchase, transaction : figuratively, nom. sg. nas hat f&e ceap, no easy transaction, 2416 ; instr. sg. heah he o'Ser hit ealdre gebohte, heardan ceape, although the one paid it with his life, a dear purchase, 2483. ge-cedpian, w. v., to purchase : pret. part, gold unrime grimme geceapod, gold without measure, bitterly purchased (with Beowulf's life), 3013. be-ceorfan, st. v., to separate, to cut off (with ace. of the pers. and instr. of the thing) : pret. hine ha heafde becearf, cut off his head, 1 591 ; similarly, 2139. ceorl, St. m., man : nom. sg. snotot 182 GLOSSARY. ceorl monig, many a ivise man, 909 ; dat. sg. gonielum ceorle, the old man (of King Hrciiel), 2445; so, ealdum ceorle, of KiiigOngen- l^eow, 2973 ; nom. pi. snotere ceor- las, wise men, 202, 416, 1592. ce6l, St. m., keel, figuratively for the ship: nom. sg., 191 3 ; ace. sg. ceol, 38, 238 ; gen. sg. ceole.s, 1807. ceosan, st. v., to choose, hence, to as- sume : inf. J'one cynedom ciosan 'wo\^t,'wouldassumetheroyaldigni- ty, 2377; to seek: pret. subj.aer he heel cure, before he sought his fu- neral-pile (before he died), 2819. ge-ceosan, to choose, to elect : gerund, to geceosenne cyning senigne (selian), to choose a better king, 1852; imp. J^e bat selre ge- ceos, choose thee the better (of two : bealoni'5 and ece rajdas), 1759; pret. he usic on herge geceas to J>yssum si^fate, selected its among the soldiers for this undertaking, 2639 ; geceas ecne roed, chose the everlasting gain, i.e. died, 1202: similarly, godes leoht geceas, 2470 ; pret. part. ace. pi. hafde . . . cempan gecorone, 206. on- cirran, \v. v., to turn, to change : inf. ne meahte . . . )'as wealdendas [willan] wiht on-cirran, could not change the will of the Al/nighty, 2858; pret. ufor oncirde, turned higher, 2952 ; J?yder oncirde, turned thither, 2971. R-cigan, w. v., to call hither .■ pret. Sctgde of corSre cyninges hegnas syfone, called from the retinue of the king seven men, 3122. clam, cloin, st. m., f. n. 1 fetter, figura- tively of a strong gripe : dat. pi. heardan clammum, 964; hearduni clammum, 1336; atolan clonimum (horrible claws of the mother of Grendel), 1503. clif, cleof, St. n., cliff, promontory : acc.pl. Geataclifu, 191 2. — Conip. : brim-, eg-, holm-, stan-clif, g e - cuavvan, st. v., to knoiu, to rec- ognize : inf. meaht \>\x, min wine, m^ce gecndwan, mayst thou, my friend, recognize the sword, 2048. on -en a wan, to recognize, to dis- tinguish: hordweard oncniow man- nes reorde, distinguished the speech of a man, 2555. oiiiht, St. m., boy, youth: dat. pi. hyssum cnyhtum, to these boys (HroiNgar's sons), 1220. cniht-wesende, prs. part., being a boy or a youth : ace. sg. ic hine cfi'Se cniht-wesende, knetu him uonne . . . eoferas cnysedan, -when the bold warriors dashed against each other, stormed {\\\ battle), 1329. collen-ferhiaf, -fcrff, adj., (properly, of swollen fnind), of uncommon thoughts, in his way of thinking, standing higher than others, high- minded : nom. sg. cuma collen- ferhN, of Beowulf, 1807; collen- ferN, of Wiglaf, 2786. corljfer, st. ,n., troop, division of an army, retinue : dat. sg. ha was . . . Fin slagen, cyning on cor^re, then 7oas Fin slain, the king in the troop (of warriors), 1154; of cor- 'Sre cyninges, out of the retinue of the king, 3122. costlaii, w. v., to try : pret. (w. gen.) lie min costode, tried me, 2085. cOfa, w. m., apartment, sleeping- room, couch : in comp. bSn-cofa. GLOSSARY. 183 cOI, adj., cool : compar. cearwylmas colran wur^at!, the waves of sorro-o become cooler, x.t.. the mind becomes quiet, 282; him wiflufan . . . colran weor'5at5, his love for his wife cools, 2067. craft, St. m., the condition if being able, hence : r ) physical strength : nom. sg. magf>a craft, 1284; ace. sg. magenescraft,4l8; burh Sues craft, 700; craft and c^nSu, 2697; dat. (instr.) sg. crafte, 983, 1220, 2182, 2361. — 2) art, craft, skill: dat. sg. as instr. dyrnum crafte, with 5f- cr^/(magic)(7r/,2i69 ; dyrnan craf- te, 2291 ; l^eofes crafte, with thief s craft, 2221 ; dat. pi. deofles craf- tum, by deviPs art (sorcery), 2089. — 3) S^^<^t quantity {y^ : ace. sg. wyrm-horda craft, 2223. — Comp. : leo^>o-, magen-, nearo-, wig-craft. criiftig, adj. : i) strong, stout : nom. sg. eafoSes craftig, 1467; niSa craftig, 1963. Comp. wig-craftig. — 2) adroit, skilful: in comp. lagu-craftig. — 3) rich (of treas- ures) ; in comp. eacen-craftig. cringan, st. v., to fall in combat, to fall with the writhing movement of those mortally zvounded : pret. subj. on wal crunge, would sink into death, would fall, 636; pret. pi. for the pluperfect, sume on wale crungon, 11 14. ge-cringan, same as above: pret. he under rande gQcrs-nc, fell ttnder his shield, 1 2 10; at wige gecrang, fell in battle, 1338; heo on flet gecrong, fell to the ground, 1569; in campe gecrong, fell in single combat, 2506. cuma {he who comes), w. m., new- comer, guest: nom. sg. 1807. — Comp. : cwealm-, wil-cuma. cumaii) St. v., to come : pres. sg. II. gyf \>Vl on weg cymest, if thou com- est from there, 1383; III. cyme 5, 2059; pres. subj. sg. III. cume, 23; pi. t>onne we fit cymen, when we come out, 3107; inf. cuman, 244, 281, 1870; pret. sg. com, 430, 569, 826, 1 1 34, 1507, 1 601, etc.; cwom, 419, 2915; pret. subj. sg. cwome, 732; pret. part, cumen, 376; pi. cumene, 361. Often with the inf. of a verb of motion, as, com gon- gan, 711; com siSian, 721 ; com in g^n, 1645; cwom gan, I163; com scacan, 1803; cwomon Isedan, 239; cwomon secean, 268; cwoman scri- "San, 651, etc. [pret. com, etc.] be-cuman, to come, to approach, to arrive : pret. syS'San niht becom, after the night had come, 1 1 5 ; be on I'S leode becom, that had come over the people, 192; b^ he to ham becom, 2993. And with inf. fol- lowing: stefn in becom . . . hlyn- nan under harne stan, 2553; lyt eftbecwom . . . hamesniosan, 2366; o'S bat ende becwom, 1255; simi- larly, 21 17. With ace. of pers. : bS hyne sio brag becwom, whett this time of battle came over him, 2884. of er -cuman, to overcome, to com- pel : pret. by he bone feond ofer- cwom, thereby he overcame the foe^ 1274 : pi. hie feond heora . . . ofer- comon, 700; pret. part. (w. gen.j ni'Sa ofercumen, compelled by com- bats, 846. cumbol, cumbor, st. m., banner : gen. sg. cumbles hyrde, 2506. — Comp. hilte-cumbor. cund, adj., originating in, descend- ed from : in comp. feorran-cund. cunnan, verb pret. pres.: i) t& know, to be acquainted zuith (w. ace. or depend, clause) : sg. pres. I. ic minne can gladne HroSulf 184 GLOSSARY. )>at he . . . wile, / know my gra- cious II., that he will . . ., Il8i; II. card git ne const, thoie knowcst not yet the land, 1378; III. he bat wyrse ne con, knorvs no worse, 1 740. And reflexive : con him land geare, knows the land well, 2063; pi. men ne cunnon hwyder helrflnan scri- Sa'S, men do not know ivhilher . . ., 162; pret. sg. ic hine cG5e, knew Aim, 372; cflSe he duguS I'eawe, knew the customs of the distin- guished courtiers, 359; so with the ace, 2013; seolfa ne cCl'Se |>urh hwat . . ., he himself did not knoiu through what . . ., 3068; pi. sorge ne cfiSon, 119; so with the ace, 180, 418, 1234. With both (ace. and depend, clause) : no hie fader cunnon (scil. no hie cunnon) hwa- "5er him aenig was £cr acenned dyrnra gasta, 1356. — 2) with inf. following, can, to be able : prs. sg. him bebeorgan ne con, cannot de- fend himself 1747; prs. pi. men ne cunnon secgan, cannot say, 50; pret. sg. cft^e reccan, 90; beorgan cfl'iSe, 1446; pret. pi. herian ne c^^ox\, could not praise, 182; pret. subj. healdan cdSe, 2373. cunnian, w. v., to inquire into, to try, w. gen. or ace. : inf. sund cun- nian (figurative for roam over the sea), 1427, 1445; geongne cem- pan higes cunnian, to try the young warrior's mind, 2046; pret. eard cunnode, tried the home, i.e. came to it, 1501; pi. wada cunnedon, tried the flood, i.e. swam through the sea, 508. cu^y adj.: l) known, 'well known ; manifest, certain : nom. sg. un- dyrne cfi'5, 150, 410; wide cGi^S, 2924; ace. sg. fern. cflSe folme, 1304; cft'Se straete, 1635; nom.pl. ecge cfl^e, 1146; ace. pi. cftSe nassas, 19 13. — 2) reno7oned : nom. sg. gCl^um cftN, 2179; nom. pL cystum cCl'5e,868. — 3) zho, friend- ly, dear, good (see un-cflU). — Comp. : un-, wi5-cflS. cuff-lice, adv., openly, publicly : comp. no her cfl^licor cuman on- gunnon lind-hahbende, no shield- bearing men undertook more bold- ly to come hither (the coast-watch- man means by this the secret land- ing of the Vikings), 244. c^valu, St. f., murder, fall : in comp. deaS-cwalu. CAveccan {Jo make alive, see cwic), w. v., to move, to siving : pret. cwehte magen-wudu, swung the wood of strength (= spear), 235. cweffan, st. v., to say, to speak : a) ab- solutely : prs. Sg. Ill.cwiS at beore, speaks at beer-drinking, 2042. — b) w. ace. : pret. word after cwaS, 315; fea worda cwaS, 2247, 2663. — c) with l>at following : pret. sg. cwa^", 92, 2159; pi. cwaedon, 3182. — d) with bat omitted: pret. c\va5 he gflS-cyning secean wolde, said he would seek out the war-king, 199; similarly, 181 1, 2940. a - c w e 5 a n , /o say, to speak, w. ace. : prs. hat word Scwy'S, speaks the ivord, 2047; pret. I'iit word ScwaS, 655- ge-cwe"5an, to say, to speak : a) ab- solutely: pret. sg. II. swd )>u ge- cwocde, 2665. — b)w. ace. : pret.x.el- hwylc gecwaS, spoke evefy thing, 875 ; pi. wit bat gecwcedon, 535. — g) w. I'at following : pret. gecwaS, 858, 98S. cwellau, w. v., (^to make die) , to kill, to murder : pret. sg. II. J>u (^ren- del cwealdest, 1335. S-cwellan, to kill: pret. sg. (he) GLOSSARY. 185 wyrm acwealde, 887 ; hone ^e Gren- del ser mSne Scwealde, whom Gr en- del had before wickedly tmu'dered, 1056; beorn Scvvealde, 2122. cwen, St. f . : i) ivife, consort (of noble birth) : nom. sg. cwen, 62; (Hro^gar's), 614, 924; (Finn's), 1 1 54. — 2) particularly denoting the queen : nom. sg. beaghroden cwen (Wealhl^eow), 624; mceru cwSn, 2017; fremu folces cwen (pry'So), 1933; ace. sg. cwen (Wealht>e6w), 666. — Comp. folc- cwSn. cwen-lic, ^i^]., feminine, wommily : nom. sg. ne biS swylc cwenlic }>eaw {stecli is not the custom of women, does not become a ivoman), 1941. cwealm, st. m., violent death, mur- der, destruction : ace. sg. ^one cwealm gewrac, avenged the death (of Abel by Cain), 107; msendon mondrihtnes cwealm, lamented the ruler's fall, 2,1 y^. — Comp. : bealo-, dea^-, gar -cwealm. cwealm-bealn, st. n., the evil of murder : ace. sg., 1941. cwealm-cuma, w. m., one coming for murder, a nerv-comer who con- templates murder : ace. sg. J)one cwealm-cuman (of Grendel), 793. cwic and cwico, adj., quick, having life, alive : ace. sg. cwicne, 793, 2786; gen. sg. aht cwices, some- thing living, 23 1 5 ; nom. pi. cwice, 98; cwico was J^d gena, 7aas still alive, 3094. cwide, St. m., word, speech, saying: in comp. gegn-, gilp-, hleo-, "5or-, word-cwide. cwiffan, st. v., to complain, to la- vient : inf. w. ace. ongan . . . gio- gu'Se cwi'San hilde-strengo, began to lament the (departed) battle- strength of his youth, 2113 . [ceare] cwiSan, lament their cares, 3173. cyme, st. m., coming, arrival : nom. pi. hwanan eowre cyme syndon, whence your coming is, i.e. whence ye are, 257. — Comp. eft-cyme. cynilice,adv., (convenienter), j//<'«- didly, grandly : comp. cymlicor, 38- cyn, St. n., race, both in the general sense, and denoting noble lineage : nom. sg. Fresena cyn, 1094; \Ve- dera (gara, MS.) cyn, 461 ; ace. sg. eotena cyn, 421; giganta cyn, 1691 ; dat. sg. Caines cynne, 107; manna cynne, Si 1, 915, 1726; eow- rum (of those who desert Beowulf in battle) cynne, 2886; gen. sg. manna (gumena) cynnes, 702, etc.; mserancynnes, 1730; laSan cynnes, 2009, 2355; ^sses cynnes Wceg- mundinga, 2814; gen. pi. cynna gehwylcum, 98. — Comp.: eormen-, feorh-, frum-j gum-, man-, wyrni- cyn. cyn, St. n., that zohich is suitable or proper : gen. pi. cynna (of eti- quette) gemyndig, 614. ge-cynde, adj., innate, peculiar, natural : nom. sg., 2198, 2697. cyne-dOni, st. m., kingdom, royal dignity : ace. sg., 2377. cyning, si. m., king: nom. ace. sg. cyning, 11, 864, 921, etc.; kyning, 620, 3173; dat. sg. cyninge, 3094; gen. sg. cyninges, 868, 121 1 ; gen. pi. kyning[a] wuldor, of God, 666. — Comp. beorn-, eorS-, folc-, gft'S-, heah-, ledd-, sse-, so5-, jjeod-, worold-, wuldor-cyning. cyniug-beald, adj., "nobly bold" (Thorpe), excellejitly brave (?) : nom. pi. cyning-balde men, 1635. ge-cyssan, w. v., to kiss: pret. ge- cyste J^a cyning . . . J^egen betstan, 186 GLOSSARY. kissfd the best thane (Beowulf), 1871. cyst {choosing, see ceosan), st. f., the select, the best of a thing, good quality, excellence : nom. sg. iren- na cyst, of the sivords, 803, 1698; vvaepna cyst, 1560; symbla cyst, choice banquet, 1233; ace. sg. irena cyst, 674; dat. pi. foldwegas . . . cystum cfiSe, known through ex- cellent qualities, 868; (cyning) cystum gecySed, 924. — Comp. gum-, hilde-cyst. cj'ff. See on-cyff. eySfan (see cuU), w. v., to make known, to manifest, to show : imp. sg. magen-ellen cyS, show thy he- roic strength, 660 ; inf. cvvealmbealu cySan, 1941 ; ellen cy^an, 2696. g e - c y S a n (/o make known, hence) : I )togive information, loannounce: inf. andsware gecySan, to give an- swer, 354; gerund, to gecySanne hwanan eovvre cyme syndon (/<> show whence ye come), l^"]; pret. part, so iN is gec^6"ed l)at . . . {the truth has become known, it has shown itself to be true), 701; Iligelace was si"?t Beowulfes snflde gecy>'^ed, the arrival of B. was quickly an- nounced, 1972; similarly, 2325. • — 2) to make celebrated, in pret. part. : was min fader folcum gecy^ed {my father -was known to -warriors), 262 ; was his modsefa manegum gecy 6ed, 349; cystum gecySed, 924. cyUffu (properly, condition of being known, hence relationship), St. f., home, country, land: in comp. feor-cySSu. ge-cypan, w. v., to purchase : inf nas him aenig hearf hat he . . . I^urfe wyrsan wigfrecan weorSe gecypan, had need to buy with treasures no inferior warrior, 2497. D daroff, St. m., spear : dat. pi. dare* ■Sum lacan {to fight), 2849. ge-dal, St. n., parting, separation : nom. sg. his worulde gedal, his separation from the world (nis death), 3069. — Comp. ealdor-, lif- gedai. diig, St. m., day : nom. sg. dag, 485, 732, 2647 ; ace. sg. dag, 2400; and- langne diig, the -whole day, 211 6; morgenlongnedag(///^w//t>/t'W(7rM- ing), 2S95; °'^ domes dag, till judgment-day, 3070; dat. sg. on bam dage J)ysses lifes (eo tempore, tunc), 197, 791, 807 ; gen.sg. dages, 1 60 1, 2321 ; hwil dages, a dafs time, a whole day, 1496; dages and nihtes, day and night, 22'jO; dages, by day, 1936; dat. pi. on tyn dagum, in ten days, 3161. — Comp. vn-, dea'S-, ende-, ealdor-, fyrn-, gear-, Ijen-, lif-, swylt-, win-dag, an- dages. daat he diighwila gedrogen hafde eor'San wynne, that he had enjoyed eartlCs pleasures during the days (appointed to him), i.e. that his life was linished, 2727. — (After Grein.) dag-riiii, st. n., series of days, fixed number of days : nom. sg. dogera dagrim {number of the days of his life), 824. died, St. f., deed, action : ace. sg. de^rlicedxd, 585; domleasan deed, 2891 ; fr^cnedsede, 890; daed, 941; ace. pi. Grendles d^eda, 195; gen. pi. dxda, iSi,479, 2455, etc.; dat. pl.dcedum, 1228, 2437, etc. — Comp. ellen-, fyren-, lof-dred. djed-cene, adj., bold in deed : nom sg. daid-cene mon, 1646. GLOSSARY. 187 daed-fruma, w. m., doer of deeds, doer : nom. sg., of Grendel, 2091. daed-bata, w. m., he who pursues with his deeds : nom. sg., of Gren- del, 275. daedia, w. m., doer : in comp. mSn- for-dasdla. dael, St. m., part, portion : ace. sg. diel, 622, 2246, 3128; ace. pi. dx- las, 1733. — Often dcel designates the portion of a thing or of a qual- ity which belongs in general to an individual, as, o5 l>at him on innan oferhygda dasl weaxeS, //// in his bosom his portion of arrogance in- creases: i.e. whatever arrogance he has, his arrogance, 1741. Bio- wiilfe \veav5 dryhlniaSma dael dea- •Se, forgolden, to Be6-oulf his part of the splendid treasures was paid with death, i.e. whatever splendid treasures were allotted to him, whatever part of them he could win in the fight with the dragon, 2844; similarly, 1151, 1753, 2029, 2069, 3128. d%Ian, w. v., to divide, to bestow, to share luith, w. ace: pres. sg. III. mMmas daele'??, 1757; pres. subj. J)at he vviS aglsecean eofoSo dsele, that he bestow his strength upon (strive with) the bringer of misery (the drake), 2535 ; inf. hringas doelan, 1971; pret. beagas decide, 80; sceattas dselde, 1687. be -dcel an, w. instr., (Jo divide^, to tear away fro>n, to strip of: pret. part, dreamum (dreame) hedaeled, deprived of the heavenly joys (of Grendel), 722, 1276. ge-dselan: i) to distribute: inf. (w. ace. of the thing distributed'); )>aer on innan eall gedaelan geon- gum and ealdum swylc him god sealde, distribute therein to young and oldallthat God had given him, 71. — 2) to divide, to separate, with ace. : inf. sundur gedislan lif vviS lice, separate life from the body, 2423; so pret. subj. bat he gedaelde . . . inva gehwylces lif wi5 lice. 732. denn (cf. denu, dene, vallis),st. n., den, cave: ace. sg. l^as wjTmes denn, 2761 ; gen. sg. (draca) ge- wat dennes niosian, 3046. ge-defe, adj. : i) (impersonal) //-ci/i- er, appropriate : nom. sg. swS hit gedefe was (biS), as 'vas appro- priate, proper, 561, 1671, 3176. — 2) good, kind, friendly ; nom sg. beo I'u suna minum daedum gedefe, be friendly to my son by deeds (sup- port my son in deed, namely, when he shall have attained to the gov- ernment), 1228. — Comp. un-ge- defelice. denian (see dom), w. v.: i) to judge, to award justly : pres. subj. moer No deme, 688. — 2) to judge favorably, to praise, to glorify : pret. pi. his ellenweorc dugu'Sum demdon, praised his heroic deed with all their might, 3176. AemenA, judge : dsda demend (of God), 181. deal, adj., " superbus, clarus, fretus" (Grimm) : nom. pi. J?rySum dealle, 494- dedd, adj., dead : nom. sg. 467, 1324, 2373; ace. sg. deadne, 1310. dads', St. m., death, dying: nom. sg. deaS, 441, 447, etc.; ace.sg. deaJl, 2169; dat. sg. deaSe, 1389, 1590, (as instr.) 2844, 3046; gen. sg. deaSes wylm, 2270; deaSes nyd, 2455. — Comp. g(iS-, wal-, wundor dea«. dedSP-bed, st. n.,- death-bed: dat. sg deaS-bedde fast, 2902. dedS'-cwalu, st. f., violent death, 188 GLOSSARY. ruin and death : dat. pi. t8 dea"5- cwalum, 1 713. deA3'-c\vealm, st. in., violent death, murder : nom. sg. 1 67 1. deAU-diig, st. m., death-day, dying day: dat. sg. after deaS-dage {after his death), 187,886. dedlff-fajge, ad]., given over to death: nom.sg. (Grendel)deaS-faegede6g, had hidden himself, being given over to death (mortally wounded), 851. desiff-scua, \v. m., death-shadoiu, ghostly being, demon of death : nom. sg. deorc dea'S-scfla (of Grendel), 160. dediJ-Averig, z.dL].,weakened by death, i.e. dead : ace. sg. deaS-werigne, 2126. See ■werig. dediff- wic, st. n. deatVs house, home of death : ace. sg. gewat dea'Swic seon {had died), 1276. dedgan (O.H.G. pret. part, tougan, hidden),to conceal one's self, to hide: pret. (for pluperf.) deog, 851. — Leo. deorc, adj., dark : of the night, nom. sg. (nihthelm) deorc, 1791 ; dat.pl. deorcum nihtum, 275, 2212; of the terrible Grendel, nom. sg. deorc dedS-scfla, 160. deofol, st.m.n.,i/\x ne alsete dom gedreosan, that thou let not honor fall, 2667; dat. instr. sg. }>ser he dome forleas, here he lost his repu- tation, 1471; dome gewur^ad, adorned with glory, 1 646 ; gen . sg. wyrce se J^e mote domes, let him make hi?nself reputation, whoever is able, 1389. 7) splendor (in heaven) : ace. s6"5-fastra dom, the glory of the saints, 2821. doni-Ieds, adj., withoiit reputation, inglorious : ace. sg. f. domleasan daed, 2891. ddn, red. v., to do, to make, to treat: 1 ) absolutely: imp. doS swiicbidde, do as I beg, 1 232. — 2) w. ace. : inf. h^t hire selfre sunu on boel don, 1 1 17; pret. ha he him of dyde isernbyrnan, took off the iron corse- let, 672; (>onne) him Hflnlafing, . . . billa selest, on bearm dyde, when he made a present to him of HAnlafing, the best of swords, 1 145 ; dyde him of healse bring gj'ldenne, took off the gold ring from his neck, 28 1 o; ne him has wyrmes wig for wiht dyde, eafo'S and ellen, nor did he reckon as anything the drake's fighting,power, and strength, 2349 ; pi. hi on beorg dydon beg and s\g\n, placed in the {grave-) mound rings and ornaments, 3165. — 3) representing preceding verbs: inf. to Geatum spree mildum wordum ! swi sceal man don, as one should do, 1 1 73; similarly, 1535, 2167; pres. metod eallum weold, swS he nu git de^, the creator ruled over all, as he still does, 1059; similarly, 2471, 2860, and (sg. for pi.) 1 135; pret. II. swa hu ser dydest, 1677; III. swa he nu gyt dyde, 957; sim- ilarly, 1382, 1892, 2522; pi. swS hie oft aer dydon, 1239; similarly, 3071. With the case also which the preceding verb governs : win' ic hat he vnlle . . . Geatena leode etan unforhte, swS he oft dyde 190 GLOSSAKY. magen HrSiJmanna, / believe he ■will ivish to devour ike Gedt peo- ple, the fearless, as he often did (de- voured) the bloom of the Hre%men, 444; gif ic hat gefricge . . . ^at hec ymbsittend egesan J>y\va"S, swS hec hettende hwilum dydon, that the neighbors distress thee as once the eneiny did thee (i.e. distressed), 1829; gif icowihte mag Mnremod- lufan maran tilian J)onne ic gyt dyde, if I can with anything obtain thy greater love than I have yet done, 1825; similarly, pi. honne hS dydon, 44. g e - d o n , to do, to make, with the ace. and predicate adj.: prs. (god) gedeS him swa gewealdene worol- de dielas, makes the parts of the world (i.e. the whole world) so sub- ject that . . ., 1733; inf. ne hyne on medo - hence niicles wyr'Sne drihten wereda gedon wolde, nor would the leader of the people much honor him at the mead-banquet, 2187. With adv. : he mec J^ser on innan . . . gedon wolde, wished to place me in there, 209 1. (Iraca, w. m., drake, dragon : nom. sg., 893, 2212; ace. sg. dracan, 2403. 3 '32; gen. sg., 2089, 2291, 2550. — Comp. : eor^-, f^r-, 18g-, lig-, niS-draca. on-draiidan, st. v., w. ace. of the thing and dat. of the pers., to fear, to be afraid of : inf. hat )'U him on- dnedan ne hearft . . . aldorbealu, needest not fear death for them, 1675; pret. no he him |>a sacce ondrSd, was not afraid of the corn- bat, 2348. ge-driig (from dragan, in the sense segerere),st.n., d'^;«^a«cir, actions: ace. sg. sGcan deofla gedrag, 757. drepan, st. v., lo hit, to strike : pret. ^g. sweorde drep ferh'5-gentSlan, 2881 ; pret. part. biS on hreSre . . . drepen biteian stroele, struck in the breast with piercing arrow, \ 746 ; was in feorh dropen (fatally hit), 2982. drcpe, St. m., blow, stroke : ace. sg. drepe, 1590. drefan, ge-drefan, w. v., to move, to agitate, to stir up : inf. gewdt . . . drefan deop water (to navi- gate), 1905; pret. part, water undei stod dreorig and gedrefed, 141 8. dredm, st. m., rejoicing, joyous ac- tions, joy : nom. sg. haleSa dream, 497; ace. sg. dream hlQdne, 88; )'u . . . dream healdende, thou who livest in rejoicing (at the drinking- carouse), who art joyous, 1228: dat.instr.sg. dreamebedreled, 1276; gen. pi. dreama leas, 85 1 ; dat. pi. dreamuni (here adverliiai) lifdon, lived in rejoicing, joyously, 99; dreamum bedKled, 722 ; the last may refer also to heavenly joys. — Comp. gleo-, gum-, man-, sele- dream. dredm-leAs, adj., zvithout rejoicing, joyless : nom. sg. of King Here- mod, 1721. dreogan, st. v. : i) to lead a life, tc be in a certain condition : pret. dreah after dome, lived in honor, honorably, 2180; pret. pi. fyren- J>earfe ongeat, J^at hie asr drugon aldorlease lange hwlle, (God) had seen the great distress, (had seen) that they had lived long without a r:iler(}), 15. — 2) to experience, to live through, to do, to make, to en- joy : imp. dreoh symbelwynne, pass through the pleasure of the meal, to enjoy the meal, 1783; inf. driht- scype dreogan (do a heroic deed ), 1471; pret. sundnytte dreah (/iflt/ GLOSSARY. 191 tke occupation of swimming, i.e. swam through the sea), 2361 ; pret. pi. hie gewin drugon {fought), 799 ; hi SI S drugon, />lat^^ the 7vay, wejit, 1967. — 3) to experience, to bear, to suffer : scealt werh'So dreogan, shalt S7iffer damnation, 590; pret. J>egn-sorge dreah, bore sorrow for his heroes, 131; nearoJ>earfe dreah, 422; pret. pi. inwidsorge he hieajr drugon, 832; similarly, 1859. S-dreogan, to suffer, to endure : inf. vvnec Sdreogan, 3079. ge-dreogan, /^ J'C brentingas ofer floda genipu feoran drifa'5, who drive their ships thither from afar over the darkness of the sea, 2S09; inf. (w. ace.) ^eah be he [ne] meahte on mere drifan hringedstefnan, although he could mot drive the ship on the sea, 1 13 1. to-drifan, to drive apart, to dis- perse : pret. o'S l^at unc flod todrSf, 545- drohtoij, St. m., mode of living or acting, calling, employment : nom. sg. ne was his drohtoS )ifer swylce he ser gemette, there was no em- ploymeftt for him (Grendel) there such as he had found j'ormerly, 757. drusian, w. v. (cf. dreosan, prop- erly, to be ready to fall : hereof water), to stagnate, to be putriu . pret. lagu drusade (through the blood of Grendel and his mother), 1631. dryht, driht, st. f., company, troop, band of warriors ; noble band : in comp. mago-driht. ge-dryht, ge-driht, st. f., troop, band of noble warriors : nom sg. minra eorla gedryht, 431 ; ace. sg. a'Selinga gedriht, 118; mid his eorla (hale'Sa) gedriht (gedryht), 357. 663; similarly, 634, 1673.— Comp. sibbe-gedriht. drj-ht-bearn, st. n., youth from a noble warrior band, noble young man : nom. sg. dryhtbearn Dena, 2036. 192 GLOSSARY. dryhtcn, drihtcn,st. m., command- er, lord : a) temporal lord: nom. sg. dryhten, 1485, 2001, etc.; diih- ten, 105 1 ; dat. dryhtne, 2483, etc. ; dryhten, 1832. — b) God: nom. drihten, 108, etc.; diyhten, 687, etc.; dat. sg. dryhtne, 1693, etc.; drihtne, 1399, etc.; gen. sg. dryht- nes, 441 ; drihtnes, 941. — Comp. : fieah-, freo-, gum-, man-, sige-, wine-dryhten. drylit-guina, w. m., one of a troop of warriors, noble warrior : dat. sg. drihtguman, 13S9; nom. pi. drihtguman,99; dryhtguman, 1232; dat. pi. ofer diyhtgumum, 1791 (of IlroSgar's warriors). dryht^lic, adj., (^that 'which befits a noble troop of warriors'), noble, ex- cellent : dryhtltc iren, excellent sword, 893 ; ace. sg. f. (with an ace. sg. n.) drihllice wif (of Ilildeburh), "59- dryht-maUum, st. m., excellent jewel, splendid treasure: gen. pi. drylitmSiSma, 2844. dryht-scipe, st. m., {lord-ship), warlike virtue, bravery; heroic deed : ace. sg. drihtscipe dreogan, to do a heroic deed, 147 1. dryht-sele, st.ni., excellent, splendid hall: nom. sg. driht-sele, 485; dryhtsele, 768 ; ace. sg. dryhtsele, 2321. dryht-sib, st. i., peace or friendship between troops of noble warriors : gen. sg. dryhtsibbe, 2069. drync, st. m., drink : in comp. heoru- drync. drync-fiit, st. n., vessel for drink, to receive the drink : ace. sg., 2255; drinc-fat, 2307. drysmian, w. v., to become obscure, gloomy (through the falling rain) : pres. sg. III. lyft drysmaS, 1376. drysne, adj. See on-drysne. dugan, v., to avail, to be capable, to be good : pres. sg. III. hClru se aldor deah, especially is the prince capa- able, 369; "Sonne his ellen deah, if his strength avails, is good, 573; J^e him selfa deah, who is capable of himself, xvho can rely on himself, 1 840; pres. subj. j'cah \>\n wit duge, though, indeed, your un- derstanding be good, avail, 590 ; similarly, 1661,2032; pret.sg. Jju Gs wel dohtest, you did us good, con- ducted yourself well towards us, 1822; similarly, nu seo hand ligeS se J?e eow welhwylcra wilna dohte, which was helpful to each one of your desires, 1345; pret. subj. J^eah \>\y heaSoroesa gehwcer dohte, though thou wast everywhere strong in bat- tle, 526. duguff {slate of being fit, capable), St. f. : i) capability, strength : dat. pi. for duge'Sum, in ability {7), 2502; dugu'Sum demdon, praised with all their might{ ?), 3176. — 2) men capable of bearing arms, band of warriors, esp., noble warriors : nom.sg.duguSunlytel, 498; dugu'S, 1 791, 2255; dat. sg. for dugu'Se, before the heroes, 2021 ; nalles fratwe geaf ealdor duguSe, gave the band of heroes no treasure (more), 2921; leoda duguSe on ISst, upon the track of the heroes of the people, i.e. after them, 2946; gen. sg. cftSe he dugu'Se j'caw, the custom of the noble warriors, 359; de6rredugu5e,488; similarly, 2239, 2659; ace. pi. dugutSa, 2036. — 3) contrasted with geogoJS, dugm'^ designates the noted warriors of noble birth (as in the Middle Ages, knights in contrast with squires) : so gen. sg. duguiSe and geogo'Se, GLOSSARY. 193 t6o; gehwylc . . . dugu'Se and iogo- •Se, 1675; dugu'Se and geogoSe dael seghwylcne, 622. durran, V. pret. and pres. to dare; prs. sg. II. J^u dearst bidan, darest to a7vait, 527; III. he gesecean dear, 685 ; pres. subj. sec gyf \>\x dyrre, seek (Grendel's mother), if thou dare, 1380 ; pret. dorste, 1463, 1469, etc.; pi. dorston, 2849. duru, St. f., door, gate, wicket : nom. sg., 722; ace. sg. [duru], 389. ge-diifan, st. v., to dip in, to sink into : pret. hat sweord gedeaf (^the nuord sank into the drake, of a blow), 2701. burh-dftfan, to dive through; to S7viin through, diving : pret. water up J'urh-deaf, sivatn through the water upwards (because he was before at the bottom), 1620. d^vellan, w. v., to mislead, to hinder: prs. III. no hine wiht dwele'S, Sdl ne yldo, him nothing misleads, neither sickness nor age, 1 736. dyhtig, adj., useful, good for : nom. sg. n. sweord . . . ecgum dyhtig, 12S8. dynnaii, w. v., to sound, to groan, to roar: pret. dryhtsele (healwudu, hruse) dynede, 768, 1318, 2559. djrne, adj. : i) concealed, secret, re- tired : nom. sg. dyrne, 271; ace. sg. dryhtsele dyrnne (of the drake's cave-hall), 2321. — 2) secret, mali- cious, hidden by sorcery : dat. instr. sg. dyrnan crafte, VL'ith secret rnagic art, 2291; dyrnum crafte, 2169; gen. pi. dyrnra gSsta, of malicious j/zVzVi (of Grendel's kin), 1358. — Comp. un-dyrne. dyrne, adv., in secret, secretly : him . . . after deorum men dyrne lan- ga15, longs in secret for the dear man, 1880. djTstig, adj., bold, daring: J>eah be he dseda gehwas dyrstig waere, although he had been courageous for every deed, 2839. ge-dygan, ge-digan, w. v., to en- dure, to overcome, with the ace. of the thing endured : pres. sg. II. gif J?u J^at ellenweorc aldre gedigest, if thou survivest the heroic work ivith thy life, 662; III. J'iit J'one hilderses hal gedige'5, that he sur- vives the battle in safety, 300 ; sim- ilarly, inf. unfoege gedigan wean and vvracsiS, 2293; hwaSer sel mse- ge wunde gedygan, which of the two can stand the wounds better (come off with life), 2532 ; nemeah- te unbyrnende deop gedygan, could not endure the deep withotit burn- ing (could not hold out in the deep), 2550; pret. sg. I. III. ge- digde, 578, 1656, 2351, 2544. dygol. See de6gol. dyre. See deore. E ecg, St. f., edge of the sword, point : nom. sg. sweordes ecg, 1107; ecg, 1525, etc.; ace. sg. wiS ord and wi5 ecge ingang forstod, defended the entrance against point and edge (i.e. against spear and sword), 1550; m8ces ecge, 1813; nom.p! ecge, 1 146. — Sword, battle-axe, any cutting weapon : nom. sg. ne was ecg bona (^not the sword killed him), 2507; sio ecg brfin (Beo- wulf's sword Nagling) , 25 78 ; hyne ecg fornam, the sword snatched him away, 2773, etc.; nom. pi. ecga, 2829; dat. pi. ascum and ecgum, 1773; dat. pi. (but denoting only one sword) eacnum ecgum, 2141; 1!t4 GLOSSARY. gen.pl ecga, 483, 806, 1169; — blade : ecg was iren, 1460. — Comp. : brQn-, heard-, styl-ecg, adj. ecg-baiia, w. m., murderer by the sword : dat. sg. Cain wearS to ecg- banan aiigaii hreSer, 1263. ecg-hete, st. m.. sword-hate, enmity which the sword carries out : noni. sg., 84, 1739. ecg-J»racu5 st. f., sword-storm (of violent combat) : ace. atole ecg- hrace, 597. ecl-hwyrft, st. m., return (of a for- mer condition): ba bser sona wear'S edhwyrft eorlum, siSiSan inne fealh Grendles modor (i.e. after Cjien- del's mother had penetrated into the hall, the former perilous con- dition, of the time of the visits of Grendel, returned to the men), 1282. ed-wendan, w. v., to turn back, to yield, to leave off : inf. gyf him edwendan a;fre scolde bealuwa bisigu, if for him the affliction of evil should ever cease, 280. ed-wcnden, st. f., turning, change : nom. sg. edwenden, 1775; ed-wen- den torna gehwyices {^reparation for former neglect), 2189. edwit-lif, St. n., life in disgrace : nom. Sg., 2892. efn, adj., even, like, with preceding o n , and with depend, dat., tipon the same level, near : him on efn lige^ ealdorgewinna, lies near him, 2904. efnan (see ilfuao) w. v., to carry out, to perform, to accomplish : pres. subj. eorlscype efne {accomplish knightly deeds), 21^2,6; inf.eorlscipe efnan, 2623; sweorda gelSc efnan {to battle), 1042; gerund, to ef- nanne, 1942; pret. eorlscipe efnde, 2134, 3008. efae, adv., even, exactly, precisely. Just, united with swS or svvylc ; efne swS swi'Se swS, just so much as, 1093; efne svva side swa, 1224; was se gryre lassa efne sw^ miclc swS, by so much the less as . . ., 12S4; leoht inne stod efne swU .. . scine'iS, a gleam stood therein (in the sword) just as when . . . shines, 1572; efne swS hwylc mag 5a swS hone magan cende {a woman who has borne such a 5<7m),944; efne swi hwylcum manna swS him ge- met >(ihte, to just such a man as seemed good to him, 3058; efne swylce mrela swylce . . . I'earf ge- saslde, just at the times at 'vhich necessity commanded it, 1250. eft, adv. : l ) thereupon, afterwards : 56, 1 147, 21 12, 3047, etc.; eft sona bi'5, then it happens immediately, 1763; bot eft cuman, help come again, 281. — 2) again, on the other side : bat hine on ylde eft gewunigen wilgesiSas, that in old age again (also on their side) zvill- ing companions should be attached to him, 22; — anetv, again: 135, 604, 693, 1557, etc.; eft svvd £Er, again as formerly, 643. — 3) re- tro, rursus, back: 123, 296, 854, etc.; bat hig aSelinges eft ne wen- don {did not believe that he would come back), 1597. eft-cyme, st. m., return : gen. sg. eftcymes, 2897. eft-siff, St. m., journey back, return : ace. sg. 1892; gen. sg. eft-siSes georn, 2784; acc.pl. eftsiSasteah, •cvent the road back, i.e. returned, mi- egesa, egsa {state of terror, active or passive) : i ) f rightfulness : ace. sg. buih egsan, 276; gen. egesan ne game's, cares for nothing ter- GLOSSARY. 195 rihle, is 7iot tronc:ed about future terrors{l), 1 758. — 2) terror, hor- ror, fear : nom. sg. egesa, 785; instr. sg. egesan, 1828, 2737. — Comp. : gled-, lig-, water-egesa. eges-full, adj., horrible {full of fear, fearful), 2930. Kges-lic, adj., terrible, bringing ter- ror : of Grendel's head, 1650; of the beginning of the fight with the drake, 2310; of the dralce, 2826. egle, adj., causing aversion, hideous : nom. pi. neut., or, more probably, perhaps, adverbial, egle (MS. egl), 988. egsian (denominative from egesa), \v. v., (0 have terror, distress : pret. (as pluperf.) egsode eorl(?), 6. elitian, vv. v., to esteem, to make prominent with praise: III. pi. pres. I'iit he . . . weras ehtiga'^", that thee men shall esteem^ praise, 1223. elde {those who generate, cf. O.N. al-a, generare), st. m. only in the '^\.,men: dat.pl. eldum, 2215; mid eldum, among men, 2612. — See ylde. eldo, St. f., age: instr. sg. eldo gebun- den, 21 12. el-land, st. n., foreign land, exile : ace. sg. sceall . . . elland tredan, ( sh a II be ba n ish ed), 3020. elleu, st. n., strength, heroic strength, bravery : nom. sg. ellen, 573 ; eafo'S and ellen, 903; Geata . . . eafo^ and ellen, 603; ace. sg. eafoS and ellen, 2350; ellen c^i)a.n,sho2C) brav- ery, 2696; ellen fremedon, exer- cised heroic strength, did heroic deeds, 3; similarly, ic gefremman sceal eorlic ellen, 638; ferh ellen wrac, life drove out the strength, i.e. with the departing life (of the dragon) his strength left him, 2707 ; dat. sg. on elne, 2507, 2817; as instr. ha was at ham geongum grim andswaru eSbegete hSm he asr his elne forleas, then it 7vas easy for (every one of) those -.aho before had lost his hero-courage, to obtain rough tvords from the j, ''ung man (Wiglif), 2862; mid elne, 1494, 2536 ; elne, alone, in adverbial sense, strongly, zealously, and with the nearly related meaning, hur- riedly, transiently, 894, 1098, 1968, 2677, 2918; gen.sg. elneslat, 1530; ha him was elnes hearf, 2877. — Comp. magen-ellen. ellen-dccd, st. f., heroic deed : dat. pi. -daedum, 877, 901. ellen-ggest, st. m., strength-spirit, demon with heroic streitgih : nom. sg. of Grendel, 86. ellen-lice, adv., strongly, with heroic strength, 2123. ^\{:n-w\','^v'iSw,'s>\.A., renown of heroic strength, dat. pi. -maer'Sum, 829, 1472. ellcn-rof, adj., renowned for strength : nom. sg. 340, 358, 3064; dat. pi. -rofum, 1788. ellen-seoc, adj., infirm in stre?tgth : ace. sg. h-eoden ellensiocne (^the mortally wounded king, Bedwulf) , 27SS. elleu-weorc, st.n., {strength-work)^ heroic deed, achievement in battle : ace. sg. 662, 959, 1465, etc.; gen. pi. ellen-weorca, 2400. elles, adv., else, otherwise : a (modal), in another manner, 2521. — b (local), elles hwaer, sotneivhere else, 138; elles hwergen, 2591. ellor, adv., to some other place, 55, 2255- ellor-gast, -gaest, st. m., spirit liv- ing elseivhere (standing outside of the community of mankind) : nom. 106 GLOSSARY. sg. se ellorgdst (Grendel), 808; (Grendel's mother), 1622; ellor- gsest (Grendel's mother), 1618; ace. pi. ellorgsestas, 1350. ellor-slff, St. m., departure, death : nom. sg. 2452. clni, adj. (comparative of a not existing form, ele, Goth, aljis, SiViMs), anoi/ier : dat. sg. on elran men, 753. fl-J>o6dig, adj., of another people : foreign : ace. pi. el-heodige men, 336. eiule, St. m., the extreme : hence, i) ettd: nom. sg. aldres (Itfes) ende, 823, 2845; oS I'iit ende becwom (scil. unrihtes) ,1255; ace. sg. ende lifgesceafta (lifes, laen-daga), 3064, 13S7, 2343; hafde eorSscrafa ende genyttod, had used the end of the earth-caves (had made use of the caves for the last time), 3047; dat. sg. ealdres (lifes) at ende, 2791, 2824; eoletes at ende, 224. — 2) boundary: ace. sg. side rice )'at he his selfa ne mag . . . ende ge- >encean, the wide realm, so that he himself cannot comprehend its boundaries, 1735. — 3) summit, head : dat. sg. eorlum on ende, to the nobles at the end (the highest cour- tiers) , 2022. — Comp. woruld-ende. ende-diig, st. m., last day, day of death : nom. sg. 3036; ace. sg. 638 ende-dOgor, st. m., last day, day of death: gen. sg. bega on vvSnum endedogores and eftcymes leofes monnes {^hesitating between the be- lief in the death and in the return of the dear man), 2897. eiide-ld.f, St. f., last remnant: nom. sg. hu eart ende-lif fisses cynnes, art the last of our race, 2814. ende-ledn, st. n., Jinal reparation : ace. sg. 1693. ende-sajtii, w . m., he who sits on tki border, boundary-guard : nom. sg. (here of the strand-watchman), 241. emle-stiif, st. m. (elementum finis), end : ace. sg. hit on endestaf eft gelimpeS, tlien it draivs near to the end, 1754. ge-eiidian, vv. v., to ettd : pret.part. ge-endod, 2312. enge, adj., narrow : ace. pi. enge Snpa'Sas, 71a rro7u paths, 1411. ent, St. m., giant : gen. pi. enta asr- geweorc (the sword-hilt out of the dwelling-place of Grendel), 1680; enta geweorc (the dragon's cave), 2718; eald-enta jer-geweorc (the costly things in the dragon's cave), 2775- entisc, adj., coming from giants: ace. sg. entiscne helm, 2980. etan, st. v., to eat, to consume : pres. sg. III. blodig wal . . . ete'5 in- genga, he that goes alone (Grendel) will devour the bloody corpse, 448; inf. Geatena leode . . . etan, 444. I'urh-etan, to eat through: pret. part. pi. nom. swyrd . . . Jmrhetone, swords eaten through (by rust), 3050. E ec. See eAc. ece, adj., everlasting: nom. See drihten (God), 108; ace. sg. 8ce eor'Sreced, the everlasting earth- hall (the dragon's cave), 2720; geceas Scne rxd, chose the everlast- ing gain (died), 1202; dat. sg. ecearx dryhtne, 1693, 1780, 2331 ; ace. pi. geceos 6ce raedas, 1761. edrc. See aedre. eU-begete, z.6].,easyto obtain, ready: nom. sg. hS was at bam geongum GLOSSARY. 191 grim andsvvaru e'5-beg§te, then from the young man (Wiglaf) it was an easy thing to get a gruff answer, 2862. eUe. See edafe. eSel, St. m., hereditary possessions, hereditary estate : ace. sg. swjesne SSel, 520; dat. sg. on eSle, 1731. — In royal families the hereditary possession is the whole realm : hence, ace. sg. eSel Scyldinga, of the kittgdom of the Scyldings, 914; (Offa) wisdome heold eSel sinne, ruled 7vith wisdom his inherited kingdom, 1 96 1. effel-riht, st. n., hereditary privi- leges (rights that belong to a here- ditary estate) : nom. sg. eard eSel- riht, estate and inherited privileges, 2199. eiSTel-stol, St. m., hereditary seat, in- herited throne: ace. pi. eSel-stolas, 2372. eafel-turf, st. f., inherited ground, hereditary estate : dat. sg. on minre eSeltyrf, 410. eSel-weard, st. m., lord of the here- ditary estate (realm) : nom. sg. g'Selweard (king), 1703, 221 1 ; dat. sg. East-Dena eSel vvearde (King Hro^gar), 617. feijel-wyn, st. f., joy in, or enjoyment of, hereditary possessions : nom. sg. nu sceal . . . call eSelwyn eowrum cynne, lufen Sliegean, noiv shall your race want all home-joy, and subsistence^!) (your race shall be banished from its hereditary abode), 2886; ace. sg. he me lond forgeaf, eard eSelwyn, presented me with land, abode, and the en- joyment of ho7ne, 2494.. fiff-gesyne, yff-gesene, adj., easy to see, visible to all : nom. sg. Iiii, 1245. efstan, w. v., to be in haste, to hasten: inf. uton nu Sfstan, let us hurry no7v, 3102; pret. efste mid elne, hastened with heroic strength, 1494. eg-clif, St. n., sea-cliff: ace. sg. ofer eg-clif (ecg-clif, MS.), 2894. eg-stredm, st. m., sea-streatn, sea- food : dat. pi. on eg-streamum, in the sea-foods, 577. See eAgor- stredm. ehtan (M.H.G. aechten; cf. aeht and ge-aehtla), w. v. w. gen., to be a purstier, to pursue : pres. part, aglzeca ehtende was duguf>e and geogo'Se, 159; pret. pi. ^hton aglae- can, they pursued the bringer of sorroiv (Beowulf )(?), 15 13. est, st. m. {., favor, grace, kindness: ace. sg. he liim est geteah meara and mRSma (honored him with horses and jewels), 2166; gearvvor hafde agendes est asr gesceawod, would rather have seen the grace of the Lord (o( God) sooner, 3076. — dat. pi., adverbial, libenter : him on folce heold, estuni mid are, 2379; estum geywan (to present), 21 50; him was . . . wunden gold estum geeawed (presented), 1195; we |?at ellenweorc estum mielum fre- medon, 959. este, adj., gracious: w. gen. este bearn-gebyrdo, gracious through the birth (of such a son as Beo- wulf), 946. EA eafoff, St. n., power, strength : noiu sg. cafe's and ellen, 603, 903; ace. sg. eafo'S and ellen, 2350; we frecne genSSdon eafoS uncfi'Ses, we have boldly ventured against the strength of the enemy (Grendel^, 198 GLOSSARY. have withstood him, 961 ; gen. sg. eafo^es craftig, 1467; l>at l>ec Sdl 0(S5e ecg eafoSes getvvsefed, shall rob of strength, 1764; ace. pi. eafeSo (MS. earfeSu), 534; dat. pi. hine mihtig god . . . eafe'Sum stt'ptc, made him great through strength, 1 718. See Note for 1. 534. eafor, st. m., boar ; here the image of the boar as banner: ace. sg. eafor, 2153. eafora {offspring), w. m. : l) son : nom. sg. eafera, 12, 898; eafora, 375; ace. sg. eaferan, 1548, 1848; gen. sg. eafera, 19; nom. pi. eafe- ran, 2476; dat. pi. eaferum, 1069, 2471 ; uneran eaferan, 1 186. — 2) in broader sense, successor : dat. pi. eaforum, 171 1. eahta, num., eight: ace. pi. eahta mearas, 1036; code eahta sum, ■went as one of eight, with seven others, 3124. eahtian, w. v.: i) to consider , to deliberate : pret. pi. w. aec. raed eahtedon, consulted about help, 172; pret. sg. (for the plural) bone selestan |>ara be mid IlroSgare him eahtode, the best one of those who with Ilrb^gdr deliberated about their home (ruled), 1408. — 2) to speak 'with reflection 0/ (along with the idea of praise) : pret. pi. ea" todan eorlscipe, spoke of his noble character, 3175. eal, call, adj., all, whole: nom. sg. wcrud call, 652; pi. cal bencl>cUi, 486; sg. call eSelwyn, 2886; ealwo- rold, 1739, etc.; bat hit wearS eal gearo, healarna maest, 77; I'at hit (wtgbil) eal gemealt, 1 609. And with a following genitive : I'oer was eal geador Grendles gr^pe, there •was all together Grendel's hand, the whole hand of Grendel, 836; eall . . . lissa, all favcr, 2150; wis call sceaeen dogorgertmes, 2728. With apposition : \>^\\\.Q him eall to rftm, wongas and wtcstede, 2462 ; aec. sg. boot eal, 523; similarly, 2018, 2081 ; oneySSe ealle, all dis- tress, 831 ; heals ealne, 2692; hlaew , . . ealne fitan-weardne, 2298; gif he bat eal gemon, 1 186, 2428; bat eall geondseh, recedes geatwa, 3089; ealne wtde-ferh'5, through the whole wide life, through all time, 1223; instr. sg. ealle magene, with all strength, 2668; dat. sg. eallum . . . manna cynne, 914; gen. sg. ealles moncynnes, 1956. Subst. ic bas ealles mag . . . gefean habban, 2740; brftc ealles well, 2 1 63 ; frean ealles banc secge, give thanks to the Lord of all, 2795; nom. pi. untydras ealle, 1 1 1 ; sceo- tend . . . ealle, 706; we ealle, 942; ace. pi. feond ealle, 700; similarly, 1081, 1797, 2815; subst. ofer ealle, 650; ealle hie deaS fornam, 2237; lig ealle forswealg bara be b^er gC15 fornam, all of those whom the -war had snatched away, 1 1 23; dat. pi. eallum ceaster-bftendum, 768; simi- larly, 824,907, 141 8; subst. Sna wi5 eallum, one against all, 145; with gen. eallum gumena cynnes, 1058; gen.pl.a'Selingabearn ealra Iwelfa, the kinsmen of all twelve nobles (twelve nobles hold the highest positionsof the court), 3172; subst. he ah ealra gQ\\G^2i.\il,has power over all, 1728. Uninflected: bil eal burhwod flx'schoman, the battle-axe cleft the body through and through, 1 568; hafde . . . eal gefeormod fet and folma, had devoured entirely feel and hands, 745 ; se be eall geman gir-cwealm gumena, who remem- GLOSSARY. 199 hers thoroughly the death of the men by the spear, 2043, etc. Adverbial : j^eah ic eal maege, although I am entirely able, 6S1 ; hi on beorg dydon beg and siglu call swylce hyrsta, they placed in the grate-mound rings, and orna- ments, all Slick adornments, 3165. — The gen. sg. ealles, adverbial in the sense of entirely, looi, 1 130. eald, adj., old : a) of the age of liv- ing beings : nom.sg. eald, 357, 1703, 221 1, etc.; dat. sg. ealdum, 2973; gen. sg. ealdes uhtflogan {dragon), 2761 ; dat. sg. ealdum, 1875 ; geongum and ealdum, 72. — b) of things and of institutions : nom. sg. helm nionig eald and omig, 27(14, ace. sg. ealde \M& {sword'), 796, 1489 ; ealde wisan, 1866 ; eald sweord, 1559, 1664, etc.; eald ge- win, old (lasting years), distress, 1782; eald enta geweorc {the pre- cious thi7igs in the drake's cave), ZJTS; ace. pi. ealde maSmas, 472; ofer ealde riht, against the old laws (namely, the Ten Commandments; Beowulf believes that God has sent him the drake as a punishment, because he has unconsciously, at some time, violated one of the com- mandments), 2331. yidra, compar. older: min yldra mseg, 468; yldra bro'Sor, 1325; o^ t>at he (Heardr^d) yldra wearS, 2379- yldesta, superb oldest, in the usual sense; dat. sg. |?am yldestan, 2436; in a moral sense, the most respected: nom. sg. se yldesta, 258; ace. sg. Jjone yldestan, 363, both times of Beowulf. eald-fiider, st. m., old- father , grand- fallicr, ancestor: nom. sg. 373. eald-gesegen, st. f., traditions from old times : gen. pi. eal-fela eald- gesegena, very many of the old traditions, 870. eald-gesiiff, st. m., companion ever since old times, courtier for tnany years : nom. pi. eald-gesi^as, 854. eald-gestreon, st. n., treasure out of the old times : dat. pi. eald-ges- treonum, 1382; gen. pi. -gestre6na, 1459- eald-gewinna, vv. m., old-enemy, enemy for many years : nom. sg. of Grendel, 1777. eald-gewyrht, st. n., merit on ac- count of services rendered during many years : nom. pi. J^at nseron eald-gewyrht, hat he Sna scyle gnorn I'rowian, that has not been his desert ever since long ago, that he should bear the distress alone, 2658. eald-hlaford, st. m., lord through many years : gen. sg. bill eald- hlafordes (of the old Be6wulf(?)), 2779. eald-metod, st.m., God ruling ever since ancient times : nom. sg. 946. ealdor, aldor, st. m., lord, chief (king or powerful noble) : nom. sg. ealdor, 1645, 1849, 2921 ; aldor, 56, 7)^9^ 392; ace. sg. aldor, 669; dat. sg. ealdre, 593 ; aldre, 346. ealdor, aldor, st. n., life : ace. sg. aldor, 1372; dat. sg. aldre, 1448, 1525; ealdre, 2600; him on aldre stod herestral hearda (in vitalibus), 1435 » nalles for ealdre mearn, was not troubled about his life, 1443; of ealdre gewit, went out of life, died, 2625 ; as instr. aldre, 662, 681, etc.; ealdre, 1656, 2134, etc.; gen. sg. aldres, 823 ; ealdres, 2791,2444; aidres orw^na, despairing of life, 1003, 1566; ealdres scyldig, hav' ing Jorjeited life, 1339, 2062; dat 200 GLOSSARY pi. aldrum n^^don, 510, 538.— Phrases: on aldie (/« life), ever, 1780; to aldre {for life), always, 2006, 2499 ; Swa to aldre, for ever and ever, 956. ealdor-bealu, st. n., life's evil: ace. sg. )>u . . . ondrsedan ne bearft . . . aldorbealu eorlum, thou needest no/ fear death for the coivtiers, 1 677. ealdor-cearu, st.f., trouble that en- dangers life, great trouble : dat. sg. he his leodum wearS ... to aldor- ceare, 907. »aldor-dagas, st. m. pi., days of one's life : dat. pi. nasfre on aldor- dagum (never in his life), 719; on ealder-dagum asr (in former days), 758. ealdor-gedal, st. n., severing of life, death, end: nom. sg. aldor-gedjll, 806. ealdor-gewinna, w.m., life-enemy, one who strives to take his enemy's life (in N.H.G. the contrary con- ception, Tod-feind) : nom. sg. eal- dorgewinna (the dragon), 2904. ealdor-leds, adj., without a rtd- er{l) : nom. pi. aldor-lease, 15. ealdor-leds, adj., lifeless, dead: ace. sg. aldor-leasne, 1588; ealdor- leasne, 3004. ealdor-J>egn, st. m., nobleman at the court, distinguished courtier : ace sg.aldor-hegn (HroSgdr's con- fidential adviser, Ascheie), 1309. eal-fela, adj., very much: with fol- lowing gen., eal-felaeald-gesegena, very matty old traditions, 870 ; eal- fela eotena cynnes, 884. ealgian, w. v., to shield, to defend, to protect: inf. w. ace. feorh ealgian, 797, 2656, 2669; pret. siSSan he (Hygelic) under segne sine eal- gode, walreaf werede, while under his banner he protected the treas- ures, defended the spoil of battli (i.e. while he was upon the Viking expeditions), 1205. eal-gylden, adj., all golden, entirely of gold : nom. sg. sw5*n ealgylden, 1 1 1 2; acc.sg.segneallgylden, 2768. eal-irenne, adj., entirely of iron : ace. sg. eall-irenne wigbord, a wholly iron battle-shield, 2339. ealu, St. n., ale, beer : ace. sg. ealo drincende, 1946. ealu-benc, st. f., ale-bench, bench for those drinking ale: dat.sg. in ealo- bence, 1030; on ealu-bence, 2868. ealu-scerwen, st. f., terror, under the figure of a mishap at an ale- drinking, probably the sudden tak- ing away of the ale: nom.sg.Denum eallum wear^ . . . ealuscerwen, 770. ealu-wsege, st. n., ale-can, portable vessel out of which ale is poured into the cups : ace. sg. 2022; hroden ealowoege, 495 ; dat. sg. ofer ealo- waege (at the ale-carouse), 48 1. eal- wealda, \v. adj ., allruling{God) nom. sg. fader alwalda, 316; alwal- da, 956, 1315; dat.sg. al-wealdan, 929. card, St. m., cultivated ground, estate, hereditary estate; in a broader sense, ground in general, abode, place of sojourn : nom. sg, him was bam . . . lond gecynde, card S5el- riht, the land^aas bequeathed to them both, the land and the privileges at- tached to it, 2199; ace. sg. fifel- cy nnes card, the ground of the giant race, place of sojourn, 104; simi- larly, alwihta card, 1501 ; card ge- xa\mdQ,thoughtofhis native ground, his home, 1130; card git ne const, thou, knowest not yet the place of sojourn, 1378; card and eorlscipe, prcedium et nobilitatem, 1728; card g^elwyn, land and the enjoyment GLOSSARY. 201 of kome, 2494; Jat. sg. ellor I hwearf of earde, 7vent elsewhere from his place of abode, i.e. died, 56; YaX we rondas beren eft to earde, that we go again to our homes, zb^'^; on earde, 2737; nom. pi. eacne eardas, the broad ex- panses (in the fen-sea where Gren- del's home was), 1622. eardian, w. v. : i^to have a dwelling- place, to live; to rest: pret. pi. dyre swyrd swS hie wiS eoriSan faSm J'oer eardodon, costly swords, as they had rested in the earth's bosom, 305 1 . — 2) also transitively, to inhabit: piet. sg. Heorot eardode, 166; inf. wic eardian elles hwergen, inhabit a place elsewhere (i.e. die), 2590. eard-lufa, w. m., the living upott one's land, home-life : ace. sg. eard- lufan, 693. earfoij-lice, adv., with trouble, with difficulty, 1637, 1658; with vexa- tion, angrily, 85 ; sorrowfully, 2823 ; with difficulty, scarcely, 2304, 2935- earfoff-Jjrag, St. f., time full of trou- bles, sorrowful time : ace. sg. -t-rage, 283. earh, adj., cowardly: gen. sg. ne biS swylc earges si^ {110 coward under- take^ that^, 2542. earin, st. m., ar/n : ace. sg. earm, 836, 973 ; wi5 earm gesat, supported himself with his arm, 750; dat. pi. earmum, 513. earm, adj., /ocr, miserable, unhappy: nom. sg. earm, 2369 ; earme ides, the unhappy woman, 1 1 1 8 ; dat. sg. earmre teohhe, the unhappy band, 2939. — Comp. ace. sg. earmran mannan, a more wretched, more forsaken matt, 577. carm-bedg, st. m., arm-ring, brace- let : gen. pi. earm-beaga fel?i sear- wum gesseled, many arm-rings in- terlaced, 2764. earm-hredd, st. f., arm-ornament . nom. pi. earm-hreade twS, 1195 (Grein's conjecture, MS. earm reade). earni-lic, adj., wretched, miserable : nom. sg. sceolde his ealdor-gedal earinlic wur 5an, his end should be wretched, 808. earni-sceapen, pret. part, as adj. (properly, wretched by the decree of fate'), wretched: nom. sg. 1352. earn, st . m., eagle: dat. sg. earne, 3027. eatol. See atol. eaxl, St. f., shoulder : ace. sg. eaxle, 836, 973; dat. sg. on eaxle, 817, 1548; be eaxle, 1538; on eaxle ides gnornode, the zuoman sobbed on the shoulder {o{ her son, who has fallen and is being burnt), 11 18; dat.pl. sat frean eaxlum neah, sat near the shoulders of his lord (Beowulf lies lifeless upon the earth, and Wiglaf sits by his side, near his shoulder, so as to sprinkle the face of his dead lord), 2854; he for eaxlum gestod Deniga frean, he stood before the shoulders of the lordof the Danes (i.e. not directly before him, but somewhat to the side, as etiquette demanded), 358. eaxl-gestealla, w. m., he who has his position at the shoulder (sc. of his lord) , trusty courtier, counsellor of a prince: nom.sg. 1327; acc.pl -gesteallan, 1715. EA edc, conj., also: 97, 388,433, etc.; gc, 3132. eAcen (pret. part, of a not existing e?ican, augere),adj.,w?(/(f-.r/^fa<4 202 GLOSSARY. large: nom. pi. eacne eardas, (^r(7rff/ plains, 1622. — great, heavy: eald sweord eacen, 1664; dat. pi. eac- num ecgum, 2141, both times of the great sword in Grendel's habi- tation. — great, mighty, powerful : aSele and eacen, of Beowulf, 198. eAcen-criiftig, adj., immense (of riches), enormously great : accsg. hord-arna sum eacen-craftig, that enormous treasure-house, 2281; nom. sg. biit yrfe eacen-ciaftig, iumanna gold, 3052. eddig, adj., blessed with possessions, rich, happy by reason of property : nom. sg. wes, )?enden J'U lilige, aSeling eadig, be, as long as thou livest, a prince blessed with riches, 1226; eadig men, 2471. — Comp. sige-, sigor-, tir-eadig. eadig-lice, adv., in abundance, in joyous plenty: dreamum lifdon eadigUce, lived in rejoicing and plenty, 1 00. edd'e, eiSe, $'iS&f Sid.]., easy, pleasant : nom. pi. gode t>ancedon )'as be him y 5-lSde ea& wurdon, thanked God that the sea-ways (the navigation) had become easy to them, 228; ne was bat e'Se si5, no pleasant way, 2587; nas ViX ySe ceap, no easy purchase, 2416; no ^at ySe byS to befleonne, not easy (as milder ex- pression for in no way, not at all), 1003. ea'Se, ^^e, adv., easily. ea'Se, 478, 2292, 2765. eAff-fynde, adj., easy to find : nom. sg. 138- edge, w. n., eye: dat. pi. him uf eagum stod le6ht unfager, out of his eyes came a terrible gleam, 727 ; ViX ic . . . eagum starige, see with eyes, behold, 1782; similarly, 1936; gen. pi. eagena bearhtm, 1767. edgor-stretiiii, st. m., sea-stream, sea : ace. sg. 513. ea-land, st. n., land surrounded by water (of the land of the Geatas): ace. sg. ea-lond, 2335; island. edm, St. m., uncle, mother'' s brother : nom. sg. 882. edstan, ZidiW., from the east, 569. edwan, w. v., to disclose, to show, to prove: pres. sg. III. eawet5 . . . uncfiSne niiS, shows evil enmity, 276. See e6\vaQ, y^van. ge-eawan, to shoiv, to offer: pret. part, him was . . . wunden gold es- tum ge-eawed, 7uas graciously pre- sented, 1 195. EO eode. See gaugan. eodor, st. m., fence, hedge, railing. Among the old Germans, an estate was separated by a fence from the property of others. Inside of this fence the laws of peace and pro- tection held good, as well as in the house itself. Hence eodor is sometimes used instead of house: ace. pi. heht eahta mearas on flet teon, in under eoderas, gave orders to lead eight steeds into the hall, into the house, 1038. — 2) figuratively, lord, prince, as protector : nom. sg. eodor, 428, 1045 ; eodur, 664. eofolj, St. r\.,strength: ace. pi. ecfo^o, 2535. See eafoa*. eofer, st. m. : i) boar, here of the metal boar-image upon the helmet : nom. sg. eofer trenheard, 11 13. — 2) figuratively, bold hero, brave fighter (O. N. iofur) : nom. pi. honne . . . eoferas cnysedan, when the heroes rushed upon each other, 1329, where eoferas and fS^an GLOSSARY. 203 stand in the same relation to each other as cnysedan and hniton. eofor-lic, st. n. boar-image (on the helmet) : nom. pi. eofor-ltc scionon, 303- eofor-spreot, st. m., boar-spear: dat. pi. mid eofer-spreotum heoro- hocyhtum, with hunting-spears which were provided rvith sharp hooks, 1438. eoguar, ioguff. See geogoiff. eolet, St. m. n., seaij): gen. sg. eoletes, 224. eorclan-stan, ii.m., precious stone : ace. pi. -stanas, 1209. eorij-cyning, ^i.m.,ki)igofthe land: gen.sg.eorS-cyninges(Finn),ii56. eorlff-draca, w. m., earth-drake, dragon that lives in the earth : nom. sg. 2713, 2826. eorlSfe, \v. f. : i) earth (in contrast with heaven), world : ace. sg. al- mihtiga eorSan worhte, 92; wide geond eorSan, far over the earth, through the wide world, 266; dat. sg. ofer eortb'an, 248, 803 ; on eor- «an, 1823, 2856, 3139; gen. sg. eor'San, 753. — 2) earth, ground: ace. sg. he eor'San gefeoll, fell to the ground, 2835 ! forleton eorla gestreon eor'San healdan, let the earth hold the nobles' treasttre, 3168; dat. sg. bat hit on eor'San lag, 1533; under eorSan, 2416; gen. sg. wiS eoiSan fatSin (?'« the bosom of the ea7/Ji), 3050. eoi ff-reccl, st. n., hall in the earth, rock-hall : ace. sg. 2720. eov'S-Scr'eit,?X.VL., earth-cavern, cave: dat. sg. eorS-[scrafe], 2233; gen. pi. eor'5-scrafa, 3047. eorlflr-sele, st. m., hall in the earth, cave : ace. sg. eorS-sele, 241 1 ; aat. sg. of eorb'sele, 2516. eoriJ-'WBall, st. m., earth-wall : ace. sg. (Ongenhedw) beah eft undet eor'Sweall, fed again under the earth-wall (into his fortified camp), 2958; \>% me was . . . si 5 alyfed inn under eor'Sweall, then the way in, under (lie earth-'tvallwas opened to tne (into the dragon's cave), 3091. eorff-weard, st. m., land-property, estate : ace. sg. 2335. eorl, St. m., 7toble born man, a man of the high nobility ■' nom. sg. 762, 796, 1229, etc.; ace. sg. eorl, 573, 628, 2696; gen. sg. eorles, 690, 983, 1758, etc.; ace. pi. eorlas, 2817; dat. pi. eorlum, 770, 1282, 1650, etc.; gen. pi. eorla, 248, 357, 369, etc. — Since the king himself is from the stock of the eorlas, he is also called eorl, 6, 2952. eorl-gestreon, st. n., wealth of the nobles : gen. pi. eorl-gestre6na . . . hardfyrdne dsl, 2245. eorl-ge^vaede, st. n., kttightly dress, armor : dat. pi. -gewsedum, 1443. eorlic (i.e. eorl-llc), adj., zvhat it be- comes a noble born man to do, chiv- alrous : ace. sg. eorlic ellen, 638. eorl-scipe, st. m., condition of being noble born, chivalrous nature, nobility : ace. sg. eorl-scipe, 1728, 3175; eorl-scipe efnan, to do chiv- alrous deeds, 2134, 2536, 2623, 3008. eorl-^\'eorod, st. n., followers of nobles : nom. sg. 2894. eornien-cyn, st. n., very extensive race, mankind : gen. sg. eormen- cynnes, 1958. eormen-grund, st. m., immensely wide plains, the whole broad earth : ace. sg. ofer eormen-grund, 860. eormen-laf, st. f., enormous legacy: ace. sg. eormen-life alSelan cynnes (^the treasures of the dragon's cave] 2235. 204 GLOSSARY. eorre, adj., angry, enraged: gen. sg. eorres, 1448. eoton, St. m. : l) giant: nom. sg. eoten (Grendel), 762; dat. sg. un- inflected, eoton (Grendel), 669; noni. pi. eotenas, 112. — 2) Eo- tens, subjects of Finn, the X. Frisians: 1073, 1089, 1 142; dat. pi. 1146. See List of Names, p. 114. eotonisc, a.^]., gigantic, coming from giants : ace. sg. eald svveord eote- nisc (eotonisc), 1559, 2980, (eto- nisc, MS.) 2617. «;6red-geatwe, st. f. pi., warlike adornments : ace. pi., 2867. cowan, w. v., to shoiv, to be seen: pres. sg. in. ne gesacu ohvvser, ecghete eoweS, nowhere shows it- self strife, sword-hate, 1739. See edwan, J'^van. eower: i) gen. pi. pers. pron., ves- trum : eower sum, that one of you (namely, Beowulf), 248; faehSe eower leode, the enmity of the peo- ple of you (of your people), 597; nis bat eower st5 . . . nefne min Snes, 2533. — 2) poss. pron., jo«;-, 251. 257, 294, etc. ge -fandian, -fondiau, w. v., to try, to search for, to find out, to expe- rience: w.gen. pret. part. )'at hiifde gumena sum goldes gefandod, that a man had discovered the gold, 2302 ; bonne se an hafaS J>urh deSSes nyd dasda gefondad, no'u the (?«£•( Herebeald )has with death's pang experienced the deeds (the unhappy bow-shot of Hse^cyn"^, 2455- fara, vv. m., farer, traveller: in comp. mere-fara. faran, st. v., to move from one place to another, to go, to wander: inf. t3 ham faran, to go home, 124; ISton on geflit faran fealwe mearas, let the fallow horses go in emtdation, 865 ; cwom faran fiotherge on Fres- na land, had come to Frieslandwith a fiect, 2916; com leoda dugoSe on list faran, ca?tie to go upon the track of the heroes of his people, i.e. to follow them, 2946; gerund waeron a^elingas eft to leodum ffise to farenne, the nobles were ready to go agaitt to their people, 1806; pret. sg. gegnum for [I'S] ofer myrcan mor, there had (Grendel's mother) gone a~vay over the dark fen, 1405; scegenga for, the seafarer (the ship) drove along, 1 909; (wyrm) mid baele for, (the dragon) fied away with fire, 2309 ; pret. pi. ^at . . . scawan sclrhame to scipe foron, that the visitors in glittering attire betook themselves to the ship, 1896. gefaran, to proceed, to act: inf. hfi se mSnsceaSa under faergripum ge- faran wolde, hozv he wotdd act in his sudden attacks, 739. Clt faran, to go out : vv. ace. let of bredstum . . . word dt faran, let words go out of his breast, uttered words, 2552. faroS, St. m., stream,floodofthe sea : dat. sg. to brinies faro'Se, 28; after faro&, with the stream, 580 ; at faroSe, 1917. faru, St. f., way, passage, expedition . in comp. &d-faru. faceu-sttif (elementum nequitiae). St. ni., -iuickedness, treachery, deceit. acc. pi. fScen-stafas, 1019, GLOSSARY. 205 f&ta, fag, adj., many-colored, varie- gated, of varying :olor (especially said of the color of gold, of bronze, and of blood, in which the beams of light are refracted) : nom. sg. fSh {coveredwith bloody, i,20; blode fSh, 935; atertSnum fih (sc. iien), 1460; sadol searwum fih {saddle artistically ornamented ivitk gold\ 1039; sweord swatefah, 1287; brim blode fSh, 1595; wdldreorefag, 1 632 ; (draca) fyrwylmum fah {because he spewed Jlame^, 2672; sweord fah and fated, 2702; blode fih, 2975; ace. sg. dreore fahne, 447 ; goldsele fattum fahne, 717; on fagne flor treddode, trod the shining floor (of Heorot), 726; hrof golde fahne, the roof shining with gold, 928; nom. pi. eoforlic . . . fah and fyr- heard, 305; ace. pi. \>a. hilt since fage, 1 61 6; dat. pi. fagum sweor- dum, 586. — Comp. ban-, blod-, brfln-, dreoi-, gold-, giyre-, searo-, sine-, stan-, sw^t-, vval-, wyrm-fah. fah, fag, fa, adj. : i) hostile : nom. sg. fah feond-scaSa, 554; he was fag wi'5 god (Grendel), 812; ace. sg. fane {the dragon), 2656; gen. pi. fira, 578, 1464. — 2) liable to pursuit, without peace, outlawed : nom. sg. fag, 1264; mSne iah, out- lawed through crime, 979; fyren- daedum fag, 1002. — Comp. nearo- fah. fainig-heals, adj., with foaming neck : nom. sg. flota famig-heals, 218; (sspgenga) fimig-heals, 1910. fac, St. n., period of time : ace. sg. lytel fac, during a short time, 2241. fader, st. m., father: nom. sg. fader, 55, 262,459, 2609; of God, 1610; fader alwalda, 316; ace. sg. fader, 1356; dat.sg. fader, 2430; gen. sg. fader, 21, l.jSo; of God, 188 — Comp. : ser , eald-fader. fiidera, w. m., father''s brother in comp. suhter-gefaderan fader-iiiaCelo, st. n. pL, patcrnut principattjs (?) : dat. pi. fader- aSelum, 912. faderen-niaeg, st. m., kinsman de- scended from the same father, co- descendant: dat. sg. faderen-msege, 1264. faffm, St. m. : i) the outspread, en- circling arms : instr. pi. feondes fa5[mum], 2129. — 2) embrace, encircling : nom. sg. liges fa'Sm, 782; ace. sg. in fyres fa 5m, 185. — 3) bosom, lap : ace. sg. on foldan faSm, 1 394 ; wi'S eor 5an fa 5m, 3050; dat. pi. to fader (God's) faS- mum, 188. — 4) power, property : ace. in Francna fa 5m, 1211. — Cf. std-fa5med, si5-fa5me. fad'niian, w. v., to embrace, to take up into itself: pres. subj. J^at minne Itchaman . . . gled fa'5mie, 2653; inf.lSton flod fa.5mianfratwahyrde, 3134- ge-fag, adj., agreeable, desirabli (Old Eng., fawe, willingly') : comp. ge-fagra, 916. fagen, adj., glad, joyous : nom. pi. ferh'Sum fagne, the glad at heart, 1634. fager, adj., beautiful, lovely : nom. sg. fiiger fold-bold, 774; fager fol- dan bearm, 11 38; ace. sg. freo^o- burh fagere, 522; nom. pi. hser him fold-wegas fagere J'fihton, 867. — Comp. iin-fager. fagere, fagre, adv., beautifully, ivell, becomingly, according to eti- quette : fagere gebsegon medoful manig, 1015; J^a was flet-sittendun. fagere gereorded, becomingly thi repast was served, 1 789; HigelSc 206 GLOSSARY. ongan . . . fagre fricgean, 1986; similarly, 2990. fur, St. n., craft, ship ; nom. sg., 33. fiist, adj., bound, fast : nom. sg. biS se slaep t8 fast, 1 743 ; ace. sg. Treondscipe fastne, 2070; faste frioiSuwKre, 1097. — The prep, on stands to denote the where or wherein : was to fast on |>am (sc. on fi\;h6'e and fvrcne), 137; on ancre fast, 303. Or, oftener, the dative: feond-grapum fast, {held) fast in his antagonist's clutch, 637; fyrbendum fast, fast in the forged hinges, 723 ; handa fast, 1291, etc.; hygebendum fast (beorn him lan- gaS), fast {shut) in the bonds of his bosom, the man longs for (i.e. in secret), 1879. — Comp : ^r-, blsed-, gin-, soiS-, ttr-, wts-fast. faste, adv.,/ai/.- 554, 761, 774, 789, 1296. — Comp. fastor, 143. be-fastan, w. v., to give over : inf. h8t Hildeburh hire selfre sunu sweolotJe befastan, to give over to the /lames her oian son, 1 1 16. fasten, st. n., fortified place, or place difficult of access : ace. sg. leoda fasten, the fastness of the Gedtas (with ref. to 2327), 2334; fasten (Ongenheow's castle or fort) , 295 1 ; fasten (Grendel's house in the fen- sea), 104. fsist-raed, z.A]., firmly resolved : ace. sg. fast-rKdne gehoht, firm deter- mination, 611. fslt, St. m., 7uay, journey : in comp. stS-fat. fat, St. n., vessel ; vase, cup : ace. pi. fyin-manna fatu, the {drinking-) vessels of men of old times, 2762. — Comp. : bdn-, drync-, m^cSSum-, sine-, wiindor-fat. fat, St. n. (?), plate, sheet of metal, esY>^c\3\\y gold plate (Dietrich Hot. Ztschr. XL 420) : dat. pi. gold sele . . . fiittum fihne, shining ivith gold plates (the walls and the inner part of the roof were partly cov- ered with gold), 717; sceal se hearda helm hyrsted golde fatum befeallen (sc. wesan), the gold or- naments shall fall axvay from it, 2257- fated, fatt, part., ornamented with gold beaten into plate-form : gen. sg. fattan goldes, 1094,2247; instr. sg. fattan golde, 2103. Elsewhere, covered, ornamented 7vith gold plate : nom. sg. sweord . . . fated, 2702; ace. sg. fated wajge, 2254, 2283; ace. pi. fatte seyldas, 333; fatte beagas, 1751. [fated, etc.] fated-hleor, adj., phaleratus gena (Dietr.) : aec. pi. eahta mearas fated-hleore {eight horses linth bri- dles covered with plates of gold), 1037- fjit-gold, St. n., gold in sheets or plates : ace. sg., 1922. ftege, adj.: i) forfeited to death, allotted to death by fate : nom. sg. frege, 1756, 2142, 2976; faege and ge-flymed,847; fflsand fffige, 1242; aec. sg. fiiigne flaesc-homan, 1569; dat. sg. fajgum, 2078; gen. sg. fceges, 1528. — 2) dead: dat. pi. ofer fa;gum {over the warriors fallen in the battle), 3026. — Comp. : dcaS-, un-faege. ffehiy {state of hostility, see fah), St. f., hostile act, fetid, battle : nom. sg. frehS, 2404, 3062; ace. sg. foehiSe, 153, 459, 470, 596, 1334, etc.; also of the unhappy bow- shot of the IlrCtNling, Ilaei^cyn, by which he killed his brother, 2466; dat.sg. fore fn;h5e and fyrene, 137; nalas for fieh'Se mearn {did not I recoil from the combat), 1538; GLOSSARY. 20' gen. sg , ne gefeah he baere fseh^e, 109; gen. pi. f3eh"5a gemyndig, 2690. — Comp. wal-fseh'5. f^ehSfo, St. f., same as above : nom. sg. sio fash'So, 3cxx); ace. faeh^o, 2490. faelsian, w. v., to bring into a good condition, to cleanse : inf. bat ic mote . . . Heorot fselsian (from the plague of Grendel), 432; pret. HroSgares . . . sale faalsode, 2353. ge-fselsian, w. v., same as above: pret. part, hafde gefaelsod . . . sele Hro^'gares, 826; Heorot is gefael- sod, 1 1 77; waeron yS-gebland eal gefaelsod, 1621. fftxnne, w. f., virgin, recens nupta : Jat. sg. faemnan, 2035; gen. sg. faemnan, 2060, both times of HroS- gSr's daughter Freaware. faer, st. m., sudden, unexpected at- tack: nom. sg. (attaclv upon Hnaf's band by Finn's), 1069, 2231. faer-gripe, st. m., sudden, treacher- ous gripe, attack : nom. sg. faer- gripe flodes, 1517; dat. pi. under faergripum, 739. ffer-gryre, st. m., fright caused by a sudden attack : dat. pi. \vi5 faer- gryrum (against the inroads of Grendel into Heorot), 174. faeringa, adv., suddenly, unexpect- edly, 1415, 1989. faer-niff, st. m., hostility with sud- den attacks : gen. pi. hwat me Grendel hafa^' . . . faerniba gefre- :ned, 476. felJer-gearvve, st. f. pi. {feather- equipment), the feathers of the shaft of the arrow: dat. (instr.) pi. sceft feSer-gearwum fus, 3120. fel, St. n., skin, hide: dat. pi. glof • • • gegyrwed dracan fellum, made of 'he skins of dragons, 2089. fela, I., adj. indecl., much, many as subst. : ace. sg. fela fricgende, 2107. With worn placed before : hwat )iu worn fela . . . ymb Brecan spraece, how very much you spoke about Breca, 530. — With gen. sg. : ace. sg. fela fyrene, 810; wyrm- cynnes fela, 1426; worna fela sor- ge, 2004; to fela micles . . . Denigea leode, too much of the race of the Danes, 695; uncuSes fela, 877; fela laSes, 930; fela leofes and lafe, 1 06 1. — With gen. pi. : nom. sg. fela madma, 36; fela haera wera and wifa, 993, etc.; ace. sg. fela niissera, 153; fela fyrena, 164; ofer landa fela, 311 ; ma'SSum- sigla fela (falo, MS.), 2758; ne me swor fela aSa on unriht, swore no false oaths, 2739, etc.; worn fela miSma, 1784; worna fela gd'Sa, 2543. — Comp. eal-fela. II., adverbial, very, 1386, 2103, 29^1. fela-hi-Or, adj., valde agitatus, verv active agaijist the enemy, very war- like, 27. fela-mOdig, adj., very courageous : gen. pi. -modigra, 1638, 1889. fela-syuuig, adj., very criminal, very guilty : ace. sg. fela-sinnigne secg (in MS., on account of the alliteration, changed to simple s i r. - nigne), 13S0. feolan, st. v., to betake one's self into a place, to conceal one's self: pret. siSSan inne fealh Grendles modor (in Heorot), 1282; \>xr inne fealh secg syn-bysig (in the dragon's cave), 2227. — to fall into, undergo, endure: searonlSas fealh, 1201. at-feolan, w. dat., insistere, adhae- rere : pret. no ic him l^as georne at- fealh {held him not fast enough,()6<). 208 GLOSSARY. fen, St. n., fen, moor : ace. sg. fen, 104; dat. sg. to fenne, 1296; feri- ne, 2010. fen-freoffOjSt. f.,r^«^(f in the fen : dat. sg. in fen-freocio, 852. feng, St. m., gripe, embrace : nom. sg. fyres feng, 1 765 ; ace. sg. fSra feng (of the hostile sea-monsters), 578. — Comp. inwit-feng. fengel (probably /te ivho takes pos- session, of. t8 fon, 1756, and fon to rice, to enter upon the government), St. m., lord, prince, king: nom. sg. wisa fengel, 1401 ; snottra fen- gel, 1476, 2157; hringa fengel, 2346. fen-ge-lad, st. n., fen-paths, fen li'ith paths : ace. pi. frecne fen- gelad {fens difficult of access), 1360. fen-hliU, st. n., inarshy precipice : ace. pi. under fen-hleo5u, 821. fen-hop, St. n., refuge in the fen : ace. pi. on fen-hopu, 765. ferh, St. m. n., /ife ; see feorh. ferh, St. m., hog, boar, here of the boar-image on the helmet: nom. sg-. 305- ferhiff, St. m., heart, soul : dat. sg. on ferh-Se, 755, 949, 1719; gehwylc hiora his ferh'Se treowde, J>at . . ., each of them trusted to his (HCln- fer"5's) heart, that . . ., 1 1 67; gen. sg. ferhSes fore-^anc, 1061; dat. pi. (adverbial) ferh Sum fagne,//a/- py at heart, 1634; ^at mon . . . ferhlSum fre6ge, that one . . . hearti- ly love, 3178. — Comp.: collen-, sSrig-, swl'S-, wide-ferhS. terh'S-frec,ad).,havinggood courage, bold, brave : ace. sg. ferh"5-frecan P'in, 1 147. ferhar-genilSria, w. m., mortal ene- my : ace. sg. ferhtS-genrSlan, of the drake, 2882. forian, w. v. vv. ace., to bear, to brings to conduct : pres. II. pi. hwanop ferigea.'S fatte scyldas, t,t,;^; pret pi. to scypum feredon eal inges- teald eorScyninges, 1155; simi- larly, feredon, 1159, 31 14. at-ferian, to carry a~way, to bear off: pret. ic ))at hilt ^anan feon- dum atferede, 1669. g e - f e r i a n , /o bear, to bring, to lead: pres. subj. I. pi. I'onne (we) ge- ferian frean flserne, 3108; inf geferian. . .Grendles heafod, 1639; pret. J^at hi fit geferedon dyre mSS- mas, 3131; pret. part, her syndon geferede feorran cuniene . . . Geata leode, men of the Gedtas, come from afar, have been brought hither (by ship), 361. o5-ferian, to tear a^aay, to take a-vay : pret. sg. I. unsofte panon feorh oS-ferede, 2142. of-ferian, to carry off, to take away, to tear aivay : pret. o5er swylc Ot offerede, took aiuay another such (se. fifteen), 1584. fetel-hilt, st. n., sword-hilt, with the gold chains fastened to it : ace. (sg. or pi.?), 1564. (See " Leiifaden f. nord. Altertumskunde," pp. 45, 46.) fetian, w. v., to bring near, bring : pres. subj. nah hwd . . . re[tige] fated \va"ge, bring the gold-chased tankard, 2254; pret. part, hra'^ie was to bdre Beowulf fetod, 13U. ge-fetian, to bring: inf. het t>S eorla hleo in gefetian IlrSSles lafe, caused //rebel's sword to be brought, 2191. a-fcdan, w. v., to nourish, to bring up : pret. part. J>3er he dfeded was, 694. feS'a (O.H.G.fendo), w. m. : \) foot- scldiers : nom. pi. fe'San, 132S, 2545. — 2) collective in sing., band GLOSSARY. 209 of foot-soldiers, troop of warriors : nom. feSa eal gesat, 1425; dat. on feSan, 2498, 2920. — Comp. gum- feSa. feare, St. n., gait, going, pace : dat. sg. was to foremihtig feond on fSISe, tlie enemy was too strong in going (i.e. could flee too fast), 971. feffe-cempa, w. m., foot-soldier : nom. sg., 1545, 2854. feSe-gast, st. m., guest coming on foot : dat. pi. feSe-gestum, 1977. f safe-last, St. m.., signs of going, foot- print : dat. pi. ferdon forS ponon fe (Se-listum, went forth from there upon their trail, i.e. by the same way that they had gone, 1633. fe'Je-wig, St. m., battle on foot : gen. Sg. nealles Hetware hrSmge I'orf- ton (sc. vvesan) feSe-wiges, 2365. fel (= feol), St. i.,file: gen. pi. fela life, what the files have left behind (that is, the swords), 1033. feran, w. v., iter (A.S. for) facere, to come, to go, to travel : pres. subj. II. pi. aer ge . . . on land Dena furSur feran, ere you go farther into the land of the Danes, 254; inf. feran on frean ware {to die), 27; gewiton him J^i feran {set out upon their way), 301 ; msel is me to feran, 316; feran . . . gang sceawi- gan, go, so as to see the footprints, 1391; wide feran, 2262; pret. ferdon folctogan . . . wundor scea- wian, the princes came to see the wonder, 840; ferdon for^, 1633. ge-fSran: l) adire, to arrive at : pres. subj. ^onne eorl ende gefere lifgesceafta, reach the end of life, 3064; pret. part, hafde seghwaSer cnde gefered Isenan lifes, frail lifers end had hath reached, 2845. — 2) to reach, to accotnplish, to bring about : pret. hafast J^u gefS- red J>at . . ., 1222, 1856. — 3) to behave one's self, to conduct one's self: pret. frScne gefSrdon, had shown themselves daring, 1692. feal, St. m.,fall; in comp. wal-feal. feallan, st. v., to fall, to fall head- long : inf. feallan, 107 1; pret. sg. \>'i.\. he on hrusan ne feol, that it (the hall) did not fall to the ground, "j-jy, similarly, feoll on foldan, 2976; feoll on feSan (dat. sg.), fell in the band (of his warriors), 2920; pret. pi. l^onne walu feollon, 1043. be-feallen, pret. part., w. dat. or instr., deprived of, robbed : freon- dum befeallen, robbed of friends, 1 127; sceal se hearda helm . . . fatum befeallen (sc. wesan), be robbed of its gold mountings (the gold mounting will fall away from it moldering), 2257. ge-feallan, to fall, to sink down : pres. sg. III. hat se lic-homa . . . faege gefealleS, that the body doomed to die sinks down, 1756. — Also, with the ace. of the place whither : pret. meregrund gefeoll, 2101; he eorSan gefeoll, 2835. fealu, z.^)., fallow, dun-colored, taw- ny : ace. sg. ofer fealone flod {over the sea), 1951 ; fealwe streete (with reference to 320), 917; ace. pi. leton on geflit faran fealwe mea- ras, 866. — Comp. appel-fealc. feax, St. n., hair, hair of the head : dat. sg. was be feaxe on flet boren Grendles heafod, tvas carried by the hair into the hall, 1648; him . . . swat . . . sprong for"5 under fexe, the blood sprang out under the hair of his head, 2968. — Comp. : blonden-, gamol-, wunden-feax. ge-fed, w. xn., joy : ace. sg. hoere fylle gefean, joy at the abundant 210 GLOSSARY. repast, 562; ic }>fi5 ealles mag . . . gclean habban {can rejoice at all this), 2741. fed, z.^].,few : dat. pi. nemne feaum annm, except some /ew, 10S2; gen. pi. feara sum, as one of a few, unth a few, 1413; feara sumne, <>«^ fseh'Se feo Hn- gode, 470; ic I'e J>a faehSe fe6 leanige, 1 381. g e - feohan, g e - fe6n, st. v., w. gen. and instr., to enjoy one's self, to rejoice at something: a) w. gen.: pret. sg. ne gefeah he )'a;re fojhbe, 109; hilde gefeh, beado-weorces, 2299; pl. fylle gefaegon, enjoyed themselves at the bounteous repast, 1015; |'e6dnes gefSgon, rejoiced at (the return of) the ruler, 1628. — b) w. instr. : niht-weorce gefeh, ellen-mper'Sum, 828; secg weorce gefeh, 1570; sa^lSce gefeah, magen- byrSenne ^ira he he him mid haf- de, rejoiced at the gift of the sea, and at the great burden of that (Grendel's head and the sword- hilt) ivhich he had with him, 1625. feoh-glft, -gjiTt, St. f., bestowing of gifts or 'reasures : gen. sg. ^aere feoh-gyfte, 1026; dat. pl. 5t fcoh- gyftum, 1090; fromum feohgiftum, with rich gifts, 2 1 . feoh-lctls, adj., that cannot be atoned for through gifts : nom. sg. hat was feoh-leas gefeoht, a deed of arms that cannot be expiated {ihe killing of his brother by IIcei?cyn), 2442. ge-feoht, St. n., combat; warlike deed : nom. sg. (the killing of his brother by Hae'Scyn), 2442; dat. sg. mece hone \>\n fader to gefeohte bar, the sword which thy father bore to the combat, 2049. ge-feohtan, st. v., to fight : inf. w. ace. ne mehte . . . wig Ilengeste wiht gefeohtan {could by no means offer Ilengest battle), 1 084. feohte, w. f., cotnbnt : ace. sg. feoh- tan, 576, 960. See were-fyhte. feor, adj.,yar, remote : nom. sg. nis hat feor heonon, 1362; nas him feor hanon to gesecanne sinces bryttan, 1922; ace. sg. feor eal {all that is far, past), 1702. feor, adv., far, far away: a) of space, 42, 109, 809, 1S06, 191 7; feor and (o'55e) neah,//r and {or) near, 1222, 2871; feorr, 2267. — b) of time : ge feor h.-ifa'S fiT^hSe gestaeled {has placed us U7ider her enmity henceforth), 1341. Comparative, fyr, feorr, and feor: fyr and fastoi, 143; fyr, 252; feorr, 1989; feor, 542. feor-biiend, pt., divelling far away : nom. pl. ge feor-bflend, 254. feor-c5'3', st. f., home of those liv- ing far away, distant land: nom. pl. feor-c^i5Se be65 sehan gesohte ham he him selfa dcah, foreign lands arc better sought by him 7vho trusts to his own ability, 1839. feorhjferh (Goth, fairhvu-s, wor/^/). GLOSSARY. 211 'st. m. and n., life, principle vf life, soul: nom. sg. feorh, 2124; no t>on lange was feorh a^elinges flces- ce bewunden, not for much longer was the soul of the prince enveloped in the body (he was near death), 2425; ferh ellen wriic, life ex- pelled the strength (i.e. with the departing life the strengtli disap- peared also), 2707; ace. sg. feorh ealgian, 797, 2656, 2669; feorh geheaidan, preserve his life, 2857 : feorh Slegde, gave tip his lije, 852 ; similarly, rer he feorh sele'5, 137 1 ; feorh o'Sferede, tore azvay her life, 2142; o ^" I'at hie forlaeddan to 1 am lindplegan swKse gesi'Sas ond hyra sylfra feorh, till in an evil hour they carried into battle their dear companions and their lives (i.e. led them to their death), 2041; gif t^u |>in feorh hafast, 1850; ymb feorh sacan (^to fight for life), 439 ; was in feorh dropen, "was zvoitnded into his life, i.e. mortally, 2982; wldan feorh, as temporal ace., through a wide life, i.e. always, 2015; dat. sg. feore, 1294, 1549; to widan feore, for a 7uide life, i.e. at all times, 934; on swa geongum feore (at a so youthful age), 1844 ; as instr., 578, 3014; gen. sg. feores, 1434, 1943; dat. pi. buton . . . feo- runi g.imena, 73; freonda feorum, 1 307. — Also, body, corpse : )>a was heal hroden feonda feorum (the hall was covered with the slain of the enemy), 1153; gehwearf hS in Francna faSm feorh cyninges, then the body of the king (Ilygelac) fell into the power of the Franks, 1 2 1 1 . — Comp. geogi:5-feorh. feorh-bana, w. m., (life-slayer), man-slayer, murderer: dat. sg. feorh-bonan, 2466. feorh-ben, st. f., wound thai takes away life, mortal wound: dat. (instr.) pi. feorh-bennum seoc, 2741. feorh-bealu, st. n., evil destroying life, violent death : nom. sg., 2078, 2251, 2538; ace. sg., 156. feorh-cyn, st. n., race of the living, mankind : gen. pi. fela feorh-cyn- na, 2267. feorh-geniffla, w. m., he who seeks life, lifr's enemy (N.H.G. Tod- feind), mortal ene7ny : ace, sg. -geni^lan, 1541; dat. sg. -geni'S- lan, 970; ace. sg. broegd feorh- gentSlan, 1541; ace. pi. folgode feorh-geni'Slan, (Ongen^eow) pur- sued his mortal enemies, 2934. feorh-lagu, st. f., the life allotted to anyone, life determined by fate: ace. sg. on mSSma hord mine (minne, MS.) bebohte frode feorh- lege, for the treasure-hoard I sold my old life, 2801. feorh-lslst, st. m., trace of (vanish- ing) life, sign of death : ace, pi. feorh-lSstas bar, 847. feorh-seoc, adj., mortally wou7ided: nom. sg., 821. feorh-s^veng, st. m., (stroke rob- bing of life), fatal blow : ace. sg., 2490. feorh--wund, st. f., mortal wound, fatal injury : ace. sg. feorh-wunde hleat, 2386. feoriii, St. f., subsistence, entertain- ment : ace. sg. no bu ymb mines ne J'earft lices feorme leng sorgian, thou needest no longer have care for the sustenance of my body, 4^1. — 2) banquet: dat. on feorme (or feorme, MS.), 2386. feorinend-le6s, adj., -wanting the cleanser : ace. pi. geseah . . . fyrn- manna fatu feormend-lease, 276Z 212 GLOSSARY. feorniian, w. v., to clean, to cleanse, to polish : pres. part, nom pi. feor- miend svvefa'5 (feormynd, MS.), 2257. ge-feormian,w. v., to feast, to eat : pret. part, sona hafde unlyfigendes eal gefeormod fet and folma, 745. feorran, w. v., w. ace, to remove : inf. sibbe ne wolde wiK manna hwone magenes Deniga feorh-bea- lo feorran, feo Hngian, (Grendel) would not from friendship free any one of the vien of the Danes of life's evil, nor allay it for tribute, 156. feorran, adv., from afar : a) of space, 361, 430, 826, 1371, 1820, etc.; siSSan aSelingas feorran ge- fricgean fleam eowerne, when noble men afar learn of your flight (when the news of your flight reaches distant lands), 2890; fer- don folctogan feorran and nean, from far and from near, 840 ; similarly, nean and feorran J'U nu [friSu] hafast, 1175; was {jas wyr- nies wig wide gesyne . . . nean and feorran, visible from afar, far and near, 2318. — b) temporal: se |>e cfltSe frumsceaft fira feorran reccan {since remote antiquity), 91 ; sim- ilarly, feorran rehte, 2107. feorran-c'und, adj., foreign-born : dat. sg. feorran-cundum, 1796. feor-^vcg, St. m., far zvay : dat. pi. mddnia fela of feorwegum, many precious thifigs from distant paths (from foreign lands), 37. ge-feon. See feohan. fe6n(l, St. m., enemy : nom. sg., 164, ^26, 749; feond on helle (Gren- del), lOi ; ace. sg., 279, 1865, 2707; dat. sg. fe6nde, 143, 439; gen. sg. fe6ndes, 985, 2129, 2290; acc, pi. fe6nd, 699; dat. pi. fe6n- dum, 420, 1670; gen. pi. feonda, 294, 809, 904. feond-grap, St. L, foe'' s clutch : dat. (instr.) pi. feond-grapum fast, 637. fe6nd-scea(3'a, w. m., one who is an enemy and a robber : nom. sg. fah feond-scaNa (a hostile sea-monster), 554- feond-soipe, st. m., hostility: nom. sg., 3000. feower, num., four : nom. feowei beam, 59; feower mearas, 2164; feower, as substantive, 1638; acc. feower maSmas, 1028. fo6^ver-tyno, n\xm., fourteen : nom. with following gen. pi. feovvertyne Geata, 1642. findan, st. v., to find, to invent, to attain : a) with simple object in acc. : inf. b^ra J>e he cenoste findaii mihte, 207; swylce hie at Finnes- ham lindan meahton sigla searo- gimma, 1157; similarly, 2871 ; mag I'iHr fela freonda lindan, 1839; wolde guman lindan, 2295; swa hyt weor'SlIcost fore-snotre men lindan mihton, so splendidly as only very -wise men could devise it, 3 1 64 ; pret. sg. healhegnas fand, 720 ; word oSer iz.r\d, found other words, i.e. went on to another narrative, 871; grimne gryrelicne grund- hyrde fond, 2137; hat ic godne funde beaga bryttan, 1487; pret. part. sy'SSan serest wear"? feasceaft funden {discovered), 7. — b) with acc. and pred. adj. : pret. sg. dryh- ten sinne driorigne fand, 2790. — c) with acc. and inf.: pret. fand J>a hser inne aSelinga gedriht swe- fan, 118; fand waccendne wer wiges bidan, 1268; hord-wynnc fond opene standan, 2271; o'S \>'i.\ he fyrgen-beamas . . . hleonian funde, 1 41 6; pret. pi. fundon W GLOSSARY. 213 sftwulleasne hlim - bed healdan, 3034. — d) with dependent clause : inf. no \>y ser feasceafte findan meahton at ham aSelinge J>at he Heardrede hlaford wcere {^cotild by no means obtain it front the prince), 2374. on-findan, to be sensible of, to per- ceive, to notice : a) w. ace. : pret. sg. landweard onfand eftsiiS eorla, the coast-guard observed the returti of the earls, 1892 ; pret. part, ha heo onfunden \\'is,{^vas discovered), 1 294. — b) w. depend, clause : pret. sg. )>S se gist onfand J'St se beado- leoma bitan nolde, the stranger {^sovixxM) perceived that the sword -oould not cut, 1523 ; sona hat on- funde, hat . . ., irntnediately per- ceived that . . ., 75 1 ; similarly, 810, 1498. finger, st. m., finger : nom. pi. fin- gras, 761; ace. pi. fingras, 985; dat. (instr.) pi. fingrum, 1506; gen. pi. fingra, 765. firas, fyras (O.H.G. firahi, i.e. the living ; cf. feorh), st. m., only in pi., men: gen. pi. fira, 91, 2742; monegumfira, 2002; fyra geh\\7lc- ne leoda mlnra, 2251 ; fira fyrnge- weorc, 2287. firen, fyren, st. f., cunning way- laying, insidious hostility, malice, outrage: nom. sg. fyren, 916; ace. sg. fyrene and fiaeh'Se, 153; foehSe and fyrene, 880, 2481 ; firen' on- drysne, 1933; dat. sg. fore fceh'Se and fyrene, 137; gen. pi. fyrena, 164,629; and fyrene, 812; fyrena hyrde (of Grendel), 751. The dat. pi., fyrenum, is used adverbially in the sense of maliciously, 1745, or fallaciously, with reference to Hae 5- cyn's killing Herebeald, which was done unintentionally, 2442. firen-daed, st. f., wicked deed : ace. pi. fyren-dseda, 1670; instr. pi. fyren-dsedum, 1002 ; both times of Grendel and his mother, with refer- ence to their nocturnal inroads. firen-}>earf, st. f., misery through the malignity of enemies : ace. sg. fyren-hearfe, 14. firgen-bedni, st. m., tree of a moun- tain-forest : ace. pi. fyrgen-beamas, 1415- firgen-holt, st. m., mountain-wood^ ttiountain-forcst : ace. sg. on fyr- gen-holt, 1394. flrgen-stredm, st. m., mountain- stream : nom. sg. fyrgen-stream, 1360; ace. sg. under fyrgen-stream (marks the place where the moun- tain-stream, according to 1360, empties into Grendel's sea), 2129. fisc, St. m., fish : in comp. hron-, mere-fisc. fif, num., five : uninflect. gen. fif nihta fyrst, 545; ace. fife (?), 420. fifel-cyn (O.N. fifl, stultus and gigas), St. n., giattt-race : gen. sg. fifelcynnes eard, 104. f if-teue, f if-tyne, num., fifteen : ace. fyftyne, 1583; gen. fiftena sum, 207. fif-tig, nmw., fifty : i) as substantive with gen. following ; ace. fiftig wintra, 2734 ; gen. se was fiftiges fot-gemearces lang, 3043. — 2) as adjective : ace. fiftig wintru, 2210. flan, St. m., arrow : dat. sg. flane, 3120 ; as instr., 2439. flan-boga, w. m., bo7v which shoots the fan, bow : dat. sg. of flin- bogan, 1434, 1745. flaesc, St. n., flesh, body in contrast lidth soul : instr. sg. no hon lange was feorh aSelinges flaesce bewun- den, not much longer was the sou- 214 GLOSSARY". of the prince contained in his body, 2425. flaesc-hama, w. m., clothing of flesh, i.e. the body : ace. sg. flaesc-homan, 1569. flet, St. n. : 1) ground, floor of a hall : ace. sg. heo on flet gebeah, fell to the ground, 1541; similarly, 1 569. — 2) hall, mansion : nom. sg. 1977; aec. sg. flet, 1037, 1648, 1950, 2018, etc. ; flett, 2035; hat hie him o"Ser flet eal geiymdon, that they shoiddgive up entirely to them another hall, 1087 ; dat. sg. on flette, 1026. llet-riist, st. f., resting-place in the hall: aec. sg. flet-raste gebeag, reclined upon the couch in the hall, 1242. flet-sittend, pres. part., sitting in the hall : aec. pi. -sittende, 2023 ; dat. pi. -sittendum, 1789. flet-werod, st. n., troop from the hall : nom. sg., 476. fledm, St. m., flight : ace. sg. on fleam gewand, had turned to flight, 1002 ; fleam eowerne, 2890. fleogan, st. v., to fly : prs. sg. III. fleogeS, 2274. fleon, St. v., to flee : inf. on heolster fleon, 756; fleon on fenhopu, 765; fleon under fen-hleu^'u, 821 ; prct. hete-swengeas fleah, 2226. Ije-fleon, \v. ace, to avoid, to es- cape : gerund no hat y<^e byiS to befleonne, that is not easy (i.e. not at all) to he avoided, 1004. i)fer- fleon, w. ace., to flee from one, to yield : inf. nelle ic beorges wcard oferfleon fotes trem, will not yield to the ivarder of the mountain (the drake) a foot's hreiiJth, 2526. (Ipotan, St. v., to lloat upon the water, to swim : inf. n3 he wiht fram me flod-Ct!um feor fle6tan meahte, hratSor on hclme, no whit, could hi swim from me farther on the waves (regarded as instrumental, so tha' the waves marked the distance), more szviftly in the sea, 542 ; pret. sa'genga fleat famigheals forS bfer ^Se, floated away over the waves, 1910. fliht. See flyht. flitme. See un-flitme. flitan, St. v., to exert one's self, to strive, to emulate : pres. part, fli- tende fealwe sti-sete mearum maeton (rode a race),gi'j; pret. sg. II. eart |>u se Beowulf, se be wiS Breean . . . ymb sund flite, art thou the Bedwulf who once contended zvith Breca for the prize in swim- ming? 507. ofer-flitan, to surpass one in a contest, to conquer, to overcome : pret. w. aec. he l-e at sunde ofer- fldt {overcome thee in a swimming- wager), 517. ge-flit, St. n., emulatioti : ace. sg. leton on geflit faran fealwe niearas, let the fallow horses go in emula- tion, 866. floga, w.m.,y?)wv in the compounds : gfuN-, lyft-, uht-, wt5-floga. flota (see fleotaii), w. m., float, ship, boat: nom. sg., 210, 218, 301 ; aec. sg. flotan eowerne, 294. — Comp. waeg-flota. flot-hcre, st. ni., fleet: instr. sg. cwom faran flotherge on Fresna land, 2916. flod, St. m., flood, stream, sea-cur- rent : nom. sg., 545, 580, 1362, etc.; ace. sg. flod, 3134; ofer fealonc flod, 1 951; dat.sg. t3 flode, 1889; gen. pi. floda begong, the region of floods, i.e. the sea, 1498, 1827; floda genipu, 2809. GLOSSARY. 215 B.6d-fff, St. t , flood-wave : instr. pi flod-y'Sum, 542. flOr, St. m., floor, stone-floor: ace. sg. on fSgne flor (the floor was probably a kind of mosaic, made of colored flags), 726 ; dat. sg. gang J'a after flore, along the floor (i.e. along the hall), 131 7. flyht, fliht, St. m., flight : nom. sg. gares '^\\i\.,fliight of the spear, 1 766. ge- flyman, w. v., to put to flight : pret. part, geflymed, 847, 1 37 1. folc, St. n., troop, band of warriors ; folk, in the sense of the whole body of the fighting men of a na- tion : ace. sg. folc, 522, 694, 912 ; Sli'Sdene folc, 464 ; folc and rtce, 1180; dat. sg. folce, 14, 2596; folce Deninga, 465 ; as instr. folce gestepte ofer S3e side, went with a band of 'cvarriors over the wide sea, 2394 ; gen. sg. folces, 1125 ; folces Denigea, 1583. — The king is called folces hyrde, 611, 1833. 2645,2982; freawine folces, 2358; or folces weard, 25 14. The queen, folces cwen, 1933. — The pi., in xhe?,ex\seoi warriors, flghtingtnen: nom. pi. folc, 1423, 2949; dat. pi. folcum, 55, 262, 1856; gen. pi. freo- (frea-) wine {o\ca.,of the king, 430, 2430 ; friSu-sibb folca, of the queen, 2018. — Comp. sige-folc. folc-agend, pres. part., leader of a band of warriors : nom. pi. folc- agende, 3 114. folc-beorn, st. m., man of the mul- titude^ a common tnan : nom. sg. folc-beorn, 2222. folc-cwen, st. f., queen of a warlike host : nom. sg., of Wealh^eow, 642. folc-cyning, st. m., king of a war- like host : nom. sg., 2734, 2874. folc-raed, st. m., ',chat best serves a warlike host : ace. sg., 3CX)7. folc-riht, St. n., the rights of the flghtingmen of a nation : gen- pi. him aer forgeaf . . . folcrihta ge- hwylc, swS his fader ahte, 2609. folc-scearu, st. f., part of a host of 7varriors, nation : dat. sg. folc- scare, 73. folc-stede, st. m., position of a band of warriors, place where a band of warriors is quartered : ace. sg. folcstede, of the hall, Heorot, 76; folcstede fara {the battle-fleld), 1464. folc-toga, w. m., leader of a body ofwarriors, duke: nom. pi., power- ful liege -men of HroSgar are called folc-togan, 840. fold-bold, St. n., earth-house (i.e. a house on earth in contrast with a dwelling in heaven) : nom. sg. fa- ger fold-bold, of the hall, Heorot, 774- fold-buend, pres. part., dweller on earth, man : nom. pi. fold-bflend, 2275; fold-bflende, 1356; dat.pl. fold-bfiendum, 309. folde, w. f., earth, ground : ace. sg. under foldan, 1362; fedll on fol- dan, 2976; gen. sg. foldan bearm, the bosom of the earth, 1 138; fol- dan sceatas, 96; foldan faSm, 1394. — Also, earth, world: dat. sg. on foldan, 1197. fold-weg, St. m., fleld-way, road through the country : ace. sg. fold- weg, 1634; ace. pi. fold-wegas, 867. folgian, w. V. : i) to perform vas- sal-duty, to serve, to follow : pret. pi. heah hie hira beaggyfan banan folgedon, although they followed the murderer of their prince, 1 103. — 2) to piirstie, to follow after : folgode feorb-geniSlan (ace. pi.), 2934- 216 GLOSSARY. folm, St. f , hand: ace. sg. folme, 971, 1304; dat. sg. mid folme, 743 ; ace. pi. fet and folma, feet and hands, 746; dat. pi. to banan folmum, 15S; folmum (instr.), 723, 993. — Comp. : beado-, gearo-folm. for, prep. w. dat., instr., and ace. : i) w. dat. local, before, ante: J>at he for eaxlum gestod Deniga frean, 358; for hlawe, II2I. — h) before, coram, in conspectu: no he J>3ere feohgyfte for sceotendum scami- gan I'orfte, had no need lo be ashamed of ihe gift before tht warriors, 1027; for Yzxa we- rede, 121 6; for eorlum, 1650; for dugu^e, before the noble band of warriors, 202 1 . — Causa), a) to denote a subjective motive, on account of, through, from : for wlenco, from bravery, through warlike courage, 338, 1207; for wlence, 508; for his wonhydum, 434; for onmedlan, 2927, etc. — b) objective, partly denoting a cause, through, from, by reasmi of: for metode, for the creator, on account of the creator, 169; for breanydum, 833; for hreanedlan, 2225; for dolgilpe, <7« account of, in accordance with the promise of bold deeds (because you claimed bold deeds for yourself), 509; him for hrofsele hrinan ne mehte fojr- gripe (lodes, on account of Ike roofed hall the malicious grasp of the flood could not reach him, 1516; lig- egesan wag for horde, on account of (the robbing of) the treasure, 2782; for mundgripe minum, on account of, through the gripe of my hand, 966; for has hildfruman handgeweorce, 2836; for swenge, through the stroke, 2967 ; ne meah- tc • . • de6p gedygan for dracan l§ge, could not hold out in the deep on account of the heat of the drake, 2550. Here may be added such passages as ic Vixa godan sceal for his modj^race maSmas beodan, will offer him treasures on account of his boldness of character, for his high courage, 3S5 ; ful-oft for las- san lean teohhode, gave often re- ward for what was inferior, 952; nalles for ealdre mearn, was not uneasy about his life, 1443; simi- larly, 1538. Also denoting pur- pose : for arstafum, to the assist- ance, 382, 458. — 2) -w. instr. causal, because of, for : he hine feor forwrac for l>y mane, no. — 3) w. ace, for, as, instead of: for sunu fieogan, love as a son, 948; for sunu habban, 1176; ne him bas wyrmes wig for wiht dyde, held the drake's fighting as nothittg, 2349. foran, adv., before, among the first, forward : siiSSan . . . sceawedon feondes fingias, foran a;gh\vylc {each before himself), 985 ; |>at was an foran ealdgestreona, that was one among the first of the old treasures, i.e. a splendid old treas- ure, 1459 ; I'C him foran ongean linde b?eron, bore their shields for- ward against him (went out to fight against him), 2365. be- foran: i) adv., local, before: he . . . beforan gengde, went be- fore, 1413; itm^oxzX, before, earlier, 2498. — 2) prep. w. ace. before, in conspectu: miere mSSSum-sweord manige gesSwon beforan beorn beran, 1025. ford, St. m., ford, water-way : ace. sg. ymb brontne ford, 568. forij : I ) local, forth, hither, near ; forS near z.\.i\.o'p,approached nearer, 746; bi cwom Wealhbed forS gin, GLOSSARY. 217 1 1 63; similarly, 613; him sele^egn for'S wtsade, led him (Beowulf) forth (to the couch that had been prepared for him in Ileorot), 1796; t>at him swSt sprong forS under fexe, forth under the hair of his head, 2968. Forward, further : gewttaS forS beran wrepen and gewsedu, 291 ; he to for'S gestop, 2290; freoSo-wong bone for 5 ofer- eodon, 2960. Away, forth, 45, 904 ; fyrst forS gewat, the time (of the way to the ship) %vas out, i.e. they had arrived at the ship, 210 ; me . . . for&'-gewitenum, to me the departed, 1480 ; ferdon forS, went forth (from Grendel's sea), 1633 ; Jjonne he for 5 scile, when he must {go) forth, i.e. die, 3178; hine mihtig god . . . ofer ealle men for 5 gefremede, carried him forth, over all men, 1 7 19. — 2) temporal,/or//^, from now on : heald forS tela niwe sibbe, 949 ; ic sceal forS sprecan gen ymbe Grendel, shall from now on speak again of Grendel, 2070. See furiSfuin and furljor. forS-gerimed, pres. part., in un- broken succession, 59. forU-gesceaft, st. f., that which is determined for farther on, future destiny : ace. sg. he hi for5-ge- sceaft forgyte'5 and forgyme'S,i 75 1 . foriy-weg, St. m., road that leads away, journey : he of ealdre ge- wat frod on forlS-weg (ufon the way to the next world), 2626. fore, prep. w. dat., local, before, coram, in conspectu : heo fore t>am werede sprjic, 12 16. Causal, through, for, because of: no mearn fore fseh Se and fyrene, 1 36 ; fore fader daedum, because of the father" s deeds, 2060 — Allied to this is the meaning, ahout, de, super: J^aer was sang and swSg samod atgaderi, fore Healfdenes hildewisan, song and music about Flealfiene'' s gene- ral (the song of linaf), 1065. fore-niaere, adj., renowned beyond {others), pn^clarus : superl. ha/ was fore-mserost foldbdendum re^ ceda under roderum, 309. fore- mihtig, adj., able leyond {others), priepotens : nom. sg. was to foremihtig feond on feSe, the enemy 'Mas too strong in going (could flee too rapidly), 970. fore-snotor, adj., wise beyond {others), sapientissimus : nom.pl. foresnotre men, 3164. fore-l>anc, st. m., forethought, con- sideration, deliberation : nom. sg., 1061. forht, 3.6.]., fearful, cowardly : nom. sg. forht, 2968; he on mode wearS forht on ferhSe, 755. — Comp. un- forht. forma, adj., foremost, first : nom. sg. forma siiS {the first time), 717, 1464, 1528, 2626; instr. sg. fomian siSe, 741, 22S7 ; forman dogore, 2574- fyrmest, adv. superl., yfr^/ of all, in the first place : he fyrmest lag, 2078. forst, St. m., frost, cold : gen. sg. forstes bend, 1610. for-]?am, for-J»an, for-Jjon, adv. and conj., therefore, on that ac- count, then : forl>am, 149; forman, 418, 680, 1060; forhon \>^, because, 503- fOn, St. v., to catch, to grasp, to take hold, to take : prs. sg. III. feh 5 65er to, another lays hold (takes possession), 1756; inf. ic mid grSpe sceal fon wi5 feonde, 439 ; pret. sg. him togeanes feng, caughi "It Aim, grasped at Aim, 1^4^; w 218 GLOSSARY. dat. he IjSm fratvvum f§ng, received the rich adornments (Ongenl^eow's equipment), 2990. bi-fon, to surround, to ensnare, to encompass, to embrace: pret. part, hyne sar hafai^ . . . nearwe befongen balwon bendum, 977 ; heo aSelinga anne hafde faste be- fangen (Jiad seized him ftrml)>), 1296; helm . . . befongen freawras- num {encircled by an ornament like a diadem), 1452 ; fenne bi- fongen, surrounded by the fen, 2010 ; (draca) fyre befongen, en- circled by fire, 2275, 2596 ; hafde landwara lige l^efangen, encom- passed by fire, 2322. ge-fon, \v. ace, to seize, to grasp : pret. he gefeng slaependne rinc, 741 ; gft"5rinc gefeng atolan clom- mum, 1502; gefeng ba be eaxle . . . GfiSgeata leod Grendles modor, 1538; gefeng \A fetelhilt, 1564; hond rond gefeng, geolwe linde, 2610; ic on ofoste gefeng micle mid mundum magen - byr'Senne, hastily I seized with my hands the enormous burden, 309 1. c n - f o n , w. dat., to receive, to accept, to take : pres. imp. sg. onfoh \n%- sum fulle, accept this cup, 1 1 70 ; inf. hat \<'iX ^eodnes beam . . . scolde fader-aJSelum onfon, receive the paternal rank, 912 ; pret. sg. hvvS |>am hlaste onfeng, who re- ceived the ship's lading, 52; hleor- bolster onfeng eorles andwlitan, the pillow received the noblema?i's face, 689 ; similarly, 853, 1495 ; heal swege onfeng, the hall re- ceived the loud noise, 1215 ; he onfeng hra(5e inwit-hancum, he (Beowulf) at once clutched him (Grendel) devising malice, 749. >>urh-f8n,w. ace, to break through with grasping, to destroy by grasp- ing : inf. t>at he6 )?one fyrd-hom purh-fon ne mihte, 1505. wiC-fon, w. dat., {to grasp at), to seize, to lay hold of: pret. sg. him faste wiS-feng, 761. ymbe-fon, w. ace, to encircle: pret. heals ealne ymbefeng biteran banum, encircled his (Beowulf's) whole neck with sharp bones (teeih), 2692. fot, St. m., foot : gen. sg. fotes trem {the measure 'of a foot, a fool broad), 2526; ace. pi. fet, 746; dat. pi. at fotum, at the feet, 500, 1 1 67. fOt-geinearc, st. n., measure, deter- mining by feet, number of feet : gen. sg. se was fiftiges fotgemearces long {fifty feet long), 3043. fOt-last, St. m., foot-print : ace. sg. (draca) onfand feondes fot-last, 2290. f racod, adj., objectionable, useless . nom. sg. nas seo ecg fracod hilde- rince, 1576. frain, froin,I.prep.w.dat.loc.a«'fl^' from something : ]Kcr fram sylle Sbeag medubenc monig, 776, 1 7 16; I'anon eft gewiton ealdgesi'Sas . . . fram mere, 856; cyning-balde men from ham holmclife hafelan baeron, 1636; similarly, 541, 543, 2367. Standing after the dat. : he hine feor forwrac . . . mancynne fram, no; similarly, 1716. Also, hither from something : \>% ic cwom . . . from feondum, 420; reghwaSrum was . . . broga fram o'Srum, 2566. — Causal with verbs of saying and hearing, of, about, concerning : sagdest from his si'Se, 532; no ic wiht fram he swylcra searo-ni^a secgan hyrde, 581; j^at he fram Sigemunde secgan hyrde, 876. GLOSSARY. 219 II adv., away, thence: n8 \>^ aer fram meahte, 755; forth, out : from oerest cwom oru'5 aglaecean (it of stSne, the breath of the dragon came forth first from the rock, 2557. fram, from, adj.: l) directed for- wards, striving forwards ; incomp. sl^-fram. — 2) excellent, splendid, of a man with reference to his war- like quahties : nom. sg. ic eom on mode from, 2528; nom. pL frome fyrd-hwate, 1642,2477. Of things: instr. pi. fromum feoh-giftum, 21. — Comp. un-from ; see freme, forma. g e - fragen. See f riguan. frat"we, st. f. pi., ornament, any- thing costly, originally carved ob- jects (cf. Dietrich in Hpts. Ztschr. X. 216 ff.), afterwards of any costly and artistic work : ace. pi. fiatwe, 2920; beorhtefratwe, 214; beorhte fratwa, 897 ; fratwe . . . eorclan- stinas, 1 208 ; fratwe, . . . breost- weor'Sunge, 2504, both times of Hygelac's collar; fratwe and fat- gold, 1922 ; fratwe (Eanmund's sword and armor), 2621 ; dat. instr. pi. l>im fratwum, 2164; on frate- wum, 963; fratwum (HeaSobeard sword) hrlmig, 2055; fratwum, of the drake's treasures, 2785; frat- wum (Ongen}>e6w's armor), 2990; gen. pi. fela . . . fratwa, 37; \>^xz. fratwa (drake's treasure), 2795 ; fratwa hyrde (drake), 3134. f ratwan, w. v., to supply with or- naments, to adorn : inf. folc-stede fratwan, 76. g e - f r a t w i a n , w. v., to adorn : pret. sg. gefratwade foldan sceatas leo- mum and leafum, 96; pret. part. J>S was hSten Heort innanweard folmum gefratwod, 993. ge-frsege, adj., known by reputa- tion, renowned: nom. sg. leod- cyning . . . folcum gefi-sege, 55; swS hyt gefraege was, 2481. g e-frjege, st. n., inforination through hearsay : instr. sg. mine gefra;ge {as I learned through the tiarra live of others), 777, 838, 1956, etc, g e - f raegn \i\\\,\v.\.,to become known through hearsay : pret. part, fylle geficegnod (of Grendel's mother, who had become known through the carrying off of Aschere), 1334? f reca, w. m., properly a wolf, as one that breaks in, robs; here a desig- nation of heroes : nom. sg. freca Scildinga, of Beowulf, 1564. — Comp. : gCi'5-,hilde-, scyld-,sweord- wig-freca; ferh'5-frec (adj.). fremde, adj., properly distant, for- eign ; then estranged, hostile : nom sg. l^at was fremde l?e6d ecean dryhtne, of the giants, 1692. f reiue, adj., excellent, splendid : nom. sg. fem. fremu folces cwen, of pry-So, I933(?)- frernnian, w. v., to press for^vard, to further, hence: i) in general, to perform, to accomplish, to do, to make: pres. subj. without an ob- ject, fremme se be wille, let him do {it) whoever will, 1004. With ace. : imp. pi. fremmaS ge nu leoda hearfe, 2801 ; inf. fyrene fremman, 10 1 ; sacce fremman, 2500; foehSe . . . mrer'Sum fremman, 2515, etc.; pret.sg. folcrced fremede {didivhat was best for his men, i.e. ruled wisely), 3007; pi. h(i \A aSelingas ellen fremedon, 3 ; feohtan fre- medon, 960; nalles facenstafas )?enden fremedon, 1020; pret. subj. Y'iX ic . . . moerSo fremede, 2135. — 2) to help on, to support : inf \>'iX he mec fremman wile wordara 220 GLOSSARY. and worcum (to an expedition), 1833- ge-fremman, w. ace, to do, to make, to render : inf. gefremman eorlic ellen, 637; helpan gefrem- man, to give help, 2450 ; after weaspelle wyrpe gefremman, to -oork a change after sorrow (to give joy after sorrow), 1316; ge- rund, to gefremmanne, 174, 2645; pret. sg. gefremede, 135, 165, 551, 585, etc. ; I'eah J)e hine mihtig god . . . ofer ealle men foriS gefremede, placed him aiuay, above all men, i.e. raised liim, 1719; pret. pi. ge- tremedon, I188, 2479; pret. subj. gefremede, 177; pret. part, gefre- med, 476 ; fern, nu scealc hafaS '. . . da'd gefremede, 941 ; abso- lutely, hu be self hafast da;dum gefremed, |>at . . ., hast brought it about by thy deeds that, 955. fretan, st. v., to devour, to consume : inf. I'a (the precious things) sceal hrond fretan, 3015; nu sceal gled fretan wigena strengel, 3 1 1 5 ; pret. sg. (Grendel) sla>pende frat folces Denigea fyftyne men, 1582. frecne, adj., dangerous, bold: nom. sg. frecne f^'r-draca, 2690; feorh- bealo frecne, 2251, 2538; ace. sg. frecne dxde, 890 ; frecne fengelad, 1360; frecne stowe, 1379; inslr. sg. frScnan spraece {through pro- voking words), 1 105. fr&cne, adv., boldly, audaciously, 960, 1033, 1692. fred, w. m., ruler, lord, of a tempo- ral ruler : nom. sg. frea, 2286; ace. sg. frean, 351, 1320, 2538, 3003, 3108; gen.sg. frean, 359,500,1 167, 1681; dat. sg. frean, 271, 291, 2663. Of a husband : dat. sg. code ... to hire fre.an sittan, 642. Of God : dat. sg. frean ealles, the Lord of all, 2795; gen. sg. frean, 27. — Comp. : agend-, lif-, sin-frea. froii-dryhten, st. m., lord, ruling lord : gen. sg. frea-drihtnes, 797. fred-\vino, st. m., lord and friend, friendly ruler : nom. sg. frea-wine folces (folca), 2358, 2430; acc.sg. his frea-wine, 2439. f^ed-\^'^asn, st. f., encircling orna- ment like a diadem : instr. pi. helm . . . befongen freawrasnum, I4';2; see ^Tasii. freoiju, friUu, f., protection, asy- lum, peace : ace. sg. wel bi5 liim J'e mot ... to fader faSmum freo- 'So wilniaii, 7oho may obtain a?t asy- lum in God's arms, 18S; nean and feorran t'U nu [friSu] hafast, 11 75. — Comp. fen-freo'5o. freoijo-burh, st. f., castle,city afford- ing protection : ace. sg. freo^oburh fagere, 522. freoiSfo-woiig, st. m., field of peace, field of protection : ace. sg., 2960; seems to have been the proper name of a field. f reoffo-^vfer, st. f., peace-alliance, security of peace : ace. sg. |'S hie getrflwedon on twS healfa faste frio"5u-w£Ere, 1097; &^^- ^S- frioi^o- wiere bad hlaford sinne, entreated his lord for the protection of peace (i.e. full pardon for his delinq len- cy), 2283. f reolSfo-wcbbe, w. f., peace-rveaver, designation of the royal consort (often one given in marriage as a confirmation of a peace between two nations) : nom. sg., 1943. frco-barh, st. f., = frea-burg (?), ruler's castle (?) (according to Grein, arx ingenua) : ace. sg. fred- burh, 694. f re6tl, St. f., friendship : ace. sg freode ne wuldon ofer heafo heal GLOSSARY. 001 dan, 2477; gen. sg. nas J^aer mara fyrst freode to friclan, was no longer time to seek for friendship, 2557 ; — favor, ackftowledgetnent: ace. sg. ic \>e sceal mine gelaestan freode (tvill show myself grateful, with reference to 1 38 1 ff.), 1708. freo dryhten (= frea-dryhten), st. in., lord, ruler; according to Grein, dominusingenuus vel nobilis : nom. sg. as voc. freo-drihten min ! 1 1 70; dat. sg. mid his freo-diyhtne, 2628. f reogan, w. v., to love ; to think of lovingly: pres. subj. | at men his wine-dryhten . . . ferhi^um freoge, 3178; inf. nu ic J'cc . . . me for sunu wylle freogan on ferhi^'e, 949. freo-Iic, adj., free, free-born (here of the lawful wife in contrast with the bond concubine) : nom. sg. freolic wif, 616; freolicu folc-cwen, 642. freond, st. m., friend: ace. sg. freond, 13S6, 1865; dat. pi. freon- dum, 916, 1019, 1127; gen. pi. freonda, 1307, 1839. freond-laUu, st. I., friendly invita- lio7t : nom. sg. him was ful boren and freond-la'Su {friendly invita- tion to drink) wordum bewagned, II93- freond-lar, st. i., friendly counsel : dat. (instr.) pi. freond-larum, 2378. freond-lice, adv., in a friendly manner, kindly : compar. freond- Itcor, 1028. freond-scipe, st. m., friendship : ace. sg. freond-scipe fastne, 2070. freo-'wine, st. m. (see fredwine), lord and friend, friendly ruler; according to Grein, amicus nobilis', princeps amicus : nom. sg. as voc. freo-wme folca ! 430. fricgean, w. v., to ask, to inquire into: inf. ongan stnne geseldan fagre fricgean hwylce Sae-Geata stiNas wasron, 1986 ; pres. part, gomela Scilding fela fricgcnde feorran rehte, the old Scilding, asking many questions (having many things related to him), told of old times (the conversation was alternate), 2107. g6-fricgean, to learn, to learn by inquiry : pres. pi. sySSan hie ge- fricgeaS frean fiserne ealdorleasne, when they learn that our lord is dead, 3003 ; pres. subj. gif ic \>2X gefricge, t^at . . ., 1827; pi. sySSan a&lingas feorran gefricgean fleam eowerne, 2890. friclan (see freca), w. v. w. gen., to seek, to desire, to strive for : inf. nas \>7kx mSra fyrst freode t8 friclan, 2557. friffo-sib, st. f., kin for the confirm- ing of peace, designation of the queen (see freo3'o-webbe),/f«f ^- bringer : nom. sg. friSu-sibb folca, 2018. frignan, fringan, frinan, st. v., to ask, to inquire : imp. ne frin I'u after srelum, ask not after the well- being t 1323 ; inf. ic has wine Deni- ga frinan wille . . . ymb jnnne si5, 351; pret.sg.fragn,236,332; fragn gif . . ., asked whether . . ., 1 320. ge-frignan, ge-fringan, ge- frinan, to find otit by inquiry, to learn by narration : pret. sg. (w. ace.) hat fram hSm gefragn Higelaces ^egn Grendles daeda, 194; no ic gefragn heardran feoh- tan, 575; (w. ace. and inf.) J'a ic vi'tde gefragn weorc gebannan, 74; similarly, 2485, 2753, 2774; ne gefragen ic hS maegSe mSran weo- rode ymb hyra sincgyfan sel ge- bseran, / never heard that any peo tie, richer in warriors, conducted 009 GLOSSARY. Itself better about its chief, 1012; similarly, 1028; pret. pi. (w. ace.) we J-eodcyninga I'rym gefrunon, 2 ; (w. ace. and inf.) geongne g&S- cyning godne gefiunon hringas dsiLin, 1970; (parenthetK^al) swS guman gefrungon, 667 , (after J)onne) medo-iirn micel {greater) . . . \>ox\ii yldo beam refre gefru- non, 70 ; pret. part, hafde Hige- laces hilde gefrunen, 2953; hiifdon gefrunen )jat . . ., kad learned that • • •> 695; hJifde gefrunen hwanan sio fzeh^ Sr.is, 2404 ; healsbeaga nicest hSra he ic on foldan gefragen habbe, 1 197. from. See frain. frod, adj.: i) a;tate provectus, old, gray: nom. sg. frod, 2626, 2951 ; frod cyning, 1307, 2210 ; frod folces weard, 2514; vvintrum frod, 1725,2115,2278; se froda, 2929; ace. sg. frode feorhlege {the laying down of my old life), 2801 ; dat. sg. frodan fyrnwitan (may also, from its meaning, belong under No. 2), 2124. — 2) mente excellen- tior, intelligent, experienced, raise : nom. sg. frod, 1367; frod and god, 279; on mode frod, 1845. — Comp. : in-, un-frod. frOfor, St. f., consolation, compensa- tion, help : nom. sg. fr8for, 2942; ace. sg. frofre, 7, 974; fyrena fro- fre, O29; frofre and fultum, 1274; frofor and fultum, 699; dat. sg. to frofre, 14, 1708; gen. sg. frofre, 185. fruma (see forma), \v. m., the fore- most, hence: l) beginning : nom. sg. was se fruma egeslic leodum on lande, swa hyt lungre weart! on hyra sincgifan sare geendod {the be- ginning of the dragon-combat was terrible, its end distressing through the death of Bedwulf), 2310. — 2) he who stands first, prince ; in comp. da;d-, hild-, land-, leod-, ord-, wig-fruma. friim-cyn, st. n., (genus jiriniiii- vum), descent, origin : ace. sg. nu ic eouer sceal frumcyn witan, 252. friim-gar, st. m., primipilus, dnlce, prince : dat. sg. frumgare (of Beo- wulf), 2857. frum-sceaft, st. f., prima creatio, beginning : ace. sg. se he c(i5e frumsceaft lira feorian reccan, who could tell of the bcginniiig of man- kind in old times, 91 ; dat. sg. frum- sceafte, in the beginning, i.e at his birth, 45. fugol, St. m., bird: dat. sg. fugle gelicost, 218; dat. pi. [fuglum] to gamene, 2942. ful, adj., full, filled : nom. sg. w. gen. pi. se was innan full wratta and wira, 2413. — Comp.: eges-, sorh-, weofS-ful. ful, adv., plene, very : ful oft, 480 ; ful-oft, 952. ful, st. n., cup, beaker : nom. sg., 1 193; ace. sg. ful, 616, 629, ro26; ofer pSa ful, over the cup of the waves (the basin of the sea filled with waves), 1209; dat. sg. onfoh hissum fulle, 1 1 70. — Comp. : medo-, sele-full. fullaestian, w. v. w. dat., to give help : pres. sg. ic he fullivstu, 2669. fultum, St. m., help, support, protec- tion : ace. sg. frofor (frofre) and fultum, 699, 1274; magenes fvd- tum, 1836; on fultum, 2663. — Comp. magen-fultum. f unclian, w. v., to strive, to have in viero : pres. pi. we fundia'iS Hige- lac secan, 1820; pret. sg. fundode of geardum, 1 138. fard'uni, adv., primo, just, exactly; GLOSSARY. 223 then first : ha ic fufSum we61d folce Deninga, then first governed the people of the Danes (had just assumed the government), 465 ; hS hie to sele fur Sum . . . gangan cwomon, 323; ic l^ter furSum cvvom to l^am hringsele, 2010; — before, previously : ic be sceal mine ge- Isestan freode, swS wit furSum spraecon, 1708. f urUur, adv., further, forioard, more distant, 254, 762, 3007. fus, adj., inclined to, favorable, ready : nom. sg. nu ic eom siSes ffls, 1476; leofra manna fds, pre- pared for the dear men, i.e. expect- ing them, 191 7; sigel sUSan fQs, the sun inclined from tliesouth(m\d- day sun), 1967; se wonna hrefn f(is ofer fregum, eager over the slain, 3026; sceft . . . feSer-gear- wum ffis, 3 1 20; nom. pi. wseron ... eft to leodum ffise to farenne, 1806. — Sometimes ffls means ready for death, moribundus : f(is and fsege, 1242. — Comp. : hin-, fit-ffis. fus-lic, adj., prepared, ready : ace. sg. ffls-lic f[yrd]-le6'5, 1425; fyrd- searo ffts-lic, 2619; ace. pi. fyrd- searu ffls-licu, 232. fyl, St. m., fall : nom. sg. fyll cyn- inges, the fall of the king (in the dragon-fight), 2913; dat. sg. hat he on fylle wearS, that he came to a fall, fell, 1545. — Comp. hrS-fyl. fylce (collective form from folc), St. n., troop, band of warriors : in comp. al-fylce. ge-fyllan (see feal), w. v., to fell, to slay in battle: inf. fane gefyl- lan, to slay the enemy, 2656; pret. pi. fe6nd gefyldan, they had slain the enemy, 2707. ft-fyllan (see ful), w. v., to Jill : pret. psrt. Heorot innan was fre6n- dum ifylled {was filled with trustea men), 1019. fyWOfSi.i.jplenty, abundant meal : dat. (instr.) sg. fylle gefraegnod, ^334; g^ii- sg. nas hie h^re fylle gefean hafdon, 562; fylle gefaeg(m, 1015. — Comp. : wal-, vvist-fyllo. fyl-werig, adj., weary enough to fall, faint to death, moribundus : ace. sg. fyl-werigne, 963. fyr. See feor. fyrlan, w. v. w. ace. {— ferian), to bear, to bring, carry : pret. pi. b9 \>e gif-sceattas Geata fyredon hyder to jiance, 378. fyras. See firas. fyren. See firen. fyrde, adj., movable, that can t>f moved. — Comp. hard-fyrde. — Leu. fyrd-gestealla, w. m., comrade on an expedition, companion in bat- tle : dat. pi. fyrd-gesteallum, 2874 fyrd-ham, st. m., war-dress, coat of mail : ace. sg. hone fyrd-hom, 1505- fyi'd-hragl, st. n., coat of mail, war-dress : ace, sg. fyrd-hragl, 1528. fjTd-hwat, adj., sharp, good in war, 'warlike : nom. pi. frome fyrd-hwate, 1642, 2477. fyrd-leoij, st. n., war-song, warlike music : ace. sg. horn stundum song fflslic f[yrd]leo'S, 1425. fyrd-searu, st. n., equipment for an expedition : ace. sg. fyrd-searu fflslic, 2619 ; ace. pi. fyrd-searu ffislicu, 232. fyrd-vpyrffe, adj., of worth in war, excellent in battle : nom. sg. fyrd- %vyr'5e man (Beowulf), 131 7. ge-fjrffran (see forU), w. v., to bring forward, to further : pret. part. &r was on ofoste, eftstSes 224 GLOSSARY. georn, fratwum gefyr(5red, he was hurried forward by the treasure (i.e. after he had gathered up the treasure, he hasted to return, so as to be able to show it to the mortally-wounded Beowulf), 27S5. fyriaest. See forma. fyrii-dagas, st. m. pi., by-gone days: dat. pi. fyrndagum {in old times), 1452. fyrn-gew^eorc, st. n., work, some- thing done in old times : ace. sg. fira fyrn-gevveorc (the drinking- cup mentioned in 2283), 2287. fyrn-ge'win, st. n., combat in ancient times : gen. sg. or fyrn-gewinnes {the origin of the battles of the giants'), 1690. fyrn-man,st.m., /«(ZM of ancient times : gen. pi. fyrn-manna fatu, 2762. fyru-wlta, w. m., counsellor ever since ancient times, adviser for many years : dat. sg. frodan fyrn- witan, of Aschere, 2124. fyrst, st. m., portion of time, definite time, time : noni. sg. nas hit lengra fyrst, ac ymlj Sne niht . . ., 134; fyrst for S gewat, the time (of going to the harbor) ivas past, 210; nas Kvr mSra fyrst freode to friclan, 2556 ; ace. sg. niht-longne fyrst, 528; f if nihta fyrst, 545; instr. sg. h^ fyrste, 2574; dat. sg. him on fyrste gelomp . . ., within the fixed time, 76. fyr-wit, -^'et, -wjt, st. n., prying spirit, curiosity : nom. sg. fyrwyt, 232; fyrwet, 1986, 2785. ge-fysan (fus), w. v., to make ready, to prepare : part, winde gef^^sed flota, the ship provided with wind (for the voyage), 217 ; (wyrm) f^re gef^sed, provided ^rith fire, 23 lO; ]>Sl was hringbogan (of the drake) heorte gef^sed sacce to secanne, 2562 ; with gen., in an- swer to the question, for what? gflcSe gefysed, ready for battle, de- term ined to fight, 63 1 . fyr, St. x\.,fire: nom. sg., 1367, 2702, 2SS2 ; dat. sg. fyre, 2220 ; as instr. fyre, 2275, 2596; gen. sg. f^'res fjiSni, 185; f)>res feng, 1765.— Comp. : ad-, ba-l-, heaiiu-, wal-fyr. f;^r-bcnd, st. m., band forged in fire : dat. pi. duru . . . fyr-bendum fast, 723. fjT-draca, w. m., fire-drake, fire- spnving dragon : nom. sg., 2690. fjr-heard, adj., hard throitgh fiire, hardened in fire : nom. pi. (eofor- lic) fah and fyr-heard, 305. fyr-leoht, st. n., fire-light : ace. sg., 1517- fyr-wylin, st. m., wave offire, flame- wave : dat. pi. wyrm . . . fj^rwyl- mum fSh, 2672. G galan, st. v., to sing, to sound : pres. sg.sorh-le65gale"6", 2461 ; inf.gryre- leo^" galan, 787; bearlUmongeaton, gfliShorn galan, heard the clang, the battle-trumpet sound, 1433. S-gal an, to sing, to sound: pret. sg. t)at hire on hafelan hringmx'l Sgol gnedig g(l51e6'?>, that the sword caused a greedy battle-song to sound ttpon her head, 1522. gainban, or, according to Bout., gambe, w.i., tribute, interest: ace. sg. g.emban gyldan, 11. gamen, st. n., social pleasure, re- joicing, joyous doings : nom. sg. gamen, 1 161 ; gomen,246o; gomen gleobeames, the pleasure of the harp, 2264; acc. sg. gamen and GLOSSARY. 225 gle6dreSm, 3022; dat. sg. gameue, 2942; gomene, 1776. — Comp. heal- gamen. ganien-waiy, st. f., way offering social enjoyment, journey in joyous society : dat. sg. of gomen-wdSe, 855. ganicn-wudu, st. m., tvood of social enjoyment, i.e. harp : nom. sg. \>xx was . . . gomenwudu gr8ted, 1066; ace. sg. gomenwudu grette, 2109. gainol, gomol, goinel, adj., old ; of persons, having lived tnany years, gray : gamol, 58, 265 ; gomol, 3096; gomel, 21 13, 2794; se go- niela, 1398 ; gamela (gomela) Scylding, 1 793, 2 1 06 ; gomela,2932 ; ace. sg. jjone gomelan, 2422; dat. sg.gamelum rince, 1678; gomelum ceorle, 2445; ham gomelan, 2818; nom. pi. blondenfeaxe gomele, 1 596. — Also, late, belonging to former time : gen. pi. gomelra lafe (legacy), 2037. — O^ things, old, from old times: nom. sg. sweord . . . gomol, 2683 ; ace. sg. gomele ISfe, 2564; gomel swyrd, 261 1; gamol is a more respectful word than eald. gamol-feax, adj., with gray hair : nom. sg., 609. gang, St. m. : i) gait, way : dat. sg. on gange, 1885 ; gen. sg. ic hine ne mihte . . . ganges ge-twaeman, could not keep him from going, 969. — 2) step, foot-step : nom. sg. gang (the foot-print of the mother of Grendel), 1405; aec.sg. utonhra'Se fcran Grendles mSgan gang scea- wigan, 1392. — Comp. in-gang. be-gang, bi-gang, st. m., (^oy^r as something goes) , extent : acc.sg. ofer geofenes begang, over the ex- tent of the sea, 362; ofer flSda be- gang, 1827 ; under swegles begong, 861, 1774; fl6da begong, 1498; sic leSa bigong, 2368. gangan. See under gan. ganot, St. m., diver, fulica marina : gen. sg. ofer ganotes ba3 (i.e. the sea), 1862. gad, St. n., lack: nom.sg. ne bit? he wilna gSd {thou shall have no lack ofdesirahle\y?iS.Vi^\€\ things ),(>6\ ; similarly, 950. gan, expanded = gangan, st. v., to go : pres. sg. III. gae'S a Wyrd swa hio seel, 455; gaeS eft . . . to medo, 605 ; honne he ... on flett gffii?, 2035; similarly, 2055; pres. subj. III. sg. gS hasr he wille, let him go whither he will, 1395 ; imp. sg. II. ga nu to setle, 1783; nu hu lungre geong, hord seeawian, under harne stan, 2744; inf. in gSn, to go in, 386, 1645 ' fo"^*^ 8^"' ''" S'^fi>'l^t, to go thither, 1 164; hat hie him to mihton gegnum gangan, to go towards, to go to, 314; to sele . . . gangan cvvomon, 324; in a similar construction, gongan, 1643; ri^ S^ moton gangan . . . Hro'Sgar geseon, 395 ; ha com of more . . . Grendel gongan, /'/i^ra after flore, went along Ike fioor, along the hall, 1317-— 3) gengde (Goth, gaggida) : he . . . beforan gengde . . ., wong sceawian, went in front to inspect the fields, 1413; gengde, also of riding, 1402. — 4) from another stem, code (Goth, iddja) : eode ellenrof, )>at he for eaxlum gestod Deniga frean, 358; similar- ly, 403; [wi5 duru healle Wulfgar eode], went toxvards the door of the hall, 390; eode Wealhl'cow forS, luent forth, 613; eode to hire frean sittan, 641 ; eode yrremod, went with angry feeling, 727; eode . . . to sele, 919; similarly, 1233; eode . . . \>7&x se snottra bSd, 1313; eode weorS Uenum aSeling to yppan, the prince (Beowulf), honored by the Danes, went to the high seat, 181 5 ; eode . . . under inwit-hrof, 3124 ; pi. J'ser swi'SferhSe sittan eodon, 493 ; eodon him \>^ to- geanes, went to meet him, 1627 ; eodon under Earna nas, 3032. S-gangan, to go out, to go forth, to befall : pret. part, swa hit igangen vvear'5 eorla manegum (^as it befell many a one of the earls), 1235. f ull-gangan, to emulate, to follow after : pret. sg. bonne . . . sceft nytte heold, fe 5er-gearwum fCls flSne fuU-eode, when the shaft had employment, furnished with feath- ers it followed the arrow, did as the arrow, 3120. ge-gin, ge-gangan: i) to go, to approach : inf. (w. ace.) his modor , . . gegin wolde sorhfulne si's, 1278; se be gryre-siSas gegSn dorste, who dared to go the 'ways of terror (to go into the combat), 1463; pret. sg. se maga gconga under his mseges scyld elne geeode. went quickly under his kinsman'^ shield, 2677; pi. elne geeodon t8 bas be . . ., went quickly thither where . . ., 1968; pret. part. sy'^'iSan hie to-gadre gegin hafdon, when they (Wiglaf and the drake) had come together, 2631 ; bat his aldres was ende gegongen, that the end of his life had come, 823 ; b^ was ende- dag godum gegongen, bat se gG5- cyning . . . swealt, 3037. — 2) to obtain, to reach : inf. (w. acc.) bonne he at gflSe gegSn benccS longsumne lof, 1536; ic mid elne sceall gold gegangan, 2537; gerund, nas bat f&s. ceap to gegangenne gumena aenigum, 2417; pret. pi. elne geeodon . . . bat se byrnwiga bflgan sceolde, 2918; pret. part, hafde . . . gegongen bat, had at- tained it, that . . ., 894; hord ys gesceawod, grim me gegongen, 3086. — 3) to occur, to happen : pres. sg. III. gif bat gegangeS bat . . ., if that happen, that . . ., 1847; pret. sg. bat geiode ufaran dogrum hilde-hlammum, it happened in later times to the warriors (the Geatas), 2201 ; pret. part. bS was gegongen guman unfrodum ear- foSlice bat, ///^« it had happened to the young man in sorroivful xvise that . . ., 2822. 8'5-gangan, to go thither: pret. pi. oS bat hi oSeodon ... in Hrefnes- holt, 2935. ofer-gangan, w. acc, to go over : pret. sg. ofereode b<^ a'Selinga beam steap stin-hlifio, went over steep, rocky precipices, 1409; pi. freotSo- wong bone for"? ofereodon, 2960. ymb-gangan, v/. SlCc, to go around: pret. ymb-eode \>i. ides Helminga GLOSSARY. 227 dugu'Se and geogofSe dtel oegh- wylcne, went around in every part, atnotig the superior and the inferior warriors, 621. gar, St. m., spear, javelin, missile : nom. sg., 1847, 3022 ; instr. sg. gSre, 1076 ; blodigan gare, 2441 ; gen. sg. gires fliht, 1766; nom. pi. gSras, 328; gen. pi., i6i(?).— Comp. : bon-, frum-gir. gar-cene, z.^)., spear-bold: nom.sg., '959- gar-cwcalni, st. m., murder, death by the spear : jicc. sg. gSr-cwealm gumena, 2044. gclr-holt, St. n., forest of spears, i.e. crowd of spears : ace. sg., 1835. gar-secg, st. m.(cf. Grimm, in Haupt 1. 578), sea, ocean : ace. sg. on gar- secg, 49, 5J7 ; ofer gar-secg, 515. gar-wiga, w. m., one ivho fights with the spear : dat. sg. geongum gar- wigan, of Wtglaf, 2675, 2812. gar-wigeufl, pres. part., fighting with spear, spear-fighter : ace. pi. gir-wigend, 2642. g^st, gcBst, St. m., ghost, demon : ace. sg. helle gast (Grendel), 1275; gen. sg. wergan g^stes (of Grendel), 133; (of the tempter), 1748 ; gen. pi. dyrnra gasta (Grendel's race), 1358; gEesta glfrost {^flames con- suming corpses) , 1 1 24. — Comp. : ellor-, geo-sceaft-gast ; ellen-, wal- gsest. gast-bana, w. m., slayer of the spirit, i.e. the devil : nom. sg. gast- bona, 177. gadeling, st. m., he ivho is connected with another, relation, companion: gen. sg. gadelinges, 2618; dat. pi. mid his gadelingum, 2950. at-giidere, adv., together, ztnited : 321, 1 165, 1191; samod atgadere, 329. 387. 730. 1064- t6-gadere, adv., together, zb^^x. gast, gist, gyst, St. m., stranger, guest: nom. sg. gast, 180 1 ; se gast (the drake), 2313; se grimmagast (Grendel), 102; gist, 1139, 1523; ace. sg. gryre-ltcne gist (the nixy slain by Beowulf), 1442; dat. sg. gyste, 2229; nom. pi. gistas. 1603; ace. pi. gas[tas], 1894. — Comp.: fede-, gryre-, inwit-, niS-, sele-gasi (■gyst). gast-sele, st. m., hall in which the guests spend theit'time, guest-hall : ace. sg., 995. ge, conj., atid, 1341 ; ge . . . ge . . ., as well . . .as . . ., 1865 ; ge . . . ge . . ., ge . . ., 1 249 ; ge swylce, and likeiuise, aitd moreover, 2259. ge, pron., ye, you, plur. of J^u, 237, 245, etc. gegn-cwide, st. m., reply : gen. pi. Hnra gegn-cwida, 367. gegnum, adv., thither, towards, away, with the prep, to, ofer, giving the direction : \>'i.\. hie him to mihton gegnum gangan {that they might go thither'), 314; geg- num for[)5a] ofer myrcan mor, away over the dark 7noor, 1405. gehUu, geohafUjSt. f., sorrow, care : instr. sg. giohiSo maende, 226S ; dat. sg. on gehSo, 3096; on giohiSe, 2794. gen (from gegn), adv., yet, again . ne was hit lenge \>% gen, )?at . . ., it was ttot then long before . . ., 83; ic sceal forS sprecan gen ymb Grendel, shall from now on speak again of Grendel, 207 1; no by £er Gt ha gen . . . gongan wolde {still he would not yet go out), 2082 ; gen is eall at be lissa gelong {^yet all my favor belongs to thee), 2150; M gen, then again, 2678, 2703 ; sw3 he nu gen de5, as h< 228 GLOSSARY. ttill does, 2860 ; fur'Sur gen, fur- ther still, besides, 3007 ; nu gen, no'o again, 3 1 69 ; ne gen, tio more, no farther : ne was \>'iX wyrd I'd gen, that was no more fate (fate no longer willed that), 735. gen a, still: cwico was \A gena, ■was still living, 3094. genga, w. m., goer ; in comp. in-, S3e-, sceadu-genga. gengde. See gan (3). gengc. See uij-geuge. genuuga (from geguunga), adv., precisely, completely, 2872. gerwan, gyrwan, w. v.: x') to prepare, to make ready, to put in condition : pret. pi. gestsele gyre- don, 995. — 2) to equip, to arm for battle : pret. sg. gyrede hine Beowulf eorl-gewsedum {dressed himself in the armor), 1442. ge-gyrwan: i) to make, to pre- pare : pret. pi. him \>^ gegiredan Geata leode Sd . . . unwaclicne, 3138; pret. part, glof . . . call ge- gyrwed de6fles craftum and diacan felluin, 208S. — 2) to fit out, to make ready : inf. ceol gegyrwan hilde-wa'pnum and hea^owcedum, 38; het him ySlidan godne gegyr- wan, had {his) good ship fitted up for him, 199. Also, to provide warlike equipment : pret. part, sy 'S- "San he hine to gClSe gegyred hafde, 1473. — 3) to endow, to provide, to adorn : pret. part. nom. sg. bea- do-hragl . . . golde gegyrwed, 553; ace. sg. lafe . . . golde gegyrede, 2193; ace. pi. madmas . . . golde gegyrede, 1029. getau, w. v., to injure, to slay : inf., 2941. be-gete, adj., attainable ; in comp. eiS-begete. gcador, adv., unitedly, together, jointly, 836 ; geador iitsomne, 491. on-geador, adv., unitedly, together, 1596. gealdor, st. n. : i) sound: ace. sg. Ij^man gealdor, 2944. — 2) magic song, incantation, spell : instr. sg. )50nne was \>'iX yrfe . . . galdre be- wunden {placed under a spell), 3053- gealga, w. m., gallows : dat. sg. \>'iX his byre ride giong on galgan, 2447. gealg-niGd, adj., ^/oow^)/.- nom. sg. gifre and galgniod, 1278. gealg-treow, st. n., gallo-ws : dat. pi. on galg-tre6vvu[m], 2941. geard, st. m., residence ; in Beowulf corresponding to the house-com- plex uf a prince's residence, used only in the plur. : ace. in geardas {in Finn's castle), 1 135; dat. in geardum, 13, 2460 ; of geardum, 1 139; ser he on weg hwurfe ... of geardum, before he ivent away from his dwelli)ig-place, i.e. died, 265. — Comp. middan-geard. gearo, adj., properly, made, pre- pared; hence, ready, finished, equipped : nom. sg. hat hit weariS eal gearo, heal-arna maest, 77; wiht unhi^lo . . . gearo sona was, the demon of destruction was quickly ready, did not delay long, 121 ; Here-Scyldinga betst beadorinca was on bi"el gearu, 7vas ready for the funeral-pile (for the solemn burning), mo; I'eod 'is) eal gearo, the warriors are alti,gether ready, always prepared, 1231 ; hra^e waf at holme h^S-weard gearo (geara, MS.), 1915; gearo gflS-freca, 2415, sie sio baer gearo adre ge- afned, let the bier be made ready at once, 2^06. With gen.: gearo gyrnwrace, ready for revenge for GLOSSARY. 229 harm done, 211% ace. sg. gearwe stowe, 1007; nom. pi. beornas gearwe, 211; similarly, 1814. gearwe, gearo, geare, adv., com- pletely, etitirely: ne ge . . . gearwe ne wisson, you do ttot know at all . . ., 246; similarly, 879; hine gearwe geman witena welhwylc {remembers him very well), 265; wisse he gearwe bat . . ., ke knew very well that . . ., 2340, 2726; t>at ic . . . gearo sceawige swegle searogimmas {that I tnay see the treasures altogether, as many as they are), 2749; ic wSt geare bat . . ., 2657. — Comp. gearwor, more readily, rather, 3077. — Superl. gearwost, 716. gearo-foliii, adj., with ready hand, 2086. gearwe, st. f., eqicipment, dress ; in comp. feSer-gearwe. geat, St. n., opening, door ; in comp. bf;n-, hilde-geat. g«ato-lic, adj., well prepared, hand- some, splendid : of sword and ar- mor, 215, 1563, 2155; of Heorot, 308. Adv. : wisa fengel geatolic gengde, passed on in a stately manner, 1402. geafrwe, st. f. pi., equipment, adorn- ment : ace. recedes geatwa, the ornaments of the dragon^ s cave (its treasures), 3089. — Comp.: cored-, gryre-, gdS-, hilde-, wig-geatwe. gedn (from gegn), adv. in on-gean, adv. and prep., against, towards : bat he me ongean slea, 682; rsehte ongean feond mid fol- me, 748; foran onge6.n, forward towards, 2365. With dat. : ongean gramum, against the enemy, 1 035. to-geanes, to -genes, prep, aa'«?«5/, towards: Grendle \.ogQ.zx]A%,towards Grendel, against Grendel, 667; grSp bS togeanes, she grasped at (Beowulf), 1502; similarly, him togeanes feng, 1543; eodon hira ba togeanes, went towards him, 1627; het b^ gebeodan ... bat hie bffil-wudu feorran feredon go- dum togenes, had it ordered thai they should bring the wood from far for the funeral-pyre towards the good man (i.e. to the place where the dead Beowulf lay), 31 15. gedp, adj., roomy, extensive, wide : nom. sg. reced . . . geap, the roorny hall, 1801 ; ace. sg. under geapne hr6f,S37.— Comp. : horn-,S£e-geap. gear, st. n., year : nom. sg., 1135 ; gen. pi. gedra, in adverbial sense, dim, in former times, 2665. See un-geara. gear-dagas, st. m. pi., former days : dat. pi. in(on) geSr-dagum, i, 1355. geofe. See gifu. geofon, gifen, gyfen (see Kuhn Zeitschr. I. 137), St. n., sea, flood : nom. sg. geofon, 515; gifen geo- tende, the streaming flood, 1691 ; gen. Sg. geofenes begang, 362 ; gyfenes, 1395. geogoff, St. f . : i) youth, time of youth : dat. sg. on geogo'Se, 409, 466, 2513; ongiogo'Se, 2427; gen. gioguSe, 21 13. — 2) contrasted with dugu'5, the younger warriors of lower rank (about as in the Middle Ages, the squires with the knights) : nom. sg. geogo'S, 66 ; giogo'S, 1 1 9 1 ; ace. sg. geogo'Se, 1 182; gen. dugu'Se and geogo'Se, 160 ; duguSe and iogo'Se (geo- goSe), 1675, ^22. geoguff-feorh, st. n., age of youth, i.e. age in which one still belongs in the ranks of the geogo'S : on geogoS- (geoguS-) feore, 537, 2665. geohSTo. See geh<5o. 230 GLOSSARY. geolOy adj., yellow : ace. sg. geolwe linde i^the shield of yellow linden bark), 261 1. geolo-raud, st. m., yellow shield (shield with a covering of inter- laced yellow linden bark) : ace. sg-, 438. geond, prep. w. ace, through, Ihroughuut, along, over : geond Hsne middangeard, through the earth, over the earth, 75 ; wide geond eorJSan, 266, 3100; ferdon folctogan . ..geond wid-wegas,7t/f«/ along the ways coming from afar, 841; similarly, 1705; geond hat said, through the hall, through the extent of the hall, 1 28 1; similarly, 19S2, 2265. geoiig, adj., young, youthful : nom. sg., 13, 20, 855, etc.; giong, 2447; w. m. se maga geonga, 2676; ace. sg- geongne gQScyning, 1970; dat. sg. geongum, 1949, 2045, 2675, etc. ; on swa geongum feore, at a so youthful age, 1844; geongan cempan, 2627; ace. pi. geonge, 2019; dat. pi. geongum and eal- dum, 72. — Superl. gingest, the last : nom. sg. w. f. gingeste word, 2818. georn, adj., striving, eager, w. gen. of the thing striven for : eft stSes georn, 2784. — Comp. lof-georn. georne, adv., readily, imllitigly : bat him wine-magas georne har- den, 66; georne trQwode, 670. — zealously, eagerly : sohte georne after grunde, eagerly searched over the ground, 2295. — carefully, in- dustriously : no ic him has georne atfealh {held him not fast enough), 969. — completely, exactly : comp. wiste t'8 geornor, 822. ge6, ifi, adv., once, formerly, earlier, 1477; gio. 2522; id, 2460. ge6c, St. f., help, support: ace. sg. geoee gefremnian, 2675; bat him gast-bona gedce gefremede wi^ beod-l'reaum, 177; geoce gel^fde, believed in the help (of Beowulf), 609; dat. sg. to geoce, 1835. geocor, adj., ill, bad . nom. sg., 766. — See Ilaupt's Zeitschrift 8, p. 7. geo-man, iii-inan,st. m., man of for- flier times: gen. pi. id-manna, 3053- geo-meowle, w. f., {formerly a vir- gin), 7vifc : ace. sg. io-meowlan, 2932. ge6iT»or, adj ., rtjith depressed feelings, sad, troubled : nom. sg. him was geomor sefa, 49, 2420, 2633, 295 1 ; modes geomor, 2101 ; fem. bat was geomuru ides, 1076. g e o ni o r e , adv., sadly, 151. geonior-gid, st. n., dirge : ace. sg. giomor-gyd, 315 1. geOinor-lic, adj., sad, painful : swa bi"5 geoniorlic gomelum eeorle to gebklanne bat . . ., it is painful to an old man to experience it, thai • • -, 2445- geOinor-mod, adj., sad, sorrowful : nom. sg., 2045, 30'9; giomor-mod, 2268. geonirian, w. v., to complain, tc lament: pret. sg. geomrode gid- dum, 1 119. geo-sceaft, st. f., {fixed in past times), fate: ace. sg. geosceaft grimme, 1235. geosoeaft-gast, st. m., demon soil by fate : gen. pi. fela ge6sceaft- gSsta, of Grendel and his race, 1267. ge6tan, st. v. intrans., to pour, to flow, to stream : pres. p.irt. gifen geotende, 1691. glcel, St. m., icicle : in comp. hilde gicel. gid, gyd, St. n., speech, solemn allh GLOSSARY. 231 terative song: nom. sg. \>xr was . . . gid oft wrecen, 1066; leoS was isungen, gleomannes gyd, the song was sung, the gleeinan's lay, 1 1 61 ; baer was gidd and gleo, 2106; ace. sg. ic Hs gid Swrac, 1724; gyd Swrac, 2109 ; gyd after wrac, 2155; bonne he gyd wrece, 2447; ^^^- P^- giddum, 151, 1 1 19; gen. pi. gidda gemyndig, 869. — Comp.:geomor-, word-gid. giddian, w. v., to speak, to speak in alliteration : pret. gyddode, 631. gif, conj.: i) if, w. ind., 442, 447, 527, 662, etc.; gyf, 945, etc. With subj., 452, 594, 1482, etc.; gyf, 280, 1105, etc. — 2) whether, w. ind., 272; w. subj., II41, 1320. gifa, geofa, w. m., giver ; in comp. gold-, sine-, wil-gifa (-geofa). gifan, St. v., to give: inf. giofan, 2973; pret. sg. nallas beagas geaf Denum, 1720; he me [miSmas] geaf, 2147; and similarly, 2174, 2432, 2624, etc.; pret. pi. geafon (hyne) on garsecg, 49; pret. part. bS was HrotSgare here-sped gyfen, 64; \>%. was gylden hilt gamelum rince ... on hand gyfen, 1679; sy'S'Sanasrestwear'S gyfen . . . geon- gum cempan {given in marriage^, 1949. S -gifan, to give, to impart: inf. andsware . . . Sgifan, to give an answer, 355; pret. sg. sona him se froda fader Ohtheres . . . ondslyht Sgeaf {gave him a counter-blo^v) , {hajid-blowl), 2930. for- gyf an, to give, to grant: pret. sg. him J>as lif-frea . . . worold-Sre forgeaf, 17; \>z.m t3 hSm forgeaf HrStSel Geata dngan dohtor {gave in marriage), 374; similarly, 2998; he me lond forgeaf, granted me land, 2493; similarly, 697, 102 1, 2607, 2617; magen-raes forgeaf hil- de-bille, he gave with his battle- sword a mighty blo'v, i.e. he struck with full force, 1520. of-gifan, {to give up), to leave: inf. J^at se msera maga Ecgheowes grund-wong l^one ofgyfan wolde {was fated to leave the earth- plain), 2589; pret. sg. \>as worold ofgeaf gromheort guma, 1 682 ; sim • ilarly, gumdream ofgeaf, 2470 ; Dena land ofgeaf, 1905; pret. pi. nas ofgeafon hwate Scyldingas, left the pro7nontory, 1601; J^at M hildlatan holt ofgefan, that the coio- ards left the wood (into which they had fled), 2847; sg. pret. for pi. bara \>& Hs [lif] ofgeaf, 2252. gifeffe, adj., given, granted : GflS- fremmendra svvylcum gifeSe \y& V^X. . . ., to such a warrior is it granted that . . ., 299; similarly, 2682; swS me gife'Se was, 2492; t'cer me gifeSe swa senig yrfeweard after vvurde, if an heir, (living) after me, had been given me, 2731. — Neut. as subst. : was hat gife'Se to swi^, J^e bone [beoden] byder ontyhte, the fate was too harsh that has drawn hither the king, 3086; gyfeSe, 555, 820. — Comp. un-gifeI5e. gif-heal, st. f., hall in which fiefs were bestowed, throne-hall: ace. sg. ymb \>^ gifhealle, 839. gif-sceat, st. m., gift of value : ace. pi. gif-sceattas, 378. gif-stOl, St. m., seat from zvhich fiefs are granted, throne : nom. sg., 2328; aec. sg., 168. gfift, St. f., gift, present: in comp. feoh-gift. gifu, geofu, St. f., gift, present, grant ; fief: nom. sg. gifa, 1885 * 232 GLOSSARY. ace. sg.gimfaste gife ]>e him god sealde, /Ae great gift that God had granted him (i.e. the enormous strength), 1272; ginfastan gife J>e him god sealde, 2183; dat. pi. (as instr.) geofum, 1959; gen. pi. gifa, 1931; geofena, 1174. — Comp. : mSSSum-, sinc-gifu. gigant, St. m., giant: nom. pi. gi- gantas, 113; gen. pi. giganta, 1563, 1691. gild, gyld, St. n., reparation : in comp. wi^er-gyld (?). gildan, gyldan, st. v., to do some- thing in return, to repay, to re- ward, to pay : inf. gomban gyldan, pay tribute, 1 1 ; he mid gode gyl- dan vville uncran eaferan, 11S5; we him \>t gdSgeatwa gyldan wol- don, 2637; pret. sg. heaiSoraesas geald mearum and mS'Smum, re- paid the battles with horses and treasures, 1048; similarly, 2492; geald hone gflSrass . . . Jofore and Wuife mid ofermaSmum, repaid Eofor and IVulf the battle 7vith ex- ceedingly great treasures, 2992. an-gildan, to pay for: pret. sg. sum sSre angeald aefenraste, one (Aschere) paid for the evening- rest luith death's pain, 1252. fl-gildan, to offer one's self: pret. sg. I'd me sael Sgeald, whe7i the fa- vorable opportunity offered itself, 1666; similarly, l-a him rflm Sgeald, 2691. for-gildan, to repay, to do some- thing in return, to reward : pres. subj. sg. III. alwalda J^ec g8de for- gylde, may the ruler of all reward thee ivithgcod, 957 ; inf. )'one senne hSht golde forgyldan, he ordered that the one (killed by Grendel) be paid for (atoned for) with gold, 1055; he . . . wolde Grendle for- gyldan gCl^raesa fela, wished to pay Grendel for many attacks, 1 5 78; wolde se ISJSa lige forgyldan drinc- fat d^re, the enemy wished to repay with fire the costly drinking vessel (the theft of it), 2306; pret. sg. he him l^as lean forgeald, he gave them the reward therefor, 114; simi- larly, 1542, 1585, 2095; forgeald hra'Se vvyrsan wrixle walhlem hone, repaid the murderous blow with a worse exchange, 2969. gilPj gylP) St. m., speech in which one promises great things for him- self in a coming combat, defiant speech, boasting speech : ace. sg. hafde . . . Geat-mecga leod gilp gelaested {had fulfilled what he had claimed for himself before the battle), 830 ; nallas on gylp sele'5 fatte beagas, gives no chased gold rings for a boastful speech, 1750; \>'i.\. ie wiS hone gQ^'flogan gylp ofer- sitte, restrain myself from the speech of defiance, 2529; dat. sg. gylpe witSgripan {fulfil my prom- ise of battle), 2522. — Comp. dol- gilp- gilpan, gylpan, st. v. w. gen., ace, and dat., to make a defiant speech, to boast, to exult insolently : pres. sg. I. no ic )ias gilpe (after a break in the text), 587; sg. III. morSres gylpe i>, boasts of the murder, 2056; inf. swa ne gylpan hearf Grendles magaaenig. . . uhthlem I'one, 2007; nealles folc-cyning fyrdgesteallum gylpan I'orfte, had no need to boast of his fellow-warriors, 2875; pret. sg. hreSsigora ne gealp goldwine Geata, did not exult at the glorious victory (could not gain the victory over the drake), 2584. gilp-cwide, st. m., speech in which a man promises much for himsel) GLOSSARY. 233 for a coming combat, speech of de- fiance : nom. sg., 641. gilp-hliiden, pret. part., laden with boasts of defiance (i.e. he who has made many such boasts, and consequently has been victorious in many combats), covered with glory : nom. sg guma gilp-hladen, 869. gilp-spraec, same as gilp-cwide, speech of defiance, boastfid speech : dat. sg. on gylp-spraece, 9S2. gilp-word, St. n., defiant word be- fore the coming combat, vaunting word : gen. pi. gesprac . . . gylp- worda sum, 676. gim, St. m., gem, precious stone, jewel: nom. sg. heofones gim, heaven^ s jewel, i.e. the sun, 2073. Comp. searo-gim. gimme-rice, adj., rich in jewels : ace. sg. gimme-rice hord-burh ha- le'Sa, 466. gin (according to Bout., ginne), adj., properly gaping, hence, wide, extended: ace. sg. gynne grund (^the bottom of the sea), 1552. gin-fast, adj., extensive, rich : ace. sg. gim-faste gife (gim-, on account of the following/), 1272; in weak form, gin-fastan gife, 2183. ginnan, st. v., original meaning, to be open, ready ; in on-ginnan, to begin, to undertake : pret. o^ t'at an ongan fyrene frem- man feond on helle, 100 ; secg eft on- gan sW Be6wulfes sny ttrum styrian, 872; )>a l^at sweord ongan . . . wa- nian, the sivord began to diminish, 1606; Higelac ongan sinne gesel- dan . . . fagre fricgean, began with propriety to question his compan- ion, 1984, etc.; ongon, 2791; pret. pi. no her c&^licor cuman ongun- non lindhabbende, no shield-bear- ing men e'er undertook more openly to come hither, 244 ; pret. part, hiibbe ic mgerba fela ongunnen on geogo'Se, have in my youth under- taken many deeds of renown, 409. gist. See gast. gistran, adv., yesterday: gystran x\\hX, yesterday night, 1335. git, pron., ye two, dual of J>u, 508, 512, 513, etc. git, gyt, adv., yet ; then still, 536, II28, U65, 2142; hitherto, 957; nsefre git, never yet, 583; still, 945, 1059, 1 135; once more, 2513; moreover, 47, 105 1, 1867. gitan (original meaning, to take hold of, to seize, to attain), in be -gitan, w. zee, to grasp, to seize, to reach: pret. sg. begeat, 1147, 2231; J>S hine wig beget, when war seized him, came upon him, 2873; similarly, begeat, 1069; pret. pi. hit aer on W gode be-geiton, good men received it formerly from thee, 2250; subj. sg. for pi. bat was HrolSgare hreowa tornost t>ira be leodfruman lange begeate, the bitterest of the troubles that for a long time had befallen the peo- ple's chief, 2131. for- git an, w. ace, to forget: pres. sg. III. he \A forSgesceaft forgyte'5 and forg5*me^", 1752. an-gitan, on-gitan, w. ace: \) to take hold of to grasp: imp. sg. gumcyste ongit, lay hold of manly virtue, of what becomes the man, 1724; pret. sg. he hine se broga angeat, whom terror seized, 1292. — 2) to grasp intellectually, to compre- hend, to perceive, to distinguish, to behold: pres. subj. I. ^at ic serwelan . . . ongite, that I may behold the ancient wealth (the treasures of the drake's cave), 2749; inf. sal 234 GLOSSARY. timbred . . . ongytan, 308, 1497; Geata clifu ungitan, 1912; pret. sg. fyren-J>earfe ongeat, had perceived their distress from hostile snares, 14; ongeat . . . grund-wyrgenne, beheld the she-ivolf of the bottom, 1519; pret. pi. bearhtm ongeaton, gft Shorn galan, perceived the noise, (heard) the battle-trumpet sound, 1432; syS^an hie Ilygelaces horn and banian gealdor ongeSton, 2945. gif re, adj., greedy, eager : noin. sg. gifre and galgmod, of Grendel's mother, 1278. — Superl. : Itg . . ., gsestagifrost, 1 124. — Comp.heoro- gifre. gitsian, w. v., to be greedy : pres. sg. III. g^tsa.^, 1750. gio-, gio-. See geo-, geo-. gladian, w. v., to gleam, to shimmer: pres. pi. III. on him gladia^ go- melra lafe, upofi him gleams the legacy of the men of ancient times (armor), 2037. glad, adj., gracious, friendly (as a form of address for princes) : nom. sg. beo wiSGeatas glad, 1 174; ace. sg. gladne IIro•^"gir, 864; gladne HroSulf, 1 1 82; dat. sg. gladum suna Frodan, 2026. glade, adv., in a gracious, friendly way, 58. gladnian, w. v., to rejoice : inf. w. gen., 367. glad-mOd, a.d]., joyous, glad, 1786. gled, St. f., fire, flame : nom. sg., 2653, 31 15; "^^t. (instr.) pi. gle- dum, 2313, 2336, 2678, 3042. gled-egesa, w. m., terror on account of fire, fire-terror : nom. sg. gI6d- egesa grim {the fire-spewing of the drake), 2651. gleAw (Goth. glagg\vu-s), adj., con- siderate, well-bred, of social con- duct; in comp. un-gleaw. gle6, St. n., social entertainment, (especially by music, play, and jest) : nom. sg. l>2er was gidd and gleo, 2106. gleo-bedin, st. m., {tree of social entertainment, of music), harp . gen. sg. gleo-beames, 2264. gleo-dredm, st. m., joyous carrying- on in social entertainment, mirth, social gaiety : ace. sg. gamen and gleo-dream, 3022. gle6-inan, m., {gleeman, who enli- vens the social entertainment, es- pecially 'with music), harper : gen. sg. gleomannes gyd, 1161. glitiuiati (O.H.G. glizinon), \v. v., to gleam, to light, to glitter : inf. geseah ^>i . . . gold glitinian, 2759. glidan, st. v., to glide : pret. sg. sy'5- fian heofones gim glad ofer grun- das, after heaven'' s gem had glided over the fields (after the sun had set), 2074; pret. pi. glidon ofer gdrsecg, you glided over the ocean (swimming), 515. t8-glldan {to glide asunder), to separate, to fall asunder : pret. gdS-helm to-glad (Ongen)>e6w's helmet was split asunder by the blow of Eofor), 2488. glOf, St. L, glove : nom. sg. glof han- gode, (on Grendel) a glove hung, 2086. gnedS', adj., niggardly : nom. sg. f. nas hi6 ... to gneat^ gifa Geata le6dum, 7vas not too niggardly with gifts to the people of the Gedtas, 1931- gnorn, st. m., sorrow, sadness : ace. sg. gnorn hrowian, 2659. gnornian, w. v., to be sad, to com- plain : pret. sg. earme . . . ides gnornode, iiiS. b e - g n o r n i a n , w. ace, to bemoan, to mourn for : pret. pi. begnor- GLOSSARY. 235 nodon . . . hlifordes [hr>']re, be- tnoaned their lord'' s fall, 3180. god, St. m., god: nom. sg., 13, 72, 478, etc.; haiig god, 381, 1554; witig god, 6a6; mihtig god, 702; ace. sg. god, 812; ne wiston hie drihten god, did not know the Lord God, 181 ; dat. sg. gode, 113, 227, 626, etc.; gen. sg. godes, 570, 712, 787, etc. gold, St. n., gold: nom. sg., 3013, 3053; icge gold, 1 108; wunden gold, wound gold, gold in ring- form, 1 194, 3136; ace. sg. gold, 2537. 2759, 2794, 3169; hjE-Sen gold, heathen gold (that from the drake's cave), 2277; brad gold, massive gold, 3106; dat. instr. sg. golde, 1055, 2932, 3019; fattan golde, 'i.vilh chased gold, 7i'ith gold in plate-form, 2103; gehioden gol- de, covered with gold, gilded, 304; golde gegyrwed (gegyrede), pro- vided with, ornamented 7vith gold, 553, 1029, 2193; golde geregnad, adorned with gold, 778; golde fahne (hrof ), the roof shining with gold, 928; bunden golde, bound with gold (see under bindan), 1901; hyrsted golde (helm), the helmet ornametTted zvith, mounted with gold, 2256; gen. sg. goldes, 2302; fattan goldes, 1094, 2247; sciran goldes, of pure gold, 1695. — Comp. fat-gold. gold-seht, St. f., possessions in gold, treasure : ace. sg., 2749. gold-ftlh, adj., variegated with gold, shining with gold : nom. sg. reced . . . gold-fih, 1 801 ; ace. sg. gold- fahne helm, 2812; nom. pi. gold- fag scinon web after wagum, va- riegated with gold, the tapestry gleamed along the walls, 995. gold-gifa, w. m., gold-giver, de.sig- nation of the prince : ace. sg. mid mfnne goldgyfan, 2653. gold-hroden, pret. part., {covered with gold), ornamented 'with gold: nom. sg., 615, 641, 1949, 2026; epithet of women of princely rank. gold-hwat, adj., striving after gold, greedy for gold : nas he goldhwat, he (BeowTilf) was not greedy for gold (he did not fight against the drake for his treasure, cf. 3067 ff.) 3075- gold-niaitrm, st. m., jewel of gold : ace. pi. gold-mdSmas (the treas- ures of the drake's cave), 2415. gold-sele, st. m., gold-hall, i.e. the hall in which the gold was dis- tributed, ruler's hall : ace. sg., 716, 1254; dat. sg. gold-sele, 1640, 2084. gold-'weard, st. m., gold-ward, de- fender of the gold : ace. sg. (of tne drake), 3082. gold-wine, st. m., friend who dis- tributes gold, i.e. ruler, prince : nom. sg. (partly as voc.) goldwine gu- mena, 1 172, 1477, 1603; goldwine Geata, 2420, 2585. gold-wlanc, adj., proud of gold : nom. sg. guSrinc goldwlanc (Beo- wulf rewarded with gold by Hro6- gar on account of his victoiy), 1882. goniban, gomel, gomen. See gamban, gamal, gamen, gong, gongan. See gang, gangan. god, adj., good, jit, of persons and things: nom. sg., 11, 195, 864. 2264, 2391, etc.; frod and god, 279 ; w. dat. cyning aSelum god, the king noble itt birth, 1871 ; gumcystum god, 2544 ; w. gen. wes \>\i fis larena god, he good to us with teaching (help us thereto through thy instruction), 269: in 236 GLOSSARY. weak form, se goda, 205, 355, 676, 1 191, etc.; ace. sg. godne, 199, 347, 1596, 1970, etc.; gumcystum godne, 1487; neut. god, 1563; dat. sg. godum, 3037, 31 15; )>am godan, 384, 2328 ; nom. pi. gode, 2250; \>Si godan, 1164; ace. pi. gode, 2642; dat. pi. godum dcedum, 2179; gen. pi. godra gflSrinca, 2649. — Comp. ser-god. gdd, St. n. : i ) good that is done, ben- efi^^gift- instr. sg. gode, 20, 957, 1 185; gode mcere, renowned on account of her gifts (f:"ry'i5o), 1953; instr. pi. godum, 1862. — 2) ability, especially in fight : gen. pi. nSt he t^ara goda, 682. gram, adj., hostile : gen. sg. on gra- mes grapum, in the gripe of the enemy (Beowulf), 766; nom. pi. I'a graman, 778; dat. pi. gramum, 424, 1035. gram-heort, adj., of a hostile heart, hostile : nom. sg. grom-heort guma, 1683. gram-hj'dig, adj., with hostile feel- ing, maliciously inclined: nom. sg. gromhydig, 1 750. grap, St. f., the hand ready to grasp, hand, claw : dat. sg. mid grdpe, 438; on grape, 555; gen. sg. eal . . . Grendles grape, all of Gren- defs claw, the whole claiv, 837; dat. pl. on grames grapum, 766; (as instr.) grimman grSpum, ^ijith grim claws, 1543. — Comp.: feond-, hilde-grSp. grapian, w. v., to grasp, to lay hold of, to seize : pret. sg. J^at hire wiiN halse heard grapode, that (the sword) griped hard at her neck, 1567; he . . . grapode gearofolni, he took hold with ready hand, 2086. Kras-molde, w. f., grass-plot : ace. sg. grasmoidan trad, went over tht grass-plot, 1882. graedig, adj ., greedy, hungry, vora- cious : nom. sg. grim and grocdig, 121,1500; acc.sg. gr3ediggfl5Ie6'S, '523- grieg, z.^]., gray : nom. pl. ase-holt ufan grasg, the ashen wood, gray above (the spears with iron points). 330; ace. pl. graege syrcan, gray (i.e. iron) shirts of mail, 334. %verne, 653; Hro'Sgar grctte, 1817. — 2) to come on, to come near, to seek out; to touch; to take hold of: inf. gifstol gretan, take possession of the throne, mount it as ruler, 168; nas se folceyning Knig . . . I'e mee gftSwinum gretan dorste {attack with swords), i'j'}fi; Wyrd . . . se J)one gomelan gretan sceolde, 2422; J'iit hone sin-sca'5an gftM^illa nan gretan nolde, that nc sword would take hold upon tht irreconcilable enemy, 804; pret. sg. grette goldhroden guman on healle, the gold-adorned (queen) greeted the men in the hall, 615; no he mid hearme . . . gastas grclte, did not approach the stran- gers with insults, 1894; gomenwu- du grette, touched the vfood of joy, played the harp, 2 109; pret. subj. II. sg. I'iit I'u hone walgx'st wihte ne grStte, that thou shouldst by no means seek out the murderous spirit GLOSSARY. 23; (Grendel), 1996; similarly, sg. III. ^at he ne grStte goldweard J^one, 3082; pret. part. 1>3ST was . . . go- menwudu greted, 1066. ge-gretan, w. ace. : \) to greet, to salute, to address : pret. sg. holdne gegrette meaglum wordum, greeted the dear man with formal words, 1 981; gegrette hS gumena ge- hvvylcne . . . hindeman siSe, spoke then the last time to each of the men, 2517. — 2) to approach, to come near, to seek out : inf. sceal . . . manig 0(~Serne godum gegretan ofer ganotes baS, many a one will seek another across the sea with gifts, 1862. greot, St. m., grit, sand, earth : dat. sg. on greote, 3169. greotan, st. v., to weep, to mourn, to lament: pres. sg. III. se he after sincgyfan on sefan greote'S, who laments in his heart for the treasure-giver, 1 343. grim, adj., grim, angry, wild, hos- tile : nom. sg., 121, 555, 1500, etc.; weak form, se grimma gast, 102; ace. sg. m. gnmne, 1149, 2137; fern, grimme, 1235; gen. sg. grim- re gfiSe, 527; instr. pi. grimman grapum, 1543. — Comp. : beado-, hea'So-, heoro-, searo-grimm. grimme, adv., grimly, in a hostile vianner, bitterly, 3013, 3086. grim-lic, adj., grim, terrible : nom. sg. grimlic gry[re-gast], 3042. grimman, st. v., (properly to snort), to go forward hastily, to hasten : pret. pi. grummon, 306. grindan, st. v., to grind, in { or -grindan, to destroy, to ruin: pret. sg. w. dat. forgrand gramum, destroyed the enemy, hi lied them {}), 424; pret. part. w. ace. hafde lig- draca ledda fasten . . . gledum for- grunden, had with flames destroyed the people's feasts, 2336; )>& his Sgen (scyld) was gledum forgrun- den, since his own (^shield) had been destroyed by the fire, 2678. gripe, St. m., gripe, attack : nom. sg. gripe meces, 1766; ace. sg. grimne gripe, 1 149. — Comp. : foer-, mund-, niS-gripe. grima, w. m., tnask, visor : in comp. beado-, here-grima. grim-lielm, st. m., mask-helmet, hel- met with visor: ace. pi. grim-hel- mas, 334. gripan, st. v., to gripe, to seize, to grasp : pret. sg. grap b^ togeanes, theJi she caught at, 1 502. for-gripan {to gripe vehemently) , to gripe so as to kill, to kill by the grasp, \v. dat. : pret. sg. at gflSe forgrap Grendeles masgum, 2354. wi 5 -grip an, w. dat., {to seize at), to maintain, to hold erect : inf. hfl wiS )iam aglcecean elles meahte gylpe wi5-grTpan, how else I might maintain my boast of battle against the monster, 2522. groAvan, st. v., to grow, to sprout : pret. sg. him on ferhSe greow breosthord blodreow, 17 19. grund, St. m. : i) ground, plain, fields in contrast with highlands; earth in contrast with heaven : dat. sg. sohte . . . after grunde, sought along the ground, 2295; ace. pi. ofer grundas, 1405, 2074. — 2) bot- tom, the lowest part : ace. sg. grund (of the sea of Grendel), 1368; on gyfenes grund, 1395; under gynne grund [bottom of the sea), 1552; dat. sg. to grunde (of the sea), 553; grunde (of the drake's cave) getenge, 2759; so, on grunde, 2766. — Comp.: eormen-, mere- sae-grund. 238 GLOSSARY. grund-bfiend, pres. part., inkabi- tatit of the earth : gen. pi. grund- bdendra, 1007. gruncl-hyrde, st. m., warder of the bottom (of the sea) : ace. sg. (of Grendel's mother), 2137. griind-sele, st. m., hall at the bottom (of the sea) : dat. sg. in l-am [grund]sele, 2140. grund-wang, st. ni., ground sur- face, lowest surface : ace. sg. bone grund-wong {bottom of the sea), 1497; (bottom of the drake's cave), 2772, 2589. gl•lInd-^VJ'^gen, st. f., she-wolf of the botlojn (of the sea) : ace. sg. grund-wyrgenne (Grendel's moth- er), 1519- gryn (cf. Gloss. Aldh. "retinacu- lum, rete grin," Hpts. Ztschr. IX. 429), St. n., net, noose, snare : gen, pi. fela . . . grynna, 931. See gyrn. gryre, st. m., horror, terror, any- thing causing terror: nom. sg., 1283; ace. sg. wiS Grendles gryre, 384; hie Wyrd forsweop on Gren- dles gryre, snatched them aivay into the horror of Grendel, to the horrible Grendel, 478 ; dat. pi. mid gryrum ecga, 483 ; gen. pi. svvi fela gryra, 592. — Comp. : frer-, wig-gryre. gryre-brdga, w. m., terror and horror, amazement : nom. sg. [gryre-]br[o]g[a], 2229. gryre-fah, adj., gleaming terribly : ace. sg. gryre-fdhne (^the fire-spew- i)ig drake, cf. also [draca] fyr- wylmum fdh, 2672), 2577. gryre-gtist, st. m., terror-guest, stranger causing terror : nom. sg. grimltc gry[regast], 3042; dat. sg. wi"5 bam gryregieste (the dragon), 2561. gryre-geatwe, st. f. pi., terror-ar fftor, ivarlike equipment : dat pi in hyra gryre-geatwum, 324. gryre-Ieoitr, st. n., terror-song, fear- ful song • ace. sg. gehyrdon gryre- leoSgalan godes aiul-sacan {heard GrendeVs cry of agony), 787. gryre-lic, adj., terrible, horrible : ace. sg. gryre-licne, 1442, 2137. gryre-siiSf, st. m., 7aay of terror, way causing terror, i.e. warlike expedi- tion : ace. pi. se he gryre-stSas gegan dorste, 1463. guma, w. m., man, human being : nom. sg., 653, 869, etc. ; ace. sg. guman, 1844, 2295; dat.sg.guman (gumum, MS.), 2822; nom pi. gu- man, 215, 306, 667, etc.; acc.pl. guman, 615; dat. pi. gumum, 127, 321 ; gen. pi. gumena, 73, 328, 474, 716, etc. — Comp.: driht-, seld-guma. gum-cyn, st. n., raceof men, people, nation : gen. sg. we synt gum- cynnes Geata leode, people from the nation of the Gedtas, 260 ; dat. pi. after gum-cynnum, along the nations, among the nations, 945. gmn-cyst, st. f., man's excellence, man's virtue: ace. sg. (or pi.) gumcyste, 1724; dat. pi. as adv.. excellently, preeminently : guni- cystum godne beaga bryttan, 1487; gumcystum god . . . hilde-hlemma (Beowulf), 2544. guni-drediii, st. m., joyous doing; of men : acc. sg. gum-dream of- geaf (died), 2470. gum-dry hten, st. m., lord of men . nom. sg. 1643. guin-feija, w.m., troop ofinengoin^ on foot : nom. sg., 1402. gum-man, st. m., man: gen. pi. gum- manna fela, 1029. gum-stOl, St. m., man's stat kut GLOSSARY. 239 (i,oxhv, ruler's seat, throne : dat. sg. in gumstole, 1953. ^9", St. f., combat, battle : nom. sg., 1 124, 1659, 2484, 2537; ace. sg. gft'Se, 604; instr. sg. gfiSe, 1998; dat. sg. to (at) gflSe, 438, 1473, 1536, 2354, etc. ; gen. sg. gfiSe, 483, 527,631, etc.; dat. pi. gfl^um, 1959, 2179; gen. pi. gft-Sa, 2513, 2544. gui5'-beorn, st. m., luarrior : gen. pi. gft'S-beorna sum (^the strand- gtiard on the Danish coast), 314. guU-bil, St. n., baiile-biil : nom. sg. gflSbill, 2585 ; gen. pi. gft'S-billa nSn, 804. gulff-byrne- ■^v. T., battle-corselet : nom. sg., 321. guff-oearu, st. f., sorrow ivhich the conihat brings : dat. sg. after gfi'S- ceare, 1259. guff-craft, St. m., warlike strength, power in battle : nom. sg. Grendles g(i'5-craft, 127. guff-cjaung, St. m., hing in battle, king directing a battle : nom. sg., 199, 1970, 2336, etc. guff-deAff, St. m., death in battle : nom. Sg., 2250. guij-floga, w. m., flying warrior : ace. sg. wi'5 l^one gfi^flogan (the drake), 2529. guff-freca, w. m., hero in battle, warrior (see freca) : nom. sg. gearo g&"5-freca, of the drake, 2415. guS-freniniend, pres. Tp2t.vi.,flghting a battle, warrior : gen. pi. gft'S- fremmendra, 246; gfl'S- (god-, MS.) fremmendra swylcum, such a warrior (meaning Beowulf), 299. guff-gewsede, st. n., battle-dress, ar- mor : nom. pi. gftS-gewEedo, 227; ace. pi. -gewiiedu, 2618, 2631 (?), 2852,2872; gen.pl. -gewseda, 2624. gfiff-ge^veorc, st. n., battle-work. warlike deed: gen. pL, •geweorca, 679, 982, 1826. guff-geatwe, st. f. pi., equipmetit for combat: ace. \>^ gd'S-geatwa (-getawa, MS.), 2637 ; dat. in e6w- rum gd'S-geatawum, 395. ^\i^-Yi^\m,?>\..m.,battle-helmet: nom. sg., 2488. guff-horn, st. n., battle-horn : ace. sg., 1433- guff-hreff, St. L, battle-fame : nom. sg., 820. guff-ledff, St. n., battle-song: ace. sg., 1523- guff-mOd, adj., disposed to battle, having an inclination to battle. nom. pi. gfi^-mode, 306. giiff-raes, st. m., storm of battle, at- tack : ace. sg., 2992; gen. pi. gftlS- rsesa, 1578, 2427. guff-re6w, adj., fierce in battle: nom. sg., 58. guff-rinc, st. m., man of battle, fighter, warrior : nom. sg., 839, 1119, 1882; ace. sg., 1502; gen. pi. gftS-rinca, 2649. guff-r6f, adj., renowned in battle: nom. sg., 609. guff-sceaffa, w. m., battle-foe, en- emy in combat : nom. sg., of the drake, 2319. guff-scearu, st. f., decision of the bat- tle : dat. sg. after gfl'S-sceare, 1214. giiff-sele, St. m., battle-hall, hall in which a battle takes place : dat sg. in ham gfiSsele (in Heorot), 443. guff-searo, st. n. pi., battle-equip ment, armor: ace., 215, 328. guff-SAveord, st. n., battle-szvord : aec. sg., 2155. guff-werig, adj., wearied by battle, dead : aec. sg. gfilS-werigne Gren- del, 1587. guff-wine, st. m., battle-friend, com- rade in battle, designation of the 240 GLOSSARY. sword: ace. sg., l8l I ; instr. pi. Jjc mec gflS-winum gretan dorste, w/w dared to attack me with his war- friends, 2736. giiff-wiga, vv. m., fighter of battles, warrior : nom. sg., 21 12. syd. See gid. gyfan. See gifan. gyldan. See gildan. gylden, adj., ^ffl/i/ w. V. w. gen., to take care of, to be careful about : pres. III. g^meS, 1758, 2452; imp. sg. ofer- hyda ne gym ! do not study arro- gance (despise it), 1761. for-gyman, w. aec., to neglect, to slight: pres. sg. III. he I'S forS- gesceaft forg}'te"5 and forg^mCS, 1752. g.Vtsian. .Sec gitsian. gyt. See git. H habban, w. v., to have : i) w. ace. : pres. sg. I. has ic wen habi)e {as J hope'), 383; he ie ge weald hiibbe, 95 1 ; ic me on hafu bord and byr- nan, have on tne shield and coat of mail, 2^2^; hafo, 3001; sg. II. |>u nu ffriSu] hafast, 11 75; pi. I. habbaJS we . . . micel aerende, 270; pres. subj. sg. III. \>a.t he Jrittiges manna mageneraft on his mund- gripe hiibbe, 381. Blended with the negative: pi. III. ^at ];>e Sx- Geatas selran nabben to geceosen- ne cyning cenigne, that the Sea- Gedtas will have no better king than you to choose, 1851; imp. hafa nu and geheald hQsa selest, 659; inf. habban, 446, 462, 3018; pret. sg. hafde, 79, 518, 554; pi. hafdon, 539. — 2) used as an aux- iliary with the pret. part. : pres. sg. I. hiibbe ic . . . ongunnen, 408; hiibbe ic . . . geihsod, 433; II. ha- fast, 954, 1856; III. hafaS, 474, 596; pret. sg. hafde, 106, 220,666, 2322, 2334, 2953, etc.; pi. hiifdon, ii7» 695, 884, 2382, etc. Pre;.. part, inflected : nu scealc hafalS doedgefremede, 940 ; hiifde segoda . . . cempan gecorene, 205. With the pres. part, are formed the com- pounds: bord-, rond-liiibbend. for-habban, to hold back, to keep one^s self: inf. ne meahte wiifre mod forhabban in hrecNre, the ex- piring life could not hoLl itsell back in the breast, 1 152; ne niihte I'd for-habban, could not restrain himself, 26 lO. wi'S-habban, to resist, to offer re- sistance : pret. \>'i.\ se winsele wi"5- hafde heaSo-deorum, that the hall resisted them furious in fight, 773. hafela, hcafola, w. m., head : ace. sg. hafelan, 1373, 1422, 1615, 1636, 1 781 ; nS |>u minne hearft hafalan hCdan, 446; l>onne we on orlege hafelan weredon, protected our GLOSSARY. 241 heads, defended ourselves, 1328 ; se hwita helm hafelan werede, 1449; dat. sg. hafelan, 673, 1522; heafolan, 2680 ; gen. sg. heafolan, 2698; noifl. pi. hafelan, ri2l. — Comp. wTg-heafola. hafenian, w. v., lo raise, to uplift : pret. sg. wsepen hafenade heard be hiltum, raised the weapon, the strong man, by the hilt, 1574. hafoc, St. m., hawk . nom. sg., 2264. baga, \v. m., enclosed piece of ground, hedge, farm-enclosure : dat. sg. to hagan, 2893, 2961. haga, \v. m. See an-haga. haina, hoina, vv. m., dress : in the comp. flgesc-, fyrd-, lic-hama, sctr- ham (adj.). hanier, st. m., hammer : instr. sg. hamere, 1286 ; gen. pi. homera ISfe (swords), 2830. hand, bond, st. f., hand: nom. sg. 2138 ; sio swiSre . . . hand, the right hand, 2100 ; hond, 1521, 2489, 2510; ace. sg. hand, 55S, 984; hond, 657, 687, 835, 928, etc.; dat. sg. on handa, 495, 540; mid handa, 747, 2721 ; be honda, 815; dat. pi. (as instr.) hondum, 1444, 2841. hand-banii, w. m., murderer with the hand, or in hand-to-hand com- bat : dat. sg. t6 hand-bonan (-ba- nan), 460, 1331. hand-gemOt, st. n., hand-to-hand conflict, battle : gen. pi. (ecg) ho- lode ser fela hand-gemota, 1527; n6 bat iasest was hond-gemota, 2356. hand-gesella, w. m., hand-compan- ion, man of the retinue: dat. pi. hond-gesellum, 1482. hand-gestealla, w. m., {one whose position is near at hand), comrade. companion, attendant: dat. sg. hond-gesteallan, 21 70; nom. pi. hand-gesteallan, 2597. hand-ge'w^eorc, st. n., work done with the hatids, i.e. achievement in battle : dat. sg. for J'as hild-fruman handgeweorce, 2836. hand-gewriffen, pret. part , hand- wreathed, bound with the hand. ace. pi. walbende . . . hand-gewii- Sene, 1938. band-locen, pret. part., joined, united by hand: nom. sg. (gflS- byrne, lic-syrce) handlocen (be- cause the shirts of mail consisted of interlaced rings), 322, 551. hand-raes, st. m., hand-battle, i.e. combat with the hands : nom. sg. hond-rses, 2073. hand-scalu, st. f., hand-attendance, retinue : dat. sg. mid his hand- scale (hond-scole), 1318, 1964. hand-sporu, st. f., finger (on Gren- del's hand), under the figure of a spear : nom. pi. hand-sporu, 987. band-wnndor, st. n., wonder done by the hand, wonderful handwork : gen. pi. hond-wundra msst, 2769. bangan. See hon. hangian, w. v., to hang : pres. sg. III. bonne his sunu hangaS hrefne to hroSre, when his son hangs, a joy to the ravens, 2448 ; pi. III. ofer bam (mere) hongia^' hrlmge bearwas, over ivhich frosty for- ests hatig, 1364 ; inf. hangian, 1663; pret. hangode, hung down, 2086. batian, w. v. w. ace, to Kate, to be an enemy to, to hurt : inf. he bone heaSo-rinc hatian ne meahte IS'Sum dasdum {could not do him any harm), 2jf6']; pret. sg. hfl se gu'5- sceaiSa Geata leode hatode and hynde, 2320. 242 GLOSSARY. h&d, St. m., form, condition, posi- 1 tion, manner : ace. sg. \>\\x\\ hoestne hSd, in a powerful manner, 1336; on gesit^es hSd, in the position of follower, as follower, 1298 ; on sweordes hid, in the form of a sword, 2194. See under on. hador, st. m., clearness, brightness : . acc.sg. under heofenes hidor, 414. hador, adj., clear, fresh, loiui : noni. sg. scop hwilum sang hador on Ileorote, 497. hSdre, adv., clearly, brightly, 1572. hal, adj., hale, ivhole, sound, un- hurt: nom. sg. hil, 300. With gen. hea'So-laces hal, safe from battle, 1975. -^^^ form of saluta- tion, wes . . . hal, 407 ; dat. sg. halan lice, 1504. halig, adj., holy: nom. sg. hSlig god, 381, 1554; haiigdryhten,687. ham, St. m., home, residence, estate, land : ace. sg. ham, 1408; Hro5- gares him, 718. Usually in ad- verl)ial sense : gewit him him, betook himself home, 1602; to him, 124, 374, 2993; fram him, at home, 194; at him, at home, 1249, 1924, 1 157; gen.sg. himes, 2367; ace. pi. himas, 11 28. — Comp. Finnes-him, 1 157. hain-^veorffuiig, st. f., honor or ornament of home : ace. sg. him- weorc^unge (designation of tlie daughter of I lygelic, given in mar- riage tc Eofor), 2999. hfir, z.d.].,gray : nom. sg. hir hilde- rinc, 1308, 3137; ace. sg. under (ofer) hirne stin, 888. 1416, 2554; hire byrnan (i.e. iron shirt of rrail), 2154; dat. sg. hirum hild- fruman, 1679; f. on heire hitiNe (onheaw . . . h . . . -Se, MS.), 2213; gen. sg. hires, of the old fan, 2989. — Comp. un-hir. hat, adj., hot, glowing, fia "ning nom. sg., 161 7, 2297, 2548, 2559, etc.; wyrm hit geraealt, the drake hot (of his own heat) melted,Z^Z; acc.sg., 2282( ? ) ; inst. sg. hatan heolfre, 850, 1424; g.sg.hea'Su-fyreshites, 2523; ace. pi. hite healSo-wylmas, 2820. — Sup.: hitost hea'^'o-s^vita, 1669. hat, St. n., heat, fire : ace. sg. geseah his mondryhten . . . hit ^rovvian, saw his lord endure the (drake's) heat, 2606. hata, w. m., persecutor : in comp. doed-liata. hatau, St. v. : i") to bid, to order, to direct, with ace. and inf., and ace. of the person : pres. sg. I. ic magu- hegnas mine hite . . . flotan e6wer- ne irum healdan, / bid my thanes take good care of your craft, 293; imp. sg. II. hit in gin . . . sibbe- gedriht, 386; pi. II. hita'S hea^^o- mscre hlaew gewyrcean, 2803 ; inf. hat healreced hitan wolde . . . men gewyrcean, that he wished to command men to build a hall-edi- fice, 68. Pret. sg. heht : heht . . . eahla mearas ... on fiet \G.Qv\,ga7at hea'So-weore to hagan biodan, ordered the combat to be announced at the hedge{l~), 2S93; swa se snottra heht, as the wise (UrmNgir) directed, 17S7; so, 1808,1809. h&t: hethim yiSlidan godne gegyrwan, ordered a good vessel to be prepared for him, 1 98; so, h?t, 391, 1 1 15, 31 1 1. As the form of a wish: het hine wel brflcan, 1064; 50,2813; pret. part. I'i was hitcn hra"5e Heort innan-weard folmum gefratwod, forthwith wcu GLOSSARY. 243 ordered Heorot, adorned by hand on the inside(\.e. that the edifice should be adorned by hand on the inside), 992. — 2) to name, to call: pres. subj. III. pi. ViX hit sxliSend . . . hitan Biowulfes biorh, that mari- ners may call it Bedwulfs grave- mound, 2807; pret. part, was se giimma gast Grendel liaten, 102; so, 263, 373, 2603. «-hatan, to promise, to give one's word, to voiv, to threaten : pres. sg. I. ic hit \>Q gehate, 1393; so, 1672; pret. sg. he me m^de gehet, prom- ised me reward, 2135; him fagre geh^t leana (gen. pi.), promised /hem proper reivard, 2990; wean oft gehet earmre teohhe, with woe often threatened the unhappy band, 2938; pret. pi. geheton at harg- trafum wig-weor5'unga, vowed of- ferings at the shrines of the gods, 175; I'onne we geheton. (issum hlaforde \>'i.t . . ., when we prom- ised our lord that . . ., 2635 ; pret. part, sio gehatan [was] . . . gladum suna Frodan, betrothed to the glad son of Froda, 2025. hAtor, St. m. n., heat: in comp. and-hStor. htift, adj., held, bound, fettered: nom. ig., 2409 ; ace. sg. helle haftan, him fettered by hell (Grendel), 789. hiift-mece, st. m., sword with fetters ox chains (cf. fetel-hilt) : dat. sg. bam haft-mece, 1458. See Note. htig-steald, st. m., man, liegeman, youth: gen. pi. hag-stealdra, 1890. hiile, st. m., vtan : nom. sg., 1647, 1817, 31 12; ace. sg. hale, 720; dat.pl. h3elum(h2enum, MS.), 1984. hiileiSr, St. m., hero, fighter, warrior, man: nom. sg., 190, 331, 1070; nom. pi. halcS, 52, 2248, 2459, 3143; dat. pl.hale'?""T> 1710,1962, etc.; gen. pi. hale'Sa, 467, 497, 612, 663, etc. hiirg. See hearg. hteij, St. f., heath : dat. sg. hse'Se, 2213. haeijen, adj., heathettish ; ace. sg. hreSene sawle, 853; dat. sg. has^- num horde, 2217; gen. sg. hae'Se- nes, of the heathen (Grendel), 987; gen. pi. hae&'enra, 179. hfeO'-stapa, w. m., that which goes about on the heath (stag) : nom. sg-, 1369 liael, St. f. : i ) health, welfare, luck : ace. sg. him heel ahead, 654; mid hcele, 1 21 8. — 2) favorable sign, favorable omen : hrel sceawedon, observed favorable signs (for Beo- wulfs undertaking), 204. Iiaelo, st. f., health, welfare, luck : ace. sg. hcelo Sbead heorS-geneatum, 2419. — Comp. un-haelo. hfest (O.H.G. haistera hantl, manu violenta; heist, ira; heis- tigo, iracunde), z.d]., violent, vehe- ment : ace. sg. |jurh hsestne hdd, 1336. he, fem. he 6, neut. hit, pers. pron., he, she, it; in the oblique cases also reflexive, himself, herself, it- self: ace. sg. hine, hi, hit; dat. sg. him, hire, him; gen. sg. his, hire, his; plur. ace. nom. hi, hig, hie; dat. him; gen. hira, heora, hiera, hiora. — he omitted before the verb, 68, 300, 2309, 2345. hebban, st. v., to raise, to lift, w. ace. : ir*" qS'&an ic bond and rond hebban mihte, 657; pret. part, ha- fen, 1291; hafen, 3024. S-hebban, to raise, to lift from, to take away : was . . . icge gold Sha- fen of horde, taken up from the hoard, 1 109; \>^ was . . . wop up ahafen, a cry of distress raised, 1 28. 244 GLOSSARY. ge- began [ge-hegan], w. v., to enclose, to fence: hing gehegan, to mark off the court, kold court. Here figurative : inf. sceal . . . Sna gehegan I'ing \vi5 J>yrse {shall alone decide the matter with Gren- del), 425. hcl,st. i.,hill : nom. sg., 853; ace. sg. helle, 179; dat. sg. helle, 101,589; (asinstr.), 789; gen.sg. helle, 1275. hel-bend, ii.in.i.,Oond 0/ hell : instr. pi. hell-bendum fast, 3073. hel-runa, \v. m., sorcerer : nom.pl. helrflnan, 163. he-helan, st. v., to conceal, to hide : prcl. part. l)e-holen, 414. helm, St. ni.: i) protection itt gen- eral, defence, covering that protects: ace. sg. on helm, 1393; under helm, 1 746. — 2) helmet : nom. sg., 1630; ace. sg. helm, 673, 1023, 1527, 2988; (helo, MS.), 2724; brdn-fdgne, gold-fahne helm, 2616, 2812; dat. sg. under helme, 342, 404; gen. sg. helmes, 1031 ; ace. pi. helmas, 240, 2639. — 3) defence, protector, designation of the king: nom. sg. helm Scyldinga (IlroS- gSr), 371, 456, 1322; ace. sg. heo- fena helm {the defender of the heavens = God), 182; helm Scyl- finga, 2382. — Comp. : grim-, gfl^"-, heaSo-, niht-helm. ofer-helnilan, w. v. w. ace., to cov- er over, to overhang: pres. sg. III. ofer-helmaN, 1365. helm-bereud, pres. part., helm- ■zuearing (warrior) : ace. pi. helm- berend, 2518, 2643. helpan, st. v., to help : inf. I'at him holt-wudu helpan ne meahte, lind wiiS lige, that a -wooden shield could not help hi in, a linden shield against fame, 2341 ; hiit him tren- na ecge mibton helpan at hilde, 26S5; wutun gangan to, helpan hildfruman, let us go thitherto help the battle-chief, 2650 ; w. gen. on- gan . . . mseges helpan, bigan to help my kinsman, 2S80; so, pret. sg. hser he his mseges (MS. mage- nes) healp, 2699. help, m. and i.,hclp, support, main- tenance: ace. sg. helpe, 551, 1553; dat. sg. to helpe, 1831; ace. sg. helpe, 2449. hende, z.^].,-handed : in comp. tdel- hende. hei", adv., here, 397, 1062, 1229 1655, 1821, 2054, 2797, etc.; hith- er, 244, 361, 376. here (Goth, harji-s), st. m., army, troops : dat. sg. on herge, in the army, on a warlike expedition, 1249; in the army, among the fighting men, 2639; as instr. herge, 2348. — Comp. : flot-, scip-, sin-here. hcre-brOga, w. m., terror of the army, fear of war : dat. sg. for here-biogan, 462. hei'C-byriie, w. f., battle-mail, coat of mail : nom. sg., 1444. here-griina, w. m., battle-mask, i.e. helmet (with visor) : dat. sg. -gri- man, 396, 2050, 2606, here-net, st. n., battle-net, i.e. coat of mail (of interlaced rings) : nom. «g-» 1554- here-niff, st. m., battle-enmity, bat- tle of armies: nom. sg., 2475. herc-pad, st. f., army-dress, i.e. coat of mail, armor : nom. sg., 2259. here-rinc, st. m., army-hero, hero in battle, warrior : ace. sg. here- rinc (MS. hereric), 1 177. here-sceaft, st. m., battle-shaft, i.e. spear : gen. pi. here-sceafta heap, 335- here-sped, st. f., {war-speed), luck I in war : nom. sg., 64. GLOSSARY. 245 here-stral, st. m , war-arrozt>, mis- sile : nom. sg., 1436- here-syrce, w. f., battle-shirt, shirt of mail : ace. sg. here-syrcan, 1 5 1 2. here-waed, st. f., army-dress, coat of mail, armor : dat. pi. (as instr.) here-w£edum, 1898. here-waesma, w. m., war-might, fierce strength in battle : dat. pi. an here-waesmum, 678. — Leo. here-^visa, w. m., leader of the army, i.e. ruler, king: nom. sg., 3021. herg, hearg, st. m., image of a god, grove where a god was worshipped, hence to tne Christian a wicked place (?) : dat. pi. hergum ge- hea'Serod, confined in wicked places (parallel with hell-bendum fast), 3073- herlgean, w. v. w. dat. of pers., to provide with an army, to support with an army : pres. sg. L ic be wel herige, 1834. — Leo. hete, St. m., hate, enmity : nom. sg. 142,2555. — Comp. : ecg-,mor5or-, wig-hete. hete-lic, adj., hated : nom.sg., 1268. hetend, hettend, (pres. part, of hetan, see hatian), enemy, hostis : nom. pi. hetende, 1829 ; dat. pi. wi'5 hettendum, 3005. hete-niS', st. m., enmity full of hate: ace. pi. hete-ni^as, 152. hete-SAveng, st. m., a blow from hate : ace. pi. hete-swengeas, 2226. hete-J>anc, st. m., hate-thought, a hostile design : dat. pi. mid his hete-bancum, 475. hedan, ge-hedan, w. v. w. gen.: i) to protect : pret. sg. ne hedde he bas heafolan, did not protect his head, 2698. — 2) to obtain: subj. pret. sg. III. gehSdde, 505. herlan, w. v. w. ace, to praise, to commend ; with reference to God. to adore : inf. heofena helm herian ne cfl"5on, could not ivors/np the defejtce of the heavens (God), 182; ne hfiru Hildeburh herian borfte Eotena treowe, had no need to praise the fidelity of the Eote7ts, 1072; pres. subj. bat mon his wine- dryhten wordum herge, 3177. ge-healjeriaii, w. v., to force, to press in : pret. part. ge-hea'Serod, 3073- heaSPo-bjrrne, w. f., battle-mail, shirt of mail : nom. sg., 1553. heaUo-deor, adj., bold in battle, brave : nom. sg., 689 ; dat. pi. heaSo-deorum, 773. heaiJo-fyr, st. n., battle-fire, hostile fire : gen. sg. hea'Su-fyres, 2523 ; instr. pi. hea~So-f^rum, 2548, of the drake's fire-spewing. heaffo-grim, adj., grim in battle, 548. heaaro-helm, st. m., battle-helmet, war-helmet : nom. sg., 3i57(?). heaffo-lac, st.n., battle-play, battle : dat. sg. at hea'So-lace, 584 ; gen. sg. hea^'o-laces hM, 1975. heaSo-niaere, adj., reno'wned in battle : ace. pi. -msere, 2803. heaffo-raes, st. m., storm of battle, attack in battle, entrance by force: nom.sg., 557; acc.pl. -rsesas, 1048; gen. pi. -rsesa, 526. heaSo-reaf, st. n., battle-dress, equipment for battle : ace. sg. hea6'o-reaf heoldon {kept the equip- ments'), 401. heaSTo-rinc, st. m., battle-hero, war- rior: ace. sg. bone heaNo-rinc (HreSel's son, Hseticyn), 2467; dat. pi. bsem hea'So-rincum, 370. heai5o-r6f, adj., renowned i/t battle : nom. sg., 381 ; nom. pi. heaSo- rofe, 865. heaffo-scearp, adj., sharp tn bittle. 246 GLOSSARY. bold: n m. pi. (-scearde, MS.), 2830. heaffo-seoc, adj., battle-sick : dal. sg. -si6cum, 2755. heaQTo-steAp, adj., /lig/i in battle, excelling in battle : nom. sg. in weak form, hea iNo-steapa, 1 246 ; ace. sg. heaMo-steapne, 2154, both times of the helmet. heaSo-swat, st. m., blood of battle : dat. sg. heaSo-swate, 1607 ; as instr., 1461 ; gen. pi. halost hea'So- swSta, 1669. heaUo-sweiig, st. m., battle-stroke (blow (jf the sword) : dat. sg. after heatiu-swenge, 2582. heaffo-torljt, adj., loiid, clear in battle nw. sg. stefi) . . . hea'So- torht, the voice clear in battle, 2554- hea^'o-^vaJyl- dum hcaldest, magen mid modes snyttrum, a/l that preservest thou continuously, strength and wisdom of mind, 1706; III. healdeJS hige- meSum heafod-wearde, holds for the dead the head-watch, 2910; imp. sg. II. heald forS tela ni.ve sibbe, keep luell, from no7o on, the ne'u relatiottship,()j,() ; heald(heold, MS.) t'u nu hruse . . . eorla a;hte, preserve thou now. Earth, the noble men'' s possessions, 2248; inf. se )?e holmclifu healdan scolde, watch the sea-cliffs, 22,0; 50,705; nacan . . . Srum healdan, to keep well your vessel, 296; weaide healdan, 319: forleton eorla gestredn eorSan heal- dan, 3168; pres. part, dream heal GLOSSARY. 247 detide, holding rejoicing (i.e. thou who art rejoicing), 1228; pret. sg. heold hine sySSan fyr and fiistor, hept himself aftenvards afar and more secure, 142; regvvearde heold, / have {^hitherto') kept watch on the sea, 241; so, 305; hiold heah- lufan wis haleSa brego, preserved high love, 1955; ginfastan gi/e . . . heold, 21 84; gold-mSiSmas heold, took care of the treasures of gold, 2415; heold rmni&la., protected laell mine own, 2738; t>onne . . . sceft . . . nytte heold, had employment, laas employed, 31 19; heold n\ec, protect- ed, i.e. brought me up, 243 1 ; pret. pi. heacSo-reaf heoldon, ivatched over the armor, 401 ; sg. for pi. heafodbeorge . . . vvalan fitan heold, outivards, bosses kept guard over the head, 1032. — Related to the preced- ing meaning are the two following : 3) to rule and protect the father- land: inf. gif bu healdan wylt maga rice, 1853; pret. heold, 57, 2738. — 4) to hold, to have, to possess, to in- . habit : inf. let bone brego-stol Beo- wulf healdan, 2390; gerund, to healdanne hleoburh wera, 1732; pret. sg. heold, 103, 161,466, 1749, 2752; lyftvvynne heold nihtes hwt- lum, at night-time had the enjoy- ment of the air, 3044; pret. pi. Geata leode hreSwlc heoldon, the Gedtas held the place of corpses (lay dead upon it), 1 21 5; pret. sg. bser heo aer mseste heold worolde Wynne, in -which she formerly pos- sessed the highest earthly joy, 1080. — 5) to win to receive : pret.pl. I. heoldon heah gesceap, we received a heavy fate, heavy fate befell us, 3085. be-healdan, w. ace: \) to take care of, to attend to : pret. sg. J^egn nytte behe61d, a thane discharged the office, ^()^; so, 668. — 2) to hold: pret. sg. se be floda begong . . . beheold, 1499. — 3) to look at, to behold: brySswy^ beheold mseg IligelSces h(i . . ., great woe saw IP's kinsman, how . . ., 737. f o r - h e a 1 d a n , vv. ace, {to hold bad- ly), to fall away from, to rebel: pret. part..hafdon hy forhealden helm ^cy\'nwgA,liad rebelled against the defender of the Scylfings, 2382. ge-healdan: i) to hold, to receive, to hold fast : pres. sg. III. se J^e waldendes hyldo gehealde'S, who receives the Lord's grace, 2294 ; pres.subj. Tader alwalda . . . eowic gehealde sii^'a gesunde, keep you sound on your journey, 317; inf. ne meahte he . . . on bam frum- gare feoih gehealdan, could not hold back the life in his lord, 2857. — 2) to take care, to pre- serve, to 'ivatch over ; to stop : imp. sg. hafa nu and geheald hfisa se- lest, 659; inf. gehealdan hSt hilde- geatwe, 675; pret. sg. he frcitwe geheold fela missera, 2621 ; bone be ■six geheold wi5 het^endum hord and rice, him luho before preserved treasure and realm, 3004. — .1) to rule: inf. folc gehealdan, 912; pret. sg. geheold tela (brade rice), 2209. healf, St. f., half, side, part: ace. sg on b3. healfe, towards this side. 1676; dat. sg. hale Sum be healfe at the heroes' side, 2263; ace. pi on twS healfa, upon two sides, mu tually, 1096; on bS healfa (healfe) on both sides (to Grendel and his mother), 1306; on two sides, on both sides, 2064 ; gen. pi. on healfa gehwone, in half, through thi middle, 801. 248 GLOSSARY. heulf, adj., half : gen. sg. healfre, 1088. heals, St. m., neck: ace. sg. heals, 2692; dat. sg. wiS halse, 1567; be healse, 1873. — Comp. : the ad- jectives fdniig-, wunden-heals. heals-bcAh, st. m., Vick-ring, collar: ace. sg. I'one he;ils-beah, 2173 ; gen. pi. heals-beaga, 1196. heals-gebedde, w. f., beloved hed- Jellow, wife: noni. sg. healsge- bcdde (MS. healsgebedda), 63. healsian, w. v. w. ace., to entreal earnestly, to implore : pret. sg. I'a se heoden mec . . . healsode hreoh- mod J'at . . ., entreated me sorrow- ful, that . . ., 2133. heard, adj.: i) of persons, able, efficient in 'var, strong, brave : nom. sg. heard, 342, 376, 404, 1575, 2540, etc. ; in weak form, .se hearda, 401, 1964; se hearda Jiegn, 2978; bes hearda heap, 432;. nom. pi. hearde hilde-frecan, 2206; gen. pi. heardra, 989. Compara- tive : aee. sg. heardran hale, 720. With accompanying gen. : wigcs heard, strong in battle, 887; dat. sg. niSa heardum, 21 71. — 2) of the implements of war, good, firm, sharp, hard : nom. sg. (gO^-byriie, lie-syrce) heard, 322, 551. In weak form : masc. here-stral hearda. 1436; se hearda helm, 2256; neutr. here-net hearde, 1554; ace. sg. (swurd, vvsepen), heard, 540, 268S, 2988; nom. pi. hearde . . . hoinera ISfe, 2830 ; heard and hring-nuul I leaiNobeardnagcstreon, 2038; ace. pl. heard svveord, 2639. Of other things, hard, rough, harsh, hard to bear: ace. sg. hrciSor-bealo hearde, 1344; nom. sg. wroht . . . heard, 2915; here-ni(^ hearda, 2475; '^'^'^• »g. heoro-sweng heardne, 1591 ; instr. sg. heardan ceape, 2483 ; instr. pl. heardan, heardum clam- mum, 964, 1336; gen. pl. heardra hynSa, 166. Compar. : aee. sg. heardran feohtan, 576. — Comp.: f^r-, iren-, ni S-, regen-, scflr-heard. hearde, adv., hard, very, 1439. heard-ecg, adj., sharp-edged, hard, good in battle : nom. sg., 1 289. \iQi\r(\-fyT<\(^,,2i.d]., hard to take away, heavy : ace. sg. hard-fyrdne, 2246. — Leo. heard-hyegend, pres. part., of a "warlike disposition, brave : nom. pl. -hicgende, 394, 800. hearg-trtif, st. n., tent of the gods, temple : dat. pl. at harg-trafum (MS. hnerg trafum), 175. hearni, st. m., harm, injury, insult dat. sg. mid heaime, 1893. hearin-sceaffa, w. m., enemy caus- ing injury or grief: nom. sg. hearm-sca^a, 767. hearpe, w. f., harp : gen. .sg. hear- paii sweg, 89, 3024; hearpan Wynne (wyn), 2108, 2263. hedtTu, St. f., sea, waves: ace. sg. hea^'u, 1S63? hcAiyu-li'Jend, pics. '^:).x\..,sea-farcr, sailor: nom. pl. -liSende, 1799; dat. pl. -liSendum (designation of the Ceatas), 2956. heAfod, St. n., head : ace. sg., 48, 1640; dat. sg. lieafde, 1591, 2291, 2974; dat. pl. heafdum, 1243. hesifod-beorh, st. f., head-defence, protection for the head : aee. sg. heafod-beorge, 103 1. heAfod-iiifeg, st. m., head-kinsman, near blood-relative : dat. pl. hea- fod-ma;gum {brothers), 589; gen.~ pl. heafod-maga, 2152. hesifod-scgn, st. n., head-sign, ban. ner: ace. sg., 2153. heAfod-^vea^d, st. f., head-watch GLOSSARY. 249 ace. sg. healdeS . . . heafod-wearde leofes and laSes, for the friend and the foe (Beowulf and the drake, who lie dead near each other), 2910. he^h, hed, adj., high, noble (in composition, also primus) : nom. sg. heah Healfdene, 57; hea (Ili- gelac), 1927; heah (sele), 82; heah hlrew, 2S06, 3159; ace. sg. heah (segn), 48, 2769; heahne (MS. heanne) hrof, 9S4; dat. sg. in (to) sele ham hean, 714, 920; gen. sg. heah hflses, 116. — high, heavy : ace. heah gesceap (^an un- usual, heavy fate), 30S5. lied-burh, st. f., high city, first city of a country : ace. sg., 1 1 28. hedli-cyuing, st. m., high king, mightiest of the kings : gen. sg. -cyninges (of IIro^'gar), 1040. hedh - gestreon, st. n., splendid treasure : gen. pi. -gestreona, 2303. Iiedh-lufe, w. f., high love : ace. sg. heah-lufan, 1955. hedh-sele, st. m., high hall, first hall in the land, hall of the ruler : dat. sg. heah-sele, 648. hedh-setl, st. n., high seat, throne : ace. sg., 10S8. he4h-stede, st. m., high place, rid- er'' s place: dat. sg. on heah-stede, '285. bedn, adj., depressed, low, despised, miserable: nom. sg., 1275, 2100, 2184, 2409. hedp, St. m., heap, crozvd, troop : nom. sg. hepia heap, 400; hes hearda heap, this brave band, 432; ace. sg.here-sceafta heap, the crowd of spears, 335 ; mago-rinca heap, 731 ; dat. sg. on heape, in a compact body, as many as there v/cre of them, 2597. — Comp. wig- heap. hed^van, st. v., to hew, to cleav: : inf., 801. g e - h e a \A' a n , cleave : pres. subj . ge- heawe, 6S3. heoffu, St. f., the interior of a build- ing : dat. sg. hat he on heo Se ge- stod, ill the interior (of the hall, Heorot), 404. heofon, st. m., heaven : nom. sg., 3157; dat. sg. hefene, 1572; gen. sg. heofenes, 414, 576, 1802, etc.; gen. pi. heofena, 1S2; dat. pi, under heofenum, 52, 505. heolfor, st. n., gore, fresh or crude blood : dat. instr. sg. hatan heol- fre, 850, 1424; heolfre, 2139; un- der heolfre, 1303. heolster, st. n., haunt, hiding-place : ace. sg. on heolster, 756. heonan, adv., hence, from here: heonan, 252; heonon, 1362. heor, St. m., door-hinge : nom. pi. heorras, 1000. heorcjp, adj. See ^vunden-heorde. heoriS-genedt, st. m., hcarlli-com- panion, i.e. a vassal of the king, in whose castle he receives his liveli- hood : nom. pi. heorS-geneatas, 261, 3181 ; ace. pi. heorS-geneatas, 1 58 1, 21S1; dat. pi. heorS-genea- tum, 2419. heorot, st. m., stag : nom.sg., 1370. heorte, w. f., heart : nom. sg., 2562; dat. sg. at heortan, 2271 ; gen. sg. heortan, 2464, 2508. — Comp. : the adjectives bliS-, grom-, rflm-, starc-heort. heoru, st. m., sword : nom. sg. heoru bunden (cf. under bindan), 12S6. In some of the following com- pounds heoro- seems to be con- founded with here- (see here). heoro-blac, adj., pale through thi sword, fatally wounded : nom. sg [heoro-]blac, 2489. 250 GLOSSARY. heoru-(ire6r, s^. m., sword-blooi/ : instr. sg. heoru-dre6re,4S7; heoro- dreore, 850. heoro-dreorig, adj., bloody through the s-.tiorit: nom. sg., 936; ace. sg. heoro-dreorigne, 1781, 2721. Iieoro-drync, st. ni., sword-drink, i.e. blood shed by the sword : instr. pi. hioro-dryncum svvealt, died through sivord-drink, i.e. struck by the sword, 2359. heoro-gifrc, adj., eager for hostile inroads: nom. sg., 1499. heoro-griiu, adj., s-coord-gi-itn, fierce in battle : nom. sg m., 1565; fern, -grimme, 1S48. heoro-li>" cihte, adj., provided with barbs, sharp like s^vords : instr. jii. mid eofL-r-spreotum heoro-hocyli- tum, I43y. hcoro-scr«-<>, w. L, sjiirt of mail : ace. sg. liioro-sercean, 2540. hcoro-swciii»-, si. m., s7i'ord-s/rohe : ace. sg. 1 59 1. heoro-weallendc, pres. part., roll- ing around fg/iti/ig, of the drake, 2782. See Aveallian. l\eoro-wcnv'h,st.m.,he who is s:L'(>rd- cursed, who is destined to die by the s7ig., 1 26S. lieofau, w . v., to lament, to moan : part. nom. pi. hiofende, 3143. a-heoran, to freeil) : w. ace. pret. sg. bryd ahedrde, 2931. hcore, adj., pleasant, not haunted, secure : nom. sg. fern, nis bat he6rii stow, that is no secure place. 1373. — Comp. un-lieore (-hyre). hider, adv., hither, 240, 370, 394, 3093, etc. ofer-hlgian, w. v. (according to the connection, probably ),/^at ge-eode . . . hilde-hlammum, // happened to the 'warriors (the Ceatas), 2202. hildc-leoma, w. m., battle-light, gleam of battle, hence : l) the fire- spewing of the drake in the fight : nom. pi. -leoman, 2584. — 2) the gleaming szt'ord : ace. sg. -leoman, 1 144. hilde-inecg, st. m., man of battle, warrior: nom. j)!. hilde-mecgas, 800. GLOSSARY. 251 bilde-mece, st. m., battle-sword : nom. pi. -m^ceas, 2203. hilde-rand, st. m., battle-shield : ace. pi. -randas, 1243. hilde-raes, st. m., storm of battle : ace. sg., 300. hilde-riuc, st. m., man of battle, warrior, hero: nom. sg., 1308, 3125, 3137; dat. sg. hilde-rince, 1496; gen. sg. hilde-rinees, 987. hilde-sad,adj., satiated with battle, not wishing to fight any more : ace. sg. hilde-sadne, 2724. liilde-sceorp, st. n., battle-dress, armor, coat of mail: aec. sg., 2156. hilde-setl, st. n., battle-seat (saddle) : num. sg., 1040. hilde-strengo, st. f., battle-strength, bravery in battle : ace., 21 14. hilde-SAvat, st. m., battle-sweat : nom. sg. hat hilde-swat (the hot, damp breath of the drake as he rushes on), 2559. hilde-tux, st. m., battle-tooth : instr. pi. hllde-tuxum, 1512. hilde-waepen, st.ni., baltle-7veapon : instr. pi. -WEepnum, 39. hilde-wisa, w. m., leader in battle, general: dat. sg. fore Healf- denes hildewisan, Healfdene's gen- eral (Hnaf), 1065. hild-freca. See hilde-freca. hild-fruma, st. m. , battle-chief : dat. sg. -fruma, 1679, 2650 ; gen. sg. Yi.% hild-fruman, 2836. hild-lata, \v. m., he who is late in battle, coward : nom. pi. bi hild- latan, 2847. hilt, St. n., sword-hilt: nom. sg. gylden hilt, 1678; ace. sg. l^at hilt, 1669; hy It, 1668. Also used in the plural; ace. \>^ hilt, 1615; dat. pi. be liiltum, 1575. — Comp. : fetel-, wrecSen-hilt. hilte-cumbor, st. n., banner with a staff: ace. sg., 1023. liilted, pret. part., provided with a hilt or handle : ace. sg. heard swyrd V'^X.qA, sword with a (rich) hilt, 2988. hln-fus, adj., ready to die : nom. sg. hyge was him hinfds (i.e. he felt that he should not survive), 756. hiudenia, adj. superl., hindmost, last :'\nstT. sg. hindeman stSe, the last time, for the last time, 2050, 2518. hirde, hyrde, st. m., {herd') keeper, guardian, possessor: nom. sg. folces hyrde, 61 1, 1833, 2982; rices hyrde, 2028 ; fyrena hyrde, the guardian of mischief, wicked one, 751, 2220; wuldres hyrde, the king of glory, God, 932; hringa hyrde, the keeper of the rings, 2246; cumbles hyrde, the possessor of the banner, the bearer of the banner, 2506 ; folces hyrde, 1850; fratwa hyrde, 3134; rices hyrde, 3081; acc.pl. hlises hyrdas, 1667. — Comp. : grund-hyrde. hit (O.N. hita), st. L{l),heat : nom. sg. benden hyt s^, 2650. hladan, st. v.: i) to load, to lay. inf. on bael hladan leofne man- nan, lay the dear man on the funeral-pile, 2127; him on bearm hladan bunan and discas, laid cups and plates upon his bosom, loaded himself 7vith them, 2']']6; pret. part, hncr was wunden gold on wxn hla- den, laid upon the wain, 3135. — 2) to load, to burden : pret. part. ba was . . . ssegeap naca hladen herewKdum, loaded with artnor, 1898. — Comp. gilp-hladen. ge-hladan, w. ace, to load, to bur- den : pret. sg. ssebSt gehlod (MS gehleod), 896. 252 GLOSSARY. hiaford, St. m., lord, ruler : nom. sg., 2376; ace. sg., 267; dat. sg. hiaforile, 2635; gen. sg. hlafordes, 3 1 8 1 . — Comp. eald-hlaford. hlaford-IcAs, adj., without a lord : nom. pi. hlaford-lea.se, 2936. hluw, hlaew, st. m.,hill, grave-kill: ace. sg. hlaew, 2S03, 3159, 3171; dat. sg. for hlawe, 1 121. Also, grave-chamber (the interior of the grave-hill), cai'e : ace. sg. hlaw [under] hrusan, 2277; hla;w under hrusan, 2412; dat. sg. on hlii;\ve, 2774. The drake dwells in the rocky cavern which the former owner of his treasure had chosen as his burial-place, 2242-227I. hliist, St. n., burden, load : dat. sg. hlaste, 52. hlein, St. m., noise, din of battle, noisy attack : in the compounds, uht-, wal-hlem. blcinina, w. in., one raging, one who calls ; see hilde-hlemma. a-hlehhau, st. v., to laugh aloud, to shout, to exult : pret. sg. his mod Shlog, his mood exulted, 731. hleahtor, st. m., laughter : nom. sg., 612; aec. sg., 3021. hle^pan, st. v., to run, to trot, to spring: inf. hlcapan l^ton . . . feal- we mearas, 865. S-hleapan, to spring up: pret. ahleop, 1398. hieod'u. See hliKJ'. hieonian, w. v., to incline, to hang over : inf. o^ hat he . . . fyrgen- beamas ofer hdrne st^n hieonian funde, //// he found mountain-trees hanging over the gray rocks, 1416. hleo, St. m., shady, protected place ; defence, shelter ; figurative desig- nation of the king, or of powerful nobles : wigendra hleo, of HroS- g4r, 429; of Sigemund, 900; of Beowulf, 1973, 2338; eorla hle6, ofllroSgar, 1036. 1867; of Be6- wulf, 792; of Ilygelac, 219!. hleo-burh, st. f., ruler's castle or city : ace. sg., 913, 1732. hleoaror-cwTde, st. m., speech of solemn sound, ceremonious words, 19S0. hleor, St. n., cheek, ja-v : in comp. fated-hleor (adj.). hleor-bera, w. m., cheek-bearer, Vne part of the helmet that reaches down over the cheek and protects it: ace. pl.oferhleor-beran {visorl), 304- hleor-bolster, st. m., cheek-bolster, pillow : nom. sg., 689. hlcotan, st. v. vv. ace, to obtain by lot, to attain, to get : pret. sg. feorh- wunde hleat, 2386. hiifian, w. v., to rise, to be promi- nent: inf. hiifian, 2806; pret. hli- fade, 81, 1800, 1899. hliaf, St. n., cliff, precipice of a moun- tain: dat. sg. on hli^e, 3159; gen. sg. hli'Ses, 1893; pi. hli'Suin com- position, stSn-hlitiu; hleo^"uin the compounds fen-, mist-, nas-, vvulf- hleoNu. hlin-bed( Frisian hlen-bed, Richt- hofen 206^, for which another text has cronk-bed), St. n., kM- v'l^iov, bed for reclining, sick-bed : aec. sg. hlim-bed, 3035. lu-blidan, st. v., to spring apart, to burst : pret. part. nom. pi. to-hli- dene, 1000. hlud, adj., loud : aec. sg. dream . . . hlCldne, 89. hlyn, St. m., din, noise, clatter: nom. sg., 612. hlynnan, hlynian, w. v., to sound, to resound : inf. hlynnan (of the voice), 2554; of fire, to crackle pret. sg. hlynode, 1121. GLOSSARY. 253 hlynsian, w. v., to resound, to crash : pret. sg. reced hlynsode, 771. hlytm, St. m., /ot : dat. sg. nas ha on hlytme, hwS hat hord strude, it did not depend upon lot 'who should plunder the hoard, i.e. its posses- sion was decided, 3127. huah, adj. : 1) low, i7tferior : comp. ace. sg. hnagran, 678; dat. sg. hnShran rince, an inferior hero, one less brave, 953. — 2) famil- iarly intimate: nom. sg. nas hio hnah swS. Jjeah, was nevertheless not familiarly intimate («ith the Geatas, i.e. preserved her royal dig- nity towards them), {niggardlyl) , 1930. hiiR'gan, w. V. w. ace, (for naegan), to speak to, to greet : pret. sg. hat he hone wisan wordum hnsgde frean Ingwina, 1 31 9. ge-hnsegan, w. ace, to bend, to humiliate, to strike down, to fell : pret. sg. ge-hncegde helle gast, 1275 5 ^^ hyne Iletware hilde gehncegdon, 2917. Iiiiitau, St. v., to dash against, to encounter, here of the colhsion of hostile bands : pret. pi. honne hni- ton (hnitan) feSan, 132S, 2545. bod'nia, w. m., place of concealment, cave, hence, the grave : dat. sg. in ho'Sman, 2459. hof, St. n., enclosed space, court-yard, estate, manor-house : ace. sg. hof (Hro%ar's residence), 312; dat. sg. to hofe sinum (Grendel's home in the sea), 150S; to hofe (Hyge- lac's residence), 1975 '■> ^^^- P'- beorhthofu, 2314; dat. pi. to hofum Geata, 1837. hogode. See hycgan. hold, adj., inclined to, attached to, gracious, dear, true : nom-. sg. w. dat. of the person, hold weorod frean Scyldinga, a band well dis- posed to the lord of the Scyldings, 290; mandrihtne hold, 1230, Hy- gelace was . . . nefa swySe hold, to //. was his nepheza (Beowulf) very much attached, 2171 ; acc. sg. hurh holdne h\gQ, from a kindly feeling, 7vith honorable mind, 267; holdne wine, 376; holdne, 19S0; gen. pi. holdra, 487. hold. See hcaldan. holm, St. m., deep sea : nom.sg., 519, 1 132, 2139; acc.sg.,48, 633; dat. sg. holme, 543, 1436, 191 5 ; acc. pi. holmas, 240. — Comp. wag-holm. holm-clif, St. n., sea-cliff : dat. sg. on ham holm-clife, 1422; from ham holmclife, 1636 ; acc. pi. holm- clifu, 230. holm-wylm, st. m., the waves of the sea : dat. sg. holm-wylme, 2412. holt, St. n., wood, thicket, forest . acc. sg. on holt, 2599; holt, 2847. — Comp. : asc-, fyrgen-, gar-, Hrefnes-holt. \\.o\t-\vw(\\\, •A. vn, forest-wood: i) of the material : nom. sg., 2341. — 2) = forest : acc. sg., 1370. hord, St. m. and n., hoard, treasure : nom. sg., 22S4, 30S5; beaga hord, 2285; ma'Sma hord, 3012; acc. sg. hord, 913, 2213, 2320, 2510, 2745. 2774, 2956, 3057 ; sSwle hord, 2423; hat hord, 3127; dat. sg. of horde, 1109; for horde, on account of (the robbing of) the hoard, 2782 ; hteSnum horde, 2217; gen. sg. hordes, 888. — Comp. : beah-, breost-, word-,wyrm- hord. hord-arn, st. n., place in which a treasure is kept, treasure-room : dat. hord- arne, 2832; gen.pl. hord- arna, 2280. hord-burh, st. f., city in which i> 254 GLOSSARY. the treasure ( if 'W kmg's), ruber's castle : ace. sg., 467. hord-gestreon, st. n., hoard-treas- ure, precious treasure : dat. pi. hord-gestrednam, 1900; gen. pi. magen-byr Senne hord - gestreona, the great burden of rich treasures, 3093- hord-miiffSuTn, st. m., treasure- jewel, precious jewel: ace. sg. (-madmum, MS.), 1199. hord-wela, w. m., treasure-riches, abundance of treasures : ace. sg. hord-welan, 2345. hord-'«'eard, st. m., warder of the treasure, hoard-warden : l) of the king: nom. sg., 1048; ace. sg., 1853. — 2) of the drake : nom. sg., 2294, 2303, 2555, 2594. hord-^veorUung, st. f., ornament out of the treasure, rich ornament : arc. sg. -weorSunge, 953. hord-wyn, st. f., treasure-joy, joy- giving treasure : ace. sg. hord- wynne, 2271. horn, St. m., horn: i) upon an ani- mal : instr.pl. heorot hornum truni, 1370. — 2) wind-instrument : nom. sg., 1424; ace. sg., 2944. — Comp. g4- hrilfn, hrofn, st. m., raven : nom. sg. hrefn blaca, black raven, 1802; se wonna hrefn, the dark raven, 3025 ; dat. sg. hrefne, 2449. hriigl, St. n., dress, garment, armor : nom. sg., 1 196 ; gen. sg., hragles, 1218; gen. pi. hragla, 454- — Comp. : beado-, fyrd-, mere-hragl. hreffe. See hraffe. hreffer, st. m., breast, bosom nom. sg. hreSer inne wedll (// surg-d ir, GLOSSARY. 255 his breast), 21 14; hre^er gei^me we611, 2594 ; dat. sg. in hreeire, 1 152; of hreSre, 2820. — Breast as the seat of feeling, heart : dat. sg. ^at was . . . hreSre hygem^Se, that was depressing to the heart (of the slayer, HaeScyn), 2443 ; on hreiSre, 1879, 2329; gen. pi. Jjurh hrcSra gehygd, 2046. — Breast as seat of life : instr. sg. hreSre, parallel with aldre, 1447. breffer-bealo, st. n., evil that takes hold on the heart, evil severely felt : ace. sg., 1344. hrefn. See hrafn. hreij, St. f., glory; in composition, g&5-hr§5 ; renown, assurance of victory, in sige-hrS'5. hreffe, adj., renowned in battle : num. sg. hreS (on account uf the following at, linal e is elided, as wenicforw^ne ic,442; frofor and fultum for fro f re and fultum, 699; firen ondrysne for firene ondr., 1933), 2576. hreS'-sigor, st. m., glorious victory : dat. sg. hreS-sfgora, 2584. hreinig, adj., boasting, exulting: with instr. and gen. hdSe hremig, 124; since hrlmig, 1883; fratwum hremig, 2055 ; nom. pi. nealles netware hrSmge l?orfton (sc. we- san) feSe-wiges, 2365. on-hreran, w. v., to excite, to stir up : pret. part, on-hrered, 549, 2555- hrea-'wac, st. n., place of corpses : ace. sg. Geata leode hreS-wic heol- don, held the place of corpses, 1 2 1 5 . hre^d, st. f., ornamental), in comp. earm-hread. See hreoiSan. hredm, st. m., noise, alarm : nom. sg-, 1303- hreoiSa, w. m., cover, in the com- pound bord-hre65a. hreoSfan, g e - tredUan, st. v., t* cover, to clothe ; only in the pret. part, hroden, gehroden, drtssed, adorned: hroden, 495, 1023; J4 was heal hroden fe6nda feorum, then was the hall cot>ered with the corpses of the enemy, 1 152; ge- hroden golde, adorned with gold, 304. — Comp. : beag-, gold-hroden. hreoh, hreow, hreo, adj., excited, stormy, wild, angry, raging; sad, troubled: nom. sg. (Beowulf) hreoh and heoro-grim, 1565; }'al Jiam godan was hreow on hreiSre, {that came with violence upon him, pained his heart), 2329 ; hreo wreron ySa, the waves were angry, the sea stormy, 548 ; nas him hreoh sefa, his mind was not cruel, 2181; dat. sg. on hreon mode, oj sad heart, 130S; on hreoum mode, angry at heart, 2582. hreoh-mod, adj., of sad hear 1,212,2,' angry at heart, 2297. hreosan, st. v., to fall, to sink, to rush : pret. hreas, 2489, 2832 ; pret. pi. hruron, 1075; hie on weg hruron, they rushed away, 1431; hruron him tearas, tears burst from him, 1873. he-hreosan, to fall from, to be di- vested of : pret. part. ace. pi. fyrn- manna fatu . . . hyrstum behrorene, divested of ornaments (from which the ornaments had fallen away), 2760. hreow, st. f., distress, sorrow : gen. pi. J>at was HroSgare hreowa tor- nost, that zvas to Hrb^gdr the bit- terest of his sorrows, 2130. bring, st. m. : i) ring : ace. sg. |>one hring, 1203; hringgyldenne, 2S10; ace. pi. hringas, 1 196, 1971, 3035; gen. pi. I'.riiiga, 1 508, ■I2ifb.— 2)shirt o/wd?7 (of interlaced rings) : nom 256 GLOSSARY. sg. bring, 1 504; byrnan bring, 2261. — Comp. bSn-hring. hringan, w. v., to give forth a sound, to ring, to ratlle : pret. pi. byrnan hringdon, 327. hrliig-boga, w. m., one who bettds himself into a ring: gen.sg. hring- l)ogan (of the drake, bending him- self into a circle), 2562. hringed, pret. part., made of rings : nom. sg. hringed byrne, 1246; ace. sg. bringde byrnan, 2616. hriiiged-stefna, w. m., skip whose stem is provided with iron rings (cramp-irons), especially of sea- going ships (cf. FriS-J'iofs saga, i : Jwrsteinn atti skip l>at er Ellidi het, . . . bor'Sit war spengt iarni) : nom. sg., 32, 1898 ; ace. sg. bringed- stefnan, 11 32. hring ireii, st. n., ring-iron, ring- in a il : nom. sg., 322. hring-niael, adj., marked -with rings, i.e. ornamented with rings, or marked with characters of ring- form : nom. ace. sg., of the sword, 1522, I562(?); nom. pi. heard and hring-ma'I Ileaiiobeaidna ge- stre6n (rich armor'), 2038. hring-iiaca, w. m., ship with iron rittgs, sea-going ship : nom. sg., 1863. hring-uet, st. n., ring-net, i.e. a shirt of interlaced rings: ace. sg., 2755; ace. pi. hring-net, 1890. hring-sele, st. m., ring-hall, i.e. ball in which are rings, or in which rings are bestowed : aec. sg., 2S41 ; dat. sg., 201 1, 3054. h^iug-^veo^i5'u^g, st. f., ring-or- nament: ace. sg. -weor"5unge, 3018. hrinan, st. v. w. dat.: i) to touch, lay hold of: inf. hat him heardra a&n brinan wolde iren iergSd {_that no good sword of valiant men would make an impression on him),<)Z() ; bim for hrof-sele brinan ne mehte frergripe flodes {the sud- den grip of the flood might not touch him owing to the hall-roof), 1 5 16; j'St J>am hring-sele brinan ne moste gumena a;nig {so that none might touch the ringed-hall), 3054; pret. sg. siSiSan he hire fol- mum [brjdn {ai, soon as he touched it with his hands), 723 ; 65 \>%.\. deaSes wylm hrSn at beortan {seized his heart), 2271. Pret. subj. beah |>e him wund brine (a/- though he was wounded), 2977. — 2) (O.N. brlna, sonare, clatnare), to resound, rustle : pres. part. nom. pi. hrinde bearvvas (for hiinende) 1364; but see Note. hrodeii. See hre6i3'an. hron-fix. See hran-fix. hrOffor, St. m.,jo}', beneficium : dat sg. hrefne to hr6?!re, 2449; gen pi. hroNra, 2172. hrof, St. m., roof, ceiling of a house . nom. sg., 1000 ; ace. sg. undei Heorotes hrof, 403 ; under geapne hrof, S^S,; geseah sleapne brol (here inner roof, ceiling), 927; so, ofer heahne hrof, 984 ; ymb J>as belmes hrof, 1031 ; under beorges hrof, 2756. — Comp. inwit- brof. hrof-sele, st.m., covered hall: dat. sg. hrof-sele, 1516. hrOr, adj., stirring, wide-awake, valorous : dat. sg. of ham br8ran, 1630. — Comp. fela-hror. hruron. See hreosan. hriise, w. f., earth, soil : nom. sg., 2248, 2559; aec. sg. on hrusan, 773, 2832 ; dat. sg. under hrusan, 2412. hrycg, St. m., back : ace. sg. ofei GLOSSARY. 257 wlteres hrycg {over the water^s back, surface), 471. hryre, sX.xa.,faU, destruction, ruin : acc.sg., 3181 ; dat. sg., 1681, 3006. — Comp. : le6d-, wlg-hryre. hrysian, w. v., to shake, be shaken, clatter: pret. pi. syrcan hrysedon {corselets rattled, of men in mo- tion), 226. blind, St. m.,dog: instr. pi. hundum, 1369. bund, num., hundred : hreo hund, 2279; w. gen. pi. hund missera, 1499 ; hund hftsenda landes and locenra beaga, 2995. hu, adv., how, quontodo, 3, 116, 279, 738, 845, 2319, 2520, 2719, etc. hfiij, St. f., booty, plunder: dat. (instr.) sg. hHiV, 124. Iiui-u, adv., above all, certaittly, 369; indeed, truly, 182, 670, IO72, I466, 1945, 2837; yet, nevertheless, Zby, no'cv, 31 21. bus, St. n., house : gen. sg. hflses, 116; gen. pi. hClsa selest (Heorot), 146, 285, 659, 936. hwan, adv., whither : to hwan sy'S'San wear'S hondrses halcSa {what issue the hand-to-hand Jight of the heroes had), 2072. bwauan, h\vanon, adv., ichence : hwanan, 257, 2404; hvvanon, 2,j2,- h^vA,interrog. and indef. ^yron .,'iaho : nom. sg. m. hwa, 52, 2253, 3127; neut. hwat, 1 73 ; anes hwat {a part only), 301 1; hwat \A men wseron {tvhothe men were), 233, etc. ; hwat syndon ge searo-habbendra {what armed men are ye?), 237; acc.sg. m. wiiS manna hwone {froin{l) any man), 155 ; neut. Jiurh hwat, 3069; hwat wit geo sprnscon, 1477; hwat . . . h^n'So (gen.), faer-niSa {what shame and sudden woes), 474 ; so, hwat l^u worn fela {how very vtttch thou), 530; swylces hwat, 881 ; hwat . . . &rna, 1 187; dat. m. hwSm^ 1697. — Comp. rcg-hwS. hwat, interj., 7^//ifl/.' lo ! indeea ! i, 943. 2249. ge-hwS, w. part, gen., each, each one : ace. sg. m. wiS feonda ge- hwone, 294; ni5'a gehwane, 2398; meca gehwane, 2686; gum-cynnes gehwone, 2766; fem. on healfa gehwone, 801 ; dat. sg. m. dogora gehvvam, 88; at niSa gehwam, 883; I'Cgna gehwam, 2034; eorla gehwcem, 1421 ; fem. m meegSa ge- hwffire, 25; nihta gehwam, 1366; gen. sing. m. manna gehwas, 2528; fem. dxda gehwas, 2839. hA^'ar. See h^vser. hwiider. See hwider. hwiiSer, pron., which of ttvo : nom. sg. hwaSer . . . uncer twega, 2531 ; swa hvvaSer, utercunque : ace. sg. on swa hwaSere hond svvd him gemet Hnce, 687. — Comp. reg- hwaSer. g e - h w a S e r , each of two, either - other : nom. sg. m. was gehwa'Ser oSrum lifigende ISS, 815; was . . . gehwaSer oSrum hro'Sra gemyn- dig, 2172; ne gehwa'Ser incer {nor either of you two), 584; nom. sg. neut. gehwaSer j^ira {either of them, i.e. ready for war or peace), 1249; dat. sg. hiora gehwa'Srum, 2995; gen. sg. bega gehwa'Sres, 1044. h^^^aSer, bwiiiSere, h-walffre, i) adv., yet, nevertheless : hwaiSre, 555' ^91. 1271, 2099, 2299,2378, etc. ; hwa'Sre swS. J>eah, however, not-withstanding, 2443 ; hwa'Sere, 574. 578, 971. 1719- — 2) conj., = utrum, whether : hwa'Sre, 1 31 5; hwaSer, 1357, 2786. h'wat, adj., sharp, bold, valiant 258 GLOSSARY. noni. sg. se secg hwata, 3029; rial, sg. hwatum, 2162; nom. pi. hwate, 1602, 2053; ace. pi. hwate, 2643, 3006. — Comp. : fyid-, gold-hwat. hwiit. See hwa. hwaer, adv., where : elles hwier, elsewhere, 138; hwser, somewhere, 2030. In elliptical question : wun- diir hwar l^onne . . ., is it a wonder when . . .? 3063. — Comp. o-hwjer. ge-hwa'r, everywhere : |ieah hu heaSo-rsesa gehwaer dohte {^every- where good in battle), 526. hwelc. See hwjMc. hwcrgen, adv., anywhere: elles hwergen, elseiohere, 2591. hwettau, w. v., to encourage, urge : pres. subj. sua ))tn sefa hwette {as thy viind urges, as thou likesi), 490; pret. pi. hwetton higerofne {tliey whetted the brave one), 204. h\vene, adv.,<7 little, paidtdiim, 2700. hwealf, St. f., vault: ace. sg. under heofones hwealf, 576, 20 1 6. liAveorfan, st. v., to stride deliber- ately, turn, depart, move, die : pies. pi. lara he cwice hwyrfa^, 98; inf. hwilum he on lufan las- te"5 hvvorfan monnes mod-ge^onc {sometimes on love (?) posses- sions (?) permits the thoughts of man to turn), 1729; londrihtes mot . . . monna aeghwylc idel hweorfan {of rights of land each one of men must be deprived), 2889; pret. sg. fader ellor hwearf ... of earde {died), 55; hwearf hS hradltce Jjser HroSgir sat, 356; hwearf )'S bl bence {turned thett to the bench), 1 189; so, hwearf )'a be wealle, 1574; hwearf geond bat reeed, 1982; hloew oft ymbe hwearf {went oft round the cave), 2297; nalles after lyfte IScende Kwearf (not at all thrcugh the air did he go springing), 2833; suLj. pret. sg, XX he on weg hwurfe ... of gear- dum {died), 264. and-hweorfan, to move against : pret. sg. oi^ I'jit . . . norlSan wind hea"5o-grim and-hwearf {till the fierce north wind blew in our faces), 548. at-hweorfan, to go to: pret. sg. hwilum he on beorh at-hwearf {at times retur7ted to the mountain), 2300. ge-hweorfan, to go, come: pret. sg. gehwearf )'S in Francna fa'Sm feorh cyninges, 1211; hit on seht gehweaif . . . Denigea frean, 1680; so, 1685, 2209. geond -hweorfan, to go through from end to end: pres. sg. flet eall geond-hwearf, 2018. h%vider, adv., whither : hwyder, 1 63 ; hwader (hwaSer, MS.), 1332. h\^•il, St. f., time, space of time : nom. sg. was seo hwil mieel (// was a longtime), 146; I'd was hwil dages {the space of a day), 1496; ace. sg. hwile, for a time, 2138; a while, 105, 152; lange (longe) hwile, a long while, 16, 2781; Sne hwile, a ivhile, 1763; lytle hwile, brie/ space, 2031, 209S; L^:nige hwile, any while, 2549; lassan hwile, a lesser while, 2572; dat. sg. asr da- ges hwile, before daybreak, 2321; dat. pi. nihtes hwilum, sometimes at night, 3045. Adv., sometimes, often : hwtlum, 175,496, 917, 1729, 1829, 2017, 21 12, etc.; hwilum . . . hwilum, 210S-9-10. — Comp.: dag-, gescap-, orleg-, sige-hwil. hwit, adj., brilliant, flashing : nom. sg. se hwita helm, 1449. hworfan. See hweorfan. hwOpan, st. v., to cry, cry out mourn : pret. sg. hwedp, 2269. GLOSSARY. 25^ hTvyder. See hT«1der. hwylc, pron., which, what, any .■ i) adj. : nom. sg. m. scea^'a ic nit hwylc, 274; fern. h\\7lc orleghwtl, 2003; nom. pi. hwylce Sregeata siiNas vvaeron, 1987. — 2) subst., w. gen. pi. nom. m. : Frisna hwylc, 1 105 ; fern, efne swS hwylc magSa sua t'one magan cende {jiokatever womati brought forth this son), 944 ; neut. J>onne his bearna hwylc {than any one of his sons), 2434; dat. sg. efne swS hwylcum manna swa him geniet hfihte, 305S. — Comp. : asg-, nat-, wel-hwylc. g e - h w y 1 c , g e - h w i 1 c , g e - h w e 1 c , w. gen. pi., each : nom. sg. m. ge- hwylc, 9S6, 1 167, 1674; ace. sg. m. gehwylcne, 937, 2251, 2517; ge- hwelcne, 148; fem. gehwylce, 1706; neut. gehwylc, 2609; instr. sg. dogra gehwylce, 1091 ; so, 2058, 2451 ; dat. sg. m. gehwylcum, 412, 769, 785, etc.; fem. ecga gehwyl- cre, 806; neut. cynna gehwylcum, 98; gen. sg. m. and neut. gehwyl- ces, 733, 1397, 2095. Iiwyrft, St. m., circling movement, turn: dat. pi. adv. hwyrftum scruNa 5 {wander to and fro), 163. — Comp. ed-hwyrft. hycgan, w. v., to think, resolve upon : pret. sg. ic I'at hogodr. l>at . . . {my intention 7vas that . . .), 633. — Comp. w.pres. part. : bealo-, heard-, swtS-, Jjanc-, wis-hycgend. f o r - h y c ga n , ^ despise, scorn, reject with contempt : pres. sg. I. ic \>dX l^onne for-hicge hat . . ., reject with scorn the proposition that . . .,435. ge-hycgan, to think, determine upon : pret. sg. \A \>\\ . . . feorr ge- hogodest sacce secean, 1989. ofer-hycgan, to scortt : pret. sg. ofer-hogode hS hringa fengel hat he hone widfiogan weorode gesfihte {scorned to seek the wide-Jiier with a host), 2346. hydig (for hygdig), adj., thinking, of a certain mind : comp. 3n-, bealo-, grom-, ni5-, hrist-hydig. ge-hygd, st. n., thought, sentiment : ace. sg. hurh hretSra gehygd, 2046. — Comp. : breost-, mod-gehygd, won-hyd. hyge, hige, st. m., mind, Iwart, thought: nom. sg. hyge, 756; hige, 594; ace. sg. huih holdne hige, 267; gen. sg. higes, 2046; dat.pl. higum, 3149. hyge-bend, st. m. f., mind-fetter, heart-band : instr. pi. hyge-bendum fast, fast in his mind''s fetters, secretly, 1879. hyge-geOnior, adj., sad in mind : nom. sg. hyge-giomor, 2409. hyge-meffo, adj.: i) sorrowful, soul-crushing: nom. sg., 2443. — 2) life-zveary, dead : dat. pi. hyge- mefium (-niK'cium, MS.), 2910. hyge-rof, adj., brave, valiant, vig orous-minded : nom. sg. [hygerof], 403; ace. sg. hige-rofne, 204. liygP-sorh, St. f., heart-sorrow : gen. pi. -sorga, 2329. hyge-Jjyht ig, adj., doughty, courage- ous : ace. sg. hige-J'ihtigne (of Beowulf), 747. See J>yhtig. hyge-Jjryin, st. m., animi majestas, high-mindedness : dat. pi. for hig?- kymmum, 339. hyht, St. m., thought, pleasant thought, hope (Dietrich) : nom. sg., 179. ge-liyld (see healdan), st. n., jm/- port, protection : nom. sg., 3057 — Leo. liyldan, w. v., to incline one\ selj^ lie down to sleep : pret. sg. hylde hine, inclined himself, lay down, 689. - 260 GLOSSARY. hyldo, St. f., inclination, friendli- ness, grace : ace. sg. hyldo, 206S, 2294; gen. sg. hyldo, 671, 2999. 3 - hyrdan, w. v., harden : pret. pait. S-hyrded, 1461. hyrde. See hirde. hyrst, St. f., accoutrements, orua- luent, armor : ace. sg. hyrste (On- genheow's eqznpments and arms^, 29S9; ace. pi. hyrsta, 3166; instr. pi. hyrstum, 2763. hyrstan, w. v., to deck, adorn : pret. part, hyrsted sweord, 673; helm [hyrjsted golde, 2256. Iiyrtan, w. v., to take heart, be em- boldened : pret.sg. hyrte hyne hord- weard {the drake took heart ; see 2566, 2568, 2570), 2594. \\y?,^y^\..m., youth, young man : nom. sg. as voc., 1 21 8. hyt. See hit. hydan, w. v., to hide, conceal, pro- tect, preserve: pres. subj. h^de [hine, himself "\ se be vvylle, 2767; inf. vv. ace. no lu minne bearft ha- falan h^dan, 446; rer he in wille hafelan [h^dan] {ere in it he [the stag] will hide his head'), 1373. ge- hydan, w. ace, to conceal, pre- serve : pret. sg. geh^dde, 2236, 3060. h5"3', St. f., haven : dat. sg. at h^i'Se, 32. hjff-weard, st. m., haven-warden : nom. sg., 1915. hS'nan (see he^n), w. v. \v. ace, to crush, afflict, injure : pret. sg. h5*nde, 2320. h^'ntTa, st. f., oppression, affliction, injury : ace. sg. hJ>nSii, 277; gen. sg. huat . . . hJ'nSo, 475 ; fela . . . h^n^o, 594; gen. pi. heardra hyn- <5a, 166. h^^ran, w. v.: l) to hear, perceive, learn : aj w. inf. or ace. with inf. : I. pret. sg. h^Tde ic, 38, 582, 1347, 1843, 2024; III. sg. bat he fram Sigemunde secgan h^rde, 876; I. pi. swS we soSlice secgan harden, 273. b) w. ace: naenigne ic . . . selran h^rde hordmSSSum {/heard of no better hoard-jeivel), 1 198. c) w. dependent clause: I.sg. pret. h^rde ic bat . . ., 62, 2164, 2173. — 2) vv. dat. of person, to obey : inf. 6i^ I at himreghwilc bara ymbsitten- dra h^ran scolde, lO; h^ran heaSo- siocum, 2755; pret. pi. bat him winemSgas georne h^rdon, 66. ge-h^ran, to hear, learn: a) w. acc. : II. pers. sg. pres. mtnne ge- h^ralS Snfealdne geboht, 255; III. sg. pret. gehy^rde on Beowulfe fast- rcedne geboht, 610. b) w. acc. and inf. : III. pi. pret. geh^rdon, 7S6. c) vv. depend, clause : I. pres. sg. ic bat geh^re bat . . ., 290. Ic, pers. pron. /.• acc. mec, dat. me, gen.min; dual nom.vvit, ace.uncit, unc, dat. unc, gen. uncer; pi. nom. we, acc. fisic, fis, dat. fls, gen. flser. ic omitted before the verl), 470. icge, gold (perhaps related to Sans- krit i?, = dominaie, imperare, 0.1 1. G. eht, wealth, opes), treas- ure}, s-uxt on in- nan, 2090, 2215, 2245. innan-weard, adv., inwaids, in- side, within, 992, 1977 ; inne- weard, 999. inue, adv.: i) inside, within, b^'^, 1282,1571,2114,3060; wordinne ahead {called, sent word, in, i.e. standing in the hall door), 390; in it (i.e. the battle), 1142; baer inne {therein), 1 18, 1618, 21 16, 2227, 3088. — 2) = insuper, still further, besides, ■1^6']. in^vit, st. n., evil, mischief, spite, cunning hostility, as in iiiw'it-feng, st. m., malicious grasp, grasp of a cunning foe : nom. sg., 1448. inwit-giist, st. m., evil guest, hostile stranger : nom. sg., 2671. inAvit-hrOf, st. m., hostile roof, hid- ing-place of a cunning foe I ace. sg. under inwit-hrof, 3124. inAvit-net, st. n., mischief-net, cun- ning snare : ace. sg., 2168. inwit-niU, st. n., cunning hostility, hostile contest: nom. pi. inwit- ni"5as {hostility through secret at- tack), 1859; gen. pi. inwit-nitia, 1948. inwnt-scear, st. m., massacre through cunning, murderous attack : ace. sg. eatolne invvit-scear, 2479. inwit-searo, st. n., cunning, artful intrigue : ace. sg. ^urh inwit-searo, 1102. See searo. inwit-sorh, st. f., grief, remorse, mourning springing froin hostile cunning: nom. sg., 1737; ace. sg. inwid-sorge, 832. inwit-Jjanc, adj., ill-disposed, mali- cious : dat. sg. he onfeng hra^e inwit-bancum {he quickly grasped the cunning-in-mind [Grendel]), 749- irnan(for rinnan), st. v., to run ; so be-irnan, /o ♦'»/'• »t> '0, occur : pret 262 GLOSSARY. sg him on mod he-am {came into his mind), 67. on-irnan, to open: pret. sg. duru sSna onarn, 722. Irre-niOd, adj. See yrre-mOcl. idcl, adj., empty, bare ; deprived of : nom. sg., 145,413; w. gen. lond- rihtes boere maegburge Idel {de- privedofhis land-possessions among the people [of the Geatas]), 2SS9. !(lel-hende, adj., empty - handed, 2082. iren, st. n., iron, rword : nom. sg. drihtlic iren {the doughty, lordly siuord), 893; iren ajr-gud, 990; ace. sg. leoflic iren, 1810; gen. pi. Irena cyst {choicest of swords'), 674; trenna cyst, 803; irenna ecge {edges of swords), 2684. iren, adj., of iron : nom. sg. ecg was iren, 1460. fren-bend, st. f., iron band, bond, rivet : instr. pi. iren-bendum fast (bold), 775, 999. freii-byrne, w. f., iron corselet : ace. sg. lien-byrnan, 2987. See Isern- byrne. fren-heard, adj., hard as iron : num. sg., 1 1 13. ircniie, adj., of iron : in comp. eall- irenne. !ren-J>rc^t, st. m., iron troop, ar- mored band : nom. sg., 330. Ss, St. n., ice : dat. sg. ise, 1609. isern-byrne, w. f., iron corselet : ace. sg. isern-byrnan, 672. See ireii-byrne. Isern-sciir, st. f., iron shower, shower of arrows : gen. sg. I'one he oft gebad isern-scflre, 31 17. Is-gebind, st. n., fetters of ice : instr. sg. is-gebinde, 1134. isig, adj., shining, brilliant (like brass) : nom. sg. isig (said of a vessel covered with plates(?) of metal), ^^. — Leo. 10 lU ifi. See geo. ie lissa gelong {all of favor is still on thee dependent, is thine), 215 1. See ge-lenge. lang-ge-streon, st. n., long-lasting treasure : gen. pi. long-gestreona, 2241. — Leo. langian, w. v., reflex, w. dat., to long, yearn : pres. sg. III. him . . . afler deorum men dyrne langaS beorn {the hero longeth secretly after the dear man), 1880. lang-sum, adj., lotig-lasting, con- tinuing: nom. sg. longsum, 134, 192, 1723 ; ace. sg. long-sumne, 1537- lang-twidig, adj., long-granted, assured : nom. sg., 1709. lata, w. m., a lazy, cowardly one ; in comp. hild-lata. la, interj., jj/f^.' indeed! 1701,2865. , lac, St. n. : l) vieasured movement, play : in comp. beadu-, hea^'o-lSc. — 2) gift, offering: ace. pi. lac, 1864 ; la^ilicll lac {loathly offer- ing, prey), 1585; dat. pi. lacum, 43, 1869. — Comp. sae-lSc. ge-lac, St. n., sport, play : ace. pi. sweorda gelac {battle), 1041 ; dat. pi. at ecga gelScum, 11 69. lacan, st. v., to move in measured time, dancing, playing, fighting, flying, etc.: inf. dareSum lacan {fight), 2849; part. pres. after lyfte lacende {flying through the air), 2833. f o r - 1 a c a n , /o deceive, betray : part, pret. he wearS on feonda geweald forts forlScen {deceitfully betrayed into the enemy'' s hands), 904. lad, St. f., street, -way, journey : dat. sg. on lade, 1988; gen. sg. lade, 569. — Comp. : brim-, sae-lad. g e - 1 a d , St. n., way, path, road : ace. Sg. unc(i^ gelad, 141 1. laU, adj., loathly, evil, hateful, hos- tile : nom. sg. laS, 816; 1^3 lyft- floga, 2316; laS (fw^wr), 440; ne leof ne laS, 511; neut. laS, 134, 192; in weak form, se laSa (of the dragon), 2306 ; ace. sg. laSne (wyrm); 3041 ; dat. sg. mSum, 264 GLOSSARY. 440, 1258; gen. sg. l&'Ses (of the enemy), 842 ; fela ISSes {tm^ las {the less), 487; conjunct, that not, lest, 1919. lassa, adj., less, fewer : nom. sg. lassa, 1283; ace. sg. m. lassan, 43; fern. lassan hvvile, 2572; dat. sg. for lassan {for less, smaller), 952. Superl. nom. sg. no )'at lasest was hond-gemot[a], 2355. IJit, adj., negligent, neglectful; w. gen.: nom. sg. elnes lat, 1530. Isedau, w. v. w. ace. : to lead, guide, bring: inf. Icedan, 239; pret. pl. Ixddon, 1 1 60. f o r - 1 aid a n , ^ mislead: pret. pl. for- la-ddan, 2440(7). ge-l£edan,/'c7 lead, bring: part. pret. ge-iaaded, 37. laefan, w. v. : \),to bequeathe, leave : ill I per. sg. bin urn magum la;f folc and rice, 11 79; pret. sg. eaferum liL'fde . . . lond and leodbyrig, 2471. — 2) spare, leave behind : Sht cwices Isefan {to spare aught liv- ing), 2316. laen-dagas, st. m. pl., loan-days, transitory days (of earthly exist- ence as contrasted with the heav- enly, unending) : ace. pl. ken- dagas, 2592; gen. pl. lan-daga, 2342. liene, adj., inconstant, perishable, evanescent, given over to death ot destruction : nom. sg., 1755, 3179; GLOSSARY. 265 ace. sg. of rust-eaten treasures, 3130; las Ijenan gesceaft (^this feeling life), 1623; gen. sg. Ice- nan lifes, 2846. lasran, w. v., to teach, instruct: imper. sg. jm ^e ker be I'on {learn this, take this to heart), 1723. ge-lceran, to teach, instruct, give instruction : inf. ic l^as Hro^gar mag . . . reed gelceran (/ can give //. good adznce about this), 278; so, 3080; pret. pi. l)a me |)at ge- Icerdon leode mine {gave me the achnce), 415. l3estan,w.v. : i) tofollo7o,to sustain, serve: inf. bat him se lic-huma Ixstan nolde {that his body luould not sustain him), Si 3. — 2) per- form : imper. laesl call tela {do all well), 2664. ge-lasstan : i) to follow, serve : pret. sg. (sweord) bat mec aer and uft gela;ste, 250 1 . — 2) to fulfil, grant: subj. pres. pi. I'at . . . wilgesii^'as, bonne wig cume, leode gelaestan {render war ser^nce), 24; inf. ic be sceal mine gelsstan freode {shall grant thee my friendship, be grateful), 1707; pret. sg. beot . . . geloeste {fulfilled his boast), 524; gelzeste svva {kept his -uord), 2991; pres. part, hafde East-De- num . . . gilp getested {had ful- filled for the East Danes his boast), 830. laetan, st. v., to let, allow, w. ace. and inf. : pres. sg. III. lajteS, 1729; imper. pi. II. IxtaS, 397; sg. II. Iset, 1489; pret. sg. let, 2390, 2551,2978,3151 (?); pret.pl. lelun, 48, 865, 3133; subj. pret. sg. II. I8te, 1997; sg. III. lete, 3083. i-Iaetan: \) to let,allozu : subj. pres. sg. II. bat bu ne ibete . . . dom ge- dre6san, 2666. — 2) to leave, lay aside : inf. Slaetan lasn-dagas {die), 2592; so, alsetan lif and leodscipe, 2751. for-lsetan : l) to let, permit, w. ace. and inf. : pret. sg. for-let, 971 ; pret. pi. for-leton, 3168. Also with inf. omitted : inf. nolde eorla hleo . , . bone cwealmcuman cwicne (i.e. wesan) forketan {would not let the murderous spirit go alive), 793. — 2) to leave behitid, leave: pret. sg. in bam wong-stede . . . b£er he hiiie ier forlet {where he had previously left him), 2788. of-laetan, to leave, lay aside : pres. sg. II. gyf bu aer bonne he worold ofketest {leavest the world, diest), 11S4; so pret. sg. oflet lif-dagas and b^s Icenan gesceaft, 1623. on-ltEtan, to release, liberate : pres. sg. III. bonne forstes bend fader on-la;te(S {as soon as the Father looseth the frost' s fetters) , 1 610. S-lecgan, w. v.: 1) to lay, lay do'uti : pret. sg. sySSan hilde-deor bond S-legde . . . under geapne hrof, 835; bat he on Beowulfes bearm a-legde {this [the sword] he laid in B.^s bosom, presented to him), 2195; pret. pi. S-ledon ba leofne beoden ... on bearm scipes, 34; a-legdon b^ to middes mcerne beo- den {laid the mighty prince in the midst [of the pyre]), 3142. — 2) to lay aside, give up : si 5 5an ... in fen-freooo feorh S-legde {laid down his life, died), 852; nu se here-wisa hleahtor a-legde, gamen andgleo-dream {tiow the war-chief has left laughter, etc.), 3021. leger, st. n., couch, bed, lair : dat. sg. on legere, 3044. lemian, w. v., to lame, hinder, op>- press: pret. sg. (for pi.) hine sorh- wylmas lemede to lange, 906. MS. 266 GLOSSARY. leiig. See lang. lenge, adj., extending along or to, near {pi time) : nom. sg. neut. ne was hit lenge \>% gen {nor was it yet long), 83. ge- lenge, adj., extending, reaching to, belonging : nom. sg. yrfe-weard . . . lice gelenge {an heir belong- ing to one's body), 2733. let, St. m., place of rest, sojourn} in cump. co-let {voyage}). lettiiii, vv. v., to hinder : pret. pi. (ace. pers. and gen. thing), J^at sySSan ni . . . brim-li^ende lide ne letton {might no longer hinder seafarers from journeying), 569. S-ledon. See a-leegan. leg, St. m., flame, fire: nom. sg. wonna leg {the lurid flame), 31 16; swogende leg, 3146; dat. sg. for dracan lege, 2550. See lig. leg-draca, w. m., fire-drake, flam- ing dragon : nom. sg., 3041. *leahan, lean, st. v. w. ace. to scold, blame: pres. sg. III. lyhS, 1049; pret. sg. lug, 1812; pret. pi. logon, 203, 863. be-lean, to dissuade, prevent : inf. ne inc aenig mon . . . beleSn mihte sorhfullne si5 {no one might dis- suade you twain from your diffi- cult journey), 511. leahtre. See or-leahtre. Ie4f, St. n., leaf, foliage : instr. pi. leafuni, 97. le4fnes-\vord, st. n., permission, leave : ace. pi., 245. ledn. See leahan. le^n, St. n., re-ward, compensation : ace. Sg., 114, 952, 1221, 1585, 2392; dat. Sg. leane, 1022. Often in the pi.: ace. hS lean, 2996; dat. b&m leanum, 2146; gen. lea- na, 2991. — Comp. : and-, ende- lean. lean (for Ian, O.H.G. IShan), st. n., loan, 1810. lednian, vv. v., to reward, compen- sate : pres. sg. I. ic t>e 14 faeh'Se feo leanige {repay thee for the con- test with old-time treasures), 1381 ; pret. sg. me J^one wal-rses wine Scyldinga fiittan golde fela leanode {the friend of the Scyldings re- warded me richly for the combat with plated gold), 2103. leds, z.i!]., false : nom. pi. lease, 253. leds, adj., deprived of, free from, w. gen.: nom. sg. dreama leas, 851; dat. sg. winigea leasum, 1665. — Comp. : dom-, dream-, ealdor-, feoh-, feormend-, hlaford-, sSwol-, sige-, sorh-, tir-, J>e6den-, wine-, wyn-leas. ledsig, adj., concealing one's self; in comp. sin-leasig(?). leoUo-craft, st. m., the art of weav- ing or working in meshes, wire, etc. : instr. pi. segn eall-gylden . . . gelocen leoISo-craftum {a banner all hand-'vrought of interlaced gold), 2770. leoijo-syrce, w. f., shirt of mail {limb-sark) : ace. sg. locene leofio- syrcan {locked linked sark), 1506; ace, pi. locene leoSo-syrcan, 1891. leomum. See lim. leornian, w. v., to learn, devise, plan : pret. him \>2& gfliS-cyning . . . wrace leornode {the war-king planned vengeance therefor), 2337. leod, St. m., prince : nom. sg., 341, 348, 670, 830, 1433, 1493. 161 3, 1654, etc.; ace. leod, 626. leod, St. f., people : gen. sg. leode, 597, 600, 697. In pi. indicates in- dividuals, people, kinsmen : nom. pi. leode, 362,415, 1214, 2126, etc.; gum-cynnes Geata leode {people I of the race of the Gedtas), 260; GLOSSARY. 267 ace. pi. leode, 192, 443, 1337, 1346, etc.; dat. pi. leodum, 389, 521, 619, 698, 906, 1 160, etc.; gen. pi. leoda, 205, 635, 794, 1674, 2034, etc. le6d-bealo, st. n., {mischief, misfor- tune affecting an entire people), great, unheard-of calamity : acc. sg., 1723; gen. pi. leod-bealewa, 1947- Ie6d-burh, st. f., princely castle, stronghold of a ruler, chief city : acc. pi. -byrig, 2472. leod-cyuiug, st. m,, king of the peo- ple :■ nom. sg., 54. leod-fruma, vv. m., prince of the people, ruler : acc. sg. leod-fru- man, 2131. leod-gebyrgea, w. ni., protector of the people, prince : acc. sg. -gebyr- gean, 269. ieod-hryre, st. m., fall, overthrow, of the prince, ruler : dat. sg. after Ieod-hryre {after the fall of the king of the Hea^obeardas, Froda, cf. 2051), 2031 ; gen. sg. I'iis leod- hryres (of the fall of Heardred, cf. 2389), 2392. leod-scealffa, w. m., injurer of the people : dat. sg. ham Ie6d-scea5an, 2094. leod-scipe, st. m., the zvhole nation, people : acc. sg., 2752; dat. sg. on I'am leod-scipe, 2198. leoij, St. n., song, lay: nom. sg., 1 160. — Comp. : fyrd-, gryre-, gfiS-, sorh-le6S. leof, adj., lief, dear : nom. sg., 31, 54, 203, 511, 521, 1877, 2468; weak form m., Ie6fa, 121 7, 1484, 1855, 2664; acc. sg. m. leofne, 34, 297, 619, 1944, 2128, 3109, 3143; gen. sg. leofes (m.), 1995, 2081, 2898; (neut.), 1062, 291 1 ; dat. pi. leofum, 1074; gen. pi. leofra. 1916. Compar. nom. sg. neut. Ie6- fre, 2652. Superl. nom. sg. m. leofost, 1297; acc. sg. t^one leofe- Stan, 2824. leoflic, dear, precious, valued: nom. sg. m. leoflic lind-wiga, 2604; acc. sg. neut. leoflic iren, 1810. leogan, st. v., to lie, belie, deceive . subj. pres. nafne him his vvlite ledge {unless his looks belie him), 25O; pret. sg. he ne leag fela wyrda ne worda, 3030. S-leogan, to deceive, leave unful- filled: pret. sg. he beot ne S-leh {he left not his promise unful- filled), 80. ge-leogan,^ deceive, betray : pret . sg. him seo wen geleah {hope de- ceived him), 2324. leoht, St. n., light, brilliance : nom. sg-, 569, 728, 17-51 (?); acc. Sg. sunnan leoht, 649 ; godes leoht ge- ceas {chose God's light, died), z^-jO; dat. sg. to ledhte, 95. — Comp. : sefen-, fyr-, morgen-leoht. leoht, adj., lun^nous, bright : instr. sg. leohtan sweorde, 2493. leoina, w. m. : i) light, splendor: nom. sg., 311, 2770; acc. sg. leo- man, 1518; sunnan and monan leo- inan {light of sun and moon), 95. — -2) (as beadu- and hilde-leoma), the glittering sword : nom. sg. li.\te se leoma {the blade-gleam flashed), 157'- leosan, st. v., = amitti, in be-leosan, to deprive, be deprived of: pres. part, (heo) wear'5 be- loren leofum bearnum and bro'S- rum {was deprived of her dear children and brethren), 1074. for-le6san, with dat. instr., to lose something : pret. sg. J>3er he dome for-leas, ellen-mter'Sum {there lost he the glory, the repute, of his heroii 268 GLOSSARY. deeds'), 1471; pret. sg. for pi. J)Sm be ter his elne for-leas {tokim who, before, had lost his valor), 2862; pari. pret. nealles ic b^m leanum foi-lorcn hafde {not at all hod I lost the reiuards), 21 46. libbaii, vv. v., to live, be, exist: pres. sing. III. lifaS, 3169; lyfaS, 945; leofaS, 975, 1367, 2009; subj. pres. sg. II. lifige, 1225; pres. part. lifi- gende, 816, 1954, 1974, 2063; dat. sg. be )'e liligendum {in thy life- time), 2666; pret. sg. lifde, 57, 1258; lyfde, 2145; pret.pl. lifdon, 99. See uulifigcnde. licgan, St. v.: i) to lie, lie down or low: pres. sg. nu seo hand lige"5 {n07v the hand lies loiu), 1344; nu se wyrm iigeS, 2746, so 2904; inf. licgan, 3130; licgean, 967, 3083; pret. sg. lag, 40, 552, 2078; sySSan Ileardred lag {after Ileardred had fallen), 2389; pret. pi. ISgon, 3049; lasgon, 566. — 2) to lie pros- trate, rest, fail: pret. sg. noefre on ore lag wid-cfl (Sesi^uig ( //('z/fry^j/A'f/ the far-famed one's ''nlor at the front), 1042 ; sycSfian witier-gyld lag {after vengeance failed, or, when Withergyld lay dead, '\{ W. is a proper name), 2052. S - 1 i c g a n , to s incuinb, fail, yield : inf. 2S87 ; pret. sg. bat his doni S-lag {that its porver failed it), 1529- ge-licgan,/6i rest, lie still : pret. sg. wind-blond gelag, 3147. lida, w. m., boat, ship (as in motion) ; in coiiip. : sund-, ^iS-lida. Ii(I-inun, St. m., seafarer, sailor : gen. pi. lid-manna, 1624. lim, St. n., limb, branch : instr. pi. leomuni, 97. linipan, st. v., to happen, befall (well or ill) ; inipers. w. dat. pret. sg. liQ lomp eow on ISde {how went it with you on the journey ?), 1988. a- lim pan, to come about, offer it- self: pret. sg. 65 bat sail S-lamp (//// the opportunity presented itself), 623 ; pret. part. | d him S-lumpen was wistfylie wen {sinre a hope of a full meal had befallen 'ii>"), 734- b e - 1 i m p a n , to happen to, befall : pret. sg. him sio sar belamp, 2469. g e - 1 i m p a n , to happen, uccur, turn out : pres. sg. III. hit eft gelimpeS I at . . ., 1754; subj. pres. bisse an- s^ne.Thvealdan I anclungregclimpe {/hunks to the Almighty forthwith for this sight .'), 930 ; pret. sg. him on fyr>te gelamp bat . . ., 76; swa him ful-oft gelamp {as often hap- pened to them), 1253; bas be hire se « ilia gelamp | at . . . {because her wish had been fulfilled), 627; frufor eft gelamp sarig-modum, 2942; subj. pret. gif him byslicu bearf gelumpe, 2638 ; pret. pan. Denuia eallum wear'5 willa ge- lumpen, 825. liiul, St. f. (properly linden; here, a a wooden shield covered with lin- den-bark or pith) : nom. sg., 2342 ; ace. sg. geolwe linde, 261 1 ; ace. pi. linde, 2366. liiid-gcstealla, w. m., shield-com- rade, war-comrade : nom. sg., '974- liiid-habbend, pres. Y>^vt., provided with a shield, i.e. warrior : nom. pi. -hiibhende, 245; gen. pi. habben- dra, 1403. lind-plcga, w. m., shield-play, i.e. b.iitle: dat. sg. lind-plegan, 1074, 2040. lin«l-\vig}i, w. m., shield-fighter, war- rior : nom. sg., 2604. linnau, st. v., to depart, be Ueprivca GLOSSARY. 269 of: inf. aldre linnan (^depart from life), 1479; ealdres linnan, 2444. lis, St. f., favor, affection : gen. pi. call . . . lissa, 2151. list, St. m., art, skill, cleverness, cun- ning : dat. pi. adverbial, listum {cunningly'), 782. lixan, w. v., to shine, flash : pret. sg.lixte, 311,485, 1571. lie, St. n. : I ) body, corpse : nom. sg., 967 ; ace. sg. lie, 2081 ; hat lie {the body, corpse), 2128; dat. sg. lice, 734, 1504, 2424, 2572, 2733, 2744; gen. sg. lices, 451, 1123.— 2) form, figure : in eonip. eofor-, swin-lie. ge • li c , adj., Ithf, similar : nom. pi. m. ge-Uce, 2165. Superl.ge-lieost, 218, 728, 9S6, 1609. lic-haina,-honia, w. m. {body-home, garment), body : nom. sg. lic-homa, 813, 1008, 1755; aec. sg. ITe-haman, 2652; dat. sg. ITc-hanian, 3179. lician, w. v., to please, like (^^impers.) : pres. sg. III. me |>in mod-sefa Il- ea's leng svva wel, 1855; pret. pi. )>am wife \>2. word wel ITeodon, 640. licnes. See on-licnes. Iic-Siir, st.n., bodily pain : aee. sg. lle-sar, 816. lic-syrce, w. f., body-sark, shirt of mail covering the body : nom. sg., 550. ItiS'an, St. v., to move, go : pres. part, nom. pi. bd liSende {jtavtgantts, sailors), 221 ; \>^ was sund liden {the water was then traversed), 223. — Comp. : hea'Su-, mere-, waeg- irSend. UaCe (O.H.G. lindi),adj.,^,?«//^ mild, friendly: nom. sg. w. instr. gen. Idra lT5e, 1221. Superl. num. sg. ll^ost, 3184. liS'-'Wc'ege, st. n., can in which li^ (a wine-like, foaming drink) IJ contained : aec. sg., 1983. lif, St. n., life : ace. sg. lif, 97, 734, 1537, 2424, 2744, 2752; dat. sg. life, 2572; to life {in one's life, ever), 2433 ; gen. sg. lifes, 197, 791, 807, 2824, 2846; worolde lifes {of the earthly life), 1388, 2344. — Comp. edwit-lif. lif-bysig, adj. {striving for life or death), weary of life, in torment of death : nom. sg., 967. lif-dagas, st. m. pi., lifetime : aec -dagas, 794, 1623. Iif-fre4, w. m., lord of life, God : nom. sg., 16. lif-gedal, st. n., separation from life: nom. sg., 842. lif-gesceaft, st. f., fate, destiny . gen. pi. -gesceafta, 1954, 3065. lif-'wraiTu, st. f., protection for one'i life, safety : ' aec. sg. lif-wraSe, 2S78; dat. sg. to lif-wraSe, 972. lif-wyn, St. f., pleasure, enjoyment, joy (of life) : gen. pi. lif-wynna. 2098. lig, St. m. n., flame, fire : nom. sg., 1 123 ; dat. instr. sg. lige, 728, 2306, 2322, 2342; gen. sg. iiges, 83, 782. See leg. lig-draea, w. m., fire-drake, flaming dragon : nom. pi., 2334. See leg- draca. lig-egesa, w. m., horror arising through fire, flaming terror : aec. sg., 2781. lige-torn, st. ra., false, pretended in- sult or injury, fierce anger { ?) : dat. sg. after lige-torne {on account of a pretended insult ? or fierce anger ? cf. Bugge in Zacher's Zeits. 4, 208), 1944. Iig-y3'> St. m., wave of fire : instr. pi. lig-^5um, 2673. Icon, St. v., to lend : pret. sg. hat 270 GLOSSARY. him on hearfe ISh hyle HroSgaies (which I/.' s spokesman lent him in need), 1457. on-leoon, to lend, grant as a loan, with gen. of thing and dat. pers. : pret. sg. I'S he I'iis waepnes on-lah sSlran sweord-frecan, 1468. loca, w. m., liolt, lock : in comp. bSn-, burh-loca. locen. See lucan. lend, long. See land, lang. lot", St. m. n., praise, repute: ace. sg. lof, 1537. lof-da^d, St. {., deed of praise : instr. pi. lt)f-doedum, 24. lof-georn, adj., eager for praise, ambitious : superl. nom. sg. lof- geornost, 3184. loga, w. m., liar ; in comp. treow- loga. losian, w. v., to escape, flee : pres. sg. III. losaS, 1393, 2063; pret. sg. he on weg losade {fled away'), 2097. locian, w. v., to see, look at: pres. sg. II. sas-lSc . . . l^e ^u her to lo- cast {booty of the sea that thou lookeston), 1655. ge-lOme, adv., ofteti, frequently, 559- lufe, w. f., love: in comp. heah-, mod-, wif-lufe. lufa (cf. and-leofa, big-ieofa, nour- ishment), vv. m., food, subsistence ; property, real estate : ace. sg. on lufan {on possessions), 1729. — Comp. eard-lufa. lufen, St. f. (cf. lufa), subsistence, food ; real estate, {enjoyi/tentl) : nom. sg. lufen (parallel with eSel- w)'n), 2887. liif-tficen, St. n., love-token : ace. pi. luf-ticen, 1864. luflan, vv. v., to love, serve affection- ately : pret. sg. III. lufode \>i. Ie6de {was on affectionate terms with (hi people), 1983. lungre, adv.: i) hastily, quickly, forthwith, 930, 1 63 1, 23 1 1, 2744. — 2) quite, very, fully : fe6wet mearas lungre gelTce {four horses quite alike), 2165. lust, St. m., pleasure, joy : dat. pi. adv. lustum {joyfully), 1654; so, on lust, 619, cf. 600. lucan, St. v., to twist, wind, lock, in- teriveave : pret. part. ace. sg. and pi. locene leotio-syrcan {shirt of mail ivrought of meshes or rings interlocked), 1 506, 1 89 1; gen.pl. locenra beaga {rings wrought of gold wire), 2996. be-lftcan: l) to shut, close in or around : pret. sg. winter ^5e be- leac is-gebinde {winter locked the waves with icy bond), 1 1 33. — 2) to shut in, off, preserve, protect : pret. sg. I. hig wTge beleac mane- gum mreg'Sn {T shut thevi in, pro- tected them, from war arising from many a tribe), 1 77 1. Cf. me wige belflc urriiNum feoiulum {protect me against mine enemies), Ps. 34, 3. ge-lQcan, to unite, link together, make : pret. part, gelocen, 2770. on-lflcan, to unlock, open : pret.sg. word - hold on - leac {opened the word-hoard, treasure of speech), ^259. t o - 1 c a n , (/() twist, wrench, in two), to destroy : inf., 782. lyft, St. f. (ni. n.?), air : nom. sg., 1376; dat. sg. after lyfte {along, through, the air), 2833. lyf t-floga, w. m., air-flier : nom. sg. (of the dragon), 2316. Ij'ft-goswciit'ed, pret. part., urged, hastened on, by the wind, 19 14. Ij-ft-wj'n, St. f., enjoyment of thi air : ace. sg. lyft-wrynne, 3044. GLOSSARY. 271 lyhiy. See leahan. lystan, w. v., to lust after, long for : pret. sg. Geat ungemetes wel . . . restan lyste {the Gedt [Beowulf] longed sorely to rest), 1794. lyt, adj . neut. (= parum), little, very little, few : lyt eft becwom . . . hames niosan {feiu escaped home- ward), 2366; lyt fenig {none at all),2,'iZ'^; usually with gen. : win- era lyt, 1928; lyt . . . heafod-maga, 2151; wergendra to lyt {too few defenders'), 2883; lyt swTgode niwra spella {he kept to himself little, none at all, of the ne7u tid- ings), 2898 ; dat. sg. lyt manna {too few of men), 2837. lytel, adj., small, little . nom. sg. neut. to lytel, 1749; ace. sg. f. lytle hwile {a little while), 2031, 209S; lif-wraSe lytle {little protectioji for his life), 2S78. — Comp. un-lytel. Iyt-h^v6Il, adv., little = not at all : lyt-hwon logon, 204. lyfe, St. n., leave, permission, {life}) : instr.sg. Hnel^fe (life, MS.), 2132. — Leo. Cf. O.N. leyfi, n., leave, permission, in Mobius' Glossary, p. 266. lyfan, w. v., (fundamental meaning to believe, trust) in 9-l^fan, to alloiv, grant, entrust: pret. sg. naefre ic aenegum men oer alyfde . . . hry'S-arn Dena {never before to any man have I entriisted the palace of the Danes), 656; pret. part. (J^S me was) siS . . . Slyfed inn under eor'S-weall {the way in under the ivall of earth was allowed me"^, 3090. g e - lyfan, w. v., to believe, trust : i) w. dat.: inf. J^ser gelyfan sceal dryhtnes dome se J^e hine deaS nime'S {whomever death carrieth away, shall believe it to be the judg- ment of God, i.e. in the contisi between Beowulf and Grendel), 440. — 2) w. ace. : pret. sg. geoce gelyfde brego Beorht-Dena {be- lieved in, expected, help, etc.), 609; )'at heo on senigne eorl gelyfde fyrena frofre {that she at last should expect from any earl comfort, help, out of these troubles), 628; se he him bealwa to bote gelyfde {7uho trusted in him as a kelp out of evils), 910; him to anwaldan are gelyfde {relied for himself on the help of God), 1273. a-lysan, w. v., to loose, liberate. pret. part. \>^ was of }>am hroran helm and byrne lungre S-l^sed {helm and corselet were straight- way loosed from him), 1 63 1. M nia<5'elian, w. v. (sermocinari), to speak, talk : pret. sg. maSelode, 286, 348, 360, 371, 405, 456, 499, etc.; maSelade, 2426. maga, w. m., soil, male descendant, young man : nom. sg. maga 1 lealf- denes (IlroSgar), 189, 1475,2144; maga Ecgjieowes (Beowulf), 2583- maga (Grendel), 979 ; se maga geonga (W'iglaf), 2676; Grendeles maga {a relative of Grendel), 2007 ace. sg. I'one magan, 944. magan, v. with pret.-pres. form, to be able : pres. sg. I. III. mag, 277, 478, 931. 943. J485. 1734, etc.; li. meaht {'"u, 2048; subj. pres. mcege, 2531, 2750; >eah ic eal maege {even though I could), b^i; s«bj. pi. we maegen, 2655 ; pret. sg. meahte, 542, 755, 1 131, 1660,2465, etc.; mihte, T90, 207,462, 511, 571, 657,1509,2092,2610; mehte, 1083, 272 GLOSSARY. 1497, '5 '6, 1878; pi. ineahton,649, 942, 1455, 191 2, 2374, 3080; mih- ton, 308, 313, 2684, 3164; subj. pret. sg. meahte, 243, 763, 2521; pres. sg. mag, sometimes = licet, may, can, will (fut.), 1366, 1701, 1838, 2865. inago (Goth, magu-s), st. m., male, son : nom. sg. mago Ecglafes (Hun- fer'5), 1466 ; mago Healfdenes (Hro^gir), 1868, 2012. inago-dryht, st. f., troop of yoting men, band of men : nom. sg. mago- (Iriht, 67. luago-rlnc, st. in., hero, man. (pre- eminently) : gen. pi. mago-rinca, heap, 731. inagii-}>egn, niago-J>egn, st. m., vassal, war-thane : nom. sg. 408, 2758; dat. sg. magu-Kgne, 2080; ace. pi. magu-l>egnas, 293; dat.pl. mago-begnum, 1481; gen.pl. mago- begna . . . hone selestan {the best of vassals), 1406. man, mon, st. m.: i) man, human being: nom. sg. man, 25, 503, 534, 1049, 1354, 1399, 1535, 1877, etc.; mon, 209,5 10, 1 561, 1646,2282,610.; ace. sg. w. mannan, 297, 577, 1944, 2128, 2775; wid-cCiSne man, 1490; dat.sg. men, 656, 753, 1880; menn, 2190; gen. sg. mannes, Ii95(?), 2081, 2534, 2542; monnes, 1730; nom. pi. men, 50, 162, 233, 1635, 3167; ace. pi. men, 69, 337, 1583, 1718; dat. pi. mannuni, 3183; gen. pi. manna, 155, 201, 380, 702, 713, 736, etc.; monna, 1414, 28S8. — ■l\ indef. pron. = one, they, people (Germ, man) : man, 11 73, 11 76; mon, 2356, 3177. — Comp. : fyrn-, gleo-, gum-, id-, lid-, sx-, waepned- nian. mail. See monan. oian-cj'n, st. n., mankind : dat. sg. man-cynne, no; gen. sg. man cynnes, 164, 21 82; mon-cynnes, 196, 1956. inan-dr«'Am, st. m., human joy, mutuii 7'oluptas: ace. sg. man- dream, 1265; dat. pi. mon-diea- muni, I 716. iiian-dryhten, st. m. {lord of men), ruler of the people, prince, king : nom. sg. man-dryhten, 1979, 2648; mon-drihten, 436 ; mon-dryhten, 2866; ace. sg. mon-dryhten, 2605; dat. sg. man-drihtne, 1230; man- dryhtne, 1250, 2282; gen. sg. man- dryhtnes, 2850; mon-dryhtnes, 3150- ge-mang, st. m., troop, company: dat. sg. on gemonge (/« the troop [of the fourteen Geatas that re- turned from the sea]), 1644. iiiaiiiau, \v. v., to warn, admonish : pres.sg. III. mana■^'s\^■a and mynd- gaS . . . sarum wordum {so warn- eth and remindeth he with bitter words), 2058. iiianig, inonig, adj., many, many a, much : \) adjectively : nom. sg. rinc manig, 399 ; geung nuinig {many a young man), 855 ; nionig snellic sce-rinc, 690; medu-l)enc monig, 777; 30839,909,919, 1511, 2763, 3023, etc.; ace. sg. medo-ful manig, 1016 ; dat. sg. m. l>egne monegum, 1342, 1420; dat. sg. f. manigre mcegSe, 75; ace. pi. man- ige men, 337; dat. pi. manegum mdJ^nium, 2104; monegum maeg- tJum, 5; gen. pi. manigra meda, 1 1 79. — 2) substantively : nom. sg. manig, r86i; monig, 858; dat. sg. manegum, 349, 1 888; nom.' pi. manige, 1024; monige, 2983; ace. pi. monige, 1599; gen.pl. manigra, 2092. — 3) with depend, gen. pi.: dat.manegummaeg 1^3,1772; mone- GLOSSARY. 273 gum fira, 2002; halcSa monegum bol 1-Sgendra, 3112; ace. pi. rinca manige,729; (maSm)-3ehtamonige, 1614. manig-oft, adv., very often, fre- quently, 171 [if manig and ^^Ix are to be connected]. man-lice, adv., man-like, manly, 1047. mau-J»waere, adj., kind, gentle io- -vard men, philanthropic : nom. sg. superl. mon-l'waerust, 3183. nia, contracted compar., more: with partitive gen., 504, 736, 1056. inaO'um, maSffuin, st. m., gift, jewel, ibject of value: ace. sg. maSSum, 169, 1053, 2056, 3017; dat. instr. sg. maSnie, 1529, 1903; nom. pi. ma'Smas, 1861 ; ace. pi. mSdmas, 385, 472, 1028, 1483, 1757, 1 868, etc.; dat. instr. pi. mSSmum, madmum, 1049, 1899, 2104,2789; gen. pi. maSma, 1785, 2144, 2167, etc.; mSdma, 36, 41. — Comp. : dryht-, gold-, herd-, ofer-, sine-, vvundor-md^um. iiia3'in-8eht, st. f., treasure in jew- els, costly objects : gen. pi. mS.t5m- aehta, 1614, 2834. maSffum-fat, st. n., treasure-casket ur cup, costly vessel: nom. sg., 2406. TuaUm-gestreon, st. n., precious jewel: gen. pi. mS'Sm-gestreona, J 932. niaUuni-gifu, st. i.,gift of valuable objects, largess of treasure : dat. sg. after ma'5tium-gife, 1302. u\k'SuTn-s\^\,s\..v.., costly, sun-shaped ornament, valuable decoration : gen. pi. ma'SSum-sigla, 2758. niaS'um-S'weord, st. n., costly sword (inlaid wdth gold and jewels) : ace. sg., 1024. niaSum-Tcela, w. m., wealth of jew- els, valuables : dat. sg. after-m&'S Sum-welan {after the sight of the wealth of jewels), 2751. niagas. See maeg. mage, w. f., female relative: gen. sg. Grendles mdgan {mother), 1392. man, st. n., crime, misdeed: instr. sg. niSne, no, 979; adv., crimi nally, 1056. man-for-daedla, w. m.; evil-doe?, criminal : nom. pi. mSn-for-daed- lan, 563. man-scad'a, vv. m., mischievous, hurtful foe, hostis n.fastus : nom. sg- 713. 738, 1340; mSn-sceaSa, 2515- mara (comp. of micel), q.^]., greater, stronger, mightier: nom. sg. m. mara, 1354, 2556; neut. mSre, 1561 ; ace. sg. m. miran, 2017; mund-gripe miran {a mightier hand-grip), 754 ; with following gen. pi. maran . . . eorla {a more powerful earl), 247; fern, maran, 533, IOI2; neut. mare, 518; with gen. pi. mor'5-beala mare {more, greater, deeds of murder), 136; gen. sg. f. mSran, 1824. msest (superl. of micel, xix^xZl), great- est, strongest: nom. sg. neut. (with partitive gen.), mrest, 78, 193; fem. mcEst, 2329; ace. sg. fem. faeh^e masste, 459 ; mseste . . . worolde Wynne {the highest earthly pleas- ure\ 1080; neut. n. (with partitive gen.) ma^st nia^rSa, 2646; hond- wundra mrest, 2769; basl-fyra maest, 3144; instr. sg. m. mseste crafte, 2182. macg. bee mecg. mags', St. f., wife, maid, woman : nom. sg., 3017; gen. pi. mag"5a hose {accompanied by her maids of honor) , 925 ; mag"5a, 944, 1 284. magen, st. n. : l) might, bodily 274 GLOSSARY. ttrength, heroic power: ace. sg. magen, 518, 1707; instr. sg. ma- gene, 780 (?), 2668; gen. sg. ma- genes, 418, 1271, 1535, I7i7,etc.; magnes, 671,1762; magenes Strang, strengest {great in slrengi/i), 1845, 196 ; niagenes rof (id.), 20S5. — 2) prime, Jloiver (of a nation), forces available in war ace. sg. swS he oft (i.e. etan) dyde magen Ilrei^manna {Ine best of tlte IIre'&- »ien), 445 ; gen. sg. \vi5 manna hwone magenes Deniga {froiu{}) any of the tiien of the Danes) ^ 155. — Comp. ofer-magen. tKat honne mrctost magen-fultuma {that was not the least of strong helps, i.e. the sword Ilrunting), 1456. niagen-ries, st. m., mighty attack, onslaught : ace. sg., 1520. inagen-strengo,st.f.,;«az«j/r^«^//i, heroic power : ace. sg., 2679. magen-wiidu, st. m., might-wood, i.e. the spear, lance : ace. sg., 236. mast, St. m., mast : nom. sg., 1899; dat. sg. be maste {beside the mast), 36 ; to the mast, 1 906. maetS'i:in. See niSffuin, hyge- maeffuin. meeg, st. m., kinsman by blood : nom. sg. mKg, 408, 738, 759, 814, 915, '53'. '945. etc.; {brother), 468, 2605? ace. sg. maeg (son), 1340; {brother), 2440, 2485, 2983; dat sg. masge, 1979; gen. sg. mreges, 2629, 2676, 2699, 2880 ; nom. pi mSgas, 1016; ace.} 1. mSgas, 2816 dat. pi. mSgum, 11 79, 2615, 3066 {to brothers), 1 168; iiiagimi, 2354 gen. pi. miga, 247, 1080, 1854, 2007, 2743. — Comp.: faderen-, heafod-, \\ine-ma?g. inaeg-biirh, st. f., borough of blood- kinsmen, entire population united by ties of blood ; (in wider sense) race, people, nation : gen. sg. lond- rihtes . . . I'cere maeg-burge {of land possessions among the people, i.e. of the Geatas), 2S88. maegij, st. f., race, people: ace. sg. mxgSe, 1012; dat. sg. maeg'iSe, 75; dat. pi. mcEg'Sum, 5 ; gen. pi. maeg- •Sa, 25, 1772. nla^g-^vine, st. m., blood kinsman, friend, 2480 (nom. pi.). mcCl, St. n. : 1) time, point of time : nom. Sg. 316; ha was sael and msl {there zvas [appropriate] chance and time), 1009; ace. sg. mail, 2634; instr. pi. iT^rran mielum, 90S, 2238, 3036; gen. pi. mcela, 1250; sa;la and maila, 1 61 2; mxia ge- hwylce {each lime, without inter- mission), 2058. — 2) sword, weap- on : nom. sg. broden (brogden) mail {the drawn sword), 1617, 1668 (cf. Grimm, Andreas and Elene, p. 156). — 3) mole, spot, mark. — Comp. : gneg-, bring-, scea^en-, wunden-ma:l. niael-cearu, st. f., long-iontinued sorrow, grief : ace. sg. nui.'1-ceare, 189. mael-gcsceaft, st.f., fate, appointed time : aec. pi. ic on earde l)Sd mael- gesccafta {awaited the time allotted for me by fate), 2738. msenan, w. v., with ace. in the sense GLOSSARY. 275 of (l) to remember, mention, pro- claim : inf. moenan, 1068 ; pret. part, haej was Beowulfes mcurSo maened, 858. — 2) to meiition sor- rowfully, mourn : inf. 3173; pret. sg. giohSo ma;nde {mourned sor- rowfully), 2268 ; pret. pi. m^ndon, 1 150, 3150. ge-maenan (see man), w. v. with ace, to injure maliciously, break: subj. pret. pi. ge-mxnden, 1 102. ge-maene, adj., common, in com- mon : nom. sg. geimiene, 2474; \>xx unc hwile was hand gemoene (i.e. in battle), 213S; sceal firum l^at sweord and helm bam gema;ne (i.e. wesan), 2661; nom. pi. ge- mcene, 1S61 ; dat. pi. hat jam fol- cum sceal ... sib gemasnum (at- traction for gemasne, i.e. wesan), 1858; gen. pi. unc sceal (i.e. we- san) fela mai^ma gemasnra {ive two shall share many treasures to- gether), 1785. maerffu, st. f . : i) glory, a hero's fame: nom. sg. 838 ; ace. sg. masrSo, 660, 688; ace. pi. maerlSa, 2997; instr. pi. mxr'Sum {gloriously), 2515: gen. pi. mxr«a, 504, 1 531. — 2) deed of glory, heroism : ace. sg. mneriio, 2135; gen. pi. maer'Sa, 408, 2646. — Comp. ellen- mser^u. insere, adj., memorable ; celebrated, noble; well known, notorious: nom. sg. m.msere, 103, 129, 1716,1762; se maera, 763, 2012, 25SS; also as vocative m. se mtera, 1475; nom. fern. mseru,20i7; mjBre,i953; neut. maere, 2406; ace. sg. m. moerne, 36, 201, 353. '599, 2385, 2722, 2789, 3099; neut. mare, 1024; dat. sg. maerum, 345, 1302, 1993, 2080, 2573; to J>am niaeran, 270; gen. sg. maeres, 798; maeran, 1730; nom. pi. masre, 307 1; superl. maerost, 899. — Comp. : fore-, hea"5o-maere. nia^st. See iiiara. maete, adj., moderate, small: superl. nom. sg. niKtost, 1456. mecg, niiicg, '~,\..\x\..,son,yo%ith, man . in comp. hilde-, oret-mecg, wrac- miicg. media. See on-medla. medii, .-t. m., mead : ace. sg. medu, 2634; dat. sg. to medo, 605. medo-iirn, st. n., mead-hall : ace. sg. medo-arn (Heorot), 69. medu-benc, st. f., mead-bench, bench in the mead-hall : nom. sg. medu- benc, 777 ; dat. sg. medu-bence, 1053 ; medo-bence, 1068, 2186; meodu-bence, 1 903. medu-dredm, st. m., mead-joy, joy- ous carousing during mead-drink- ing : ace. sg. 2017. medo-fiil, st. n., mead-ciip : acc.sg 625, 1016. niedo-heal, st. f., mead-hall : nom. sg., 4S4; dat. sg. meodu-healle, 639- medu-scenc, st.m., mead-can, ves- sel : instr. pi. meodu-scencum, 1981. niedu-seld, st. n., mead-seat, mead- house : ace. sg., 3066. medo-setl, st. n., mead-seat upon which one sits mead-drinking : gen. pi. meodo-setla, 5. medo-stig, st. f., mead-road, roaa to the mead-hall : ace. sg. medo- stig, 925. medo - Avang, si. m., mead-field (where the mead-hall stood) : ace. pi. medo-wongas, 1644. meffel, st. n., assembly, council : dat. sg. on meSle, 1877. meffel-stede, st. m., ''properly place of speech, judgment-seat), here meeting-place, battle-field (so, also 276 GLOSSARY. 425, the battle is conceived under the figure of a parliament or con- vention) : (lat. sg. on j^am meSel- stede, 1083. metTel-Avorrt, st. n. , words called forth at a discussion ; address : instr. pi. meSel-vvorduin, 236. ineldn, \v. m., finder, in for /iter, be- trayer : gen. sg. J'as meldan, 2406. incltan, st. v. intrans., to consume by fire, melt or waste away : inf., 3012; pret. sg. mealt, 2327; pi. multon, 1 1 21. g e - m e 1 1 a n , the same : pret. sg. ge- mealt, 898, 1609, 1616; negemealt him se mod-sefa (Jus courage did not desert hint'), 2629. men. See man. inene, st. m., neck ornament, neck- lace, collar : ace. sg., 1200. iiiengan, w. v., to mingle, unite,with, w. ace. of thing: inf. se |'e mere- grundas mengan scolde, 1450. ge-mengan,/'ii, st. f., multitude, many : nom. and ace. sg. mai^'ma menigco {multitude of treasures, presents), 2144; so, manigo, 41. niercels, st. m., mark, aim : gen. sg. mercelses, 2440. mere, st. m., sea, ocean : nom. sg. se mere, 1363; ace. sg. on mere, 1 131, 1604; on nicera mere, 846; dat. sg. fram mere, 856. mere-fle6r,st. n., sea-beast: ace. sg., 558. mcre-fara, w. m., seafarer: gen. sg. mere-faran, 502. mere-fix, st. m., sea-fish : gen. pi. mere-fixa {the whale, cf. 540), 549. mere-griind, St. m., sea-bottom: ace. sg., 2101; ace. pi. mere-grundas, 1450. mere-hragl, st n. , sea-garment. i.e., sail : gen. pi. mere-h;Sgls sum, 1906. niere-liijend, prcs. part., moving on the sea, sailor : nom. pi. mere-li- ■J^ende, 255. iiiere-strfet, st. f., sea-street, way o-'cr the sea : acc. pi. mere-stKEta 5'4- mere-strengo, st. f., sea-po-wer, strength in the sea : acc. sg., 533. mere-'wif, st. n., sea-woman, mer- woman : acc. sg. (of Grendel's mother), 1520. mergen. See inorgen. met, St. n., thought, intention (cf. metian - meditari) : acc. pi. onsael meoto, 4S9 (meaning doubtful; see Bugge, Journal 8, 292; Die- trich, Ilaupt's Zeits. 1 1, 41 1 ; Kor- ner, Eng. Stud. 2, 251). g e - met, st. n., a« apportioned share ; might, power, ability : nom. sg. nis I'at . . . gemet mannes nefne min Snes {nobody, myself excepted, can do that), 2534; ace. sg. ofer mIn gemet {beyond my power), 2880; dat. sg. mid gemete, 780. ge-met, adj., well-measured, meet, good: nom. sg. svvi him gemet binee (I'dhte), {as seemed meet to him), 688, 3058. See un-gemete, adv. metan, st. v., to measure, pass over or along: pret. pi. fealwe straete mearum maston {measured the yel- lo'v road with their horses), 918 ; so, 514, 1634. g e - m e t a n , the same : pret. sg. m6du-stTg gemzX{measured,walked over, the road to the mead-hall), 925- metod, St. m. (the measuring, ar- ranging) Creator, God : nom. sg., no, 707, 968, 1058, 2528; seii metod, 980; sd'Smetod, 1612; acc. GLOSSARY. 277 sg. inetod, l8o; dat. sg. metode, 169, 1779; gen. sg. metodes, 671. — Comp. eald-metod. metod-sceaft, st. f. : i ) the Creator'' s determination, divine purpose, fate : acc.sg. -sceaft, 1078. — 2) the Creator''! glory : ace. sg. metod- sceaft seon (i.e. die), 1181; dat. sg. I A metod-sceafte, 2816. mece, st. Ta.,szuord : nom. sg., 1939; ace. sg. mece, 2048; bradne mece, 2979; gen. sg. meces, 1766, 1813, 2615, 2940; dat. pi. instr. mScum, 565 ; gen. pi. meca, 26S6. — Comp. : beado-, haft-, hilde-m8ce. med, St. f., meed, rezuard : ace. sg. mede, 2135; dat. sg. mede, 2147; gen. pi. mSda, 11 79. ge-inede, st. n., approval, permis- sion (Grein) : ace. pi. ge-m^du, 247. meije, adj., tired, exhausted, de- jected: in comp. hyge-, soe-me5e. nietan, w. v., to meet, find, fall in ■with: with ace, pret. pi. sySSan Aescheres . . . hafelan metton, 1422 ; subj. pret. sg. l>at he ne mette . . . on elran man mundgripe maran {^that he never met, in any other man, with a mightier hand-grip^ , 752- ge-m6tan, with ace., the same: pret. sg. gemette, 758, 2786; pi. nas \>% long to \>ox\, )>at 1^^ aglaecean hy eft gemStton (it was not long after that the warriors again met each other'), 2593. ge -meting, st. f., meeting, hostile coming together : nom. sg., 2002. meagol, adj., mighty, immense ; for- mal, solemn : instr. pi. meaglum wordum, 1981. mearc, si. i., frontier, limit, end: dat. sg. t8 mearce {the etid of life), 2385. — Comp. Weder-meare, 29S. g e - m e a r c, St. n., measure, distance . comp. fot-, unl-ge-mearc. mearcian, w. v., to mark, stain : pres. ind. sg. mearca'S morhopu {zvill stain, mark, the moor with the blood of the corpse), 450. ge-mearcian, the same: pret. part. (Cain) morSie gemearcod {murder-marked [ci. I Book Mos. IV. 15]), 1265; swS was on ]>xm scennum . . . gemearcod . . . hwam l^at sweord geworht wsere {en- graved for whom the sword had been wrought), 1 696. niearc-stapa, w. m., inarch-strider, frontier-haunter (applied to Gren- del and his mother) : nom. sg., 103; ace. pi. mearc-stapan, 1349. inearh, st. m., horse, steed : nom. pi. mearas, 2164 ; aee. pi. mearas, 866, 1036; dat. pi. inst. mearum, 856, 918; mearum and mdSmum, 1049, 1899; gen. pi. meara and maSma, 2167. mearn. See inurnan. meodn. See medu. ineoto. See met. meotud. See mtitod. meowle, w. f., maiden : comp. geo- meowle. micel, adj., great, huge, long (of time) : nom. sg. m., 129, 502; fem., 67, 146,170; neut., 772; acc.sg m. micelne, 3099; fem. micle, 1779, 3092; neut. micel, 270, 11 68. The comp. mare must be supplied before I'one in : medo-arn micel . . . (mSre) j'one yldo beam sefre ge-frunon, 69; instr. sg. ge-trume micle, 923 ; miele {by much, much) ; micle leofre {far dearer), 2652; efne swS micle (lassa), {{^less'] even by so much), 1284; oftor micle {much oftener), 1580; dat. sg. weaii form miclan, 2850 ; gen. sjf 278 GLOSSARY. miclan, 979. The gen. sg. micles is an adv. = much, very : micles wyr'Sne gedon {e/eem worthy of much, i.e. honor very highly) , 21 86 ; to fela micles (^far too much, many'), 695; ace. pi. micle, 1349. Coinpar., see inara. mid, 1. prep. \v. dat., instr., and ace., signifying preeminently tinion, community, with, hence: i) w. dat. : a) with, in company, com- munity, with: mid Finne, 11 29; mid Ilroi^gare, 1593; mid scip- herge, 243; mid gesiSum {with his comrades), 1314; so, 1318, 1964, 2950, etc.; mid his freo- drihtne, 2628; mid )>sem IScum {'with the gifts), 1869; so, 27S9, 1 25 ; mid h;i;le {tvith good luck !), 1218; mid \yx\t for {sped off amid fire), 2309. The prep, postponed : him mid (with him, in his compa- ;y), 41 ; with him, 1626; ne was him Fitela mid {rvas nofivithhim), 890. b) with, among : mid Gea- tum {among the Gedtas), 195, 2193,2624; midScyldingum, 274; mid Eotenum, 903; mid ylduui (eldum), 77, 2612; mid \im\{with, amottg, one another), 2949. In temporal sense : mid a;r-dage {at dawn), 126. — 2) with, with the help of, through, w. dat. : mid Sr-stafum {through his grace), 317; so, 2379; mid gx^Y>^{with the fist), 438; so, 1462,2721; midhishete- honcum {through his hatred), j^jc^ ; mid sweorde, 574; so, 1660, 2877 ; mid gemete {through, by, his power), "j^; so, I220, 2536, 2918; mid gode {7i>ith benefits), 11 85; mid hearme ( r.»zV/< harm, insult), 1S93; mid l>a"re sorge {'with {^through}'] this sorrow), 2469; mid rihte {by rights). Toy}. With instr. : mid \>^ wife {through [;««>'• riage with'\ the woman), 2029. — 3) w. ace, with, in community, company, with : mid his eorla ge- driht, 357; so, 634, 663, 1673; mid hine, 8S0; mid minne gold gyfan, 2653. II. adv., mid, thereamong, in the company, 1643; at the same time, likewise, 1 650. iniddan-geard, st. m., globe, earth: ace. sg., 75, 1772; dat. sg. on mid- dan-gearde,2997; gen.sg.middan- geardes, 504, 752. inidde, w. f., middle = mcdius : dat. sg. on middan {through the middle, in two), 2706; gen. sg. (adv.) to- niiddes {in the midst), 3142. middcl-niht, st. f., midnight : dat. pi. middel-nihtum, 2783, 2834. iniht, St. f., might, power, authority : acc.sg. l>urh drihtnes miht {through the /.ord^s help, power), 941 ; instr. pi. selfes niihtum, 701. inihtig, adj.: i) physically strong, po'werful : ace. sg. mihtig mere- deor, 558; mere-wif mihtig, 1520. — 2) possessing authority, mighty : nom. sg. mihtig god, 702, 1717, 1726; dat. sg. mihtigan drihtne, 1399. — Comp. : al-, fore-mihtig. inilde, adj., kind, gracious, gener- ous : nom. sg. modes milde {kind- hearted), 1 230; instr. pi. mildum word\ym.{graciously), 1 1 73. Superl. nom. sg. worold-cyning mannum inildust {a king most liberal to men), 3183. milts, St. f., kindness, benevolence : nom. sg., 2922. inissan, w. v. with gen., to miss, err in : pret. sg. miste mercelses {missed the mark), 2440. missere, st. n., space of a semester, half a year : gen. pi. hund missera GLOSSARY. 279 ijifty winters), 2'JZif, 2210; gen- erally, a long period of time, season, 1499, 1770; fela missera, 153,2621. mist-hliS't st. n., misty cliff, cloud- capped slope : dat. pi. under mist- hleo^um, 711. mistig, adj., misty : ace. pi. mistige moras, 162. mil-gemearc, st. n., measure by miles : gen. sg. mil-gemearces, 1363- min: i) poss. pron., my, mine, 255, 345, etc. ; HygelSc min {my lord, ox king, //.), 2435.-2) gen. sg. of pers. pron. ic, oftne, 2085, 2534, etc. inolde, w. f., dust ; earth, field : in comp. gras-molde. mon. See man. g e - mong. See g e - mang. niorij-bealu, st. n., murder, deadly hale or deed of murder : gen. pi. morS-beala, 136. moi'Sfor, St. n., deed of violence, mur- der : dat. instr. sg. mor^re, 893, 1265,2783; gen. sg.mor'Sres, 2056; mor'Sres scyldig (guilty of mur- der), 1684. niorUorhcd, st. n., ded of death, murder-bed : ace. sg. was l^am yldestan . . . raorSor-bed stred (a bed of death was spread for the eldest, i.e. through murder his death- bed was prepared), 2437. inorUor-bealu, st. n., death-bale, destruction by murder : ace. sg. mor'Sor-bealo, 1080, 2743. morSor-hete, st. m., murderous hate : gen. sg. I'as morSor-hetes, 1 106. morgen, morn, mergen, st. m., morning, forenoon ; also morroza : nom. sg. morgen, 1785, 2125; {morrow), 2104; ace. sg. on mor- gen {in the morinng), 838; cIt. Sg. on morgne, 2485 ; on mergenne, 565, 2940; gen. pi. morna ge- hwylce {every morning), 2451. morgen-ceald, adj., momitig-cold, dawn-cold : nom. sg. gar morgen- ceald {spear chilled by the early air of morn), 3023. morgen-lang, adj., lasting through the morning: ace. sg. morgen- longne dag {the whole forenoon), 2895. morgen-le6ht,st.n., wt>/-«t«^-/«"f/iA nom. sg., 605, 918. morgen-sweg, st. m., morning-cry, cry at >norn : nom. sg., 129. morgen-tid, st. f., morning-tide : ace. sg. on morgen -tide, 484, 8i8(?). morn. See morgen. mod, St. n. : i) heart, soul, spirit, mood, mind, manner of thinking : nom. sg., 50, 731; wafre mod {the flickering spirit, the fading breath) , I151; ace. sg. on mod {into his mind), 67; dat. instr. sg. mode ge(>ungen {of mature, lofty spirit), 625; on mode {in heart, mind), 754, 1845,2282,2528; on hreoum mode {fierce of spirit), 2582; gen. sg. modes, 171, 811, 1707; modes bliSe {gracious - minded, kindly disposed), 436; so, modes milde, 1230; modes seoce {depressed in mind), 1604. — 2) boldness, cour- age : nom. and ace. sg., 1058, 1 168. 3) passion, fierceness : nom. sg., 549. — Comp. form adj. : galg-, geomor-, glad-, gfl*5-, hreoh-, irre-, sarig-, sti'5-, swiS-, werig-mod. mud-cearn, st. f., grief of heart . ace. sg. mod-ceare, 1993, 3150. mod-gehygd, st. f., thought of the heart; mind: instr. pi. mod-ge- hygdum, 233 mod-ge-Jjano, st. n , mood-thottght 280 GLOSSARY. meiUtation : ace. sg. mSd-ge-|>onc, 1730- mOd-giOinor, ac\].,_^rieved at heart, liejected : nom. sg., 2895. inOdig, adj., courageous : nom. sg., 605, 1644, 1813, 2758; he l)as (^am, MS.) mudig was {had the courage for ii), 1509; se modega, 814 ; dat. sg. mid bam m6digan, 3012; gen. sg. niodges, 502; mo- diges, 2699 ; Geata leod geoine trflwode modgan niagnes {trusted firmly in his hold strength'), 671; nom. pi. niodge, 856 ; niodige, 1877; gen. pi. modigra, 312, 1889. — Conip. fela-niodig. iiiGdig-lic, adj., of bold appearance : compar. ace. pi. niodiglieran, 337. inOd-lufe, w. f., heart's affection, love : gen. sg. |4nre mod-lufan, 1824. inod-sefa, w. m., thought of the heart; brave, bold temper ; cour- age : nom. sg., 349, 1854, 2629; ace. sg. mod-sefan, 2013; ,dat. sg. mod-sefan, 180. indd-}>racu, st. f., boldness, courage, strength of mind : dat. sg. for his mod-brace, 385. inddor, f., mother : nom. sg., 1259, 1277, 1283, 1684, 2119; ace. sg. modor, 1539, 2140, 2933. mOna, w. m., moon gen. sg. m8- nan, 94. mOr, St. m., moor, morass, swamp : ace. sg. ofer myrean mor, 1406; dat. sg. of more, 711; ace. pi. moras, 103, 162, 1349. mOr-hop, st. n., place of refuge in the moor, hiding - place in the s'iianip : ace. pi. mor-hopu, 450. ge-inot, St. n., meeting: in comp. hand-, torn-ge-niot. niotan, pret.-pres. v.: i) power or permi'isiun to have something, A be permitted ; may, can : pres. sg 1., 111. mot, 186, 442, 604; II. most, 1672; pi. mSton, 347, 365, 395 ; pres. subj. ie mote, 431 ; III. se t'e mote, 1388; pret sg. mSste, 168, 707, 736, 895, m88, 1999. 2242, 2505, etc.; pi. moston, 1629, 1876, 2039, 2125, 2248; pres. subj. sg. II. hat bu hine selfne gesedn moste {mightest see), 962. — 2) shall, tmist, be obliged : pres. sg. mot, 28S7; pret. sg. moste, 1940; hffir he b^ fyrste forman dogore wealdan moste, swa him Wyrd ne gescraf, hreS at hilde {if he must for the first time that day be victo- rious, as Fate had denied him vic- tory, ef. 2681, 2683 seqq.), 2575. ge-munan, pret.-pres. v., to have in mitid, be mindful ; remember, think of, w. ace. : pres. sg. hine gearwe geman witena wel-hvvyle {each of the /mowing ones still re- members him -well), 265; ic be bas lean geman (/ shall not forget thy reward for this), 1 221 ; ic bat call gemon (/ remember all that), 2428; so, 1702, 2043; gif he bat call gemon hwiit . . . {if he is mindful of all that which . . .), 1 1S6; ic bat mx\ gemon hwser . . . (/ remenber the time when . . .), 2634; pret. sg. w. gemunde . . . a:fen-spr3ece {recalled his evening speech), T^()\ 50,871, 1130, 1260, 1271, 1291,2115,2432,2607,2679; se Vis, leod-hryres lean ge-munde {-was mindful of rc^vard for the fall of the ruler), 2392; bat he Eotena bearn inne gemunde {that he in this should remember, take vengeance on, the children of the Eotens), 1142; so, bond gemunde fa'hSo genoge {his hand remem- bered strife enough), 2490; ne ge- GLOSSARY. 281 munde mago Ecglafes h§t . . . {re- membered not that which . . .), 1466; pret. pi. helle gemundon in mod-sefan {their thoughts [as heathens] fixed themselves on, re- membered, hell), 179. on-munan, w. ace. pers. and gen. of thing, to admonish, exhort : piet. sg. onmunde {isic masrSa {ex- horted Its to deeds of glory), 2641. niund, St. f., hand : instr. pi. mun- dum, mid mundum, 236, 514, 1462, 3023, 3092. n\\xiv^-'hov?k,,\\' .\ti., protector ,gtiardi- au, preserver : nom. sg., 1481, 2780. munfl-gripe, st. in., hand-grip, seizure : ace. sg. mund-gripe, 754; dat. sg. mund-gripe, 380, 1535; after mund-gripe {after having seized the criminal), 1939. rnurnan, st. v., to shrink from, be afraid of, avoid: pret. sg. no mearn fore faeh<'^eandfyrene, 136; so, 1538; nalles for ealdre mearn {was not apprehensive for hi<; life) , 1443. — 2) to mourn, grieve : pres. part, him was . . . murnende mod, 50; pres.subj., bonne lie fela murne {than that he should mo ur 71 much), 1386. be-murnan, be-meornan, with ace, to mourn over : pret. be- mearn, 908, 1 078. murn-lice. See un-murn-lice. iiiuij-bana, w. m., mouth-destroyer : dat. sg. to mii^-bonan (of Grendel because he bit his victim to death), 2080. mud'a, w. m., mouth, entrance : ace. sg. recedes mil'San {mouth of the house, door), 725. ge- niynd, st. f., memory, memorial, remembrance : dat. pi. to gemyn- dum, 2805, 3017. See weorff- mynd. myndgian, w. v., to call to mind, remember : pres. sg. myndga'5, 2058; pres. part. w. gen. gif ^onne Fresna hwylc . . . |'as moriSor- hetes myndgiend waere {were to call to mind the bloody feud ) , 1 1 06. ge -myndgian, w. v. w. ace, to re- member : biS gemyndgad . . . ea- foran ellor-siS {is reminded of hii soil's decease), 2451. ge-myndig, adj., ?nindful; nom. sg. w. gen., 614, 869, 1174, 1531, 2083, etc. myne, st. m. : i) mind, wish : nom. sg., 2573. — 2) love{?) : ne his myne wisse {whose [God's] love he knew not), 169. ge-mynian, w. v. w. ace, to be mindful of: imper. sg. gemyne moerSo ! 660. myntan, w. v., to intend, think of, resolve : pret. sg. mynte . . . man- na cynnes sumne besyrvvan(wfa«/ to entrap all{?) [see sum], so»ie one of{l), the Jiien), 713; mynte \>2X he gedaelde . . . {thought to sever), 732; mynte se mjera, \>7zx he meahte swa, widre gewindan {intended to flee), 763. inyrce, adj., murky, dark : ace. sg. ofer myrcan mor, 1406. myriy, st. i.,joy, mirth : dat. (instr.) sg. m6des myr^e, 811. N naca, w. m., vessel, ship: ace. sg. nacan, 295 ; gen. sg. nacan, 214. — Comp. : hring-, ^"S-naca. nacod, adj., naked : nom. and asc. sg. swurd, g(l"5-bill naeod, 539, 2586; nacod ni5-draca, 2274. nalas, nales, nallas. See nealles. nama, w. m., 7iame : nom. sg. Bed- 282 GLOSSARY. wulf is min nama, 343 ; was J>am hjift-mece Ilruiiting nama, 1458; ace. sg. scop him lleort naman (^gave it the name Ilart), 78. iia (from ne-a), strength, negative, never, not all, 445, 567, 1537. nail, from ne-ah. See agan. nan (from ne-an), indef. pron., none, no : with gen. pi. g&S-billa nan, 804; adjectively, ntn . . . iren xx- god, 990. nat, from ne-wat : /know noi= ne- scio. See ivitan. nat-h^vylc (nescio quis, ne-wat- hwylc, kno-iu Jiot who, which, etc.), indef. pron., atiy, a certain one, some or other .• 1) w. partitive gen. : nom. sg. gamena nat-hwylc, 2234; gen.sg. nat-hwylces (j'ara banena), 2054; niSa nSt-hvvylces(?), 2216; nSt-hwylces haleSa bearna, 2225. — 2) adjectively : dat. sg. in niiV sele nSt-hwylcum, 1514. niibben, from ne-habljen (suhj. prcs.). See habban. niifne. See nefne. iiiigel, St. m., nail : gen. pi. nagla (of the fmger-nails), 986. naglcd, part., nailed}, nail-likel, bucldedl : ace. sg. neut. nagled (MS. gled) sine, 2024. nas, St. m., naze, rock projecting into the sea, cliff, promontory : ace. sg. nas, 1440, 1601, 2899; dat. sg. nasse, 2244, 2418; ace. pi. windige nassas, 1412; gen. pi. nassa, 1361. nas, from ne-wiis (ivas not). See ^vesan. nas, neg. adv., not, not at all, 562, 2263. iias-]ili(r, St. n., declivity, slope 0/ a promontory that sinks doiunward to the sea : dat. pi. on nas-hleo^um, 1428. naefre, adv., never, 247, 583, 592, 656, 719, 1042, 1049, etc.; also strengthened liy ne : nrefre ne, 1461. ge-nfPgan, w. v. w. ace. pers. and gen. of thing, to attack, press: prct. pi. niJSa genaegdan nefan Ilererices (?'« combats pressed hard upon II.^s nephew), 2207; pret. part, wear 5 . . .ni'Sa genrcged, 1440. nfenig (from ne-ienig), pron., not any, none, no: i) substantively w. gen. pi.: nom. sg., 157, 242, 692; dat. sg. nsenegum, 599; gen. pi. ncenigra, 950. — 2) adjectively : nom. sg. o'l^er nacnig, 860; nnenig water, 1515; na'nig. . . deor, 1934; ace. sg. naenigne . . . horS-ma"5um, 1199. na;ro, fr(^m ne-woere {were not, would not be). See wesan. ne, simple neg., not, 38, 50, 80, St,, 109, etc.; before imper. ne sorga ! 13S5; ne gym! 1 76 1, etc. Doubled = certainly not, not even that : ne ge . . . gearwe ne wisson {ye cer- tainly have not known, etc.), 245; so, 863; ne ic . . . wihte ne vvSne {nor do I at all in the least expect), 2923; so, 182. Strengthened by other neg. : noSer . . . ne, 2125; swd he ne mihte no . . . {so that he ab- solutely could not), 1509. ne . . . ne, not . . . and not, nor; neither . . . nor, 154-157, 51 1, 1083-1085, etc. Another neg.may supply the place of the first ne : so, no . . . ne, 575-577, 1026-1028, I393-I395.etc.; naefre ... ne, 583- 584; nalles . . . ne, 301 6-301 7. The neg. may be omitted the first time : xr ne siS'San {neither before nor after, before nor since), 719; sftS ne norS {south nor nortJi), 859; adl ne yldo {neither illness nor old age), 1737; wordum ne GLOSSARY. 283 worcum {neither by word nor deed^, iioi; vviston and ne wen- don {knezv not and -weened 710 1), 1605. nefa, \v. m., 7iephew, grandson : nom. sg. nefa (grandson), 1204; 50,1963; {nepheio), 21'ji; ace. sg. nefan {nephew), 2207; dat. sg. nefan {iiephe-a'), SS2. nefne, niifne, nemne (orig. from ne-gif-ne): i) subj. : a) with de- pend, clause = unless : nefne him witig god wyrd forstode {if fate, the wise God, had not prevented kifn), 1057; nefne god sylfa . . . sealde {unless God himself etc.), 3055; nafne him his wlite leoge (MS. nsefre) {unless his face belie him), 250; nafne he was mara {except that he zaas huger), 1354; nemne him hea'So-byrne helpe ge- fremede, 1553; so, 2655. —b) w. follow, substantive = except, save, only : nefne sin-frea {except the hitsl'and), 1935; ic lyt hafo hea- fod-maga nefne Hygelac J^ec {have no near kin but thee), 2152; nis >at eower (gen. pi.) si5 . . . nefne min anes, 2534. — 2) Prep, with dat., except : nemne feaum anum, 1082. g e - nehost. See g e - neahhe. nelle, from ne-wille (/ will not). See ^\-illaii. nemnan, w. v. w. ace. : x) to name, call : pres. pi. hone yldestan oret- mecgas Beowulf nemna'5 {the war- riors call the most distinguished one Bedwzilf), 364; so inf. nem- nan, 2024; pret. pi. nemdon, 1355. — 2) to address, as in be-nemnan, to pronounce solemn- ly, put under a spell : pret. sg. Fin Hengeste . . . aSum be-nemde j^at (asserted, promised under oath that . . .), 1098; pret. pi. swS hit o^' domes dag diope benemdon J>e6d- nas mcere {put under a curse), 3070. nemne. See nefne. nerian, ge-nerian, w. v., to save, rescue, liberate: pres. sg. Wyrd oft nere'5 unfsegne eorl, 573; pret. part, hafde . . . sele IlroSgares ge- nered wiS ni'Se {saved from hos- tility), 828. g e - nesan, st. v. : i ) intrans., to re- main over, be preserved : pret. sg. hrof ana genas ealles ansund {the roof alone was quite sound), 1000. — 2) w. ace, to endure successfully, survive, escape from : pret. sg. se )'a sacce ge-nas, 1978; fela ic . . . guiS-rresa ge-nas, 2427; pret. part, swa he niiSa gehwane genesen haf- de, 2398. net, St. n., net : in comp. breost-, here-, bring-, inwit-, searo-net. nedla, w. m., dire necessity, distress : in comp. J^rea-nedla. ned'an (G. nan^jan), w. v., to ven- ture, undertake boldly : pres. part, nearo neSende {encountering per- il), 235 1; pret. pi. J'ser git ... on deop water aldrum neiSdon {n'here ye two risked your lives in the deep water), 510; so, 538. g e - n e S a n , the same : inf. ne dorste under ySa gewin aldre ge-ne'5an, 1470. With depend, clause : na;- nig J^iit dorste geneSan J^at {none durst undertake to . . .), 1934; pret. sg. he under harne stSn ana gene^Sde frecne dajde {he risked alone the bold deed, venturing under the grey rock), 889; (ic) wige under watere weorc geneSde ear- fo'S-lice (/ ^oith difficulty stood the work under the 'water in battle, i.e. could hardly win the victory), 284 GLOSSAliY. 1657; ic gene'Sde fela gftSa {ven- tured on, risked, many contests), 2512; pies. pi. (of majesty) we . . . frOcne genC'JSdon eafoS uncfi- 'Ses (we have boldly risked, dared, the monster's power'), 961. iieh. See ne^h. g e - neahhe, adv., enough, sufficient- ly, 784, 3153; superl. genehost bragd eorl Beowulfes ealdc lafe (many an earl of B.'s), 795. nealles (from ne-ealles), adv., oin- nino non, not at all, by no means : nealles, 2146, 2168, 2180, 2223, 2597, etc.; nallas, 1720, 1750; nalles, 338, 1019, 1077, 1443, 2504, etc.; nalas, 43, 1494, 1530, 1538; nales, 18 12. nearo, st. n., strait, danger, distress : ace. sg. nearo, 2351, 2595. nearo, adj., narroio : ace. pi. f. nearwe, 1410. near we, adv., narrowly, 977. nearo-criift, St. m., art of rendering difficult of access!, inaccessibility (see 2214 seqq.) : instr. pi. nearo- criiftum, 2244. iiearo-fah, m., foe that causes dis- tress, war-foe : gen. sg. nearo- fSges, 2318. nearo-Jjoarf, st. f., dire need, dis- tress : ace. sg. nearo-hearfe, 422. ge-near\vian, w. v., to drive into a corner, press upon : pret. part, genearwod, 1439. nedh, neh: i) adj., 7iear, nigh : nom. sg. neah, 1744, 2729. In superl. also = /«.?/.• instr. sg. nj'h- stan siSe (for the last time'), 1204; niehstan si'Se, 2512. 2) adv., near : feor aiid (o'5'5e) neah, 1222, 2871; 3) prep, ste- grunde neah, 564; so, 1925, 2243; holm-wylme neh, 2412. Compar. near, 746. nedn, adv., near by, (from) dost at hand, 52S; (neon, MS.), 3105; feorran and nean, 840; nean and feorran, 1175, 2318. ge-ncdt, St. m., comrade, companion. in comp. beod-, heor'5-geneat. nioffor. See iiiaTer. neo-\vol, adj., s/eep, precipitous. ace. pi. neowlc, 1412. neod, St. f., polite intercourse rcgu^ latcd by etiquettel, hall-joy"! : ace. sg. niode, 21 17; inst. (= joy), 2216. neod-laffu, st. f., polite invitation ; 7uish : dat. sg. after neod-laSu {ac- cording to his wishes), 1 32 1. ncosan, ne6sian, w. v. w. gen., to seek out, look for ; to attack : inf. neosan, 125, 1787, 1792, 1807, 2075; nidsan, 2389, 2672; neo- sian, 115, 1 126; niosian, 3046; pret. sg. niosade, 2487. neotan, st. v., to take, accept, w. gen.; to use, enjoy: imper. sg. neot, 1218. l)e- neotan, w. dat., to rob, deprive of: inf. hine aldre be-neotan, 681 ; pret. sg. cyning ealdre bi-neat {de- prived the king of life), 2397. nicor, st. m., sea-horse, walrjis, sea- monster (cf. Bugge in Zaeher's Journal, 4, 197) : ace. pi. niceras, 422, 575; nicras, 1428; gen. pi. nicera, 846. nicor-hfis, st. n., house or den of sea- monsters: gen.pl. nicor-hClsa, 1412. niff, St. ni., man, human being: gen. pi. niSSa, 1006; niSa? (passage corrupt), 2216. niffer, iiycTer, neoUor, adv., dozun, dowmvard : ni'Ser, 1361; nio'Sor, 2700; ny«er, 3045. niff-scle, st. m., hall, room, in the deep (Grein) : dat. sg. [in] niiS- sele n3t-hwylcum, 1514. GLOSSAEY. 285 nigen, num., nine: ace. nigene, 575- niht, St. f. night: nom. sg., 115, 547, 650, 1321, 21 1 7; ace. sg. niht, 135, 737, 2939; gystran niht {y ester-flight'), 1 335; dat. sg. on niht, 575, 684; on wanre niht, 703; gen. sg. nihtes hvvilum {^sometimes at night, in the hours of the night'), 3045 ; as adv. = of a night, by night, G. nachts, 422, 2274; dages and nihtes, 2270; ace. pi. seofon niht (se'nnight, seven days, cf. Tac. Germ. 11), 517; dat. pi. sweartum nihtum, 167; deorcum nihtum, 275, 221; gen. pi. nihta, 545, 1360 - Comp. : middel-, sin-niht. niht-bealu, st. n., night-hale, de- struction by night : gen. pi. niht- bealwa, 193. nlht-helm, st. m., veil or canopy of night : nom. sg., 1790. nilit-long, adj., lasting through the night : ace. sg. m. niht-longne fwst {space of a night), 52S. niht-weorc, st. n., night-work, deed done at night: instr. sg. niht- weorce, 828. niinau, st. v. w. ace. : i) to take, hold, seize, undertake : pret. sg. nam J^a mid handa hige-l^ilitigne rinc, 747; pret. pi. we . . . niode naman, 21 17. — 2) to take, take azvay, deprive of: pres. sg. se \>e bine dea'S nime'S (Jie zohom death carrieth off), 441; so, 447; ny- me'S, 1847; nyme'S nyd-l)Sde, 599; subj. pres. gif mec hild nime, 452, 1482; pret. sg. ind. nam on Ongen- )>io iren-byrnan, 2987; ne nom he . . . ma'Sm-sehta mS. {Jie took no more of the rich treasures), 161 3; pret. part. J?a was . . . seo cwen numen {the queen carried off), "54- be-niman, to deprive of : pret. sg. 61? l>at hine yldo benam magenes wynnum {till age bereft hitii. of joy in his strength), 1887. for-niman, to carry off : pres. sg. I'C \>K dea'S for-nam {whom death rarrLd off), 488; so, 557, 696, 1081, 1 124, 1206, 1437, etc. Also, dat. for ace. : pret. pi. him irenna ecge fornamon, 2829. g e - n i m a n : \) to take, seize: pret. sg. (hine) be healse ge-nam {clasped him around the neck, embraced him), 1873. — 2) to take, take azoay : pret. on reste genam j'ritig hegna, 122; heo under heolfre ge- nam cfi'Se folme, 1303; segn eac genom, 2'j'j']; J'S mec sinca bal- dor ... at minum fiider genam {took me at my father''s hands, adopted me), 2430; pret. part, ge- numen, 3167. ge -nip, St. n., darkness, mist, cloud : ace. pi. under nassa genipu, 1361; ofer floda genipu, 2809. nis, from ne-is {is not) : see wesan. ni'we, niotve, adj., new, novel ; un- heard-of: nom. sg. sweg up a-stag niwe geneahhe {a monstrous hub- bub arose), 7S4; beorh . . . niwe {a newly-raised{ ?) grave-motmd) , 2244; ace. sg. niwe sibbe {the new kinship), 950; instr. sg. niwan stefne (properly, nova voce; here = de novo, iterum, agaitt), 2595; niowan stefne {again), 1790; gen. pi. niwra spella {nezu tidings) , 2899. ge-niwian, w. v., to reneiv : pret part, ge-niwod, 1304, 1323; geni- wad, 2288. iiiw^-tyrwed, pret. part., newly- tarred : ace. sg. niw - tyrwedne (-tyrwydne, MS.) nacan, 295. ni3', St. m., properly only zeal, en- deavor ; then hostile endeavor, hos' 286 GLOSSARY. tility, battle, war : nom. sg., 2318; ace. sg. niS, 184, 276; Wedera ni'S {enttiily against the IF., the sorrows of the IVeders^, 423; dat. sg. wiiS (at) nivNe, 828, 2586; instr. ni'Se, 2681; gen. pi. ni'Sa, 883, 2351, 2398, ete.; also instr. = Aj', in, battle, 846, 1440, 1963, 21 71, 2207. — Comp. : bealo-, ixx-, here-, hete-, inwit-, searo-, wal-nrS. niff-draca, \v. m., battle-dragon : nom. sg., 2274. iiiff-gtist, St. m., hostile alien, fell demon : ace. sg. Jjone ni^-gast {the dragon), 2700. iiiff-ge'vveorc, st. n., work of enmity, deed of evil : gen. pi. -gevveorca, 684. niff-grim, adj., furious in battle, savage : nom. sg., 193. niff -heard, adj., valiant iji war : nom. sg., 2418. niff-hydig, adj., eager for battle, valorous: nom. pi. ni'S-hydige men, 3167. ge-nilflfla, \v. m., foe, persecutor, waylayer : in coriip. ferh'S-, feorh- geniSla. luij-^vundor, st. n., hostile wonder, strange marvel of evil : ace. sg., 1366. iiipan, St. v., to veil, cover over, ob- scure ; pres. part, nipende niht, 547. 650. uoldc, from ne-wolde {would not) ; see ■w'illan. norff, adv., northward, 859. iiortTan, z.t\\.,from the north, 547. nose, ^^■. f., projection, cliff, cape : dat. sg. of hliJSes nosan, 1893; at brinies nosan, 2804. nO (strengthened neg.), not, not at all, by no means, 136, 244, 587, 755' 842,969, 1736, etc.; strength- ened by following ne, 459(?), 1509; no ... no {neither . . . nor'), 541-543; so, no . . . ne, 168. See ne. noSor (from nd-h\va'5er), neg., and 7iot, nor, 2125. g e - nuh, adj ., sufficient, enough : ace. sg. fseh'So genoge, 2490; ace. pi. genoge . . . beagas, 3105. nOn, st. f., [Eng. noon^, ninth hour of the day, three o'clock in the after- noon of our reckoning (the day was reckoned from six o'clock in the morning; cf. Bouterwek Serea- dunga, 24 2 : we hataS renne dag fram sunnan upgange oIS iiefen) : nom. sg. non, 1601. nu, adv.: l) now, at present, 251, 254, 375' 395» 424, 426, 489. etc. : nu gyt {up to no'w, hitherto), 957; nu gen {no7c' still, yet), 2860; {no'tu yet, still), 3169. — 2) cox\']., since, itiasmuch as : im )>u lungre geong . . . nu se wyrm ligeS {go now quickly, since the dragon lieth dead), 2'ji^6; 50,2248; ^at Jm me ne forwyrne . . . nu ic J>us feorran com {that do not thou refuse me, since T am come so far), 430; so, 1476; nu ic on mS'Sma hord mine bebohte frode feorh-lege, fremmatS ge nu {as I now . . ., so do ye), 2S00; so, 3021. nymije, conj. w. subj., zy" w(?/, unless, 7S2; nynVi?e nice god scylde {if God had not shielded me), 1659. n5% St. f., duty, service, office, em- ployment : ace. sg. hegn nytte be- heold {did his duty), 494; so, 3 1 1 9. — Comp. : sund-, sundor-ny t. nyt, adj., useful : ace. pi. m. nytte, 795; comp. un-nyt. ge-nyttian, w. v., to make icse of enjoy : pret. part, hafde eorS- scrafaende ge-nyttod {had enjoyed, made use of), 3047. GLOSSAEY. 287 nyd, St. f., force, necessity, need, pain : ace. sg. jjurh dea^es nyd, 2455; instr. sg. nyde, 1006. In comp. (like nyd-maga, consangui- neus, in .^thelred's Laws, VI. 12, Schmid, p. 228; ned-maga, in Cnut's Laws, I. 7, ibid., p. 258) ; also, tie of Hood. — Comp. Jirea-nyd. ge -nydan, w. v. : i) to force, com- pel : pret. part. niSe ge-nyded (^forced by hostile pozver'), 2681. — 2) to force upon: pret. part. ace. sg. f. nyde genydde . . . gearwe stowe (fhe incT'itahle place prepared for each, i.e. the bed of death), 1006. nyd-bad, st. f., forced pledge, pledge demanded by force : ace. pi. nyd- bade, 599. nyd-gestealla, w. m., comrade in 7ieed or united by ties of blood : nom. pi. nyd-gesteallan, 883. nj'd-gripe, st. m., compelling grip : dat. sg. in nyd-gripe (mid-gripe, MS.), 977- nyd-wracu, st. f., distressful perse- ctition, great distress : nom. sg., 193- nyhst. 'See nedh. O offUe, conj. : i) or; otherivise, 283, 437. 636, 638, 694, 1492, 1765, etc. — 2) and{'>), till{?), 650, 2476, 3007. of, prep. w. dat., from, off from : l) from some point of view : ge- seah of wealle {from the zcall), 229; so, 786; of hefene scine'5 {shineth from heavett), 1572; of hli'Ses nosan gastas grette (from the cliffs projection'), 1893; of ham le6ma stod (from which light streamed^, 2'j'jo; {^jer was md'Sma fela of feorwegum . . . gelaeded (from distant lands), 37; JjS com of more (from the moor), 711, 922. — 2) forth from, out of : hwearf of earde (wandered from his home, died), 56; so, 265, 855, 2472 ; }>a ic of searwum com (when I had escaped from the persecutions of the foe), 419; J^S him Hro'Sgar gewat ... fit of healle (out of the hall), 66^; 50,2558,2516; 1139, 2084,2744; wudu-rec S-stahsweart of (ofer) swio'Sole (black ivood- reek ascended from the smokins fire), 3145; (icge gold) a-hafen of horde (lifted from the hoard), 1 109; let J^a of breostum . . . word dt faran (from his breast), 2551; dyde . . . helm of hafelan (dofful his helmet), 673; so, 11 30; seal- don win of wunder-fatum (pre- sentedzuinefrom zvondrous vessels) , 1 1 63; si'SSan hyne Hae'Scyn of horn-bogan . . . flane geswencte (zvith an arroza shot from the horned bow), 2438; so, 1434. Prep, postponed : \>^ he him of dyde isern-byrnan (doffed his iron corse- let), 672. ofer, prep. w. dat. and ace, over, above: i) w. dat., over (rest, lo- cality) : Wiglaf site« ofer Bio- wulfe, 2908; ofer aSelinge, 1245; ofer eor'San, 24S, 803, 2CX38; ofer wer-J^edde (over the earth, among mankind), ()OQ; ofer y'Sum, 1908; ofer hron-rade (over the sea), 10 ; so, 304, 1287, 1290, etc.; ofer ealo- waege (over the beer-cup, dritik- ing), 481. — 2) w. ace. of motion : a) oz'cr (local) : ofer^'Se (over the zvaves), 46, 1910; ofer swan-rade (over the szvan-road, the sea), 200; ofer waegholm, 217; ofergeofenes be-gang, 362; so, 239, 240, 297, 288 GLOSSARY. 393, 464, 471, etc.; ofer bolcan (o7irr the gang-May^, 23 1; ofer landa fela (^over many lands), 31 1 ; so, 1405, 1406; ofer heahne hrof {along upon {under}) the high *'oof), 984; ofer eorinen-grund {over the whole earth), 860; ofer ealle {over all, on all sides), 2900, 650; 50,1718; — 606,900,1706; ofer borda gebrac {over, above, the crashing of shields), 2260; ofer bord-(scild) weall, 2981, 31 19. Temporal : ofer I'd niht {through the night, by night), 737. b) \v. verbs of saying, sjieaking, about, of, concerning : lie ofer benne sprac, 2725. c) beyond, over : ofer min ge-met {beyond my power), 2880; — hence, against, contrary to : he ofer willan giong {7uent against his will), 2410; oferealde riht {against the ancient laws, i.e. the ten commandments), 2331; — also, without: wig ofer wa^pen {war sans, dispensing with, xveap- ons), 686; — temporal — after : ofer eald-gewin {after long, an- cient, suffering), 1782. ofer-hj'gd, st. n., arrogance, pride, conceit : gen. pi. ofer-hygda, 1741 ; ofer-hyda, 1761. ofer-maijum, st. m., very rich treas- ure : dat. pi. ofer-mS'5mum, 2994. ofcr-miigeii, st. n., over-might, su- perior numbers : dat. sg. mid ofer- niagene, 2918. ofer-J>earf, st. f., dire distress, need: dat. sg. [for ofer] J'ea[rfe], 2227. oft, adv., often, 4, 165, 444, 572, 858, 908, 1066, 1239, etc.; oft [no] seldan, 2030; oft nalles sene, 3020; so, 1248, 1 888. Compar. of tor, 1580. Superl. oftost, 1664. om-, OD-. See am-, an-. ombilit. See amblht. oucer. See ancor. ond. See and. onsyn. See ans^n. on, prep. w. dat. and ace, signifying lirimarily touching on, contact with: I. local, w. dat.: a) on, upon, in at (of exterior surface) : on lieah- stede {in the high place), 2S5; on nun re e'Sel-tyrf {in my native place), 410; on l>am mcSel-stede, 10S3; so, 2004; on I'un holm- clife, 1422; so, 1428; on foldan {on earth), 1197; so, 1533,2997; on |';vre medu-bence {on the mead- bench), 1053; beornas on blancum {the heroes on the dapple-greys), 857, etc.; on raste {in bed), 1299; on stapole {at, near, the pillar), 927; on wealie, 892; on wage ((?« the wall), 1663; on J)am wal- stenge {on the battle-lance), 1639; on eaxle {on his shoulder), 817, 1548; on bearme, 40; on breos- tum, 552; on hafelan, 1522; on handa {in his hand), 495, 540; so, 555, 766; on him byrne scan {on him shone the corselet), ^oy, on ore {at the front), 1042; on corSre {at the head of, among, his troop), 1154; scip on ancre {the ship at anchor), 303; hat he on heaSe ge-stod {until he stood in the hall), 404; on fader stale (/// a fither^s place), 14S0; on ^Suin {on the waves, in the water), 210, 421, 534, 143S; on holme, 543; on ^g-streamum, 577; on segl-rSde, 143S, etc.; on flode, 1367. The prep, postponed : Freslondum on, 2358. — b) in, f«j/(/oht {heard in, from, B. the fixed resolve), 610; bat he ne met- te . . . on elran men mund-gripe m.'^ran, 753; — hence, with verbs of taking : on raste genam {took from his bed ) , 1 22 ; so, 748, 2987 ; hit Eer on be gode be-gcaton {took it before from thee), 2249. — e) ~iVith : swS hit lungre wear's on hyra sinc-gifan sare ge-endod {as it, too, soon painfully came to an end 'with the dispenser of treasure), 2312. — f) by: mag I'onne on I'am golde ongitan Geata dryhten {the lord of the Gedtas tnay per- ceive by the gold), 1485. — g) to, after weorSan : hat he on fylle wearS {that he came to a fall), 1 545. With ace: a) w. verbs of mov- ing, doing, giving, seeing, etc., up to, on, upon, in : S-ledon hS leofne heoden ... on bearm scipes, 35 ; on stefn (on wang) stigon, 212, 225; hS him mid scoldon on flodes aeht feor ge-witan, 42; se he witS Brecan wunne on sidne soe {who strovestin a swimming-match 7vith B. on the broad sea), 507, cf. 516; hat ic on hohna ge-hring eorlscipe efnde {that I should venture on the sea to do valiant deeds), 2133; on feonda geweald siNian, 809; hira he on swylc stara'S, 997; so, 1781; on lufan Itete'S hworfan {lets him turn his thoughts to lovel, to possessions!), 1729; him on mod becrn {came into his mind, oc- curred to him), 67; rsesde on hone rofan {rushed on the powerful one)^ 269 1 ; (cwom) on worSig {came into the palace), 1973; so, 27, 242, 253. 512, 539, 580, 677, 726, etc.; on weg {away^, 764, 845, 1383, 1431, 2097. — b) towards, on: gode gewyrcean ... on fader wine (pi.), 21. — c) aim or object, to, for the object, for, as, in, on : on I'earfe {in his need, in his strait), 1457; so, on hyra man-dryhlnes miclan J^earfe, 2850; wrStSum on andan {as a terror to the foe), 709; 290 GLOSSARY. Hro^'gSr ma'Selode him on and- sware {said to him in reply), 1 841; betst beado-rinca was on bael gearu {on the pyre ready), I no; wig- heafolan bar frean on fultum {for help), 2663; wear 5 on bid wrecen {forced to wait) ,2(^(^2,. — d) ground, reason, according to, in conformity with : rodera ruedend hit on ryht gesced {decided it in accordance •with right), 1556; ne me swor fela S5a on unriht {swore no oaths un- justly, falsely), 2740; on spSd(j/6//- fiilly), 874; nallas on gylp seleiN fatte \ie&ga.?,{giveth no gold-7vrought rings as he promised), 1750; on sinne selfes dom {boastingly, at his own will), 2148; him eal worold wende'5 on willen {according to his will), 1 740. — e) w. verbs of buy- ing, for, in exchange for : me ic on mS'Sma hord mine be-bohte frode feorh-lege {for the hoard of /e7vels), 2800. — f) of, as to: ic on IligelSce w&t, Geata dryhten (/ know with respect to, as to, of, //.), 1 831; so, 2651; bat heo on a?nigne eorl ge-lyfde fyrena frofre {that she should rely on any earl for help out of trouble), 628; \A hie ge-trflwedon on twS healfa {on t'Jth sides, mutually), 1096; so, 2064; hat \>w. him ondrredan ne t>earft . . . on )>a healfe {from, on this sid.'), 1676. — g) after super- latives or virtual superlatives = among : nas . . . sinc-mScS5um s^lra (= hat wassinc-miiSmaselest) on sweordes hdd {there was no bet- ter jewel in sword^s shape, i.e. among all swords there was none better), 2194; se was ITroSgaie haleSa ledfost on ge-siiNes hSd {dearest of men as, in the charac- ter of, follower, etcl, 1298. II. Of time: a) w dat, in, inside of, during, at: on fyrste {in time, within the time appoint- ed), 76; on uhtan {at dawn), 126; on mergenne {at morn, on the morrow), 565, 294O; on niht, 575; on wanre niht 703; on tyn dagum, 3161; so, 197, 719, 791, 1063, etc.; on geogo'Se {in youth), 409, 466; on geogoS-feore, 537; so, 1844; on urlege {in, during, battle), 1327; hfi lomp eow on ISde {on the %vay), 1988; on gange {in going, en route), 1SS5; on sweo- fote {in sleep), 1582. — b) w. ace, towards, about : on undern-msel {in the morning, about midday), 1429; on morgen-tid, 484, 518; on morgen, 838; on ende-staf {toward the end, at last), 1754; oftor micle honne on senne SI'S {far oftencr than once), 15S0. III. Witli particles : him on efn {beside, alongside of him), 2904; on innan {inside, within), 71, 1741, 1969, 2453, 2716; l^eer on innan (/«//;fri?),2090, 2215, 2245. With the relative he often separated from its case : he ic her on starie {that I here look on, at), 2797; he ge l^r on standaS {that ye there stand in), 2S67. on-cS'S (cf. Dietrich in Ilaupt's Zeits. XL, 412), St. f., pain, suffer- ing : nom. sg., 1421 ; ace. sg. or pi. on-c^SSe, 831. on-«irysii«», :i(X]., frightful, terrible: ace. sg. Ilreii on-drysne, 1933. oncttan (for ancttan, from root an-, Goth. inf. anan, to breathe, pant), w. v., to hasten : pret. pi. onetton, 306, 1S04. on-licnes, st. f., likeness, form, fig- ure : nom. sg., 1352. on-media, w. m., pride, arrogani.e : GLOSSARY. 291 dat. sg. for on-mSdlan, 2927. Cf. Bugge in Zacher's Zeits. 4, 218 seqq. on-saege, adj., tending to fall, fatal : nom. sg. \'% was Hondscio (dat.) hild on-s3ege, 2077; HaeScynne wearcS . . . gftS on-saege, 2484. on-weald, st. m., power, atithority : ace. sg. (him) bega ge-hwa'Sres . . . onweald ge-teah {gave him power over, possession of, both), 1044. open, adj., open: ace. sg. hord- \v}'nne fond . . . opene standan, 2272. openian, w. v., to open, vv. ace. : inf. openian, 3057. ore (O.S. ore, Goth, adrkei-s), st. m., crock, vessel, can : nom. pi. oreas, 3048; ace. pi. orcas, 2761. orene, st. m., sea-monster : nom. pi. orcneas, 112. ord, St. n. point : nom. sg. o'S hat wordes ord breost-hord burh-brac {till the word-point broke through his breast-hoard, came to titter- ance^, 2792; ace. sg. ord {sword- point), 1550; dat. instr. orde (id.), 556; on orde {at the head of, in front [of a troop]), 2499, 3126. ord-fruma, w. m., head lord, high prince: nom. sg., 263. oret-mecg, st. m., champion, 'war- rior, military retainer : nom. pi. oret-mecgas, 363, 481; ace. pi. oret-mecgas, 332. oretta, w. m., champion, fighter. hero: nom. sg., 1533, 2539. or-leg, St. n., war, battle : dat. sg. on orlege, 1327; gen. sg. or-leges, 2408. or-leg-hwil, st. f., time of bat'le, war-time: nom. sg. [ or-leg] -hvvil, 2003; gen. sg. orleg-hvvile, 2912; gen. pi orleg-hwila, 2428. or-leahtre, adj., blameless : nom. sg 1887. or-j7anc (cf. Gloss. Aldhelm. mid or-fiance = argumento in Haupt XI., 436; or^aneum = machina- mentis, z7'?V/. 477; or-banc-scipe = mechanica, 479), st. m., mechani- cal art, skill : instr. pi. or-J'oneum, 2088 ; smi'Ses or-)?ancum, 406. or-wena, adj. (weak form), hopeless, despairing, \v. gen. : aldres or- w^na {hopeless of life), 1 003, 1566. or-wearde, adj., unguarded, with- out 7vatch ox guard: adv., 3128. oru3', St. n., breath, snorting : nom. sg., 2558; dat. ore'Se, 2840. O oaf (Goth, mid, O.H.G. unt, unz) ; i) prep. vv. ace., to, till, up to, only temporal : 65 I'one anne dag, 2400; 65 domes dag, 3070 ; 65 woruld- ende, 3084. — 2) 65 j^at, conj. w. depend, indicative clause, till, un- til, 9, 56, 66, 100, 145, 219, 296, 307, etc. OiSer (Goth. an]5ar),num. : i) otie or other oftxvo, a second, = alter : nom. Sg. subs. : se6'5er, 2062; 65er {one, i.e. of my blood-relations, Hae'Scyn and Hygelac), 2482; 65er . . .o'Ser {the one . . . the other), 1350-1352. Adj. : 6^er . . . mihtig man-seea^a {the second mighty, fell foe, refer- ring to 1350), 1339; se 6'5er . . . hale, 1 81 6; fem. niht 6"5er, 2n8; neut. 65er gear {the next, second, year), 1134; ace. sg. m. o'Serne, 653, 1 86 1, 2441, 2485; t>enden reafode rinc o'Serne {ivhilst one warrior robbed the other, i.e. Eofor robbed OngenJ^eow), 2986; neut. o5?r swylc {another suck, an equal 202 GLOSSARY. number), 1584; instr. sg. oSre sifie (^/or the second lime, again"), 2671, 3102; dat. sg. oSrum, 815, 1030, I166, 1229, 1472, 2i68, 2172, etc.; gen. sg. m. olSies dogores, 219, 606; neut.oSres, 1875. — 2) another, a different one, = alius : nom. sg., subs. 6Ser, 1756; o'Ser na;nig {no ot/ie?-), S60. Adj.: ajiiig 6^er man, 503. 534; so, 1561; oSer in (« different house or room), 1301; ace. sg. 0(5er flet, 1087; gen. sg. o"5res . . . yrfe-weardes, 2452; ace. pi. ealo drincende ot5er s;x'clan (^ale drinkers said other things), 1946; ace. pi. neut. word o'Ser, 871. QicT, s\..w\., shore : dat. sg. on ofre, '372- Ofost, si. f., haste : nom. sg. 8fost is shiest to gec^iSanne {haste is best to make knoiun, best to say at ofice), 256; so, 3008; dat. sg. beo \>\i on ofeste (ofoste) {be in haste, hasten), 3S6, 2748; on ofste, 1293; on ofoste, 2784, 3091. Ofost-lice, adv., in haste, speedily, 3131- 6-h\vaer, adv., anywhere, 1738, 2871. Oniig, adj., rusty : nom. sg., 2764; nom. pi. omige, 3050. 6r, St. n., beginning, origin ; front : nom. sg., 1689; ace. sg., 2408; dat. sg. on ore, 1042. O-wiht, a7iything, aught : instr. sg. 6-wihte {in any way), 1823,2433. pS.d, St. f., dress; in comp. here- pad. pud*, St. m., path, road, way; in comp. Sn-patS. plega, w. xa.fplay, emulous contest ; lind-plega, 1074. raUe, adv., quickly, immediately, 725. Cf. hraare. rami, rond, ^t. ni., shield : ace. sg. rand, 683; rond, 657, 2567, 2610; dat. ronde (rond, MS.), 2674; under rande, 1210; bi ronde, 2539 ; ace. pi. randas, 231 ; rondas, 326, 2654. — Comp.: bord-, hilde-, sid- rand. rand-habbend, pres. part., shield' bearer, i.e. man at arms, war- rior-: gen.pl. rond-habbendra,862. raiid-wiga, w. m., shield-warrior, shield-bearing warrior : nom. sg., 1299; ace. sg. rand-wigan, 1794. rad, St. f., road, street; in comp. hran-, segl-, swan-r.^d. ge-rad, adj., clever, skilful, ready: ace. pi. neut. ge-rSde, 874. rap, St. m., rope, bond, fetter : in comp. wal-rap. rasian, w. v., to find, discover : pret. part. l>a was hord rSsod, 2284. rast. See rest. raecan, w. v., to reach, reach after : pret. sg. rsehte ongean feond mid folme {reached out his hand toward the foe), 748. ge-raecan, /£> atta in, strike, attack : pret. sg. hyne . . . wxpne ge-nehte {struck him with his sword) , 2966 ; . so, 556. rsed, St. m. : l) advice, counsel, res- olution ; good counsel, help : nom. sg. nu is reed gelong eft at ^e Snum {now is help to be found with thee alone), 1377; ace. sg. ned, 172, 278, 3081. — 2) advantage, gain, use : ace. sg. hat raedtalatS {counts that a gain), 2028; 6cne ned {the eternalgain. everlasting life), 1 202 ; ace. pi. 8ce roedas, 1 761 . — Comp. : folc-raed, and adj., 9n-, faest-raed. GLOSSARY. 293 raed m, st. v., to rule ; reign ; to possess : pres. part, rodera rsedend {the ruler of the heavens), 1556; inf. l^one \>e \>\x mid rihte rasdan sceoldest {that thou shouldst pos- sess by rights), 2057; wolde dom godes dasdum rsedan gumena ge- hwylcum {God's doom would rule over, dispose of, every man in deeds'), 2859. See sele-raedend. rsed-bora, w. m. counsellor, adviser : nom. sg., 1326. raeden, st. f., order, arrangement, law: see Note on II43; comp. worold-rgeden( ?) . a - rseran, \v. v. : i ) /,w. ace. : inf. hord realian, 2774; pret. sg. t>enden reafode linc oSerne, 2986; wal reafode, 302S; pret. pi. wal reafedon, 121 3. be-reafian, \v. instr., to bereave, rob of: pret. part, since be-reafod, 2747; golde be-reafod, 3019. reord, st. f., speech, language ; tone of voice : ace. sg. on-cniow mannes reorde {kneio, heard, a human voice), 2556. reorrlian, w. v., to speak, talk : inf. fela reoidian {speak mucJi), 302C. ge-reordian, lo entertain, to pre- pare for : pret. part. \A was eft swa aer . . . flet-sitlendum fagere ge-reorded [again, as before, the guests were hospitably entertained), 1789. reot, St. m. ?, f. ?, noise, tumult} {.grave}): instr. sg. reote, 2458. Bugge, in Zachers Zeits. 4, 215, takes reote as dat. from reot {rest, repose) . reoc, adj., savage, furious : nom. sg., 122. h e - re6fan, st. v., to rob of, bereave : pret. part. w. insir. ace. sg. fern, golde berofene, 2932; instr. sg. reote berofene, 2458. reon. See rO\van. re6tan, st. v., to lueep : pres. pi. oS bat . . . roderas re6taiN, 1377. reow, adj., excited, fierce, wild: in conip. blod-, gfl^^-, wal-reow. See hreow. rlcone, hastily, quickly, immediate- ly, 2984. riht, St. n., right or privilege; the (abstract) right: ace. sg. on ryht {according to right), 1556; »8'J5 ."nd riht (/r«//4 and right), 1701; dat. sg. wi5 rihte, 144; after rihte {in accordance with right), 1050; syllJc spell rehte after rihte {told a wondrous tale truthfully), 2III; mid rihte, 2057 ; ace. pi. ealde riht {the ten comina7idments), 2331 ; — Comp. in eSel-, folc-, land-, un-, word-riht. riht, adj., straight, right: in comp. up-riht. rihte, adv., rightly, correctly, 1696. See at-rihtc. rinc, St. m., man, warrior, hero : nom. sg., 399, 2986 ; also of Gren- del, 721; ace. sg. rinc, 742, 748; dat. sg. rince, 953; of HroSgSr, 1678; gen.pl. rinca, 412, 729. — Comp. in beado-, gd'S-, here-, hea- 1)0-, hilde-, mago-, sae-rinc. ge-risne, ge-rysiie, adj., appro- priate, proper : nom. sg. n. ge- rysne,*2654. rice, St. n. : i ) realm, land ruled over: nom. sg., 2200, 2208; ace. sg. rice, 913, 1734, 1854, 3005; gen. sg. rices, 862, 1391, i860, 2028, 3081. Comp. Swio-rice. — 2) council of chiefs, the king with his chosen advisers{ ?) : nom. sg. oft gesrit rice to rfine, 172. rice, adj., mighty, powerful: nom. sg. (of HroiNga'r), 1238; (of Hy- gelSc), 1210; (of Asc-here), 1299; weak form, se rica (IlroSgar), 310; (Beowulf), 399; (Ilygeiac), 1976. — Comp. gimme-rlce. ricsian, rixian, w. v, intrans., to rule, reign: inf. ricsian, 2212; pret. sg. rixode, 144. ridan, st. v., to ride : subj. pres. \>dA his byre ride giong on gealgan, 2446; pres. part. nom. pi. rldend, 2458; inf. wicge ridan, 234; mea- GLOSSARY. 295 rum rldan, 856; pret. sg. sae-genga ... se be on ancre rid, 18S4; him t8-geanes rSd [rode to meet the?it), 1894; pret. pi. ymbe hlsw riodan {rode round the grave-mound), 3171- ge-ridan, vv. ace, to ride over: pret. sg. se be nas ge-rM {who rode over the promontory'), 2899. rim, St. n., series, number : in comp. dag-, un-rim. ge-rim, st. n., series, number: in comp. dogor-ge-rim. ge-riman, w. v., to count toge.'her, enumerate in all: pret. part, in comp. for'5-gerimed. S - risan, st. v., to arise, rise : imper. sg. S-rTs, 1391 ; pret. sg. S-ras \>% se rica, 399; so, 652, 1791, 3031; S-ris bS bi ronde {arose by his shield), 2539; hwanan sio fseh'5 a-rSs {whence the feud arose), 2\o:i^. rodor, st. m., elher, firmament, sky (from radius}, Bugge) : gen. sg. rodores candel, 1573; nom. pi. roderas, 1377; dat. pi. under rode- rum, 310; gen. pi. rodera, 1556. r6f, adj., fierce, of fierce, heroic, strength, strong : nom. sg., 2539; also with gen. niagenes rof {strong in might), 2085; so, beah be he rof sTe ni5-geweorca, 683; ace. sg. rofne, 1794; on bone rofan, 2691. — Comp.: beadu-, brego-, ellen-, hea'So-, hyge-, sige-rof. r6t, adj., glad, joyous ; in comp. un- rot. rOwan, st. v., to row (with the arms) , swim : pret. pi. re6n (for red won), 512, 539- rfim, St. m., space, room : nom. sg., 2691. rfim, adj.: i) roomy, spacious : nom. sg. bfihte him call to rflm, wongas and wic-stede {fields and dwelling seemed to him all too broad, i.e. could not hide his shame at the unavenged death of his murdered son), 2462. — 2) in moral sense, great, magnanimous, noble-heart- ed : ace. sg. burh rfimne sefan, 278. ruin-heort, adj., big-hearted, noble- spirited : nom. sg., 1800, 21 1 1. ge-rum-lu', adj., commodious, com- fortable : compar. ge-rfim-ltcor, 139- run, st. f., secrecy, secret discussion, deliberation or council: dat. sg. ge-sat rice to rfine, 172. — Comp. beado-rfln. run-staf, st. m., rune-stave, runic letter: ace. pi. burh r&n-stafas, 1696. run-wita, vv. m., rune-wit, privy councillor, trusted adviser : nom. sg., 1326. g e - rysne. See g e - risne. ge - ryman, w. v. : i) to tnake room for, prepare, provide room : pret. pi. bat hie him 6'5er flet eal ge- r^mdon, 1087; pret. part. bS was Geat-macgum . . . bene ger^med, 492; so, 1976. — 2) to allow, grant, admit : pret. part, b^ me ge-r^med was (siS) {as access was permitted /«t'),3o89; ba him ger^med wear'5, bat hie wal-stowe wealdan moston, 2984. ge-saca, w. m., opponent, antagO' nist,foe: ace. sg. ge-sacan, 1774. sacan, st. v., to strive, contend : inf. ymb feorh sacan, 439. ge-sacan, to attain, gain by con- tending {Grtm) : inf.gesacan sceal sS.wl-berendra . . . gearwe stowe {gain the place prepared, i.e. the death-bed), 1005. 296 GLOSSARY. on-sacan: i) (originally in a law- suit), to 'i'ithdraw, take away, de- prive of: pres. subj. I^atte freotSu- webbe feores on-sace . . . leofne mannan, 1943. — 2) to contest, dis- pute, U'ithstayid : inf. }iat he sce- mannum on-sacan niihte (i.e. herd, beam, and br^de), 2955. sacu, St. f., strife, hostility, feud : nom. sg., 185S, 2473; ace. sg. sace, 154; sacce, 1978, 1990, 2348, 2500, 2563; dat. sg. at (to) sacce, 954, 1619, 1666, 2613, 2660, 2682, 2687; gen. sg. secce, 601; gen. pi. sacca, 2030. ge-sacu, St. f., strife, enmity • nom. sg., 1738. sadol, St. m., saddle • nom. sg., 1039. sadol-beorht, adj., with bright sad- dles ( ?) : ace. pi. sadol - beorht, 2176. ge-saga. See secgan. sanine, sonine, adv., together, uni- ted ; in at-somne, together, united, 307,402,491, 544, 2848. t6-somne {together'), 3123; \>% se wyrm ge-beah snftde to-somne (juhen the dragon quickly coiled together), 2569. Bainod, somod : I. adv., simultane- ously, at the same time: somod, 1 21 2, 1615, 2175, 2988; samod, 2197; samod at-gadere, 387, 730, 1064. — II. prep. \v. dat., 7uith, at the same time luith : samod ser-dage {^vith the break of day), 1312; somod ser-dage, 2943. jand, St. n,, sand, sandy shore : dat. sg. on sande, 295, 1897, 3043(?); after sande {along the shore), 1965 ; wit? sande, 213. sang, St. xn., song, cry, noise: nom. sg. sanfe, 1064; swutol sang sco- pes, 90; ace. sg. sige-leasne sang (Grendel's cry of woe), 788; sS- rigne sang (IlrS'Sel's dirge foi Herebeald), 2448. sai, St. m., rope : dat. sg. sile, 1907; on sile (sole, MS.), 302. s&l. See sael. s3r, St. n., wound, pain (physical ot spiritual) : nom. sg. sir, 976; si6 sSr, 2469; ace. sg. sar, 788; sSre, 2296; dat. (instr.) sg. sSre, 1252, 2312, 2747. — Comp. lic-sar. sar, adj., sore, painful: instr. pi. sarum wordam, 2059. s d r e , adv., sorely, heavily, ill, gravi- ter: se )>e him [sSjre gesceod {who injured him sorely), 2224. sarig, adj., painful, woeful : ace. sg. sirigne sang, 2448. sarig - ferae, adj., sore - hearted, grieved: nom. sg. sSrig-fer'5 (Wig- laf), 2864. sarig-mOd, adj., sorrowful-minded, saddened : dat. pi. sSrig-modum, 2943- sar-lic, adj., painful: nom. sg., 843; ace. sg. neut., 21 10. sawol, sa'W'l, st. f., soul (the immor- tal principle as contrasted with lif, the physical life) : nom. sg. sSwol, 2821; ace. sg. sawle, 1S4, 802; haeSene sawle, 853; gen. sg. sS- wele, 1743; sSwle, 2423. saA\'l-berend, pres. part., endowed with a soul, human being : gen. pi. sawl-berendra, 1005. sawul-dreor, st. n., (blood gushing from the seat of the soul), soul- gore, heart's blood, life's blood: instr. sg. sSwul-driore, 2694. sa\\'ul-leds, adj., soulless, lifeless : ace. sg. sawol-lea-sne, 1407; sSwul- leasne, 3034. sace, sacce. See sacu. sad, adj., satiated, wearied : in comp hilde-sad. sal, St. n., habitabU space, hottte. GLOSSARY. 297 hall: dat sg. sel, 167; sal, 307, 2076, 2265. said, St. n., hall, king's hall or pal- ace : ace. sg. geond hat said (Heo- rot), 1281. sae, St. m. and f., sea, ocean : nom. sg., 579, 1224; ace. sg. on sTdne sse, 507; ofer ss, 2381; ofer sas side, 2395; dat. sg. to sje, 318; on sae, 544 ; dat. pi. be sjem tweonum, 859, 1298, 1686, 1957. sae-bat, St. m., sea-boat: ace. sg., 634, 896. sse-cyning, st. m., sea-king, king ruling the sea : gen. pi. sae-cyninga, 2383- sae-deor, st. n., sea-beast, sea-mon- ster : nom. sg., 151 1, sae-draca, w. m., sea-dragon : ace. pi. S£e-dracan, 1427. g e - saegan, w. v., to fell, slay : pret. part, hiifdon eal-fela eotena eynnes sweordum ge-saeged {felled with the sword), 885. saege. See on-ssege. sae-genga, w. m., sea-goer, i.e. sea- going ship: nom. sg., 1883, 1909. sae-ge4p, adj., spacious (broad enough for the sea) : nom. sg. sse- geap naca, 1897. sae-grund, st. m., sea-bottovi, ocean- bottom : dat. sg. sae-grunde, 564. eael, sal, sel, st. f. : l ) favorable opportunity, good ox fit time : nom. sg. sael, 623, 1666, 2059; sael and mael, 1009; ace. sg. s81e, 11 36; gen. pi. saela and maela, 1612. — 2) Fate{}): see Note on 1. 51. — 3) happiness, joy: dat. pi. on salum, 608; saelum, 644, 11 71, 1323. See sel, adj. ge-saelan, w. v., to turn out favor- ably, succeed: pret. sg. him ge- saelde t>at . . . {he was fortunate enough to, etc.), 891 ; so, 574; efne swylce maela, swylce hira man-dryhtne bearf ge-saelde {at such times as need disposed it for their lord), 1 251. saelan (see sal), w. v., to tie, bind pret. sg. srelde . . . siS-fa'Sme seip, 1918; pi. SK-wudu sseldon, 226. ge-saelan, to bind together, weave, interweave : pret. part, earm-beaga fela searwum ge-sasled {many cu- riously interwoven artnlets, i.e. made of metal wire : see Guide to Scandinavian Antiquities, p. 48), 2765. on-saelan, with ace., to unbind, unloose, open : on-sael meoto, sige- hreS secgum {disclose thy views to the men, thy victor's courage ; or, thy presage of victory}), 489. sae-lac, st. n., sea-gift, sea-booty: instr. sg. sae-lace, 1625 ; ace. pi. pas sae-lac, 1653. sae-lad, st. f., sea-way, sea-journey : dat. sg. sae-lade, 1140, 1158. sae-liiSfend, pres. part., seafarer: nom. pi. sas-liSend, 411, 1819, 2807; saj-li"5ende, 377. sae-nian, m., sea-man, sea-warrior : dat. pi. sie-mannum, 2955; gen. pi. sae-manna, 329 (both times said of the Geatas). saenira, weak adj. compar., the zi'orse, the weaker: nom. sg. ssemra, 2881 ; dat. sg. saemran, 954. sae-nieSe, adj., sea-weary, exhausted by sea-travel : nom. pi. sae-m8^e, 325- sae-niis, st. m., sea-promontory, cape, naze : ace. pi. sae-nassas, 223, 571. saene, adj., careless, slow : compar. sg. nom. he on holme was sundes be ssenra, he hyne swylt fornam {was the slower in swimming in the sea, whom death took away), 1437- 298 GLOSSARY. sae-rlnc, st. m., sea-warrior or hero : nom. sg., 691. sae-siij, st. m., sea-way, path, jour- ney : dat. sg. after sae-si'JSe, 1150. sae-wang, st. m., sea-shore or beach: ace. sg. sa;-\vong, 1965. sic-weal, St. m., {sea-wall), sea- shore: dat. Sg. sae-wealle, 1925. fsae-wudii, st. m., {sea-wood), 7Jessel, ship : ace. sg. sK-wudu, 226. sae-wylni, st. m., sea-surf, billoiv : ace. pi. ofer sa'-wylmas, 393. scaean, sceaean, st. v., properly, (0 shake one^s self: htr\ce,to go,glide, pass alongox a-way : pres. sg. l)onne niin sceacet! lif of lice, 2743; inf. ba com beorht [sunne] seacan [ofer grundas], {(he bright sun came gliding over the fields) , 1 804 ; pret. sg. dugu'5 ellor scoe {/he chiefs are gone elsewhither, i.e. have died), 2255 ; J?onne sti-aela storm . . . scoc ofer scild-weall {when the storm of arrows leapt over the wall of shields), 3119 ; pret. part, was hira blred scacen {their bravest men had passed away), 1 1 25; \>^ was winter sca- cen {the winter was past), 11 37; so, sceacen, 2307, 2728. scadu, sceadu, st. f., shadoio, con- cealing veil of night : ace. sg. under sceadu bregdan (i.e. kill), 708. scadu-genga, w. m., shadow-goer, twilight-stalker (of Grendel): nom. sg. sceadu-genga, 704. scadu-helm, st. m., shadaio-helm, veil of darkness : gen. pi. scadu- helma ge-sceapu {shapes of the shadow, evil spirits wandering by night), esi. Bcalu, St. f., retinue, band (part of an armed force) ; in comp. hand- scalu: mid his hand-scale (hond- •cole), 1318, 1964. scamlan, w. v., to be ashamed : pres. part. nom. pi. scamiende, 2851; n8 he \>xre feoh-gyfte . . . scami- gan I'orfte {needed not be ashamed of his treasure-giving), 1027. sca'wa(see soedwian),\v. m., obser- ver, visitor : nom. pi. scawan, 1896. ge-scad, st. n., difference, distinc- tion : ace. sg. LVg-hwa'^res gescSd, worda and worca {difference be- tiveen, of, both words and deeds), 288. ge-scadan, st. v., to decide, adjudge: pret. sg. rodera raedend hit on ryht gesced {decided it in accordance with right), 1556. scanan? See scinan, pret. pi. scionon, 303; the imaginary sca- nan having been abandoned. ge-8Cap-hwXle, st. f., fated hour, hour of death {appointed rest}) : dat. sg. to gescap-huile [at tlu fated hour), 26. sceSffan, w. v., to scathe, injure : inf. w. dat. pers., 1034 ; aldre sceS- i5an {hurt her life), 1525; hat on land Dena lai^ra nmnig mid scip- herge sceS'San ne meahte {injure through robber incursions), 243; pret. sg. l>£er him naenig water wihte ne sce'Sede, 1515. ge-scefl'San, the same : inf. hat him . . . ne mihte eorres invvit-feng aldre gesceSSan, 1448. scene, st.m,, vessel, can : in comp. medu-scenc. scencan, w. v., to hand drink, pour out: pret. sg. scencte sctr wered, 496 (cf. skinker = cup-bearer). scenne, w. f. ?, sword-guard?-, dat. pi. on hxm scennum sciran guides, 1695. sceran, st. v., to shear off, cleave, hew to pieces : pres. sg. I'onne heoru bunden . . . swtn ofer helme and- GLOSSARY. 299 weard scire'S (^hmn off the boar- head on the helm), 1288. ge-sceran, to divide, hexv in two : pret. sg. helm oft ge-scar {oftcri clove the helm in two), 1527; so, gescer, 2974. scerwen, si. f. ?, in cump. ealu-scer- wen (^ale-scare or panicl), 770. scet. See sceotan. sceadu. See scad 11. sceaffa, \v. m. : i ) scather,foe : gen. pi. sceafiena, 4. — 2) fighter, war- rior : nom. pi. sca'Kan, 1S04. — Comp.: attor-, del-, feond-, gfiS-, hearm-, leod-, man-, sin-, l-eod-, uht-sceaSa. sceaUan, st. v. \v. dat., to scallic, in- jure, crush : pret. sg. se Je oft manegum scod {%vhich has oft op- pressed many) , 1 888. ge-sceaiSan, \v. dal., the same: pret. sg. swa him ser gescod hild at Heorote, 1588; se W him sSre ge- sceod (jvho injured him sorely), 2224; no 1^ aer in gescod hSlan lice, 1503; bill ser gescod eald- hlafordes bam I'Sra maSma mund- bora was {^the weapon of the ancient chieftain had before laid low the dragon, the guardian of the treas- ure), 2778 (or, sheathed in brass"?, if ser and gescod form compound). *pefi Sen-Ill ael, st. n., deadly weapon, hostile sword : nom. sg., 1 940. sceaft, St. m., shaft, spear, missile : nom. sg. sceft, 31 19. — Comp.: here-, wal-sceaft. ge -sceaft, st. f . : i) creation, earth, earthly existence : ace. sg. l^as Ice- nan ge-sceaft, 1623. — 2) fate, des- tiny : in comp. for'S-, lif-, mael- gesceaft. scealc, St. m., servant, military re- tainer : nom. sg., 919; (of Beo- wulf ), 940. — Comp beor-scealc ge-sceap, st. n. : l) shape, creature : nom. pi. scadu-helma ge-sceapu, 65 1 . — 2) fate, providence : ace. sg. heah ge-sceap {heavy fate), 3085. sceapan, sceppan, scyppan, st. v., to shape, create, order, arra7ige, establish : pres. part, scyppend {the Creator), 106; pret. sg. scop him Heort naman {shaped, gave, it the name Heorot), 78; pres. part, was sio wroht scepen heard wiS Ilugas, sy'SSan Hygelac cwom {the contest with the Hugos became sharp after H. had come), 2915. ge-sceapan, to shape, create : pret. sg. iif ge-sceop cynna gehwylcum, 97- scear, st. m., massacre : in comp. gdS-, inwit-scear, 2429, etc. scearp, adj., sharp, able, brave : nom. sg. scearp scyld-wiga, 28S. — Comp. : beadu-, hea'So-scearp. scearu, st. f., division, body, troop . in comp. folc-scearu; that is de- cided or determined, in gfi'S-scearu {overthrow"?), 1 2 14. sceat, St. m., money ; also unit of value in appraising (cf. f^ieger in Zacher's Zeits. 3, 415): ace. pi. sceattas, 1687. When numbers are given, sceat appears to be left out, cf. 2196, 2995 (see Jpflsend). — Comp. gif-sceat. scedt, St. m., region, field : ace. pi. gefratwade foldan sceatas leomum and leafum, 96; — top, surface, part : gen. pi. eorSan sceata, 753. scedwere, st. m., observer, spy : noin. pi. sceaweras, 253. scedwian, w. v. w. ace, to see, look at, observe: inf. sceawian, 841, 1414, 2403, 2745, 3009, 3033; sceawigan, 1392; pres. sg. II. Vix. ge genoge nean sceawia^ beagaj 300 GLOSSARY. and brid gold, 3105; suhj. pres. hat ic . . . sceawige swegle searo- gimmas, 2749; pret. sg. scea- wode, 1688, 2286, 2794; sg. for pi., 844; pret. pi. sceavvedon, 132, 204, 984, 1 44 1. ge-sceawian, to see, behold, observe : pret. part, ge-sceawod, 3076, 3085. sceorp, St. n., garment: in comp. hilde-sceorp. sceotan, st. v., to shoot, hurl missiles : pres. sg. se be of flan-bogan fyre- num sceote'S, 1745; pres. part, nom. pi. sceotend (the warriors, bowmen), 704, 1 155; dat. pi. for sce6tendum(MS.scotenum), 1027. ge-sceotan, vv. ace, to shoot off, hurry : pret. sg. hord eft gesceat (the dragon darted again back to the treasure), 2320. of-sceotan, to kill by shooting : pret. sg. his maeg of-scet . . . blodigan gare (hilled his brother with bloody dart), 2440. scild, scyld, st. m., shield : nom. sg. scyld, 2571 ; ace. sg. scyld, 437, 2676 ;acc.pl.scyldas,325,333, 2851. sclldan, scyldan, w. v., to shield, protect : pret. subj. nymSe niec god scylde (if God had not shielded me), 1659. Bcild-freca, w. m., shield-^varrior (warrior armed with a shield) : nom. sg. scyld-freca, 1034. scild-weall, st. m., wall of shields : ace. sg. scild-weall, 31 19. BCild-wIga, w. m., shield-warrior : nom. sg. scyld-wTga, 288. Bcinna, w. m., apparition, evil spirit: dat. pi. scynnum, 940. ■clp, St. n., vessel, ship : nom. sg., 302; ace. sg., 1918; dat. sg. to scipe, 1896; gen. sg. scipes, 35, 897; dat. pi. t3 scypum (scypon, MS.). 1155. scip-here, st. m., (exercitus navalis) armada, fleet : dat. sg. mid scip- herge, 243. ge-scife (for ge-scj'fe), adj., ad- vancing (of the dragon's move- ment), 2571; = (;. schief} sciuan, st. v., to shine, flash: pres. sg. sunne . . . sflSan scine'S, 607; so, 1572; inf. geseah blScne le6- man beorhte scinan, 15 18; pret. sg- (g<^S - byrne, woruld - candel) scan, 321, 1966; on him byrne scan, 405 ; pret. pi. gold-filg scinon web after wagum, 995; scionon, 303- scir, adj., sheer, pure, shining: nom. sg. hring-Tren scTr, 322; scTr me- tod, 980; ace. sg. n. scir wered, • 496; gen. sg. sciran goldes, 1695. scir-ham, adj ., bright-armored, clad in bright mail: nom. pi. scir-hame, 1896. scoten. See sceoten. ge-scOd, pret. part. ,.r/iw/(calceatus), covered: in comp. 3er-ge-scod(?). .See ge-sceaffan, and Note. scOp, St. m., singer, shaper, poet : nom. sg., 496, 1067; gen. sg. sco- pes, 90. scriif, St. n., holone gomelan gretan sceolde {was to, should, approach), 2422; t^at se byrn-wTga bflgan sceolde {the corseleted warrior had to bow, fell), 2919; pi. l^S \>Q beado-gri- tnan b^wun sceoldon {they that had to polish or deck the battle- masks), 2258; so, 230, 705, 1068. — 4) w. omitted inf., such as wesan, gangan : unc sceal worn fela mS^ma ge-maenra (i.e. wesan). 1784; so, 2660; sceal se hearda helm . . . fatum befeallen (i.e. we- san), 2256; ic him after sceal (i.e. gangan), 2817; subj. I'onne W for'5 scyle (i.e. gangan), ii8o. .'\ verb or inf. expressed in an ante- cedent clause is not again expressed with a subsequent sceal : gceS S Wyrd swa hio seel ( IVeird goeth ever as it shall [go]), 455; gfllS- bill ge-swac swS hit no sceolde (i.e. ge-swican), 25S6. sciia» w. m., shadorvy demon : in comp. dea^'-scfia. sciifan) st. v.: i) intrans., to move forward, hasten : pret. part. })a w as morgen-leoht scofen and scyn- ded, 919. — 2) w. ace, to shove, push : pret. pi. guman fit scufon . . . wudu bundenne {pushed the vessel from the land), 215; dracan scufun . . . ofer weall-clif {pushed the dragon over the wall-like cliff), 3132. See ^vicl-scofen(?) be-scGfan, w. ace, to push, thrust down, in : inf. wS biS )>am \>e sceal . . . sawle be-scufan in fyres faSm {woe to him that shall thrust his soul into fire'' s embrace), 184. sc'iir, St. m., shower, battle-shower . in comp. isern-scur. scur-heard, adj., fight-kardenedl {file-hardened}) : nom. pi. sc&r- heard, 1034. scyld,soyldan..See scild, soildan. scyldig, adj., under obligations or bound for ; guilty of, \v. gen. and instr. : ealdres (mor'Sres) scyldig, 1339, 1684, 2062; synnum scyldig {guilty of evil deeds), 3072. scyndan, w. v., to hasten : inf. scyn dan, 2571 ; pret. part, scynded, 91Q scynna. See scinna. scyppend. See sceapan. 302 GLOSSARY. Bcyran, w. v., to arrange, decide : inf. \>z.\. hit sceaSen-masl scyran moste {that the sword must decide it), 1940. O.N. skora, to score, decide. 6c5'De, adj., sheen, well-formed, beau- tiful : nom. sg. magS sc^ne, 3017. se, pron. dem. and article, the : m. nom., 79, 84, 86, 87, 90, 92, 102, etc.; fern, seo, 66, 146, etc.; neut. l>at; — relative: se {who), 1611, 2866; se I'e (he who), 2293; seo l^e (she who), 1446; se he (for seo )>e), 1345, 1888, 2686; cf. 1 26 1, 1498; (Grendel's mother, as a wild, demonic creature, is conceived now as man, now as woman: woman, as having borne a son; man, as the incarnation of savage cunning and power) ; se for se6, 2422; dat. sg. bam (for J^am J^e), 2780. secce. See sacu. secg, St. m., man, warrior, hero, spokesman (secgan?) : nom. sg., 208, 872, 2228, 2407, etc.; (Beo- wulf), 249, 948, 1 31 2, 1570, 1760, etc.; (WulfgSr), 402; (Hflnferi5), 981; (Wigiaf), 2S64; ace. sg. synnigne secg (Grendel's mother, cf. se), 1 380; dat. sg. secge, 2020 ; nom. pi. secgas, 213, 2531, 3129; dat. pl.secgum,490; gen. pi. secga, 634, 843, 997, 1673. secg, St. f., j?£;anc secge, 1998; so, 2796; pres. part, swd se secg hwata secgende was laiNra spella (partitive gen.), 3029; inf. secgan, 582, 876, 881, 1050; pret. sg. sagde him l>as leanes hanc, 1810; pret. sg. II. hwat ^u worn fela . . . sagdest from bis siSe, 532. — 2) without ace mf. swS we soSlice secgan h^rdon, 273; pret. sg. sagde, 2633, 2900 — 3) w. de- pend, clause : pres. sg. ic secge, 591; pi. III. secgaS, 41 1; inf. secgan, 51, 391, 943, 1347, 1701, 1819, 2865, 3027; gerund, to sec- ganne, 473, 1725; pret. sg. sagde, 90, 1 1 76; pi. sagdon, 377, 21SS; soedan, 1946. S-secgan (edicere), to say out, ci- liver : inf. wille ic S-secgan suna Ilealfdenes . . . min serende, 344. ge-secgan, to say, relate: imper. sg. II. ge-saga, 388; )'at ic his terest ^e eft ge-sagde (that I should, after, tell thee its orii^in), 2158; pret. part, gesagd, 141 ; ge- sjed, 1697. sefa, w. m., heart, mind, soul, spirit : nom. sg., 49, 490, 595, 2044, 21 Si, 2420, 2601, 2633; ace. sg. sefan, 278, 1727, 1843; dat. sg. sefan, 473. 1343. 1738.— Comp.mod-sefa. ge-segen, st. f., legend, tale : in conip. eald-ge-segen. segl, St. n., sail : nom. sg., 1907. segl-rad, St. f., sail-road, i.e. sea : dat. sg. on segl-rade, 1430. segn, St. n., banner, vexillum : nom. sg., 2768, 2959; ace. sg. segen, 47, 1022; segn, 2777; dat. sg. under segne, 1205. — Comp. hea- fod-segn. sel, St. n., hall, palace. See sJil. seld, St. n., dwelling, house: in comp. inedu-seld. ge-selda, w. m., contubernalis, com- panion : ace. sg. geseldan, 19S5. seldan, adv., seldom : oft [no] sel- dan, 2030. scld-guma, w. m., house-man, home- stayer( ?) ; common man ?, house- earn : nom. sg., 249. sele, St. m. and n., building consist- GLOSSARY. 303 ing of one apartment ; apartment, room : nom. sg., 8i, 41 1 ; ace. sg. sele, 827, 2353; dat. sg. to sele, 323, 1 64 1; in (on, to) sele \>z.xa. hean, 714, 920, 1017, 1985; on sele {in the den of the dragon^, 3 1 29. — Comp. : beah-, beor-, dryht-, eortS-, gest-, gold-, grund-, gflS-, heah-, bring-, hrof-, ni"5-, vvin-sele. sele-dredm, st. m., hall-glee, joy in the hall : ace. sg. J'ara \>q. Hs lif of- geaf, gesawon sele-dream (refer- ring to the joy of heaven?), 2253. selc-ful, St. n., hall-goblet : ace. sg., 620. sele-gyst, st. m., hall-guest, stranger in hall or house : ace. sg. bone sele- gyst, 1546. sele-rsedend, pres. part., hall-ruler, possessor of the hall : nom. pi., 51 ; ace. leode mine sele-ra^dende, 1347. sele-rest, st. f., bed in the hall : ace. sg. sele-reste, 691. sele-l>egn, st. m., retainer, hall- thane, chamberlain : noni.sg., 1795. sele-weard, st. m., kail-ward, guar- dian of the hall : ace. sg., 668. self, sylf, pron., self: nom. sg. strong form, self, 1314, 1925 (?sel- fa) ; hu self, 595 ; W he self, 954; self cyning ( '^if king himself, the king loo), 921, lOll; sylf, 1965; in weak form, selfa, 1469; he selfa, 29. 1734; ham he him selfa deah {that can rely upon, trust to, him- self), 1840; seolfa, 3068; he syl- fa, 505; godsylfa, 3055; ace. sg. m. selfne, 1606; bine selfne {him- self), 962; hyne selfne {himself reflex.), 2876; wi5 sylfne {beside), 1978; gen. sg. m. selfes, 701, 896; his selfes, 1148; on sinne sylfes dom {at his own will), 2148; sylfes, 2224, 2361, 2640, 271 1, 2777, 3014; his sylfes, 2014, 2326; fern, hire selfre, 11 16; nom. pi. selfe, 419; Sfi5-Dene sylfe, 1997. ge-sella, w. m., house-companion, comrade : in eomp. hand-gesella. sellan, syllan, w. v.: i) w. ace. of thing, dat. of pers., to give, deliver; permit, grant, present: pres. sg. III. seleS him on §51e eorSan Wynne, 1731; inf. syllan, 2161, 2730 ; pret. sg. sealde, 72, 673, 1272, 1694, 1752,2025,2156,2183, 2491, 2995 ; nefne god sylfa sealde ham he be wolde hord openian {unless God himself gave towhom he would toopenthe hoard),T,0^6; pret. sg. II. sealdest, 1483. — 2) to give, give up (only w. ace. of thing) : oer he feorh sele'5 {he prefers to give up his life), 137 1; nallas on gylp seleS fatte beagas {giveth out gold-wrought rings, etc.), 1750; pret. sg. sine-fato sealde, 623; pi, byrelas sealdon win of wunder- fatum, 1 162. ge-sellan, w. ace. and dat. of pers., to give, deliver; grant, present: inf. ge-sellan, 1030; pret. sg. ge- sealde, 616, 1053, 1867, 1902,2143, etc. sel-lic, syl-lic (from seld-lie), adj.. strange, wondrous : nom. sg. glof . . . syllTc, 20S7 ; ace. sg. n. syllic spell, 21 10; ace. pi. selliee sae-dra- can, 1427. Compar. aec. sg. syl- ITcran wiht (the dragon), 3039. semninga, adv., straightway, at once. 645, 1 64 1, 1768. sendan, w. v. w. ace. of thing and dat . of pers., to send : pret. sg. hone god sende folce to frofre {whom God sent as a co7nfort to the peo- ple), 13; so, 471, 1843. for-sendan, to send away , drive off pret. part, he wearS on feonda ge weald . . . snfldf for-sended, 905. 304 GLOSSARr. on-sendan, to send forth, away, w. ace. of thing and dat. of pers. : imper. sg. on-send,452, 1484; pret. sg. on-sende, 382; pi. be hine . . . for'S on-sendon aenne ofer ^^Ne {who sent him forth alone over the sea), 45; pret. part, bealo-cwealm hafaS fela feorh-cynna feorr on- sended, 2267. 6(>ndan (cf. Gl. Aldhelm, sanda = ferciilorum, epularum, in Ilaupt IX. 444), w. v., to feast, banquet : pres. sg. III. sende"5, 601. — Leo. serce, syrce, w. f., sark, shirt of mail: nom. sg. syrce, 1 1 12; nom. pi. syrcan, 226; ace. pi. graege syr- can, 334. — Comp. : beadu-, heoro- seree; here-, leoSo-, lic-syree. sess, St. m., seat, place for sitting : dat. sg. sessc, 2718; l-ahebTsesse geong (^by the seat, i.e. before the dragon's lair), 2757. setl, St. n., seat, settle : ace. sg., 2014; dat. sg. setle, 1233, 1783, 2020; gen. sg. setles, 1787; dat. pi. set- lum, 1290. — Comp. : heah-, hilde-, meodu-setl. settan, w. v., to set : pret. sg. setton S3e-me"5e side scyldas . . . wi'S \>'is recedes weall {the sea-wearied ones set their broad shields against the wall of the hall), 2)2^; 50,1243. 1 - £ e 1 1 a n , to set, place, appoint : pret. pi. liic him S-setton segen [gyl]- denne heah ofer heafod, 47; pret. part.hafde kyninga vvuldor Grendle to-geanes...sele-\vearda-seted,66S. be -settan, to set with, surround : pret. sg. (helm) besette swln-licum {set the helm with swine-bodies), 1454- ge -set tan: i) to set, set down : pret. part. swS was . . . \>\xx\\ rfln- stafas rihte ge-mearcod, ge-seted and ge-saed {thus was . . . in rune- staves rightly marked, set down and said), 1697. — 2) to set, or- dain, create : pret. sg. ge-sette . . . sunnan and monan leoman to leohte land-bflendur.i, 94. — 3) = componere, to lay aside, smooth over, appease : pret. sg. bat he mid |>^ wife wal-fi^h'Sa . . . djel . . . ge-sette, 2030. secan, w. v., to follow after, hence : i) to seek, strive for, vv. ace. : pret. sg. sine-fat sohte {sought the costly cup), 2301; ne sohte searo-niSas, 2739; so, 3068. Without ace.: bonne his myne sohte {than his wish demanded), 2573; hord- weard sohte georne after gruiide {^the hoard-warden sought eagerly along the ground), 2294. — 2) to look for, come or go some whither, attain something, w. ace. : pres. sg. III. se be . . . biorgas seceS, 2273; subj. beah be haeS-stapa holt-wudu sece, 1370; imper. sec gif bu dyrre {look for her, i.e. Gren- del's mother, if thou d-ire), 1380; inf. secean, 200, 268, 646, 1598, 1870, 1990, 25I4(?), 3103, etc.; s^can, 665, 1451 ; driliten sScean {seek, go to, the Lord), 187; secean vvyn-leas wic {Grendel was to seek a joyless place, i.e. Ilell), 822; so, secan deofla gedrag, 757; siwle secan {seek the life, kill ), 802 ; so, secean sSwle hord, 2423; gerund, sacee to seeeanne, 2563; pret. sg. I., III. sohte, 139, 20S, 376, 417, 2224; Il.sohtest, 458; pl.sohton, 339. — 3) to seek, attack: be fts seeeaS to Sweona leode, 3002; pret. pi. hine wrac-macgas ofer se sohtan, 23S1. ge-s6can : l) /<75(f^^, w. ace. : inf. gif he gesSeean dear wig ofer wa^pen, 685. — 2) to look for, come or go to GLOSSARY. 305 attain, w. ace. : inf. ge-s8cean, 693; gerund, to ge-secanne, 1923; pret. sg. ge-sohte, 463, 520, 71^, 1952; pret. part. nom. pi. feor-cySSe heoS selran ge-sohte Nm he hine selfa deah, 1840. — 3) to seek with hos- tile intent, to attack : pres. sg. ge- seccS 2516; pret. sg. ge-sohte, 2347; pl- ge-sohton, 2927; ge- sohtan, 2205. ufer-sScan, w. ace, to surpass, outdo (in an attack) : pres. sg. was sio bond to strong, se 1 emecagehwane . . . swenge ofer-sohte, bonne he to sacce bar woepen wundrum heard (too strong was the hand, that sur- passed every sword in stroke, when he [Beowulf] bore the wondrous weapon to battle, i.e. the hand was too strong for any sword; its strength made it useless in battle), 2687. sel, St. f. See srel. sel, sael, adj., good, excellent, fit, only in compar. : nom. sg. m. selra, 861, 2194; haem hter s^lra was {to the one that -was the better, i.e. Hy- gelSc), 2200 ; deaS biS sella honne edwit-lTf, 2S91; neut. selre, 13S5; ace. sg. m. selran he {a better than thee'), 1851; selran, 119S; neut. hat selre, 1760; dat. sg. m. selran sweord-frecan, 1469; nom. pl. fern. selran, 1840. Superl., strong form : nom. sg. neut. shiest, 173, 1060; hOsa shiest, 146, 285,936; ofost is selest, 256; bolda shiest, 2327; ace. sg. neut. hragla shiest, 454; hfisa selest, C59; billa selest, 1145; — weak form: nom. sg. m. reced Se- lesta, 412 ; ace. sg. m. hone selestan, 1407, 2383; (has, MS.), 1957; dat. sg. m. ham sSlestan, 1686; nom. pl. sSlestan, 416; ace. pl. h^ selestan, s§l, compar. adv., bette', fitter, more excellent, 1013, 2531 ; ne byS him wihte he s81 {he shall be nought the better for it), 2278; so, 2688. sealina( Frisian selma, in bed-selma), w. m., bed-cha?tiber, sleeping-place : ace. sg. on sealman, 2461. sealt, adj., salty : ace, sg. neut. ofer sealt water (the sea), 1 990. searo (G. sarwa, pl.), st. n. : i) ar- mor, accoiitretnents, war -gear : nom. pl.sae-manna searo, 329; dat. pl. secg on searwum (a man, war- rior, in panoply), 249, 2701 ; in (on) searwum, 323, 1558; 2531, 2569; instr. pl. searwum, 1814. — 2) insidiae, ambuscade, zvaylaying, deception, battle : h^ ic of searwum cwoui, fah from feondum, 419. — 3) cunning, art, skill: instr. pl. sadol searwum fah {saddle cun- ningly ornamented), 1039; earm- beaga fela, searwum ge - sreled {many cunningly-linked armlets) , 2765. — Comp. fyrd-, gfl^-, inwit- searo. searo-beud, st. f., band, bond, op curious work:nanship : instr. pl. searo-bendum fast, 2087. searo-fah, adj., cunningly inlaid, ornamented, with gold : nom. sg. here-byrne hondum ge-broden, sTd and searo-fah, 1445. searo-ge-l>rac, st. n., heap of treas- ure-objects : ace. sg., 3103. searo-gim, st. m., cunningly set getji, rich jewel: ace. pl. searo- gimmas, 2750; gen. pl. searo-gim- ma, iic;8. searo - grim, adj., cunning and fierce : nom. sg., 595. searo-habbend, pres. part, as subst., arms-bearing, warrior with hii trappings : gen. pi. searo-habbeu- dra, 237. 306 GLOSSARY. Bearo-net, si. n., armor-net, shirt of mail, corselet : nom. sg., 406. searo-nlKJ', st. m. : l) cunning hos- tility, plot, wiles : ace. pi. searo- nit^as, 1201, 2739. — 2) also, only hostility, feud, contest : ace. pi. scaro-ntSas, 3068; gen. pi. searo- niSa, 582. searo-J^anc, st. m., ingenuity : instr. pi. searo-honcum, 776. searo-wuiidor, st. n., rare wonder : ace. sg., 921. seax, St. " ihortsword, kip- knife ; dagger: insu. »g. seaxe, 1546. — Comp. wal-seax. seax-ben, st. f., dagger-wound: instr. pi. siex-ljcnnum, 2905. seofon, num., scz'en, 517; seofan, 2196; dccl. ace-, syfone, 3123. sconiian, w. v.: i) intrans., to be tied; lie at rest: inf. siomian, 2768; pret. 5g. seomode, 502. — 2) w. ace., to put in bonds, entrap, catch : pret. sg. duguSe and geo- go^eseomade(cf. 2086-2092), 161. seonu, St. f., sinew: nom. pi. seo- nowe, 818. 8e6c, adj., feeble, weak; fatally ill : nom. sg. feorh-bennum seoc (of Bedwulf, sick unto death), 2741 ; siex-bennum seoe (of the dead dragon), 2905; nom. pi. modes se6ce(sickofsoul), 1604. — Comp. : ellen-, feorh-, heaSo-sedc. sc63'an, st. v. w. ace, to seethe, boil ; figuratively, be excited over, brood: pret. sg. ic J'Ss m8d-ceare sorh- wylmum seaS (/ pined in heart- grief for that), 1994; so, 190. Be6lo3', St. m.?, bight, bay (cf. Die- trich in Ilaupt XI. 416) : gen. pi. si61e<5a bi-gong {^the realm of bights — the [surface of the] sea?), 2368 Be6u, bJu, st. f., aspect, sight : in comp. wlite-, wundor-se6n, an-s^n. se6u, St. v., to see : a) w. ace. : inf searo-wunder se6n, 921 ; so, 387, 1 181, 1276, 3103; t^aer mag nihta ge-hvv£em niS-wundor seon {there may every night be seen a repul- sive marvel), 1366; pret. sg. ne scab ic . . . heal-sittendra medu- dream mSran, 2015. — b) w. ace. and predicate adj. : ne seah ic el- )je6dige bus manige men modig- ITcran, 336. — c) vv. prep, or adv. : pret. sg. seah on enta ge-\veorc, 2718; seah on un-leofe, 2864; pi. folc to saegon {looked on), 1423. ge-seon, to see, behold : a) w. ace. ; pres. sg. III. se )?e beah ge-syhtS, 2042; inf. ge-se6n, 396, 571, 649, 962, 1079, etc.; pret. sg. geseah, 247.927> 1558. 1614; pl-ge-sawon, 1606, 2253. — b) w. ace. and pred- icate adj., pres. sg. III. ge-syh'5 . . . on his suna bflre win-sele w8stne {sees in his sojt's house the wine- hall empty ; or, hall of friends'^), 2456. — c) w. inf. : pret. sg. ge-seah . . . beran ofer bolcan beorhte randas {saw shining shields borne oz'er the gang-plank), 229; pret. pi. ma:re maSSum-sweord monige ge- s5won beforan beorn beran, 1024. — d) w. ace. and inf. : pret. sg. ge- seah, 729, 1517, 1586, 1663, 2543, 2605, etc.; pl.ge-sSwon. 221, 1348, 1426; ge-segan, 3039; ge-segon, 3129. — e) w. depend, clause: inf. mag bonne . . . geseon sunu IlreS- les, bat ic {may the son of //. see that I . . .), i486; pret. pi. ge- s.lwon, 1592. geond-se6n, to see, look through, over, w. ace. : pret. sg. (ic) bat eall geond-seh, 30S8. ofer-se6n, to see clearly, plainly. pret. pi. ofer-sflwon, 419. GLOSSARY. 307 n - s e 6 n , ^ look on, at, w. ace: pret. pi. on-sS\von, 1651. seowian, w. v., to sezv, put together, link : pret. part, searo-net seowed smi'Ses or-)>ancum (t/ie corselet ■woven by the smith's craft), 406. sib, St. i., peace, friendship, relation- ship : noni. sg., 1165, 1858; sibb, 2601 ; ace. sibbe, 950, 2432, 2923; instr. sg. sibbe {in peacel), 154. — Comp. : dr)-ht-, friSo-sib. sib-affeling, st. m., nobilis consan- guineus, kindred prince or noile- nian : nom. pi. -a^*elmgas, 2709. sibbe-gedryht, st. f., body of allied or related luarriors : ace. sg.sibbe- gedriht (the Danes), 387; (the Geatas), 730. siffffan, sy9'3'aii: i) adv. : a) since, after, from itffiv on, further, 142, 149, 283, 567, 1903, 2052, 2065, 2176,2703,2807, 2921 ; seo"55an, 1876. — b) thett, thereupon, after, 470, 686, 1454, 1557, 1690, 2208; seoS'San, 1938; oer ne sWcian {neither before nor after), 719. 2) Conj. : a) w. ind. pres., as soon as, when, 413, 605, 1785, 2S89, 2912. — b) w. ind. pret., ivhen, whilst, 835, 851, 1205, 1207, 1421, 1590. 2357, 2961, 2971,3128; seoS- •San, \'j-](i; — since, 649, 657, 983, II99, 1254, 1309, 2202\— after, either with pluperf. : siSSan him scyppend forscrifen hafde {after the Creator had proscribed him), 106; so, 1473; or with pret. = pluperf. : sySiSan niht becom {after night had cane J7t), 115; so, 6, 132, 723, 887, 902, IQ78, 1 149, 1236, 1262, 1282, 1979, 2013, 2125; or pret. and pluperf. together, 2104- 2105. eiex. See seax. slge-dryhten, st. m., lord of vic- tory, victorious lord nom. sg. sig© drihten, 391. sige-eddig, adj., blest with victory, victorious : ace. sg. neut. sige-ea- dig bil, 1558. sige-folc, St. n., victoriozis people, troop : gen. pi. sige-folca, 645. sige-hreff, st. f., confidence of vie tory{l) : ace. sg., 490. See Note. sige-hreSfig, adj., victorious : nom. sg., 94, 1598, 2757. sige-hn'TI, .^it. f., hour or day of vie- tory : gen. sg. sige-hwile, 2711. sige-leds, adj., devoid of victory, de- feated: ace. sg. sige-leasne sang, 788. sige-rOf, adj., victorious : nom. sg., 620. 8ige-J>e6d, st. f., victorious zuarrior troop : dat. sg. on sige-beode, 2205. sige-WtCpen, st. n., victor-weapon, sword: dat. pi. sige-waepnum, 805. sigl, St. n. : i) sun: nom. sg. sigel, 1967. — 2) sun-shaped ornament . ace. pi. siglu, 3165; sigle (bracte- ates of a necklace), 1201 ; gen. pi. sigla, 1 158. — Comp. ma'SSum- sigl. sigor, St. m., victory : gen. sg. sigo- res, 1022; gen. pi. sigora, 2876, 3056. — Comp. : hreS-, wig-sigor. sigor-eAdig, adj., victorious : nom. sg. sigor-eadig secg (of Beowulf), 1312, 2353. sin. See syn. sine, St. n., treasure, jewel, property : nom. sg., 2765; aec. sg. sine, 81, 1205, i486, 2384, 2432; instr. sg. since, 1039, 1451, 1616, 1883, 2218, 2747; gen. sg. sinces, 608, 1171, 1923, 2072; gen pi. sinca, 2429. sinc-f3,h, 2^^)., treasure-decked : ace. sg. neut. weak form, sinc-fSge sel, 167. sine-fat, st. n., costly vessel : ace sg., 2232, 2301 ; — a costly object : ace 308 GLOSSARY. sg., I20I (i.e. mene) ; ace. pl.sinc- fato, 623. sinc-gii-streou, St. n., precious treas- ure, jewe/ 0/ va/ue : instr. pi. -ge- stre6num, 1093; gen. pi. -gestreo- na, 1227. sinc-gifa, vv. m., Jewel-giver, treas- ure-giver — prince, ruler : ace. sg. sinc-gyfan, 1013; dat. sg. sinc- gifan (of Beowulf), 2312; (of Aschere), 1343. sinc-maffafum, st. m., treasure: noni. sg., 2194. sino-J»egO, f., acceptance, taking, of jewels : nom. sg., 2885. sin-dolh, st. n., perpetual, i.e. in- curable, wcitml nom. sg. syn-dolh, 818. 6in-fre6, w. m., wedded lord, hus- Land : rom. sg., 1935. sin-gal, adj., continual, lasting: ace. sg. fem. sin-gale sace, 154. sin -gales, adv. gen. sg., continu- ally, ever, 1778; syngales, 1136. si ngala, adv. gen. pi., the same, 190. singan, st. v., to sound, ring, sing : pret.sg. hring-iren scir songinsear- wum (^the ringed iron rang in the armor^, 323; horn stundum song ffls-lic f[yrd]-!e6^" {at times the horn rang forth a ready battle- song^, 1424; scop hwilum sang {the singer sang at whiles), 496. &- singan, to sing out, sing to an end : pret. part. leoS was S-sungen, 1 1 60. gin-here, st. m., {army without end}) , strong army, host : instr. sg. sin-herge, 2937. sin-niht, st. {., perpetual night, night after night: ace. pi. sin-nihte ( n ight after night), 161. sln-sceaffa, w. m., irreconcilible foe : nom. sg. syn-scaSa, 708; ace. 8g. syn-scaiSan, 802. sin-snaed, st. f., {continuous biting), bite after bite : dat. pi. syn-snaedum swealh {swallowed bite after bite, in great bites), 744. sittan, St. v.: i) to sit: pres. sg. Wigldf siteiS ofer Biowulfe, 2907; imper. sg. site nu to symle, 489; inf. hser swiS-ferhSe sittan eodon {whither the strong-minded went andsat),4g2'' code. ..to hirefrean sittan {went to sit by her lord), 642; pret. sg. on wicge sat {sat on the horse), 286; at fotum sat {sat at the feet), 500, 1 1 67; t>a;r IlroS- gar sat {where H. sat), 356; so, 1191, 2895; he gevvergad sat . . . frean eaxlum neah, 2854; pret. pi. s?eton, 1 165; gistas setan (MS. secan) . . . and on mere staredon {the strangers sat and stared on the sea), 1 603. — 2) to be in a cer- tain state or condition {quasi cop- ula) : pret. sg. moere ^eoden . . . unbliSe sat, 130. — Conip. : flet-, heal-sittend. he -sit tan, obsidere, to surround, besiege, w. ace. : besat l-S sin-herge sweorda Idfe wunduni vvSrge {then besieged he with a host the leav- ings of the sword, wound-weary), 2937- for- si It an, obstrui, to pass away, fail : pres. sg. eagena bearhtm for- siteS {the light of the eyes passeth away), 1768. ge -sittan: i) to sit, sit together: pret. sg. monig-oft ge-sat rice to rflne {very often sat the king delib- erating'oith his council{see rice)), 171; \vi S earm ge-sat {supported himself upon his arm, sat on his arm}), 750; f^cNa eal ge-sat {the -ivhole troop sat down), 1 425; ge- sat hi vviti sylfne {sat there beside, near to, him, i.e. HygelSc), 1978; GLOSSARY. 309 ge-sat t'Son nasse, 2418; so, 2718; pret. part. (sy^San) ... we t8 symble ge-seten hafdon, 2105. — 2) w. ace, to seat one's self upon or in something, to board: pret. sg. bS ic . . . sie-bSt ge-sat, 634. of-sittan, w. ace, to sit over or up07t : pret. sg. of-sat J>S Jjone sele- gyst, 1546. of er- sit tan, w. ace, to dispense ■with, refrain from (cf. ofer, 2 [c]) : pres. sg. I. I^at ic wiS hone gfi'S-flogan gylp ofer-sitte, 2529; inf. secge ofer-sittan, 685. on-sittan (O.H.G. int-sizzan, to start from one^s seat, to be startled^, w. ace, to fear : inf. I'S fsehSe, atole ecg-;)race eower leode svviSe onsittan {^to dread the hostility, the fierce contest, of your people), 598. y m b - s i 1 1 a n , /o j?V around, w. ace : pret. pi. (J'at hie) . . . symbel ymb- saeton (^sat round the feast), 564. See ymb-sittend. Bid, adj.: l) wide, broad, spacious, large : nova. sg. (here-byrne, glof ) sid, 1445, 2087; ace sg. m. sidne scyld, 437 ; on sidne sae, 507 ; fern, byrnan side (of a corselet extend- ing over the legs), 1292; ofer sae side, 2395; neut. side rice, 1734, 2200; instr. sg. sidan herge, 2348; ace pi. side sse-nassas, 223; side scyldas, 325; gen. pi. sTdra sorga {of great sorrozvs), 149. — 2) in moral sense, great, noble : ace sg. J)urh sidne sefan, 1727. side, adv., far andwide, afar, 1224. sid-faiSine, adj., broad-bosomed: ace sg. sid-faSme scip, 19 18. sid-falSFiiied, quasi pret. part., the same : nom. sg. sid-fa"Smed scip, 302. sid-rand) st. m., broad shield : nom. sg., 1290. sil5 (G. seibu-s), adj., late : superl. nom. sg. siSast sige-hwile {the last hour, day, of victory), 2711; dat. sg.at siSestan {in the end, at last), ^3014. s i '5 , adv. compar., later : aer and si5 {sooner and later, tarly and late), 2501. siSf (G. sinh-s), st. m. : i) road, way, journey, expedition ; esp., road to battle: nom. sg., 501,3059, 3090; nas hat ^Se siS {that was no easy road, task), 2587 ; so, hat n'as geo- cor si5, 766; ace sg. si«, 353, 512, 909, 1279, 1430, 1967; instr. dat. siSe, 532, 1952, 1994; gen. sg. si-Ses, 579, 1476, 1795, 1909. Also, return : nom. sg., 1972. — 2) un- dertaking, enterprise ; esp., battle- v>ork : nom. sg. nis hat eower si5, 2533 ; ne bi'5 swylc earges sf5 {such is no coward'' s enterprise), 2542; ace sg. 518,873. In pi. = adventures : nom. siSas, '987; ace srSas, 878; gen. si'Sa, 318. — 3) time (as iterative) : nom. sg. nas hat forma siS {that zoas not the first time), 717, 1464; so, 1528, 2626; ace. sg. oftor micle }>onne on senne sfS, 1580; instr. sg. (forman, 65re, hriddan) siSe, 741, 1204, 2050, 2287,2512, 2518, 2671, 2689, 3102. — Comp. : cear-, eft-, ellor-, gryre-, sse-, vviU, wrsec-si^. ge-si"5, St. m., coinrade, follower : gen. sg. ge-siSes, 1298; nom. pi. ge-stSas, 29; ace pi. ge-siSas, 2041, 2519; dat. pi. ge-sf5um, 1314. 1925. 2633; gen. pi. ge-sK!a, 1935. — Comp.: eald-, wil-gesK. siff-fiit, St. m., way, journey : act. sg. hone st(5-fat, 202; dat. sg. stS- fate, 2640. sid'-fram, -from, adj., ready for thi journey : nom. pi. st5-frome, 1814. 310 GLOSSARY. Afffian, w. v., to journey, viarch : inf., 721, 809; pret. sg. sfSode, 2120. for-si'5ian, t/er fatale inire (Grein) : pret. sg. hafde hS for- siSod sunu Ecg-I'enwes under gyn- ne grund {wouid kave found his death, etc.), 1 55 1. sie, s5'. See \vesan. sigan, St. v., to descend, sink, incline : pret. pi. sigon at-somne {descended together), 2PT, sigon \>a. to sla-pe {they sank to sleep), 1252. ge-stgan, to sink, fall : inf. ge- stgan atsacce (fnll in battle), 2660. sin, poss. pron., his : ace. sg. ni. sTnne, 1961, 1985, 2284, 2790; dat. sg. sinum, 1508. slypp, St. m., sleep : nom. sg., 1743; dat. sg. to slap-;, 1252. slaepan, st. v., to sleep : pres. part, nom. sg. slaepende, 2220; ace. sg. he gefeng . . . slcependne rinc (^seized a sleeping warrior), 742; ace. pi. slcepende frat folces Denigea fif- tyne men {devoured, sleeping, fif- teen of the people of the Danes), 1582. sleac, adj., slack, lazy: nom. sg , 2188. Bleahan, sle&n : i) to strike, stnie at: a) intrans. : pres. subj. sg. lal he me ongean sled {that he should strike at me), 6S2; pret. sg. yrriii- ga sloh {struck angrily), 1 566; sojsloh hilde-bille, 2680. b) trans. : pret. sg. I'iit lie I'one nT5-gast nio- "Sor h\v2ne sluh {that he struck the dragon somewhat lower, etc.), 2700. — 2) w. ace: to slay, kill: pret. sg. has )'e he Abel slog {de- cause he slew A.), 108; so, slog, 421, 2180; sloh, 15S2, 2356; 111. slogon, 205 1 ; pret. part. J'S was Fin slagen, 1 153. ge • 5 1 e a n , w. ace. : i ) to fight a bat- tle : pret. sg. ge-sl8h Hn f5det faeh'Se maeste, 459. — 2) to gmin by fighting : sySSan hie \>t. marSa ge- slogan, 2997. of-slean, to of slay, kill, w. ace: pret. sg. of-sloh, 574, 1666, 3061. sliSe (G. sleih-s), adj., savage, fierce, dangerous : ace. sg. )>urh sltSne niS, 184; gen. pi. sliSrageslyhta, 2399- slTffen, ^6i]., furious, savage, deadly nom. sg. svveord-bealo sliSen, 1 148. slitan, St. v., to slit, tear to pieces, w. ace. : pret. sg. slat (slaependne rinc), 742. slyht, St. m., blow: in comp. and- slyht. ge-slyht, St. n. (collective), battle, conflict : gen. pi. sltSra ge-slyhta, 2399- smid', St. m., smith, armorer : nom. sg. waepna smit?, 1453; gen. sg. smitSes, 406. Comp. wundor- smitJ. be- smiicTian, w. v., to surroutidwith iron-work, bands, etc. : pret. part, he (the hall Ileoiot) has faste was innan and fttan iren-bendum searo- honcum besmiSod (i.e. the beams out of which the hall was built were held together skilfully, within and without, by iron clamps), 776. snell, adj., fresh, vigorous, lively ; of martial temper : nom. sg. se snella, 2972. siiellic,adj., the same : nom.sg., 691. snotor, snottor, adj., clever, wise, intelligent : nom.sg. snotor, 1 90, 827, 909, 1385; in weak form, (se) snottia, 1314, 1476, 1787; sno- tra, 2157, 31 21; nom. pi. snotere, 202, 416; snottre, 1592. — Comp. fore-snotor. snotor-lice, adv., intelligently, wise ly: compar. snotor -Ifcor, 1483. GLOSSARY. 311 BBfide, adv., hastily, quickly, soon, 905, 1870, 1972, 2326, 2569, 2753. be-snyS'ian, w. v., lo rob, deprive of: pret. sg. hatte OngenH6 eal- dre be-sny'5ede HcE'Scyn, 2925. snyrian, w. v., to hasten, hurry : pret. pi. snyredon at-somne {hur- ried forivard together), 402, snyttru, f., intelligence, wisdom : ace. sg. snyttru, 1727; dat. pi. mid modes sny ttrum, 1 707 ; J'e we ealle ger ne meahton snyttrum be-syr- vvan {a deedwhich all of us together cotild not accomplish before with allourwisdot>i), 943. Adv., wisely, 873- soinne. See sanine. sor^ian, w. v. : i) to be grieved, sorrow: imper. sg. II. ne sorga! 1385. — 2) to care for, trouble one's self about : inf. no J'U ymb mines ne ^earft lices feorme leng sorgian {Jhou needst not care longer about my life's [body's] suste- nance), 451. 6orh, St. f., grief, pain, sorrow: nom. sg., 1323; sorh is me to sec- ganne {pains me to say), 473; acc.sg. sorge, 119, 2464; dat. instr. sg. mid \>2exQ sorge, 2469; sorge {in sorrow, grieved), 1150; gen. sg. worna fela . . . sorge, 2005; dat. pi. sorgum, 2601 ; gen. pi. sorga, 149. — Comp. : hyge-, in- wit-, ^egn-sorh. BOrh-cearig, adj., cttris sollicitus, heart-broken : nom. sg., 2456. 8orh-ful, adj., sorrowful, trouble- some, difficidt : nom. sg., 2120; ace. sg. sorh-fullne (sorh-fulne) stS, 512, 1279, 1430. 8orh-leds, ^l^^]., free from sorrow or grief : nom. sg., 1673. BOrh-le6i3', st. n., dirge, song of sor- row : ace. sg., 2461. sorh-wylm, st. m., xvave of sorrow nom. pi. sorh-wylmas, 905. sdcn, St. f., persecution, hostile pur- suit or attack (see secan) : dat, (instr.) J^sere socne (by reason of Grendel's persecution), 1778. sSS", St. n., sooth, trtith : ace. sg. s6"S, 532, 701, 1050, 1 701, 2865; dat. sg. tS so'Se {in truth), 51, 591, 2326, sols', adj., true, genuine: nom. sg. J'at is s65 metod, 161 2; ace. sg. n. gyd Swrac so'S and sSr-lic, 21 10. so'Se, adv., truly, correctly, accu- rately, 524; s65e gebunden (of alliterative verse : accurately put together-), 872. sSiff-cjTilng, St. m., true king : nom. sg. sigora so'S-cyning {God), 3056. soS-fast, adj., soothfast, established in truth, orthodox (here used of the Christian martyrs) : gen, pi. s6'5-fastra dom {glory, realm, of the saints), 2821. soij-lice, adv., in truth, truly, truth- fully, 141, 273, 2900. sof te, adv., gently, softly : compar. \>^ seft {the more easily), 2750. — Comp. un-softe. sOna, adv., soon, immediately, 121, 722, 744, 751, 1281, 1498, 1592, 1619, 1763, etc. on-spannan, st. v., to un-span, unloose : pret. sg. his helm on- speon {loosed his helm), 2724. spel, St. n., narrative, speech: ace. sg. spell, 21 10; ace. pi. spel, 874; gen. pi. spella, 2899, 3030. — Comp. wea-spel. sped, St. f . : i ) luck, success : in comp. here-, \vig-sp6d. — 2) skill, facility : ace. sg. on sp^d {skil- fully), 874. spiwan, st. v., to spit, spew, w. instr. : inf. gl^dum spTwan {spitfire) , 23 1 3 312 GLOSSARY. spor, St. n., spur : in comp. hand- spor. epOAvan, st. v., to speed -well, help, avail : prel. sg. him wil.t ne speow {availed him tiai(ght), 2855; hfl him at aete spe6w {how he sped in the eating), 3027. epraec, st. f., speech, langttage : instr. sg. fr^cnan spraece {through bold, challenging, discourse), 1 105. — Comp. : sefen-, gylp-sprsec. eprecan, st. v., to speak : inf. ic sceal Tor's sprecan gen ymbe Grendel {/shall go on speaking about C), 2070 ; vv. ace. se I'C wyle soS spre- can {he 7uho vji II speak the truth), 2865 ; imper. to Geatum spree (spraee, MS.), 1172; pret. sg. III. sprac, 1 169, 1699, 251 1, 2725; word after spiae, 341 ; no ymbe ha fash'Se sprae, 2619; II. hwatbu worn fela . . . ymb Drecan spraee {how much thou hast spoken of Breca!), 531; pi. hwat wit geo sprsecon {what we two spoke of be- fore), 1477; gomele ymb godne on-geador spnecon, bat hig . . . {the graybeards spoke together about the valiant one, that they . . .), 1596; swS wit fur"5um spneeon {as we two spoke, engaged, before), 1708; pret. part. t'S was . . . ^ryiS- word sprecen, 644. ge-sprecan, w. ace., to speak: pret. sg. ge-sprac, 676, 1399, 1467, 3095- Bpre6t, St. m., pole; spear, pike : in eomp. eofor-spre6t. springan, st. v., to jump, leap; flash : pret. sg. hrA wide sprong {the body bounded far), 1589; swSt aedrum sprong for 5 under fexe {the blood burst out in streams from under his hair), 2967; pi. wide sprungon hilde - ledman {Jlashed afar), 2583. Also figuratively : bUed wtde sprang {his repute spread afar), 18. ge-springan, to spring forth : pret. sg. sw& J^at blod ge-sprang {as the blood burst forth), 1 668. Figuratively, to arise, originate pret. sg. Sigemunde gesprong after deaS-dage dom un-lytel, 885. on-springan, to burst in two, spring asunder : pret. pi. seonowe onsprungon, burston banlocan 818. standan, st. v. : i ) absolutely or with prep., to stand : pres. III. pi. e6red- geatwe ^e ge l'a;r on standaS {the warlike accoutrements wherein ye there stand), 2867; inf. ge-seah . . . oreas stondan {saw vessels standing), 2761 ; pret. sg. at h^Se stod hringed-stefna (/« the harbot stood the curved-prozuedf, metal- covered!, ship), 32; stod on sta- pole {stood near the [middle'] col- umn), 927; so, 1914, 2546; bat him on aldre stod here-stral hearda {that the sharp war-arrow stood in his vitals), 142S'> so, 2680 ; pi. garas stodon . . . samod at-gadere {the spears stood together), 328; him big stodan bunan and oreas {by him stood cans and pots), 3048. Also of still water: pres. sg. III. nis hat feor heonon . . . hiit se mere standeti, 1363. — 2) with predicate adj., to stand, continue in a certain state : subj. pres. lat bes sele stande . . . rinea ge-hwyleum idel and unnyt {that this hall stands empty and useless for every warrior), 41 1; inf. hord-wynne fand eald uht-seea■^'a opene standan, 2272; pret. sg. 65 bat Idel stod hflsa se- lest, 145; so, 936; water under st6d dredrig and ge-drefed, 141S GLOSSARY. 313 — 3) to belong or attach to ; issue : pret. sg. Nor^-Deniim stod atelic egesa (great terror clung to, over- came, the A^orth Danes'), 784; ^ara Snum stod sadol searwum fah {on one of the steeds lay an ingeniotf sly- inlaid saddle), 1038; byrne-leoma eldum on andan (Jmrning light stood forth, a horror to men), 2314; leoht inne stod (a light stood in it, i.e. the sword), 1571; him of ea- gum stod . . . leoht unfager (an uncanny light issued from his eyes), 727; so, \>2X [fram] J^am gyste [gryre-] broga stod, 2229. S.-standan, to sta nd up, arise : pret. sg. S-stod, 760, 1557, 2093. at-standan, to stand at, near, or in : pret. sg. J^at hit (i.e. J^at swurd) on wealle at-stod, 892. for-standan, to stand against or before, hence •.\)to hinder, prevent: pret. sg. (breost-net) wi'S ord and wi'S ecge in-gan^ for-stod {the shirt of mail prevented point or edge from entering), 1550; subj. nefne him witig god wyrd for-stode {if the wise God had not warded off such a fate from them, i.e. the men threatened by Grendel), 1057. — 2) defend, w. dat. of person against whom : inf. )>at he . . . mihte heaSo- lilSendum hord for-standan, beam and br^de {that he might protect his treasure, his children, and his spouse from the sea - farers), 2956. ge-standan, intrans., to stand: pret. sg. ge-stod, 358, 404, 2567; pi. nealles him on heape hand-ge- steallan . . . ymbe gestodon {not at all did his boo7i-cofnpanions stand serried around him), 2597. Btapa, w. m., stepper, strider : in comp. haetJ-, mearc-stapa. stapan, st. v., to step, stride, go for ward: pret. sg. eorl furSor stSp, 762; gum-feSa stop lind-habben- dra {the troop of shield-warrion strode on), 1402. at-stapan,/t> stride up or to : pret. sg. forS near at-stop {strode up nearer), 746. ge-stapan, to walk, stride : pret. sg. he to forS gestop dyrnan crafte, dracan heafde neah {he, i.e. the man that robbed the dragon of the vessel, had through hidden craft come too near the dragon's head), 2290. stapol, St. m., (= /Scttris), trunk of a tree ; hence, support, pillar, col- umn : dat. sg. stod on stapole {stood by or near the wooden mid- dle column of Heorot), 927; instr. pi. \>% stan-bogan stapulum faste {the arches of stone upheld by pil- lars), zjig. See Note. starian, w. v., to stare, look intently at : pres. sg. I. bat ic on I'one ha- felan . . . eagum starige {that I see the head with my eyes), 17S2; l>ara fratwa . . . ^e ic her on starie {for the treasures . . . that I here look upon), 2797; III. bonne he on bat sine stara^, i486; sg. for pi. bara be on swylc staraS, 997; pret. sg. bat (sin-frea) hire an dages eagum starede, 1936; pi. on mere stare- don, 1604. Stan, St. m. : i ) stone : in comp. eorclan-stSn. — 2) rock : ace. sg. under (ofer) hSrne stSn, 888, 141 6, 2554, 2745; dat. sg. stane, 2289, 2558. stan-beorh, st. m., rocky elevation, stony mountain : ace. sg. stSn- beorh steapne, 2214. stan-boga, w. m., stone arch, arch hewn out of the rock : dat. .sg. stSn- 314 GLOSSARY. bogan, 2546; nom. pi. stin-bogan, 2719. stau-clif, St. n., rocky cliff : ace. pi. stSn-cleofu, 2541. stiln-fuh, .idj., stone-laid, pavcdxvith stones 0/ different colors : nom. sg. slraet was stin-fah {the street was of different colored stones^, 320. stun-hliidr, St. n., rocky slope: ace. pi. stan-hliSo, 1410. stiif, St. m.: i) staff: in comp. rfln- slaf. — 2) elementutn : in comp. Sr-, ende-, fSeen-staf. sttil, St. m., place, stead : dat. sg. l;at I'u me S waste for'5-gewitenum on fader stale {that thou, if I died, 'ioouldst represent a father'' s place to tne), 1480. staelan, w. v., to place; allure or instigate: inf. I'a ic on morgne ge-fragn mseg oSerne billes ecgum on bonan stislan {then I learned that on the morrow one brother in- stigated the other to murder with the sword's edge ; or, one avenged the other on the murderer}, cf. 2962 seqq.), 2486. ge-stselan, to place, impose, insti- tute : pret. part, ge feor hafa^ fith Ne ge-staeled ( Grendefs mother has further begun hostilities against us), 1341. stede, St. m., place, -stead: in comp. bail-, burh-, folc-, heah-, niecSel-, wang-, wic-stede. stefn, St. f., voice: nom. sg., 2553; instr. sg. niwan (niowan) stefne (properly novS voce) = denuo, ane-co, again, 2595, 1 790. stefn, St. m., prow of a ship : ace. sg-» 213; see bunden-, hringed-, wunden-stefna. on-Btellan, w. v., constituere, to cause, bring about : pret. sg. se has or-leges 6r on-stealde, 2408. steog, St. ni., pole, pike : in comp wal-steng. g e - steppan, w. v., to stride, go . pret. sg. folce ge-stepte ofer sae Side sunu Ohtheres {O.'s son, i.e. Eadgils, -went zvith warriors over the broad sea^, 2394. stede (O.II.G. stSti, M.H.G. staete), adj., firm, steady : nom. sg. was st6de naglage-hwylc st^le ge-licost {each nail-place was firm as steel), 986. stepan, w. v. w. ace, to exalt, honor : pret. sg. hefh l^e hine mihtig god . . . eafeSum stSpte, 1718. ge-steald, st. n., possessions, prop- erty : in ctjmp. in-gesteald, 1 1 56. ge-stealla, w. m., (contubernalis), companion, comrade: in comp. eaxl-, fyrd-, hand-, lind-, nj>d-ge- stealla. stearc-heort, adj., (fortis animo), stout-hearted, courageoiis : nom. sg. (of the dragon), 2289; (of Beowulf), 2553. stedp, adj., steep, projecting, tower- ing : ace. sg. steapne hiof, 927; stan-beorh steapne, 2214; witi steapne rond, 2567; acc.pl.m.beor- gas steape, 222; neut. steap stSn hliSo, 1410. — Comp. hea^'osteap. stille, adj., still, quiet: nom. sg. wid-floga wundum stille, 2831. s t i 1 1 e , adv., quietly, 301 . stiucan, st. v., to smell; snuff : pret. sg. stone \>z. after stSne {snuffed along tite stone), 2289. stiff, adj., hard, stiff : nom. sg. wun- den-msel (swurd) . . . sttS and st^l- ecg, 1534- stiij-inod, adj., stout-hearted, un- flinching: nom. sg., 2567. stig,st.m., waj', path : nom. sg., 320, 2214; ace. pi. stige nearwe, 1410 — Comp. medu-stig. GLOSSARY. 315 stigan, St. v., to go, ascend : pret. sg. \>k he to holme [st]ag {when he plunged forward into the sea), 2363; pi. beornas ... on stefn sti- gon, 212; Wedera leode on wang stigon, 225; subj. pret. ser he on bed stige, 677. fi • s 1 1 g a n , to ascend : pres. sg. l^o- non yS-geblond up S-stige'5 won to wolcnum, 1374; gfiS-rinc a-stah {the fierce hero ascended, i.e. was laid on the pyre? or, the fierce smoke [lec] ascendedl), 11 19; ga- men eft S-stSh {joy again went up, resounded), 1 161 ; wudu-rec a-stih sweart of swioSoIe, 3145 ; s\v8g up a-stag, 783. ge-stigan,/^ ascend, go up : pret. sg. ha ic on holm ge-stah, 633. storm, St. m., stortn : nom. sg. strsela storm {storm of missiles), 31 18; instr. sg. holm storme vveol {the sea billowed si or tnily), 1 132. stOl, St. m., chair, throne, seat : in comp. brego-, &5el-, gif-, gum-stol. st6\v, St. f., place, -stow : nom. sg. nis l^at heoru stow {a haunted spot), 1373; ace. sg. fr^cne stowe, 1379; grund-bftendragearwestowe {the place prepared for men, i.e. death-bed; see gesacan and ge- nydan), 1007 : comp. wal-stow. Strang, strong, adj., strong; val- iant ; mighty: nom. sg. was t>at ge-win to Strang {that sorrozu was too great), 133; hu eart magenes Strang {strong of body), 1845; ^^ sio hond to strong {the hand was too powerful), 2685; superl. wl- gena strengest {strongest of war- riors), 1544; magenes strengest {strongest in might), 196; magene strengest, 790. stradan ? (cf. straede = passus, gres- sijs), to tread, {\i€)-stride, stride over (Grein) : subj. pres. se hone wong stride, 3074. See Note. strael, st. m., arrow, missile: instr. sg. biteran strsele, 1747; gen. pi. str^ela storm, 31 18. street, st. f., street, highway: nom. sg., 320; ace. sg. strsete, 1635; fealwe strKte, 917. — Comp.: lagu-, mere-street. strengel, st. m., {endowed with strength), ruler, chief: ace. sg. wigena strengel, 3116. strengo, st. f., strength, power, vio- lence : ace. sg. magenes strenge, 1271 ;dat.sg.strenge, l534;slrengo, 2541 ; — dat. pi. strenguin = vio- lently, powerfully {loosed from the strings?^, 3118: in comp. hilde-, magen-, mere-strengo. stregan (O. S. strowian), w. v., to strew, spread : pret. part, was I'am yldestan . . . mor Curbed stred {the death-bed tuas spread for the eld- est one), 2437. stredm, st. m., stream, fiood, sea :. ace. sg. stream, 2546; nom. pi. streamas, 212; ace. pi. streamas, 1262: comp. brim-, eagor-, firgen-, lagu-stream. g e - streon (cf. streon — robur, vis), St. n., property, possessions : hence, valuables, treasure, jewels : nom. pi. HeaSo-beardna ge-streon {the costly treasure of the Heathobear- das, i.e. the accoutrements belong- ing to the slain H.), 2038; ace. pi. aSelinga, eorla ge-streon, 1921, 3168. — Comp.: ser-, eald-, eorl-, heah-, hord-, long-, ma"Sm-, sine-, Jieod-ge-streon. strudan, st. v., to plu7tder, carry off: subj. pres. nas J>a on hlytme hwa hat hord strude, 3127. ge-strj'nan, w. v. w. ace, to ac- quire, gain : inf has be {betause) 316 GLOSSARY. ic moste minum leodum . . . swylc ge-str^nan, 2799. Btund, St. f., time, space of time, while : adv. dat. pi. stundum {at times), 1424. styrian, w. v. \v. ace: \) to ar- range, put in order, tell : inf. secg eft on-gan sTS Beowulfes snyttrum styrian {t/ie poel then began to tell B.'s feat skilfully, i.e. put in poetic form), 873. — 2) to rouse, stir up : pres. sg. III. Jjonne wind sty- re"5 laS ge-\vi5ru {when the wind stirreth up the loathly weather), 1 375. — 3) to moTe against, attack, disturb: subj. pres. bat he . , . hring-sele hondum styrede {that he should attack the ring-hall ivith his hands), 2841. stynnan, w. v., to rage, cry out : pret. sg. styrmde, 2553. style, St. n., steel: dat. sg. st^le, 986. styl-ecg, 7i^]., steel-edged : nom. sg., 1534- be -styinan, w. v., to inundate, wet, flood: pret. part, (waeron) eal benc-helu blode be-stj'med, 486. suhtor-ge-fiideran (collective), w. m. pi., uncle and nephew, father's brother and brother's son : nom. pi., 1 165. sum, pron. : i) indef., one, a, any, a certain ; x\G\3i\.. something : a) with- out part. gen. : nom. sg. sum, 1252; hilde-rinc sum, 3125; neut. ne sceal Jjoerdyrnesum wesan {naught there shall be hidden), 271 ; ace. Sg. m. sumne, 1433; instr. sg. same w Drde {by a word, expressly), 2157; nom.pl. sume, 400, 1 114; ace. pi. sume, 2941. b) with part. gen. : nom. sg. gumena sum {one of men, a man), 15CX), 2302; mere- hragla sum, 1906; bat was wundra sum, 1608; ace. sg. gylp-vvorda sum, 676. c) with gen. of cardi nals or notions of multitude : nom. sg. f iftena sum {o>ie of fifteen, 'with fourteen companions), 207; so, eahta sum, 3124; feara sum {one offeiv, with afeio), 1413; ace. sg. manigra sumne {one of many, with many), 2092; manna cynnes sum- ne {one of the men, i.e. one of the watchmen in lieorot), 714; feara sumne {some feto, one of few ; or, one of the foes}), 3062. — 2) with part. gen. sum sometimes = this, that, the afore-mentioned : nom. sg. eower sum {a certain one, that one, of you, i.e. Beowulf), 248; gQS-beorna sum {the afore-mett- tioned warrior,\.Q. who had shown the way to HroSgii-'s palace), 314; eorla sum {the said knight, i.e. Beo- wulf), 1313; ace. sg. hord-arna sum {a certain hoard-hall), 22S0. sund, St. m. : i) stvimming: ace sg. ymb sund, 507; dat. sg. at sun- de {in swimming), 517; on sunde {a-sivi?nming), 1619; gen. sg. sun- des, 1437. — 2) sea, ocean, sound : nom. sg., 223; ace. sg. sund, 213, 512,539, 1427, 1445. ge-sund, adj., sound, healthy, un- impaired : ace. sg. m. ge-sundne, 1629, 1999; nom. pi. ge-sunde, 2076; ace. pi. w. gen. fader al- walda . . . eowic ge-healde si5a ge-sunde {the almighty Father keep you safe and sound on your journey !), 318. — Comp. an-sund. 8und-ge-bland, st. n., {the commin- gled sea), sea-surge, sea-wave : ace. sg., 1451. sund-nyt, st. f., swimming-power or employment, rwitnming : ace. sg.sund-nytte dreah {swam through the sea), 2361. 8undur, sundor, adv., asunder, in GLOSSARY. 317 twain : sundur gedaelan (Jo sepa- rate, sunder), 2423. sundor-nyt, st. f., special service (service in a special case) : ace. sg. sunclor-nytte, 668. sund-'wudu, st. m., (sea-wood), ship : nom. ace. sg. sund-wudu, 208, 1907. sunne, w. f., sun: nom. sg., 607; gen. sg. sunnan, 94, 649. Biinu, St. m., son : nom. sg., 524, 591, 646, 981, 1090, i486, etc.; ace. sg. sunu, 268, 948, x 1 1 6, 1 1 76, 1809, 2014, 2120; dat. sg. suna, 344, 1227, 2026, 2161, 2730; gen. sg.suna, 2456, 2613, (1279) ; nom. pi. suna, 2381. suij, adv., south, southivard, 859. sud'an, adv., from the south, 607; sigel sfiSan ffls (^the sun inclined from the south'), 1967. swaUrian, w. v., to sink to rest, grow calm : brimu swa"5redon (^the waves became calm), 570. See sweffrian. swaffu, St. f ., trace, track, pathway : ace. Sg. swa^e, 2099. — Comp. : swat-, wald-swa^u. swaijal, St. m.? n.?, smoke, mist (Dietrich in Haupt V. 215): dat. sg. on swa'Sule, 783. See sweo- ffol. BTvancor, adj., slender, trim: ace. pi. brio wicg svvancor, 2176. BW^an-rad, st. f., swan-road, sea : ace. sg. ofer swan-rade, 200. and- s^varian, w. v., to answer : pret. sg. him se yldesta and-swa- rode, 258; so, 340. bttS, : I ) demons, adv., so, in such a maimer, thus : swi sceal man don, 1 1 73, 1535; swS \>^ driht-guman dreamuni lifdon, 99 ; hat ge-afndon swi (that we thus accomplished), 538; \fxx hie meahton (i.e. feorh ealgian), 798; so, 20, 144, 189, 559, 763. ii04» 1472, 1770, 2058, 2145, 2178, 2991 ; swimanlice (st like a man), 1047; swd fela (so many), 164, 592; swi deorlice daed (so valiant a deed), 585; hine swS godne (him so good), 347 ; on swS geongum feore (in so youthful age), 1844; ge-de"? him swS ge-wealdene worolde daelas hat . . . (makes parts of the world so subject to him that . . .), 1733. In comparisons = ever, the (adv.) : me J?in mod-sefa Ilea's leng svvS wel (thy mind pleases me ever so well, the longer the better), 1855. As an asseverative = so : swi me HigelSc sie . . . modes bliSe (so be Higelac gracious -minded to me!), 435; swS J^eah (neverthe- less, however), 973, 1 930, 2879; swi heh, 296S; hwaSre swi J>eah (yet however) , 2443. — 2) : a) conj., as, so as : 65 j^at his byre mihte eorlscipe efnan swS his zerfader (until his son might do noble deeds, as his old father did), 2623; eft swa set (again as before), 643; — with indie. : swa he selfa bad (as he himself requested), 29; swS he oft dyde (as he often did), 444; gae'S i Wyrd swi hio sceal, 455; swa guman gefrimgon, 667 ; so, 273. 352. 401, 561, 1049, 1056, 1059. "35. 1232, 1235, 1239, 1253, 1382, etc.; — with subj. : swi \>\n sefa hwette (as pleases thy mind, i.e. any way thou pleasest), 490. b) as, as then, how, 1 143 ; swi hie i wceron . . . nyd-gesteallan (as they were ever comrades in need), 882; swi hit diope . , . be-nemdon I'eodnas msere (as, [^ho7o?'] the mighty princes had deeply cursed it), 3070; swi he manna was wl- 318 GLOSSARY. gend weor'SfuUost {as he oj men the worthiest warrior was), 3099. c) Just as, the moment when : swa J)at blod gesprang, 1668. d) so that: swS he ne mihte no (so that he might not . . .), 1509; so, 2185, 2007. — 3) = qui, quae, quod, Ger- man so : worhte wlite-beorhtne wang swa water bebfigeS {lurought the beauteous plain which (ace.) water surrounds), 93. — 4) swa . . . swS = so ... as, 595, 687-8, 31 70; efne swa . . . svvi (even so . . . as), 1093-4, 1224, 1284; efne SW& hv\'y]c mag'Sa swS (such a woman as, whatsoever woman), 944; efne swa hwylcum manna swd (eve)i so to each man as), 3058. for-swafan, st. v., to carry away, sweep off : pret. sg. ealle Wyrd for- sweofminemagastometod-sceafte, 2815. for-swtlpan, st. v., to sweep off, force : pret. sg. hie Wyrd forsweop on Grendles gr}'re, 477. 6 wilt, St. m., {sweat), wouttd-blood : nom. sg., 2694, 2967; instr. sg. sw&te, 1287. — Comp. hea'5o-,hilde- swSt. Bw3.t-fah, adj., blood-stained : nom. sg., 1 1 12. Bwatig, d,(l].,gory : nom. sg., 1570. swat-sivaffu, st. f., blood-trace: nom. sg., 2947. be-swselan, w. v., to scorch: pret. part, was se l§g-draca . . . glSdum beswaeled, 3042. Bwaes, adj., intimate, special, dear . ace. sg. swassne e'Sel, 520; nom pi. swoese ge-stSas, 29 ; ace. pi Ie6de swaese, 1869; swaese ge stSas, 2041; gen. pi. swa^sra ge stiNa, 1935. BTraes-lice, adv., pleasantly, in a friendly manner, 3090. swebban, w. v., {to put to sleep), te kill : inf. ic hine sweorde swebban nelle, 680; pres. sg. III. (abso- lutely) swefe'S, 601. a-swebban, to kill, slay: pret. part. nom. pi. sweordum S-swefede, 567- sweffrian, w. v., to lessen, diminish : inf. I'at )>at fyr ongan sweSrian, 2703; pret. siSSan Ileremodes hild sweSrode, 902. svvefan, st. \.: \) to sleep : pres. sg. III. swefeiN, 1742; inf. svvefan, "9. 730. '673; pret. sg. swaf, 1801 ; pi. swajfon, 704; swaefun, 1 28 1. — 2) to sleep the death-sleep, die : pres. sg. III. swefe'S, 1009, 2061, 2747; pi. swefaS, 2257,2458. swegel, St. n., ether, clear sky .• dat. sg. under swegle, 1079, 1198; gen. Sg. under swegles begong, 861, 1774- swegle, adj., bright, ether like, clear : ace. pi. swegle searo-gimmas, 2750. sw^egel-wered, quasi pret. part., ether-clad: nom. sg. sunne swegl- wered, 607. sw^elgan, st. v., to swallow : prel. sg. w. instr. syn-snsedum swealli , {swallowed in great bites), 744; object omitted, subj. pres. nymJSc liges faSm swulge on swa'Sule, 783. for-swelgan, w. ace, to swallorai, consume : pret. sg. for - swealg. 1 123, 2081. swellan, St. v., /^//.- inf. hS sio wund on-gan . . . swelan andswei- Ian, 2714. sweltan, st. v., to die, perish : pret sg. swealt, 1 61 8, 2475; draca mor- ^re swealt {died a violent death ) , 893, 2783; wundor-deaJSe swealt, 3038; hioro-dryncum swealt, 2359 sw^enean, w. v., to s-rink, oppress, strike : pret. sg. hine wundra )>a» GLOSSARY. 319 fela swencte (MS. swecte) on sun- de, 1511. ge-swencan,/!? oppress, strike, in- jure : pret. sg. sySSan hine HsetS- cyn . . . fline geswencte, 2439; pret. part, synnumge-swenced, 976; hse'Sstapa hundum ge - swenced, •369. — Comp. lyft-ge-swenced. sweng, St. m., blow, stroke: dat. sg. swenge, 1521, 2967; swenge {with its stroke), 2687; instr. pi. sweordes swengum, 2387. — Comp. : feorh-, hete-, heaSu-, heoro-sweng. S'werian, st. v., to swear : pret. w. ace. I. ne me swor fela SSa on unriht {swore no false oaths), 2739; he me i15as swor, 472. for-swerian, w. instr., to forswear, renounce ( protect with magic for- mulez'i) : pret. part, he sige-wsep- num for-sworen hafde, 805. sweg, St. m., sotcnd, noise, uproar : nom. sg. sweg, 783; hearpan sweg, 89. 2459, 3024; sige-folca sweg, 645; sang and sweg, 1064; dat. sg. swege, 1215. — Comp.: bene-, morgen-sweg. swelan, w. v., to burn (here of wounds) : inf. sw81an, 2714. See swaelan. 6weart, adj., swart, black, dark : nom. sg. wudu-r?c sweart, 3146; dat. pi. sweartum nihtum, 167. avreoUol (cf. O.H.G. suedan, sue- than -= cremare ; M.H.G. swadem = vapor; and Dietrich in Haupt v., 215), St. m.? n.?, vapor, smoke, smoking flame : dat. sg. ofer swio- •Sole (MS. swic Sole), 3146. See swafful. S'weofot, St. m., sleep : dat. sg. on sweofote, 1582, 2296. ■weolo9, St. m., heat, fire, flame : dat.sg. sweolo^e, 1 1 16. Cf. O.H.G. suilizo, suilizunga = ardor, cauma. sweorcan, st. v., to trouble, darken • pres. sg. III. ne him inwit-sorh on sefan sweorce^ {darkens his soul), 1738. for-sweorcan, to grow dark or dim : pres. sg. III. eagena bearhtm for-siteS and for-sworce'S, 1 768. ge-sweorcan (intrans.), to dark- en : pret. sg. niht-helm ge-swearc, 1790. sweord, swurd, swyrd, st. n., sword: nom. sg. sweord, 1287, 1290, 1570, 1606, 1616, 1697; swurd, 891 ; ace. sg. sweord, 437, 673. 1559, 1664, 1809, 2253, 2500, etc.; swurd, 539, 1902; swyrd, 261 1, 2988; instr. sg. sweorde, 561, 574, 680, 2493, 2881; gen. sg sweordes, 1 107, 2194, 2387; acc.pl. sweord, 2639; nom.pl., 3049; instr. pi. sweordum, 567, 586, 885; gen pi. sweorda, 1041, 2937, 2962.— Comp. : gfiS-, ma'5"5am-, wa-g- sweord. sweord, st. f ., oath : in comp. S'5- sweord {sword-oathl), 2065. SAveord-bealo, st. n., sword-bale, death by the sword : nom. sg., 1 148. sweord-freca, w. m., sword-war- rior : dat. sg. sweord-frecan, 1469. s-weord-gifu, st. f., sword-gift, giv- ing of swords : nom. sg. swyrd-gifu, 2885. sweotol, SAVutol, adj.: i) clear, bright : nom. sg. swutol sang sco- pes, 90. — 2) plain, manifest: nom. sg. syndolh sweotol, 818; tdcen sweotol, 834; instr. sg. sweo- tolan tScne, 141. sTPeof, sweop. See swafan, swa- pan. s^vlS", St. n.? (O.N. swi^i), burning pain: in comp. t)ry^-swi^(?).. sivift, adj., swift : nom. sg. se swifta mearh, 2265. 320 GLOSSARY. swimman, swj'iniiian, st. v., to rwim : inf. swymman, 1625. ofer-s wim man , \v. ace, to swim aver or through : pret. sg. ofer- swam siole'Sa bigong {swam over the sea), 2368. swincan, st. v., to struggle, labor, contend : pret. pi. git on vvateres £eht seofon niht swuncon, 517. ge- swing, st. w., surge, eddy : nom. sg. atol ^cNa geswing, 849. swingan, st. v., to saving one''s self, fly: pres. sg. III. ne god hafoc geond sal swingeS, 2265. s^vican, st. v.: \') to deceive, leave in the lurch, abandon : piet. sg. nsfre hit {the sword) at hilde ne swac manna a:ngum, 1461. — 2) to escape : subj. pret. bGtan his lie swice, 967. ge-swican, (o deceive, leave in the lurch : pret. sg. gd^'-bill ge-swic nacod at nl'Se, 2585, 26S2; w. dat. seo ecg ge-swac heodne at l)earfe {the sword failed the prince in need), 1525. swiff, sw^'iy (Goth. swinj>-s), adj., strong, mighty : nom. sg. was I'at ge-win to sw^S, 191. — Comp. nom. sg. sio swiSre hand {the right hand), 2099; harsh, 3086. swI'Se.adv., strongly, very, much, 598, 998, 1093, 1744, 1927; swfSe, 2171, 2188. Compar. swiiNor, more, rather, more strongly, 961, 1 140, 1875, 2199. — Comp. un-switJe. o f e r - swiUian, vv. v., to overcome, vanquish, w. ace. of person : pres. sg. III. ofersw^ScS, 279, 1769. swiff-ferhiac, adj., {fortis animo), strong-minded, bold, brave : nom. sg. sw^S-ferh'S, 827; gen. sg. swl"5- ferh"5es,909; nom. pi. s\vi"5-ferh Se, 493; dat. pi. swiS-ferhSum, 173. S'wiff-hycgend, pres. part, {strenue cogitans), bold-minded, brave in spirit : nom. sg. swi ^'-hycgende, 920 ; nom.pl.swiS-hycgende, 1017. sw^ilff-inOd, adj., strong-minded : nom. sg., 1625. on-s^'ifan, st. v. w. ace, to swing, turn, at or against, elevate : pret. sg. biorn (Be6wulf) bord-rand on- swaf wiiN ham gryre-gieste, 2560. sn'igian, vv. v., to be silent, keep silent : pret. sg. lyt swigode niwra spella {kepi little of the neiu tidings silent), 2898; pi. swigedon ealle, 1700. 8^'igor, adj., silent, taciturn : nom. sg. weak, \>^ was swigra secg . . . on gylp-spraece go's - ge-weorca, 981. swin, sw^n, st. n., switte, boar (image on the helm) : nom. sg. swj^n, 1 1 12; ace. sg. swin, 1287. swin-lic, St. n., swine-image or body: instr. pi. swin-licum, 1454. sivOgan, St. v., to whistle, roar : pres. part, swogende leg, 3146. s^vutol. See 8>veotol. s^vyIt•, swilc (Goth. swa-Ieik-s), demons, adj. = talis, such, such a ; relative = qtialis, as, which : nom. sg. swylc, 178, 1941, 2542, 2709; swylc . . . swylc = talis . . . qualis, 1329; ace. sg. swylc, 2799; call . . . swylc {all . . . which, as), 72; o^"er swylc {such another, i.e. hand), 1584; on swylc {on such things), 997; dat. sg. gflJS-frem- mendra swylcum {to such a battle- worker, i.e. Beowulf), 299; gen. sg. swylces hwat {some such), 881 ; ace. pi. sw7lce, 2870; eall swylce . . . s\\7lce, 3166; swylce twegen {two such), 1348; ealle J)earfe swylce {all needs that), 1798; swylce hie . . . findan meahton sigla searo-gimma {such as they GLOSSARY. 321 might find of jewels and cunning gems), 1 157; efne swylce maela swylce {at just such times as), 1250; gen. pi. swylcra searo-ni'Sa, 582; swylcra fela . . . asr-gestreona, 2232. swylce, adv., as, as also, likewise, similarly, 113, 293, 758, 831, 855, 908,921, 1 147, 1 166, 1428, 1483, 2460, 2825; ge swylce {and like- wise), 2259; swilce, 1153. s^vylt, St. m., death : nom. sg., 1256, 1437- swylt-cljig, St. m., death-day: dat. sg. rer suylt-dage, 2799. swynsian, w. v., to sound : pret. sg. hlyn swynsode, 612. swyrd. See s^veord. STvyff. See s^viU. swyn. See swin. syUSan (seSian, Gen. 1525), w. v., to punish, avenge, w. ace. : inf. J?onne hit sweordes ecg sySSan scolde {then the edge of the sword shotild avenge it), 1 107. syffijan. See siUaTan. syfan-wiutre, adj., seven-winters- old : nom. sg., 2429. syhU. See seon. syl (O.H.G. swella), st. l.,sill, bench- support : dat. sg. fram sylle, 776. sylfa. See selfa. syllan. See sellan. syllic. See sellic. eymbel, syml, st. n., banquet, entertainment: ace. sg. symbel, 620, loii; geaf me sine ind symbl {gave me treasure and feast- ing, i.e. made me his friend and table-companion), 2432; J^St hie ... symbel ymbsseton {that ihey might sit round their banquet), 564; dat. sg. symle, 81, 489, 1009 ; symble, 119, 2105; gen. pi. sym- bla, 1233. symble, symle, adv., continually, ever : symble, 245 1 ; symle, 2498 ; symle was hy sajmra {he was ever the worse, the weaker, i.e. tne dragon), 2881. symbel-wyn, st. f., banqueting- pleasure, joy at feasting: ace. sg. symbel-wynne dreoh, 17S3. syn, St. f., si7t, crime: nom. synn and sacu, 2473; dat. insfr. pi. syn- num, 976, 1256, 3072. syn. See sin. syn-bysig, adj., (culpa laborans), persecuted on account of guiltl {Rieger) , guilt-hatented? : nom.sg. secg syn-[byjsig, 2228. g e - syngian, w. v., to sin, commit a crime : pret. part, hat was feohleas ge-feoht, fyrenum ge-syngad, 2442. synnig, adj., sin-laden, sinful : ace, sg. m. sinnigne secg, 1380. — Comp. : fela-, un-synnig. ge-synto, f., health: dat. pi. on gesyntum, 1870. syrce. See serce. syr^van, w. v. w. ace, to entrap, catch unawares : pret. sg. dugu'Se and geogo'Se seomade and syrede, 161. be-syrwan: \)to compass or accom- plish by finesse ; effect : inf. deed ^t we ealle ser ne meahton snyttrum be-syrwan {a deed that all of us could not accomplish before with all our wisdom), 943. — 2) to en- trap by guile and destroy : inf. mynte se mSnscaXa manna cynnes sumne be-syrwan {the fell foe thought to entrap some otie {alR, see sum) of the men), 714. s^n, f., seeing, sight, scene : comp. an-s^n. ge-syne, adj., visible, to be seen: nom. sg. 1256, 1404, 2948, 3059, 3160. — Comp.: 8'S-ge-s^ne, f5- ge-s6ne. 322 GLOSSARY. taligean, \v. v. : i) (o count, reckon, number; esteem, think: pres. sg. I. n8 ic me . . . hnSgran gfl5-ge- weorca honne Grendel hine {count myself 710 -worse than G. in battle- works), 678; win ic talige . . . )>at ( / count on the hope . . . that) , 1846; telge, 2068; sg. III. I^at raed talaS j^at (counts it gain that), 2028. — 2) to tell, relate: soS ic talige (/ tell facts), 532; swS j'U self talast {as thou thyself sayst), 595- taeeii, st. n., token, sign, evidence : nom. sg. tacen sweotol, 834; dat. instr. sg. sweotolan tScne, 141; tires to tacne, 1655. — Comp. iuf- tacen. tan, St. 111., t'uiig: in comp. ater-tSn. g e - tsecan, vv. v., to show, point out : pret. sg. him ^d hilde-dedr hof modigra torht ge-toehte {the war- rior pointed out to them the bright dwelling of the bold ones, i.e. Danes), 313. Hence, to indicate, assign: pret. sona me se moera mago Healf- denes . . . wi5 his sylfes sunu setl getaehte {assigned me a seat by his own son), 20 1 4. tsele, adj., blameworthy : in comp. un-taele. ge-tase, adj., quiet, still: nom. sg. gif him wasre . . . niht ge-taese {whether he had a pleasant, quiet, night), 1 32 1. tela, adv., fittingly, well, 949, 1 219, 1226, 1821, 2209, 2738. telge. See talian. tellan, w. v., to tell, cofisider, deem : pret. sg. ne his Itf-dagas leoda aenigum nytte tealde {nor did he count his life useful to any man), 795 ; \>3A. ic me aenigne under swe- gles begong ge-sacan '^e tealdt {I believed not that I had any foe under heaven), 1774; cvva'5 he |>one gQ^"-\vine godne tealde {said he counted the war-friend good), 181 1; he fisic gar-wigend gSde tealde {deemed tts good spear-war- riors), 2642; pi. swa {so that) hine Geata beam godne ne teal- don, 2185. — 2) to ascribe, count against, impose : pret. sg. (prySo) him walbendeweotode tealde hand- gewrii'^'ene, 1937. ge-tenge, adj., attached to, lying on : w. dat. gold . . . grunde ge- tenge, 2759. tedr, St. m., tear: nom. pi. tearas, 1873- teoh, St. f., troop, hand: dat. sg, earmre teohhe, 2939. (ge?) -teohhiau, w. v., to fix, de- termine, assign : pret. sg. ic for lassan lean teohhode . . . hnahran rince, 952; pies. part, was o'Ser in a;r geteohhod {assigned) . . . mas- rum Geate, 1 30 1. teon, St. v., to dra-w, lead : inf. heht . . . eahta mearas ... on flet teon {bade eight horses be led into the //(?//), 1037; pret. sg. me to grunde teah fah feond-sceaSa {the many- hued fiend-foe drew me to the bot- tom), 553; eft-siNas teah {ivith- drew, returned), 1333; sg. for pi. a;g-hwylcum . . . I'dra te mid Beo- wulfe brim-lade teah {to each of those that crossed the sea with B.) 1052 ; pret. part. \>a. was . . . heard ecg togen {then was the hard edg. drawn), 1289; wearS ... on nas togen {was drawn to the promon- tory), 1440. S - 1 e 6 n , to wander, go, intran ;. : pret. sg. t8 Ileorute fl-teah {dim to Heorot), 767. GLOSSARir. 323 ge-ie6n: i) fo draw: pret. sg. gomel swyrd ge-teah, 261 1; w. instr. and ace. hyre seaxe ge-teah, brad brCin-ecg, 1 546. — 2) to grant, give, lend : imp. no bu him wearne geteoh J^inra gegn-cwida gladnian {^refuse not to gladden lhc?n with thy answe)"), 366; pret. sg. and \>a. Beowulfe bega gehwaSres eodor Ingwina onweald ge-teah (^and the prince of the /ngzoins gave B. power over both), 1045; so, he him est geteah {gave possession of), 2166. of-teon, to deprive, wilhdraiv, w. gen. of thing and dat. pers. : pret. sg. Scyld Sceting . . . monegum maegSum meodo-setla of-teah, 5.; \v. ace. of thing, hond . . . feorh- sweng ne of-teah, 2490; w. dat. hond (herd, MS.) swenge ne of- teah, 1521. J'urh-teon, to effect: inf. gif he torn-gemot hurh-teon mihte, 1141. teon (of. teoh, materia, O.H.G. ziuc), w. V. w. ace, to make, work : pret. sg. teode, 1453; — to fur- 7tish out, deck : pret. pi. naljis hi hine lassan lacum teodan {pro- vided him with no less gifts), 43- ge-teon, to provide, do, bring on : pies. sg. unc sceal weor'San . . . swa unc Wyrd ge-te65, 2527; pret. sg. he him . . . sare ge-teode {who had done him this harm), 2296. g e - teona, \v. m., injur er, harmer : in eomp. lacS-ge-teona. til, adj., good, apt, fit : nom. sg. m. Halga til, 61 ; begn ungemete till (of WTglaf), 2722; fern, was seo J)e6d tilu, 1 25 1; neut. ne was )'at ge-wrixle til, 1305. tUian, w. v. w. gen., to gain, win : inf. gif ic . . . owihte mag J'inre mSd-lufan m&'an tilian {if 1 . . . gain), 1S24. tinibrian, \v. v., to build : pret. part. ace. sg. sal limbred {the well-built hall), 307. be-timbrian, (construere), to fin- ish building, cotnplete : pret. pi. betimbredon on tyn dagum beadu- rofes been, 3161. tid, St. f., -tide, time : ace. sg. twelf wintra tid, 147; lange tid, 1916; in hS tide, 2228. — Comp. : Sn-, moigen-tid. ge-tiffian (from tigSian), w. v., to p-ant : pret. part, impers. was . . . bene (gen.) ge-ttSad feasceaftum men, 22S5. tir, St. m., glory, repute in war gen. sg. tires. 1655. tir-eddig, adj., glorious, famous : dat. sg. tir-eadigum menn (of Beo- wulf ), 2190. tir-filst, adj., famous, rich in glory . nom. sg. (of IlrotSgar), 923. tir-leds, adj., without glory, infa mous : gen. sg. (of Grendel), 844. toga, w. m., leader : in comp. folc- toga. torht, adj., bright, brilliant: ace. sg. neut. hof . . . torht, 313. — Comp. : wuldor-torht, heaSo-torht {loud in battle). torn, St. n. : i) wrath, insult, dis tress : ace. sg. torn, 147, 834; gen pi. torna, 2190. — 2) anger : insti sg. tome ge-bolgen, 2402. — Comp. lige-torn. torn, adj., bitter, cruel : notn. sg. hreowa tornost, 2130. torn-ge-mot, st. n., {wrathful meet- ing), angry engagement, battle: ace. sg., 1 141. to, I. prep. w. dat. indicating direc- tion or tending to, hence : i) local = whither after verbs of motion 324 GLOSSARY. to, up to, at : com t8 recede (^to the kail), 721 ; code to sele, 920; eode to hire frean sittan, 642; gas 5 eft ... to medo {goei/i again to mead), 605; wand to wolcnum {wound to the wel/dn), 1 1 20; sigon to sk\;pe {sank to sleep), 1252; 28, 158, 234, 438, 553. 926, 1010, 1014, 1 1 55, 1159, 1233, etc.; Ii5-vv3ege bar halum to handa {bore the ale-cup to the hands of the menl at handl), 1984; 65 I'jit niht becom oiSer to yldum, 21 18; him to bearme cwom mS5"5um-fat macre {came to his hands, into his possession), 2405; saelde to sande sid-faSme scip {fastened the broad-bosomed ship to the shore) , 1 9 1 8 ; hat se harm- scaSa to Heorute d-teah {-vent forth to Heorot), 767. After verb sittan : sitte nu to symble {sit now to the meal), 4S9; siSSan . . . \\e to symble geseten hafdon, 2105; to ham {home, at home), 124, 374, 2993. With verbs of sjjealiing : ma'5elodetohiswine-drihtne(j/«/^t' to his friendly lord), 360; to Gea- tum spree, 11 72; so, heht bat hea- •5o-vveorc to hagan biodan {bade the haltle-'uork lu- (old at the hedge), 2893. — 2) with verbs of bringing and taking (cf. under on, I., d) : hraSe was to bflre Beowulf fetod ( B. 7vas hastily brought from a room), 131 1; siSSan Hama at-wag to )>3ere byrhtan byrig Brosiiiga mene {since If. carried the Brosing- necklace off from the bright city), 1200: wean Shsode. f^eh^'o to Frv- sum {suffered woe, feud as to, from, the Frisians), 1208. — 3) — end of motion, hence : a) to, for, as, in: t>one god sende folce to frofre {for, as, a help to the folk), 14; gesette . . . sunnan and m6nan le6man to le6hte (as a light), 95; ge-sat . . . t8 rfine {satin counsel), 172; wear 5 he Hea'5o-l^fe to hand-bonan, 460 ; bringe ... to helpe {bring to, for, help), 1831 ; liofore forgeaf angan dohtor . . . hyldo to wedde {as a pledge of his favor), 2999; so, 5o8(?), 666, 907,972, 1022, 1 187, 1263, 1331, 1708, 1 71 2, 2080, etc.; secgan to soSc {to say in sooth), 51 ; so, 591, 2326. b) with verbs of thinking, hoping, etc., on, for, at, against : he to gyrn-wrace swiSor bohte bonne to SDS-lade {thought more on vengeance than on the sea- voyage), 1 1 39; sacce ne wCneS to Gar-Denum {nor lueenelh of con- flict with the Spear-Danes), 602 ; I'onne wene ic to |?e wyrsan ge- Innges {then I expect for thee a worse result), 525; ne ic to Sweo- heode sibbe o'55e treowe wihte ne wene {ttor expect at all of, from, the Swedes . . .), 2923; wiste bam ahlsecan to )?am heah-sele hilde ge-l'inged {battle prepared for the monster in the high hall), 648; wel biS bam be mot to fader faS- nnim freo'So wilnian {well for him that can find peace in the Father^ s arms), 188; b&ia be hege-worhte to West-Den um {of those that he wrought against the Ifest-Danes), 1579. — 4) with the gerund, inf.: t8 gefreminanne {to do), 174; to ge-c^"^'anne {to muke known), 2^^; to secganne {to say), 473; to be- fleoiuie {to avoid, escape), ICX)4; so, 1420, 1725, 1732, 1S06, 1852, 1923, 1942, etc. With inf.: to fSran, 316; to friclan, 2557. — 5) temporal : gewat him to ge- scap-hwile {went at{?) the hour of fate ; or, to his fated restl), 26; GLOSSARY. 320 t3 widan feore {ever, in their lives), 934; dwa to aldre {for life, forever), 956; so, to aldre, 2006, 2499; to life {during life, ever), 2433. — 6) with particles : vvod under wolcnum to ['as }'e . . . {went under the welkin to the point where . . .), 715; so, elne ge-eodon to )>as be, 1968 ; so, 241 1 ; he him has lean for-geald ... to has he he on reste geseah Grendel licgan {he paid him for that to the point that he saw G. lying dead), 1586; was hat blod to has hSt {the blood was hot to that degree), 1 61 7; nas h^ long to hon hat {'tzaas not long till), 2592, 2846; was him se man to hon leof hat {the man was dear to him to that degree), 1877; to hwan siS'San weariS hond-rees ha- le'Sa {zip to what point, haiv, the hand-contest turned out), 2072; to middes {in the midst), 3142. II. Adverbial modifier, quasi preposition [better explained in many cases as prep, postponed] : l) to, towards, up to, at: geong sonato, 17S6; so, 2649; fehSoSer to, 1756; sse-lac . . .\>e hu her to locast {upon which thou here look- est), 1655; folc to SiEgon {the folk looked on), 1423; hat hi him to mihton gegnum gangan {might proceed thereto), 313; se he him bealwa to bote gelyfde {who be- lieved in help out of evils from him, i.e. Beowulf), 910; him to anwal- dan Sre ge-lyfde {trusted for him- self to the Almighty^ s help), 1273; >€ (is secea'S to Sweona leode {that the Swedes will come against us), 3002. — 2) before adj. and adv., too : to Strang {too mighty), 133; t8 fast, 137; tS sw^^'S, 191; so, 789, 970, 1 337, 1 743, 1 749, etc. ; to fela micles {far too much), 695 ; he to for'S ge-st8p {he had gone too far), 2290. tOiy (G. tunhu-s), St. m., tooth : in comp. blodig-to5 (adj.). tredan, st. v. w. ace, to tread : inf. SDe-wong tredan, 1965; el-land tre- dan, 3020; pret. sg. wrac-lastas trad, 1353; medo-wongas trad, 1644; gras-moldan trad, 1882. treddian, tryddian (see trod), \v. v., to stride, tread, go : pret. sg. treddode, 726; tryddode getrume micle {strode about with a strong troop), 923. trein, st. n., piece, part : ace. sg. ne . . . fotes trem {not a foofs breadth), 2526. treovF, St. f., fidelity, good faith : ace. sg. treowe, 1073; sibbe o^"5e treowe, 2923. treow, st. n., tree : in comp. galg- treow. treoTrian. See truwian. treow-loga, \v. m., troth-breaker, pledge-breaker : nom. pi. treow- logan, 2848. trodu, St. f., track, step : ace. sg. or pi. trode, 844. ge-trum, st. n., troop, band: instr, sg. ge-trume micle, 923. trum, adj., strong, endowed 7vith: nom. sg.heorothornum trum, 1370. ge-truwan, w. v. w. ace, to con- firm, pledge solemnly : pret. sg. h3 hie getrflvvedon on tw& healfe faste frio'Mu-ware, 1096. truwian, treowan, \v. v., to trust in, rely on, believe in : l) w. dat. : pret. sg. siSe ne trfiwode leofes mannes (/ trusted not in the dear man''s enterprise), 1994; bearne ne trfiwode hat he . . . {she trusted not the child that . . .), 2371; ge- hwylc hiora his ferhSe tre6wde 326 GLOSSARY. hat he . . . {^each trusted his heart that . . .), 1 167. — 2) w. gen.: pret. sg. Geata leod georne trd- wode modgan magnes, 670; \vi5- res ne trflwode, 2954. ge-trflwian, to rely on, trust in, vv. dat. : pret. sg. strenge ge-trQ- wode, niund-gripe magenes, 1534; — w. gen. pret. sg. beorges ge- trflvvode, wlges and wealles, 2323; strenge ge-trfl\vode fines mannes, 2541- trj'ddiau. See treddian. try we, adj., true, faithful: nom. sg- f'S gyt was . . . 3egh\v)'lc 65rum tr^we, 1 166. ge-ix^v/e, ad]., faithful : nom. sg. her is Deghwylc eorl oSrum ge- tiywe, 1229. turf, St. f., sod, soil, seat: in comp. eSel-turf. tux, St. m., tooth, tusk : in comp. hikle-tux. ge-twaefan, w. v. w. ace. of person and gen. thing, to separate, divide, deprive of, hinder: pres. sg. III. hat l>ec fidl 655e ecg eafoSes ge- twsefeS (^robs of strength'), 1764; inf. god ea'iJe mag t>one dol-sca'5an diTida ge-twa;fan ( God may easily restrain the fierce foe from his deedt), 479; pret. sg. sumne Gea- ta leod . . . feores getwcefde {cut him off from life), 1434; no }>rer \v3eg-fl0tan wind ofer ^5"um sTSes ge-twaefde {the wind hindered not the wave-floater in her course over the water), 1909; pret. part, at- rihte was g(l5 ge-twasfed {almost had the struggle been ended), 1 659. ge-twfpman, w. v. ace. pers. and gen. thing, to hinder, render inca- pable of, restrain : inf. ic hine ne mihte . . . ganges getwtcman, 969. t\vegeu, \\\. f. n. twa, num., twain, two : nom. m. twegen, 1164; ace, m. twegen, 1348; dat. twa;m, 1 192- gen. twega, 2533; ace. f. twS, 1096, 1195- twelf, num., twelve, gen. twelfa, 3172. tweone (Frisian twine), num. = bini, two : dat. pi. be ssem tweo- num, 859, 1298; 1686. twndig, adj., in comp. lang-twidig {long-assured), 1709. tyder, st. m., race, descendant : in comp. un-tyder, iii. tydre (Frisian teddre), adj., weak, unwarlike, coiuardly : nom. pi. tydre, 2848. tyn, num., ten : uninflect. dat. on tyn dagum, 3161 ; inflect, nom. tyne, 284S. tyrwian, vv. v., to tar : pret. part. tyrwed in comp. : niw-tyrw ed. on-tyhtan, w. v., to urge on, incite, entice : pret. sg. on-tyhte, '3087. }>afiaii, w. V. w. ace, to submit to, endure: inf. J^at se J>e6d-cyning J>a- fian sceolde Eofores Snne dom, 2964. }>anc, St. m.: i) thought: in comp. fore-, hetc-, or-, searo-l^anc; inwit- l>anc (adj.). — 2) thanks (w. gen. of thing): nom. sg., 929, 1779; ace. .sg. J>anc, 1998, 2795. — 3) con- tent, favor, pleasure : dat. sg. ^a \>anc-hycgendo, pres. part., thought ful, 2236. GLOSSARY. 321 panclan, w. v., to thank: pret. sg. gode J^ancode . . . Jjas be hire se willa ge-lamp {thanked God that her wish was granted), 626; so, 1398; pi. hancedon, 627(?). ^anon, J>onon, \>onan,7Ldv ., thence: I ) local : t'anon eft gewat {he went thence back), 123; I'anon up . . . stigon {went up thence), 224; so, tanon, 463, 692, 764, 845, 854, 1293; banan, iSSi; J>onon, 520, 1374, 2409; I'onan, 820, 2360, 2957. — 2) personal: J^anon un- tydras ealle on-vvocon {from him, i.e. Cain, etc.), iii; so, banan, 1266; bonon, 1961 ; unsofte bonon feorh 65-ferede (i.e. from Gren- del's mother), 2141. J>a, adv. : i ) there, then, 3, 26, 28, 34. 47. 53. etc. With baer: \>^ baer, 331. With nu : nu \A {now then), 658. — 2) conjunction, when, as, since, w. indie, 461, 539, 633, etc.; — because, whilst, during, since, 402,465, 724, 2551, etc. |>at, I. demons, pron. ace. neut. of se : demons, nom. bat {that), 735, 766, etc.; instr. sg. J>y, 1798, 2029; bat ic b^ vvaepne ge-brad {that I brandished as{?) a weapon; that I brandished the weapon!), 1665; b^ weor'Sra {the more honored), 1903; by seft {the more easily), 2750; b^ las hym ^'Se bry™ wudu wynsuman for-wrecan meahte {lest the force of the waves the winsome boat might carry away), 1919; no b^ £er («(?/ sooner), 755, 1503, 2082, 2374, 2467; no \'^ leng {no longer, none the longer), 975. J>y — z.A\ ., therefore, hence, 1274, 2068; J»e . . . )>e = on this account ; for this reason . . . that, because, 2639- 2642 ; wiste be geornor {knew but too well), 822; he . . . was sundes be sasnra be hine swyit foinam {ht was the slower in swimming as [luhom}'] death carried him off), 1437; "^ bim vvihte be sel {it was none the better for him), 26S8; so, 2278. Gen. sg. ]>as — adv., fot this reason, therefore, 7, 16, 114, 350. 589, 901, 1993. 2027, 2033, etc. J>as J)e, especially after verbs of thanking, = because, 108, 228, 627, 17S0, 2798; — also = secun- dum quod : J>as be hie gewislicost ge-\vitan meahton, 1351 ; — there- fore, accordingly, 1342, 3001; tO J>as {to that point ; to that degree), 715, 1586, 1617, 1968, 241 1 ; bas georne {so firmly), 969; ac he bas faste was . . . besmiSod {it was too firmly set), 774; no bas frod leo- fa"5 gumena bearna bat bone grund wite {no7ie liveih among men so wise that he should know its bot- tom), 1368; he bas (bam, MS.) modig was {had the courage for it), 1509. II. conj. (relative), that, so that, 15,62^84, 221, 347,358,392.571. etc.; 65 bat {up to that, until); see 63'. batte (from bat be, see J>e), that, 151, 859, 1257, 2925, etc.; bat be {that), 1847. J>aer : i) demons, adv., there {where), 32, 36, 89, 400, 757, etc.; mor-Sor- bealo maga, b^er heo ser m^este heold worolde wynne {the d^nth- bale of kinsmen where before she had most 'worldly joy), 1080. With bS: ba baer, 331; basr on innan {therein), 71. Almost like Eng. expletive there, 271, 550, 978, etc.; — then, at that time, 440 ; — thither: bser swfS-ferh'5e sittan eodon {thither went the bold ones to sit, i.e. to the bench), 493, etc. 328 GLOSSARY. — 2) relative, where, 356, 420, 508, 513, 522, 694, 867, etc. ; eode . . . J>£Er se snotera bdcl {went where the wise one tarried^, 1314; so, 1816;— // 763, 798, 1836, 2731, etc.; — whither : gS \yxi he wille, 1395- JKi, I. relative particle, indecl., partly standing alone, partly associated with se, seo, hat: HunferS niaSe- lode, I'C at fotum siit {H., who sat at his feet, spake), 500; so, 138, etc.; was |'at gewin to sw^S he on hS leode be-com {the misery that had covie on the people was too great), 192, etc.; ic wille ... be h& and-sware iidre ge-c^5an |>e me se goda S-gifaa henceS (/ will straightway tell thee the answer that the good one shall give), 355; 6'S hone anne dag he he . . . {till that very day that he . . ■), 240 1 ; heo hS freh(5e wrac he hu . . . Grendel cwealdest {the fight in which thou sleivest C), 1335; mid ha:re sorge he him sio sSr belamp {with the sorrow wherei-vith the pain had vis- ited him), 2469 ; pi. honne hS dydon he . . . {than they did that . . .), 45; so, 378, 1 1 36; h^ magmas he he me sealde {the treasures that he gave me), 2491 ; so, ginifastan gife he him god sealde {the great gifts that God had given him), 2183. After I'Sra V& {of those that) , the depend, verb often takes sg. instead of pi. (Dietrich, Haupt XL, 444 seqq.) : vvundor-siona fela sec- ga ge-hwylcum h^ra he on swylc staraJS {to each of those that look on such), 997; so, 844, 1462, 2384, 2736. Strengthened by se, seo, hat : sagde se he cfl'Se {said he that knew), 90 ; was se grimma gast Grendel hiten, se he moras hedld {the grim stranger hight Grendel, he that held the moors), 103; here-byrne . . . se6 he b5n- cofan beorgan cflSe {the corselet that could protect the body), 1446, etc.; hser ge-l^fan sceal dryhtnes dome se he hine dea'5 nimetJ {he shall believe in God's Judgment whom death carrieth off), 441 ; so, 1437, ^292 (cf. Ileliand I., 1308). J>as J>e. See J>at. JjcAh )>e. See }>edh. for J>am J>e. See for-}>ain. J»y, }>e, the, by that, instr. of se : Shte ic holdra h^ las . . . he dea^ for- nam (/ had the less friends whom death snatched away), 48S; so, 1437- J>eccan, w. v., to cover (thatch), cover over: inf. ha sceal brond fretan, aled heccean {fire shall eat, flame shall cover, the treasures), 3016; pret. pi. hasr git eagor- stream earmiim hehton {in S7uim- niing), 513- J>egn, St. m., thane, liegeman, king's higher vassal; knight: nom. sg., 235,494,868, 2060, 2710; (Beo- wulf), 194; (Wiglaf), 2722; ace. Sg. hegen (Beowulf, MS. hegn), 1872; dat. Sg. hegne, 1342, 1420; (IIengest),io86; (WTglaf), 2811; gen. sg. hegnes, 1798; nom. pi. hegnas, 1231; ace. pi. hegnas, 1082, 3122; dat. pi. hegnum, 2870; gen. pi. hegna, 123, 400, 1628, 1674, 1830, 2034, etc. — Conip. : ambiht-,ealdor-,heal-, magu-, sele- hegn. J»egnian, ]>enian, w. v., to serve, do liege service: pret. sg. ic him hSnode de6ran sweorde (/ served them with my good sword, i.e. slew them with it), 560. GLOSSARY. 329 )»egli-8orh, St. f., thane-sorrow, grief for a liegeman : ace. sg. begn- sorge, 131. |»egu, St. f., taking : in comp. : beah-, beor-, sinc-tiegu. J>el, St. n., deal-board, board for benches : in comp. benc-Jjel, 486, 1240. }>eDcan, w. v.: i) to think: abso- lutely : pres. sg. III. se ^e vvel hen- ce^, 289; so, 2602. With depend, clause : pres. sg. nsenig heora l^ohte bat he . . . {none of them thought that he), 692. — 2) vv. inf., to in- tend : pres. sg. III. b^ and-sware ... be me se goda S-gifan benceS {the answer that the good one in- tendeth to give me), 355; (blodig wal) byrgean benceS, 448; bonne he . . . gegan bence^ longsumne lof {if he will win eternal fame), 1536; pret. sg. ne bat aglseca yldan bohte {the monster did not mean to delay that), 740; pret. pi. wit unc wi5 hronfixas wevian bohton, 541; (hine) on healfa ge-hwone heawan bohton, 801. &-bencan, to intend, think out : pret. sg. (he) bis ellen weorc Sna S-bohte to ge-fremmanne, 2644. ge-bencan, w. ace: i) to think of : bat he his selfa ne mag . . . ende ge-bencean {so that he him- self may not think of, know, its limit), 1735. — 2) to be mindful: imper. sg. ge-benc nu . . . hvvat wit geo spraecon, 1475. J>enden : i) adv., at this time, then, whilst : nalles fScen-stafas beod- Scyldingas benden fremedon {not at all at this time had the Scyl- dings done foul deeds), 1020 (re- ferring to 1 165; cf. WTdsiS, 45 «eqq.); benden reafode rinc 6'5er- ne {whilst one warrior robbed another, i.e. Eofor robbed Ongen- beow), 2986. — 2) conj., so long as, whilst, 30, 57, 284, i860, 2039, 2500, 3028; — whilst, 2419. With subj., whilst, as long as : bendeu bu mote, 11 78; benden bu lifige, 1255; benden hyt s^ {whilst the heat lasts), 2650. ]?engel, st. m., prince, lord, ruler . ace. sg. hringa bengal (Beowulf), 1508. J»es (m.), >e6s (f.), J'is (n.), de- mons, pron., this: r\uva. sg. 41 1, 432, 1703; f., 484; nom. ace. neut., 2156, 2252, 2644; bys, 1396; ace. sg. m. bisne, 75; f. bSs, 1682; dat. sg. neut. bissum, 11 70; bys- sum, 2640; f. bisse, 639; gen. m. bisses, 1 21 7; f. bisse, 929; neut. bysses, 791, 807; nom. pi. and ace. bas, 1623, 1653, 2636, 2641; dat. byssum, 1063, 1220. J>e. See J>at- l>eh. See J>edh. J>earf, st. f., need : nom. sg. bearf, 1 25 1, 2494, 2638; b^ him was manna bearf {as he was in need oj 7nen), 201; ace. sg. bearfe, 1457, 2580, 2850; fremma'5 ge nu leoda bearfe {do ye now what is needful for the folk), 2802; dat. sg . at bearfe, 1478, 1526, 2695, 2710; ace. pi. se for andrysnum ealle be- weotede begnes bearfe {who would supply in courtesy all the thane's needs), 1798 (cf. sele-begn, 1795)- — Comp. : firen-, nearo-, ofer-bearf. )>earf. See J>urfan. ge- {»earfian, w. v., = necessitatem imp07tere : pret. part, b^ him swS ge-bearfod was {since so they found it necessary), 1104. J»earle, adv., very, exceedingly, 560. )>e&h, }>eh, conj., though, even though or if: i) vtdth subj. |>eah, 203, 830 GLOSSARY. 526, 58&, 590, 1 168, 1661, 2032, 2162. Strengthened byl>e: ]>eah K 683, 1369, 1832, 1928, 1942, 2345, 2620; I'eah . . . eal {although), 681. — 2) with indie. : Kah, 1 103; b8h, 1614. — 3) doubtful: )>&ih he ft'Se wel, 2856; swi )>eah {never- theless), 2879; no . . . swa l^eah {not then however), ^"jy, nas j^e forht swi J>eh (/i^* was not, though, afraid), 2968; hwaSre swS J^eah {yet however), 2443. |>cd\v, St. m., custom, usage : nom. sg., 178, 1247; acc.sg. heavv, 359; instr. pi. heawum {in accordance with custom), 2145. )?e6cl, St. f. : I ) war-troop, retainers : nom. sg., 644, 1 23 1 , 1 25 1 . — 2) tia- lion, folk: nom. sg., 1692; gen. pi. beoda, 1706. — Comp. : sige-, wer-)'e6d. J»e6(l-cyning, st. m., (= folc-cy- ning), warrior-king, king of the people : nom. sg. (Ilro'SgSr), 2145 ; (Ongen^eow), 2964, 2971; Hod- cyning (Beowulf), 2580; ace. sg. J)e6d-cyning(Be6wulf), 3009; gen. sg. J>e6d-cyninges(Be6wulf), 2695 ! gen. pi. )'e6d-cyninga, 2. )>e6e6dnas, 3071. I>e6tlen-le^s, adj., 7vithout chief or king : nom. pi. Jjcoden - lease, 1 104. )»o6e6d - ge - stre6num, 44; gen. pi be6d-ge-stre6na, 1219. J>e6dlg, adj., appertaining to a J>e6d : in comp. el-Jieddig. Jjeod-scaija, w. ra.,foe of the people, general foe : nom. sg. t>e6d-scea5a {the dragon), 2279, 2689. ]>e6d-J>red, st. f. ni., popular misery, general distress : dat. pi. wi^ l^eod- J>reaum, 178. |>e6f, St. m., thief: gen. sg. t>e6fes crafte, 2221. }>e6n, St. v.: \) to grotu, ripen, thrive: pret. sg. weor^mynduni Hh {grew in glory), 8. — 2) to thrive in, succeed : pret. sg. huru hat on lande lyt manna hah {that throve to few), 2837. See Note, 1. 901. ge-ljeon, to grow, thrive; increase in power and influence: imper. ge-beoh tela, 12 19; inf. lof-da'dum sceal . . . man ge^eon, 25 ; [jat hat Jjeodnes beam ge-heon scolde, 911. on-J>e6n? to begin, undertake, w. gen.: pret. he ^as rer onKih, 901. See Note, 1. 901. ]>e6n (for J>e6n'an), w. v., to op- press, restrain : inf. nas se folc- cyning ymb-sittendra cenig |)3ra |'e mec . . . dorste egesan heon {thai durst oppress me with terror), 27^7 J»e6stor, adj., dark, gloomy : instr. pi. I'eostrum ge-^oncum, 2333. }>icgan, St. v. w. ace, to seize, attain, eat, appropriate : inf. t^at he (Gren- del) mS m8ste manna cynnes bic- gean ofer 1>S niht, 737 ; symbel {licgan {take the meal, enjoy the feast), lOil ; pret. pi. ^at hie me hegon, 563; jjaer we medu hSgun, 2634. ge-l'icgan, w. ace, to grasp, take: pret. sg. (symbel and sele-ful, ful) ge-jjeah, 619, 629 ; Bedwulf ge GLOSSARY. 331 )>ah ful on flette, 1025 ; pret. pi. (medo-ful manig) ge-ljoegon, 1015. |>ider, J»yder, adv., thither : I'yder, 3087, 379, 2971. )>ihtig, )»yhtig, adj., doughty, vigor- ous, firm : ace. sg. neut. sweord . . . ecgum I'yhtig, 1559. — Comp. hyge-lnhtig. pincan. See |>yncan. J>ing, St. n. : i) thing : gen. pi. asnige Hnga {ullo modo), 792, 2375, 2906. — 2) affair, contest, controversy : nom. sg. me wear^ Grendles I'ing . . . undyrne cft'S ( GrendePs doings became known to me), 409. — 3) judgment, issue, judicial assem- bly {!) : ace. sg. seeal . . . Sna ge- hegan fjing wiS J'yrse {shall bring the matter alone to an issue against the giant : see began), 426. ge-)?ing,st.n.: i) terms, covenant: ace. pi. ge-hingo, 1086. — 2) fate, providence, issue : gen. sg. ge- Hnges, 398, 710; (ge-Hngea, MS.), 525- ge-J>ingan, st. v., to grow, mature, thrive (Dietrich, Haupt IX., 430) : pret. part, cwen mode ge-bungen (^mature - minded, high - spirited, queen), 625. See ^vel-]>ungen. ge-}>ingan (see ge-J»ing), w. v.: 1) to conclude a treaty: \v. refl. dat., etiter into a treaty : pres. sg. III. gif him honne HreSrie to bofum Geata ge-Hnge5 {if H. en- ters into a treaty (seeks aid at?) with the court of the Gedtas, refer- ring to the old German custom of princes entering the service or suite of a foreign king), 1838. Leo. — 2) to prepare, appoint : pret. part, wiste [at] ham ahlaecan . . . hilde ge-Hnged, 648; hraSe was . . . m^ce ge-Hnged, 1939. )>lnglan, w. r. : i) to speak in an assembly, make an address : inf. ne h^rde ic snotor-licor on swi geongum feore guman J'ingian (7 never heard a man so young speak so wisely), 1844. — 2) to compound, settle, lay aside: inf. ne wolde feorh- bealo . . . feo hingian {would not compou7td the life-bale for money), 156; so, pret. sg. hi faehSe fed Hngode, 470. Jjihan. See J^eon. J>in, possess, pron., thy, thine, 267, 346, 353, 367. 459. etc. ge-J>olit, St. m., thought, plan : ace. sg. Sn-fealdne ge-l>oht, 256; fast- rcedne ge-)'oht, 611. }>oIian, \v. V. vv. ace. : 1) to endure, bear : inf. (inwid-sorge) J^olian, 833; pres. sg. III. I'rea-nyd bola^, 284 ; pret. sg. I^olode ^ry'Sswy'S, 131. — 2) to hold out, stand, sur- vive: pres. sg. (intrans.) Ijenden Hs sweord J'oIaS {as long as this sraiord holds out), 2500; pret. sg. (se6 eeg) l?olode asr fela hand-ge- mota, 1526. ge-)'olian: \) to suffer, bear, en- dure : gerund, to ge-)'olianne,l420; pret. sg.earfo'S-lice brage ge-}>olode . . ., J^it he . . . dream geh^rde {bore ill that he heard the souna of joy), 87 ; torn ge-Jjolode {bore the misery), 14"/. — 2) to have pa- tience, wait: inf. l«r he longe seeal on l^as waldendes waere ge- bolian, 31 10. J»on (Goth, han) = tu7?i, then, now, 504; after J^on {after that), 725; ■XX \>oxi dag ewome {ere day came), 732 ; no bon lange {it was not long till then), 24,24; nas t>S long to ]pon {it was not long till then), 2592, 2846 ; was him se man t8 bon leof \>aX . . . {the man was to thai degree dear to him that . . .), 1877. 332 GLOSSARY. I^onne: i) adv., there, then, nrw, 377. 435. 525. "OS. HS^, 1485. 1672, 1823, 3052, 3098(?). — 2) conj., if, when, while : a) vv. indie, 573. 881, 935, 1034, 1041, 1043, 1 144, 1286, 1327, 1328, 1375, etc.; ViX ic gum-cystuin godne funde beaga bryttan, breac bonne moste {that I found a good ring-giver \ and enjoyed him whilst I cotdd'), 1488. b) w. subj., 23, 1 180, 3065; bonne . . . bonne {then . . . when), 484-85, 2447-48 ; gif bonne ... bonne (;/ then . . . then), 1 105- 1 107. c) than after comparatives, 44, 248, 469, 505, 534, 679, 1 140, 1 183, etc.; a comparative must be supplied, 1. 70, before bone : bat be . . . hStan wolde medo-arn micel men ge-wyrcean bone yldo beam sefre ge-frunon {a great mead- house (greater) than men had ever known). l>racu, St. f., strength, boldness: in comp. mod-bracu ; = impetus in ecg-bvncu. J>rag, bl. f., period of time, time : nom. sg. ba bine sio brag be-cwom {when the [battle] -//o?xage {for a time), 87; longe (lange) brage, 54, 114. — Comp. earfo'5-brag. ge-Jiriie, st. n., viiiltitude, crowd : in comp. searo-ge-brac. Jjrec-'wiidu, si. m., {might-rvood), spear (cf. magen-wudu) : ace. sg., 1247. )»r('ji, St. III. r, misery, distress: in comp. beod-biea, |>rea-nedla, -n^d. J>rere4-iiyd, si. f., oppression, distress : ace. sg. brea-n5>d, 284 ; dat. pi. brea-n^dum, 833. J»reAt, St. m., troop, band : dat. sg on bam breate, 2407 ; dat. pi scea^ena breatum,4. — Comp. iren- Ireat. )>re6tian, w. v. w. ace, to press, rp- press : pret. \A. mec . . . breatedon, 560. Jjreot-teoffa, num. adj. w. m., thir- teenth : nom. sg. breot-teo'Sa secg, 2407. ]>re6, num. (neut.), three : ace. brio wicg, 2175 ; breo bund wintra, 2279. }>ridring, st. n., eddy, whirlpool, fr?«//.- ace. onholmage-bring,2i 33. J>ringan, st. v., to press : pret. sg. vvergendra to lyt brong ymbe \>e6- den {too few defenders pressed round the prince), 2884; pret. pi. sy'SiSan Hre'Slingas to hagan brun- gon {after the Hrelhlingis had pressed into the hedge), 296 1. for-bringan, to press out; rescue, protect : inf. bat he ne mehte . . . ba wea-lSfe vvige for-bringan beodnes begne {that he could not rescue the wretched remiintit from the king's thane by war), 1085. ge-bringan,/tf press : pret. sg. ceol up gebrang {the ship shot up, i.e. on the shore in landing), 1913. J>ritig, num., thirty (neut. subst ) : ace. sg. w. partitive gen. : britig beg- na, 123; gen. biittiges (XXXliges, MS.) manna, 379. J>rist-hydig, adj., bold-minded, val- orous : nom. sg. bioden brist-hydig (Beowulf), 281 1. )>ro\%'ian, w. v. w. ace, to suffer, endure : inf. (hat, gnorn) l-rowian, 2606, 2659 ; pret. sg. browade, 1590, 1722; browode, 2595. Jjrycy, St. f., abundance, multitude, GLOSSARY. 333 excellence, power : instr. pi. >>ry'5um {excellently, extremely ; excellent in strength}), 494. l^rylSf-iiru, st. n., excellent house, royal /itjllacc.sg. (of Heorot\ 658. Jjryfflic, adj., excellent, chosen : nom. sg. bry"5-lic begna heap, 400, 1628; superl. ace. pi. ^ryS-licost, 2870. J>ryi5'-swyS, St. n.7, great pain{l) : aee., 131, 737 [? adj., very power- ful, exceeding strong\ . )>ry3'-'word, st. n., bold speech, choice discourse : nova, sg., 644. (Great store was set by good table-talk : of. Lachmann's Nibelunge, 161 2; Rigsmal, 29, 7, in Mobius, p. 79 b, 22.) Jjrj'^iii, St. m. : I ) poiver, might, force : nom. sg. y"5a brym, 1919; instr. pi. = adv. Jjrymmum {powerfully'), 235. — 2) glory, renown : ace. sg. biym, 2. — Comp. hyge-brym. ]>rym-lic, adj., pozverful, mighty : num. sg. brec-wudu brym-lic {the mighty spear), 1247. J>u, pron., thou, 366, 407, 445, etc.; ace. sg. Jjec (poetic), 94S, 2152, etc.; be, 417, 426, 517, etc.-; after compar. saelran l^e {a better one than thee), 1851. See ge. luiMca, w. m. See af- Jmiica. ge-)»iiiigen. See ge-J>iiiguu, st. v. J>urfan, pret.-pres. v., to need : pres. sg. II. no bu ne bearft . . . sorgian {medest not care), 450; so, 445, 1675; III. ne Ijearf . . . onsittan {need not fear), 596; so, 2007, 2742; pres. subj. hat he . . . secean burfe, 2496; pret. sg. l^orfte, 157, 1027, 1072, 2875, 2996; pi. nealles Hetware hremge l^orfton (i.e. vve- san) fe'Se-vviges {needed not boast of their foot-fight) , 2365 . ge-J>ureD. See )>weran. J>urh, prep. w. ace. signifying mo- tion through, hence: I. local, through, throughout : \v6d J^S (mrh |jone wiil-rec {went then through the battle-reek), 2662. — II. causal : I ) on account of, for the sake of owing to : \>\\x\\ sliSiie ntS {through fierce hostility, heathenism), 1S4; hurh holdne hige {from friendli- ness), 267; so, Jjurh rflmne sefan, 278; burh sTdne sefan, 1727; eo- we'5 Jjurh egsan uncdSne ntS {shows unheard-of hostility by the terror he causes), 276; so, 1102, 1336, 2046. 2) by means of through : hea'So-r^es for-nam mihtig mere-deor burh mine hand, 558; burh anes criift, 700; so, 941, 1694, 1696, 1980, 2406, 3069. >us, adv., so, thus, 238, 337, 430. )>uiiian, w. v., to din, sound forth : pret. sg. sund-wudu J'unede, 1907. }>usend, num., thousand: i) fem. ace. ic \>e Jjflsenda begna bringe to helpe, 1830. — 2) neut. with meas- ure of value (sceat) omitted: ace. seofon bflsendo, 2196; gen. hund- bflsenda landes and locenra beaga ( 100,000 sceattas' worth of land a mi rings), 2995. — 3) uninflected : ace. bdsend wintra, 305 1. ]>W8ere, adj., affable, mild : in comp man-^wsere. ge-Jjwsere, adj., gentle, m ild : nom pi. ge-bwxre, 1231. ge - Jjweran, st. v., to forge, strike: pret. part, heoru . . . hamere ge- buren (for ge-|>woren) {hammer- forged S'luord), 1 286. J^yhtig. See J>ihtig. ge-J>yld (see Jjolian), st. f . : i) patience, endurance : ace. sg ge-byld, 1396. — 2) steadfastness . instr. pi. = adv. : ge-byldum {stead fastly, patiently), 1706. 334 GLOSSARY. |>yle, St. ill., spokesman, leader of the conversation at court : nom. Sg., "66, 1457. l»yncaii, J>inoean, w. v. \v. dat. of pers., to seem, appear : pies. sg. III. Hnce'S him to lytel {it seems to him too lit tie), 1749; ne l)ynce^' me gerysiie, I'.at we {it seemet/i to me not Jit that we . . .), 2654; pres. pi. hy . . . wyrSe lnncea'5 eorla ge- aehtlan {they seem worthy contend- ers 701 th{?) earls; or, worthy warriors), 368; pres. subj. swa him ge-met l>iiice, 688; inf. Hn- cean, 1342; pret. sg. h>-xx him fold-wegas fagere I'Qhton, 867. o f - b i n c a n , to displease, offend : inf. mag )ias I'onne of-ljyncan J>e6- den (dat.) lleaSo-beardna and hegna gehwam bara leoda, 2033. |>yrs, St. m., giant: dat. .sg. wiN byrse (Grendel), 426. |>ys-lic, adj , such, of such a nature : nom. sg. fern, hys-licu I'carf, 2638. |>5'- See J>at. J»5'wan (M.H.G. diuhen, O.II.fi. dflhan), w. v., to crush, oppress: inf. gif bee ymb-sittend egesan V^- wat! {if thy neighbors oppress thee -with dread), 182S. Y^&tr\\,si.i., darkness: dat. pi. in b^strum, 87. ge-J>5'^ve, adj., customary, usual: nom. sg. swi him ge-b^we ne was {as was not his custom), 2333. U ufan, s.d.v.,from above, 1501; above, 330. ufera (prop, higher), adj., later: dat. pi. ufaran dogruni, 2201, 2393. ufor, adv., higher, 2952. iihte, w. f., twilight or dawn : dat. or ace. on uhtan, 126. uht-floga, w. m., twilight -flier, dawn-flier (epithet of the dragon) : gen. sg. uht-flogan, 2761. uht-hlem, st. m., twilight-cry, dawn- cry : ace. sg., 2008. uht-sceaffa, \v. m., twilight- ot dawn-foe : nom. sg., 2272. iiiiibor, St. II., elnld, uijaitt: ace. sg., 46; dat. sg., 1188. un-bliUe, adv.(?), unblithely, sor- rowfully, 130, 2269; (adj., nom. pi.?), 3032. uii-byrnende, pres. part., unburn- ing, withotit burning, 2549. unc, dat. and ace. of the dual wit, us t7V0, to us two, 1 784, 2 1 38, 2527 ; gen. hwaSer . . . uncer twega {which of us two), 2^23' uncer Grendles {of us two, G. and me), 2003. uncer, poss. pron., of us two : nom. sg. [uncer], 2002(?); dat. pi. un- cran eaferan, 1 186. aii-cfiij, adj.: 1) unknown: num. sg. stig . . . eldum uncQS, 2215; ace. sg. neut. uncfl"5 ge-lad {un- kndwn ways) ,1411. — 2) unhea rd- of, barbarous, evil: ace. sg. un- cflSne niS, 276; gen. sg. un-cdSes {of the foe, Grendel), 961. under, I. prep. w. dat. and ace. : i) w. dat., answering (]aestion where? = under (of rest), contrasted with over : bSt (was) under beorge, 21 1 ; h3 cwom \Vealh|>e6 forS gan under gyldnum beage ( IV. walked forth under a golden circlet, i.e. decked with), 1 164; siSSan he under segne sine ealgode {under his banner), 1 205; he under rande ge-cranc {sank under his shield), GLOSSARY. 335 12 lO; under wolcnum, 8, 1632; under heofenum, 52, 505; under roderum, 310; under helme, 342, 404 ; under here - griman, 396, 2050, 2606; so, 711, 1 198, 1303, 1929, 2204, 2416, 3061, 3104. — 2) vv. ace. : a) answering question whither? = tinder (of motion) : ^^ secg wisode under Heorotes hrof, 403; si'S'San gefen-leoht under heo- fenes hSdor be-holen weorSe'S, 414; under sceadu bregdan, 708; :le6n under fen-hleo'Su, 821 ; hond Slegde . . . under geapne hrof, 837 ; teon in under eoderas, 1038; so, 1361, 1746, 2129, 2541, 2554, 2676, 2745 ; so, hafde \>^ for-sfSod sunu Ecg - heowes under gynne grund, 1552 (for-si5ian requires ace.), b) after verbs of venturing and fighting, with ace. of object had in view : he under hSrne stSn . . . Snage-ne'Sde fr^cne dcede, 888; ne dorste under ^5a ge-win aldre ge-ne5an, 1470. c) indicating extent, with ace. after expressions of limit, etc.: under swegles be- gong (^as far as the sky extends'), 861,1774; under heofenes hwealf (^as far as heaven^ s vault reaches'), 2016. II. Adv., beneath, below: stig under lag (« path lay beneath, i.e. tie rock), 2214. undern-msel, st. n., midday: ace. sg., 1429. un-dyrne, un-derne, adj., without concealment, plain, clear : nom. sg., 127, 2001 ; un-derne, 2912. un-dyrne, &Av., plainly, evidently: un-dyrne cft^, 150, 410. un-fager, adj., unlovely, hideous : nom. sg. leoht un-fager, 728. un-faecne, adj., without malice, sin- cere: nom. sg., 2069. un-fsege, adj., not death-doomed 01 "fey": nom. sg., 2292; ace. sg. un-faegne eorl, 573. un-flitme, adv., solemnly, incontest- ably : Finn Hengeste elne unflitme S'Sum benemde (^F. S7uore solemnly to H. with oaths) [if an adj., elne un-f. = unconquerable in valor\ 1098. un-forht, z.^y, fearless, bold : nom. sg., 2S7; ace. pi. unforhte (adv.?), 444. See Note. un-froni, adj., ttnfit, unwarlike : nom. sg., 2189. un-frod, adj., not aged, young: dat sg. guman un-frodum, 2822. un-gedefelice, adv., unjustly, con- trary to right and custotn, 2436. un-geniete, adv., immeasurably, exceedingly, 2421, 2722, 2729. un-ge metes, adv. gen. sg., the same, 1793. un-geS.ra, adv., {tiot old), recently, lately, 933; soon, 603. un-gifeffe, adj., not to be granted; refused: nom. sg., 2922. un-gledw, adj., regardless, reckless: ace. sg. sweord . . . ecgum un- gleaw (of a sharp-edged sword), 2565. un-har, adj., very gray : nom. sg., 357; {bald}). un-haelo, st. f., mischief, destruction : gen. sg. wiht un-haelo {the demon of destruction, Grendel), 120. un-heore, un-hyre, adj., monstrous, horrible : nom. sg. m., weard un- hiore (the dragon), 2414; neut. wif un-h^re (Grendel's mother), 21 21; nom. pi. neut. hand-speru . . . unheoru (of Grendel's claws), 988. iin-hlytme, un-hlitme, adv. (of. A.S. hlytm = lot ; O.N. hluti =part, division), undivided, unseparated. 836 GLOSSARY. united, 1130 [unless = un-flitnie, 1098]. See Note. un-leof, adj., hated : ace. pi. seah on un-Jeofe, 2864. un-lifigende, pres. part., unliving, lifeless: nom. sg. un-lifigende, 468; ace. sg. un-lyfigendne, 1309; dat. sg. un-lifgendum, 1390; gen. sg. un-lyfigendes^ 745 un-lytel, adj., not little, vety large : nom. sg. dugu'5 un-lytel (a great band 0/ warriors} or grecit joy7), 498 ; dom un-lytel {no little glory) , 886; ace. sg. torn un-lytel (very great shame, misery), 834. un-niurnlice) adv., unpityingly, without sorrowing, 449, 1 75 7. unnau, pret.-pres. v., to grant, give ; wish, will: pret.-pres. sg. I. ic ^e an tela sine-gestreona, 1226; weak pret. sg. I. (15e ic switSor l)at I'u hine selfne ge-seon moste, 961; III. he ne fi'Se j'iit . . . {lie granted not that . . .), 503; him god (15e bat ... he hyne sylfne ge-\vrac {God granted to him that he avenged himself), 2875; j^eah he (I5e vvel {though he well would), 2856. g e - u n n a n , to grant, perm it : in f . gif he (Is ge-unnan wile J^at we hine . . . gretan moton, 346 ; me ge-GSe ylda waldend, ^at ic . . . ge-seah hangian {the Ruler of men permitted me to see hanging . . .), Ib62. un-nyt, adj., useless : nom. sg., 413, 3170- un-riht, st. n., unright, injustice, 7vrong: acc.sg. unriht, 1255, 2740; instr. sg. un-rihte {unjustly, wrong- ly), 3060. un-rim, st. n., immense number : nom. sg., 1239, 3136; ace. sg., 2625. un-rinie, adj., countless, measure- less : noni.sg. gold un-itme, 3013. un-rOt, adj., sorro'udng : nom. pi. un-rote, 3149. iin-siiyttiMi, St. f. , lack of ivisdom : (lat. pi. for his un-snyttrum {for his unwisdom), 1735. un-softe, adv., unsoftly, with vio- lence {hardly}), 2141 ; scarcely, 1656. uu-swyiffe, adv., not strongly or powerfully : compar. (ecg) bat unswi'Sor J)onne his l>i6d-cyning I'earfe hafde {the sword bit less sharply than the prince cf the people needed), 2579; fyr unswi- Nor weoll, 2882. uii-synuig, adj., guiltless, sinless : ace. sg. un-synnigne, 2090. un-synnuiii, adv. instr. pi., guilt- lessly, 1073. un-taele, adj., blameless : ace. pi. un-t^le, 1866. iiu-tyder, st. m., evil race, moniS se wyrm on-w6c {7vhen the drake awoke), 2288. — 2) to be borti : pret. sg. him on-w6c heah Healfdene, 56; pi. on-wocon, iii. uraclan, w. v., to watch : imper. sg. waca wiS wriSum ! 661. w^adan, st. v., (cf. wade, waddle) to traverse ; stride, go : pret. sg. wod burh bone wal-rec, 2662; wod under vvolcnum {stalked beneath the clouds), 715. ge-wadan, to attain by moving, come to, reach : pret. part. o'5 ^at . .wunden-stefna ge-waden hafde, hat I'a ITSende land ge-sSvvon (///< the ship had gone so far that the sailors saw land), 220. on-wadan, \v. ace, to invade, be- fall : pret. sg. hine fyren on- wod(?), 916. hurh-wadan, to penetrate, pierce : pret. sg. hat swurd hurh-wod wrat- licne wyrm, 891 ; so, 1568. w^ag, St. m., 7uall: dat. sg. on wage, 1663; dat. pi. after wagum (along the walls), 996. Trala, w. m., boss : nom. pi. walan, 1032 (cf. Bouterwek in Haupt XL, 85 seqq.). w^alda, w. m., wielder, ruler : in comp. an-, eal-walda. Ttrald-STvaUu, st. f., forest-path : dat. pi. after wald-swa'Sum (^along the wood-paths), 1404. w^am, w^om, st. m., spot, blot, sin : ace. sg. him be-beorgan ne con wom (cannot protect himself from evil or from the evil strange orders, etc. ; wom = wogum ? = ctookedl), 1748; instr. pi. wommum, 3074. ■wan, won, adj., watt, lurid dark: nom. sg, ^i5-geblond . . . won (the darkivaves), 12)1 S'y sewonnahrefn (the black raven), 3025; wonna l?g (lurid flame), 31 16; dat. sg. f. on wanre niht, 703; nom. pi. neut. scadu-helma ge-sceapu . . . wan, 652. wang, St. m., mead, field; place: ace. sg. wang, 93, 225; wong, 1414, 2410, 3074; dat. sg. wange, 2004; 338 GLOSSARY. wonge, 2243, 3040; ace. pi. wongas, 2463. — Comp. : freoSo-, grund-, medo-, sae-wang. wang-stede, st. m., (locus campes- tris), spot, place : dat. sg. vvong- stede, 2787. wan-hyd (fur hygd), st. f., heedless- ness, recklessness : dat. pi. for his won-h^dum, 434. wanian, vv. v. : i ) intrans., to de- crease, wane : inf. \>% \>2X sweord ongan . . . wanian, 1608. — 2) w. ace, to cause to wane or lessen : pret. sg. he to lange leode mine wanode, 1338. g e - vv a n i a n , /o decrease, diminish : pret. part, is min flet-werod . . . ge-wanod, 477. wan-saellg,adj., unhappy, wretched: nom. sg. won-saelig wer (Grendel), 105. wan-sceaft, st. f., misery, want: ace. sg. won-sceaft, 120. warian, w. v. vv. ace, to occupy, guard, possess : pres. sg. III. \>xt he has(5en gold waraS {where he guards heathen gold), 2278; pi. III. hie (Grendel and his mother) d^gel land vvarigeaS, 1359; pret. sg. (Grendel) goldsele warode, 1254; (Cain) westen warode, 1266. waroU, St. m., shore : dat. sg. to warotSe, 234; ace. pi. wide waro- "Sas, 1966. waru, St. f., inhabitants, (collec- tive) population : in comp. land- waru. vth, interj., woe ! wS biS bam |>e . . . {'woe to him that . . .), 183. wftUu, St. f., way, journey : in comp. gamen-wa'Su. vv&nlan, w. v., to weep, whine, howl, w. ace. : inf. geh^rdon . . . sar \va- nigean hellehaftan {they heard the hell- fastened one lamenting his pain), 788; pret. sg fwinode], 3i52(?). wat. See witan. ^vaccan, w. v., to watch : pret. part waccende, 709, 2842; ace. sg. m. waccendne wer, 1269. See ^a- cian. w^iienan, w. v., to lie awake, come forth : inf., 85. wad, St. n., (the moving) sea, ocean : nom. wado vveallentfe, 546; wadu weallcndu, 58 1; gen. pi. wada, 508. wafre, adj., ivavering (like flame), ghostlike, without distinct bodily form : nom. sg. wjil-gaest wafre (of Grendel's mother), 1332; — flick- ering, expiring: nom. sg. wafre mod, 1151; him was geomor sefa, wafre and wal-fOs, 2421. be-Aviignan, w. v., to offer : pret. part, him was . . . freond-laSu wor- dum be-wagned, 1 194. wiil, St. n., battle, slaughter, the slain in battle : ace. sg. wal, 12 13, 3028; blodig wal, 448; o'SSe on wal crunge {or in battle, among the slain, fall), 636; dat. sg. sume on wale erungon {some fell in the slaughter), 1 1 14 ; dat. sg. in Fr . . . es wale (proper name in MS. destroyed), 1071 ; nom. pi. walu, 1043. will-bed, St. n., slaughter-bed, death- bed : dat. Sg. on wal-bedde, 965. w^iil-bend, st. f., death-bond : aec. sg. ur pi. wal-bende . . . hand-ge- wriSene, 1937. wal-Mcat, adj., deadly, mortal, cruel: ace. sg. wunde wal-blcate, 2726. M^al-dedff, st. m., death in battle : nom. sg., 696. %val-dre6r, st. m., battle-gore : instr. sg. wal-dre6re, 1632. GLOSSARY. 339 wal-fah, adj., slaughter - stained, blood-stainea : ace. sg. wal-fSgne winter, 1 1 29. wal-faehar., St. f., deadly feud : gen. pi. wal-fsehSa, 2029. wal-feall, St. m., (/«// of the slain), death, destruction : dat. sg. to wal- fealle, 171 2. wiil-fus, adj., ready for death, fore- boding death : nom. sg., 2421. wal-fyllo, St. i. , fill of slaughter : dat. sg. n^id \>xrQ vval-fuUe" (i.e. the thirty men nightly slaughtered at Heorot by Grendel), 125; wal- fylla? 3155. wiil-fyr, st. n. : l) deadly fire : instr. sg. wal-fyre (of the fire-spew- ing dragon), 2583. — 2) corpse- consuming fire, funeral pyre : gen. pi. vval-fyra nicest, 11 20. wiil-gaest, st. m., deadly sprite (of Grendel and his mother) : nom. sg. wal-gcest, 1332; ace. sg. )ione wal-gsest, 1996. wal-hlem, st. m., death-stroke : ace. sg. wal-hlem bone, 1996. W'iilm, st. m.,fiood, whelming water; nom. sg. ^aere human walm, 2547 ; gen. sg. has walmes {of the surf), 2136. — Comp. cear-walm. wal-niac, st. m., deadly hostility : nom. sg., 3001 ; dat. sg. after wal- nl^e, 85; nom. pi. wal-niSas, 2066. wal-r&p, St. xn., flood-fetter, i.e. ice : ace. pi. wal-rSpas, 161 1 ; (cf. wall, wel, vf^Vi — well, flood : lea.x sceal on wale mid sceote scrilSan, Gnom. Cott. 39). wal-raes, st. m., deadly onslaught : nom. sg., 2948; dat. sg. wal-nese, 825, 2532. will-rest, st. f., death-bed. ace. sg. wal-reste, 2903. wal-rec, st. m., deadly reek or smoke : ace. sg. w8d \>^ l^urh t>one wal-ree, 2662. wal-redf, st, n., booty of the slain, battle-plunder : ace. sg., 1206. wal-reow^, adj., bold in battle : nom. sg., 630. wal-sceaft, st. m., deadly shaft, spear: ace. pi. wal-sceaftas, 398. wal-seax, st. n., deadly knife, war- knife : instr. sg. wall-seaxe, 2704. 'vval-stenge, st. m., battle-spear : dat. sg. on |)am wal-stenge, 1639. wal-st5w, St. f., battle-field: dat. sg. wal-stowe, 2052, 2985. ^vastm, St. va., growth, form, figure : dat. sg. on weres wastmum {in man's form), 1353. water, st. n., water : nom. sg., 93, 1417. 1515. 1632; ace. sg. water, 1365, 1620; deop water {the deep), 509, 1905; ofer wid water {over the high sea), 2^1^; dat. sg. after watere {along the Grendel-sea), 1426; under watere {at the bottom of the sea), 1657; instr. watere, 2723; watre, 2855; gen. sg. ofer wateres hrycg {over the surface of the sea), ^ji; on wateres ceht, 5 1 6 ; burh wateres wylm {through the sea-wave), 1694; gen. = instr. wa- teres weorpan {to sprinkle with water), 2792. •water-egesa, st. m., water-terror, i.e. the fearful sea : ace. sg., 1261 'tvater-yij, st. f., water-wave, bil- low : dat. pi. water-^5um, 2243. %vaed, St. f., {weeds), garment: in eomp. here-, hilde-wged. ge-w3ede, st. n., clothing, Gs^ec\z\\y battle - equipments : ace. pi. ge- wcedu, 292. — Comp. eorl-gewaede. Tvaeg, St. m., wave : ace. ?g. wseg, 3133- waeg-bora, w. m., wave-bearer, swimmer (bearing or propelling 340 GLOSSARY. the waves before him) : nom. sg. wundorlic wseg-bora (of a sea- monster), 1 44 1. waeg-flota, w. m., sea-sailer, ship : ace. sg. weg-flotan, 1908. waeg-holm, st. m., /he wave-filled sea : ace. sg. ofer waeg-holm, 217. waege, st. n., cu/>, can : ace. sg. fated weege, 2254, 2283. — Comp. : ealo-, 115-w3ege. waeg-liffend, pres. part., sea-farer : dat. pi. wffig-liSendum (et liSen- dum, MS.), 3160. waeg-sweord, st. n., heavy sword : ace. sg., 1490. waen, st. m., wain, wagon : ace. sg. on wsen, 3135. w^aepen, st. n., weapon ; sword : nom. sg., 1 661 ; ace. sg. wsepen, 686, 1574, 2520, 2688 ; instr. waepne, 1665, 2966; gen. waepnes, 1468 ; ace. pi. wsepen, 292 ; dat. pi. wa;pnum, 250, 331, 2039,2396. — Comp.: hilde-, sige-wsepen. U'aepned - man, st. m., warrior, man : dat. sg. waepned-men, 1285. \>'ser, St. f., covenant, treaty : ace. sg. wsere, i loi ; — protection, care : daf. sg. on frean (on ))as walden- des) woere (^into God's protection'), 27,3110. — Comp.: frio'So-waer. waesma, w. m., fierce strength, war- strength : in comp. here-waesma, 678. we, pers. pron., we, 942, 959, 1327, 1653, 1 819, 1820, etc. web, St. n., woven work, tapestry : nom. pi. web, 996. webbe, w. f ., webster, female weaver: in comp. freoSu-webbe. weecan, w^eccean, w. v. w. ace., to wake, rouse; recall : inf. wlg-^jealu weecan (/o stir up strife), 2047 ; nalles hearpan sw^g (sceal) wigend weeeean {the sound of the harp shall not wake up the warriors)^ 3025 ; ongunnon j^S . . . basl-f^a nncst wigend weecan {^the warriors then began to start the mightiest of funeral pyres'), 3145 ; pret. sg. wehte hine watre {roused him with water, i.e. Wiglaf recalled Beowulf to consciousness), 2S55. 1 6 - w e c c a n , to stir up, rouse : pret pi. hfl Y^ folc mid him {with one another), fceh^e to-wehton, 2949. wed, St. n., (cf. wed-ding), pledge : dat. sg. hyldo t6 wedde {as a pledge of his favor), 2999. ■weder, st. n., weather: ace. ])1. wuldor-torhtan weder, 1137; gen. pi. wedera cealdost, 546. ge-wef, st. n., woof, weaving: ace. pi. wig-speda ge-wiofu {the woof of war -speed: the battle - woof woven for weal or woe by the Wal- kyries; cf. Njals-saga, 158), 698. ^veg, St. m., way : ace. sg. on weg {a'way,off), 264, 764, 845, 1431, 2097; gyf J'u on weg cymest {if thou contest off safe, i.e. from the battle with Grendel's mother), 1383. — Comp.: feor-, fold-, for'5-, wid-weg. wegan, st. v. w. ace., to bear, wear, bring, possess : subj. pres. nSh hwS sweord wege (/ have none that may bear Uie sword), 2253; inf. nalles (sceal) eorl wegan mdSSum to ge-myndum {no earl shallwear a memorial jeiuel), 3016; pret. ind. he ha fratvve wag . . . ofer ^5a ful {bore the jewels over the goblet of the 'cjves), 1208; wal-seaxe . . . hat he on byrnan wag, 2705 ; heortan sorge wag {bore heart's sorrow); so, 152, 1778, 1932,2781. a t - w e g n n = auferre, to carry off : syiS"!San HSma at-wag lo >sere byrhtan byrig Brosinga mene GLOSSARY. 341 {since H. bore from the bright city the B rosing- collar^, II99- ge-wegan (O.N. wega), to fight : inf. ^e he wi5 ham \v}Tme ge-wegan sceolde, 2401. wel, adv.: i) -well: wel biS l^am be . . . {well for him that . . . !), 1 86; se \>e wel J'cnce'S (he that well thinketh, judgeth), 289 ; so, 640, 1046, 1822, 1834, 1952, 2602 ; well, 2163, 2813. — 2) very, very much : Geat ungemetes wel . . . restan lyste (the Geat longed sorely to rest), 1793. — 3) indeed, to be sure, 2571, 2856. wela^ w. m., wealth, goods, posses- sions : in comp. ser-, burg-, hord-, mS515um-wela. wel-h'W'j'lc, indef. pron., = quivis, any you please, any (each, all) : gen- pi. wel-hv\7lcra v\alna, 1345; w. partitive gen. : nom. sg. witena wel-hwylc, 266; — substantively: ace. neut. wel-hwylc, 875. ^^'elig, adj., wealthy, rich : ace. sg. wic-stede weligne Waegmundinga, 2608. wel-J>ungen, pres. part., well-thriv- en (in mind) , mature, high-minded: nom. sg. Hygd (was) swiSe geong, wis, wel->ungen, 1928. wenian, w. v., to accustom, attract, honor : subj. pret. bat . . . Fole- waldan sunu . . . Hengestes heap hriiigum wenede {sh. honor), 1092. be-(b i-) wenian, /(5 entertain, care for, attend : pret. sg. mag bas bonne of-bynean beoden Hea^o-beardna . . . bonne he mid faemnan on flet gae'S, drj'ht-bearn Dena dugu'Sa bi-wenede (may well displease the prince of the H. . . . when he with the woman goes into the hall, that a noble scion of the Danes should entertain, bear wine to, the knights. cf. 494 seqq.; or, a noble scion of the Danes should attetid on her'i), 2036; pret. part. nom. pi. wieron her tela willum be-wenede, 1822. ■wendan, w. v., to turn : pres. sg. III. him eal worold wendeS on willan (all the world turns at his will), 1740. ge-wendan,w. ace: \) to turn, turn round : pret. sg. wicg ge- wende (turned his horse), 315. — 2) to turn (intrans.), chattge : inf. w^ biS bam be sceal . . . frofre ne wSnan, wihte ge-wendan (woe to him that shall have no hope, shall not change at all), 186. o n - w e n d a n , to avert, set aside : i) w. ace.: inf. ne mihte snolor haleS wean on-wendan, 191. — 2) intrans. : sibb sefre ne mag wiht on-wendan bain be wel benceS (in, to, him that is well thinking friend- ship can not be set aside), 2602. ^ver, St. m., man, hero : nom. sg (Grendel), 105; ace. sg. wer (Beo- wulf), 1269, 3174; gen. sg. on weres wastmum (in man's form), 1353 ; nom. pi. weras, 216, 1223, 1234, 1441, 1651; dat. pi. werura, 1257; gen. pi. wera, 120, 994, 1732, 3001; (MS. weora), 2948. wered, st. n., (as adj. = sweet), a sort of beer (probably without hops or such ingredients) : ace. sg. scii wered, 496. were-feohte, f., defensive fight, fight in self-defence : dat. pi. for were- fyhtum (fere fyhtum, MS.), 457. werhUo, st. f., curs(, outlazvry, icn- demnation : ace. sg. bu in helle seealt werh"So dre6gan, 590. werian, to defend, protect: w. vb., pres. sg. III. beaduserfid ... bat mine breost wercS, 453; inf. wit unc wits hron-fixas werian button. 342 GLOSSARY, 541 ; pres. part. w. gen. pi. wer- gendra tu lyt {too ftnu defenders'), 2S83 ; pret. ind. wal-reaf weiede {guarded the battle-spoil), 1206; se hwita helm hafelan werede {the shining helm protected his head'), 1449; pi. hafelan weredon, 1328; pret. part. nom. pi. ge . . . hyrnum werede {ye . . . corselet-clad), 238, 2530- ij e - vv e r i a n , /"(? protect, defend: pret. pi. bat hie . . . leoda land-geweorc lai^um be-\veredon scuccum and scynnum {that they the people's land-7iiork from foes, from mon- sters and demons, might defend), 939- vverlg, adj., accursed, outlawed: gen. sg. wergan gastes (Grendel), 133; (of the devil), 1748. werod, weorod, st. n., band of men, warrior- troop : nom. sg. werod, 652; weorod, 290, 2015, 3031; ace. sg. werod, 319; dat. instr. sg. weorode, 1012, 2347 ; werede, 121 6; gen. sg. werodes, 259; gen. pi. wereda, 2187; weo- roda, 60. — Comp.: eorl-, flet-werod. \ver-J»e6d, st. f., people, humanity : dat. sg. ofer wer-l'code, 900. wesan, v., to be : pres. sg. 1. ic eom, 335. 407; II. hu eart, 352, 506; III. is, 256, 272, 316, 343, 375, 473, etc. ; nu is Hnes magenes blaed Sne h.\v\\c{the prime [fame?'\ of thy powers lastcth now for a while), 1762; ys, 291 1, 30CX), 3085 ; pi. I. we synt, 260, 342; II. syn- don, 237, 393; III. syndon, 257, 361, 1231; synt, 364; sint, 38S; subj. pres. sie, 435, 683, etc.; s^, 1832, etc. ; sig, 1779, etc. ; imper. sg. II. wes, 269 (cf. was- sail, wes hael), 407, 1171, 1220, 1225, etc.; inf. wesan, 272, 1329, i860, 2709, etc. The inf. wesan must sometimes be supjilied : neal- les netware hremge ))orfton (i.e. wesan) feSe-wtges, 2364; so, 2498, 2660, 618, 1858; pres. part, we- sende, 46 ; dat. sg. wesendum, 1188; pret. sg. I., III. was, II, 12, 18, 36, 49, 53, etc.; was on sunde {was a-swimming), 1619; so, 848, 85o(?). 970, 981, 1293; progres- sive, was secgende (for sccde), 3029 ; II. wajre, 1479, etc.; pi. wpsron, 233. 536, 544, etc. ; waeran (w. reflex, him), 2476 ; pret. subj. wsere, 173, 203, 594, 946, etc.; progressive, myndgiend waere (for myndgie), 1 106. — Contracted neg. forms: nis = ne -1- is, 249, 1373, etc.; nas = ne -1- was, 134, 1300, 1922,2193, etc. (cf. uncontracted : ne was, 890, 1472); nceron = ne -f wseron, 2658 ; nrcre = ne -1- wicre, 861, 1 168. See cniht-wesende. weg. See ^'seg. ■wen, St. f., expectation, hope : nom. sg-, 735. 1874, 2324; nu is leodum vvSn orleg-hwTle (gen.) {now the people have weening of a time of strife), 291 1; acc. sg. bas ic w§n habbe {as I hope, expect), 383; so, bas |)e ic [wen] hafo, 3001 ; w8n ic talige, 1846; dat. pi. bega on wenum {in expectation of both, i.e. the death and the return of Beowulf), 2896. See 6r-wena. ^venan, w. v., to ween, expect, hope : 1) absolutely: pres. sg. I. bas ic wene (as I hope), 272; swS ic t'e wene to {as I hope thou will : Beo- wulf hopes lirOtigSr will now suffer no more pain), 1397- — 2) w. gen. or acc. pres. sg. I. honne wene ic to be wyrsan ge-binges, 525 ; ic basr heaSu-f^res hStes wSne, 2523; III. secce ne wSne'J^ t8 GSr GLOSSARY. 343 Denum {7veeneth not of contest with tke Gar-Danes), 6oi ; inf. (beorhtre bote) wenan {to expect, count on, a brilliant [?fl lighter penalty'\ atonement), 157; pret. pi. \>^% ne vv^ndon xx witan Scyldinga, t)at . . . (the wise men of the Scyl- dings wee tied not of this before, that .. .)>779; biit hig l-asaiSelinges eft ne w^ndon hat he . . . sScean come {that they looked not for the atheling again that he . . . zvould come to seek . . .), 1598. — 3) w. ace. and inf. : pret. sg. wende, 934. — 4) w. depend, clause : pres. sg. I. wSne ic hat . . ., 11 85; wSn' ic hat . . ., 338, 442 ; pret. sg. wende, 2330; pi. wendon, 938, 1605. wepan, st. v., to weep : pret. sg. [we6p], 3i52(?). werig, adj., weary, exhausted, w. gen. : nom. sg. si'Ses werig {weary from the journey, xvay-weary'), 579; dat. sg. slSes wergum, 1795; — w. instr. : ace. pi. wundum werge {wound-weary) , 2938. — Comp. : dea'5-, fyl-, gflS-wgrig. ge-werigean, w. v., to weary, ex- haust ; pret. part, ge-wergad, 2853. ■werig-mod, adj., weary - minded {animo defessus) : nom. sg., 845, ^1544- TPeste, z.d,]., waste, uninhabited : ace. sg. win-sele westne, 2457. westen, st. n., waste, wilderness : ace. sg. westen, 1266. w e s t e 11 , St. f., waste, wilderness : dat. sg. on hsere westenne, 2299. weal, St. m. : i) -..vall, rampart: dat. instr. sg. wealle, 786, 892, 3163; gen. sg. wealles, 2308. — 2) elevated sea-shore : dat. sg. of wealle, 229; ace. pi. windige weal- las,572, 1225. — 3) wall of a build- ing : arc "sp wilS bas recedes weal, 326; dat. sg. be wealle, 1574; hence, the inner and outer rock- walls of the dragon's lair (cf Ileyne's essay: Halle Heorot, p. 59): dat. sg., 2308, 2527, 2717, 2760, 3061, 3104; gen. sg. wealles, 2324. — Comp. : bord-, ear's-, sae-, scyld-weal. ge-wealc, st. n., rolling: ace. sg. ofer ^5a ge-wealc, 464. g e - weald, st. n., power, might : ace. sg. on feonda ge-weald {into the poiver of his foes), 809, 904; so, 16S5 ; geweald Sgan, habban, a-beodan (w. gen. of object = to present) = to have po%ver over, 79, 655, 765, 951, 1088, i6n, 1728. See on- weald. •wealdan, st. v., to wield, govern, rule over, prevail : l) absolutely or with depend, clause : inf. gif he wealdan mot {if he may prevail), 442; hser he . . . wealdan moste swi him Wyrd ne ge-scraf {if \^where?^ he was to prevail, as Weird had not destined for him), 2575; pres. part, waldend {God), 1694; dat. wealdende, 2330; gen. waldendes, 2293, 2858, 31 10. — 2) with instr. or dat. : inf. J>im waepnum wealdan {to wield, pre- vail with, the weapons), 2039; Geatum wealdan {to rule the Ged- tas), 2391; beah-hordum wealdan {to rule over, control, the treasure of rings), 2828; vval-stowe weal- dan {to ho lit the field of battle), 2985; pret. sg. weold, 465, 1058, 2380, 2596; henden wordum we61d wine Scyldinga {while the friend of the S. ruled the G.), 30; pi. weoldon, 2052. — 3) with gen.: pres. sg. I. benden ic wealde widan rices, i860; pres. part, wuldrei wealdend (waldend), 17, 183, 1753; 344 GLOSSARY. ylda waldend, 1662; waldend fira, 2742; sigora waldend, 2876 (des- ignations of God) ; pret. sg. vveold, 703. 1771- g e - w e a 1 d a n , to wield, have power over, arrange : \ ) vv. ace. : pret. sg. hSlig god ge-N^eold wig-sigor, 1555. — 2) w. dai. : pret. cyning ge-weold his ge-witte {the king possessed his senses), 2704. — 3) \v. gen. : inf. he ne mihte no . . . waepna ge-wealdan, 1510. ge-wealden, pret. part., subject, subjected : ace. pi. gedeS him swS gewealdene worolde daelas, 1733. \vreallan, st. v.: \) to toss, be agi- tated {pi the sea) : pres. part. noni. pi. wadu weallende (weallendu), 546, 581 ; nom. sg. brim weallende, 848; pret. ind. we61, 515, 850, 1 132; weoll, 2139. — 2) figura- tively (of emotions), /aX him on innan ofer- GLOSSARY. 845 hygda del weaxe'S {till within him pride 7iii:xeth), 1 742; inf. weaxan, 3116; piet. sg. weox, 8. gt-\vea.\z.n, to grcno tip : pret. ;g. oS hat seo geogoS ge-weox, 66 ge- weaxan io , to grow to or for something : pret. sg. ne ge-weox he him to willan {grew not /or their benefit), 1712. veeA, w. m., woe, evil, mi' fortune : nom. sg., 937; ace. sg. wean, 191, 423, 1207, 1992, 2293, 293S; gen. pi. weana, 148, 934, 1 151, 1397. wed-laf, St. f., wretched remnant : ace. pi. \>^ wea-lSfe {the wretched remnant, i.e. Finn's almost anni- hilated band), 1085, 1099. vred-spel, st. n., woe-spell, evil tid- ings : dat. sg. wea-spel'c, 13 16. ge-Tveoldum. See ge-wild. vveorc, st. n. : i) work, labor, deed : ace. sg., 74; {war-deed), 1657; instr. sg. weorce, 1570; dat. pi. weorcum, 2097; wordum ne (and) worcum, l lOl, 1S34; gen. pi. wor- da and worca, 289. — 2) work, trouble, suffering : ace. sg. bas ge- winnes vveorc (misery on account of this strife'), 1722; dat. pi. adv. weorcum {\iith labor), 1639. — Comp.: bi'ido-, ellen-, hea 5o-, niht- weorc. ■[e-weo'C, St. n. : i) work, deed, labor : njm. ace. sg., 455, 1563, 1682, 2718, 2775; gen. sg. ge- weorces, 2712. Comp. : jer-, fyrn-, gflS-, hond-, ni5-ge-weorc. — 2) fortification, rampart : in comp. land-geweorc, 939. •veorce, adj., painful, bitter : nom. sg., 141 9. w^eorSf, St. n., precious object, valu- able : dat. sg. weor'Se, 2497. weorff, adj., dear, precious : nom. sg. weorS Denum a'Seling {/he atheling dear to the Dines, Beo- wulf), 1815; compar. nom. sg. bat he sySSan was . . . maSme by weor'Sra {more honored from, the jeioel), 1903; cf. wyrUe. \veor3'an, st. v. : i) to become : j)res. sg. III. beholen weor'Se"5 {is con- cealed), 414; underne weor^eS {becomes kjtowtt), 2914; so, pi. III. weor^'aS, 2067; wurSa^, 282; inf. weor'San, 3 1 79 ; wur'San, 808; pret. sg. I., III. wear'5, 6, 77, 149, 409, 555. 754, 768, 819, 824, etc.; pi. wurdon, 228; subj. pret. wurde, 2732. — 2) inf. to frofre weorSan {to become a help), 1708; pret. sg. wear'S he HeaSolafe to hand-bo- nan, 460; so, wear 5, 906, 1262; ne wear'S Ileremod swS (i.e. t8 frofre) eaforum Ecgwelan, 1710; pi. wurdon, 2204; subj. pret. sg. II. wurde, 588. — 3) pret. sg. hat he on fylle wear'S {that he came to a fall), 1545. — 4) to happen, befall : inf. unc sceal weorSan . . . swS unc Wyrd ge-teo'S ( it shall be- fall us two as Fate decrees), 2527; hurh hwat his worulde gedal weor- 'San sceolde, 3069; pret. sg. hS hffir sona wearS ed-hwyrft eoriuni {there was soon a renerval to the ea rls, i.e. of the former perils), 1 28 1 . ge-weorSan: \)to become: pret. sg. ge-wearS, 3062; pret. part, cearu was geniwod ge-worden {care was renewed), 1305; swa fis ge-wor- den is, 3079. — 2) to finish ; com- pletel: inf. bat \>n . . . lete .SO.'S- Dene sylfe ge-weorSan gfiSe wiS Gvendel {that thou wouldst let the S. D. put an end to their war with Grendel), 1997. — 3) impersonally with ace, to agree, decide : pret. sg. ba bas monige ge-wearS bat . . . {since many agreed that . . .), 346 GLOSSARY. '599; pret. part, hafa^ \>'ds ge- worden wine Scyldinga, rices hyr- de, and bat reed talaS hat he . . . {therefore hatk it so appeared {'i') aJiisal'le to the friend of the S., the guardian of the realm, and he counts it a gain that . . .)> 2027. woorff-fnl, adj., glorious, full of 'uiorth : num. sg. weor S - fuUost, 3100. weorljian, \v. v., to honor, adorn : pret. sg. |)a;r ic . . . ^ine leode weor- ■Sode weorcum {there honored I thy people by my deeds'), 2097; subj. pret. (i>at he) at feoh-gyftum . . . Dene weorSode {that he -would honor the Danes at, by, treasure- giving), 109 1. ge-weortSian, ge-uurSian, to deck, ornament : pret. part, hire sy'S'San was after lieah-l'ege breost ge-weuriiod, 2177; wa-pnum ge- vveor^ad, 250; since ge-weorSad, 1451; so, ge-vvuriNad, 331, 1039, 1646; wide ge-weorSad {known, honored, afar), i960. woorff-licc, adv., worthily, nobly : superb weor'5-Ucost, 3163. Aveorff iiiyiKl,st. f. n., dignity, honor, glory : nom. sg., 65; ace. sg. ge- seah {'a eaid sweord . . ., wigeiia weorSmynd {saw an ancient sword there, the glory of warriors), 1560; dat. instr. pb weorS-myndum, 8; to worS-myndum, 1187; gen. pi. wei>r"S-mynda da^b •753- iveorffung, si. f , ornament : in comp. bre6st-, him, hcoriN-, bring-, wig-weor'(Sung. weorod. See werod. weorpau, st. v.: i) to thnra.', cast away, w. ace. : pret. sg. wearp |'a wunden-miel wrattum gebuiiden yrre oretta, lat hit on eoriNan lag {the wrathful warrior threw the ornamented sword, that it lay on the earth), 1532. — 2) to throro around or about, w. instr. : pret.sg. beorges weard . . . wearp wal-f^'» {threw death-fire around), 2583 — 3) to ihraiv upon : inf. he bine eft ongan wateres (instr. gen.) . weorpan {began to cast water upon him again), 2792. for-weorpan, w. ace, to castaway, squander : subj. pret. I^at be ge- nunga giiS-gewaedu \vra?ie for- wurpe {that he squandered useless- ly the battle-weeds, i.e. gave them to the unworthy), 2S73. ofer-weorpan, to stumble: pret. sg. ofer- wearp |>S . . . vvigena strengest, 1544. weotian, w. v., to provide with, ad- just{l): pret. part. ace. pb wal- bende weotode, 1937. be- weotian, be -wit ian, w. V. w. ace, to regard, observe, care for : pres. pb III. be-witia\\ 1 136; pret. sg. begn . . . se he . . . ealle be- vveotede jjegnes bearfe {-who would attend to all the needs of a thane), 1797; draca se be . . . hord be- weotode {the drake that guarded a treasure), 2213; — tor carry out, undertake : pres. pb III. \>^. . .oft be-witigaS sorh-fulne slS on segl- r.ide, 1429. nicg, si. n., steed, riding - horse : nom. sg., 1401 ; ace. sg. wicg, 315 ; dat. instr. sg. wicge, 234; on wicge, 286; ace. pb wicg, 2175; gen. pb wicga, 1046. ge-%\'iclor, st. n., storm, tempest: ace. pi. la.N ge-\\idru {loathly weather), 1376. wiff, l>rep. w. dat. and ace, with fundamental meanings of division and opposition : 1 ) w. dat., against, with{\x\ hostile sense), from: \>Si wiS GLOSSARY. 347 gode wunnon, 113; Sna (wan) wiS eallum, 145; ymb feorh sacan, la'5 \vi"5 laSuni, 440; so, 426, 439, 550, 2372, 2521, 2522, 2561, 2840, 3005; ^at him holt-wudu . . . helpan ne meahte, lind \vi"5 Itge, 2342 ; hwat . . . selest vvsere wi^ fser-gryrum 10 ge-frenimanne, 174; J^at him gast- bona geoce gefremede wiS l^eod- )>reaum, 178; \vi^ rihte wan (^s/rove against right), 144 ; hafde . . . sele Hro'Sgares ge-nered wi'S ni'Se {had saved H.'s hall from strife), 82S; (him dyrne langa'S . . .) beorn \vi5 blode {the hero longeth secretly contrary to his blood, i.e. H. feels a secret longing for the non-re- lated Beowulf), 18S1; sundur ge- daelan lif wi'S lice {to sunder soitl from body), 2424; streamas wun- don sund wi^ sande {the currents rolled the sea against the sand), 213; lig-^Sum forborn bord wi5 ronde (rond, MS.) {with waves of flame burnt the shield against, as far as, the rim), 2674 ; holm storme weol, won wi'5 winde {the sea surged, wrestled with the wind ) , 1 1 33; so, hiora in anum weol! sefa wi5 sorgum {in one of them sttrged the soul with sorrow \^against ?, Heyne]), 2601 ; Yix hire wi5 healse heard grapode {that the sharp sword bit against her neck), 1567. — 2) w. ace: a) against, towards: wan wiS Hro'SgSr {fought against H.), 152; wiS feonda ge- hwone, 294 ; wi 5 wrS5 werod, 319; so, 540, 1998, 2535 ; hine halig god fis on-sende wi5 Grendles gryre, 384; >at ic wi5 l^one gdS- flogan g)'lp ofer-sitte {that I re- frain from boastful speech against the battle-flier), 2529; ne wolde wi'5 manna ge-hwone . . . feorh- bealo feorran {would not cease his life-plottiti^ against any of the men; ox,zuithdraw life-bale from, etc. ? ox, peace would not have with any man . . . , mortal bale 'with- draw!, Kemble), 155; ic ha leode wSt ge wi5 feond ge wi5 frednd faste geworhte {towards foe and friend), 1865; he61d heah-lufan wi5 haleSa brego {cherished high love towards the prince of heroes), ^955 > wi5 ord and wiS ecge in- gang forstod {prevented entrance to spear-point and sword-edge), 1550. b) against, on, upon, in : setton side scyldas . . . wi'5 has re- cedes weal {against the wall of the hall), 326; wi5 eorNan faSm (eardodon) {in the bosom of the earth), 3050; wi'5 earm ge-sat {sat on, against, his arm), 750; so, sti5-mod ge-stod wi5 steapne rund, 2567 ; [wis duiu healle code] {went to the door of the hall) , 389; wi5 Hrefna-wudu {over against, near, H.), 2926; wi^ his sylfes sunu setl ge-taehte {showed me to a seat with, near, beside, his own son), 2014. c) towards, with (of contracting parties): hat hie heal- fre ge-\veald wi5 Eotena beam agan moston {that they porver over half the hall with the Eolcns' sons were to possess), 1089; hen- den he wi5 wulf wal reafode {whilst with the wolf he 7vas rob- bing the slain), 3028. — 3) Alter- nately with dat. and a.cc., against : nu wi5 Grendel sceal, wi^ ham aglaecan, Sna gehegan Mng vviS h y r s e , 424-4 26 ; — with, beside : ge-sat hS wi'5 sylfne . . ., maeg wi3 nicxge, 1978-79. wiUer-gyld, st. n., compensation nom. sg., 2052, [proper name?]. 348 GLOSSARY. uiiJer-riihtes, adv., opposite, in front of, 3040. wiffre, St. n., resistance : gen. sg. witNres ne trflwode, 2954. wig-AveorUuug, st. f., idol-worship, idolatry, sacrifice to idols : acc. pi. -vveorSunga, 176. wiht, St. f . : l) 'luight, creature, demon : nom. sg. wiht unha;lo i^the demon of destruction, Grendel), 1 20 ; acc. sg. syllicran wiht (the dragon), 3039. — 2) thing, some- thing, aught : noin. sg. \v. negative, ne hine wiht dweleS {nor does aught check him^, 1736; him wiht ne speow {it helped him naught), 2855; acc. sg. ne him J>as wyrmes wig for wiht dyde {nor did he count the worm''s luarring for aught), 2349 ; ne meahte ic . . . wiht gewyrcan (/ could not do aught . . .), 1661; — w. partitive gen. : . n8 ... wiht swylcra ^earo- ni^a, 581 ; — the acc. sg. — adv. Hke Germ, jiicht : ne hie hfiru wine-drihten wiht ne logon {did not blame their friendly lord aught) , 863 ; so, ne wiht = naught, in no wise, 1084, 2602, 2858; no wiht, 541 ; instr. sg. wihte (/;/ aught, in any way), 1992; ne . . . wihte {by no means), 186, 2278, 2688; wihte ne, 1515, 1996, 2465, 2924. — Comp. : a-wiht (aht = aught), al-wiht, o-wiht. wil-cuma, w. m., one welcome (qui gratus advenit) : nom. pi. wil- cuman Denigea leodum {welcome to the people of the Danes), 388; so, him (the lord of the Danes) wil-cu- nian, 394; wil-cuman Wedera leo- dum {welcome to the Gedtas), 1S95. ge-wild, St. f., free-will 1 dat. pi. nealles mid ge-weoldum {sponte, voluntarily, Bugge), 2223. wil-deor (ftr wild-de6r), st. n., wila beast : acc. pi. wil-deoi, 1431. wil-gesiff, St. m., chosen or willing companion : nom. pi. -ge-siSas, 23. W'il-geofa, w. m., ready giver (= voti largitor : princely designation),/oj/- giver? : nom. sg. wil-geofa Wedra leoda, 2901. willa, w. m. : l) will, wish, desire, sake : nom. sg. 627, 825 ; acc. sg. willan, 636, 1740, 2308, 2410 ; instr. sg. anes willan {for the sake of one), 3078; so, 2590; d.nt. sg. to willan, 1 187, 1 71 2; instr. pi. jvillum {accorditig to wish), 1822; sylfes wyllum, 2224, 2640; gen. pi. wilna, 1345. — 2) desirable thing, valuable : gen. pi. wilna, 661 , 95 1 . willan, aux. v., will : in pres. also shall (when the future action is depend, on one's free will) : pres. sg. I. wille ic S-secgan {/will set forth, tell out), 344; so, 351, 427; ic to sx wille {I will to sea), 318; wylle, 94S, 2149, 2513; .sg. II. W wylt, 1853; sg. III. he wile, 346, 446, 1050, 1 182, 1833; vvyle, 2865; wille, 442, 1004, 1 1 85, 1395; JEr he in wille {ere he will in, i.e. go or flee into the fearful sea), 1372; wylle, 2767; pi. I. we . . . wylla^, 1 8 19; pret. sg. I., III. vvolde, 68, 154, 200, 646, 665, 739, 756, 797, 88 1, etc.; no ic fram him wolde (i.e. fleotan), 543; so, swS he hira md wolde (i.e. S-cwellan), 1056; pret. pi. woldon, 482, 2637, 3173; subj. pret., 2730. — Forms con- tracted w. negative : pres. sg. I. nelle (= ne -f wille, / will not, nolo), 680, 2525(?); pret. sg. III. nolde (= ne -f wolde), 792, 804, 813, 1524 ; w. omitted inf. |'S metod nolde, 707, 968; pret. subj. no'de, 2519- GLOSSARY. 349 wllnlan, w. v., to long for, beseech : inf. vvel biS j^am be niot ... to faSer faSmuni freoSo wilnian {well for him that may beseech protection in the Father'' s arms), 1 88. wil-siS, St. m., chosen journey : ace. sg. wil-siS, 216. ge-Tvin, St. n. : i) strife, struggle, enmity, conflict: ace. sg., 878; I'S hie ge-win drugon {endured strife), 799; under ^5a ge-win {under the tumult of the waves'), 1470; gen. sg. J^as ge-winnes weorc {misery for this strife), 1722. — 2) suffering, oppression : nom. sg., 133, 191; ace. sg. eald ge-win, 1782. — Comp. : fyrn-, ^5-ge-win. Avin-arn, st. n., hall of hospitality, hall, wine-hall: gen. sg. win-arnes, 655- ■wind, St. m., wind, storm : nom. sg., 547. 1375. 1908; dat. instr. sg. winde, 217; wiS winde, 1 1 33. windan, st. v. : i) intrans., to wind, whirl: pret. sg. wand to wolcnum wa)-fyra nisest, 11 20. — 2) w. ace., to t'lvist, wind, curl : pret. pi. strea- mas vvundon sund wi5 sande, 212; pret. part, wunden gold {twisted, spirally-twined, gold ) , 1 1 94, 3135; instr. pi. wundnum (wundum, MS.) golde, 1383. at-windan,^ wrest one's self from, escape : pret. sg. se I'am fednde at- wand, 143. be-windan,^ wind with or round, clasp, surround, envelop (invol- vere) : pret. sg. he hit (the sword) mundumbe-wand, 1462; pret. part. wirum be-wunden {wound 'with wires') 1032; feorh . . . flsesce be- wunden (^esh-enclosed), 2425; gSr . . . mundum be-wunden {a spear grasped with the hands), 3023; id-manna gold galdre be- wunden {spell - encircled gold), 3053; (astah . . .) leg wope be- wunden {uprose the fame mingled with a lament), 3147. ge- windan, to ivrithe, get loose, escape : inf. widre ge-windan {to flee further), 764; pret. sg. on fleam ge-wand, 1002. o n - w i n d a n , to unwind, loosen : pres. sg. (Jjonne fader) on-winded wal-rapas, 161 1. win-dag, st. m., day of struggle or suffering : dat. pi. on J>yssum win- dagum {in these days, of sorroiu, i.e. of earthly existence), 1063. wind-bland (blond), st. n., wind- roar : nom. sg., 3147. wind-gereste, f., resting-place of the winds : ace. sg., 2457. windig, adj., windy : ace. pi. win- dige (weallas, nassas), 572, 1359; windige weallas (wind geard weal- las, MS.), 1225. Avine, St. m., friend, protector, es- pecially the beloved ruler : nom. Sg. wine Scyldinga, le6f land-fru- ma (Scyld), 30; wine Scyldinga (HroSgar), 148, 1184. As voca- tive: min wine, 2048; vnne min, Beowulf (HunferS), 457, 530, 1705; ace. Sg. holdne wine (HrotS- gir),376; wine Deniga, Scyldinga, 350, 2027; dat. Sg. wine Scyldinga, 170; gen. sg. wines (Beowulf), 3097; ace. pi. wine, 21 ; dat. pi. Denum eallum, winum Scyldinga, 1419; gen. pi. winigea leasum, 1665 ; winia bealdor, 2568. — Comp. : frea-, freo-, gold-, gflS-, maeg-wine. wine-dryhten, st. m., (dominus amicus), friendly lord, lord and friend: ace. sg. wine-drihten, 863, 1605; wine-dryhten, 2723, 3177; dat. sg. wine-drihtne, 360. nr)0 GLOSSARY. wlne-geOmor, adj., friend-mourn- ing : nom. sg., 2240. wiue-leAs, zd]., friendless: dat. sg. wine-leasum, 2614. wine-maeg, st. m., dear kinsman : nom. pi. wine-mSgas, 65. g e - 'winna, w. m., striver, strugglcr, foe : comp. eald-, ealdor-gewinna. winnan, st. v., to struggle, fight: pret. sg. III. wan Sna wiS eallum, 144; Grendel wan . . . wiS lIioS- gSr, 151 ; holm . . . won wiJS winde (Jhe sea fought -with the wind : cf. wan wind endi water, Ileliand, 2244), 1 133; II. eart \>w se Beo- wulf, se )p& wi5 Brecan wunne, 506; pi. wiS gode wunnon, 113; J>aer hS graman wunnon (juhere the foes fought), 778. win-reced, st. n., wine-hall, guest- hall, house for entertaining guests : ace. sg., 715, 994. Avin-sele, st. m., the same, wine- hall: nom. sg., 772; dat. sg. wtn- sele, 696 (cf. Heliand Glossary, 369 [364])- ■winter, st. m. n. : i) 7uinter: nom. sg-. 1 133. "37; ace. sg. winter, 1 1 29; gen. sg. wintres, 516. — 2) year (counted by winters) : aco. pi fiftig wintru (neut.), 2210; instr. pi wintrum, 1725, 21 15, 2278; gen. pi. wintra, 147, 264, 1928, 2279, 2734, 3051. \A Intre, adj., so many winters (old) : in comp. syfan-wintre. g e - vvislice, adv., certainly, un- doubtedly: superl. gewislicost,i35i. wist, St. f., fundamental meaning — existentia, hence : l ) good condi- tion, happiness, abundance : dat. sg. wuna'S he on wiste, 1 736. — 2) food, subsistence, booty : dat. sg. |)i was after wiste w6p up fl-hafen (a cry was then uplifted after the meal, i.e. Grendel's meal of thirty men), 128. wist-fyllo, St. f., fulness or fill of food, rich meal : gen. sg. wist-fylle, 735- wit, St. n., (wit), understanding: nom. sg., 590. — Comp. : fyr-, in- wit. g e - w i t , St. n. : i ) consciousness : dat. sg. ge-weold his ge-witte, 2704. — 2) heart, breast: dat. sg. fyr unswiNor weoll {the fire surged less strongly from the dragon's breast), 2883. w^it, pers. pron. dual of we, we t~vo, 535. 537. 539, 540, 544, "87, etc. See uuc, iincer. Avita, ^'eota, w. m., counsellor, royal adviser ; pi., the king's ccun-^ ci I of nobles : nom.pl. witan, 779; gen. pi. witena, 157, 266, 937 ; weotena, 1099. — Comp. : fyrn-, rftn-wita. witan, pret.-pres. v., to wot, knotv . i) w. depend, clause: pres. sg. I., III. wit, 1332, 2657; ic on Hige- lace wat ))at he . . . (/ know as to II., that ^w wast, 272; weak pret. sg. I., III. wiste, 822; wisse, 2340, 2726; pi. wiston, 799, 1605 ; subj. pres. I. gif ic wiste, 2520. — 2) w. ace. and inf.: pres. sg. I. ic wSt, 1864. — 3) w. object, predicative part, or adj.: pret. sg. III. to has he win- reced . . . gearwost wisse, fattum fShne, 716; so, 1310; wiste \>2xa ahloecan hilde ge-)'inged, 647. — 4) w. ace, to know: inf. witan, 252, 288 ; pret. sg. wisse, 169 ; wiste his lingrage-weald on grameg grdpum, 765; pi. II. wisson, 246; wiston, 181. GLOSSARY. 351 nlt= M ■'t- ■wi.i, I know not : i)ellip- tically with hwilc, indef. pronoun = some or other : scea'Sa ic nSt hwilc. — 2) w. gen. and depend, clause : nSt he ^Sra goda, hat he me on-gean slea, 682. ge-witan, io know, perceive : inf. bas he hie gewis-licost ge-witan meahton, 1351. be- witian . See b e - weotian . witig, adj., wise, sagacious: nom. sg. witig god, 686, 1057 ; witig drihten (God), 1555; vvittigdrihten, 1842. ge -wit tig, adj., conscious: nom. sg- 3095- ge-vvitnlan, w. v., to chastise, pun- ish : wommum gewitnad {punished with plagues'), 3074. wic, St. n., dwelling, house : ace. sg. wic, 822, 2590 ; — often in pi. be- cause houses of nobles were com- plex: dat.wicum, 1305,1613,3084; gen. wica, 125, 11 26. g e - wican, st. v., to soften, give ivay, yield (here chiefly of swords) : pret. sg. ge-w3c, 25 78, 2630. wic-stede, st. m., dwelling-place : nom. sg. 2463; ace. sg. wTc-stede, 2608. wid, adj., tvide, extended : I ) space : ace. sg. neut. ofer wid water, 2474 ; gen. sg. widan rices, i860; ace. pi. wide si^as, waro'Sas, 878, 1966. — 2) temporal : ace. sg. widan feorh (ace. of time), 2015; dat. sg. to widan feore, 934. wide, adv., "widely, afar, 18, 74, 79, 266, 1404, 1589, i960, etc.; wide cfl'5 {widelv, universally, known), 2136, 2924 ; so, underne wide, 2914; wide geond eorSan {over the whole earth, tvidely), 3100 ; — modifier of superl. : wreccena wide mserost {the most famous of wan- derers, exiles), 899. — Compar widre, 764. wid-cuU, adj., widely known, very celebrated: nom. sg. neut., 1257; ace. sg. m. wid-cft"5ne man (Beo- wulf), 1490 ; wid-cfl5ne wean, 1992; wId-cflSes (HroSgSr), 1043. ■wide-ferhij, st. m. n., {long life), great length of time : ace. sg. as ace. of time : wtde-ferh'S {down to distant times, always), 703, 938; ealne wIde-ferhS, 1223. wid-floga, w. m., wide-flier (of the dragon) : nom. sg., 2831 ; ace. sg. wid-flogan, 2347. wid-scofen, pret. part., wide-spread} causing fear far and wide ? 937. vvid-weg, st. m., wide tvay, long jotirney : ace. pi. wid-wegas, 841, ^1705. wif, St. n., woman, lady, wife : nom. sg. freo-lic wif (Queen Wealh- beow), 616 ; wif un-h^re (Gren- del's mother), 2121 ; ace. sg. driht- lice wif (Finn's wife), 1159; instr. sg. mid 1>^ wife (HroSgar's daugh- ter, Freawaru), 2029; dat. sg. bam wife (Wealhjpeow), 640; gen. sg. wifes (as opposed to man), 1285; gen. pi. wera and wifa, 994. — Comp. : aglaec-, mere-wif. wif-lufe, w. f., wife-love, love for a wife, woman's love : nom. pi. wif- lufan, 2066. wig, St. m. : i) war, battle: nom. sg., 23, 1081, 2317, 2873; acc.sg., 686, 1084, 1248 ; dat. sg. wige, 1338,2630; as instr., 1085; (wigge, MS.), 1657, 1771 ; gen. sg. wiges, 65, 887, 1269. — 2) valor, warlike prowess : nom. sg was his mod- sefa manegum ge-c^'Sed, wig and wisdom, 350; wig, 1043; wig . . . eafoS and ellen, 2349 ; gen. sg wiges, 2324. — Comp. f8^e-wig. 352 GLOSSARY. wiga, \\ .m.,warrior, fighter : nom. sg., 630; dat. pi. vvigum, 2396; gen. pi. wigena, 1544, 1560, 31 16. — Comp. : asc-, byrn-, gSr-, ^^-, lind-, rand-, scyld-wiga. wigan, St. v., to fight : pres. sg. III. wigeS, 600; inf., 2510. wigend, pres. ^mxi., fighter, war- rior: nom. sg., 3100; nom. pi. wigend, 1126, 1815, 3145; acc.pl. wigend, 3025; gen. pi. wigendra, 429, 900, 1973, 2338.— Comp. gar- wigend. wTg-bealu, st. n., war-bale, evil con- test : ace. sg., 2047. wig-bil, St. n., war-bill, battle-sword: nom. sg., 1608. wig-bord, st. n., war-board or shield : ace. sg., 2340. wig-craft, St. m., war-power : ace. sg-, 2954. wig-crtiftig, adj., vigorous in fight, strong in war: ace. sg. wlg- craftigne (of the sword Hrunting), 1812. ivig-freca, vv. m., war-rvolf, war- hero : ace. sg. wig-frecan, 2497; nom. pi. wig-frecan, 1213. wtg-fruma, w. m., war-chief or Icing : nom. sg., 665 ; ace. sg. wlg- fruman, 2262. wig-geatwe, st. f. pi., war-orna- ments, war - gear : dat. pi. on wig-geatwum (-getawum, MS.), 368. wig-ge-weorffad, pret. part., war- honored, distinguished in war, 1784? .See Note. wiggryre, st. m., war-horror or terror: nom. sg., 1285. wig-hete, St. m., war-hate, hostility : nom. Sg., 2121. wig-heafola, w. m., war head-piece, helmet : ace. sg. wig-heafolan, 3662. — Leo. wig-hedp, St. m., war-band : nom sg-, 447- wig-hryre, st. m.,%var-ruin, slaugh- ter, carnage: aec. sg., 1620. wig-sigor, St. m., war-victory : ace. sg-, 1555- Avig-sped, St. f, ?, war'Speed, success in war : gen. pi. wig-speda, 698. Avin, St. n., wine: ace. sg., 1163, 1234; instr. wine, 1468. A\"ir, St. n., wire, spiral ornament of wire: instr. pi. wirum, 1032; gen. pi. wira, 2414. wis, adj., wise, experienced, discreet : nom. sg. m. wis (?'« his mind, con- scions'), 3095; f. wis, 1928; in w. form, se wisa, 1401, 1699, 2330; ace. sg. J^one wisan, 1319 ; gen. pi. wisra, 1414; w. gen. nom. sg. wis wordcwida {wise of speech), 1846. wisa, w. ni., guide, leader : nom. sg. werodes wtsa, 259. — Comp. : brim-, here-, hilde-wlsa. wiscte. See wj'scan. wis-doin, St. m., wisdom, experi- ence : nom. sg., 350; instr. sg. wls- dome, i960. wise, w. f., fashion, wise, custom : aec. sg. (instr.) ealde wisan {after ancient custom), 1866. w^is-fiist, adj., wise, sagaciotts (sa- pientia firmus) : nom. sg. f., 627. wns-hycgende, pres. part., wise- thinking, wise, 2717. w^isian, w. v., to guide or lead to, direct, poitit out : l) w. ace: inf. hean wong wisian, 2410; pret. sg. secg wlsade land-gemyroii, 208. — 2) w. dat. : pres. sg. L ie eow wisige (/ shall guide you), 292, 3104; pret. sg. se bcem hea^o- rincinn hider wlsade, 370; sona him sele-hegn . . . forS wisade {the hall-thane led him thither forth- with, i.e. to his couch), 1796; stlg GLOSSAEY. 353 wisode gumum at-gadere, 320 ; so, 1664. — 3) w. prep.? : pret. sg. hS secg vvisode under Heorotes hrof {when the warrior showed them the way under Heorotes roof, [but under H.'s hrof depends rather on snyredon atsomne]), 402. witan, St. v., properly to look at ; to look at with censure, to blame, re- proach, accuse, w. dat. of pers. and ace. of thing: inf. {ox-\>z.xa. me wlian ne J^earf waldend fira mor- tSor-bealo maga, 2742. at-wltan, to blame, censure (of. 'twit), w. ace. of thing: pret.pl. at-witon weana dael, 1151. g e - w 1 1 a n , properly spectare ali- quo ; to go (most general verb of motion) : i) with inf. after verbs of motion : pret. sg. hanon eft ge- wit ... to ham faran, 123; so, 2570; pi. banon eft gewiton . . . mearum ridan, 854. Sometimes with reflex, dat. : pres. sg. him \>% Scyld ge-wSt . . . firan on frean ware, 26; gewSt him . . . ridan, 234; so, 1964; pi. ge-witon, 301. — 2) associated with general infin- itives of motion and aim : imper. pi. ge-wita'S forS beran wsepen and gewjedu, 291; pret. sg. ge-\vat ^d neosian hean hflses, 115; he \>z. fSg ge-wit . . . man-dream fleon, 1264; nySer eft gewat dennes nio- sian,.3045; so, 1275, 2402, 2820. So, with reflex, dat. : him eft ge- wit . . . himes niosan, 2388; so, 2950 ; pi. ge-witon, 1 1 26. — 3) with- out inf. and with prep, or adv. : pres. sg. III. bser firgen-stream under nassa genipu niSer ge-wite^, 1361 ; ge-wite'S on sealman, 2461 ; inf. on flodes aeht feor ge-witan, 42; pret. sg. ge-wit, 217; him ge- wit, 1237, 1904; of life, ealdre ge-wit {died), 2472, 2625; fyrst for'S ge-wat {time went on), 210; him ge-wat (it of healle, 663; ge- wit him ham, 1602; pret. part. dat. sg. me for'S-ge-witenum {me de- functo, I dead), I480. 6 S - w 1 1 a n, to blame, censtire, re- proach: inf. ne J'orfte him ba lean 65-wltan mon on middan-gearde, 2997. wlanc, wlonc, adj., proud, exult- ing : nom. sg. wlanc, 341 ; w. instr. sese wlanc {proud of, extdting in, her prey, meal), 1333; wlonc, 331; w. gen. maSm-ashta wlonc {proud of the treasures), 2834; gen. sg. wlonces, 2954. — Comp. gold-wlanc. Tclatian, w. v., to look or gaze out, forth : piet. sg. se J'e ser . . . feor wlatode, 191 7. ■wlenco, St. f., pride, heroism : dat. sg. vvlenco, 338, 1207 ; wlence, 508. wllte, St. Ta.,form, nobte form, look, beauty : nom. sg., 250. wlite-beorht, adj., beauteous, bril- liant in aspect: ace. sg. wlite- beorhtne wang, 93. wlitc-seon, st. n. f., sight, spectacle: ace. sg., 1 65 1. n'litig, adj., beautiful, glorious, fair in form : ace. sg. wlitig (sweord), 1663. ■wlStan, St. v., to see, look, gaze : pret sg. he after recede wlit {looked along the hall), 1573; pret. pi. on holm wliton {looked on the sea), 1593; whtan on Wlglif, 2855. geond-wlitan, w. ace, to exam- ine, look throttgh, scan : inf. write giond-wlitan, 2772. wdh - bogen, pret. part., {bent crooked), crooked, twisted: nom. sg. wyrm woh-bogen, 2828. ■wolcen, St. n. m., cloud (cf. welkin); 354 GLOSSARY. dat. pi. under wolcnum (^under the clouds, on earth), 8, 652, 715, 1 77 1 ; t8 wolcnum, 11 20, 1375. wollen-toAr, adj., tear-flowing, -with flowing tears • nom. pi. vvoUen- teare, 3033. worn. See warn. won. See %van. wore. See w^eorc. w^ord, St. n. : l) word, speech : noni. sg., 2818; ace. sg. bat word, 655, 2047; word, 315, 341, 390, 871, 2552; instr. sg. worde, 2157; gen. sg. wordes, 2792; nom. pi. ha word, 640; word, 613; ace. pi. word (of an alliterative song), 871 ; instr.pl. wordum, 176, 366, 627, 875, iioi, 1 173, 1194, 1319, 181 2, etc.; ge-saga him wordum (^tell them in words, expressly), 388. The instr. wordum accom- panies biddan, I'ancian, be-wag- nan, secgan, hergan, to empha- size the verb, 176, 627, 1 194, 2796, 3177; gen. pi. worda, 289, 398, 2247, 2263(?), 3031.— 2) com- mand, order : gen. sg. his wordes ge weald habban (^to rule, reign), 79; so, instr. pi. wordum weokl, 30. — Comp. : beot-, gylp-, me'»>el-, hry'S-word. vpord-cvi^ide, st. m., (^zcord-utter- a nee), speech : ace. pi. word-cwy- das, 1842; dat. pi. word-cwydum, 2754; gen. pi. word-cwida, 1846. •ivord-gid, st. m., speech, saying: ace. sg. word-gyd, 3174. word-hord, st. n., word-hoard, treasury of speech, mouth : ace. sg. word-hord on-leae {unlocked his word-hoard, opened his mouth, spoke), 259. word-riht, st. n., right speech, suit- able word : gen. pi. Wigldf ma'Se- lode word-rihta fela, 2632. w^orff-mynd. See %veor9-niynd. worUig (for w^eorffig), st. m., pal- ace, estate, court : ace. sg. on wor- ■Sig {into the palace), 1973. worn, St. n., multitude, number: ace. Sg. worn eall {very many), 3095; "^rnXx^woxn {many years), 264 ; J'onne he wintrum frod worn ge-munde {when he old in yean thought of their number), 21 15. Used with fela to strengthen the meaning : nom. ace. sg. worn fela, 1 784 ; hwat \>\\ worn fela . . . sprtece {how very much thou hast spoken !), 530; so, eal-fela eaid-gesegena worn, 871 ; gen. pi. worna fela, 2004, 2543. w^oruld, -worold, st. f., humanity, world, earth : nom. sg. eal worold, 1739; ace. sg. in worold (wacan) {to be born, come into the 'world), 60; worold oflaetan, of-gifan {die), 1184,1682; gen. sg. worolde, 951, 1081, 1388, 1733; worulde, 2344; his worulde ge-dSl {his separation from the world, death), 3069; worolde brQcan {to enjoy life, live), 1063; worlde, 2712. worold-ar, st. f., worldly honor or dignity : ace. sg. worold-ire, i 7. woruld-candcl, st. f., world-candle, sun : nom. sg., 1966. worold-cyning, st. m., world king, mighty king: nom. sg., 3182; gen. pi. worold-cyninga, 1685. woriild-endc, st. m., tvorWs end : ace. sg., 3084. worold-raeden, st. f., usual course, fate of the -world, customary fate : dat. sg. worold-roedenne, 1143? \vOp, St. m., {whoop), cry of grief, lament: nom. sg., 128; ace. sg. w8p, 786; instr. sg. wope, 3147. wracu,st. i., persecution, vengeance, revenge : nom. sg. wracu (MS GLOSSARY. 355 uncertain), 2614; ace. sg. wrace, 2337. — Comp. : gyrn-, n^d-wracu. wralg^u, St. f., protection, safety : in comp. lif-wra'Su. wrS.ar, adj., wroth, furious, hostile : ace. sg. neut. wra'S, 319; dat. sg. wri^um, 661, 709; gen. pi. wrS- •Sra, 1620. wrS'Se , adv., contemptibly, disgrace- fully, 2873. wralj-lice, adv., wrathfully, hos- ' tilely (in battle), 3063. ■wrasn, St. f ., circlet of gold for the head, diadem, crown : in comp. frea-wrSsn. wrac-lS.st, st. m., exile-step, exile, banishment: ace. sg. wrae-lSstas trad {trod exile-steps, wandered in exile'), 1353. wrac-macg, st. m., exile, otitcast : nom. pi. wrac-macgas, 2380. wrac-si3', st. m., exile-journey, ban- ishment, exile, persecution : ace. sg., 2293; dat. sg. -stSum, 338. wrat, St. f., ornament, jewel : ace. pi. vvrate (wrsece, MS.), 2772, 3061 ; instr. pi. vviattum, 1532; gen. pi. wratta, 2414. wrat-lic, adj . : i ) artistic, orna- mental ; valuable: ace. sg. wrat- licne wundur - mSS'Sum, 2174; wrat-lic wseg-sweord, 1490; wig- bord wrat-lic, 2340. — 2) won- drous, strange : ace. sg. wrat-licne wyrm [from its rings or spots?], 892; vvlite-seon wrat-lic, 1651. WTaec, St. f., persecution; hence, wretchedness, misery : nom. sg., 170; ace. Sg. wrase, 3079. wrecan, st. v. w. ace. : i) to press, force : pret. part. Jjaer was Ongen- beo ... on bid wrecen, 2963. — 2) to drive out, expel : pret. sg. ferh ellen wrae, 2707. — 3) to wreak or utter : gid, spel wrecan {to utter words or songs') ; subj. pres. sg. 111. he gyd wrece, 2447; inf. wrecan spel ge-rade, 874; word- gyd wrecan, 3174; pret. sg. gyd after wrac, 2155; pres. part. J^xt was . . . gid wrecen, 1066. — 4) to avenge, punish : subj. pres. YiX he his freond wrece, 1386; inf. wolde hire masg wrecan, 1340; so, 1279, 1547; pres. part, wrecend {an avenger), 1257; pret. sg. wrac Wedera niS, 423; so, 1334, 1670. S- wrecan, to tell, recount: pret. sg. ic Hsgid be he &-wrac {I have told this tale for thee), 1725; so, 2109. for-wrecan,w. ace., to drive away, expel; carry away: inf. \>^ las him ^J^a brym wudu wyn-suman for-wrecan meahte {lest the force of the luaves might carry aivay the witisotne ship), 1920; pret. sg. he hine feor for-wrac . . . man-eynne fram, 109. ge- wrecan, w. ace, to avenge, wreak vengeance upon, punish : pret. sg. ge-wrac, 107, 2006; he ge-wrac (i.e. hit, this) eealdum eear-sTSum, 2396; he hine sylfne ge-wrac {avenged himself), 2876; pi. ge-wrsecan, 2480; pret. part, ge-wrecen, 3063. wrecca, w. m., {wretch), exile, ad- venturer, wandering soldier, hero: nom. sg. wrecca (Hengest), 1138; gen. pi. wreccena wide maerost (Sigemund), 899. WT&oiS^Vi-\a\.t,z.^).,wreathe7i-hilted, with twisted hilt : nom. sg., 1699. wridian, w. v., to flourish, spring up : pret. sg. III. wrida'5, 1742. wriffa, w. m., band : in comp. beag- wriSa {bracelet'), 2019. wrixl, St. n., exchange, change: instr. sg. wyrsan wrixle {in a worst 856 GLOSSAHV. way, with a worse exchange^, 2970. ge-wrixle, st. n., exchange, ar- rangement, bargain : uom. sg. ne was ^at ge-wrixle til {it zvas not a good arrangement, trade), 1305. wrixlan, w. v., to exchange: inf. wordum wrixlan {to exchange words, converse), 366; 875 {tell). wriffan, st. v. w. ace. •. i) to bind, fasten, wreathe together: inf. ic hine (him, MS.) ... on wal-bedde wrfSan hohte, 965. — 2) to bind up (a wounded person, a wound) : pret. pi. ha wseron monige be his mseg wri-Son, 2983. See hand- gewriijen. writan, st. v., to ittcise, engrave : pret. part, on ham (hilte) was or writen fyrn-gewinnes {on which was engraved the origin of an ancient struggle), 1689. for-wrltan, to cut to pieces or in two : pret. sg. for-wrat Wedra helm wyrm on middan, 2706. wrOlit, St. m. f., blame, accusation, crime; here strife, contest, hostility: noni. sg., 2288, 2474, 2914. wudu, St. m., wood : i) material, timber: noni. pi. wudu, 1365; hence, the wooden spear : ace. pi. wudu, 398. — 2) forest, wood: ace. Sg. wudu, 1417. — 3) wooden ship : nom. sg. 298; ace. sg. wudu, 216, 1920. — Comp. : bael-, bord-,gamen-, heal-, holt-, niagen-, see-, sund-, hrec-wudu. wudurec, st. m., wood-reek or smoke : nom. sg., 3145. ' wuldor, St. n., glory: nom. sg. kyninga wuldor {God), 666; gen. sg. wuldres wealdend, 17, 183, 1753; wuldres hyrde, 932, (desig- nations of God). wuldor-cynlng,st. m.,king of glory. God. dat. sg. v,-uldur-eyninge, 2796 \vuldor-torht, • adj., glory - bright, brilliant, clear : ace. pi. wuUlor- torhtan weder, 11 37. ■\vulf, St. m., wolf: ace. sg., 3028. wulf-hliff, St. n., wolf-slope, wolfs retreat, slope whereunder wolves house : ace. pi. wulf-hleoSu, 1359. ■\viind, St. f., wound: nom. sg., 2712, 2977; ace. sg. wunde, 2532, 2907; ace. sg. wunde, 2726; instr. pi. wundum, 1114, 2831, 2938. — Comp. feorh-wund. ^vund, adj., wounded, sore : nom. sg., 2747; dat. sg. wundum, 2754; nom. pi. wunde, 565, 1076. Avunden-feax, adj., curly-haired (of a horse's mane): noni.sg., 1401. >vuiiden-heals, adj., with twisted or curved neck or prow : nom. sg. wudu wunden-hals {the ship), 298. \>'unden-heorde?, curly-haired f : nom. sg. f., 3153. ^'unden-mael, adj., damascened, etched, with wavy ornaments{'i) : nom. sg. neut., 1532 (of a sword). wuin\aer wuna'S on heah-stede hflsa selest (aj long as the best of houses stands there on the high place), 284 ; wuna^ he on wiste {lives in plenty), 1736; inf. on sele wunian (^to re- main in the hall), 3129; pret. sg. wunode mid Finne (^remained with F.), 1 129. — 2) w. ace. or dat., /o dwell in, to inhabit, to possess : pres. sg. III. wuna'5 wal-reste {holds his death-bed), 2903; inf. water-egesan wunian scolde . . ., streamas, 1261; wicum wunian, 3084 ; w. prep. : pres. sg. Higeiac W-x at him wu- na'S, 1924. ge-wunian, w. ace.: i) to inhabit : inf. ge-[wunian], 2276. — 2) to remain with, stand by : subj. pres. \>2X hine on ylde eft ge-wunigen wil-ge-sl^as, 22. wurUan. See veeorffan. i^uton, V. from witan, used as interj., let us go ! up ! w. inf. : wutun gangan t6 {let us go to him .') , 2649 ; uton hra'Se f&ran! 1391; uton nu Sfstan, 3102. wylf, St. f,, she-wolf: in comp. brim-wylf. vrylm, st. m., surge, surf, billow. nom. sg. flodes wylm, 1 765 ; dat. wintres wylme {with winter^s flood), 516; ace. sg. )>urh wateres wylm, 1694; ace. pi. heortan wyl- mas, 2508. — Comp. : breost-, brim-, byrne-, cear-, f^r-, hea'So-, holm-, sae-, sorh-vvylm. See walm. wyn, St. f., pleasantness, pleasure, joy, enjoyment : ace. sg. mseste . . . worolde wynne {the highest earthly joy), 108 1; eorSan wynne {earth- joy, the delightful earth), 1731 ; heofenes wynne {heaven''s joy, the rising sun), 1802; hearpan wynne {harp -joy, the pleasant harp), 2108; J'at he . . . ge-drogen hafde eor^an wynne {that he had had his earthly joy), 2728 ; dat. sg. vveorod was on wynne, 2015; instr. pi. magenes W7nnum {in joy of strength), 1 7 1 7 ; so, 1 888. — Comp. : ^■Sel-, hord-, lif-, lyft-, symbel-wyn. ■wyn-leds, adj., joyless : ace. sg. wyn-leasne wudu, 1417; wyn-leas wie, 822. ^vyn-sum, adj., winsotne, pleasant : ace. sg. wudu wyn-suman {the ship), 1920; nom. pi. word wasron wyn-sume, 613. wyrcan, v. iireg. : i) to do, effect, w. ace: inf. (wundor) wyrcan, 931 . — 1) to make, create, w. ace. : pret. sg. hat se al-mihtiga eor^an worh[te], 92; swS hine {the hel- met) worhte waepna smi"5, 1453. — 3) to gain, win, acquire, w. gen. : subj. pres. wyrce, se J?e m8te, domes aer dea«e, 1388. be-wyrcan, to gird, surround: pret. pi. bronda betost wealle be- vvorhton, 3163. ge-wyrcan: i) intrans., to act, be- have : inf. sw3 sceal geong guma gSde gewyrcean ... on fader wine, 358 GLOSSARY. \>SX . . . (a young man shall so act \ ■with benefits towards his father's j friends (hat. . .), 20. — 2) w. ace, to do, make, effect, perform : inf. ne meahte ic at hilde mid Hrun- tinge wiht ge-\vyrcan, l66i ; sweorde ne meahte on |'am aglre- can . . . wunde ge-« yicean, 2907 ; pret. sg. ge-worhte, 636, 1579, 2713; pret. part. ace. ic |'& leode wSt . . . faste ge-\voihte. 1865. — 3) /at \>\i me no for-wyrne, hat ... {that thou re- fuse me not that . . .), 429; pret, sg. he ne for-wyrnde worold-rse- denue, 1143. ge-\vyrpan, w. v. reflex., to refresh one's self, recover: pret. sg. he hyne ge-wyrpte, 2977. wyrpe, st. m., change : ace. sg. after wea-spelle wyrpe ge-fremman {after the woe-spell to bring about a change of things), 1316. ^vyrsa, compar. adj., worse : ace. sg. neut. hat wyrse, 1740; instr. sg. wyrsan wrixle, 2970; gen. sg. wyrsan gebinges, 525; nom. ace. pi. wyrsan wTg-frecan, 1213, 2497. wyrt, St. f., \_-wort'\, root : instr. pi. wudu wyrtum fast, 1365. wjsean, w. v., to wish, desire : pret. Sg. wiscte (rihde, MS.) has yldan {wished to delay that or for tkii reason, 2440, i6o5(?). See Note. GLOSSARY. 359 yfel, St. n., evil : gen. pi. yfla, 2095. yldan, w. v., to delay, put off : inf. ne J'at se aglaeca yldan hShte, 740; weard wine-geomor wiscte Jias yl- dan, Jjat he lytel fac long-gestreona brflcan moste, 2240. ylde, St. m. pi., men : dat. pi. yldum, 77,706,2118; gen.pl. ylda, 150, 606, 1662. See elde. yldest. See eald. yldo, St. f., age {senectus), old age : nom. sg., 1737, 1887; atol yldo, 1767; dat. sg. on ylde, 22.-2) age (aetas), time, era : gen. sg. yldo beam, 70. See eldo. yldra. See eald. ylf, St. f ., elf {incubus, alp) : nom. pi. ylfe, 112. ymb, prep. w. ace. : i) local, around, about, at, upon : ynib hine {around, ■with, him), 399. With prep, post- poned : hine ymb, 690 ; ymb bront- ne ford {around the seas, on the high sea), 568; ymb \>^ gif-healle {around the gift-hall, throne-hall), 839; ymb l>as helmes hr8f {around the helm's roof, croivn), 103 1. — 2) temporal, about, after: ymb Sn- tid SSres dogores {about the same time the next day), 219; ymb Sne niht -{after a night), I35- — 3) causal, about, on account of, for, owing to : (frinan) ymb ^inne si5 {on account of, concerning}, thy Journey), 353; hwat l^u . . . ymb Brecan sprsece {hast spoken about i5.), 531; 50,1596,3174; nSymb his lif ceara^ {careth not for his life), 1537; so, 450; ymb feorh sacan, 439; sundor-nytte behe61d ymb aldor Dena, 669; ymb sund {about the swimming, the prize for swimming), 507. ymbe, I. prep. w. ace. = ymb: i) local, 2884, 31 71; hlsew oft ymbe hwearf (prep, postponed), 2297. 2) causal, 2071, 2619. — II. adv., around : him . . . ymbe, 2598. ynib-sitteud, pres. part., neighbor gen. pi. ymb-sittendra, 9. ymbe-sittend, the same: nom. pi. ymbe-sittend, 1828; gen. pi. ymbe-sittendra, 2735. yppe, w. f., high seat, dais, throne dat. sg. code ... to yppan, 1816. yrfe, st. n., bequest, legacy : nom. sg., 3052. yrfe-lS.f, st. f., sword left as a be- quest : ace. sg. yrfe-lafe, 1054; instr. sg. yrfe-lafe, 1904. yrfe-w^eard, st. m., heir, son : nom. sg., 2732; gen. sg. yrfe-weardes, 2454. (-as, MS.) yrmSo, st. f., misery, shame, wretch- edness : ace. sg. yrmSe, 1260, 2006. yrre, st. n., anger, ire, excitement : ace. sg. godes yrre, 712; dat. sg, on yrre, 2093. yrre, adj., angry, irate, furious . nom. sg. yrre oretta (Beowulf), 1533; begn yrre (the same), 1576; gast yrre (Grendel), 2074; nom. pi. yrre, 770. See eorre. yrringa, adv., angrily, fiercely, 1 566, 2965. yrre-m5d, adj., wrathful-minded, wild : nom. sg., 727. ys, he is. See wesan. fS (O.H.G. unda), st. f., wave; sea: nom. pi. ^Sa, 548; ace. pi. ^5e, 46, 1 133, 1910; dat. pi. ^^um, 210, 421, 534, 1438, 1908; f^am weal- Ian {to surge with waves), 515, 2694; gen. pi. ^«a, 464, 849, 1209, 360 GLOSSARY. 1470, 1919. — Coinp: flod-, llg-, water-^S. ^ffan, \v. v., to ravage, devastate, de- stroy : pret. sg. ^ 5de eotena cyn, 421 (cf. l^ende = depopulalitig, Boswoith, from ^Ifric's Glossary; pret. ySde, Wanderer, 85). Jffe. See eAffe. Jffc-lice, adv., easily : ^5e-lice he eft S-stod {he easily arose after- 7vards), 1557. J'iJ-gebland, st. n., mingling or surging waters, water - tumult : nom. sg. -geblond, 1374, 1594; nom. pi. -gebland, 162 1. J'ff-gewin, St. n., strife with the sea, wave-struggle, rushing of water : dat. sg. ^S-gewinne, 2413; gen. sg. -gewinnes, 1435. ^ff-iad, St. f., water •jou\'ney, sea voyage : nom. pi. 5^'5-lSde, 228. ^ff-laf, St. f., water-leaving, what is left by the water {undarum reli- quiae^, shore : dat. sg. be 5'5-lSfe, 566. ^ff-lida, w. m.,wave-traverser,ship: ace. sg. ^5-lidan, 198. S'ff-naca, w. m., sea-boat : ace. sg. [^?)-]nacan, 1904. ^ac-gesene. See eff-ges^ne. ^TTan, w. V. \v. ace, to show : pret. sg. an-s^n ^wde {showed itself, ap- peared), 2835. S^^ edwaii, e6- \ean. ge-^wan, w. ace. of thing, dat. of pers., to lay before, offer: inf., 2150. GLOSSARY TO FINNSBURH. ftbreoan, st. v., to shatter : part, his byrne ibrocen waere {hisbyrniewas shattered). anynian, st. v., to take, take away. bfin-helm, st. m., bone-helmet ; skull, \_shield, Bosw.]. biiriih-)>elu, st. f., castle-Jloor. celoil, part, (adj.?), ^^^/^t/, i.e. boat- shaped or hollow. dagian, w. v., to dawn : ne bis ne dagia"S eastan {this is not dawning from the east). deor-mOd, adj., brave in mood : deor-mod hale^. drlht-gesiKT, st. m., companion, associate. edstan, adv., from the east. eorff-bCiend, st. m., earth-dweller, man. f er, St. m., fear, terror. fyren, a.d)., flaming, afire : nom. f. swylce eal Finns -buruh f^renu waeie {as if all Finnsburh were afire). gehlyn, st. n., noise, tumult. gellan, st. v., to sing (i.e. ring or resound) : pres. sg. gylleS gneg- hama {the gray garment [byrnie] rings) ; {tlie gray -i'olf yclU'th ?) . genesan, st. v., to survive, recover from : pret. pi. hS wtgend hyra wunda genteson {the warriors were recovering from their wounds). gold-hladen, adj., laden with gold (wearing heavy gold ornaments). gra^g-haina, w. m., gray garment, mail-coat ; {wolfl — Brooke). gfiff-wudu, St. m., war-wood, spear GLOSSARY. 361 hag-steald, st. m., one who lives in his lorcfs house, a house-carl. heaffo-geong, z.dj^., young in war, here-sceorp, st. n., war-dress, coat of mail. hleoSrian, w. v., to speak, exclaim : pret. sg. hleo^rode . . . cyning {the prince exclaimed). hracAV, st. n., corpse. hrOr, adj., strong: here-sceorpum hror (^strong [though it was] as armor, Bosw.). lac (laU?)? ior ^ficor, Jlutterittg ? onc^veffan, st. v., to answer : pres. sg. scyld scefte oncwyS (^the shield answers the spear'). K. nwacnian, w. v., to awake, arouse one's self : imper. pi. onvvacnigea^ . . ., wigend mine {awake, my warriors I). sceft (sceaft), st. m., spear, shaft. sealo-brun, adj., dusky-brown. eige-beorn, st. m., victorious hero, valiant warrior. swaiflfer (swi hwaSer), pron., wAjVA of two, which. swan, St. m., swain, youth; war- rior. sweart, adj., swart, black. swet, adj., sweet: ace. m. swStne medo . . . forgyldan {requite the sweet mead, i.e. repay, by prowess in battle, the bounty of their chief). swurd-leoma, w. m., sword-flame, flashing of swords. J>yrl, a.d]., pierced, cloven. uiideaminga, adv., without con- cealntenl, openly. ^vand^ian, w. v., to fly about, hover : pret. sg. hrafn wandrode {the raven hovered). waffol, St. m., the full moon [Grein] ; [adj., wandering, Bosw.]. vval-sliht (-sleaht), st. m., cotnbat, deadly struggle : gen. pi. wal- slihta gehlyn (Jhe din of combats) wea-daed, st. f., deed of woe: nom. pi. 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