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THE RUNIC AND OTHER MONUMENTAL REMAINS 
 OF THE ISLE OF MAN. 
 
CHI8W1CK PRESS: — PKINTBD BY C. WHITTIKOHAM, TOOK8 COURT, CHANCERY LANE. 
 
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 By the Uev? J. G. Gumming, M. A. F. G. S 
 
 Head Master of the Grammar School , Lichf/eld. 
 
 LONDON 
 
 Bell atitd Daldy, tleet street. 
 
 Lonifur XicfvfieUl. 
 
 Kerrutsh k\l^rieale^ Daicgl/LS . 
 
lOAN STACK 
 
TO THE HONOURABLE AND RIGHT REVEREND 
 
 HORACE POWYS, D.D. 
 
 Bishop of Sodor and Man. 
 
 My Lord, 
 
 The earliest Monumental Remains noticed in the present work were pro- 
 bably erected when your Lordship's ancestors were Kings of Man. The names 
 of the Bishops contemporary with Merfyn Frych and Roderic Mawr have not 
 been handed down to posterity, but the oldest Manx Chronicle assures us that 
 there was a true succession j and this has never been interrupted to the present 
 day, when your Lordship is adorning the Episcopal office in the most ancient ex- 
 isting See of the British Isles. 
 
 I therefore deem myself peculiarly privileged in the permission which your 
 Lordship has afforded me to dedicate to you these few pages descriptive of the 
 remarkable Memorials, erected in your Diocese through a long series of years, to 
 those who have died in the faith of Christ. 
 
 With the deepest respect, I beg leave to subscribe myself. 
 
 Your Lordship's 
 
 Very faithful and obedient servant, 
 J. G. GUMMING. 
 
 Lichfield, 
 
 June 1st, 1857. 
 
 
 891 
 
PREFATORY NOTE. 
 
 T THINK it right to state that the following work is primarily 
 an endeavour to exhibit in its rude character the ornamentation 
 on the Scandinavian Crosses in the Isle of Man. An artist will 
 no doubt find fault with the roughness and want of finish of the 
 illustrations. They have not been got up to please his eye, but 
 I believe the book will be found not any the less to give a correct 
 idea of things as they are, and this is all at which I aim in its 
 publication. The proper designation of most of these illustra- 
 tions would be, " Beduced Rubbings of Runic Monuments." The 
 manner in which they have been obtained is this : — I employed 
 an Italian to make me casts in plaster of Paris of the carved 
 crosses which are scattered all over the Isle of Man. This was 
 a labour occupying the greater portion of two years. In obtain- 
 ing these casts I was aided most liberally by Sir Henry Dryden, 
 Bart., of Canons Ashby, and I have placed them in the Mu- 
 seum which I commenced in King William's College, Castletown. 
 I found it far easier to make out the details of ornamentation 
 from these casts than from the original stones, both from their 
 colour and the facility of turning them about to any light. 
 Having, therefore, made rubbings partly from the stones and 
 partly from the casts, I filled up carefully the outlines, with the 
 
[ vi ] 
 
 casts before me, and thus had rough drawings the full size of the 
 originals. These were photographed to the size in which they 
 now appear ; and upon these photographs the lines w^ere traced 
 by my son Mr. W. R. Gumming in anastatic ink and chalk, and 
 then transferred to the zinc from which they are printed. 
 
 With respect to the Runic Inscriptions, these have been copied 
 separately. I found it impossible for them to be drawn without 
 a certain value being given to some very faint and uncertain 
 lines — these therefore I myself traced with the readings which I 
 believe to be the most correct. The doubtful parts, however, I 
 have noticed in the body of this work. The only really satis- 
 factory way of exhibiting them to those who are critical about 
 the Runic readings would have been by means of actual photo- 
 graphs accompanying the work, and this I found, from the esti- 
 mates of different photographers to whom I submitted some 
 specimens, would have too largely increased the cost of the work 
 to general readers. The moulds from which the casts were made 
 are many of them still in my possession, and a limited number 
 of casts could be furnished to those who are willing to incur the 
 expense of having copies. 
 
 I think it well to notice that as the rubbings were made upon 
 the more prominent portions of the casts, the paper being in part 
 pressed into the hollows, the shaded spaces between the knot- 
 work are a trifle larger than they would have been in making 
 drawings directly from the stones. The knotwork, therefore, ap- 
 pears rather more open than the reality, and does not approach 
 quite as near as it should do to the edges of the stones. 
 
[ vii ] 
 
 My removal from the Island in the midst of this work has 
 also prevented in some measure my giving that finish to it which 
 at one time I hoped to be able to do, and this must account too 
 for the delay which has occurred in my bringing it out. I would 
 observe, in conclusion, that my great object has been to direct 
 the attention of antiquaries to these remarkable remains, under 
 the hope that some one with more leisure and ability than my- 
 self may carry on the work of rescuing them from oblivion. I 
 have shown in the body of this book that many inscribed stones 
 once existing on the Island have been either stolen or destroyed ; 
 many others are placed in very unfavourable situations, exposed 
 to the dilapidating influence of a very moist climate and the still 
 more destructive influence of mischievous and ignorant persons. 
 
 I trust that some zealous antiquarian may be induced also to 
 bestow some labour on the stone circles, of which there are a 
 great number that have never been noticed or described, but 
 which I am sure would well reward an earnest investigator. 
 
TABULAR VIEW OF THE INSCRIBED STONES IN THE 
 
 ISLE OF MAN. 
 
 The subjoined Table gives the number of crosses and inscribed stones (not in- 
 cluding the Roman altar, Plate XIV. fig. 50) in each of the seventeen parishes in 
 the Isle of Man. 
 
 m 
 
 a 
 o 
 
 'ai 
 '> 
 
 Q 
 
 c 
 
 Ol 
 
 -a 
 
 V2 
 
 Parishes. 
 
 PLATES AND FIGURES. 
 
 "5 
 
 c 
 .2 
 
 '> 
 
 p 
 
 a ' 
 
 S-i 
 (D 
 
 u 
 O 
 
 < 
 
 I- 
 
 o 
 
   Michael 
 
 Ballaugh 
 
 Jurby 
 r Andreas 
 
 Bride 
 L Lezayre 
 r Maughold 
 
 I Lonan 
 
 PI. I. fig. 1.* PI. II. figs. 3,* 4,* 6* 8.* PI. III. fig. 
 
 12.* PI. IV. fig. 13.* PI. VI. fig. 19. Pi. XI. figs. 
 
 28,* 29.* PI. XII. fig. 32. 
 PI. I. fig. 2.* 
 
 PI. II. fig. 7. Pl.III.fig.il.* PL XL fig. 31. 
 PI. III. figs. 9* and 10.* 
 PL XII. fig. 41. 
 
 PI. IX. fig. 24. PL Xn. figs. 33, 35, 36, 37, 40. PL 
 
 XIII. fig. 42. 
 PI. VII. fig. 20. PL XII. fig. 34. 
 
 Total in the Northern Division . . 
 
 11 
 
 I 
 3 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 
 7 
 2 
 
 27 
 
 
 o 
 
 'cfi 
 
 '> 
 Q 
 a 
 
 D 
 O 
 02 
 
 a 
 
 :2   
 
 c 
 
 r Rushen 
 Arbory 
 I Malew 
 'Santon 
 Braddan 
 
 Conchan 
 r M arown 
 i Patrick 
 L German 
 
 PI. V. fig. 14. PI. XI. fig. 30. 
 
 PI. V. fig. 15. PI. XIIL fig. 43. 
 
 PI. XIV. fig. 48.* 
 
 PI. V. fig. 16. PI. VII. fi^. 21. PI. VIII. figs. 22,* 
 
 23.* PI. XII. figs. 38, 39. 
 PL VI. figs. 17, 18. PI. X. figs. 25, 26.* 
 PL XIV. fig. 45.t 
 
 PL II. fig. 5.* PL X. fig. 27.* 
 
 Total in the Southern Division . . . 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 I 
 
 6 
 4 
 I 
 
 2 
 
 18 
 
 The crosses marked thus ( * ) are inscribed. 
 
 t The five stones at Magher y Chiarn in Marown are counted as one cross. 
 
 Of the above crosses seven in the Northern Division of the Island, viz. figures 
 34, 35, 36, 37, 40, 41, 42, and five in the Southern Division, viz. figures 38, 39, 
 43, 45, 48, are probably not Scandinavian ; leaving of truly Runic or Scandina- 
 vian remains twenty in the Northern Division and thirteen in the Southern. 
 
 There are eighteen at least of these Scandinavian remains actually inscribed 
 with Runes. Probably fig. 31, Plate XL, is also inscribed. 
 
THE RUNIC AND OTHER MONUMENTAL 
 REMAINS IN THE ISLE OF MAN. 
 
 TTTE have distinct evidence from the Chronicon Manniae, 
 
 the Irish Annals and the Norse Sagas, that the Danes and 
 
 Norwegians occupied the Isle of Man from the end of the ninth 
 — — /I — J - -1 * . . 1 . 1 /• 1 - 
 
 EREATA. 
 
 Page 13, Kne 22. Instead of - the Manx symbol for o is also the ordinary Eunic symbol 
 
 for b," read " the Manx Eunic symbol for b is the ordinary symbol for o." 
 Page 22, Une 4 from the bottom. For '* GUTTHI," read " GUETHI." 
 Page 38, Une 16. For « new, red," read " new-red." 
 
 He was succeeded by his son neigi ana granasoii inursiem, 
 but the native chiefs rising in rebellion, Thorstein was expelled 
 A. D. 894, and in his place was appointed one Nial or Niel, to 
 whom succeeded in a. d. 914 his nephew Anlaf or Olave. 
 
 But about six years after, Gorrey or Orrey (Erik ?), a Dane, 
 having conquered the Orcades and Hebrides, arrived on the 
 shores of Man " with a fleet of strong ships,'' and landed at the 
 Lhane in the north of the island. To him the Manx are 
 
TABULAR VIEW OF THE INSCRIBED STONES IN THE 
 
 ISLE OF MAN. 
 
 The subjoined Table gives the number of crosses and inscribed stones (not in- 
 cluding the Roman altar, Plate XIV. fig. 50) in each of the seventeen parishes in 
 the Isle of Man. ^ 
 
 o5 
 
 c 
 o 
 
 s 
 
 
 •o 
 
 
 
 > 
 
 
 
 
 CA 
 
 Ifl 
 
 Parishes. 
 
 PLATES AND FIGURES. 
 
 r Michael 
 
 % 
 
 
 -Si 
 
 
 ^, 
 
 Ballaugh 
 
 
 Jurby 
 
 fl* 
 
 r Andreas 
 
 ^ 
 
 Biide 
 
 < 1 
 
 L Lezayre 
 
 PI. I. fig. 1.* PI. II. figs. 3,* 4,* 6,* 8.* PI. III. fig. 
 
 12.* PI. IV. fig. 13.* PI. VI. fig. 19. PI. XI. figs. 
 
 28,* 29.* PI. XII. fig. 32. 
 PI. I. fig. 2.* 
 
 PI. II. fig. 7. PI. III. fig. 11.* PI. XL fig. 31. 
 PI. III. figs. 9* and 10.* 
 PL XII. % 41. 
 
 m \'^\ ^a^"CK 
 [^^ L German 
 
 PI. 11. fig. 5.* PI. X. fig. 27.* 
 
 Total in the Southern Division 
 
 
 2 
 
 18 
 
 The crosses marked thus ( * ) are inscribed. 
 
 t The five stones at Magher y Chiarn in Marown are counted as one cross. 
 
 Of the above crosses seven in the Northern Division of the Island, viz. figures 
 34, 35, 36, 37, 40, 41, 42, and five in the Southern Division, viz. figures 38, 39, 
 43, 45, 48, are probably not Scandinavian ; leaving of truly Runic or Scandina- 
 vian remains twenty in the Northern Division and thirteen in the Southern. 
 
 There are eighteen at least of these Scandinavian remains actually inscribed 
 with Runes. Probably fig. 31, Plate XL, is also inscribed. 
 
THE RUNIC AND OTHER MONUMENTAL 
 REMAINS IN THE ISLE OF MAN. 
 
 'TTIT'E have distinct evidence from the Chronicon Manniae, 
 the Irish Annals and the Norse Sagas, that the Danes and 
 Norwegians occupied the Isle of Man from the end of the ninth 
 to the latter part of the thirteenth century, or nearly four hun- 
 dred years. 
 
 Harald Haarfager (the fair haired) having made himself 
 supreme in Norway, extended his power to the Orkneys and the 
 Sudoer, Sodor or Sudreyjar (f. e. Southern Islands) ; and in the 
 year a. d. 888, having seized on the Isle of Man, left as his 
 Viceroy or Jarl one Ketil Bjbrns(5n (sunr-bjarnar), with a body of 
 Northmen. Ketil shortly after declared himself independent j 
 and for a few years ruled in Man and a portion of the Sudreyjar. 
 
 He was succeeded by his son Helgi and grandson Thorstein ; 
 but the native chiefs rising in rebellion, Thorstein was expelled 
 A. D. 894, and in his place was appointed one Nial or Niel, to 
 whom succeeded in a. d. 914 his nephew Anlaf or Olave. 
 
 But about six years after, Gorrey or Orrey (Erik ?), a Dane, 
 having conquered the Orcades and Hebrides, arrived on the 
 shores of Man " with a fleet of strong ships,'' and landed at the 
 Lhane in the north of the island. To him the Manx are 
 
[ 2 ] 
 
 indebted for the Scandinavian character of their legal institu- 
 tions. He (it is said) established the Insular Parliament of the 
 lower house, 9r, as it is at present called, the House of Keys, so 
 named (I believe) from the Manx words Keare-as-feed, i. e. four 
 and twenty, King Orrey having appointed that this should be 
 the number of Taxiaxi or members : viz. " eight for the out isles 
 and sixteen for the land of Man ;'' the island perhaps originally 
 being divided into sixteen parishes. He also divided the island 
 into six sheadings or shires, which division still exists, and a 
 coroner is appointed for each. He established also the Meeting 
 of Tynwald (Thingavbller), continued to the present day ; indeed, 
 it is one of the strongest proofs of the influence of the Northmen 
 in this territory, and the permanence and excellence of their 
 institutions, that, as Professor Worsaae remarks, " The last 
 remains of the old Scandinavian Thing, which for the protection 
 of public liberty was held in the open air in presence of the 
 assembled people, and conducted by the people's chiefs and 
 representatives, are to be met with not in the North itself, but 
 in a little island far towards the west, and in the midst of the 
 British kingdom." See " The Danes and Northmen" &c. 
 
 Guttred, the son of Orrey, is named as the founder of Castle 
 Rushen, the likeness of which to the Danish Castle of Elsinore 
 has been noticed by some authors ; the only other buildings of 
 note upon the island (Peel Castle and Rushen Abbey) are also 
 the work of the Northmen. 
 
 The battle of Largs (Oct. 3, 1263), in which Alexander the 
 Third of Scotland so completely broke up the expedition of 
 
[ 3 ] 
 
 Haco, placed the Isle of Man at the mercy of the Scottish 
 monarch; and Magnus, the then King of Man, despairing of 
 help from Norway, met Alexander at Dumfries, did homage to 
 him, and obtained a charter to hold the island from the crown 
 of Scotland. He died on the 24th of Nov. 1265, being the ninth 
 and last of the Norwegian race of Godard Crovan, which for nearly 
 three hundred years had held the sceptre of the Isle as viceroys 
 to the monarch of Norway. The following year Magnus VL of 
 Norway ceded to the King of Scotland and his heirs the Isle of 
 Man and the Hebrides, the composition to be paid by the King 
 of Scotland being fixed at 4000 marks sterling, in four yearly 
 payments of 1000 marks each, and an annual pension (called by 
 the Norwegians a tribute) of 100 marks per annum. 
 
 After so long an occupation by the Northmen, we shall not 
 be surprised to find a very large number of the monumental 
 remains on the island bearing distinct evidence of Scandinavian 
 workmanship. In point of fact the number far exceeds, rela- 
 tively to the area occupied by them, those found in any other 
 portion of the British isles. There are at least forty crosses, 
 whole or fragmentary, the greater portion of them, if not the 
 whole, bearing the true Scandinavian type, and nearly half that 
 number containing Scandinavian inscriptions in the ancient 
 Norse language and in Runic characters. 
 
 It is highly probable that as the first Danish invaders were 
 heathen worshippers of Odin and Thor, or people only just 
 emerging from heathenism into Christianity, they would for 
 some time continue the mode of sepulture common to their fore- 
 
[ 4 ] 
 
 fathers, and the stone circle and " bauta stene" would mark 
 their burying grounds. We have, in fact, many such memorials 
 in the Isle of Man : I could name at least a dozen stone circles 
 still existing in the three southern parishes of the Island, which 
 have come under my more immediate notice. Yet, as the abo- 
 riginal inhabitants, prior to their conversion to Christianity by 
 St. Patrick in a. d. 444, had also used nearly the same modes 
 of burial, it would not be safe to attribute these remains altogether 
 to the Northmen. Hence, though Professor Munch has con- 
 jectured some of the Runic crosses to be of the ninth century, I 
 hardly feel disposed to allow to them a much earlier date than 
 the middle of the tenth century, or about the reign of Guttred, 
 the founder of Castle Rushen, at which time we find from the 
 Chronicles of Rushen, Rolwer or Rolf (an evident Norwegian) 
 Bishop of the Isle. That they had, however, at least respected 
 Christianity, appears from the statement of the same chronicle, 
 which, though giving Rolwer as the first name in the catalogue 
 of bishops, adds, that previously " there was doubtless a true 
 succession.^' 
 
 Of the very early date of these crosses there can be no 
 doubt, when we take into consideration the date at which the 
 Northmen were expelled the Isle, the form of the crosses which 
 then were introduced, as instanced at Kirk Manghold and 
 Rushen Abbey, the different styles of the Scandinavian crosses 
 themselves, and the change in language and Runic writing, 
 which is also found on them. The fact, also, that many of 
 these monuments have been found built in the walls of old 
 
C 5 ] 
 
 churches, and even of Peel Cathedral, which was finished in the 
 thirteenth century, points to the same conclusion. 
 
 It is somewhat singular that of the twenty-six crosses etched 
 by Kinnebrook, twenty-five are from eleven of the more northerly 
 parishes of the Island, and only one is from the six more southerly 
 parishes. Professor Wbrsaae has hence concluded that at the 
 time these stones were erected the Scandinavian language and 
 influence was the most prevalent in the northern part of the 
 Island. This is not strictly correct ; for, in reality, the northern 
 district of the Island, whether taken naturally or civilly, con- 
 tains only eight parishes ; and the nine southerly parishes afford, 
 even according to Kinnebrook, thirteen examples of these Scan- 
 dinavian monuments, i, e. one half of those which he has drawn, 
 to which I have been enabled to add six. 
 
 The fact is, that about thirty years ago several of the old 
 parish churches in the northern portion of the Island were pulled 
 down and new ones erected, and some of these monuments were 
 then discovered built into the walls of the old churches. About 
 six years ago, when the Church of St. John the Baptist was 
 pulled down, three, if not four, of these monuments, were found 
 in the old walls, of which only one has been preserved ; and it 
 is not unlikely that in the other parish churches of the south of 
 the Island (German, Braddan, Santon, Malew, Arbory and 
 Rushen) there may be several of these Runic monuments con- 
 cealed in the buildings. 
 
 The influence also of the Abbey of Rushen in the south of 
 the Island, connected as it was with Furness Abbey, in Lan- 
 
[ 6 ] 
 
 cashire, and always exerting (and in the end successfully) a 
 Roman against the Scandinavian supremacy, must be taken into 
 consideration. , 
 
 The chief object of the monks of Rushen, from the earliest 
 times, appears to have been to get the Manx bishops consecrated 
 at York instead of Trondhjem. 
 
 Drawings of two of the Manx crosses have been given in the 
 fourth volume of the Archaeological Journal ; one from Braddan 
 and the other from Kirk Michael, but without any distinct and 
 particular account of them. Mr. Kinnebrook etched the greater 
 portion of those scattered throughout the Island, but he has only 
 given one face of them, and much of the intricate ornamentation 
 is very indistinctly drawn ; nor were the runes at that time 
 clearly made out. His work is now out of print. 
 
 There is no doubt that had earlier attention been paid to 
 these remains, we should now be in possession of a much larger 
 series. Many have been destroyed, and others carried off the 
 Island. Mr. Townley in his journal records as a wonderful and 
 praiseworthy feat, that he rescued one of them from its igno- 
 minious position by the way-side, and bore it off in his carriage. 
 Two have been taken to the Museum at Distington, near White- 
 haven, and I have not been able to discover anywhere the Leif 
 cross, a cast of the inscription of which, made by Mr. Bailey, is 
 in the possession of Sir Henry Dryden, at Canons Ashby. An- 
 other cast of the same inscription is in the Museum of the 
 Archaeological Society, London, and another, I believe, in Edin- 
 burgh. 
 
 With regard to these crosses generally, I would observe that 
 
[ 7 ] 
 
 they appear to have been solely sepulchral memorials. There 
 are none of them to which we can refer any political event. 
 There are no representations of battle scenes, or the making of 
 treaties. The inscriptions, of which we have eighteen, simply 
 state that A. B. erected this cross to C. D. his father, mother, 
 wife, brother, &c. In one or two instances the maker of the 
 cross has also recorded his name. On one the cause of death is 
 mentioned, and on another it is said, that A. B. erected it to 
 C. D. for the good of his soul, or as a meritorious act. We do not, 
 however, find on any of them the request so common on the Irish 
 monuments, for a prayer for the repose of the soul of the de- 
 parted. It will, perhaps, be a matter of dispute whether the 
 strange figures of animals carved upon these monuments (animals 
 for the most part of domestic use or the chase) were intended as 
 mere ornaments, or as indicating the trade or occupation of the 
 deceased. In some instances these animals are used distinctly 
 as terminal ornaments to knot work, or are mixed up with and 
 form part of it. In others, again, we have the representation 
 of hunting scenes, of men and women on horseback, and assem- 
 blages of animals, such as would be found in any ordinary farm 
 yard. We have also musical instruments and weapons of war. 
 
 The material of which the crosses are made is, generally 
 speaking, the ordinary clay schist of the Island. There are one 
 or two of a metamorphic rock, approaching to gneiss, and there 
 is one at Kirk Bride (of doubtful age) of red sandstone, probably 
 a block found in the northern drift. The tools with which the 
 workmen wrought appear to have been of the rudest character. 
 In only two instances is the stone fashioned into the form of a 
 
[ 8 ] 
 
 cross. What should be straight Hnes are very far from straight ; 
 those which should be parallel are divergent, and the circles are 
 far from round. The knot-work is ill finished, and not to be 
 compared with that on English, Irish, or Scotch examples. 
 
 With two exceptions, they all contain a glory about the cross, 
 or its place is represented by holes ; even in the two exceptions 
 there is still a circle. In two cases a cross forms the termination 
 of knot-work at the junction of the arms. 
 
 We are indebted to Professor Miinch for the determination of 
 the Manx Runic alphabets (for there are two, regarded by him 
 as older and later) used in the inscriptions. The difficulty of 
 interpretation is in a great measure owing to the varieties in the 
 spelling of words. Even the common word " aftir" is written 
 efter, aftir, aft, and af, and they appear to have been deficient in 
 the runes representing ordinarily h and y or final r. The runes 
 are, generally speaking, inscribed on the edge of the stone, from 
 the bottom upward. In one case the inscription is at the back 
 of the cross, and in five others on the face. In the Thurith cross 
 at Kirk Onchan we have inscriptions on the back and front, 
 written up and down, and one of them containing the name Jesu 
 Christ. I have before observed that the age of these crosses 
 must lie between a. d. 888 and 1266. They are probably of the 
 latter part of the tenth, the eleventh, and twelfth centuries. They 
 are thus, generally speaking, older than the Irish crosses to which 
 any date can be distinctly assigned. There is a mixture in them 
 of Scottish and Irish types, and so they belong to what is called 
 the Hiberno-Scottish School. When we consider the close con- 
 
[ 9 ] 
 
 nection existing for so long a time between the Danes in Ireland 
 and those in the Isle of Man, we might readily anticipate such a 
 resemblance, but it would not be safe to infer that the Manx 
 cross-makers had borrowed from the Irish, as there is no evi- 
 dence to establish the priority in point of time of the Irish crosses. 
 The beautiful knot-work for which they are remarkable is no 
 doubt found in Irish MSS. to which a much earlier date is 
 assigned ; but it is a kind of ornament which would suggest itself 
 readily to any seafaring people such as the Danes and Norwe- 
 gians, and in the Manx crosses there are some forms of ornament 
 which have never been found in Irish crosses or MSS. or on the 
 beautiful Scotch monuments which approach more closely to the 
 Manx type. 
 
 In reference to the scale-covered animals on three, if not four, 
 of the Manx crosses, they seem to me a development of the 
 knot-work or cable. In the Harper cross of Kirk Michael (Plate 
 XL fig. 28) we find the cable running round the edge finished 
 off at one end with a head, and at the other sharpened off into a 
 pointed tail. In several of the crosses we find the intertwisted 
 ribbon or cable studded with pellets, sometimes round, at others 
 lozenge-shaped. The pelletted ribbon on the Ballaugh cross 
 (Plate I. fig. 2) only requires a head and tail to become the 
 scale-covered snake or sea-serpent of the edge of the large 
 Dragon cross of Braddan (Plate VIII. fig. 22). The figures 
 generally presumed to represent dragons, appear to me rather as 
 monstrous fish entangled in the meshes of a net. 
 
 On a general review of these monumental remains, we may 
 
 c 
 
[ 10 ] 
 
 say that they are truly "sui generis;'' they have their exact 
 counterparts nowhere else. If any existed in lona, they have 
 altogether disappeared; those which do exist there, as far as 
 they can be made out, are of a later date, if we except two 
 which have been presumed to be Irish. See Grahams lona, 
 plates XX. and xxv. 
 
 This at least is evident from these remains, that amongst 
 those sons of the North, whose chief delight seems to have been 
 in war and rapine, there existed also some of the finer feelings of 
 human nature and an appreciation of what was elegant in art. 
 They had a taste for music and sculpture, and the arts of peace 
 were not altogether neglected by them. Along with representa- 
 tions of the deer and the hunting dogs found on their monuments 
 we meet with rude attempts at portraying oxen, goats and sheep, 
 swine and poultry, and the harp is placed alongside of the sword. 
 They seem to have embraced Christianity sincerely, and to have 
 practised it earnestly, though, as far as we have any evidence, 
 they must have received it in the Isle of Man from a conquered 
 race. 
 
ON THE RUNIC INSCRIPTIONS ON THE 
 
 SCANDINAVIAN CEOSSES IN THE 
 ISLE OF MAN. 
 
 nr^HE name " Runic'' has been given to an alphabet in use 
 amongst the Teutonic nations, consisting almost entirely of 
 straight lines of very simple combination, and very well adapted 
 for engraving upon rocks, stones, and metal. 
 
 The word " runer'' or " runes,'' which we often find on the 
 Manx monuments, is derived from the Gothic " runa," which 
 signifies the same as the Welsh " rhin" and the Irish " r^n," a 
 secret. Runes were supposed to be endowed with certain mystic 
 properties, and are said by some to have been made use of in 
 heathen charms and incantations, and on this account probably 
 fell into disuse amongst our Saxon forefathers upon their con- 
 version to Christianity. A doubt, however, has been expressed 
 by some eminent modern antiquaries as to the occurrence of any 
 really heathen monuments inscribed with runes. The use of 
 runes lingered long amongst the Danes, Swedes, and Norwegians, 
 and we have Scandinavian MSS. as late as the fifteenth century 
 written in this character. 
 
 It should be distinctly understood that the term " Runic" 
 belongs to a peculiar alphabet, and not to a language ; various 
 languages and dialects being written in Runic letters. 
 
[ 12 ] 
 
 With a general resemblance, there are several varieties in the 
 forms of many of the Runic letters, and hence Runic writings 
 have been divided into three great classes, the Scandinavian, the 
 Germanic, and the Saxon. Of these the Scandinavian appears 
 to be the oldest, after which the Germanic, and then the Saxon. 
 The Manx runes belong to the oldest or true Scandinavian type, 
 yet varying from those in ordinary use as respects six of the 
 letters, as will be seen by inspection of the accompanying table 
 of comparison. We observe also two varieties of the Manx 
 runes, which Professor Miinch has ascribed to an earlier and 
 later date. Those of a later date approach nearer in form to the 
 runes in ordinary use, and a doubt may be expressed as to 
 whether they are so truly Scandinavian as the former, for it is 
 remarkable that on the only two crosses on which they have yet 
 been found, the names in the inscriptions appear to be altogether 
 Gaelic, though the words are all ancient Norse. I do not deem 
 it improbable that both these forms of the Runic Alphabet may 
 have been in use in the Isle of Man at the same time. See Plate 
 XI. figs. 28 and 29- 
 
 With regard to the origin of the characters of the Runic 
 alphabet, considerable variety of opinion is known to exist. They 
 have been derived from the Roman, the Celtiberian, the Etruscan, 
 and the Greek. Schlegel expresses his belief that they were 
 introduced amongst the inhabitants of the shores of the Baltic 
 by Phoenician merchants. I am more inclined to attribute their 
 introduction into the North overland, and to derive them from 
 Asia Minor. 
 
[ 13 ] 
 
 Those who believe in the personaHty of Odin or Woden, the 
 great warrior and deified hero of the Northern nations, from 
 whom we derive the name of the fourth day of the week, say 
 that he led a tribe of Asiatic Goths from the shores of the Cas- 
 pian into the north of Europe, driving before him the aboriginal 
 inhabitants of Northern Germany and Scandinavia. This oc- 
 curred a few years before the Christian era. I think it highly 
 probable that at that time was introduced into the North the 
 Asiatic form of the Greek alphabet. I am not aware that it has 
 been previously noticed that the Runic alphabet approaches 
 closer to the Constantinopolitan (as seen in the Elaean inscription) 
 and Lycian than to any other with which we are well acquainted. 
 In the accompanying table I have placed alongside of it the 
 Constantinopolitan, and also the Lycian as copied from the book 
 of Travels in Lycia, &;c. by the late Rev. E. T. Daniell, the late 
 Professor E. Forbes, and Lieutenant T. A. B. Spratt. 
 
 Comparing the Manx Runic alphabets with these two, it is 
 somewhat singular that in the two letters, the symbols for h and 
 0, in which the Manx alphabets both differ from the ordinary 
 runes, the Constantinopolitan and Lycian alphabets both differ 
 from the ordinary Greek. The Lycian symbol for o is the ordi- 
 nary Greek letter beta (h) and the Manx symbol for o is also 
 the ordinary Runic symbol for h. I am thus led to the conclu- 
 sion, perhaps somewhat hasty, that the Manx older Runic 
 character was that originally introduced into the North. 
 
 On the other hand it is right to state that what appear to be 
 abbreviated forms of Runic letters are by many scholars looked 
 
[ 14 ] 
 
 upon as indicating a later age. If this be the case, then the 
 Manx alphabet which Professor MUnch terms the newer should 
 in reality be ranked as the older. In the symbols for a, t, w, and 
 5, the old Manx alphabet has the more abbreviated form. In 
 the rune for 5 it will be seen that the newer Manx, whilst differing 
 from the older, also differs from other Runic alphabets ; the sym- 
 bol, in fact, appears to be reversed. 
 
DESCKIPTION OF THE SEPARATE MONUMENTAL CROSSES 
 OF THE ISLE OF MAN. 
 
 Plate 1. Figures 1 a and 1 b. 
 
 THIS cross stands on the south side of the churchyard gate at Kirk 
 Michael, built upright into the top of the wall. 
 
 It contains in the inscription the name of the maker, " Gaut," or, 
 as he calls himself (in the inscription on a cross at Kirk Andreas, Plate 
 III. fig. 10), Gautr Sunr Bjarnar, i.e. Gaut Bjornson. If his own state- 
 ment is to be relied on and taken in its fullest sense, viz. that he made 
 it and all then in Man, we should have a starting-point in the age of 
 these crosses, could we only fix the exact date at which he lived. But 
 this seems impossible, as though the names on this cross and on others 
 evidently from the same workshop are pretty numerous, yet there are 
 none of sufficient note to have been recorded in Manx history. From 
 reasons above given, I do not deem it right to fix the date earlier than 
 the middle of the tenth century. 
 
 The monument is beautifully carved on both sides, and the Runic 
 inscription runs partly up the edge and partly on one face of the cross. 
 The whole is in a state of very good preservation, and contrasts very 
 widely with the condition of the larger cross at Andreas bearing Gaut's 
 name and made of the same material as this, viz. clay-schist (Plate III. 
 fig. 10). It is therefore clear that we can determine nothing respecting 
 the age of these crosses from their relative state of disintegration. 
 Indeed, I believe some of the most worn to be amongst the latest. 
 This cross owes its preservation, as does that of a much later date on 
 the opposite side of the gateway, to the circumstance of its having been 
 built into the old church of St. Michael, from which it was removed 
 and placed in its present position not more than thirty years ago. 
 
 The remarkable and beautiful ornament which occupies the centre 
 
[ 16 ] 
 
 of the shaft of one face of this cross I do not remember to have seen 
 elsewhere, certainly not on any of the Irish or Scotch crosses. I have, 
 however, seen a close resemblance to it in drawings of Welsh and 
 Cumbrian crosses by Mr. J. O. Westwood, who has also pointed out to 
 me in the ornamentation of a Roman pavement a pattern to which it 
 has also a close approximation. I would call it chain-cable work. We 
 have a beautiful variation of it in the cross on the other side of the 
 gateway (Plate XI. fig. 28). See also title-page of this work. It 
 occurs on at least five other Manx crosses, viz. Plate I. fig. 2 ; Plate 
 II. figures 3, 4, and 5, and Plate III. fig. 9j and probably it occupied 
 the centre of one face of the lost shaft of cross Plate II. fig. 8. 
 
 This cross of Gaut now under consideration contains no figures 
 of animals, but only pure knot- work. The same statement is true also 
 of the other cross which bears his name on Andreas Green, Plate III. 
 fig. 10. This is the case also in the Ballaugh cross, Plate I, fig. 2, 
 the St. John's cross, Plate II. fig. 5, and the Kirkmichael fragment, 
 Plate II. fig. 4, all of which I would attribute to Gaut. All these 
 crosses are also inscribed. If we should be disposed to argue against 
 all of them being Gaut's work, from the fact that the spelling of words 
 is not the same on each (for instance, of, qflir, and aiftir, thana, thna^ 
 thonttj thono, thenr\ we must remember that Gaut spells his own name 
 differently on different crosses. 
 
 The inscription on this cross, very distinct, is, 
 
 " MAIL : BRIGDI : SUNK I ATHAKANS I SMITH I RAISTI I CRUS I 
 THANO : FUR \ SALU : SINI I SIN : BRUKUIN : GAUT .* GIRTH! : THANO I 
 
 AUK : ALA : I maun;" i.e. ^^ Malbrigd, the son of Athakan the smithy 
 erected this {cross) for his soul, but his kinsman (?) Gaut made this and 
 all in Man.'' 
 
 We have to notice from this inscription that the name of the Island 
 must anciently have been pronounced with the " a " long, or as " am," 
 and thus it shows the connection between Man and Mona. 
 
 We meet here too with the ubiquitous name of Smith, in such a 
 position as to show clearly the origin of that and similar names. It is 
 truly Norse f the Manx would have been " Tears.'' 
 
 We learn the little value which is to be given to the stops or divi- 
 sion of words and their absence from a sentence, for whilst we have 
 
[ 17 ] 
 
 " i Maun," in Man^ written as one word, we have the name Malbrigd 
 written as two words, Mail : brigdi. A similar case occurs on the 
 Andreas Cross, Plate III. fig. 9, where we have Sand: Ulf'va. two words 
 for Sandulfy and Arin : hiaurg for Arinbjorg. 
 
 Plate I. Figures 2 a and 2 h. 
 
 This cross, which is one of the most perfect on the Island, stands in 
 the old churchyard of Ballaugh. 
 
 I presume it to be the work of Gaut, from the reasons before stated 
 (page 16). His normal idea of two pair of ribbons intertwining and 
 forming the arms of the cross, but fastened also with rings at their 
 extremities, is here carried out on the face of the cross (the inscribed 
 face) ; but instead of the central ring of the former cross, we have a 
 boss surrounded by the ribbons, and the rings (four in number) are 
 carried down the shaft, and both ribbons and rings are split up and 
 pelletted, giving a greater richness to the appearance of the whole. 
 
 On the other face, the central ribbons (also ornamented) are deficient 
 in rings, but have the boss, whilst on one side of the shaft we have the 
 beautiful chain cable work of Plate I. fig. 1 terminated with a plain 
 cross, and on the other an ornament which occurs on at least two other 
 of Gaut's crosses, Plate II. fig. 4 b, and Plate V. fig. 13. This face is 
 also deficient in the large circle or glory about the arms of the cross. 
 I had the cross dug up prior to taking the cast, and was thus enabled 
 to obtain the lower portion, which had previously been buried deep in 
 the earth, and was not drawn by Kinnebrook. 
 
 The inscription is tolerably perfect, and runs up one face of the 
 cross, along the edge of the shaft, and into the cavity between the arms. 
 The fourth and fifth words are somewhat indistinct, but I believe the 
 reading to be thus : 
 
 " THORLAIBR : THORIULB t SUNR : RAISTI I CRS *. THONA : AIFTIR : ULB : 
 
 SUN : SIN : " i.e." Thorlqf, the son of Thorjolf, erected this cross to Olave 
 his son" 
 
 There is nothing in Manx history by which we may identify these 
 persons. Olave was a common Scandinavian name. The name Thor- 
 laf occurs on the Dragon cross at Braddan. See Plate VIII. fig. 23 b. 
 
 D 
 
[ 18 ] 
 
 Plate II. Figures 3 a and 3 b. 
 
 These are fragments of what must have been a very beautiful cross ; 
 they are built into the top of the churchyard wall, south of the gate at 
 Kirk Michael. The shaft was ornamented on one face with the chain 
 cable of Plate I. fig. 1 a, and on the other had the ornamented ribbons 
 of Plate II. fig. 2 a, as also the beautiful knot of the right hand side of 
 Plate I. fig. 1 a. The cross may have been of Gaut's workmanship, 
 but it has for ornaments on one face on either side of the shaft ill- 
 fashioned figures of men and animals, one of the men being upside 
 down. The men appear dressed in the kilt or Highland dress. Now 
 as Magnus Barefoot (Barfod, Barbeen or Barelegs), who made his 
 terrific irruption into the West in a.d. 1093 and took possession of the 
 Isle of Man when he united the Bishopricks of Man and Sodor or the 
 Southern Isles, received his name from his adopting the Highland cos- 
 tume, it is hardly likely that this cross would contain figures of this 
 description if it were prior to his time, at least if we understand the 
 cross to have been made by and erected to a Northman. It is there- 
 fore probably not earlier than the close of the eleventh century. 
 
 On the edge of one of the fragments we have the words, " suak : 
 HisTi : cRus : thna : eft : rumun:" i.e. ^^ Suag erected this cross to 
 Romofi'' — and, as a continuation of the inscription, we have at the 
 extremity of the other fragment merely the letters " nt." Each end of 
 the stones is broken and worn, and I am not quite sure whether the 
 first name may not be either Svig or Grim, and not Suak. 
 
 The heading of this cross was probably very similar to Plate II. 
 figs. 8 a and 8 h, which is a fragment found in the same church wall. 
 The thickness, however, of the latter stone is greater than the present 
 one. It has also its own inscription ; they therefore evidently belonged 
 to two different crosses, though having no doubt like ornamentations. 
 
 Plate II. Fig. 4 a and 4 h. 
 
 This fragment of a fine cross, probably of Gaut's workmanship, 
 with the central chain cable running down the shaft, is on the church- 
 yard wall of Kirk Michael. 
 
[ 19 ] 
 
 One side is much worn, and the stone has heen cut to fit a curve in 
 the wall, so that the greater part of the inscription has been destroyed, 
 leaving only the words ..." crus : thna : aftir," i. e. *' This cross to" 
 the names having altogether disappeared. The inscription, perhaps on 
 account of the thinness of the stone, was made along one side of the 
 face instead of on the edge of the cross. The knot-work on either side 
 of the shaft (Fig 4 a) is prettily arranged, and well worth notice. The 
 simple twist on the right hand with inserted pellet, is an advance on 
 that of Plate II. fig. 3 a. and Plate 1. fig. 1 h. 
 
 The small portion of ornamentation, the T pattern or guilloche, 
 on the inscribed face (fig. 4 h) has its counterpart on the Ballaugh 
 cross, Plate I. fig. 2 b, and forms an edging to one side of the shaft of 
 the cross, and to the base in Plate III. Fig. 9 b. and to one side of the 
 shaft in Plate III. fig. 10 a. 
 
 Plate II. Fig 5. 
 
 This is the fragment (the shaft) of a cross found in the old church 
 of St John the Baptist in Kirk German, when it was pulled down a. d. 
 1 850. It is now erected in the churchyard in the angle between the 
 tower and south porch. 
 
 Only one face is carved, and the head of the cross and part of the 
 inscription is wanting. But the chain cable is finely developed, and 
 must have formed a prominent feature in the cross, in fact it seems to 
 have been the only ornament upon it. 
 
 The inscription is along the edge, but the letters are much weather- 
 worn, and though the cutting has been deep, I do not feel certain about 
 the first word, the letters r and u being so much alike ; it seems, how- 
 ever, to have been, " inosruir : raist : runar : thenr : aftir . . ." i. e. 
 " Inosruir carved these runes to,' &c. Inosruir would seem to have 
 been the workman who made the cross, but I by no means feel sure of 
 the reading of this name. 
 
 Plate II. Fig. 6. 
 
 This fragment is in the Museum at Distington. The ornament 
 appears to be of the same character as that on figs. 19, Plate VII. infra. 
 
[ 20 ] 
 
 Plate II. Fig. 7. 
 
 This fragment was found in a corner of the churchyard of Jurby by 
 the Italian whom I employed to make the casts. The other side was too 
 much effaced to afford any figure, if it ever was carved ; no inscription 
 is legible on it. 
 
 The ornamentation of the shaft is the same in idea as that of fig. 3 cr, 
 but the reverse portions of the long ribbons are pelletted. 
 
 A stag, boar, and portion of a female figure, appear on the right 
 hand of the shaft ; on the left, a warrior kilted or clad in a buttoned 
 coat of mail, and bearing a very singular instrument on his dexter 
 shoulder, to which appears suspended a smaller figure, as of one whom 
 he had slain. Above we have a larger fragment of a female figure, 
 bearing in her hand a three-pronged fork. The execution of these 
 figures is of the rudest description. 
 
 Plate II. Figs. 8 a, Sb, and 8 c. 
 
 This fragment is at present in the Vestry of Kirk Michael, having 
 been removed from the wall of the churchyard. It has evidently been 
 touched up, but not so as to alter the pattern, which is such as to show 
 that the fragment belonged to one of the more highly-wrought crosses. 
 The pattern of figure 8 ^ is the same as in Plate II. fig. 3 a. The knot- 
 work, in the left-hand corner at the top, which is a piece of pelletted 
 ribbon, has very much of the look of one of the monstrous fishes or 
 dragons of the Braddan cross, Plate VIII. fig. 22 a, &c. I shall have 
 to refer to this fact hereafter. The other corner is occupied by a kilted 
 figure, who seems to be ascending towards a piece of cloud overhead. 
 
 Referring to the other face of the cross, fig. 8 a, we remark at the 
 intersection of the glory of the cross a full representation of the figure 
 of our Blessed Lord, with outstretched arms, (indicating that " ohlatus 
 est quia ipse voluit") and bearing on his head a nimbus. In the left 
 hand corner we have the favourite cock (the symbol of repentance), 
 and in the right hand is an angel or winged figure, underneath which 
 we have the triquetra, the emblem of the Trinity. This seems to 
 me the only cross in the consideration of which we might at all enter 
 
[ 21 ] 
 
 upon the notion of symbolism in the grotesque figures inscribed, and 
 even here it is of a most doubtful character. 
 
 The only words of the inscription which remain written on the 
 broad edge of the stone are, 
 
 " GRiMS : INS : suARTA ; " i. e. " Grims : the : Black." 
 I fancy this is one of Gaut's productions. 
 
 It has been observed by antiquarians that in the most ancient 
 representations of the Crucifixion the body of our Lord is fully 
 draped, but in the later the body is nude. In the present instance the 
 dress is of an intermediate character, though reaching down very nearly 
 to the feet. This seems in itself an indication of the great antiquity 
 of this fragment, and that it is not later than the eleventh or beginning 
 of the twelfth century. The figures on the Irish crosses are, generally 
 speaking, nearly nude. 
 
 Plate III. Figs. 9 a, 9 b, 9 c. 
 
 This cross stands in the churchyard of Andreas, near the gate. It 
 is in good preservation, but the workmanship is of the roughest kind. 
 The style differs entirely from any of the foregoing. It seems like an 
 attempt by a very inferior workman (perhaps by Sandulf the Black 
 himself) to imitate the patterns of Gaut's crosses. The chain-cable 
 ornament of the shaft of fig. 9 a seems taken from the Ballaugh cross, 
 Plate I. fig. 2, whilst the fragment of cable-and-ring ornament at the 
 base is like the edge of Plate I. fig. 1 b compacted. The knot, however, 
 at the top of the cross, and those on the right hand side (top and bottom) 
 of the shaft of fig. 9 « do not occur elsewhere. Amongst the animals 
 we notice the goat (top of the right hand side), the boar, and one 
 or two horses and sheep. At the base we have the figure of a female, 
 perhaps Arinbjorg, riding on horseback. The junction of the tails of 
 the second and third figures is remarkable. 
 
 In figure 9 3 we have a bad attempt to imitate the interlacing 
 ribbons of the shaft of fig. 13. The animals are drawn with more 
 vigour, and we seem to have on the left hand side of the shaft the 
 fragment of a hunting scene, viz. a man on horseback about to leap 
 over a rock and a hound seizing on a deer. The cow and boar are 
 fairly drawn. The hounds on both sides the shaft appear of the Irish 
 
[ 22 ] 
 
 type, and one has a collar on his neck, as also has the boar, with curly 
 tail. The inscription is very perfect, except the commencement of the 
 first word, respecting which, however, there is little doubt: it runs 
 thus : 
 
 " SAND : ULF : EINS : SUARTI : RAISTI I CRUS I THONA : AFTIR ! ARIN : 
 
 BiAURK : KuiNO : SING :" i.e. " Sandulf the Black erected this cross to 
 his wife Arinbjorg.'' 
 
 The absence of any glory about this cross on either face has before 
 been noted (page 8), perhaps the central circles were intended to re- 
 present the same idea. The age of this cross is hardly earlier than the 
 twelfth century. 
 
 It will be observed that there is a stop or break in the midst of each 
 of the names Sandulf and Arinbjorg. The former part might read as 
 " SANT : OLF : EINS : SUARTI 1 " " Saint Olave the Black." Olave the 
 Black was king of Man in 11 88. 
 
 Plate III. Fig. 10. 
 
 This cross, which has been a very fine one of Gaut's manufacture, 
 is now in a sadly worn and dilapidated condition. It stands on the 
 Green at Kirk Andreas, opposite the Church gates. One face is so 
 completely defaced that nothing can be made of it ; the other has just 
 sufficient ornamentation left to enable us to fill it up by analogy. The 
 general design of the shaft is similar to Plate I. fig. 1 h and the tall 
 cross of Joalf at Kirk Michael, Plate IV. fig. 13 ; but instead of the 
 animals at the side of the latter, the cross is filled on the right hand by 
 the guilloche or waved ribbon of T pattern both before noticed, Plate 
 II. fig. 4 b, and Plate I. fig. 2 b, and on the left by a simple knot-work 
 with rings. 
 
 The inscription is very much defaced, and is almost illegible at the 
 beginning and end. It appears to be, 
 
 " CRUS : THANA : AF : UFAIG : FAUTHUR I SIN '. IN I GAUTR t 
 
 GUTTHi : suNR : BiARNAR I (cuB cuLi ?)" i.e. " A. B. crectcd this cross 
 to Ufaig his father y but Gaut Bjornson made it" &c. 
 
 The last words are very uncertain in reading and rendering, in 
 consequence of the similitude of the runes for r and u. 
 
[ 23 ] 
 
 Plate III. Fig. 1 1 a and 1 1 5. 
 
 This is the fragment of a very beautiful cross, in the garden of the 
 Vicarage at Jurby, which has not hitherto received any notice. It 
 seems of the same age as fig. 9, being also without any circle or glory ; 
 but the execution of it is much more elaborate and the design richer. 
 
 On figure 11 « we have, running down the shaft, a double pair of 
 ribbons, as in fig. 3 a and fig. 7? Plate II., but in this case both ribbons 
 are ornamented, not with pellets but cross-bars, forming lozenges, so as 
 to give the idea of a cable laid upon the surface of the ribbon. The pre- 
 valent character of the ornamentation is that of broad split ribbons. 
 The same is the case on fig. 11^, where the shaft is ornamented with 
 what looks like a development of the right-hand side of fig. 3 a. On 
 the left-hand of the shaft we have the wave-ribbon, or T pattern of fig. 
 4 5, and on the right a beautiful ornament, which I do not remember 
 to have met with elsewhere. The human figures on this cross are pecu- 
 liarly interesting, though, unfortunately, we have only two perfect. On 
 fig. 11 a we have a bearded warrior, in kilt or shirt of mail, with a 
 sword on his left thigh, and in his right-hand a war-trumpet ; on his 
 head is a conical cap, surmounted by a knob or crest, and over his 
 head seems to be flying the symbol of war, Odin's raven. In the oppo- 
 site corner appears a portion of a figure seemingly caught by the leg 
 by an instrument still common in Norway, a thong and ball fastened to 
 the end of a pole. In fig. 1 1 6 we have a female wearing a long tar- 
 tan robe, and with long flowing hair. The style of dress is like that 
 seen in Plate II. fig. 7, where also we have the war-weapon of ball, 
 thong, and pole, and the warrior, clad in a similar coat. It is not 
 improbable that both the crosses were by the same artist. The inscrip- 
 tion on this cross runs up and down the left-hand side of the face, fig. 
 11a. It is imperfect at the beginning, middle, and end, and the letters 
 are somewhat worn, but seem to run thus : — 
 
 " . . . . Ru : SUN : IN : onon : rasti : aft : faithur : br. . . ." 
 
 Perhaps meaning "... Ros'son ; but Onon {erected it) to his fa- 
 ther's brother " 
 
 The fifth word looks more like " raiti" than " rasti ; " if the former, 
 it is a misspelling. 
 
[ 24 ] 
 
 Plate III. Figs. 12 a and 12 6. 
 
 This fragment is in the Distington Museum. I believe it was taken 
 from the wall at Kirk Michael. 
 
 The inscription written along the arms of the cross, on the face, 
 gives us somewhat of the private history of the person to whom it was 
 erected, though his name has disappeared, it is, 
 
 " . . . . R : osciTiL : viLTi : i : trigu : aith : soara : sun." 
 "... Whom Osketel deceived under security of his pledge of peace.'" 
 
 The person would appear to have been slain by an enemy who had 
 been "bound to keep the peace," but who broke his pledge. The 
 Norwegian name Osketel became general in subsequent times, and is 
 connected with the story of the eagle and child, the crest of the Stanley 
 family, who possessed the Isle of Man through so many years. 
 
 Plate IV. Figs. 13 fl, 13 h, 13 c, 13 d. 
 
 This cross, which is the largest but one in the Island, and by far the 
 most perfect, stands in front of the churchyard gates at Kirk Michael. 
 It has frequently been drawn, but very imperfectly. Bishop Wilson 
 refers to it in his history of the Isle of Man, and gives it almost correctly. 
 There is an attempt at the drawing of one side in the " Gentleman's 
 Magazine," and both sides are imperfectly represented in the Archaeo- 
 logical Journal, vol. ii. pages 75 and 76. The stone is so tall (being 
 also mounted on a lofty pedestal) that it was difficult to make out the 
 details ; but by means of the cast which I had made, they have come 
 out pretty distinctly, and present some interesting features. At the 
 head of fig. 13 a we have, filling up the corners, above the circle the 
 triquetra ornamented, below the circle the triquetra plain. This is said 
 to be a characteristic Irish device. It very fi:'equently occurs on the 
 Manx crosses, with great variety of arrangement. 
 
 Thus, on either side of the shaft of this cross, fig. 13 a, we have 
 four triquetras, arranged so as to form crosses and circles. It is seen 
 again, in another form, just above, at the base of the two minor crosses, 
 with circles each of a dififerent pattern. It is disposed also in the knot 
 tying together the two fishes or dragons, at the base of the shaft. 
 
[ 25 ] 
 
 It will be observed, with respect to the spirals on each side of 
 the shaft, that the upper pair consist of single, the lower pair of 
 double ribbons. 
 
 The ornament forming the base or pediment of the cross is, pro- 
 bably, a twisted cable of two large strands, at least it presents much of 
 this appearance in the Braddan monument, Plate VIII. fig. 23, which is 
 not so much worn and is more deeply cut. We have it again, Plate III. 
 fig. 9 b. The animals represented are, on one side, a horse, and a man 
 on horseback ; on the other, two figures, perhaps deer, with dogs on their 
 backs. The dogs have the shape of the Irish hound, and this form is 
 common on the Manx monuments. The large figure at the base of 
 the stone appears to have been intended for a stag. The monstrous 
 fish or dragons are too much worn to determine whether they were 
 covered with scales. 
 
 It is well to note the singular fancy of making a spiral at the point 
 of junction of the legs with the bodies of many of the animals. 
 
 The other face of the cross, fig. 18 6, bears an entirely different 
 character. The head and shaft have the characteristics of Gaut, as 
 seen in Plates I. and II. At the head we have a bird perched on the 
 back of a stag and pursued by a hawk. The figures of the animals on 
 the sides are too much worn to determine for what they were all intended ; 
 one of them has much the appearance of an owl, and one is evidently 
 meant for a man on horseback. 
 
 The edge of the cross, fig. 13 c, is a variation of the ornament in fig. 
 3 a and fig. 7, Plate II., with the terminal of a cock. 
 
 The inscription of the other edge, fig. 13 c?, is very distinct and 
 reads, 
 
 " JUALFR : SUNK : THURULFS '. EINS : RAUTHA : RISTI : CRUS I THONO : 
 
 AFT : FRiTHU : MUTHUR : siNA : " i.e. " Joalf, the son of Thorolfthe Red, 
 erected this cross to his mother Frida.'^ 
 
 Probably the figure of the warrior at the head was intended for 
 Joalf. 
 
 The names Joalf, Thorolf, and Frida, are Norwegian. 
 
[ 26 ] 
 
 Plate V. Fig. 14. 
 
 This cross is the tallest in the Island, being upwards of eight feet in 
 height. It formerly stood at the cross-four-roads between Port St. 
 Mary and Rushen Church, in the parish of Kirk Christ Rushen, but 
 has been removed to a farm yard close by, where it forms one side of a 
 doorway into a cow-shed opposite the inn. There is hardly any orna- 
 ment left on it, what there is seems like that of fig. 15 ; and, like fig. 16, 
 this cross is pierced with four holes, without any appearance of a circle 
 or glory. No inscription can be made out. 
 
 Plate V. Figs. I5a, I5b. 
 
 This cross I found lying on the ground in a corner of the church- 
 yard of Malew, unnoticed and unknown. With the consent of the 
 vicar and churchwardens, I had it removed to the Museum of King 
 William's College, in the same parish. It is much decayed, and in 
 order to make out the tracery, I took casts of the different parts. The 
 stone is a very dark clay-schist, and in it the lines are with much diffi- 
 culty traced. By turning the casts about in the sunlight, after making 
 rubbings, I was enabled to fill up the figures and knot-work in a great 
 measure, though some parts are evidently imperfect. In the general 
 character of the shaft, the cross resembles figures 14 and 16, Plate V. ; 
 but it has representations of animals of a peculiar character, and more 
 closely approaching to those on the Scotch crosses (as, for instance, 
 the most remarkable one at Aberlemno), than any other Manx crosses 
 of which I am aware. I am inclined to affix to it a very early date. 
 
 Plate V. Fig. 16. 
 
 This fine cross was formerly the stile at the west-end of Braddan 
 churchyard. It is now removed and erected near the west-gate. The 
 ornamentation is bold, but simple, and producing a fine effect. Instead 
 of the plain circle on the arms of the cross, we have a circle formed of 
 the cable-and-ring ornament before noticed, Plate III. figs. 9 « and 9^, 
 and Plate II. fig. 4 a. The angles of the arms are pierced through with 
 
[ 27 ] 
 
 four holes, a piece of knot-work in the form of a cross filling up the 
 central space. The shaft of the cross is occupied by an endless ribbon 
 or cable, disposed in two rows, forming a series of knots, having the 
 general appearance of the cable-and-ring ornament; but the perfect 
 ring is only exhibited at one extremity of the pattern. The pattern is 
 common on Scotch and Irish crosses. From its exposed situation the 
 cross has been much worn, and it is only in the cast that the details 
 can be fully made out. The reverse face was ornamented, though not 
 so fully, and the pattern has been all but obliterated. 
 The age of the cross I cannot conjecture. 
 
 Plate VI. Fig. 17. 
 
 This singularly elaborate and peculiar cross stands in the church- 
 yard of Conchan. It is clearly of a different date and artist to any 
 previously noticed. Here the spirals, which have before been observed 
 at the junction of the limbs of the animals in figs. 9 a, 9 b, Plate III., 
 and fig. 13, Plate IV., are more fully elaborated, and approach more 
 closely to the Scotch and Irish patterns, and the crosses of a later date 
 in lona. The monstrous animals on each side of the shaft appear in- 
 tended for cats. The introduction, also, of the gammadion at the base 
 of the cross is worth notice, and seems unique as respects the Manx 
 crosses. 
 
 There are no runes on this cross, and it is doubtful whether it be 
 truly Scandinavian. 
 
 Plate VI. Fig. 18. 
 
 This fragment, of what must have been a very large and fine cross, 
 is in a garden at Kirk Conchan, forming a portion of some rockwork. 
 
 It is clearly by the same hand as the last, and, by analogy, it would 
 be easy to complete the whole cross. The figure, in this instance, re- 
 sembles a dog. There was probably a similar one on the other side of 
 the shaft. The figure-of-eight knotwork running round the head of the 
 cross is peculiarly delicate and ornamental. 
 
[ 28 ] 
 
 Plate VI. Figs 19 o, 19 b. 
 
 This cross stands in Kirk Michael churchyard, to the east of Bishop 
 Wilson's tomb. It is elaborately ornamented on both sides, but without 
 any runes. The tools employed in its fabrication were plainly pointed 
 chisels, the marks of which are still distinctly visible. I have placed it 
 in this plate as resembling in some measure the two last mentioned 
 crosses. It has a very Scotch appearance. The bodies of the animals 
 are extended into the serpentine or dracontine character still more than 
 any previously noticed, though approximating to those on figs. \5 a and 
 15 i, Plate V. The interlacing of the ribbons in the head of the 
 cross is similar to that on the crosses of Gaut's workmanship ; but 
 there are several blunders which indicate that this was made by an 
 inferior hand, as a copy in design from some previously existing model. 
 It may be observed here, that the Manx crosses in general exhibit less 
 care in the terminations of the knot work than is the case in Scotch and 
 Irish examples. This is seen particularly in the next figure. 
 
 Plate VII. Fig. 20. 
 
 This cross stands on a bank at Kirk Lonan old churchyard ; on 
 account of its great size and the circumstance of its face sloping under- 
 most, I was not able to get a cast of it. The figure is therefore a 
 restoration of the entire pattern from drawings, and is more perfect 
 and regular than the original: but the design is preserved, and is 
 remarkably beautiful in character. Excepting in the absence of any 
 figures of animals, it is closely allied to the following cross. 
 
 Plate VII. Fig. 21. 
 
 This cross stands at the south door of Braddan Church. It has 
 often been drawn, but the knotwork very imperfectly. The intended 
 circle is much distorted, and the four spaces at the comers, including 
 the grotesque animals, are very irregular in size. Both it and the last 
 mentioned cross may be by the same hand as the two Conchan crosses, 
 figs. 17 and 18, above described. 
 
[ 29 ] 
 
 Plate VIII. Figs. 22 a, 22 b, 22 c, 22 d. 
 
 This cross, apparently of the blue clay stone from Spanish Head, is 
 the most elegant in form of any on the Island. Professor Miinch 
 thinks it of the twelfth or beginning of the thirteenth century. It 
 stands in the centre of Braddan churchyard, and has often, though not 
 perfectly, been drawn. The shaft has been broken in two, and one 
 portion of the head knocked off; but in the cast and drawing I have 
 restored it, as there is no question at all about the ornament, it being 
 a simple continuation of the guilloche on the rim of the circle. The 
 head is pierced through with four holes, separating the arms, which 
 gives a very light and elegant appearance to it. It is also occupied by 
 two pairs of intersecting ribbons without rings. On one face the lower 
 limb is terminated by the triquetra, but not on the other. 
 
 The lacertine animals (or probably fish), often called dragons, are 
 differently arranged on either face of the shaft of the cross. Some (but 
 not all) of them appear to be furnished with legs and feet. The edge, 
 fig 22 b, is occupied by one snake-like animal, perhaps the sea-serpent, 
 so firmly believed in by the Northmen. It is, however, a very easy 
 development of the pelletted ribbon, as seen in Plate I. fig. 2 b, by 
 merely adding to it a head and tail. By making two or three rows of 
 pellets instead of one, we obtain the appearance of scales, as on the 
 figures at the front and back of the cross. 
 
 The inscription along the edge is very plain. 
 
 " THURLABR I NEAKI : RISTI : CRUS : THONO : AFT : FIAK : SUN : SIN : 
 
 BRUTHUR*: SUN I EABRs," i. 0. " Thorlof Neaki erected this cross to 
 Fiakf his son, brother's son to JahrT 
 
 From the language and spelling of this inscription and that on the 
 next cross, fig. 23 6, I believe both of them to be of the same age and 
 perhaps by the same author as fig. 13, Plate IV., where we have also 
 the lacertine or fish-like monsters, and the peculiar fretted ribbon at 
 the base of fig. 18 a, which occurs on 23 a, 23 c, and 23 d. 
 
[ 30 ] 
 
 Plate VIII. Figs. 23 o, 23 J, 23 c, 23 d. 
 
 This fragment of a cross, similar in character and evidently by the 
 same hand as the last, was formerly built in the church tower of Kirk 
 Braddan, as the lintel to a doorway from the tower into the roof of the 
 nave. A portion of one face (drawn by Kinnebrook) was visible, and 
 on inserting my finger between it and the adjoining lintel, I found 
 there was a Runic inscription along the edge. I mentioned this cir- 
 cumstance at a lecture which I gave in Douglas (which is in the parish 
 of Braddan) in December, 1854, and obtained a promise that the stone 
 should be removed to a more fitting place. This was effected in the 
 autumn of 1855, through the exertions of George Borrow, Esq., author 
 of the " Bible in Spain," &c. It is now placed alongside of the last 
 described monument, in the centre of the churchyard. 
 
 If we examine that face of this fragment which is without the lacer- 
 tine or fish-like animals (fig. 23 c), we shall perceive that there has 
 been lost a third compartment, smaller, no doubt, than the two others ; 
 the probable length, however, of which would be about twelve inches. 
 This, no doubt, was also filled with knotwork. The size of this cross 
 would therefore be very nearly, though not quite, as great as the 
 former, fig. 22. 
 
 The upper of the compartments, fig. 23 c, is filled with a plain 
 ribbon, interwoven with one studded with large lozenge-shaped pellets, 
 giving it the appearance of a twisted cord (similar to that on the edge 
 of this monument, fig. 23 a) inserted in the middle of a flat strap. To 
 preserve, however, in some measure, uniformity in the interlacing, a 
 small portion of the otherwise plain ribbon at the extremities of the 
 compartment is pelletted, and the pelletted ribbon is for a small space 
 left plain. 
 
 In the lower compartment we have two pairs of doubled triquetras^ 
 one pair formed by a plain ribbon, the other by a pelletted one. In 
 figure 23 a (the other face of this fragment) the fish-like monsters are 
 well drawn, and the legs and claws are well developed ; but on none 
 of the animals in this or the other crosses have we the appearance of 
 wings, as has been fancied by some persons. I do not, therefore, think 
 
[ 31 ] 
 
 that the idea of dragons was at all existing in the mind of the artist 
 when he carved these monsters, but that having once pelletted his 
 ribbon, and intertwined it with an unpelletted one, the mere addition 
 of a head, and the appendage also, in two or three cases, of fins or feet, 
 produced readily the monster we have before us entangled in a rope or 
 the meshes of a net. 
 
 Such an idea is not inconsistent with the fanciful monstrosities which 
 the peculiar genius of the Northmen impressed upon the other crosses 
 of the Isle of Man, whether we consider that they borrowed their 
 general notions of ornamentation from Irish or Hiberno-Scottish models, 
 or that they of themselves originated the form and designs of these 
 crosses. 
 
 We have on one edge of this fragment, fig. 23 d, a very fine instance 
 of the fretwork ornament or thick cable of two strands to which I have 
 before alluded. The other edge is occupied by an inscription remark- 
 ably well preserved, as far as it goes. It is this : 
 
 " UTR : RisTi : CRUs : thono : aft : froka : fathur : sin : in thur- 
 BiAUBN : sunr (n n. girthi)," i.e. " Oter erected this cross to Froga 
 his father f but Thorbjorn son of {N N made it).'" 
 
 The words after " Thurbiaurn sunr" are broken off; but the sense 
 seems to require what I have added, and the added words would about 
 fill up the twelve inches which I have pointed out as the probable 
 additional length of the shaft. We have a similar form of expression 
 in the Andreas (Ufeig) cross before described " in Gautr girthi." 
 Hence we adduce that Thorbjorn was the maker of this cross and that 
 of Thorlaf Neaki (Fig. 22), and probably also of the Joalf cross at 
 Ku-k Michael. 
 
 Now, on referring to Manx history, we find that in the year 1093, 
 when Goddard Crovan was expelled the Isle of Man by Magnus Bare- 
 foot, one Other or Ottar was appointed by Magnus to be his Viceroy. 
 The " Chronicon Manniae" states that this Other was slain in an insur- 
 rection of the Manx, a.d. 1098. If we can imagine this Other to be 
 the Oter named on this monument, we have at once the date of these 
 three crosses at the termination of the eleventh century, and this agrees 
 very well with the date assigned by Professors Miinch and Worsaae to 
 
[ 32 ] 
 
 the majority of the Manx crosses, from a consideration of the language 
 and character of the inscription. The name Thorburn (Thorbjbrn) is 
 still common in the Isle of Man. 
 
 Plate IX. Fig. 24 a, 24 b, 24 c, 16 d. 
 
 This cross, which stands at the right hand on entering the gate of 
 the churchyard of Kirk Maughold, is of a character and composition 
 totally different from any others on the Island. 
 
 It is carved on a hard whin stone or metamorphic schist, and yet 
 it has not endured so well as others cut out of a softer material. 
 
 I should be inclined to doubt the Scandinavian origin of this cross 
 were it not for the grouping of the animals in the lower compartment 
 of fig. 24 fif, more especially the figure, faintly made out, of a man on 
 horseback, whose legs nearly touch the ground. The inscribed crosses 
 differ entirely in form from any on the other monuments which we 
 have seen. There is great angularity about the ornaments, amongst 
 which the Z pattern is introduced. The human figures differ entirely 
 from those on the purely Scandinavian monuments. The ornaments 
 on the edges more particularly diverge from the general Manx type. 
 The whole character seems Hyberno-Scottish. There is no inscription. 
 Kirk Maughold was a place of peculiar sanctity and repute. Hence 
 we have greater variety in the monumental remains in and about the 
 churchyard, most of them of a foreign aspect. See Plates XII. and 
 XIII. infra. 
 
 Plate X. Fig. 25 a and 25 3. 
 
 This cross lies on the ground in the midst of Conchan churchyard. 
 
 There is great freedom of style about it, and it is also cut out of a 
 hard metamorphic schist. The knotwork is carved with great boldness, 
 the incision being very deep. The edges of the stone have been left 
 plain. It has no inscription. The lower portion has been broken off. 
 
 Plate X. Figs. 26 a and 26 b. 
 
 This slab is cut in the roughest and most careless manner in clay- 
 schist. It is in a garden at Kirk Conchan. 
 
 The runes are placed most irregularly on both sides of the stone, 
 
[ 33 ] 
 
 running up and down (jSoucrrpo^rjSov), so that it is difficult to make 
 out the order of the words. The maker, however, Thurith, has given 
 us his name. 
 
 The inscriptions, which are badly cut and spelt, and much worn, 
 are the following : 
 
 At the head of fig. 26 a^ very distinct, running upwards, the word 
 " CRu" for " crus," cross. Just below, in the upper limb of the in- 
 scribed cross, written downwards, the runes " Isuchrist," " Jesus 
 Christ." On the left side, at the foot of the inscribed cross, the word 
 " THURITH," the maker's name ; considerably below which, towards the 
 edge, the words " raist : runer," " engraved (or made) the runes.'' 
 
 On the other face of the slab, fig. 26 b, on the left hand side of the 
 shaft, near the edge, running upwards, is, 
 
 "... suNR : raisti : aftir : sun : sina :" i. e. " (NN's) son erected 
 this to his soUy" and then running downwards the name " murkiblu." 
 On the right hand side of the shaft, running upwards, are the words, 
 
 " UGIGAT : asuir : athigrit," 
 and then down again, very faintly, the letters, "am: i." 
 
 The translation of this last paragraph I have not been able to make 
 out, nor do I feel quite sure of the reading of all the letters. I submitted 
 it to the late lamented John Kemble, Esq. and he stated that he could 
 make nothing of it. The stone is decidedly Scandinavian, and the 
 work of a very indifferent country artist. I think it to be older than 
 the three last crosses. 
 
 Plate X. Fig. 27. 
 
 The stone containing the inscription here given is built in the stone- 
 work which blocks up ohe of the arches in the nave of Peel Cathedral. 
 It appears first to have been noticed by the Rev. J. L. Petit, M. A. 
 (See Archaeological Journal, Vol. III. page 58.) I have made ineffec- 
 tual applications to have it removed for examination. The difficulty 
 in the way of its removal is a doubt as to whether the ruined buildings 
 of the cathedral are in the hands of the Ecclesiastical or Civil autho- 
 rities. I trust the difficulty may soon be solved. 
 
 The inscription is not entire, being mutilated at each end and worn 
 in the middle. It seems to read, 
 
 F 
 
[ 34 J 
 
 *'.... US THENSI EFTIR : ASRITHI : KUNU SINA : DUTUR : UT 
 
 RAisT. . . ." i.e. " (A. B. erected this cr)oss to Asrith his wife ; the 
 daughter of Ut(f) (Oter ?). C D (carved the runes)." 
 
 " Kunu" may be a misspelling for " Kuinu," or a later dialect. We 
 have also the variation *' thensi" instead of " thana," " thono," or 
 " thenr." The first two (or three?) letters of " dutur" are imperfect, 
 and they may be either " dot" or " mu," the word then reading " dottur" 
 for "daughter," or "mutur" (muthur) for " mother." As we have 
 the name " Utr" (Oter) in the Braddan fragment, Plate VIII. fig. 23, 
 I conjecture this may be the next name in this inscription. We have 
 only then the word " raist," (carved) remaining legible, which in itself 
 gives us no information. 
 
 Plate XI. Figs. 28 a and 28 b. 
 
 This cross, which stands on the north side of the churchyard gate 
 of Kirk Michael, is in many respects remarkable. 
 
 It is at once seen that it differs in toto from any of the former which 
 have been considered. The work is in pannels, after the Irish type. 
 The figures (as for instance the Harper) are after the same mode. 
 The names in the inscription are all Gaelic. The inscription is written 
 at the hack of the stone, downwards, horizontally, and upwards, and in 
 runes of a peculiar character. The runes and language, in the opinion 
 of Professor Miinch, are of a later date. 
 
 The inscription is all but perfect, though a part of it is now buried 
 in the wall. I read it thus : 
 
 " NIAL : LUMKUN t RAISTI : CRUS : THANA : EFTIR : MAL : MURU : 
 
 FUSTRA : SINA I DOTiR : DUFGALs : KONA : OS : ATHisi : ATI J " i.e. " Niel 
 Lumkun raised this cross to Maelmor his foster-mother, daughter of 
 Dugald the Keen, whom Athisi had {to wife)."" 
 
 Professor Miinch reads the first word Mai and fustra sin ok, for 
 *' FUSTRA SINA;" also, Lufkals, for "dufgals;" and is, for "os;" 
 translating with some hesitation the inscription " Mai Lumkun, and 
 the daughter of Lufkal the Keen, whom Athisi had, raised this cross 
 after Malmor his foster-father." 
 
[ 35 ] 
 
 The inscription is given in a slightly different form in Gibson's 
 Camden, page 1458. 
 
 The beautiful ring of Gaut's cable- work, in the centre of the cross, 
 the disposition also of four triquetras in each corner, forming crosses, 
 as in the Joalf cross, Plate IV. fig. 13, must be noticed. The cable 
 running round the head and down the shaft is terminated at one extre- 
 mity by a snake's head, and at the other by a pointed tail. The human 
 figures on either side appear as holding inverted swords. Reclining on 
 the top of the harp is the figure of a lamb, the long tail of which passes 
 over the head of the harper and hangs down his back. 
 
 Plate XI. Fig. 29. 
 
 I have not been able to meet with the original cross to which this 
 inscription belongs. Casts of the inscription are in possession of Sir 
 H. Dryden, Bart., of Canons Ashby, and in the Museum of the 
 Archaeological Institute, Suffolk Street, Pall Mall, and, I believe, also 
 in the Museum of the Society of the Antiquaries of Scotland, Edin- 
 burgh. It is given in Camden's Britannia, Gibson's edition, p. 1458, 
 and is said (Transactions of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, 
 Vol. II. Part ii., p. 493), to have been built into the wall of the church 
 of Kirk Michael. Professor Worsaae speaks of it (" The Danes and 
 Northmen," &c., page 285), as from Kirk Conchan. It is in the same 
 character and dialect as the last-named inscription (Plate XI. fig. 28 b), 
 and, like it, has the name Leif in it, of a Gaelic form. 
 
 The inscription is tolerably distinct, but the meaning obscure, the 
 beginning and end being wanting. 
 
 TRA : ES : LAIFA : FRUSTRA I GUTHAN *. THAN SON : ILAN .... 
 
 Plate XI. Fig. 30. 
 
 The stone from which this drawing was made is in the possession of 
 Mr. H. Quayle, Esq., Clerk of the Rolls, Castletown. It was found in 
 the ruins of the old chapel on the Isle of Man, and has been very incor- 
 rectly drawn in the Gentleman's Magazine. 
 
 The representation of the crucifixion is remarkable, and of a very 
 
[ 36 ] 
 
 ancient character. The body of our Lord is fully draped. The arms 
 extended (oblatus est quia ipse voluit). The hands and feet pierced. 
 A large brooch of knot-work fastens the robes, which are richly orna- 
 mented at the breast. Above the right arm of the cross, apparently 
 the Divine hand is pointing to the act of crucifixion. On one side we 
 have the Roman soldier, in coat of mail and with a spear; on the 
 other side was probably another, with the reed and sponge. This is 
 very Irish in character. The work was in a large panel. There is 
 no inscription. 
 
 Plate XL Fig. 31. 
 
 In a Treen Chapel at West Nappin, in the parish of Jurby, is a Ru- 
 nic stone, as a lintel over a window. It is ornamented on the edge 
 with the guilloche, and is probably a richly carved stone. I have not 
 yet been able to get it extracted. The figure is a rude sketch of it in 
 its present position, made by my friend the Rev. W. Lloyd Jones. 
 
 Plate XII. Fig. 32. 
 
 This fragment is in the possession of H. R. Oswald, Esq. of 
 Douglas, and is figured in a paper by him in Vol. II. Part II., page 503, 
 Transactions of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland. It is a slab of 
 green stone, exceedingly hard, and was found by Mr. Oswald on a 
 headland, south of Portsoderic, near a small mound of ruins called the 
 Old Chapel, the remains of one of the many Treen chapels of the 
 Island. 
 
 The drawing is made partly from the plate accompanying Mr. Os- 
 wald's paper, and partly from a cast in my possession of the upper por- 
 tion. Mr. Oswald informs me that the lower portion, containing the 
 knot-work and figure on horseback, has been stolen from him. This is 
 peculiarly unfortunate, the knot- work of the plate being evidently very 
 imperfect. It is in character very unlike any of the previously noticed 
 Scandinavian crosses, and I hesitate to class it with them. 
 
[ 37 ] 
 
 Plate XII. Fig. 33. 
 
 This fragment was found by the Italian whom I employed, on a heap 
 of stones near Kirk Maughold churchyard. It is now in the Museum 
 of King William's College. The material is a blue clay-schist. The 
 workmanship is of a very rude character and extremely crooked, as is 
 seen by the figure. The ornamentation is like that of Plate X. fig. 25. 
 It is not inscribed. 
 
 I would observe here that there are several other stones built into 
 houses about Kirk Maughold churchyard which have traces of carving. 
 Some of these stones have been used as steps to a barn, and are too 
 much worn to make out any particulars. 
 
 Plate XII. Fig. 34. 
 
 This small cross, of very rough execution, is near the old church 
 at Kirk Lonan. It is three feet high and one foot ten inches in breadth. 
 
 Plate XII. Fig 35. 
 
 This double-wheel cross lies on the ground in Kirk Maughold church- 
 yard, near the east end of the church. It is of sandstone, seven feet 
 four inches long and two feet four inches wide. 
 
 Plate XII. Fig. 36. 
 
 This cross is erected in the middle of Kirk Maughold churchyard. 
 It is of sandstone. Height, three feet six inches ; breadth, two feet six 
 inches. 
 
 Plate XII. Fig. 37. 
 
 This cross stands on a bank by the road side on the left hand, 
 ascending up from Port le Voillen towards Kirk Maughold church. It 
 was originally in the middle of a field, but was removed to its present 
 locality by the owner some years ago. Some zealous antiquarians have 
 hazarded the conjecture that it points out the extreme limits of sanc- 
 tuary. Height, five feet ; breadth, two feet eight inches. 
 
[ 38 ] 
 
 Plate XIL Fig. 38. 
 This fragment was found last year in a wall near Braddan church 
 by Mr. W. Kneale of Douglas, a zealous Manx antiquarian, and placed 
 in the centre of the churchyard alongside of the beautiful dragon 
 crosses. It is very simple in character and probably not Scandinavian. 
 It is not unlike some of the British crosses of Cornwall. Its height 
 above ground is one foot four inches, width one foot two inches, thick- 
 ness of the stone three inches. 
 
 Plate XII. Fig. 39. 
 
 This very rude cross, carved on a small piece of green-stone, stood 
 in the middle of Braddan churchyard ; but it is now broken in two. 
 When I last saw it, only the lower portion was standing in its socket. 
 
 Plate XIL Fig. 40. 
 
 This cross, broken in pieces, is in a plantation in Glen Roy, in the 
 parish of Maughold. The portions forming the cross and circles are in 
 relief. It is hardly Scandinavian. Its height is four feet, breadth one 
 foot eight inches. 
 
 Plate XII. Fig. 41. 
 
 In a wall opposite the west end of the churchyard of Kirk Bride 
 is a cross, almost in the form of a coffin-lid, cut in a slab of new, red, 
 sandstone, probably found in the boulder clay of the neighbourhood. 
 It differs considerably from any of the others. Its length is four feet, 
 width about one foot four inches. It is not unlikely that in the wall of 
 the old church of Kirk Bride there may be many of the ancient crosses 
 of this locality. I am not, however, aware of any others than the last- 
 named occurring in this parish. 
 
 The old font near the west door of the church of Kirk Maughold, 
 on the outside, is of very ancient character, seemingly Romanesque. 
 It is much to be hoped that it may be restored to its former position 
 within the church. The last age seems to have been one of special 
 desecration in this respect throughout the Island. I know of an in- 
 
I 39 -\ 
 
 stance where one of these old fonts has been converted into a pig- 
 trough. 
 
 Plate XIII. Fig. 42 a, b, c, d. 
 
 At the entrance of the churchyard of Kirk Maughold stands a 
 beautiful pillar cross of the fourteenth century, the four sides of which 
 are represented in this plate. 
 
 From the nature of the stone (red sandstone), it has suffered much 
 more from the weather than many of the more ancient runic monu- 
 ments. 
 
 That its erection was subsequent to the Scottish conquest of the 
 Isle, A.D. 1270, is plain from the occurrence on it of the shield bearing 
 the three legs of Man. The junction of the legs on the shield is much 
 more simple than is the case in representations of them at the present 
 day, and they are turned in a different direction. 
 
 The chalice and book seem to point it out as being the memorial 
 cross of some ecclesiastic, probably represented by the kneeling figure, 
 which has been, by some fanciful authors, declared to be intended for St. 
 Bridget receiving the veil from St. Maughold. The ring and cross, the 
 roses, cinquefoils, and oak-leaves, show that he was a person of some 
 note. The nude figure of our Blessed Lord, on one face of the cross, and 
 the group of the Virgin mother and child on the other, under deeply- 
 recessed and crocketted canopies, have been carved with much force. 
 
 The erection consists of three parts. The basement of three un- 
 equal steps, the slender octagonal shaft, four feet ten inches high, 
 and an entablature three feet high, consisting of two quadrangular 
 blocks of stone. They have been fastened together with iron clamps 
 and lead. 
 
 Plate XIII. Fig. 43. 
 
 I have placed this coffin-lid of a Knight Templar, or military per- 
 sonage, on the same plate with fig. 41, as being probably of the same 
 age with it. 
 
 This is the ci-devant Abbot-stone of Rushen. The fancy of some 
 early writer having evidently converted an imperfect drawing of the 
 
[ 40 ] 
 
 head and shaft of the cross into the representation of a crozier, others, 
 without examination of the original stone, have followed in the same 
 wake, and, from the occurrence of the sword on the same slab, have 
 asserted that it covered the remains of a sword-bishop, that is, a bishop 
 exercising temporal and spiritual authority. It has really nothing upon 
 it necessarily indicating its connection with an ecclesiastic. 
 
 It occurs in the garden of Eushen Abbey. Reginald, Bishop of 
 Man in 1225, Olave Godredson, King of the Isle, 1237, Gospatrick, 
 the Norwegian General, 1240, Magnus, the last king of the Norwe- 
 gian line, 1265, and many other high personages, were buried within 
 the sacred precincts of the Abbey of Rushen. 
 
 OTHER MONUMENTAL REMAINS. 
 
 Though the objects on the following plate do not all come under 
 the head of monumental remains, and are all of them earlier than the 
 Runic monuments chiefly described in this volume, I think it desirable 
 to give a notice of them along with the former, partly because some of 
 them have disappeared from the Island, and partly because the rest 
 have been either imperfectly or not at all described in any previous 
 work. 
 
 Plate XIV. Fig. 44. 
 
 Near the Tynwald hill, on the left hand side of the road leading 
 thence towards Glen Moor, is the Kist Vaen here represented. It was 
 discovered in cutting the road deeper five years ago. I am indebted 
 to the late lamented Professor Ed. Forbes for the drawing made at 
 that time on the spot. There was nothing discovered within the large 
 quadrangular cist excepting a little black mould. The tomb consists 
 of four upright stones with a large cap-stone overhanging, the whole 
 being buried under a mound of earth. The bottom was paved with 
 small pebbles. It is similar to those described as found in Anglesea 
 and the Channel Islands (Archaeological Journal, vol. i. page 142, &c. 
 and vol. iii. page 39, &c.) In the absence of remains we can only con- 
 jecture that it belongs to the aboriginal Pagan period. 
 
[ 41 ] 
 
 Plate XIV. Fig. 45. 
 
 In a field called " Magher y Chiarn," or the " Lord's field," near 
 the Garth in Marown (the central parish of the Island), occur five 
 upright stones of a gneissose rock or metamorphic schist, standing on 
 a platform of blue clay schist. The two tallest stones are inscribed 
 with crosses deeply cut, like the British crosses in Cornwall and Wales. 
 (See Archaeological Journal, vol. ii. page 77, &c. and vol. iv. page 303, 
 &c. and Westwood in the Archaeologia Cambrensis, vol. i. third series.) 
 
 The lengths and breadths of the shaft and arms of the inscribed 
 crosses are fourteen inches by twelve, and twelve inches by nine re- 
 spectively. The length of the platform of the crosses is eight feet six 
 inches, and the breadth four feet. The height of the erect stones from 
 three feet to five feet six inches. The whole pile is known by the 
 natives as St. Patrick's chair, and he is traditionally said to have sat 
 there to bless the people. 
 
 The stones may have been originally set up in a heathen period, 
 and subsequently christianized by the inscription of the two crosses 
 upon them. The inscribed faces of the crosses are towards the west. 
 I am not aware that they have been previously noticed. The valley 
 just below them is called Glen Darragh, or the Vale of Oaks, and on the 
 opposite side of it are the remains of two fine stone circles. 
 
 Plate XIV. Fig. 46. 
 
 On an eminence called Castle Curry or Chorry (Castle Gorrey ?) 
 in Kirk Maughold parish, are the remains of a stone circle described 
 by H. R. Oswald, Esq., of Douglas, in the Transactions of the Society 
 of the Antiquaries of Scotland, Vol. ii. Part 2. It is, however, needless 
 in the present day to point out the errors which were formerly com- 
 mitted in ascribing all such erections to the Druids, and supposing 
 them to have been temples and places of sacrifice. There are a very 
 large number of such remains still upon the Isle of Man, and a very 
 rich harvest amongst them awaits the labours of antiquarians in this 
 locality. 
 
[ 42 ] 
 
 Plate XIV. Fig. 47. 
 On the decline of a hill, in a field by the road side, a mile and a 
 half south of Laxey, towards Douglas, are two stones called the cloven 
 stones, traditionally the burying-place of a Welsh Prince. Towards 
 the close of the last century the remains were in a much more perfect 
 condition, and were sketched by Feltham for his " Tour through the 
 Isle of Man," from which the figure in this Plate is copied. The sketch 
 is a very imperfect one, and the details not readily made out. The 
 locality seems to have been marked by a small circle of stones (of 
 which the cloven stones are the only two now remaining) surrounding 
 a Kist Vaen, or vaulted chamber. It is interesting as giving an evi- 
 dence that stone circles in general surrounded places of sepulture, and 
 had nothing to do with Druidical sacrifices. 
 
 Plate XIV. Fig. 48. 
 
 I have in vain hunted for this stone, of which the drawing is copied 
 from one in the Transactions of the Society of the Antiquaries of Scot- 
 land, Vol. ii. Part 2. In the account there given of it by Mr. Oswald 
 it is said to have been dug up six feet from under ground when the 
 present church was being built, upwards of seventy-five years ago. 
 The stone is a whin stone, rough and in its natural state, the characters 
 strongly marked with some rude instrument. The late Dr. Jamieson 
 remarks upon it in the same volume : 
 
 " It seems evident that n is a combination of av, and — is the con- 
 " traction for vm. Thus I read it as barbarous Latin for avitum 
 " monomentum, signifying the monument or tomb belonging to an- 
 " cestors. The characters seem pretty nearly to resemble the old 
 " Teutonic as given by Astle, Tab. I. page 64. The initial m in * Mo- 
 " nomentum' has the precise form of that of the specimen of Roman 
 " uncials which he gives from a most ancient copy of the four Gospels 
 " preserved in the Harleian Library (vide Tab. XL p. 84). This MS. 
 " is, he says, with great reason asserted to have been written in Italy 
 " above eleven hundred years ago." 
 
 It would be well to compare this writing with that on the early in- 
 
[ 43 ] 
 
 scribed stones in Wales given in the " Archseologia Cambrensis," third 
 series, vol. ii. page 319, &c. 
 
 Plate XIV. Fig. 49. 
 
 On the " bight of the Pollock Rock," as Sacheverell says in his 
 " History of the Isle of Man," at the entrance to the harbour of 
 Douglas, formerly stood a round castellated tower, given in all old 
 maps and views of the Island, and frequently referred to in Insular 
 History. The last age improved it out of the bay. It was destroyed 
 by order of the Insular Legislature, a.d. 1818. The view I have given 
 of it is copied from Feltham's " Tour through the Isle of Man in 1797 
 and 1798." Waldron attributes its erection to the Romans, with his 
 usual rashness. The small tower rising up in the centre of it gives it 
 a peculiarity said to belong to Pictish raths. In an old MS. history of 
 the Isle of Man, written at the close of the Civil War, and now in pos- 
 session of M. Hildesley Quayle, Esq. Castletown, it is thus mentioned : 
 
 " Douglas hath alsoe a most considerable fort strongly built of hard 
 " stone, round in forme, upon which are a mounted tower and 4 pieces 
 " of ordinance. It is commanded by a Constable and Lieut. The 
 *' constable and 2 of the soldiers which are there in continual pay are 
 " bound to lye in this fort every night, and four of the townsmen are 
 " bound to keep watch and ward upon the rampart betwixt the fort 
 " and the towne." 
 
 Plate XIV. Fig. 50. 
 
 In the grounds of Lorn House, the residence of the Lieut. Governor 
 of the Isle of Man, is a Roman altar, which formerly was within the 
 walls of Castle Rushen. But it does not properly belong to the Isle of 
 Man. Bishop Thomas Wilson a hundred years ago hinted that it had 
 been brought to the Island from Cumberland, though he does not say 
 by whom. I have little doubt that it was formerly in possession of the 
 family of the Christians of Milltown near Ramsey and of Unerigg Hall 
 near Maryport, having been originally erected at the Roman Station 
 of Ellenborough on the heights above Maryport. In fact, it is described 
 in Hodgson's History of Northumberland, Ft. 2. vol. iii. p. 240, where 
 the inscription is read : 
 
[ 44 ] 
 
 " JOVI AUGUSTO MARCUS CENSORIUS MARCI FILIUS VOLTINIA (tRIBU) 
 CORNELIANUS CENTURIO LEGIONIS DECIM.^ FRETENSIS PR^EFECTUS CO- 
 HORTIS PRIMi*: HISPANORUM IN PROVINCIA NARBONENSE DOMO NEMAN- 
 SENSIS VOTUM SOLVIT LIBENS MERITO." 
 
 Horsley also, in his " Britannia Romana," gives the same reading. 
 I am indebted to the laborious and accurate investigator of the course 
 of the Roman Wall, John Collingwood Bruce, Esq., of Newcastle-upon- 
 Tyne, for directing my attention to the above authors, by which the 
 question as to whence this altar came is completely set at rest. It will 
 be seen that the stone is considerably worn in one or two places, which 
 renders the above reading rather uncertain. The number and name of 
 the cohort, more especially, is mere matter of conjecture, and must be 
 so until we can determine accurately the legions and cohorts which 
 may at any time have been established in the neighbourhood of Ellen- 
 borough. 
 
 There is a notice of this altar in the Transactions of the Society of 
 the Antiquaries of Scotland, vol. ii. part 2. page 499, which does not 
 throw much additional light on the subject. 
 
 An examination of a cast and several rubbings from the stone, leads 
 me to suggest the following reading : 
 
 lOVI AVG 
 
 MCENSORIVS 
 
 MFLIVOLTINIA 
 
 CORNELIANVSLEG 
 
 TRETENSISPRAE 
 
 FECTVSCOHTUN 
 
 SISEXPROVINCIA 
 
 NARBONDOMO 
 
 NEMAVSVMSLM 
 
 i.e. Jovi Augusto Marcus Censorius Marci Jilius Voltinia {e tribu) 
 Cornelianus legionis Tret ens is prcefectus cohortis Tungrensis ex pro- 
 vincia Narhonensi domo Nemaus votum solvit libens merito. 
 
LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS. 
 
 Adamson, L. A. Esq. Seneschal, Douglas 
 
 Allen, W. A. Esq. Preston, 2 copies 
 
 Ansted, D. T. Esq. M.A. F.R.S. Manchester Street, London 
 
 Antiquarian Society, Newcastle-on-Tyne 
 
 Antiquarian Society of Scotland 
 
 Archaeological Institute of Great Britain 
 
 Archaeological and Historic Society, Chester 
 
 Architectural Society, Lincoln Diocesan 
 
 Asaph (St.), the Right Rev. the Lord Bishop of, the Palace, St. Asaph 
 
 Atkinson, Thos. L. Esq. Camden Road Villas, London 
 
 Babington, C. C. Esq. M. A. St John's College, Cambridge 
 
 Bacon, Major C. Seafield, Isle of Man, 2 copies 
 
 Bagnall, J. N. Esq. Charlemont Hall, West Bromwich 
 
 Bateman, Thos. Esq. Youlgrave 
 
 Bath and Wells, the Right Hon. and Right Rev. the Lord Bishop of, the 
 
 Palace, Wells 
 Beley, George, Esq. Primrose Cottage, Bootle 
 Blackburn, Rev. John, Prebendary, Yarmouth, Isle of Wight 
 Brash, R. Esq. Cork 
 
 Brooke, Miss Annie, Villa Marina, Douglas 
 Brown, Rev. Abner, M.A. Gretton Vicarage, Uppingham 
 Brown, Rev. T. E., M.A. Fellow of Oriel College, Oxford, and Vice-Principal 
 
 of King WiUiam's College, Isle of Man 
 Burman, James, Esq. F.R.S. A. Ballasalla 
 Butterton, the Rev. G. Ash, D.D. Settle 
 
 Caley, James A. Esq. C.E., F.G. S. Peradenia, Ceylon 
 
 Caley, Rev. R. L., M. A. Precentor of Bristol Cathedral 
 
 Campbell, Mrs., 50, Moray Place, Edinburgh 
 
 Carey, Captain C. Beach House, Castletown 
 
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 Christian, W. W. Esq. Water Bailiff, Ramsey 
 
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 Collinson, Alfred, Esq. M.D. Oxford Terrace, Hyde Park 
 
 Collinson, Henry, Esq. Shepperton 
 
 Cooke, Mr. H. F. Byrom Street, Liverpool 
 
 Cooper, R. S. Esq. High Street, Bilston 
 
 CrelHn, J. F. Esq. H.K. Orrysdale, Isle of Man 
 
 Gumming, Rev. Professor, North Runcton, 3 copies 
 
Cunninghame, Patrick T. Esq. H.K. Castletown 
 Curphey, Rev. William, B.A. Dorrington, 2 copies 
 
 Dainty, Rev. Prebendary, Lichfield 
 
 Davis, J. E. Esq. C.E. Shelton, Staffordshire 
 
 Day, General, Mountjoy Square, Dublin 
 
 Delamotte, Edward, Esq. Farnborough, Hants 
 
 Dixon, Rev. Robert, D. D. King William's College, Isle of Man 
 
 Dods, Rev. G., D. D. Great Corringham, Lincolnshire 
 
 Drinkwater, Deemster, Kirby, Isle of Man, 2 copies 
 
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 Dunraven, the Right Hon. the Earl, Adare, Ireland 
 
 Dutton, the Misses, Villa Marina, Isle of Man 
 
 Earle, Rev. J., M.A. Oriel College, Oxford 
 
 Ferrier, Rev. E., M.A. Government Chaplain, Castletown 
 
 Finch, Richard, Esq. Wigan, 2 copies 
 
 Floyer, Rev. T. B., M.A. Lichfield 
 
 Fluitt, Mrs. Dee Hills, Chester 
 
 Forbes, Mrs. Malew 
 
 Forbes, Rev. Edward, M.A. Douglas 
 
 Garrett, Thomas, Junior, Esq. Douglas, 2 copies 
 
 Garvey, Rev. R., M.A. Salt-Fleetby, Lincolnshire 
 
 Gawne, Ed. M. Esq. H.K. Kentraugh, 3 copies 
 
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 Gell, James, Esq. High Bailiff, Castletown 
 
 Gelling, Rev. Samuel, Kirk Santon 
 
 Gill, Rev. W. Vicar of Malew 
 
 Gooch, Rev. John H., M.A. Heath, Halifax 
 
 Graham, Rev. J,, M.A. Lichfield 
 
 Gresley, Charles, Esq. The Close, Lichfield 
 
 Gresley, Rev. J. M. Over Seile 
 
 Gurney, Daniel, Esq. F. S. A. North Runcton Hall, Norfolk 
 
 Haigh, Rev. D. H. Erdington 
 
 Hall, Mrs. Douglas 
 
 Hambleton, Rev. Joseph, B.D. London 
 
 Harpur, H. L. Esq. Coton Hall, Nuneaton 
 
 Harrison, Rev. Bowyer, Kirk Maughold 
 
 Harrison, Ridgeway, Esq. Douglas 
 
 Harrison, William, Esq. Rock Mount, Isle of Man 
 
 Harvey, Rev. Gilmour, Bursar and Chaplain of King WiUiam's College 
 
 Henslow, the Rev. Professor, Hitcham 
 
 Hessey, Rev. F., D.C. L. St. Barnabas, Kensington 
 
 Hewitt, Halford W. Esq. Lichfield 
 
 Hewitt, Thomas, Esq. Cork 
 
 Hill, Lord George, Ranselton, Ireland 
 
 Hill, Thomas, Esq. Wood Hall, Stockport 
 
 Hinde, J. H. Esq. Acton House, Newcastle 
 
 Holland, Charles, Esq. M.D. Stowe, Lichfield 
 
Holmes, Rev. A. Patrick, Isle of Man 
 
 Hodson, T. Esq. The Close, Lichfield 
 
 Hope, the Hon. Charles, Lieutenant-Governor, Isle of Man, 2 copies 
 
 Horton, Mrs. Talbot Villas, Rugeley 
 
 Howard, Rev. William, M.A. (H. M. Inspector of Schools) Headingley, Leeds 
 
 Howson, Rev. J. S., M.A. Collegiate Institution, Liverpool 
 
 Hughes, Thos. Esq. Chester 
 
 Jeffcott, J. Esq. Advocate, Castletown 
 Johnson, Mrs. St. John's Street, Lichfield 
 Jones, Rev. H. L. Clifton 
 Jones, Rev. W. L,, B.A. Douglas 
 
 Karran, James Esq. Douglas 
 
 Kelly, Rev. W. Andreas 
 
 Kermode, Rev. W. Ramsey 
 
 Kewley, Rev. J. W., M.A. Calton, Leek 
 
 Kinsey, George W. Esq. Sale Moor, Cheshire 
 
 Laun, Mons. H. Van, King William's College, Isle of Man 
 
 Leigh, Miss, Godwell Hall, Congleton 
 
 Leslie, Rev. R. J., M.A. Bingham, Notts 
 
 Leversage, P. Esq. Middle Temple 
 
 Lichfield, the Right Rev. the Lord Bishop of, Eccleshall 
 
 Lomax, Mr. T. G. Lichfield 
 
 Lonsdale, Rev. Canon, 4, Chester Place, London 
 
 Lucey, William, Esq. Bermondsey 
 
 M'Adam, Robert, Esq. Belfast 
 
 M'Calmont, Robert, Esq. 30, Eaton Square, London 
 
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 Malhahide, Lord Talbot de, Malhahide Castle, Dublin 
 
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 Matthews, Frank, Esq. H.K. Glyn Moore 
 
 Miles, Mrs. R. Bingham, Notts 
 
 Miller, T. W. H. Esq. Architect, 6, New St. Leicester 
 
 Moore, Joseph C. the Venerable Archdeacon, Isle of Man 
 
 Moore, Mrs. Thomas D. Highfield Park, Cheshire 
 
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 Morgan, Charles, Esq. Llanelly 
 
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 Oswald, H. R. Esq. Douglas, Isle of Man 
 
 Peach, Rev. J. J., M.A. Holme Pierrepoint 
 
 Potts, Rev. Robert, M.A. Trinity College, Cambridge 
 
 Prosser, Rev. W., M.A. Franby, near Hessle, 2 copies 
 
Quayle, John, Esq. H. K. Castletown 
 
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 Quirk, Richard, Esq. H. K. Receiver General, Douglas 
 
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 Selby, John D. Esq. 
 
 Selkirk, the Right Hon. the Earl, St. Mary's Isle, 2 copies 
 
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 Steele, Alexander, Esq. A.M. Ph. D. Crescent, Douglas, 2 copies • 
 
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 Wood, William, Esq. Wednesbury 
 
 Worcester, the Right Rev. the Lord Bishop of, 24, Grosvenor Place, London 
 
 York, Philosophical Society of 
 
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