UC-NRLF 
 
 JO 
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rGGESTED ATHLETICS 
 FOR ARMY CAMPS 
 
 A. E. MARRIOTT 
 
SUGGESTED ATHLETICS 
 FOR ARMY CAMPS 
 
 By 
 A. E. MARRIOTT 
 
 Author of "Hand-to -Hand Fighting" 
 
 ASSOCIATION PRESS 
 
 NEW YORK: 347 MADISON AVENUE 
 1918 
 
COPYRIGHT, 1918, BY 
 
 THE INTERNATIONAL COMMITTEE OF 
 
 YOUNG MEN'S CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATIONS 
 
CONTENTS 
 
 I. INTRODUCTION 1 
 
 II. MILITARY BOXING 6 
 
 III. MILITARY ATHLETICS 
 
 SECTION I 20 
 
 SECTION II 40 
 
 IV. SEMAPHORE ATHLETICS 50 
 
 V. ATHLETIC MANEUVERS 61 
 
 VI. MILITARY FOOTBALL 75 
 
 VII. WRESTLING 84 
 
 VIII. MILITARY PUSHBALL . 87 
 
 393019 
 
PREFACE 
 
 This manual was prepared by Mr. Marriott, primar- 
 ily for Y. M. C. A. Athletic Directors in the Army 
 Camps, though the Military Athletic Officers also will 
 find it full of many valuable suggestions. The plans 
 proposed have been worked out in actual experience 
 at Camp Sevier. In a single week at this camp six- 
 teen thousand men were given instruction in hand to 
 hand fighting and in military boxing in three periods. 
 
 The work was so attractive and worth while that the 
 military authorities took an interest in it and requested 
 that it be extended and several of the regiments were 
 detailed to take it. 
 
 The methods proposed by Mr. Marriott are such as 
 to enable the instructors to handle and engage large 
 numbers of men simultaneously and to adapt them to 
 every individual soldier. This is absolutely essential 
 in work for soldiers. The book, therefore, will be 
 found very useful, as it fills a great need. 
 
 GEORGE J. FISHER 
 
 Secretary Physical Work Bureau 
 National War Work Council of 
 Young Men's Christian Associations. 
 
INTRODUCTION 
 
 In the Manual on Physical Training of the United 
 States Army, War Department document No. 436, 
 issued 1914, the following reference to athletics ap- 
 pears (page 309) : 
 
 "The value of Athletic Training in the Service is 
 dependent upon the effect it has upon the mass, and 
 not upon the effect it has upon the individual few. 
 The training in order to meet the "requirements of 
 the Service should have nothing in common with 
 competitive athletics, but should be broad enough 
 in the method of its application to reach out and 
 include the development of every man to the extent 
 of his capabilities in those branches of athletics, the 
 utility of which to the Service is unquestioned. In 
 other words, it should have an applicable value, be 
 educational, and not spectacular ; for it is the ability 
 of the average of the mass that determines the effi- 
 ciency of the fighting machine. Consequently, it 
 should be the aim of the instructors to place this 
 phase of the training of the men upon precisely the 
 same plane as that of other portions of the soldier's 
 education." 
 
 1 
 
2 f , - ATHLETICS FOR ARMY CAMPS 
 
 The Manual on Physical Training of the United 
 States Army, from which the preceding paragraph 
 is quoted, was issued by order of the Secretary of 
 War under the signature of Leonard Wood, Major- 
 Gen. Chief of Staff. The Manual was prepared by 
 Col. F. W. Sladen, Major H. J. Koehler, and Lieut. 
 Philip Mathews. It is very evident that the military 
 experts who prepared the Manual were familiar 
 with the needs of the soldier. They were also, no 
 doubt, familiar with the system of individual com- 
 petitive athletics in vogue in this country. The 
 paragraph clearly indicates that the individual com- 
 petitive athletics in which most of us have been 
 trained and educated will not fill the need of an 
 army, because of its specialized and individual char- 
 acter. 
 
 Athletics to be effective as a training agency in 
 the army must reach every man in the Service, for 
 the ability of the average of the mass determines 
 the efficiency of the fighting machine. To find a 
 place in the army, athletics of the type now in 
 vogue must don a new suit of clothes. It must put 
 on the regulation uniform or remain a civilian 
 agency. The type of athletics that cannot be re- 
 modeled to meet military needs should be elim- 
 inated. 
 
INTRODUCTION 3 
 
 We pride ourselves on being a nation great in 
 athletics. We are great in a sense because of our 
 performances in specialized individual athletics. 
 Our runners can make better time, we can jump and 
 vault greater distances than many other nations; 
 but have we given our millions of men in America 
 an athletic training? Far from it. We have about 
 one per cent of the population that we can place 
 in the athletic class. A survey at Camp Sevier 
 shows less than two per cent of the men in the 
 division who have ever had a boxing glove on their 
 hands before entering the army. Men who have 
 had instruction in wrestling are very few ; about 
 four per cent have had some athletic training in 
 basket ball and track and field athletics. The base- 
 ball percentage runs a little higher ; but the experi- 
 ence and training have been of the back lot variety 
 in their boyhood days. Very few have continued in 
 athletic work beyond the sixteenth year. 
 
 Conditions are not much better in the other 
 camps. One camp may average a little higher, and 
 another a little lower, but the general average will 
 not go much above Camp Sevier. Our athletic sys- 
 tem in America has been built upon an individual 
 basis. Our athletics, games, and contests are for 
 small groups of men. Few games will permit more 
 
4 ATHLETICS FOR ARMY CAMPS 
 
 than eleven men on a team. With such a system 
 it can be readily seen that an army of millions of 
 men can never be effectively trained. I do not want 
 to be misunderstood in my statement regarding the 
 athletics now in vogue. They are excellent as a 
 recreative agency in connection with military train- 
 ing; but their present form makes it impossible for 
 all of the men to participate. What the army needs 
 is a system of athletics that can be used as a military 
 training agency apart from the recreative work. 
 
 It is, therefore, very evident that an entirely new 
 system of athletics must be developed. Individual 
 and special types of work that we now have which 
 will lend themselves to modification to meet the 
 military requirements will find a place in this new 
 military system. Those that will not must be 
 placed in the Military Recreation class, for soldiers 
 to enjoy themselves with in their off hours. This 
 type of work will play an important part with the 
 men in the army, but such work will reach only a 
 small percentage and will not fill the military need 
 at the present time. 
 
 At Camp Sevier we have kept in mind the state- 
 ments of our military men as to their needs. Early 
 in August, 1917, a policy was decided upon. We 
 recognized the need of educational mass work for 
 
INTRODUCTION 5 
 
 a division of 30,000 men. We have been climbing 
 steadily and have reached the. point where we be- 
 lieve we have the basis upon which a satisfactory 
 system of military athletics can be built. It is not 
 complete, but has proven itself so effective that our 
 .military men at Camp Sevier are enthusiastic about 
 its results and possibilities. We will continue to 
 develop along these lines, and hope in the near 
 future to have a complete system of work that will 
 meet the needs of every branch of the Service. 
 
II 
 
 MILITARY BOXING 
 
 It is very evident from the statements of our 
 military authorities that personal combative train- 
 ing will aid greatly in the development of qualities 
 that are essential in bayonet fighting. 
 
 One prominent authority states that the "hand-to- 
 hand" fighting introduced into the British system of 
 bayonet fighting adds greatly to the system as a 
 whole. A knowledge of hand-to-hand fighting (in- 
 fighting) has become an integral part of the training 
 given the soldiers before they go to the front. 
 
 In an article on "Bayonet Fighting and Physical 
 Training" in The Infantry Journal, August, 1917, 
 Major Percy Hobbs of the Canadian forces writes : 
 "After a bayonet attack, in nine cases out of ten, 
 trench or open warfare, the men grapple. The man 
 who has never been there before doesn't know what 
 to do. He has been shown shortening arms, and 
 jabbing and dropping his weapon and disarming the 
 other fellow and a lot of counters and trips and 
 tricks. Well, your average trained men tie them- 
 
 6 
 
MILITARY BOXING * 7 
 
 selves in a knot and roll about on the ground and 
 forget everything." 
 
 There appeared in a newspaper article under the 
 head of Amsterdam, Jan. 21st, 1918, the following: 
 "The German General Von Stein, speaking of the 
 war situation, said : 'The moving and decisive 
 power is the individual man/ He declared that the 
 Germans are not afraid of the wonders of technical 
 science, but of the individual soldier." 
 
 The individual soldier is playing an increasingly 
 large part as the great war progresses. We have 
 the various branches of the service necessary in 
 modern warfare, all doing their share in determining 
 the final outcome ; but the final result of all engage- 
 ments in the last few years of the war seems to 
 have rested with the Sammy who goes over the 
 top. It is the individual soldier who determines 
 the final result. 
 
 One of the activities in which Sammy engages 
 at times in his travels over the top is "hand-to- 
 hand" encounter. He oftentimes has a set-to in 
 which his hands, feet, and even teeth, play an im- 
 portant part. Such encounters happen when he 
 loses his head and drops his weapon to take a shot 
 at Fritz in the old fashion rough-and-tumble fight. 
 Such encounters continue as a rule until a fellow- 
 soldier happens along and sticks a bayonet through 
 
8 ATHLETICS FOR ARMY CAMPS 
 
 one or the other, according to the side he belongs to. 
 
 To round out Sammy to meet such emergencies, 
 athletics of various types are fast coming to the 
 front. One of the activities that is receiving con- 
 siderable attention in our training camps is boxing, 
 not of the pugilistic type, but rather a system that 
 is fast shaping into a class by itself. There is a 
 similarity between the leads and footwork in boxing 
 to the leads, thrusts, parries, etc., in bayonet fight- 
 ing. The boxing instruction aids materially in 
 bayonet-fighting efficiency. 
 
 It is a great help in developing footwork, parries, 
 thrusts, etc. That fact has been recognized. Most 
 of us have been quite satisfied with this relation 
 and outlined our work with this as a basis upon 
 which to build a military system of boxing. Have 
 we placed the emphasis correctly? In stopping 
 here, are we not overlooking its most valuable 
 point? If the statements of our military experts 
 are carefully analyzed, you will notice that they 
 find no fault with Sammy's footwork, his parries 
 and thrusts upon the battlefield ; but they do find 
 that after all his training and expertness with the 
 bayonet, he loses his head, drops his gun at times, 
 and closes with the enemy in the primitive style 
 of settling the argument with his fists. The need 
 of fighting generalship and headwork stands out 
 
MILITARY BOXING 9 
 
 clearly above all others. We are far below the 
 real significance of boxing, when we relate it to the 
 footwork, parries, and thrusts alone. 
 
 Now, why this hand-to-hand encounter, when the 
 bayonet is a more satisfactory means of disposing 
 of the enemy? The reason is easily explained. This 
 fellow who jumps at the enemy with his hands con- 
 trary to orders is minus the training in fighting 
 generalship and experience. If he happens over the 
 top often enough he will no doubt settle down, size 
 up the enemy, and hold to his bayonet until it is 
 to his advantage to drop it. He may live long 
 enough to get his fighting experience and general- 
 ship by going over the top, but experience in gen- 
 eralship by going over the top is rather dangerous 
 and costly. Personally, I would rather take my 
 fighting generalship and head training with the 
 boxing gloves. 
 
 The mental attitude of men in a killing fight is 
 not stimulated or modified by the kind of weapon 
 used. Fighting is fighting; it makes no difference 
 what kind of weapon you have in your hands, the 
 psychic element involved is the same. It is the 
 generalship and spirit that form the deciding factor 
 in the contest between individuals or armies. If 
 you know how to fight you will be a hard nut to 
 crack with fists, knives, guns, swords, or bayonets. 
 
10 ATHLETICS FOR ARMY CAMPS 
 
 You are a fighter ; you have generalship ; you have 
 confidence, which is more than half the battle, be- 
 cause you have the bed-rock principles of all fight- 
 ing. You know when to be aggressive and when to 
 be cautious ; you see an opening, and take advan- 
 tage of it ; you know how to think under fire, be- 
 cause you have the faculty of making your brain the 
 most important factor in the encounter. 
 
 Now, you take a rookie, hand him to a bayonet 
 expert, and in a few weeks you have a skilled sol- 
 dier with this particular weapon. He is a bayonet 
 expert. Now add to this an intensive course of 
 fighting experience and generalship with the boxing 
 gloves, and you have a fighter, as well as a bayonet 
 expert. To defeat him you must have the same 
 stuff he has, and some more. He can hand an 
 opponent a whole lot of extra training and soldierly 
 efficiency and beat him. He will never lose in a 
 bayonet or hand-to-hand encounter, unless, per- 
 chance, his opponent be by far his superior. 
 
 Bear in mind the conditions under which the final 
 result of a battle is obtained ; take into consider- 
 ation the statements of our military men as to the 
 behavior of the soldier on the battlefield after a 
 bayonet attack ; weigh well the fighting generalship 
 that governs all personal encounter ; consider that 
 millions of inexperienced men must be taught in a 
 
MILITARY BOXING 11 
 
 short period of time ; keep in mind the military dis- 
 cipline and principles then you are ready to outline 
 a system of military boxing that will be an effective 
 agency in training soldiers. 
 
 We have outlined a system of military boxing to 
 fill the need as we see it. We have a system of 
 fighting generalship in which boxing gloves are 
 used, if I may express it that way, in outlining the 
 course. Military methods have been used ; the mili- 
 tary training is intensive, the boxing is intensive ; 
 military methods, discipline, and formations must 
 not be violated. The work is elementary, contain- 
 ing only the fundamental principles of scientific 
 boxing. The object is to get the gloves on the 
 pupil as soon, and as often, as possible ; to give him 
 the actual fighting experience. 
 
 We have outlined a course that experience may 
 help us to improve; but to date it is giving satis- 
 factory and gratifying results. 
 
 MILITARY BOXING INSTRUCTION 
 TECHNIQUE OF COMPANY INSTRUCTION 
 
 The instructor should have four assistants de- 
 tailed for each company. 
 
12 ATHLETICS FOR ARMY CAMPS 
 
 The assistants will put on and remove gloves 
 from No. 2 in front rank upon command of the 
 instructor. They will aid in boxing instruction 
 when needed. 
 
 The front rank will stack gloves on a straight 
 line in sets at a distance of 2 ft., in boxing square 
 formation. 
 
 Platoons will assume a position of attention on a 
 straight line with the gloves, at a distance of two 
 feet, forming a square, the front rank on the inside, 
 the rear rank on the outside square. 
 
 Upon command, "Take gloves," the men in the 
 front rank will step forward upon the left foot, and 
 take up gloves from the ground in front of them. 
 The front rank will about face, adjust the gloves 
 upon the men in the rear rank. Then Nos. 2 and 4 
 in the front rank will place gloves on Nos. 1 and 3 
 in the front rank. No. 2 will then adjust gloves 
 upon No. 4. The assistants will then, adjust gloves 
 upon No. 2. 
 
 Upon command, "Take intervals," the front rank 
 will about face. Platoons will give way to the left 
 and right, assuming the boxing formation, with in- 
 tervals of 6 ft. distance of 36 in. (In giving way to 
 left and right, ranks raise the arms to side hori- 
 zontal position ; a few inches clearance between 
 finger tips will give the desired interval.) 
 
MILITARY BOXING 13 
 
 Upon command, "Toe guard," the soldier will 
 step forward upon the left foot (12 in. from the toe 
 of the right to the heel of the left foot) and assume 
 boxer's position. 
 
 Upon command, "Action," the officer who is keep- 
 ing time will blow the whistle, which will start the 
 bout. At the end of the time set for the round, the 
 timekeeper will blow the whistle and the bout will 
 end. 
 
 Upon command, "Remove gloves," assistants will 
 remove gloves from No. 2, No. 2 will remove gloves 
 from No. 4, Nos. 2 and 4 will remove gloves from 
 Nos. 1 and 3. Front rank will then remove gloves 
 from rear rank. Tie strings in bow knot and stack 
 gloves upon the ground, upon command. 
 
 Attention. The position the unarmed soldier as- 
 sumes upon the command, "Attention," given by 
 the officer. 
 
 Action. Company ready. Signal to the timer to 
 start the boxing with the whistle. 
 
 Distance. The distance between the front and 
 rear rank from the chest of the man in the front 
 rank to the chest of the man in the rear rank. 
 
 Interval. The distance between men in rank 
 from elbow to elbow. 
 
 Recover. Return to starting position. 
 
14 ATHLETICS FOR ARMY CAMPS 
 
 Remove gloves. The command to remove the 
 boxing gloves. 
 
 Stack gloves. The command given to stack the 
 gloves in sets upon the ground by the front rank. 
 
 Take gloves. The command for the front rank to 
 take the gloves and adjust them on rear rank and on 
 1-3-4 in front rank. 
 
 Points of Attack: 
 
 1. Jaw. 
 
 2. Solar Plexus. 
 
 3. Heart. 
 
 Four blows, of which all others are more or less 
 variations, are the only ones to be taught in com- 
 pany instruction. The soldier that will master them 
 has a firm foundation upon which to become an ex- 
 pert in the art of self-defense. These four blows are : 
 
 1. Left lead for the jaw. 
 
 2. Right lead ior the jaw. 
 
 3. Left lead for the body. 
 
 4. Right lead for the body. 
 
 IMPORTANT POINTS TO OBSERVE: 
 
 1. How to hold the hands. 
 
 2. Never close the eyes. 
 
 3. Keep the chin well down while boxing. 
 
MILITARY BOXING 15 
 
 4. Keep the teeth evenly together. Prevents 
 cutting. 
 
 5. Extreme roughness should be avoided. 
 
 6. The right or guarding arm should not go far 
 from the body. 
 
 7. Hit with palm down and back of knuckles. 
 
 8. Close fists tight just before striking blow. 
 
 9. Do not permit wrist to bend when striking 
 blow. 
 
 10. Position of feet : left foot flat on the ground, 
 right heel off about one inch. 
 
 NOTE : The emphasis placed upon making fighters 
 rather than boxers. The aim is to fit the men for 
 bayonet fighting, to make them aggressive, clear- 
 thinking soldiers under fire. 
 
 (Stress headwork.) 
 
 PERIODS OF INSTRUCTION 
 
 1. Points of attack. 
 
 Ten points to be observed. 
 Commands. 
 
 Demonstration and practice right and left 
 leads to head. 
 
 2. Repeat points of attack. 
 Ten points to be observed. 
 Commands. 
 
16 ATHLETICS FOR ARMY CAMPS 
 
 Demonstration and practice, right and left leads 
 to head right and left leads to body. 
 
 3. Review points of attack. 
 Ten points to be observed. 
 Commands. 
 
 Demonstration and practice four leads. 
 
 4. General review ten minutes. 
 Practice four leads. 
 
 Two rounds of sparring of two minutes each 
 
 with gloves. 
 Only the four leads to be used. Two minutes 
 
 between rounds. 
 
 5. Practice four leads. Ten minutes. 
 
 Three rounds sparring. Only four leads per- 
 mitted. 
 Explain errors as noted in men. 
 
 6. Cover four leads in 10 minutes' practice. 
 Three rounds sparring.. Men should be per- 
 mitted to use only the four fundamental 
 blows. 
 
 7th, 8th, 9th, and 10th periods same as No. 6. 
 
 After the first ten periods, boxing and sparring 
 for aggressiveness, fighting, generalship, etc. The 
 longer the work is continued, the more satisfactory 
 the result. Regular boxing periods should be con- 
 tinued. 
 
MILITARY BOXING 17 
 
 BOXING RULES 
 
 Object 
 
 To develop quickness of eye, hand, and foot, and 
 thereby add to one's efficiency in the use of the bayonet. 
 
 To develop skill and confidence in hand-to-hand 
 encounter, to learn the art of self-defense. 
 
 Scale of Weights 
 Bantam, 115 Ibs. or under 
 Feather, 125 Ibs. or under 
 Light, 135 Ibs. or under 
 Welter, 145 Ibs. or under 
 Middle, 160 Ibs. or under 
 Light-Heavy, 175 Ibs. or under 
 Heavy, over 175 Ibs. 
 
 The boxer should aim to hit and get away rather 
 than to give and take rough-house. The emphasis 
 should be placed upon skill, accuracy, and aggressive- 
 ness, rather than the knock-out. 
 
 The Ring 
 
 The ring shall be 24 feet square, or as near that size 
 as possible. The ring shall be enclosed with two 
 strands of rope, one above the other, forming a square 
 of 24 feet. The top strand of the rope shall not be 
 higher than 4 feet from the floor, the bottom strand 
 about 24 inches. 
 
18 ATHLETICS FOR ARMY CAMPS 
 
 There shall be no obstructions inside the ring. At 
 the sound of the gong, corner chairs shall be instantly 
 removed. 
 
 Gloves 
 
 The gloves shall weigh not less than seven ounces. 
 Should the gloves come off or become damaged in such 
 a manner as to endanger either of the contestants, the 
 referee shall stop the bout until the gloves have been 
 replaced. The bout will then proceed. 
 
 Hitting with the gloved hand only will be permitted. 
 
 Rounds 
 
 The rounds shall be of three minutes' duration, with 
 one minute rest between the rounds. 
 
 Five rounds shall be the duration of bouts. 
 
 No hugging or wrestling will be allowed. The 
 contestants must break away immediately. Both 
 hands must be free upon delivery of a blow in the 
 break-away. 
 
 Down 
 
 A man on one knee shall be considered as down. If 
 struck in this position, he shall be awarded the deci- 
 sion. A man hanging on the ropes in a helpless state 
 shall be considered down. 
 
 If a man falls he must get up unassisted. Ten sec- 
 onds will be allowed him to do so. The opponent shall 
 
MILITARY BOXING 19 
 
 in no way obstruct or interfere with the fallen man 
 in his efforts to regain his feet. When the fallen man 
 is on his feet, the bout will be resumed until three min- 
 utes have expired. 
 
 If one man fails to regain his feet within ten sec- 
 onds, it shall be in the power of the referee to award 
 the decision to the opponent. 
 
 The referee can at any time stop the bout and award 
 a decision, if he believes a man out-classed or in a 
 helpless state. 
 
Ill 
 
 MILITARY ATHLETICS 
 
 SECTION I 
 MASS WORK 
 
 The mass athletics are outlined with a view to 
 making possible the participation of entire com- 
 panies, battalions, or regiments in athletics at one 
 time. All events that will not lend themselves to' 
 modification to meet the military requirements have 
 been discarded and only those in which entire com- 
 panies can participate in relays, games, etc., are 
 used. The events enable men of no experience as 
 well as experts to participate on an equal footing. 
 The utility of the work to the service is very evi- 
 dent. 
 
 COMPANY ROPE HURDLES 
 
 Companies will line up in columns of fours at the 
 starting-mark for the Company Hurdles. Five or 
 more pieces of sash cord 15 feet long will be needed. 
 The hurdles should be placed 5 yards apart. Two 
 men should be detailed to hold each rope. They 
 
 20 
 
MILITARY ATHLETICS 21 
 
 will sit upon the ground, with knees drawn up for 
 a brace, and pull the rope taut, holding it shoulder 
 high. A loop can be made in each end of the rope 
 and a stick inserted; this will permit the men to 
 hold the rope steady. 
 
 Upon the command, "Go/' the first four in the 
 column will run and clear the hurdles. As soon 
 as the first four have cleared the first hurdle, the 
 second four will start, etc., until the entire company 
 have cleared the hurdles. 
 
 This work will afford excellent training for the 
 men in clearing wire entanglements, trenches, etc. 
 
 NOTE : The officer should see that the rope holders 
 do not raise the rope when the men are clearing, as 
 injury to the runners may result. 
 
 SHUTTLE BROAD JUMP 
 
 The number of men on a team is unlimited. 
 Teams will line up single file, facing each other 
 at a distance of 15 feet. The first man of Team A 
 will step forward, place his toes at the starting 
 mark or take-off, and jump. His jump should 
 be marked clearly. The first man of Team B will 
 step out to the place where his opponent jumped, 
 place his toes at the heel mark, and jump back. 
 The second man of Team A will jump from the 
 mark set by the first man on Team B, etc., until 
 
22 ATHLETICS FOR ARMY CAMPS 
 
 all of the men of both teams have jumped. The 
 winner of the jump will be determined by the dis- 
 tance from the starting mark, or take-off, on one 
 side or the other. If the final jump is in front of 
 the take-off, Team A wins; if over the take-off, 
 Team B wins. 
 
 SQUAD BROAD JUMP 
 
 Squads line up single file at the starting mark at 
 intervals of 10 feet. The first man in the file places 
 his toes on the starting mark, or take-off board, and 
 jumps. The judge will mark clearly on the ground 
 the distance jumped. The squad moves up; the 
 second man jumps from the point or mark made 
 by the first man, etc., until the entire squad have 
 jumped. The total distance jumped by the squad 
 is then measured and the squad jumping the farthest 
 wins the event. 
 
 THREE-LEGGED RACE 
 
 The two competitors stand beside each other and 
 strap together the inside legs just above the ankle 
 and above the knee. The competitor on the left 
 places his arm around the back with the hand in 
 the armpit of his teammate. The competitor on the 
 right will place his left arm over this teammate's 
 
MILITARY ATHLETICS . 23 
 
 right hand in armpit. Upon the command, "Go," 
 both men step off together. The men must keep 
 in step, or trip up. A little practice will enable men 
 to become quite expert. 
 
 INDIVIDUAL SACK RACE OR RELAY 
 
 Individual: A strong sack, extending at least to 
 the waist-line, held in place by the hands, must be 
 held at the waist-line and not permitted to drop 
 down around the knees. A coffee or potato sack 
 will answer the purpose. Upon the command, 
 "Go," the competitor will start by a series of short 
 steps, or jumps, as he may desire. The jumps are 
 the more satisfactory method. If the contestant 
 falls, he must arise immediately and continue to 
 the finish line, or be considered out of the race. 
 
 Relay: In running a sack relay race, one sack 
 only will be needed for each team. The teams will 
 line up single file, the first man in the sack holding 
 it to the waist-line. Upon the command, "Go," he 
 will race to the turning point, return to his team, 
 get out of the sack and hand it to the second man 
 on the team, who will get into the sack and cover 
 the distance in the same manner as did the first 
 member of the team. He will hand sack to the 
 third man, etc. 
 
24 ATHLETICS FOR ARMY CAMPS 
 
 CHARIOT RACE 
 
 The company will line up in columns of fours, 
 the columns numbered from 1 to 4 from left to 
 right. No. 1 will take hold of left hand of No. 2 
 with his left, and the left hand of No. 3 with his 
 right. No. 2 will hold the left hand of No. 4 with 
 his right. No. 3 will hold the right hand of No. 4 
 with his right. 
 
 The race can be of any distance, preferably 50 to 
 100 yards. The men must hold hands throughout 
 the entire race. 
 
 In relays, care should be taken to have the run- 
 ning four finish on the left side of the waiting 
 column. As soon as the first four have run over 
 the finish line, the next four will start, and so on 
 until the entire company has run the distance in 
 relays of fours. This event is an ideal company 
 relay. 
 
 TUG O' WAR 
 
 A rope will be needed not less than 60 feet long 
 and \y 2 inches in diameter, without knots or other 
 holdings for the hands. The rope should be marked 
 in the center with adhesive tape or a permanent 
 mark. 
 
MILITARY ATHLETICS 25 
 
 Teams of eight men are preferable for inter- 
 company and inter-regimental competition. Any 
 number of men can pull on a team. The entire 
 company or platoon teams can pull by lengthening 
 the rope. 
 
 A center line should be marked upon the ground 
 with side lines parallel with the center line 6 feet 
 on each side. The men on the teams should take 
 up their positions outside the side lines. Upon 
 command to get ready, teams will take up their 
 positions. The rope should be pulled taut, 'with 
 the center mark of the rope over the center line. 
 At the command, "Go/' both teams pull. The team 
 pulling the center mark of the rope over the 6 foot 
 side line wins the tug. The best two out of three 
 trials decide the winner of the contest. 
 
 CENTIPEDE RACE 
 
 A pole, preferably a green sapling, two inches in 
 diameter and ten feet long, will be required. 
 
 Teams of seven men. Poles can be cut longer 
 and any number of men can make up a team, accord- 
 ing to the length of pole. 
 
 DISTANCE: 50 to 100 yards most popular. 
 
 The team is lined up single file, the pole being 
 carried between the legs of the men. The men 
 
26 ATHLETICS FOR ARMY CAMPS 
 
 grasp the pole with the left hand, placing the right 
 hand upon the shoulder of the man in front. The 
 first man can hold the pole with both hands or be 
 designated to carry a flag in the right hand. 
 
 Upon starting command, the team should step 
 forward upon the left foot. They must keep step 
 or they are liable to trip up. 
 
 SEVIER MILITARY RELAY IN SQUAD OR 
 COMPANY 
 
 Company or squad will line up, march 50 yards, 
 and stack their guns on a straight line the guns 
 to be stacked on the 50-yard mark march back to 
 starting point, and line up single line for a hustle 
 ball race. 
 
 1. The regular hustle ball race will be run 
 through. Upon finishing, men will take hold of 
 hands, run 50 yards, secure their guns, and return 
 to starting position. The company that has its last 
 man over the finish line first wins. 
 
 NOTE : The entire team must be over the line to win. 
 One man, the last one, is the deciding factor in the 
 event. 
 
 (See page 27 for description of Hustle Ball Re- 
 ay.) 
 
MILITARY ATHLETICS 27 
 
 RED CROSS RELAY 
 
 Any distance or number of men on a team. 
 
 Teams will divide into two sections half a squad, 
 platoon, or company, according to the number on 
 a team which will line up single file, facing each 
 other, 50, 75, or 100 yards apart. The first man of 
 each half of the team will hold a Red Cross flag. 
 Upon starting command, the first men will run 
 toward each other, exchange flags, and return to 
 their units, handing the flags to the second runners, 
 who will run the distance, exchange flags, and re- 
 turn, handing flags to third men, etc. The last on 
 the team will run toward each other, meet, join 
 hands and run to the finish line of Section A. 
 
 NOTE : Team should be designated Sections A and B. 
 
 MEDICINE BALL RELAY (Hustle Ball) 
 
 The team will line up company front ; the front 
 rank, upon command, will march off six paces ; halt. 
 The company will then face to left or right ; spread 
 the legs 24 to 30 inches apart. The *first man at 
 the head of the file will place the ball on the ground 
 between his legs. Upon the command, "Go," the 
 balls will be rolled through the legs of the men to 
 the last man on the end of the file. He will pick 
 the ball up, run to the head of the file, spread his legs, 
 
28 ATHLETICS FOR ARMY CAMPS 
 
 and roll the ball through to the man at the end of the 
 file, who will pick it up, run forward to the head of 
 the file, spread his legs, and roll the ball through to the 
 last man, who will run forward. This will continue 
 until the man who started at the head of the file 
 carries the ball forward, making a complete round, 
 each man carrying the ball the length of the file 
 to the head of the line. When the starter returns 
 to the head of the column with the ball the race is 
 finished. The rank finishing first wins the relay. 
 
 NOTE : Teams of any number can play : squad, pla- 
 toon, or company. Three squads make the liveliest re- 
 lay, however. 
 
 PRONE STARTING RELAY RACE 
 
 Any distance or number of men on team. 
 
 The contestants will lie flat on the ground (face 
 do\vn). Upon the starting command, the first man 
 will raise himself up, and run the distance specified ; 
 when he returns the second man will raise himself 
 up and run. The entire team will run the required 
 distance in this manner. A team will be disquali- 
 fied if they raise themselves up before the relay 
 runner crosses the finish line. 
 
 NOTE : A relay starter should be stationed with each 
 team to give the starting commands to each man 
 the runner crosses the finish line. 
 
MILITARY ATHLETICS 29 
 
 CROSS COUNTRY RUN 
 
 Material needed : Enough flags to mark the course 
 properly, three stop watches, starting gun, record 
 blanks and score sheets, pencils, worsted finish line. 
 
 A cross country race can be run over a course from 
 three to seven miles. The distance of the event can be 
 determined by the officers. The course should be over 
 fields, hills, roads, etc., and shallow streams, fences, 
 or like obstructions are not objectionable. 
 
 Before the day set for the race a pathfinder should 
 outline the course, measure, and properly mark it. 
 The course should be marked as follows : A red and 
 white signal flag indicates that the course is straight 
 ahead. A Red Cross flag indicates turn to the left. 
 An American flag indicates turn to the right. The 
 flags should be on stakes about three feet from the 
 ground. 
 
 Scoring 
 
 The team scoring the lowest number of points wins 
 the race. First place will count one point ; second two 
 points ; third three points, etc. ; up to the last man to 
 finish. The number to count in the scoring on a team 
 will be 10 per cent, less than the number entered. If 
 a ten-man team is entered, the first nine men on the 
 team to finish will count against the team they repre- 
 sent. If it is a twenty-man team, the first eighteen 
 
30 ATHLETICS FOR ARMY CAMPS 
 
 men on each team will count. Each team shall have 
 scored against it the first 90 per cent, of its entries 
 to finish. If more than 10 per cent, of the entries fail 
 to finish, the team is out of the race. 
 
 Officials Needed 
 
 One referee, one starter, three to five judges of fin- 
 ish, one clerk of course, three timers, one scorer, and 
 an ample number of marshals to cover the course 
 mounted marshals preferable. 
 
 ARMY MEDLEY RELAY RACE 50 YARDS 
 
 Number of Men on Each Team 36 
 
 The first man will run a 50-yard dash. 
 
 Second two men will run the three-legged race. 
 
 Third three men will run a saddle-seat man-carry 
 race. 
 
 Fourth four men will run the chariot race. 
 
 Fifth five men will run the litter-bearer's race. 
 
 Sixth six men will run the whip snap race. 
 
 Seven seven men will run the centipede race. 
 
 Eighth eight men will run the pole race. 
 
 Diagram of Line-up 
 . 50-yard dash 
 . . Three-Legged Race 
 . . . Saddle Seat Man-Carry 
 
MILITARY ATHLETICS 31 
 
 .... Chariot Race 
 
 Litter Bearer's Race 
 
 Whip Snap Race 
 
 Centipede Race 
 
 Pole Race 
 
 The dots show the line-up of the team ready for the 
 start of the race. 
 
 GUN UP RELAY 
 
 The team will line up company front, march off the 
 specified distance, stacking their guns parallel with the 
 starting line, return to starting position, and line up 
 company front. Upon starting command, the first four 
 in the front rank will run up, get their guns, and re- 
 turn to starting mark, taking care to finish to the left 
 of the team. The first four in the rear rank will 
 start, take up their guns, and return. Upon their re- 
 turn, the second four in the front rank will run, etc. 
 Men must not start until the last man of each four 
 is over the finish line. As the men finish running, they 
 will fall in behind the rear rank of the team at ease. 
 The company having its last man over the finish line 
 first wins the relay. 
 
 NOTE : Team can line up in column or company 
 front. When column of fours line up is used, the guns 
 should be stacked on a line at right angles to the fin- 
 ish line. 
 
32 ATHLETICS FOR ARMY CAMPS 
 
 MILITARY DISPATCH RELAY RACE 
 
 The race can be of any distance and any number of 
 men on a team. Races of this type have been run 
 from New York to Washington, etc. Previous to the 
 day of the race the course should be outlined and 
 clearly marked at the relay changing points along the 
 course. Flags or markings should be placed upon near- 
 by trees, telegraph poles, etc. A typewritten notice 
 should be tacked up near relay points, giving the in- 
 structions to the officials and contestants as to just 
 where the relay points are. The entire course should 
 be covered by the officials of the race before the event, 
 if possible. This will aid greatly in preventing mistakes 
 and confusion during the race. After the course has 
 been outlined, a sketch with a clear description of the 
 course and relay points, start and finish of the race, 
 turns in the road, and conditions of the course at vari- 
 ous points should be made. The captain of each team 
 should be furnished a copy at least thirty minutes be- 
 fore the contestants leave for their relay points. 
 
 Ample time should be given the contestants to reach 
 their relay points. Suitable conveyances should be 
 furnished to distribute the men over the course. The 
 contestants who are to run the 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th, 
 7th, etc., relays should leave in suitable conveyances 
 for their places. The men to run the 2nd relay should 
 be left at that relay point, the 3rd men, at the 3rd 
 
MILITARY ATHLETICS 33 
 
 point, etc., until the entire course has been covered. 
 The conveyances should then take up positions along 
 the course and pick up the contestants as they finish 
 the relays and return them to the starting point. 
 
 In a 25-mile dispatch race, there is a team of twenty- 
 five men, each man running one mile. Races have 
 been run covering as much as a thousand miles, each 
 city furnishing its quota of athletes and marking their 
 section of the course. 
 
 The contestants should be numbered and carry a 
 message or baton, which must be handed to the relay 
 runner at the next changing point. The last man must 
 have the message or baton in his possession at the 
 finish. 
 
 NOTE : Regular relay rules will prevail. 
 
 MAN-CARRY RACE BLINDFOLDED 
 
 This race is similar to the astride the back carry 
 race; but the bearer is blindfolded and the patient, or 
 rider, directs his course. The bearer depends upon 
 the rider or patient to keep him going in the right di- 
 rection. The race can be of any distance. The men 
 line up at the starting line, the bearer on the mark and 
 the patient directly behind him with his hands upon 
 the shoulders of the bearer. Upon the command, 
 "Go," the patient or rider jumps on the bearer's back 
 and the race starts. The regular astride the back carry 
 
34 ATHLETICS FOR ARMY CAMPS 
 
 is used (see page 90 Service Manual for Sanitary 
 Troops United States Army). 
 
 BLIND MAN TOTING RACE 
 
 In this race one of the men is blindfolded and is 
 toted along by the leader on the end of a rope 6 feet 
 long. The men take their places at the starting mark, 
 the leader on the mark and the blindfolded team-mate 
 directly behind him, the full length of the rope. The 
 rope should be held taut, otherwise when the race is 
 started the rope may be pulled from the blindfolded 
 team-mate. Upon the command "Go," both men run, 
 the leader setting the pace. The first team over the 
 line wins the race. The team is not over the line until 
 the blindfolded man has crossed. 
 
 If the blindfolded team-mate loses the rope, the 
 leader must go back and hand him the end of the rope 
 and continue the race. Both men of the team must 
 have hold of the rope at the finish line, or be disquali- 
 fied. 
 
 HOW TO USE THE MEDICINE BALL 
 
 With Squad, Platoon, or Company 
 
 The company will line up company front. The front 
 rank will take four paces forward and about face. 
 Four balls will be started at the head of the company 
 
MILITARY ATHLETICS 35 
 
 to the left. The first man in the front rank starting 
 the balls will throw the ball to No. 1 in the rear rank, 
 who will throw it to No. 2 in the front rank ; No. 2 
 in front rank will throw the ball to No. 3 in rear rank, 
 who will throw to No. 3 front rank, etc. When the 
 first ball reaches No. 4, No. 1 in front rank will start 
 the second ball in the same manner as the first. - The 
 third ball and fourth balls will be put in action in the 
 same manner. When the first ball has reached the end 
 of the line, it will be returned by the rear rank No. 1 ; 
 throw to No. 2 rear rank ; No. 2 to No. 3 ; No. 3 to 4, 
 until it reaches the head of the column, where No. 1 
 rear rank head of the line will start the ball in action 
 over again. 
 
 JDiagram 
 
 ZIGZAG FORMATION 
 
 RETURN 
 
 OVERHEAD FORMATION 
 
 10 Ito3 advance one man 
 20 2 to 4 each throw 
 30 
 40 
 
 TENT PITCHING CONTEST 
 
 The tent pitching contest can be between individuals, 
 squads, platoons, or companies, and must be done ac- 
 
36 ATHLETICS FOR ARMY CAMPS 
 
 cording to military regulations. (See paragraph 792, 
 Infantry Drill Regulations, U. S. Army.) Upon com- 
 mand, "Form For Shelter Tents," the squad, platoon, 
 or companies will take their proper positions. The of- 
 ficer commands the contestants to take intervals. 
 Upon command, "Pitch Tents," the contest starts. The 
 equipment is unslung, tents erected, each man arranges 
 his equipment and the contents of his pack, and stands 
 at attention in front of his own half of the tent on a 
 line with the front guy-rope pin. The first men to fin- 
 ish win the contest, providing their tents pass the in- 
 spection officer. The contest will be awarded to the 
 first men to finish that meet the military requirements. 
 
 TENT STRIKING CONTEST 
 
 The men assume position of attention in front of 
 their own half of the tents on a line with the front guy- 
 rope pin. Upon command, "Strike Tents," the contest 
 starts. The equipment is removed from the tents; 
 tents are lowered; packs are made up, and the men 
 stand at position of attention originally occupied after 
 taking intervals for tent pitching. The first men to fin- 
 ish who pass inspection win the contest. 
 
 Tent pitching and striking contests can be held with 
 the common and wall tents, the conical wall tent, 
 and pyramid tents. 
 
MILITARY ATHLETICS 37 
 
 AMBULANCE RACE 
 
 The ambulances will line up at the starting mark. 
 Upon the command "Go," they will race the specified 
 distance 100, 200, 440 yards, or a half mile. The 
 first over the finish line wins. 
 
 AMBULANCE LOADING RACE 
 
 One litter, two bearers, a patient, and a driver, will 
 make up the crew. The loaded litter with the bearers 
 can be loaded at the start, or the ambulance can race 
 a given distance, load, and return to the starting point. 
 The first over the line wins. (See illustration No. 198, 
 page 96, Service Manual for Sanitary Troops. The 
 position of the ambulance and bearers in loading at 
 the start ; the ambulance at the starting mark. Also 
 204 pages 98 and 99.) 
 
 CARRY TO AMBULANCE RACE 
 
 The litter bearers with loaded litter line up at the 
 starting mark ; the ambulances line up 25 or 50 yards 
 distant. Upon the command, "Go," the litter bearers 
 will lift the litter, run to the ambulance, load the ambu- 
 lance, and then race the specified distance. The first 
 over the line wins. 
 
38 ATHLETICS FOR ARMY CAMPS 
 
 ARMY WAGON RACE 
 
 The army wagons line up at the starting line; any 
 number can enter the race. The horses or mules must 
 not go over the starting mark until the command, "Go," 
 is given. The distance can be for 220 or 440 yards or 
 half-mile, or more, with or without turn. Upon the 
 command "Go," the wagons will make the start. The 
 first one over the finish line wins. Wagons should be 
 lined up at intervals of 25 feet. 
 
 ARMY WAGON LOADING RACE 
 
 This race is similar to the army wagon race. From 
 two to eight men, driver not included, are detailed 
 to each wagon. At the starting point, a given load 
 of barrels, boxes, bricks, or whatever may be available, 
 is stacked. The wagons will line up at the starting 
 mark. Upon the command "Go," the wagon will race 
 to the load at the turning point. The detail of men 
 will jump out, load the wagon with the material 
 stacked for them, swing around, and return to the 
 starting mark. First wagon over the line wins the 
 race. 
 
 ARMY WAGON HITCHING RACE 
 
 The wagons are lined up at the starting mark, mules 
 or horses are unhitched and placed at the rear of the 
 
MILITARY ATHLETICS 39 
 
 wagons. Upon the command, "Go," the drivers will 
 place the mules, hitch them to the wagons, jump to 
 their seats, and race the distance specified. The first 
 over the finish line wins the race. 
 
 ARMY WAGON UNHITCHING RACE 
 
 The wagons line up at the starting mark ; upon the 
 command, "Go," the wagons race off the specified dis- 
 tance, halt, the driver jumps from the seat, unhitches 
 the mules, and rides them back to the starting mark. 
 The first over the line wins the contest. The team 
 is not over the line until both mules or horses have 
 crossed. 
 
 ARMY WAGON UNLOADING RACE 
 
 Similar to army wagon loading race : the load is 
 on the wagons at the start. The wagons will race to 
 the unloading point, discharge their load, and race to 
 the finish line. 
 
 DUMP THE ROOKIE 
 
 A squad of men form a circle and join hands ; in the 
 center of the circle, an Indian club, or a stick of wood 
 2x4x12 inches long, is stood on end. Upon the com- 
 mand, "Go," the squad will try to make one of their 
 number knock over the club or stick with his feet by 
 pulling him on to it. When a member of the squad 
 
40 ATHLETICS FOR ARMY CAMPS 
 
 knocks over the club, he is out of the contest. The 
 seven men remaining continue until they eliminate an- 
 other of their number, etc., until only one remains. He 
 is the winner of the contest. 
 
 SECTION II 
 
 This section is especially fitted for Sanitary 
 Troops. However, all men in the Service should 
 participate in these events. 
 
 This section is the Drill Regulations and Service 
 Manual for Sanitary Troops, of the United States 
 Army, put into athletic form, issued 1917, War De- 
 partment, Document No. 438. 
 
 Illustrations of work will be found in the Manual. 
 
 IN ARMS RACE 
 
 The contestants take up a position at the starting 
 mark. The man representing a wounded soldier lies 
 face down, with his head toward the starting mark; 
 the bearer stands astride his body, facing toward 
 the starting line. Upon the command, "Go," bearer 
 will place his hands under the patient's armpits, lift 
 him to his knees, then, lowering arms over the 
 abdomen, lift him to his feet. Seize the left hand 
 of the patient at the wrist, draw it around the neck, 
 
MILITARY ATHLETICS 41 
 
 slip the right arm around the waist, then pass the 
 left arm under the thighs and lift the patient into 
 the In Arms position. 
 
 Relay can be run with any number of men. As 
 the first bearer starts away from the mark, the 
 second moves up to starting position. As the first 
 bearer crosses the finish line, the second will start 
 off, etc., until the entire team has run the race. 
 
 (For illustration of carry see page 88, Sanitary 
 Troops Manual.) 
 
 ACROSS THE BACK RACE 
 
 The contestants will line up at the starting mark, 
 the man representing a wounded soldier in front 
 with his back to the starting mark, the bearer facing 
 him. Upon the command, "Go," the bearer will 
 seize the left wrist of the patient with his right 
 hand, draw the left arm over his head, and down 
 upon his left shoulder, pass the right arm between 
 the legs of the patient, grasp the right wrist, then 
 with the left hand, grasp the patient's left. This 
 will steady and hold him in position. Run the dis- 
 tance decided upon. The bearer over the finish line 
 first wins the event. 
 
 A relay can be run in this event. The teams can 
 be a squad, platoon, or company. They line up 
 single file, each bearer and patient in the position 
 
42 ATHLETICS FOR ARMY CAMPS 
 
 described above. When the first bearer on the 
 team leaves the mark, the second bearer on the 
 team will move up and get ready to start. As soon 
 as the first runner returns over the finish line, the 
 second will run. The entire team continue in the 
 same manner, until all of the men have run. The 
 team having the last man over the finish line first 
 wins the contest. 
 
 (See carry illustrated on page 89, Sanitary Troops 
 Manual.) 
 
 ASTRIDE THE BACK RACE 
 
 The contestants will take up a position at the 
 starting line, the bearer in front, and the man rep- 
 resenting a wounded soldier in the rear. Upon 
 the command, "Go," the patient will be permitted 
 to jump into position upon the bearer's back. Reg- 
 ulations governing the astride the back carry to 
 govern here. (For these see page 90 of Manual.) 
 
 This event can be run in relay, with any number 
 of men on a team. Line up single file; when the 
 first bearer returns to the starting mark, the second 
 will leave, etc., until the entire team has run the 
 distance. 
 
 (See carry illustrated on page 90, Sanitary Troops 
 Manual.) 
 
MILITARY ATHLETICS 43 
 
 HEAD AND FEET RESCUE RACE 
 
 This event will make a good relay. To run a 
 relay race, the men should be divided off in threes ; 
 any number of men can compete. The teams line 
 up single file, the first three men get ready and 
 start upon command. When they return to the 
 starting mark, the next three men run, etc., until 
 the entire team or company have run the distance. 
 The team having the last bearers over the finish 
 line first wins the relay. 
 
 The three competitors will line up single file at 
 the starting line. The wounded soldier in the cen- 
 ter will lie flat on his back. No. 1, the front bearer, 
 will take a position between the wounded soldier's 
 legs ; No. 2, the rear bearer, at the head, both facing 
 toward the starting line. Upon the command, 
 "Go," the bearers will lift the patient, and run the 
 required distance. The bearers over the finish line 
 first win the race. 
 
 (See carry illustrated on page 91, Sanitary Troops 
 Manual.) 
 
 SQUAD RESCUE RACE 
 
 This is similar to a potato race. 
 A starting line should be drawn upon the ground 
 plainly discernible; a straight line, 28 yards long, 
 
44 ATHLETICS FOR ARMY CAMPS 
 
 should be drawn at right angles to the starting 
 mark with distance marks every 4 yards. 
 
 The squad will take up positions one on the 
 starting mark, and one man at each distance mark 
 (distance of 4 yds.). The seven men at the seven 
 distance marks will lie flat on their backs ; the man 
 at the starting mark remains standing. Upon the 
 command, "Go," the man on the starting mark will 
 run out, pick up one of the squad and return to the 
 starting point. The rescued soldier will then run 
 out and bring in one member of the squad ; the 
 second man rescued will then run out and pick up 
 one of his teammates, until all of the men have 
 been rescued. The team rescuing their men first 
 wins. 
 
 NOTE : The carries must be done in regulation mili- 
 tary fashion. The wounded men must not arise, but 
 must be lifted by the rescuer. A team will be per- 
 mitted to rescue any man first or last. 
 
 The following carries can be used, but must be 
 agreed upon before the race starts. 
 
 (For the across the back carry, see illustration 
 188, page 89, Sanitary Troops Manual.) 
 
 SADDLE SEAT RACE 
 
 The two bearers will make a square seat with 
 their hands by No. 1 grasping right wrist with his 
 
MILITARY ATHLETICS 45 
 
 left hand, No. 2 grasping his right wrist with his 
 left hand, No. 1 then grasping No. 2 by the left 
 wrist with his right hand, and No. 2 grasping No. 1 
 by the right wrist with his right hand. The patient 
 will place both arms around the neck of the bearers, 
 sitting upon the square seat formed by the hands 
 of the bearers. 
 
 Upon the command, "Go," the bearers will run 
 with their patient to the finish line. The first 
 bearers over the line win the race. The patient 
 must not be put down during the race. Bearers 
 will be disqualified if the patient's feet are placed 
 upon the ground between the starting and finish 
 line. 
 
 SHOULDER CARRY LITTER RACE 
 
 The contestant will take up a position at the start- 
 ing line, with the litter at the shoulder canvas held 
 down on the shoulder, the right hand grasping the 
 right stirrup, the left hand at the side. Upon the 
 command, "Go," the contestant will run the dis- 
 tance. The first over the finish line wins the event. 
 
 A relay race can be run in this event with teams 
 of any number of men and one litter. The team will 
 line up single file. Upon the command, "Go," the 
 first man will run and the remaining file will move 
 up to starting mark. Upon return of the first run- 
 
46 ATHLETICS FOR ARMY CAMPS 
 
 ner, he will hand the litter to the second man, who 
 will run the distance ; when he returns, the third 
 man will run; and so on until all the men in the 
 team have run and carried the litter the prescribed 
 distance. The team having its last man over the 
 finish line first wins. 
 
 (For the shoulder carry, see illustration 99, page 
 45, Sanitary Troops Manual.) 
 
 STRAPPED LITTER BEARERS' RACE 
 
 The litter bearers will take up a position at the 
 starting mark, the forward litter bearer on the mark, 
 the rear bearer behind him, facing the starting 
 mark. The litter should be closed, securely 
 strapped, and carried in the left hand by the front 
 bearer, and the right hand by the rear bearer. Upon 
 the command, "Go," the bearers will run the speci- 
 fied distance. The bearers crossing the finish line 
 first win the event. The bearers are not over the 
 line until the rear bearer has crossed. 
 
 A relay can be run in this race, with any number 
 of bearers. The team will line up single file, the 
 first bearers starting upon command ; when they re- 
 turn, they hand the litter to the next two bearers, 
 etc., until entire team has carried the litter. 
 
MILITARY ATHLETICS 47 
 
 NOTE: In finishing this race, the running bearers 
 should finish to the left of the waiting team ; the for- 
 ward bearer will go straight over the line, handing 
 his end of the litter to the rear bearer, No. 2, and the 
 rear bearer of the runners handing his end to the for- 
 ward bearer, No. 2. 
 
 OPEN LITTER BEARERS' RACE 
 
 This race is the same as the Strapped Litter 
 Bearers' race, but the litter is carried upon the end 
 of the poles in each hand of bearers. The litter is 
 placed upon the ground and picked up when start- 
 ing command is given. 
 
 (See illustration No. 106, page 50, Sanitary 
 Troops Manual.) 
 
 TWO-BEARER LOADED LITTER RACE 
 
 This race is similar to the Open Litter event, but 
 there is a patient upon the litter. The bearers take 
 their position at the starting mark as in open litter 
 race. 
 
 THREE-BEARER LITTER RACE 
 
 In this race one bearer will carry in the front and 
 two in the rear, one bearer on rear end of each pole. 
 
48 ATHLETICS FOR ARMY CAMPS 
 
 THREE-BEARER LOADED LITTER RACE 
 
 Same as three-bearer race with patient on the 
 litter. 
 
 FOUR-BEARER LITTER RACE 
 
 The squad take up a position at the starting mark 
 with the litter upon the ground ; the forward bearers 
 are on the starting mark, the rear bearers to their 
 rear, facing the starting point. Upon the command, 
 "Go," the squad lift the litter, one on each end of 
 the poles, and run the specified distance. 
 
 FOUR-BEARER LOADED LITTER RACE 
 
 This race is the same as the four-bearer litter 
 race, with a patient upon the litter. 
 
 (See illustration 164, page 72, Sanitary Troops 
 Manual.) 
 
 TWO-BEARER LOADED LITTER OBSTACLE 
 RACE 
 
 This race is similar to the two-bearer litter race 
 and two-bearer loaded litter race. An obstacle 
 three or four feet high is placed half way between 
 the start and finish line. The bearers must lift the 
 litter over the obstacle and climb over it themselves. 
 
 (See illustrations on pages 75 and 76.) 
 
MILITARY ATHLETICS 49 
 
 FOUR-BEARER LOADED LITTER RACE 
 
 Same as two-bearer race in every respect except 
 that there are four bearers, one on each end of the 
 poles, in place of two. 
 
 NOTE: All of the litter bearer races can be made 
 obstacle races, the only change being the going over 
 the obstacle, which must be done in regulation military 
 fashion. 
 
 Various litter-loading methods can be used in all the 
 events, or the bearers can be placed at the starting 
 mark loaded ready to start. This will add variation 
 to the races, which have been pronounced by many 
 of our military men as the finest athletic training yet 
 evolved. 
 
IV 
 
 SEMAPHORE ATHLETICS 
 
 In semaphore athletics we have an entirely new 
 field. Semaphore work will readily lend itself to a 
 type of athletics, the utility of which to the service is 
 unquestioned. It is educational, not spectacular, will 
 reach every man, and can be placed upon the same 
 plane as other portions of the soldier's education. It 
 has an unlimited field of development, and can be 
 made into a system of athletics of special value to the 
 signal corps. 
 
 NOTE To signal officers : The signal officer in all 
 games and races where the men represent a letter in 
 the code, must mark upon a paper or board the order 
 in which he will call the men from their places. He 
 should have an assistant, who will call the letters to 
 him in ample time to permit him to send the signal to 
 the teams at the starting mark. This will prevent con- 
 fusion and the calling of a letter a second time. 
 
 NOTE : Men on the team must not repeat the letters 
 signaled aloud. Each man must read all of the signals 
 given, and run when his is given. Officers should see 
 that this rule is carried out. Then, too, men reading 
 signals aloud may make a mistake and confuse the 
 entire team. 
 
 50 
 
SEMAPHORE ATHLETICS 51 
 
 SEMAPHORE MESSAGE RACE 
 
 In this event the number of men is determined by 
 the length of the message. A man is needed for each 
 letter in the message. For illustration, a message 
 of this type is to be sent: Send Reinforcements, 
 There are eighteen letters in the message. Each man 
 represents a letter. They line up single file, at the 
 starting mark ; upon the command "Go/' the first man 
 runs to the turning point of the relay, picks up the 
 signal flags, and wags his letter to the officer. If cor- 
 rect, he runs back to the mark and the second letter 
 runs, sends his letter, and returns ; then the third man 
 runs out, sends his letter, etc., until the message has 
 been sent and the last man has crossed the finish line. 
 First team to finish wins the event. 
 
 SEMAPHORE CODE RELAY 
 
 Each team will require one set of twenty-six blocks 
 from three to six inches square, with one letter of the 
 alphabet painted upon each. The blocks will be placed 
 in a row, parallel with the starting mark, at a distance 
 of 25 or 50 yards. The signal officer will take up a 
 position where he can be seen by the teams. Teams 
 will line up at the starting mark, single file. The signal 
 officer will signal a letter in the code, and the first man 
 on each team will run to the blocks, pick up the letter 
 designated by the officer, and run back to the starting 
 
52 ATHLETICS FOR ARMY CAMPS 
 
 mark. When he picks up the block, the signal officer 
 will signal the letter that the next runner on the team 
 is to pick up. The second runner will not start until 
 the first man has crossed the mark. He must have 
 the block in his possession. The second man will run 
 out, pick up the letter signaled, and return. The third 
 man will receive his letter and run when the second 
 man returns. This will continue until all of the blocks 
 have been brought in by the team. The first team to 
 finish wins the race. 
 
 NOTE: Signal officer must outline the letters and 
 have them called to him, in order not to repeat. 
 
 SEMAPHORE RELAY 
 
 The Semaphore Relay is run by twenty-six men, 
 each man representing a letter in the semaphore code. 
 The signal officer will take up a position in front of the 
 team at a point where his signals will be clearly dis- 
 cernible by all teams entered in the event, preferably 
 upon an elevated platform. The teams will line up 
 upon the starting mark. The signal officer, following 
 the preparatory command which will be, "Get Ready/' 
 will then signal any letter in the semaphore code. If 
 it be S, the man representing that letter on the team 
 will run the specified distance, which may be 25, 50, 
 75, or 100 yards, preferably 50 yards 25 yards to a 
 turning point and back to the starting mark. When the 
 
SEMAPHORE ATHLETICS 53 
 
 runner makes the turn, the signal officer will indicate 
 the next man on the team to run by signaling a letter ; 
 the man who represents that letter will run the next 
 relay, but must not start until the first runner has 
 returned. This will continue until the signal officer 
 has called each man into the relay by his letter in 
 the code. 
 
 SEMAPHORE SIGNAL RACE 
 
 The Semaphore Signal Race can be run by any num- 
 ber of men. Teams will line up at. the starting mark, 
 single file. A signal officer will be needed for each 
 team in this event ; he will take up a position near the 
 starting mark, where he can see the runner at the 
 turning point. 
 
 Upon the command, "Go," the first men in the teams 
 will run the specified distance, preferably a 50-yard 
 event. At the turning point, 25 yards from the starting 
 mark, the runner will stop, pick up the two signal flags 
 and send five letters designated before the race to the 
 signal officer. If the letters are correct, the officer will 
 indicate by raising a flag, and sharply bringing it down 
 to the side. The runner will then run the remainder 
 of his relay. If the runner makes a mistake in his sig- 
 nals, the officer will signal error, and the runner must 
 go over his signals and get them correct before he 
 can run back to the starting mark. Upon his return 
 
54 ATHLETICS FOR ARMY CAMPS 
 
 to the starting mark, the second man on the team will 
 run the distance, send the signals, and return to the 
 mark, whereupon the third man on the team will run, 
 etc., until all of the team have run and wagged the 
 signals. 
 
 The first team to finish the race wins. The race is 
 not finished until all of the team have given the proper 
 signals and the last man on the team crosses the finish 
 line. 
 
 SEMAPHORE GAMES 
 
 The use of the semaphore signaling in athletics and 
 games opens an entirely new field in which men may 
 be trained in semaphore efficiency. These games will 
 afford recreation, exercise, and practice in the sema- 
 phore work. 
 
 The two-arm semaphore code will be used to signal 
 teams. 
 
 SEMAPHORE RUSH 
 
 The game can be played by any number of indi- 
 viduals or teams, a squad, platoon, company, battalion, 
 etc. Two teams of any number of men are selected. 
 The men are lined up facing each other in the center 
 of the field at a distance of fifteen feet. A safety zone 
 is established 75 feet behind the front line of each 
 team. Each team will have its signals of retreat. When 
 
SEMAPHORE ATHLETICS 55 
 
 the signal of retreat of team A is given, all team A 
 men will run or retreat to their safety zone. Team B 
 will run after them and endeavor to catch the men on 
 Team A, before they reach the safety zone. If any 
 of the team men are captured by the opponent, they are 
 out of the game. Team B has its signals and retreats 
 to the safety zone upon signal, and team A chases the 
 men in. 
 
 Retreat Signals of Team A : 0-2-4-6-8 
 Retreat Signals of Team B : 1-3-5-7-9 
 If No. 2 is signaled, A retreats. Any number or letter 
 in the semaphore code can be signaled, not all of them 
 being retreat signals. The signal officer should try 
 various letters and then signal for one or the other to 
 retreat. Care should be taken not to indicate which 
 one is to retreat before signal is given. 
 
 Diagram of the Field : 
 
 Safety Zone Team A. 
 
 Team A. Line up here. 
 
 No Man's Land. 
 Team B. Line up here. 
 Safety Zone of Team B. 
 
56 ATHLETICS FOR ARMY CAMPS 
 
 RULES OF SEMAPHORE RUSH 
 
 Field 
 
 Two lines, 15 feet apart, should be drawn through 
 the center of the field. The territory between the lines 
 through the center of the field shall be known as No 
 Man's Land. 
 
 A line shall be drawn on each end of the field 75 
 feet from the center lines. The territory between the 
 end or safety lines shall be known as the field of ac- 
 tion. The territory behind the end lines shall be known 
 as the safety zone. 
 
 No Man's Land 
 
 A man crossing over the line into No Man's Land 
 before the signal is given will be considered captured. 
 
 Safety Zone 
 
 A man reaching the safety zone cannot be captured. 
 The end line is the goal of the retreating team. Ad- 
 vancing teams can capture the opponent only in the 
 field of action. 
 
 Capture 
 
 A man is captured when he is touched by the oppo- 
 nent. It will not be necessary to hold or tackle a man 
 to capture him. 
 
 Time 
 
 A set period of time, such as ten to thirty minutes, 
 is optional with the teams, or the game can run until 
 
SEMAPHORE ATHLETICS 57 
 
 all of one side have been captured. When a set per- 
 iod of time is agreed upon, the team capturing the larg- 
 est number of prisoners wins the contest. 
 
 Signals 
 
 Signals for Team A Nos. 0-2-4-6-8. If any of. these 
 numbers are signalled, team A will retreat to the safe- 
 ty zone to avoid capture. Signals for Team B Nos. 
 1-3-5-7-9. If any of these numbers are signaled, Team 
 B will retreat to their safety zone to avoid capture. 
 
 The signal officer will use any letter in the sema- 
 phore code. He will use various letters in the code 
 in addition to the numbers of retreat, in order to keep 
 the men on the alert and to draw men into No Man's 
 Land if they are not awake and are prone to start be- 
 fore the signal is given. 
 
 SEMAPHORE BALL 
 
 Semaphore Ball can be played by any number of 
 men or teams. Twenty-six runners and three bombers 
 make up a single unit team. The number can be 
 doubled, or four or five times the number can enter at 
 one time. For illustration a twenty-six man team will 
 be used, each man representing a letter in the two-arm 
 semaphore signal code. 
 
 A field 75 feet wide will be used, one side being 
 the starting line and the other the safety zone. The 
 
58 ATHLETICS FOR ARMY CAMPS 
 
 team will line up at the starting mark, facing the signal 
 officer and the bombers, the signal officer taking up a 
 position to the rear of the bombers, so that they will 
 not see the signals given. The signal officer will signal 
 any letter in the code. The man whose letter is sig- 
 naled, must run across the field of action to the safety 
 zone on the other side 75 feet distant. As soon as he 
 steps off the starting line the bombers will be permitted 
 to hit him with the balls. The runner will try to reach 
 the safety zone without being hit by the balls thrown 
 at him by the bombers. If the bombers succeed in hit- 
 ting him, he is captured and is out of the game until 
 all of his men have been captured. The game will then 
 start over again if time permits. 
 
 Captured men must run after the balls thrown and 
 return them to the bombers. Each bomber will have 
 only one ball, but all three bombers may take a shot 
 at the runner. 
 
 Basket balls, soft indoor baseballs, or volley balls 
 can be used as ammunition by the bombing squad. 
 
 The game will be found an excellent recreative sport, 
 good exercise, and training in the semaphore code. 
 
 RULES 
 Field 
 
 Two lines should be drawn across the field 75 
 feet apart. A line should be drawn 25 feet from 
 the starting line. This will be known as the 
 
SEMAPHORE ATHLETICS 59 
 
 bombers' foul line. One of the lines should be 
 known as the starting line; the other the safety 
 line or zone. 
 
 Diagram of Field 
 
 Safety Zone or Line. 
 
 X Signal Officer. 
 
 75 ft. Bombers. 
 
 XXX 
 
 Bombers' Foul Line. 
 25 ft. 
 
 Starting Line. Team lines up here. 
 Team 
 
 Safety Zone 
 
 A man reaching the safety zone cannot be cap- 
 tured. If hit after he has crossed the line, he will 
 be given a free shot at the bomber who threw the 
 ball, at distance of 25 feet. The bomber will turn 
 his back to the thrower. 
 
 Capture 
 
 A man is captured when hit with a ball by the 
 bombers. 
 
60 ATHLETICS FOR ARMY CAMPS 
 
 Signals 
 
 Each man will have his own signal, corresponding 
 to the letters in the semaphore core. When this 
 letter is signaled by the signal officer, he will cross 
 the field of action to the safety zone. If he is hit 
 he is captured. 
 
 Prisoners 
 
 Prisoners will run down the balls for the bombers. 
 Prisoners will not go into the field of action after 
 they are captured. They will take up a position 
 designated by bombers at a point outside of the field 
 of action. 
 
 Referee 
 
 A referee should be appointed who will decide 
 when men are hit, enforce rules, etc. 
 
ATHLETIC MANEUVERS 
 
 Athletic maneuvers are athletic games clothed in 
 a regulation uniform. The athletic field of peace 
 times is changed into a battlefield, upon which sol- 
 diers or armies maneuver in the games and contests 
 and play them as a real battle is fought. The sig- 
 nals, formations, advance, and defence are the sig- 
 nals, advance, and defence of armies on the battle- 
 field. The commanding officer and field officers 
 have ample opportunity to out-maneuver their op- 
 ponents and win the victory in much the same 
 manner as they would win or lose a battle. If the 
 opponent succeeds in reaching the objective you are 
 lost or captured. Reinforcing the various units is 
 permissible. The commander can draw men from 
 one team or unit and place them upon another. He 
 is perfectly free to use his forces in any way, pro- 
 viding he observes the rules regarding territory 
 and the handling of the ball. 
 
 This type of work affords opportunity for an en- 
 tire regiment to join in the maneuvers. Any num- 
 ber of balls can be used, with any number of men 
 
 61 . 
 
62 ATHLETICS FOR ARMY CAMPS 
 
 attached to a ball or unit. Each ball has its own 
 lane of operation in which it must travel. All balls 
 are kicked off at one time and the maneuver can 
 last until one or the other army is defeated, or for 
 a given period of time. 
 
 MILITARY SOCCER 
 
 The Objective 
 
 The objective of each force, or team, is the goal 
 at the ends of lanes of operations. The five or more 
 balls are five separate armies, or columns, with the 
 goal posts as their objective. 
 
 The commanding officer of the team, or force, 
 should plan and execute the campaign, which will 
 last for thirty or more minutes, divided into two or 
 more periods. The commander should place his 
 forces in such a manner as to prevent the balls from 
 reaching their objective. He can plan an offensive 
 or defensive scheme. The object is to run up the 
 highest score against the opponent. 
 
 The team will line up in position ready for play. 
 On a given signal from the bugler (see bugle code) 
 the five or more balls are kicked off from the center 
 line in the direction of the opponent's goal 
 line by the team that won the toss. The balls must 
 be kept in their own lanes of operation ; if a ball is 
 
ATHLETIC MANEUVERS 63 
 
 kicked out of bounds it will be put in play at the 
 point where it left the lane, by a player on the oppo- 
 site side from the one who kicked it out. Team 
 work, combination plays, maneuvers, etc., are left to 
 the commanding officer to work out and execute. 
 He plans and directs his attack or defense according 
 to military principles. The commander may use 
 his forces in any manner that he may desire, so long 
 as he does not violate any of the rules governing 
 the contest. 
 
 The commanding officer is a non-competing 
 player, he directs the play from the side lines. He 
 will have a signal officer, who will signal his orders 
 to the field officers, directing them to shift their po- 
 sition, send reinforcements, etc., to various points. 
 He will be permitted to reinforce units by drawing 
 men from other units. 
 
 One field officer only will be allowed for each 
 unit. 
 
 ATHLETIC MANEUVER DEFINITIONS 
 
 Theater of Operations. The field of play. 
 
 Lanes of Operation. That portion of the field that 
 is traversed by the unit of each team or forces. 
 
 Objective. The goal posts in the lanes of opera- 
 tion, on the goal lines, at each end of the field or 
 theater of action. 
 
64 ATHLETICS FOR ARMY CAMPS 
 
 Field Units. The unit of a force allotted to a lane 
 of operation. 
 
 Field Officer. The officer in charge of field units. 
 
 Signal Officer. Officer of communication. 
 
 Commanding Officer. The officer in charge of a 
 force or team. 
 
 Referee. The official who handles the field units, 
 enforces rules, etc. 
 
 Umpire. Assistant to referee. 
 
 Bugler. Assistant to signal officer. 
 
 Timer. Keeps the time of maneuver. 
 
 Scorer. Keeps a record of the field unit and force 
 results. 
 
 Signal Code 
 
 Each unit should be marked, or designated by a 
 color. The ball should also be marked, in red, white, 
 green, yellow, black, red and green, black and white, 
 etc., according to the number of units in the force. 
 
 Each unit shall have its own color and flag. The 
 signal officer of each force shall have a signal flag 
 for each unit in his force. 
 
 The signal officer shall send orders to the field 
 officer by means of wig-wag signals. 
 
 Unit officers shall receive their orders from the 
 signal officer. 
 
 Each force shall have a distinctive bugle call, 
 
ATHLETIC MANEUVERS 65 
 
 which will be used to attract the attention of field 
 officers. 
 
 The signal officer will indicate the unit wanted, 
 by holding the flags at side, horizontal, and vertical. 
 
 The flag at side, horizontal, held in the right hand, 
 will indicate the team wanted. The flag held at ver- 
 tical will indicate the team he is to reinforce. The 
 number of men to despatch to reinforce a unit will 
 be indicated by lowering the left hand, from vertical 
 to horizontal (side). Lowering it once, send one 
 man ; twice, two men ; three times, three men, etc. 
 Illustration: The red ball of the home force has 
 broken through the line and is dangerously near the 
 objective (goal). The white unit is strong and can 
 spare a few men, for a short time, to reinforce the 
 red unit. The bugle call of the force is sounded. 
 The signal officer holds the white flag in the right 
 hand at side horizontal and the red flag at vertical. 
 The field officers of the red and white units imme- 
 diately know that their unit is concerned. Other 
 officers continue their play until further orders. The 
 white flag indicates that the white is to reinforce the 
 red, the red flag is lowered to side, horizontal, twice. 
 The white field officer will immediately despatch 
 two men to reinforce the red team. Signals of "hold 
 fast," "flank left or right," etc., can be outlined by 
 each commanding officer. 
 
66 ATHLETICS FOR ARMY CAMPS 
 
 RULES 
 
 Number of Players 
 
 The game can be played by any number of units 
 of twelve or more men to each unit eleven or more 
 players and one field officer. 
 
 Dimensions of Field 
 
 The dimensions of the theater of operations 
 (field) shall not be less than 40 by 60 yards, nor 
 more than 75 by 200 yards, for each lane of opera- 
 tion. The larger the number of units, the greater 
 the length of field. 
 
 Field of Operation 
 
 The theater of operations should be marked by 
 boundary lines, with a flag, five feet high, on each 
 corner. The lines on vhe sides, known as the side 
 lines, shall be drawn at right angles to the goal 
 lines on the ends. The lane lines shall be drawn 
 parallel with the side lines from 40 to 75 yard inter- 
 vals. A center line shall be drawn through the cen- 
 ter of the theater of operations, parallel with the 
 goal lines. A foul line shall be drawn parallel with 
 the goal, or objective, at a distance of fifteen yards. 
 
 Goals or Objectives 
 
 The goals shall be upright posts on the goal lines, 
 in each lane of operation. The goal posts shall be 
 ten yards apart, with a bar or line across them, eight 
 
ATHLETIC MANEUVERS 67 
 
 feet from the ground. Each unit shall have its own 
 goal. 
 
 Duration of Maneuvers 
 
 The duration of the maneuvers shall be thirty min- 
 utes or more, divided in halves or quarters. The dur- 
 ation of the maneuver may be of any period agreed 
 upon. 
 
 The Ball or Separate Army 
 
 The circumference of the ball shall not be less 
 than 27 or more than 28 inches in championship con- 
 tests. Anything available may be used in ordinary 
 contests basket balls, if soccer balls are not avail- 
 able. 
 Choice of Goals or Objectives 
 
 The winner of the toss shall have option of the 
 goals or kick off. 
 
 Starting Game 
 
 One ball shall be placed upon the center line, in 
 the center of each lane. The game shall start with 
 the kick off of all the balls, at one time, in the direc- 
 tion of the opponents' goal line. The kick off forces 
 shall not go over the center line until the balls are 
 kicked off. 
 
 Changing Goals 
 
 Goals shall be changed at the end of the first half, 
 or after all the balls have been scored. 
 
68 ATHLETICS FOR ARMY CAMPS 
 
 Dead Ball 
 
 A ball is dead when kicked through the goal, or 
 reaches its objective. It cannot be put in play again 
 until all of the balls have been scored, or until the 
 end of the half. 
 
 Out of Bounds 
 
 When a ball leaves the lane of operation it is out 
 of bounds, unless it immediately rebounds into the 
 lane. When a ball leaves the lane it will be put into 
 play by a player on the opposite side from the one 
 who kicked it out. A goal cannot be scored from 
 an out-bound play, or throw in. 
 
 Throw In 
 
 When a ball is out of bounds, it will be put in play 
 by throwing it in, at the point where it left the lane. 
 The ball must not be kicked into play from out of 
 bounds. 
 
 Rebound 
 
 A ball is in play if it leaves the lane and rebounds 
 into the lane immediately. 
 
 Gaining Objective 
 
 A goal is scored when a ball is kicked between 
 the goal posts under the bar, or top lines. 
 
 Hands on Ball 
 
 The hands can be used to stop the ball ; a player 
 
ATHLETIC MANEUVERS 69 
 
 cannot hold the ball, and must place it upon the 
 ground before kicking it. The ball must be kicked 
 within five seconds after being stopped with the 
 hands. 
 
 Fouls 
 
 Kicking, tripping, holding, striking, charging an 
 opponent, shall be considered fouls. The penalty 
 shall be a free kick at the goal. 
 
 Kicking Fouls 
 
 Fouls will be kicked at the end of the halves. The 
 ball will be placed upon the foul line, at any point, 
 and a free kick taken. No interference shall be 
 offered the player kicking the foul. To score the 
 goal the ball must pass through the goal, under the 
 bar or line guarded by the goal keeper. The goal 
 keeper must stand on the goal line. He shall be 
 permitted to prevent the ball from going through 
 the goal. A free kick will be allowed for every 
 foul by the opposing team. A record of the fouls 
 committed will be kept by the unit score keeper, 
 who will notify the referee, who will grant the free 
 kicks. 
 
 Scoring 
 
 A field goal or objective will count two points; a 
 foul goal one point. 
 
70 ATHLETICS FOR ARMY CAMPS 
 
 Men on Ball 
 
 Any number of men can play a ball at one time. 
 
 Reinforcements 
 
 The commanding officer can shift any number of 
 men from one lane of operation to another, after 
 the kick off. He may have two full teams playing 
 in one lane by drawing one or two men from other 
 points. 
 
 Defeated Unit 
 
 When a unit is defeated it is destroyed and cannot 
 be used to reinforce another unit until the end of 
 the half, or after all the balls have been scored. 
 
 Using Adjoining Lanes 
 
 When a unit is defeated its lane cannot be used 
 by teams in the next lane of operation. The ball 
 must be kept in its own lane. 
 
 Penalties 
 
 Violations of the rules gives a free kick to the 
 opposing team or force. 
 
 Goal Tender 
 
 One player on each team should be designated 
 "goal tender." Only one will be permitted to play 
 this position, however. 
 
 Players Numbered 
 
 Each player should be numbered and have a six- 
 
ATHLETIC MANEUVERS 71 
 
 inch number pinned or sewed upon his back. In 
 units of twelve the players in .the unit should be 
 numbered from one to twelve. 
 
 Field Officers 
 
 The field officers shall not play the ball, but direct 
 the play. They must not obstruct the play of op- 
 posing team. 
 
 Signal Officer 
 
 The signal officer shall send signals to the field 
 officers. He shall not play the ball or go upon the 
 field. 
 
 Officials Their Duties 
 
 Referee Unit 
 
 The referee shall put the ball in play, decide when 
 it is in play, to whom it belongs and when it has 
 been scored. He shall call all fouls. He shall de- 
 cide upon violation of rules and administer all pen- 
 alties. He shall order "time out" in his unit when 
 necessary. 
 
 Umpire 
 
 The assistant referee shall assist the unit referee. 
 
 General Referee 
 
 He shall give the signal to start the game, can 
 call time for both forces and shall be the final 
 authority upon questions or rules. 
 
72 ATHLETICS FOR ARMY CAMPS 
 
 General Scorer 
 
 The general scorer shall tally the score of both 
 forces and notify the referee of the result. He shall 
 make a permanent record of the contest. 
 
 Unit Scorer 
 
 The unit scorer shall keep the score of his unit, 
 record all fouls, notify the referee and general 
 scorer of the results in his unit at the end of each 
 half. 
 Timer 
 
 The timer shall keep the time of the maneuver. 
 He shall deduct time consumed for stoppages of the 
 forces only. He shall indicate, by blowing a whistle, 
 the expiration of each quarter or half of the 
 playing. 
 
 Time Out 
 
 When a single unit takes time out, it will not be 
 deducted. Two time-out periods, or stoppages, of 
 not more than two minutes each, will be permitted. 
 One point penalty will be granted to opponent for 
 each stoppage over two, in each quarter. 
 
 TUG OF WAR 
 
 The teams or forces can be made up of any num- 
 ber of units, consisting of eight or more men to 
 each unit. In a ten-unit force, of eight men to each 
 
ATHLETIC MANEUVERS 73 
 
 unit, the total force on each side will be eighty. 
 Each force will have a commanding officer, a signal 
 officer, one field officer, and one bugler, for each 
 unit. The commanding officer of each force will 
 maneuver his army, or force, to win and prevent 
 loss of unit contests. 
 
 The commander can shift any number of men 
 to any unit. His entire force can be concentrated 
 in one unit. He can place six men in one and 
 twelve in the other unit. Shifting men, however, 
 cannot be done until after the tugs have been 
 started. Eight men must be on each side of the 
 rope when the start is made. When a unit has been 
 defeated, the men may be considered captured or 
 destroyed. Or they can be distributed to other 
 units, or used on a single unit as the commanding 
 officer deems wise. Permitting destroyed or de- 
 feated units to reinforce other units can be done 
 only when the commanding officer of the opposing 
 forces agree, otherwise the unit losing a tug is de- 
 stroyed. If the forces are maneuvered skilfully the 
 last units holding out will find the eighty men on 
 each side on the one rope. 
 
 The standard athletic maneuver bugle signals 
 will be used; also the athletic maneuver signal 
 code will be used to send orders to the field officers 
 of each unit. 
 
74 ATHLETICS FOR ARMY CAMPS 
 
 Materials Needed for a Ten Unit Force of Eighty 
 Men 
 
 Ten ropes, not less than 125 feet long and one and 
 one-half inches in diameter, without knots or hold- 
 ing for hands. The rope should be marked, in the 
 center, with adhesive tape, or a permanent mark. 
 
 Theater of Operation or Field 
 
 A center line should be marked upon the ground, 
 with the side lines parallel to the center line at a 
 distance of fifteen feet. 
 
 Ropes should be stretched upon the ground, at 
 intervals of fifteen feet, at right angles with the 
 center and side lines. 
 
 The units should be designated by different colors 
 (See Athletic Maneuver Signal Code). 
 
 When the bugle calls, "Assembly," the men will 
 take up their position and make ready for the 
 contest. 
 
 Upon the bugle call, "Attention," the ropes should 
 be pulled taut. The men of each force should be 
 outside the side lines and the center of the rope 
 over the center line. The bugle call, "Forward 
 march," will be the signal to start the tug. 
 
 The force winning the most unit tugs wins the 
 trial. The winner of two out of three trials wins 
 the maneuver or battle. 
 
VI 
 
 MILITARY FOOTBALL 
 
 NOTE: Any question of rules not covered in the 
 maneuver regulations will be found in the Official 
 Football Guide, published by American Sports Com- 
 pany, 45 Rose St., New York City, N. Y. 
 
 Not more than two units should be used in the 
 early stages of the game. In the beginning at least 
 half the men should be experienced football players. 
 As the officers and men learn the maneuvers, addi- 
 tional units can be added until the men can play 
 with unlimited forces. 
 
 The fouls and penalties in football will apply in 
 the football maneuvers, in so far as they do not con- 
 flict with the rules laid down in this section. 
 
 It may be found necessary from time to time to 
 change the rules, style of play, etc. We have only 
 made a> beginning in the maneuvers, and experience 
 will no doubt enable the games to be perfected and 
 the objectionable features eliminated. 
 
 The company football with 100 or more men on 
 a side will no doubt be a reality this fall. Some 
 very good work was done at the 105th Engineers 
 
 75 
 
76 ATHLETICS FOR ARMY CAMPS 
 
 by Col. Furgerson, but there are a number of prob- 
 lems to be solved before the game can be consid- 
 ered workable. 
 
 The objective of each force or team is the goal 
 at the end of the lanes of operations. The five or 
 more balls are five separate armies or columns with 
 the goal posts as their objective. 
 
 The commanding officer of the team or forces 
 should plan and execute the campaign, which will 
 last for thirty or more minutes, divided into two or 
 more periods. The commander should place his 
 forces in such a manner as to prevent the balls from 
 reaching their objective. He can plan an offensive 
 or defensive scheme. The object is to run up the 
 highest score against your opponent. 
 
 The teams line up in position ready for play. On 
 a given signal from the bugler (see Bugle Code), 
 the five or more balls are kicked off from the center 
 line in the direction of the opponents' goal line by 
 the team that won the toss. The balls must be kept 
 in their own lanes of operations ; if kicked out of 
 bounds the ball will be put in play at the point 
 where it left the lane. Team work, combination 
 plays, maneuvers, etc., are left to the commanding 
 officer to work out and execute. He plans and 
 directs his attack or defense according to military 
 principles. The commander may use his forces in 
 
MILITARY FOOTBALL 77 
 
 any manner that he may desire in so far as they do 
 not violate any of the rules governing the contest. 
 
 The commanding officer is a non-competing player, 
 who directs the play from the side lines. He will 
 have a signal officer who will signal his orders to 
 the field officers, directing them to shift their posi- 
 tion, send reinforcements, etc., to various points. 
 He will be permitted to reinforce units by drawing 
 men from other units. 
 
 One field officer only w r ill be allowed for each unit. 
 
 The Athletic Maneuver Signal Code will be used. 
 (See Signal Code in Military Soccer section.) 
 
 RULES 
 
 Players Numbered 
 
 Each player should be numbered and have a six- 
 inch plain number pinned or sewed upon the back 
 of his shirt. In units of twelve the players should 
 be numbered from one to twelve. 
 
 Field Officer 
 
 The field officer shall not play the ball, but direct 
 the play. He must not obstruct the play of oppos- 
 ing team. 
 
 Signal Officer 
 
 The signal officer will send signals to field officers. 
 He shall not play the ball or go upon the field. 
 
78 ATHLETICS FOR ARMY CAMPS 
 
 Officials Their Duties 
 
 Unit Referee. The referee will put the ball in 
 play, decide when it is in play, to whom it belongs, 
 and when it has been scored. He shall call all fouls. 
 He shall decide upon violation of rules and admin- 
 ister all penalties. He shall order time out in his 
 unit when necessary, etc. 
 
 Umpire. The umpire shall assist the unit referee. 
 
 General Referee. He shall give the signal to start 
 the game ; can call time out for both forces. He 
 shall be the final authority upon question or 
 rules, etc. 
 
 General Scorer. The general scorer will tally the 
 score of both forces and notify the referee of the 
 result. He shall make a permanent record of the 
 contest. 
 
 Unit Scorer. The unit scorer will keep the score 
 of his unit, record all fouls, and notify the referee 
 and general scorer of the results in his unit at the 
 end of each half. 
 
 Timer. The timer will keep the time of the man- 
 euver. He will deduct time consumed for stoppages 
 of the forces only. He shall indicate by blowing a 
 whistle the expiration of the playing of each quar- 
 ter or half. 
 
MILITARY FOOTBALL 79 
 
 Time Out 
 
 When a single unit takes time out, it will not be 
 deducted. Two time out periods or stoppages of 
 not more than two minutes each will be permitted. 
 One point penalty will be granted to opponent for 
 each stoppage over two in each half. 
 
 Number of Players 
 
 The game can be played by any number of units 
 of twelve or more men to each unit eleven or more 
 players and one field officer. 
 
 Dimensions of the Field 
 
 The dimensions of the lanes shall not be less than 
 40x60 yards, nor more than 75x200 yards for each 
 lane of operations. The larger the number of units, 
 the greater the length of lane. 
 
 Field, or Theater of Operations 
 
 The field should be marked by boundary lines 
 with a flag on each corner, 5 feet -high. The lines 
 on the sides, known as the side lines, should be 
 drawn at right angles to the goal lines on the ends. 
 The lane lines should be drawn parallel with the 
 side lines at intervals of from 50 to 100 yards. The 
 field or theater of operations should be marked 
 with white lines every five yards, parallel with the 
 end lines. 
 
80 ATHLETICS FOR ARMY CAMPS 
 
 End Zones 
 
 A space thirty feet behind the end or goal lines 
 should be marked, to be known as the end zones. 
 
 Goals 
 
 The goals should be upright posts on the goal 
 lines, firmly fixed in the ground and equidistant 
 from the side or lane lines. The goal posts should 
 be not less than 20 feet in height, and 18 feet, 6 
 inches apart, with a cross bar 10 feet from the 
 ground. Each unit will have its own goal. 
 
 The Ball 
 
 The regulation football will be used. 
 
 Duration 
 
 Duration of the maneuver will be from 30 minutes 
 to one hour, divided in halves and quarters. The rest 
 periods between halves should be ten minutes ; be- 
 tween quarters, two to three minutes. 
 
 Choice of Goals 
 
 The winner of the toss will have option of goals 
 or the kick-off. 
 
 Starting Game 
 
 One ball should be placed in each lane upon the 
 40-yard line of the side kicking off. The game will 
 start with the kick-off of all the balls at one time, 
 in the direction of the opponents' goal line. The 
 
MILITARY FOOTBALL 81 
 
 kick-off forces must not go over the 40-yard line 
 until the balls are kicked off. 
 Changing Goals 
 
 Goals will be changed at the end of the first half, 
 or after all of the balls have been scored by one or 
 both forces. 
 Dead Ball 
 
 A ball is dead when it is kicked or carried through 
 the goal. It cannot be put in play again until all 
 of the balls have been scored by one or both teams, 
 or at the end of the half. 
 Men on Ball 
 
 Any number of men can play a ball at one time. 
 Reinforcements 
 
 The commanding officer can shift any number of 
 men from one lane of operation to another after the 
 kick-off. He may have two full teams playing in 
 one lane by drawing one or two men from other 
 points. 
 Defeated Unit 
 
 When a unit is defeated it is destroyed and can- 
 not be used to reinforce another unit until the end 
 of the half ; or after all of the balls have been scored 
 by one or both teams or forces. Men withdrawn 
 from a unit before the ball is within ten yards of 
 the goal will continue in the play on the units which 
 they have been detailed to reinforce. 
 
82 ATHLETICS FOR ARMY CAMPS 
 
 Using Adjoining Lanes 
 
 When a unit is defeated its lane cannot be used 
 by teams in the next lane of operations. The ball 
 must be kept in their own lanes. 
 
 Scoring 
 
 A touchdown will count 6 points ; goal from 
 touchdown 1 point ; goal from field 3 points ; safety 
 2 points. 
 
 Definitions 
 
 Touchdown. When the ball is carried by a player 
 over the goal line between the goal posts it will be 
 considered a touchdown. 
 
 Goal from Touchdown. A goal from touchdown 
 is made by kicking the ball over the cross-bar be- 
 tween the goal posts. It must not touch the ground 
 before passing through the goal. 
 
 Goal from Field. When a ball is kicked from 
 the field over the cross-bar between the goal posts 
 by drop-kick or place-kick, it will be considered a 
 goal from the field. 
 
 Safety. When a ball is carried by a player over 
 the goal or end line outside the goal posts it will 
 be considered a safety. 
 
 Winning. A field goal, or its equivalent in points, 
 will win the unit contest. The force winning the 
 largest number of unit contests wins the maneuver. 
 
MILITARY FOOTBALL 83 
 
 Out of Bounds. A ball is out of bounds when it is 
 outside the side or lane lines. A player stepping 
 over the side or lane lines is out of bounds. 
 
 Out of Bounds 
 
 If a ball be kicked out of bounds before crossing 
 the goal line, it shall belong to the opposing team. 
 
 If a ball at kick-off goes out of bounds without 
 being touched by any of the players, it will be put 
 in play again from kick-off. If the ball is kicked 
 out the second time, it will go to the opponents. 
 
 If a ball goes out of bounds, it will be put in play 
 15 yards from the side line at a line with the point 
 where it left the field. 
 
 If a ball be carried out of bounds by a player, it 
 will be put in play again, 15 yards from the sideline 
 on a line with the point where it left the field. A 
 team will not lose the ball when a player carries or 
 is forced out of bounds. 
 
 Scrimmage Line 
 
 When eleven men are on a unit, the lineup is the 
 same as in regular football ; when twenty-two, four- 
 teen men are on the scrimmage line, one quarter- 
 back and seven men in the back-field. 
 
 Removed From Game 
 
 When a man is once removed from the game, he 
 cannot return. 
 
VII 
 
 WRESTLING RULES 
 
 CATCH-AS-CATCH-CAN 
 
 Scale of Weights : 
 
 Bantam, 115 Ibs. or under 
 Feather, 125 Ibs. or under 
 Light, 135 Ibs. or under 
 Welter, 145 Ibs. or under 
 Middle, 160 Ibs. or under 
 Light Heavy, 175 Ibs. or under 
 Heavy, over 175 Ibs. 
 
 The Ring 
 
 The ring shall be 24 feet square, or as near that 
 size as possible. The ring shall be enclosed with 
 two strands of rope, one above the other, forming 
 a square of 24 feet. The top strand of rope shall 
 not be higher than 4 feet from the floor, the bottom 
 strand about 24 inches. 
 
 There shall be no obstruction inside the ring. At 
 the sound of the gong, corner chairs shall be in- 
 stantly removed ; posts should be well paaded. 
 
 84 
 
WRESTLING RULES 85 
 
 Mat 
 
 The mat or padding on the floor of the ring shall 
 not be less than one inch thick. 
 
 Duration of Bout 
 
 The duration of a bout shall be fifteen minutes. 
 If a fall has not been secured in fifteen minutes, two 
 minutes' rest shall be given and the bout then con- 
 tinued for five minutes longer. If no fall has been 
 secured, the referee shall render a decision to the 
 contestant who has displayed the best qualities or 
 who has been most aggressive. By mutual agree- 
 ment the best two out of three falls to a finish will 
 decide the winner. 
 
 A Fall 
 
 When both shoulders are pinned to the floor at 
 the same time the wrestler shall be considered 
 down. 
 
 Seconds 
 
 Each wrestler will be entitled to one second only. 
 
 Coaching and Advice 
 
 Coaching or advice shall not be given the wres- 
 tlers by seconds or spectators. 
 
 Bandages 
 
 Bandages on the hands will not be permitted. 
 
86 ATHLETICS FOR ARMY CAMPS 
 
 Off the Mat 
 
 If the shoulder of a contestant is off the mat, the 
 referee will order the men back to the center of 
 the mat. The men will assume the holds and posi- 
 tions previously occupied. If the referee is unable 
 to determine holds and positions of the contestants, 
 he will have them assume a standing attitude. 
 
 Barred Holds 
 
 The Strangle will be considered a foul. Hammer- 
 lock, Full Nelson, and Toe holds barred by mutual 
 agreement. 
 
 Gouging, striking, kicking, and hair-pulling will 
 be considered fouls. 
 
VIII 
 
 MILITARY PUSH BALL 
 
 ARRANGED FOR AN ENTIRE PLATOON 
 
 RULES 
 
 Field 
 
 The dimensions of the field shall not be more than 
 100 yards in length and 50 yards in width. The 
 field shall be marked by boundary lines with a flag 
 five feet high on each corner. The lines on the 
 sides, known as the side lines, shall be drawn at 
 right angles to the end or goal lines. 
 
 The field shall be marked with lines every ten 
 yards, parallel with the goal or end lines. 
 
 Goals 
 
 The goals shall be upright posts on the goal lines. 
 The goal posts shall be 25 feet apart, firmly fixed in 
 the ground, with a bar across them, seven feet from 
 the ground. 
 
 Balls 
 
 The ball shall be not more than six feet in diame- 
 ter with leather cover over an inflated rubber 
 bladder. 
 
 87 
 
88 ATHLETICS FOR ARMY CAMPS 
 
 NOTE : Push balls stuffed with straw or hay should 
 not be used. 
 
 Officials Their Duties 
 
 Officials shall be: A referee, umpire, two lines-- 
 men, timekeeper, and scorer. 
 
 Referee. The referee shall put the ball in play, 
 and decide when it is in play and when it has been 
 scored. He shall decide upon all violations of rules 
 and administer penalties. He can order time out 
 when necessary. 
 
 Umpire. The umpire shall assist the referee. He 
 shall have power to call fouls and administer penal- 
 ties. He cannot order time out. He has no juris- 
 diction over the ball. 
 
 Linesmen. The linesmen under the supervision 
 of the referee shall mark the progress or distance 
 gained. The center of the ball will be the marking 
 point. Linesmen shall see that the ball and players 
 are in the proper positions. 
 
 Timer. The timer shall keep the time of the con- 
 test. He shall deduct time consumed for stoppages 
 only. He shall indicate by blowing a whistle the 
 expiration of playing time. 
 
 Scorer. The scorer shall tally the score of both 
 teams and notify the referee of the result. He shall 
 make permanent record of the contest. 
 
MILITARY PUSHBALL 89 
 
 Choice of Goals. The winner of the toss shall 
 have choice of goals. 
 
 Starting the Game. The ball shall be placed upon 
 the center line, at an equal distance from the side 
 lines. The game shall start upon signal of referee. 
 The ball shall be placed at center at the beginning 
 of each half. 
 
 Lineup of Teams 
 
 Teams shall consist of one, two, or three squads, 
 which shall line up as follows: one squad (eight 
 men), four on the 30-yard line, two on the 20-yard 
 line, one on the 10-yard line, and one goal-keeper. 
 
 With two squads the number is doubled, eight on 
 the 30-yard line, four on the 20-yard line, two on the 
 10-yard lin'e, and two goal-keepers. 
 
 With three squads, twelve on the 30-yard line, six 
 on the 20-yard line, four on the 10-yard line, and 
 two goal-keepers. 
 
 Scoring of Goal 
 
 A goal is scored when it is pushed between the 
 goal posts under the bar. It will count five points. 
 
 Top-Goal 
 
 A top-goal is scored when the ball is lifted over 
 the cross bar, between the goal posts. It will count 
 eight points. 
 
90 ATHLETICS FOR ARMY CAMPS 
 
 Safety 
 
 A safety is scored when a ball crosses the end or 
 goal line at any point between the side lines. It will 
 count two points. 
 
 When a safety is scored the scoring team will be 
 given a free rush from center. 
 
 Free Rush 
 
 The ball will be put in play at center. The team 
 entitled to a free rush will line up on the 10-yard 
 line. The opposing team will line up on its own 
 goal line. 
 
 When the referee gives the signal, both teams 
 will run for the ball. 
 
 Change Goals 
 
 After a goal or top-goal is scored, the ball will 
 be put in play at center. Teams will change goals 
 at the end of the half, or after a goal or top-goal has 
 been scored. 
 
 Duration of Game 
 
 The duration of the game shall be for one hour, in- 
 cluding rest periods. The game shall be divided 
 into halves of twenty-five minutes each, with a 
 ten minutes' rest period between halves. 
 
 The game can be played, by mutual agreement, 
 divided into quarters of twelve minutes each, with 
 
MILITARY PUSHBALL/ ''. *^: ; - 91 
 
 eight minutes between the halves and two-minute 
 rest periods, following first and third quarter. 
 
 Uniform 
 
 The regulation uniform of the United States 
 Army shall be worn. Cleats, plates, or nails shall 
 not be worn on the shoes. 
 
 Fouls 
 
 Striking, kicking, tripping or stiff arming of the 
 opponent will be considered a foul. A penalty of 
 twenty yards shall be imposed by the referee for 
 the violation of this rule. 
 
 Holding or pulling an opponent away from the 
 ball with the hands will be considered a foul. Pen- 
 alty, ten yards. No interference shall be offered an 
 opponent before the ball is in play. Penalty, five 
 yards. 
 
 RULES 
 
 Out of Bounds 
 
 A ball will be considered out of bounds when it 
 is outside the side lines. The referee will put the 
 ball in play 25 yards from the side line, on the line 
 with the point where it left the field. Players will 
 line up 20 yards back of the ball, the referee will give 
 the signal, and the play be resumed. 
 
92 ATHLETICS FOR ARMY CAMPS 
 
 Penalty 
 
 If a team be penalized a distance that would carry 
 the ball over the 10-yard line, the referee will put 
 the ball in play on the 10-yard line. 
 
 Distant Penalty 
 
 Distant penalty will not be levied that will carry 
 the ball nearer than 10 yards from the goal. 
 
 Fouls in Ten-Yard Line 
 
 Violation of rules within the 10 yaids will carry 
 a penalty of a free rush to opposing team after goal 
 has been scored. 
 
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