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 o(<, 
 M33 
 
 XXXIV 
 
 A "Printer's Devil" Whose Perse- 
 verance Wins Him Weil-Earned 
 Reputation as a Fun-Maker. 
 
 THE felicity of F. Opper's caricatures is mar- 
 velous. His drawings for the Dinkelspiel 
 stories, by George V. Hobart, in the New 
 York "Morning Journal" have drawn to him 
 the pleased attention of those whom he has caused to 
 laugh at the happy expressions of his characters, at 
 the ridiculous expressions of the characters, during 
 Mr. Dinkelspiel's "gonversationings," particularly at 
 Mr. Dinkelspiel's earnest look. 
 
 He is a caricaturist of the "first water," and in this 
 connection I may say that a caricature too carefully 
 drawn often loses its humor. Still Mr. Opper has 
 proved his ability to finish a drawing smoothly. Those 
 familiar with the back numbers of "Puck" will concede 
 this and much more. 
 
 His life is an example of determination. I called, by 
 appointment, at his house in Bensonhurst (near Bath 
 Beach), a pretty suburb within the precincts of Greater 
 New York. We stepped into his library. 
 
 He drew my attention to the pictures on the four 
 
 353
 
 Frederick Burr Opper 
 
 walls of the room. "Those are all 'originals,' by con- 
 temporaries," he said, "and there is one by poor Mike 
 Woolf. We were intimate friends, and I attended his 
 funeral." 
 
 STUDIES OUT HIS IDEAS. 
 
 The conversation turned toward Mr. Opper himself, 
 and I asked : 
 
 "How is it you can conceive so many ridiculous ideas 
 and predicaments?" 
 
 "It is a matter of study," he replied. "I work me- 
 thodically certain hours of the day, but very seldom at 
 night. We will say it is a political cartoon on a certain 
 occurrence that I am to draw. I deliberately sit down 
 and study out my idea. When it is formed, I begin to 
 draw. I never commence to draw without a conception 
 of what I am going to do." 
 
 "And when did you first put pencil to paper?" I 
 asked. 
 
 "Almost as soon as I could creep. I was born in 
 Madison, Ohio, in 1857, and as far back as I can re- 
 member, I had a determination to become an artist. 
 My path often swerved from my ambition, on account 
 of necessity, but my determination was back of me, and 
 whenever an obstacle was removed I advanced thus 
 much farther toward my goal. 
 
 "I went to the village school till I was fourteen years 
 of age, and then I went to work in the village store. 
 Both at school and in the store, every spare moment 
 
 354
 
 Originator of the " Suburban Resident " 
 
 found me with pencil and paper, sketching something 
 comical ; so much so, indeed, that I became known 
 for it." 
 
 A PRINTER'S DEVIL. 
 
 "I remained in the store for a few months, and then 
 went to work on the weekly paper, and acted the part 
 of a 'printer's devil.' Afterward, I set type. In about 
 a year, the idea firmly possessed me that I could draw, 
 and I decided that it was best to go to New York. But 
 my self-esteem was not so great as to rate myself a full- 
 fledged artist. My idea was to obtain a position as a 
 compositor in New York, to draw between times, and 
 gradually to land myself where my hopes all centered. 
 So my disappointment was great when, on arriving in 
 the city, I discovered that, to become a compositor, I 
 must serve an apprenticeship of three years. I was in 
 New York, in an artistic environment, and had burned 
 my bridges ; accordingly I looked for a place, and ob- 
 tained one in a store. One of my duties there was to 
 make window cards, to advertise the whole line, or a 
 particular lot of goods. I decorated them in my best 
 fashion." 
 
 GOOD USE OF LEISURE TIME. 
 
 "All the leisure I had to myself, evenings and holi- 
 days, I spent in making comic sketches, and I took them 
 to the comic papers, to the Thunny Phellow,' and 
 'Wild Oats.' I just submitted rough sketches. Soon 
 
 355
 
 Frederick Burr Opper 
 
 the editors permitted me to draw the sketches also, 
 which was great encouragement. I met Frank Beard, 
 and called on him, by request, and he proposed that I 
 come into his office. So I left the store, after having 
 been there eight or nine months, and ceased drawing 
 show-cards for the windows. I drew for 'Wild Oats,' 
 'Harper's Weekly,' 'Frank Leslie's,' and the 'Century,' 
 which at that time was Scribner's publication; and 
 later for 'St. Nicholas.' " 
 
 It was then that Mr. Opper had an offer from "Les- 
 lie's" to work on the staff at a salary, which he 
 accepted. 
 
 "I was only a little over twenty years of age," he con- 
 tinued. "I was a humorous draughtsman, and a special 
 artist, also; going where I was directed to make 
 sketches of incidents, people and scenes." 
 
 Six years before, Mr. Opper had left the village 
 school with a burning determination to become an 
 artist. It can be seen how well he sailed his bark, 
 tacking and drifting, and finally beating home with the 
 wind full on the sails. This shows what determination 
 will do. 
 
 HIS CONNECTION WITH "PUCK." 
 
 "Three years later," said Mr. Opper, "I had an offer 
 from the publishers of 'Puck' to work for them, a 
 connection which I severed not long ago, although I 
 still hold stock in the company. I not only made my 
 own drawings, but furnished ideas for others. I have 
 
 356
 
 Originator of the " Suburban Resident " 
 
 always furnished my own captions, inscriptions and 
 headings. Indeed, they are a part of a cartoon, or 
 other humorous work. I think that I may say that 
 'Puck' owes some of its success to me, for I labored 
 conscientiously." 
 
 Mr. Opper walked over to a mantelpiece for two 
 books of sketches, which he handed me to look at. 
 They contained sketches of the country places he had 
 visited on his summer wanderings. 
 
 "And you use these ?" I asked. 
 
 "Yes ; if I want a farmer leaning over a fence with 
 a cow in the distance. I can use that barnyard scene 
 And that bit of a country road can be made useful. So 
 can that corncrib with the tin pans turned upside down 
 on the posts supporting it, to keep the rats off. That 
 old hay-wagon, and that farmer with a rake and a large 
 straw hat can all be worked in. I always carry a sketch- 
 book with me, no matter where I go." 
 
 THE "SUBURBAN RESIDENT/' 
 
 On "Puck," Mr. Opper was the originator of the 
 "suburban resident," who has since been the subject of 
 much innocent merriment, the gentleman with the 
 high silk hat, side whiskers, glasses, an anxious ex- 
 pression, and bundles, and always on the rush for a 
 train. 
 
 "I enjoyed those," said Mr. Opper, with a laugh, 
 "before I became a suburban myself " 
 
 357
 
 XXXV 
 
 " A Square Man in a Round Hole ' 
 Rejects $5,000 a Year and Be- 
 comes a Sculptor. 
 
 LIFE?" repeated F. Wellington Ruck- 
 stuhl, one of the foremost sculptors of 
 America, as we sat in his studio looking 
 up at his huge figure of "Force." "When 
 did I begin to sculpture? As a child I was forever 
 whittling, but I did not have dreams then of becoming 
 a sculptor. It was not till I was thirty-two years of 
 age. And love, disappointment in my first love played 
 a prominent part." 
 
 "Bait as a boy, Mr. Ruckstuhl ?" 
 "I was a poet. Every sculptor or artist is necessarily 
 a poet. I was always reaching out and seeking the 
 beautiful. My father was a foreman in a St. Louis 
 machine shop. He came to this country in a sailing 
 ship from Alsace, by way of the Gulf, to St. Louis, 
 when I was but six years old. He was a very pious 
 man and a deacon in a church. One time, Moody and 
 Sankey came to town, and my father made me attend 
 the meetings. I think he hoped that I would become a 
 minister. But I decided that 'many are called, but few 
 
 358
 
 are chosen.' Between the ages of fourteen and nine- 
 teen, I worked in a photographic supply store; wrote 
 one hundred poems, and read incessantly. I enlarged 
 a view of the statue of Nelson in Trafalgar Square, 
 London, into a ' plaster sketch,' ten times as large as 
 the picture, but still I did not know my path. I began 
 the study of philosophy, and kept up my reading for 
 ten years. My friends thought I would become a liter- 
 ary man. I wrote for the papers, and belonged to a 
 prominent literary club. I tried to analyze myself. ' I 
 am a man,' I said, 'but what am I good for ? What am 
 I to make of this life ?' I drifted from one position to 
 another. Every one was sorry to part with my ser- 
 vices, for I always did my duties as well as they can 
 be done. When I was twenty-five years of age, the 
 girl to whom I was attached was forced by her mother 
 to marry a wealthy man. She died a year afterward, 
 and I ' pulled up stakes,' and started on a haphazard, 
 reckless career. I went to Colorado, drifted into Ari- 
 zona, prospected, mined and worked on a ranch. I 
 went to California, and at one time thought of shipping 
 for China. My experiences would fill a book. Again 
 I reached St. Louis. For a year I could not find a 
 thing to do, and became desperate." 
 
 MADE HIS FIRST SKETCH AT TWENTY-FIVE. 
 
 "And you had done nothing at art so far?" I asked. 
 
 "At that time I saw a clay sketch. I said to myself, 
 
 ' I can do as well as that/ and I copied it. My second 
 
 359
 
 F. Wellington Ruckstuhl 
 
 sketch admitted me to the St. Louis Sketch Club. I 
 told my friends that I would be a sculptor. They 
 laughed and ridiculed me. I had secured a position in 
 a store, and at odd times worked at what I had always 
 loved, but had only half realized it. Notices appeared 
 in the papers about me, for I was popular in the com- 
 munity. I entered the competition for a statue of Gen- 
 eral Frank R. Blair. I received the first prize, but 
 when the committee discovered that I was only a bill 
 clerk in a store, they argued that I was not competent 
 to carry out the work, although I was given the first 
 prize medal and the one hundred and fifty dollars ac- 
 companying it." 
 
 "But that inspired you?" 
 
 "Yes, but my father and mother put every obstacle 
 in the way possible. I was driven from room to room. 
 I was not even allowed to work in the attic." Here 
 Mr. Ruckstuhl laughed. "You see what genius has to 
 contend with. I was advanced in position in the store, 
 till I became assistant manager at two thousand dollars 
 a year. When I told the proprietor that I had decided 
 to be a sculptor, he gazed at me in blank astonishment. 
 'A sculptor ?' he queried, incredulously, and made a few 
 very discouraging remarks, emphasized with dashes. 
 'Why, young man, are you going to throw up the 
 chance of a lifetime? I will give you five thousand 
 dollars a year, and promote you to be manager if you 
 will remain with me/ " 
 
 360
 
 Sculptor 
 
 HE GAVE UP A LARGE SALARY TO PURSUE ART. 
 
 "But I had found my life's work," said Mr. Ruck- 
 stuhl, turning to me. "I knew it would be a struggle 
 through poverty, till I attained fame. But I was con- 
 fident in myself, which is half of the battle." 
 
 "And you went abroad ?" 
 
 "Yes, with but two hundred and fifty dollars," he 
 replied. "I traveled through Europe for five months, 
 and visited the French Salon. I said to myself, 'I can 
 do that, and that,' and my confidence grew. But there 
 was some work that completely 'beat' me. I returned 
 to America penniless, but with a greater insight into 
 art. I determined that I would retrace my steps to 
 Paris, and study there for three years, and thought 
 that would be sufficient to fully develop me. My family 
 and friends laughed me to scorn, and I was discouraged 
 by everyone. In four months, in St. Louis, I secured 
 seven orders for busts, at two hundred dollars each, to 
 be done after my return from France. That shows that 
 some persons had confidence in me and in my talent. 
 
 "O, the student life in Paris ! How I look back with 
 pleasure upon those struggling, yet happy days! In 
 two months, I started on my female figure of 'Evening/ 
 in the nude, that now is in the Metropolitan Museum 
 of Art. I finished it in nine months, and positively 
 sweat blood in my work. I sent it to the Salon, and 
 went to Italy. When I returned to Paris, I saw my 
 name in the paper, with honorable mention. I suppose 
 you can realize my feelings; I experienced the first 
 
 361
 
 F. Wellington Ruckstuhl 
 
 flush of victory. I brought it to America, and exposed 
 it in St. Louis. Strange to say, I rose in the estimation 
 of even my family. My father actually congratulated 
 me. A wealthy man in St. Louis gave me three 
 thousand dollars to have my 'Evening' put into marble. 
 I returned with it to Paris, and in a month and a quar- 
 ter it was exhibited in the Salon. At the world's Fair 
 at Chicago, it had the place of honor, and received one 
 of the eleven grand medals given to American sculp- 
 tors. In 1892, I came to New York. This statue of 
 'Force' will be erected, with my statue of 'Wisdom/ 
 on the new Hall of Records in New York." 
 
 We gazed at it, seated and clothed in partial armor, 
 of the old Roman type, and holding a sword across its 
 knees. The great muscles spoke of strength and force, 
 and yet with it all there was an almost benign look 
 upon the military visage. 
 
 "There is force and real action there, withal, although 
 there is repose," I said in admiration. 
 
 THE INSPIRATION THAT COUNTS. 
 
 "Oh," said Mr. Ruckstuhl, "that's it, and that is 
 what it is so hard to get ! That is what every sculptor 
 strives for ; and, unless he attains it, his work, from my 
 point of view is worthless. There must be life in a 
 statue; it must almost breathe. In repose there must 
 be dormant action that speaks for itself." 
 
 "Is most of your work done under inspiration?" I 
 asked. 
 
 362
 
 Sculptor 
 
 "There is nothing, and a great deal, in so-called in- 
 spiration. I firmly believe that we mortals are merely 
 tools, mediums, at work here on earth. I peg away 
 and bend all my energies to my task. I simply accom- 
 plish nothing. Suddenly, after considerable prepara- 
 tory toil, the mist clears away; I see things clearly; 
 everything is outlined for me. I believe there is a con- 
 scious and a subconscious mind. The subconscious 
 mind is the one that does original work; it cannot be 
 affected by the mind that is conscious to all our petty 
 environments. When the conscious mind is lulled and 
 silenced, the subconscious one begins to work. That I 
 call inspiration." 
 
 "Are you ever discouraged ?" I asked out of curiosity. 
 
 "Continually," replied Mr. Ruckstuhl, looking down 
 at his hands, soiled with the working clay. "Some days 
 I will be satisfied with what I have done. It will strike 
 me as simply fine. I will be as happy as a bird, and 
 leave simply joyous. The following morning, when 
 the cloths are removed, I look at my precious toil, and 
 consider it vile. I ask myself : 'Are you a sculptor or 
 not ? Do you think that you ever will be one ? Do you 
 consider that art?' So it is, till your task is accom- 
 plished. You are your own critic, and are continually 
 distressed at your inability to create your ideals." 
 
 Mr. F. Wellington Ruckstuhl is fifty years of age; 
 neither short nor tall ; a brilliant man, with wonderful 
 powers of endurance, for his work is more exacting 
 and tedious than is generally supposed. 
 
 363
 
 F. Wellington Ruckstuhl 
 
 "I have simply worked a month and a quarter on 
 that statue," he said. "Certain work dissatisfied me, 
 and I obliterated it. I have raised that head three 
 times. My eyes get weary, and I become physically 
 tired. On such occasions I sit down and smoke a little 
 to distract my thoughts, and to clear my mind. Then 
 my subconscious mind comes into play again," he con- 
 cluded with a smile. 
 
 Mr. Ruckstuhl's best known works are: "Mercury 
 Teasing the Eagle of Jupiter," which is of bronze, nine 
 feet high, which he made in Paris ; a seven-foot statue 
 of Solon, erected in the Congressional Library at 
 Washington ; busts of Franklin, Goethe and Macaulay, 
 on the front of the same library; and the eleven-foot 
 statue of bronze of "Victory," for the Jamaica sol- 
 diers' and sailors' monument. In competition, he won 
 the contract for an equestrian statue of General John 
 F. Hartranft, ex-Governor of Pennsylvania, which he 
 also made in Paris. It is considered the finest piece of 
 work of its kind in America. Besides this labor, he has 
 made a number of medallions and busts. 
 
 "Art was in me as a child," he said ; "I was discour- 
 aged whenever it beckoned me, but finally it claimed 
 me. I surrendered a good position to follow it, whether 
 it led through a thorny road or not. A sculptor is an 
 artist, a musician, a poet, a writer, a dramatist, to throw 
 action, breath and life, music and a soul into his crea- 
 tion. I can pick up an instrument and learn it in- 
 stantly ; I can sing, and act, so I am in touch with the 
 
 3 6 4
 
 Sculptor 
 
 sympathies of the beings that I endeavor to create. 
 You will find most sculptors and artists of my com- 
 posite nature. 
 
 "There," said Mr. Ruckstuhl, and he stretched out 
 hi* arm, with his palm downward, and moved it 
 through the air, as he gazed into distance, "you strive 
 to create the imagination of your mind, and it comes 
 to you as if sent from another world. 
 
 "You strive. That is the way to success." 
 
 365
 
 XXXVI 
 
 During Leisure Hours He "Found 
 Himself" and Abandoned the 
 Law for Art. 
 
 THERE is a charming lesson in the way Henry 
 Merwin Shrady, the sculptor, "found him- 
 self." A few years ago, this talented artist, 
 whose splendid buffalo and moose ornamented 
 the entrance of the Pan-American Exposition at Buf- 
 falo, was employed as an assistant manager in the 
 match business of his brother-in-law, Edwin Gould. It 
 was by attempts at self-improvement through painting 
 in oil, during leisure hours, that he discovered his 
 capacity for art, and, finally, for sculpture of a high 
 order of merit. 
 
 "I always secretly wished," he said modestly, "to 
 become a great painter, and, with that in view, dabbled 
 in oils from childhood. My family wished me to study 
 medicine, but my nature revolted at the cutting of 
 flesh ; so, after a course at Columbia University, I 
 studied law. An attack of typhoid fever, caught at a 
 Yak-Harvard boat race, after my graduation, incapaci- 
 tated me for work for a year. Then I went into the 
 match business, instead of practicing law. 
 
 366
 
 Sculptor of Animal Life 
 
 "After business hours and on holidays, I taught my- 
 self painting. I have never taken a lesson in drawing, 
 in painting, or in sculpture, in my life. I joined the 
 Bronx Zoological Society, that I might the better 
 study animals, and it was at these gardens that I made 
 the sketches for my buffalo and moose." 
 
 Mr. Shrady taught himself the art of mixing oils, 
 and then, in spare hours, called on William H. Beard, 
 at his studio, for the delineator of "The Bulls and 
 Bears of Wall Street" to criticise his sketches. Once 
 Mr. Beard said, prophetically, "Some day you will for- 
 sake all for art." 
 
 A PET DOG HIS FIRST PAINTING. 
 
 The young artist had, at his home, a fox-terrier, of 
 which he was very fond. He painted a picture of the 
 dog, and his wife, thinking it an excellent piece of 
 work, offered it clandestinely for exhibition at the 
 National Academy of Design. It was accepted. Great 
 was his astonishment when he recognized it there. It 
 was sold for fifty dollars. His next serious attempt 
 was caused by a little rivalry. His sister brought from 
 abroad an expensive painting of some French kittens. 
 He instantly took a dislike to the kittens, and said he 
 would paint her some Angora ones. To make satisfac- 
 tory sketches, he carried a sketch-book in his pocket, 
 on his walks to and from his office, pausing on the 
 pavements before the different fanciers' windows to 
 sketch the kittens within. This picture was also ac- 
 
 3 6 7
 
 Henry Merwin Shrady 
 
 cepted by the National Academy of Design. But he 
 refused an offer to sell it, as he had promised it to his 
 sister, Mrs. Gould, for a Christmas present. 
 
 "It was on account of the almost impossible feat of 
 getting colorings at night," he said, "that I turned to 
 modeling in clay. I wanted to do something to im- 
 prove as well as amuse me. I modeled a battery going 
 into action, but did not finish it till persuaded to do so 
 by Alvin S. Southworth, a special correspondent of a 
 New York paper in the Crimean War, and friend of 
 my father, Dr. Shrady. It was to gratify him that I 
 finished it. A photograph of it, reproduced in 'The 
 Journalist,' attracted a gentleman in the employ of the 
 firm of Theodore B. Starr. He called upon me, and 
 encouraged me to have it made in Russian bronze. 
 That house purchased it, and advised me to enter the 
 field, as they saw prospects for American military 
 pieces." 
 
 Mr. Shrady sketched the gun-carriage and harness 
 for his battery in the Seventh Regiment armory, to 
 which regiment he has belonged for seven years; and 
 his own saddle horse was his model for the horses of 
 the battery. 
 
 One day Carl Bitter, the sculptor, dropped in at 
 Starr's, while Mr. Shrady was there. He noticed the 
 small bronzes, the buffalo and the moose. "I think 
 we can use them at the Buffalo Exposition," he said. 
 Mr. Bitter offered the sculptor the use of his studio, in 
 Hoboken, and, in six weeks, by rising at half past five
 
 Sculptor of Animal Life 
 
 in the morning, and working ten hours a day, he 
 enlarged his buffalo to eight feet in height, and his 
 moose, a larger animal, to nine feet. Then glue molds 
 were taken of both of them, with the greatest care. 
 
 "I had never enlarged, or worked in plaster of Paris 
 before," said Mr. Shrady. "They gave me the tools 
 and plaster, and told me to go to work. I didn't know 
 how to proceed, at first, but eventually learned all right. 
 I think I could do such work with more ease now," he 
 added, "for that was practical experience I could not 
 get in an art school." 
 
 Since then, Mr. Shrady has made a realistic cavalry 
 piece, "Saving the Colors," of two horsemen, one 
 shot and falling, and the other snatching the colors ; 
 also, "The Empty Saddle," of a cavalry horse, sad- 
 dled and bridled, and quietly grazing at a distance from 
 the scene of the death of his rider. This was exhibited 
 at the Academy of American Artists. The Academy 
 of Fine Arts, of Philadelphia, requested Mr. Shrady to 
 exhibit at its exhibition in January, 1902. 
 
 The youthful sculptor has the gift of giving life, ex- 
 pression and feeling to his animals, which, some say, is 
 unsurpassed. 
 
 A UNIQUE EXPERIMENT WITH A HORSE. 
 
 "I do not believe," said he, "in working from an 
 anatomical figure, or in covering a horse with skin and 
 hair after you have laid in his muscles. You are apt to 
 make prominent muscles which are not really promi- 
 
 3 6 9
 
 Henry Merwin Shrady 
 
 nent. Once I soaked a horse with water, and took 
 photographs of him, to make a record of the muscles 
 and tendons that really show. They are practically few, 
 except when in active use. In an art school you learn 
 little about a horse. The way which I approve is to 
 place a horse before you, study him and know him, and 
 work till you have reproduced him. No master, stand- 
 ing over your shoulder, can teach you more than you 
 can observe, if you have the soul. Corot took his easel 
 into the woods, and studied close to nature, till he 
 painted truthfully a landscape. Angelo's best work was 
 that done to suit his personal view. 
 
 "Talent may be born, but it depends upon your own 
 efforts whether it comes to much. I believe that if your 
 hobby, desire, or talent, whichever you wish to call it, is 
 to paint or model, you can teach yourself better than 
 you can be taught, providing you really love your work, 
 as I do." 
 
 Thus did Mr. Shrady desert a mechanical life he dis- 
 liked, and start on a promising career. He is still 
 young, slight, and with delicate features. His heart is 
 tender toward animals, and he refuses to hunt. His 
 chief delight is in riding the horse which has figured 
 so prominently in his work. His success proves two 
 things : the value of leisure moments, and the wisdom 
 of turning a hobby into a career. 
 
 370
 
 XXXVII 
 
 Deformed in Body, His Cheerful 
 Spirit Makes Him the Enter- 
 tainer of Princes. 
 
 A SCORE of years ago, seated on a bench in 
 Bryant Park, a hungry lad wept copious tears 
 over his failure to gain a supper or a night's 
 lodging. A peddler's outfit lay beside him. 
 Not a sale had he made that day. His curiously di- 
 minutive body was neatly clad, but his heart was heavy. 
 He was dreadfully hungry, as only a boy can be. 
 
 "Oh, see the funny little man !" exclaimed a quartet 
 of little girls, as they trooped past the shrinking figure. 
 "Mamma ! Come and buy somethirjg from him !" 
 
 Down the steps of a brown stone mansion came a 
 young matron, curiosity shining out of her handsome 
 eyes. The boy looked up and smiled. The lady did 
 not buy anything, but her mother's heart was touched, 
 and before she hurried home with her little girls, she 
 gave him five cents. 
 
 Last winter, two members of the 'Lamb's Club were 
 about to part on the club steps. One was "The Prince 
 of Entertainers and the Entertainer of Princes," Mar- 
 
 37 1
 
 Marshall P. Wilder 
 
 shall P. Wilder. The other was a distinguished 
 lawyer. 
 
 "Come and dine with me to-night, Mr. Wilder," 
 said the latter. "You have never accepted my hos- 
 pitality, but you have no engagements for to-night, so 
 come along." 
 
 Ten minutes later, the great entertainer was pre- 
 sented to the wife of his host and to four beautiful 
 young women. 
 
 A curious thrill passed over the guest as he looked 
 into those charming faces. They seemed familiar. A 
 flash of memory carried him back to that scene in the 
 park. He turned to the hostess : 
 
 "Do you remember," his voice trembled, "a little 
 chap in the park years ago, to whom you were kind, 
 'a funny little man,' the children called him, and you 
 gave him five cents ?" 
 
 "Yes, yes, I do remember that, and you ?" 
 
 "I am the funny little man." 
 
 It was indeed true. The hungry boy had not for- 
 gotten it, though wealth and fame had come to him in 
 the meanwhile. In a little private diary that no one sees 
 but himself, he has five new birth dates marked, those 
 of the mother and her four daughters. "Just to re- 
 member those who have been kind to me," is the only 
 explanation on the cover of the book. 
 
 What a brightly interesting story is Wilder's, any- 
 way ! Who else in all this great, broad land has made 
 such a record, from a peddler's pack to a fortune of 
 
 37 2
 
 Prince of Entertainers 
 
 one hundred thousand dollars, and all because he is 
 merry and bright and gay in spite of his physical draw- 
 backs. His nurse dropped him when he was an infant, 
 but for years the injury did not manifest itself. At 
 three he was a bright baby, the pride of the dear old 
 father, Doctor Wilder, who still survives to enjoy his 
 son's popularity in the world of amusement-makers. It 
 was no fault of the doctor that Marshall was obliged 
 to go hungry in New York. Doctor Wilder lived and 
 practiced in Hartford, where his son ought to have 
 stayed, but he didn't. At five he was handsome and 
 well formed, but at twelve he stopped growing. The 
 boys began to tease him about his diminutive stature. 
 
 "I don't think I've grown very much since, except 
 in experience," he said the other day in the course of 
 a morning chat in his handsome bachelor apartments. 
 "I thought, by leaving home, I might at least grow up 
 with the country." 
 
 "But you didn't grow, after all ?" 
 
 "No, I haven't found the country yet that can make 
 me grow up with it. I guess I'll have to be satisfied 
 with being a plain expansionist." [Mr. Wilder is 
 nearly as broad as he is long.] 
 
 "How did you happen to choose the amusement 
 profession?" I asked. 
 
 NATURE'S LAW OF COMPENSATION. 
 "I was always a good mimic," he replied, "and I 
 
 373
 
 Marshall P. Wilder 
 
 found my talents lay in that direction. I created a 
 new business, that of story-teller, imitator of celebrated 
 people, and of sleight-of-hand performer, all without 
 the aid of costumes, depending solely on my facial ex- 
 pression to give point to the humor. Nature had cer- 
 tainly tried to make amends for her frowns by giving 
 me facial power, the power to smile away dull care. 
 There is a niche in life for everyone, a place where 
 one belongs. Society is like a pack of cards. Some 
 members of it are kings and others are knaves, while 
 I, I discovered that I was the little joker." 
 
 Mr. Wilder is a bubbling fountain of wit, whose 
 whimsicalities are no less entertaining to himself than 
 to his hearers. As he quaintly expresses it, they are 
 "ripples from the ocean of my moods which have 
 touched the shore of my life." His disposition is so 
 cheery that children and dogs come to him instantly. 
 Eugene Field has the same trait. 
 
 HOW HE TOOK JOSEPH JEFFERSON'S LIFE. 
 
 His first appearance on any stage was made in "Rip 
 Van Winkle," when he was a boy. Joseph Jefferson 
 carried him on his back as a dwarf. The great "Rip" 
 has remained his steadfast friend ever since. Only a 
 few years ago, Wilder left New York to fulfil a church 
 entertainment engagement in Utica. He got there at 
 three in the afternoon. Mr. Jefferson's private car 
 was on the track, containing himself, William J. 
 Florence, Mrs. John Drew, Viola Allen, and Otis 
 
 374
 
 Prince of Entertainers 
 
 Skinner. They hailed him instantly and induced him 
 to pass the afternoon in the car and to take dinner with 
 them. His church engagement was over at half past 
 eight, and at Mr. Jefferson's invitation he occupied a 
 box at the opera house. The house happened to be a 
 small one, while the church had been crowded to the 
 doors. After the theater, the Jefferson party again 
 entertained the humorist in the car, keeping him until 
 his train left, half an hour after midnight. As Mr. 
 Wilder was leaving, Mr. Jefferson pretended to get 
 very angry and said : 'What do you think, my friends ? 
 Here we have entertained this ungrateful young scamp 
 all the afternoon, and invited him to dinner. Then he 
 goes up to town and plays to a big audience, leaving 
 me only a very poor house. Then he comes down here, 
 partakes of our hospitality again, and before leaving 
 takes my life!" Suiting the action to the word, Mr. 
 Jefferson handed the young man a copy of his "Life 
 and Recollections." 
 
 His first attempt at wit was at a little church in 
 New York, where he was one of the audience. A 
 tableau was being given of "Mary, Queen of Scots," 
 and in order to make it realistic they had obtained a 
 genuine butcher's block and a cleaver. As the execu- 
 tioner stood by, the lights all turned low, and his dread- 
 ful work in progress, a shrill voice arose from the 
 darkened house: 
 
 "Save me a spare-rib." 
 
 His readiness in an emergency was shown at Flint, 
 
 375
 
 Marshall P. Wilder 
 
 Michigan, when he was before an unresponsive au- 
 dience. As luck would have it, the gas suddenly went 
 out. 
 
 "Never mind the gas," he called to the stage man- 
 ager." They can see the points just as well in the 
 dark." After that he was en rapport. 
 
 The greatest gift God ever made to man, he admitted 
 to me in strict confidence, is the ability to laugh and to 
 make his fellowmen laugh. This more than compen- 
 sates, he adds, for the reception he gets from some of 
 the cold audiences in New Jersey. 
 
 I asked him what was the funniest experience he 
 had ever had. 
 
 "In a lodge room one night with Nat Goodwin," he 
 replied. "It was, or ought to have been, a solemn oc- 
 casion, but there was a German present who couldn't 
 repeat the obligation backward. Nat stuffed his hand- 
 kerchief into his mouth. I bit my lip trying to keep 
 from laughing. I knew what an awful breach of de- 
 corum it would be if we ever gave way to our feelings. 
 We had almost gained perfect control of ourselves, 
 and the beautiful and impressive ceremony was half 
 over, when that confounded Dutchman was asked once 
 more to repeat the oath backward. He made such 
 work of it that I yelled right out, while Nat had a 
 spasm and rolled on the floor. Did they put us out? 
 Well, I guess they did. It took seven or eight apol- 
 ogies to get us back into that lodge." 
 
 Equally funny was his experience in London. It 
 
 376
 
 Prince of Entertainers 
 
 was on the occasion of the visit of the Ancient and 
 Honorable Artillery, of Boston. A big dinner was to 
 be given, and the American ambassador and the Prince 
 of Wales were to be there. I asked Wilder to tell me 
 the story of his visit. 
 
 "I received an invitation," he began, "through my 
 friend, B. F. Keith, who was a member of the Ancient 
 and Honorable Artillery, and who happened to be in 
 London. The uniforms were something gorgeous. 
 The members stood in two long lines, awaiting the 
 coming of the prince, who is always punctual. I was 
 dressed in my usual boy-size clothes, a small American 
 flag stuck in my Tuxedo coat. I walked around rest- 
 lessly. The major-domo was a very grand personage, 
 with a bearskin hat on one end and long boots on the 
 other. He must have been eight or ten feet high. He 
 chased me to the rear of the room several times, evi- 
 dently not knowing who I was, but every time he 
 turned his back I would bob out again, sometimes 
 between his legs. The prince came, and almost the first 
 thing he did was to walk across the floor to me and say : 
 'Hullo, little chap. I am very glad to see you.' I had 
 met him before. Then Henry Irving bore down on me 
 and shook my hand, and so did Mr. Depew and others. 
 By this time the major-domo had shrunk in size. 
 
 "Who the Dickens is that little chap, anyway?" he 
 asked. 
 
 " 'Sh ! He belongs to the American army,' was the 
 
 377
 
 Marshall P. Wilder 
 
 answer. 'He's a great marshal or something over 
 there!'" 
 
 Wilder is big-hearted. "The biggest fee I ever re- 
 ceived," he stated in reply to my inquiry, "was the 
 satisfaction I saw depicted on a poor man's face. It 
 was on a railway train. A life-prisoner was being 
 taken, after a long man-hunt in Europe and America, 
 out to Kansas City. I never saw so dejected a face. I 
 devoted four or five hours to brightening him up, and 
 when I left he was smiling all over. I had succeeded 
 in making him forget his misery for at least four 
 hours!" 
 
 A wealthy gentleman of New York pays Mr. Wilder 
 a stated sum every year to "cheer up" the inmates of 
 hospitals and similar institutions. 
 
 378
 
 XXXVIII 
 
 Energy and Earnestness Win an 
 Actor Fame. 
 
 //^I[T THO will play the part?" asked A. M. 
 
 \/\/ Palmer, anxiously, looking over the 
 
 members of his "Parisian Romance" 
 
 company one night when the actor who 
 
 had been playing ' Baron Cheval ' failed to appear. 
 
 "I will," spoke up an obscure young player, a serious, 
 earnest man who had been "utility" for the company 
 only a short time. 
 
 It was Richard Mansfield, and the part was given 
 him. It had not been a conspicuous part up to that 
 hour, but that night Mr. Mansfield made it a leading 
 one. He saw in it opportunities for a deeper dramatic 
 portrayal, for an expression of intense earnestness, and 
 for that finished acting which ennobles any part in a 
 play, however humble. Before the performance was 
 over, he had opened the eyes of the company and the 
 public to the fact that a new actor of great talent had 
 come to the front at a bound. 
 
 In his beautiful home in New York, the other day, I 
 found him surrounded by the evidences of wealth and 
 artistic taste. 
 
 379
 
 Richard Mansfield 
 
 "So you represent SUCCESS/ he exclaimed. "Well, 
 I am pleased to have you call. Success pays few calls, 
 you know. Ordinarily, we have to pursue it and make 
 great efforts to keep it from eluding us." 
 
 Mr. Mansfield made this remark with a quizzical, yet 
 half-tired smile, as if he had himself found the chase 
 exhausting. 
 
 HOW TO FIND SUCCESS. 
 
 "Yes," he went on, "success is a most fleet-footed 
 almost a phantom goddess. You pursue her eagerly 
 and seem to grasp her, and then you see her speeding 
 on in front again. This is, of course, because one is 
 rarely satisfied with present success. There is always 
 something yet to be attained. To speak personally, I 
 never worked harder in my life than I am working now. 
 If I should relax, I fear that the structure which I have 
 built up would come tumbling about my ears. It is my 
 desire to advance my standard every year, to plant it 
 higher up on the hill, and to never yield a foot of 
 ground. This requires constant effort. I find my re- 
 ward, not in financial returns, for these are hardly com- 
 mensurate with the outlay of labor ; nor in the applause 
 of others, for this is not always discriminative or judic- 
 ious ; but in the practice of my art. This suggests what, 
 it seems to me, is the true secret of success. 
 
 "Love your work ; then you will do it well. It is its 
 own reward, though it brings others. If a young man 
 would rather be an actor than anything else, and he 
 
 380
 
 Comedian 
 
 knows what he is about, let him, by all means, be an 
 actor. He will probably become a good one. It is the 
 same, of course, in many occupations. If you like your 
 work, hold on to it, and eventually you are likely to win. 
 If you don't like it, you can't be too quick in getting 
 into something that suits you better." 
 
 HE BEGAN AS A DRY GOODS CLERK. 
 
 "I began as a dry goods clerk in Boston, and was a 
 very mediocre clerk. Afterward I became a painter in 
 London, and was starving at that. Finally, like water, 
 I found my level in dramatic art." 
 
 The thing about Mr. Mansfield which most inspires 
 those who come in contact with him is his wonderful 
 store of nervous energy. It communicates itself to 
 others and makes them keen for work. 
 
 "I cannot talk with him five minutes," said his busi- 
 ness representative, "before I want to grab my hat and 
 'hustle' out and do about three days' work without stop- 
 ping. For persons who have not, or cannot absorb, 
 some of his own electric spirit, he has little use. He is 
 a living embodiment of contagious energy." 
 
 His performances before audiences constitute a com- 
 paratively small portion of his work. It is in his elabor- 
 ate and painstaking preparation that the labor is in- 
 volved, and it is to this to the minute preliminary care 
 that he gives to every detail of a production, that his 
 fine effects and achievements before the footlights are, 
 in considerable measure, due.
 
 Richard Mansfield 
 
 HE GIVES INFINITE ATTENTION TO DETAIL. 
 
 The rehearsals are a vital part of the preparatory 
 work, and to them Mr. Mansfield has devoted a great 
 deal of time. For weeks, between the hours of eleven 
 in the morning and four in the afternoon, he remains 
 on the stage with his company, seated in a line four or 
 five deep on either side of him, like boys and girls at 
 school, deeply engrossed in impressing upon the minds 
 of individual members of the company his own ideas of 
 the interpretation and presentation of the various parts. 
 Again and again, until one would think he himself 
 would become utterly weary of the repetition, he would 
 have an actor repeat a sentence. Not until it is exactly 
 right is Mr. Mansfield satisfied. Nothing escapes his 
 scrutiny. At dress rehearsals he may see, to mention a 
 typical case, a tall man and a small one of no special im- 
 portance in the play standing together, and the tall one 
 may be made up to have a sallow complexion and 
 beard. Mr. Mansfield glances at them quickly. Some- 
 thing is wrong. He hastens up to the smaller one and 
 suggests that, for the sake of contrast, he make himself 
 up to look stout and to have a smooth face. The im- 
 provement is quite noticeable. Mr. Mansfield carefully 
 notes the effect of light and shadow on the scenery ; and 
 sometimes, at the last moment, will seize the brush and 
 add, here and there, a heightening or a softening touch. 
 
 An incident of his early youth will tend to illustrate 
 his spirit of self-reliance. His mother was an eminent 
 
 382
 
 Comedian 
 
 singer who frequently appeared before royal families in 
 Europe, and usually had little Richard with her. On 
 one occasion, after her own performance before royalty 
 in Germany, the little Crown Prince, who was about the 
 same age as Richard, and an accomplished boy, played 
 a selection on the piano, and played it well. When he 
 had left the piano, the company was very much sur- 
 prised to see Master Richard Mansfield take his place, 
 without an invitation, and play the same music, but in a 
 considerably better manner than had the Crown Prince. 
 When the boy had become a youth, he was compelled to 
 support himself; and, having come to this country, he 
 obtained a position as a clerk in the Jordan & Marsh 
 establishment in Boston. Meanwhile, he was devoting 
 all his spare time to studying painting. He afterward 
 tried to make a living at it in London, and failed. He 
 was finally given an opportunity as a comedian in 
 "Pinafore." He had the small part of Joseph. It was 
 but a short time afterward when he entered the employ 
 of Mr. Palmer and got the chance of his lifetime. 
 
 383
 
 XXXIX 
 
 A Father's Common Sense Gives 
 America a Great Bandmaster. 
 
 KIPLING essayed to write verses at thirteen, and 
 John Philip Sousa entered his apprenticeship 
 in a military band at the age of twelve. The 
 circumstances, which he related to me during 
 a recent conversation, make it clear, however, that it 
 was not exactly the realization of any youthful ambi- 
 tion. "When I was a youngster of twelve," said the 
 bandmaster, "I could play the violin fairly well. It was 
 in this memorable year that a circus came to Washing- 
 ton, D. C., where I then lived, and remained for two 
 days. During the morning of the first day, one of the 
 showmen passed the house and heard me playing. He 
 rang the bell, and when I answered it, asked if I would 
 not like to join the show. I was at the age when it is 
 the height of every boy's ambition to join a circus, and 
 was so delighted that I readily agreed to his instruc- 
 tions that I was to take my violin, and, without telling 
 anyone, go quietly to the show grounds late the next 
 evening. 
 
 "I couldn't, however, keep this stroke of good fortune 
 entirely to myself, so I confided it to my chum, who 
 
 384
 
 The " March King " 
 
 lived next door. The effect was entirely unanticipated. 
 He straightway became so jealous at the thought that I 
 would have an opportunity to witness the circus per- 
 formance free that he told his mother, and that good 
 woman promptly laid the whole matter before my 
 father." 
 
 IN THE MARINE BAND. 
 
 "At the time I was, of course, ignorant of this turn of 
 affairs ; but early the next morning my father, without 
 a word of explanation, told me to put on my best 
 clothes, and, without ceremony, bundled me down to the 
 office of the Marine Band, where he entered me as an 
 apprentice. The age limit at which admission could be 
 gained to the band corps was fourteen years, and I have 
 always retained the two years which my father uncere- 
 moniously added to my age at that time." 
 
 Sousa is of Spanish descent, his father having emi- 
 grated from Spain to Portugal by reason of political 
 entanglements. Thence came the strange fact that, 
 during the recent war, American troops marched for- 
 ward to attack Spaniards to the music of marches writ- 
 ten by this descendant of their race. The director's 
 remark that his family was one of the oldest in Spain 
 was supplementary to an amused denial of that pretty 
 story which has been so widely circulated to the effect 
 that the bandmaster's name was originally John 
 Philipso, and that when, after entering the Marine 
 Band, he signed it with the "U. S. A." appended, some 
 intelligent clerk divided it into John Philip Sousa. 
 
 385
 
 John Philip Sousa 
 
 HIS FIRST SUCCESSFUL WORK. 
 
 In discussing his opera, "El Capitan," which, when 
 produced by De Wolf Hopper several seasons ago, 
 achieved such instantaneous success, the composer re- 
 marked that it was the sixth opera he had written, the 
 others never reaching the dignity of a production. 
 
 As Sousa is preeminently a man of action, so his 
 career and characteristics are best outlined by incidents. 
 One in connection with his operatic composition strik- 
 ingly illustrates his pluck and determination. Before 
 he attained any great degree of prominence in the musi- 
 cal world, Sousa submitted an opera to Francis Wilson, 
 offering to sell it outright for one thousand five hundred 
 dollars. Wilson liked the opera, but the composer was 
 not fortified by a great name, so he declined to pay more 
 than one thousand dollars for the piece. The composer 
 replied that he had spent the best part of a year on the 
 work, and felt that he could not take less than his origi- 
 nal demand. Wilson was obdurate, and Sousa ruefully 
 put the manuscript back into his portfolio. 
 
 Some time afterward a march which the bandmaster 
 sent to a well-known publishing house caught the public 
 favor. The publishers demanded another at once. The 
 composer had none at hand, but suddenly thought of 
 the march in his discarded opera, and forwarded it 
 without waiting to select a name. 
 
 While he was pondering thoughtfully on the subject 
 of a title, Sousa and a friend one evening went to the 
 
 3 86
 
 The "March King" 
 
 Auditorium in Chicago, where "America" was then 
 being presented. When the mammoth drop curtain, 
 with the painted representation of the Liberty Bell was 
 lowered, the bandmaster's companion said, with the 
 suddenness of an inspiration : "There is a name for 
 your new march." That night it was sent on to the 
 publishers. 
 
 Up to date, this one selection from the opera for 
 which Francis Wilson refused to pay fifteen hundred 
 dollars has netted its composer thirty-five thousand 
 dollars. 
 
 A MAN WHO NEVER RESTS. 
 
 Sousa has practically no vacations. Throughout the 
 greater part of the autumn, winter and spring, his band 
 is en tour through this country and Canada, giving, as 
 a rule, two concerts each day, usually in different towns. 
 During the summer, his time is occupied with daily 
 concerts at Manhattan Beach, near New York. De- 
 spite all this, he finds time to write several marches or 
 other musical selections each year, and for several years 
 past has averaged each year an operatic production. 
 Any person who is at all conversant with the subject 
 knows that the composition of the opera itself is only 
 the beginning of the composer's labor, and Sousa has 
 invariably directed the rehearsals with all the thorough- 
 ness and attention to detail that might be expected from 
 a less busy man. 
 
 The bandmaster is a late riser, and in that, as in other 
 details, the routine of his daily life is the embodiment of 
 
 387
 
 John Philip Sousa 
 
 regularity and punctuality. In reply to my question as 
 to what produces his never-failing good health, he said : 
 "Absolute regularity of life, plenty of sleep, and good, 
 plain, substantial food." 
 
 His idea of the most valuable aids, if not essentials to 
 success, may be imagined. They are "persistence and 
 hard work." The "March King" believes that it is only 
 worry, and not hard work, that kills people, and he also 
 has confidence that if there be no literal truth in the 
 assertion that genius is simply another name for hard 
 work, there is at least much of wisdom in the saying. 
 
 Many persons who have seen Sousa direct his organi- 
 zation make the assertion that the orders conveyed by 
 his baton are non-essential, that the band would be 
 equally well-off without Sousa. This never received a 
 fuller refutation than during a recent concert in an 
 eastern city. Two small boys in seats near the front 
 of the hall were tittering, but so quietly that it would 
 hardly seem possible that it could be noticed on the 
 stage, especially by the bandmaster, whose back was, of 
 course, toward the audience. Suddenly, in the middle 
 of a bar, his baton fell. Instantly, every sound ceased, 
 not a note having been sounded after the signal, which 
 could not have been anticipated, was given. Wheeling 
 quickly, the leader ordered the troublesome youngsters 
 to leave the hall, and almost before the audience had 
 realized what had happened, the great organization had 
 resumed the rendition of the selection, without the loss 
 of a chord. 
 
 3 88
 
 The " March King " 
 
 HOW SOUSA WORKS. 
 
 In answer to my inquiry as to his methods of work, 
 the director of America's foremost band said : 
 
 "I think that any musical composer must essentially 
 find his periods of work governed largely by inspira- 
 tion. A march or a waltz depends perhaps upon some 
 strain that has sufficient melody to carry the entire com- 
 position, and it is the waiting to catch this embryo note 
 that is sometimes long. 
 
 "Take my experience with ' The Stars and Stripes 
 Forever.' I worked for weeks on the strain that I think 
 will impress most persons as the prettiest in the march. 
 I carried it in my mind all that time, but I could not get 
 the idea transferred to paper just as I wanted. When 
 I did accomplish it, there was comparatively little delay 
 with the remainder." 
 
 When I asked him about his future work, Mr. Sousa 
 said : 
 
 "I of course have commissions to write several 
 operas, and I am at work on a musical composition 
 which I hope to make the best thing that I have ever 
 attempted." 
 
 His temperament is well illustrated by an incident on 
 a western railroad. The Sousa organization, which 
 had been playing in one of the larger cities, desired to 
 reach a small town in time for a matinee performance, 
 but, owing to the narrow policy of the railway officials, 
 
 389
 
 John Philip Sousa 
 
 the bandmaster was obliged to engage a special train, at 
 a cost of $175. 
 
 In the railway yard stood the private coach of the 
 president of the system, and just before the Sousa train 
 pulled out, the discovery was made that the regular 
 train, to which it had been intended to attach the presi- 
 dent's car, was three hours late. A request was made 
 of the bandmaster that he allow the car to be attached 
 to his train ; but Sousa, with that twinkle in his eye 
 which every person who has seen him must have no- 
 ticed, simply smiled, and, with the most extravagant 
 politeness, replied: "I am sorry, gentlemen, but, having 
 chartered this train for my especial use, I am afraid I 
 shall have to limit its use to that purpose." 
 
 390
 
 XL 
 
 Blind, Deaf, and Dumb, Patient Ef- 
 fort Wins for Her Culture and 
 Rare Womanhood. 
 
 f f T AM trying to prove that the sum of the areas 
 
 of two similar polygons, constructed on the 
 
 * two legs of a right triangle, is equal to the 
 
 area of a similar polygon constructed on the 
 
 hypotenuse. It is a very difficult demonstration," she 
 
 added, and her expressive face, on which every passing 
 
 emotion is plainly written, looked serious for a moment, 
 
 as she laid her hand upon the work about which I had 
 
 asked. 
 
 Helen Keller, the deaf and blind girl, whose intellec- 
 tual attainments have excited the wonder and admira- 
 tion of our most prominent educators, is well known to 
 all readers, but Helen Keller, the blithesome, rosy- 
 cheeked, light-hearted maiden of nineteen, whose smile 
 is a benediction, and whose ringing laugh is fresh and 
 joyous as that of a child, is not, perhaps, so familiar. 
 
 HELEN KELLER AT HOME. 
 
 By kind permission of her teacher, Miss Sullivan, I 
 was granted the privilege of an interview with Miss 
 
 391
 
 Helen Keller 
 
 Keller at her residence on Newbury street, Boston, 
 where she was busily at work preparing for the en- 
 trance examinations to Radcliffe College. 
 
 After a cordial greeting, Miss Sullivan, whose gra- 
 cious, kindly manner makes the visitor feel perfectly at 
 home, introduced me to her pupil. Seated on a low 
 rocking-chair, in a large, sunny bay-window, the young 
 girl, fresh as the morning, in her dainty pink shirt-waist 
 over a dress of plain, dark material, with the sunshine 
 glinting through her waving brown hair, and kissing 
 her broad white forehead and pink cheeks, made a pic- 
 ture which one will not willingly forget. On her lap 
 was a small red cushion, to which wires, representing 
 the geometrical figures included in the problem on 
 which she was engaged, were fastened. Laying this 
 aside at a touch from Miss Sullivan, she arose, and, 
 stretching out her hand, pronounced my name softly, 
 with a peculiar intonation, which at first makes it a little 
 difficult to understand her words, but to which the 
 listener soon becomes accustomed. Of course, her 
 teacher acted as an interpreter during our conversation, 
 though much of what Helen says is perfectly intelligible 
 even to the untrained ear. 
 
 "Yes," she said, "it is a very difficult problem, but I 
 have a little light on it now." 
 
 HER AMBITION. 
 
 "What will your ambition be when your college 
 course is completed ?" I asked. 
 
 39 2
 
 Student and Writer 
 
 "I think I should like to write, for children. I tell 
 stories to my little friends a great deal of the time now, 
 but they are not original, not yet. Most of them are 
 translations from the Greek, and I think no one can 
 write anything prettier for the young. Charles Kings- 
 ley has written some equally good things, like 'Water 
 Babies,' for instance. 'Alice in Wonderland' is a fine 
 story, too, but none of them can surpass the Greek 
 tales." 
 
 Many of our advanced thinkers are fond of advanc- 
 ing the theory that the medium of communication in 
 the future will not be spoken words, but the more subtle 
 and genuine, if mute, language of the face, the eyes, the 
 whole body. Sarah Bernhardt forcibly illustrates the 
 effectiveness of this method, for even those who do not 
 understand a word of French derive nearly as much 
 pleasure from the great actress's performances as those 
 who are thoroughly familiar with the language. Helen 
 Keller's dramatic power of expression is equally telling. 
 
 She is enthusiastic in her admiration of everything 
 Greek. The language, the literature, the arts, the his- 
 tory of the classic land fascinate and enthrall her 
 imagination. 
 
 "Oh, yes," she exclaimed, eagerly, in answer to my 
 query if she expected to go to Greece sometime, "it is 
 one of my air castles. Ever since I was as tall as that," 
 (she held her hand a short distance from the floor) "I 
 have dreamed about it." 
 
 393
 
 Helen Keller 
 
 "Do you believe the dream will some day become a 
 reality?" 
 
 "I hope so, but I dare not be too sure," and the 
 sober words of wisdom, that followed sounded oddly 
 enough on the girlish lips, "the world is full of disap- 
 pointments and vicissitudes, and I have to be a little 
 conservative." 
 
 "Which of your studies interest you most?" 
 
 "Latin and Greek. I am reading now Virgil's 
 'Eclogues,' Cicero's 'Orations,' Homer's 'Iliad' and 
 'Odyssey/ " she said, and ran rapidly over a list of 
 classic books which she likes. 
 
 Her readiness to perceive a joke and her quickness to 
 detect the least carelessness in language are distinguish- 
 ing traits, which she illustrated even during our brief 
 conversation. Commenting on her love of everything 
 pertaining to Greece, I remarked that a believer in the 
 doctrine of metempsychosis might imagine that she pos- 
 sessed the soul of an old Greek. Instantly she noticed 
 the little slip, and, laughing gayly, cried : "Oh, no, not 
 the soul of an old Greek, the soul of a young Greek." 
 
 Helen's merriment was infectious, and we all joined 
 heartily in the laugh, Miss Sullivan saying, "She caught 
 you there," as I was endeavoring to explain that, of 
 course, I meant the soul of an ancient Greek. 
 
 While taking so deep an interest in matters intellec- 
 tual, and living in a world of her own, penetrated by no 
 outward sight or sound, Miss Keller's tastes are as nor- 
 mal as those of any girl of nineteen. She is full of 
 
 394
 
 Student and Writer 
 
 animal spirit, dearly loves a practical joke, is fond of 
 dancing, enjoys outside exercise and sport, and has the 
 natural desire of every healthy young maiden to wear 
 pretty things and look her best. 
 
 In answer to a question on this latter subject, she 
 said : 
 
 "I used to be very fond of dress, but now I am not 
 particularly so ; it is such a bother. We ought to like 
 dress, though, and wear pretty things, just as the 
 flowers put on beautiful colors. It would be fine," she 
 continued, laughing gleefully, "if we were made with 
 feathers and wings, like the birds. Then we would 
 have no trouble about dress, and we could fly where we 
 pleased." 
 
 "You would fly to Greece, first, I suppose ?" 
 
 "No," she replied, and her laughing face took on a 
 tender, wistful look, "I should go home first, to see my 
 loved ones." 
 
 HEREDITY AND CHILDHOOD. 
 
 Miss Keller's home is at Tuscumbia, Alabama, where 
 she was born on June 27, 1880. Some of the best blood 
 of both the north and the south flows in her veins, and 
 it is probable that her uncommon mental powers are in 
 no small degree due to heredity. Her father, Arthur H. 
 Keller, a polished southern gentleman, with a large, 
 chivalrous nature, fine intelligence and attractive man- 
 ners, was the descendant of a family of Swiss origin, 
 which had settled in Virginia and mixed with some of 
 the oldest families in that state. He served as a cap-
 
 Helen Keller 
 
 tain in the Confederate army during the Civil War, and, 
 at the time of Helen's birth, was the owner and editor 
 of a paper published at Tuscumbia. On the maternal 
 side she is descended from one of the Adams families 
 of Massachusetts, and the same stock of Everetts from 
 which Edward Everett and Reverend Edward Everett 
 Hale sprang. 
 
 Helen Keller was not born deaf and blind, although, 
 at the age of eighteen months, when a violent fit of 
 convulsions deprived her of the faculties of seeing and 
 hearing, she had not attempted to speak. When a child, 
 she was as notable for her stubbornness and resistance 
 to authority as she is to-day for her gentleness and 
 amiability. Indeed, it was owing to an exhibition of 
 what seemed a very mischievous spirit that her parents 
 sought a special instructor for her. Having discovered 
 the use of a key, she locked her mother into a pantry in 
 a distant part of the house, where, her hammering on 
 the door not being heard by the servants, she remained 
 imprisoned for several hours. Helen, seated on the 
 floor outside, felt the knocking on the door, and seemed 
 to be enjoying the situation intensely when at length 
 jailer and prisoner were found. She was then about 
 six years old, and, after this escapade, Mr. and Mrs. 
 Keller felt that the child's moral nature must be reached 
 and her mental powers cultivated, if possible. 
 
 HELEN'S FIRST TEACHER. 
 On the recommendation of Dr. Alexander Graham 
 
 39 6
 
 Student and Writer 
 
 Bell, inventor of the telephone, Michael Anagnos, direc- 
 tor of the Perkins Institute for the Blind at South Bos- 
 ton, sent Miss Annie Mansfield Sullivan to Tuscumbia 
 to undertake the difficult task of piercing the veil behind 
 which the intelligence of the little girl lay sleeping. 
 How well this noble and devoted teacher has succeeded 
 in her work is amply evidenced by the brilliancy and 
 thoroughness of her pupil's attainments. 
 
 Miss Sullivan's method of instruction was similar to 
 that adopted by Dr. Samuel G. Howe in teaching Laura 
 Bridgman. She used the manual alphabet, and cards 
 bearing, in raised letters, the names of objects. At first, 
 the pupil violently resisted the teacher's efforts to in- 
 struct her, and so determined was her opposition, Miss 
 Sullivan declares, that, if she had not exercised physical 
 force and a determination even more strenuous than 
 thar of her refractory pupil, she would never have suc- 
 ceeded in teaching her anything. Night and day she 
 was at her side, watching for the first gleam of con- 
 scious mind ; and at length, after seven weeks of what 
 she says was the hardest work she had ever done, the 
 faithful teacher received her reward in the sudden 
 dawning of the child's intelligence. All at once, the 
 light seemed to burst in upon her wondering soul ; she 
 understood then that the raised letters which she felt 
 on the cards and the groups of manual signs on her 
 hands, represented words, or the names of familiar 
 objects. The delight of the pupil and teacher was un- 
 bounded, and from that moment Helen's education, 
 
 397
 
 Helen Keller 
 
 though still demanding the greatest patience and loving 
 care on the part of her teacher, was a comparatively 
 easy matter. 
 
 With the awakening of her intellectual faculties, she 
 seemed literally to have been "born again." The stub- 
 born, headstrong, self-willed, almost unmanageable 
 child became patient, gentle and obedient ; and, instead 
 of resisting instruction, her eagerness to learn was so 
 great that it had to be restrained. So rapid was her 
 progress that, in a few weeks, anyone who knew the 
 manual alphabet could easily communicate with her, 
 and in July, 1887, less than a year from the time Miss 
 Sullivan first saw her, she could write an intelligent 
 letter. 
 
 PREPARING FOR COLLEGE. 
 
 In September, 1896, accompanied by her teacher, 
 Miss Keller entered the Cambridge School for Girls, to 
 prepare for Radcliffe College, and in June, 1897, passed 
 the examinations of the first preparatory year success- 
 fully in every subject, taking "honors" in English and 
 German. The director of the school, Arthur Gilman, 
 in an article in "American Annals of the Deaf," says : 
 "I think that I may say that no candidate in Harvard 
 or Radcliffe College was graduated higher than Helen 
 in English. The result is remarkable, especially when 
 we consider that she had been studying on strictly col- 
 lege preparatory lines for one year only. She had, it is 
 true, long and careful instruction, and she has had 
 
 398
 
 Student and Writer 
 
 always the loving ministration of Miss Sullivan, in 
 addition to the inestimable advantage of a concentra- 
 tion that the rest of us never know. -No other, man or 
 woman," he adds, "has ever, in my experience, got 
 ready for those examinations in so brief a time." 
 
 Mr. Oilman, in the same article, pays the following 
 well-deserved tribute to Miss Sullivan, whose work is 
 as worthy of admiration as that of her pupil : 
 
 "Miss Sullivan sat at Helen's side in the classes (in 
 the Cambridge School), interpreting to her, with infi- 
 nite patience, the instruction of every teacher. In study 
 hours, Miss Sullivan's labors were even more arduous, 
 for she was obliged to read everything that Helen had 
 to learn, excepting what was prepared in Braille; she 
 searched the lexicons and encyclopedias, and gave 
 Helen the benefit of it all. When Helen went home, 
 Miss Sullivan went with her, and it was hers to satisfy 
 the busy, unintermitting demands of the intensely active 
 brain; for, although others gladly helped, there were 
 many matters which could be treated only by the one 
 teacher who had awakened the activity and had fol- 
 lowed its development from the first. Now, it was a 
 German grammar which had to be read, now a French 
 story, and then some passage from 'Caesar's Commen- 
 taries.' It looked like drudgery, and drudgery it would 
 certainly have been had not love shed its benign influ- 
 ence over all, lightening each step and turning hardship 
 into pleasure." 
 
 Miss Keller is very patriotic, but large and liberal in 
 
 399
 
 Helen Keller 
 
 her ideas, which soar far beyond all narrow, partisan or 
 political prejudices. Her sympathies are with the 
 masses, the burden-bearers, and, like all friends of the 
 people and of universal progress, she was intensely 
 interested in the Peace Congress. 
 
 Speaking on the subject, she said: "I hope the 
 nations will carry out the project of disarmament. I 
 wonder which nation will be brave enough to lay down 
 its arms first !" 
 
 "Don't you hope it will be America ?" 
 
 "Yes, I hope so, but I do not think it will. We are 
 only just beginning to fight now," she went on, sagely, 
 "and I am afraid we like it. I think it will be one of 
 the old, experienced nations, that has had enough of 
 war " 
 
 HER IDEAL OF A SUCCESSFUL CAREER. 
 
 I asked Miss Keller what she considers most essential 
 to a successful career. 
 
 She thought a moment, and then replied, slowly, 
 "Patience, perseverance and fidelity." 
 
 "And what do you look upon as the most desirable 
 thing in life?" 
 
 "Friends," was the prompt reply to this broad general 
 question; and, as she uttered the word, she nestled 
 closely to the friend who has so long been all in all 
 to her. 
 
 "What about material possessions?" I asked; "for 
 instance, which would you place first, wealth or edu- 
 cation?" 
 
 400
 
 Student and Writer 
 
 "Education. A good education is a stepping-stone 
 to wealth. But that does not imply that I want wealth. 
 It is such a care. It would be worse than dressing. 
 'Give me neither poverty nor riches, but give me con- 
 tentment/ " she quoted, with a smile. 
 
 The future of this most interesting girl will be fol- 
 lowed with closest attention by educators, psychologists, 
 and the public generally. There is little doubt that the 
 time and care spent on her education will be amply 
 justified ; and that she will personally illustrate her own 
 ideal of a successful career, "To live nobly ; to be true 
 to one's best aspirations," is the belief of all who 
 know her. 
 
 401
 
 XLI 
 
 Jay Gould's Chum Chooses "High 
 Thinking, not Money Making," 
 and Wins Success Without Riches. 
 
 WHEN I visited the hill-top retreat of John 
 Burroughs, the distinguished lover of na- 
 ture, at West Park, New York, it was with 
 the feeling that all success is not material ; 
 that mere dollars are nothing, and that the influential 
 man is the successful man, whether he be rich or poor. 
 John Burroughs is unquestionably both influential and 
 poor. On the wooden porch of his little bark-covered 
 cabin I waited, one June afternoon, until he should 
 come back from the woods and fields, where he had 
 gone for a ramble. It was so still that the sound of 
 my rocker moving to and fro on the rough boards of 
 the little porch seemed to shock the perfect quiet. From 
 afar off came the plaintive cry of a wood-dove, and 
 then all was still again. Presently the interpreter of 
 out-door life appeared in the distance, and, seeing a 
 stranger at his door, hurried homeward. He was with- 
 out coat or vest, and looked cool in his white outing 
 shirt and large straw hat. After some formalities of 
 
 402
 
 The Poet-Naturalist 
 
 introduction, we reached the subject which I had called 
 to discuss, and he said : 
 
 "It is not customary to interview men of my voca- 
 tion concerning success." 
 
 "Any one who has made a lasting impression on the 
 , minds of his contemporaries," I began, "and influenced 
 men and women " 
 
 "Do you refer to me ?" he interrupted, naively. 
 
 DIFFERENT WAYS OF BEING SUCCESSFUL. 
 
 I nodded and he laughed. "I have not endowed a 
 university nor made a fortune, nor conquered an enemy 
 in battle," he said. 
 
 "And those who have done such things have not writ- 
 ten 'Locusts and Wild Honey' and 'Wake, Robin.' " 
 
 "I recognize," he said, quietly, "that success is not 
 always where people think it is. There are many ways 
 of being successful, and I do not approve of the mis- 
 take which causes many to consider that a great for- 
 tune acquired means a great success achieved. On the 
 contrary, our greatest men need very little money to 
 accomplish the greatest work." 
 
 "I thought that anyone leading a life so wholly at 
 variance with the ordinary ideas and customs would 
 see success in life from a different point of view," I ob- 
 served. "Money is really no object with you?" 
 
 "The subject of wealth never disturbs me." 
 
 "You lead a very simple life here?" 
 
 "Such as you see." 
 
 403
 
 John Burroughs 
 
 The sight would impress anyone. So far is this dis- 
 ciple of nature away from the ordinary mode of the 
 world that his little cabin, set in the cup-shaped top of 
 a hill, is practically bare of luxuries and the so-called 
 comforts of life. His surroundings are of the rudest, 
 the very rocks and bushes encroaching upon his back 
 door. All about, the crest of the hill encircles him, 
 and shuts out the world. Only the birds of the air ven- 
 ture to invade his retreat from the various sides of the 
 mountain, and there is only a straggling, narrow path, 
 which branches off a dozen times before it takes the 
 true direction. In his house are no decorations but 
 such as can be hung upon the exposed wood. The fire- 
 place is of brick, and quite wide ; the floor, rough 
 boards scrubbed white; the ceiling, a rough array of 
 exposed rafters, and his bed a rudely constructed work 
 of the hand. Very few and very simple chairs, a plain 
 table and some shelves for books made the wealth of 
 the retreat and serve for his ordinary use. 
 
 "Many people think," I said, "that your method of 
 living is an ideal example of the way people ought to 
 live." 
 
 "There is nothing remarkable in that. A great many 
 people are very weary of the way they think them- 
 selves compelled to live. They are mistaken in believ- 
 ing that the disagreeable things they find themselves 
 doing, are the things they ought to do. A great many 
 take their idea of a proper aim in life from what other 
 people say and do. Consequently, they are unhappy, 
 
 404
 
 The Poet-Naturalist 
 
 and an independent existence such as mine strikes them 
 as ideal. As a matter of fact, it is very natural." 
 
 A WORTHY AIM IN LIFE. 
 
 "Would you say that to work so as to be able to live 
 like this should be the aim of a young man ?" 
 
 "By no means. On the contrary, his aim should be 
 to live in such a way as will give his mind the greatest 
 freedom and peace. This can be very often obtained 
 by wanting less of material things and more of intellec- 
 tual ones. A man who achieved such an aim would 
 be as well oft" as the most distinguished man in any 
 field. Money-getting is half a mania, and some other 
 4 getting ' propensities are manias also. The man who 
 gets content comes nearest to being reasonable." 
 
 "I should like," I said, "to illustrate your point of 
 view from the details of your own life." 
 
 "Students of nature do not, as a rule, have eventful 
 lives. I was born in Roxbury, New York, in 1837. 
 That was a time when conditions were rather primitive. 
 My father was a farmer, and I was raised among the 
 woods and fields. I came from an uncultivated, un- 
 reading class of society, and grew up amid surround- 
 ings the least calculated to awaken the literary faculty. 
 Yet I have no doubt that daily contact with the woods 
 and fields awakened my interest in the wonders of 
 nature, and gave me a bent toward investigation in that 
 direction." 
 
 405
 
 John Burroughs 
 
 "Did you begin early to make notes and write upon 
 nature?" I questioned." 
 
 "Not before I was sixteen or seventeen. Earlier than 
 that, the art of composition had anything but charms 
 for me. I remember that while at school, at the age of 
 fourteen, I was required, like other students, to write 
 ' compositions ' at stated times, but I usually evaded the 
 duty one way or another. On one occasion, I copied 
 something from a comic almanac, and unblushingly 
 handed it in as my own. But the teacher detected the 
 fraud, and ordered me to produce a twelve-line com- 
 position before I left school. I remember I racked my 
 brain in vain, and the short winter day was almost 
 closing when Jay Gould, who sat in the seat behind 
 me, wrote twelve lines of doggerel on his slate and 
 passed it slyly over to me. I had so little taste for writ- 
 ing that I coolly copied that, and handed it in as my 
 own." 
 
 JAY GOULD WAS HIS CHUM. 
 
 "You were friendly with Gould then ?" 
 
 "Oh, yes ; 'chummy,' they call it now. His father's 
 farm was only a little way from ours, and we were fast 
 friends, going home together every night." 
 
 "His view of life must have been considerably differ- 
 ent from yours." 
 
 "It was. I always looked upon success as being a 
 matter of mind, not money ; but Jay wanted the mate- 
 rial appearances. I remember that once we had a 
 wrestling match, and as we were about even in 
 
 406
 
 The Poet-Naturalist 
 
 strength, we agreed to abide by certain rules, taking 
 what we called ' holts ' in the beginning and not break- 
 ing them until one or the other was thrown. I kept 
 to this in the struggle, but when Jay realized that he 
 was in danger of losing the contest, he broke the ' holt ' 
 and threw me. When I remarked that he had broken 
 his agreement, he only laughed and said, 'I threw you, 
 didn't I ?' And to every objection I made, he made the 
 same answer. The fact of having won (it did not mat- 
 ter how), was pleasing to him. It satisfied him, al- 
 though it wouldn't have contented me." 
 
 "Did you ever talk over success in life with him ?" 
 "Yes ; quite often. He was bent on making money 
 and did considerable trading among us schoolboys, 
 sold me some of his books. I felt then that my view 
 of life was more satisfactory to me than his would have 
 been. I wanted to obtain a competence, and then de- 
 vote myself to high thinking instead of to money- 
 making." 
 
 "How did you plan to attain this end ?" 
 
 HE BEGAN WRITING AT SIXTEEN. 
 
 "By study. I began in my sixteenth or seventeenth* 
 year to try to express myself on paper, and when, after 
 I had left the country school, I attended the seminary 
 at Ashland and at Cooperstown, I often received the 
 highest marks in composition, though only standing 
 about the average in general scholarship. My taste 
 ran to essays, and I picked up the great works in that 
 
 407
 
 John Burroughs 
 
 field at a bookstore, from time to time, and filled my 
 mind with the essay idea. I bought the whole of Dr. 
 Johnson's works at a second-hand bookstore in New 
 York, because, on looking into them, I found his essays 
 appeared to be of solid literature, which I thought was 
 just the thing. Almost my first literary attempts were 
 moral reflections, somewhat in the Johnsonian style." 
 "You were supporting yourself during these years ?" 
 "I taught six months and ' boarded round ' before I 
 went to the seminary. That put fifty dollars into my 
 pocket, and the fifty paid my way at the seminary. 
 Working on the farm, studying and teaching filled up 
 the years until 1863, when I went to Washington and 
 found employment in the Treasury Department." 
 "You were connected with the Treasury, then ?" 
 "Oh, yes; for nearly nine years. I left the depart- 
 ment in 1872, to become receiver of a bank, and subse- 
 quently for several years performed the work of a bank 
 examiner. I considered it only as an opportunity to 
 earn and save up a little money on which I could retire. 
 I managed to do that, and came back to this region, 
 where I bought a fruit farm. I worked that into a pay- 
 ing condition, and then gave all my time to the pursuit 
 of the studies I like." 
 
 "Had you abandoned your interest in nature during 
 your Washington life ?" 
 
 "No ; I gave as much time to the study of nature and 
 literature as I had to spare. When I was twenty-three, 
 I wrote an essay on 'Expression,' and sent it to the 
 
 408
 
 The Poet-Naturalist 
 
 'Atlantic.' It was so Emersonian in style, owing to my 
 enthusiasm for Emerson at that time, that the editor 
 thought some one was trying to palm off on him an 
 early essay of Emerson's which he had not seen. He 
 found that Emerson had not published any such paper, 
 however, and printed it, though it had not much merit. 
 I wrote off and on for the magazines." 
 
 The editor in question was James Russell Lowell, 
 who, instead of considering it without merit, often ex- 
 pressed afterward the delight with which he read this 
 contribution from an unknown hand, and the swift im- 
 pression of the author's future distinction which came 
 to him with that reading. 
 
 WHAT NATURE STUDY REALLY MEANS. 
 
 "Your successful work, then, has been in what direc- 
 tion?" I said. 
 
 "In studying nature. It has all come by living close 
 to the plants and animals of the woods and fields, and 
 coming to understand them. There I have been suc- 
 cessful. Men who, like myself, are deficient in self- 
 assertion, or whose personalities are flexible and yield- 
 ing, make a poor show in business, but in certain other 
 fields these defects become advantages. Certainly it is 
 so in my case. I can succeed with bird or beast, for I 
 have cultivated my ability in that direction. I can look 
 in the eye of an ugly dog or cow and win, but with an 
 ugly man I have less success. 
 
 "I consider the desire which most individuals have 
 
 409
 
 John Burroughs 
 \ 
 
 for the luxuries which money can buy, an error of 
 mind," he added. "Those things do not mean anything 
 except a lack of higher tastes. Such wants are not 
 necessary wants, nor honorable wants. If you cannot 
 get wealth with a noble purpose, it is better to abandon 
 it and get something else. Peace of mind is one of the 
 best things to seek, and finer tastes and feelings. The 
 man who gets these, and maintains himself comfortably, 
 is much more admirable and successful than the man 
 who gets money and neglects these. The realm of 
 power has no fascination for me. I would rather have 
 my seclusion and peace of mind. This log hut, with its 
 bare floors, is sufficient. I am set down among the 
 beauties of nature, and in no danger of losing the riches 
 that are scattered all about. No one will take my walks 
 or my brook away from me. The flowers, birds and 
 animals are plentifully provided. I have enough to eat 
 and wear, and time to see how beautiful the world is, 
 and to enjoy it. The entire world is after your money, 
 or the things you have bought with your money. It is 
 trying to keep them that makes them seem so precious. 
 I live to broaden and enjoy my own life, believing that 
 in so doing I do what is best for everyone. If I ran 
 after birds only to write about them, I should never 
 have written anything that anyone else would have 
 cared to read. I must write from sympathy and love, 
 that is, from enjoyment, or not at all. I come gradu- 
 ally to have a feeling that I want to write upon a given 
 theme. Whenever the subject recurs to me, it awakens 
 
 410
 
 The Poet-Naturalist 
 
 a warm, personal response. My confidence that I ought 
 to write comes from the feeling or attraction which 
 some subjects exercise over me. The work is pleasure, 
 and the result gives pleasure." 
 
 "And your work as a naturalist is what?'' 
 
 "Climbing trees to study birds, lying by the water- 
 side to watch the fishes, sitting still in the grass for 
 hours to study the insects, and tramping here and there, 
 always to observe and study whatever is common to the 
 woods and fields." 
 
 "Men think you have done a great work," I said. 
 
 "I have done a pleasant work," he said, modestly. 
 
 "And the achievements of your schoolmate Gould do 
 not appeal to you as having anything in them worth 
 aiming for ?" I questioned. 
 
 "Not for me. I think my life is better for having 
 escaped such vast and difficult interests." 
 
 The gentle, light-hearted naturalist and recluse came 
 down the long hillside with me, "to put me right" on 
 the main road. I watched him as he retraced his steps 
 up the steep, dark path, lantern in hand. His sixty 
 years sat lightly upon him, and as he ascended I heard 
 him singing. Long after the light melody had died 
 away, I saw the serene little light bobbing up and down 
 in his hand, disappearing and reappearing, as the lone 
 philosopher repaired to his hut and his couch of content. 
 
 WHY HE IS RICH WITHOUT MONEY. 
 
 It must not be inferred that Mr. Burroughs has no 
 money. As an author, he has given us such delightful 
 
 411
 
 John Burroughs 
 
 books, dear to every lover of nature, as "Wake, Robin," 
 "Winter Sunshine," "Locusts and Wild Honey," 
 "Fresh Fields," "Indoor Studies," "Birds and Poets," 
 "Pepacton," "Signs and Seasons," "Riverby," "Whit- 
 man," and "The Light of Day," published by Hough- 
 ton, Mifflin & Company. 
 
 His writings produce goodly sums; while his vine- 
 yards and gardens produce as much as he needs; but 
 the charm of it all is, he knows not the unrest of eagerly 
 seeking it. His is one of the very infrequent instances 
 in which a man knows when he has enough, and really 
 and truthfully does not care for more. Nor is he a 
 "hayseed" in the popular application of that expressive 
 term. When he goes to the city, as he occasionally 
 does (just to reassure himself that he prefers life in 
 the country), he is not met at the station by gentlemen 
 in loud checked suits ; he carries no air of the rustic 
 with him. As an Irish wit recently put it, "When in 
 Paris, he does as the parasites do," and he conducts 
 himself and clothes himself as- a well regulated citizen 
 should. 
 
 So John Burroughs is rich, not in money, but in 
 thought, in simplicity, in the knowledge that he is mak- 
 ing the best of life. He has found out that money is 
 not everything, that all the money in the world will not 
 buy a light heart, or a good name, that there is a 
 place for every one, and in that place alone can a man 
 be of service to himself or others, that there alone can 
 he be successful; there only can he be "rich without 
 money !" 
 
 4 12
 
 XLII 
 
 A Millionaire's Daughter Makes In- 
 herited Wealth a Blessing to 
 Thousands. 
 
 MISS HELEN MILLER GOULD has won a 
 place for herself in the hearts of Americans 
 such as few people of great wealth ever gain. 
 She is, indeed, one of the best known and 
 most popular young women of New York, if not in the 
 world. Her strong character, common sense, and high 
 ideals, have made her respected by all, while her munifi- 
 cence and kindness have won her the love of many. 
 
 Her personality is charming. Upon my arrival at 
 her Tarrytown home, I was made to feel that I was 
 welcome, and everyone who enters her presence feels 
 the same. The grand mansion, standing high on the 
 hills overlooking the Hudson, has a home-like appear- 
 ance that takes away any awe that may come over the 
 visitor who looks upon so much beauty for the first 
 time. 
 
 Chickens play around the little stone cottage at the 
 grand entrance, and the grounds are not unlike those 
 of any other country house, with trees in abundance, 
 and beautiful lawns. There are large beds of flowers, 
 
 413
 
 Helen Miller Gould 
 
 and in the gardens all the summer vegetables were 
 growing. 
 
 Miss Gould takes a very great interest in her famous 
 greenhouses, the gardens, the flowers, and the chickens, 
 , for she is a home-loving woman. It is a common thing 
 to see her in the grounds, digging and raking and plant- 
 ing, for all the world like some farmer's girl. That is 
 one reason why her neighbors all like her ; she seems so 
 unconscious of her wealth and station. 
 
 A FACE FULL OF CHARACTER. 
 
 When I entered Lyndhurst, she came forward to 
 meet me in the pleasantest way imaginable. Her face 
 is not exactly beautiful, but has a great deal of char- 
 acter written upon it, and is very attractive, indeed. 
 She held out her hand for me to shake in the good old- 
 fashioned way, and then we sat down in the wide hall 
 to talk. Miss Gould was dressed very simply. Her 
 gown was of dark cloth, close-fitting, and her skirt 
 hung several inches above the ground, for she is a be- 
 liever in short skirts for walking. Her entire costume 
 was very becoming. She never over-dresses, and her 
 garments are neat, and, naturally, of excellent quality. 
 
 HER AMBITIONS AND AIMS. 
 
 In the conversation that followed, I was permitted 
 to learn much of her ambitions and aims. She is am- 
 bitious to leave a great impression on the world, an 
 impression made by good deeds well done, and this 
 
 414
 
 A Friend of the Children 
 
 ambition is gratifying to the utmost. She is modest 
 about her work. "I cannot find that I am doing much 
 at all," she said, "when there is so very much to be 
 done. I suppose I shouldn't expect to be able to do 
 everything, but I sometimes feel that I want to, never- 
 theless." Her good works are numerous and many- 
 sided. For a number of years, she has supported two 
 beds in the Babies' Shelter, connected with the Church 
 of the Holy Communion, New York, and the Wayside 
 Day Nursery, near Bellevue Hospital, has always found 
 in her a good friend. Once a year she makes a tour 
 through the day nurseries of New York, noting the 
 special needs of each, and often sending checks and 
 materials for meeting those needs. 
 
 A MOST CHARMING CHARITY. 
 
 One of her most charming charities is "Woody 
 Crest," two miles from Lyndhurst, a haven of delight 
 where some twoscore waifs are received at a time for 
 a two-weeks' visit. She has a personal oversight of the 
 place, and, by her frequent visits, makes friends with 
 the wee visitors, who look upon her as a combination 
 of angel and fairy godmother. Every day, a wagonette, 
 drawn by two horses, takes the children, in relays, for 
 long drives into the country. Amusements are provided, 
 and some of those who remain for an entire season at 
 Woody Crest are instructed in different branches. 
 Twice a month some of the older boys set the type for 
 a little magazine which is devoted to Woody Crest mat- 
 
 415
 
 Helen Miller Gould 
 
 ters. There are several portable cottages erected there, 
 one for the sick, one for servants' sleeping rooms, and 
 a third for a laundry. 
 
 Miss Gould's patriotism is very real and intense, and 
 is not confined to times of war. Two years ago, she 
 caused fifty thousand copies of the national hymn, 
 "America," to be printed and distributed among the 
 pupils of the public schools of New York. 
 
 "I believe every on? should know that hymn and 
 sing it," she declared, "if he sings no other. I would 
 like the children to sing it into their very souls, till it 
 becomes a part of them." 
 
 She strongly favors patriotic services in the churches 
 on the Sunday preceding the Fourth of July, when she 
 would like to hear such airs as "America," "Hail 
 Columbia," and "The Star-Spangled Banner," and see 
 the sacred edifices draped in red, white and blue. 
 
 UNHERALDED BENEFACTIONS. 
 
 Miss Gould has a strong prejudice against letting 
 her many gifts and charities be known, and even her 
 dearest friends never know "what Helen's doing now." 
 Of course, her great public charities, as when she gives 
 a hundred thousand dollars at a time, are heralded. 
 Her recent gift of that sum to the government, for 
 national defense, has made her name beloved through- 
 out the land ; but, had she been able, she would have 
 kept that secret also. 
 
 I tried to ascertain her views regarding the educa- 
 
 416
 
 C/3 
 
 H 
 
 c/i 
 w 
 S 
 
 o 
 
 Q
 
 A Friend of the Children 
 
 tion of young women of to-day, and what careers they 
 should follow. This is one of her particular hobbies, 
 and many are the young girls she has helped to attain 
 to a better and more satisfactory life. 
 
 HER MEANS OF EDUCATION. 
 
 " In the first place," she said, "I believe most earnest- 
 ly in education for women ; not necessarily the higher 
 education about which we hear so much, but a good, 
 common school education. As the years pass, girls 
 are obliged to make their own way in the world more 
 and more, and to do so they must have good schooling." 
 
 "And what particular career do you think most de- 
 sirable for young women?" 
 
 "Oh, as to careers, there are many that young women 
 follow, nowadays. I think, if I had my own way to 
 make, I should fit myself to be a private secretary. 
 That is a position which, I think, attracts nearly every 
 young woman ; but, to fill it, she must study hard and 
 learn, and then work hard to keep the place. Then I 
 think there are openings for young women in the field 
 of legitimate business. I've always held that women 
 know as much about money affairs as men, only most 
 of them haven't had much experience. In that field 
 there are hundreds of things that a woman can do." 
 
 THE EVIL OF IDLENESS. 
 
 "But I don't think it matters much what a girl does 
 so long as she is active, and doesn't allow herself to 
 
 4 1 ?
 
 Helen Miller Gould 
 
 stagnate. There's nothing, to my mind, so pathetic as 
 a girl who thinks she can't do anything, and is of no 
 use to the world. Why, it's no wonder there are so 
 many suicides every day!" 
 
 She is consulted by her agents in regard to all her 
 affairs. "I have no time for society," she said, "and 
 indeed I do not care for it at all. It is very well for 
 those who like it," she added, for she is a tolerant 
 critic. 
 
 Her life at Tarrytown is an ideal one. She runs 
 down to the city at frequent intervals, to attend to busi- 
 ness affairs, for she manages all her own property ; but 
 she lives at Lyndhurst. She entertains but few visitors, 
 and in turn visits but seldom. 
 
 I will not attempt to specify the numerous projects 
 of charity that have been given life and vigor by Miss 
 Gould. I know her gifts in recent years have passed 
 the million-dollar mark. 
 
 Would you have an idea of her personality? 
 
 If so, think of a good young woman in your own 
 town, who loves her parents and her home; who is 
 devoted to the church; who thinks of the poor on 
 Thanksgiving Day and Christmas ; whose face is bright 
 and manner unaffected; whose dress is elegant in its 
 simplicity; who takes an interest in all things, from 
 politics to religion; whom children love and day- 
 laborers greet by fervently lifting the hat; and who, 
 if she were graduated from a home seminary or col- 
 lege, would receive a bouquet from every boy in town. 
 
 418
 
 A Friend of the Children 
 
 If you can think of such a young woman, and nearly 
 every community has one, (and ninety-nine times out 
 of a hundred she is poor,) you have a fair idea of the 
 impression made on a plain man from a country town 
 in Indiana by Miss Gould. 
 
 Helen Miller Gould is just at the threshold of her 
 beautiful career. What a promise is there in her life 
 and work for the coming century ! 
 
 She has given much of her fortune for the Hall of 
 Fame on the campus of the New York University, 
 overlooking the Harlem River. It contains tablets for 
 the names of fifty distinguished Americans, and proud 
 will be the descendants of those whose names are in- 
 scribed thereon. 
 
 The human heart is the tablet upon which Miss 
 Gould has inscribed her name and her "Hall of Fame" 
 is as broad and high as the Republic itself. 
 
 419
 
 XLIII 
 
 A Self-made Merchant Solves the 
 Problem of Practical Philanthropy 
 
 LATE one afternoon, I stopped to converse with a 
 policeman in Central Park. Another policeman 
 came up. Nathan Strauss was mentioned. 
 
 "Well, I tell you," said the first policeman, 
 stamping his foot, "there is a man ! 
 
 "Charities! He's the only man in New York City 
 who gives real charities. Why, when others want to 
 give, they go to him, and have him do it for them. He 
 knows what's what. I tell you, he's the most respected 
 man in New York City;" and the other said, "That's 
 right." 
 
 Go on the east side, and ask about Nathan Strauss, 
 and you will hear what is as pleasant as it is rare, the 
 poor giving a rich man unstinted praise. But do not 
 speak to Mr. Strauss about his work as charity ; he dis- 
 likes to have it called by that name. 
 
 PRACTICAL BENEFICENCE NOT MERE CHARITY. 
 
 The greatest blessing that he has conferred on New 
 York, is helping the poor to get pure, sterilized milk. 
 No work of beneficence ever before showed such sur- 
 
 420
 
 Merchant and Philanthropist 
 
 prising results. It has reduced the death rate of in- 
 fants over fifty per cent. Formerly, almost seventy- 
 five per cent, of the children of the very poor died. 
 
 It was in the summer of 1893 that Mr. Strauss 
 opened his first milk depot, at which milk was sold for 
 four cents a quart ; one and one-half cents a bottle for 
 sterilized pure milk; one cent a bottle (six ounces,) 
 for modified milk, and one cent a glass for pure milk. 
 
 It was a loss to the benefactor, but he established 
 other depots throughout the unhealthy portions of 
 the city and in the parks. Doctors received blanks to 
 fill out for milk for those unable to purchase, and to 
 such it was given free. A doctor's prescription was 
 honored. What followed? The death rate was re- 
 duced. 
 
 At the instigation of his son, who died from a cold 
 contracted in distributing coal, coal yards had been 
 established on the docks and elsewhere. The dealers at 
 that time were retailing coal at ten cents and fourteen 
 cents a basket, which made the price from twelve dol- 
 lars to sixteen dollars per ton. At Mr. Strauss' depots, 
 five-cent tickets procured twenty and twenty-five 
 pounds ; ten-cent tickets, forty and fifty pounds, and so 
 on. Most of the coal was carried in baskets on the 
 shoulders and backs of those who, in some cases, had 
 walked miles to obtain it. During the last financial 
 panic, grocery stores were started, where five cents pro- 
 cured a large amount of food. Lodging houses were 
 opened, while a clean bed and a breakfast of coffee and 
 
 4 2l
 
 Nathan Strauss 
 
 bread could be procured for five cents, and lunch rooms 
 where two cents purchased bread and coffee and corned 
 beef. 
 
 The great financier, J. Pierpont Morgan, asked Mr. 
 Strauss to be permitted to assist him in the grocery 
 stores, and a large central depot was rented at 345 
 Grand street, for which Mr. Morgan furnished the 
 money and Mr. Strauss acted as manager. 
 
 Although all these charities in which Mr. Strauss has 
 been interested have entailed a steady loss, a great 
 number of those he benefited and benefits are under 
 the impression that he does not sustain a loss, and that 
 they merely buy for less than they would pay else- 
 where. 
 
 HE DOES NOT WOUND THEIR SELF-RESPECT. 
 
 This is exactly the impression he desires them to 
 possess, in his own words : 
 
 "I do not wish to make a single one feel that he is 
 receiving charity, or is in any way a pauper. Such an 
 impression is harmful, and lowers the standard of those 
 who have a right to consider that they are the sinews 
 of the country. I wish them to feel only that they are 
 buying at low prices. Suppose that those who buy five 
 cents' worth of groceries and trudge a distance for 
 them, are able to pay a little more. The mere fact that 
 they walk far to save a few cents, proves that their 
 hard-earned pennies are precious, and that there is the 
 necessity of getting all that can be obtained for their 
 money." 
 
 422
 
 Merchant and Philanthropist 
 
 HE IS A KEEN, ENERGETIC MANAGER. 
 
 Such is the keynote of Mr. Strauss' love for hu- 
 manity. He is not a "lord bountiful," but a generous 
 man, unsolicitous of thanks. There are many records 
 of him having helped individuals. Two young men in 
 his employ were threatened with an early death from 
 consumption. He sent them to a sanitarium in the 
 Adirondacks for a year, when they returned sound in 
 health. During their absence, their salaries were paid 
 to their families. 
 
 In business, Mr. Strauss is a strict disciplinarian. He 
 believes that every man should attend strictly to duty, 
 and this is the fundamental secret of his success. In 
 his own words, "Any man, with the ordinary amount 
 of business instinct, can succeed. To succeed, you must 
 be honest, believe in your own ability, and, after having 
 selected your path in life, stick to it through thick and 
 thin. With ordinary mental endowments, there is no 
 reason why any young man should fail. 
 
 "Do I think the chances of to-day are as great as 
 some years ago? They are greater. The thing is to 
 take advantage of opportunities and utilize them to the 
 best of your ability. Chances, or opportunities, come 
 to everyone, often, in a lifetime. They should be recog- 
 nized. Never let one slip ; but weigh the possibilities. 
 The great trouble is, a great many young men do not 
 bestir themselves. They fall into a rut, and lack 
 'ginger.' This is a bustling world, and every young 
 
 4 2 3
 
 Nathan Strauss 
 
 man should be wide-awake and on the lookout, con- 
 stantly giving- conscientious attention to duty. Duty, 
 integrity and energy are the watchwords, and will 
 direct you on the road to success. Remember, the op- 
 portunities of to-day are as great as ever !" 
 
 ONWARD, EVER; UPWARD, ALWAYS. 
 
 But though Mr. Strauss is a tireless worker, he finds 
 time for a little recreation. He is one of the best gen- 
 tleman drivers in New York, and he delights to race on 
 the speedway. Still, the background of his life is 
 charity. For many years, he desired to establish a 
 sterilizing plant on Randall's Island, for the benefit of 
 waifs and foundlings taken there. The death rate 
 was very high. At length he gained his point, and a 
 recent unsolicited letter from the matron contained the 
 gratifying statement "that the death rate, since the in- 
 stallation of the plant, has been reduced fully fifty per 
 cent." 
 
 In such deeds, Nathan Strauss delights. His life is 
 one of perpetual attention to duty and to business, and 
 he encourages others who would succeed, by saying: 
 "Go at it with a will, and stick to your ambitious aspi- 
 rations through thick and thin !" 
 
 Mr. Strauss himself is an excellent example of the 
 success of the principle which he urges upon others as 
 a rule of life. His whole career has been distinguished 
 by tireless energy and industry, and the interests which 
 are under his control have never suffered for any lack 
 
 424
 
 Merchant and Philanthropist 
 
 of careful and thorough attention. He has always been 
 deliberate and consistent in adopting and adhering to 
 any policy, public or private, and never deserts those 
 whom he has seen fit to honor with his confidence, save 
 on absolute proof of their unworthiness. 
 
 425
 
 XLIV , 
 
 A Varied Career Develops the Re- 
 sourceful Head of a Great In- 
 stitutional Church and College. 
 
 IT was misfortune that proved the fortunate turning- 
 point for Dr. Russell H. Conwell, the pastor of 
 the largest church in America, and president of 
 Temple College, which has upward of 8,000 stu- 
 dents. He had not been unsuccessful prior to his ordi- 
 nation to the ministry ; on the contrary, he had been a 
 successful newspaper man and lawyer, and had served 
 with distinction in the Civil War. But, in the panic 
 of 1873, he lost most of his investments. I quote his 
 own words: 
 
 "I then wondered, being always of a religious tem- 
 perament, why I should make money my goal." 
 
 We sat in his study, and he spoke thus of his inter- 
 esting life : 
 
 "I was born at South Worthington, Hampshire 
 County, Massachusetts, February 15, 1843, on my 
 father's farm, called the 'Eagle's Nest,' on account of 
 its high and rocky surroundings. At an early age, 
 I went to school, and, when I grew older, worked 
 on the farm. I was sometimes laughed at because I 
 
 426
 
 Lecturer and Clergyman 
 
 always carried a book around with me, studying and 
 memorizing as I worked. Yet I was dull and stupid, 
 never stood high in my classes, and could not grasp a 
 subject as quickly as others. But I would stick to it. 
 I am just as dull now, but I preserve my old habit of 
 stick-to-it-iveness. If I am driving a tack and it goes 
 in crooked, I lift it ooit, straighten it, and send it 
 home. That is one of my golden rules that I force 
 myself to obey." 
 
 HE ENLISTED AT EIGHTEEN. 
 
 "I went to Wilbraham, and, in 1861, entered Yale 
 College, taking up law, but the breaking out of the war 
 interrupted my studies. I enlisted, but, being only 
 eighteen years of age, my father made me ' right about 
 face', and come home. If I could not fight, I could 
 speak, and I delivered orations all over my native state, 
 and was in some demand in Boston, Finally, in 1862, 
 I could stand the strain no longer, and my father, 
 already greatly interested in the war, permitted me to 
 go to the field. 
 
 "I returned a colonel, suffering from a wound, cam- 
 paigns and imprisonment, and entered the law school 
 of the Albany University, from which I was graduated 
 in 1865. 
 
 "I married and moved to the great far west, to the 
 then small town of Minneapolis. There I suffered the 
 usual 'uphill experiences and privations of a young 
 lawyer trying to make his way single-handed. I opened 
 
 427
 
 Russell H. Conwell 
 
 a law office in a two-story stone building on Bridge 
 square. My clients did not come, and poverty stared 
 my wife and me in the face. I became an agent for 
 Thompson Brothers, of St. Paul, in the sale of land 
 warrants. 
 
 "Fortune favored me in business, and I also became 
 the Minneapolis correspondent of the St. Paul 'Press.' 
 I acquired some real estate, and took part in politics. 
 Having once dipped into journalism, I started a paper 
 of my own called 'Conwell's Star of the North.' Then 
 the sheriff made his appearance, and turned the con- 
 cern over to a man with more capital. Next, I brought 
 the Minneapolis daily 'Chronicle' to life. It united 
 with the 'Atlas,' and the combined papers formed the 
 foundation for the great journal of Minneapolis, the 
 Tribune.' " 
 
 HOUSEKEEPING IN TWO SMALL ROOMS. 
 
 "I continued to practice law. My wife and myself 
 lived in two small rooms. The front one was my office, 
 and the back one, kitchen, parlor, sitting room and bed- 
 room. I had never fully recovered from my wound 
 received in the war. I knew Governor Marshall, and 
 it was he who appointed me emigration commissioner 
 for the state of Minnesota. My duties, of course, took 
 me to Europe." 
 
 When Dr. Conwell arrived in Europe, his health, 
 that had been breaking down, gradually gave way, and 
 he gave up his place as commissioner. For awhile, he 
 
 428
 
 Lecturer and Clergyman 
 
 rested; then, for several months, he attended lectures 
 at the University of Leipsic. That pilgrimage was fol- 
 lowed by a number of other journeys across the At- 
 lantic to the principal countries of Europe, and to 
 northern Africa. 
 
 "In 1870," continued Dr. Conwell, "I made a tour of 
 the world as special correspondent for the New York 
 Tribune' and the Boston Traveler.' I then exposed 
 the iniquities of Chinese contract immigration. I next 
 returned to Boston and law, and became editor of the 
 Boston Traveler.' " 
 
 "But, doctor, had you never entertained a desire to 
 enter the ministry ?" I asked. 
 
 "AH my life I studied theology. The question was 
 before me always: Shall it be law or the ministry? 
 The change came after I had lost considerable money 
 in the panic of 1873. Then came death into my home, 
 and the loss of my first wife. I turned to missionary 
 work in Boston. As time rolled on, I became more 
 interested. But the turning-point was really brought 
 about by a law case. There was a meeting house in 
 Lexington, Massachusetts, in 1877, dilapidated and old. 
 The congregation had left it, so the few old persons 
 who remained decided that it should be sold. They 
 wished to consult a lawyer, and called me to Lexing- 
 ton. Standing on the platform, I asked the few present 
 to vote upon the question. The edifice had been dear 
 to some of them, and they hemmed and hawed, and 
 couldn't decide. 
 
 429
 
 Russell H. Conwell 
 
 "At length, I suggested that they put new life into 
 the place. But interest in the building as a place of 
 worship seemed to have departed, although they did 
 not care to see it torn down." 
 
 HOW HE ENTERED THE MINISTRY. 
 
 "On the spur of the moment, I said that, if they 
 would gather there the following Sunday morning, I 
 would address them. A few came at first, then more. 
 We had to rent a hall in another place. I suggested 
 that they should get a pastor. 
 
 "To my surprise, they replied that if I would be 
 their pastor, they would erect a new church. 
 
 "I studied for the ministry. One day, I startled the 
 quaint village of Lexington by demolishing the little 
 old church with an axe. The people were aroused by 
 my spirit, and gave donations for a new church. I 
 worked with the men we hired to construct it, and 
 afterward attended the Newton Theological Semi- 
 nary. Seventeen years ago, I came to Philadelphia as 
 pastor of this church, which then worshipped in a base- 
 ment some squares away." 
 
 "But Temple College, Doctor; how was that 
 started?" 
 
 "About fourteen years ago a poor young man came 
 to me to ask my advice how to obtain a college educa- 
 tion. I offered to be his teacher. Then others joined 
 until there were six. The number was gradually en- 
 larged to forty, when the idea came to me to found a 
 
 43
 
 Lecturer and Clergyman 
 
 people's college. Certain gentlemen became interested, 
 and we erected Temple College, which was then con- 
 nected with this church, but now is a separate and dis- 
 tinct institution. We hope shortly to have it like the 
 New York University. We have rented a number of 
 outside buildings, and have a law school and a semi- 
 nary. About four thousand attend the evening classes, 
 while four thousand attend the special day classes." 
 
 HE IS ALWAYS STUDYING SOMETHING. 
 
 "How do you manage to keep up in all the studies ?" 
 I asked. Do you carry text-books around with you in 
 your pockets?" 
 
 "Yes, and I always have. I study all the time. I 
 have acquired several languages in that way." 
 
 "When do you prepare your sermons ?" 
 
 "I have never prepared a lecture or a sermon in my 
 life, and I have lectured for thirty-seven years. I sel- 
 dom use even notes. When in the pulpit, I rivet my 
 attention on preaching, and think of nothing else." 
 
 "Application in the most severe form, and honesty, 
 are the means by which true success is attained. No 
 matter what you do, do it to your utmost. You and I 
 may not do something as well as someone else, but no 
 stone should be unturned to do it to the best of our 
 individual ability. I have had a varied life, and many 
 experiences, and I attribute my success, if you are so 
 pleased to call it, to always requiring myself to do my 
 level best, if only in driving a tack in straight." 
 
 431
 
 XLV : 
 
 An Inspiring Personality Wins a 
 Noted Preacher Fame. 
 
 ONE of the brightest examples of early success 
 in life is Frank W. Gunsaulus, D.D., one of 
 the sincerest friends of young men striving to 
 climb upward, that America has produced. 
 Chicago has helped him, and he has helped Chicago, to 
 do great things. During his six years of ministry in 
 that city, before he left the pulpit and became president 
 of Armour Institute, he founded two notable institu- 
 tions and raised over $7,000,000 in money for charita- 
 ble purposes. On the stormiest of Sunday evenings, 
 after a newspaper announcement that he will speak, an 
 audience two thousand five hundred strong will gather 
 to hear him. It was not an uncommon sight, during 
 one of his series of winter sermons, for men anxious to' 
 hear the splendid orator, to be lifted through windows 
 of Central Music Hall, when no more could get in at 
 the doors. His most conspicuous labor has been the 
 founding of the famous Armour Institute of Tech- 
 nology, which now has twelve hundred students, and 
 of which he is the president. 
 
 43 2
 
 Clergyman and Educator 
 
 CAN A PREACHER BE A POWER? 
 
 I found him in the president's office of Armour In- 
 stitute. 
 
 "Do you think," I said, "that it is more difficult for 
 a preacher to become a power in a nation than it is for 
 a merchant, a lawyer, or a politician ?" 
 
 "Rather hard to say," he answered. "There are 
 prejudices against and sympathies in favor of every 
 class and profession. I think, however, that a preacher 
 is more like a doctor in his career. He is likely to 
 make a strong local impression, but not apt to become a 
 national figure. Given powerful convictions, an under- 
 taking of things as they are to-day, and steady work in 
 the direction of setting things right, and you may be 
 sure a man is at least heading in the direction of public 
 favor, whether he ever attains it or not." 
 
 "How did you manage to do the work you have 
 done, in so short a time?" 
 
 "In the first place, I don't think I have done so very 
 much ; and, in the second place, the time seems rather 
 long for what I have done. I have worked hard, how- 
 ever. 
 
 "I thought to be a lawyer in my youth, and did study 
 law and oratory. My father was a country lawyer at 
 Chesterfield, Ohio, where I was born, and was a mem- 
 ber of the Ohio Legislature during the war. He was a 
 very effective public speaker himself and thought that 
 I ought to be an orator. So he did everything to give 
 me a bent in that direction, and often took me as many 
 as twenty miles to hear a good oration." 
 
 433
 
 Frank W. Gunsaulus 
 
 MEN WHO INFLUENCED HIM. 
 
 "I admired Fisher Ames, to begin with, and, of 
 course, Webster. I think Wendell Phillips and Bishop 
 Matthew Simpson, whom I heard a few times, had the 
 greatest influence on me. I considered them wonderful, 
 moving speakers, and I do yet. Later on, Henry Ward 
 Beecher and Phillips Brooks attracted my admiration." 
 
 "Did you have leisure for study and time to hear 
 orations when you were beginning life?" 
 
 "In early years I attended the district school. From 
 the twelfth to my eighteenth year, I worked on the 
 farm and studied nights. For all my father's urgings 
 toward the bar, I always felt an inward drawing toward 
 the ministry, because I felt that I could do more there. 
 My father was not a member of any church, though 
 my mother was an earnest Presbyterian. Without any 
 prompting from my parents, I leaned toward the min- 
 istry, and finally entered it of my own accord. I was 
 fortunate enough to find a young companion who was 
 also studying for the ministry. We were the best of 
 friends and helped each other a great deal. It was our 
 custom to prepare sermons and preach them in each 
 other's presence. Our audience in that case, unlike 
 that of the church, never hesitated to point out errors. 
 The result was that some sermons ended in arguments 
 between the audience and the preacher, as to facts in- 
 volved." 
 
 HE DID NOT PRETEND TO PIETY. 
 
 "I was graduated from the Ohio Wesleyan Seminary 
 
 434
 
 Clergyman and Educator 
 
 in debt. I had no reputation for piety, and I don't re- 
 member that I pretended to any. I had convictions, 
 however, and a burning desire to do something, to 
 achieve something for the benefit of my fellowmen, and 
 1 was ready for the first opportunity." 
 
 "Was it long in coming?" 
 
 "No, but you would not have considered it much of 
 an opportunity. I took charge of a small church at 
 Harrisburg, Ohio, at a salary of three hundred and 
 twenty dollars a year. In preaching regularly I soon 
 found it necessary to formulate some kind of a theory 
 of life, to strive for some definite object. I began to 
 feel the weight of the social problem." 
 
 ARE THE DICE OF LIFE LOADED ? 
 
 "One important fact began to make itself plain, and 
 that was that the modern young man is more or less 
 discouraged by the growing belief that all things are 
 falling into the hands of great corporations and trusts, 
 and that the individual no longer has much chance. 
 My father had been more or less of a fatalist in his 
 view of life, and often quoted Emerson to me, to the 
 effect that the dice of life are loaded, and fall accord- 
 ing to a plan. My mother leaned to the doctrine of 
 Calvin, to predestination. I inherited a streak of the 
 same feeling, and the conditions I observed made me 
 feel that there was probably something in the theory. 
 I had to battle this down and convince myself that we 
 are what we choose to make ourselves. Then I had to 
 
 435
 
 Frank W. Gunsaulus 
 
 set to work to counteract the discouraging view taken 
 by the young people about me." 
 
 "You were a Methodist, then ?" 
 
 "Yes, I was admitted to preach in that body, but it 
 was not long before I had an attack of transcendental- 
 ism, and fell out with the Methodist elder of my dis- 
 trict. The elder was wholly justified. He was a dry old 
 gentleman, with a fund of common sense. After one 
 of my flights, in which I advocated perfection far above 
 the range of humankind, he came to me and said : 'My 
 dear young man, don't you know that people have to 
 live on this planet?' The rebuke struck me as earthly 
 then, but it has grown in humor and common sense 
 since. 
 
 "I left voluntarily. I knew I was not satisfactory, 
 and so I went away. I married when I was twenty. I 
 preached in several places, and obtained a charge at 
 Columbus, Ohio." 
 
 A MINISTER'S TRUE IDEAL. 
 
 "When did you begin to have a visible influence on 
 affairs, such as you have since exercised?" 
 
 "Just as soon as I began to formulate and follow 
 what I considered to be the true ideal of the minister." 
 
 "And that ideal was ?" 
 
 "That the question to be handled by a preacher must 
 not be theological, but sociological." 
 
 "How did this conviction work out at Columbus ?" 
 
 43 6
 
 Clergyman and Educator 
 
 "The church became too small for the congregation, 
 and so we had to move to the opera house. 
 
 "My work there showed me that any place may be a 
 pulpit, editorial chair, managerial chair, almost any- 
 thing. I began to realize that a whole and proper 
 work would be to get hold of the Christian forces out- 
 side the ecclesiastical machine and get them organized 
 into activity. I was not sure about my plan yet, how- 
 ever, so I left Columbus for Newtonville, Massa- 
 chusetts, and took time to review my studies. There 
 I came under the influence of Phillips Brooks. When I 
 began once more to get a clear idea of what I wanted 
 to do, I went to Baltimore, on a call, and preached two 
 years at Brown Memorial Presbyterian Church. 
 
 "I came to Chicago in 1872. Plymouth Church 
 offered an absolutely free pulpit, and an opportunity 
 to work out some plans that I thought desirable." 
 
 HIS WORK IN CHICAGO. 
 
 "How did you go about your work in this city?" 
 "The first thing that seemed necessary for me to do 
 was to find a place where homeless boys of the city 
 who had drifted into error and troubles of various 
 kinds could be taken into the country and educated. I 
 preached a sermon on this subject, and one member 
 gave a fine farm of two hundred and forty acres for 
 the purpose. Plymouth Church built Plymouth Cot- 
 tage there, and the Illinois Training School was moved 
 
 437
 
 Frank W. Gunsaulus 
 
 there, and other additions were made, gradually adding 
 to its usefulness." 
 
 "The church grew under your ministration there, 
 did it not?" 
 
 "You can leave off that about me. It grew, yes, and 
 we established a mission." 
 
 "Was there not a sum raised for this ?" 
 
 "Yes ; Mr. Joseph Armour gave a hundred thousand 
 dollars to house this mission, and the church has since 
 aided it in various ways." 
 
 "This Armour Institute is an idea of yours, is it 
 not?" 
 
 "Well, it is in line with my ideas in what it accom- 
 plishes. It is the outcome of Mr. Armour's great 
 philanthropy." 
 
 "Do you find, now that you have experimented so 
 much, that your ideals concerning what ought to be 
 done for the world were too high ?" I asked. 
 
 "On the contrary," answered Dr. Gunsaulus, "I have 
 sometimes felt that they were not high enough. If 
 they had been less than they are, I should not have 
 accomplished what I have." 
 
 "What has been your experience as to working 
 hours?" 
 
 "I have worked twelve and fourteen, at times even 
 eighteen hours a day, particularly when I was working 
 to establish this institution, but I paid for it dearly. I 
 suffered a paralytic stroke which put me on my back 
 
 438
 
 Clergyman and Educator 
 
 for nine months, and in that time you see I not only 
 suffered, but lost all I had gained by the extra hours." 
 
 HOW TO MEET GREAT EMERGENCIES. 
 
 "You believe in meeting great emergencies with 
 great individual energy?" 
 
 "There doesn't seem to be any way out of it. A man 
 must work hard, extra hard, at times, or lose many a 
 battle." 
 
 "You have mingled in public affairs here in Chicago, 
 also, have you not?" 
 
 "Yes, I have always tried to do my share.'* 
 
 "You believe the chances for young men to-day are 
 as good as in times gone by?" 
 
 "I certainly do. That is my whole doctrine. The 
 duties devolving on young men are growing greater, 
 more important, more valuable all the time. The wants 
 of the world seem to grow larger, more urgent every 
 day. What all young men need to do is to train them- 
 selves. They must train their hands to deftness, train 
 their eyes to see clearly, and their ears to hear and 
 understand. Look at the call there is going to be upon 
 young men when this country will be organizing its 
 new possessions and opening up new fields of activity. 
 What the world needs is young men equipped to do the 
 work. There is always work to be done." 
 
 "You think, in your own field, there is a call for ener- 
 getic young men ?" 
 
 "It never was greater. A young preacher who looks 
 
 439
 
 Frank W. Gunsaulus 
 
 around him, studies the conditions, finds out just a few 
 of the ten thousand important things that are going 
 begging for someone to do them, and then proceeds to 
 work for their accomplishment, will succeed beyond his 
 wildest dreams. 
 
 "The world looks for leaders, it looks for men who 
 are original, able and practical; and all I have got to 
 say to a young man is simply to find out clearly all 
 about a need in a certain direction, and then lead on 
 to the alleviation of it. Money, influence, honor, will 
 all follow along after, to help." 
 
 44
 
 XLVI 
 
 From the Forge to the Pulpit, a Life 
 of Devotion and Application. 
 
 f f ">( O you want me to tell you of myself, to 
 ^ 'blaw my ain harn/ as we used to say in 
 
 old Yorkshire. Well, I'm not in love with 
 the undertaking, for what we call a self- 
 made man usually shows that he has made a pretty 
 poor fist of it when he begins to describe the job him- 
 self. However, if an outline of my life be of service, 
 I give it gladly. The beginning was in the hamlet of 
 Ilkley, Yorkshire, England, seventy-five years ago. I 
 was born well; that is, I was born of simple, hard- 
 working folk who inspired in me very early a hearty 
 respect for work. My mother was a noble woman. I 
 can see the old home now, the bit of grass in front, 
 the plum tree, the whitewashed walls, and within, the 
 two rooms with floor of flags, the old prints on the 
 walls, the highly polished chairs and bureau, the tall 
 clock that was always too fast at bedtime and in the 
 morning, and always too slow at mealtime, the little 
 shelf of books, Bunyan, 'Robinson Crusoe,' Gold- 
 smith, and the Bible, full of pictures. Until I was 
 eight years old, I went to school to old Willie Hardie, 
 
 441
 
 Robert Collyer 
 
 who tried to find in me the spring of what we called the 
 humanities in the same way that they used to try to 
 locate a spring of water, namely : with a hazel rod." 
 
 THE RIVALS : BOOKS AND THE MAIDEN. 
 
 "All the schooling I ever had under the master was 
 finished in my eighth year, when I went to earn my 
 own living in a linen factory. There was an article of 
 faith in our good home creed about which both my 
 father and mother were of one mind, the boys must 
 learn a trade. So, after six years in the factory, I was 
 apprenticed to the village blacksmith. I was a hard- 
 working, conscientious boy, but full of mischief and 
 fond of fun. I had, however, a ravenous appetite for 
 books. I remember once, when quite small, I stood 
 for a long time before a shop window with a big 
 English penny in my hand, debating whether I should 
 spend it for a particular kind of candy, of which I was 
 very fond, or for a little paper-covered book of travels. 
 At length I went in and bought the book. At meals I 
 used to read, and even when I was courting the lass 
 whom I made my wife, I read all the books in her 
 father's house. I am surprised she did not give me 
 the mitten, and it would have served me right, too. 
 
 "Books were not only pleasing to me, but were my 
 passion. Give a young man or maiden a passion for 
 anything, for books, business, painting, teaching, 
 farming, mechanics or music, I care not what, and you 
 give him or her a lever with which to lift their world, 
 
 442
 
 The Blacksmith Preacher 
 
 and a patent of nobility, if the thing they do is noble. 
 So I call my reading my college course. It was not an 
 adequate college nor an adequate course, and there have 
 been times when I felt a trifle sad that there should 
 have been no chance for me at a good, all-round educa- 
 tion. But there is a chance in the everlasting hunger 
 to read books, and it is with reading as it is with eat- 
 ing, you grow choice when there is a plenty. You 
 instinctively learn to distinguish what is sweet and 
 wholesome and what is neither, and then you read as 
 you eat, only the best. 
 
 "A great sorrow came to me in 1849. As a result 
 of it, I found my way into a Methodist meeting house, 
 and began to express what I felt. From a few words, 
 uttered standing by my seat in the meeting, I began to 
 preach at irregular intervals ; and when I did, it became 
 the custom, after a while, for some one to go through 
 the village, ringing a bell and calling out : 'The black- 
 smith is going to preach this morning.' The working 
 people came to hear me because I was one of them- 
 selves. Then they would have me preach regularly, 
 at nothing a Sunday and find myself. 
 
 "Sometimes I would forget the flight of time and 
 preach for two hours or more. As I look back upon 
 the poor mortals who sat under my ministrations for 
 such a length of time, I am reminded of the judge who, 
 when asked how long a sermon ought to last, replied: 
 'About twenty minutes, with leanings to the side of 
 mercy.' " 
 
 443
 
 Robert Collyer 
 
 THE LIGHT THAT LED OVER THE SEA. 
 
 "My only worldly ambition was to make my way as 
 a blacksmith, but one day there came to me in a flash 
 the thought that I must go to America, where I would 
 have to bow to no class, but would be as good a man 
 as any. Many times in my life these sudden burstings 
 of light, half thought, half feeling, have come to me; 
 and, when they do come, I cease to reason about the 
 matter. I simply obey the impulse with all the power 
 of my will. It would have taken tremendous difficul- 
 ties to have kept me from embarking for this country 
 after the flash came, and so, one fine spring morning 
 in 1850, I and my little family, with our small store of 
 worldly goods, went aboard the old ship 'Roscius,' 
 made ourselves as comfortable as we could in the steer- 
 age, and a month later were in New York. 
 
 "I had made up my mind to settle in the vicinity of 
 Philadelphia, and there I soon found work at the anvil. 
 It was lucky I did, for, when we reached our destina- 
 tion, my whole capital amounted to only about twenty 
 dollars. We made ourselves a little home, and I 
 worked at my trade for the next nine years, except 
 during the panic of 1857, when I carried the hod and 
 broke stone on the turnpike for a dollar a day. Mean- 
 while, I was preaching o' Sundays, again at nothing a 
 Sunday. In 1859, I was asked to devote myself alto- 
 gether to preaching, to go to Chicago, as a minister to 
 the poor. Well, I went. I said good-by forever to the 
 
 444
 
 The Blacksmith Preacher 
 
 anvil, in whose ringing voice I had heard so many 
 years the old sermon on the nobility of work." 
 
 GENIUS IS DEVOTION AND APPLICATION. 
 
 "Before I had been in Chicago a great while, some 
 people got together and built a church, and appointed 
 me pastor of it, hardly so much as saying to me 'by your 
 leave.' It was named the Unity Church, and I remained 
 in charge of it till 1879, when I came to New York to 
 preach in the Church of the Messiah. 
 
 "Here I have since remained. My life, you see, is 
 divided into two sections, forty years in the pulpit, 
 twenty-one years at the anvil. I have worked on long 
 lines, and I will say to young men that, when your 
 homes and your schools have done all they can for you, 
 and you begin the work of life, you must take hold 
 with a will and be content to work hard on long lines. 
 People say that such and such a person has genius for 
 what he or she takes in hand, and that is the secret of 
 the success attained. But I say that genius means 
 strong devotion and steadfast application. You may 
 imagine that you can go from the bottom to the top of 
 the ladder at one jump, but it is not true. Going up 
 tl>e ladder at one jump is like the toy monkey that goes 
 up at a jump and conies down head first. The men 
 and women who achieve true success are all hard climb- 
 ers. They work in one direction. Our course must not 
 be like a cow-path, all over the pasture and into the 
 woods, for that may mean through the woods into the 
 wilderness. 
 
 445*
 
 Hubert Collyer 
 
 "I want to say, too, that, if we expect to do well in 
 this life, we must keep well, by all the means in our 
 power ; eat well, and sleep well eight hours out of the 
 twenty-four. Young men should choose, as early as 
 they can, a good and true woman for a wife, and look 
 forward to a noble family of children. My ambition 
 was to have seven, and the all- wise Father gave me 
 nine. If a young man has good mental and physical 
 health and works hard, his life will be sweet and clean. 
 He will do his day's work well and his life's work well, 
 and at the end he will be able to say, with Adam in the 
 play : 
 
 " Though I look old, yet am I strong and lusty, 
 
 For in my youth I never did apply hot and rebellious 
 
 liquors to my blood, 
 
 And did not with unbashful forehead woo 
 The means of weakness and debility. 
 Therefore my age is lusty winter, frosty, but kindly.' " 
 
 446
 
 XLVII 
 
 Canada's Leading Conservative Extols 
 "the Country of the Twentieth 
 Century." 
 
 THOUGH he lost his fight against Sir Wilfrid 
 Laurier for the Premiership of Canada in the 
 general election of 1904, Robert Laird 
 Borden is still one of the Dominion's im- 
 portant figures. 
 
 He is in the prime of life. He has conspicuous 
 ability, remarkable energy and an indomitable will. 
 What a man with this combination of qualities sets his 
 mind upon he usually obtains. Mr. Borden freely 
 acknowledges his ambition to reach the top notch of 
 political success, and there are a great many Cana- 
 dians who believe that he will yet be Premier. 
 
 His party, in spite of his defeat, has strong faith in 
 him, and his opponents, now triumphant, admit that 
 he is formidable a menace to their continuing suc- 
 cess. They feel that under the scrutiny of Borden, 
 who is notably quick to detect weak spots in the 
 armor of the enemy, and to drive home strong 
 thrusts, they must put their best foot front. Thus, 
 even in defeat, Mr. Borden is a power. 
 
 447
 
 Robert Laird Borden 
 
 My first impression of him was obtained in Montreal. 
 He was walking through a hotel rotunda with the 
 long, swift strides that bespeak much physical energy. 
 His head was bowed and his eyes were knit. He 
 struck me at the moment as being a personification 
 of determination and concentration. It was a little 
 later, in his room, that I had my talk with him. Mr. 
 Borden's head is large. His brow rises straight up 
 from heavy brows and eyes which are deep-set and 
 rather small, and twinkle with shrewdness and good 
 nature. The lower part of his face is heavy, indi- 
 cating the strength of will and purpose which have 
 carried him to the front in Canadian politics. 
 
 "I am much interested in success," he said with a 
 smile. "Indeed, the air in Canada nowadays is 
 charged with it. We have a feeling that a far larger 
 part of the success of Canada lies in the future rather 
 than in the past. While the United States developed 
 more in the nineteenth century than any other coun- 
 try in the world, we believe that Canada will show 
 similar industrial advances within the next quarter 
 of a century. We entertain the idea that ours will 
 prove to be the country of the twentieth century. 
 It is not yet as widely known as it should be that we 
 have a somewhat larger area in land than the United 
 States and that this land is not rendered sterile by the 
 winter reign of the mythical personage called ' our 
 lady of the snows,' but is capable of remarkable pro- 
 ductivity. 
 
 448
 
 Canadian Political Leader 
 
 "We are looking forward and not backward, and 
 therefore I am not particularly interested in the un- 
 important events of long ago; but if you must know, 
 I will say that I was born in the village of Grand Pre, 
 in Nova Scotia, in 1854. Some of my ancestors had 
 lived in the United States. One of them, my great- 
 grandfather, was the law partner of Pierpont Ed- 
 wards, in New Haven, Conn. They had one of the 
 largest practices in that section of the country, but 
 when the Revolutionary War broke out my forefather 
 remained loyal to King George. He migrated with 
 his family to Nova Scotia, and there the family has 
 since remained. 
 
 "Yes, my village is the one which Longfellow has 
 described in his poem 'Evangeline'; and yet, taking 
 full advantage of his poetical license, Longfellow put 
 much in his picture that is purely imaginary. It is, 
 however, a little community whose inhabitants lead 
 the simple life, acquire robust physiques, and strong 
 opinons of right and wrong. 
 
 "I know of no better environment than one like 
 this for the passing of the days of early youth. The 
 impressions stamped on the mind of a boy by such 
 people and surroundings never forsake him. How- 
 ever different from the simple beliefs of these vil- 
 lagers his standpoint may eventually become, these 
 first teachings remain what might be called the oak 
 rafters of his philosophy. 
 
 "I feel that not a little of whatever I have achieved 
 
 449
 
 Robert Laird Borden 
 
 is due to the fact that the years of my boyhood and 
 youth were spent in an environment of simplicity. I 
 was an industrious student, and when I was about 
 fourteen I was made a teacher in the Acadia Villa 
 Academy in my native country. It was in this school 
 that I had obtained my preliminary education, and I 
 presume I did right in returning to the institution as 
 teacher the modicum of knowledge I had acquired. 
 When I was still in my teens I went to the United 
 States and became an instructor in Glenwood Insti- 
 tute in New Jersey. This proved to be excellent 
 training for me. I think that an experience of this 
 kind is one of the best things in the world for a 
 young man, for the reason that the necessity in it to 
 command others teaches him the more easily to com- ' 
 mand himself. It increases his dignity, self-reliance 
 and self-respect. 
 
 "I decided, however, that I did not care to make 
 teaching my life work, and so I returned to Nova 
 Scotia in 1874 and began the study of law in the 
 offices in Halifax of the firm of Weatherby & Gra- 
 ham. In 1878 I was called to the bar and a few 
 months afterwards was offered a partnership by J. P. 
 Chapman, of Kentville, now a county court judge. 
 
 "Together we worked up quite a large practice, but 
 owing to certain circumstances I entered the firm of 
 Thompson, Graham & Tupper. It was not long after- 
 ward that the senior member of the firm, Sir John 
 Thompson, became judge of the Supreme Court, and 
 
 450
 
 Canadian Political Leader 
 
 in the course of time Sir Charles Tupper, one of the 
 other members, was called to the cabinet of Sir John 
 A. McDonald. Subsequently Mr. Graham, the third 
 member of the firm, became Judge in Equity for the 
 Province of Quebec. 
 
 "I believe that a large part of anything I have 
 achieved has been due to the fact that I was associated 
 with able men during the impressible period of young 
 manhood. While I did not realize it at that time, I 
 have often thought since that one of the most fortu- 
 nate circumstances in my life was my close contact 
 with these men. By this means I not only absorbed a 
 greater knowledge of the law than otherwise would 
 have been the case, but also became imbued with cer- 
 tain principles that I have always retained. 
 
 "The calling of these gentlemen to high places 
 under the Government left me to the position of 
 senior partner, and the firm name eventually became 
 Borden, Ritchie, Parker & Chisholm. We did a large 
 business, and on the strength of this I was elected and 
 held for several years the position of president of 
 the Nova Scotia Barristers Society. It was in 1896 
 that I first entered politics, representing Halifax as 
 the Conservative party's candidate for the Dominion 
 Parliament." 
 
 "To what in particular, Mr. Borden," I inquired, 
 "do you attribute the fact that you speedily arose to 
 leadership of your party in Parliament?" 
 
 Mr. Borden pondered a moment, and then said: 
 
 451
 
 Robert Laird Borden 
 
 "I can hardly answer that question, but I will say 
 that perhaps the influence I have been able to gain 
 in Parliament has been due to the fact that I have 
 had very strong convictions on all public questions, 
 and have let slip few opportunities to express them. 
 I am usually able to maintain the positions I take in 
 argument, for the reason that I am always careful to 
 fortify myself with facts and with as extensive a gen- 
 eral knowledge of the subject as possible before 
 going into a debate or going before the House on 
 any particular issue. 
 
 "I believe I have the reputation of being a hard 
 worker. However this may be, I will say that I have 
 always made it a rule to give painstaking attention to 
 seemingly unimportant details in my legal cases, and 
 have frequently won them on this account. This 
 habit, acquired in my youth, of looking after small 
 matters, has made it much easier for me to take care 
 of the large affairs of my clients and of my party 
 since I have entered politics. I know of no surer 
 road to both general and political success than the 
 obvious highway of hard work, coupled, of course, 
 with common sense. 
 
 "While the law is the profession which most natur- 
 ally leads the young man into the political arena, I 
 always like to see the farmer in politics, for the rea- 
 son that the latter usually has a certain strong sim- 
 plicity and a degree of sense that often discounts and 
 renders weak in comparison the learning and polish 
 
 4^2
 
 Canadian Political Leader 
 
 of the professional man. The farmers will be the 
 dominating class in the development of the North- 
 west, and I hope to see more and more of them in 
 politics." 
 
 In his contact with his fellow-men Mr. Borden's 
 manner is marked by a quiet dignity and cordiality 
 that has won him many friends. While he has numer- 
 ous political enemies, there. are few men in the Do- 
 minion who are as popular personally. Mr. Borden 
 likes to meet and exchange views with the average 
 citizen. A little story is told of him in his recent 
 campaign which is characteristic. It seems that he 
 was on a night journey on a train and could not sleep. 
 A like wakefulness afflicted a young man in the same 
 car, and at midnight they found themselves together 
 in the smoking compartment. Talk began at once, 
 and throughout the dragging hours these two dis- 
 cussed the great questions of the day. The young 
 man, who had just returned from the States, did not 
 recognize his companion, and the next morning in 
 Montreal he remarked to his friends upon his very 
 interesting fellow-traveler of the night before. He 
 said that they had chiefly talked politics and that his 
 acquaintance had been so convincing that he had been 
 won over to the Conservative party. He described 
 his fellow-passenger, and very much to his astonish- 
 ment was informed that the latter was Mr. Borden 
 himself. 
 
 453
 
 XLVIII 
 
 An Eminent Scholar Advocates the 
 Union of Canada and the United 
 States. 
 
 CANADA'S "grard old man" is Professor Gold- 
 win Smith. With all his opinions Canadians 
 do not agree, but they are united in their 
 admiration for his qualities as a man and a 
 scholar. A mention of his name brings an expression 
 of liking and pride to the face of every intelligent 
 resident of the Dominion. A mention of his well- 
 known belief that Canada and the United States will 
 eventually be one brings a smile which well expresses 
 the average Canadian's feeling that their leading 
 philosopher's idea of the union of the great common- 
 wealths is too abstract and remote to arouse alarm in 
 the patriotic breast. 
 
 In spite of this difference of opinion the people of 
 the Dominion highly appreciate Professor Smith's 
 notable attainments as a student and a writer. They 
 realize that from his vantage point of long residence 
 in both England and the United States, as well as in 
 Canada, and from his careful and enlightened study of 
 the problems of these countries, his outlook is per- 
 haps broader than that of any other man in Canada. 
 
 454
 
 Canada's "Grand Old Man" 
 
 Professor Smith, now in his eighty-first year, lives in 
 an ideal way in his Toronto residence, The Grange. 
 It was here that I called on him. 
 
 The Scotch lodgekeeper and his wife, in their quaint 
 little home at the gate, were quite in keeping with the 
 air of dignified calm which enfolds The Grange. The 
 house, standing well back in the grounds, is repre- 
 sentative of the best architecture of a century ago. 
 It suggests reminiscence and contemplation. It has 
 the mellow atmosphere of the past. When approach- 
 ing it along the gravel walk you feel that you have 
 left behind the hurly burly of everyday life; that this is 
 a most fitting abode for one who stands apart from 
 ';he crowd to watch the currents of life flow by. 
 
 As the house is, so is the man. Tall, slender and 
 a trifle bent in figure, with a thin ascetic face, Pro- 
 fessor Smith impressed me as a man who contem- 
 plates calmly and critically, but with a very kindly 
 eye, as from high ground, the agitations and excite- 
 ments of the times. I made a remark to him as to the 
 quietude of his surroundings. 
 
 "Yes, I am very fond of the old place," he replied, 
 his eyes kindling with interest. "I am proud of it. 
 You have noticed that all of the woodwork is black 
 walnut, which was the prevailing mode in interior 
 decorations in the early part of the nineteenth cen- 
 tury. I have permitted nothing to be changed. I 
 am fond of old things, perhaps, because I am old my- 
 self." 
 
 455
 
 Goldwin Smith 
 
 "Your activities make it rather difficult to believe 
 that statement," I said. 
 
 "Well, I have always tried to retain a youthful 
 spirit," answered Professor Smith, with the engaging 
 smile which is characteristic of him, "and I have been 
 able to keep a fair amount of physical vigor by means 
 of plenty of exercise and regularity in my mode of 
 living. I have always been very fond of walking, and 
 have done a great deal of it. While I am not as in- 
 dustrious in this respect as I used to be, I make a 
 point of driving out in my carriage every afternoon. 
 I rarely let anything interfere with this, because it 
 has a tendency to give me new vitality both in spirit 
 and body." 
 
 "While your house is old, Professor Smith, " I re- 
 marked, "this country in which you live, Canada, is 
 young." 
 
 "Yes, we have not progressed as rapidly as the 
 United States; we are yet, in many respects, a people 
 of beginnings. Canadians look forward to the future 
 with very optimistic spirit. We see possibilities of 
 great industrial and agricultural development." 
 
 "The average Canadian does not look as far into 
 the future as you do yourself." 
 
 " No, perhaps not," smilingly replied Professor 
 Smith. "I believe that the great majority of our 
 people are not at all in sympathy with my opinion that 
 Canada will eventually become a part of the United 
 States. I have, however, long held this belief. It 
 
 456
 
 Canada's "Grand Old Man" 
 
 has been my idea for many years that the whole conti- 
 nent of North America should be, and will be even- 
 tually, given up to republican institutions. It has 
 been said of me that I left Great Britain in order to be 
 able to live in the republican atmosphere of the New 
 World. While this is not altogether true, I am won- 
 derfully interested in the great experiment of a gov- 
 ernment by the people which is now being tried by the 
 United States. 
 
 "I think the experiment will prove a success, and 
 that in the end all of the commonwealths on this side 
 of the Atlantic will come sufficiently under the influ- 
 ence of this form of government to embrace it. The 
 Old World powers are by degrees losing their de- 
 pendencies in the New World. I long ago said, for 
 example, that Spain's hold upon Cuba was becoming 
 weaker and weaker, and would sooner or later become 
 altogether relaxed. I believe that this is likewise true 
 of Great Britain in her relationship with Canada. A 
 wide ocean divides the mother country from her great 
 colony in North America, while merely an artificial 
 boundary line divides us from the powerful republic 
 to the South. 
 
 The bond between Canada and the United States 
 is gradually becoming closer in spite of the little inter- 
 vening frictions which from time to time arise. I 
 am aware that many Canadians express an antipathy 
 for the United States, but this amounts to little more 
 than talk. Young Canadians have been for many 
 
 457
 
 Goldwin Smith 
 
 years seeking opportunities in the United States, and 
 at the present time many thousands of agriculturists 
 from the Western States are annually migrating into 
 our Northwest to take advantage there of the produc- 
 tivity of the virgin soil. Numerous American capital- 
 ists are investing their money on our side of the line, 
 and thus the commercial connection is constantly be- 
 coming closer. 
 
 "As a matter of fact, there is in some particulars 
 more intimate union between Canada and the United 
 States than between some of our own provinces. I 
 have often said to my friends that the beginning of 
 wisdom in regard to Canada is the realization of the 
 fact that the natural avenues of traffic and communi- 
 cation lie north and south rather than east and west. 
 We must remember that between various parts of the 
 Dominion nature has set up very formidable barriers, 
 great lakes, high mountains, and wide expanses of un- 
 cultivated territory. We must not forget, further- 
 more, that there are two distinct races in Canada, dif- 
 ferent in religion, sympathies and general character- 
 istics. Thus it will be seen that without compactness 
 in territory and without a homogeneous spirit among 
 the people, Canada is not a united country. She 
 needs the United States and, by the same token, the 
 United States needs Canada. While I don't expect to 
 see it in my own time, I feel justified in prophesying 
 that the passing years of the twentieth century will 
 bring an equal union between our country and the 
 
 458
 
 Canada's "Grand Old Man" 
 
 States. Together they will rise to greater heights of 
 power, influence and civilization than any nation has 
 yet attained. 
 
 "I like to see Canadians go to the United States 
 and I like to see young Americans come to Canada. 
 A young man should always have courage to seek the 
 fields which seem to be most promising for him. 
 I am inclined to think that a changed environment is a 
 stimulus to his energy and ambition. A knowledge 
 of the different sections certainly gives him a broader 
 outlook and adds materially to his equipment for the 
 battle of life." 
 
 4*9
 
 XLIX 
 
 After Failure as a Grocer, He Be- 
 comes the Ablest Administrator 
 Quebec Has Ever Had. 
 
 THE busiest man in Canada," exclaimed a 
 friend in close touch with the govern- 
 ment, when I told him that I desired to 
 meet the Hon. S. N. Parent, Premier of 
 the Province of Quebec. 
 
 "Parent, you know," continued my informant, "is 
 not only Premier of the Province, but is also mayor 
 of the City of Quebec, minister of lands, mines and 
 fisheries, president of the company that is building a 
 seven-million-dollar bridge across the St. Lawrence, 
 director in the Quebec Railway Light and Power 
 Company, director in the Grand Trunk Railway, and 
 a lawyer with the largest practice in the Province." 
 
 This information as to his- surprising range of activ- 
 ities, bespeaking a man of remarkable achievement, 
 made me more than ever anxious to talk with Mr. 
 Parent, and I said so to my friend. 
 
 "Well," he exclaimed, "the premier is personally 
 one of the most approachable men alive, but all day 
 long in the ante-rooms of his various offices there are 
 
 460
 
 Premier, Mayor, and Lawyer , 
 
 crowds waiting to see him. He never appears in the 
 streets of Quebec on foot, but always in his cab, for 
 the simple reason that if he were walking so many 
 persons would stop him that he would be hours get- 
 ting to his destination. His lieutenants hedge him in, 
 but once past them you are all right." 
 
 "What would be a good time and place to call on 
 him?" 
 
 "In answer to that I will give you an outline of his 
 movement for his business day, and you may judge 
 for yourself. Promptly every morning at half-past 
 seven he arrives at his law office in Lower Town and 
 sees clients there until ten o'clock, when he goes to 
 the City Hall to take up his work as Mayor. Here 
 he keeps in close touch with every detail of city ad- 
 ministration. 
 
 "It has been said that not a nail is driven on public 
 property without his knowledge. This, of course, is 
 an exaggeration, but it is the truth that he is the first 
 mayor Quebec has had in sixty years who has been 
 able to run the municipal government without an an- 
 nual deficit in the treasury. And yet with all his 
 economy he has instituted numerous public improve- 
 ments. On the strength of this work for Quebec he 
 has several times been reflected Mayor and has held 
 the office for eleven years. 
 
 "After an hour at the City Hall he is driven to Par- 
 liament House, where he transacts the business of the 
 Province until half-past one. Here, in addition to his 
 
 461
 
 S. N. Parent 
 
 general work, he gives special attention to the land 
 and fisheries department, which he has made the most 
 important in the provincial government. He has so 
 developed it that it yields a larger income than any 
 other. 
 
 "Mr. Parent takes a light luncheon at half-past one, 
 and remains in Parliament House until four o'clock, 
 when he returns to his law office, where he gives him- 
 self up to cases and to his financial interests until 
 seven. Now comes a dinner which is hardly more 
 hearty than his luncheon, and after this he attends the 
 meetings of committees, which assemble in the 
 evening chiefly to suit his convenience. This schedule 
 is as regular as clockwork. The Premier makes a 
 point of letting nothing interfere with it. Exactly 
 at the times and places I mention you can find 
 him." 
 
 Armed with this knowledge, and with a letter of 
 introduction, I sought the Premier at the House of 
 Parliament a stately building of massive stone, 
 standing out against the sky on the heights of the 
 "Gibraltar of America," and commanding a huge 
 panoramic view of the Lower Town, of the St. Law- 
 rence and St. Charles rivers, of the Isle of Orleans, 
 the wide valley of St. Anne and the sweeping lines 
 of the Laurentian Mountains. 
 
 The ante-room was crowded, as I had been told it 
 would be, but an attendant at once took in my letter 
 and almost immediately returned. 
 
 462
 
 Premier, Mayor, and Lawyer 
 
 "The Premier cannot see you to-day," he said, "but 
 will be very glad to meet you at this office at twelve 
 sharp to-morrow. If you would accept a little word 
 o-'f advice," he added, official manner giving way 
 to French-Canadian courtesy, "I would say that it 
 would be well to be exactly on time. By five minutes 
 past twelve, if you are not here, the Premier will be 
 engaged with some one else, and then your op- 
 portunity will be gone He never spends time in 
 waiting This is what you might call one of his peculi- 
 arities." 
 
 I was on time. At precisely twelve an official 
 passed out of the inner room and I was invited in. As 
 the Premier swung about in his chair with the quick 
 glance and motion that are characteristic with him, I 
 saw a man with a high forehead, a prominent nose, 
 keen gray eyes and a small mustache. His age is 
 fifty-three, but he appears much younger. 
 
 "I am interviewing the most successful men in 
 Canada," I said, "and so, naturally, have called on 
 you." 
 
 Mr. Parent smiled, with a slight shrug of his shoul- 
 ders, but made no comment. 
 
 "Would you mind telling me how you made your 
 start toward success?" 
 
 The light of reminiscence came into the Premier's 
 eyes and his smile was more pronounced. After a 
 very brief pause he said : 
 
 "You flatter me by the use of that word success; 
 
 4 6 3
 
 S. N. Parent 
 
 but if you want to know how I began my career I will 
 assure you that I began it with a failure. My father 
 was a merchant across the river in Beauport, where I 
 was born, and before I was old enough to appreciate 
 how_much I did not know I branched out into busi- 
 ness for myself. I started a grocery store. It failed, 
 and I decided that I was unfit to be a successful 
 grocer. 
 
 "A fair education gained at the normal school 
 enabled me to obtain a place in a law office of S. B. 
 Langois here in Quebec. After I had been with him 
 a short time he strongly advised me to take up law 
 as a profession. I was beginning to feel a pronounced 
 inclination in this direction, and, stimulated by his en- 
 couragement, I began to study hard. I took the 
 course at Laval University, and after graduation 
 commenced to practice chiefly at first in the police 
 courts. 
 
 "Gradually my clients increased in numbers and 
 my cases in importance. Politics had always inter- 
 ested me. I became somewhat active in this field, 
 and, although I have never tried to practice the art 
 of oratory, for which I have no gift, I was elected to 
 the County Council of Quebec in 1890. Three 
 years later I was made Mayor of the city and not 
 long afterwards Premier of the Province. My career 
 since then has been largely official and a matter of 
 record." 
 
 "It is said that you have given the province and the 
 
 464
 
 Premier, Mayor, and Lawyer 
 
 city the best business administration they have ever 
 had. You know more about business now than when 
 you ran the grocery store, for instance." 
 
 "Oh, yes," laughed Mr. Parent, "a great deal more. 
 For one thing, I have learned that the price of a 
 business success is eternal vigilance. I have found 
 that the only way to conduct affairs of a municipality 
 along strictly business lines is to watch the com- 
 mittees to watch their every move. It is in these 
 bodies that the financial leaks are most likely to oc- 
 cur. Not having to carry the main responsibility for 
 public expenditures, committees are inclined to be too 
 generous, too confident of the resources of the treas- 
 ury. I have no doubt that this is as true in your 
 country, the United States, as in Canada. 
 
 "We have ten committees which are meeting con- 
 stantly. During the eleven years I have been in office 
 I have not missed a single meeting, which is one of the 
 main causes, I think, of whatever success I may have 
 had as a public adminstrator." 
 
 "Your position as the representative of a large 
 population of both French and English must have its 
 difficulties," I remarked. 
 
 "These are not nearly as great as you might 
 imagine," quickly replied the Premier. "I don't pre- 
 tend to try to please everybody, but I do try to treat 
 all alike. I myself, as you know, am of French descent. 
 French was the language of my childhood, but 
 whether a man is English, or Scotch, or French- 
 
 465
 
 S. N. Parent 
 
 Canadian, whether he is a Protestant or Catholic, has 
 absolutely no weight with me in my attitude toward 
 him in the discharge of my official duties. 
 
 "We French hold to our language and customs be- 
 cause we are proud of them, but there is complete 
 sympathy between the two races in the Province of 
 Quebec. The Anglo-Saxon Canadian admires the 
 French-Canadian because of his honesty, industry 
 and thrift, and the latter admires the former for vir- 
 tues too numerous to mention. A union between the 
 two, already close, is constantly becoming closer, and 
 it gives me pleasure to think that perhaps I have 
 done something to advance this movement for the 
 common good. 
 
 "We are all working for the prosperity and prog- 
 ress of the province and city of Quebec. In this 
 connection the possibilities are so great that even if 
 we were inclined to racial prejudices, which is not 
 true, we would realize that we could not afford to 
 entertain them. 
 
 "Quebec is on the threshold of a new era. The 
 great bridge across the St. Lawrence will bring im- 
 portant improvements in the railroad facilities of the 
 city. The harbor, already one of the finest in exist- 
 ence for vessels of large tonnage, will be made even 
 better by the extension of the dock system and by 
 other projects now in hand. The Grand Trunk Paci- 
 fic Railway, which is about to be built across the 
 continent, will have its eastern terminus at Quebec, 
 
 466
 
 Premier, Mayor, and Lawyer 
 
 and will bring to us for export to the markets of the 
 world a vast quantity of the products of the great 
 Northwest. All this will mean a remarkable stimulus 
 to our city. 
 
 "As for the province as a whole, the fertility of the 
 soil, particularly in the neighborhood of Lake St. 
 John, warrants the prediction that it will become the 
 granary of Eastern Canada. The enormous water 
 powers within our boundaries, harnessed for the gen- 
 eration of electricity, will mean the rise of many in- 
 dustries. There is, moreover, an immense wealth of 
 money to be gathered from the many thousands of 
 miles of territory which offer pulp wood for paper 
 making. Year by year the pulp industry is extending, 
 but it is as yet at the very beginning of its develop- 
 ment. It will bring many millions of dollars to the 
 province and its people. Young men now at the out- 
 set of their careers will grow rich from the new indus- 
 trial activities. 
 
 "But in Quebec we have not yet been educated up, 
 or down, to the idea that the most desirable thing in 
 the world is wealth. We have other standards of 
 success. None of us have what would be considered 
 from the American point of view great riches, and 
 we are well content that this is so. Money, of course, 
 is an excellent thing, and we have no prejudices 
 against its possession, but we are in no feverish haste 
 to acquire it. For example, none of our professional 
 men or politicians are very rich. Political life here 
 
 467
 
 S. N. Parent 
 
 offers practically no financial opportunities. The 
 politician who attempted corrupt practices would find 
 himself in an isolated position. There would be no 
 coterie to support him. He would be subjected to 
 adverse opinion that would quickly terminate his 
 career. In my administration of public affairs in the 
 province and city of Quebec there has not been, I am 
 happy to say, five cents' worth of scandal. 
 
 "No, as yet, at least, we are not worshippers of the 
 golden calf. All we want in our careers and com- 
 munity is a healthy progress. We desire to keep the 
 city of Quebec, for instance, abreast of the times, to 
 infuse her veins with new blood, but certainly not at a 
 sacrifice of the flavor of the past which makes her the 
 most interesting and picturesque city on the conti- 
 nent. We respect the old, and intend to keep it and 
 the new in harmonious balance." 
 
 "How were you impressed with Mr. Parent?" in- 
 quired my friend when I informed him that I had had 
 my interview. 
 
 "Excellently well," I answered. 
 
 "I knew you would be. He is a high grade man, 
 and is very representative of the French-Canadians of 
 this generation. He believes in progress, but not in 
 haste. He has good intentions, and the ability to 
 carry them out. He is much more of a listener than 
 a talker, but when he says a thing, or makes a prom- 
 ise, you may depend upon it." 
 
 "You have found, haven't you, that his political op- 
 
 468
 
 Premier, Mayor, and Lawyer 
 
 ponents admit that they respect him? I thought so. 
 It has been said here in Quebec that in his character 
 there is the combination of the canniness of the Scot, 
 the progressive energy of the Englishman, the con- 
 servatism and sentiment of the French-Canadian, and 
 the geniality of the Irish gentleman." 
 
 469
 
 Canada's Leading Economist Tells 
 Her Sons To Seek Fortune in 
 Her Own Domain. 
 
 SIR WILFRID LAURIER, Premier of Canada, 
 said that in matters pertaining to railways the 
 Hon. Andrew George Blair was the Domin- 
 ion's greatest authority. Whenever in Canada 
 you mention the name of Mr. Blair, whether among 
 his friends or political opponents, the comment is, 
 an able man. 
 
 Since his entrance into political life in 1878, after 
 twelve years of notably successful practice as a lawyer 
 in his native city of Fredericton, New Brunswick, he 
 has continually risen. Though defeated in his first 
 candidacy for the New Brunswick House of Com- 
 mons, he was elected the second time he ran, in 1879, 
 and since then has always been victorious at the polls. 
 As a matter of course, through the force of his 
 personality and without apparent effort, he became 
 leader of the minority in the New Brunswick House, 
 and this minority he changed from weakness to 
 strength. His personal following grew so steadily 
 that in 1883 tne majority was defeated and Mr. Blair 
 
 470
 
 Railway Authority 
 
 became Premier of the Province. In three general 
 elections, those of 1886, 1890 and 1894, his leadership 
 was sustained. "By this time," remarked a friend of 
 his to me, "Blair was the whole thing in the Province 
 of New Brunswick." 
 
 However this may have been, it is true that Mr. 
 Blair had become a figure of national prominence. 
 Long before this he had attracted the attention of Sir 
 Wilfrid Laurier, and when the latter became Premier 
 of the Dominion in 1896 he made Mr. Blair a member 
 of his Cabinet, appointing him to the important place 
 of Minister of Railways and Canals. 
 
 It was in this position that he acquired the mastery 
 of railroad problems that has made him Canada's 
 leading authority on transportation. In 1903, because 
 he disagreed with the governmental powers on the 
 subject of the projected Grand Trunk Pacific line 
 across the continent, he resigned his portfolio. 
 
 But it very soon became evident that Mr. Blair was 
 a man with whose services it was difficult to dispense. 
 For the purpose of regulating the railroads in their 
 relations with the public more specifically than had 
 been possible by the Ministry of Railways and Canals 
 a Board of Railway Commissioners was provided for 
 by Parliament early in 1904. Mr. Blair had been very 
 active in advocating the organization of the com- 
 mittee, and it was obvious that there was no man in 
 Canada who could approach him in fitness for the 
 place of chairman. Yet his opposition to the govern- 
 
 47 J
 
 Andrew G. Blair 
 
 ment in its great scheme for the new transcontinental 
 road was a very formidable objection to his selection. 
 This difficulty caused much hesitation on the part 
 of the ruling spirits, but in the end it was decided 
 that the Government could not get along without 
 Mr. Blair, and so he was appointed chairman of the 
 committee. After a few months of very successful 
 work he resigned his place, an act which threw the 
 party in power into a state of astonishment and con- 
 sternation. 
 
 In his office in Ottawa I called upon Mr. Blair, and 
 was at once impressed with what might be called his 
 bigness. His face, the lower part of which is covered 
 with the luxuriant growth of beard which is charac- 
 teristic of the Scotchman, is broad. His forehead is 
 high and wide. His eyes are unusually large. He 
 speaks slowly, and every word has weight. 
 
 If one were to make a military comparison it might 
 be said that he has much more of the blunt strength 
 of the cannon than of the glittering sharpness of the 
 sword. And yet this military simile, except at times 
 of heated debate in the House of Parliament, or when 
 his indignation is aroused, is not a fair one, for no 
 man's ordinary manner is more quiet and benign. 
 His energy is not obtrusive, nor of the kind called 
 nervous. It seems to have a far deeper source than 
 this. The truth is, Mr, Blair impressed me as pos- 
 sessing more of the equipment of the scholar and 
 philosopher than of the lawyer giving and parrying 
 
 47 2
 
 Railway Authority 
 
 quick thrusts in court litigation, or of the politician 
 devising ways and means to hold and increase his 
 power. It is difficult to imagine him indulging in airy 
 flights of eloquence calculated to arouse the admira- 
 tion of the crowd. Indeed, he never indulges in what 
 is ordinarily called oratory. He depends for effec- 
 tiveness in his speeches upon the force of fact and 
 logic, with which in Parliament he has shattered 
 numerous soaring bubbles of forensic sentiment. 
 
 "I don't care to talk about myself," he remarked to 
 me. "Those good friends of mine who differ with me 
 on matters of public policy are doing that. But I 
 have no objection to saying something on the topic 
 of success, although the subject is so vital and has 
 such an intimate relationship to a young man's am- 
 bitions and career that I should have liked to have a 
 little time to consider it. 
 
 "I will say, however, that I have been strongly im- 
 pressed within very recent times with the fact that it is 
 no longer necessary for young Canadians to go to 
 the United States to seek their success. At one time 
 there were much greater opportunities for them there 
 than here, and Canada lost many of her best minds 
 and most promising youths. Not a few of these have 
 achieved distinction in the States, and many young 
 Canadians, inspired by their example, are still seeking 
 fame and fortune across the border. But a larger 
 number are now coming in this direction. The tide 
 has turned. Men with capital, in money or in brains, 
 
 473
 
 Andrew G. Blair 
 
 are beginning to realize that in this twentieth century 
 Canada is the land of opportunities. 
 
 "Even in the profession of law, which feels the 
 effect of new conditions rather less quickly than do 
 commercial pursuits, there has been a marked ad- 
 vance toward more business and larger fees. For 
 electrical, mechanical and civil engineers there is 
 more and more work in Canada because of the con- 
 stant installation of new manufacturing plants and 
 the extension of the railway systems. 
 
 "In the field of railroad construction in particular, 
 on account of the necessity of thousands of miles 
 more of track in the new territory which is being 
 opened up, there will be a great deal of work for 
 young men within the next few years. I do not my- 
 self believe that it is necessary to build new lines with 
 the haste thought advisable in some quarters, but it is 
 inevitable that sooner or later the country will be 
 covered by a network of railroads. All this railway 
 building and the resulting development of new com- 
 munities will mean, of course, business and profes- 
 sional openings for a great number of energetic men. 
 
 "This will be especially true of our immense North- 
 west, which is virtually a new country of a wonderful 
 productivity in grain and minerals, and of a vastness 
 in territory difficult to imagine. In the flourishing 
 little city of Edmonton, in the province of Alberta, 
 I happened to meet a man not long ago who was 
 installing mills for the grinding of wheat in the terri- 
 
 474
 
 Railway Authority 
 
 tory to the north, and asked him as to the location 
 of the most northerly mill that he was building. In 
 reply he mentioned a place which, to my astonish- 
 ment, was over twelve hundred miles north of Ed- 
 monton. From this you will see that there are 
 wheat fields nearly sixteen hundred miles north of the 
 boundary line between Canada and the United States. 
 
 "The climate here is tempered by the winds which 
 come through the passes of the Rocky Mountains 
 from the warm Japanese current of the Pacific. This 
 makes it possible to grow wheat in the region just 
 east of the Rockies at a latitude much higher than in 
 the section farther east, where the balmy winds do 
 not reach, but the fact that there are wheat fields six- 
 teen hundred miles north of the border will give you 
 an idea of the marvelous extent of the wheat grow- 
 ing country of northwestern Canada. 
 
 "I have not the slightest doubt that in the course 
 of the next twenty-five years a great commonwealth 
 will have been developed here, and this means that 
 many thousands of young men who are honest and 
 energetic and wide awake enough to see and seize 
 their chances will acquire comfortable competencies 
 for themselves and families. Some will unquestion- 
 ably make large fortunes. 
 
 "I do not, however, regard the accumulation of a 
 great deal of money as a criterion of success. I 
 think that a man who has been able to build for him- 
 self a comfortable home, presided over by a good 
 
 47*
 
 Andrew G. Blair 
 
 wife and enlivened with the presence of a moderate 
 number of children, is apt to be far more content 
 with his lot than the man who must carry the burden 
 of a great fortune. 
 
 "In the Northwest the conditions will not be such 
 as to enable a man to amass the fabulous wealth 
 which has marked the industrial development of the 
 United States. For one thing, we are so regulating 
 our railroads in their relations to the public that it 
 will be quite impossible for favored shippers to obtain 
 the preferences in freight rates which, in the United 
 States, have been the chief source of the menacing 
 wealth of certain conspicuous capitalists. 
 
 "To make impossible all discrimination in rates on 
 the part of railroads has been one of my principal 
 cares in the discharge of my official duties as Minister 
 of Railways and as Chairman of the Railway Com- 
 mission. If it can be truthfully said that I have ac- 
 complished something in this direction I shall feel 
 that my labors have not been in vain." 
 
 "What," I inquired, "do you consider the chief 
 requisite of success in political life?" 
 
 Mr. Blair paused, and turned his eyes reflectively 
 toward the window. "This is a difficult question," he 
 answered slowly. "There are, of course, numerous 
 qualities that combine to give a man success in poli- 
 tics as in any other pursuit. But I am sure that the 
 prime essential of the man who is ambitious to hold 
 any lasting influence in political life is character. 
 
 476
 
 J 
 
 Railway Authority 
 
 "If he possesses character he is bound to gain and 
 maintain the respect, not only of his friends, but even 
 of his enemies, and will be able to keep himself afloat 
 on the tempestuous sea of politics long after those 
 who have not been able to resist the temptations of a 
 political career have been engulfed. 
 
 "In Canada the political life carries with it no great 
 financial rewards. The young man who enters poli- 
 tics and devotes himself zealously to affairs of state 
 must not expect affluence. If his aim in life is to 
 acquire riches he should by all means keep clear of 
 the political arena until, at least, he has made his 
 success in business." 
 
 In his administration in the office of Minister of 
 Railways and of Chairman of the Railway Commis- 
 sion, Mr. Blair showed a pronounced simplicity and 
 unconventionality in his methods. His aim being to 
 accomplish as much as possible, he went straight to 
 the mark, with little regard for formality or red tape. 
 Many times, in his work of railway supervision, he 
 has traversed the length and breadth of Canada, pre- 
 ferring to see conditions for himself rather than to 
 judge of them on hearsay evidence. A single episode 
 may be given as characteristic of his manner of ob- 
 taining results. There had been numerous com- 
 plaints about the dangers of a certain crossing on one 
 of the railways. Some of these complaints had been 
 sent to the office of the Commission, but in the 
 ordinary routine of business some time would have 
 
 477
 
 Andrew G. Blair 
 
 elapsed before action upon them could be taken. 
 Meanwhile the railroad was doing nothing in the 
 matter, and the lives of many children were daily in 
 danger. Mr. Blair, however, had heard unofficially 
 of the crossing. One day he happened to meet on a 
 train the superintendent of the road in question. The 
 train was approaching the dangerous place, when Mr. 
 Blair suddenly remarked to the superintendent: "By 
 
 the way, Mr. , I have heard that you have a 
 
 bad crossing on the line not far from here. Let us 
 get out and take a look at it." 
 
 The superintendent acquiesced, and when the 
 crossing was reached the train was stopped and the 
 two gentlemen alighted. For a few moments they 
 surveyed the woods that concealed the approach of 
 trains and the other conditions which made the cross- 
 ing hazardous. 
 
 "I think we have seen enough, Mr. ," re- 
 marked the Chairman. When they had resumed 
 their seats in the car he said, "Now, see here, it is 
 just as obvious to you as it is to me that this place 
 should at once be made safer. It can be done easily. 
 I wish you would interest yourself personally in the 
 matter." Within a day or two a gang of workmen 
 had made the crossing safe. 
 
 47 8
 
 A Distinguished Educator has Found 
 Contentment in the Simple 
 Life. 
 
 1V /f^ ^ e ^ as k een verv 
 |\/l James Loudon, president of the Uni- 
 
 * * *- versity of Toronto, which is the largest 
 educational institution in Canada. 
 "When I was graduated from this University in the 
 early sixties I became associated with it as an in- 
 structor, and have never had any other professional 
 connection. 
 
 "My birthplace was the city of Toronto, and my 
 parents, like those of so many people in this 
 province of Ontario, were Scotch. I might remark, 
 parenthetically, that I think the infant that opens its 
 eyes upon the world with Scotch blood in its veins 
 has already made a pretty fair start in life. The 
 typical Scotchman is shrewd and patient, and is the 
 fortunate possessor of that sense of humor which 
 does so much to smooth the way, both for himself and 
 for those about him, and is so conducive to a sane 
 philosophy. Patience, I have always thought, is a 
 
 479
 
 James Loudon 
 
 particularly valuable asset for the man who desires 
 steady progress in his life." 
 
 "The truth of this is exemplified in your own 
 career," I suggested. 
 
 "Perhaps so," replied Dr. Loudon. "I well remem- 
 ber Toronto when it was a comparative village, and 
 I have seen it develop into the present brisk and im- 
 pressive city. I remember, too, our University when 
 its attendance was very small, and I have seen it 
 steadily expand until now it has over twenty-five 
 hundred students, and its influence has become wide- 
 spread. I myself have been carried up with the 
 general growth. For many years I was professor of 
 mathematics in the University, and have made a spe- 
 cial study of the science of physics. Finally, in 1892, 
 chiefly on the ground of long service, I was made the 
 president. 
 
 "Our progress here has been preeminently healthy 
 a substantial process of construction from the foun- 
 dations up. If, from my observation of this develop- 
 ment, any wisdom for young men can be gleaned, I 
 would say to them, eliminate impatience and haste 
 from your plans in building the structure of your 
 career. Build slowly, keeping a careful eye upon 
 the quality and placing of every beam and stone. It 
 is by this method only that you will be able to con- 
 struct an edifice that will be permanently satisfac- 
 tory to yourself and impressive to the world. 
 
 "A conspicuous evil in the present day life of 
 
 480
 
 OUT OF DEBT AT LAST
 
 President University of Toronto 
 
 North America is hurry. Young men, in haste to 
 achieve success, force themselves. The able ones rise 
 with a rapidity which, I think is the reverse of benefi- 
 cial in the long run. A reaction, an aftermath, is apt 
 to come. Their mental and physical elasticity is apt 
 to prematurely disappear, with the result that they 
 will too soon find themselves past the summit of their 
 careers and traveling the declivity on the other side. 
 The great cities on this continent, and particularly 
 those of the United States, have a voracious appetite 
 for the vitality of youth. They develop a man, yes, 
 but they also exhaust him. 
 
 "The mistake of this lies principally in the indus- 
 trial and social pace of the present. Young men, in- 
 fluenced by the city life about them, spend a good 
 deal more money on their living and enjoyment than 
 they did in the days of my own youth, and in their 
 keen desire to keep in the hunt, so to speak, they seek 
 the goal of wealth cross-lots instead of by the more 
 roundabout but much safer highway. The young 
 women who become their wives have great power in 
 the matter of keeping them away from the dangerous 
 short-cuts. A wife should have an intimate knowl- 
 edge of the varying conditions in her husband's busi- 
 ness, in order that she may properly adjust her ex- 
 penditures to these conditions. This seems obvious, 
 but the wife's failure in this respect has been the 
 cause of the undoing of many a man. 
 
 "The spirit of materialism and commercialism 
 
 481
 
 James Loudon 
 
 which is so marked has been, perhaps, a necessary 
 factor in the development of the resources of this 
 continent, but I believe that it is gradually losing its 
 position as the commanding influence in our New 
 World civilization, and that it will become a subordi- 
 nate element in a broader and higher attitude toward 
 life." 
 
 "This development will come sooner, I think, in 
 the United States than in Canada, for the reason that 
 the former country has had the start of us in the 
 evolution. The rough work of subduing rebellious 
 nature, of clearing land, of breaking virgin soil for 
 agriculture, of building railroads, has been nearly 
 completed across the border, while on our side it is 
 just beginning. We have a great Northwest, still in 
 large degree a wilderness, to cover with farms and 
 homes and the other appurtenances of civilization. 
 W'e have yet large sections of our East to dot with 
 the towns and the industries which this territory will 
 bountifully support. 
 
 "It is only within a very few years that we have 
 begun to take hold of this work with the zeal and 
 determination that brings success. With this twenti- 
 eth century there has been born inCanada a new spirit 
 of enterprise. Even here in the University its effects 
 have been strongly felt. It was not long ago that a 
 large proportion of our graduates became teachers, 
 or entered some other professional sphere, and in 
 these fields most of them sought their opportunities 
 
 482
 
 President University of Toronto 
 
 in the United States. At the present time the major- 
 ity of our students have turned toward commercial, 
 mechanical or scientific pursuits, and they are finding 
 their openings within our own domain. The standard 
 of pecuniary compensation is advancing, not only in 
 commerce but also in the professions. For example, 
 even as comparatively a short time as a decade ago 
 the largest fees or salaries for legal services never 
 rose above a very few thousand dollars. Now we 
 often hear of Canadian lawyers receiving many thou- 
 sands in single fees or in yearly salaries from rail- 
 road, banking and other corporations. The general 
 tendency is in this direction, and it is a direct result 
 of our industrial expansion. The interests of Cana- 
 dian employers of brains and labor are becoming 
 larger. They want more men, and better trained 
 men, and are willing to pay them more than in former 
 years. 
 
 "Since a university does not completely fulfil its 
 functions unless it keeps in touch with the life of the 
 people and the currents of broad activity, we of the 
 University of Toronto are aiming to keep pace with 
 the new development in Canada. We are equipping 
 young men for many practical pursuits, and are even 
 establishing close relationships with numerous speci- 
 fic industries. Often of late we have had applica- 
 tions from employers for young men capable of 
 assuming responsibilities. We keep track of the de- 
 mand for youthful brains and university training, 
 
 483
 
 James Loudon 
 
 and make a point of being always ready to supply it. 
 A notable factor in the practical work of the univer- 
 sity is the Agricultural College, which is located at 
 Guelph, Ontario, and controls 550 acres of land, upon 
 which all phases of farming are carried on and taught 
 to nearly six hundred students. We feel that this col- 
 lege is doing work which is very important. Much of 
 the future wealth of Canada will be derived from agri- 
 culture, and especially from wheat growing in the 
 Northwest, where hard wheat, the finest in the world, 
 can be produced in sufficient quantities to supply all 
 the markets of the earth. To adequately develop the 
 possibilities of this territory we must have scientific 
 farmers, and this is the kind we are doing our best to 
 train. 
 
 "But with all this effort along material lines, we are 
 by no means forgetting at the University of Toronto 
 what we used to call the broad humanities. The play 
 of the spirit, the exercise of the imagination, the stim- 
 ulus of literature and art, a tolerant and cheerful 
 philosophy are, after all, the things which make life 
 worth living." 
 
 484
 
 UI 
 
 Beginning as Telegraph Operator He 
 Built the Canadian Pacific. 
 
 x ~1T "IT "THAT is success?" questioned Sir 
 
 ^7^7 William Van Home, half-reclining 
 
 within the hospitable arms of a big 
 
 chair in his luxurious residence in 
 
 Shelbrooke Street, Montreal. 
 
 "You, Sir William, should surely know," I re- 
 marked. "You are accredited by the world with 
 being very familiar with it." 
 
 "There are numerous subjects upon which the 
 world and I do not agree," replied, with a smile, the 
 famous railroad builder. 
 
 "What is success?" he repeated slowly. "You 
 might say, of course that it is the achievement of a 
 purpose, but in the selection and formation of your 
 purpose you may have made a failure, and then the 
 whole is failure. 
 
 "Is contentment success? I am sure it is not. Is 
 wealth? Not by any means. Is power? Not at all." 
 
 Sir William was silent for a moment. 
 
 "The truth is," he said suddenly, "the word suc- 
 cess is one of the hardest in the language to define, 
 
 485
 
 Sir William C. Van Home 
 
 and I won't attempt it. I should say however, that 
 a man's real success in life can be pretty accurately 
 measured by his usefulness as a member of society. 
 
 "He may be rich or poor, courted or ignored, but if 
 he does things which at once or eventually make for 
 progress in the world he is most assuredly a success. 
 If, for example, he discovers something new in sci- 
 ence, invents a valuable article, paints a great picture, 
 writes a great book, develops a great industry, 
 or " 
 
 "Or builds a great railroad?" I interrupted 
 
 Sir William smiled, and after a pause remarked, 
 "I suppose you intend that to be a personal allusion, 
 but we are not discussing personalities. I will say, 
 however, that some of the men whom down in the 
 States you call captains of industry have my admira- 
 tion. I care very little whether they give money to 
 charity, whether their work is colored by an active 
 consciousness of its value to anybody outside of their 
 families, their friends and themselves. Most of the 
 men of this stamp are just in their dealings, and it is 
 to their initiative force that the United States owes 
 her material greatness. They have started wheels 
 of industry that have given honest work and many 
 of the comforts of life to millions of self-respecting 
 men. They are rich, yes, and we say that riches do 
 not constitute success. Nevertheless, these men have 
 achieved it in one of its highest forms." 
 
 It was very plain from his manner that in making 
 
 486
 
 Railway Builder 
 
 these remarks Sir William's thoughts were quite re- 
 mote from his own career. Yet he himself is one of 
 the most conspicuous and striking representatives on 
 the continent of the class of men he was discussing. 
 His humble start as a small boy in a railway station, 
 contrasted with his present place as a giant in the 
 field of railroading, indicates the height of his own 
 achievement. His career has been a long series of 
 upward steps. 
 
 At an age when most boys are playing marbles in 
 short trousers, young Van Home, forced by the 
 death of his father to earn his own living, obtained a 
 place as general utility boy at a railroad station in the 
 county in Illinois in which in 1843 ne was born. Here 
 he saw and seized his first opportunity; that is, he 
 taught himself telegraphy. With this knowledge 
 and a robust personality as his only assets, he jour- 
 neyed to Chicago and found a position as telegraph 
 operator in the offices of the Illinois Central Rail- 
 road. But he did not long hold this place. The tele- 
 graphic keys were too small for him. Before he was 
 twenty-two he had gone over to the Chicago & 
 Alton road and was dispatching trains work of so 
 responsible a character that no railroad company 
 would think for an instant of entrusting it to the 
 ordinary inexperienced youth. But the chief requis- 
 ite of the train despatcher is care, and care was 
 only one of young Van Home's conspicuous qualities. 
 He had a combination of others that overshadowed it 
 
 487
 
 Sir William C. Van Home 
 
 and brought him promotion to the place of superin- 
 tendent of telegraphy. 
 
 His work was still too easy for him, so they made 
 him a division superintendent. He was now where 
 the officials of other lines could see him, and the 
 Wabash road took him away from the Chicago & 
 Alton to make him their general manager. He was 
 about thirty years old at this time, but he was al- 
 ready looming so large among the railroad men of 
 the Middle West that when the directors of the 
 Southern Minnesota Railway, which was in the hands 
 of a receiver, bethought themselves to look about for 
 a man who could rehabilitate their road, their eyes 
 fell upon young Van Home, and they asked him if 
 he thought the line could be made to pay. 
 
 He replied that he thought so, and gave his rea- 
 sons. They then asked him to assume the manage- 
 ment of the moribund property. He liked then, as 
 he does now, this kind of a job. There were chances 
 in it far above the mere satisfactory performance of 
 routine duty. There were opportunities here to cre- 
 ate, to develop, to quicken into new life; and the 
 young man's instincts were all in this direction. So 
 he took hold with enthusiasm, and put the company 
 on a paying basis with a rapidity that amazed the 
 stockholders who made him president. He went back 
 to the Chicago & Alton in 1878 as general manager. 
 
 In a lifetime of work very few railroad men achieve 
 as much as this, but Van Home was still in his 
 
 488
 
 Railway Builder 
 
 thirties and was just beginning. The Canadian Gov- 
 ernment had been trying for several years to push 
 from the Ottawa Valley a road of steel across its vast 
 domain to the Pacific Ocean, and it had found the 
 task too much for it. Surveys had been made, but 
 there had been comparatively little work of actual 
 construction. Finally, in 1880, it was decided to 
 allow the project to become a private enterprise, and 
 in 1 88 1, under the auspices of Sir Donald Smith, now 
 Lord Strathcona, the Canadian Pacific Railroad Com- 
 pany was organized. 
 
 After Sir Donald had found the immense amount 
 of money that was required, his greatest care was to 
 find a man to take charge of the construction, much 
 of it through unknown wildernesses, of the longest 
 railway that had ever been projected. The length of 
 the proposed line and the nature of the country 
 through which it was to pass, made this the most stu- 
 pendous railway undertaking the world had seen. It 
 was necessary to procure a man fitted for a Hercu- 
 lean task. Sir Donald took stock with the rail- 
 road men of the New World and decided that the 
 most promising of them all was William C. Van 
 Home. 
 
 The latter went into the work like a football player 
 bucking the line on a university team. An army of 
 men was hired. At an average speed of three miles 
 a day for many months the steel rails were pushed 
 into the vast forests and the trackless prairies of the 
 
 489
 
 Sir WiUiam C. Van Home 
 
 Northwest. At last the workmen, urged incessantly 
 by the directing mind of General Manager Van 
 Home, attacked the Rocky Mountains, and under 
 the charges of picks and powder the mountains made 
 way. At the end of the third year the summit of the 
 Rockies had been reached, and before another twelve 
 months had gone by the forbidding passes in the Sel- 
 kirks were thundering and trembling from the as- 
 saults of dynamite. 
 
 The last rail of the main line was laid in November, 
 1885. In the meantime the company had been ac- 
 quiring branch connections, and before the end of 
 the year was in possession of nearly forty-five hun- 
 dred miles of track. Before another six months had 
 passed a great system was fully equipped and Canada 
 had her railway from the Atlantic to the Pacific. 
 
 The contract had called for the completion of the 
 road in ten years. Van Home and his men had 
 finished it in five. Since then the system has been ex- 
 tended until now it embraces nearly ten thousand 
 miles of track, and steamship lines cross the Atlantic 
 and Pacific oceans. One may travel eighteen thou- 
 sand miles on the route and property of the Canadian 
 Pacific. Cities and towns, many thousands of farms 
 and factories, have sprung up along the way. A 
 new commonwealth in the Northwest has been de- 
 veloped. And it has been done under the general 
 direction of Sir William C. Van Home. 
 
 This is why Canadians, when asked to name living 
 
 49
 
 Railway Builder 
 
 men who have done most to develop the Dominion, 
 couple his name with that of Lord Strathcona. The 
 latter, then Sir Donald Smith, had the courage to 
 assume a burden of railway construction that had 
 proved too heavy for the Government. He thus made 
 possible Canada's only transcontinental railway. 
 Lord Strathcona financed the road, but Sir William 
 Van Home built it. The latter was its president from 
 1888 until 1899, when, the creative work being done, 
 the chief difficulties surmounted, he resigned the 
 presidency in favor of Sir Thomas Shanghnessy, and 
 assumed work of less detail as chairman of the board 
 of directors. 
 
 Plain William C. Van Home became Sir William in 
 1894, when he was knighted by the queen for his 
 high value as a worker in her domains in North 
 America. Being nothing if not democratic, he was 
 inclined, until he became used to it, to wax jocular 
 about his title. 
 
 "I'll wager," he is reported to have said one day 
 soon after he had received it, "that my old friends 
 among the railroad boys down in Chicago, who used 
 to call me Bill, will make some pointed remarks 
 when they learn that I am Sir William now." 
 
 His bluff geniality is one of the things that Canada 
 likes best about Sir William. She claims him as a 
 citizen, since his greatest work has been done and 
 he has lived for years within her boundaries. She is 
 proud of him and he is proud of her. 
 
 491
 
 Sir William C. Van Home 
 
 "Very few people," he said to me, "have more than 
 a faint idea of the marvelous resources and possi- 
 bilities of this country. In the provinces of Quebec 
 and Ontario the innumerable streams rushing down 
 from the mountains offer sufficient water power to 
 run the factories of a nation. A beginning has been 
 made here that will eventually lift this locality into 
 one of the leading industrial and electrical centers of 
 the continent. In the making of paper in particular 
 it will be preeminent. Much of the pulp wood used 
 in paper manufacturing has thus far been obtained 
 from Maine, but the supply there will be exhausted 
 in less than five years, and then the paper makers 
 must come to Canada for their supply of pulp. There 
 are already extensive pulp wood industries in the 
 Province of Quebec, but these are bound to be 
 greatly multiplied." 
 
 "It is in the Northwest, however, where millions 
 of acres of land await only the plow and seed to pro- 
 duce the finest wheat in the world, that the most in- 
 viting opportunities for young men are to be found. 
 The Canadian Northwest is much as was the great 
 region of the United States west of the Mississippi 
 River fifty years ago. It is a country at the outset of 
 its development a country which needs and will ade- 
 quately reward the vigorous efforts of young man- 
 hood." 
 
 "In your field of railroad building I presume there 
 will be great opportunities?" I remarked. 
 
 492
 
 Railway Builder 
 
 . "Undoubtedly," replied Sir William. 
 
 "Is the railroad business a good one for a young 
 man?" 
 
 "It is as good as any," answered Sir William 
 thoughtfully, "if a young man is content to work for 
 a salary all his life. But he should not be content 
 with this. The salary habit is a bad one, very easy 
 to acquire, and very hard to shake off. The man 
 with his stipend every week is apt to settle into a 
 groove. He adjusts his mode of life to his Saturday 
 envelope. It gets to be about the most important 
 thing in his existence. He becomes tied up to it, and 
 is afraid to make a move that will disturb this pleas- 
 ant union. Always acting under the direction of 
 somebody higher up, he loses his power of initial 
 effort, and never develops to the full extent of his 
 possibilities. He is likely to be a dependent all his 
 life. If after long years of service he loses his place, 
 as often happens, he is nearly helpless. 
 
 "I should say to the young man, strike out for 
 yourself as soon as you can. Don't be afraid to take 
 a chance. Most of the interest of life lies in its un- 
 certainties. You will have your tumbles, of course, 
 but the exercise of standing on your own legs will 
 give you strength to get up again and push on. One 
 of the drawbacks about a salaried place is that a 
 man is apt to lose keen interest in his work, and in- 
 terest is at the foundation of energy, of concen- 
 tration of inspiration, even, of all the elements, in 
 
 493
 
 Sir William C. Van Home 
 
 brief, that go to make up an adequate perform- 
 ance. 
 
 "If you are interested, you will be working with 
 vigor long after most other men have knocked off, 
 tired out, as they imagine. I don't care to talk about 
 myself, but I will say that whatever my efforts have 
 amounted to they have been impelled by strong in- 
 terest." The man who feels no enthusiasm for his 
 work will never accomplish anything worth while. 
 Work that is interesting does more than all the doc- 
 tors to keep men alive and young. I endorse what 
 Russell Sage says about vacations. I don't believe 
 in them. When a man who has worked hard for 
 many years decides that he has earned a long vaca- 
 tion, and retires from business, it almost invariably 
 means the beginning of the end for him. 
 
 "There is nothing strange in this. He has suddenly 
 cut off the interests of a lifetime, and no longer has 
 momentum to carry him along the road of life. On 
 the other hand, look at the old men who have not 
 retired. Russell Sage himself is an excellent illus- 
 tration; but in his city, New York, where the business 
 pace is supposed to be very swift and wearing, there 
 are many others patriarchs to whom the allotted 
 span of threescore years and ten is beginning to look 
 like comparative youth, and yet who still are handling 
 great interests. If they had stopped work when they 
 had made fortunes, most of them would have been 
 long since dead. 
 
 494
 
 Railway Builder 
 
 "Several years ago a London physician of Lord 
 Strathcona informed him that he was in a bad way; 
 that his friends would be mourning his loss in a week 
 unless he permitted himself to relax. In less than a 
 month the death of the doctor made it impossible 
 to withdraw his injunction, so Lord Strathcona has 
 been on the go ever since. He is over eighty now, 
 and is so vigorous that he thinks nothing of taking 
 little business trips from London across the Atlantic 
 and the continent of North America to Vancouver. 
 
 "I believe in recreation of course, but I think it 
 should be of a kind that involves activity of the 
 brain. My own mental rest I find in painting pic- 
 tures. I am very fond of doing landscapes. This 
 takes my mind into a sphere rather remote from rail- 
 way earnings and expenditures, and is refreshing." 
 
 Sir William showed me a number of his paintings. 
 Some were hung on his walls among those of well- 
 known landscape artists, and in the comparison they 
 suffered not a particle. I commented upon this fact. 
 
 "You can't be much of a judge of art," he answered 
 with a smile. In this matter, however, many good 
 judges are agreed. It is remarkable that a rough and 
 ready man of affairs, a captain of industry in the true 
 sense, should be able to paint pictures of a quality 
 that many a professional artist might well envy. But 
 Sir William has even wider interests than railroad 
 building and painting. He is largely identified with 
 financial enterprises of great magnitude in the United 
 
 495
 
 Sir William C. Van Home 
 
 States, and at present is much absorbed in developing 
 the resources of Cuba, upon which island he believes 
 there are opportunities among the finest in the world 
 for men of either large or small capital. 
 
 In addition to these pursuits he is a botanist and 
 geologist of wide and accurate knowledge, and has 
 for years been a close student of the civilization and 
 art of the Orient. Nothing delights him more than a 
 conversation on the art products of China, and he 
 takes great pleasure in showing his friends beautiful 
 specimens in his large collection of Oriental pottery 
 and pictures. Supplement to these interests those of 
 the practical farmer and you will have a partial idea 
 of the range of accomplishments of a man who was 
 making his living at the age of thirteen, and is self- 
 taught. 
 
 Sir William has an extensive farm not far from 
 Winnipeg. On a recent occasion, when the agricul- 
 turists of the region were holding a meeting to dis- 
 cuss their relations with the Canadian Pacific Rail- 
 way, and to air some little grievances which they 
 thought they had, Sir William was present, and was 
 called upon to make a speech. He slowly arose, and 
 the tillers of the soil settled back in their chairs to 
 listen to words of great weight and finality from the 
 master spirit of the road. 
 
 "I am inclined to think, gentlemen," said Sir 
 William in one of his opening sentences, "that we 
 farmers are pretty well treated by this road." From 
 
 496
 
 Railway Builder 
 
 this point the agriculturists were with him to a man, 
 and they left the hall with the feeling that their in- 
 terests could not be otherwise than well looked after 
 by the railroad company, since at the head of it they 
 had a fellow-farmer. 
 
 497
 
 An Immigrant Boy Becomes a Na- 
 tional Figure in Reform. 
 
 THERE died recently in Ohio a man who made 
 a high place for himself in the community. 
 He won a strong hold on the hearts of the 
 working people. He commanded also the 
 respect and support of the majority of law-abiding 
 citizens. I refer to Samuel Jones, late head execu- 
 tive and reform mayor of Toledo. His fame spread 
 fast without the bounds of the municipality, and 
 throughout the nation. He became as widely known 
 as Governor Pingree, of Michigan, as a friend of the 
 people, and for his peculiar yet practical ideas of mu- 
 nicipal, social and industrial reform. He also won 
 distinction as an able writer and fluent speaker on the 
 social and economic conditions which affect our na- 
 tional life so strongly to-day. 
 
 Besides having been a conspicuous philanthropist, 
 reformer, public officer, orator and writer, it is to be 
 noted that Mayor Jones was, first and last, a success- 
 ful man of business. He was president of the Acme 
 Oil Company; an inventor and manufacturer of a 
 successful patent the Acme sucker-rod an imple- 
 
 498
 
 The "Golden Rule" Mayor 
 
 ment for pumping oil wells. He made a fortune as a 
 successful operator in oil, and did it without in- 
 fluence or backing by dint of industry, honesty and 
 push, starting as a penniless boy, with only such edu- 
 cation as he could acquire by himself. 
 
 A man of large heart and broad mind, his life pre- 
 sents a stimulating, wholesome example of the self- 
 made, conscientious man of wealth impelled by Chris- 
 tian sympathy, and stung into action by what ap- 
 peared to him to be the stress of political, industrial 
 and social injustice. He embraced the opportunity 
 which his social position afforded, of carrying out and 
 putting into practice some ideas, of which, quoting 
 Heine, he said: "They have taken possession of me, 
 and are forcing me into the conflict whether I will or 
 not." 
 
 As showing the man, a few incidents are apropos. 
 On going to his factory, one morning, during the 
 hard winter of 1896, Mr. Jones found that some of 
 his office help had affixed a sign to the outside door, 
 "No help wanted." This he ordered taken away as 
 being contrary to the spirit of the institution. "Men 
 who apply for work should have at least a decent re- 
 ception," he said; "maybe we can help them by kind 
 words, even if we have no work for them." 
 
 During the years of financial depression the pros- 
 perity of the oil business was affected by the condi- 
 tions prevalent throughout the country. Mr. Jones 
 issued an order that his work-people should not 
 
 499
 
 Samuel Jones 
 
 suffer. "Keep a little flour in the barrel and see that 
 they have coal enough to keep them warm," was the 
 order. 
 
 LOVED BY HIS EMPLOYEES. 
 
 He loved to tell how, returning from a trip to 
 Europe, the warmest welcome (and that which shows 
 the popularity of the man) was that given by a crowd 
 of his employees gathered at the Toledo depot to 
 greet him as the train rolled in. 
 
 The election of Mr. Jones to the mayoralty of 
 Toledo is an interesting story. He was the candidate 
 nominated in the spring of 1897 to bridge the chasm 
 between the two opposing factions in the Republican 
 party. The saloons, corporations and rings of the 
 city wer:e marshaled against him, but his stout sup- 
 porters, the wage-earners and the law-abiding people, 
 carried the day after a lively campaign. 
 
 The frankness and plainness of Mr. Jones pleased 
 the people as well as his eight-hour day and his ideas 
 of social equality. His messages as mayor to the 
 common council of Toledo were models of business- 
 like integrity and acumen, showing a vital interest in 
 the welfare of the city, and the value of having a 
 practical and upright business man at the head of 
 civic affairs. Among measures pertinent and practical 
 for the city's self-government advocated by the mayor 
 were a single-chambered board, city bids, the wage 
 system, a municipal lighting plant, the abolishment 
 
 500
 
 The "Golden Rule" Mayor 
 
 of the contract system, the establishing of a pur- 
 chasing agency to stop the waste of department 
 buying, park and street improvements, etc. 
 
 His address before the annual convention of the 
 League of American Municipalities, at Detroit, on 
 "Municipal Ownership" was characterized as the best 
 of the convention, and attracted wide attention. It 
 was repeated at Chicago by request. 
 
 Mayor Jones was accorded a warm reception 
 in Boston. He addressed the Twentieth Century 
 Club at a dinner; he was banqueted by the Mayors' 
 Organization of Massachusetts; he dined with Mayor 
 Quincy, who is something of a reformer himself; and 
 he gave utterance to his views at a public mass- 
 meeting of Boston's best people. But with character- 
 istic modesty, he looked upon such invitations merely 
 as new opportunities to spread the new gospel, and 
 not in any sense as the means of bringing fame or 
 glory to himself. 
 
 The story of Mr. Jones's successful career carries 
 with it encouragement and example for the young 
 man who starts in life with no capital but manliness, 
 courage, persistency, and a willingness to work. 
 
 BORN IN A HUMBLE HOME. 
 
 Mr. Jones was born in 1846, in Wales. Of his hum- 
 ble home he says: "It could scarcely be dignified by 
 the name of cottage, for, as I saw it a few years ago, 
 it seemed a little barren hut, though still occupied." 
 
 501
 
 Samuel Jones 
 
 It was in memory of this modest birthplace over the 
 sea, which is known as Tan y Craig (under the rock), 
 that Mr. Jones named his handsome Toledo man- 
 sion Tan y Oderwen (under the oak). 
 
 Perhaps the following autobiographical statement 
 will serve better than anything I could write to pre- 
 sent his life story: 
 
 "I came with my parents to America when I was 
 three years old, and I have often heard them tell of 
 the tedious voyage of thirty days in an emigrant sail- 
 ing ship, and the subsequent voyage over the Erie 
 Canal to central New York, where they settled in 
 Lewis County. My parents were very poor and very 
 pious. The poverty in our family was so stringent 
 that it was necessary for me to go out and work, and 
 I bear upon my body to-day the marks of the in- 
 justice and wrong of child labor. 
 
 "At the age of eighteen I heard of the opportunities 
 in the oil regions in Pennsylvania, and at once made 
 my way to Titusville. I landed there with fifteen 
 cents in my pocket, and without an acquaintance in 
 the State. For three days I went through one of the 
 most trying experiences of any young man's life 
 living without money and seeking work among 
 strangers. I had promised to write to my mother, 
 and I used hotel stationery to fulfil my promise, 
 but was without the necessary three cents then needed 
 to purchase a postage stamp. This was one of the 
 hardest financial problems of my life. I overcame it 
 
 502
 
 The "Golden Rule" Mayor 
 
 through stratagem. Seeing a man on the way to the 
 post-office with a bundle of letters I inquired of him: 
 'Are you going to the post-office?' 'Yes, sir,' he said. 
 'Will you have the kindness to mail this for me?' At 
 the same time I put my hand into my empty pocket 
 in search of the necessary coin, fumbling my pocket- 
 knife and keys a moment. The gentleman kindly said: 
 'Never mind, I'll stamp it,' and the revenue was pro- 
 vided which took my first letter to my mother. 
 
 THE LAND OF OPPORTUNITIES. 
 
 "But I was on the right track; I was in a land of 
 opportunities. I soon found work and a business that 
 was to my taste; a business, too, that the good Provi- 
 dence has removed in part, at least, from the domain 
 of the competitive destroyer the business of pro- 
 ducing crude petroleum from the earth. 
 
 "Since 1870 I have been more or less of an oil pro- 
 ducer. In 1866, I came to the Ohio oil fields and be- 
 gan the business of producing oil at Lima. Since that 
 time I have followed it both in Ohio and Indiana, and 
 to some extent in Pennsylvania and West Virginia. 
 In 1893 I invented some improvements in appliances 
 for producing oil, and, finding manufacturers unwill- 
 ing to make the articles, fearing there would be no 
 profit, I concluded to undertake their manufacture. 
 This brought me in contact with labor conditions in a 
 city for the first time in my life. As a rule, labor in 
 the oil fields had enjoyed large wages compared with 
 
 503
 
 Samuel Jones 
 
 similar classes outside. I found men working in 
 Toledo for a fraction of a dollar a day. I began 
 to wonder how it was possible for men to live on such 
 a small sum of money in a way becoming to citizens 
 of a free republic. I studied social conditions, and 
 these led me to feel very keenly the degradation of 
 my fellow-men, and I at once declared that the 'going 
 wages' rule should not govern in the Acme Sucker- 
 Rod Company, which is the firm name of our busi- 
 ness. I said that the rule that every man is entitled 
 to such a share of the product of his toil as will enable 
 him to live decently, and in such a way that he and 
 his children may be fitted to be citizens of the free 
 republic, should be the rule governing the wages of 
 our establishment. 
 
 "To break down the feeling of social inequality, we 
 began to 'get together,' that is, we had little excur- 
 sions down the bay. We invited our workmen and 
 their families, and also some other people who live in 
 big houses and do not work with their hands. We 
 sought to mix them, to let them understand that we 
 were all people just people, you know. 
 
 GOOD WILL AND FELLOWSHIP IN BUSINESS. 
 
 "As our busines increased, we took in new men. 
 We made no special effort to select. We asked no 
 questions as to their habits, their morals, their re- 
 ligion or their irreligion. We were ignoring the sacred 
 rule of business, getting along in a sort of free an<] 
 
 504
 
 The "Golden Rule" Mayor 
 
 easy way, occasionally giving the boys a word of cau- 
 tion, printed on the envelopes; then, perhaps, a little 
 letter expressing good will and fellowship. Then we 
 came to feel the need of a rule to govern the place. 
 We thought, to that extent, we ought to be like other 
 people. So we had the following printed on a piece of 
 tin and nailed to the wall. It's there to-day: 
 
 "The Rule Governing This Factory: Therefore, 
 whatsoever ye would that men should do unto you, do 
 ye even so unto them.' 
 
 "In 1895, at Christmas time, we made a little cash 
 dividend, accompanying it with such a letter as we be- 
 lieved would be helpful. In 1896, we repeated the 
 dividend and the letter. In 1897 and 1898 we did the 
 same." 
 
 In response to the query as to how he would regu- 
 late property interests, Mayor Jones said: 
 
 "If you will read the Fourth of Acts and see how 
 property was regarded and treated by the early Chris- 
 tians, you will read what I believe to be the one scien- 
 tific way in which property can be handled for the 
 good of all. The manifest destiny of the world is to 
 realize brotherhood. We are brothers, not competi- 
 tors." 
 
 "What would you advise the rising generation to 
 do to bring about such a realization?" 
 
 "That is an important question," replied the mayor. 
 "Well, I am free to answer that I think by far the 
 best thing that the Acme Sucker-Rod Company has 
 
 505
 
 Samuel Jones 
 
 done has been to open the adjoining corner lot as a 
 Golden Rule park and playground. Here is a spot of 
 God's green earth in the heart of the industrial part 
 of our city that is as free to the people as when the 
 red Indian trod there. And I am sure that the health- 
 ful play of the children and the delightful studies of 
 the older ones as we discuss the questions of brother- 
 hood, golden rule, and right relations generally, in 
 our Sunday afternoon meetings, will do more to bring 
 about the era of peace and good will than all else that 
 lhas been done there. And now we have added 
 Golden Rule Hall, where we may continue these 
 studies, for we must first understand our disease be- 
 fore we can apply the remedy. 
 
 TRYJNG TO LEARN HOW TO HELP EACH OTHER. 
 
 "How delightful are the hours which we pass to- 
 gether in the study of the question of right social re- 
 lations! How much like men it makes us feel to 
 think that we are spending a part of our time in try- 
 ing to learn how we can help each other; that is, help 
 all the people, instead of devoting it all to the piggish 
 business of helping ourselves! 
 
 "As an outgrowth of that spirit, during the past 
 year, we have: our cooperative insurance; the Co- 
 operative Oil Company; the Tuesday Night Social 
 Study Club; and the Equality Club. 
 
 "Our experience has been progressive, and, I be- 
 lieve, profitable, in a moral as well as a material way. 
 
 506
 
 The "Golden Rule" Mayor 
 
 I have learned much of my relation to my fellow- 
 men. I have learned that we are all dependent on 
 each other. 
 
 "In introducing the shorter workday and trying 
 to establish living wages we have tried to acknowl- 
 edge, in some measure, the relation of brotherhood 
 that exists between us and all other men; for we must 
 remember that this bond is only limited by the con- 
 fines of the globe itself." 
 
 "When I first took office I ignored the professional 
 politicians. Some of my friends expostulated with 
 me. They assured me that I was ruining my future. 
 I answered that I did not want a future based upon 
 a disregard of the principle that an officeholder 
 should faithfuly serve the people. I told them that 
 I would be glad to sacrifice my chances for a second 
 term as mayor, if I could be equal to the responsibili- 
 ties that were pressing upon me. They laughed, and 
 called me impracticable a dreamer. And yet, my 
 way, so far, has proved successful, even from their 
 standard of success, which, in some particulars, is 
 quite remote from my own. My political experience 
 has been of great encouragement to me. It has 
 made me feel that, despite the seeming success of 
 mere self-seekers, honesty of purpose in the dis- 
 charge of public duties will, in the end, prevail. 
 
 507
 
 Samuel Jones 
 
 YOUNG MEN IN POLITICS. 
 
 "And because I believe this is true, I hope to see 
 earnest, honest young men go into politics. If they 
 have strong convictions of what is right, and force of 
 character enough to hold to these convictions against 
 the many wrongful pressures and influences of politi- 
 cal life, they will achieve success of the best kind. 
 
 "To-day, more than ever before in its history, the 
 country needs men of this kind. Conditions have 
 come into existence which must be changed. From 
 an experience of years in practical business, I say 
 that the young man now starts in commercial life 
 heavily handicapped. In almost every line of busi- 
 ness, he must fight great accumulations of capital, 
 that usually either crush him or make a hireling of 
 him. It has been said that the very name of America 
 is a synonym of opportunity. It was so once, but my 
 experience has taught me that this is entirely true no 
 longer. 
 
 EVILS OF CONCENTRATION. 
 
 " In my opinion, the reason for the present hard 
 conditions for the rank and file of men is the con- 
 centration of business within a few hands. This is a 
 vast subject, and I do not intend to discuss it now. I 
 only want to say that the remedy for the evil, which 
 is felt most keenly by young men trying to succeed 
 in life, lies largely in their own hands. Let them 
 
 JOB
 
 The "Golden Rule" Mayor 
 
 interest themselves in politics and insist, in the first 
 place, that public utilities in cities, such as gas works 
 and street-car lines, which all the people must use, 
 and which bring in great revenues, be conducted for 
 the benefit of the people at large, instead of for a few 
 individuals. This would be only the first step to bring 
 about improvement, but it would be a very important 
 one. The present conditions may be worse before 
 they are better, but, sooner or later, the problem 
 will be solved. I have too much faith in the Ameri- 
 can people not to be sanguine of the future. And 
 even now, although fortunes cannot be acquired as 
 easily as they used to be, there are ample opportuni- 
 ties to acquire true success in life. 
 
 A WRONG CONCEPTION OF SUCCESS. 
 
 "The trouble with a great many young men is that 
 they have a wrong conception of success. Large 
 numbers imagine it lies in mere money-making. Yet 
 the average millionaire is not a happy or even a con- 
 tented man. He has been so engrossed from his 
 youth in piling up dollars that he has had no time for 
 the cultivation of the higher qualities of his mind and 
 heart, in the exercise of which the only true happiness 
 is to be found. You may remember that Emerson 
 said : 'Happiness lies only in the triumph of principle.' 
 
 "Of course, a certain amount of money is a neces- 
 sity, and more of it enables one to enjoy many things 
 which would be an impossibility without it. I am 
 
 509
 
 Samuel Jones 
 
 not advising any young man not to do all he can in a 
 legitimate way to make money; but, if he is success- 
 ful, he must be careful to keep money his servant, and 
 not let it become his master. 
 
 SLAVES OF WEALTH. 
 
 " Many rich men are the slaves of their own wealth, 
 and their sons, growing up without a purpose in life, 
 never know what real living is. I knew what poverty 
 was when I was a young man, and few have suffered 
 from it more than I. Yet now I am thankful for it, 
 because it made me work. To live, we must work, 
 and one must work to live. It is not birth, nor 
 money, nor a college education, that makes a man; 
 it is work. It has brought me commercial success. 
 I am a practical man, yet I can never express too 
 earnestly my thankfulness that I learned from my 
 good mother to set up usefulness as my standard of 
 success usefulness to others as well as to mvself." 
 
 510
 
 LIV 
 
 A " Forty-niner " who Seized Op- 
 portunities Others Failed to 
 See. 
 
 1 FOUND Mr. Armour in his crowded office at 
 205 La Salle street, Chicago, an office in which 
 a snowstorm of white letters falls thickly upon 
 a mass of dark desks, and where brass and 
 lamps and electrical instruments abound, yet not 
 much more than do the hurrying men. Such a mob- 
 ilization of energy to promote the private affairs of 
 one man I had never seen. 
 
 "Is Mr. Armour within?" I asked, supposing, since 
 it was but 9:30 A.M., that he had not arrived. 
 
 "He is," said the attendant, "and has been since 
 half-past seven." 
 
 "Does he usually arrive so early?" I inquired. 
 "Always," was the significant reply. 
 I presented my letters, and was soon informed that 
 they were of no avail there. Mr. Armour could see me 
 only after the crush of the day's affairs that is, at 6 
 P.M., and then in the quiet of the Armour Institute, 
 his great philanthropic school for young men and 
 
 5"
 
 Philip D. Armour 
 
 women. He was very courteous, and there was no 
 delay. He took my hand with a firm grasp, evidently 
 reading with his steady gaze such of my characteris- 
 tics as interested him and saying at the same time, 
 "Well, sir." 
 
 "Mr. Armour," I said, "will you answer enough 
 questions concerning your life to illustrate for our 
 readers what success means?" 
 
 The great Hercules of American industry visibly 
 recoiled at the thought of implied notoriety, having, 
 until the present time, steadily veiled his personality 
 and general affairs as much as possible from public 
 gaze. 
 
 "I am only a plain merchant," he answered. 
 
 A BOY'S CHANCE TO-DAY. 
 
 "Do you consider," I said, "that the average Amer- 
 ican boy of to-day has equally as good a chance to 
 succeed in the world as you had when you began 
 life?" 
 
 "Every bit, and better. The affairs of life are 
 larger. There are greater things to do. There was 
 never before such a demand for able men." 
 
 "Were the conditions surrounding your youth es- 
 pecially difficult?" 
 
 "No. They were those common to a very small New 
 York town in 1832. I was born at Stockbridge, in 
 Madison County. Our family had its roots in Scot- 
 land. My father's ancestors were the Robertsons, 
 
 512
 
 Manufacturer and Philanthropist 
 
 Watsons and McGregors of Scotland; my mother 
 came of the Puritans who settled in Connecticut." 
 
 "Dr. Gunsaulus says," I ventured, "that all these 
 streams of heredity set toward business affairs." 
 
 INHERITED QUALITIES. 
 
 "Perhaps so. I liked trading as well. My father 
 was reasonably prosperous and independent for those 
 times. My mother had been a school-teacher. There 
 were six boys, and, of course, such a household had 
 to be managed with the strictest economy in those 
 days. My mother thought it her duty to bring to our 
 home some of the rigid discipline of the schoolroom. 
 We were all trained to work together, and everything 
 was done as systematically as possible." 
 
 "Had you access to any books?" 
 
 "Yes, the Bible, 'Pilgrim's Progress,' and a history 
 of the United States." 
 
 It is said of the latter, by those closest to Mr. 
 Armour, that it was as full of shouting Americanism 
 as anything ever written, and that Mr. Armour's 
 whole nature was colored by its stout American pre- 
 judices; also, that it was read and re-read by the 
 Armour children, though of this the great merchant 
 would not speak. 
 
 "Were you always of a robust constitution?" I 
 asked. 
 
 "Yes, sir. All our boys were. We were stout 
 enough to be bathed in an ice-cold spring, out of 
 
 513
 
 Philip D. Armour 
 
 doors, when at home. There weren't any bath-tubs 
 and warm water arrangements in those days. We 
 had to be strong. My father was a stern Scotchman, 
 and when he laid his plans they were carried out. 
 When he set us boys to work, we worked. It 
 was our mother who insisted on keeping us all at 
 school, and who looked after our educational needs, 
 while our father saw to it that we had plenty of 
 good hard work on the farm." 
 
 "How did you enjoy that sort of life?" I asked. 
 
 "Well enough, but not much more than any boy 
 does. Boys are always more or less afraid of hard 
 work." 
 
 The truth is, though Mr. Armour laughed it out 
 of court as not worth discussing, that when he at- 
 tended the district school he was as full of pranks and 
 capers as the best, and traded jack-knives in summer 
 and bob-sleds in winter. 
 
 LEAVING THE FARM. 
 
 Young Armour was often to be found, in the win- 
 ter, coasting down the long hill near the schoolhouse; 
 and, later, his experience at the Cazenovia Seminary 
 was such as to indicate that some of the brightest 
 people finish their education rather more suddenly 
 than their family and friends might desire 
 
 "When did you leave the farm for a mercantile 
 life?" I asked. 
 
 "I was clerk in a store in Stockbridge for two 
 
 5H
 
 Manufacturer and Philanthropist 
 
 years, after I was seventeen, but was mixed up with 
 the farm more or less, and wanted to get out of that 
 life. I was a little over seventeen years old when the 
 gold excitement of 1849 reached our town. Wonder- 
 ful tales were told of gold already found and the 
 prospects for more on the Pacific coast. I was taken 
 with the fever, and brooded over the difference be- 
 tween tossing hay in the hot sun and digging up gold 
 by handfuls, until one day I threw down my pitch- 
 fork and went over to the house and told mother that 
 I had quit that kind of work. 
 
 "People with plenty of money could sail around 
 Cape Horn in those days, but I had no money to 
 spare, and so decided to walk across the country. 
 That is, we were carried part of the way by rail and 
 walked the rest. I persuaded one of the neighbor's 
 boys, Calvin Gilbert, to go along with me, and we 
 started." 
 
 "How did you fare?" 
 
 "Rather roughly. I provided myself with an old 
 carpet sack, into which I put my clothes. I bought 
 a new pair of boots, and when we had gone as far as 
 we could on canals and wagons, I bought two oxen. 
 With these we managed for awhile, but eventually 
 reached California afoot." 
 
 A MINING VENTURE. 
 
 He suffered a severe illness on the journey, and 
 was nursed by his companion, Gilbert, who gathered
 
 Philip D. Armour 
 
 herbs and steeped them for his friend's use, and once 
 rode thirty miles in the rain to get a doctor. When 
 they reached California he fell in with Edward Croar- 
 kin, a miner, who nursed him back to health. The 
 manner in which he remembered these men gives 
 keen satisfaction to the friends of the great merchant. 
 
 "Did you have any money when you arrived at the 
 gold-fields?" 
 
 "Scarcely any. I struck right out, though, and 
 found a place where I could dig, and I struck pay dirt 
 in a little time." 
 
 "Did you work entirely alone?" 
 
 "No. It was not long before I met Mr. Croarkin 
 at a little mining camp called Virginia. He had the 
 next claim to mine, and we became partners. After 
 a little while he went away, but came back in a year. 
 We then bought in together. The way we ran things 
 was "turn about." Croarkin would cook one week 
 and I the next, and then we would have a clean-up 
 every Sunday morning. We baked our own bread, 
 and kept a few hens, which kept us supplied with 
 eggs. There was a man named Chapin who had a 
 little store in the village, and we would take our gold 
 dust there and trade it for groceries." 
 
 "Did you discover much gold?" I asked. 
 
 "Oh, I worked with pretty good success nothing 
 startling. I didn't waste much, and tried to live as 
 carefully as I ever had. I also studied the business 
 opportunities around, and persuaded some of my 
 
 516
 
 Manufacturer and Philanthropist 
 
 friends to join me in buying and developing a 
 "ditch" a kind of aqueduct to convey water to dig- 
 gers and washers. That proved more profitable than 
 digging for gold, and at the end of the year the others 
 sold out to me, took their earnings and went home. 
 I stayed and bought up several other water-powers, 
 until, in 1856, I thought I had enough, and so I sold 
 out and came East." 
 
 "How much had you made, altogether?" 
 
 "About four thousand dollars." 
 
 "Did you return to Stockbridge?" 
 
 HE ENTERS THE GRAIN MARKET. 
 
 "For a little while. My ambition was setting in 
 another direction. I had been studying the methods 
 then used for moving the vast and growing food 
 products of the West, such as grain and cattle, and I 
 believed that I could improve them and make money. 
 The idea and the field interested me and I decided to 
 enter it. 
 
 "Well, my standing was good, and I raised the 
 money and bought what was then the largest elevator 
 in Milwaukee. This put me in contact with the move- 
 ment of grain. At that time John Plankinton had 
 been established in Milwaukee a number of years, 
 and, in partnership with Frederick Layton, had built 
 up a good pork-packing concern. I bought in with 
 those gentlemen, and so came in contact with the 
 
 517
 
 Philip D. Armour 
 
 work I liked. One of my brothers, Herman, had 
 established himself in Chicago some time before in 
 the grain-commission business. I got him to turn 
 that over to the care of another brother, Joseph, so 
 that he might go to New York as a member of the 
 new firm, of which I was a partner. It was important 
 that the Milwaukee and Chicago houses should be 
 able to ship to a house of their own in New York 
 that is, to themselves. Risks were avoided in this 
 way, and we were certain of obtaining all that the 
 ever-changing markets could offer us." 
 
 "When did you begin to build up your Chicago 
 interests?" 
 
 "They were really begun, before the war, by my 
 brother Herman. When he went to New York for 
 us we began adding a small packing-house to the 
 Chicago commission branch. It gradually grew with 
 the growth of the West." 
 
 "Is there any one thing that accounts for the im- 
 mense growth of the packing industry here?" I 
 asked. 
 
 "System and the growth of the West did it. Things 
 were changing at startling rates in those days. The 
 West was growing fast. Its great areas of produc- 
 tion offered good profits to men who would handle 
 and ship the products. Railway lines were reaching 
 out in new directions or increasing their capacities 
 and lowering their rates of transportation. These 
 changes and the growth of the country made the
 
 Manufacturer and Philanthropist 
 
 creation of a food-gathering and delivering system 
 necessary. Other things helped. At that time (1863) 
 a great many could see that the war was going to 
 terminate favorably for the Union. Farming opera- 
 tions had been enlarged by the war demand and war 
 prices. The State banking system had been done 
 away with, and we had a uniform currency, available 
 everywhere, so that exchanges between the East and 
 the West had become greatly simplified. Nothing 
 more was needed than a steady watchfulness of the 
 markets by competent men in continuous telegraphic 
 communication with each other, and who knew the 
 legitimate demand and supply, in order to sell all 
 products quickly and with profit." 
 
 QUALITIES THAT BRING SUCCESS. 
 
 "Do you believe that system does so much?" I 
 ventured. 
 
 "System and good measure. Give a measure 
 heaped full and running over and success is certain. 
 That is what it means to be intelligent servants of 
 a great public need. We believed in thoughtfully 
 adopting every attainable improvement, mechanical 
 or otherwise, in the methods and appliances for 
 handling every pound of grain or flesh. Right liber- 
 ality and right economy will do everything where a 
 public need is being served." 
 
 "Have your methods improved any with years?" 
 
 519
 
 Philip D. Armour 
 
 "All the time. There was a time when many parts 
 of cattle were wasted, and the health of the city in- 
 jured by the refuse. Now, by adopting the best 
 known methods, nothing is wasted, and buttons, fer- 
 tilizer, glue and other things are made cheaper and 
 better for the world in general out of material that 
 was before a waste and a menace. I believe in finding 
 out the truth about all things the very latest truth 
 or discovery and applying it." 
 
 "You attribute nothing to good fortune?" . 
 
 "Nothing!" Certainly the word came well from a 
 man whose energy, integrity and business ability 
 made more money out of a ditch than other men were 
 making out of rich placers in the gold region. 
 
 "May I ask what you consider the turning-point of 
 your career?" 
 
 "The time when I began to save the money I 
 earned at the gold-fields." 
 
 "What trait do you consider most essential in 
 young men?" 
 
 "Truth. Let them get that. Young men talk about 
 getting capital to work with. Let them get truth on 
 board, and capital follows. It's easy enough to get 
 that." 
 
 "Did you always desire to follow a commercial 
 rather than a professional life?" 
 
 "Not always. I have no talent in any other 
 direction, but I should have liked to be a great 
 orator." 
 
 
 520
 
 Manufacturer and Philanthropist 
 
 THE GENESIS OF A GREAT BENEVOLENCE. 
 
 Mr. Armour would say no more on this subject, 
 but his admiration for oratory has been demon- 
 strated in a remarkable way. It was after a Sunday 
 morning discourse by the splendid orator, Dr. Gun- 
 saulus, at Plymouth Church, Chicago, in which the 
 latter had set forth his views on the subject of edu- 
 cating children, that Mr. Armour came forward and 
 said: 
 
 "You believe in those ideas of yours, do you?" 
 
 "I certainly do," said Dr. Gunsaulus. 
 
 "And would you carry them out if you had the op- 
 portunity?" 
 
 "I would." 
 
 "Well, sir," said Mr. Armour, "if you will give 
 me five years of your time, I will give you the 
 money." 
 
 "But to carry out my ideas would take a million 
 dollars!" exclaimed Gunsaulus. 
 
 "I have made a little money in my time," returned 
 Mr. Armour, and so the famous Armour Institute of 
 Technology, to which its founder has already given 
 sums aggregating $2,800,000, was associated with Mr. 
 Armour's love of oratory. 
 
 One of his lieutenants says that Gerritt Smith, the 
 old abolitionist, was Armour's boyhood hero, and 
 that Mr. Armour would go far to hear a good 
 speaker, often remarking that he would have pre- 
 521
 
 Philip D. Armour 
 
 ferred to be a great orator rather than a great capi- 
 talist. 
 
 "There is no need to ask you," I continued, 
 "whether you believe in constant, hard labor?" 
 
 "I should not call it hard. I believe in close appli- 
 cation, of course, while laboring. Overwork is not 
 necessary to success. Every man should have plenty 
 of rest. I have." 
 
 "You must rise early to be at your office at half- 
 past seven?" 
 
 "Yes, but I go to bed early. I am not burning the 
 candle at both ends." 
 
 The enormous energy of this man, who was too 
 modest to discuss it, was displayed in the most normal 
 manner. Though he sat all day at a desk which had 
 direct cable connection with London, Liverpool, Cal- 
 cutta, and other great centers of trade, with which 
 he was in constant connection; though he had at his 
 hand long-distance telephone connection with New 
 York, New Orleans and San Francisco, and direct 
 wires from his room to almost all part of the world, 
 conveying messages in short sentences upon subjects 
 which involved the moving of vast amounts of stock 
 and cereals, and the exchange of millions in money, 
 he was not, seemingly, an overworked man. The 
 great subjects to which he gave calm, undivided at- 
 tention from early morning until evening were laid 
 aside with the ease with which one doffs his raiment, 
 and outside of his office the cares weighed upon 
 
 522
 
 Manufacturer and Philanthropist 
 
 him no more. His mind took up new and simpler 
 things. 
 
 "What do you do," I inquired, "after your hard 
 day's work think about it?" 
 
 "Not at all. I drive, take up home subjects, and 
 never think of the office until I return to it." 
 
 "Your sleep is never disturbed?" 
 
 "Not at all." 
 
 A BUSINESS KING. 
 
 And yet the business which this man could forget 
 when he gathered children about him and moved in 
 his simple home circle amounted, in 1897, to over 
 $102,000,000 worth of food products, manufactured 
 and distributed. The hogs killed were 1,750,000; the 
 cattle were 1,080,000; the sheep, 625,000. Eleven 
 thousand men were constantly employed, and the 
 wages paid them were over $5,500,000; the railway 
 cars owned and moving about all parts of the coun- 
 try, four thousand; the wagons of many kinds and of 
 large number, drawn by 750 horses. The glue fac- 
 tory, employing 750 hands, made over twelve million 
 pounds of glue! In his private office, it is he who took 
 care of all the general affairs of this immense world 
 of industry, and yet at half-past four he was done, and 
 the whole subject was comfortably off his mind. 
 
 "Do you believe in inherited abilities, or that any 
 boy can be taught and trained, and made a great and 
 able man?" 
 
 5 2 3
 
 Philip D. Armour 
 
 "I recognize inherited ability. Some people have 
 it, and only in a certain direction; but I think men can 
 be taught and trained so that they become much bet- 
 ter and more useful than they would be otherwise. 
 Some boys require more training and teaching than 
 others. There is prosperity for everyone, according 
 to his ability." 
 
 "What would you do with those who are naturally 
 less competent than others?" 
 
 "Train them, and give them work according to 
 their ability. I believe that life is all right, and that 
 this difference which nature makes is all right. Every- 
 thing is good, and is coming out satisfactorily, and we 
 ought to make the most of conditions, and try to use 
 and improve everything. The work needed is here, 
 and everyone should set about doing it." 
 
 When, in 1893, local forces planned to defeat him 
 in the grain market, and everyone was crying that at 
 last the great Goliath had met his David, he was all 
 energy. He had ordered immense quantities of 
 wheat. The opposition had shrewdly secured every 
 available place of storage, and rejoiced that the great 
 packer, having no place to store his property, would 
 suffer immense loss, and must capitulate. He fore- 
 saw the fray and its dangers, and, going over on 
 Goose Island, bought property at any price, and be- 
 gan the construction of immense elevators. The 
 town was placarded with the truth that anyone 
 could get work at Armour's elevators. No one be- 
 
 5 2 4
 
 Manufacturer and Philanthropist 
 
 lieved they could be done in time, but three shifts of 
 men, working night and day, often under the direct 
 supervision of the millionaire, gradually forced the 
 work ahead; and when, on the appointed day, the 
 great grain-ships began to arrive, the opposition real- 
 ized failure. The vessels began to pour the contents 
 of their immense holds into these granaries, and the 
 fight was over. 
 
 The foresight that sent him to New York in 1864 
 to sell pork brought him back from Europe in 1893, 
 months before the impending panic was dreamed of 
 by other merchants. It is told of him that he called 
 all his head men to New York, and announced to 
 them: 
 
 "Gentlemen, there's going to be financial trouble 
 soon." 
 
 FOREARMED AGAINST PANIC. 
 
 "Why, Mr. Armour," they said, "you must be mis- 
 taken. Things were never better. You have been 
 ill, and are suddenly apprehensive." 
 
 "Oh, no," he said, "I'm not. There is going to be 
 trouble;" and he gave as his reasons certain condi- 
 tions which existed in nearly all countries, which 
 none of those present had thought of. "Now," said 
 he to the first of his many lieutenants, "how much 
 will you need to run your department until next 
 year?" 
 
 The head man named his need. The others were 
 
 525
 
 Philip D. Armour 
 
 asked, each in turn, the same question, and, when all 
 were through, he counted up, and, turning to the 
 company, said: 
 
 "Gentlemen, go back and borrow all you need in 
 Chicago on my credit. Use my name for all it will 
 bring in the way of loans." 
 
 The lieutenants returned, and the name of Armour 
 was strained to its utmost limit. When all had been 
 borrowed, the financial flurry suddenly loomed up, 
 but it did not worry the great packer. In his vaults 
 were $8,000,000 in gold. All who had loaned him at 
 interest then hurried to his doors, fearing that he 
 also was imperiled. They found him supplied with 
 ready money, and able to compel them to wait until 
 the stipulated time of payment, or to force them to 
 abandon their claims of interest for their money, and 
 so tide him over the unhappy period. It was a mas- 
 ter stroke, and made the name of the great packer a 
 power in the world of finance, 
 
 SOME SECRETS OF SUCCESS. 
 
 "Do you consider your financial decisions which 
 you make quickly to be brilliant intuitions?" I asked. 
 
 "I never did anything worth doing by accident, nor 
 did anything I have come that way. No, I never de- 
 cide anything without knowing the conditions of the 
 market, and never begin unless satisfied concerning 
 the conclusion." 
 
 J*
 
 Manufacturer and Philanthropist 
 
 "Not everyone could do that," I said. 
 
 "I cannot do everything. Every man can do some- 
 thing, and there is plenty to do." 
 
 "You really believe the latter statement?" 
 
 "There was never more. The problems to be 
 solved are greater now than ever before. Never was 
 there more need of able men. I am looking for trained 
 men all the time. More money is being offered for 
 them everywhere than formerly." 
 
 "Do you consider that happiness consists in labor 
 alone?" 
 
 "It consists in doing something for others. If you 
 give the world better material, better measure, better 
 opportunities for living respectably, there is happi- 
 ness in that. You cannot give the world anything 
 without labor, and there is no satisfaction in anything 
 but labor that looks toward doing this, and does it." 
 
 527
 
 LV 
 
 The Blind Yacht Designer Attributes 
 His Conquests to His Mother's 
 Early Cares. 
 
 Thus with the year 
 
 Seasons return; but not to me returns 
 Day, or the sweet approach of even or morn, 
 Or sight of vernal bloom, or summer's rose, 
 Or flocks, or herds, or human face divine; 
 But cloud instead, and ever-during dark, 
 Surround me! * * * * 
 So much the rather thou, celestial Light ! 
 Shine inward, and the mind, through all her powers, 
 Irradiate ; there plant eyes ; all mist from thence 
 Purge and disperse; that I may see and tell 
 Of things invisible to mortal sight. MILTON. 
 
 ( 4 O HIPSHAp E and Bristol fashion," a hundred 
 
 ^^ years ago, more or less, was a phrase often 
 
 **~* heard on every sea plowed by American or 
 
 English keels. Sailors everywhere applied 
 
 it only to vessels in perfect condition, with bright paint, 
 
 clean bottoms, spars well scraped, rigging taut, spare 
 
 ropes neatly coiled, sails without mildew and of perfect 
 
 set, pumps free, and all the thousand-and-one details 
 
 that tell of ideal seamanship properly attended to.
 
 The Blind Yacht Designer 
 
 Those four words paid the highest tribute of the craft 
 to the skill of the hardy mariners sailing from the 
 tidy little port near the head of Narragansett Bay. 
 
 Bristol's long streets, bordered from end to end with 
 wide-spreading, aged trees, and lined with great dwell- 
 ings of the colonial era, savor of a delightful antiquity 
 which has not had time to grow musty, but has been 
 well cared for by successive generations and has a 
 sufficiently close relation to modern life to kindle 
 a real affection in us of recent growth, not unlike that 
 felt by the toddling urchin for his white-haired and 
 gold-spectacled grandmother. These big, old houses 
 suggest comfortable bank accounts, stored up by an- 
 cestors who built ships or who sailed away in them 
 to the Indies East or West and returned with rich 
 freights that profited much. 
 
 They built well, those ancestors, and their handsome 
 dwellings seem as sound to-day as the everlasting hill 
 which is known in history as Mount Hope. What 
 eight-foot clocks and brass-handled bureaus, and bulky, 
 shining chests, capable of hiding away mountains of 
 housewifely linen ; what high-backed chairs with fan- 
 tastically carved legs ; what large four-posters ; what 
 cavernous fireplaces; what wainscotings and curling 
 balustrades ; what mantel shelves with under ornaments 
 of sturdy filigree ; what yawning closets, as big as bed- 
 rooms of this year of grace ; what sets of unimpeach- 
 able china, brought home by those same nautical ances- 
 tors; what attic stores of spinning-wheels and old 
 
 529
 
 John B. Herreshoff 
 
 books, and revolutionary papers, breathing vengeance 
 against his majesty, King George; what thousand and 
 one treasures of the keepsake order do not these old 
 mansions possess within their generously proportioned 
 walls, to say nothing of quaint porches and curious 
 doors and pseudo-classical piazza, pillars outside of 
 them ! That Bristol of the old, prosperous, gable-ended, 
 ship-building, ship-sailing, cargo-discharging and 
 cargo-embarking days has gone ; but this Bristol lives 
 on the memories and the proceeds of those happier, 
 wooden-walled, shiver-my-timbers times, draws on her 
 bank accounts, and takes it easy. 
 
 Amid scenes like these, one expects to find men and 
 women of culture and general ability, but does not 
 look for world-renowned specialists. No one is sur^ 
 prised at a display of enterprise in a "booming" west- 
 ern town, where everybody is "hustling"; but in a 
 place which has once ranked as the third seaport in 
 America, but has seen its maritime glory decline, a 
 man who can establish a marine industry on a higher 
 plane than was ever before known, and attract to his 
 work such world-wide attention as to restore the van- 
 ished fame of his town, is no ordinary person. More- 
 over, if such a man has laid his plans and done his 
 work in the disheartening eclipse of total blindness, he 
 must possess some qualities of the highest order, what- 
 ever faults he may have, and is thus eminently fitted 
 to instruct the rising generation. 
 
 Pursuant to this idea, I called at the office of the 
 
 53
 
 The Blind Yacht Designer 
 
 Herreshoff Manufacturing Company, at Bristol. The 
 building, formerly belonging to the Burnside Rifle 
 Company, is substantial, but unpretentious, and is 
 entered by a short stairway on one side. The furniture 
 throughout is also plain, but has been selected with 
 excellent taste, and is suggestive of the most effective 
 adaptation of means to ends in every detail. On the 
 mantel and on the walls are numerous pictures, most of 
 them of vessels, but very few relating directly to any 
 of the great races for the "America's" cup. The first 
 picture to arrest one's attention, indeed, is an excellent 
 portrait of the late General Ambrose E. Burnside, who 
 lived in Bristol, and was an intimate friend of John B. 
 Herreshoff. 
 
 Previous inquiry had elicited the information that 
 the members of the firm were very busy with various 
 large orders, in addition to the rush of work on the 
 "Columbia" and the "Defender"; so it was a very 
 agreeable surprise when I was invited into the tasteful 
 private office, where the blind president sat, having just 
 concluded a short conversation with an attorney. 
 
 "Well, sir," said he, rising and grasping my hand 
 cordially, "what do you wish ?" 
 
 "I realize how very busy you must be, Mr. Herre- 
 shoff," I replied, "and will try to be as brief as possi- 
 ble ; but I venture to ask a few minutes of your valu- 
 able time, with a view to obtaining suggestions and 
 advice from you to young men and women at the 
 threshold of their careers."
 
 John B. Herreshoff 
 
 "But why select me, in particular, as an adviser?" 
 This was "a poser," at first, especially when he 
 added, noting my hesitation : 
 
 LET THE WORK SHOW. 
 
 "We are very frequently requested to give inter- 
 views in regard to our manufacturing business; but, 
 as it is the settled policy of our house to simply do our 
 work just as well as we possibly can, and then leave 
 it to speak for itself, we have felt obliged to decline all 
 these requests. We have a very pleasant feeling to- 
 ward the papers and their representatives, for they 
 have treated us very kindly; but it would be repug- 
 nant to our sense of propriety to talk in public about 
 our special industry. 'Let the work show!' seems to 
 us a good motto." 
 
 "True," said I. "But the majority of my readers 
 may not care to hear of cutters or "skimming dishes," 
 center-boards or fin keels, or copper coils versus steel 
 tubes for boilers. They are willing to leave the choice 
 in such matters to you, realizing that you have always 
 proved equal to the situation. What I want now is 
 advice in regard to the great international human race 
 the race of life the voyage in which each must be 
 his own captain, but in which the words of others who 
 have successfully sailed the sea before will help to 
 avoid rocks and shoals, and to profit by favoring cur- 
 rents and trade winds. You have been handicapped in 
 an unusual degree, sailing in total darkness and beset
 
 The Blind Yacht Designer 
 
 by many other difficulties, but have, nevertheless, made 
 a very prosperous voyage. In overcoming such serious 
 obstacles you must have learned much of the true 
 philosophy of both success and failure, and I think you 
 will be willing, like so many other eminent men and 
 women, to help the young with suggestions drawn 
 from your experience." 
 
 "I always want to help young people, or old people, 
 either, for that matter, if anything I can say will do so. 
 But what can I say ?" 
 
 "What do you call the prime requisite of success ?" 
 
 "I shall have to answer that by a somewhat humor- 
 ous but very shrewd suggestion of another select a 
 good mother. Especially for boys, I consider an in- 
 telligent, affectionate but considerate mother an almost 
 indispensable requisite to the highest success. If you 
 would improve the rising generation to the utmost, 
 appeal first to the mothers." 
 
 "In what way?" 
 
 "Above all things else, show them that reasonable 
 self-denial is a thousandfold better for a boy than to 
 have his every wish gratified. Teach them to encour- 
 age industry, economy, concentration of attention and 
 purpose, and indomitable persistence." 
 
 "But most mothers try to do this, don't they ?" 
 
 A MOTHER'S MIGHTY INFLUENCE. 
 
 "Yes, in a measure; but many of them, perhaps 
 most of them, do not emphasize the matter half enough. 
 
 533
 
 John B. Herreshoff 
 
 A mother may wish to teach all these lessons to her 
 son, but she thinks too much of him, or believes she 
 does, to have him suffer any deprivation, and so in- 
 dulges him in things which are luxuries for him, 
 under the circumstances, rather than necessaries. 
 Many a boy, born with ordinary intellect, would fol- 
 low the example of an industrious father were it not 
 that the mother wishes him to appear as well as any 
 boy in the neighborhood. So, without exactly mean- 
 ing it, she gets to making a show of her boy, and brings 
 him up with a habit of idling away valuable time, to 
 keep up appearances. The prudent mother, however, 
 sees the folly of this course, and teaches her son to 
 excel in study and work rather than in vain display. 
 The difference in mothers makes all the difference in 
 the world to children. Like brooks, they can be turned 
 very easily in their course of life." 
 
 "What ranks next in importance ?" 
 
 "Boys and girls themselves, especially as they grow 
 older, and have a chance to understand what life 
 means, should not only help their parents as a matter 
 of duty, but should learn to help themselves, for their 
 own good. I would not have them forego recreation, 
 a reasonable amount every day, but let them learn the 
 reality and earnestness of existence, and resolve to do 
 the whole work and the very best work of thorough, 
 reliable young men and women." 
 
 "What would you advise as to choosing a career ?" 
 
 "In that I should be governed largely by the bent 
 
 534
 
 The Blind Yacht Designer 
 
 of each youth. What he likes to do best of all, that he 
 should do and try to do it better than anyone else. 
 That is legitimate emulation. Let him devote his full 
 energy to his work; with the provision, however, that 
 he needs change or recreation more in proportion as 
 he uses his brain more. The more muscular the work, 
 if not too heavy, the more hours, is a good rule ; the 
 more brain work, the fewer hours. Children at school 
 should not be expected to work so long or so hard as 
 if engaged in manual labor. Temperament, too, should 
 be considered. A highly organized, nervous person, 
 like a racehorse, may display intense activity for a short 
 time, but it should be followed by a long period of rest ; 
 while the phlegmatic person, like the ox or the draft 
 horse, can go all day without injury." 
 
 "Would you advise a college course ?" 
 
 "I believe in education most thoroughly, and think 
 no one can have too much knowledge, if properly di- 
 gested. But in many of our colleges, I have often 
 thought, not more than one in five is radically im- 
 proved by the course. Most collegiates waste too 
 much time in frivolity, and somehow there seems to be 
 little restraining power in the college to prevent this. 
 I agree that students should have self-restraint and 
 application themselves, but, in the absence of these, 
 the college should supply more compulsion than is now 
 the rule." 
 
 "Do you favor reviving the old apprentice system for 
 would-be mechanics ?" 
 
 535
 
 Joiin B. Herreshoff 
 
 "Only in rare cases. As a rule, we have special 
 machines now that do as perfect work as the market 
 requires; some of them, indeed, better work than can 
 be done by hand. A boy or man can soon learn to tend 
 one of these, when he becomes, for ordinary purposes, 
 a specialist. Very few shops now have apprentices. 
 No rule, however, will apply to all, and it may still be 
 best for one to serve an apprenticeship in a trade in 
 which he wishes to advance beyond any predecessor or 
 competitor." 
 
 "Is success dependent more upon ability or oppor- 
 tunity?" 
 
 PREPARE TO THE UTMOST: THEN DO YOUR BEST. 
 
 "Of course, opportunity is necessary. You couldn't 
 run a mammoth department store on the desert of 
 Sahara. But, given the possibility, the right man can 
 make his opportunity, and should do so, if it is not at 
 hand, or does not come, after reasonable waiting. Even 
 Napoleon had to wait for his. On the other hand, if 
 there is no ability, none can display itself, and the best 
 opportunity must pass by unimproved. The true way 
 is to first develop your ability to the last ounce, and 
 then you will be ready for your opportunity, when it 
 comes, or to make one, if none offers." 
 
 "Is the chance for a youth as good as it was twenty- 
 five or fifty years ago ?" 
 
 "Yes, and no! In any country, as it becomes more
 
 The Blind Yacht Designer 
 
 thickly populated, the chance for purely individual 
 enterprises is almost sure to diminish. One notices this 
 more as he travels through other and older countries, 
 where, far more than with us, boys follow in the foot- 
 steps of their fathers, generation after generation. 
 But for those who are willing to adapt themselves to 
 circumstances, the chance to-day, at least from a 
 pecuniary standpoint, is better than ever before for 
 those starting in life. There was doubtless more 
 chance for the individual boat-builder in the days of 
 King Philip, when each Indian made his own canoe, 
 but there is certainly more profit now for an employee 
 of our firm of boat-builders." 
 
 "Granted, however, that he can find employment, 
 how do his chances of rising compare with those of 
 your youth ?" 
 
 THE MAN IS THE IMPORTANT FACTOR. 
 
 "They still depend largely upon the individual. 
 Some seem to have natural executive ability, and others 
 develop it, while most men never possess it. Those 
 who lack it cannot hope to rise far, and never could. 
 Jefferson's idea that all men are created equal is true 
 enough, perhaps, so far as their political rights are 
 concerned, but from the point of view of efficiency in 
 business it is ridiculous. In any shop of one hundred 
 men you will find one who is acknowledged, at least 
 tacitly, as the leader, and he, sooner or later, becomes 
 
 537
 
 John B. Herreshoff 
 
 so in fact. A rich boy may get and hold a place in an 
 office on account of his wealth or influence ; but in the 
 works merit alone will enable a man to hold a place 
 long." 
 "But what is his chance of becoming a proprietor?" 
 
 THE DEVELOPMENT OF ABILITY. 
 
 "That is smaller, of course, as establishments grow 
 larger and more valuable. It is all bosh for every man 
 to expect to become a Vanderbilt or a Rockefeller, or 
 to be President. But, in the long run, a man will still 
 rise and prosper in almost exact proportion to his real 
 value to the business world. He will rise or fall ac- 
 cording to his ability." 
 
 "Can he develop ability ?" 
 
 "Yes, to a certain extent. As I have said, we are 
 not all alike, and no amount of cultivation will make 
 some minds equal to those of others who have had but 
 little training. But, whether great or small, everyone 
 has some weak point; let him first study to overcome 
 that." 
 
 "How can he do it?" 
 
 "The only way I know of is to do it. But this 
 brings me back to what I told you at first. A good 
 mother will show one how to guard against his weak 
 points. She should study each child and develop his 
 individual character, for character is the true founda- 
 tion, after all. She should check extravagance and 
 
 538
 
 The Blind Yacht Designer 
 
 encourage industry and self-respect. My mother is 
 one of the best, and I feel that I owe her a debt I 
 can never repay. If I have one thing more than 
 another to be thankful for, it is her care in childhood 
 and her advice and sympathy through life. How often 
 have I thought of her wisdom when I have seen 
 mothers from Europe, where they were satisfied to be 
 peasants, seek to outshine all their neighbors after they 
 have been in America a few years, and so bring finan- 
 cial ruin to their husbands or even goad them into 
 crime, and curse their children with contempt for hon- 
 est labor in positions for which they are fitted, and a 
 foolish desire to keep up appearances, even by living 
 beyond their means and by seeking positions they can- 
 not fill properly." 
 
 "You must have been quite young when you began 
 to build boats?" 
 
 HE WOULD NOT BE DISCOURAGED. 
 
 "About thirteen or fourteen years old. You see, my 
 father was an amateur boat-builder, in a small way, 
 and did very good work, but usually not for sale. But 
 I began the work as a business thirty-six years ago, 
 when I was about twenty-two." 
 
 "You must have been terribly handicapped by your 
 blindness ?" 
 
 "It was an obstacle, but I simply would not allow it 
 to discourage me, and did my best, just the same as if 
 
 539
 
 John B. Herreshoff 
 
 I could see. My mother had taught me to think, and 
 so I made thought and memory take the place of 
 eyes. I acquired a kind of habit of mental projection 
 which has enabled me to see models in my mind, as it 
 were, and to consider their good and bad points intelli- 
 gently. Besides, I cultivated my powers of observation 
 to the utmost in other respects. Even now I take an 
 occasional trip of observation, for I like to see what 
 others are doing, and so keep abreast of the progress of 
 the age. But I must stop, or I shall get to 'talking 
 shop/ the thing I declined to do at first. The main 
 thing for a boy is to have a good mother, to heed her 
 advice, to do his best, and not get a 'swelled head' as he 
 rises in other words, not to expect to put a gallon 
 into a pint cup or a bushel into a peck measure. Con- 
 centration, decision, industry and economy should be 
 his watchwords, and invincible determination and per- 
 sistence his rule of action." 
 
 540
 
 LVI 
 
 A Great Vocalist Shows that Only 
 Years of Labor Can Win the 
 Heights of Song. 
 
 OF the five internationally famous singers 
 Melba, Calve, Nordica, Eames and Leh- 
 mann none is a greater favorite than 
 Madame Lillian Nordica. She has had hon- 
 ors heaped upon her in every music-loving country, 
 including her own, America. Milan, St. Petersburg, 
 Paris, London, and New York in turn accepted her, 
 and the music-lovers of those cities received her with 
 a furore of praise. Jewel cases filled with bracelets, 
 necklaces, tiaras and diadems of gold and precious 
 stones, attest the unaffected sincerity of her admir- 
 ers in all the great music-centers of the world. She 
 enjoys, in addition, the distinction of being one of 
 the first two American women to attain to inter- 
 national fame as a singer in grand opera. When 
 Madame Nordica was in New York fulfilling her part 
 in the most brilliant operatic season the city had ever 
 known, she lived in sumptuous style at the Waldorf- 
 Astoria Hotel, where I met her by appointment. She 
 
 541
 
 Lillian Nordica 
 
 accepted the statement that the public is interested in 
 the details of her career as most natural, and was 
 pleased to discuss the philosophy of a singer's success 
 from the view-point of its difficulties. 
 
 "You would like to know how distinction in the 
 field of art is earned? Well, it is not thrust upon 
 anyone. The material for a great voice may be born 
 in a person it is, in fact but the making of it into 
 a great voice is a work of the most laborious charac- 
 ter." 
 
 "Is the matter of nationality of any advantage to an 
 aspirant?" 
 
 "You wish to know " 
 
 "Whether, in some countries, the atmosphere is not 
 very favorable to a beginner; the feeling of the pub- 
 lic and the general support given to music not par- 
 ticularly conducive to the musical development of, we 
 will say, a young girl with a promising voice." 
 
 "Yes. I should judge almost any of the greater 
 European nations would be better in this respect than 
 the United States; not much better, however, because 
 nearly all depends on strength of character, deter- 
 mination, and the will to work. If a girl has these, 
 she will rise as high, in the end, anywhere; perhaps 
 not so quickly in some places, but no less surely." 
 
 "You had no European advantages?" 
 
 "None whatever." 
 
 "Were you born in the West?" 
 
 "No. I come of New England stock. You will un- 
 
 542
 
 American Prima Donna 
 
 derstand that more readily when I tell you that my 
 real name is Norton. I was born at Farmington, 
 Maine, and was reared in Boston." 
 "Were your parents musically talented?" 
 "Not at all. Their opinion of music was that it is 
 an airy, inviting art of the devil, used to tempt men's 
 feet to stray from the solemn path of right. They be- 
 lieved music, as a vocation, to be nearly as repre- 
 hensible as a stage career, and for the latter they had 
 no tolerance whatever. I must be just, though, and 
 own that they did make an exception in the case of 
 church music, else I should never have received the 
 slightest encouragement in my aspirations. They 
 considered music in churches to be permissible even 
 laudable. So, when I displayed some ability as a 
 singer, I was allowed to use it in behalf of religion, 
 and I did. I joined the church choir and sang hymns 
 about the house almost constantly." 
 "You had a natural bent for singing." 
 "Yes, but I needed a world of training. I had no 
 conception of what work lies ahead of anyone who 
 contemplates singing perfectly. All I knew was that 
 I could sing, and that I would win my way with my 
 voice if I could." 
 
 "How did you accomplish it?" 
 
 THERE MUST BE NO PLAY, ONLY STUDY AND PRACTICE. 
 
 "By devoting all my time, all my thought, and all 
 my energy to that one object. I devoured church 
 
 543
 
 Lillian Nordica 
 
 music all I could get hold of. I practiced new and 
 difficult compositions all the time I could spare." 
 
 "Naturally, your efforts attracted attention?" 
 
 "Yes, I became a very good church singer; so much 
 so that, when there were church concerts or im- 
 portant religious ceremonies, I was always in demand. 
 Then there began to be a social demand for my abil- 
 ity, and, later, a public demand in the way of con- 
 certs." 
 
 "At Farmington?" 
 
 "Oh, no. At Boston. I forgot to say that my par- 
 ents removed, while I was still quite young, to Bos- 
 ton." 
 
 "Did you give much of your time to public con- 
 certs?" 
 
 "None at all. I ignored all but church singing. My 
 ambition ran higher than concert singing, and I knew 
 my parents would not consent. I persuaded them to 
 let me have my voice trained. This was not very 
 difficult, because my church singing, as it had im- 
 proved, became a source of considerable profit, and 
 they saw even greater results for me in the large 
 churches and in the religious field generally. So I 
 went to a teacher of vocal culture." 
 
 "Where, if you please?" 
 
 "Professor John O'Neill, one of the instructors in 
 the New England Conservatory of Music, Boston, 
 was a fine old teacher, a man with the highest ideals 
 concerning music, and of the sternest and most exact- 
 
 544
 
 American Prima Donna 
 
 ing method. He made me feel, at first, that the world 
 was mine if I would work. Hard work was his con- 
 stant cry. There must be no play, no training for 
 lower forms of public entertainment, no anything 
 but study and practice. I must work and perfect 
 myself in private, and then suddenly appear unher- 
 alded in the highest class of opera and take the world 
 by storm. It was a fine fancy." 
 
 "Did you manage to work it out so?" 
 
 "No. It wouldn't have been possible. O'Neill was 
 a fine musician. In his mind and heart, all his aspira- 
 tion was sincere, but it was not to be." 
 
 "Were you ambitious enough?" 
 
 "Oh, yes! and most conscientious. Under him I 
 studied the physiology of the voice, and practiced 
 singing oratorios. I also took up Italian, familiariz- 
 ing myself with the language, with all the songs and 
 endless arias. In fact, I made myself as perfect in 
 Italian as possible." 
 
 "How much time did the training take?" 
 
 "Three years." 
 
 "And what was the result?" 
 
 "Well, I had greatly improved, but was not per- 
 fect. Mr. O'Neill employed methods of making me 
 work which discouraged me. He was a man who 
 would magnify and storm over your slightest error, 
 and make light of or ignore your sincerest achieve- 
 ments. If anything, he put his grade of perfection so 
 high that I began to consider it unattainable, and lost 
 
 545
 
 Lillian Nordica 
 
 heart. Finally, I gave it up and rested awhile, un- 
 certain of everything." 
 
 "And then?" 
 
 "After I had thought awhile and regained some 
 confidence, I came to New York to see Mme. Maret- 
 zek. She was not only a teacher, but also a singer 
 quite famous in her day and knew the world of music 
 thoroughly. She considered my voice to be of the 
 right quality for the highest grade of operatic suc- 
 cess, and gave me hope that, with a little more train- 
 ing, I could begin my career. She not only did that, 
 but also set me to studying the great operas, "Lucia" 
 and the others, and introduced me to the American 
 musical celebrities. Together we heard whatever was 
 worth hearing in New York. When the renowned 
 Brignola came to New York she took me to the 
 Everett House, where he was stopping, and intro- 
 duced me. They were good friends, and, after gain- 
 ing his opinion of my voice, we went to hear him 
 sing 'Faust/ 
 
 "That was a wonderful thing for me. To hear the 
 great Brignola! It fired my ambition. As I listened, 
 I felt that I could also be great, and that people, some 
 day, might listen to me as enraptured as I then was by 
 him. It put new fire into me and caused me to fairly 
 toil over my studies. I would have given up all my 
 hours if I had been allowed or requested to." 
 
 "And then what?" 
 
 "Well, so it went until, after several years of study, 
 
 546
 
 American Prima Donna 
 
 Madame Maretzek thought I was getting pretty well 
 along and might venture some important public sing- 
 ing. We talked about different ways of appearing, 
 and what I would sing and so on, until finally Gil- 
 more's band came to Madison Square Garden. He 
 was in the heyday of his success then, both popular 
 and famous, and carried important soloists with him. 
 Madame Maretzek decided that she would take me to 
 see him and get his opinion; and so, one day, toward 
 the very last of his Madison Square engagement, we 
 went to see him. Madame Maretzek was on good 
 terms with him also. I remember that she took me 
 in one morning when he was rehearsing. I saw a 
 stout, kindly, genial looking man who was engaged 
 in tapping for attention, calling certain individuals 
 to notice certain points, and generally fluttering 
 around over a dozen odds and ends. Madame Ma- 
 retzek talked with him a little while and then called 
 his attention to me. He looked toward me. 
 
 " Thinks she can sing, eh? Yes, yes. Well, all 
 right! Let her come right along.' 
 
 "Then he called to me : 
 
 "l WAS TRAVELING ON AIR." 
 
 " 'Come right along, now. Step right up here on 
 the stage. Yes, yes. Now, what can you sing?' - 
 
 "I told him I could sing almost anything in oratorio 
 or opera, if he so wished. He said: 'Well, well, have 
 a little from both. Now, what shall it be?'' 
 
 547
 
 Lillian Nordica 
 
 "I shall never forget his kindly way. He was like 
 a good father, gentle and reassuring, and seemed 
 really pleased to have me there and hear me. I went 
 up on the platform and told him that I would begin 
 with 'Let the Bright Seraphim/ and he called the 
 orchestra together and had them accompany me." 
 
 "You must have been slightly nervous." 
 
 "I was at first, but I recovered my equanimity and 
 sang up to my full limit of power. When I was 
 through, he remarked, 'Very good! very good!' and 
 then, 'Now, what else?' I next sang an aria from 
 'Somnambula.' He did not hesitate to express his ap- 
 proval, which was always, 'Very good! very good! 
 Now, what you want to do,' he said, 'is to get some 
 roses in your cheeks and come along and sing for 
 me.' After that he continued his conference with Mad- 
 ame Maretzek, and then we went away together. 
 
 "I was traveling on air when I left, I can assure 
 you. His company was famous. Its engagement 
 had been most successful. Madame Poppenheim was 
 singing with it, and there were other famous names. 
 There were only two more concerts, concluding his 
 New York engagement, but he had told Madame 
 Maretzek that if I chose to come and sing on these 
 occasions, he would be glad to have me. I was more 
 than glad of the opportunity and agreed to go. We 
 arranged with him by letter, and, when the evening 
 came, I sang. 
 
 "My work made a distinct impression on the audi- 
 
 J4 8
 
 American Prima Donna 
 
 ence and pleased Mr. Gilmore wonderfully. After the 
 second night, when all was over, he came to me, and 
 said: 'Now, my dear, of course there is no more con- 
 cert this summer, but I am going West in the fall. 
 Now, how would you like to go along?' 
 
 "I told him that I would like to go very much, if it 
 could be arranged; and, after some negotiation, he 
 agreed to pay the expenses of my mother and my- 
 self, and give me one hundred dollars a week besides. 
 I accepted, and when the Western tour began, we 
 went along." 
 
 "How did you succeed on that tour?" 
 
 "Very well indeed. I gained thorough control oi 
 my nerves in that time and learned something of au- 
 diences and of what constitutes distinguished 'stage 
 presence.' I studied all the time, and, with the broad- 
 ening influence of travel, gained a great deal. At the . 
 end of the tour my voice was more under my control 
 than ever before, and I was a better singer all 
 around." 
 
 HER FIRST EUROPEAN TOUR. 
 
 "You did not begin with grand opera, after all?" 
 "No, I did not. It was not a perfect conclusion of 
 my dreams, but it was a great deal. My old instruc- 
 tor, Mr. O'Neill, took it worse than I did. He re- 
 garded my ambitions as having all come to naught. I 
 remember that he wrote me a letter in which he thus 
 called me to account : 
 
 549
 
 Lillian Nordica 
 
 "After all my training, my advice, that you should come to 
 this! A whole lifetime of ambition and years of the hardest 
 study consumed to fit you to go on the road with a brass 
 band ! Poh ! 
 
 "I pocketed the sarcasm in the best of humor, be- 
 cause I was sure of my dear old teacher's unwavering 
 faith in me, and knew that he wrote only for my own 
 good. Still, I felt that I was doing wisely in getting 
 before the public, and so decided to wait quietly and 
 see if time would not justify me. 
 
 "When the season was over Mr. Gilmore came to 
 me again. He was the most kindly man I ever knew. 
 His manner was as gentle and his heart as good as 
 could be. 
 
 " 'I am going to Europe,' he said. 'I am going to 
 London and Paris and Vienna and Rome, and all the 
 other big cities. There will be a fine chance for you to 
 see all those places and let Europeans hear you. They 
 appreciate good singers. Now, little girl, do you 
 want to come? If you do, you can.' 
 
 "I talked it over with my mother and Madame 
 Maretzek, and decided to go; and so, the next season, 
 we were in Europe." 
 
 "Did it profit you as you anticipated?" 
 
 "Very much. We gave seventy-eight concerts in 
 England and France. We opened the Trocadero at 
 Paris, and mine was the first voice of any kind to sing 
 there. 
 
 "This European tour of the American band really 
 
 550
 
 American Prima Donna 
 
 was a great and successful venture. American musi- 
 cians still recall the furore which it created and the 
 prestige which it gained at home. Mr. Gilmore was 
 proud of his leading soloists. In Paris, where the 
 great audiences went wild over my singing, he came 
 to praise me personally in unmeasured terms. 'My 
 dear,' he said, 'you are going to be a great singer. 
 You are going to be crowned in your own country 
 yet. Mark my words : they are going to put diamonds 
 on your brow!' 
 
 "At the end of that tour I decided to spend some 
 of my earnings on further study in Italy. Accord- 
 ingly, I went to Milan, to the singing teacher San 
 Giovanni. On arriving there, I visited the old teacher 
 and stated my object. I said that I wanted to sing in 
 grand opera. 
 
 "WHY DON'T YOU SING IN GRAND OPERA?" 
 
 " 'All right!' he answered; 'let me hear your voice.' 
 
 "I sang an aria from 'Lucia'; and when I was 
 through, he said dryly: 'You want to sing in grand 
 opera?' 
 
 " 'Yes.' 
 
 " 'Well, why don't you?' 
 
 " 'I need training.' 
 
 " 'Nonsense!' he answered. 'We will attend to that. 
 You need a few months to practice Italian methods 
 that is all.' 
 
 "So I spent three months with him. After much
 
 Lillian Nordica 
 
 preparation, I made my debut as Violetta in Verdi's 
 opera, 'La Traviata,' at the Teatro Grande, in Bres- 
 cia." 
 
 The details of Madame Nordica's Italian appear- 
 ance are very interesting. Her success was instanta- 
 neous. Her fame went up and down the land, and 
 across the water to her home. She next sang in 
 Gounod's "Faust," at Geneva, and soon afterwards 
 appeared at Navarro, singing Alice in Meyerbeer's 
 "Roberto," the enthusiastic and delighted subscribers 
 presenting her with a handsome set of rubies and 
 pearls. After that she was engaged to sing at the 
 Russian capital, and accordingly went to St. Peters- 
 burg, where, in October, 1881, she made her debut as 
 La Filma in "Mignon." 
 
 There, also, her success was great. She was the 
 favorite of the society of the court, and received 
 pleasant attentions from every quarter. Presents 
 were made her, and inducements for her continued 
 presence until two winters had passed. Then she de- 
 cided to revisit France and Paris. 
 
 THIS WAS HER CROWNING TRIUMPH. 
 
 "I wanted to sing in grand opera at Paris," she 
 said to me. "I wanted to know that I could appear 
 successfully in that grand place. I counted my 
 achievements nothing until I could do that." 
 
 "And did you?" 
 
 "Yes. In July, 1882, 1 appeared there." 
 
 552
 
 American Prima Donna 
 
 This was her greatest triumph. In the part of 
 Marguerite she took the house by storm, and won 
 from the composer the highest encomiums. Subse- 
 quently, she appeared with equal success as Ophelie, 
 having been specially prepared for both these roles 
 by the respective composers, Charles Gounod and 
 Ambroise Thomas. 
 
 "You should have been satisfied after that," I said. 
 
 "I was," she answered. "So thoroughly was I 
 satisfied that, soon afterwards, I gave up my career 
 and was married. For two years I remained away 
 from the public, but, after that time, my husband 
 having died, I decided to return. I made my first 
 appearance at the Burton Theater in London, and 
 was doing well enough when Colonel Mapleson came 
 to me. He was going to produce grand opera in 
 fact, he was going to open Covent Garden, which 
 had been closed for a long time, with a big company. 
 He was another interesting character. I found him 
 to be generous and kind-hearted and happy-spirited 
 as anyone could be. When he came to me it was in 
 the most friendly manner. 'I am going to open Co- 
 vent Garden/ he said. 'Now, here is your chance to 
 sing there. All the great singers have appeared 
 there Patti, Gerster, Nilsson, Tietjens now it's 
 your turn come and sing.' 
 
 " 'How about terms?' I asked. 
 
 " 'Terms!' he exclaimed; 'terms! Don't let such lit- 
 tle details stand in your way. What is money com- 
 
 553
 
 Lillian Nordica 
 
 pared to this? Ignore money. Think of the honor, of 
 the memories of the place, of what people think of it;' 
 and then he waved his arms dramatically. 
 
 "Well, we came to terms, not wholly sacrificial on 
 my part, and the season began. Covent Garden had 
 not been open for a long time. It was in the spring 
 of the year, cold and damp. There was a crowded 
 house, though, because fashion accompanied the 
 Prince of Wales there. He came, night after night, 
 and heard the opera through with an overcoat on. 
 
 "It was no blessed task for me, or healthy, either, 
 but the Lord has blessed me with a sound constitu- 
 tion. I sang my parts, as they should be sung, some 
 in bare arms and shoulders, with too little clothing 
 for such a temperature. But it was Covent Garden, 
 and so I bore up under it." 
 
 "What was the next venture?" 
 
 "Nothing much more interesting. The summer af- 
 ter that season I visited Ems, where the De Reszkes 
 were. One day they said: 'We are going to Bayreuth 
 to hear the music, don't you want to go along?' 
 
 "I thought it over, and decided that I did. My 
 mother and I packed up and departed. When I got 
 there and saw those splendid performances I was en- 
 tranced. It was perfectly beautiful. Everything was 
 arranged after an ideal fashion. I had a great desire 
 to sing there, and boasted to my mother that I 
 would. When I came away I was fully determined to 
 carry out that boast." 
 
 m
 
 American Prima Donna 
 
 "Could you speak German?" 
 
 "Not at all. I began, though, at once, to study it; 
 and when I could talk it sufficiently I went to Bay- 
 reuth and saw Madame Wagner." 
 
 THE KINDNESS OF FRAU WAGNER. 
 
 "Did you find her the imperious old lady she is said 
 to be?" 
 
 "Not at all. She welcomed me most heartily; and 
 when I told her that I had come to see if I could not 
 sing there she seemed much pleased. She treated me 
 like a daughter, explained all that she was trying to do, 
 and gave me a world of encouragement. Finally I 
 arranged to sing and create 'Elsa' after my own idea 
 of it during the season following the one then ap- 
 proaching." 
 
 "What did you do meanwhile?" 
 
 "I came to New York to fulfil my contract for the 
 season of 1894-1895. While doing that I made a 
 study of Wagner's, and, indeed, of all German music ; 
 and when the season was over went back and sang 
 it." 
 
 "To Frau Wagner's satisfaction?" 
 
 "Yes." 
 
 "Have you found your work very exacting?" 
 
 "Decidedly so. It leaves little time for anything 
 else." 
 
 "To do what you have done requires a powerful 
 physique, to begin with?" 
 
 555
 
 Lillian Nordica 
 
 "Yes, I should judge so." 
 
 "Are you ever put under extraordinary mental 
 strain ?" 
 
 "Occasionally." 
 
 "In what manner?" 
 
 "Why, in my manner of study. I remember once, 
 during my season under Augustus Harris, of an in- 
 cident of this order. He gave a garden party one 
 Sunday to which several of his company were invited, 
 myself included. When the afternoon was well along 
 he came to me and said: 'Did you ever sing "Valen- 
 cia" in "The Huguenots" ?' I told him I had not. 
 
 " 'Do you think you could learn the music and sing 
 it by next Saturday night?' 
 
 "I felt a little appalled at the question, but ventured 
 to say that I could. I knew that hard work would 
 do it." 
 
 " 'Then do/ he replied ; 'for I must have you sing it.' 
 
 "Let me ask you one thing," I said. "Has America 
 good musical material?" 
 
 THE MUSICAL TALENT OF AMERICAN GIRLS. 
 
 "As much as any other country, and more, I should 
 think. The higher average of intelligence here should 
 yield a greater percentage of musical intelligence." 
 
 "Then there ought to be a number of great Ameri- 
 can women singers in the future?" 
 
 "There ought to be, but it is a question whether 
 
 556
 
 American Prima Donna 
 
 there will be. They are not cut out for the work 
 which it requires to develop a good voice." 
 
 "You think there is good material for great voices 
 in American women, but not sufficient energy?" 
 
 "That is my fear, not my belief. I have noticed 
 that young women here seem to underestimate the 
 cost of distinction. It means more than most of them 
 are prepared to give; and when they face the exac- 
 tions of art they falter and drop out. Hence we have 
 many middle-class singers, but few really powerful 
 ones." 
 
 "What are these exactions you speak of?" 
 
 "Time, money, and loss of friends, of pleasure. To 
 be a great singer means, first, to be a great student. 
 To be a great student means that you have no time 
 for balls and parties, very little for friends, and less 
 for carriage rides and pleasant strolls. All that is 
 really left is a shortened allowance of sleep, of time 
 for meals and time for exercise." 
 
 "Did you ever imagine that people leaped into per- 
 manent fame when still young and without much ef- 
 fort on their part?" 
 
 "I did. But I discovered that real fame perma- 
 nent recognition which cannot be taken away from 
 you is acquired only by a lifetime of most earnest 
 labor. People are never internationally recognized 
 until they have reached middle life. Many persons 
 gain notoriety young, but that goes as quickly as it 
 comes. All true success is founded on real accom- 
 
 557
 
 Lillian Nordica 
 
 plishment, acquired with difficulty; and so, when you 
 see some one accounted great, you will usually find 
 him to be in the prime of life or past it." 
 
 "You grant that many young people have genius?" 
 "Certainly I do. Many of them have it. They will 
 have waited long, however, before it has been trained 
 into valuable service. The world gives very little 
 recognition for a great deal of labor paid in; and 
 when I earn a thousand dollars for a half hour's sing- 
 ing sometimes it does not nearly average up for all 
 the years and for the labor much more difficult, which 
 I contributed without recompense." 
 
 558
 
 BOOK TWO 
 
 MEN AND WOMEN 
 
 WHO HAVE ACHIEVED EMINENCE
 
 Success Maxims 
 
 If I were a cobbler, it would be my pride 
 
 The best of all cobblers to be; 
 If I were a tinker, no tinker beside 
 Should mend an old kettle like me. 
 
 OLD SONG. 
 
 People do not lack strength; they lack will. VICTOR 
 HUGO. 
 
 Every man stamps his own value upon himself;, and we are 
 great or little according to our own will. SAMUEL SMILES. 
 
 The saddest failures in life are those that come from not 
 putting forth of the power and will to succeed. WHIPPLE. 
 
 As men in a crowd instinctively make room for one who 
 would force his way through it, so mankind makes way for 
 one who rushes toward an object beyond them. D WIGHT. 
 
 There can be no doubt that the captains of industry to- 
 day, using that term in its broadest sense, are men who began 
 life as poor boys. SETH Low. 
 
 Do noble things, not dream them, all day long, 
 
 And so make life, death and the vast forever one grand, 
 
 sweet song. CHARLES KINGSLEY. 
 
 Dost thou love life? Then do not squander time, for that 
 is the stuff life is made of. FRANKLIN. 
 
 The high prize of life, the crowning fortune of a man, is 
 to be born with a bias to some pursuit, which finds him in 
 employment and happiness. EMERSON. 
 
 A man that is young in years may be old in hours, if he 
 have lost no time. BACON. 
 
 The one prudence in life is concentration ; the one evil is dis- 
 sipation ; and it makes no difference whether our dissipations 
 are coarse or fine. . . . Everything is good which takes 
 away one plaything and delusion more, and sends us home to 
 add one stroke of faithful work. EMERSON. 
 
 560
 
 STATESMEN
 
 Jas. London 
 
 CANADIANS
 
 CANADIANS
 
 Charles H. Cramp John B. Herreschoff 
 
 CAPTAINS OF INDUSTRY
 
 MANUFACTURERS
 
 TRANSPORTATION LEADERS
 
 Geo. Westinghouse 
 
 (Copyright. 1902. by Gexford. N. Y.) 
 
 INVENTORS
 
 Robt. L Ogden 
 
 MERCHANTS
 
 J. Pierpont Morgan 
 
 Copyright, 1902. by Pach. Nci 
 
 Cornelius Vanderbilt Hetty Green William Waldorf Astor 
 
 FINANCIERS
 
 Hazen S. Pmgree William Jennings Bryan 
 
 POLITICAL LEADERS
 
 Alton Brooks Parker I Melville W. Fuller Oliver Wendell Holmes 
 
 LAWYERS AND JURISTS
 
 Richmond P. Hobson ir Joseph Wheeler 
 
 SOLDIERS AND SAILORS
 
 Walter Wellman M/vTl Robert Edwin Peary /jELl Dr. Frederick A. Cook 
 
 EXPLORERS 'AND TRAVELLERS
 
 E. Benjamin Andrews//! k\ William T.Harris 
 
 Arthur T. Hadley m$8 H. M. MacCracken 5^r 
 
 Charles Wm. Eliot 
 
 EDUCATORS
 
 \\ James M. Buckley fh \ Edward Bok 
 
 EDITORS
 
 Frank A. Munsey Edwapd E Hjggins F. N. Doubleday 
 
 PUBLISHERS
 
 ORATORS
 
 MUSICIANS
 
 SINGERS
 
 ACTORS
 
 ACTRESSES
 
 ORGANIZERS AND LECTURERS
 
 ILLUSTRATORS, DECORATORS AND SCULPTORS
 
 Homer Davenport Carl E. Schultze 
 
 CARTOONISTS
 
 Elizabeth M. Gilmer 
 "Dorothy Dix" 
 
 George V. Hobart 
 
 JohnKondrickBannH Marshall P. Wilder R^ Fm '?Y _Peter Dunne 
 
 HUMORISTS
 
 
 JOURNALISTS AND WRITERS
 
 POETS
 
 Rudyard Kipling ^L F.Marion-Crawford & Wm. Dean Howells 
 
 ne Allen Winston Churchill 
 
 AUTHORS
 
 Mrs. E. S. P. Ward Anna Katherine Greene Frances H. Burnett 
 
 NOVELISTS
 
 C Elizabeth Cady Stanton 
 
 {Copyriftt, 1902. if 
 
 William R.George if Geo.Thorndike Angell Susan B. Anthony 
 
 REFORMERS
 
 PHILANTHROPISTS
 
 IjlBishopK C. Potter iff Bishop Wm. Taylor |f| ^ {* 
 
 Russell Conwell 
 
 Lyman Abbott 
 
 Copyright. 1893. by Rockwood. H.Y. 
 
 Robert Collyer 
 
 DIVINES
 
 BOOK THREE 
 
 ENCYCLOPEDIC BIOGRAPHIES, 
 OR THE ROMANCE OF REALITY.
 
 Success Maxims 
 
 "Never give up: for the wisest is boldest, 
 Knowing that Providence mingles the cup ; 
 And of all maxims, the best, as the oldest, 
 Is the stern watchword of ' Never give up !' " 
 
 HOLMES. 
 
 I find nothing so singular in life as this: that everything 
 opposing appears to lose its substance the moment one actually 
 grapples with it. HAWTHORNE. 
 
 Perpetual pushing and assurance put a difficulty out of 
 countenance, and make a seeming impossibility . give way. 
 JEREMY COLLIER. 
 
 The truest wisdom is a resolute determination. NAPO- 
 LEON I. 
 
 He wants wit, that wants resolved will. SHAKESPEARE. 
 
 When a firm decisive spirit is recognized, it is curious to 
 see how the space clears around a man and leaves him room 
 and freedom. JOHN FOSTER. 
 
 Self-distrust is the cause of most of our failures. In the 
 assurance of strength there is strength, and they are the weak- 
 est, however strong, who have no faith in themselves or their 
 powers. BOVEE. 
 
 Self-reverence, self-knowledge, self-control these three 
 alone lead life to sovereign power. TENNYSON. 
 
 There is no fate! Between the thought and the success, 
 God is the only agent. BULWER, 
 
 Character must stand behind and back up everything the 
 sermon, the poem, the picture, the play. None of them is worth 
 a straw without it. J. G. HOLLAND. 
 
 I hate a thing done by halves. If it be right, do it boldly ; 
 if it be wrong, leave it undone. GILPIN. 
 
 Doing well depends upon doing completely. PERSIAN 
 PROVERB. 
 
 Things don't turn up in this world until somebody turns 
 them up. GARFIELD. 
 
 We live in a new and exceptional age. America is another 
 name for Opportunity. Our whole history appears like a last 
 effort of the Divine Providence in behalf of the human race. 
 EMERSON. 
 
 6l6
 
 STATESMEN. 
 
 WILLIAM BOYD ALLISON. 
 
 William Boyd Allison was born at 
 Perry, Ohio, March 2, 1829. His 
 father, John Allison, was a farmer, 
 and young William spent his boyhood 
 in work on the farm and in attending 
 the district school. At the age of 
 sixteen he studied at the Academy at 
 Wooster and subsequently spent a 
 year at Allegheny college in Mead- 
 ville, Pennsylvania. After that he 
 made enough money by teaching 
 school to pay for his admission in the 
 Western Reserve college in Hudson, 
 Ohio. He studied law in Wooster, 
 and in 1851 was admitted to the bar. 
 Soon after he became deputy county 
 clerk. His political tastes were made 
 evident early in life. In 1856 he was 
 a delegate to the Republican state 
 convention and supported Fremont 
 for president. In the following year 
 he moved to Ohio, and settled in 
 Dubuque, where he has since resided. 
 He was a delegate at the Chicago Re- 
 publican Convention which nominated 
 Abraham Lincoln for President. At 
 the beginning of the Civil war he was 
 appointed on the staff of the Gover- 
 nor of Ohio. In 1862 he was elected 
 to the Thirty-eighth congress and 
 was re-elected three times in succes- 
 sion. He was the leading member of 
 the ways and means committee dur- 
 ing the Civil war and was of great use 
 to the President and the Secretary of 
 the Treasury in devising plans for 
 raising money. He was elected to 
 the United States senate in 1872. His 
 previous record in the house caused 
 his selection as chairman of the sen- 
 ate committee on appropriations. Mr. 
 Allison has always taken a prominent 
 part in tariff questions and was chief- 
 
 ly instrumental in framing the senate 
 tariff bill of the Fiftieth congress. 
 In 1881 he was offered the position 
 of secretary of the Treasury by Pres- 
 ident Garfield, but declined, and, in 
 1888, he was a leading candidate for 
 nomination for the presidency. After 
 the election of Mr. Harrison he was 
 again offered the treasury portfolio, 
 which he again declined. Senator 
 Allison has always held the respect 
 of public men, and has never used-Ws 
 position to enrich himself. His tastes 
 are refined, he is an agreeable host, 
 and popular in both public and private 
 life. 
 
 GROVER CLEVELAND. 
 
 Grover Cleveland was born at Cald- 
 well, New Jersey, March 18, 1837. 
 His ancestors came from England. 
 His father was a Presbyterian min- 
 ister and he was named after the 
 Rev. Steven Grover. In 1841 the 
 family moved to Fayetteville, New 
 York, where the future president 
 was educated in the public schools. 
 Between lessons he acted as clerk in 
 a country store. He received further 
 education at a local academy, and 
 was later appointed assistant teach- 
 er in the New York Institution for 
 the Blind. In 1855, while helping his 
 uncle, Lewis F. Allen, at Buffalo, 
 compiling "The American Word 
 Book," he began to read law, and, in 
 1859, was admitted to the bar. He 
 was appointed assistant district attor- 
 ney of Erie county in 1863, but in 
 1865 he was defeated for the district 
 attorneyship of the same county. 
 Thereupon he became a member of a 
 Buffalo law firm. In 1871 he was 
 elected sheriff of Erie county. At 
 
 617
 
 Encyclopedic Biographies, or 
 
 the close of this term he helped to 
 form the firm of Bass, Cleveland & 
 Bissel. In 1881 he was elected mayor 
 of Buffalo by the largest majority 
 to a mayoralty candidate ever given 
 in that city. In 1882 he was made 
 governor of the state of New York. 
 He was nominated as Democratic 
 candidate for the presidency in 1884, 
 was elected, and inaugurated on 
 March 4, 1885. His term of office 
 was notable on account of his exer- 
 cising the veto power beyond all 
 precedent. He vetoed one hundred 
 and fifteen out of nine hundred and 
 eighty-seven bills, which had passed 
 both houses, one hundred and two of 
 theSfe being private pension bills. On 
 June 2, 1886, he was married, in the 
 White House, to Frances Folsom, the 
 daughter of one of his former law J HN HAY. 
 
 political offices, including the attorney- 
 generalship of Maine from 1867 to 
 1869, presidential elector 1864, was 
 made a member of congress in 1871, 
 which office he held for ten years, 
 was chairman of the commerce com- 
 mittee of the senate and member of 
 the peace commission in Paris, 1898; 
 was president pro tern, of the sen- 
 ate from 1896 to 1901, and after the 
 death of Vice-President Hobart dis- 
 charged the duties of that office dur- 
 ing the Fifty-sixth congress. He is 
 now acting chairman of the commit- 
 tee on foreign relations. Mr. Frye 
 married Caroline Spears, who died in 
 1900. His life history is one that has 
 for its moral the power of integrity 
 when welded to unceasing effort. 
 
 partners. In 1888 Mr. Cleveland was 
 candidate for a second term as presi- 
 dent, but was defeated by Benjamin 
 Harrison. In 1892 he was again a 
 candidate, and this time he was elect- 
 ed. Mr. Cleveland was without doubt 
 the most popular Democrat of his 
 time when running for the presi- 
 dency. He is an enthusiastic devotee 
 ol gun and rod, an ideal host, and 
 even those who differ with him polit- 
 ically admit his statesmanship. 
 
 \VILLIAM PIERCE FRYE. 
 
 William Pierce Frye, who, since 
 1861, has been United States senator 
 from Maine, was born at Lewiston, 
 Maine, September 2, 1831. His father 
 was Colonel John N. Frye and his 
 mother Alice N. (Davis) Frye. Grad- 
 uating from Bowdoin college in 1850, 
 he subsequently carried out the wishes 
 of his family and the trend of his 
 own inclinations by following a legal 
 career, in which he was eminently 
 successful. Becoming a member of 
 the Maine legislature in 1861, he 
 was mayor of Lewiston from 1866 to 
 1867, and afterward held a variety of 
 
 John Hay, who, since 1890, has 
 been secretary of state of the United 
 States, first saw the light at Salem, 
 Indiana, on October 8, 1838. His 
 father was Dr. Charles Hay, and John 
 was educated in the common schools 
 at Warsaw, Illinois, and in the acad- 
 emy at Springfield, Illinois. He grad- 
 uated from Brown university in 1858, 
 and after a preparatory period in a 
 local law school was admitted to the 
 Illinois bar. Mr. Hay was one of the 
 private secretaries of President Lin- 
 coln. He was breveted colonel of 
 United States Volunteers and was 
 also assistant adjutant-general during 
 the Civil war. He has also been sec- 
 retary of legation at Paris, Madrid 
 and Vienna and was charge d'af- 
 faires at Vienna. From 1879 to 1881 
 he acted as first assistant secretary of 
 state. During the international sani- 
 tary conference of 1881 he was made 
 its president. His services as ambas- 
 sador to England from 1897 to 1898 
 will be long remembered in connec- 
 tion with his tactful and dignified 
 diplomacy. Mr. Hay, notwithstand- 
 ing his many and onerous official 
 
 6l8
 
 The Romance of Reality. 
 
 duties has found time to write books 
 of both prose and poetry. His Cas- 
 tilian Days and Pike County Ballads 
 are among the most popular of these. 
 In 1874 he married Clara Stone, of 
 Cleveland, Ohio. 
 
 GEORGE FRISBIE HOAR. 
 
 A commanding figure among the 
 Republican forces in the United States 
 senate, not alone from his personality 
 and ability, but also because of his 
 attitude on trust legislation and on 
 the Philippine question, is George 
 Frisbie Hoar, Massachusetts. Mr. 
 Hoar was born in Concord, Massa- 
 chusetts, August 29, 1826. A gradu- 
 ate of Harvard in 1846, aged twenty, 
 and later of Harvard law school, he 
 has retained his interest in higher 
 education, and in scholarly matters. 
 He has been an overseer of Harvard 
 college from 1874 to 1880, at various 
 times regent of the Smithsonian In- 
 stitute, a trustee of the Leicester 
 academy and the Peabody Museum 
 of Archaeology, and officer of various 
 national and state societies. He set- 
 tled in Worcester, Massachusetts, 
 after graduating and practiced law. 
 He has been married twice, his first 
 wife being Mary Louisa Spurr and 
 his second Ruth A. Miller. His ser- 
 vice in the senate, since 1877, is ex- 
 ceeded by but few fellow-members, 
 and he represents that body's best 
 traditions. He was elected because, 
 as legislator from 1852 to 1856, as 
 state senator in 1856, and as member 
 of congress from 1869 until he was 
 sent to the senate, he had shown 
 marked ability, an unfailing watch- 
 fulness for public welfare and an un- 
 swerving honesty as rare as it is de- 
 sirable. Senator Hoar is a striking 
 example of how irreproachable integ- 
 rity can take active and prominent 
 part in party politics. He has kept 
 his influence in his party and in gen- 
 eral legislation in spite of sometimes 
 
 opposing leaders of his own party, 
 when his conscience and judgment 
 bade him do so. 
 
 HENRY CABOT LODGE. 
 
 Henry Cabot Lodge was born in 
 Boston, Massachusetts, May 12, 1850. 
 He prepared for college in Dixwell 
 Latin school, and, entering Harvard, 
 was graduated in 1876. After his 
 graduation he spent a year in travel- 
 ing. Returning to America in 1872, 
 he entered the Harvard law school. 
 In January, 1874, he became assistant 
 editor of the North American Re- 
 view, which position he held until 
 November, 1876. In 1875 he was a 
 lecturer on The History of the 
 American Colonies, in Harvard. 
 From 1879 to 1882 he was associate 
 editor of the International Review of 
 Boston. During the same period he 
 was elected member of the Massa- 
 chusetts house of representatives. In 
 1881 he was the Republican candidate 
 for the state senate, but was defeated. 
 He was nominated for congress in 
 1884, but was again defeated. In 
 1886, however, being nominated 
 again, he was successful and was re- 
 elected for three successive congress- 
 es, but resigned after his last election 
 on account of having been made a 
 United States senator, January 17, 
 1893. In the senate he has made his 
 mark. Mr. Lodge is an orator of 
 much ability, a far-sighted political 
 executive, and a writer of considera- 
 ble merit. Among his books are : A 
 Short History of the English Colo- 
 nies, Life of Washington, Daniel 
 Webster, History of Boston, and 
 he has contributed to the Encyclo- 
 paedia Britannica and other works. 
 He is a fluent lecturer. He is a mem- 
 ber of the Massachusetts Historical 
 Society, the American Academy of 
 Arts and Sciences, trustee of the Bos- 
 ton Athenaeum, a member of the 
 American Antiquarian Society, and a 
 
 619
 
 Encyclopedic Biographies, or 
 
 member of the New England His- 
 toric Genealogical Society. In 1874 
 he was elected an overseer of Har- 
 vard university, and was offered the 
 degree of LL.D. in 1875. He mar- 
 ried, on June 29, 1871, Anna, daugh- 
 ter of Rear Admiral Charles S. 
 Davis, and has three children by her. 
 
 RICHARD OLNEY. 
 
 Richard Olney was born in Ox- 
 ford, Massachusetts, September 15, 
 1835, and is of English ancestry. He 
 received his preliminary education at 
 Leicester academy, and graduated 
 with high honors at Brown univer- 
 sity in 1856. He was graduated with 
 the degree of bachelor of laws from 
 Harvard law school in 1858, and was 
 admitted to the bar in the following 
 year, entering the office of Judge Ben- 
 jamin F. Thomas, with whom he was 
 associated for ten years. Mr. Olney 
 made a specialty of the laws relative 
 to wills, estates and corporations. In 
 1893 he was appointed attorney-gen- 
 eral by President Cleveland. By his 
 advice Mr. Cleveland called out regu- 
 lar troops, July, 1894, to suppress the 
 rioting that followed on the Chicago 
 American railway union strike. In 
 March, 1895, he successfully defended 
 that action in an argument before the 
 Supreme Court in the habeas corpus 
 proceedings brought by Eugene V. 
 Debs, who had been convicted of in- 
 citing the strikers. Upon the death 
 of Walter Q. Gresham, Mr. Olney 
 was appointed secretary of state and 
 took office June 10, 1895. He was 
 married, in 1861, to Agnes Park, 
 
 daughter of Benjamin F. Thomas, of 
 Boston. 
 
 ELIHU ROOT. 
 
 Elihu Root, secretary of war of the 
 United States and one of the most 
 successful lawyers of his generation, 
 was born at Clinton, New York, Feb- 
 ruary 15, 1845. His father was Orin 
 Root, who was for many years pro- 
 fessor of mathematics at Hamilton 
 college, from which institution 
 young Root graduated in 1864. For 
 a year or more he was a teacher in 
 Rome, New York, academy. Coming 
 to New York, he studied in the Uni- 
 versity law school until 1867, when 
 he was admitted to the bar, begin- 
 ning to practice forthwith. He lost 
 no time in getting into the current of 
 affairs in the metropolis, and soon 
 began to attract attention on account 
 of his earnestness and ability, and so, 
 while still a very young man, was re- 
 tained on important cases. President 
 Arthur appointed him United States 
 attorney for the southern district of 
 New York in 1883. He was delegate- 
 at-large at the state constitutional 
 convention in 1894, was appointed 
 secretary of war, August I, 1899, by 
 President McKinley, and was reap- 
 pointed in 1901. As a corporation 
 lawyer he has had to do with some 
 historical legal cases, such as the 
 Hocking Valley suit, in which the 
 amount involved was $8,000,000. A 
 few years ago he erected in the Ham- 
 ilton college grounds the Root Hall 
 of Science as a memorial to his fa- 
 ther. He is married and has three 
 children two boys and a girl. 
 
 INDUSTRIAL LEADERS. 
 
 E. G. ACHESON. 
 
 E. G. Acheson, the inventor of car- 
 borundum, which may be called an 
 artificial gem that, unlike the major- 
 
 ity of gems, is much more useful than 
 ornamental, has proven that for a 
 man of ideas and ability the world 
 of to-day is as full of opportunities 
 
 620
 
 The Romance of Reality. 
 
 as it was in those periods which are 
 somewhat vaguely alluded to by less 
 successful men as "the good old 
 times." Mr. Acheson was born at 
 Washington, Pennsylvania, in 1854, 
 and after receiving a public school, 
 college and technical training, entered 
 the employ of Edison, the inventor. 
 From the first he was a persistent 
 and somewhat daring experimentalist, 
 one of his scientific fads being the 
 manufacture of artificial diamonds, 
 and it was during the investigations 
 made by him in relation thereunto 
 that carborundum a substance which 
 has revolutionized some industries 
 and incidentally brought fame and 
 fortune to its discoverer and his as- 
 sociates was obtained. The principle 
 of the electric furnace, by means of 
 which the substance in question is 
 manufactured, was in existence many 
 years before Mr. Acheson began to 
 use it in connection with his experi- 
 mental work, but other scientists had 
 failed to recognize its possibilities. 
 Carborundum is produced by fusing 
 carbon and silicon by means of a 
 huge electric arc, the result being a 
 mass of beautifully colored crystals 
 which are harder than any known 
 substance except diamonds. Carbo- 
 rundum is rapidly taking the place of 
 emery for abrasive purposes. An- 
 other product of the electric furnace 
 artificial graphite is also a discovery 
 of Mr. Acheson, and which is of 
 great value in many of the arts and 
 sciences. 
 
 CHARLES HENRY CRAMP. 
 
 "He did not cease to be a student 
 when he left school." This fact to a 
 very great extent accounts for the 
 achievements qf Charles H. Cramp, 
 who is the president of the largest 
 shipbuilding enterprise in the United 
 States. He was born in Philadelphia, 
 May 9, 1828, and is the oldest son of 
 William Cramp, who was the founder 
 
 of the industry which bears his name. 
 After receiving a thorough schooling 
 and graduating from the Philadelphia 
 high school,, he learned the shipbuild- 
 ing trade with his father. He is now 
 recognized as the head of naval archi- 
 tecture on the American continent. 
 Mr. Cramp's services in the recon- 
 struction of the navy and in connec- 
 tion with the revival of the American 
 merchant marine alone entitle him to 
 permanent distinction. Beginning in 
 1887 his firm built, in rapid succes- 
 sion, the Yorktown (gunboat), the 
 Vesuvius (dynamite torpedo vessel), 
 Baltimore (protected cruiser), Phila- 
 delphia (protected cruiser), New 
 York (armored cruiser), Columbia 
 (protected cruiser), Minneapolis 
 (protected cruiser), Indiana (battle- 
 ship), Massachusetts (battleship), 
 Brooklyn (armored cruiser), and the 
 Iowa (seagoing battleship). The fleet 
 has an aggregate of nearly eighty 
 thousand tons of displacement and 
 one hundred and forty-seven thousand 
 indicated horse-power. The shipyard 
 covers thirty acres of ground, employs 
 six thousand men and was capitalized 
 at $5,000,000 in 1894. The William 
 Cramp & Sons Ship and Engine 
 Building Co., from a simple ship- 
 yard, has reached the status of the 
 greatest and most complete naval ar- 
 senal in the western hemisphere. 
 
 CHARLES RANLETT FLINT. 
 
 The personality of Charles R. Flint 
 does not suggest the strenuous nature 
 of his life,, past and present; yet but 
 few men in this country have shoul- 
 dered or for that matter are shoulder- 
 ing so many business responsibilities 
 as he is doing and of large caliber 
 at that. Mr. Flint's successes on the 
 lines indicated are due to system, and 
 system only. With him there is a 
 place for each responsibility and each 
 responsibility occupies its place in the 
 total scheme of his business existence. 
 
 621
 
 Encyclopedic Biographies, or 
 
 He was born at Thomaston, Maine, 
 January 24, 1850, graduated from the 
 Polytechnic institute, Brooklyn, in 
 1868, and in 1883 married E. Kate, 
 daughter of Joseph F. Simmons, of 
 Troy, N. Y. To catalogue the indus- 
 tries and enterprises which Mr. Flint 
 has organized or is connected with 
 would be an undertaking in itself. 
 Suffice it that he is prominently iden- 
 tified with the rubber and lumber in- 
 dustries, is interested in street rail- 
 ways in New York state, is a director 
 in several banks, has organized iron 
 and steel, steamship, starch, caramel 
 and general export companies, has 
 acted as United States consul in Cen- 
 tral American countries, in 1893 fitted 
 out a fleet of war vessels for the 
 Brazilian republic, bought for and de- 
 livered to Japan a cruiser during the 
 China-Japan war, and, in 1898, was 
 the confidential agent of the United 
 States in negotiating for the purchase 
 of war vessels. 
 
 CHARLES MELVILLE HAYS. 
 
 It is a good thing for the world at 
 large that human talents are of a 
 diversified nature. It is an equally 
 excellent thing that the possession of 
 special gift on the part of an indi- 
 vidual is recognized by those with 
 whom he comes in contact. A case in 
 point is furnished by Charles M. 
 Hays, who, until lately, was presi- 
 dent of the Southern Pacific railroad. 
 Mr. Hays' work in life seems to have 
 been that of turning unprofitable rail- 
 road systems into permanently pay- 
 ing propositions. He was born May 
 16, 1856, at Rock Island, Illinois, his 
 parents being in fairly comfortable 
 circumstances. After a common school 
 training he entered the railroad ser- 
 vice in 1873, his first position being 
 in the passenger department of the 
 St. Louis, Atlantic & Pacific railroad. 
 The rungs of the ladder of his subse- 
 quent upward climb are something in 
 
 622 
 
 this order: Prompted to a clerkship 
 in the auditor's office, he was at 
 length placed in the general superin- 
 tendent's office on the same line; next 
 he is heard of as secretary of the 
 general manager of the Missouri Pa- 
 cific railroad, and in 1886 he was 
 made assistant general manager of 
 the Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific rail- 
 road; three years later he was ap- 
 pointed general manager of the 
 Wabash & Western railroad, and was 
 afterward made manager of the 
 Wabash system, which was the out- 
 come of the consolidation of the 
 Wabash Western and Wabash rail- 
 roads. He has also been general 
 manager of the Grand Trunk system, 
 and, as already intimated, was, until 
 recently, the president of the South- 
 ern railroad. When Mr. Hays took 
 hold of the Wabash lines they were 
 in about as bad a condition as railroad 
 lines can be. The same remark ap- 
 plies to the Grand Trunk system. 
 When Mr. Hays severed his connec- 
 tion with these corporations they 
 were in a flourishing condition pop- 
 ular with the public and paying as to 
 dividends. He created their prosper- 
 ity by the industrious exercise of his 
 special talents. The lesson may be 
 taken to heart. 
 
 JOHN B. HERRESHOFF. 
 
 The person who is handicapped in 
 the struggle for existence by physical 
 infirmities excites our sympathy, but 
 when such an one achieves as well as 
 or far better than the normal individ- 
 ual, we regard him with an admira- 
 tion that is akin to wonder. John B. 
 Herreshoff, the famous blind yacht 
 and boat designer, is such an individ- 
 ual. He is a marvel such as the 
 world has never seen before, and is 
 not likely to witness for some time 
 to come. He is the admitted head of 
 a profession which as one would be- 
 lieve calls for keen eyes as a prelimi-
 
 The Romance of Reality. 
 
 nary. Yet Mr. Herreshoff has set all 
 precedent at naught. It would almost 
 seem that his blindness, so far from 
 being a handicap, is of positive value 
 to him, for it is certain that those 
 exquisite floating creations of his, 
 have never yet been duplicated by the 
 owners of eyesight. When, in Au- 
 gust, 1851, the America won the fa- 
 mous "Queen's Cup," which has ever 
 since remained on this side of the 
 water, two youngsters were playing 
 on a farm at Point Pleasant, at Bris- 
 tol, Rhode Island. John, the oldest, 
 was then a blue-eyed boy of ten. As 
 soon as he could use a knife he began 
 to whittle boats, and when fourteen 
 years of age built a usable craft, 
 which was said to be a marvel of 
 beauty by local experts. At fifteen, 
 blindness descended upon him, but he 
 nevertheless continued to study boats 
 and build them. His younger brother, 
 Nathaniel, also had a love for boats, 
 and together the two brothers lived 
 and ruled and had their being in an 
 atmosphere of boats. Both boys were 
 educated at local schools, and John, 
 with the assistance of his mother, 
 managed to keep pace with his fellow 
 pupils. Nathaniel became a civil en- 
 gineer and made a name for himself 
 in his profession. In the meantime 
 the reputation of John had so ex- 
 tended that in 1863 he founded the 
 Herreshoff Manufacturing Co., and 
 fourteen years later Nathaniel became 
 a partner in the concern and is now 
 its superintendent. The fame of the 
 Herreshoffs is perhaps best known 
 to the public in connection with their 
 construction of several of the defen- 
 ders of the "Queens," or, as it is bet- 
 ter known on this side of the water, 
 "The America Cup." John B. Herres- 
 hoff, on being asked what the ele- 
 ments of success are, said : "Con- 
 centration, decision, industry, econ- 
 omy, together with an invincible de- 
 termination and persistence, will al- 
 
 ways place a man in the position 
 which he desires." 
 
 LEWIS NIXON. 
 
 "Four letters sum up my idea of 
 how to make a success in life; they 
 are W-p-R-K (work)." These are 
 the sentiments of Lewis Nixon, who 
 starting life as a poor boy, has by 
 sheer determination won social posi- 
 tion, fame, wealth and political honor 
 before he was forty. His story is a 
 simple one, but none the less helpful. 
 Born in Leesburg, Virginia, April 
 7, 1861, he was the son of Joel Lewis 
 and Mary Frances (Turner) Nixon. 
 His parents were in poor circum- 
 stances. His diligence in the public 
 schools interested General Eppa Hun- 
 ton (then representative from Vir- 
 ginia), who secured for him an ap- 
 pointment to the United States Naval 
 academy at Annapolis as midshipman, 
 and in 1862 he graduated at the head 
 of his class. Going to England, he 
 took a course in naval architecture 
 and marine engineering. Upon re- 
 turning to this country, he was ap- 
 pointed to the staff of the chief con- 
 structor of the navy and served as 
 superintendent of construction at the 
 Cramp yards and the New York navy 
 yard. In 1890 he designed, in ninety 
 days, the battleships Indiana, the 
 Massachusetts and the Oregon. After 
 resigning from the navy department, 
 he became superintending constructor 
 of the Cramps' yard, Philadelphia, 
 but soon after resigned that position 
 and opened a shipyard of his own at 
 Elizabeth, New Jersey. He has built 
 the gunboats Annapolis, Josephine, 
 Mangro and others, besides the sub- 
 marine torpedo boat Holland. He 
 was married in Washington, January 
 29, 1891, to Sallie Lewis Wood. Mr. 
 Nixon is a member of the New Eng- 
 land organization of architects and 
 marine engineers, the chamber of 
 commerce, and is a member of the 
 
 623
 
 Encyclopedic Biographies, or 
 
 Democratic club, Press club, Army 
 and Navy club of Washington and 
 others. He takes an active part in 
 Democratic politics. 
 
 JOHN H. PATTERSON. 
 
 John H. Patterson, the president of 
 the International Cash Register Co., 
 of Dayton, Ohio, is a specimen of 
 what, happily for this country, is not 
 an infrequent young American, whose 
 original capital being that of brains 
 and industry, pays interest in the 
 shape of great enterprises and a large 
 fortune. Mr. Patterson's parents were 
 farmers. After a public school edu- 
 cation he went to Miami university, 
 and afterward to Dartmouth college. 
 On graduating he began life without 
 any definite plans, clerked, saved 
 money and pushed ahead until he be- 
 came manager of a coal mine. It 
 was while he was holding this posi- 
 tion that he heard of the then almost 
 unknown cash register, bought two of 
 them and saw that there was a field 
 for their development and use. To- 
 gether with his brother, Frank R. 
 Patterson, he bought the patent of 
 the machine and began to manufac- 
 
 ture the registers. In 1894, after ten 
 years of effort, and with success ap- 
 parently in sight, the brothers were 
 confronted with the complete failure 
 of one of their new inventions and 
 the return from England of a carload 
 of broken machines, instead of an ex- 
 pected draft for $30,000. Nothing 
 daunted, Mr. Patterson began to ana- 
 lyze the causes of the setback and 
 came to the conclusion that the suc- 
 cessful manufacture of the machines 
 depended on the faithfulness of his 
 workmen, which had to rest upon the 
 mutual goodwill of employer and em- 
 ploye. This belief led him to adopt 
 an industrial system which is proba- 
 bly unique in the annals of manufac- 
 turing enterprises. Briefly, it con- 
 sists of developing the mechanical 
 talents of the workmen by prizes and 
 promotions ; by making schools, clubs, 
 libraries, choral societies and the like 
 a part of the economy of the factory 
 and by remembering that all work 
 makes Jack and his bosses very dull 
 boys indeed. That the principle is a 
 sound one seems to be certain, if one 
 may judge by the general use of the 
 Patterson cash register. 
 
 MANUFACTURERS. 
 
 HUGH CHISHOLM. 
 
 The individual who begins life as 
 a poor newsboy, and in the full 
 flush of his manhood is found to be 
 the head of an industry created by 
 himself in which untold millions are 
 invested, and which is of supreme 
 importance to the community, serves 
 his generation in more ways than one. 
 If he has done nothing else he has 
 acted as an exemplar for the faint- 
 hearted, as a beacon for the perse- 
 vering, and as a type of American 
 manhood, and all that lies before it. 
 Such an individual is Hugh Chis- 
 holm, who has brought into existence 
 
 a corporation which is making paper 
 for nearly all the newspapers of the 
 United States. When it is said that 
 one New York newspaper buys six 
 thousand dollars worth of paper every 
 day, some idea may be gained of the 
 vast proportions of the industry. Mr. 
 Chisholm was born at Niagara-on- 
 the-Lake, Canada, May 2, 1847, and 
 began life as a train newsboy on the 
 Grand Trunk railroad,, studying 
 meanwhile in evening classes of busi- 
 ness colleges in Toronto. When the 
 Civil war broke out, the lad, who is 
 of Scotch descent, with the shrewd- 
 ness of his race, realized the possi- 
 
 624
 
 The Romance of Reality. 
 
 bilities of the situation and pushed 
 his wares to the utmost, sometimes 
 holding them at a premium. He at 
 length was able to hire some other 
 boys to sell newspapers for him. He 
 next obtained from the railroad com- 
 pany the exclusive right to sell news- 
 papers on the division east of Toron- 
 to. He extended his "combinations," 
 and when he was twenty-five years 
 of age had the exclusive news routes 
 over four thousand miles of railroad, 
 and had two hundred and fifty men 
 on his payroll. Selling out his inter- 
 ests to his brothers, who had similar 
 interests in New England, he pur- 
 chased the latter and located in Port- 
 land, Maine, where he added pub- 
 lishing to his business. Foreseeing a 
 growth of the newspaper trade, and 
 realizing that there would be a huge 
 consequent demand for white paper, 
 he organized the Somerset Fiber 
 Company, the manufacturing of wood 
 pulp at Fairfield. Later he estab- 
 lished a number of pulp mills in 
 Maine. Next he devised a plan of 
 business consolidations and a few 
 years ago the Chisholm properties and 
 a score of other mills in New Eng- 
 land, New York and Canada were 
 merged into one company. The out- 
 put of the mills is more than 1,500 
 tons per day and is increasing rapid- 
 ly. In 1872 he married Henrietta 
 Mason, of Portland. 
 
 THEODORE LOWE DE VINNE. 
 
 From a country printer boy to the 
 head of one of the greatest printing 
 establishments in the metropolis 
 this in brief is the story of the career 
 of Theodore Lowe De Vinne. He 
 was born in Stamford, Connecticut, 
 December 25, 1828, being the second 
 son of Daniel and Joanna Augusta 
 De Vinne. His parents were of Hol- 
 land extraction. His father was a 
 Methodist minister, who was an un- 
 compromising opponent of slavery. 
 
 Theodore secured a common school 
 education at Catskill, White Plains, 
 and Amenia, New York, and at the 
 age of fourteen entered the office of 
 the Gazette, Newburgh, New York, 
 to learn the printing trade. After he 
 had gotten a general knowledge of 
 the business he went to New York 
 city in 1848. Two years later he ob- 
 tained employment in the establish- 
 ment of Francis Hart & Co. and rose 
 to the position of foreman. In 1858 
 he became a junior partner in the 
 firm and five years after the death 
 of Mr. Hart, which took place in 
 1883, he changed the name of the 
 firm to Theodore L. De Vinne & Co., 
 making his only son, Theodore L. 
 De Vinne, Jr., his partner. He now 
 occupies one of the largest buildings 
 in the United States, which is wholly 
 devoted to the printing business. Mr. 
 De Vinne has marked ability as an 
 organizer, having, with the assistance 
 of the late Peter C. Baker, formed 
 the society now known as the Typo- 
 thetse. In 1850 he married Grace, 
 daughter of Joseph Brockbant. He 
 is the author of the Printers' Price 
 List, The Invention of Printing, His- 
 toric Types and Printing Types. Mr. 
 De Vinne has done much to elevate 
 the standard of typography. As early 
 as 1863 the American institute award- 
 ed his firm a medal for the best book 
 printing. The firm has published St. 
 Nicholas and the Century since 1874. 
 
 WILLIAM Louis DOUGLAS. 
 
 William Louis Douglas, of Brock- 
 ton, Massachusetts, who, through the 
 medium of his widely advertised 
 shoes, is probably one of the most 
 easily recognized men in the United 
 States, was born in Plymouth,, Mas- 
 sachusetts, August 22, 1845. The 
 career of Mr. Douglas emphasizes the 
 fact that the days of opportunity for 
 young men without money or influ- 
 ence are by no means over. .He was 
 
 625
 
 Encyclopedic Biographies, or 
 
 an orphan, handicapped by lack of 
 schooling, a victim of injustice and 
 apparently without any prospects in 
 life whatever. Now he is the owner 
 of a vast fortune, a great businesj, an 
 honorable place among honored men, 
 and has influence for good in labor- 
 ing circles, and no small power polit- 
 ically. When Mr. Douglas was five 
 years of age, his father was lost at 
 sea. At the age of seven he was ap- 
 prenticed to his uncle to learn the 
 shoemaking trade. The uncle proved 
 to be a hard taskmaster, and at the 
 
 enacted in the state legislature of 
 Massachusetts for the establishment 
 of a board of arbitration and concilia- 
 tion. Labor troubles are practically 
 unknown in the Douglas factory. Mr. 
 Douglas is also the author of the 
 weekly payment law that observes in 
 Massachusetts, is president of the 
 people's savings bank of Brockton, a 
 director in the Home national bank 
 and ex-president of the Brockton, 
 Taunton & Bridgewater street rail- 
 road. 
 
 expiratiorTof' Ws - *a^enticeship"wiii- CHARLES EASTMAN. 
 
 iam found himself the owner of just 
 ten dollars and remembrances of 
 many hard knocks. Subsequently he 
 tried several ways of getting a liveli- 
 hood, from driving ox teams in Ne- 
 braska to working at his trade. In 
 conjunction with a Mr. Studley, he 
 opened a boot store at Golden, Colo- 
 rado. The venture did not pay, and 
 returning to Massachusetts he took 
 to shoemaking again until 1870, when 
 he removed to Brockton to become 
 superintendent of the shoe factory of 
 Porter & Southworth. In 18761, with 
 a borrowed capital of $375, he went 
 into business for himself. Successful 
 from the start, he, six years later, 
 built a four-story factory, which had 
 a capacity of 1,440 pairs of boots 
 daily. In 1884 he placed on the mar- 
 ket his well-known $3 shoe, with 
 which his name and his face are so 
 prominently identified. He has 
 broken away from the old traditions 
 of manufacturers by establishing re- 
 tail stores, where he sells direct to 
 the public. The Douglas factory of 
 to-day was erected in 1892, and has 
 
 Charles Eastman was born at 
 Waterville, New York, July 12, 1854. 
 Photographers, especially amateurs, 
 need not be told who Mr. Eastman 
 is, inasmuch as he has done much to 
 popularize the camera and all that to 
 it belongs. He was educated at 
 Rochester, New York. Becoming in- 
 terested in amateur photography, he 
 began a source of exhausted experi- 
 ments to the end of making dry plates 
 and secured results which prompted 
 him to make further investigations. 
 These latter were successful also, and 
 from this preliminary work rose the 
 great business with which he is now 
 identified. The kodak, which is prob- 
 ably the most popular of cameras in 
 the world, is his invention also. He 
 is manager of the Eastman Kodak 
 Company, of Rochester, and of Lon- 
 don, England; president of the Gen- 
 eral Aristo Company,, of Rochester, 
 and is the head of the so-called cam- 
 era trust. Mr. Eastman is a member 
 of many social and scientific organi- 
 zations, and gives liberally to charita- 
 ble institutions. 
 
 a capacity of 10,240 pairs of boots _ 
 
 daily. There are 2,724 employes. Mr. ALBERT AUGUST POPE. 
 
 Douglas is Democratic in politics. He 
 has been a member of the common 
 council of Brockton several times and 
 was its mayor in 1800. It was 
 through his efforts that a bill was 
 
 The name of Colonel Albert Au- 
 gust Pope is identified with the popu- 
 larizing of the bicycle in this country, 
 for he it was who, more than any 
 other, gave it the impetus which 
 
 626
 
 The Romance of Reality. 
 
 made it a prime favorite with the 
 public. Apart from that,, however, he 
 has furnished us with yet another 
 example of the power of push, perse- 
 verance and probity. Colonel Pope 
 was born in Boston^ May 10, 1843, of 
 poor parents. He had to leave school 
 early in life in order to earn a liveli- 
 hood. When ten years of age he 
 peddled fruit, and it is said by per- 
 sons who knew him in those days 
 that he made it a rule to pay every 
 debt as soon as it was due. After 
 years of hard work young Pope, then 
 nineteen, accepted a junior second 
 lieutenancy in Company I, of the 
 Thirty-sixth Massachusetts Volun- 
 teers. His record during the war 
 was most brilliant, and he came out 
 of it with the rank of colonel. He 
 then went into business for himself 
 and built up a profitable trade. It 
 was in the centennial exposition in 
 1876 that he first saw a bicycle. Re- 
 alizing the future of the machine, he 
 in 1877 placed an order for "an im- 
 portation of English wheels." In 
 the same year he organized the Pope 
 Manufacturing Company. The vast 
 nature of the business done by the 
 corporation is a matter of familiarity 
 to all those who were or are inter- 
 ested in bicycles. He also founded 
 the publication entitled The Wheel- 
 man, putting upward of sixty thou- 
 sand dollars in the enterprise. It is 
 known today under the name of Out- 
 ing. It was mainly through his ef- 
 forts that public parks and boulevards 
 were thrown open to the uses of 
 bicycles, and that the machine was 
 put upon the same footing as any 
 other vehicle. When the bicycle in- 
 terest began to wane, Colonel Pope 
 turned his attention to the manufac- 
 ture of automobiles. He also has a 
 large interest in banks and other cor- 
 porations. He 's a member of the 
 Loyal Legion and a visitor to Welles- 
 ley college, and the Lawrence scien- 
 
 tific school. In 1871 he married Ab- 
 bie Lyndon, of Newton, Mass. 
 
 C. W. POST. 
 
 The name of C. W. Post is identi- 
 fied with an industry that has only 
 come into existence within the past 
 few years, but which, nevertheless, 
 has assumed tremendous proportions, 
 and is remarkable in many ways, not 
 the least of which is that it puts 
 cereals to uses which were absolutely 
 unknown a generation ago. Postum 
 cereal coffee, for example, has only 
 been before the public since 1895. Yet 
 recently Mr. Post and his associates 
 declined an offer of ten millions of 
 dollars for the factories which made 
 the coffee and its associated products 
 of the wheat field. Mr. Post's life 
 story is that of a boy with a light 
 purse, boundless ambition and a de- 
 termination to reach the goal of large 
 successes. He was born October 26, 
 1854, in Springfield, Illinois. After a 
 common school education he entered 
 the University of Illinois when thir- 
 teen years of age, took a military 
 course, and remained there until he 
 was fifteen, when the spirit of inde- 
 pendence which has been a char- 
 acteristic of his career throughout as- 
 serted itself. To use his own words, 
 "I became weary of depending on 
 my father's money." Leaving the 
 university, he obtained a position with 
 a manufacturer of farm machinery, 
 which he sold and put in operation 
 for the purchasers. After a couple 
 of years of this work, he began busi- 
 ness for himself in conjunction with 
 a partner in the appropriately named 
 town of Independence, Kansas. The 
 firm dealt in hardware and farm ma- 
 chinery. But too little capital ham- 
 pered his efforts, so he sold out and 
 again took up drumming. Later he 
 became manager of a wholesale ma- 
 chinery house in Kansas City. Re- 
 turning to Illinois, he organized a 
 
 627
 
 Encyclopedic Biographies, or 
 
 company for the manufacturing of 
 plows and cultivators, was quite suc- 
 cessful, but his health breaking down, 
 chaps resulted, and he lost all his 
 savings. After dabbling in real es- 
 tate in California, he ranched in 
 Texas, fell ill again, recovered, and 
 then bought twenty-seven acres of 
 ground at Battle Creek, Michigan. 
 Here it was that he began to make 
 the famous coffee,, to which allusion 
 has been made. Here, too, he ex- 
 perimented with prepared, and finally 
 placed upon the market those cooked 
 and semi-cooked cereal foods with 
 which we are familiar at the break- 
 fast-table. The first year that the 
 Post products were before the public, 
 there was a profit of $175,000, the 
 second year showed a loss of over 
 $40,000 this being due to profits be- 
 ing sunk in advertising and the 
 third year there was a clear gain of 
 $384,000. From that time on the 
 business has been most profitable. It 
 is stated that the concern is now pre- 
 paring to spend one million dollars a 
 year for advertising. Two years ago 
 Mr. Post retired from the active con- 
 duct of the concern. He now divides 
 his time between the offices in this 
 country and abroad, and the chain of 
 factories in the west. He is president 
 of the association of American ad- 
 vertisers, and maintains at his own 
 expense the Post check currency bu- 
 reau at Washington. 
 
 JOHN WILSON WHEELER. 
 
 John Wilson Wheeler, whose name 
 is familiar to every housewife who 
 owns or wants to own a sewing ma- 
 chine, was born in Orange, Franklin 
 county, Massachusetts, November 20, 
 1832, being the second of nine chil- 
 dren. He was the son of a carpenter- 
 farmer, and was educated in a dis- 
 trict school. When about fourteen 
 years of age he began to follow the 
 trade of his father, and continued to 
 
 do so until he was twenty-three yean 
 old. But he was not satisfied with 
 his narrow surroundings, and so 
 when the opportunity came for him 
 to accept a place in a little grocery 
 store in Fitchburg at one hundred 
 and twenty-five dollars a year and his 
 board he gladly accepted it. Return- 
 ing to Orange some time later, he 
 became a clerk in the store of one 
 Daniel Pomeroy, finally succeeding 
 the latter in the business, which he 
 conducted for three years longer. 
 Selling out, he became clerk in the 
 claim agency of D. E. Cheney, one of 
 the leading men of the village. By 
 this time he had established a reputa- 
 tion for ability and integrity, and so 
 it came about that Mr. Cheney and 
 another of his friends loaned him 
 two thousand dollars on his personal 
 security to buy a grocery store. The 
 venture was successful and was only 
 given up in 1867, in order that Mr. 
 Wheeler might become a partner in 
 the firm of A. E. Johnson & Co. that 
 had just started in a small way to 
 make sewing machines. After some 
 years of struggling the firm was turn- 
 ed into a corporation under the name 
 of the Gold Medal Sewing Machine 
 Company, Mr. Wheeler being secre- 
 tary and treasurer. In 1882 the name 
 was again changed to that of the New 
 Home Sewing Machine Company. Of 
 this corporation Mr. Wheeler was 
 vice-president, as well as secretary 
 and treasurer. He later became pres- 
 ident, but subsequently resigned, but 
 retained the office of treasurer, as well 
 as being a member of the board of 
 directors. How the business has 
 grown from small beginnings to its 
 present extensive status is a story 
 that is familiar to everyone who 
 knows somewhat of the sewing ma- 
 chine industry. The company em- 
 ploys nearly six hundred men and 
 turns out about four hundred ma- 
 chines daily. Mr, Wheeler is also 
 
 628
 
 The Romance of Reality. 
 
 president of the Orange savings bank 
 and of the Orange national bank, and 
 has been president of the Orange 
 Power company and the Orange 
 board of trade. He has furthermore 
 held office with the Boston mutual 
 life insurance company, is the direc- 
 tor of the Athol and Orange City 
 railway company, is president of the 
 
 Leabitt Machine company, of the 
 Orange good government club and 
 is vice-president of the Home Market 
 club. He married Almira E. John- 
 son, by whom he had three daugh- 
 ters, only one of whom survives. He 
 is the owner of much real estate, and 
 is erecting a mansion near Orange at 
 the cost of $150,000. 
 
 TRANSPORTATION LEADERS. 
 
 GEORGE F. BAER. 
 
 George F. Baer, when a boy, work- 
 ed on his father's farm in Somerset 
 county, Pennsylvania. He was re- 
 cently chosen president of the Phila- 
 delphia & Reading and New Jersey 
 Central railroad systems, two of the 
 most important transportation cor- 
 porations in the country. He is also 
 identified with many enterprises of a 
 diversified and extensive nature. He 
 is still in the prime of life, and the 
 secret of his so attaining is an open 
 one he did not waste time. Young 
 Baer attended school for but a few 
 years, and then entered the office of 
 the Somerset Democrat to learn the 
 printing trade. But he did not per- 
 mit himself to retrograde in his stud- 
 ies, but instead pored over books and 
 practiced writing at night. When 
 sixteen years of age he managed to 
 get a year's tuition in the Somerset 
 academy and afterward secured a 
 position as clerk in the Ashtola Mills, 
 near Johnstown, Pennsylvania. At 
 the end of twelve months he was 
 made chief clerk. Resigning, he en- 
 tered the sophomore class at Frank- 
 lin and Marshall colleges. Next, and 
 in conjunction with his older brother, 
 he bought the Democrat. Then the 
 war broke out and the brother enlist- 
 ed. Mr. Baer, then hardly nineteen 
 years of age, ran the paper alone. In 
 1862 he, too, got the war spirit and 
 went to the front. He was mustered 
 
 out in 1863 and forthwith began to 
 read law with his two brothers. After 
 practicing in Somerset for four years, 
 he went to Reading, where he was 
 retained by the attorney of certain 
 railroads that were trying to com- 
 pete with the Philadelphia & Reading 
 railroad. The opposing company 
 finally decided that he was worth 
 more for them than against them and 
 so made him its legal adviser. From 
 that time up to his election as presi- 
 dent of the corporation he had been 
 its solicitor. He is also interested in 
 coal mines, paper manufacture, banks 
 and insurance corporations, is mar- 
 ried and has five daughters. 
 
 AUGUST BELMONT. 
 
 August Belmont, builder of the New 
 York City subway, began his career 
 with the handicap of great wealth. 
 His father, August Belmont, senior, 
 was one of the richest and best known 
 American bankers. His son August 
 was graduated from Harvard Uni- 
 versity in 1875, and for a time gave 
 himself up in large measure to the 
 usual occupations of the youth of for- 
 tune. But as he grew older he in- 
 terested himself more and more in 
 the great banking business established 
 by his father. In the course of a few 
 years he became, on his own account, 
 a power in the financial world. He 
 is now an officer or director in many 
 banking, railway, manufacturing and 
 
 629
 
 Encyclopedic Biographies, or 
 
 other corporations. In addition to 
 these he has been a strong supporter 
 of the best art, literary, patriotic and 
 other American activities, being a 
 member of numerous associations de- 
 voted to such movements. He has 
 taken an active part in politics, and is 
 much interested in the breeding of 
 thoroughbred race-horses. His most 
 conspicuous activity, however, has 
 been the building of the subway, 
 which has added so greatly to the 
 transportation facilities of the metro- 
 polis. 
 
 ALEXANDER JOHNSTON CASSATT. 
 
 Another railroad man who has 
 risen from a place of obscurity to a 
 position of prominence is Alexander 
 Johnston Cassatt, who has been presi- 
 dent of the Pennsylvania railroad 
 company since June, 1899. Like 
 George H. Daniels, of the New York 
 Central railroad, he started life as a 
 rodman> in 1861, in the employ of the 
 corporation of which he is now the 
 head. Mr. Cassatt preferred to begin 
 at the foot of the ladder for the sake 
 of the knowledge of the primary de- 
 tails of the business which his so do- 
 ing gave him, instead of making use 
 of the influence as he probably could 
 have obtained in order to assure him 
 a less humble position. He was born 
 in Pittsburg, December 8, 1839, and 
 was educated at the University of 
 Heidelberg and the Rensselaer Poly- 
 technique institute. After his experi- 
 ences as rodman, by force of sheer 
 industry and integrity, he rose from 
 place to place until, in 1871, he was 
 made general superintendent of the 
 Pennsylvania system and general 
 manager of the lines east of Pitts- 
 burg. Between 1874 and 1882 he 
 held the offices of third vice-presi- 
 dent and second vice-president, was 
 elected director in 1883 and was made 
 president of the road in 1899. "Thor- 
 oughly ground yourself in the ele- 
 
 mentaries of your chosen business, 
 and then stick to it," is Mr. Cas- 
 satt's advice to young men. He is a 
 thorough believer in the old axiom 
 that "a rolling stone gathers no 
 moss." 
 
 GEORGE HENRY DANIELS. 
 
 George Henry Daniels, who in his 
 capacity of general passenger agent of 
 the New York Central and Hudson 
 River railroad, is probably better 
 known personally or by repute to the 
 traveling public, than any other man 
 in this country, was born in Hamp- 
 shire, Kane county, Illinois,, Decem- 
 ber I, 1842. He began his railroad 
 career as a rodman in the engineer- 
 ing corps of the Northern Missouri 
 railroads, and from that humble posi- 
 tion has risen, not rapidly perhaps, 
 but slowly and certainly, until he has 
 the passenger transportation responsi- 
 bilities on his hands of what is proba- 
 bly the greatest railroad in the 
 United States. After some years of 
 strenuous work, he became, in 1872, 
 the general freight and passenger 
 agent of the Chicago and Pacific rail- 
 road, and in 1880 was made ticket 
 agent of the Wabash, St. Louis and 
 Pacific road. After a number of va- 
 ried experiences, all of which were 
 in the west, and were connected with 
 positions of great responsibility, he 
 acted as assistant commissioner or 
 commissioner for several roads, and 
 in April, 1889, was rewarded for his 
 years of faithful service by being ap- 
 pointed to the position which he now 
 holds. No small portion of Mr. Dan- 
 iels's success is due to his personal 
 tactfulness and unfailing courtesy ; or, 
 as someone has put it, he knows how 
 to grant a favor without placing the 
 grantee under an obligation, and he 
 knows how to refuse a request with- 
 out offending the individual who 
 makes it. 
 
 630
 
 The Romance of Reality. 
 
 GEORGE JAY GOULD. 
 
 George Jay Gould, whose name is 
 so generally identified with high 
 finance, is the son of the late Jay and 
 Helen Day (Miller) Gould. He was 
 born in New York in 1858 and re- 
 ceived his education at the hands of 
 private tutors or in private schools. 
 Inheriting a genius for finance and an 
 instinct for railroading, he has suc- 
 ceeded in successfully conducting 
 those vast enterprises and investments 
 which were brought into existence by 
 his father. Mr. Gould is an ardent 
 devotee of field sports, particularly 
 those of which horses are a part and 
 portion. He married Miss Edith 
 Kingdon, who was at one time a 
 member of Augustin Daly's Dramatic 
 Company in this city. By her he has 
 two sons, both of whom are as fond 
 of strenuous sports as is their father. 
 Nevertheless he does not permit his 
 pastimes to interfere with his busi- 
 ness affairs, and is a familiar figure 
 in the financial districts of New York 
 City. He has been president of the 
 Little Rock and Fort Worth railroad, 
 Texas and Pacific railroad, Interna- 
 tional and Great Northern railroad, 
 Manhattan Elevated railroad, Mis- 
 souri Pacific railroad, and the St. 
 Louis and Iron Mountain and South- 
 ern railroad. Mr. Gould is a good 
 specimen of the young American who 
 does not let his great wealth hamper 
 his activities. 
 
 CLEMENT ACTON GRISCOM. 
 
 The placing of young men in posi- 
 tions of extreme responsibility seems 
 to be peculiar to this country. Abroad 
 such positions are usually held by 
 persons of mature or advanced years. 
 That the commercial world of Amer- 
 ica does not suffer from its departure 
 from European customs in the re- 
 spect cited is evidenced by its com- 
 mercial and mercantile progress. Cle- 
 ment Acton Griscom, Jr., manager of 
 
 the great American line of steamers 
 is a case in point. He was born in 
 1868 and graduated from the Univer- 
 sity of Pennsylvania in 1887. His 
 father is Clement Acton Griscom, Sr., 
 president of the line. Griscom, the 
 manager, entered the service of the 
 company the day following his last 
 examination at college and two weeks 
 before he received his diploma. He 
 first worked as office boy in the 
 freight department at a salary of $3.00 
 per week, and, as the story goes, al- 
 though a college graduate and the 
 son of the president, the other em- 
 ployes treated him exactly as they did 
 the other boys. His business prog- 
 ress then was something in this or- 
 der: junior clerk at $5.00 per week; 
 junior clerk in the passenger depart- 
 ment, $7.00 per week; clerk in the 
 ticket department, dock clerk from 7 
 a. m. until 6 p. m., assistant to the 
 manager of the Chicago office, assis- 
 tant to the general manager in New 
 York, supervisor at the head of the 
 purchasing board steward depart- 
 ments, and finally manager. It will 
 be seen that young Griscom had to 
 "hoe his own row" completely, and, 
 although at the time he, like the ordi- 
 nary boy, objected to so doing, he 
 now recognizes the wisdom of his 
 father in compelling him to learn all 
 there was to be learned. Under Mr. 
 Griscom's management, the American 
 Line flourishes. He is also president 
 of the James Riley repair and supply 
 company, a director of the Maritime 
 Exchange and is interested in a num- 
 ber of other enterprises. He married 
 the daughter of General William Lud- 
 low, and his friends say that his 
 home life has had a determining in- 
 fluence on his career in general. 
 
 JAMES J. HILL. 
 
 Intimates of James J. Hill, the 
 transportation giant of the northwest, 
 say that the ambition of his life is to 
 
 631
 
 Encyclopedic Biographies, or 
 
 encircle the world with a system of 
 railroads and steamships, all of which 
 shall be under his guiding hand. He 
 has nearly attained it. He owns the 
 Great Northern railway, which 
 stretches from Seattle, Washington, 
 to St Paul and Duluth, Minnesota. 
 He is proprietor of the line of steam- 
 ers which ply between Duluth and 
 Buffalo. He is largely interested in 
 the Baltimore & Ohio railroad, which 
 covers the territory between Chicago, 
 Philadelphia and New York. He is 
 organizing, in Europe, a steamship 
 company whose vessels shall have for 
 their terminal ports Seattle, Wash- 
 ington, on the one side, and Vladivo- 
 stok, Yokohama and Hong Kong on 
 the other. He is now reaching out 
 across the Pacific to Seattle, intend- 
 ing to connect his Great Northern 
 road with the Trans-Siberian road, 
 and the man who controls all these 
 huge enterprises earned them from 
 humble beginnings, and asserts that 
 the principle that has enabled him 
 to reach power and affluence is simply 
 that of economy. When he earned 
 five dollars a week he saved; now 
 that he is the owner of an income the 
 size of which he can hardly pass upon, 
 he saves, not in miserly fashion, but 
 he detests unnecessary expenditure. 
 Mr. Hill was born nearGuelph, Upper 
 Canada, September 16, 1838. He was 
 educated at Rockwood academy and 
 started life in a steamboat office in 
 St. Paul, Minnesota. Hard and con- 
 tinuous work brought its reward in 
 the shape of his being made agent for 
 the Northwestern Packet company in 
 1865. Then he branched out for him- 
 self, establishing a fuel and transpor- 
 tation business on his own account. 
 From that time on his rise was rapid. 
 He founded the Red River Transpor- 
 tation company, 1875; organized the 
 syndicate which secured control of the 
 St. Paul and Pacific railroad, became 
 the president of the organized road 
 
 and finally merged it with other lines 
 into the Great Northern system of 
 which he is now president. Mr. Hill 
 is married and has several sons, all 
 of whom are following the railroad 
 business. 
 
 MELVILLE EZRA INGALLS. 
 
 One of the many railroad presi- 
 dents who began life on a farm is 
 Melville Ezra Ingalls. He was born 
 at Harrison, Maine, September 6, 
 1842. Brought up on his father's 
 farm, he had his full share of hard 
 work during boyhood. He was first 
 educated at Burlington academy, later 
 at Bowdoin college, and graduated 
 from the Harvard law school in 1863. 
 Establishing himself in practice in 
 Gray, Maine, he soon found that the 
 village was too small for his hopes 
 and ambitions, so he removed to Bos- 
 ton. There he became identified with 
 political affairs and was elected a 
 member of the Massachusetts senate 
 in 1867. In 1870 he was made the 
 president of the Indianapolis, Cincin- 
 nati and Lafayette railroad, which 
 was then in a bankrupt condition. A 
 year later he was made receiver for 
 the road. Then it was that Mr. In- 
 galls' genius for railroading began to 
 show itself. With the aid of the or- 
 ganization in 1873 and 1880, he put 
 the successor of the road, which was 
 the Cincinnati, Indianapolis, St. Louis 
 and Chicago, on a sound footing, sub- 
 sequently consolidating it with other 
 roads under its final title of the 
 Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago and 
 St. Louis railroad, now known as the 
 "Big Four" system. Mr. Ingalls is 
 president of the road, and up to Feb- 
 ruary, 1900, was also president of the 
 Chesapeake and Ohio railroad. Mr. 
 Ingalls' successes have left him the 
 same charitable, genial and approach- 
 able individual that he was when a 
 struggling lawyer in a little village in 
 Maine. 
 
 632
 
 The Romance of Reality. 
 
 INVENTORS. 
 
 ALEXANDER GRAHAM BELL. 
 
 Alexander Graham Bell, whose 
 name is so clearly associated with the 
 invention and the development of 
 the telephone, was born in Edinburgh, 
 Scotland, March 3, 1847. He was 
 educated at the Edinburgh and Lon- 
 don universities, and on graduating 
 went to Canada in 1870, in which 
 country he spent two years endeavor- 
 ing to decide on a vocation. Later he 
 located in Boston, where he became 
 professor of vocal physiology at the 
 Boston university. It was during this 
 period that he became interested in 
 and made an exhaustive series of ex- 
 periments culminating in an applica- 
 tion for a patent which was granted 
 February 14, 1876. The history of the 
 invention, which is second in impor- 
 tance only to the electric telegraph, is 
 well known to the public. Without 
 going into details, it is only necessary 
 to say that Mr. Bell, like all other 
 successful inventors, had to face and 
 overcome the popular prejudices,, and 
 had to protect his rights in the courts 
 through interminable law suits. The 
 place that the telephone fills in the 
 social and commercial economy of the 
 world to-day is also too well known 
 to need emphasis. Professor Bell is 
 also the inventor of the photophone, 
 and is interested in the current scien- 
 tific efforts of the American associa- 
 tion to promote the teaching of 
 the deaf and dumb. Scientific honors 
 have been showered upon him in con- 
 nection with his inventions. In 1881 
 the French government awarded him 
 the Volta prize, and he is the founder 
 of the Volta bureau. He is also the 
 author of many scientific and educa- 
 tional monographs. 
 
 CHARLES FRANCIS BRUSH. 
 
 The development and general use 
 
 of the "arc" electric light is to a very 
 great extent the outcome of the re- 
 searches of Charles F. Brush. While 
 the "arc" was by no means unknown 
 to electricians prior to Mr. Brush's 
 development of it, it was he who was 
 responsible for its becoming a com- 
 mercial possibility. Mr. Brush was 
 born in Euclid., Cuyahoga county, 
 Ohio, March 17, 1849. His father 
 was Colonel Isaac Elbert Brush, his 
 mother being Delia Wissner (Phil- 
 lips) Brush. Both parents came from 
 old lines of American families. After 
 periods spent in public schools in 
 Ohio, Mr. Brush attended the Cleve- 
 land high school and graduated from 
 the University of Michigan in 1869. 
 From the first he displayed a fond- 
 ness for electricity and chemistry, and 
 subsequent to his graduating became 
 an analytical chemist and consulting 
 chemical expert in Cleveland. All 
 this time, however, he was studying 
 electricity, foreseeing the time when it 
 would be one of the chief factors 
 of modern civilization. In 1877 he 
 devoted himself entirely to electrical 
 affairs and a year later presented to 
 the public the light with which his 
 name is identified. In 1880 the Brush 
 Electric Company was formed and 
 the "arc" light grew in favor. A 
 year later it was introduced into Eng- 
 land and on the continent. Neverthe- 
 less Mr. Brush had the usual experi- 
 ence of inventors, but was successful 
 in litigation and has the satisfaction 
 of knowing that his claims of priority 
 of invention have been recognized by 
 the leading scientific societies in the 
 world. He is interested in a number 
 of electrical enterprises, is a member 
 of many clubs and scientific and 
 charitable institutions. In 1875 he 
 married Mary E. Morris, of Cleve- 
 land, by whom he has three children. 
 
 6 33
 
 Encyclopedic Biographies, or 
 
 SANTOS DUMONT. 
 
 Santos Dumont, who has attained 
 world wide publicity in connection 
 with his daring and novel experi- 
 ments in aerostatics, is still a young 
 man. He was born in Brazil in 1873 
 and is of French ancestry, although 
 his father was also a Brazilian by 
 birth. The Santos Dumont planta- 
 tions at San Paulo are said to be the 
 largest in the country in question, so 
 large indeed that a small railroad 
 runs around it, which is used for the 
 transportation of labor and products. 
 At an early age Santos Dumont de- 
 veloped a taste for mechanics and the 
 railroad was his constant study and 
 delight. When still a boy he was 
 sent to France to be educated, and in 
 that country, some thirteen years 
 since, began to experiment with auto- 
 mobiles, abandoning them, however, 
 in 1893, for aerostatics. His first 
 ascents were made in spherical bal- 
 loons, but he quickly adopted those 
 of cylindrical form. He has practi- 
 cally invented the dirigible balloon of 
 to-day through the medium of his 
 ingenious arrangement of screws, rud- 
 ders, motors, cars, shifting weights, 
 etc. He was the first to give up the 
 
 net and attach his car to the balloon 
 
 itself. On July 12, 1901, he sailed J OHN p. HOLLAND. 
 
 Cooper, the philanthropist. Mr. 
 Hewitt was born in New York city 
 in 1861, his father being Abram Ste- 
 vens Hewitt, who held the office of 
 mayor of the metropolis from 1887 
 to 1889. After being educated by 
 private tutors, he entered the Colum- 
 bia university, New York city, and 
 on graduating therefrom studied for 
 some years in a technical school in 
 New Jersey. Afterward he became 
 connected with the glue factory es- 
 tablished by his grandfather and own- 
 ed by his father. But that bent to- 
 ward scientific investigations which 
 seems to have been born in him, 
 prompted him to devote himself to 
 experimental work in the laboratory. 
 A portion of the result of such work 
 has already been alluded to. There 
 are not wanting indications that the 
 electric light devised by Mr. Hewitt 
 will, to a very great extent, take the 
 place of that now furnished by the 
 arc or incandescent filament. It is 
 described as "soft sunlight." Mr. 
 Hewitt is married, his wife being 
 Lucy, daughter of the late Frank 
 Work. He is popular socially, and his 
 private charities prove that he has 
 inherited his grandfather's great- 
 heartedness to no small degree. 
 
 from St. Cloud to the Eiffel Tower 
 and around in Paris. He has made 
 over half a dozen machines and is en- 
 gaged on others. During his experi- 
 ments he has had more than one nar- 
 row escape from death, but these 
 have had little or no effect upon his 
 nerve or his enthusiasm. 
 
 PETER COOPER HEWITT. 
 
 Peter C. Hewitt who is much in 
 the eye of the scientific world by rea- 
 son of his invention of an electric 
 "converter" and his discovery of a 
 wonderful method of electric light- 
 ingis the grandson of the late Peter 
 
 John P. Holland, the inventor of 
 the submarine boat which bears hi? 
 name, is an Irishman by birth. He 
 is now about sixty years of age, hale, 
 hearty and devoted to the task of 
 improving the wonderful craft of 
 which he is the creator. Mr. Holland 
 reached this country early in the 7o's, 
 but long before that he had come to 
 the conclusion that much of the naval 
 warfare of the future would be done 
 beneath the water rather than on its 
 surface. He states that his convictions 
 in this respect were the outcome of a 
 newspaper account of the fight be- 
 tween the Monitor and Merrimac, 
 
 634
 
 The Romance of Reality. 
 
 which he read about two weeks after 
 the occurrence of that historical con- 
 flict. From that time on, he began to 
 form plans and make models for sub- 
 marine torpedo boats or destroyers. 
 He not only had to contend with 
 great mechanical difficulties, but even 
 when his boat was so far perfected 
 that it could be submitted to the 
 authorities, he encountered prejudices 
 and opposition of the strongest. As 
 the matter now stands, the most con- 
 servative of naval experts have be- 
 come convinced of the importance of 
 the Holland submarine, that, too, not 
 only in this country but abroad. The 
 United States now owns a number 
 of the boats, as does Great Britain. 
 Mr. Holland, when he first came to 
 this country, was a school teacher, 
 and, like the majority of inventors 
 who are not capitalists, had a hard 
 time of it for many years. He was 
 at length fortunate enough to inter- 
 est some moneyed men in his inven- 
 tion and was enabled to devote him- 
 self entirely to it. It is said that his 
 creations provide for every contin- 
 gency, both above and below water. 
 It was only after prolonged tests of 
 their efficiency that the U. S. govern- 
 ment added them to the navy. 
 
 WILLIAM MARCONI. 
 
 This is eminently the age of young 
 men, and William Marconi is a case 
 in point. He was born at Marza- 
 botto, Italy, September 23, 1875, his 
 father being an Italian and his mother 
 an Englishwoman. After being edu- 
 cated at the universities of Bologna 
 and Padua, he, at a very early age, 
 began to evidence a liking for scien- 
 tific pursuits. Happily for the world 
 at large, Marconi's father was so 
 placed financially that he could per- 
 mit of his son following his inclina- 
 tions to the utmost. After some pre- 
 liminary work, young Marconi insti- 
 tuted a series of experiments in or- 
 
 der to test the theory, which at that 
 time was a theory only, that electric 
 currents under certain conditions are 
 able to pass through any known sub- 
 stance. The result was that when 
 but fifteen years of age he invented 
 an apparatus for wireless telegraphy, 
 which attracted the attention of Sir 
 William Henry Preece, engineer and 
 electrician-in-chief of the English 
 postal service. The apparatus was 
 tested in England and with success. 
 For the next few years Marconi was 
 engaged in perfecting his system. 
 Public attention was called to his fur- 
 ther successes in 1897 by messages 
 being sent from Queen Victoria on 
 land to the Prince of Wales (now 
 King Edward), some miles distant 
 on the Royal yacht. Later the Brit- 
 ish government engaged Marconi tc 
 install a number of wireless stations 
 around the southern coast of Eng- 
 land, and from that time on, wireless 
 telegraphy has become an accepted 
 fact with civilized governments all 
 the world over. He came to this 
 country in 1889, where he made more 
 experiments and organized and in- 
 corporated a company for the com- 
 mercial use of his methods. At the 
 present writing messages have been 
 successfully sent between England 
 and America, a greater number of 
 liners are equipped with the Marconi 
 apparatus, and the same remark ap- 
 plies to the warships of the United 
 States and European powers. 
 
 GEORGE WESTINGHOUSE. 
 
 George Westrnghouse was born at 
 Central Bridge, New York, October 
 6, 1846. Ten years later his parents 
 removed to Schenectady, where he 
 was educated in the public and high 
 schools, spending much of his time in 
 his father's machine-shop. During 
 the Civil war he served in the Union 
 army. At its close he attended Union 
 college, Schenectady, for two years.
 
 Encyclopedic Biographies, or 
 
 In 1865 he invented the device for re- 
 placing railroad cars on the track. 
 In 1868 he invented and successfully 
 introduced the Westinghouse air- 
 brake. From time to time he has 
 modified and improved this, one of 
 the most notable of his inventions. 
 He is also the inventor of many other 
 devices connected with railroads, 
 such as signals, automatic and other- 
 wise, electric devices of several sorts 
 and other things which make for the 
 efficiency of transportation in gen- 
 eral. He is the president of twelve 
 corporations, a member of many 
 scientific societies, and is also the re- 
 
 cipient of medals and decorations 
 from the king of Italy, the king of 
 Belgium and other European nota- 
 bles. It is not top much to say that 
 without the Westinghouse inventions 
 railroading as we know of it to-day 
 would hardly be possible. Apart from 
 adding much to the safety of railroad 
 travel, the Westinghouse brake per- 
 mits paradoxically enough of speeds 
 being attained which would not be 
 possible under old-time conditions. 
 Mr. Westinghouse's inventive genius 
 has been largely rewarded in a finan- 
 cial manner. 
 
 MERCHANTS. 
 
 EDWARD COOPER. 
 
 Edward Cooper, one of the more 
 prominent merchants of New York, 
 was born October 26th, 1824. He is 
 the son of Peter Cooper, the philan- 
 thropist, and, like his father,, has, 
 during the course of a busy life, 
 done much for the well being of the 
 people of the municipality in which 
 he lives. Mr. Cooper was educated 
 in New York public schools and is a 
 graduate of Columbia university. 
 Throughout his life he has been more 
 or less active in New York political 
 affairs, and, while a consistent Demo- 
 crat, has had no hesitation in put- 
 ting principle before party. He was 
 one of the leaders of the successful 
 movement which overthrew the infa- 
 mous Tweed ring. From 1879 to 
 1881 he was mayor of New York and 
 added to his reputation by the hon- 
 esty and energy of his administra- 
 tion. Mr. Cooper is associated with 
 his brother-in-law, Abram S. Hewitt, 
 in the conduct of the Trenton Iron 
 Works, New Jersey Steel Works and 
 other enterprises of a like nature. He 
 is a good example of the man who 
 does not permit his business affairs 
 
 or his wealth to interfere with his 
 obligations as a citizen. 
 
 ROBERT CURTIS OGDEN. 
 
 Robert Curtis Ogden was born at 
 Philadelphia, July 2Oth, 1836, and is 
 the son of the late Jonathan Curtis 
 Ogden. He was educated in private 
 schools in the city of his birth. On 
 March ist, 1860, he married Ellen 
 Elizabeth Lewis, of Brooklyn. Since 
 1885 he has been a partner in the 
 firm of John Wanamaker. His busi- 
 ness acumen, as well as his bent to- 
 ward philanthropic and religious 
 work, has eminently fitted him to 
 hold the responsible position which 
 he occupies in the firm's affairs. In 
 spite of the many commercial duties 
 which are part and portion of Mr. 
 Ogden's every-day life, he neverthe- 
 less finds time to attend to the many 
 philanthropic enterprises in which he 
 is interested. In 1889 he acted as a 
 member of the State Johnstown Flood 
 Relief Commission,, which accom- 
 plished much in the way of relieving 
 the sufferers from the disaster in 
 question. He is also a director of 
 the Union Hill Theological seminary, 
 
 636
 
 The Romance of Reality. 
 
 trustee of the Tuskegee Institute of 
 Alabama and is first vice-president of 
 the Pennsylvania Society of New 
 York. Mr. Ogden takes an active 
 part in church matters and is the 
 author of several books and pam- 
 phlets, including "Pew Rentals and 
 the New Testament Can They Be 
 Reconciled?" "Sunday School Teach- 
 ing," etc. As a contributor to the 
 magazines, he is well known, some of 
 the articles from his pen which have 
 attracted much attention being "Get- 
 ting and Keeping a Business Posi- 
 tion" and "Ethics of Modern Retail- 
 ing." Mr. Ogden takes an active in- 
 terest in the welfare of the young 
 people employed by him and his 
 partners. 
 
 HENRY SIEGEL. 
 
 Henry Siegel, whose name is iden- 
 tified with those huge so-called de- 
 partment stores, which are cities of 
 commerce inclosed within four walls, 
 was born March 17, 1852, at Enbig- 
 hein, Germany. His father was the 
 burgomaster of the village, and he 
 himself was one of a family of eight 
 children. Two of his brothers, on 
 attaining manhood, came to this 
 country and were fairly prosperous. 
 The letters that they sent home acted 
 as fuel to the ambitions of Henry, 
 and so when seventeen years of age 
 he sailed for America, and obtained 
 a position in Washington, District of 
 Columbia, in a dry goods house at a 
 salary of three dollars per week. By 
 dint of hard study at night schools 
 he managed to get a fair English 
 education and next became traveler 
 for a clothing house. After some 
 years of hard work, he and his broth- 
 ers began business for themselves in 
 Chicago and fortune followed their 
 efforts. In 1887 he founded the 
 well-known firm of S'iegel, Cooper & 
 Co., of Chicago, again prospered, and 
 in 1896, together with his partners, 
 
 opened a vast store on Sixth avenue, 
 New York. In 1901 he sold out his 
 interest in the New York enterprise, 
 but immediately acquired the old- 
 established firm of Simpson, Craw- 
 ford & Co. He simultaneously dis- 
 posed of his interest in the Chicago 
 concern. A year later he bought a 
 half-interest in the firm of Schlessin- 
 ger & Mayer, of Chicago. Not con- 
 tent with these undertakings, early in 
 1903, he began to build a store at 
 Thirty-fourth street and Broadway, 
 New York, and also purchased an 
 entire block in Boston on which he 
 proposes to erect a building which 
 shall dwarf those of which he is 
 already the owner. And so the little 
 German who began life as an errand 
 boy is now one of the merchant 
 princes of America. 
 
 FRANK W. WOOLWORTH. 
 
 Frank W. Woolworth was born at 
 Rodman, New York, April I& 1852. 
 He passed his boyhood on his pa- 
 rents' farm, was educated at a district 
 school, and graduated from the Com- 
 mercial college at Watertown, New 
 York. His start in life was as a clerk 
 in a dry goods store at Watertown. 
 In 1878 he originated the popular five 
 and ten-cent store, which, thanks to 
 his energy and acumen, has attained 
 such marvelous popularity. His em- 
 ployers, Moore & Smith, at his sug- 
 gestion, bought $50 worth of the 
 cheapest sort of goods and put them 
 with other old shop-worn goods on 
 the counter, displaying the sign "Any 
 article on this counter five cents." 
 The stock was sold the first day, and 
 Mr. Woolworth then decided to have 
 a five and ten-cent store of his own. 
 Borrowing $325, he opened a place in 
 Utica, New York. The public patron- 
 ized him and at the end of six weeks 
 he had a net profit of $139.50. In 
 1869 he removed to Lancaster, Penn- 
 sylvania,, where he opened a store, 
 
 637
 
 Encyclopedic Biographies, or 
 
 and next another a* Harrisburg, 
 Pennsylvania. Both of these ventures 
 were successful and he now has stores 
 in nearly every large city in the coun- 
 try, there being eight of such in New 
 York alone. He was married, in 
 1876, to Jennie, daughter of Thomas 
 
 Creighton, of Pictou, Ontario, Can- 
 ada, and has three daughters. Mr. 
 Woolworth's career is a practical 
 commentary on the value of the 
 maxim that it is unwise to "despise 
 the day of small things." 
 
 FINANCIERS. 
 
 WILLIAM WALDORF ASTOR. 
 
 William Waldorf Astor, the capi- 
 talist and author, born in New York 
 city, March 31, 1848 is the son of the 
 noted John Jacob and Charlotte Au- 
 gusta (Gibbs) Astor. He was edu- 
 cated chiefly by private tutors, among 
 whom was a professor of the Uni- 
 versity of Marburg. At the age of 
 23 he was taken into the offices of the 
 Astor estate in order to master the 
 details of each department. Recog- 
 nizing the need of a thorough legal 
 education, he studied for two years in 
 the Columbia Law School, being ad- 
 mitted to the bar in May, 1875. His 
 father being convinced of the son's 
 exceptional business ability, subse- 
 quently gave him absolute control 
 over all of his property. In 1877 Mr. 
 Astor was elected a member of the 
 New York state legislature from the 
 Eleventh Assembly District, defeat- 
 ing the Tammany Hall and the Inde- 
 pendent Democratic candidates. In 
 1879 he was elected to the state sen- 
 ate and in 1881 was nominated for 
 congress in the district formerly rep- 
 resented by Levi P. Morton, but was 
 defeated by Roswell P. Flower. In 
 August, 1882, President Chester A. 
 Arthur appointed Mr. Astor Minister 
 to Italy. While in Rome he spent 
 much time in studying the early his- 
 tory of the country, and on returning 
 home, in 1885, published his novel, 
 Valentino, which embodies his re- 
 searches in the mediaeval history of 
 Italy. His later novel, Sforza, also 
 
 deals with Italy in the Middle Ages. 
 Mr. Astor has built the New Nether- 
 lands hotel, on Fifth avenue and 
 Fifty-ninth street, New York city, 
 and Hotel Waldorf Astoria, the lat- 
 ter on the site of the old Astor resi- 
 dence. In September, 1890, Mr. Astor 
 moved to London, England, where 
 he has entered upon a notable career 
 in journalism. He now owns the 
 Pall Mall Gazette, and has founded 
 the Pall Mall Magazine. He is and 
 has been a stockholder and director 
 in several American railroads. He 
 has other interests outside of his vast 
 real estate holdings. On June 6, 
 1878, he was married to Mary Dahl- 
 gren, daughter of James W. Paul, of 
 Philadelphia, Pa. Mrs. Astor died in 
 1894- 
 
 HENRY CLEWS. 
 
 When the long-sought-for oppor- 
 tunity to become a banker came to 
 the ambitious young man, now the 
 financier, Henry Clews, he did not 
 let his chances pass him. He was 
 born in Staffordshire, England, Au- 
 gust 14, 1840, coming of a good old 
 English family. His father, an able 
 business man, intended Henry for the 
 ministry of the Established Church 
 of England. But at the age of fifteen 
 the boy, visiting America with his 
 father, became so interested in the 
 country and its people that he gave 
 up all idea of becoming a clergyman, 
 and, with his parents' consent, set- 
 tled in the United States. His first 
 
 638
 
 The Romance of Reality. 
 
 position in this country was as a 
 clerk with an importing firm, in 
 which he rose to a position of re- 
 sponsibility. In 1859 he became a 
 member of the firm of Stout, Clews 
 & Mason, which subsequently became 
 Livermore, Clews & Co. At the out- 
 break of the Civil War Secretary 
 Chase invited him to become agent 
 for selling government bonds. His 
 unfaltering faith in their worth was 
 shown by his subscribing to the Na- 
 tional loan at the rate of five million 
 or ten million dollars per day, even 
 going into debt by borrowing on the 
 bonds. This materially strengthened 
 the public confidence in the govern- 
 ment's course of action. When Mr. 
 Chase was congratulated upon his 
 success in placing the war loans, he 
 said : "I deserve no credit ; had it 
 not been for the exertion of Jay 
 Cooke and Henry Clews I could 
 never have succeeded." Mr. Clews 
 founded and organized the famous 
 "Committee of Seventy" that success- 
 fully disposed of the "Tweed Ring." 
 After the Civil War, besides estab- 
 
 lishing a distinctive banking business, 
 he became one of the largest negotia- 
 tors of railroad loans in America or T 
 Europe. The present firm of Henry J HN PIEKPONT MORGAN. 
 
 Hetty Green, is like the majority of 
 wealthy persons, not only able to 
 keep, but to increase her riches. Her 
 genius for finance is admittedly equal 
 to that possessed by any of those 
 individuals whose names are identi- 
 fied with vast and progressive 
 wealth. She was born November 21, 
 !835, in New Bedford, Mass., her 
 maiden name being Hetty Howland 
 Robinson. Not long after her birth 
 her father, Edward Mott Robinson, 
 died, leaving her a large fortune. She 
 was educated at the Mrs. Lowell's 
 school in Boston. In 1876 she mar- 
 ried E. H. Green, of New York City. 
 From thence on she began that finan- 
 cial career which has made her fa- 
 mous. Mrs. Green is said to be in- 
 terested in nearly every large cor- 
 poration all over the world. She also 
 has large real estate holdings in a 
 number of cities in this country, and 
 is interested in many enterprises of 
 a general nature. She personally 
 manages her business affairs, and is 
 a familiar figure in Wall Street, and 
 "downtown" New York. Her for- 
 mula for getting rich is that "Econ- 
 omy is the secret of making money." 
 
 Clews & Co. was established in 1877, 
 its members pledging themselves 
 never to take any speculative risks. 
 Mr. Clews has for many years been 
 treasurer of the "Society for Preven- 
 tion of Cruelty to Animals." and is 
 also connected with many city insti- 
 tutions and financial corporations. 
 He married Lucy Madison, of 
 Worthington, Kentucky, a grand- 
 niece of ex-President Madison. He 
 is a frequent contributor to news- 
 papers and magazines and the author 
 of Twenty-eight Years in Wall 
 Street. 
 
 MRS. HETTY GREEN. 
 America's richest 
 
 woman, Mrs. 
 
 John Pierpont Morgan was born at 
 Hartford, Conn., April 17, 1837. His 
 mother was a daughter of the Rev. 
 John Pierpont, a noted clergyman, 
 poet, author and temperance worker. 
 He was educated at the English high 
 school at Boston and at the Univer- 
 sity of Gottingen, Germany, from 
 whence he graduated in i'857. On 
 returning to the United States he be- 
 came associated with the banking 
 house of Duncan, Sherman & Co., of 
 New York city. In 1860 he severed 
 his connection with that firm and be- 
 gan business for himself. In 1864 he 
 formed the firm of Dabney, Morgan 
 & Co. Meantime he had become rep- 
 resentative of the house of George 
 
 6 39
 
 Encyclopedic Biographies, or 
 
 Peabody & Co., of London, and dur- 
 ing the Civil War he was able, 
 through this connection, to render 
 substantial assistance to the Federal 
 government In 1871 he organized 
 the firm of Drexel, Morgan & Co., 
 and by the death of Mr. Drexel, in 
 1893, he became senior partner. In 
 1895 the firm title was changed to J. 
 P. Morgan & Co. He is also head 
 of the firms of J. P. Morgan & Co., 
 of London ; Morgan, Hayes & Co., of 
 Paris, and Drexel & Co., of Philadel- 
 phia. Mr. Morgan is generally known 
 as the "King of Trust Magnates," on 
 account of his having engineered so 
 many mercantile and financial con- 
 solidations; in fact, he has been in- 
 strumental in forming the majority of 
 the great corporations or trusts. He 
 gives large sums to charity, is a lib- 
 eral patron of art, and is a member of 
 all the leading clubs of New York 
 and other cities. In 1865 he was mar- 
 ried to Frances Louise, daughter of 
 John Tracy. He has one son, John 
 Pierpont Morgan, Jr., and three 
 daughters. Mr. Morgan's vast opera- 
 tions are not confined to this country. 
 He is an active power in English and 
 Continental financial circles. 
 
 JOHN DAVISON ROCKEFELLER. 
 
 The owner of what is believed to 
 be the largest individual income in 
 the world began his business life as 
 a poorly paid clerk in a small provin- 
 cial firm. John Davison Rockefeller 
 was born at Richford, New York, on 
 July 8th, 1839. He was educated in 
 the local public schools. In 1853 his 
 parents moved to Cleveland, Ohio, 
 where, while still a boy, he obtained 
 a position as clerk in a general com- 
 mission house. When nineteen he 
 went into business for himself by be- 
 coming a partner in the firm of 
 Clark & Rockefeller, general com- 
 mission merchants. Subsequently the 
 firm admitted another partner, and 
 
 under the title of Andrews, Clark & 
 Co., engaged in the oil business. Its 
 so doing, so it is said,, was due to the 
 sagacity of Mr. Rockefeller, who was 
 one of the few men of the period who 
 recognized the future and gigantic 
 possibilities of the oil industry. Later 
 changes were made in the organiza- 
 tion of the firm, and in 1865, under 
 the name of William Rockefeller & 
 Co., it built the Standard Oil Works 
 at Cleveland. In 1870 the works 
 were consolidated with others and 
 were then known as the Standard Oil 
 Company. From time to time other 
 oil interests were acquired, and in 
 1882 all were merged into the Stand- 
 ard Oil Trust. Ten years later, how- 
 ever, the trust was dissolved, and 
 from that time to the present the 
 various companies of which it was 
 composed are operated separately, 
 with Mr. Rockefeller at the head of 
 the business as a whole. 
 
 CHARLES TYSON YERKES. 
 
 The Yerkes family is of Dutch 
 origin, and Charles Tyson Yerkes 
 was born June 25, 1837, in Philadel- 
 phia, Pennsylvania. He was educated 
 at the Friends' School and the Cen- 
 tral High School in his native city, 
 and entered business life as clerk in 
 a flour and grain commission house. 
 He worked without salary, since, in 
 those days, it was counted a privi- 
 lege to be connected with first-class 
 houses. Because of his close atten- 
 tion to his duties he was presented 
 with fifty dollars at the end of his 
 first year's service. In 1859 he opened 
 a stock broker's office in Philadel- 
 phia. During the Civil War he dealt 
 heavily in government, state and city 
 bonds. The panic occasioned by the 
 Chicago fire caught him heavily in- 
 debted to the city for bonds sold for 
 it. The authorities demanded settle- 
 ment; but, being unable to pay in 
 full, he made an assignment. In 1873 
 
 640
 
 The Romance of Reality. 
 
 he commenced the recuperation of his 
 fortune, and with success. In 1880 
 he made a trip to Chicago, and, be- 
 coming convinced of the opportuni- 
 ties the west offered to financiers, he 
 joined an "improvement syndicate," 
 of which he later became sole owner. 
 Subsequently he sold his interest in it 
 and opened a banking house in Chi- 
 cago. In 1886 he obtained control of 
 the North Chicago Railway Com- 
 pany. He added other systems, and 
 finally united several corporations 
 
 under the title of the Chicago Con- 
 solidated Traction Company. Mr. 
 Yerkes was a chief factor in getting 
 the Columbian Exposition for Chi- 
 cago. He is a devoted lover of art, 
 and possesses a unique collection of 
 pictures. His successful efforts to 
 introduce New World street trans- 
 portation methods into England are 
 a matter of recent record. In 1861 
 Mr. Yerkes was married to Mary 
 Adelaide Moore, of Philadelphia. 
 
 POLITICAL LEADERS. 
 
 NELSON WILMARTH ALDRICH. 
 
 The republican leader in the senate, 
 Nelson Wilmarth Aldrich, was born 
 in Foster, Rhode Island, November 
 6, 1841. After having received a 
 common school and academy educa- 
 tion, he became engaged in mercan- 
 tile pursuits in Providence, being en- 
 tirely successful therein. While a 
 very young man, Mr. Aldrich became 
 interested in the conduct and welfare 
 of public schools. He became so 
 prominent in connection with efforts 
 looking to school improvements that 
 in 1871 he was elected president of 
 the Providence common council. In 
 1873 he was a member of the Rhode 
 Island legislature, and at 1876 was 
 its speaker. It was about this period 
 that Mr. Aldrich began to take an 
 active part in national politics, in 
 consequence of which he was made 
 member of congress in 1879, holding 
 that office until 1883, when he resign- 
 ed in order to take a seat in the sen- 
 ate. Since that time he has been 
 more or less continuously in the pub- 
 lic eye. He is chairman of the com- 
 mittee of rules of the Fiftieth con- 
 gress, and is, as already stated, re- 
 publican leader in the senate. While 
 Mr. Aldrich is not a brilliant orator, 
 he has a remarkable instinct for or- 
 
 ganization, and it is that faculty more 
 than any other that has obtained for 
 him the prominent position in the 
 Republican party which is now his. 
 
 WILLIAM JENNINGS BRYAN. 
 
 William Jennings Bryan was born 
 in Salem, Marion county, Illinois, 
 March 19, 1860. He got an elemen- 
 tary education at home from his 
 mother until he was ten, and then at- 
 tended public school until his fifteenth 
 year, studying thereafter for two 
 years at Whipple academy, Jackson- 
 ville, which he left in order to enter 
 Illinois college. During his college 
 course he was prominent in literary 
 and debating societies and on his 
 graduation, in 1881, delivered the 
 valedictory of his class. For the next 
 tWb years he studied law in the Union 
 law college, and in the office of Ly- 
 man Trumbull, and upon his admis- 
 sion to the bar began to practice at 
 Jacksonville. In 1884 he removed to 
 Lincoln, Nebraska, and became a 
 member of the law firm of Talbot & 
 Bryan. He soon became active in 
 politics, his first public reputation be- 
 ing made in the campaign of 1888. 
 In 1890 he was sent to congress. In 
 1892 he was renominated and again 
 elected. In 1896 he was a delegate 
 
 641
 
 Encyclopedic Biographies, or 
 
 from Nebraska to the national con- 
 vention of the Democratic party at 
 Chicago, where his brilliant speech in 
 defense of free silver caused his nom- 
 ination as candidate to the presidency 
 of the United States. After a most 
 remarkable campaign he was defeat- 
 ed. He was a colonel of the Third 
 Nebraska Volunteers during the 
 Spanish-American war, and at its ter- 
 mination returned to Nebraska, re- 
 suming his political activities. He 
 edits and publishes The Commoner, a 
 weekly periodical, in which he sets 
 forth his political principles. Mary 
 E. Baird, of Perry, Illinois, whom he 
 married in 1884, has borne him three 
 children. 
 
 ARTHUR PUE GORMAN. 
 
 There are very few people who be- 
 gin political life as early as Arthur 
 Pue Gorman. He was born March 
 ii, 1839, and at thirteen years of age 
 became a page in the United States 
 senate. In 1866 he was appointed 
 revenue collector in Maryland, which 
 office he held until 1869, when U. S. 
 Grant became president. From 1875 
 to 1879 he was state senator, and 
 from 1881 to 1899 he was United 
 States senator from Maryland. From 
 1869 to 1875 he was member of the 
 Maryland House of Delegates. In 
 spite of his limited schooling, he man- 
 aged by wide and careful reading and 
 practical experience to secure an edu- 
 cation in general and in public mat- 
 ters in particular,, which has procured 
 for him the position of a notable 
 political leader. It was largely 
 through Mr. Gorman's management 
 that Grover Cleveland was elected to 
 the presidency after an uninterrupted 
 series of democratic defeats for a 
 quarter of a century. Calmness of 
 temper, courage, self-reliance and 
 honesty are the qualities which he 
 possesses, which, too, inspire respect 
 and which win him triumphs. He is 
 
 an able speaker and a master of par- 
 liamentary law. He has strikingly im- 
 pressed himself upon national affairs, 
 and his name has often been voiced 
 in the press as a fit candidate for the 
 presidency. 
 
 MARCUS ALONZO HANNA. 
 
 Marcus Alonzo Hanna, one of the 
 most prominent figures in national 
 republican affairs, was born Septem- 
 ber 24, 1837, at New Lisbon (now 
 Lisbon), Ohio. His father was a 
 grocer in that village. Young Hanna 
 was educated at local schools,, and in 
 the Western Reserve college and 
 Kenyon college, Ohio. When not in 
 school he was helping his father in 
 the latter's store, and cut short his 
 academic course in order to clerk for 
 his father, who had decided on open- 
 ing a place of business in Cleveland. 
 Until he was twenty he thus worked, 
 receiving a small salary for so doing. 
 In 1861 his father died, and young 
 Hanna became heir to the business, 
 which he continued to run until 1867. 
 During that year he sold out and laid 
 the foundations of the vast fortune 
 which he now possesses. Mr. Hanna 
 is interested in banks, railroads, 
 mines of many sorts, especially coal, 
 steamship lines, etc. At a compara- 
 tively early age he became interested 
 in political questions, into the solving 
 of which he threw himself with char- 
 acteristic earnestness. For many 
 years he has been chairman of the re- 
 publican national committee, and in 
 that capacity he secured the nomina- 
 tion of the late President McKinley, 
 as well as obtaining a second term 
 for him. Mr. Hanna is United States 
 senator from Ohio, having been elect- 
 ed to that office in 1897. In his own 
 words, his success may be explained 
 thus : "I was never penniless, be- 
 cause I always saved. I was never 
 hopeless, because I would not be dis- 
 couraged, and I always felt assured 
 
 642
 
 The Romance of Reality. 
 
 that present endeavors would bring 
 forth future fruit." 
 
 CARTER HENRY HARRISON, JR. 
 
 Carter Henry Harrison, Jr., was 
 born in Chicago, April 23, 1860. He 
 is the son of the late Carter Henry 
 Harrison, one of the builders of the 
 City of Chicago, who was its mayor 
 five times. Carter Henry Harrison, 
 Jr., was educated in the public 
 schools, in educational establishments 
 in Altenburg, Germany, at St. Igna- 
 tius college, Chicago, and the Yale 
 law school, from which he graduated 
 in 1883. On December 14, 1887, he 
 was married to Edith, daughter of 
 Robert N. Ogden, of the Court of 
 Appeals, New Orleans. He followed 
 his father's profession of law and 
 the real estate business. He also was 
 the publisher of the Chicago Times, 
 1891 and 1893 ; was elected mayor of 
 Chicago as a democrat, April 6, 1897, 
 1899, 1901 and 1903. Mr. Harrison 
 has the courage of vigorous opinions 
 politically, municipally and in other 
 ways. While some may differ from 
 him as to his beliefs and methods, 
 even these admit his possession of 
 those qualities which enable him to 
 successfully fulfil duties that are 
 usually relegated to much older men. 
 
 JOSEPH WINGATE FOLK. 
 
 One of the most prominent and 
 promising young men in the political 
 life in the United States is Joseph 
 Wingate Folk, who was elected gov- 
 ernor of Missouri in the fall of 1904. 
 Though Governor Folk's rise has 
 been a very rapid one, it has been 
 the result of qualities which make 
 for the most substantial and endur- 
 ing kind of political success. Domi- 
 nating factors of Governor Folk's 
 career have been honesty and a rigid 
 performance of duty. For these he 
 has courted defeat and failure, has 
 even undergone danger to his life. 
 
 He has refused to listen for a mo- 
 ment to some of the largest financial 
 offers that have ever been made to 
 tempt a servant of the people to be- 
 tray his trust. Not only has the 
 power of money, but also the cor- 
 rupt personal influence of many able 
 men, been brought to bear upon him 
 in his work as circuit attorney in St. 
 Louis. Many of his friends, even, 
 endeavored to persuade him that his 
 course of action toward the political 
 leaders in St. Louis would result 
 only in disaster to himself. But Gov- 
 ernor Folk's invariable answer was 
 that he accepted public office for no 
 other purpose than to do his duty. 
 
 The result has been a great sur- 
 prise to both his friends and enemies, 
 and the introduction of an uplifting 
 influence in American politics. Gov- 
 ernor Folk has won a great personal 
 triumph in his election to the gover- 
 norship of Missouri, and the indica- 
 tions are that he will rise to still 
 greater heights. His prominence and 
 influence are rendered all the more 
 notable by the fact that he is only 
 thirty-five years old, and rose from 
 the position of an obscure lawyer to 
 American leadership in the short 
 space of four years. 
 
 Governor Folk was born in the 
 town of Brownville, Tenn., in 1869. 
 He finished his college education at 
 Vanderbilt University, where he was 
 known as a clever, whole-souled 
 young man who devoted much atten- 
 tion to his books, but by no means 
 neglected athletics and the general 
 life of a college boy. He was ad- 
 mitted to the bar in 1890, and began 
 the practice of law in St. Louis, 
 where for some years his experiences 
 were those of the average struggling 
 young attorney. During this period 
 of his career he became a friend of 
 Henry W. Hawes, who was afterward 
 one of his bitterest political enemies. 
 Hawes rapidly rose to a position of 
 considerable power in St. Louis, *nd 
 
 643
 
 Encyclopedic Biographies, or 
 
 when, in 1900, he was asked by the 
 Democratic boss of the city, Edward 
 Butler, to suggest a likely man for 
 the place of circuit attorney, he at 
 once recommended his friend Folk. 
 Butler knew very little of the young 
 lawyer, but on the strength of Hawes' 
 word he accepted him as being suffi- 
 ciently pliable to serve the corrupt 
 uses of the political machine. 
 
 Folk was elected and immediately 
 inaugurated the now celebrated cam- 
 paign against the corrupt practices 
 of both his political supporters and 
 his enemies. It was the former who 
 suffered chiefly in the execution of 
 
 Governor Folk's ideas as to his duty. 
 They were at first astonished, then 
 incensed, and finally panic-stricken. 
 Many of those who helped to elect 
 him to office were sent to prison. 
 Others were compelled to take flight 
 to avoid the same fate. The St. 
 Louis political machine, one of the 
 most corrupt in existence, was shat- 
 tered. It was a herculean task which 
 Governor Folk had mapped out for 
 himself, but his courage, steadfastness 
 and ability carried him to a triumph- 
 ant conclusion of it, and now he 
 stands before the country as a polit- 
 ical leader of the highest type. 
 
 LAWYERS AND JURISTS. 
 
 FRANK SWETT BLACK. 
 
 Frank Swett Black was born at 
 Limington, Maine, March 8, 1853. 
 He graduated from Dartmouth, 1875. 
 He entered professional life as the 
 editor of the Johnstown, New York, 
 Journal. Later he became reporter 
 of the Troy Whig, New York. He 
 was a clerk in the registry depart- 
 ment of the Troy postoffice, during 
 which time he studied law and was 
 admitted to the bar in 1879. He was 
 a member of congress in 1895 to 1897, 
 and in 1897 was elected by the re- 
 publicans as governor of New York 
 state. He also won distinction as a 
 trial lawyer and has defended a num- 
 ber of notable cases, among which 
 was the celebrated case of Rollin B. 
 Molineaux. 
 
 FREDERICK RENE COUDERT. 
 
 The young man who wishes to suc- 
 ceed in the profession of law would 
 do well to study the life of the law- 
 yer, Frederick Rene Coudert, whose 
 
 every act has been marked by fair- 
 ness and courtesy. He was born of 
 French parentage in the city of New 
 York in 1832, receiving his early edu- 
 cation at his father's school in that 
 city. At the age of fourteen he en- 
 tered Columbia college, graduating 
 with highest honors in 1850, his ad- 
 dress on that occasion calling forth 
 much comment from the press. Dur- 
 ing the next few years he busied 
 himself with newspaper work, teach- 
 ing and translations, besides studying 
 law; and at the age of twenty-one 
 was admitted to the New York bar. 
 His brothers, Lewis and Charles Cou- 
 dert, Jr., joining him in the practice 
 of law, they formed the firm of Cou- 
 dert Brothers, one of the oldest and 
 largest law firms of New York city, 
 and of which Frederick R. Coudert 
 is the recognized head. He has 
 achieved quite a reputation as a 
 speaker and lecturer; and among his 
 most notable addresses might be 
 mentioned one at the centennial cele- 
 
 644
 
 The Romance of Reality. 
 
 bration of Columbia college, 1887; 
 an eloquent speech in favor of the 
 Democratic union during the cam- 
 paign of Tilden in 1879, and his pub- 
 lic addresses on the arrival of Bar- 
 tholdi's statue of liberty and the 
 statues of Lafayette and Bolivar. He 
 has been quite active in the political 
 work of the democratic party, but 
 avoiding, rather than asking, public 
 functions, several times having de- 
 clined nominations which signified 
 election to the bench of the Supreme 
 Court. Mr. Coudert played a promi- 
 nent part in the election of Presi- 
 dent Cleveland in 1884. Mr. Cou- 
 dert's abilities have been of great 
 service in other fields. He was the 
 first president of the United States 
 Catholic Historical Society, holding 
 the office several terms; for years 
 president of the Columbia college 
 alumni association; for years gov- 
 ernment director of the Union Pa- 
 cific railroad; for a long time trustee 
 of Columbia and Barnard colleges 
 and of Seton Hall College, New Jer- 
 sey, besides being the director in 
 numerous social and charitable or- 
 ganizations. In 1880 Seton college 
 awarded him the degree of LL.D., 
 which degree was also given by Ford- 
 ham college in 1884, and,, in 1887, he 
 received from Columbia college the 
 degree of J. U. D. As a mark of 
 recognition the French government 
 presented him with the Cross of the 
 Legion of Honor, which decoration 
 he has also received from the gov- 
 ernments of Italy and Bolivia. 
 
 JAMES BROOKS DILL. 
 
 A sturdy Scotch ancestry has given 
 to the lawyer, James Brooks Dill, 
 that pertinacity and determination 
 which successfully overcomes all ob- 
 stacles. He was born in Spencerport, 
 New York, July 25, 1854, the oldest 
 child of the Rev. James Horton and 
 Catherine (Brooks) Dill. Four years 
 
 after his birth his parents removed to 
 Chicago, but upon the death of his 
 father, in 1863, he removed with his 
 mother to New Haven, Connecticut, 
 continuing his studies in the elemen- 
 tary branches. After studying at 
 Oberlin, Ohio, from 1868 to 1872, he 
 entered Yale, graduating in the class 
 of 1876. He now taught school and 
 studied law, and in 1877 came to New 
 York, where he obtained a position 
 as instructor in Stevens' Institute, 
 Hoboken. Mr. Dill was graduated 
 with the degree of LL.D. from the 
 University law school in 1878, as 
 salutatorian, and was then admitted 
 to the bar of New York. Corporation 
 law was made one of his special 
 studies, and, in 1879, he won an im- 
 portant corporation case which soon 
 established his reputation as a cor- 
 poration lawyer and an authority on 
 this particular subject. His marked 
 business ability, combined with a 
 clear legal mind, made his services 
 sought by the many large and influ- 
 ential corporate interests. He was 
 married in 1880 to Miss Mary W. 
 Hansell, daughter of a Philadelphia 
 merchant, thereupon removing to 
 Orange, New Jersey. He became an 
 active worker in the municipal and 
 social improvement of the Oranges, 
 organizing a People's Bank, of which 
 he has always been a director and 
 counsel. He also assisted in estab- 
 lishing the Savings Investment and 
 Trust Co., becoming director and 
 vice-president. He is now director in 
 the Seventh National Bank of New 
 York City, the Corporation Trust 
 Company of New Jersey, the Ameri- 
 can School of Architecture at Rome, 
 the New England State Railway 
 Company of Boston, the Central Te- 
 resa Sugar Company and others. 
 
 MELVILLE WESTON FULLER. 
 
 The most notable figure of the ju- 
 diciary of this country is undoubted- 
 
 645
 
 Encyclopedic Biographies, or 
 
 ly Chief Justice Melville Weston Ful- 
 ler, of the Supreme Court of the 
 United States. He is in every way 
 the ideal dignitary of the bench, im- 
 pressive as to appearance, forceful in 
 forensic oratory, learned in the law 
 and unblemished as to reputation, 
 personal and professional. He was 
 born February n, 1833, at Augusta, 
 Maine, coming of sterling New Eng- 
 land stock. Graduating from Bow- 
 doin college in 1853, and later edu- 
 cated at Harvard law school, he, in 
 1855, was admitted to the bar. Form- 
 ing a law partnership in the town of 
 his birth,, he later established there a 
 Democratic paper known as The Age, 
 of which he became assistant editor. 
 The venture was successful and The 
 Age became a power in political cir- 
 cles in Maine. Young Fuller was 
 also elected president of the common 
 council, and city attorney for the 
 town. But Augusta was too small a 
 sphere for the rising young lawyer, 
 so in 1859 he went to Chicago, where 
 he opened a law office. Simultane- 
 ously he took an active part in Illi- 
 nois politics. It was not long before 
 he became a recognized political 
 leader locally. In 1863 he became a 
 member of the Illinois legislature, in 
 which capacity he confirmed the be- 
 liefs of those who regarded him as a 
 coming man. He was delegate to a 
 number of Democratic national con- 
 ventions, in each of which he was a 
 prominent figure. President Cleve- 
 land appointed him chief justice on 
 April 30, 1888, and he was confirmed 
 and seated the year following. 
 
 JOHN WILLIAM GRIGGS. 
 
 John William Griggs was born at 
 Newton, New Jersey, July 10, 1849. 
 He was graduated from Lafayette 
 college in 1868, and, after studying 
 law, was admitted to the bar in 1871. 
 He practiced law at Paterson until 
 1876, in which year he was elected a 
 
 member of the New Jersey general 
 assembly. In 1886 he was president 
 of the New Jersey senate. He was 
 elected governor of New Jersey in 
 1896, which office he resigned to ac- 
 cept the office of attorney-general of 
 the United States. He resigned the 
 attorney-generalship in 1901. 
 
 OLIVER WENDELL HOLMES. 
 
 Oliver Wendell Holmes, the son of 
 Dr. Oliver Wendell Holmes, the poet 
 and essayist, was born at Boston, 
 March 8, 1841. He graduated from 
 Harvard in 1861, and from the Har- 
 vard law school in 1866. During the 
 Civil war he served three years with 
 the Massachusetts volunteers, and 
 was wounded in the breast in the bat- 
 tle of Balls Bluff, and again wounded 
 at the battle of Antietam. At the 
 close of the war he engaged in the 
 practice of law in Boston, and was 
 editor of the Law Review from 1870 
 to 1873. In 1882 he became professor 
 at the Harvard law school. In the 
 same year he was made assistant jus- 
 tice in the Supreme judicial court, 
 Massachusetts, and on August 2, 
 1899, he was made chief justice of 
 the same court. 
 
 WILLIAM TRAVERS JEROME. 
 
 William Travers Jerome, who, by 
 reason of being the district attorney 
 of the metropolis, his power of pun- 
 gent political oratory and his strenu- 
 ous work as a municipal reformer, is 
 one of the best known and decidedly 
 one of the most interesting figures in 
 the current history of New York, is 
 still a young man. He was born 
 April 18, 1859, in Lawrence, Massa- 
 chusetts, receiving his initial edu- 
 cation at the local public school 
 and from private tutors; he took a 
 classical course at Amherst college, 
 and next was a student at the Co- 
 lumbia university law school of New 
 York city. He was admitted to the 
 
 646
 
 The Romance of Reality. 
 
 bar in 1884 and became connected 
 with a New York law firm. From 
 the first he gave evidence of being 
 the possessor of those qualities which 
 later made him famous. As a lawyer 
 his learnedly aggressive methods 
 brought him popularity and many 
 fees. As a justice of the court of 
 special sessions,, he lived up to the 
 reputation that he had established on 
 the bench. When, a few years since, 
 he threw himself into the political 
 whirlpool, he gave the country-at- 
 large an excellent example of the 
 man who has waited for his oppor- 
 tunity, recognizes it when he sees it 
 and grasps it forthwith. It is not too 
 much to say that Mr. Jerome did 
 more than any one man, or, for that 
 matter, any one group of men to free 
 New York from certain evil influ- 
 ences which had fastened themselves 
 upon it and its citizens. Here is 
 what he says relative to his political 
 success, but his remarks apply equally 
 to success of all kinds : "A young 
 man must have strong convictions of 
 the right kind, hold to them through 
 thick and thin, be willing to accept 
 defeats smilingly, if necessary begin 
 his work all over again, but still stick 
 to it and victory is assured." 
 
 JOSEPH MCKENNA. 
 
 Another of the numerous success- 
 ful jurists whose ancestry is Irish. 
 He was the son of John and Mary 
 McKenna, his father being from Ire- 
 land and his mother from England. 
 He was born at Philadelphia, August 
 10, 1843, and was educated in the 
 public schools and at St. Joseph col- 
 lege until 1855, when the family re- 
 moved to Benicia, California, where 
 he entered St. Augustine college and 
 took up the study of law. Directly 
 afterward he graduated and was ad- 
 mitted to the bar. In 1865 he was 
 elected district attorney of S'olano 
 county. He served in this capacity 
 
 for two terms. In 1873 he was elect- 
 ed to the legislature, and one year 
 later the republicans nominated him 
 for congress, but he was defeated, 
 and not only on this occasion but 
 again in 1878. In 1884, however, he 
 was elected, and a year later entered 
 congress, where he remained, by re- 
 election, until 1891. As a member of 
 the ways and means committee he 
 had a great deal to do with impor- 
 tant tariff legislation. In 1892 Presi- 
 dent Harrison appointed him circuit 
 judge. In 1897 he entered McKin- 
 ley's cabinet as attorney-general, but 
 in December of the same year was 
 appointed judge of the Supreme 
 Court of the United States to succeed 
 Justice Field. He was married in 
 San Francisco, 1869, to Amanda 
 Borneman. 
 
 ALTON BROOKS PARKER. 
 
 Alton Brooks Parker comes from 
 good old New England stock. He 
 was born in Worcester, Massachu- 
 setts, May 14, 1851. Later his family 
 moved to Cortland, New York, in 
 which place he was educated, gradu- 
 ating from the normal school at that 
 place. He spent three years in teach- 
 ing, and then entered a law school 
 at Kingston, New York, and after- 
 ward took a course at the Albany lavr 
 school, where he was graduated in 
 1872. After being admitted to the 
 bar, he formed a partnership with W. 
 S. Kenyon at Kingston, New York. 
 In 1877 Mr. Parker was elected sur- 
 rogate of Ulster county, and was 
 again re-elected in 1883. Two years 
 later he was appointed, by Governor 
 Hill, justice of the Supreme Court to 
 fill the vacancy occasioned by the 
 death of Hon. Theodoric R. West- 
 brook. At the end of the year he 
 was elected justice for the full term. 
 In January, 1889, the second division 
 of the Court of Appeals was created, 
 and Judge Parker was appointed to 
 
 647
 
 Encyclopedic Biographies, or 
 
 it, he being the youngest member who 
 ever sat in the Court of Appeals in 
 New York city. The second division 
 court was dissolved in 1892, and at 
 that time Governor Hill appointed 
 him member of the general term of 
 the first department, where he con- 
 tinued until 1895. He has always 
 been active in politics and has been a 
 delegate to nearly every state con- 
 vention,, and also to the national con- 
 vention in 1884 which nominated 
 
 Grover Cleveland. In 1895 he was 
 chairman of the Democratic state 
 executive committee. In 1897 he was 
 elected by a majority of over sixty 
 thousand to the office of chief jus- 
 tice of the Court of Appeals, the 
 highest judicial office in the state of 
 New York. He has often been men- 
 tioned as a possible candidate for 
 president by the Democratic party. 
 He was married October 16, 1873, to 
 Mary L. S'choonmaker. 
 
 SOLDIERS AND SAILORS. 
 
 ADNA ROMANZA CHAFFEE. 
 
 Adna Romanza Chaffee was born 
 at Orwell, Ohio, April 14, 1842. He 
 was educated in the public schools 
 and entered the army July 22, 1861. 
 serving first as a private, but the 
 close of the war, March 31, 1865, 
 found him a captain. In 1868, in 
 fighting the Comanche Indians on 
 Paint Tree creek, Texas, he was made 
 a major for gallantry in that and 
 other campaigns, and was finally 
 made lieutenant-colonel. At the 
 breaking out of the Spanish-Ameri- 
 can war he was appointed brigadier- 
 general of the United States volun- 
 teers, commanding the third brigade, 
 fifth corps, in the Santiago campaign. 
 He was promoted to major-general 
 United States volunteers, July 8, 
 1898, and was honorably discharged 
 as major-general, April 13, 1899, but 
 was again appointed brigadier-general 
 United States volunteers, one year 
 later and assigned to the command of 
 the United States forces for the re- 
 lief of the United States legation at 
 Pekin, China. In 1901 he was made 
 a major-general United States army. 
 
 GEORGE DEWEY. 
 
 George Dewey, the third admiral 
 of the United States navy, was born 
 at Montpelier, Vermont, December 
 
 26, 1837. His father, Julius Yemans 
 Dewey, was a physician. George at- 
 tended school in Montpelier and at 
 Johnson, Vermont. In 1853 he en- 
 tered the University of Norwich, Ver- 
 mont, but, instead of completing his 
 course, he secured an appointment in 
 the United States naval academy in 
 1854. He was graduated with honors 
 in 1858 and was attached to the steam 
 frigate Wabash. In 1861 he was com- 
 missioned a lieutenant and assigned 
 to the steam sloop Mississippi, of the 
 West Gulf squadron. He saw his 
 first service under fire with Farragut 
 in 1862, served with distinction all 
 through the Civil war, and, at the 
 close, he was commissioned lieuten- 
 ant-commander. From 1868 to 1870 
 he was an instructor in the naval 
 academy. Promoted to a captaincy 
 in 1884, he was placed in command 
 of the Dolphin, but in 1895 was re- 
 turned to the European station in 
 command of the flagship Pensacola ; 
 there he remained until 1888, when he 
 was ordered home and appointed 
 chief of the bureau of equipment, 
 ranking as commander. On Febru- 
 ary 26, 1896, he was commissioned 
 commander and made president of 
 the board of inspection and survey, 
 which position he held until January, 
 1898, when he was given command 
 
 648
 
 The Romance of Reality. 
 
 of the Asiatic station. While at 
 Hongkong Prince Henry of Germany 
 gave a banquet, at which he proposed 
 a toast to the various countries rep- 
 resented, but omitted the United 
 States, whereupon Commander 
 Dewey left the room without cere- 
 mony. Three days after the begin- 
 ning of the war with Spain President 
 McKinley cabled him at Hongkong: 
 "Proceed at once to the Philippine 
 Islands. Commence operations, par- 
 ticularly against the Spanish fleet. 
 You must capture or destroy the ves- 
 sels. Use utmost endeavor." Dewey's 
 success in carrying out these orders 
 is known to all the world. President 
 McKinley yielded to the popular de- 
 mand that the rank of rear-admiral 
 be revived in favor of Dewey. Ac- 
 cordingly, on March 3, 1899, the ap- 
 pointment was confirmed in executive 
 session of the United States senate. 
 He was married at Portsmouth, New 
 Hampshire, October 24, 1867, to Su- 
 san B., daughter of ex-Governor 
 Ichabod Goodwin, who died in De- 
 cember, 1872; he was again married 
 to Mrs. Mildred Hazen in Washing- 
 ton on November 9, 1899. 
 
 ROBLEY DUNGLISON EVANS. 
 
 Robley Dunglison Evans, better 
 known as Fighting Bob Evans, was 
 born at Floyd Courthouse, Virginia, 
 August 18, 1847. His father was a 
 physician and a farmer, his mother 
 being the daughter of John Jackson, 
 of Fairfax county, and sister of 
 James Jackson, who shot Colonel 
 Ellsworth for capturing a Confeder- 
 ate flag on the roof of his hotel. Rob- 
 ley was educated at a country school 
 and Gonzaga classical school, Wash- 
 ington, D. C. On September 20, 
 1860, he was appointed to the United 
 States naval academy by Congress- 
 man William R. Hooper, from the 
 Utah Territory. He was made a 
 midshipman in i86p, and promoted to 
 
 ensign in 1863. In 1864 and 1865 he 
 served with his ship in the North 
 Atlantic blockade squadron. He saw 
 considerable service in the West In- 
 dies, and, in the attack on Fort 
 Fisher, in 1865, received rifle shot 
 wounds which disabled him for a 
 time. In 1866 he was commissioned 
 lieutenant; in 1868 was made lieu- 
 tenant commander, and was later as- 
 signed to duty at the navy yard, 
 Washington, and still later at the 
 naval academy, Annapolis. From 
 1877 to 1881 he was in command of 
 the training ship Saratoga, and later 
 was promoted to commander. In 1891- 
 '92 he was in command of the United 
 States naval force at the Behring Sea 
 to suppress sealing. In 1893 he was 
 promoted to captain. During the 
 Spanish-American war Captain Evans 
 was in command of the battleship 
 Iowa, which achieved distinction dur- 
 ing the battle of Santiago, when the 
 fleet of Admiral Cervera made an at- 
 tempt to run the blockade. He 
 served all through the Spanish- 
 American war, and, in 1898, by his 
 own request, he was detached from 
 the command of the Iowa and was 
 assigned to duty as a member of the 
 board of inspection and survey. He 
 was married in 1860 to Charlotte, 
 daughter of Frank Taylor, of Wash- 
 ington, District of Columbia. 
 
 FRED FUNSTON. 
 
 Fred Funston was born in Ohio, 
 November 9, 1865. His father was a 
 prominent public man and one time 
 a member of congress from Kansas. 
 He was graduated in 1886 from the 
 high school at lola, Kansas, and later 
 studied for two years in the state 
 university at Lawrence, but was not 
 graduated. In 1890 he was a reporter 
 in Kansas City, and his first public 
 work was done as botanist in the 
 United States death valley expedi- 
 tion in 1891. Returning he was mad 
 
 649
 
 Encyclopedic Biographies, or 
 
 a commissioner in the department of 
 agriculture and was assigned to ex- 
 plore Alaska and report on its flora. 
 In 1893 he floated down the Yukon 
 alone in a canoe. He served eighteen 
 months in the insurgent army in 
 Cuba,, and upon his return to the 
 United States, in 1896, was commis- 
 sioned a colonel in the Twentieth 
 Kansas volunteers. In 1898 he went 
 to the Philippines and took part in 
 several battles. He crossed the Rio 
 Grande river at Calumpit on a small 
 bamboo raft under heavy fire and es- 
 tablished a rope ferry by which the 
 United States troops were enabled to 
 cross and win the battle. For this 
 deed of valor he was promoted to 
 brigadier-general of the United States 
 volunteers May 2, 1899. He remained 
 in active service in the Philippines 
 and organized the expedition which 
 succeeded in the capture of Agui- 
 naldo. For this he was promoted to 
 brigadier-general United States army, 
 March 20, 1901. 
 
 RICHMOND PEARSON HOBSON. 
 
 Many of our naval and army offi- 
 cers are of southern birth. Richmond 
 Pearson Hobson is a case in point, 
 since he was born at Greensboro, Ala- 
 bama, August 17, 1870. His ances- 
 tors were English and many of them 
 were members of the nobility. Young 
 Hobson, after a course in the public 
 schools and the Southern university 
 at Greensboro, entered the United 
 States naval academy at Annapolis in 
 1889. He was immediately appointed 
 a midshipman on the Chicago, under 
 command of Rear-Admiral Walker 
 and ordered to the European station. 
 Upon his return he received the com- 
 pliment of an appointment as one of 
 the United States officers permitted 
 by the British government to receive 
 a course of instructions at the Royal 
 navy college, Woolwich, England. 
 Here he remained three years, taking 
 
 a special study in naval architecture. 
 On returning home he received an 
 appointment to the navy department 
 at Washington, and discharged his 
 duties with such fidelity and intelli- 
 gence that he was given an appoint- 
 ment as assistant naval constructor. 
 He was later ordered to the Brook- 
 lyn navy yard, where he remained one 
 year. Next he went to Newport 
 News to inspect the battleships Kear- 
 sarge and Kentucky, which were un- 
 der construction there. He then be- 
 came instructor in the post-graduate 
 course in naval instruction, which he 
 inaugurated at the naval academy in 
 1897. In 1898 he, with his pupils, 
 was ordered to join Sampson's fleet 
 at Key West, with which he remained 
 until the performance of the remark- 
 able and historic feat of bottling up 
 Cervera in the harbor of Santiago de 
 Cuba. He received a great deal of 
 deserved honor for this achievement, 
 and was nominated by President Mc- 
 Kinley March i, 1899, to be advanced 
 ten numbers from number one from 
 the list of naval constructors for ex- 
 traordinary heroism. This is said to 
 be the greatest possible promotion in 
 the naval service for gallant conduct 
 in the face of the enemy. Hobson 
 has done subsequent excellent work 
 and is the author of a number of 
 works on subjects relative to his pro- 
 fession. 
 
 WlNFIED SCOTT SCHLEY. 
 
 Winfield Scott Schley was born in 
 Frederick, Maryland, October 9, 1839. 
 After being educated in the public 
 schools he entered the naval acad- 
 emy at Annapolis, September 20, 
 1856, and was graduated in 1860. 
 During the Civil war he served in 
 various capacities, and at its close he 
 was commissioned lieutenant-com- 
 mander and was made instructor in 
 languages at the United States naval 
 academy. In 1884 he volunteered for, 
 
 650
 
 The Romance of Reality. 
 
 and was placed in command of, the 
 relief expedition sent to the arctic 
 regions in search of Lieutenant Greely 
 and his companions. Two other at- 
 tempts to relieve Lieutenant Greely 
 had been failures, but Commander 
 Schley's determination and intrepid- 
 ity carried his expedition to success, 
 and the seven survivors of the expe- 
 dition were found and brought back, 
 together with the bodies of those who 
 had perished. In recognition of this 
 achievement, the Maryland legisla- 
 ture presented him with a gold watch 
 and a vote of thanks, and the Massa- 
 chusetts Humane Society gave him a 
 gold medal, and a territory west of 
 Cape Sabine was named Schley land. 
 He was also commissioned to carry, 
 to Sweden, the remains of John 
 Erickson, for which King Oscar 
 awarded him a gold medal. In 1898 
 he was made commodore. Previous 
 to the outbreak of the Spanish-Amer- 
 ican war he was given command of 
 the "Flying Squadron." On May 19 
 he was ordered by Sampson to block- 
 ade Cienfuegos. On May 29, he had 
 been ordered to Santiago by the navy 
 department and there he discovered 
 the Spanish fleet in the harbor. At 
 8:45 of that day Sampson steamed 
 eastward to Siboney, thus placing 
 Schley in command. Scarcely an hour 
 later the Spaniards emerged from 
 the harbor, the Brooklyn, Schley's 
 ship, signalling, "clear ship for ac- 
 tion," "the enemy escaping to west- 
 ward" and "close action," and steam- 
 ed forward to meet the advancing 
 enemy. One after another the Te- 
 resa, Oquondo, Biscaya and Colon 
 were run aground under a storm of 
 American projectiles. The credit of 
 this victory was claimed by Samp- 
 son, but as he was absent at the time, 
 it became ultimately recognized by 
 the American people that Schley had 
 fought and won the victory. His 
 ship was nearest to the Spanish 
 
 squadron at the time of action and 
 was the most badly injured of all the 
 American fleet. At the close of the 
 war he was placed on waiting orders. 
 He was married in Annapolis, Mary- 
 land, September 10, 1863, to Anna 
 Rebecca, daughter of George E. and 
 Marie Caroline Franklin. 
 
 WILLIAM RUFUS SHAFTER. 
 
 William Rufus Shafter was born 
 at Galesburg, Michigan, October 16, 
 1835. He was brought up on a farm 
 and received a common school edu- 
 cation. He entered the Union army 
 as first lieutenant of the Seventh 
 Michigan infantry. He rose in rank, 
 and when mustered out of the volun- 
 teer service, in 1865, entered the regu- 
 lar army as lieutenant colonel. In 
 1867 he was breveted colonel and 
 given congressional honor for gallant 
 conduct at the battle of Fair Oaks, 
 Virginia. He was made a brigadier- 
 general May 3, 1897, in charge of the 
 department of California and later a 
 major-general of volunteers; May, 
 1898, he went to Tampa, Florida; 
 afterward to Cuba, where he com- 
 manded the military operations which 
 ended in the surrender of Santiago 
 de Cuba in July, 1898, while at the 
 close of the war he received his share 
 of criticism for some incidents of the 
 campaign, yet his personal gallantry 
 and technical skill have never been 
 questioned. His success in his chosen 
 profession may be traced to his put- 
 ting into practice the ruling axiom of 
 his life, which he formulates thus: "I 
 think that, when a man once finds the 
 thing he likes, and for which he is 
 best fitted, he is bound to like it 
 always, and stick to it." 
 
 JOSEPH WHEELER. 
 
 General Joseph Wheeler gained 
 "three stars" on his coat-collar, in 
 contending for the "Lost Cause." He 
 jiow has the two stars of a United
 
 Encyclopedic Biographies, or 
 
 States major-general in the Cuban 
 war. General Wheeler was, from 
 boyhood, a careful and painstaking 
 student of the profession which he 
 adopted. He was born at Augusta, 
 Georgia, September 10, 1836, and was 
 sent to West Point at seventeen. 
 "While others were passing their leis- 
 ure moments in sport, young Wheeler 
 could be found in the library, poring, 
 with deepest interest, over those vol- 
 umes which spoke of campaigns and 
 battles, both ancient and modern, and 
 examining military maps and plans of 
 battle of distinguished generals. From 
 the cavalry school at Carlisle, Penn- 
 sylvania, he went, in the spring of 
 
 1860, to New Mexico, and, in March, 
 
 1861, returned to Georgia. He be- 
 came a first lieutenant of Confederate 
 artillery at Pensacola, and led the 
 Nineteenth Alabama infantry regi- 
 ment as colonel. At Shiloh he had 
 
 two horses shot under him, and is 
 said to have carried the regimental 
 colors in his own hands. On the re- 
 treat from Kentucky, Colonel Wheel- 
 er, as chief of cavalry, covered the 
 movement. During this campaign, he 
 met the enemy in thirty fights and 
 skirmishes. Having been made a 
 brigadier-general, on recommenda- 
 tion of Bragg, Polk, Hardee and 
 Buckner, he was sent to Middle Ten- 
 nessee. The Union troops at that 
 time reported that "not a nubbin of 
 corn was obtained without fighting 
 for it." Here he received the sobri- 
 quet of "The Little Hero." General 
 Wheeler was sick when the Ameri- 
 can troops attacked Santiago, but he 
 hastened on a litter to the point of 
 danger, and by his words and exam- 
 ple stimulated his men to victory. 
 He was retired as brigadie r -general 
 September 10, 1900. 
 
 EXPLORERS. 
 
 EVELYN BRIGGS BALDWIN. 
 
 Evelyn B. Baldwin, the well- 
 known arctic explorer, was born in 
 Springfield, Missouri, July 2, 1862. 
 He is the son of Elias Briggs Bald- 
 win, who served with distinction dur- 
 ing the Civil war. The subject of 
 this sketch was educated at the pub- 
 lic schools in Dupage county, Illi- 
 nois, and, on graduating from the 
 Northwestern college, Naperville, Illi- 
 nois, taught in district schools for 
 some time. After an experience as 
 professional pedestrian and bicyclist 
 in Europe, he returned to this coun- 
 try and was appointed principal of 
 high schools and superintendent of 
 city schools in Kansas. Next we 
 hear of him as attached to the United 
 States weather bureau and becoming 
 inspector-at-large of the signal corps 
 of the United States army. In 1883 
 he was a member of the Peary ex- 
 
 pedition to North Greenland in the 
 capacity of meteorologist. In 1897 
 he made a voyage to the Andree bal- 
 loon station in Spitzbergen, hoping to 
 join that ill-fated scientist,, but ar- 
 rived a few days too late. In 1898 
 he accompanied Wellman's polar ex- 
 pedition as meteorologist, and secured 
 valuable data in connection with 
 same. He also organized and com- 
 manded the Baldwin-Ziegler polar 
 expedition in 1901. He is the author 
 of several works on arctic explora- 
 tion and is the member of a number 
 of scientific societies. 
 
 FREDERICK ALBERT COOK. 
 
 Dr. Frederick A. Cook, physician 
 by profession and explorer by incli- 
 nation, was born in Callicoon Depot, 
 Sullivan county, New York, on June 
 10, 1865. He is the son of Dr. Theo- 
 dore Albert Cook and was first edu-
 
 The Romance of Reality. 
 
 cated in Brooklyn, graduated from 
 the University of the City of New 
 York in 1890, and received his medi- 
 cal degree from that institution in 
 the same year. His work of explora- 
 tion has been confined to the arctic 
 regions. He was surgeon of the 
 Peary expedition in 1891 and acted in 
 the like capacity for the Belgium 
 antarctic expedition in 1897. Dr. 
 Cook has a fertile pen, and it is 
 mainly through its efforts that he is 
 as well known to the American peo- 
 ple as he is. He has contributed lib- 
 erally to the leading magazines, writ- 
 ing on the problems of the north and 
 south poles ; is the author of a mono- 
 graph on the Patagonians, and has 
 published a work entitled The First 
 Antarctic Night. He is a member 
 of a number of scientific societies, has 
 been decorated by King Leopold of 
 Belgium and has received medals 
 from foreign geological societies as a 
 recognition of his services in the 
 lines indicated. 
 
 SVF.N ANDERS HEDIN. 
 
 The ancient Norseman's desire to 
 wander and to conquer still stirs the 
 blood of many of his modern de- 
 scendants. Happily nowadays, the 
 wandering is done for the benefit of 
 humanity and the conquests are those 
 of peace and not of the "Swan Path." 
 Sven Anders Hedin, explorer and 
 geographer, is a case in point. He 
 was born at Stockholm, February 
 19, 1865, and is the son of Ludwig 
 Hedin, official chief architect of 
 Stockholm. When a mere child he 
 exhibited the traits that distinguished 
 his later years, and there are many 
 stories told of how his parents were 
 kept on the alert to prevent their 
 baby for he was not much more 
 from playing truant, which he did 
 whenever the opportunity offered. 
 The boy was indeed father to the 
 man, and his parents, on his finishing 
 
 his education, had the wisdom not 
 to attempt to thwart his expressed 
 desire to become an explorer. Had 
 they done so the world would pos- 
 sess much less geographical knowl- 
 edge than it now does. After courses 
 in the universities of Stockholm, Up- 
 sala, Berlin and Halle, he began his 
 travels. The Orient attracted him, 
 and he made journeys through Per- 
 sia and Mesopotamia. In 1895 he 
 was a member of King Oscar's em- 
 bassy to the Shah of Persia. He is 
 best known in connection with his 
 explorations in Asia, those of Khor- 
 asan, Turkestan and Thibet being 
 especially notable. Hedin is the au- 
 thor of many works on travel and 
 has contributed largely to those jour- 
 nals which are published in the in- 
 terest of science of geography. 
 
 E. BURTON HOLMES. 
 
 E. Burton Holmes, who is well 
 known to the American public 
 through his lectures on foreign coun- 
 tries, was born in Chicago, January 
 8, 1870. He is the son of Ira and 
 Virginia (Burton) Holmes. Edu- 
 cated at first in the Allen academy, 
 and subsequently in the Harvard 
 school, Chicago, he, not long after 
 his graduation, began to evince that 
 uncontrollable desire to see the world 
 which is innate in the breast of the 
 born explorer. Notwithstanding that 
 he is still a comparatively young man, 
 Mr. Holmes has managed, since he 
 attained his majority, to visit Japan, 
 Algeria, Corsica, Greece and Thes- 
 saly. He has also taken part in an 
 expedition sent under the auspices of 
 a scientific organization to Fez, Mo- 
 rocco. All of the continental coun- 
 tries of Europe are known to him, as 
 are the Hawaiian Islands, the Philip- 
 pine Islands and China. He has vis- 
 ited the Yellowstone Park and the 
 Grand Canyon of the Colorado river. 
 His first appearance on the lecture
 
 Encyclopedic Biographies, or 
 
 platform was in 1890, and since then 
 he has appeared in nearly all of the 
 American cities. Mr. Holmes has 
 graphic powers of description, which 
 explains the popularity of his ad- 
 dresses. His lectures have been pub- 
 lished in book form. 
 
 A. H. SAVAGE LANDOR. 
 
 The power of purpose is empha- 
 sized in the career of A. H. Savage 
 Landori, artist and explorer. Son 
 of Charles Savage Landor, and the 
 grandson of Walter Savage Landor, 
 author and poet, he was born in 
 Florence, Italy; was educated in that 
 city, and afterward went to Paris 
 to study art. There he entered the 
 studio of Julian, one of whose favor- 
 ite pupils he soon became. There is 
 every likelihood that he would have 
 become prominent in art circles had 
 it not been for his keen desire for 
 travel. So deserting the easel for the 
 knapsack, he visited Japan, China, 
 Corea, Mongolia, India, Napaul, Thi- 
 bet, America, Australia, Africa and 
 other countries. He lived for some 
 time among a curious race of aborig- 
 ines known as the Hairy Ainu, in the 
 wilds of Northern Japan. Mr. Landor 
 is best known to the reading pub- 
 lic by reason of his explorations in 
 Thibet and the remarkable book 
 which was the fruit thereof. During 
 his sojourn in "The Forbidden 
 Country" he underwent incredible 
 hardships, and as a result of the tor- 
 tures inflicted upon him by the na- 
 tives who held him prisoner for some 
 time, he will probably be a sufferer 
 to the end of his days. A man, who 
 when riding on a saddle studded 
 with sharp spikes, can take note of 
 the physical features of the surround- 
 ing country and can calculate the 
 height of the plateau over which he 
 is passing in agony must be molded 
 from that kind of stuff of which hero 
 adventurers are made. Likewise does 
 
 he show the power of a purpose over 
 the dangers and difficulties that 
 threaten to thwart it. 
 
 FRIDTJOF NANSEN. 
 
 Of the several explorers who have 
 endeavored to solve the mysteries of 
 the Arctic regions, none perhaps is 
 better known than Fridtjof Nansen, 
 a descendant of the old Vikings. He 
 was born in Christiania, October 10, 
 1861, and is the son of a lawyer well 
 known in Norwegian legal circles. 
 After an education, which began at 
 home, he graduated from the Uni- 
 versity of Christiania,, and immediate- 
 ly began to exhibit those nomadic 
 tendencies which distinguish the born 
 explorer. His first trip to the far 
 north was in 1882, when he made a 
 voyage to the seas surrounding 
 Greenland. Returning with much 
 valuable geological and zoological 
 data, he was appointed curator of the 
 natural history museum at Bergen. 
 In 1889 he took his second trip to the 
 Arctic, when he succeeded in cross- 
 ing Greenland. Subsequent thereto 
 he was made curator of the Museum 
 of Comparative Anatomy of Christi- 
 ania university. His most memora- 
 ble undertaking, however, was in 
 1893, when he endeavored to reach 
 the North Pole. Although he did not 
 accomplish his object, he succeeded 
 in getting nearer to it than had any 
 of his predecessors. On that occa- 
 sion he spent three years in the Arctic 
 region, and again returned laden with 
 data which, from a scientific stand- 
 point, was invaluable. He was next 
 appointed professor of zoology of the 
 Christiania university. Nansen has 
 published several books dealing with 
 his life work, including Esquimaux 
 Life, Across Greenland and Farthest 
 North. He has also written a num- 
 ber of articles for magazines. He mar- 
 ried Eva Sears, who was well known 
 in musical circles of the continent 
 
 654
 
 The Romance of Reality. 
 
 ROBERT EDWIN PEARY. 
 
 Robert Edwin Peary, the brilliant 
 Arctic explorer, was born at Cres- 
 son, Pennsylvania, May 6, 1856. After 
 a course in public schools he entered 
 Bowdoin college, graduating there- 
 from in 1877. In 1881 he was ap- 
 pointed civil engineer to the United 
 States navy. From 1884 to 1885 he 
 acted as assistant engineer in the sur- 
 veys for the Nicaraugua ship canal, 
 and from 1887 to 1888 was engineer 
 in charge of further surveys for the 
 same project. In this connection he 
 invented the rolling lock-gate for 
 canals. He inaugurated his career 
 as Arctic explorer in 1886, when he 
 made his famous reconnaissance of 
 the Greenland inland ice cap, a thing 
 that none of his predecessors had at- 
 tempted. In 1891 he undertook an- 
 other expedition to the north under 
 the auspices of the Academy of Nat- 
 ural Sciences of Philadelphia. He 
 also determined the insularity of 
 Greenland, for which he received 
 medals from a number of scientific 
 organizations. Still another voyage 
 was made in 1893, and a year later 
 he discovered the famous Iron Moun- 
 tain, which proved to consist of three 
 meteorites, one of them weighing 
 ninety tons. Some of the meteorites 
 he brought back with him during a 
 summer trip made in 1896. In 1898 
 he again started north in an endeavor 
 to reach the North Pole, but was not 
 successful. Lieutenant Peary married 
 Josephine Diebitsch in 1888. He is 
 the author of several books on his 
 work in the arctic regions and of a 
 great many papers in geological jour- 
 nals and popular magazines. He 
 once remarked that even Polar ice 
 would melt "by heat of effort," mean- 
 ing that any obstacle can be destroyed 
 by enthusiasm and persistency. 
 
 HENRY MORTON STANLEY. 
 
 The career of Sir Henry M. Stan- 
 
 ley is not only of a more or less 
 romantic nature, but furnishes les- 
 sons that are as obvious as they are 
 useful. Beginning life as an un- 
 known boy, he is now one of the 
 best-known, as he is the most highly 
 honored of men. And he has thus 
 achieved, through the medium of his 
 stalwart mental and physical attri- 
 butes. Sir Henry was born in Den- 
 bigh, Wales, and emigrated to the 
 United States in 1856. He was adopt- 
 ed by a New Orleans merchant, 
 whose name he now bears. Coming 
 north, he became connected with the 
 New York Herald, and in 1870 was 
 sent to Africa by that newspaper, in 
 order to explore some of the then un- 
 known sections of that country. Re- 
 turning to America, in 1874, he was 
 ordered at brief notice by James Gor- 
 don Bennett, of the Herald, to find 
 Dr. Livingston, the late famous trav- 
 eler and missionary, from whom no 
 tidings had been heard for some 
 time. Stanley successfully carried 
 out the instructions. Subsequently 
 he discovered the source of the Con- 
 go, and still later his explorations, 
 undertaken at the request of the 
 King of Belgium, resulted in the 
 foundation of the Congo Free State. 
 He also commanded the Emm Pasha 
 relief expedition. Since 1895 he has 
 been a member of the British parlia- 
 ment. His books are many and have 
 for the most part to do with his ad- 
 ventures and experiences in Africa. 
 He was knighted by the late Queen 
 Victoria for his services to science as 
 explorer. 
 
 WALTER WELLMAN. 
 
 Walter Wellman, journalist and 
 explorer, was born in Mentor, Ohio, 
 November 5, 1858. He was educated 
 in the district schools, and during his 
 boyhood gave evidence of his jour- 
 nalistic instincts, for when but four- 
 teen years of age he established a
 
 Encyclopedic Biographies, or 
 
 weekly newspaper at Sutton,, Nebras- 
 ka. When he attained his majority, 
 he founded the Cincinnati Evening 
 Post, the venture being of a success- 
 ful nature. For many years he was 
 political and Washington correspond- 
 ent of the Chicago Herald and 
 Times-Herald. Mr. Wellman, in 
 1892, succeeded in locating the land- 
 ing place of Christopher Columbus, 
 on Watling Island, in the Bahamas, 
 and erected a monument upon the 
 spot In 1894 he took his initial trip 
 
 to the Arctic regions, making ex- 
 plorations on the northeastern coast 
 of Spitzbergen. Four years later he 
 explored Franz Josef Land, where he 
 discovered many new islands and 
 made valuable contributions to Arctic 
 geography. As a writer on subjects 
 connected with the frozen north, he 
 is well known by reason of his arti- 
 cles in leading magazines. He has 
 also written on political and general 
 topics. 
 
 EDUCATORS. 
 
 ELISHA BENJAMIN ANDREWS. 
 
 Elisha Benjamin Andrews was born 
 at Hinsdale, New Hampshire, Janu- 
 ary 10, 1844. He received a public 
 school education, meantime working 
 on a farm. At the outbreak of the 
 Civil war, although only seventeen 
 years of age, he enlisted and served 
 with distinction, being promoted to 
 the rank of second lieutenant. A se- 
 vere wound destroyed the sight of his 
 left eye, and he received his honora- 
 ble discharge in 1864. Forthwith pre- 
 paring for college at Powers insti- 
 tute, he later studied at Wesleyan 
 academy, entered Brown university 
 and was graduated in the class of 
 1870. During the two years follow- 
 ing he was principal of the Connecti- 
 cut Literary institute at Suffield. In 
 1874 he graduated from the Newton 
 Theological institution and was the 
 same year ordained pastor of the 
 First Baptist church, Beverly, Mas- 
 sachusetts. One year after he ac- 
 cepted the presidency of Denison uni- 
 versity, Granville, Ohio. Afterward 
 he held the professorship of homo- 
 letics, pastoral theology and church 
 polity in Newton Theological institu- 
 tion, where he remained three years. 
 and after studying a year in Ger- 
 many, he filled the chair of professor 
 
 of history and economy in Brown 
 university. In 1889 he was elected 
 president of Brown university. He 
 has always been noted for his interest 
 in public questions and has been a 
 liberal contributor to magazines and 
 other periodicals. He has published 
 several books on history, philosophy 
 and economics. In 1870 he married 
 Ella A. Allen, of Boston, and has 
 had two children by her. 
 
 NICHOLAS MURRAY BUTLER. 
 
 Nicholas Murray Butler was born 
 at Paterson, New Jersey, April 2, 
 1862. He was educated in the public 
 schools of his native city, where his 
 father for many years had been presi- 
 dent of the board of education. At 
 sixteen he entered Columbia College, 
 New York, and was graduated in 
 1882. The following year he received 
 the degree of A.M. from his alma 
 mater, and in 1884 the degree of 
 Ph.D. The same year he visited Eu- 
 rope, studying at the universities of 
 Berlin and Paris. Upon returning to 
 America, in 1886, he became an in- 
 structor in philosophy in Columbia 
 college. In 1890 he was made pro- 
 fessor of philosophy, ethics and 
 psychology. For a number of years 
 he was president of the board of 
 
 656
 
 The Romance of Reality. 
 
 education of Paterson, New Jersey, 
 and in 1887 he organized the New 
 York college for the training of 
 teachers, and which is now the 
 Teachers' college, Columbia univer- 
 sity. In 1891 he founded the maga- 
 zine Educational Review, which he 
 has edited ever since and which is 
 probably the foremost educational 
 publication in the world. He is also 
 the editor of the Teachers' Profes- 
 sional Library and has published nu- 
 merous educational essays and ad- 
 dresses. In 1894 he became an ex- 
 aminer for the state of New York, 
 and in the same year was elected 
 president of the National Educa- 
 tional association. In September, 
 1901, he was elected president of Co- 
 lumbia university to succeed Seth 
 Low. On February 7, 1887, he mar- 
 ried Susanna Edwards Schuyler. One 
 daughter is the issue of the union. 
 
 CHARLES WILLIAM ELIOT. 
 
 Charles William Eliot was born in 
 Boston March 20, 1834. After a 
 period spent in the public schools he 
 was prepared for college at the Bos- 
 ton Latin school, and entering Har- 
 vard he graduated in 1852. After 
 graduation he took a position as tutor 
 of mathematics in Harvard and went 
 through an advanced course in chem- 
 istry with Professor Josiah P. Cook. 
 In 1858 he undertook a trip to Eu- 
 rope to investigate its educational 
 methods and make a further study of 
 chemistry. From 1865 to 1869 he 
 was professor of analytical chemistry 
 in the Massachusetts institute of tech- 
 nology. In 1867 he was elected a fel- 
 low of the American academy of arts 
 and sciences, and also became a mem- 
 ber of the American philosophical so- 
 ciety. He has delivered many note- 
 worthy addresses on educational and 
 scientific subjects and has written a 
 number of text books,, essays and 
 educational contributions to periodi- 
 
 cals. His principal worke are text- 
 books on chemistry, which were writ- 
 ten in conjunction with Professor 
 Francis H. Storer. In 1869 he was 
 elected president of Harvard univer- 
 sity. He is a member of many scien- 
 tific societies and is regarded as an 
 authority on abstruse questions and 
 problems of chemistry and allied 
 sciences. 
 
 WILLIAM HERBERT PERRY FAUNCE. 
 
 The Rev. W. H. P. Faunce, D.D., 
 the new president of Brown univer- 
 sity, Providence, Rhode Island, is not 
 an example of success under difficul- 
 ties. He has never experienced re- 
 verses, and he has always improved 
 his opportunities. His father, Thomas 
 Faunce, was a prominent clergyman 
 at Worcester, Massachusetts, and 
 had preached in Plymouth, in that 
 state, which is the home of many 
 generations of the family. I called 
 upon Dr. Faunce, and was invited 
 into his study. He is only forty years 
 of age, a courteous, broad-minded 
 gentleman. "I was born in Worces- 
 ter," he said, "but received a public 
 school' education at Concord and at 
 Lynn, and in 1876 entered Brown 
 university. After I was graduated, I 
 taught for a year in mathematics, 
 during the absence of a professor in 
 Europe. I always intended to be- 
 come a minister, and I entered New- 
 ton Theological Seminary. Eight 
 months before graduation, I preached 
 one Sunday in the State Street Bap- 
 tist church, of Springfield, Massachu- 
 setts. It was a large church, having 
 a membership of seven hundred and 
 fifty. I did not know that the pulpit 
 was vacant, and, peculiarly enough, 
 chose for my text the sentence, 'I 
 that speak unto you am He.' At the 
 close of the services, I was asked to 
 be their pastor, and, after I was 
 graduated from the seminary, I was 
 ordained. It was in 1889 that I was 
 
 657
 
 Encyclopedic Biographies, or 
 
 asked to preach as a candidate in the 
 Fifth Avenue Baptist church, of New 
 York, which I regret to leave. I re- 
 fused to be a candidate; but mem- 
 bers continually came to Springfield 
 to hear me, and finally I was called 
 All along I have been more or less 
 identified with college work, and my 
 congregation tell me they have been 
 expecting I would leave and devote 
 myself to educational lines. For a 
 number of years, I have been one of 
 a board of preachers at Harvard, 
 preaching there three weeks in the 
 autumn, and three in the winter, and 
 for six weeks each summer (the 
 summer quarter), at the University 
 of Chicago, where I also taught in 
 theology. Again, I have preached 
 quite regularly at Cornell, Amherst, 
 Wellesley and Brown." "Have other 
 colleges asked you to become presi- 
 dent?" "Yes; that is, two official 
 boards of two colleges have sounded 
 and invited me, but I considered that 
 my work here was too important. 
 Brown, however, is my alma mater." 
 "You must spend much time in 
 study," I remarked. "I have always 
 kept my studies up," replied Dr. 
 Faunce. "I have been abroad three 
 times to study German, French and 
 philosophy. I am a great believer in 
 constant work." "Success? you ask. 
 Why, success involves the complete 
 expression of all of one's powers,, and 
 every one leaves a lasting impression 
 on the life of the world. The man 
 who is sincere in the expressing of 
 himself, in whatever line it may be, 
 becomes a factor in the world. Gen- 
 uine success is the kind that is helpful 
 to others, as well as to the one who 
 is striving. Every other kind falls 
 short of the mark and becomes stale. 
 How to achieve success? you ask. 
 Show strong, absolute whole-hearted- 
 ness in whatever you undertake; 
 throw yourself, body, mind and soul, 
 into whatever you do. Patiently mas- 
 
 ter details. Most of the men that I 
 know who have failed have ignored 
 details, have considered them petty 
 and insignificant. They have not re- 
 alized the importance of small 
 things." "Do you think the average 
 man appreciates this?" I asked. "No." 
 Here Dr. Faunce was called away for 
 a moment, and I picked up a book 
 of Browning's poems. These lines in 
 "Christmas Eve" were marked: 
 
 Whom do you count the Worse man upon earth? 
 Be sure he knows, in his conscience, more 
 Of what Right is. than arrives at birth. 
 
 When he returned I asked: "Do 
 you think that the worse individual, 
 a useless member of society, can ele- 
 vate himself and be of consequence?" 
 "Most decidedly, and through work, 
 congenial work. The happiest hours 
 of a man's life should be when he is 
 working. A man will not succeed 
 who is continually looking for the 
 end of the day. Vacations are neces- 
 sary, but they are for the sake of 
 work and success." 
 
 ARTHUR TWINING HADLEY. 
 
 The father of Arthur Twining 
 Hadley, now president of Yale, was 
 Professor James Hadley, a Yale 
 graduate of 1842. He was a tutor at 
 Yale three years, and, in 1857, he 
 took President Woolsey's place as 
 professor of Greek. This place he 
 held until his death, in 1872. His 
 mother was Ann Twining, an intel- 
 lectual woman, who completed the 
 full Yale course in mathematics be- 
 fore the days of the "new woman." 
 Thus, young Hadley was, as Oliver 
 Wendell Holmes might say, "fortu- 
 nate in the choice of his parents." 
 He first saw the light at New Haven, 
 April 23, 1856. Becoming a Yale 
 graduate, in 1876, he was the valedic- 
 torian of his class. He spent some 
 years in Berlin, and became a tutor 
 in 1879, a lecturer at Yale (and Har- 
 
 658
 
 The Romance of Reality. 
 
 vard) on political science in 1883, 
 and a professor in 1886. He had also 
 done journalistic work on several 
 newspapers. His work on "Railway 
 legislation" has been translated into 
 French and German, and twice into 
 Russian. He made two reports as 
 commissioner of labor statistics for 
 Connecticut, in 1885 and 1886. He 
 wrote, at the Harpers' solicitation, 
 the article^ on "Yale" in their well- 
 known vofume, "Four Universities." 
 In 1891 he married Helen Harrison, 
 daughter of Governor Luzon B. Mor- 
 ris, of Connecticut. President Had- 
 ley is the ideal educator, learned, 
 sympathetic, progressive and possess- 
 ing an intimate acquaintance with the 
 details and duties of his onerous posi- 
 tion. 
 
 WILLIAM TORREY HARRIS. 
 
 William Torrey Harris was born 
 North Killingly, Connecticut, Sep- 
 tember 10, 1835. He was educated in 
 local common schools and academies,, 
 and for two and a half years was a 
 member of the Yale college class of 
 1858, but left before graduating. In 
 1857 he went to St. Louis, where, for 
 some time, he acted as teacher, prin- 
 cipal, assistant superintendent and 
 superintendent of public schools. At 
 the Paris exposition of 1878 thirteen 
 volumes of reports prepared by Mr. 
 Harris, and contributed to the edu- 
 cational exhibit of the United States, 
 attracted such attention that he was 
 given the honorary title of officier 
 de 1'Academie. The reports were 
 placed in the pedagogical library of 
 the Paris ministry of public instruc- 
 tions. When Mr. Harris resigned, in 
 1880, on account of failing health, the 
 city of St. Louis presented him with 
 a gold medal and a purse of $1000. 
 He next visited Europe, representing 
 the United States bureau of educa- 
 tion at the international congress of 
 educators held at Brussels in 1880. In 
 
 1889 he again represented the United 
 States bureau of education at the 
 Paris exposition, and on December 
 12 of the same year he was appointed 
 United States commissioner of edu- 
 cation and removed to Washington, 
 D. C. Mr. Harris has contributed 
 many educational articles to the mag- 
 azines and was the founder of the 
 Journal of Speculative Philosophy. 
 
 HENRY MITCHELL MCCRACKEN. 
 
 Henry Mitchell McCracken was 
 born at Oxford, Ohio, September 28, 
 1840. His early education was ob- 
 tained in the public schools and later 
 at Miami university, from whence he 
 graduated in 1857. He also studied 
 at the United Presbyterian theologi- 
 cal seminary at Zenia, Ohio, at the 
 Princeton theological seminary, and 
 at Tubingen and Berlin universities. 
 His first professional work was that 
 of a teacher of classics and a public 
 school superintendent. From 1857 to 
 1860 he was pastor of the Westmins- 
 ter church at Columbus, Ohio, and 
 later of the Presbyterian church at 
 Toledo, Ohio. In 1868, he was elect- 
 ed chancellor of the Western univer- 
 sity, at Pittsburg, and in 1880 was 
 made vice-chancellor and professor of 
 philosophy in the New York univer- 
 sity, which position he held until 
 1891, when he was made chancellor. 
 He is the author of numerous educa- 
 tional and theological works. In 1872 
 he married Catherine Hubbard. Chan- 
 cellor McCracken's life work has 
 had a dominating influence on educa- 
 tional theories and methods in this 
 country. His powers of professional 
 expansion have enabled him to keep 
 pace with the drift of modern 
 thought and sentiment. 
 
 WOODROW WILSON. 
 
 Woodrow Wilson was born at 
 Staunton, Virginia, December 28, 
 1856. He is of Scotch ancestry. 
 
 659
 
 Encyclopedic Biographies, or 
 
 After being trained in private schools 
 of Augusta, Georgia, and Columbia, 
 South Carolina, he graduated from 
 Princeton in 1879, and then studied 
 law at the University of Virginia. 
 Being admitted to the bar, he prac- 
 ticed for a year in Atlanta, Georgia, 
 and later entered Johns Hopkins uni- 
 versity for a graduating course in 
 history and politics. In 1885 he was 
 chosen as an instructor in history 
 and politics at Bryn Mawr college 
 and in 1886 he received the degree of 
 Ph.D. from Johns Hopkins univer- 
 sity. In 1888 he was a member of the 
 faculty in Wesleyan university, and 
 
 in 1890 was called to the chair of 
 jurisprudence at Princeton. In Au- 
 gust, 1902, he was elected president 
 of Princeton to succeed President 
 Patton. He has published a number 
 of educational text-books and his- 
 torical, biographical and political 
 works. His most recent and perhaps 
 most important work is a history of 
 the American people, issued in five 
 volumes. President Wilson is well 
 known as a lecturer on military and 
 political subjects,, through the medium 
 of his contributions to various peri- 
 odicals. 
 
 EDITORS. 
 
 HENRY MILLS ALDEN. 
 
 Harper's Magazine is one of the 
 classics in the vast library of monthly 
 publications. Magazines, like people, 
 have their periods of elevation and 
 depression. But Harper's has main- 
 tained a steady level of high-class 
 individuality, this being due in no 
 small degree to the work of Henry 
 Mills Alden, who, since 1869, has 
 been its editor-in-chief. Mr. Alden 
 was born at Mount Tabor, near Dan- 
 by, Vermont, November n, 1836. He 
 attended public school at Hoosick 
 Falls, New York, graduated from 
 Williams college in 1857, and from 
 the Andover theological seminary in 
 1860, but he never took orders. His 
 literary bent was made manifest early 
 in life, and, after inu.V 6 _*,_, <tl work 
 with his pen, he became managing 
 editor of Harper's Weekly, which 
 position he held until he was put in 
 charge of the magazine. For some 
 time he was lecturer at the Lowell 
 institute, Boston. He is the author 
 of some religious books, and also of 
 Harper's Pictorial History of the 
 Great Revolution, Mr. A. H. Guern- 
 sey being associated with him in the 
 
 production of that work. Mr. Alden's 
 life story is that of a man who, hav- 
 ing a purpose, hopes 6n and works 
 on, ceasing not until his hopes are 
 lost in full fruition. 
 
 EDWARD WILLIAM BOK. 
 
 Edward William Bok, who, since 
 1888, has been the editor of the La- 
 dies' Home Journal, was born in 
 Helder, Holland,, October 9, 1863. He 
 came to this country with his parents 
 when six years of age and was edu- 
 cated in the public schools of Brook- 
 lyn. He then learned stenography 
 and entered the employ of the West- 
 ern Union Telegraph Company. Find- 
 ing that his position had no future 
 for him, he, in 1884, became connect- 
 ed with the firm of Henry Holt & 
 Co., publishers, and later with the 
 Scribner firm, with which he re- 
 mained. His industry and integrity 
 gained for him the respect of his em- 
 ployers, and when finally he became 
 desirous of securing the control of 
 the publication of which he is now 
 owner, he had no difficulty in obtain- 
 ing the needed capital with which to 
 accomplish his desires. Mr. Bok is 
 
 660
 
 The Romance of Reality. 
 
 married and is the author of "A 
 Young Man In Business," "Success- 
 ward," etc. 
 
 JAMES MONROE BUCKLEY. 
 
 Of the several publications which 
 voice the views of the religious 
 world, perhaps none is better known 
 or more generally read than is the 
 New York Christian Advocate. Un- 
 der the editorship of the Rev. Dr. 
 James M. Buckley, the Advocate has 
 become more than a mere reflex of 
 the opinions of its contributors. It 
 is a power for good and the extent 
 of its usefulness is only bounded by 
 the limits of its circulation, which 
 are world-wide. Dr. Buckley was 
 born in Rahway, New Jersey, De- 
 cember 16, 1836, his father being the 
 Rev. John Buckley. Educated at 
 first in Pennington, New Jersey, 
 seminary, he later spent a year in 
 the Wesleyan university, and after- 
 ward studied theology at Exeter, 
 New Hampshire. He became a mem- 
 ber of the New Hampshire confer- 
 ence of the Methodist Episcopal 
 church in 1858, was called to Troy in 
 1863, and to Brooklyn three years 
 later. Dr. Buckley has traveled ex- 
 tensively, and no small portion of the 
 popularity of his work on the Advo- 
 cate is due to the wide experience of 
 men and manners which he acquired 
 during his wanderings abroad and in 
 this country. He is the author of 
 several books, including Travels on 
 Three Continents, Land of the Czar 
 and the Nihilists, The History of 
 Methodism in the United States and 
 others. Dr. Buckley's literary work 
 in general is distinguished by a 
 breadth of view and a charity of 
 spirit which are only possible to the 
 man of large mind and wide horizons. 
 
 RICHARD WATSON GILDER. 
 
 If a magazine contributor was 
 asked what, in his opinion, represent- 
 
 ed the ultimate happiness of his ilk, he 
 would probably reply, "the editorship 
 of the Century." That enviable posi- 
 tion is at present held by Richard W. 
 Gilder, and that Mr. Gilder has done 
 honor to the wisdom which placed 
 him in the editorial chair, is made 
 manifest by the body matter of the 
 magazine itself. He was born in 
 Bordentown, New Jersey, February 
 8, 1844, his father being the Rev. 
 William H. Gilder, and he was edu- 
 cated in the seminary established by 
 his father at Flushing, Long Island. 
 In 1863 he became a private in Lan- 
 dis' Philadelphia battery, and, at the 
 expiration of his term of service, had 
 a year's experience as a railroad man. 
 Later he was correspondent, and 
 afterward managing editor, of the 
 Newark (New Jersey) Advertiser. 
 From that time on Mr. Gilder has 
 lived in an editorial atmosphere. In 
 connection with Newton Crane he 
 established the Newark Register, 
 next edited the defunct New York 
 monthly publication called Powers at 
 Home, made his mark while so doing, 
 attracted the notice of the Scribner 
 management, and was made manag- 
 ing editor of its magazine in 1870 and 
 editor-in-chief in 1881. Mr. Gilder 
 has taken a prominent part in move- 
 ments and organizations which had 
 for their object the improvement of 
 municipal conditions. He has held 
 office as chairman of the New York 
 tenement house commission, was the 
 first president of the New York kin- 
 dergarten association and is president 
 of the Public Art League of the 
 United States. He is also a member 
 of the City club and of the Civil 
 Service Reform league. His pub- 
 lished books of poems include The 
 Celestial Passion. Five Books of 
 Songs and Two Worlds. 
 
 GEORGE BURTON MCCLELLAN HARVEY. 
 One of the most prominent, as 
 
 66l
 
 Encyclopedic Biographies, or 
 
 well as one of the youngest occu- 
 pants of an editorial chair is George 
 Burton McClellan Harvey, who is 
 president of the famous publishing 
 firm of Harper & Brothers and 
 editor of the North American Re- 
 view. He was born at Peachan, Ver- 
 mont, February 16, 1864, being the 
 son of Duncan and Margaret S. 
 (Varnum) Harvey. Educated at 
 Peachan Academy, Mr. Harvey be- 
 gan his journalistic life by becoming 
 reporter on the Springfield (Massa- 
 chusetts) Republican. Subsequently 
 he was on the reportorial staff of the 
 Chicago News and the New York 
 Herald, of which latter newspaper he 
 was eventually made managing edi- 
 tor. He bought the North American 
 Review in March, 1899, and was 
 placed in charge of Harper & 
 Brothers' affairs a year later. Not- 
 withstanding the onerous nature of 
 his editorial duties, Mr. Harvey finds 
 time to act as president of several 
 electric railroads, in the construction 
 of which he was also interested. Gov- 
 ernors Green and Abbott, of New 
 Jersey, respectively appointed him 
 colonel and aide-de-camp on their 
 staffs. The irresistible force of char- 
 acter and ability properly directed is 
 shown by the career of Mr. Harvey. 
 
 GEORGE HOWARD LORI HER. 
 
 Horace Greeley is credited with the 
 aphorism that "It is the man and not 
 the machine, the editor and not the 
 newspaper, that brings about the 
 smooth running of the first and the 
 popularity of the second." George 
 Howard Lorimer, editor-in-chief of 
 the Saturday Evening Post, furnishes 
 an excellent illustration of the verity 
 of Greeley's assertion. Under his 
 management, the Post has, during 
 the past few years, attained a popu- 
 larity which was forbidden to it be- 
 fore he took charge of its affairs. 
 The Post was founded by Benjamin 
 
 Franklin, and it is the policy of Mr. 
 Lorimer to retain somewhat of the 
 quaint features of its earlier issues, 
 but he weds them to modern methods. 
 By means of this policy he has suc- 
 ceeded in galvanizing a moribund 
 publication into active and prosper- 
 ous life. Mr. Lorimer was born in 
 Louisville, Kentucky, October 6, 1868, 
 and is the son of the Rev. Dr. George 
 and Belle (Burford) Lorimer. He 
 was educated at the Moseley high 
 school in Chicago, and took courses 
 at Colby and Yale universities. In 
 1893 he married Alma Viola, daugh- 
 ter of Judge Alfred Ennis, of Chi- 
 cago. Mr. Lorimer has, through the 
 medium of the Saturday Evening 
 Post, proven that literary matter of 
 a helpful and elevating nature can be 
 made as attractive to the average 
 reader as so-called "popular fiction." 
 
 WHITELAW REID. 
 
 Whitelaw Reid, the editor of the 
 New York Tribune, was born in 
 Xenia, Ohio, October 27, 1837, and is 
 a graduate of Miami university, Ox- 
 ford, Ohio. After leaving college Mr. 
 Reid entered journalism, becoming 
 editor of the Xenia News. In 1860 
 he was legislative correspondent, and 
 a year later was war correspondent 
 for several newspapers. In 1862 he 
 became Washington representative of 
 the Cincinnati Gazette. After a period 
 spent in the service of the govern- 
 ment, including the acting as libra- 
 rian in the House of Representatives, 
 Mr. Reid in 1866 tried his hand at 
 cotton planting in Louisiana. But the 
 newspaper instinct was too strong 
 in him to warrant his being anything 
 but a writer. In 1868, therefore, he 
 became a member of the editorial 
 staff of the Tribune; in 1869 he was 
 appointed its managing editor and 
 has been its editor-in-chief and prac- 
 tical proprietor since 1872. In 1877 
 he declined the appointment of United 
 
 662
 
 The Romance of Reality. 
 
 States minister to Germany and 
 again in 1881. In 1889 he was United 
 States minister to France, was spe- 
 cial ambassador from this country to 
 Queen Victoria's Jubilee in 1897, and 
 was a member of the Peace commis- 
 sion in Paris in 1898. He was nomi- 
 nated for the vice-presidency in 1892. 
 Mr. Reid is the author of a number HENRY WATTERSON. 
 
 ber of many learned societies and is 
 well known on the lecture platforms 
 of the universities and colleges of 
 this country. Mr. Shaw is an excel- 
 lent example of the value of thorough 
 preparatory work looking to a given 
 career. 
 
 of books on political and journalistic 
 questions. His life has been full of 
 many but faithfully discharged duties. 
 
 ALBERT SHAW. 
 
 Albert Shaw, editor of the Ameri- 
 can Review of Reviews, was born in 
 Shandon, Butler county, Ohio, July 
 23, 1857. He is the son of Dr. Grif- 
 fin and Susan (Fisher) Shaw, Grad- 
 uating from Iowa college, Grinnell, 
 Iowa, in 1879, he became part owner 
 of the Grinnell Herald, while taking 
 a post-graduate course in constitu- 
 tional history and economic science. 
 He also studied history and political 
 science at the Johns Hopkins univer- 
 sity. All this was preparatory to en- 
 tering the profession which he had 
 chosen as his life work. Next he be- 
 came editorial writer on the Minne- 
 apolis Tribune in 1882, studied jour- 
 nalism in Europe for a year, and in 
 1891 began to conduct the well- 
 known publication with which he is 
 now identified. Mr. Shaw is the au- 
 thor of a number of works on munic- 
 ipal government and political 
 science, on which subjects he is ac- 
 cepted as an authority. He is a mem- 
 
 Henry Watterson, who is responsi- 
 ble for the editorial policy of the 
 Louisville Courier- Journal, was born 
 in Washington, D. C, February 16, 
 1840. He was educated by private 
 tutors, this owing to his being threat- 
 ened with blindness. During the war 
 he acted as staff officer in the Con- 
 federate army. When peace was es- 
 tablished he at once engaged in 
 newspaper work, and has ever since 
 been more or less conspicuous in the 
 field of journalism. Elected a mem- 
 ber of congress in 1875, ne nas since, 
 although repeatedly offered office, 
 uniformly declined it. He was dele- 
 gate-at-large from Kentucky for six 
 Democratic national conventions. Mr. 
 Watterson is not only distinguished as 
 a journalist and author, but he has a 
 well-deserved reputation as an ora- 
 tor. His command of the English 
 language, allied to his general wit 
 and braininess, have made his editor- 
 ials famous throughout the country. 
 He is the author of works on the 
 Civil war and others. In 1865 he 
 married the daughter of the Hon. 
 Andrew Ewing, of Tennessee. 
 
 PUBLISHERS. 
 
 FRANK NELSON DOUBLEDAY. 
 
 The founder of the flourishing 
 publishing house of Doubleday, Page 
 & Co., of New York, is Frank Nel- 
 son Doubleday, who was born in 
 Brooklyn in 1862, being the son of 
 W. E. Doubleday. He was educated 
 
 at the Polytechnic institute of the 
 City of Churches, and during his 
 school days gave indications of his 
 future career, for before he had fin- 
 ished his studies he had established 
 quite a flourishing job printing busi- 
 ness among his schoolmates and 
 
 663
 
 Encyclopedic Biographies, or 
 
 friends. When fifteen years of age 
 he got a position with the Scribners 
 as errand boy, remaining with the 
 firm for many years in a number of 
 capacities. He founded the publica- 
 tion entitled "The Book Buyer," and 
 when Scribner's Magazine was start- 
 ed he was made its manager and pub- 
 lisher. The average young man 
 would have been contented with this 
 position, which was honorable, pro- 
 fessionally, and lucrative, financially. 
 But young Doubleday was ambitious, 
 and so in 1897 he joined the S. S. 
 McClure Company. After a brief 
 stay with them, he formed the Dou- 
 bleday & McClure Co., book pub- 
 lishers. The firm flourished and pub- 
 lished many works of well-known 
 authors, including Rudyard Kipling's 
 "Day's Work." It was at this time 
 that a close friendship was formed 
 between Mr. Doubleday and the fa- 
 mous author. In 1900 Doubleday, 
 Page & Co. came into existence, as- 
 sociated with the senior partner being 
 W. H. Page, former editor of the 
 Atlantic, and H. W. Lanier, who is 
 a son of the poet, Sydney Lanier, and 
 others. The firm established World's 
 Work, a magazine that achieved an 
 immediate success. Another venture 
 of the company was "Country Life 
 in America," which is typographically 
 and artistically very beautiful. This 
 magazine, too, was an emphatic suc- 
 cess. He married Neltje de Graff, 
 a descendant of a historic Dutch 
 family. Mrs. Doubleday is the author 
 of a number of works, many of which 
 have to do with natural history sub- 
 jects, including "Bird Neighbors" 
 and "Nature's Garden," both of 
 which are well known to students of 
 nature. 
 
 ISAAC KAUFFMAN FUNK. 
 
 Originality has been a powerful 
 factor in the career of the noted 
 clergyman, editor and publisher, the 
 
 Rev. Dr. Isaac Kauffman Funk. He 
 was born at Clifton, Greene county, 
 Ohio, September 10, 1839. His pa- 
 rents, John and Martha (Kauffman) 
 Funk, were descendants of early Hol- 
 land-Swiss emigrants to Pennsyl- 
 vania. Graduating from Whittenberg 
 college, Springfield, Ohio, with the 
 degree of D.D., he from this same 
 institution, in 1896, received the de- 
 gree of LL.D. From 1861 to 1872 he 
 was engaged in active work in the 
 Lutheran ministry. At the end of 
 that time he resigned his pastorate 
 and traveled extensively in Europe, 
 Egypt and Palestine. Upon return- 
 ing to America he became associate 
 editor of the Christian Radical. In 
 1876 he founded and published in 
 New York city the Metropolitan Pul- 
 pit, now the Homiletic Review, act- 
 ing as its editor-in-chief. His former 
 college classmate, Adam W. Wag- 
 nails, a lawyer of Atchison, Kansas, 
 became in 1877 his partner, and the 
 firm name was changed to I. K. Funk 
 & Co., and later, in 1891, to Funk & 
 Wagnalls Co. Their several branch 
 houses in Canada and England, as 
 well as their many published books 
 which have met with public favor, 
 testified to the business successes of 
 the members of the concern. Dr. 
 Funk is the founder of some well- 
 known periodicals, among which The 
 Voice, The Literary Digest and The 
 , Missionary Review are the most im- 
 portant. He also published a stand- 
 ard dictionary of the English lan- 
 guage, of which he was editor-in- 
 chief. The production of this work 
 was a gigantic undertaking, costing 
 nearly one million dollars. 
 
 WILLIAM RANDOLPH HEARST. 
 
 It is usually supposed, and rightly 
 so, that a young man who inherits 
 much wealth is not very likely to 
 make his mark in the world. The 
 career of William Randolph Hearst 
 
 664
 
 The Romance of Reality. 
 
 furnishes an exception to the general 
 rule, however, for, in spite of being 
 handicapped by a comfortable for- 
 tune, he has achieved no small repu- 
 tation as a newspaper editor and pub- 
 lisher. Mr. Hearst was born in San 
 Francisco, California, and is the son 
 of the late United States Senator 
 George F. Hearst. He is the owner 
 of the San Francisco Examiner and 
 other well-known newspapers. In 
 1895 he bought the New York Jour- 
 nal, later purchasing the Advertiser 
 and consolidating it with the Jour- 
 nal to secure a franchise. In 1900 
 he founded the Chicago American, 
 which paper has the largest morning 
 circulation in the city in which it is 
 published. At present Mr. Hearst is 
 publishing altogether five large news- 
 papers : two in New York, two in 
 Chicago and one in San Francisco. 
 He is a firm believer in the theory 
 of so-called "yellow journalism," 
 claiming that with its help he reaches 
 the masses. His papers are noted 
 chiefly for their brilliant editorials. 
 Mr. Hearst advocates the cause of 
 the laboring classes, is a member of 
 congress, has been mentioned as a 
 possible candidate for the Presiden- 
 tial nomination on the Democratic 
 ticket in 1904. 
 
 EDWARD EVERETT HIGGINS. 
 
 If you should ask Edward E. Hig- 
 gins, the publisher of Success, what 
 are the characteristics which have 
 given him his present position in the 
 publishing world, he would doubt- 
 less reply, "Courage, persistence and 
 patience." He has had an unusually 
 varied training and experience. He 
 was born on April 4, 1864, in Chel- 
 sea, Massachusetts, and, after a pre- 
 liminary education in the local gram- 
 mar and high schools, which were 
 then considered among the best in the 
 state, he entered the Massachusetts 
 Institute of Technology and was 
 
 graduated as an electrical engineer 
 in 1886. He obtained there the 
 mathematical training which has re- 
 mained with him ever since, and 
 which has contributed not a little to 
 his acknowledged power of distin- 
 guishing between the possible and 
 the impossible in both engineering 
 and business matters. Foreseeing the 
 great future of the electric street rail- 
 road, he became associated, in its 
 earliest development, with the 
 Sprague and Edison companies, and 
 it was largely through his efforts that 
 electricity was first introduced into 
 Buffalo and other cities of New York 
 state. Acquiring a large fund of in- 
 formation on street railroad matters 
 at home and abroad, Mr. Higgins be- 
 came, in 1893, the editor of the Street 
 Railway Journal, and has won an 
 international reputation as a statisti- 
 cal,, engineering and financial expert 
 on street railway matters. In 1899 he 
 perceived an opportunity to develop 
 a large and important home publica- 
 tion from what was then a small and 
 struggling periodical Success and 
 acquired an interest, intending that it 
 should be merely a side issue. But 
 the phenomenally rapid growth of 
 Success soon called for Mr. Higgins' 
 entire time, and the result is seen in 
 the fact that Success, with its circu- 
 lation of over 300,000, now, after only 
 four years' time, is one of the first 
 half-dozen American magazines in 
 circulation, prestige and general 
 standing, and no paper is more use- 
 ful or valuable in the home. 
 
 Louis KLOPSCH. 
 
 No better example of the zealous 
 religious worker,, disinterested bene- 
 factor and talented journalist can be 
 cited than the subject of this sketch, 
 Louis Klopsch. He was born in Ger- 
 many, March 26, 1852, receiving only 
 a common school education. In 
 1886, after having removed to New 
 
 665
 
 Encyclopedic Biographies, or 
 
 York, he married May E., daughter 
 of the Rev. Stephen Merritt. Be- 
 coming interested in newspaper work, 
 he became the proprietor of the Daily 
 Reporter, New York. He was also 
 owner of the Pictorial Associated 
 Press from 1884 to 1890, and has had 
 charge of the Talmage sermon syndi- 
 cate since 1885. On his return from 
 Palestine, in 1890, he became con- 
 nected with the Christian Herald, 
 which he purchased in 1892. Since 
 that time he has, through his paper, 
 raised and distributed nearly $3,000,- 
 ooo in international charities. In 
 recognition of his relief work, during 
 the Russian famine of 1892, he was 
 received by the Czar of Russia, and 
 in 1898 the English and Indian gov- 
 ernments extended official thanks to 
 him for his services in behalf of 
 famine-stricken India. President 
 McKinley appointed him one of the 
 three commissioners in charge of the 
 relief of the starving Reconcentra- 
 does in Cuba, and for this purpose he 
 raised nearly $200,000. In the spring 
 of 1900, accompanied by Gilson Wil- 
 lets, Mr. Klopsch visited the famine 
 and cholera fields of India, and 
 through his paper, in six months' 
 time, secured a fund of $700,000 for 
 their relief. He has also guaranteed 
 the support of five thousand famine 
 orphans in India. 
 
 SAMUEL SIDNEY MCCLURE. 
 
 One of the leading magazine pub- 
 lishers of to-day, Samuel Sidney Mc- 
 Clure, was born in County Antrim, 
 Ireland, February 17, 1857. Being an 
 ambitious youth,, he naturally turned 
 to America, "the land of opportu- 
 nity." By his own earnest efforts he 
 succeeded in securing a liberal edu- 
 cation, being graduated from Knox 
 college, Illinois, in 1882, obtaining 
 the degree of A. M. in 1887. Sep- 
 tember 4, 1883, he was married to 
 Harriet, daughter of Professor Al- 
 
 bert Hurd, of Knox college, Gales- 
 burg, Illinois. He established, in 
 November, 1884, a newspaper syndi- 
 cate, and in 1893 he founded Mc- 
 Clure's Magazine, which ranks among 
 the most popular periodicals of the 
 day. His national reputation is large- 
 ly due to this enterprise. His execu- 
 tive ability has made him the presi- 
 dent of the S. S. McClure Company, 
 and he has been a trustee of Knox 
 college since 1894. Mr. McClure has 
 discovered and recognized a human 
 need, and by filling that need is realiz- 
 ing his well-merited success. 
 
 FRANK ANDREW MUNSEY. 
 
 The rise of Frank A. Munsey from 
 a poor postoffice clerk in Augusta, 
 Maine, to the head of one of the 
 most profitable publishing houses in 
 the world has been as rapid as it is 
 remarkable. His only capital when 
 he began his current business were 
 his ideas and his nerve; yet, in less 
 than ten years, he has made a for- 
 tune. Mr. Munsey was born in Mer- 
 cer, Maine, August 21, 1854, the son 
 of Andrew C. and Mary J. Munsey. 
 After securing an ordinary educa- 
 tion in the public schools of Maine, 
 he began his business career in a 
 country store, and later became man- 
 ager of the Western Union telegraph 
 office of Augusta, Maine. When, in 
 1882, he went to New York and start- 
 ed the Golden Argosy, a juvenile 
 weekly (now the adult monthly, The 
 Argosy), his friends thought he was 
 as unwise as he was reckless. It is 
 said that some of them actually pro- 
 posed an inquiry into his sanity. Hav- 
 ing made money by The Argosy, he 
 invested it, in 1890, in a magazine, 
 launching Munsey's Weekly, which 
 he converted October,, 1891, into 
 Munsey's Magazine. He now also 
 publishes The Puritan and the Junior 
 Munsey, besides newspapers in New 
 York and Washington. Although 
 
 666
 
 The Romance of Reality. 
 
 more widely known as a publisher 
 than an author, he has written sev- 
 eral books, including Afloat in a 
 Great City, 1887; Boy Broker, 1888; 
 Tragedy of Errors, 1889 ; Under Fire, 
 1890, and Deering Forte, 1895. 
 
 JOSEPH PULITZER. 
 
 Extraordinary energy and execu- 
 tive ability and a Napoleonic faculty 
 of perceiving and utilizing the talents 
 of others, are the qualities upon 
 which the journalist and publisher, 
 Joseph Pulitzer, has built his reputa- 
 tion and his fortune. He was born 
 in Buda-Pesth, Hungary, April 10, 
 1847, and, after receiving a classical 
 education in his native city, came to 
 the United States at the age of six- 
 teen. For two years he served as a 
 private soldier in the Federal Army, 
 and, afterward, failing to gain a 
 foothold in New York city, he went 
 to St. Louis, where he became a re- 
 porter on the Westliche Post, a Ger- 
 man newspaper then edited by Carl 
 Schurz. Studying law, he was next 
 admitted to the bar of Missouri. 
 Then he was made managing editor 
 of the Post, and in 1869 was sent to 
 the Missouri legislature. In .1878 he 
 bought the St. Louis Dispatch, unit- 
 ing it with the Evening Post as the 
 St. Louis Post-Dispatch, which is 
 now one of the most successful pub- 
 lications of the west. In 1883 Mr. 
 Pulitzer purchased the New York 
 World, which, thanks to his journal- 
 istic genius, is now one of the most 
 widely read newspapers published in 
 New York city. He was elected to 
 congress in New York for the term 
 of 1885 to 1887. In 1890 he erected 
 in Park Row one of the most strik- 
 ing and costly newspaper buildings 
 in the United States. In 1896 he was 
 a ctrong advocate of the National 
 (gold standard) Democratic party. 
 Mr. Pulitzer has always been distin- 
 
 guished by his generous and cour- 
 teous treatment of his subordinates. 
 
 JOHN BRISBEN WALKER. 
 
 Among the leading magazine edi- 
 tors of to-day is John Brisben Wal- 
 ker, the author and publisher of the 
 Cosmopolitan Magazine* who is also 
 the founder of Cosmopolitan uni- 
 versity. He was born in western 
 Pennsylvania, September 10, 1847, 
 and is the son of John and Anna 
 (Krepps) Walker, and his early edu- 
 cation was received at Gonzaga Clas- 
 sical School, Washington, D. C. In 
 1863, he entered Georgetown univer- 
 sity, remaining there until he received 
 appointment to the United States 
 military academy at West Point, in 
 1865. In 1868, however, he entered 
 the Chinese military service, in which 
 he remained for two years. Return- 
 ing to America, he was married, in 
 1870, to Emily, daughter of General 
 David Hunter Strother. For the next 
 three years he was engaged in manu- 
 facturing in western Pennsylvania. 
 In 1872 he was a candidate for con- 
 gress on the Republican ticket, but 
 was defeated. During the panic of 
 1873 his entire fortune was swept 
 away. But, in spite of political and 
 financial failure, Mr. Walker rapidly 
 forged to the front again. He next 
 entered in journalism, and for three 
 years was managing editor of the 
 Washington (D. C.) Chronicle. Then 
 he moved to Colorado, and for about 
 nine years was a successful alfalfa 
 farmer in that State. In 1889 he 
 located in New York, and bought the 
 Cosmopolitan Magazine, of which he 
 is still the editor. The entire plant 
 was moved to Irvington-on-Hudson 
 in 1895. While Mr. Walker has 
 achieved notable success in the maga- 
 zine business, the most notable work 
 of his life was the founding of the 
 Cosmopolitan university in 1896. 
 
 667
 
 Encyclopedic Biographies, or 
 
 ORATORS. 
 
 ALBERT J. BEVERIDGE. 
 
 When the Indiana legislature elect- 
 ed Albert J. Beveridge to the United 
 States senate in 189%, he was but 
 thirty-six years of age, and with one 
 exception was the youngest member 
 of the distinguished body in question. 
 Mr. Beveridge was born October 6, 
 1862, in a log cabin of Highland 
 county, Ohio, his father being a small 
 farmer. When the war broke out the 
 year preceding his birth, his father 
 and his four half-brothers entered the CHAMP CLARK. 
 
 1884, and, as someone has put it, he 
 turned out to be "a revelation, a 
 dream of oratory and a trip-hammer 
 of argument." His fame as a speaker 
 being established, he was in ^demand 
 in all directions. His subsequent ca- 
 reer is well-known to the public at 
 large. In 1887 he married Miss Cath- 
 erine Maud Langsdale, daughter of 
 George J. Langsdale, the editor of a 
 well-known paper in Indiana. 
 
 army, while his mother volunteered 
 as a nurse. Moving to Illinois, they 
 settled near Sullivan, renting a small 
 farm there. At the age of ten the 
 future senator was a full-fledged 
 -farm hand. At fourteen he was a 
 railroad laborer and at sixteen joined 
 a logging camp. Whenever he could 
 find no work he attended school. At 
 the age of seventeen young Bever- 
 idge heard that the district cadetship 
 for West Point was to be filled by 
 competitive examination. He was one 
 of the competitors, and, although 
 practically self-educated, took second 
 place on a list of twenty-five. In 
 1881 he managed to enter De Paw 
 university, his capital consisting of 
 $50. By wheat-cutting in the sum- 
 mer, serving as a steward in the col- 
 lege club, and winning money prizes 
 offered to students, he managed to 
 pay his way. Graduating from col- 
 lege with high honors, he went direct 
 to Indianapolis,, called on General 
 Benjamin Harrison and asked per- 
 mission to study law with him. Fail- 
 ing in this, he obtained employment 
 with Messrs. McDonald, Butler & 
 Mason, well-known lawyers at the 
 
 Through the medium of a highly 
 successful career, Champ Clark, who 
 has a national reputation as stump 
 speaker and forensic orator, fur- 
 nishes yet another illustration of the 
 possibilities that lie before the young 
 American who determines to "get 
 there." Mr. Clark was born in An- 
 derson county, Kentucky, March 7, 
 1850. First educated in the local 
 schools, he later studied at the Ken- 
 tucky university, Bethany college and 
 the Cincinnati law school. In order 
 to support himself while acquiring 
 his education, he worked as a farm 
 hand, a clerk in a country store, an 
 editor of a country newspaper, and 
 finally as a lawyer. Not long after 
 he had begun to practice law for a 
 livelihood he commenced to take an 
 active interest in political affairs and 
 was at length elected city attorney 
 of Louisiana, Mo., and later for 
 Bowling Green, Mo. He has served 
 as prosecuting attorney of Pike coun- 
 ty, and since 1893, has been a member 
 of congress from the Ninth Missouri 
 district. Mr. Clark's eloquence, apart 
 from his other notable qualities, 
 makes him a prominent figure in 
 congressional affairs. 
 
 Indiana capital, and soon became a 
 
 third partner in the firm. In 1889 he 
 
 opened an office of his own, and his WILLIAM BOURKE COCKRAN. 
 
 first fee was from Governor Hovey. W. B. Cockran, the well-known 
 
 His initial political speech was in lawyer and politician, who is also one 
 
 668
 
 The Romance of Reality. 
 
 of the most popular orators before 
 the public, was born in Ireland, Feb- 
 ruary 28, 1854. He was educated in 
 that country, and later in France. 
 When he landed in New York in 
 1871, he knew no one in America and 
 had exactly one hundred dollars in 
 his wallet. But he was well edu- 
 cated, of marked ability, and ambi- 
 tious to the highest degree. Failing 
 to secure something better, he be- 
 came clerk in A. T. Stewart's store. 
 A month later, however, he obtained 
 a position as teacher in a public 
 school on Rutgers street, where he 
 taught French, Latin and history. 
 Still later he accepted an appointment 
 as principal in a public school in 
 Westchester. But at this period Mr. 
 Cockran had mapped out his future. 
 He had determined to become a law- 
 yer, and when on Saturdays his time 
 was his own, he studied law in the 
 office of the late Chauncey Schaffer. 
 Saving some money, he resigned as 
 school principal, and for nearly a year 
 did nothing but read. In 1890 he was 
 admitted to the bar of New York. 
 His rise thenceforward was rapid. 
 Very soon he became known as a 
 man of great ability as an advocate 
 and of supreme eloquence as a speak- 
 er. It was not long before he had a 
 lucrative practice, and took a fore- 
 most place among the best lawyers of 
 the metropolis. In the meantime his 
 repute as an orator had attracted the 
 attention of democratic leaders, and 
 hence it was that Mr. Cockran was in 
 demand at national democratic con- 
 ventions and "on the stump." He 
 was elected member of congress in 
 1891, serving in that capacity until 
 1895. In 1896, however, he refused 
 to accept the 16 to i theory of the 
 Democratic party and did his utmost 
 to elect McKinley. Some will call 
 Mr. Cockran a fortunate man, but as 
 a matter of fact his fortune, profes- 
 sional and financial, is the outcome 
 
 of his persistent industry and sin- 
 cerity. 
 
 JOHN WARWICK DANIELS. 
 
 John Warwick Daniels was born 
 at Lynchburg, Virginia, September 5, 
 1842. He was educated in the public 
 schools of the town, at Lynchburg 
 college, and also at Dr. Gessner Har- 
 rison's university school. During the 
 Civil war he was an adjutant-general 
 in the Confederate army, serving on 
 the staff of General Early. At the 
 close of the conflict he took up the 
 study of law at the University of 
 Virginia and graduated in 1866. He 
 has practiced ever since at Memphis, 
 Va. He was elected to the state sen- 
 ate in 1875 and was a member of the 
 Virginia House of Delegates from 
 1869 to 1872. In 1881 he was demo- 
 cratic candidate for governor of Vir- 
 ginia, but was defeated. As member 
 of congress in 1885 to 1887, and since 
 1887 as United States senator he has 
 been much in the eye of the public. 
 He is one of the most eloquent of 
 forensic orators in America, as well 
 as being the author of several well- 
 known legal works. 
 
 CARL SCHURZ. 
 
 The riper years of Carl Schurz are 
 so generally identified with the peace- 
 ful and progressive things that are 
 the fruits of the rostrum of the ora- 
 tor and the sanctum of the editor 
 that it seems hard to associate him 
 with the stormy and romantic inci- 
 dents that crowded his youth. Born \ 
 in Liblar, Rhenish Prussia, on 
 March 2, 1829, he was educated at 
 the Cologne gymnasium, and at the 
 age of seventeen entered the Univer- 
 sity of Bonn. When, in 1848, the 
 revolutionary spirit became actively 
 in evidence, he, together with Gott- 
 fried Kinkel, a professor of the uni- 
 versity, started a liberal newspaper. 
 As the consequence, the young men 
 
 669
 
 Encyclopedic Biographies, or 
 
 were forced to flee from Bonn. Later, 
 Schurz received a commission as ad- 
 jutant in the revolutionary army, and 
 upon the fall of Badstadt was com- 
 pelled to fly to Switzerland. His 
 friend Kinkel was captured and sen- 
 tenced to twenty years' imprison- 
 ment. Schurz, however, did not de- 
 sert his friend, but returning to Ger- 
 many, by the exercise of marvelous 
 courage and ingenuity, liberated Kin- 
 kel, and went with him to Scotland. 
 Subsequently, and in Paris, Mr. 
 Schurz entered the journalistic pro- 
 fession. In 1855 he, accompanied by 
 his young wife, whom Le had mar- 
 ried while under the ban of the Ger- 
 man authorities, came to America 
 and settled in Philadelphia. After- 
 ward he went to Madison, Wisconsin, 
 where he became identified with local 
 political affairs. He soon became a 
 prominent figure in state politics. In 
 the interval he had been admitted to 
 the bar and now opened an office in 
 Milwaukee. In 1860 he was a mem- 
 ber of the national republican con- 
 
 vention, and when Lincoln became 
 president he was made minister to 
 Spain. During the Civil war he served 
 with distinction under General Franz 
 Sigel, who had been his old com- 
 mander in Germany. In 1866 he was 
 made Washington correspondent of 
 the New York Tribune. Later he es- 
 tablished the Detroit Post. He dis- 
 posed of his interest in it, and in 
 1867 removed to St. Louis, where he 
 became editor of the Westliche Post. 
 In January, 1869, Mr. Schurz was 
 made United States senator for Mis- 
 souri. He has taken an active and 
 even strenuous part in presidential 
 campaigns for many years. In 1884, 
 1888 and 1892 he supported Mr. 
 Cleveland. When he visited Europe, 
 in 1888, he was cordially received by 
 Prince Bismarck and other German 
 leaders. He is an author, having pub- 
 lished several books, including a life 
 of Henry Clay and an essay on Abra- 
 ham Lincoln. His screeds are often 
 seen in periodical literature. 
 
 MUSICIANS. 
 
 WALTER JOHANNES DAMROSCH. 
 
 It is questionable if there is a bet- 
 ter method of giving intellectual 
 pleasure to a large number of people 
 than by teaching them concerted 
 singing. More than that, music is 
 admittedly one of the most powerful 
 factors in the bringing into being 
 those finer qualities which are identi- 
 fied with the higher civilizations. It 
 follows, then, that the man who de- 
 votes his life to cultivating a love of 
 music among the masses is a public 
 benefactor. Such an individual is 
 Walter J. Damrosch, who is both 
 well known and popular in this coun- 
 try in connection with his work on 
 the lines alluded to. Mr. Damrosch 
 was born at Breslau, Prussia, Janu- 
 
 ary 30, 1862. His father was Dr. 
 Leopold Damrosch, his reputation as 
 a conductor being of an international 
 nature, led to his coming to this coun- 
 try in 1871 to become director of the 
 Oratorio society and Symphony so- 
 ciety of New York. In the mean- 
 time Walter had received a thorough 
 musical training under his father, 
 and, when the latter died, in 1885, 
 he succeeded to the directorship of 
 the organizations named. Since that 
 period his continuous and conscien- 
 tious work for the popularizing of 
 vocal music has borne fruit not only 
 in New York, but in many other 
 cities of the United States. Mr. 
 Damrosch was also the director of 
 German opera at the Metropolitan 
 
 670
 
 The Romance of Reality. 
 
 Opera House and added to his repu- 
 tation in connection therewith. Mr. 
 Walter J. Damrosch is married to 
 Margaret, daughter of the late James 
 G. Elaine. 
 
 HENRY LEWIS REGINALD DE KOVEN. 
 
 When individuality is allied to tal- 
 ent the world stands ready to recog- 
 nize, applaud and recompense. But 
 the welding process is not to be ac- 
 complished without faithful and con- 
 stant effort. The results approximate 
 genius so closely that the division 
 between it and mere talent is more 
 theoretical than absolute. All this 
 applies to Henry L. R. De Koven, the 
 composer, who is one of the younger, 
 and, at the same time, one of the 
 most successful of American musi- 
 cians. Comic operas there are and 
 comic operas there will be, but in 
 most instances the end of their vogue 
 marks also the end of their exist- 
 ence. In the case of Robin Hood, 
 The Highwayman, and other of Mr. 
 De Koven's works, it is otherwise. 
 Those named and others bid fair to 
 remain popular beyond the limits of 
 this generation. The composer was 
 born at Littleton, Connecticut, April 
 5, 1861, his father being a clergyman. 
 At first educated in public schools, 
 he later went abroad, and was gradu- 
 ated from Oxford, England, in 1880. 
 Like other successful composers, he 
 gave indications of his love of music 
 at an early age, and, during his col- 
 lege course, fostered his special gifts 
 by constant study. After graduating, 
 he studied still further under mas- 
 ters at Stuttgart, Florence, Paris and 
 Vienna. On returning to this coun- 
 try he acted as musical critic on vari- 
 ous publications coincidently with his 
 work as a composer. Apart from 
 his many operas he has written a 
 number of songs. In 1884 he mar- 
 ried Anna Farwell. 
 
 MAURICE GRAU. 
 
 Maurice Grau, who for many years 
 was prominently identified with the 
 exploiting of grand opera in this 
 country* was born in Brussels, Aus- 
 tria, in 1849, and came to New York 
 with his parents at the age of fifteen. 
 He graduated from the Free Acad- 
 emy, New York, in 1867, attended the 
 Columbia law school and later was 
 for two years an employee of a law 
 firm. Mr. Grau, however, was gifted 
 with foresight. He saw that the citi- 
 zens of this country, on recovering 
 from the stress and strain of the Civil 
 war, would not only be possessed of 
 money with which to gratify their 
 artistic instincts, but that these same 
 instincts would come into active be- 
 ing. In other words, in his own 
 way, Mr. Grau had faith in the re- 
 cuperative powers of the United 
 States. In 1872, therefore, he became 
 manager for Aimee, the opera bouffe 
 prima donna, and was also the man- 
 ager of Rubenstein, pianist; Clara 
 Louise Kellogg company, Salvini 
 and other foreign musical and dra- 
 matic stars. Finally he became a 
 member of the firm of Abbey, Schoef- 
 fel & Grau. Sarah Bernhardt, Patti, 
 Henry Irving, Coquelin, Jane Had- 
 ing, Maunet-Sully and Mile. Rejane 
 were exploited by the firm. Until 
 1902 he was managing director of the 
 Maurice Grau opera company and 
 lessee of the Metropolitan opera 
 house, New York, in which capacity 
 he annually produced for some years 
 standard grand operas, the casts of 
 which included the most famous sing- 
 ers of the present generation. He 
 furthermore has acted as managing 
 director of the Royal opera house, 
 Covent Garden. On 1903 Mr. Grau 
 severed his connection with the Met- 
 ropolitan opera house, much to the 
 regret of those to whose musical 
 taste he had so successfully catered. 
 
 671
 
 Encyclopedic Biographies, or 
 
 VICTOR HERBERT. 
 
 The secret of success, as far as 
 those who cater to public amusement 
 is concerned, is the placing of one's 
 fingers upon the pulse of the public 
 and shape one's methods and man- 
 ners in accordance with the knowl- 
 edge so obtained. Victor Herbert, 
 the composer, has so shaped his ca- 
 reer, and, while his work is more or 
 less identified with the lighter forms 
 of comic opera, he nevertheless has 
 exhibited unmistakable musical ge- 
 nius. Mr. Herbert was born in Dub- 
 lin, Ireland, February i, 1859, and is 
 the grandson of Samuel Lever, the 
 author of Handy Andy, and other 
 Irish novels. He began to study mu- 
 sic in Germany when but seven 
 years of age, and took lessons from 
 a number of masters. While yet a 
 boy, he was appointed the principal 
 'celloist of the court orchestra in 
 Stuttgart After more study and a 
 prolonged tour in Europe, he came to 
 this country as 'cello soloist of the 
 Metropolitan opera house orchestra 
 in New York. During his career of 
 almost uninterrupted .professional 
 successes, he has been connected with 
 the Thomas, Seidl and other orches- 
 tras in the capacities of 'celloist and 
 director. He has also been bandmas- 
 ter of the Twenty-second Regiment 
 of the national guard of the state of 
 New York, and, in 1898, was made 
 conductor of the Pittsburg (Pennsyl- 
 vania) orchestra. Among the many 
 comic operas which he has written 
 are The Wizard of the Nile, The 
 Viceroy and The Idol's Eye. He is 
 also the author of a number of or- 
 chestral compositions. In 1886 he 
 married Theresa Foerester, a prima 
 donna. 
 
 LEONORA JACKSON. 
 
 Of the many American girls who 
 have made riches and reputations as 
 violinists, none is better known to 
 
 the musical world of this country and 
 abroad than Leonora Jackson. Still 
 a girl as far as years go, she has 
 acquired a reputation as a virtuoso 
 that usually comes to one in the sere 
 and yellow times of life. She was 
 born in Boston, February 20, 1879. 
 After an education received in Chi- 
 cago public schools, during which 
 time she studied her favorite instru- 
 ment, she went abroad and became 
 a pupil in the Royal school of music, 
 Berlin. While still a child, she made 
 her debut in Europe and scored an 
 instantaneous success. She has ap- 
 peared in concerts with Paderewski, 
 Patti and other famous singers and 
 musicians and has added to her repu- 
 tation by scores of performances be- 
 fore musical societies in America and 
 on the continent. Audiences of the 
 Boston symphony orchestra concerts 
 know her well. During the season 
 of 1900 and 1901 she gave one hun- 
 dred and sixty concerts in the United 
 States, securing for herself in this 
 connection a national reputation. 
 Queen Victoria decorated her as a 
 recognition of her talents. Miss 
 Jackson has also appeared before the 
 German empress and many other no- 
 tables of Europe. 
 
 FRANZ KNEISEL. 
 
 Boston musical circles have a sin- 
 cere affection for Franz Kneisel, not 
 only on account of his musical gifts 
 but in connection with the work that 
 he has done for the Boston symphony 
 orchestra. Apart from that, however, 
 some of his admirers aver that as a 
 violin soloist he has no equal in this 
 country and but few rivals abroad. 
 Be that as it may, it is certain that 
 his gifts are of a remarkable nature, 
 and, like all successful men, he has 
 cultivated them, constantly and con- 
 scientiously. Franz Kneisel was born 
 in Roumania, in 1865, of German pa- 
 rents. From a child he studied mu- 
 
 672
 
 The Romance of Reality. 
 
 sic and violin instruction under Grun 
 and Hellmsburger and early gave in- 
 dications of the successes that await- 
 ed him in the future. For some years 
 he was concert master of the Hoff- 
 burg theatre orchestra of Vienna, and 
 later of Bilse's orchestra in Berlin. 
 While filling these positions he 
 acquired the reputation which led to 
 his being invited to America. On 
 reaching this country he at once be- 
 
 came concert master of the Boston 
 
 organization and director of the THEODORE THOMAS. 
 
 society, and, in 1896, on the strength 
 of the popularity which she had es- 
 tablished in her preceding tour, made 
 another and most successful visit to 
 Europe. She has contributed liberal- 
 ly on musical topics to a number of 
 periodicals. Yet, as far as the Amer- 
 ican public is concerned, the fame of 
 Maud Powell is permanently identi- 
 fied with her violin, rather than with 
 her pen. 
 
 Kneisel quartet. He maintains his 
 reputation as a violoncellist, how- 
 ever, in spite of the demands made 
 upon his time by his other duties. 
 
 MAUD POWELL. 
 
 The popularity of Maud Powell, 
 the violinist, amongst musically in- 
 clined people is not altogether due to 
 a recognition of her genius. Those 
 who know her life story know, too, 
 that the place which she now occu- 
 pies in the eye of the public has been 
 obtained at the expense of a tremen- 
 dous amount of work, in the face of 
 many obstacles. Besides that, she is 
 a typical American girl, which means 
 that she is the possessor of the pluck 
 independence and perseverance which 
 are supposed to be characteristic of 
 the citizens of the United States. 
 Miss Powell was born in Peru, Illi- 
 nois, August 22, 1868. She studied 
 in the common schools at Aurora, 
 Illinois, and, after some preliminary 
 instruction on the violin in this coun- 
 try, took an advanced course of study 
 in Leipzig, Paris and Berlin. As a 
 pupil of the famous Joachim she 
 gave promises of a brilliant future. 
 Miss Powell is best known to the 
 American public through the medium 
 of her solos given in connection with 
 orchestral concerts of Thomas, Seidl, 
 Gericke, Nikisch, Damrosch and oth- 
 ers. In 1892 she toured Australia and 
 Germany with the New York Arion 
 
 Like many of the well-known mu- 
 sicians of to-day, Theodore Thomas 
 not only inherited his talents from 
 his father, but was a pupil of the lat- 
 ter. Mr. Thomas shares with Dam- 
 rosch and some other conductors the 
 credit of making music, not only 
 familiar to, but popular with, the 
 masses in this country. He was born 
 at Esens, Hanover, Germany, Octo- 
 ber n, 1835, and at the age of ten 
 made his first appearance in public 
 as a violinist. Shortly after that he 
 came to the United States, and for 
 a number of years gave perform- 
 ances in New York. After a success- 
 ful tour in the south, which extended 
 over two years, he returned to New 
 York and appeared in concerts and 
 opera, first as violinist and later as 
 orchestra conductor. In connection 
 with other musicians he organized an 
 annual series of chamber concerts. 
 In 1867 he founded the Thomas or- 
 chestra and maintained it until 1888. 
 He also acted as conductor for the 
 Brooklyn and New York Philhar- 
 monic societies. In 1891 he moved 
 to Chicago, and since then has been 
 conductor of the Chicago orchestra. 
 He is director of the Cincinnati col- 
 lege of music, was musical director 
 of the Chicago exposition and has 
 held other prominent positions in the 
 musical world. He has been married 
 twice, his second wife being Rose 
 Fay, of Chicago. 
 
 6 73
 
 Encyclopedic Biographies, or 
 
 SINGERS. 
 
 DAVID SCULL BISPHAM. 
 
 David Scull Bispham is another of 
 those wise ones who recognized the 
 call of his career and followed it. 
 Originally intended for a business 
 life, he found that his vocation was 
 on the operatic stage, and in spite of 
 the apparently insurmountable obsta- 
 cles that intervened, he at length 
 reached the goal of his desires. Mr. 
 Bispham was born in Philadelphia 
 January 5, 1857, and graduated in 
 1876 from Haverford college, a 
 Quaker institution near Philadelphia. 
 When not very much more than a 
 baby he gave evidence of his musical 
 taste, and when at college his connec- 
 tion with the glee club developed and 
 fostered his gifts. Finally, after some 
 years of experience as an amateur, 
 he became a soloist in Philadelphia 
 churches and in 1884 went to Italy 
 to study and then appeared in con- 
 cert in London. In 1892 he was 
 intrusted with the role of "Tris- 
 tan" at the Covent Garden 
 Opera House, London, taking the 
 audience of the British metropolis by 
 storm. Since that time he has sung 
 in all the great cities of the conti- 
 nent and of the United States, ad- 
 ding to his laurels meantime both as 
 singer and actor. He is almost un- 
 excelled as an oratorio vocalist, and 
 is an exponent of classical ballads. 
 Mr. Bispham was married in 1895 to 
 Caroline, daughter of the late General 
 Charles S. Russell. He is now the 
 principal baritone of the Covent Gar- 
 den Opera, London. 
 
 EMMA CALVE. 
 
 This generation seems to be partic- 
 ularly fortunate in regard to the 
 number and the quality of its sing- 
 ers. Not the least prominent among 
 these is Emma Calve, the well-known 
 
 prima donna, who has sung, so it is 
 said, in every civilized or semi-civil- 
 ized country in the world and in 
 each and every instance has vindi- 
 cated her professional reputation. 
 She was born in France in 1866 and 
 was educated at a convent. After 
 some years of study under continen- 
 tal masters, she made her debut in 
 grand opera in 1882 at the Theater 
 De la Monnaie, Brusselsi, where she 
 appeared in Massenet's Herodiade. 
 Since then she has been intrusted 
 with a number of responsible operatic 
 roles and is well known in the 
 United States. No small portion of 
 her current reputation rests upon the 
 success that she achieved in connec- 
 tion with her appearance in Mas- 
 cagni's "Cavalleria Rusticana." 
 
 ZELIE DE LUSSAN. 
 
 Among the younger prima donnas 
 who have attracted nearly as much 
 attention abroad as they have in this 
 country is Zelie de Lussan. She is 
 an American girl by birth and re- 
 ceived her musical training in New 
 York and Boston. Subsequently she 
 studied abroad, and after some con- 
 cert work in France and Germany, 
 returned to the United States, where 
 she appeared in English and grand 
 opera. Her successes from the in- 
 ception of her artistic career were 
 almost continuous. Besides her vocal 
 gifts she owns histrionic talents of a 
 high order. Subsequent to her last 
 New York appearance, she was again 
 called to Europe, and in that connec- 
 tion has given renewed assurance of 
 her abilities. She is one of the sev- 
 eral American girls who have suc- 
 ceeded in a profession which bristles 
 with difficulties. 
 
 EDOUARD DE RESZKE. 
 
 Edouard de Reszke was born at 
 
 674
 
 The Romance of Reality. 
 
 Vasevie, Poland, in 1853. He is the 
 brother of Jean de Reszke, and with 
 him shares vocal gifts of a high or- 
 der and a permanent popularity 
 among musically inclined people. He 
 studied music and singing under Ciaf- 
 fei and Celetti, making his debut as 
 an operatic singer in Paris in 1876 
 as the king in "Aida." Since then he 
 has been before the public more or 
 less constantly, and his reputation 
 has not waned by reason of his many 
 years of professional life. He is a 
 favorite in grand opera roles in Eu- 
 rope and has appeared in every city 
 of importance in the United States. 
 He is the owner of a basso of re- 
 markable pttfity and timbre. 
 
 JEAN DE RESZKE. 
 
 A triple alliance of magnificent vo- 
 cal gifts, a commanding personality 
 and a robust physique are responsible 
 for the long and brilliant career of 
 the operatic singer, Jean de Reszke. 
 He was born in Vasevie, Poland. 
 January 14, 1850, and studied under 
 the masters, Ciaffei, Cotogni and 
 Sbriglia. His debut as baritone sin- 
 ger was made in Favorita, Venice, 
 January, 1874, and his debut as tenor 
 singer in Madrid, 1879. Mr. de 
 Reszke has appeared in leading roles 
 in grand opera both in the United 
 States and Europe, one of his most 
 popular characters being Tristan, in 
 Tristan and Isolde. He was married 
 to the Countess Marie de Goulaine, 
 and now makes his home in New 
 York city. 
 
 EMMA EAMES. 
 
 It is not often that one compasses 
 one's ambition to the full. More fre- 
 quently it will be found that those 
 whom the world calls successful are 
 successful in part only, and that 
 much is left unfilled. It is open to 
 question, however, whether the man 
 who has fully realized his hope is 
 
 more happy than he to whom some- 
 what remains for which to crave and 
 struggle. The answer to the question 
 involved could hardly be given by 
 Emma Eames, prima donna, for hu^ 
 manly speaking, she seems to have 
 achieved the ambitions and the pur- 
 poses of her life. The singer was 
 born in Shanghai, China, August 13, 
 1867, of American parentage. Her 
 childhood was spent in Boston, her 
 musical education being at first under 
 the direction of her mother and later 
 under Miss Munyard, a well-known 
 teacher of vocalism. While singing 
 in a church choir in Boston, she at- 
 tracted the attention of Prof. Gericke, 
 then leader of the Boston symphony 
 orchestra, and Prof. Paine, of Har- 
 vard, both of whom became interested 
 in her. It was under their direction 
 that the technical foundation of her 
 future fame was laid. By their ad- 
 vice and with their assistance, she 
 took lessons from Mme. Marchesi, of 
 Paris, for two years and later, after 
 instruction in operatic roles by Prof. 
 Gevart, chief of the Brussels conser- 
 vatory of music, she made her debut 
 in Paris in Gounod's Romeo and 
 Juliet. A pronounced and spontane- 
 ous success was hers, and the news 
 that a comparatively unknown Amer- 
 ican girl had become famous in a 
 night excited the interest of musi- 
 cally inclined people all over the 
 world. Gounod himself declared that 
 she was his ideal Juliet. During her 
 engagement in Paris, Miss Eames 
 was the recipient of many social and 
 official attentions, the president of 
 the French republic honoring her 
 with a decoration. In 1891 and the 
 year following, she appeared in grand 
 opera at the Covent Garden opera 
 house, London, where she also scored. 
 In 1893 and 1894 she gave New York 
 audiences a taste of her quality by 
 appearing in opera at the Metropoli- 
 tan opera house and won immediate 
 
 675
 
 Encyclopedic Biographies, or 
 
 popular favor. She is installed a 
 permanent favorite in musical circles 
 of this country. In 1891 she married 
 Julian, son of W. W. Story, the sculp- 
 tor. 
 
 LILLIAN NORDICA. 
 
 Lillian Nordica, one of the most 
 popular of American prima donnas, 
 was born in Farmingdale, Maine, in 
 1859, her family name being Norton. 
 Her musical education began early 
 and was of a very thorough sort. 
 After a period spent in local public 
 schools, she became a student in the 
 New England conservatory, her 
 teacher being John O'Neil. Later she 
 studied under San Giovanni at Milan, 
 Italy. After preliminary work in con- 
 certs abroad, she made her operatic 
 debut at Brescia, Italy, in La Travi- 
 ata, and scored instantaneously and 
 emphatically. In 1887 she made a suc- 
 cessful appearance in London, and 
 later visited Paris, St. Petersburg 
 and other European capitals. In each 
 and every instance she repeated her 
 initial successes. She has been twice 
 married, her first husband being a 
 Mr. Gower, and her second Herr Zol- 
 tan Done. The prima donna's rep- 
 ertoire embraces the leading roles of 
 forty operas, and includes nearly all 
 the standard oratorios. She is best 
 known to the public in connection 
 with Wagnerian parts, and has ap- 
 peared in grand opera in this country 
 on several occasions. Mme. Nordica 
 has a charming personality, and her 
 professional successes have by no 
 means estranged her from the friends 
 of her childhood. 
 
 ADELINA PATTL 
 
 Theoretically the uses of poverty 
 are many, tending to the development 
 of varied virtues. As a matter of 
 fact, poverty is the mother of much 
 meanness and many crimes. The 
 struggle for mere existence among 
 
 the poor is so keen that it absorbs 
 their mental and physical vitality. So 
 it is that he or she who passes from 
 the twilight of penury into the sun- 
 light of prosperity must be rarely 
 gifted. Such an individual is Ade- 
 lina Patti, whose fame as a great 
 singer is not only yet undimmed, but 
 bids fair to last as long as music 
 itself. Patti was born in Madrid, 
 Spain, February 19, 1843, her mother 
 being a prima donna at the Grand 
 theater. In 1844 the family came to 
 this country, the father being ap- 
 pointed one of the managers of the 
 then Italian opera house on Cham- 
 bers street, New York. Little Ade- 
 lina received her preliminary musi- 
 cal training from her half-brother, 
 Ettore Barilli. Owing to the finan- 
 cial stresses in which her parents 
 then were, she, although only seven 
 years of age, was allowed to make 
 her debut in concert at Tripler's hall, 
 New York, on which occasion her un- 
 developed but phenomenal voice at- 
 tracted general attention. In 1859 
 she made her debut in grand opera 
 at the Academy of Music, New York, 
 when she appeared in Lucia di Lam- 
 mermoor. Her audience gave her 
 a most cordial welcome. But, as it 
 turned out, her struggles were only 
 beginning. As far as the mere culti- 
 vation of her voice was concerned, 
 her natural gifts were of such a na- 
 ture that she had no difficulty in over- 
 coming the technical obstacles of her 
 art, but the spirit of jealousy and 
 suspicion which success usually 
 arouses in the breasts of the un- 
 known, prevented her talents from 
 being duly recognized, or, to put it in 
 another way, she was so belittled by 
 her rivals that she had to individu- 
 ally satisfy every great city in Amer- 
 ica that she had not been overrated. 
 Patti was deeply wounded by these 
 unlooked-for conditions, but never- 
 theless she bravely faced the sneers 
 
 676
 
 The Romance of Reality. 
 
 and unkind criticisms and overcame 
 them, and for many years has occu- 
 pied a place in the estimation of the 
 public, which probably no other prima 
 donna in the history of civilization 
 has attained. Twice during her career 
 she has been threatened with the to- 
 tal loss of her voice;, but happily the 
 "nightingale in her throat" is as yet 
 unsilenced. To the end of her days 
 she will reap the reward of the self- 
 denial and persistent attention to 
 duty and art which she gave them 
 during the years of her childhood. 
 She has been as successful abroad 
 as she has in this country. In grand 
 opera she has assumed nearly all 
 existing prominent roles. For some 
 years past she made her home abroad. 
 In 1881, Patti revisited the United 
 States, when she received $5,ooo per 
 night, which is said to be the largest 
 amount ever paid to a singer or actor 
 for one performance. Married three 
 times, her last husband was Baron 
 Rolf Cedarstrom. She is the owner 
 of a castle at Craig-y-Nos, Wales. 
 During her last and most recent visit 
 to this country, the American public 
 gave her ample proof that she still 
 occupies a warm place in Its affec- 
 tion. 
 
 MARCELLA STENGEL SEMBRICH. 
 
 Marcella Stengel S'embrich is one 
 of the several prima donnas to whom 
 
 the American music-loving public has 
 remained loyal for many years. As 
 an artist she ranks with the foremost 
 singers of to-day, while her domestic 
 life is of an ideal nature. As a rule, 
 the law of compensation takes great- 
 ly where it gives freely, and so the 
 woman of talent who devotes herself 
 to the service of the public is apt to 
 be the loser as far as home life is 
 concerned. In Mme. Sembrich's case 
 it is otherwise, however, and her so- 
 cial popularity, too, is no less than 
 is her vogue on the operatic stage. 
 The songstress was born at Lem- 
 berg, Galatia,, February 18, 1858. Her 
 early musical education was obtained 
 in the Conservatory of Lemberg, 
 after which she studied at Vienna 
 and Milan. Her marvelous vocal gifts 
 assured the success of her debut as 
 Elvira, in I Puritani, at the Royal 
 theater, Athens. After a season spent 
 on the continent in opera she, in 
 1883, came to this country under the 
 management of Henry Abbey. Her 
 reception here was of the warmest 
 nature, and from that time on she 
 has been a constant favorite with the 
 American public. She has made a 
 number of tours in the United States 
 and has been uniformly successful in 
 connection therewith. In 1877 she 
 married Prof. Wilhelm Stengel, who 
 had formerly been her teacher at 
 Lemberg. 
 
 ACTORS. 
 
 WILLIAM H. CRANE. 
 
 A tireless worker and devoted to 
 his calling, William H. Crane is with- 
 out doubt one of the foremost come- 
 dians of the day. Mr. Crane was 
 born in Leicester, Massachusetts, 
 April 30, 1845. At tlie age of eighteen 
 he made his professional debut at 
 Utica, New York. His first perma- 
 nent engagement was with the Har- 
 
 riet Holman's opera company, with 
 which organization he remained for 
 seven years. His first part, with this 
 company, was that of the Orator, in 
 The Child of the Regiment; later 
 he filled the roles of Beppo, in Fra 
 Diavolo; Mephisto, in Faust; Hugh 
 Challoner, in Ours; Dr. Dalcomora, 
 in The Elixir of Love. Leaving the 
 Holmans, he joined the Alice Gates 
 
 677
 
 Encyclopedic Biographies, or 
 
 opera company, becoming its leading 
 comedian. Later, after creating the 
 part of Le Blanc, in Evangeline, he, in 
 1874, became a member of the stock 
 company playing at Hooley's theater, 
 Chicago. His first appearance in New 
 York city was at Niblo's theater, in 
 
 1876, and it was in the same year that 
 at the Park Theater, he won distinct 
 recognition as a comedian of excep- 
 tional talent by his impersonation of 
 Dick Swiveler to The Marchioness. 
 During this time an acquaintance 
 with Stuart Robson resulted in the 
 two actors collaborating in Our 
 Boarding House, which was given 
 its initial presentation at the Park 
 theater, New York city, October n, 
 
 1877. This engagement being ended, 
 they formed a partnership that lasted 
 for twelve years. Since 1899 he has 
 appeared in star roles in The Sena- 
 tor, On Probation, For Money, 
 Brother John, A Fool of Fortune, A 
 Virginia Courtship, and other plays. 
 Mr. Crane has accumulated a com- 
 fortable fortune, and in the intervals 
 of his professional labor enjoys a 
 pleasant home life with his wife and 
 children at Cohasset, Massachusetts. 
 
 JOHN DREW. 
 
 John Drew is an excellent example 
 of a man finding his vocation and 
 filling it. While it is true that he in- 
 herited his histrionic talent, his father, 
 John Drew, Sr., having been a noted 
 Irish comedian and his mother, Lou- 
 ise Lane Drew, also having been a 
 great favorite on the stage yet he 
 has achieved success because of his 
 personal efforts looking to its devel- 
 opment. The prime requisite for ad- 
 vancement in any field is, first, find 
 your talent, then bend every energy 
 toward its development. The sub- 
 ject of this sketch was born in Phila- 
 delphia, Pennsylvania, November 13, 
 1853, and early showed a preference 
 for the boards. He was educated at 
 
 the Episcopal academy and by private 
 tutors, making his first appearance 
 behind the footlights at the Arch 
 street theater, Philadelphia, as Plum- 
 per, in As Cool as a Cucumber. Al- 
 though only nineteen, his efforts met 
 with almost immediate success, and 
 at twenty-one he joined Mr. Daly's 
 famous company soon quickly be- 
 coming the most popular member of 
 the organization. Since 1892 he has 
 been starring in his own company. 
 Although Mr. Drew excels in society 
 plays, he has also made a brilliant 
 record in classical drama, and espe- 
 cially in Shakespearian roles. Pe- 
 truchio, in Taming of the Shrew, is 
 his favorite character, and it is the 
 most difficult and exacting of any he 
 assumes. He has brought out in year- 
 ly succession The Butterflies, The 
 Bauble Shop, Christopher, Jr., Rose- 
 mary, A Marriage of Convenience, 
 One Summer Day, and The Liars. 
 Commenting upon Mr. Drew, Will- 
 iam Winter, the well-known critic, 
 wrote "that he possesses drollery, 
 the talent of apparent spontaneity, 
 and the faculty of crisp emotion. He 
 has surpassed all young actors of his 
 day as a gay cavalier and the banter- 
 ing farceur of the drawing-room 
 drama of modern social life. He is 
 thoroughly in earnest, and his atti- 
 tude toward his art is that of intel- 
 lectual purpose and authority." 
 
 WILLIAM HOOKER GILLETTE. 
 
 We sometimes speak and often 
 hear of an instantaneous success, but 
 in reality there is no such thing as 
 success or failure being immediate. 
 Every real achievement is the culmi- 
 nation of weeks and months, and 
 even years, of earnest and unremit- 
 ting toil. The popular actor and well- 
 known author, William Hooker Gil- 
 lette, furnishes a case in point. The 
 structure of his reputation bids fair 
 to last indefinitely, but it rests on 
 
 678
 
 The Romance of Reality. 
 
 foundations of preparatory work of 
 which the public knows but little. 
 He was born in Hartford, Connecti- 
 cut, July 24, 1855, being the son of 
 Francis G. (late United States sena- 
 tor from Connecticut), and Elizabeth 
 Daggett (Hooker) Gillette. Gradu- 
 ating from the Hartford high school 
 at the age of twenty, he afterward 
 
 years later entered upon his career 
 as a star, a practically unbroken line 
 of successes having followed both 
 here and abroad, for when, in 1890, 
 he filled a long engagement in Lon- 
 don, he was received with every man- 
 ifestation of approval. Mr. Goodwin 
 has been married three times, the last 
 wife being Maxine Elliott. 
 
 attended the New York university for 
 
 two years. From a lad he had given JAMES KETELTAS HACKETT. 
 
 evidence of his love for the stage. 
 While at the university he obtained 
 a minor position in one of the the- 
 aters. In 1876, becoming a student in 
 the Boston university, he followed 
 the same plan of studying by day and 
 playing in small parts at night. In 
 this way he made himself thoroughly 
 acquainted with the "business" of the 
 stage, as well as the first principles of 
 acting. Mr. Gillette made his first 
 palpable hit in the title role of A Pri- 
 vate Secretary by playing a part 
 which required a particular delicacy 
 of treatment. 
 
 NATHANIEL C. GOODWIN. 
 
 Even as a schoolboy the famous 
 comedian, Nat. C. Goodwin, by his 
 clever imitations of leading actors, 
 displayed signs of his future great- 
 ness. He was born in Boston, July 
 2 S !857, and educated in the public 
 schools of that city. His parents in- 
 tended that he should follow a com- 
 mercial careeri, but he early decided 
 for the stage as against a business 
 life. His mirth-provoking powers 
 were finally recognized by Stuart 
 Robson, who engaged young Good- 
 win at a salary of $5 a week to play 
 the part of the Bootblack, in Law in 
 New York. Mr. Goodwin's reputa- 
 tion was quickly established, and the 
 next season he contracted with Josh 
 Hart to appear in the Eagle theater 
 in New York city, at a salary of $150 
 a week. In 1876 he played Captain 
 Dietrich in Evangeline, and three 
 
 James Keteltas Hackett;, one of the 
 youngest of the prominent actors of 
 America, and certainly the youngest 
 actor-manager of note in this coun- 
 try, was born at Wolfe Island, On- 
 tario, Canada, September 6, 1869. He 
 is the son of the late James Henry 
 Hackett, who in his time was also a 
 notable figure of the American 
 boards. After graduating from the 
 College of the City of New York in 
 1891, he studied in the New York 
 law school, but his inclination for 
 the stage, which manifested itself al- 
 most as soon as he could talk, became 
 more and more marked, and, aban- 
 doning the legal career which it had 
 been intended he should follow, he 
 gave himself up to studying for the 
 stage. In 1892 he made his debut in 
 New York in the A. M. Palmer 
 stock company. From the very first 
 he gave unmistakable indications of 
 his subsequent success. In four years 
 being then twenty-six years of age 
 he was leading man of the company 
 in question, and was a star in the 
 dramatic firmament of New York. 
 From that time on his progress in his 
 chosen profession has been unceasing. 
 For some years he was under the 
 management of Mr. Daniel Frohman, 
 during which period he made distinc- 
 tive hits in The Prisoner of Zenda 
 and its sequel, Rupert of Hentzau, 
 and The Pride of Jennico. Leaving 
 Mr. Frohman's management, he 
 branched out for himself. As already 
 intimated, he is as successful as he is 
 
 679
 
 Encyclopedic Biographies, or 
 
 popular. He married Mary Manner- 
 ing, a well-known actress, whom he 
 met during his association with the 
 Frohman forces. 
 
 SIR HENRY BRODRIBB IRVING. 
 
 Sir Henry Brodribb Irving, who 
 has created an era in theatrical art, 
 did not attain his ambitions until he 
 had experienced a full share of dis- 
 appointments and privations. His 
 ' name is now associated with all that 
 makes for the splendor of the drama, 
 spectacular and intellectual. But the 
 time was with Sir Henry when the 
 next meal was an unknown quantity, 
 when his wardrobe was carried on 
 his back, and when his future seemed 
 to be without promise professionally 
 or otherwise. But with him, as with 
 other successful men, his belief in 
 himself enabled him to combat stress 
 of troubles and finally landed him at 
 the goal of success. Apart from all 
 else he has, through the medium of 
 his masterly productions of Shake- 
 speare's plays, done more to revive an 
 intelligent interest in the "Immortal 
 Bard" than has any other manager- 
 actor of this generation. His keenest 
 critics admit his genius, even while 
 they comment on his methods. Like 
 most men of his type he has a marked 
 individuality, and for this reason he 
 has been accused of mannerisms. On 
 the other hand, his admirers claim 
 that his individuality is responsible 
 for no small portion of the charm 
 and power of his work. The actor 
 was born in Keinton, near Glaston- 
 bury, England, February 6, 1838, his 
 actual name being Brodribb. By per- 
 mission of the English authorities in 
 1887 he was authorized, however, to 
 continue the use of the adopted 
 name of Irving. Educated in private 
 schools in London, he, in 1856, went 
 on the stage in the provinces. His 
 first appearance before a public was 
 a failure, pure, simple and absolute. 
 
 The London stage first knew him in 
 1859; then he returned to the prov- 
 inces, remaining therein until 1866, 
 when he once more came to London, 
 playing in several different theaters, 
 but in minor roles. At about this 
 period his talents began to assert 
 themselves, and since 1871 Sir Henry 
 Irving has been successfully before 
 the public at the Lyceum Theater, 
 London, of which he was lessee and 
 manager from 1878 until 1899. He is 
 well known to play-goers in this 
 country by reason of his several tours 
 here. In recognition of his work for 
 the betterment of the stage he was 
 knighted by Queen Victoria in 1895. 
 Sir Henry Irving is also an author, 
 his most notable work being The 
 Drama. 
 
 JOSEPH JEFFERSON. 
 
 Many ancestors of Joseph Jefferson 
 followed the profession of acting. 
 Both his father and mother were 
 players. He was born at Philadel- 
 phia, February 20, 1829, was educated 
 at home and first appeared on the 
 stage as a child in the old-time favor- 
 ite play of Pizarrq. In 1843 his 
 father died, and he joined a party of 
 strolling players, who traveled 
 through Texas and followed the 
 United States army to Mexico. His 
 first prominent role was that of Asa 
 Trenchard, in Our American Cousin, 
 which was first presented October 18, 
 1858, and continued for one hundred 
 and fifty consecutive nights at Laura 
 Keene's theater in New York city. 
 His other notable parts have been 
 Newman Noggs, in Nicholas Nickel- 
 by; Caleb Plummer, in The Cricket 
 on the Hearth ; Dr. Pangloss, in The 
 Heir-at-Law, and Dr. Ollapod, in The 
 Poor Gentleman. But the public 
 chiefly identify him with the title 
 role of Rip Van Winkle, which he 
 has played in every city in the United 
 States, and also in England and Aus- 
 
 680
 
 The Romance of Reality. 
 
 tralia. He enjoys the distinction of 
 having presented the character more 
 times than any other actor has ever 
 played a single character in the his- 
 tory of dramatics. Besides being one 
 of the most popular actors of his 
 times, Mr. Jefferson is a painter of 
 considerable ability and is an author 
 of some note. His "autobiography" 
 is his most important work, but he 
 has also contributed many articles to 
 the magazines. He married, in 1848, 
 Margaret Lockyer, and after her 
 death took to wife Sarah Warren, in 
 1867. 
 
 EDWARD H. SOTHERN. 
 
 How many failures in life are 
 caused by misfit occupations ! The 
 world would have perhaps never 
 known of Edward H. Sothern if he 
 had followed the wishes of his father 
 in choosing a life career. This man, 
 who has attained such prominence in 
 the histrionic profession would proba- 
 bly have been doomed to obscurity 
 had he become a painter. He was 
 born in New Orleans, Louisiana, De- 
 cember 6, 1859, being the second son 
 of Edward Askew Sothern, the fa- 
 mous comedian. At the age of five 
 he was taken to London, where he 
 received his education. He studied 
 drawing for some time, his father 
 
 wishing him to become an artist, but 
 he seems to have inherited a predilec- 
 tion for the stage. It was during his 
 two visits to the United States with 
 his father in 1875 and 1879, that, in 
 spite of his parents' objections, he 
 decided to become an actor, which he 
 did, making his debut as a cabman, 
 in Sam, at the Park theater, New 
 York city. Later he joined his fa- 
 ther's company, but shortly after re- 
 signed in order to become a member 
 of John McCullough's company. In 
 1883, after appearing for two years 
 at the Criterion, Standard, Royalty 
 and other London theaters, and trav- 
 eling one year,, in company with his 
 brother, Lytton Sothern, he returned 
 to this country, again entered the 
 company of John McCullough, be- 
 coming its leading comedian. Subse- 
 quently Mr. Sothern played with 
 Helen Daubray, in One of Our Girls ; 
 he first took a leading role as Jack 
 Hammerton, in The Highest Bidder. 
 Since that time he has starred with 
 his own company in Lord Chumley, 
 The Maister of Woodbarrow, Pris- 
 oner of Zenda, Under the Red Robe, 
 etc. He married Virginia Harned, 
 his leading woman. Mr. Sothern has 
 had an adequate professional training 
 and his creditable work proclaims 
 him a master of his art. 
 
 ACTRESSES. 
 
 MAUDE ADAMS. 
 
 Maude Adams is descended from a 
 long line of theatrical people. She 
 was born at Salt Lake City, Utah, 
 November n, 1872. Her mother was 
 the leading woman of a stock com- 
 pany in that city, and at a very early 
 age Miss Adams appeared on the 
 stage in child's parts. Her school 
 days were scarcely over when she 
 joined the E. H. Sothern Company. 
 She afterward became a member of 
 
 Charles Frohman's stock company, 
 and still later was leading lady for 
 John Drew. Her most pronounced 
 success was as Babbie, in The Little 
 Minister and another as the title role 
 of 1'Aiglon. She also received much 
 publicity as the model for the silver 
 statue which was exhibited at the 
 World's Fair, Chicago. Miss Maude 
 Adams has established herself per- 
 manently in the good-will of Amer- 
 ican play-goers. 
 
 68l
 
 Encyclopedic Biographies, or 
 
 VIOLA ALLEN. 
 
 Viola Allen was born in the south, 
 but went to Boston when three years 
 of age. She was educated in that 
 city and at the Bishop Strachan 
 school, Toronto, Canada. Her debut 
 was made at the Madison Square the- 
 ater, New York, in Esmeralda, in 
 1882. During the season of 1883 and 
 1884 she was leading lady for John 
 McCullough, and afterward played 
 classical and Shakespearian roles. 
 She was a member of the Empire 
 theater stock company in 1892, but 
 her principal success was in creating 
 the character of Gloria Quayle, in 
 The Christian, which had a long run 
 in New York in 1898, succeeded by a 
 tour through the principal cities of 
 the country. Miss Allen's private 
 charities are many, and she is identi- 
 fied with those phases of church 
 work which have to do with the bet- 
 tering of the conditions of the poor. 
 
 ETHEL BARRYMORE. 
 
 Ethel Barrymore, one of the young- 
 est stars in the theatrical profession, 
 was born in Philadelphia in 1880. 
 She comes of a professional family, 
 and when, while yet a child., gave to 
 those who were responsible for her 
 first appearance behind the footlights 
 assurance of innate talent. Miss Bar- 
 rymore was by no means unknown to 
 Metropolitan play-goers prior to the 
 time when, under Mr. Charles Froh- 
 man's management, she made her 
 stellar debut a few years since. The 
 young actress is a finished comedi- 
 enne and is a member of that modern 
 school of comedy that cultivates re- 
 pressed effort. 
 
 MRS. LESLIE CARTER. 
 
 David Belasco, playwright and 
 manager, has been uniformly success- 
 ful with his plays and his stars. A 
 case in point is that of Mrs. Leslie 
 Carter, who has been connected in a 
 
 professional capacity with Mr. Belasco 
 for some years. Stepping from social 
 circles in Chicago to the stage, she 
 was in the first instance a somewhat 
 indifferent specimen of the crude 
 amateur actress, but Mr. Belasco de- 
 tected in her undeveloped talent, and 
 the rest is professional history. Un- 
 der his guidance as tutor and man- 
 ager she holds a prominent place in 
 the theatrical world. Her first suc- 
 cess was made in the Heart of Mary- 
 land and her last and most notable in 
 Du Barry. 
 
 ELEANORA DUSE. 
 
 Eleanora Duse, the Italian trage- 
 dienne, who is Signpra Cecci in pri- 
 vate life, was born, in 1861, in Vigo- 
 yano, Italy. At an early age she gave 
 indications of those histrionic talents 
 which subsequently made her famous. 
 For many years she was one of the 
 most notable figures on the stage of 
 her country. She made her Ameri- 
 can debut in 1893 at the Fifth Avenue 
 theater, New York. While there is 
 no gainsaying the sincerity and finish 
 of her art, yet at the same time there 
 are not a few critics who take excep- 
 tion to it on the score of the sombre 
 plays and methods of the actress. 
 Since her debut she has visited the 
 United States on more than one oc- 
 casion, and in each instance her fol- 
 lowing in this country have accorded 
 her the welcome which is due to her 
 as an artiste and a woman. 
 
 MAY IRWIN. 
 
 "Blessed are the laughmakers," is 
 one of the later beatitudes, and on 
 that score May Irwin will certainly 
 receive her share of blessings. She 
 was born at Whitby, Ontario, Can- 
 ada, in 1862, and made her debut at 
 the Adelphi theater, Buffalo, in Feb- 
 ruary, 1876. Later, with her sister 
 Flora, she became a member of Tony 
 Pastor's company, and shortly after- 
 
 682
 
 The Romance of Reality. 
 
 ward joined Augustin Daly's com- 
 pany. She ranks as one of the whole- 
 some mirth-making actresses of the 
 American stage. The plays in which 
 she has starred include The Widow 
 Jones, The Swell Miss Fitzgerald, 
 Courted Into Court, Kate Kip,, Buyer, 
 and other farcical comedies. In 1878 
 she was married to Frederick W. 
 Keller, of St. Louis, who died in 
 1886. 
 
 VIRGINIA HARNED. 
 
 Virginia Harned was born at Bos- 
 ton, and, at the age of sixteen, made 
 her debut as Lady Despar, in The JULIA MARLOWE. 
 
 Britain. Her father was connected 
 with the Established church of Eng- 
 land. She married an officer in the 
 English army and subsequently set- 
 tled in London. Domestic differences 
 ensuing, she went upon the stage. 
 Her American debut, as an actress, 
 was made in 1893 at the Fifth avenue 
 theater, New York. Since then she 
 has visited this country on two or 
 three occasions. Mrs. Langtry is 
 popularly known as the Jersey Lily. 
 She was married for the second time 
 in 1899. 
 
 Corsican Brothers. She first played 
 in New York city in 1890 at the Four- 
 teenth street theater in a play entitled 
 "A Long Lane or Green Meadow." 
 In this play she made so good an 
 impression that she was engaged by 
 Daniel Frohman as leading woman 
 for E. A. Sothern. In 1896 she was 
 married to Mr. Sothern and has since 
 appeared in leading parts in his com- 
 pany. Probably her greatest success 
 was in the creation of the title role 
 of Trilby. 
 
 MRS. LILLIE LANGTRY. 
 
 Mrs. Lillie Langtry, if she has done 
 nothing else, has proven that a wo- 
 man can command admiration even 
 when she is no longer in the first 
 flush of her youth or in the full bloom 
 of her womanhood. This statement 
 is made in view of the public regard 
 which she still enjoys as an actress, 
 in spite of the fact that she first saw 
 the light in 1852, in Jersey, Great 
 
 That tender and graceful exponent 
 of some of Shakespeare's women,, Ju- 
 lia Marlowe, was born at Coldbeck, 
 Cumberlandshire, England, August 
 17, 1870. She came with her parents 
 to this country when she was five 
 years of age. After a period spent 
 in Kansas, the family removed to Cin- 
 cinnati, where she attended public 
 school until she was twelve years of 
 age. She then became a member of 
 a juvenile opera company which pro- 
 duced Pinafore, Chimes of Nor- 
 mandy, etc. After several years of 
 arduous work and study, she appeared 
 in New York, but was a failure. 
 Not discouraged, however, she went 
 to work to study again, and in the 
 spring of 1897 attained that recogni- 
 tion from a metropolitan audience for 
 which she had striven so faithfully. 
 Since that time she has advanced in 
 her profession and has secured a 
 prominent place among the leading 
 actresses of to-day. 
 
 ORGANIZERS AND LECTURERS. 
 
 CYNTHIA MAY WESTOVER ALDEN. 
 
 She was born at Afton,, Iowa, May 
 
 Mrs. Cynthia May Westover Alden 31, 1862, being the daughter of Oliver 
 
 is an example of the possibilities of 
 journalism as a vocation for women. 
 
 S. and Lucilda (Lewis) Westover. 
 After a period spent in local common 
 
 683
 
 Encyclopedic Biographies, or 
 
 schools, she graduated from the Col- 
 orado state university and the Den- 
 ver business college. Subsequently 
 she taught geology, book-keeping and 
 vocal and instrumental music. The 
 owner of an excellent voice, she was 
 for some years a soprano soloist in 
 several church choirs in New York. 
 In 1887 she was appointed United 
 States inspector of customs at the 
 port of New York, and during her 
 term of service as such made many 
 important seizures. She was also sec- 
 retary in a municipal department of 
 New York, and for a time was an 
 employee of the New York state mu- 
 seum of natural history, resigning 
 therefrom to engage in journalism. 
 After editing the woman's depart- 
 ment of the New York Recorder, she 
 took charge of a similar department 
 on the New York Tribune. She is 
 now on the editorial staff of the La- 
 dies' Home Journal. Mrs. Alden is 
 also the founder and president-gen- 
 eral of the International Sunshine 
 society. Her life has been as busy 
 as useful, and she has made for her- 
 self a large circle of friends who, 
 though not knowing her personally, 
 are nevertheless acquainted with her 
 through the medium of the kindly 
 and helpful journalism with which 
 she is so generally identified. 
 
 CLARA BARTON. 
 
 That most noted and beloved of 
 humanitarians, Clara Barton, is of 
 Puritan ancestry, being born in Ox- 
 ford, Massachusetts, in 1830. She 
 was the daughter of Captain Stephen 
 and Sally Stone Barton, and was 
 educated at Clinton, New York. 
 When still very young she founded 
 a seminary for girls at Elizabeth- 
 town, New Jersey. Later, she be- 
 came principal of the first public 
 school in Bordentown, New Jersey, 
 resigned through sickness and was 
 the first woman to hold a regular 
 
 clerical position under the govern- 
 ment, afterward being appointed to 
 the patent office at Washington, Dis- 
 trict of Columbia. During the Civil 
 war she was instrumental in forming 
 the famous sanitary commission 
 which did such magnificent work for 
 the sick and wounded at Bull Run, 
 Antietam, Spottsylvania and many 
 other battlefields of the war. When 
 the Andersonville prisoners were re- 
 leased they received timely aid 
 through her relief work, and by her 
 earnest efforts the fate of over thirty 
 thousand missing men was ascertain- 
 ed by means of the bureau of records 
 which she organized at Washington. 
 During the Franco-Prussian war she 
 and her assistants nursed the sick 
 and wounded in Strasburg and Metz. 
 In the days of the Commune she en- 
 tered Paris, distributing food and 
 clothing to the hungry and starving. 
 On her return to the United States 
 in 1873, she started the successful 
 movement to obtain recognition of 
 the projected Red Cross society from 
 the government. In 1882 the society 
 was organized and she became its 
 first president. In that capacity she 
 has superintended the work of giving 
 help to sufferers from the Michigan 
 forest fires, the earthquake at Char- 
 leston, floods on the Ohio and Mis- 
 sissippi, 1884; the Johnstown flood, 
 the Galveston disaster, 1900, etc. 
 Wherever there has been a cry from 
 the sufferer, Clara Barton, often in 
 the face of almost insurmountable 
 difficulties and constant danger, has 
 ever responded to the call of duty. 
 
 FRANCIS EDWARD CLARK. 
 
 Francis Edward Clark, the presi- 
 dent of the United Societies of Chris- 
 tian Endeavor comes of New Eng- 
 land stock, although he was born in 
 Aylmer, province of Quebec, Sep- 
 tember 12, 1851. His parents died 
 when he was a child* and his uncle, 
 
 684
 
 The Romance of Reality. 
 
 the Rev. E. W. Clark, adopted him 
 and took him to Claremont, New 
 Hampshire. Thus it was that he 
 acquired a new name and country. 
 Education and home influence in- 
 clined him to the ministry, and he 
 early decided to become a clergyman. 
 After an academic and college course 
 the latter at Dartmouth he studied 
 theology for three years at Andover, 
 and was later appointed pastor of 
 Williston church, Portland, Maine, a 
 small mission from which he built a 
 large Congregational church. One of 
 his many ideas was the exaction of a 
 pledge of faithful Christian endeavor 
 from the members of his Bible class- 
 es. The results were of so marked 
 a nature that the well-known society 
 of which he is president was a con- 
 sequence thereof. Churches of many 
 denominations endorsed the idea, and 
 
 within a few years national conven- 
 tions of the organization were held THOMAS DIXON, JR. 
 
 placed under the instruction of pri- 
 vate tutors, and subsequently studied 
 art and literature abroad. Returning 
 to this country, she became head as- 
 sistant in the Chapman school, Bos- 
 ton, taught for some time in the 
 Hartford female seminary and finally 
 was made principal of the Van Nor- 
 man institute, New York. Marrying 
 John B. Dickinson, a New York 
 banker, she on his death some years 
 since became professor of belles let- 
 tres, emeritns professor and lecturer 
 at Denver university. She is now 
 connected in an official capacity with 
 a number of philanthropic and re- 
 ligious institutions, is the editor of 
 Lend a Hand Magazine, and for ten 
 years has edited The Silver Cross. 
 She has written poems and works of 
 fiction which are illustrative of vari- 
 ous lines of philanthropic work. 
 
 which made the world think that a 
 tidal wave of religious enthusiasm 
 was sweeping over it. An organ of 
 the movement was founded, entitled 
 "The Golden Rule," with Dr. Clark 
 as editor-in-chief. The work con- 
 tinued to grow, and finally he was 
 compelled to resign from the pastor- 
 ate in order to devote himself to the 
 needs of the society. The movement 
 has extended all over the world, and 
 
 Thomas Dixon, Jr., lecturer, writer 
 and clergyman, was born in Shelby, 
 North Carolina, January n, 1864, his 
 father being the Rev. Thomas Dixon. 
 He graduated from Wake Forest 
 college, North Carolina, in 1883, from 
 the Greensboro, North Carolina, law 
 school in 1886, and from Johns Hop- 
 kins university in 1899. Harriet Bus- 
 sey became his wife on March 3, 
 1886, in Montgomery, Alabama. He 
 
 in connection with it he has organ- was a member of the North Carolina 
 
 ized other societies, such as The 
 Tenth Legions, The Macedonian Pha- 
 lanx, The Christian Association, and 
 Quiet Hour. Dr. Clark was mar- 
 ried in 1876 to Harriet E. Abbott. 
 He is the author of several books 
 dealing with his life work. 
 
 MARY LOWE DICKINSON. 
 
 Mrs. Mary Lowe Dickinson, the 
 well-known authoress, was born in 
 Fitchburg, Massachusetts, in 1897. 
 She received a preparatory education 
 in the common schools, then was 
 
 legislature from 1884 to 1886. Re- 
 signing in order to enter the minis- 
 try, he was ordained a Baptist clergy- 
 man in 1887, taking a pastorate at 
 Raleigh, North Carolina, and late in 
 the same year accepted a call to Bos- 
 ton. Two years later he came to New 
 York, where he has become noted by 
 reason of his pulpit treatment of top- 
 ics of the day in a manner uniquely 
 his own. He is the author of several 
 works on religious and social prob- 
 lems, one of which, The Failure of 
 Protestantism in New York, which 
 
 685
 
 Encyclopedic Biographies, or 
 
 was published in 1897, has attracted 
 much attention. Mr. Dixon is a 
 forceful speaker, a man of magnetic 
 presence, and possesses the courage 
 of his convictions to a high degree. 
 
 HERBERT HUNGERFORD. 
 
 Herbert Hungerford was born at 
 Binghamton, New York, February 
 22, 1874. He was brought up on a 
 farm, obtained the groundwork of 
 his education in district schools, and 
 graduated from the academy at 
 Windsor, New York, in 1895. The 
 following year he entered Syracuse 
 university, but was compelled to 
 leave at the close of the freshman 
 year on account of illness. Serving 
 as a private in the First Regiment of 
 New York volunteer infantry dur- 
 ing the Spanish-American war, he, 
 while the regiment was stationed at 
 Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands, estab- 
 lished, edited and published the News 
 Muster, which was a unique con- 
 tribution to the curiosities of jour- 
 nalism, being the first illustrated 
 newspaper published by a body of 
 soldiers in the field. At the close of 
 the war he returned to Binghamtpn 
 and there organized the initial 
 branches of the Success league. Later 
 he was called to New York to fur- 
 ther and take charge of the develop- 
 ment of the organization in question, 
 which is a federation of literary, de- 
 bating and self-culture societies. The 
 league has developed rapidly under 
 his direction, now having branches in 
 every state and in nearly every city 
 and town of importance in the United 
 States. He was married, in 1898, to 
 Grace M. Whipple, of Binghamton, 
 New York 
 
 JOHN MITCHELL. 
 
 The story of the early struggles of 
 the labor leader, John Mitchell, is 
 both pathetic and inspiring. A son 
 of the common people, he has risen 
 
 from being a poor door-boy in the 
 coal mines of Illinois, to a position 
 of great trust and general honor. Mr. 
 Mitchell was born in Braidwood, 
 Brill county, Illinois, February 4, 
 1869, being the son of Robert and 
 Martha Mitchell. Compelled to leave 
 school at the age of ten, his subse- 
 quent education was obtained by 
 night study. He afterward studied 
 law, worked on a farm, became coal 
 miner and was finally attracted to the 
 labor movement, which at that time 
 was directed by the Knights of La- 
 bor. In 1888 he took an active part 
 in trade union affairs as president of 
 the local organization of the Knights. 
 Knowing that knowledge is power, 
 he read everything that came within 
 his reach and joined debating socie- 
 ties, athletic associations, independ- 
 ent political reform clubs and vari- 
 ous other organizations, in order to 
 take advantage of the several oppor- 
 tunities that they presented to him. 
 When, in January, 1890, the order of 
 United Mine Workers of America 
 was organized, he was among the 
 first to be enrolled, and in January, 
 1898, was elected its vice-president. 
 He has been re-elected every year 
 since, is also second vice-president of 
 the American Federation of Labor 
 and a member of various committees 
 at the National Civic Federation. 
 During the five years of his leader- 
 ship the unfon has grown from a 
 membership of forty-three thousand 
 to a membership of over three hun- 
 dred thousand. He has brought about 
 many reforms in the interests of 
 labor. His chiefest achievement is 
 that of securing a settlement of the 
 recent great coal mine strike through 
 the arbitration commission appointed 
 by President Roosevelt. He has 
 demonstrated anew the force of the 
 maxim that "It is to him only who 
 has conquered himseH it is given to 
 conquer." 
 
 686
 
 The Romance of Reality. 
 
 ERNEST THOMPSON-SETON. 
 
 Historians of the Wild of the 
 denizens of fields and woods and 
 rivers there are and have been, but 
 in the majority of instances their 
 work has been confined to mere de- 
 scriptions of the personalities of 
 birds and beasts and fish from the 
 standpoint of the museum, rather 
 than from that of the interested, if 
 unscientific,, observer. Ernest Thomp- 
 son-Seton, however, naturalist and 
 artist, has, through the medium of his 
 books, managed to so wed popular in- 
 terest and scientific data that the re- 
 sult is fascinating in the extreme. He 
 has shown, too, that to a man of tal- 
 ent there is always a new field to be 
 discovered amid the old ones, which, 
 apart from all else, is a lesson that 
 no one can afford to ignore. Thomp- 
 son-Seton was born in South Shields, 
 England, August 14, 1860. He is a 
 descendant of the famous Setons of 
 Scotland, Thompson being a nom de 
 plume. Coming to this country when 
 
 a boy, he at first lived in the back- 
 woods of Canada and also had ex- 
 periences on the plains of the then 
 far west. He was educated at the 
 Toronto collegiate institute and also 
 at the Royal academy, London, Eng- 
 land. In 1896 he married Grace, 
 daughter of Albert Gallatin, of San 
 Francisco. His qualifications as a 
 naturalist becoming known to the 
 government of Manitoba, he was 
 made official naturalist therefor, sub- 
 sequently publishing works on the 
 birds and mammals of that territory. 
 He studied art in Paris and was at 
 one time one of the chief illustrators 
 of the Century dictionary. His works 
 on natural history topics are well 
 known. Thompson- Seton is what 
 may be called a psychological natural- 
 ist, inasmuch as he analyzes the men- 
 talities of his subjects. The results 
 are seen in such books as The Biog- 
 raphy of a Grizzly, The Trail of the 
 Sand Hill Stag, Wild Animals I 
 Have Known, etc. 
 
 CANADIANS. 
 
 SIR WILFRID LAURIER. 
 
 The man who stands before the 
 world as Canada's most distinguished 
 statesman is Sir Wilfrid Laurier, 
 Premier of the Dominion. Sir Wil- 
 frid has very broad and very opti- 
 mistic ideas as to the destiny of 
 Canada, and these he expresses with 
 a poetic eloquence which never fails 
 to arouse enthusiasm. His oratory 
 takes lofty flights. 
 
 Sir Wilfrid was born in the Pro- 
 vince of Quebec in 1841. French 
 was the language of his childhood. 
 He went to school in his native par- 
 ish, and later took the classical course 
 at L'Assomption College. He began 
 in 1860 to study law in the office of 
 the late Hon. R. Laflamme, Q. C, 
 who was Minister of Justice for the 
 
 Dominion and one of Sir Wilfrid's 
 colleagues at Ottawa, when the latter 
 became a member of Parliament. 
 He was admitted to the bar in 1864. 
 Eager to succeed, he devoted himself 
 so zealously to his legal work that 
 after three years of practice his 
 health gave way, and he was forced 
 to retire to the country. In the town 
 of L'Avena he became editor of Le 
 Defrecheur, a journal devoted to 
 political and social reform. It was 
 in this work that he first actively in- 
 terested himself in politics. His arti- 
 cles in the journal were full of the 
 earnestness, enthusiasm and eloquence 
 which have since brought him fame. 
 Country air agreed with the young 
 lawyer and writer. He regained his 
 health, and opened a law office at St. 
 
 687
 
 Encyclopedic Biographies, or 
 
 Cristophe, now Arthabaskaville, where 
 he made his home until he removed 
 to Ottawa as Prime Minister of Can- 
 ada. He first held office in 1871, when 
 he was elected to the Quebec As- 
 sembly. He resigned his seat in the 
 general elections of 1874, was elected 
 by the same constituency to the Do- 
 minion House of Commons, and when 
 Parliament assembled was given the 
 honor of seconding the address in 
 reply to the speech from the Throne. 
 His burst of oratory on the occasion 
 attracted wide attention and caused 
 prophecies to be freely made that he 
 was destined for great things. 
 
 It was only two years afterward, 
 in 1876, that he attained the distinc- 
 tion of a position in the Cabinet, 
 being appointed Minister of the In- 
 ternal Revenue in the Mackenzie ad- 
 ministration. His constituency did 
 not support him in the next general 
 election, but he was returned to Par- 
 liament from Quebec East, which 
 constituency has ever since been his 
 political sponsor. When the Mac- 
 kenzie government was defeated in 
 the elections of 1878, Mr. Laurier, 
 who had by this time become the 
 acknowledged leader of the Liberal 
 party in Quebec, joined his friends 
 in Opposition and waited for eighteen 
 years for his party's return to power. 
 This came in 1896. Mr. Laurier was 
 then supreme in the House of Com- 
 mons, and was called upon to organ- 
 ize a new government. Thus it was 
 that he rose to the exalted position 
 of Premier of Canada and found the 
 opportunities which have given him 
 so high a place among the world's 
 statesmen. 
 
 Perhaps the most important policy 
 which he inaugurated upon his rise 
 to power was that of a preferential 
 tariff in favor of Great Britain. It 
 was due to this policy, as well as to 
 his high position in the affairs of 
 Canada, that when he went to Eng- 
 
 land upon the occasion of the Queen's 
 Diamond Jubilee in 1897 he was re- 
 ceived with distinguished honor. The 
 Queen made him a Knight Grand 
 Cross of the Order of St. Michael 
 and St. George. Oxford and Cam- 
 bridge Universities conferred upon 
 him honorary degrees. Upon a visit 
 to the Continent of Europe during 
 this trip abroad he was entertained 
 by President Faure of France and 
 was received by the Pope at Rome. 
 When he returned to Canada he was 
 greeted with great enthusiasm by all 
 classes. In the general election of 
 1904 Sir Wilfrid's administration 
 gained a triumphant endorsement at 
 the polls. 
 
 LORD STRATHCONA. 
 
 One of the foremost of Canada's 
 great workers is Lord Strathcona, 
 who, as Donald Smith, was born in 
 Scotland in 1820. He received his 
 preliminary education in the common 
 schools. He gave up the law, and 
 became, when he was eighteen, an 
 employee of the Hudson Bay Com- 
 pany on the bleak coast of Labrador. 
 
 Here he remained for thirteen 
 years, becoming one of the company's 
 most valued traders. From Labrador 
 he went, in 1851, into the wilderness 
 of the Northwest, where he rose 
 through the grades of trader, chief 
 trader, factor and chief factor. In 
 1869 he reached the top rung of the 
 ladder in the Hudson Bay Company, 
 receiving the appointment of resident 
 governor. 
 
 He established himself in Montreal, 
 but when the half breeds and Indians 
 under the leadership of Louis Riel 
 rose in rebellion against the project 
 of transferring to the Crown the vast 
 tracts of territory belonging to the 
 Hudson Bay Company, Donald Smith 
 again utilized his remarkable skill and 
 experience in dealing with these chil- 
 dren of nature. He went to the seat 
 
 688
 
 The Romance of Reality. 
 
 of the trouble at Red River Settle- 
 ment, where he was made a prisoner 
 and threatened with death. He ob- 
 tained his liberty, and through his 
 strong but adroit attitude toward the 
 rebels was able to keep them in check 
 until the arrival of troops. As a re- 
 ward for this achievement he was 
 elected to the Dominion House of 
 Commons, and became a zealous sup- 
 porter of the administration of Sir 
 John McDonald. 
 
 In the early seventies Donald Smith 
 undertook to raise the very large 
 amount of capital necessary for the 
 new Canadian Pacific railroad across 
 the continent. On more than one oc- 
 casion the enterprise threatened ruin 
 for those connected with it, but Don- 
 ald Smith eventually triumphed, and 
 in 1885 the road was completed to the 
 Pacific. The man who had commenced 
 life as an humble trader had become 
 by this time a celebrated and very im- 
 portant man in Canada, and in recog- 
 nition of his services Queen Victoria 
 bestowed on him in 1886 the Grand 
 Cross of the Order of St. Michael 
 and St. George. Upon the occasion 
 of the Queen's Jubilee in 1897, being 
 then Lord High Commissioner of 
 Canada, Sir Donald was raised to 
 the peerage, and became Lord Strath- 
 cona. In commemoration of the 
 Jubilee he gave in the same year, 
 jointly with Lord Mount Stephen, 
 the sum of one million dollars to the 
 Royal Victoria Hospital in Montreal, 
 and eight hundred thousand dollars 
 more to endow the institution, which, 
 through his generosity, has become 
 one of the best equipped hospitals on 
 the continent. Lord Strathcona has 
 also given at least a million dollars 
 to education in Canada, most of the 
 
 money going to McGill University. 
 He has also contributed largely to 
 the Royal Victoria Hospital for 
 Women in Montreal. Lord Strath- 
 cona's philanthropy is made the more 
 notable by the fact that while he has 
 large means, he does not possess the 
 immense wealth of some of the Am- 
 erican financiers. In addition to his 
 railway and numerous other interests 
 in Canada, he is president of the 
 Bank of Montreal, which is one of 
 the largest banking institutions in the 
 world. 
 
 At the outbreak of the war be- 
 tween Great Britain and the Boers 
 Lord Strathcona further increased 
 his usefulness to Canada and the Em- 
 pire by the organization of a body of 
 mounted troops called "the Strath- 
 cona Horse." These men, many of 
 whom were recruited from the North- 
 west, and who represented the flower 
 of Canadian horsemanship and valor, 
 went to South Africa, and greatly dis- 
 tinguished themselves in the service 
 of the Queen. Their work at the 
 front was not as important, however, 
 as was their influence in the direction 
 of solidifying the union between the 
 mother country and the colony. 
 
 In spite of the fact that he is now 
 eighty-four years old, Lord Strath- 
 cona is still a restless and energetic 
 spirit. He has residences in Mon- 
 treal, Winnipeg, Nova Scotia, Scot- 
 land and London, and divides his 
 time between them. In London he 
 is fond of entertaining the leaders in 
 political and commercial life. He 
 spends much of his time in Canada, 
 however, and often makes trips 
 across the continent. In many re- 
 spects he is Canada's most remark- 
 able citizen. 
 
 689
 
 Encyclopedic Biographies, or 
 
 ILLUSTRATORS. 
 
 WILLIAM DE LEFTWICH DODGE. 
 
 Among the American mural decor- 
 ators who have achieved a reputation 
 which is not confined to the land of 
 their birth, is William de Leftwich 
 Dodge. Some of the principal deco- 
 rations of the Boston public library 
 and the capitol of Washington are 
 the outcome of his genius. He has 
 also executed a number of private 
 commissions, and in each and every 
 instance has given evidence of fer- 
 tile imagination and forceful execu- 
 tion. It is perhaps too much to say 
 that Mr. Dodge has inaugurated or 
 suggested a new school of mural art, 
 but it is certain that he has so modi- 
 fied accepted methods that the results 
 are practically without precedent as 
 far as his special line of work is 
 concerned. He was born in Liberty, 
 Virginia, and, after a preliminary art 
 education in this country, studied in 
 Paris and Munich. He began his 
 career proper as an illustrator, but it 
 was not, long before he realized that 
 his future lay along the lines of deco- 
 ration rather than in the pages of 
 publications, and, as has been inti- 
 mated, his successes Lave vindicated 
 the wisdom of his decision. He has 
 been awarded the third medal of the 
 Concours d' Atelier, Paris; the gold 
 medal, Prize Fund exposition, 1886; 
 three medals Cours Yvon, 1887 ; Prix 
 d' Atelier, 1888, and medal of the Co- 
 lumbian exposition, 1893. 
 
 CHARLES MENTE. 
 
 Charles Mente, a popular illustra- 
 tor, comes of a musical family, and 
 so narrowly escaped being a musician 
 instead of an artist. He was born in 
 New York city, educated in the pub- 
 lic schools and afterward learned 
 wood-carving, making figureheads 
 and ornamental work on furniture. 
 
 This work was not to his taste, how- 
 ever, so he entered the credit depart- 
 ment of A. T. Stewart's store, New 
 York city. This was even more dis- 
 tasteful, and, resigning, he spent his 
 evenings attending Cooper institute 
 art classes, and later the art students' 
 league. At that time all illustrations 
 were drawn on wood. Mr. Mente's 
 first drawing was for Harper & 
 Brothers, and was successful, and for 
 two years he worked for that firm. 
 By the end of that period he had 
 managed to save about $1,500, with 
 which he went abroad to study in 
 Munich at the Royal academy. There 
 he received a medal, with honorable 
 mention. Coming back to New York, 
 he was engaged as a teacher of paint- 
 ing at the Gotham art students' 
 league, but gave up this position to 
 devote himself to painting and illus- 
 tration. He has received first prize at 
 the exposition of the Chicago society 
 of artists, a gold medal of the Art 
 club of Philadelphia in 1895, and a 
 diploma of excellence and silver 
 medal at the Cotton States' interna- 
 tional exposition, Atlanta, Georgia, in 
 1895. Mr. Mente's reputation rests 
 to a great extent on his pictures 
 based on inspirational subjects. 
 
 THURE DE THULSTRUP. 
 
 The vigor of the work of Thure de 
 Thulstrup is known to the reading 
 public mainly through his illustra- 
 tions in metropolitan magazines, but 
 he has also painted a number of can- 
 vases which show that he is as much 
 at home with the brush as with the 
 crayon or pencil. Thulstrup was 
 born in Stockholm, Sweden, and, af- 
 ter graduating from the Royal Swed- 
 ish military academy, was commis- 
 sioned a lieutenant of artillery in the 
 army of that country. But being of 
 
 690
 
 The Romance of Reality. 
 
 an adventurous spirit, he went to Al- 
 giers, where he enlisted in the First 
 Zouave Regiment of the French 
 army, saw some service in Northern 
 Africa, and was afterward given a 
 commission in the Foreign Legion. 
 While a member of that body, he 
 took part in the Franco-German war 
 of i87O-'7i, and also assisted in 
 crushing the Commune in Paris. In 
 1872 he set sail for Canada, where he 
 obtained a position as civil engineer. 
 From his boyhood he had delighted 
 in sketching, and it was about this 
 time that he determined to put his 
 artistic gifts to practical use. His 
 debut as an illustrator was with the 
 
 New York Daily Graphic in the 7o's. 
 Subsequently he became connected 
 with the Frank Leslie Magazine and 
 with Harper & Brothers, and it was 
 his work with the last named firm 
 that established his reputation as an 
 illustrator. He has painted a number 
 of military pictures, including a series 
 of twelve which have to do with stir- 
 ring events of the Civil war in this 
 country. Recently he has been en- 
 gaged on canvases which illustrate 
 cavalier life in Virginia in the middle 
 of the eighteenth century. He has 
 drawn the pictures of a number of 
 books. 
 
 CARTOONISTS. 
 
 T. S. ALLEN. 
 
 One of the artists whose purpose in 
 life seems to be smile-breeding is T. 
 S. Allen. Well known in connection 
 with his work in the columns of the 
 New York American, his studies of 
 and contingent jokes on "tough" 
 youngsters under the caption of 
 "Just Kids" are full of genuine hu- 
 mor. Mr. Allen was born in 1869, 
 in Lexington, Kentucky, and was edu- 
 cated at Transylvania university, of 
 that state. After some years spent in 
 writing jokes, jingles, etc., for local 
 and New York newspapers, he began 
 to illustrate the same in a manner 
 which quickly caught the attention 
 of editors. To-day he has an estab- 
 lished reputation as a graphic humor- 
 ist, and his work finds a ready and 
 remunerative market. 
 
 CHARLES G. BUSH. 
 
 Charles G. Bush, the cartoonist of 
 the New York World, is an example 
 of success achieved comparatively 
 late in life. His early work consisted 
 for the most part of magazine illus- 
 
 trations of a serious nature. After 
 studying in Paris, under Bonnat, he, 
 on his return to America, endeavored 
 to follow a career of painting, but 
 fate willed it otherwise. In 1895 Mr. 
 Bush drew a cartoon in which David 
 B. Hill was the principal figure. The 
 New York Herald accepted the pic- 
 ture, and the next morning Mr. Bush 
 woke up to find himself famous as a 
 cartoonist. From thence on his ca- 
 reer has been one of more or less 
 constant successes. 
 
 Louis DALRYMPLE. 
 
 Louis Dalrymple,, the illustrator and 
 cartoonist, was born at Cambridge, 
 Illinois, January 19, 1861. After re- 
 ceiving a common school education, 
 he entered the Pennsylvania academy 
 of fine arts, graduated from it with 
 credit and later studied at the art stu- 
 dents' league of New York. Subse- 
 quently he branched out for himself 
 and began to submit drawings to the 
 metropolitan comic publications and 
 newspapers. Work of this kind se- 
 cures immediate recognition for an 
 
 691
 
 Encyclopedic Biographies, or 
 
 artist who can comply with the public 
 demands of the moment. Mr. Dalrym- 
 ple being not only clever but shrewd, 
 it came about that within a very short 
 time he was kept busy in executing 
 commissions. His work is character- 
 ized by a delicacy and acumen that 
 prove that he thinks as well as he 
 draws. 
 
 SYDNEY B. GRIFFIN. 
 
 When the modern daily newspaper 
 began to add to its news columns the 
 so-called supplement, there was a 
 coincident demand for artists who 
 had the gift of humor. Sydney B. 
 Griffin was one of such, and for some 
 years past his supply of unique ideas 
 seems to have been inexhaustible. He 
 was born October 15, 1854, of Eng- 
 lish and Scotch parents, attended 
 public schools at Detroit, Michigan, 
 and, in 1888, came to New York. 
 When his first ideas were presented 
 to Puck they were declined, but upon 
 his taking them to Judge they were 
 accepted forthwith. Mr. Griffin took 
 the trouble to inform the Puck peo- 
 ple of his success with their rivals, 
 whereupon he was told that his work 
 had been refused for the simple rea- 
 son that it was so excellent that it 
 was feared that it was not original. 
 However, Puck made the amende 
 honorable by engaging him forthwith. 
 Mr. Griffin's style is bold and slash- 
 ing and his drawings are full of 
 point and power. 
 
 R. F. OUTCAULT. 
 
 In the world of illustrators, the 
 man who can originate an idea which 
 excites the laughter and holds the 
 attention of the public is indeed for- 
 tunate. Such an individual is R. F. 
 Outcault, the artistic father of the 
 "Buster Brown" series which appear 
 in the Sunday New York Herald. He 
 is also the author of the "Yellow 
 v Kid" and "Hogan's Alley" pictures 
 
 of the Sunday New York World, and 
 of equally laughable creations in the 
 New York American and other pub- 
 lications. Born in Lancaster, Ohio, 
 January 14, 1853, he was educated in 
 that town. In 1888 he secured a posi- 
 tion with Edison, and went to Paris 
 in the inventor's employ. Returning 
 to this country, he illustrated for 
 some time with a fair degree of suc- 
 cess, but it was not until 1894 that he 
 made his first distinctive hit as a 
 comic artist. Mr. Outcault's personal 
 description of his daily life is inter- 
 esting. He says: "I have flowers, a 
 garden, a dog and a cat, good music, 
 good books, light stories, draw pic- 
 tures, smoke a pipe, talk single tax 
 theories, am a member of a couple of 
 clubs, lead the Simple Life." 
 
 CARL E. SCHULTZE. 
 
 Humor, strenuous and wholesome, 
 marks the work of Carl E. Schultze. 
 His name is literally a household 
 word in this country by reason of 
 that quaint conceit, "Foxy Grandpa," 
 of which he is the creator. He was 
 born on May 25, 1866, Lexington, 
 New York, and was educated in the 
 public schools of that town and at 
 Cassel, Germany. On his return to 
 America he studied art under Walter 
 Satterlee, of New York. For some 
 time later he seems to have been un- 
 decided as to how to apply his gifts, 
 but an accidental sketch submitted to 
 a Chicago paper, resulted in his be- 
 ing forthwith engaged by that publi- 
 cation. After remaining in Chicago 
 on several newspapers for some 
 years, he took a trip to California, do- 
 ing further artistic work in San Fran- 
 cisco. At length he determined to 
 beard the metropolitan journalist 
 lions in their dens. After a struggle, 
 during which he did work on Judge 
 and other New York publications, he 
 became a member of the staff of the 
 Herald, where, thanks to an acci- 
 
 692
 
 The Romance of Reality. 
 
 dental inspiration, "Foxy Grandpa" 
 came into existence. Later he be- 
 came connected with the New York 
 American. Mr. Schultze is a man of 
 magnificent physique, and is held in 
 high esteem by those who know him. 
 He is the author of several works of 
 comic drawings, and "Foxy Grandpa" 
 has been dramatized. 
 
 EUGENE ZIMMERMAN. 
 
 Eugene Zimmerman's cartoons in 
 Judge are characterized by an in- 
 sight into the political questions of 
 the hour which is assisted rather 
 than hindered by the sheer humor of 
 his work. He was born at Basel), 
 Switzerland, May 25, 1862. While yet 
 
 a baby his parents came to the United 
 States and settled at Paterson, New 
 Jersey, where he received his educa- 
 tion in the public schools. After 
 leaving school, he was in turn a farm- 
 er's boy, an errand boy in a store, a 
 fish peddler, a baker and a sign 
 painter, but sketched and drew con- 
 tinuously. In 1882 he secured a posi- 
 tion in the art rooms of Puck, and 
 after doing considerable work for 
 that publication left it in order to 
 join Judge. He has also illustrated 
 books and articles by Bill Nye and 
 James Whitcomb Riley. As a cari- 
 caturist pure and proper he is almost 
 without a rival in this country. 
 
 HUMORISTS. 
 
 GEORGE ADE. 
 
 George Ade has an established 
 reputation among those who are lov- 
 ers of wholesome humor. His sketch- 
 es, given in a picturesque dialect, are 
 characterized by a freshness of ob- 
 servation which is aided rather than 
 marred by the so-called slang in 
 which they are written. Born at 
 Kentland, Newton county, Indiana, 
 February 9, 1866, he graduated from 
 the University of Lafayette, Indiana, 
 and subsequently became reporter and 
 telegraph editor on the Lafayette 
 Evening Call. In 1891 he went to 
 Chicago, as a member of the staff of 
 the Daily News of that city, and 
 afterward joined the forces of the 
 Tribune. After establishing a repu- 
 tation as a humorist, he turned play- 
 wright and has scored several metro- 
 politan successes. His Fables in 
 Slang, issued in 1899, and More Fa- 
 bles are the best known of his pen 
 products. 
 
 JOHN KENDRICK BANGS. 
 
 John Kendrick Bangs occupies a 
 
 distinctive position in the domain of 
 humor. To use the vernacular, he is 
 in a class by himself, and so the prod- 
 ucts of his pen can hardly be re- 
 ferred to or compared with that of 
 any other of the writers of to-day. 
 He was born in Yonkers, New York, 
 May 27, 1862, his father being Francis 
 N. Bangs, who for many years was 
 the president of the Bar association 
 of New York. Mr. Bangs graduated 
 from Columbia university in 1883 and 
 entered his father's office, but his 
 humor would not down, and so it was 
 that he shortly deserted the law in 
 order to become the associate editor 
 of Life. This was in 1884. Since 
 that time he has held many respon- 
 sible journalistic positions in New 
 York, and in his present capacity as 
 editor of Harper's Weekly has added 
 much to the reputation which is de- 
 servedly his. 
 
 SAMUEL LANGHORN CLEMENS. 
 
 Samuel L. Clemens, who is better 
 known as "Mark Twain," was born 
 in Monroe county, Missouri, Novem- 
 
 693
 
 Encyclopedic Biographies, or 
 
 her 30, 1835, and received his educa- 
 tion at the village schools. On his 
 father's death, which took place when 
 he was twelve years of age, he went 
 to work in order to contribute to the 
 support of his mother and little 
 brothers and sisters. As an appren- 
 tice in the office of the Hannibal 
 (Missouri) Courier, he laid the foun- 
 dations of his reputation as author 
 and journalist. Within the following 
 twenty-five years he was steamboat 
 pilot, soldier, miner and editor. His 
 first contributions under his famous 
 nom-de-plume appeared in 1862, in 
 the newspaper, The Virginia City 
 Enterprise. Since 1872 he has de- 
 voted himself to literary work, lec- 
 turing occasionally, and making fre- 
 quent trips to Europe. It is said that 
 nearly a million copies of his works 
 have been sold. Space will not per- 
 mit of a full list of them, but Rough- 
 ing It, The Prince and the Pauper, A 
 Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's 
 Court, and Pudden-Head Wilson are 
 classics whose popularity bids fair to 
 last as long as American literature 
 itself. 
 
 FINLEY PETER DUNNE. 
 
 The author of the immortal "Mr. 
 Dooley" is Finley Peter Dunne, who 
 began life as a Chicago reporter, but 
 is now under contract to Harper 
 Brothers to write exclusively for their 
 publications. He was born at Chi- 
 cago, July 10, 1867, was educated in 
 local public schools and began his 
 reportorial life in 1885. After serv- 
 ing on the staffs of several Chicago 
 papers he became editor of the Jour- 
 nal of that city in 1897. It was about 
 this time that he conceived "Mr. 
 Dooley." The reputation which that 
 unique character brought him result- 
 ed in his being engaged to contribute 
 to a syndicate of New York, Chicago 
 and San Francisco newspapers, and 
 
 later to form his current connection 
 with the Harpers. 
 
 SIMEON FORD. 
 
 Simeon Ford, the after-dinner 
 speaker and raconteur who, so it is 
 said, can look more sad and at the 
 same time talk more humorously 
 than any other man before the Amer- 
 ican public, was born in Lafayette, 
 Indiana, in 1856. After an education 
 received in the public schools of the 
 town of his birth he studied law, but 
 finding that there was but little mer- 
 riment in Blackstone and briefs, aban- 
 doned his first intentions, and after 
 plunges into various businesses, drift- 
 ed to New York, where, in 1883, he 
 fell in love with and married Julia 
 Shaw, the daughter of the proprietor 
 of the Grand Union hotel. He forth- 
 with became a partner with his 
 father-in-law, and from thence on has 
 been as successful as a hotel manager 
 as he is famous as an after-dinner 
 speaker. 
 
 ELIZABETH MERIWETHER GILMER. 
 
 Elizabeth Meriwether Gilmer, 
 whose nom-de-plume is "Dorothy 
 Dix," was born in Montgomery 
 county, Tennessee, November 18, 
 1870. She was married November 
 21, 1888, to George O. Gilmer. In 
 1896 she became the editor of the 
 woman's department of the New Or- 
 leans Picayune, and contributed to 
 that paper a series of articles called 
 Dorothy Dix Talks, which won her 
 immediate recognition as a humorist. 
 In 1900 she joined the New York 
 American and Journal staff as a 
 writer on special topics, which she 
 treats in a breezy, snappy fashion. 
 
 GEORGE V. HOBART. 
 
 George V. Hobart, the humorist 
 and librettist, who is well known to 
 the newspaper public under his nom- 
 de-plume of Dinkelspiel, was born at 
 
 694
 
 The Romance of Reality. 
 
 Cape Breton, Nova Scotia. When a 
 boy he studied telegraphy and ob- 
 tained a position as an operator on 
 one of the Cumberland (Maryland) 
 newspapers. One day between the 
 clicks of his instrument he wrote a 
 humorous story, and handed it to the 
 editor, who remarked, "I want more 
 of that." That was the beginning of 
 the famous Dinkelspiel sketches. Mr. 
 W. R Hearst, of the New York 
 American, saw Hobart's work, called 
 him to New York. He is the author 
 of several comedies and books of 
 musical productions. 
 
 MELVIN DE LANCY LANDON. 
 
 Melvin De Lancy Landon, "Eli Per- 
 kins," was born at Eaton, New York, 
 September 7, 1839. After a course of 
 preparation in the public schools he 
 
 entered Union college and graduated 
 in 1861. One week later he received 
 an appointment from the United 
 States treasury, but soon resigned his 
 position to enlist in the Union army 
 to take part in the Civil war. He 
 left the army, in 1864, with the rank 
 of major. Next he became a cotton 
 planter in Arkansas and Louisiana. 
 Later he traveled in Europe and was 
 secretary of the United States lega- 
 tion at St. Petersburg. In 1877 he 
 was married to Emily Louise Smith. 
 He has written copiously for maga- 
 zines and other publications. But it 
 is his books, Wit, Humor and Pa- 
 thos, Franco-Prussian War, Wit and 
 Humor of the Age, Kings of Plat- 
 form and Pulpit, and Thirty Years of 
 Wit, upon which his reputation as a 
 humorist rests. 
 
 JOURNALISTS AND WRITERS. 
 
 STEPHEN BONSAL. 
 
 A most industrious contributor to 
 magazines and writer of short stories 
 is Stephen Bonsai. He was born in 
 Virginia in 1863, and educated in St. 
 Paul's school, Concord, New Hamp- 
 shire. After finishing his studies in 
 this countrv he went to Gottingen 
 and Heidelberg, Germany. Returning 
 to this country, he entered journal- 
 ism. In this connection he is best 
 known as representing the New York 
 Herald during the Bulgarian-Servian 
 war. In the service of that news- 
 paper, he also went to Macedonia, 
 Morocco and Cuba. Leaving news- 
 paper work, he next entered the 
 United States diplomatic service and 
 was secretary of legation and charge 
 d'affaires in Pekin, Madrid, Tokio 
 and Corea from 1890 to 1896. Be- 
 sides his magazine work, he is the 
 author of several books, including 
 Morocco As It Is and The Real Con- 
 dition of Cuba. 
 
 RICHARD HARDING DAVIS. 
 
 Like many other authors, Richard 
 Harding Davis comes of literary 
 stock, his father being S. Clark Davis, 
 editor of the Philadelphia Public 
 Ledger, and his mother Rebecca 
 Harding Davis, whose works of fic- 
 tion have brought her a certain 
 amount of public notice. After grad- 
 uating from the Lehigh university of 
 Pennsylvania, Mr. Davis made a rep- 
 utation for himself in newspaper cir- 
 cles in his native city. He is a ver- 
 satile writer and prefers fiction to 
 fact. He first attained prominence 
 through the medium of his Van Bib- 
 ber Sketches. War correspondent as 
 well as novelist, his life has been filled 
 with stirring incident. Mr. Davis has 
 been charged with egotism by his 
 critics, but every man who is con- 
 scious of his individuality is subject 
 to such attacks. Married Cecil Clark, 
 daughter of J. M. Clark, of Chicago, 
 April 4, 1800- 
 
 695
 
 Encyclopedic Biographies, or 
 
 HAMLIN GARLAND. 
 
 One of the best-known makers of 
 magazine literature is Hamlin Gar- 
 land, who was born in West Salem, 
 Wisconsin, September 16, 1860, of 
 English-Dutch parentage. In 1881 his 
 studies were completed in Cedar Val- 
 ley seminary, Wisconsin, and he next 
 spent some years in traveling and 
 teaching in the east. Later he took 
 the lecture platform, was an occa- 
 sional writer of sketches and short 
 stories, and spent some time in Bos- 
 ton studying and teaching. He is an 
 ardent advocate of the single tax doc- 
 trine and several of his works have 
 to do with the struggles of the poor 
 against existing conditions. He has 
 also written a number of books of 
 fiction. 
 
 DAVID G. PHILLIPS. 
 
 David G. Phillips, one of the latest 
 of American authors to achieve a 
 measurable success and to give prom- 
 ises of a literary future, was born in 
 Indianapolis in 1866, his father being 
 a banker in that city. After a season 
 spent in the local public schools and 
 a preparatory collegiate course, Mr. 
 Phillips went to Yale, and while there 
 determined to become either a jour- 
 nalist or an author. On graduating 
 he decided to go into newspaper work 
 and so became a member of the re- 
 portorial staff of the New York 
 World. It was not long before he 
 attracted the attention of Mr. Joseph 
 Pulitzer, the proprietor of the World. 
 Mr. Phillips was in consequence given 
 an editorial position. After some time 
 spent in the service of the World, Mr. 
 Phillips resigned in order to turn his 
 attention to novel writing. Of his 
 books A Golden Fleece and The Great 
 God Success have been fairly well re- 
 ceived, but his last work. The Con- 
 fessions of a Croesus, is distinctly the 
 best thing that he has done in the 
 way of pure literature. 
 
 CHARLES GEORGE DOUGLAS ROBERTS. 
 
 C. G. D. Roberts inherited his lit- 
 erary instinct. His father was the 
 Rev. G. Goodrich Roberts, and he is 
 a cousin of Bliss Carman, the poet, 
 while several of his ancestors were 
 professors in English universities. He 
 was born in Canada in 1860. Gradu- 
 ating from the university of Bruns- 
 wick, in 1879, he afterward and for 
 several years taught in educational 
 establishments in Canada, but in 1895 
 devoted himself exclusively to literary 
 work. In 1897 he became associate 
 editor of the Illustrated American, 
 but is best knowni as a writer of na- 
 ture stories, several of which have 
 passed through two or three editions. 
 
 WILLIAM THOMAS STEAD. 
 
 William T. Stead, the founder of 
 the Review of Reviews, and a con- 
 stant contributor to a number of 
 American newspapers, was born on 
 July 3, 1849, at Embleton, England, 
 being the son of the Rev. W. Stead, 
 a Congregational minister. When 
 fourteen years of age he was appren- 
 ticed to a merchant at Newcastle-on- 
 Tyne, England, and began to contrib- 
 ute to local newspapers. His jour- 
 nalistic promptings at length became 
 so imperative that he deserted the 
 commercial world, and after a pre- 
 liminary struggle became assistant 
 editor of the Pall Mall Gazette. Later 
 he founded the Review of Reviews, 
 and subsequently the American Re- 
 view of Reviews. He takes an active 
 interest in the larger questions of the 
 day, such as international arbitration, 
 psychological problems, etc. Mr. 
 Stead has a place in his generation 
 and fills it admirably. 
 
 VANCE THOMPSON. 
 
 Vance Thompson, a well known 
 journalist, author and playwright, 
 was born on April 17, 1863. He grad- 
 uated from Princeton in 1883, and 
 
 696
 
 The Romance of Reality. 
 
 was subsequently a student of the 
 University of Jena in Germany. He 
 is well known in metropolitan jour- 
 nalism, having held the position of 
 dramatic critic for more than one 
 New York newspaper, and he has 
 also contributed liberally to leading 
 magazines and daily publications in 
 general. He is also known as a musi- 
 cal critic. Mr. Thompson founded 
 a fortnightly publication entitled 
 Madamoiselle New York, which was 
 characteristic of both him and his, 
 and is the author of several plays, 
 pantomimes and books. In 1890 he 
 married Lillian Spencer, of New 
 York. 
 
 STEWART EDWARD WHITE. 
 
 Stewart Edward White, the author, 
 was born at Grand Rapids, Michigan, 
 March 2, 1873. He studied at the 
 high school of the town of his birth 
 and graduated from the University 
 of Michigan in 1895. Subsequently 
 he came east and took a course in the 
 
 Columbia law school. Mr. White is 
 still a bachelor, is a fruitful contribu- 
 tor to magazines, and has written 
 some novels which have been given a 
 respectful hearing, these including 
 The Westerners and The Claim 
 Jumpers. 
 
 OWEN WISTER. 
 
 Owen Wister, who is best known 
 to the public through the medium of 
 his novel, The Virginian, was born 
 at Philadelphia July 14, 1860. He 
 prepared for college at St. Paul's 
 school, Concord, New Hampshire, 
 and was graduated from Harvard in 
 1892, being admitted to the Philadel- 
 phia bar some years later. Instead 
 of following the profession of a law- 
 yer, however, he engaged in literary 
 work. Apart from his novels, he has 
 been a prolific contributor to maga- 
 zines and other periodicals. His 
 books are eminently readable, if they 
 are nothing else. 
 
 POETS. 
 
 THOMAS BAILEY ALDRICH. 
 
 Judging from "The Story of a Bad 
 Boy," which is partly autobiographi- 
 cal, Thomas Bailey Aldrich spent his 
 boyhood just as all wholesome-mind- 
 ed, healthy boys do, in having a good 
 time. He was born in Portsmouth, 
 New Hampshire, November n, 1836. 
 While he was still a baby, his family 
 went to New Orleans, but he was sent 
 back to his native town to be edu- 
 cated. After a common school course, 
 he prepared to enter Harvard, but 
 his father failed in business and soon 
 afterward died. Although young Al- 
 drich's relatives were prepared to pay 
 the expenses of his college course, he 
 preferred to be independent and de- 
 cided to begin a business career. So 
 it came about that he entered the 
 
 offices of his uncle in New York city 
 at the age of sixteen. About this 
 time he began to contribute articles 
 in prose and verse to Putnam's Mag- 
 azine, The Knickerbocker Magazine 
 and other periodicals. His literary 
 ability finally got 'him a place in a 
 publishing house as reader of manu- 
 scripts and of proof. His first book, 
 The Bells, did not attract much 
 attention, but in 1856 he published 
 The Ballad of Baby Bell and Other 
 Poems, which struck the popular 
 fancy. About the year 1860 he be- 
 came an independent writer, contrib- 
 uting to various publications, but 
 chiefly to the Atlantic Monthly. In 
 1870 he became editor of Every Sat- 
 urday, a high-class literary weekly, 
 which was founded in Boston and 
 
 697
 
 Encyclopedic Biographies, or 
 
 effectively edited, yet only lived four 
 years. In 1881 he succeeded Mr. 
 Howells in the editorial chair of the 
 Atlantic Monthly. In this same year 
 both Mr. Howells and Mr. Aldrich 
 received from Yale university the de- 
 gree of LL.D. Mr. Aldrich retired 
 from the Atlantic Monthly in 1890. 
 In 1865 he was married to Miss Lil- 
 lian Woodman, of New York city. 
 Several children were born to him. 
 
 BLISS CARMAN. 
 
 Bliss Carman is a native of New 
 Brunswick and began life as a civil 
 engineer and school teacher. The 
 muse won him, however, almost from 
 boyhood, and he has written steadily, 
 slowly and safely, which is equivalent 
 to saying that he has written progres- 
 sively. Like many of the Canadian 
 writers, he came to the United States 
 to seek recognition. Here he met 
 three other Canadians C. G. D. Rob- 
 erts, James Clarence Harvey and the 
 late Richard Hovey. They formed a 
 talented quartet of struggling poets, 
 and their little world known as "Vag- 
 abondia," was one of the most fasci- 
 nating centers of American Bohe- 
 mianism of the better type. Literary 
 and artistic people coveted the privi- 
 lege of entering therein. Mr. Carman 
 and Mr. Hovey published several vol- 
 umes of songs from "Vagabondia." 
 The subject of this sketch is best 
 known by his Coronation Ode and 
 his Sapphic Fragments. There is 
 a fine and tender quality in Mr. Car- 
 man's poems that accounts for their 
 popularity among people possessing 
 that which is known as the "artistic 
 temperament" 
 
 RICHARD LE GALLIENNE. 
 
 Richard Le Gallienne, who has a 
 personality which accords with that 
 of the traditional poet, is an Irish- 
 man by birth. In spite of his critics, 
 his place in the world of letters is 
 
 assured, mainly by reason of his 
 poems, of which he has issued three 
 volumes. Robert Louis Stevenson, 
 an Elegy, is one of the best known 
 of Mr. Le Gallienne's works, and 
 ranks among the classic elegies of the 
 English language. It is not too much 
 to say that it compares favorably 
 with Gray's Elegy in a Country 
 Churchyard, Swinburne's Ave Et 
 Vale, and Morris' Wordsworth's 
 Grave. In Mr. Le Gallienne's verses, 
 love, romance and dainty imagery are 
 effectively mingled, and, as a rule, the 
 results appeal to both heart and ear. 
 His more ambitious works are those 
 that have to do with literary criti- 
 cism. He has also written books on 
 Kipling and Meredith, which for 
 vivid, close-range studies of the lives 
 and purposes of two writers whose 
 ideals are diametrically opposed, have 
 rarely been equalled. The output of 
 so-called literary criticism is so volu- 
 minous that it "tires by vastness," 
 yet the demand for the product of 
 Mr. Le Gallienne's pen still exists. 
 He is also the author of a number of 
 novels. That he is of industrious 
 habits is proven by the fact that, 
 while only thirty-six years of age, he 
 has produced thirty works, the last 
 being an English rendition of the 
 odes of the Persian poet, Hafiz, Mr. 
 Le Gallienne is an example of the 
 possibilities that are inherent in every 
 man, who, having determined on a 
 given line of work, proceeds to follow 
 it to success. He has never been to 
 college, but has educated himself and 
 so possesses all that belongs to a col- 
 lege curriculum. He has undergone 
 the disappointments, deferred hopes, 
 and all the rest of the unpleasant 
 things that belong to the struggling 
 literary man, and has conquered. The 
 moral is obvious. 
 
 ROBERT ^ TACK AY. 
 
 Robert Mackay, who is one of the 
 
 698
 
 The Romance of Reality. 
 
 youngest, but none the less promis- 
 ing of America's poets, was born in 
 Virginia City, Nevada, 1871. His 
 father, who is among the oldest of 
 the living "Comstockers," settled in 
 Nevada over fifty years ago, when 
 the state was practically unknown to 
 white men. The subject of this 
 sketch began his literary work when 
 a mere boy as a reporter on the San 
 Francisco Chronicle. Subsequently 
 he was editor and assistant editor of 
 several papers on the Pacific coast. 
 In 1895 he determined to travel over 
 the world. The trip occupied the 
 greater portion of five years, during 
 which period he visited lands where 
 white men were seldom seen. Natu- 
 rally he gathered many experiences, 
 and much valuable data. While Mr. 
 Mackay has written a great many 
 poems he has never compiled them in 
 book form. He has a theory that too 
 many young writers throw them- 
 selves on the mercy of a public which 
 do not know them and necessarily do 
 not care for their callow wares. He 
 therefore proposes to mature his 
 work until he is satisfied that it has 
 a fighting chance for public favor. 
 Nevertheless he is by no means a 
 stranger to the public. Those poems 
 of his that have appeared in a num- 
 ber of periodicals have made him 
 many friends. Mr. Mackay's verses 
 are finely fibered. Technically cor- 
 rect, they are acceptable to those crit- 
 ics who place mechanism on the same 
 plane with motive. But they are 
 more than finished specimens of the 
 verse-maker's art. With deft and 
 tender fingers he plays upon the heart 
 chords of humanity, and these ring 
 responsive to his sympathetic touch. 
 His themes are those that are as old 
 as the race, and as imperishable. 
 Mother love, wedded love, patriotism, 
 the eternal yearning for the higher 
 life, the eternal problem of the here- 
 aftersuch they are and they are 
 
 treated by him with a facile sincerity 
 that marks him as a true poet one 
 who writes not for the sake of writ- 
 ing, but because of inner spiritual 
 promptings that will not be denied. 
 
 CINCINNATUS HEINE MILLER. 
 
 The personality of Cincinnatus 
 Heine Miller, better known as "Joa- 
 quin" Miller, is as picturesque as has 
 been his career. In turn a miner, 
 lawyer, express rider, editor, poet 
 and newspaper man, Mr. Miller has 
 amassed a fund of experiences such 
 as rarely falls to the lot of the ordi- 
 nary individual. That his literary 
 gifts enable him to reproduce in vivid 
 fashion many of these same happen- 
 ings is a matter for self-congratula- 
 tion on the part of the reading pub- 
 lic. What is yet more fortunate is 
 that he preserves in his poems the 
 breath of the prairie, the air of the 
 mountains and the "tang" of that 
 west that is rapidly passing into 
 nothingness. The poet was born in 
 the Wabash district of Indiana, No- 
 vember 10, 1841. In 1850 his parents 
 removed to Oregon, and there is but 
 little doubt that the wild and beauti- 
 ful scenery amid which he spent his 
 childhood had had much to do with 
 fostering his then undeveloped poeti- 
 cal instincts. When the famous rush 
 of gold seekers to the Pacific coast 
 took place in 1859, young Miller was 
 among the Argonauts. He does not 
 appear to have been particularly suc- 
 cessful in his 'hunt for gold,, and re- 
 turned to Oregon in 1860. Then he 
 began to study law, supporting him- 
 self in the meantime by acting as ex- 
 press rider in Idaho. In 1863 he 
 started the Eugene (Ore.) Demo- 
 cratic Register, which, however,, had 
 a brief existence. Later he opened a 
 law office in Canon City, and in 1866 
 went to London, where 'he remained 
 until 1870. It was in that city that 
 he published his first book of poems. 
 
 699
 
 Encyclopedic Biographies, or 
 
 It received a most favorable recep- 
 tion, and established him as a poet 
 of a unique type and quality. Return- 
 ing to this country, he did some years 
 of newspaper work in Washington, 
 D. G,, but finally drifted back to the 
 Pacific coast, and devoted himself en- 
 tirely to literature. In 1897, acting as 
 correspondent for the New York 
 newspaper, 'he visited the Klondike to 
 compare modern miners with those 
 of '59. Some of his best known 
 books of poems are Songs of the 
 Sierras, Pacific Palms, The One Fair 
 Woman, Songs of the Sunland, etc. 
 He is also a playwright. One of the 
 most important and successful of his 
 dramas is The Danites. He lives in 
 a picturesque home, known as the 
 Heights, at Oakland, California. 
 
 HENRY VAN DYKE. 
 
 " Life is an arrow ; therefore you must know 
 What mark to aim at and how to use the bow, 
 Then draw it to the head and let it go." 
 
 These words, as well as the career 
 of the well-known author and clergy- 
 man, the Rev. Dr. Henry Van Dyke, 
 emphasize the fact that he has suc- 
 cessfully pursued his all-absorbing 
 ideal. He was born at Germantown, 
 Pennsylvania, November 10, 1852, his 
 father being the Rev. Henry Jackson 
 Van Dykei, who is of Dutch colonial 
 blood. At the age of sixteen, and 
 
 after graduating from the Brooklyn 
 Polytechnic Institute, young Van 
 Dyke entered Princeton college and 
 received the degree of A.B., with 
 highest honors, in 1873. While an 
 undergraduate he was awarded the 
 junior oration prize and senior prize 
 in English literature. He was also 
 reception orator on class day, and on 
 commencement delivered the saluta- 
 tory and belles lettres. Upon gradu- 
 ating in the theological course from 
 Princeton seminary, in 1876, he de- 
 livered the master oration. Later he 
 went to Germany to pursue his stud- 
 ies in divinity at the University of 
 Berlin, and, in 1878, returned to the 
 United States, becoming pastor of the 
 United Congregational church, New- 
 port, Rhode Island, and remained 
 there for four years. In 1882 he ac- 
 cepted a call to the Old Brick Pres- 
 byterian church, Fifth avenue and 
 Thirty-seventh street, New York, 
 which was founded in 1767. At that 
 time the church membership was 
 small and its financial condition far 
 from satisfactory. But;, thanks to the 
 untiring efforts of the new pastor, it 
 became one of importance, spiritually 
 and in other ways. Since 1900 he has 
 been professor in English literature 
 at Princeton university. He is the 
 author of numerous books of wide 
 circulation. 
 
 CANADIANS. 
 
 DR. WILLIAM OSLER. 
 
 The most eminent medical man of 
 Canada, and perhaps of the world, is 
 Dr. William Osier, who has recently 
 been appointed by King Edward to 
 the exalted position of Regis Profes- 
 sor of Medicine at Oxford University, 
 England. This means that Dr. Osier 
 will be the chairman of the faculty 
 of this great university. He will be 
 
 its head. No greater distinction than 
 this could come to any medical man. 
 Aside from the honor of his appoint- 
 ment and the salary of $10,000 per 
 year, his position will bring Dr. Osier 
 a private practice which will make 
 him one of the most highly compen- 
 sated physicians in the world. 
 
 Dr. Osier was born at Bpndhead, 
 Ontario, July 12, 1849. His father 
 
 700
 
 The Romance of Reality. 
 
 was a minister of the Church of Eng- 
 land. Dr. Osier went to school at 
 Port Hope, Ont., and afterward en- 
 tered Trinity University in Toronto, 
 where he received his academic de- 
 gree. The only distinction he attained 
 at college was the reputation of being 
 a hard student. He followed out 
 then the injunction which he has 
 since often made to students of his 
 own, namely, " love to labor." 
 
 After leaving the University, Dr. 
 Osier entered the office of Dr. Bonell 
 in Toronto as an assistant. Here he 
 studied three years and then entered 
 McGill University at Montreal, where 
 he was graduated in 1872. He then 
 went abroad, and returning to Canada 
 in 1875 was elected to the chair of 
 Institute of Medicine at McGill. Some 
 remarks of his apropos of his first 
 plunging into teaching are worth 
 quoting. " My first appearance be- 
 fore the class filled me with tremu- 
 lous uneasiness and an overwhelming 
 sense of embarrassment. I soon for- 
 got this, however, in my interest in 
 the work. Whatever success I 
 achieved then and throughout my 
 subsequent career has been due to 
 enthusiasm and constitutional en- 
 ergy." 
 
 Four years after Dr. Osier became 
 connected with McGill he was ap- 
 pointed a member of the visiting staff 
 of the Montreal General Hospital. In 
 1883 he was elected a fellow of the 
 Royal College of Physicians of Lon- 
 don, England. 
 
 Dr. Osier became in 1884 professor 
 of medicine at the University of 
 Pennsylvania. He was invited in 1889 
 to create the chair of Professor of 
 the Practice and Principles of Medi- 
 cine at the Johns Hopkins Medical 
 School at Baltimore. It was his work 
 here that lifted him into world-wide 
 prominence as a physician. In 1890 
 he was elected dean of the medical 
 faculty of Johns Hopkins. Mean- 
 
 while he had built up a very large 
 private practice, and was one of the 
 doctors called upon to treat Presi- 
 dent McKinley after he had been shot 
 in Buffalo. 
 
 In spite of the fact that Dr. Osier's 
 great powers of concentration have 
 been one of the factors in his remark- 
 able success in his profession, he is 
 a strong believer in having a broad 
 outlook, and avoiding too great an 
 absorption in any one line of work. 
 He has said in an address to stu- 
 dents : 
 
 " Do not become so absorbed in 
 your profession as to exclude all out- 
 side interests. Success in my profes- 
 sion depends as much upon the man 
 as upon the physician. The more you 
 see of life, outside the circle of your 
 work, the better equipped you will 
 be for the struggle. While medicine 
 is to be your calling, see to it that you 
 have also some intellectual task which 
 will keep you in touch with the world 
 of art and letters. When tired of ana- 
 tomy refresh your mind with Oliver 
 Wendell Holmes, Keats, Shelley and 
 Shakespeare. 
 
 " I advise you to have no ambition 
 higher than to join the noble band 
 of general practitioners. These are 
 generous hearted men, with well 
 balanced, cool heads, who are not 
 scientific always, but are learned in 
 the wisdom of the sick room. No 
 man can stand higher in the love and 
 respect of the community, and wield 
 a more potent influence, than the 
 family doctor. . . . 
 
 "As to your work, I have a single 
 bit of advice which I give with the 
 earnest conviction of its paramount 
 influence in any success which may 
 have attended my efforts in life : 
 Take no thought of the morrow. 
 Live neither in the past nor the fu- 
 ture, but let each day's work absorb 
 your entire energy and satisfy your 
 widest ambition." 
 
 701
 
 Encyclopedic Biographies, or 
 
 SIR GEORGE A. DRUMMOND. 
 
 A high and representative type of 
 the Scotchmen who have done so 
 much for Canada is Sir George Alex- 
 ander Drummond, who for many 
 years has been very actively identified 
 with the best elements in Canadian 
 commercial and social life. Sir George 
 was born in Edinburgh in 1829, and 
 in 1854, after graduation from Edin- 
 burgh University, came to Canada to 
 assume the management of the ex- 
 tensive sugar refinery which had been 
 established in Montreal by the late 
 John Redpath. Though the refinery 
 was for some years very successful 
 under the direction of Sir George, it 
 was closed in 1874 because of the 
 appalling effects of a high tariff. It 
 was reopened, however, in 1879, when 
 Sir George founded the Canadian 
 Sugar Refining Company, which has 
 exerted a strong influence in the up- 
 building of the prosperity of the Do- 
 minion. Sir George steadily grew in 
 
 commercial power. He became a di- 
 rector of the Bank of Montreal in 
 1882 and vice-president of the insti- 
 tution in 1887. For two years he was 
 president of the Montreal Board of 
 Trade. He also assumed the presi- 
 dency of the company which owns 
 very valuable coal and iron mining 
 properties at Londonderry, Nova Sco- 
 tia, and he has been connected with 
 many other enterprises of importance. 
 His activities, however, have been 
 by no means confined to commerce. 
 He has been president of the Art 
 Association of Montreal, and pos- 
 sesses one of the finest art collections 
 on the continent. He is an enthusias- 
 tic golfer and has been president of 
 the Canada Golf Association. He has 
 busied himself with philanthropic 
 projects and was made one of the 
 trustees of Victoria Order of Nurses 
 in 1897. He was called to the Senate 
 of Canada by the Marquis of Lorne 
 and was knighted by the Queen- 
 
 AUTHORS. 
 
 JAMES LANE ALLEN. 
 
 Among the many literary lights 
 which the south has given us is 
 James Lane Allen. He was born in 
 Lexington, Kentucky, in 1849, and 
 comes of one of the old Virginia fam- 
 ilies. Shortly after the Civil war 
 broke out Mr. Allen's father lost his 
 fortune, and James in consequence 
 had to work and attend school simul- 
 taneously. He graduated with hon- 
 ors from the Transylvania university, 
 Lexington, in 1872. Then he began 
 to teach for a livelihood. Subsequent- 
 ly he was called to a professorship in 
 Transylvania university, and later 
 was a professor of Latin and higher 
 English at Bethany college, West Vir- 
 ginia. In 1884 he went to New York 
 to make literature his profession. He 
 was then unknown in that city, but 
 
 soon gained recognition as one of the 
 most poetic and dramatic of Ameri- 
 can novelists. Of his many books 
 The Choir Invisible, A Summer in 
 Arcady, and Aftermath, are perhaps 
 the most in demand by the reading 
 public. 
 
 GEORGE WASHINGTON CABLE. 
 
 A novelist who works on original 
 lines is George W. Cable. He was 
 born in New Orleans, October 12, 
 1844. At the age of fourteen neces- 
 sity compelled him to seek employ- 
 ment in a store. In 1863 he joined 
 the Confederate army, serving until 
 the close of the war. Returning to 
 New Orleans, he became an employee 
 of a mercantile house, and later stud- 
 ied civil engineering. It was at this 
 time that he began to contribute to 
 
 702
 
 The Romance of Reality. 
 
 the New Orleans Picayune and was 
 at length given a position on its edi- 
 torial staff. He returned to business 
 life, writing in the meantime, how- 
 ever, for Scribner's and other maga- 
 zines. His sketches of Creole life 
 were so well received that he finally 
 decided to devote himself to litera- 
 ture. He has produced a number of 
 works whose chief characters are al- 
 most all of the Creole type, is a suc- 
 cessful lecturer, and takes an active 
 interest in religious affairs. 
 
 WINSTON CHURCHILL. 
 
 Winston Churchill, the novelist, 
 was born in St. Louis, Missouri, No- 
 vember 10, 1871. He received his 
 early education at the Smith academy 
 in that city, and when seventeen years 
 of age was appointed a cadet of the 
 United States naval academy at An- 
 napolis. Graduating therefrom in 
 1891, he joined the cruiser San Fran- 
 cisco, but his tastes being more lit- 
 erary than naval he resigned and be- 
 came a member of the staff of the 
 Army and Navy Journal, of New 
 York. In 1895 he was made editor 
 of the Cosmopolitan magazine, but a 
 few months later resolved to identify 
 himself with independent work on 
 original lines. His first book, The 
 Celebrity, won recognition and a 
 certain amount of popularity. Mr. 
 Churchill's reputation as a novelist 
 rests for the most part on Richard 
 Carvel and its sequel, The Crisis, 
 which is hardly less popular than was 
 its predecessor. 
 
 FRANCIS MARION CRAWFORD. 
 
 A clever and popular writer is 
 Francis M. Crawford, who was born 
 at Bagni-di-Lucca, Italy, August 2, 
 1854. He is a son of Thomas Craw- 
 ford, the sculptor, and comes of a 
 long line of literary and artistic an- 
 cestors. Francis was educated in 
 New York schools, subsequently en- 
 
 tering Harvard, but did not complete 
 his course there. He was also a stu- 
 dent at Cambridge university, Eng- 
 land, and at the universities of Karls- 
 ruhe and Heidelberg, Germany, and 
 the university of Rome, where he 
 gave special attention to Sanscrit. In 
 1873 Mr. Crawford was compelled by 
 circumstances to adopt journalism as 
 a means of livelihood. Some years 
 later he turned his attention to litera- 
 ture proper, his first book, Mr. Isaacs, 
 appearing in 1882. Among his other 
 well-known works are A Cigarette 
 Maker's Romance, The Three Fates, 
 Zoroaster, etc. He is also an artist 
 of considerable ability and has trav- 
 eled extensively. He and his wife 
 and children live near Sorrento, Italy. 
 
 RUDYARD KIPLING. 
 
 Rudyard Kipling, the poet and nov- 
 elist who, perhaps more than any 
 other writer of this generation, has 
 voiced the militant spirit of the Brit- 
 ish empire, was born at Bombay, In- 
 dia, December 30, 1865. His father 
 was John Lockwood Kipling. Rud- 
 yard was educated at the United Ser- 
 vices college, Devonshire, England. 
 Returning to India at the end of his 
 school days, he became the assistant 
 editor of the Civil-Military Gazette, 
 and subsequently was connected with 
 the staff of the Pioneer, a prominent 
 newspaper of the country. The well- 
 known Soldiers Three series and 
 those other of his works which have 
 to do with army life in India were 
 the outcome of his Pioneer experi- 
 ences. In 1892 he married Caroline 
 Balestier at Brattleboro, Vermont. 
 Mr. Kipling has not only a marvelous 
 faculty of describing things as they 
 actually are, but he also has the pro- 
 phetic instinct of the true poet. As 
 a case in point may be cited his fa- 
 mous Recessional, written at the end 
 of Queen Victoria's Jubilee. The full 
 significance of the poem was only 
 
 73
 
 Encyclopedic Biographies, or 
 
 realized by the British during the 
 disastrous and humiliating periods of 
 the Boer war. In prose and poetry 
 he has been alike fruitful. 
 
 THOMAS NELSON PAGE. 
 
 Thomas N. Page was born in Oak- 
 land, Hanover county, Virginia, April CHARLES MAJOR. 
 
 placed him on a high eminence as 
 lecturer and literary man. His books 
 are many, and for the most part have 
 to do with the war between north and 
 south and the reconstruction period 
 following its close. 
 
 23, 1853. The Civil war interfered 
 with his education, and left the Page 
 family in an impoverished condition. 
 Nevertheless he, during this period, 
 was gathering material which result- 
 ed in the production of those two de- 
 lightful books of his, Marse Chan and 
 Meh Lady. Later he managed to se- 
 cure a course at Washington and Lee 
 university. At the law school of the 
 University of Virginia he secured his 
 degree in a year, and, after being ad- 
 mitted to the bar, practiced in Rich- 
 mond from 1875 to 1893. During his 
 leisure hours he did work which 
 
 Charles Major, the novelist, was 
 born at Indianapolis, Indiana, July 
 2 5, 1856. He was educated at the 
 common schools at Shelbyville and 
 Indianapolis, after which he studied 
 law and engaged in practice at Shel- 
 byville. But his literary tastes were 
 stronger than his legal inclinations, 
 and he began to contribute to maga- 
 zines and to write novels. His most 
 famous book, When Knighthood was 
 in Flower, was issued in 1898, and 
 reached an edition of several hundred 
 thousand. In 1885 he was married to 
 Alice Shaw. 
 
 NOVELISTS. 
 
 GERTRUDE FRANKLIN ATHERTON. 
 
 One of the most vivid and enter- 
 taining interpreters of the complex 
 characteristics of American woman- 
 hood is the versatile and entertaining 
 writer, Gertrude Franklin Atherton. 
 She was born on Rincon Hill, San 
 Francisco, California, October 30, 
 1859, daughter of Thomas Lyman 
 Horn, of German descent, and on her 
 mother's side descended from a 
 brother of Benjamin Franklin. She 
 was educated at St. Mary's Hall, 
 Benicia, California, also at Sayre In- 
 stitute, Lexington, Kentucky, and by 
 private tutors. In addition to this, 
 she had obtained a good foundation 
 in the classics, English especially, 
 from the teachings of her grand- 
 father. Before leaving school she 
 was married to George Henry Bowen 
 Atherton, a native of Valparaiso, 
 Chili. After his death, in 1888, Mrs. 
 
 Atherton went directly to New York 
 city, beginning literary work in earn- 
 est. As she never received courteous 
 treatment from the press of her own 
 country, she settled in London in 
 1895, and there met with gratifying 
 recognition. Some of her most im- 
 portant works are: "The Dooms- 
 woman," 1902; "Patience Sparhawk 
 and Her Times," 1897; "His For- 
 tunate Grace," 1897 ; "American 
 Wives and English Husbands," 1898; 
 "The Californians," 1808; "A Daugh- 
 ter of the Vine," 1899; "Senator 
 North," 1900. The latter is the first 
 attempt in American fiction at a pure- 
 ly national novel, disregarding sec- 
 tion. The Leeds Mercury styled 
 "The Californians" an oasis in fic- 
 tion, while the British Weekly de- 
 clared Mrs. Atherton to be the ablest 
 writer of fiction now living. The 
 brilliancy of her portraiture and the 
 
 704
 
 The Romance of Reality. 
 
 humor and freshness of her dialogues 
 are undeniable. A western writer 
 says, "The early days of the missions 
 and Spanish rule have given her a 
 most congenial field, and she has suc- 
 cessfully reproduced their atmosphere 
 in her best novels; against the back- 
 ground of their romantic traditions 
 she paints the world, old, strong of 
 passion, vague, dreamy, idyllic, yet 
 strong and elemental." 
 
 AMELIA EDITH BARS. 
 
 Amelia Edith Barr was born at 
 Ulverton, Lancashire, England, 
 March 29, 1831. She was the daugh- 
 ter of the Rev. William Huddleston. 
 Her mother's family were among the 
 followers of the noted evangelist, 
 George Fox. She was educated in 
 several good schools and colleges and 
 was graduated, at the age of nine- 
 teen, from Glasgow high school. In 
 1850 she was married to Robert Barr, 
 son of a minister of the Scottish Free 
 Kirk. In 1854 Mr. and Mrs. Barr 
 came to America, settling at Austin, 
 and later at Galveston, Texas. Her 
 husband and three sons died in 1857 
 of yellow fever and Mrs. Barr was 
 obliged to support herself and three 
 daughters with her pen. Two years 
 after Mr. Barr's death she came to 
 New York city and received immedi- 
 ate encouragement from Mr. Beecher, 
 of the Christian Union, and Robert 
 Bonner, of the New York Ledger. 
 She taught school for two years, 
 meanwhile writing various sketches 
 and miscellaneous articles for maga- 
 zines and newspapers. The work 
 which gave her the greatest fame, "A 
 Bow of Orange Ribbon," appeared in 
 serial form in the Ledger. Since 1884 
 
 acquainted with "Little Lord Fauntle- 
 roy," one of the sweetest children's 
 stories ever written, but not so many 
 perhaps are acquainted with the in- 
 teresting life story of its author, 
 Frances Hodgson Burnett. She was 
 born November 24, 1849, in Manches- 
 ter, England, and while yet attending 
 school she developed a talent for 
 writing short stories and poems and 
 even novels. When her father died 
 her mother brought the family to 
 America in 1865, settling at Newmar- 
 ket, but a year later removing to 
 Knoxville, Tennessee. She then com- 
 pleted a story which was planned in 
 her thirteenth, year, and succeeded in 
 disposing of it to Godey's Lady's 
 Book, in which it was published in 
 1867. Other interesting short stori2s 
 followed in this and in Peterson's 
 Magazine, but the turning point of 
 her literary success was "Surly Tim's 
 Trouble," which appeared in Scrib- 
 ner's Monthly in 1872, attracting a 
 great deal of attention. At the invita- 
 tion of the editor more of her publi- 
 cations were published in Scribner's, 
 one of the most popular being "That 
 Lass p' Lowries," which appeared 
 later in 1877 in book form. Mrs. 
 Hodgson has been twice married, the 
 first time, in 1873, to Dr. Swan M. 
 Burnett, from whom she obtained a 
 divorce in 1898, and the second time, 
 in 1900, to Stephen Townsend, an 
 English author. Mrs. Burnett, by 
 winning a suit against the unauthor- 
 ized dramatization of "Fauntleroy," 
 secured for authors of England the 
 control of dramatic rights in their 
 stories, for which Reade and Dickens 
 had spent thousands of pounds in 
 vain. 
 
 she has devoted her time almost en- 
 tirely to the writing of rmvels and PEARL MARY THERESA CRAIGIE. 
 short stories. ' The authoress, Pearl Mary Theresa 
 
 Craigie, more familiarly known as 
 
 FRANCES HCDGSON BURNETT. John Oliver Hobbes, was born in 
 
 There are very few who are not Boston, Massachusetts, November 3, 
 
 705
 
 Encyclopedic "Biographies, or 
 
 1867, daughter of John Morgan and 
 Laura Hortense (Arnold) Richards. 
 She is descended from early settlers 
 of New York. After being educated 
 under private tutors, Miss Richards, 
 in 1883, went to Europe, continuing 
 her studies in Paris. In 1887 she was 
 enrolled as a student at University 
 College, London, where, under the 
 tuition of Professor Goodwin, she ob- 
 tained an adequate knowledge of the 
 classics and philosophy. In early 
 childhood she was fond of writing. 
 One of her first stories, entitled 
 "Lost, A Dog," appeared in Dr. Jo- 
 seph Parker's paper, The Fountain. 
 This story was signed Pearl Rich- 
 ards, aged nine. Another of her 
 stories, entitled "How Mark Puddler 
 Became an Innkeeper,," appeared in 
 The Fountain of February 10, 1881. 
 At the age of eighteen she decided to 
 make literature her profession and 
 immediately took up a special study 
 of style, especially dramatic dia- 
 logues. Her first book, entitled "Some 
 Emotions and a Moral," 1891, is an 
 excellent example of success under 
 difficulties. This book was composed 
 during months of weary illness and 
 amid the strain of domestic anxiety, 
 but its success was immediate, for 
 over eighty thousand copies were sold 
 in a short time. Since then she has 
 written several other novels. 
 
 county, Massachusetts, and received 
 her early education in Randolph, later 
 removing to Brattleboro, Vermont 
 She afterward attended Mount Hoi- 
 yoke seminary, South Hadley, Massa- 
 chusetts, but previous to this she had 
 already begun her literary work, writ- 
 ing poems and then prose for Youth's 
 Companion, St r Nicholas, Harper's 
 Bazar and finally for Harper's Mag- 
 azine. "A Humble Romance and 
 Other Stories." 1887, placed Miss 
 Wilkins in the class with Mrs. Stowe, 
 Miss Jewett and other conspicuous 
 authors as a delineator of New Eng- 
 land character. The simplicity and 
 the astonishing reality of her story 
 brought a new revelation to New 
 England itself. Her literary style 
 displays a fearlessness of the critic 
 and the dominating thought to be 
 true to her ideal. "The Pot of Gold 
 and Other Stories," 1891, and 
 "Young Lucretia," 1892, are among 
 her popular juveniles. "The New 
 England Nun and Other Stories," 
 called forth the most lavish praise. 
 Her next work of importance, as well 
 as her first novel, was "Jane Field," 
 1892. When "Pembroke" appeared, 
 in 1894, it was praised almost indis- 
 criminately in England, some critics 
 even venturing to say that George 
 Eliot had never produced anything 
 finer. 
 
 MARY ELEANOR WILKINS-FREEMAN. ANNA KATHERINE GREENE. 
 
 "Wonderful in concentrated inten- 
 sity, tremendous in power," this 
 record of the heart tragedies of a 
 dozen men and women is not sur- 
 passed in our literature for its beauty 
 of style, the delicacy of its character 
 delineations, and the enthralling in- 
 terest of its narrative. It is the praise 
 merited by "Pembroke," the greatest 
 work that has come from the pen of 
 the author, Mary Eleanor Wilkins. 
 She was born of Puritan ancestors 
 January'7, 1862, in Randolph, Norfolk 
 
 The simple stories and poems, 
 written in her childhood, were the 
 beginning of the career of the au- 
 thoress, Anna Katherine Greene, who 
 was born in Brooklyn, New York, 
 November n, 1846, daughter of 
 James Wilson and Anna Katherine 
 Greene. Her early education was ob- 
 tained in the public schools of New 
 York city and Buffalo, and she com- 
 pleted her course of study in Ripley 
 Female College, Poultney, Vermont, 
 graduating in 1867. Returning to 
 
 706
 
 The Romance of Reality. 
 
 her native city, she engaged in lit- 
 erary work, and, in 1878, produced 
 her first important novel, "The Leav- 
 enworth Case." She attracted imme- 
 diate attention in literary circles. It _ _ TT 
 had been carefully prepared and was CONSTANCE GARY HARRISON. 
 
 a year ever since. Miss Jewett adopt- 
 ed the pseudonym "Alice Elliott" in 
 1 88 1., but after that she used her own 
 name instead. 
 
 given to the public only after repeated 
 revisions. It had a phenomenal sale 
 already, in 1894, exceeding seven 
 hundred and fifty thousand copies. 
 From that time on there was a great 
 demand from the publishers for books 
 from her pen, and during the next 
 seventeen years she wrote and pub- 
 lished fifteen novels. The story of 
 "The Leavenworth Case" was dram- 
 atized and produced during the sea- 
 son of 1891 and 1892, her husband, 
 Charles Rohlfs, to whom she had 
 been married in 1884, sustaining the 
 leading part, Harwell. The book 
 is also used as a text-book in Yale 
 university to demonstrate the fallacy 
 of circumstantial evidence. 
 
 SARAH ORNE JEWETT. 
 
 A writer paid a just tribute to the 
 subject of this sketch when she wrote: 
 "The secret of Sarah Jewett's great 
 success outside of its artistic perfec- 
 tion, is the spirit of loving kindness ELIZABETH STUART PHELPS WARD. 
 
 Constance Gary Harrison, who is 
 better known to the reading public as 
 Mrs. Burton Harrison, was born in 
 Fairfax county, Virginia, April 25, 
 1846. She was educated by private 
 governesses, and while under their 
 tuition gave proofs of being the pos- 
 sessor of literary ability. During the 
 Civil war she lived with her family 
 in Richmond, Virginia. At the end 
 of the conflict she went abroad with 
 her mother to complete her studies 
 in music and languages. Mrs. Har- 
 rison has traveled much and has 
 lived in nearly all of the continental 
 capitals. She married Burton Harri- 
 son, a well-known New York lawyer, 
 and since her union to him has re- 
 sided in the metropolis. Her works 
 are many and range from children's 
 fairy stories to works on social ques- 
 tions, and again from small comedies 
 to books on municipal problems. 
 
 and tender mercy that pervades it." 
 She was born at South Berwick, 
 Maine, September 3, 1849, daughter 
 of Theodore Herman Jewett. Her 
 parents were both descendants of 
 early English emigrants to Massa- 
 chusetts. Sarah, owing to delicate 
 health in childhood, spent much of 
 her time communing with nature, 
 where she received material and the 
 inspiration that eventually made her 
 such a popular writer. She was edu- 
 cated at Berwick academy, in her na- 
 tive city. When a mere girl she be- 
 gan her career as an author by con- 
 tributing to Riverside Magazine and 
 Our Young Folks. At nineteen she 
 sent a story to the Atlantic Monthly, 
 and has been averaging nearly a book 
 
 Heredity and environment con- 
 spired to make Elizabeth Stuart 
 Phelps Ward a woman of letters. 
 Her father, the Rev. Austin Phelps, 
 was pastor of the Pine Street Con- 
 gregational church of Boston at the 
 time of her birth, August 31, 1844. 
 In 1848 he became a professor in the 
 theological seminary at Andover, 
 Massachusetts, and thus his daughter 
 Elizabeth grew up among a circle of 
 thinkers and writers. She received 
 most of her education from her 
 father, but also attended the private 
 school at Andover and the seminary 
 of Mrs. Prof. Edwards, where she 
 took a course of study equal to that 
 of the men's colleges of today. At 
 the age of nineteen she left school 
 
 707
 
 Encyclopedic Biographies, or 
 
 and engaged in mission work at Ab- 
 bott Village and Factory Settlement, 
 a short distance from her home. It 
 was here she began an acquaintance 
 with the lives and needs of working 
 people, which resulted in books such 
 as "Hedged In" and "Jack, the Fish- 
 erman." Her first story was pub- 
 lished in the Youth's Companion 
 when she was only thirteen years old. 
 In 1864 she published "A Sacrifice 
 Consumed," in Harper's Magazine, 
 which earned her right to the title 
 "author." The book which has given 
 
 her greatest fame, "The Gates Ajar," 
 was begun in 1862 and was published 
 in 1868. Nearly one hundred thou- 
 sand copies were sold in the United 
 States, and more than that number in 
 Great Britain. It was also translated 
 into a number of foreign languages. 
 Probably Mrs. Ward has written 
 more books worth while than any 
 other woman writer of her time. In 
 1888 Miss Phelps was married to 
 Herbert D. Ward, and has co-oper- 
 ated with him in writing several ro- 
 mances. 
 
 REFORMERS. 
 
 GEORGE THORNDIKE ANGELL. 
 
 George Thorndike Angell was born 
 at Southbridge, Massachusetts, June 
 5, 1823. He was educated in the pub- 
 lic schools and graduated from Dart- 
 mouth College in 1846. After study 
 at the Harvard law school he was 
 admitted to the bar in 1851. For 
 thirty-four years he has headed the 
 work for the humane treatment of 
 animals and helpless human beings. 
 In 1868, when a young man of twenty- 
 two, he founded the Massachusetts 
 society for the prevention of cruelty 
 to animals. He has served as its 
 president since its inception, no one 
 being better fitted to fill the position. 
 He has propagated his ideas on hu- 
 manity to animals by many organiza- 
 tions, and forty-four thousand "bands 
 of mercy" speak for his efficient and 
 zealous management. As an editor 
 and publisher, his activity has been 
 enormous, for in one year his socie- 
 ties sent out 117,000,000 pages of lit- 
 erature. His work for dumb brutes 
 is so well known that it has over- 
 shadowed those other forms of phi- 
 lanthropy with which he has to do, 
 and which in the case of an ordinary 
 man would have made him a reputa- 
 tion. The work of the Social Science 
 
 Association, of which Mr. Angell is 
 a director, is of a varied nature, and 
 ranges from the prevention of crime 
 to the detection of food adulteration, 
 or from the betterment of tenement 
 houses to obtaining a higher standard 
 of citizenship. 
 
 SUSAN BROWNELL ANTHONY. 
 
 Susan Brownell Anthony was born 
 at Adams, Massachusetts, February 
 15, 1820. Her father, a Quaker, was 
 a cotton manufacturer and gave her 
 a liberal education. When she was 
 seventeen years old her father failed 
 in business and she had to support 
 herself by school teaching, which pro- 
 fession she followed for thirteen 
 years. Aroused at the injustice of 
 the inequality of wages paid to wo- 
 men teachers, she made a public 
 speech on the subject at the New 
 York Teachers' Association, which 
 attracted wide attention. She con- 
 tinued to work in the teachers' asso- 
 ciation for equal recognition continu- 
 ously and enthusiastically. In 1849 
 she began to speak for the temper- 
 ance cause, but soon became con- 
 vinced that women had no power to 
 change the condition of things with- 
 out being able to vote at the polls, 
 
 708
 
 The Romance of Reality. 
 
 and from that time on she identified 
 herself with the suffrage movement. 
 She has written a great many tracts 
 and was at one time the editor of a 
 weekly paper called the Revolution. 
 Her work, The History of Woman's 
 Suffrage, which she prepared in con- 
 junction with Elizabeth Cady Stanton 
 and Matilda Joslyn Gage, attracted 
 wide attention. 
 
 FREDERICK ST. GEORGE DE LAUTOUR 
 BOOTH-TUCKER. 
 
 Frederick St. George de Lautour 
 Booth-Tucker was born at Monghyr, 
 India, March 21, 1853. He was edu- 
 cated at the Cheltenham college, Eng- 
 land, and, after passing the Indian 
 civil service examination, was ap- 
 pointed assistant commanding magis- 
 trate in the Punjab. He resigned in 
 order to join the Salvation army in 
 1881, inaugurated the Salvation Army 
 work in India in 1882, and had charge 
 of the work of the army there until 
 1891, when he was made secretary for 
 the international work of the organi- 
 zation in London. Since 1896 he has 
 been in charge of the affairs of the 
 army in the United States, in con- 
 junction with his wife, Emma Moss 
 Booth, whom he married, after which 
 he adopted the name of Booth-Tuck- 
 er. He is the author of a number 
 of religious and other works and has 
 considerable ability as an orator and 
 organizer. Mr. Booth-Tucker has a 
 magnetic personality, and with the 
 practical side of his nature stands 
 him in good stead in connection with 
 his chosen walk in life. 
 
 ANTHONY COMSTOCK. 
 
 Anthony Comstock, who has been 
 described as the most honest and the 
 best-hated man in New York city, 
 was born in New Canaan, Connecti- 
 cut, March 7, 1844. He received his 
 education in district schools and 
 academy and later at the High School 
 
 at New Britain, Connecticut. Early 
 in life he began to earn his own live- 
 lihood, and in order to do so follow- 
 ed several vocations in succession. 
 His brother Samuel was killed fight- 
 ing for the Union cause at Gettys- 
 burg, and Anthony, volunteering to 
 fill his place in the regiment, enlisted 
 in the Seventeenth Volunteer Con- 
 necticut Infantry and saw much ser- 
 vice during the war. He was mus- 
 tered out in July, 1865. On January 
 25, 1871, he married Margaret Ham- 
 ilton. In 1873 he was appointed post- 
 master inspector in New York, later 
 became prominent in Young Men's 
 Christian Association affairs, and 
 finally identified himself with the 
 New York society for the suppres- 
 sion of vice. Mr. Comstock's ser- 
 vices in connection with what is his 
 life work are too well known to be 
 recapitulated. Possessing courage, 
 moral and physical, of the highest 
 order and a keen sense of his duties 
 to the community in his official capac- 
 ity, Mr. Comstock has for years been 
 a terror to evil-doers, especially 
 those who pander to vicious instincts. 
 He has brought nearly 3,000 criminals 
 to justice and has destroyed over 80 
 tons of obscene literature, pictures, 
 etc. Altogether he is a notable figure 
 in the complex life of New York, and 
 the making of bitter enemies has 
 necessarily followed on Mr. Com- 
 stock's career. But these, many and 
 influential as they are, have never 
 successfully attacked his motives or 
 his integrity. 
 
 WILBUR FISKE CRAFTS. 
 
 The Rev. Wilbur Fiske Crafts was 
 born at Fryeburg, Maine, January 12, 
 1850. His father was the Rev. A. C. 
 Crafts. In 1869 the future author, 
 lecturer and clergyman graduated 
 from Wesleyan University, Connecti- 
 cut, subsequently taking the post- 
 graduate course in Boston Univer- 
 
 709
 
 Encyclopedic Biographies, or 
 
 sity. On leaving college he became a 
 minister of the Methodist Episcopal 
 Church, holding charges for several 
 years therein and laying the founda- 
 tion for the reputation which now 
 attaches to him. Later, however, Mr. 
 Crafts decided that the tenets of the 
 Congregational denomination were 
 more to his liking, and accordingly 
 accepted a call to a Congregational 
 church in Brooklyn. Still later he 
 became a Presbyterian pastor in New 
 York. Resigning from the ministry, 
 he was made superintendent of the 
 International Reform Bureau,, the ob- 
 ject of which is to secure moral legis- 
 lation in the United States and Can- 
 ada with the assistance of lectures, 
 literature and personal example and 
 influence. He is the author of many 
 works, the majority of which are of a 
 religious nature, or deal with social 
 questions. 
 
 ELBRIDGE THOMAS GERRY. 
 
 Elbridge Thomas Gerry, born in 
 New York city, December 25, 1837, 
 was named after his grandfather, 
 who was one of the vice-presidents 
 of the United States and a signer of 
 the Declaration of Independence. Mr. 
 Gerry was educated in the New York 
 public schools, and graduated from 
 Columbia college in 1858. He was 
 admitted to the bar in 1860. He acted 
 as vice-president, until 1899, of the 
 American society for the prevention 
 of cruelty to animals. He was chair- 
 man of the New York state commis- 
 sion on capital punishment from 1886 
 to 1888. Since 1891 he has been presi- 
 dent of the annual convention of the 
 New York societies for prevention of 
 cruelty. He is trustee of the general 
 theological seminary of the Presby- 
 terian-Episcopal church and also 
 trustee of the American museum of 
 natural history, and of the New York 
 Mutual Life Insurance company. Be- 
 sides that, he is a member and direc- 
 
 tor of various corporations and so- 
 cieties. Since 1876 he has been presi- 
 dent of the New York society for the 
 prevention of cruelty to children, 
 which society is generally known as 
 the Gerry Society. He has one of 
 the largest private law libraries in the 
 United States. Mr. Gerry is one of 
 those conscientious citizens whose 
 work for the public good has been as 
 continuous as it has been successful. 
 
 WILLIAM REUBEN GEORGE. 
 
 William R. George was born at 
 West Dryden, New York, June 4, 
 1866. He was educated in the com- 
 mon schools. His parents came to 
 New York city in 1880, where he 
 later engaged in business. Becoming 
 interested in poor boys and girls, he, 
 during the seasons of 1890 to 1894, 
 took two hundred of them to the 
 country for from two weeks to a 
 month to spend a portion of their 
 school vacations with him. Impressed 
 with the large number of children 
 endeavoring to live by charity, he 
 conceived, in 1894, the plan of re- 
 quiring payment in labor for every 
 favor the youngsters received, and, in 
 addition, instituted a system of self- 
 government. This was the beginning 
 of a junior republic, which was put 
 into practical operation in 1895 and 
 has continued successfully ever since. 
 He was married November 14, 1896, 
 to Esther B. George, of New York. 
 To Mr. George belongs the credit of 
 inaugurating a novel and praise- 
 worthy method of fostering good 
 citizenship. 
 
 CHARLES HENRY PARKHURST. 
 
 The Rev. Dr. Charles Henry Park- 
 hurst was born in Framingham, Mas- 
 sachusetts, April 17, 1842. His father 
 worked on a farm in summer and 
 taught school in winter. Until six- 
 teen years of age Charles was a pupil 
 of the Clinton (Matt.) grammar
 
 The Romance of Reality. 
 
 school. The two years following he 
 acted as clerk in a dry goods store. 
 At the age of eighteen he began to 
 prepare for college at Lancaster acad- 
 emy. At the end of the course there, 
 he went to Amherst, from whence he 
 graduated in 1866. The following 
 year he became principal of the Am- 
 herst high school, remaining there 
 until 1870, when he visited Germany. 
 On his return he became professor 
 of Greek and Latin in Williston semi- 
 nary, holding that position for two 
 years, during which period he mar- 
 ried a Miss Bodman, a pupil of his 
 while a teacher at Amherst. Accom- 
 panied by his wife, he next made a 
 trip to Europe to study at Halle, 
 Leipzig, and Bonn. Again in> this 
 country he received a call to the pas- 
 torate of the First Congregational 
 church in Lenox, Massachusetts, 
 where he soon gained a reputation as 
 an original and forceful pulpit orator. 
 On March g, 1880, he became pastor 
 of the Madison Square Presbyterian 
 church, New York city, the call being 
 the outcome of his work at Lenox. 
 He immediately began to take a lively 
 interest in city and national politics, 
 and one of his sermons attracted the 
 attention of Dr. Howard Crosby, 
 president of the society for the pre- 
 vention of crime, in which society Dr. 
 Parkhurst was invited to become a 
 director. A few months later Dr. 
 Crosby died and Dr. Parkhurst was 
 chosen as his successor. Dr. Park- 
 hurst has done more for reform in 
 New York city than any other single 
 individual. His courageous course in 
 connection with the Lexow investiga- 
 tion of certain phases of life in New 
 York will not be readily forgotten. 
 
 ELIZABETH CADY STANTON. 
 
 That which is popularly, if some- 
 what vaguely, characterized as the 
 
 "Cause of women" in this country, is 
 closely identified with the name of 
 Elizabeth Cady Stanton. Many years 
 of her life were spent in promoting 
 the cause of her sex politically and 
 legally, and that her work has not 
 been fruitless is proven by the fact 
 that as long ago as 1840 she advo- 
 cated the passage of the Married 
 Woman's Property bill, which be- 
 came a law in 1848. That measure 
 alone is sufficient to obtain for Mrs. 
 Stanton the gratitude of her sex. She 
 was born in Johnstown, New York, 
 November 12, 1815, being the daugh- 
 ter of Daniel C. Cady, judge of the 
 New York State Supreme Court. She 
 obtained her education at the Johns- 
 town academy and the Emma Willard 
 seminary, Troy, New York, graduat- 
 ing from the latter institution in 1832. 
 Eight years later she married Henry 
 Brewster Stanton, a state senator, 
 anti-slavery orator and lawyer. From 
 the first Mrs. Stanton identified her- 
 self with "Woman's Rights," and she 
 it was who called the first woman's 
 rights convention, the meeting taking 
 place at Seneca Falls, New York, in 
 July, 1848. Continually working on 
 the lines indicated, she has for the 
 last quarter of a century annually ad- 
 dressed congress in favor of embody- 
 ing woman suffrage in the constitu- 
 tion of the United States. In 1861 
 she was president of the Woman's 
 Loyal League, and through the me- 
 dium of her personality made it a 
 power in the land. From 1865 to 
 1893 she held the office of president 
 of the Woman Suffrage Associa- 
 tion. In 1868 she was a candidate for 
 congress. Her eightieth birthday, 
 which took place in 1895, was cele- 
 brated under the auspices of the Na- 
 tional Council of Women, three hun- 
 dred delegates attending the conven- 
 tion. 
 
 711
 
 Encyclopedic Biographies, or 
 
 PHILANTHROPISTS. 
 
 MRS. PHOEBE APPERSIN HEARST. 
 
 Mrs. Phoebe Appersin Hearst was 
 born in 1840. After an education in 
 the public schools she became a 
 teacher in them until 1861, when she 
 married the late United States Sen- 
 ator George F. Hearst from Califor- 
 nia, who died, in 1891, leaving her and 
 her son, William Randolph Hearst, a 
 fortune of many millions. W. R. 
 Hearst is the well-known newspaper 
 owner and publisher. Mrs. Hearst 
 has established kindergarten classes 
 and the manual training school in 
 San Francisco, kindergartens and the 
 kindergarten training school in 
 Washington, District of Columbia; 
 has made donations to the American 
 university at Washington, gave $200,- 
 ooo to build a national cathedral 
 school for girls, has established work- 
 ing girls' clubs in San Francisco, is 
 the patron of a school for mining 
 engineers at the University of Cali- 
 fornia, and, as a memorial to her hus- 
 band, has built and endowed libraries 
 in a number of mining towns in the 
 west. In connection with the plans 
 for the projected University of Cali- 
 fornia, she has also agreed to erect 
 two buildings to cost between three 
 and four million of dollars. 
 
 DANIEL KIMBALL PEARSONS. 
 
 Daniel K. Pearsons was born at 
 Bedford, Vermont, April 14, 1820, and 
 was educated in the public schools. 
 Entered college at Woodstock, Ver- 
 mont, and was graduated as a physi- 
 cian, practicing in Chicopee, Massa- 
 chusetts, until 1857. He removed to 
 Ogle county, Illinois,, and became a 
 farmer, 1857 to 1860, and in the latter 
 year began the real estate business in 
 Chicago, which he continued until 
 1887, when he retired from business 
 but remained a director of the Chi- 
 
 cago City Railway Company and oth- 
 er corporations. He has made hand- 
 some donations to various colleges 
 and charities there, including $280,000 
 to the Chicago theological seminary 
 and $200,000 to Beloit college. He 
 has also contributed to the treasuries 
 of several other educational establish- 
 ments. Mr. Pearsons seems to be a 
 pupil of Mr. Andrew Carnegie in 
 some respects, inasmuch as he has a 
 profound belief in the wisdom of dis- 
 tributing his money for praiseworthy 
 purposes during his lifetime. 
 
 MRS. HENRY CODMAN POTTER. 
 
 The dominant quality of the char- 
 acter of the wife of Bishop Henry 
 Codman Potter, of the diocese of 
 New York, is undoubtedly charity. 
 Her maiden name was Elizabeth L. 
 Scriven, and she was born in 1849 
 in New York, coming of good Ameri- 
 can stock. She has been married 
 twice, her first husband being Alfred 
 Corning Clark, who in his lifetime 
 controlled the Singer sewing machine 
 interests and who also had extensive 
 real estate holdings in the metropolis. 
 When Mr. Clark died he left an es- 
 tate of an estimated value of about 
 $30,000,000, the bulk of which, after a 
 liberal allowance made to his four 
 children, went to his widow. All her 
 life Mrs. Potter has given largely to 
 charity and philanthropic enterprises. 
 She has done excellent work in New 
 York in connection with improve- 
 ments in tenement houses, those that 
 she owns being ideal dwellings in re- 
 gard to construction, light, ventilation 
 and sanitary arrangements. At Coop- 
 erstown, New York, which is her 
 home, Mrs. Potter has spent large 
 sums of money in beautifying the vil- 
 lage. She gives annually a dinner to 
 a thousand poor persons, and has a 
 
 712
 
 The Romance of Reality. 
 
 long list of private pensioners. Her 
 marriage to Bishop Potter took place 
 on October i, 1902, at Cooperstown. 
 
 MRS. THEODORE ROOSEVELT. 
 
 The maiden name of the wife of 
 President Roosevelt was Edith Ker- 
 mit Carow, and she, like her husband, 
 comes of one of the most distinguish- 
 ed of the older families of New York. 
 Born in the metropolis in the old 
 Carow mansion, Fourteenth street 
 and Union square, her father was 
 Charles Carow, and her grandfather 
 General Tyler Carow, of Norwich, 
 Connecticut. She was educated at a 
 school kept by a Miss Comstock on 
 West Fortieth street. She was mar- 
 ried to the President on December 2, 
 1886, at St. George's church, Hanover 
 square, London, the ceremony being 
 performed by Canon Cammadge, who 
 is a cousin of Mrs. Roosevelt. For- 
 tune has never been more kind to Mr. 
 Roosevelt than when she gave him 
 the amiable and beautiful woman 
 who bears his name. The Roosevelt 
 children seem to have inherited many 
 of the attractive qualities of their 
 mother. 
 
 MRS. RUSSELL SAGE. 
 
 Mrs. Russell Sage was born at 
 Syracuse, New York, in 1828. She 
 was the daughter of the Hon. Joseph 
 Slocum. Educated at first in private 
 schools of Syracuse, it had been in- 
 tended that she should go to college 
 later, but financial disaster altered the 
 plans of the family. After working 
 at home to help her mother for some 
 time, she started for Mount Holyoke 
 college, intending to do housework 
 in that institution in order to pay for 
 her board. On her way thither she 
 was taken sick in Troy, and when 
 she recovered she, at the request of 
 her uncle, entered the Troy female 
 seminary. In 1869 she became the 
 second wife of Russell Sage, the 
 
 financier. Mrs. Sage's charities are 
 large ; she has built a dormitory cost- 
 ing $120,000 in the Emma Willard 
 seminary and gives annually large 
 sums of money to various hospitals 
 and other praiseworthy institutions. 
 
 MRS. LELAND STANFORD. 
 
 Mrs. Jane Lathrop Stanford was 
 born at Albany, New York, August 
 25, 1825. Was educated in the pub- 
 lic schools there, and in 1848 mar- 
 ried Leland Stanford. In 1855 she 
 went with her husband to California. 
 Mr. Stanford took a prominent part 
 in the public affairs of the state, and 
 in 1861 was elected its governor. A 
 son was born, who died when six- 
 teen years of age in Florence, Italy. 
 Mr. Stanford founded the university 
 which bears his name, in memory of 
 his boy. Since her husband's de- 
 mise Mrs. Stanford has given further 
 endowments to the institution, the 
 total amount of which is said to be 
 several million dollars. She has also 
 given liberally to other educational 
 institutions. 
 
 ANSON PHELPS STOKES, SR. 
 
 Anson Phelps Stokes, Sr., financier 
 and public-spirited citizen, was born 
 in New York, February 22, 1838, be- 
 ing the son of James and Caroline 
 (Phelps) Stokes. He was educated 
 in private schools and in 1855 mar- 
 ried Helen Louise, daughter of Isaac 
 Newton Phelps. Becoming connected 
 with the firm of Phelps, Dodge & 
 Co., merchants, he afterward became 
 a partner in the banking firm of 
 Phelps, Stokes & Co., of New York. 
 He is director and trustee of a num- 
 ber of philanthropic institutions and 
 hospitals, owns interests in varied 
 corporations and is a prominent mem- 
 ber of several clubs whose objects it 
 is to promote municipal and legisla- 
 tive reform. Mr. Stokes has written 
 two books on financial questions.
 
 Encyclopedic Biographies, or 
 
 DIVINES. 
 
 LYMAN ABBOTT. 
 
 Dr. Lyman Abbott is an illustration 
 of the fact that a young man who is 
 gifted with more than ordinary in- 
 tellect and even genius need not be 
 discouraged, even if his first inten- 
 tions regarding his life work come to 
 naught by force of circumstances or 
 unlooked-for developments within 
 himself. He was born December 18, 
 1835, in Roxbury, Massachusetts, be- 
 ing the son of Jacob and Harriet Ab- 
 bott. Graduating from the College 
 of the City of New York in 1853, he 
 took a course at Harvard, after 
 which, and in accordance with his 
 prearranged plans, he took a law 
 course, was admitted to the bar and 
 began to practice. But his literary 
 instincts and religious convictions re- 
 sulted in his finally abandoning the 
 law. After a good deal of writing 
 ,for a number of publications and 
 more theological studies:, he was 
 finally ordained a Congregational 
 minister in 1860, being made pastor 
 of a church at Terre Haute, Indiana, 
 in the same year. Leaving Indiana, 
 he came to New York and took 
 charge of the New England Congre- 
 gational Church in that city. In 1869 
 he resigned the pastorate in order to 
 devote himself to literature. He 
 edited the Literary Record Depart- 
 ment of Harper's Magazine and was 
 associate editor with Henry Ward 
 Beecher on the Christian Union. He 
 succeeded Mr. Beecher as pastor of 
 Plymouth Church, Brooklyn, in May, 
 1888, but resigned in 1898 and is once 
 more prominent in religious literary 
 circles. On October 14, 1857, he mar- 
 ried Abby F. Hamlin, daughter of 
 Hannibal Hamlin, of Boston. He is 
 the author of a great many works of 
 a religious nature and of others 
 which deal with social problems. At 
 
 present he is editor of The Outlook, 
 of New York city. 
 
 THEODORE LEDYARD CUYLER, 
 
 Theodore Ledyard Cuyler, the 
 clergyman whose striking sermons 
 have made him famous the world 
 over, was born at Aurora, New York, 
 January iq, 1822. He was educated 
 at Manheim, New Jersey, and Prince- 
 ton college, from v'lich he graduated 
 in 1841. After spending a brief period 
 in traveling in Europe, he entered the 
 theological seminary at Princeton, 
 from which he graduated in 1846, and 
 was ordained by the presbytery in 
 1848. His first charge was at a small 
 church near Wilkesbarre, Pennsyl- 
 vania, where he remained for six 
 months. He was then called to the 
 Presbyterian church of Burlington, 
 New Jersey. In 1849 he became pas- 
 tor of the Third Presbyterian church 
 of Trenton, New Jersey, and in 1853 
 he was invited to the Market Street 
 Dutch Reformed Church, New York 
 city. He was one of the leaders in 
 the great revival of 1858, and in 1860 
 he was called to the Lafayette Ave- 
 nue Presbyterian church, Brooklyn. 
 This was a young church and was not 
 in a very prosperous condition, but 
 the new pastor infused life into it 
 from the first, and, in i86i : , his con- 
 gregation commenced the building of 
 a new church at the corner of Lafay- 
 ette avenue and South Oxford street. 
 This building was completed in 
 March, 1862, and cost $60,000. In 
 1893 Dr. Cuyler withdrew from active 
 charge of the church and determined 
 to devote the remainder of his years 
 to the ministry at large. Dr. Cuyler 
 was married, in 1853, to Annie E. 
 Mathist, of Newark, Ohio, and has 
 two children. His writings and 
 printed sermons have been widely
 
 The Romance of Reality. 
 
 circulated. Among them are: 
 Thought Hives, Stray Arrows, The 
 Empty Crib, The Cedar Christian. 
 One of his most famous tracts, Some- 
 body's Son, had a circulation of over 
 one hundred thousand copies. Many 
 of his articles and tracts have been 
 translated into several languages, and 
 his contributions to the religious 
 press have been more numerous than 
 those of any living writer. 
 
 EDWARD EVERETT HALE. 
 
 Edward Everett Hale was born in 
 Boston, April 3, 1822, and after pass- 
 ing through the public schools entered 
 the Boston Latin school. He was 
 graduated from Harvard in 1839, and 
 for two years acted as usher in the 
 Latin school, studying theology in 
 the meantime. On October 13, 1852, 
 he married, at Hartford, Connecticut, 
 Emily Baldwin Perkins. He has been 
 a prominent promoter of Chautauqua 
 circles and was the founder of the 
 "Lend-a-Hand" clubs. He has prob- 
 ably traveled as much and delivered 
 more lectures than any other man in 
 this country. The fact that the cata- 
 logue of Harvard university lists 
 more than one hundred and thirty 
 titles of books and pamphlets on 
 varied subjects of which he is the 
 author shows how prolific has been 
 his pen. Fiction, drama, narrative, 
 poetry, theology, philosophy, politics 
 all are treated by him in a masterly 
 way. He is never dull or common- 
 place, but invariably suggestive and 
 practical. One of his masterpieces 
 is A Man Without a Country, which 
 was written in war time. This story 
 alone would have given him lasting 
 fame. Yet it is not as an author, a 
 great scholar, a great teacher, a great 
 orator, or a great statesman that Dr. 
 Hale will be remembered, but, as 
 William Dean Howells has said, his 
 came will go down in history as "a 
 great American citizen." 
 
 BENJAMIN FAY MILLS. 
 
 Benjamin Fay Mills was born at 
 Rahway, New Jersey,, June 4, 1857. 
 His father was a clergyman. Edu- 
 cated in the public schools and at 
 Phillips academy,, Andover, he gradu- 
 ated from Lake Forest university, 
 Illinois, in 1879. In the same year he 
 married Mary Russell, and in the 
 year following he was ordained pas- 
 tor of the Congregational church at 
 Rutland, Vermont. From 1886 to 
 1897 he acted in an evangelistic capac- 
 ity and conducted meetings through- 
 out the country. In 1897 he withdrew 
 from the orthodox church and in- 
 augurated independent religious 
 movements in the Boston music hall 
 and Hollis street theatre. Since 1889 
 he has been the pastor of the First 
 Unitarian church, Oakland, Califor- 
 nia. He is eloquent, magnetic and 
 convincing and has the gift of play- 
 ing on the emotions of an audience 
 in a manner possessed by few speak- 
 ers within or without the church. 
 
 HENRY CODMAN POTTER. 
 
 There have been a great many 
 clergymen in the Potter family, and 
 doubtless the Right Reverend Henry 
 Codman Potter, bishop of the dio- 
 cese of New York, had an inclina- 
 tion for the pulpit which was an an- 
 cestral inheritance. He is the son of 
 Bishop Alonzo Potter, of Pennsyl- 
 vania, and was born at Schenectady, 
 New York, May 25, 1835. He was 
 educated at the Philadelphia Acad- 
 emy of the Protestant Episcopal 
 church, and later at the theological 
 seminary in Virginia. Graduating 
 therefrom in 1857, he was at once 
 made a deacon and one year later was 
 ordained to the priesthood. Until 
 1859 he had charge of Christ P. E. 
 church, Greensburg, Pennsylvania, 
 when he was transferred to St. 
 John's, P. E. church, Troy, New 
 York; for seven years he was rector
 
 Encyclopedic Biographies. 
 
 of that parish. He then became an 
 assistant of Trinity P. E. church, 
 Boston, and in May, 1868, was made 
 rector of Grace P. E. church, New 
 York. For sixteen years he was iden- 
 tified with the affairs of that famous JOHN HEYL VINCENT. 
 
 a number of books, the most interest- 
 ing of which is, without doubt, The 
 Story of My Life. In 1884 he was 
 made missionary bishop for Africa. 
 
 church. In 1883 he was elected an 
 assistant to his uncle, Bishop Hora- 
 tio Potter, who presided over the dio- 
 cese of New York. A short time after 
 entering on his duties as such, his 
 uncle withdrew from active work and 
 the care of the diocese fell upon the 
 younger man. On January 2, 1887, 
 Bishop Horatio Potter died and was 
 succeeded by his nephew. His dio- 
 cese is the largest in point of popu- 
 lation in the United States. Eloquent, 
 earnest and devoted to his life work, 
 Bishop Potter commands the love 
 and respect of all of those with whom 
 he comes in contact. 
 
 WILLIAM TAYLOR. 
 
 William Taylor was born in Vir- 
 ginia May 2, 1821. Reared on a farm, 
 he learned the tanning business. He 
 entered the Methodist ministry in 
 1842. Going to California with the 
 "Forty-niners" as a missionary, he 
 remained there until 1856. He next 
 spent a number of years traveling in 
 Canada, New England and Europe. 
 After conducting missionary services 
 in Australia, New Zealand and Tas- 
 mania, he visited South Africa and 
 converted many Kaffirs to Christian- 
 ity. From 1872 to 1876 he organized 
 a number of churches in India and in 
 South America. He also established 
 mission stations on the Congo and 
 elsewhere in Africa. He has written 
 
 John Heyl Vincent, bishop of the 
 Methodist Episcopal Church and 
 chancellor of the Chautauqua system, 
 was born in Tuscaloosa, Alabama, 
 February 23, 1832. He was educated 
 at Lewisburg and Milton, Pennsyl- 
 vania, and as a mere boy gave evi- 
 dence of the religious trend of his 
 nature. When only eighteen years of 
 age he was a preacher, and many of 
 his then sermons are said to have 
 been both eloquent and convincing. 
 After studying in the Wesleyan In- 
 stitute of Newark, New Jersey, he 
 joined the New Jersey Conference in 
 1853, was ordained deacon and four 
 years later was made pastor. He had 
 several charges in Illinois between 
 1857 and 1865, and during the next 
 fourteen years brought into being a 
 number of Sunday school publica- 
 tions. He was one of the founders 
 of the Chautauqua Assembly and was 
 the organizer of the Chautauqua Lit- 
 erary and Scientific Circle, of which 
 he has held office of chancellor since 
 its inception. In 1900 he was made 
 resident bishop in charge of the Euro- 
 pean work of the church with which 
 he was associated. He is preacher to 
 Harvard, Yale, Cornell, Wellesley 
 and other colleges. As an author of 
 helpful and interesting religious 
 works, Dr. Vincent is well known to 
 all students of American literature. 
 
 CANADIANS. 
 
 WILLIAM PETERSON. 
 
 One of the influential educators in 
 Canada is Dr. William Peterson, 
 President of that powerful and pro- 
 
 gressive educational institution, Mc- 
 Gill University. Dr. Peterson's pol- 
 icy in the conduct of the university is 
 to maintain a harmonious relationship 
 
 7l6
 
 The Romance of Reality. 
 
 between classical education and the 
 scientific training which is now so 
 greatly in demand. That the uni- 
 versity is kept well abreast of the 
 times in scientific teaching and equip- 
 ment is indicated by the fact that a 
 recent addition to the institution has 
 been a school for instruction in all 
 branches of railroading. Dr. Peter- 
 son keenly realizes that the future de- 
 velopment of Canada will depend in 
 a very considerable measure upon the 
 extension of the Dominion's railway 
 system that in the railroad business 
 there will, perhaps, be more and 
 greater opportunities for young Cana- 
 dians than in any other one branch 
 of industry. Another proof of the 
 scientific thoroughness at McGill is 
 the high standing held by the Uni- 
 versity's medical and engineering 
 schools, but Dr. Peterson holds fast 
 to the belief that no education is com- 
 plete without a familiarity with the 
 classics. He is himself an accom- 
 plished classical scholar. 
 
 After spending his boyhood in the 
 city of Edinburgh, Scotland, where 
 he was born in 1856, he became a 
 student at the Edinburgh University, 
 and there distinguished himself. He 
 won the Greek travelling fellowship, 
 and continued his classical study at 
 the University of Gottingen. Return- 
 ing to Scotland, he was elected to the 
 Mackenzie scholarship in the Univer- 
 sity of Edinburgh and went to Ox- 
 ford University, where he added to 
 his scholastic laurels. He became as- 
 sistant Professor of Humanity in 
 Edinburgh University, and in 1882 
 was appointed Professor of Classical 
 and Ancient History and head of the 
 faculty in University College, Dun- 
 dee. Here he remained until 1885, 
 when he was chosen to succeed Sir 
 J. W. Dawson as Principal of McGill 
 University, Montreal. He has re- 
 ceived honorary degrees from St. 
 Andrews and Princeton universities, 
 
 and is regarded not only as a scholar 
 of unusual attainments, but as a man 
 possessing in marked degree the ex- 
 ecutive ability necessary to success- 
 fully conduct the affairs of a great 
 university. 
 
 GEORGE A. Cox. 
 
 Perhaps the most important finan- 
 cier in Canada is Senator George A. 
 Cox of Toronto, who is regarded as 
 the Dominion's closest parallel, in 
 financial activity, to J. Pierpont Mor- 
 gan of New York. His interests are 
 extensive and widely varied. He is 
 the president of the Canadian Life 
 Assurance Company, president of two 
 fire insurance companies, president of 
 the Central Canadian Loan and Sav- 
 ings Company, and is one of the rul- 
 ing spirits in the great project to build 
 the Grand Trunk Pacific Railway 
 across the continent to the Pacific 
 Ocean. He has a very considerable 
 amount of capital invested in the 
 United States. 
 
 Senator Cox was born sixty-four 
 years ago in the village of Colborne." 
 His father was a shoemaker in hum- 
 ble circumstances. The ability of 
 Senatpr Cox, as a boy, attracted the 
 attention of a neighbor, who edu- 
 cated him. When he became a young 
 man he went to the town of Peter- 
 borpiand embarked in the photographic 
 business. He afterwards became an 
 express agent, and also occupied him- 
 self with soliciting insurance for the 
 Canadian Life Assurance Company. 
 He engaged in politics, and for seven 
 years was mayor of Peterboro. 
 When the Midland Railway became 
 involved in financial difficulties, he 
 was one of the Canadians asked to re- 
 organize the road. He at once became 
 the dominating factor in this work 
 and in 1878 was made president of the 
 Midland line. The vigor and ability 
 which he brought to his task soon 
 put the decrepit railway company on 
 
 717
 
 Encyclopedic Biographies, or 
 
 its feet again. It afterward became 
 the Midland Division of the Grand 
 Trunk Railway. Besides his insur- 
 ance and railway affiliations Senator 
 Cox is largely interested in Canadian 
 banks and lands. 
 
 Senator Cox attributes much of his 
 success to the fact that he is a good 
 judge of human nature. He has long 
 made a point of surrounding himself 
 with clever young men who are able 
 to develop and zealously put into 
 operation the hints which he freely 
 gives them. Senator Cox's person- 
 ality is of a kind which inspires en- 
 thusiasm on the part of those who 
 are working with and for him. He is 
 genial and never stands on formality 
 in his contact with the young men 
 whom he has around him. In this 
 respect he more closely resembles 
 Andrew Carnegie than any other cap- 
 tain of industry. Senator Cox lives 
 in modest style in Toronto. He is 
 quiet in his tastes, and greatly dis- 
 likes anything suggestive of display 
 or self-aggrandizement. He is a close 
 personal friend of most of the polit- 
 ical leaders in the Canadian Liberal 
 Party, and of many of the financial 
 powers in the United States. The 
 Earl of Aberdeen appointed him to 
 the Senate of Canada in 1896. He is 
 a prominent member of the Methodist 
 Church, and has long interested him- 
 self in the welfare of Victoria Uni- 
 versity in Toronto. 
 
 TIMOTHY EATON. 
 
 The most important retail merchant 
 in Canada is Timothy Eaton. He be- 
 gan his career as an apprentice in a 
 small shop in a village in Ireland, and 
 now has an establishment which em- 
 ploys the services of six thousand 
 persons, and which is by far the larg- 
 est and best equipped retail store in 
 the Dominion. 
 
 It was in a shop in the town of 
 Port Gleone, in the north of Ireland, 
 
 that Mr. Eaton obtained his first ex- 
 perience as a storekeeper. Here he 
 served an apprenticeship of five years, 
 receiving no pay until the end of his 
 term of service, when he was given 
 the sum of one hundred pounds. To 
 convey an idea of the long hours 
 that he used to devote to the services 
 of his employer in Ireland, Mr. Eaton 
 likes to tell about how he used to 
 watch the donkey carts passing 
 through the village streets to the 
 market-town of Ballymena at five 
 o'clock every morning, when he was 
 taking down the shutters. While he 
 had very little time in those days to 
 devote to anything but his regular 
 work, he was fond of books, and 
 read Chambers's Journal, an unusual 
 literary selection for a lad of his edu- 
 cation and position. In this publica- 
 tion he read one day an article on the 
 then almost unknown process of 
 manufacturing artificial gas. This so 
 interested him that with the help of 
 a companion he made with his own 
 hands a small gas plant, and by means 
 of it succeeded in lighting the store. 
 Before that there had been no gas 
 light in that section of Ireland. The 
 innovation of the young apprentice 
 aroused great interest and curiosity 
 on the part of the people of the coun- 
 tryside. They flocked to the shop to 
 view the miracle of the new light. 
 This proved to be a valuable adver- 
 tisement for the establishment, and it 
 lifted young Eaton into a position of 
 prominence in the community. 
 
 He felt, however, that there were 
 no chances in Ireland for the degree 
 of success of which he dreamed. The 
 potato famine and other misfortunes 
 had laid the country prostrate. Every- 
 body was talking about the golden 
 prospects in America, and great num- 
 bers were emigrating to the promised 
 land. One of Timothy Eaton's elder 
 brothers decided to join the exodus, 
 and Timothy himself lost no time 
 
 718
 
 The Romance of Reality. 
 
 in making up his mind to go with 
 him. 
 
 After crossing the Atlantic they 
 made their way to the town of St. 
 Marys, in Ontario, and there started 
 a very small store, being glad to ac- 
 cept produce in payment for their 
 goods. Another brother came to St. 
 Marys. One of these remained there 
 permanently, while Timothy Eaton, 
 not satisfied with the possibilities in 
 St. Marys of the mercantile expan- 
 sion which he had in mind, went to 
 Toronto, and started a modest store 
 on one of the lower streets. This 
 was in 1869. In 1883 he had a larger 
 establismhent. In 1887 he had added 
 to his general store equipment a small 
 factory for the purpose of eliminating 
 the charges of middlemen and thus 
 conserving the interests of his cus- 
 tomers by reduced prices. The fac- 
 tory was an unqualified success. By 
 means of it, and through Mr. Eaton's 
 general methods, the establishment 
 steadily grew until, at the present 
 time, he has a store which from a 
 comparative point of view may be 
 regarded, perhaps, as the most suc- 
 cessful in the world. Mr. Eaton's 
 pay roll includes nearly six thousand 
 names, while the largest retail store 
 on earth, which is located in Chicago, 
 where the population is many times 
 greater than that which can be 
 reached by Mr. Eaton, employs only 
 about twenty-five hundred more per- 
 sons. It will be seen that this Chic- 
 ago establishment is only one-half 
 larger than the Eaton store. Indeed, 
 the factories of the latter are larger 
 than those of any establishment 
 which deals directly with retail buy- 
 ers. 
 
 The two leading elements in Mr. 
 Eaton's remarkable success have been 
 his store-system, regarded by leading 
 retail merchants as a model, and his 
 constant endeavor to save money for 
 his customers. It is to this end that 
 
 he conducts his business on a cash 
 basis, and that he has established his 
 factories. He is a very firm believer 
 in bringing goods direct from the 
 maker to the consumer. In a single 
 department in his manufacturing sec- 
 tion, for instance, there are over a 
 thousand sewing machines which pro- 
 duce nearly seven thousand garments 
 a day for sale exclusively in the store. 
 The money which Mr. Eaton has been 
 able to save by this policy of produc- 
 ing his own goods is directly applied 
 to the reduction of prices. The fact 
 that his patrons feel that they are ob- 
 taining maximum value at minimum 
 cost is the chief reason of the store's 
 great and constantly growing trade. 
 
 Another very prominent factor in 
 his success has been his strict rule 
 of allowing absolutely no misrepre- 
 sentation. He very strongly feels 
 that truth is a most important element 
 in any permanent success in store- 
 keeping and in life in general. In 
 addition to Mr. Eaton's constant vigi- 
 lance in the interest of his patrons, 
 he has always in mind the well-being 
 of his employees. He was one of the 
 pioneers in the movement for shorter 
 hours, believing that opportunities for 
 legitimate rest and recreation give 
 those who are in his service an added 
 zeal and energy which materially in- 
 crease the satisfaction of buyers and 
 has a direct beneficial effect upon the 
 profits and progress of the store. 
 
 While Mr. Eaton is proud of his 
 success, he by no means takes all the 
 credit to himself. It is his idea that 
 the quality which has chiefly enabled 
 him to build up this great commercial 
 unit lies in his ability to pick out the 
 right man for the right place. Each 
 employee is held to a personal respon- 
 sibility, and is given to understand 
 that he or she is considered a possi- 
 bility for the higher positions in the 
 establishment. Every clerk under- 
 stands that promotion is to be ob- 
 
 719
 
 Encyclopedic Biographies, or 
 
 tained not by favoritism, but on the 
 strength alone of conscientious and 
 intelligent effort. 
 
 A celebrated department store pro- 
 prietor in New York City not long 
 ago remarked to a Canadian mer- 
 chant who informed him that he had 
 come to the New York establishment 
 to obtain hints on the best system of 
 store management, " Why, it is not 
 at all necessary for you to come down 
 here for this information. You have 
 a man in Canada, Timothy Eaton, 
 who can tell you a good deal more 
 about this than most of us can. In 
 fact, we always keep our eyes on him 
 with a view of obtaining fresh sug- 
 gestions as to methods." 
 
 SIR THOMAS G. SHAUGHNESSY. 
 
 One of the most successful railroad 
 men of this continent is Sir Thomas 
 G. Shaughnessy, president of the 
 Canadian Pacific Railroad. By means 
 of a particularly virile personality and 
 a remarkable capacity for hard work, 
 Sir Thomas has raised himself to his 
 present high position from the bottom 
 of the ladder. He owes absolutely 
 nothing to the extraneous circum- 
 stances of birth or fortune. His edu- 
 cation has been chiefly obtained in the 
 school of experience ; yet Sir Thomas 
 adds to his conspicuous knowledge of 
 man and affairs a culture that would 
 do credit to a university graduate. 
 
 Though Sir Thomas is always as- 
 sociated in the public mind with Can- 
 ada for the reason that his most im- 
 portant work has been done in the 
 Dominion, he was born in 1853 in 
 Milwaukee. His school days ended 
 at the age of sixteen, when he ob- 
 tained a place in the office of the 
 Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway as a 
 clerk in the purchasing department. 
 During a period of ten years the 
 young man slowly rose in this de- 
 partment until, on the strength of 
 his ability and alertness, he was pro- 
 
 moted to the place of a general store- 
 keeper for the railroad. Mr. Shaugh- 
 nessy took hold with an acceleration 
 of the powers which had brought him 
 his steady promotion. Work in the 
 office began to move more swiftly 
 than ever before. Each man was held 
 to a very strict accountability in the 
 performance of all his duties, and yet 
 with a new spirit of contentment and 
 zeal for the reason that Mr. Shaugh- 
 nessy was very considerate to those 
 under his direction. He was quick 
 to criticise, but was equally quick to 
 praise. No man who had ever held 
 a position of authority in the com- 
 pany was more popular with his sub- 
 ordinates. 
 
 But Mr. Shaughnessy's abilities 
 were too great for his position. Wil- 
 liam C. Van Home, who had recently 
 become general manager of the young 
 Canadian Pacific Railway, had known 
 Mr. Shaughnessy in Milwaukee, and 
 asked him to take a place of purchas- 
 ing agent in the new company. This 
 was in 1882. He became assistant to 
 the general manager in 1884, and the 
 next year was promoted to the office 
 of assistant to the president. He be- 
 came a full-fledged vice-president in 
 1891. Mr. Shaughnessy was the 
 right-hand man of the president of 
 the road, Sir William C. Van Home, 
 and when the latter resigned the 
 presidency in 1899 it was obvious 
 that the man in all respects best 
 equipped to succeed him in the very 
 important position of executive head 
 of the longest railroad in the world 
 was Mr. Shaughnessy. The latter 
 was knighted by the Prince of Wales, 
 then Duke of York, in Ottawa, Can- 
 ada, 1901. 
 
 The work of Sir Thomas as presi- 
 dent has been notable. He has had 
 a careful regard not only for the in- 
 terest of the line, but also of Canada. 
 During his incumbency of the presi- 
 dency the Canadian Pacific system 
 
 72O
 
 The Romance of Reality. 
 
 has been greatly extended. It now 
 employs over thirty-five thousand 
 persons and buys products of the la- 
 bor of fifty thousand more. Within 
 the last two years it has paid Cana- 
 dians over one hundred millions. 
 The progressive management of the 
 line under the direction of Sir 
 Thomas Shaughnessy has greatly 
 stimulated the prosperity of the Do- 
 minion, and on this account the Cana- 
 dians feel that Sir Thomas has been 
 one of the Dominion's most valuable 
 citizens. 
 
 WILLIAM S. FIELDING. 
 
 The Hon. William Stevens Field- 
 ing, considered one of Canada's ablest 
 men, stands high in the administra- 
 tion of Sir Wilfrid Laurier, holding 
 the important place of Minister of 
 Finance. He attained distinction by 
 the path of newspaper work. Mr. 
 Fielding was born in Halifax of Eng- 
 lish parentage in 1848, and at the age 
 of sixteen entered the business office 
 of the Morning Chronicle. This was 
 perhaps the most influential news- 
 paper of the Maritime Provinces, and 
 counted among its contributors nume- 
 rous men of intellect and influence. 
 It was from them that young Fielding 
 imbibed his political views and be- 
 came imbued with the spirit of broad 
 patriotism which has since distin- 
 guished him. 
 
 Soon after he formed his zonnec- 
 tion with the Chronicle he was pro- 
 moted to a place as reporter, and was 
 most zealous and thorough in this 
 sphere. Before he was twenty he 
 had commenced to write editorials. 
 For two decades Mr. Fielding re- 
 mained with the Chronicle, rising by 
 degrees to the place of editor, and at 
 the same time taking an active part 
 in the political campaigns in Halifax. 
 He was elected in the elections of 
 1882 to a seat in the Nova Scotia 
 Legislature, and rose so rapidly that 
 
 within a few months he was offered 
 the premiership of the Province. He 
 declined the honor on this occasion, 
 but soon afterward organized a gov- 
 ernment at the request of some of 
 the other leaders, and took upon him- 
 self the duties of provincial secretary, 
 which also involved the work of 
 financial administrator. His govern- 
 ment was so effective that for years 
 it controlled the affairs of the Pro- 
 vince. When Sir Wilfrid Laurier be- 
 came premier of the Dominion in 
 1896 he appointed Mr. Fielding Min- 
 ister of Finance, and the latter was 
 returned by the constituency of Shel- 
 bourne and Queens to the Dominion 
 House of Commons. It was Mr. 
 Fielding who introduced the measure 
 for the preferential tariff which has 
 been so conspicuous a feature of the 
 Laurier administration. Mr. Fielding 
 is regarded as one of the strongest 
 members of the cabinet. 
 
 CHARLES FITZPATRICK. 
 
 The Hon. Charles Fitzpatrick, Min- 
 ister of Justice in the Canadian Gov- 
 ernment, and one of the ablest of the 
 Dominion's lawyers and political lead- 
 ers, was born of Irish parentage in 
 the Province of Quebec in 1851. His 
 father was a lumber merchant. He 
 was graduated from Laval University 
 in Quebec, studied law and began 
 practice in the city of Quebec, where 
 he rapidly rose to prominence. He 
 had acquired such a reputation at the 
 bar when he was thirty-four years 
 old, that the half-breeds and others 
 who rallied to the support of Louis 
 Riel when the latter was imprisoned 
 and about to be tried for his life, 
 retained Mr. Fitzpatrick as the man 
 best fitted to defend their leader. In 
 this case he opposed a number of the 
 ablest lawyers in Canada, and while 
 his client, Riel, was condemned to 
 death, Mr. Fitzpatrick's eloquence and 
 command of legal principles attracted 
 
 7 21
 
 Encyclopedic Biographies, or 
 
 wide attention. He has since ap- 
 peared in many of the most important 
 cases that have been tried within the 
 Dominion. 
 
 Mr. Fitzpatrick's entry into public 
 life was made in 1891, when he was 
 elected a member of the House of 
 Commons of the Province of Quebec, 
 representing his native county. He 
 held this seat until 1896, when he was 
 a successful candidate for the Domin- 
 ion House of Commons. His gen- 
 eral ability and his attainments as a 
 lawyer had by this time become so 
 conspicuous that when in the same 
 year Sir Wilfrid Laurier organized 
 his government he appointed Mr. 
 Fitzpatrick to the position of Soli- 
 citor General. In 1900 he was re- 
 elected, by a large majority, a Liberal 
 member from Quebec, in a constit- 
 uency that was largely Conservative. 
 In 1902, on the elevation of the Hon. 
 David Mills to the Supreme Court 
 bench, Mr. Fitzpatrick was called to 
 his present post of Minister of Jus- 
 tice. 
 
 The political success of Mr. Fitz- 
 patrick is made the more notable by 
 the fact that ninety per cent, of the 
 voters of Quebec are French Cana- 
 dians, while he himself is an Irish- 
 man. 
 
 In addition to his powers as an ora- 
 tor, his grasp of legal principles and 
 his strong personal magnetism, one of 
 his predominant traits is energy. It 
 has been said of him that in the days 
 of his youth he was in the habit of 
 rising so early in the morning that 
 he had his cases carefully analyzed 
 and his plan of action formulated be- 
 fore other lawyers were out of bed. 
 At present his most absorbing in- 
 terest is the project for the Grand 
 Trunk Pacific Railway line across the 
 continent. It was he who drew up 
 the contract for the undertaking, and 
 he has been its chief defender, in its 
 legal aspects, against the many at- 
 
 tacks to which it has been subjected 
 by the opponents of the government 
 of Sir Wilfrid Laurier. 
 
 Mr. Fitzpatrick attributes his zest 
 for work to the fact that he has al- 
 ways been an outdoor man. During 
 his early years his reputation as an 
 athlete was as great in Quebec as was 
 his fame as a lawyer. He married 
 a daughter of the late Lieutenant 
 Carors, and thus became intimately 
 identified with one of the oldest of 
 the French-Canadian families, which 
 dates back to the early days in Can- 
 adian history. 
 
 There is no more enthusiastic be- 
 liever in the future of Canada than 
 Mr. Fitzpatrick. In 1903 he made a 
 tour of the Northwest, and has ex- 
 pressed himself as astonished at its 
 marvelous resources. It is his opinion 
 that the projected Grand Trunk Pa- 
 cific line, adding another railway to 
 the transportation facilities of this 
 territory, will develop it into one of 
 the richest and most productive re- 
 gions, not only in grain, but in mine- 
 rals, the world has ever known. 
 
 GEORGE WILLIAM Ross. 
 
 The Hon. George William Ross, 
 Premier of the Province of Ontario, 
 was born near London, Ontario, in 
 1841. His father was a Scotchman, 
 who, after migrating to Canada, be- 
 came a prosperous farmer. Mr. Ross 
 began his active life as a country 
 school teacher. The government of 
 the Province of Ontario established 
 in 1871 a system of school inspectors, 
 and he was appointed to one of these 
 places. In the general election of the 
 following year, Mr. Ross was chosen 
 to represent the Conservative party in 
 the western division of his native 
 county, and was elected to the Domi- 
 nion House of Commons. It was 
 particularly his ability as an orator 
 that brought him this honor. He was 
 a member at the time of the Sons of 
 
 722
 
 The Romance of Reality. 
 
 Temperance, and it was at the meet- 
 ings of this society that he seized his 
 first opportunities to develop and dis- 
 play his gifts as a public speaker. He 
 has said since that this experience in 
 talking on his feet was invaluable to 
 him, and he advises all young men 
 who desire to acquire the gift of pub- 
 lic speaking to join a debating society 
 or other organization whose members 
 are willing to listen to budding elo- 
 quence. 
 
 Mr. Ross was made Minister of Edu- 
 cation for the Province of Ontario 
 in 1883, and in 1887 succeeded in hav- 
 ing passed a law for the federation 
 of the denominational colleges of 
 Toronto into a single unit, The Uni- 
 versity of Toronto. He inaugurated 
 other educational reforms, and mate- 
 rially raised the standard of public 
 education in the Province. Mr. Ross 
 relinquished his work in this special 
 field in 1900 to become Premier of 
 Ontario. He has been prominently 
 identified with movements in the 
 cause of temperance, and holds hon- 
 orary degrees in five Canadian un- 
 versities. One of his distinguishing 
 qualities is versatility. He is inter- 
 ested in astronomy, and has a marked 
 literary bent, having written biogra- 
 phical sketches and some poetry. 
 
 LORD MOUNT STEPHEN. 
 
 In spite of the fact that Lord 
 Mount Stephen has not resided in 
 Canada for a number of years, he 
 must be included in any group of im- 
 portant workers in the Dominion. 
 He played a leading part in the up- 
 building of the Canadian common- 
 wealth. The vital importance of his 
 work for the Canadian Pacific Rail- 
 way cannot be overlooked. Lord 
 Mount Stephen and Lord Strathcona 
 were the two great personalities 
 which carried the project of the trans- 
 continental line through a dark period 
 of financial storm and stress. Lord 
 
 Mount Stephen reorganized or built 
 several other railroads in Canada, and 
 was very closely identified with many 
 of the Dominion's most important 
 commercial movements. 
 
 Like so many other men who have 
 achieved remarkable success in Can- 
 ada, Lord Mount Stephen is a Scotch- 
 man, having been born in that country 
 in 1829. In his childhood he was a 
 herdboy on the Highlands, and served 
 as an apprentice in Aberdeen. He 
 afterward obtained employment in 
 London, and in 1850 migrated to Can- 
 ada, where his uncle, William Stephen, 
 was engaged in the woolen business. 
 The young man was taken into part- 
 nership, and upon his uncle's death 
 bought his interest in the firm, which 
 steadily grew in importance in the 
 manufacture of woolen goods. Lord 
 Mount Stephen's financial standing at 
 this time is indicated by the fact that 
 he became a director in Canada's 
 leading banking institution, the Bank 
 of Montreal, of which he was after- 
 ward vice-president. It was owing to 
 this financial eminence, as well as to 
 his great ability, that he was able to 
 build a magnificent structure of suc- 
 cess out of what appeared at that 
 time to be the wreck of the project 
 for the Canadian Pacific Railroad. In 
 recognition of his services for her do- 
 main across the ocean, Queen Vic- 
 toria knighted him in 1886, and a few 
 years afterwards raised him to the 
 peerage with the title of Lord Mount 
 Stephen, a title suggested by the peak 
 in the Rockies called Mount Stephen, 
 which itself had been named after the 
 able Scotchman. Lord Mount Stephen 
 retired from the presidency of the 
 Canadian Pacific Railroad in 1888, 
 and has spent most of his time since 
 then in England. He has, however, 
 retained some of his interests in Can- 
 ada, and has remembered numerous 
 hospitals and other institutions with 
 generous contributions. 
 
 7 2 3
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Page 
 
 Abbey, Edwin Austin 311 
 
 Abbott, Lyman 714 
 
 Acheson, E. G 620 
 
 Adams, Maude 681 
 
 Ade, George 693 
 
 Alden, Cynthia May Westover. . 683 
 
 Alden, Henry Mills 660 
 
 Aldrich, Nelson Wilmarth 641 
 
 Aldrich, Thomas Bailey 697 
 
 Allen, James Lane 702 
 
 Allen, T. S 691 
 
 Allen, Viola 682 
 
 Allison, William Boyd 617 
 
 Andrews, Elisha Benjamin 656 
 
 Angell, George Thorndike 708 
 
 Anthony, Susan Brownell 708 
 
 Armour, Philip D 511 
 
 Astor, William Waldorf 638 
 
 Atherton, Gertrude Franklin.... 704 
 
 Baer, George F 629 
 
 Baldwin, Evelyn Briggs 652 
 
 Bangs, John Kendrick 693 
 
 Barr, Amelia Edith 705 
 
 Barrymore, Ethel 682 
 
 Barton, Clara 684 
 
 Bell, Alexander Graham 633 
 
 Belmont, August 629 
 
 Beveridge, Albert J 668 
 
 Bispham, David Scull 674 
 
 Black, Frank Swett 644 
 
 Blair, Andrew G 470 
 
 Bok, Edward William 660 
 
 Bonsai, Stephen , 695 
 
 Booth-Tucker, F. St. George DeL. 709 
 
 Borden, Robert Laird 447 
 
 Brush, Charles Francis 633 
 
 Bryan, William Jennings 641 
 
 Buckley, James Monroe 661 
 
 Burnett, Frances Hodgson 705 
 
 Burroughs, John 402 
 
 Bush, Charles G 691 
 
 Butler, Nicholas Murray 656 
 
 Cable, George Washington 702 
 
 Calve, Emma 674 
 
 Carman, Bliss 698 
 
 Carnegie, Andrew 51 
 
 Carter, Leslie (Mrs.) 682 
 
 Cassatt, Alexander Johnston 630 
 
 Page 
 
 Chaffee, Adna Romanzo 648 
 
 Chisholm, Hugh 624 
 
 Choate, Joseph H 196 
 
 Churchill, Winston 703 
 
 Clark, Champ 668 
 
 Clark, Francis Edward 684 
 
 Clemens, Samuel Langhorn 693 
 
 Cleveland, Grover 617 
 
 Clews, Henry 638 
 
 Clowry, Robert C 144 
 
 Cockran, William Bourke (508 
 
 Collyer, Robert 441 
 
 Comstock, Anthony 709 
 
 Conwell. Russell H 426 
 
 Cook, Frederick Albert 652 
 
 Cooper, Edward 636 
 
 Coudert, Frederick Ren6 644 
 
 Cox, George A 717 
 
 Crafts, Wilbur Fiske 709 
 
 Craigie, Pearl M. Theresa 705 
 
 Cramp, Charles Henry 621 
 
 Crane, William H 677 
 
 Crawford, Francis Marion 703 
 
 Cuyler, Theodore Ledyard 714 
 
 Dalrymple, Louis 691 
 
 Damrosch, Walter Johannes 670 
 
 Daniels, George Henry 630 
 
 Daniels, John Warwick 669 
 
 Davenport, Homer 334 
 
 Davis, Richard Harding 695 
 
 DeKoven, Henry L. Reginald. .. . 671 
 
 DeLussan, Zelie 674 
 
 Depew, Chauncey M 207 
 
 De Reszkg, Edouard 674 
 
 De Reszkfi, Jean 675 
 
 De Thulstrup, Thure 690 
 
 De Vinne, Theodore Lowe 625 
 
 Dewey, George 648 
 
 Dickinson, Mary Lowe 685 
 
 Dill, James Brooks 645 
 
 Dixon, Thomas, Jr 685 
 
 Dodge, William de Leftwich 690 
 
 Dolliver, Jonathan P. (Senator). 219 
 
 Doubleday, Frank Nelson 663 
 
 Douglas, William Louis 625 
 
 Drew, John 678 
 
 Drummond, Sir George A 702 
 
 Dumont, Santos 634 
 
 Dunne, Finley Peter 694 
 
 Duse, Eleanora 682 
 
 7 2 4
 
 Index continued. 
 
 Page 
 
 Eatnes, Emma 675 
 
 Eastman, Charles 626 
 
 Eaton, Timothy 718 
 
 Edison, Thomas Alva 17 
 
 Eliot, Charles William 657 
 
 Evans, Robley Dunglison 649 
 
 Faunce, William H. P 657 
 
 Field, Marshall 80 
 
 Fielding, William S 721 
 
 Fitzpatrick, Charles 721 
 
 Flint, Charles Ranlett 621 
 
 Folk, Joseph Wingate 643 
 
 Ford, Simeon 694 
 
 Freeman, Mary E. (Wilkins- 
 
 Freeman ) 706 
 
 Frye, William Pierce 618 
 
 Fuller, Melville Weston 645 
 
 Funk, Isaac Kauffman 664 
 
 Funston, Fred 649 
 
 Gage, Lyman Judson 131 
 
 Garland, Hamlin 696 
 
 George, William Reuben 710 
 
 Gerry, Elbridge Thomas 710 
 
 Gibson, Charles Dana 342 
 
 Gilder, Richard Watson 661 
 
 Gillette, William Hooker 678 
 
 Gilmer, Elizabeth Meriwether. . . 694 
 
 Gompers, Samuel 164 
 
 Goodwin, Nathaniel C 679 
 
 Gorman, Arthur Pue 642 
 
 Gould, George Jay 631 
 
 Gould, Helen Miller 413 
 
 Grau, Maurice 671 
 
 Green, Hetty (Mrs.) 639 
 
 Greene, Anna Katherine 706 
 
 Griffin, Sydney B 692 
 
 Griggs, John William 646 
 
 Griscom, Clement Acton 631 
 
 Gunsaulus, Frank W 432 
 
 Harkett, James Keteltas 679 
 
 Haclley, Arthur Twining 658 
 
 Hale, Edward Everett 715 
 
 Hanna, Marcus Alonzo 642 
 
 Harned, Virginia 683 
 
 Harris, William Torrey 659 
 
 Harrison, Burton (Mrs.) 305 
 
 Harrison, Carter Henry, Jr 643 
 
 Harrison, Constance Gary 707 
 
 Harvey, George B. McClellan... 661 
 
 Hay, John 618 
 
 Hays, Charles Melville 622 
 
 Hearst, Phnebe Appersin (Mrs.). 712 
 
 Hearst, William Randolph 664 
 
 Hedin, Sven Anders 
 
 Herbert, Victor 
 
 Herreshoff, John B 
 
 Hewitt, Peter Cooper 
 
 Higgins, Edward Everett... 
 
 Hill, James J 
 
 Hoar, George Frisbie ! 
 
 Hobart, George V 
 
 Hobson, Richmond Pearson. 
 
 Holland, John P 
 
 Holmes, E. Burton 
 
 Holmes, Oliver Wendell 
 
 Howells, William Dean 
 
 Hungerford, Herbert 
 
 528, 
 
 672 
 622 
 634 
 665 
 631 
 619 
 694 
 650 
 634 
 653 
 646 
 283 
 686 
 
 Ingalls, Melville Ezra 632 
 
 Irving, Sir Henry Brodribb 680 
 
 Irwin, May 682 
 
 Jackson, Leonora 672 
 
 Jefferson, Joseph 680 
 
 Jerome, William Travers 646 
 
 Jewett, Sarah Orne 707 
 
 Johnson, Tom L 234 
 
 Jones, Samuel 498 
 
 Keller, Helen 391 
 
 Kipling, Rudyard 703 
 
 Klopsch, Louis 665 
 
 Kneisel, Franz 672 
 
 Landon, Melvin DeLancey 695 
 
 Landor, A. H. Savage 654 
 
 Langtry, Lillie (Mrs.) 683 
 
 Laurier, Sir Wilfrid 687 
 
 LeGallienne, Richard 698 
 
 Lipton, Sir Thomas 108 
 
 Lodge, Henry Cabot 619 
 
 Lorimer, George Howard 662 
 
 Loudon, James 479 
 
 McClure, Samuel Sidney 666 
 
 McCracken, Henry Mitchell 659 
 
 McKenna, Joseph 647 
 
 Mackay, Robert 698 
 
 Major, Charles 704 
 
 Mansfield, Richard 379 
 
 Marconi, William 635 
 
 Markham, Edwin 263 
 
 Marlowe, Julia 683 
 
 Maxim, Hiram Stevens 35 
 
 Ment6, Charles 690 
 
 Miles, Nelson A. (Gen.) 188 
 
 Miller, Cincinnatus Heine (Joa- 
 
 quin) 699 
 
 Mills, Benjamin Fay 715 
 
 725
 
 Index continued. 
 
 Mills, Darius Ogden i 
 
 Mitchell, John '. 686 
 
 Morgan, John Pierpont 639 
 
 Mount Stephen, Lord 723 
 
 Munsey, Frank Andrew 666 
 
 Nansen, Fridtjof 654 
 
 Nixon, Lewis 623 
 
 Nordica, Lillian 541, 676 
 
 Ogden, Robert Curtis 636 
 
 Olney, Richard 620 
 
 Opper, Frederick Burr 353 
 
 Osier, Dr. William 700 
 
 Outcault, R. F 692 
 
 Page, Thomas Nelson 704 
 
 Parent, S. N 460 
 
 Parker, Alton Brooks 647 
 
 Parkhurst, Charles Henry 710 
 
 Patterson, John H 624 
 
 Patti, Adelina 676 
 
 Pearsons, Daniel Kimball 712 
 
 Peary, Robert Edwin 655 
 
 Peterson, William 716 
 
 Phillips, David G. 696 
 
 Pingree, Hazen S 71 
 
 Platfcj Thomas Collyer 225 
 
 Pope, Albert August 626 
 
 Post, C. W 627 
 
 Potter, Henry Codman (Mrs.).. 712 
 Potter, Henry Codman ( Rev. ) . . . 715 
 
 Powell, Maud 673 
 
 Pulitzer, Joseph 667 
 
 Reid, Whitelaw 662 
 
 Remington, Frederic 327 
 
 Riley, James Whitcomb 252 
 
 Roberts, Chas. George Douglas. . 696 
 
 Rockefeller, John Davison 640 
 
 Roosevelt, Theodore 173 
 
 Roosevelt, Theodore (Mrs.) 713 
 
 Root, Elihu 620 
 
 Ross, George William 722 
 
 Ruckstuhl, F. Wellington 358 
 
 Sage, Russell 125 
 
 Sage, Russell (Mrs.) 713 
 
 Schley, Winfield Scott 650 
 
 Schultze, Carl E 692 
 
 Schurman, Jacob Gould 243 
 
 Schurz, Carl 
 
 Sembrich, Marcella Stengel 
 
 Seton, Ernest (Thompson-Seton) 
 
 Shafter, William Rufus 
 
 Shaughnessy, Sir Thomas G.... 
 
 Shaw, Albert 
 
 Shrady, Henry Merwin 
 
 Siegel, Henry 
 
 Smith, Goldwin 
 
 Sothern, Edward H 
 
 Sousa, John Philip 
 
 Stanford, Leland (Mrs.) 
 
 Stanley, Henry Morton 
 
 Stanton, Elizabeth Cady 
 
 Stead, William Thomas' 
 
 Stephens, Alice Barber 
 
 Stokes, Anson Phelps 
 
 Strathcona, Lord 
 
 Strauss, Nathan 
 
 Taylor, William 
 
 Thomas, Theodore 
 
 Thompson-Seton, Ernest. . . 
 
 Thompson, Vance 
 
 Vanderbilt, Cornelius 
 
 Van Dyke, Henry 
 
 Van Home, Sir William C. 
 
 Vincent, John Heyl 
 
 Vreeland, Herbert H 
 
 Walker, John Brisben 
 
 Wallace, Lew ( Gen. ) 
 
 Wanamaker, John 
 
 Ward, Elizabeth Stuart Phelps. 
 
 Watterson, Henry 
 
 Wellman, Walter 
 
 Westinghouse, George 
 
 Wheeler, John Wilson 
 
 Wheeler, Joseph 
 
 White, Stewart Edward 
 
 Wilcox, Ella Wheeler , 
 
 Wilder, Marshall P 
 
 Wilkins-Freeman, M. Eleanor. , 
 
 Wilson, Woodrow 
 
 Wister, Owen 
 
 Woolworth, Frank W , 
 
 Yerkes, Charles Tyson. 
 Zimmerman, Eugene. . . . 
 
 677 
 687 
 651 
 720 
 663 
 366 
 637 
 454 
 681 
 384 
 713 
 655 
 711 
 696 
 321 
 713 
 688 
 420 
 
 716 
 673 
 
 687 
 696 
 138 
 700 
 485 
 716 
 152 
 
 667 
 296 
 92 
 707 
 663 
 655 
 635 
 628 
 651 
 697 
 272 
 371 
 700 
 659 
 697 
 637 
 
 640 
 693 
 
 726
 
 INTRODUCTORY NOTE. 
 
 " LITTLE VISITS " is not merely a story-book or a collection of biographies 
 and autobiographies. The life stories which it contain., are intensely inter- 
 esting, many of them even dramatic. The autobiographies that is, the life 
 stories of eminent men and women told by themselves are unique; no such 
 collection is elsewhere in existence. It is not, however, merely a book to be 
 read once for the stories and cast aside. 
 
 " LITTLE VISITS " is a collection of IDEAS, each stamped with the mint 
 mark of a great personality. It contains symposiums by fifty-six men and 
 women who by common consent are considered to have achieved success 
 on the elements and methods of a successful career. To make this wealth of 
 ideas easily and quickly available as an aid to those of all ages who aspire 
 to achieve something beyond the ordinary in life, we have prepared this 
 Topical Index. It constitutes a syllabus for study of the great problems of 
 human life and destiny. 
 
 Early advantages, luck, friends, influence, environment and heredity 
 defects in which are adduced so often to justify failure receive little atten- 
 tion. The fact that opportunity exists within the man himself ; the possibility 
 of self-culture by reading and home study; the importance of choosing the 
 right career; the methods and the qualities which should be practised and 
 cultivated ; and the ideals which should be sought for these are the perennial 
 seed thoughts which should be planted in the minds and hearts of our own 
 and coming generations, and they constitute the contents of the present 
 volumes. 
 
 The teachings of " LITTLE VISITS " are many-sided. Light is thrown upon 
 each problem from every angle. Many points of view are represented by the 
 various speakers. The words of each, weighted by the vast achieyements and 
 well-known reputation of all, cannot fail to sink deeply into the mind of every 
 reader. Like begets like. The ideas of great men are essentially great ideas, 
 and in turn they will beget greatness in the lives of all who adopt and follow 
 them. t 
 
 The attention of parents and teachers, and of the ambitious youth of both 
 sexes, is directed to the usefulness of this Topical Index (and also of the 
 Biographical Index which precedes it) in preparation for the solemn respon- 
 sibilities of guiding aright the lives which are entrusted to their keeping and 
 for self-guidance. The material here indexed for convenient reference is 
 absolutely invaluable for the preparation of homilies, sermons, addresses and 
 informal talks to the young, or indeed to any audience. The spicy and pithy 
 anecdotes and incidents in the lives of eminent persons, each authenticated 
 by the fact that they are given in the speaker's own language, are exceedingly 
 valuable for purposes of illustration. The book is especially recommended 
 as a source of material in the preparation of compositions, themes and essays, 
 and also for its cultural value, as supplementary reading for pupils in our 
 common and high schools. 
 
 THE PUBLISHERS.
 
 TOPICAL INDEX * 
 
 Page 
 
 Ability, see Success Qualities. 
 Accommodating, see Success 
 
 Qualities. 
 Achievements : 
 
 Acme Sucker Rod, Jones 498 
 
 American Federation of Labor, 
 
 Gompers 168 
 
 Appliances for oil production, 
 
 Jones 503 
 
 Automatic gun, Maxim 43 
 
 Battle-ships, Maxim 47 
 
 " Ben Hur," Wallace 303 
 
 Blue shadows, Remington 331 
 
 Books, Burroughs 412 
 
 " Broncho Buster," Remington. 331 
 
 Business king, Armour 523 
 
 Busts, Ruckstuhl 364 
 
 Canadian Pacific R. R., Van 
 
 Home 490 
 
 Employees over ten thousand, 
 
 Lipton 113 
 
 Flying machines, Maxim 47 
 
 First iron bridge across Ohio, 
 
 Carnegie 63 
 
 Gas machines, Maxim 42 
 
 Guns, Maxim 47 
 
 Homestead Steel Works, Car- 
 negie 64 
 
 Inventions, six hundred, Edi- 
 son 30 
 
 Laws, Gompers 169 
 
 Mayoralty of Detroit, Pingrcc. 75 
 Metropolitan Street Railway 
 
 System, Vreeland 163 
 
 Minneapolis Tribune, Conwell. 428 
 
 Mr. Dinkelspiel, Op per 353 
 
 My life, Burroughs 41 1 
 
 Operas and Marches, Sousa... 386 
 
 Partnership, Field 85 
 
 Poems, Wilcox 274 
 
 Poems, Markham 270 
 
 Political honors, Depew 215 
 
 " Puck," Opper 357 
 
 Rapid-fire gun, Maxim 36 
 
 Page 
 Achievements continued : 
 
 Scholarship, Schurman 248 
 
 Smokeless powder, Maxim.... 46 
 
 Statue, Remington. 331 
 
 Statues, Ruckstuhl 364 
 
 Statue, Ruckstuhl 360 
 
 Statues, Shrady 369 
 
 Steam motors, Maxim 43 
 
 Steel works, Carnegie 63 
 
 Stores, Lipton 112 
 
 Submarine cable device, Edi- 
 son 24 
 
 " Suburban Resident," Opper. . 357 
 Telegraphic recorder, Edison. . 23 
 
 " The Fair God," Wallace 302 
 
 Titles, Maxim 36 
 
 U. S. Express Co., Plait 225 
 
 U. S. Express Co., Plait 230 
 
 Vanderbilt system, head of, 
 
 Depew 213 
 
 Victories, Miles 189 
 
 Acme Sucker Rod., see Achieve- 
 ments. 
 
 Actors, biographies of, see Ca- 
 reers. 
 Actresses, biographies of, see 
 
 Careers. 
 
 Adaptability, see Success Quali- 
 ties. 
 Advantage: 
 
 Early, Choate 199 
 
 Good advice and personal pop- 
 ularity, Choate 199 
 
 Money, opportunity, friends, 
 
 Choate 198 
 
 Ambition, see Success Qualities. 
 America, opportunity in, see Op- 
 portunity. 
 America, women singers in, see 
 
 Opportunity. 
 American Federation of Labor, 
 
 see Achievements. 
 American stock, see Heredity. 
 Amusement, see Careers. 
 
 * For Biographical Index see page 724.
 
 Topical Index. 
 
 Page 
 
 Anecdotes: 
 
 A Little Story, B or den 453 
 
 A Father's Warning, Wallace.. 299 
 
 American Marshall, Wilder 377 
 
 Armour and the Panic, Ar- 
 mour 526 
 
 Borrowing a Postage Stamp, 
 
 Jones 502 
 
 Borrowing Five Cents, Lipton. no 
 Broken " Holt," Burroughs. . . . 407 
 Burroughs and Gould, Bur- 
 roughs 406 
 
 Captured by Mosby's Men, 
 
 Pingree 73 
 
 Carnegie and the Sleeping Car, 
 
 Carnegie 60 
 
 Chances for Young Men, Dol- 
 
 liver 222 
 
 Chartered Train, Sousa 389 
 
 Chinese Medal, Maxim 48 
 
 Colonel Anderson's Library, 
 
 Carnegie 53 
 
 Confidence Man, Maxim 41 
 
 Congressman's Fame, Dolliver. 221 
 
 Dangerous Crossing, Blair 478 
 
 De Mores Incident, Roosevelt.. 185 
 
 Dog's Tail, Maxim 38 
 
 Dowe Scheme, Maxim 49 
 
 Dutchman's Oath, Wilder 376 
 
 Elected to the Presidency, 
 
 Vreeland 160 
 
 Emersonian Essays, Burroughs 409 
 
 First Patent, Edison 25 
 
 First Speech in Congress, 
 
 Johnson 240 
 
 First Trip West, Platt 229 
 
 Founding of Armour Institute, 
 
 Armour 521 
 
 Funny Little Man, Wilder 371 
 
 How He Became Deaf, Edison 20 
 How He Learned Telegraphy, 
 
 Edison 21 
 
 How He Joined the Marine 
 
 Band, Sousa 385 
 
 "I'll be President," Vreeland.. 156 
 Important Mission, Vreeland.. 158 
 Joe Jefferson's Life, Wilder... 374 
 Knighted by the Queen, Van 
 
 Home 491 
 
 Life Prisoner, Wilder 378 
 
 London Physician, Van Home. 495 
 
 Pagre 
 
 Anecdotes continued : 
 Lord Wolseley and Smokeless 
 
 Powder, Maxim 45 
 
 Never Mind the Gas, Wilder. . 376 
 Nordica's First Engagement, 
 
 Nordica 547 
 
 Origin of Smokeless Powder, 
 
 Maxim 45 
 
 Rapid-fire Gun in Switzerland, 
 
 Maxim 46 
 
 Richard and the Crown Prince, 
 
 Mansfield 383 
 
 " Salting " a " Hayseed," Edi- 
 son 24 
 
 Save Me a Spare-rib, Wilder. . . 375 
 School-boy Compositions, Bur- 
 roughs 406 
 
 Terrific Storm, Lipton 112 
 
 Trying the Boss, Maxim 40 
 
 Two Small Boys, Sousa 388 
 
 Vampire, Choate 200 
 
 Volunteer German Friend, 
 
 Johnson 239 
 
 "Your Eyre," Harrison 309 
 
 Application, see Success Quali- 
 ties. 
 
 Apprentice, see Methods. 
 Arbitration, see Methods. 
 " Aristocracy," see Success Ideals. 
 Art, see Careers. 
 Artist, see Careers. 
 Association, with able men, Bor- 
 
 den 451 
 
 Attention, see Success Qualities. 
 Authors, biographies of, see Ca- 
 reers. 
 Automatic gun, see Achievements. 
 
 Bad habits, see Dangers. 
 
 Banking, see Careers. 
 
 Bar, see Careers. 
 
 Battle-ships, see Achievements. 
 
 Beginning at the bottom, see 
 Start in Life. 
 
 "Ben Hur," see Achievements. 
 
 Bent: 
 
 Art must be inborn, Gibson 343 
 
 Boyhood sketches, Opper 354 
 
 Leaning toward business, Field 82 
 Fitted for railroading, Vander- 
 bilt 141
 
 Topical Index. 
 
 Page 
 
 Page 
 
 Bent continued : Careers continued : 
 
 Inclination for mechanics, Van- Could succeed at anything, 
 
 derbilt 139 Maxim 38 
 
 Invention born in a man, Edi- Decorators, biographies of. ... 690 
 
 son 27 Divines, biographies of 714 
 
 Mechanics, natural to, dowry. 146 Editors, biographies of 660 
 
 Natural bent for singing, Nor- Educators, biographies of 656 
 
 dica 543 Explorers, biographies of 652 
 
 School-boy sketches, Reining- Farm, Van Home 496 
 
 ton 328 Farmer in politics, simplicity, 
 
 Talent must be cultivated, sense, Bordcn 452 
 
 Shrady 370 Father was a farmer, Bur- 
 
 Best, sec Methods. roughs 405 
 
 Blacksmith, see Careers. Farmers, scientific, London.... 484 
 
 Blindness, see Obstacles. Finance, Burroughs 408 
 
 Books, see Reading. Financiers, biographies of 638 
 
 Bottom of the ladder, see Start "Finding one's self," Shrady.. 366 
 
 in life. Humorists, biographies of 693 
 
 British Government, see Fame. Illustrators, biographies of 690 
 
 " Broncho Buster," see Achieve- Illustrating for girls, Stephens, 
 
 ments. 323, 324 
 
 Busts, see Achievements. Industrial leaders, biographies 
 
 Business ability, see Success of 620 
 
 Qualities. Inventors, biographies of 633 
 
 Journalism, C on-well 429 
 
 Canada, opportunity in, see Op- Journalists, biographies of 695 
 
 portunity. Jurists, biographies of 644 
 
 Canadian Pacific R. R., see Law, keep out of, Platt 232 
 
 Achievements. Law, Borden 451 
 
 Canadians, biographies of, see Ca- Law, Dolliver 220 
 
 reers. Law office politics, Parent 464 
 
 Canniness, see Success Qualities. Lawyers, biographies of 644 
 
 Careers: Lawyer, orator, Gunsaulus. . . . 433 
 
 Actors, biographies of 677 Lecturing, C on-well 431 
 
 Actresses, biographies of 681 Lecturers^ biographies of 683 
 
 Amusements, Wilder 373 Literature, Rilcy 258, 259, 260 
 
 Art, Ruckstuhl 364 Manufacturers, biographies of. 624 
 
 Artist, Op per 354 Mechanics and R. R. finance, 
 
 Authors, biographies of 702 Vanderbilt 139, 140, 141 
 
 Banking, Gage 133, 135 Merchants, biographies of 636 
 
 Bar, called to, Borden 450 Ministry, Gunsaulus 434 
 
 Blacksmith, Collyer 442 Music as a vocation, Nor dica.. 543 
 
 Canadians, biographies of.. 687, 700, Musicians, biographies of 670 
 
 716 Novelists, biographies of 704 
 
 Cartoonists, biographies of.... 691 Orators, biographies of 668 
 
 Choice of, Abbey 314, 315 Oratory, Depew 217 
 
 Choosing a career, Herreshoff. 534 Organizers, biographies of 683 
 
 Commerce, Field 83 Painting, Shrady. 366 
 
 Commercial, mechanical or sci- Philanthropists, biographies of. 712 
 
 entific pursuits in Canada, Poets, biographies of 697 
 
 London 483 Political field, Depew 214 
 
 4
 
 Topical Index. 
 
 Page Page 
 
 Careers continued: Colleges, see Education. 
 
 Political leaders, biographies of. 641 Common school, see Education. 
 
 Political life in Canada, Blair. . 477 Commerce, see Careers. 
 
 Politics, Dcpew 211 Common sense, see Success 
 
 Politics, Dolliver 221 Qualities. 
 
 Politics, Jones 508 Compositor, see Start in life. 
 
 Politics, public utilities, Jones.. 509 Conceit, see Dangers. 
 
 Politics, young men in, Roose- Concentration, see Success Quali- 
 
 velt 174 ties. 
 
 Practice of law, Conwell 428 Concentration of business, see 
 
 Preacher, merchant, lawyer, Dangers. 
 
 politician, doctor, Gunsaulus . 433 Conservatism, see Success Quali- 
 
 Preparation, Depciv 210 ties. 
 
 Preparation, Howells 286 Consistency, see Success Qualities. 
 
 Private secretary, Gould 417 Content, see Success Ideals. 
 
 Publishers, biographies of 663 Contentment, see Success Ideals. 
 
 Railroad business, Van Home. 493 Convictions, see Success Qualities. 
 
 Railroad official, Depew 212 Copying records, see Start in life. 
 
 Reformers, biographies of 708 Cordiality, see Success Qualities. 
 
 Sailors, biographies of 648 Corresponding with papers, see 
 
 Sculptor, poet, artist, Ruck- Start in life, 
 
 stuhl 358 Country school teacher, see Start 
 
 Sculptors, biographies of 690 in life. 
 
 Singers, biographies of 674 Courage, see Success Qualities. 
 
 Soldiers, biographies of 648 Crippled, see Obstacles, 
 
 Statesmen, biographies of 617 Cuba, opportunity in, see Oppor- 
 
 Stick to your calling, Vreeland. 162 tunity. 
 
 Teacher, instructor, Bordcn. . . . 450 Culture, see Success Ideals. 
 
 Telegraphy, Carnegie 54, 55, 57 
 
 Telegraphy, Edison 21, 23, 24 Dangers: 
 
 Telegraphy, learning, dowry, Conceit, Davenport 339 
 
 145, 146, 147 Concentration of business, 
 
 Train despatcher, Van Horne. . 487 Jones 508 
 
 Transportation, leaders, biog- Content in idleness, Choate. . . . 204 
 
 raphies of 629 Expensive habits, smoking, 
 
 Travellers, biographies of 652 Mills 120 
 
 Treasury, Burroughs 408 Hurry, haste, Loudon 481 
 
 United States Army, Miles. . . . 193 Idleness, Gould 417 
 
 Writing for children, Keller. . . 393 Idleness, Mills 117 
 
 Writers, biographies of 695 Indulgence, Herreshoff 534 
 
 Writers, suggestions to, Wil- Inexperience, lack of tact, Mills 123 
 
 cox 276, 281 Luxuries, wealth, power, Bur- 
 Cartoonists, biographies of, see roughs 410 
 
 Careers. Over-estimate of ability, inac- 
 
 Change, see Recreation. tion, Choate 202 
 
 Character, see Success Ideals. Overwork, Markham 269 
 
 Character, see Success Qualities. Ruts, Strauss 423 
 
 Chinese Medal, see Anecdotes. Salary, Van Horne 493 
 
 Civil service, see Careers. Weak points, Herreshoff 538 
 
 Civil War, Conwell 427 Dauntlessness, see Success Quali- 
 
 Clerking, see Start in life. ties. 
 
 5
 
 Topical Index. 
 
 Page 
 
 Page 
 
 Deafness, see Obstacle. Education continued: 
 
 Decision, see Turning Point. Education for women, H. 
 
 Decision, see Success Qualities. Gould 417 
 
 Deliberation, see Success Quali- Effects of, Kcllar 398 
 
 ties. Elementary education, Schur- 
 
 Determination, see Success Quali- man 245 
 
 ties. High school sufficient, Field... 82 
 
 Devotion, see Success Qualities. Home study in art, Oppcr 355 
 
 Dignity, see Success Qualities. Of artists, Abbey 319 
 
 Discipline, see Success Qualities. Of the blind and deaf, Kcllar. . 397 
 
 Discipline, see Methods. Necessary for soldiers, Miles. . 192 
 
 Discouragement, see Failure. Reading my college course, 
 
 Dispatcher, see Careers. Collyer 443 
 
 Divines, biographies of, see Ca- Self-culture, example of, How- 
 
 reers. ells 283 
 
 Doctor, see Careers. Self-culture in art, Gibson 344 
 
 Doing good, see Success Ideals. Self-culture in art, Shrady 367 
 
 Drink, see Health. Student life in Paris, Ruck- 
 
 Drug-store, retail, see Start in life. stuhl 361 
 
 Dutch parentage, see Heredity. Teaching of drawing, Gibson. . 345 
 
 Training in music, Nordica. . . . 545 
 
 Early poverty, see Start in life. Value of, Gage 136 
 
 Early rising, see Methods. Village school, Op per 354 
 
 Early training, see Methods. Effort, see Success Qualities. 
 
 Earnestness, see Success Qualities. Eight-hour work day, see Work. 
 
 Earning his way, see Start in life. Energy, see Success Qualities. 
 
 Economy, see Success Qualities. Enterprise, see Success Qualities. 
 
 Economy, see Methods. Enthusiasm, see Success Qualities. 
 
 Editors, biographies of, see Ca- Essays, see Reading. 
 
 reers. Evening study, see Reading. 
 
 Educators, biographies of, see " Evening," statue, Ruckstuhl. . . . 362. 
 
 Careers., Example, see Success Ideals. 
 
 Education, see Success Ideals. Executive ability, see Success 
 
 Education, contentment, Keller. . 401 Qualities. 
 
 Education: Exercise, see Heatlh. 
 
 A careless student, Wallace 297 Experience, see Methods. 
 
 Advantage of, Platt 227 Explorers, biographies of, see 
 
 Advice how to obtain, Conwell. 430 Careers. 
 
 College an advantage, Riley... 260 
 
 College discipline inadequate, Failure: 
 
 Herreshoff t 535 Began life with, Parent 464 
 
 College not necessary, Field. .. 90 Discouragement, Ruckstuhl.... 363 
 
 College men in demand, Schur- Justify failure, Choate 201 
 
 man 250 " What a failure I am," Daven- 
 
 College not necessary, Gompers 167 port 33^ 
 
 College profitable, Platt 227 Fame, see Success Ideals. 
 
 College practical, Roosevelt 175 Farming, see Careers. 
 
 College vs. home, Gage 135 Farmer's boy, see Start in life. 
 
 Common school sufficient, Farming conditions, see Start in 
 
 dowry 151 life. 
 
 Cut short, Armour 514 Fidelity, see Success Qualities. 
 
 6
 
 Topical Index. 
 
 Page 
 
 Finance, see Careers. 
 
 Financiers, biographies of, see 
 Careers. 
 
 Flying machines, see Achieve- 
 ments. 
 
 "Force," statue, Ruckstuhl 362 
 
 Forceful, see Success Qualities. 
 
 Foresight, see Success Qualities. 
 
 Frankness, see Success Qualities. 
 
 Freedom, see Success Ideals. 
 
 French descent, see Heredity. 
 
 French Huguenots, see Heredity. 
 
 Friends, Keller 400 
 
 Frugality, see Success Qualities. 
 
 Gameness, see Success Qualities. 
 Gas machine, see Achievements. 
 Genius, see Success Qualities. 
 Gift, see Bent. 
 
 Goethe, bust, Ruckstuhl 364 
 
 Golden Mean, see Success Ideals. 
 Golden Rule, see Methods. 
 Good habits, see Success Qualities. 
 Good judgment, see Success 
 
 Qualities. 
 Grocery clerk, see Start in life. 
 
 Habit, see Methods. 
 
 Habits, see Health. 
 
 Happiness, see Success Ideals. 
 
 Hard work, see Success Qualities. 
 
 " Hartranft," statue, Ruckstuhl. . 364 
 
 Haste, see Dangers. 
 
 Health: 
 A prime requisite, Roosevelt... 181 
 
 Good habits, Sage 130 
 
 Habits, Platt 233 
 
 Keeping healthy, Edison 34 
 
 Large and strong, Maxim 40 
 
 Methods of securing, Smith... 456 
 Powerful physique, Nordica... 555 
 
 Heeding advice, see Success 
 Qiialities. 
 
 Heredity: 
 
 American stock, Platt 226 
 
 Chip of the old block, Vander- 
 
 bilt 142 
 
 Dutch parentage, Edison 19 
 
 French descent, Parent 465 
 
 Heir to Vanderbilt millions, 
 Vanderbilt 138 
 
 Page 
 
 Heredity continued : 
 
 Inheritance, Wanamaker 93 
 
 New England annals, Choate.. 203 
 New England stock, Nordica. . 542 
 New England stock, French 
 
 Huguenots, Depezv 209 
 
 Patriot and fighter by inheri- 
 tance, Pingree 77 
 
 Scotch blood, Loudon 479 
 
 Scotch ancestors, Armour 512 
 
 Scottish ancestors, Carnegie ... 52 
 
 Spanish ancestors, Sousa 385 
 
 Swiss ancestors, Keller 395 
 
 Training, teaching, Armour . . . 524 
 United States stock, Borden... 449 
 
 " High Noon," poem, Wilcox. . . . 274 
 
 High school, see Education. 
 
 High thinking, see Success Ideals. 
 
 Home, see Success Ideals. 
 
 Homestead Steel Works, see 
 Achievements. 
 
 Home study, see Education. 
 
 Home study, see Reading. 
 
 Honesty, see Success Qualities. 
 
 Hours of work, see Work. 
 
 Humor, see Success Qualities. 
 
 Humorists, biographies of, see 
 Careers. 
 
 Hurry, see Dangers. 
 
 Idleness, see Dangers. 
 
 " Ike Walton's Prayer," see Suc- 
 cess Ideals. 
 
 Illustrating, see Careers. 
 
 Illustrators, biographies of, see 
 Careers. 
 
 Imagination, see Success Qualities. 
 
 Inaction, see Dangers. 
 
 Inclination, see Bent. 
 
 Income, see Success Ideals. 
 
 Independence, see Success Quali- 
 ties. 
 
 Individuality, see Success Quali- 
 ties. 
 
 Indulgence, see Dangers. 
 
 Industry, see Success Qualities. 
 
 Inexperience, see Dangers. 
 
 Influence: 
 
 Civilizing "bad men," Roose- 
 velt " 184 
 
 In literature, Wilcox 279
 
 Topical Index. 
 
 Page 
 
 Influence continued : 
 Mme Maretzek, Brignola, Nor- 
 
 dica 546 
 
 Young women who become 
 wives, London 481 
 
 Inheritance, see Heredity. 
 
 Initiative, see Success Qualities. 
 
 Inspiration, sec Success Qualities. 
 
 Instructor, see Careers. 
 
 Integrity, see Success Qualities. 
 
 Intellect, see Success Qualities. 
 
 Interest, see Success Qualities. 
 
 Inventors, biographies of, see Ca- 
 reers. 
 
 Janitor, see Start in life. 
 
 "Joe Jefferson's Life," see Anec- 
 dotes. 
 
 Journalism, see Careers. 
 
 Journalists, biographies of, see 
 Careers. 
 
 Jurists, biographies of, see Ca- 
 reers. 
 
 Justice, see Success Qualities. 
 
 Keystone Bridge Works, see 
 
 Achievements. 
 Knowledge of different sections, 
 
 Smith 459 
 
 Knowledge, see Success Qualities. 
 
 "Laugh and the World Laughs," 
 
 poem, Wilcox 273 
 
 Law, see Careers. 
 
 Laws, see Achievements. 
 
 Lawyers biographies of, see Ca- 
 reers. 
 
 Leaders, Herreshoff 537 
 
 Leaders, industrial, biographies 
 of, see Careers. 
 
 Leaders, political, biographies of, 
 see Careers. 
 
 Leaders, transportation, biogra- 
 phies of, see Careers. 
 
 Leadership, see Success Qualities. 
 
 Leaning, see Bent. 
 
 Lecturing, see Careers. 
 
 Lecturers, biographies of, see Ca- 
 reers. 
 
 Leisure time, Opper 355 
 
 Libraries, see Reading. 
 
 Page 
 
 8 
 
 Liquors, see Health. 
 
 Literature, influence of, sec Influ- 
 ence. 
 
 Literature, see Careers. 
 
 Love for humanity, Strauss 423 
 
 Love your work, see Sitccess 
 Qualities. 
 
 Loyalty, see Success Qualities. 
 
 Luck: 
 
 No such thing, Sage 127 
 
 Of preparation, Choate 199 
 
 Luxuries, see Dangers. 
 
 Macaulay, bust, Ruckstuhl 364 
 
 " Man with the Hoe," poem, see 
 Work. 
 
 Manhood, sec Success Qualities. 
 
 Manliness, see Success Qualities. 
 
 Manufactures, biographies of, see 
 Careers. 
 
 Mathematics, see Reading. 
 
 ''Mayday Morn," painting, Abbey. 317 
 
 Mayoralty of Detroit, sec 
 Achievements. 
 
 Mechanics, see Bent. 
 
 Mechanics, see Careers. 
 
 Memory, see Mother. 
 
 Memory, see Success Qualities. 
 
 Merchant, see Careers. 
 
 Merchants, biographies of, sec 
 Careers. 
 
 Mercury, statue, Ruckstuhl 364 
 
 Merit, see Success Qualities. 
 
 Messenger boy, see Start in life. 
 
 Methods: 
 
 American methods, Lipton in 
 
 Apprentice system, Herreshoff. 535 
 
 Arbitration, Gompers 171 
 
 Artists sketches, Opper 357 
 
 Best known methods, Armour. 520 
 Clerical work overtime, Vree- 
 
 land 155 
 
 Combine books and observa- 
 tion, Lipton 1 16 
 
 " Early rising," Armour 511 
 
 Early training, Gunsaulus 439 
 
 Economy, discipline, system, 
 
 Armour 513 
 
 Edison's day's work, Edison... 33 
 
 Experience, Wanamaker 103 
 
 Develop ability, Herreshoff 536
 
 Topical Index. 
 
 Page 
 
 Methods continued : 
 
 Doing my best, dowry 147 
 
 Getting work before public, 
 
 Wilcox 277 
 
 Golden Rule, Jones 505 
 
 Habit of thrift, Mills 119 
 
 Habit of studying and thinking, 
 
 Campers 167 
 
 High-priced men and one-man 
 
 power, Vreeland 162 
 
 I always carry a sketch-book, 
 
 Opper 357 
 
 Imitating writings of others, 
 
 Hoivclls 286 
 
 In authorship, Wilcox 281 
 
 In building career, London. .. . 480 
 
 I never worried, Pingree 75 
 
 I never mapped out my life, 
 
 Pingree 74 
 
 I perform more services than 
 
 allotted, dowry 149 
 
 I work methodically, Opper... 354 
 
 Literary methods, Wilcox 275 
 
 Of a bandmaster, Sousa 387 
 
 Of a general, Miles 190 
 
 Of a merchant, Field 86 
 
 Of a governor with petitioners, 
 
 Pingree 72 
 
 Of an artist, Remington 330 
 
 Of an inventor, Maxim 50 
 
 Of a sculptor, Ruckstuhl 364 
 
 Of a writer, Harrison 307 
 
 Of a writer, Hozvell 289 
 
 Of composition, Sousa 389 
 
 Of daily work, Edison 33 
 
 Of daily work, Parent 461 
 
 Of drawing cartoons, Opper. . . 354 
 
 Of early training, Depew 209 
 
 Of inventing, Edison 28 
 
 Of naturalist, Burroughs 411 
 
 Of nature study, Burroughs... 409 
 Of railroad men, Vanderbilt... 141. 
 
 Of promotion, Carnegie 65 
 
 Of rehearsal, Mansfield 382 
 
 Of the rising man, Carnegie. . . 59 
 Of sculpturing horses, Shrady. 370 
 
 Of successful men, Gage 135 
 
 Preparation, Vanderbilt 143 
 
 Preparation for practical pur- 
 suits, London 483 
 
 Rise early, Armour 522 
 
 Page 
 Methods continued : 
 
 Route to success, Pingree 75 
 
 Sacrifices, Dollivcr 220 
 
 " Save early, invest securely," 
 
 Carnegie 62 
 
 Science of achievement, Lip- 
 ton 12 
 
 Studied to win promotion, Ar- 
 mour 513 
 
 The true bosses, Carnegie 69 
 
 To get to the top, Maxim 41 
 
 To induce saving, Carnegie. ... 65 
 To win promotion, Carnegie. . . 60 
 
 " You strive," Ruckstuhl 365 
 
 Metropolitan Street Railway Sys- 
 tem, see Achievements. 
 Mind stuff, see Reading. 
 Ministry, see Careers. 
 Minneapolis Tribune, see Achieve- 
 ments. 
 
 Misfortune, see Obstacles. 
 Modesty, see Success Qualities. 
 Money, see Wealth. 
 Mother: 
 
 Early teaching, Plait 227 
 
 Home manager, Stephens 324 
 
 Influence of, Herrcshoff 534 
 
 Influence of mother, Markham. 267 
 
 Interest and care of, Field 82 
 
 Memory of home, Johnson .... 234 
 Select a good mother, Her- 
 
 reshoff 533 
 
 Should study each child, Her- 
 
 reshoff 538 
 
 Strict, but very tender, Platt.. . 226 
 
 Tribute to, Herreshoff 539 
 
 " Mr. Dinkelspiel," see Achieve- 
 ments. 
 
 Musicians, biographies of, see Ca- 
 reers. 
 
 Nature, love of, Burroughs 410 
 
 Nature study, Burroughs 409 
 
 New England stock, see Hered- 
 ity. 
 
 Newsboy, see Start in life. 
 New York, alone in, see Start in 
 
 life. 
 
 New York University, Gould. . . . 419 
 New York University, Conwell. . 431 
 Night study, see Reading.
 
 Topical Index. 
 
 Page 
 
 Novelists, biographies of, see Ca- 
 reers. 
 
 Observation, see Success Quali- 
 ties. 
 Obstacles: 
 
 Blindness, Herreshoff 539 
 
 Cost of distinction, Nordica . . . 557 
 
 Crippled, Wilder. 373 
 
 Deaf, dumb and blind, Keller. . 396 
 
 Delicate health, Roosevelt 181 
 
 Disappointment, Davenport.... 336 
 
 Fire of 1871, Field 86 
 
 Glorious to be barred, Riley. . . 259 
 Misfortune, advantage of, Con- 
 well 426 
 
 Telegraph was new, dowry... 147 
 Ohio, iron bridge across, see 
 
 Achievements. 
 Ohio Wesleyan Seminary, Gun- 
 
 saulus 434 
 
 Operas and marches, see Achieve- 
 ments. 
 Opportunity: 
 
 A chance for all, Carnegie 58 
 
 American new possessions, De- 
 pew 216 
 
 Ample, Jones 509 
 
 Better, larger, Armour 512 
 
 Better than ever, Herreshoff... 537 
 Chances of rising, Herreshoff.. 537 
 
 Come to all, Choate 200 
 
 Come to every one, Strauss 423 
 
 Commercial better than ever, 
 
 dowry 151 
 
 Commercial life heavily handi- 
 capped, Jones 508 
 
 Conditions more favorable, 
 
 Wanamaker 105 
 
 Could start anew and win, Lip- 
 ton in 
 
 Countless things to do, Lipton. 115 
 
 East and West, Sage 128 
 
 Everyone has good chance, Sage 127 
 Everything open to youth, 
 
 Howells 283 
 
 For art study in America, Gib- 
 son 351, 352 
 
 For young preacher, Gunsaulus 439 
 For country boys, Sage 129 
 
 Page 
 
 Opportunity continued : 
 For great American women 
 
 singers, Nordica 556 
 
 For young men, Dolliver 222 
 
 Great Britain vs. America, Lip- 
 ton 114 
 
 Greater than ever before, Ar- 
 mour 527 
 
 Improved by education, Roose- 
 velt 177 
 
 In Canada, Borden 448 
 
 In Canada, London 482 
 
 In Canada, Smith 456 
 
 In Canadian Northwest, Blair.. 474 
 In Canada for young men, Blair 473 
 
 In Cuba, Van Home 496 
 
 Increased a thousandfold, Mills 
 
 120, 121 
 
 In realm of electricity, Edison. 30 
 In towns and cities, Roosevelt. 175 
 
 In Quebec, Parent 466 
 
 In Quebec, Ontario, and North- 
 west, Van Home 492 
 
 Less than formerly, Pingrce ... 76 
 Make opportunity, Herreshoff.. 536 
 Merit quickly rewarded, dowry 148 
 
 More than in past, DC pew 207 
 
 More things to do, Depezv 208 
 
 Moving grain and cattle, Ar- 
 mour 517 
 
 New industries, broader fields, 
 
 Sage 128 
 
 No time like present, Mills 118 
 
 Of a small church, Gunsaulus. . 435 
 Of becoming proprietor, Her- 
 reshoff 538 
 
 Our new possessions, Gun- 
 saulus 439 
 
 Plentiful, Depew 208 
 
 Right men in demand, Carne- 
 gie 59 
 
 Seizing opportunities, Wana- 
 maker 98 
 
 To convey water, Armour 517 
 
 To create, to develop, Van 
 
 Home 488 
 
 To rise quickly, Carnegie 52 
 
 We are what we choose, Gun- 
 saulus 435 
 
 Ontario, opportunity in, see Op- 
 portunity. 
 
 1O
 
 Topical Index. 
 
 Orators, biographies of, see Ca- 
 reers. 
 
 Oratory, see Careers. 
 
 Organizers, biographies of, see 
 Careers. 
 
 Out-of-doors, see Recreation. 
 
 Overwork, see Dangers. 
 
 Painstaking, see Success Quali- 
 ties. 
 
 Painting, see Careers. 
 
 Painting, see Recreation. 
 
 Paris, Nordica 551 
 
 Partnership, see Achievements. 
 
 Patience, see Success Qualities. 
 
 Patriotism, Gould 416 
 
 Peace, see Success Ideals. 
 
 Peace of Mind, Burroughs 410 
 
 Perseverance, see Success Quali- 
 ties. 
 
 Persistence, see Success Quali- 
 ties. 
 
 Philanthropists, biographies of, 
 see Careers. 
 
 Philosophy, see Success Qualities. 
 
 Photograph supply store, see 
 Start in life. 
 
 Physical strength, see Success 
 Qualities. 
 
 Physique, see Health. 
 
 Poems, see Achievements. 
 
 Poetry, see Reading. 
 
 Poets, biographies of, see Careers. 
 
 Poets, see Careers. 
 
 Political honors, see Achieve- 
 ments. 
 
 Politics, see Careers. 
 
 Poverty, see Success Qualities. 
 
 Poverty: 
 
 An incentive, Choate 203 
 
 Purpose through poverty, 
 
 Choate 202 
 
 Want urges to effort, Edison.. 26 
 
 Position, see Success Ideals. 
 
 Power, see Dangers. 
 
 Preachers, see Careers. 
 
 Preparation, see Careers. 
 
 Preparation, see Method. 
 
 Principles, see Success Qualities. 
 
 Printer's devil, see Start in Life. 
 
 Page Page 
 
 Printing office, see Start in Life. 
 
 Progress, Parent 468 
 
 Promotion, Carnegie 58 
 
 Promptness, see Success Quali- 
 ties. 
 
 Public service, see Success Ideals. 
 
 Publishers, biographies of, see 
 Careers. 
 
 " Puck," see Achievements. 
 
 Punctuality, see Success Quali- 
 ties. 
 
 Purpose, see Success Qualities. 
 
 "Push, see Success Qualities. 
 
 Quebec, opportunity in, see Op- 
 portunity. 
 
 Rapid-fire gun, see Achievements. 
 Reading: 
 
 A great advantage, Plait 228 
 
 Always carried a book, Con- 
 well 427 
 
 Books and the maiden, Collyer. 442 
 Col. Anderson's library, Car- 
 negie 53 
 
 " Congressional Record," Dol- 
 
 liver 219 
 
 Evening study, Wallace 301 
 
 Home study, Clowry 148 
 
 I devoured poetry, Markham.. 268 
 
 I loved to read, Wallace 298 
 
 I made use of books, Field 82 
 
 Influence of, Armour 513 
 
 Many hours with great au- 
 thors, Gage 132 
 
 Mathematics, Edison 19 
 
 " Progress and Poverty," John- 
 son 238 
 
 Read because I wanted to read, 
 
 Howells 293 
 
 Reading constantly, Howells. . . 284 
 
 Scientific books, Edison 23 
 
 Study nights, Gunsaulus 434 
 
 Study all the time, Conwell 431 
 
 Taste ran to essays, Burroughs. 407 
 Tried to read entire free li- 
 brary, Edison 19 
 
 Uses mind-stuff, Howells 288 
 
 Recreation: 
 
 Change or recreation, Herre- 
 shoff 535 
 
 11
 
 Topical Index. 
 
 Page 
 
 Soldiers, biographies of, sec Ca- 
 reers. 
 
 Page 
 
 Recreation continued : 
 
 In painting pictures, Van Home 495 
 
 Out-of-doors, Roosevelt 176 " Solon," bust, Ruckstuhl 364 
 
 Yachting, Lipton 116 Spanish ancestors, see Heredity. 
 
 Reformers, biographies of, see Start in Life: 
 
 Careers. A little barren hut, Jones 501 
 
 Retire early, see Health. Alone in N. Y., Lipton no 
 
 Riches, see Wealth. A newsboy, Edison 20 
 
 Rising in the world, see Oppor- A printer's devil, Op per 355 
 
 tunity. As a clerk, Field 83 
 
 Ruts, see Dangers. Begin at the bottom, Vander- 
 
 bilt 139 
 
 Bottom of the ladder, Mills.. . . 122 
 
 Sacrifice, see Success Qualities. Capital twenty dollars, Collyer. 444 
 
 Sailors, biographies of, see Ca- Cattle range and farm, Mark- 
 
 reers. ham 268 
 
 Salary, see Dangers. Clerk, Mansfield 381 
 
 Saving, see Methods. Clerk in store, Schurman 246 
 
 Saving, see Success Qualities. Compositor in N. Y., Opper. . . 355 
 
 Scholarship, see Achievements. Copying records, Wallace 300 
 
 School days, see Education. Corresponding with papers, 
 
 Sculptor, see Careers. Houiells 287 
 
 Seclusion, Burroughs 410 Country school teacher, Dolli- 
 
 Secretary, see Careers. ver 220 
 
 Self-confidence, see Success Depended early upon self. Mills 119 
 
 Qualities. Dollar and a half a week, Wana- 
 
 Self-culture, see Education. maker 93 
 
 Self-denial, see Success Qualities. Early poverty, Jones 502 
 
 Self-help, see Success Qualities. Earned his own way, Depew.. . 208 
 
 Self-reliance, see Success Quali- Farm boy at seventeen, Pingree 72 
 
 ties. Farmer's boy, Burroughs 405 
 
 Self-respect, see Success Quali- Farmer's boy, Field 81 
 
 tics. Farmer's boy, Schurman 244 
 
 Scotch blood, see Heredity. Farming conditions, Field 81 
 
 Sentiment, see Success Qualities. Farming, studying, teaching, 
 
 Shoe factory, sec Start in Life. Burroughs 408 
 
 Shoveling gravel, see Start in Grocery clerk, Sage 126 
 
 Life. Introduced to the broom, Car- 
 Shrewdness, see Success Quali- negie 56 
 
 tics. I used to get my own meals, 
 
 Simple life, see Success Ideals. dowry 146 
 
 Simplicity, see Sticcess Ideals. Janitor, Gage 132 
 
 Sincerity, see Success Qualities. Messenger boy, dowry 145 
 
 Singers, biographies of, see Ca- Nordica's first tour, Nordica. . 549 
 
 reers. On the farm, Conwell 426 
 
 Sleeping-car industry, Carnegie.. 60 Photograph supply store, Ruck- 
 Smokeless powder, see Achieve- stuhl 359 
 
 ments. Printing office, Davenport 337 
 
 Smoking, see Health. Retail drug store, Platt 229 
 
 Smoking, see Dangers. Rich men's sons, Carnegie 69 
 
 Society, Gould 418 Shoe factory, Pingree 73 
 
 12
 
 Topical Index. 
 
 Page 
 
 Start in Life continued : 
 Shoveling gravel, Vrceland. .. . 154 
 
 The farm, Armour 514 
 
 Thirty dollars a year, Schur- 
 
 man 245 
 
 Utility boy on railroad, Van 
 
 Home 487 
 
 Young men without capital, 
 
 Carnegie 51, 52 
 
 Statesmen, biographies of, see 
 
 Careers. 
 
 Statues, see Achievements. 
 Steam motors, see Achievements. 
 Steel works, see Achievements. 
 Stick-to-a-tive-ness, see Success 
 
 Qualities. 
 
 Stores, see Achievements. 
 Storey Farm, Oil Creek, Pa., 
 
 Carnegie 63 
 
 Strict attention, see Success 
 
 Qualities. 
 Submarine cable device, see 
 
 Achievements. 
 
 " Suburban resident," see Achieve- 
 ments. 
 Success, see Success Ideals. 
 
 Success, Blair 473 
 
 Success, Mansfield 380 
 
 Success Ideals: 
 
 Achievement, contentment, 
 wealth and power, Van 
 
 Home 485 
 
 A comfortable home, Blair 475 
 
 An ideal example, Burroughs.. 404 
 Broaden and enjoy life, Bur- 
 roughs 410 
 
 Character, Blair 476 
 
 Content, Burroughs 405 
 
 Cultivation, mind and heart, 
 
 Jones 509 
 
 Doing good, Depew 218 
 
 Education before wealth, Keller 401 
 Fame, position, income, Choate. 199 
 
 Final aristocracy, Carnegie 66 
 
 Freedom and peace, Burroughs. 405 
 
 Golden mean, Burroughs 412 
 
 Great men need little money, 
 
 Burroughs 403 
 
 Happiness, Choate 204, 205 
 
 Happiness, Howells 294, 295 
 
 High thinking, Burroughs 407 
 
 Page 
 
 Success Ideals continued : 
 " Ike Walton's Prayer," Rilcy, 
 
 253, 254 
 
 Material success, Depew 216 
 
 Money making not a success, 
 
 Dolliver 223 
 
 Not high enough, Gunsaulus. . . 438 
 
 Of a minister, Gunsaulus 436 
 
 Public service, Field 91 
 
 Simplicity, unconventionality, 
 
 Blair 477 
 
 Something for others, Armour. 527 
 " The Creed," poem, Wilcox. . . 274 
 The Simple Life, Burroughs. .. 410 
 To do everything, H. Gould.. . . 415 
 Usefulness to others, Jones. .. . 510 
 Usefulness to society, Van 
 
 Home 486 
 
 Wealth a false ideal, Parent... . 467 
 
 Wider and greater, Field 89 
 
 Success Qualities: 
 Ability, energy, will, ambition, 
 
 Borden 
 
 Adaptability, attention, Plait... 
 
 Ambition, Sage 
 
 Ambition, Vanderbilt 
 
 Application, Armour 
 
 Application, concentration, Edi- 
 son 29 
 
 Application, honesty, Conwcll. 431 
 Attention, deliberate, consis- 
 tent, Strauss 425 
 
 Attention, will, stick, energy, 
 
 industry, Strauss 424 
 
 Canniness, energy, conserva- 
 tism, sentiment, Parent 469 
 
 Character, Miles 192 
 
 Common sense, Gunsaulus 436 
 
 Common sense, Roosevelt 178 
 
 Concentration, Edison 29 
 
 Concentration of thought, 
 
 Wanamaker 104 
 
 Consistency, honesty, hard 
 
 work, Depeiv 215 
 
 Convictions, desire to achieve, 
 
 Gunsaulus 435 
 
 Convictions, character, Jones.. . 508 
 Convictions, work, public fa- 
 vor, Gunsaulus 433 
 
 Cordiality, dignity, Borden 453 
 
 Courage, honesty, Roosevelt... 177
 
 Topical Index. 
 
 Page 
 Success Qualities continued : 
 
 Courage, Miles 194 
 
 Courage, energy, ambition, 
 
 Smith 459 
 
 Courage our national virtue, 
 
 Miles 194 
 
 Dauntlessness, loyal, Miles. . . . 191 
 Decision, independence, Mills.. 120 
 Determination, application, Ste- 
 phens 324 
 
 Determination, Op per 353 
 
 Determination, ambition, Oppcr 354 
 
 Devotion, Campers 171 
 
 Devotion, time, thought, energy, 
 
 Nordica 543 
 
 Dignity, self-reliance, self-re- 
 spect, Borden 450 
 
 Discipline, Strauss 423 
 
 Earnestness, honesty, Lipton... 113 
 
 Economy, Parent 461 
 
 Economy, Strauss 422 
 
 Effort, economy, common- 
 sense, Wanamaker 107 
 
 Energy, work hard, Gunsaulus. 439 
 Enthusiasm, interest, Van 
 
 Home 494 
 
 Executive ability, Herreshoff. . 537 
 Fidelity, loyalty, manhood, Platt 232 
 
 Foresight, Roosevelt 176 
 
 Frankness, honesty, energy, 
 
 pe r severance, Pingree 77 
 
 Frugality, honesty, energy, in- 
 tegrity, Field. 89 
 
 Gameness, integrity, forceful 
 
 character, Roosevelt 186 
 
 Genius, devotion, application, 
 
 Collyer 445 
 
 Good judgment, Field 87 
 
 Good habits, perseverance, 
 
 Wilcox 281 
 
 Hard work, Gunsaulus 433 
 
 Heeding advice, thought, mem- 
 ory, observation, Herreshoff. 540 
 Honest dealing, adaptability, 
 
 strict attention, Platt 231 
 
 Honesty, Field 91 
 
 Honesty, courage, Roosevelt. . . 177 
 Honesty, industry and thrift, 
 
 Parent 466 
 
 Honesty, Lipton 113 
 
 Honesty, Sage 129 
 
 Page 
 
 Success Qualities continued : 
 
 Humility, Mills 122 
 
 Humor, shrewdness, patience, 
 
 Loudon 479 
 
 Imagination, Ruckstuhl 365 
 
 Imagination, philosophy, Lou- 
 don 484 
 
 Independence, interest, con- 
 centration, inspiration, Van 
 
 Home 493 
 
 Individuality, Gibson 346, 347 
 
 Individuality, energy, will, per- 
 severance, Pingree 77 
 
 Initiative, justice, Van Home.. 486 
 
 Inspiration, Ruckstuhl 362 
 
 Integrity, energy, business abil- 
 ity, Armour 520 
 
 Intellect, energy, ambition, 
 
 Maxim 37 
 
 I would stick to it, Conwell.. .. 427 
 Knowledge, convictions, atten- 
 tion to details, Borden 452 
 
 Leadership, Gunsaulus 440 
 
 Love your work, Alans field. . . . 380 
 
 Loyalty, Gompers 172 
 
 Manhood, Platt 232 
 
 Manliness, persistency, willing- 
 ness to work, Jones 501 
 
 Merit, Herreshoff 538 
 
 Modesty, Armour 512 
 
 Modesty, Gould 416 
 
 Painstaking, energy, Mansfield. 381 
 
 Painstaking, Abbey 318 
 
 Patience, perseverance, fidelity, 
 
 Keller 400 
 
 Perseverance, Gage 134 
 
 Persistence, Riley 258 
 
 Persistence and hard work, 
 
 Sousa 388 
 
 Physical strength, Depew 210 
 
 Poverty, work, Jones 510 
 
 Principles, health, ambition, 
 
 Field 84 
 
 Prompt, bright, willing, accom- 
 modating, Wanamaker 94 
 
 Punctuality, Parent 463 
 
 Purpose, Choate 202 
 
 Purpose, energy, determina- 
 tion, concentration, will, Bor- 
 den 448 
 
 Push, Wanamaker 106
 
 Topical Index. 
 
 Page 
 
 Success Qualities continued : 
 
 Sacrifice, devotion, Gompers... 171 
 
 Saving, Carnegie 62 
 
 Saving money, thrift, Car- 
 negie 69 
 
 Self-confidence, Ruckstuhl 361 
 
 Self-denial, industry, econ- 
 omy, attention, purpose, Her- 
 
 rcshoff 533 
 
 Self-help, recreation, very best 
 
 work, Hcrrcshoff 534 
 
 Self-respect, Strauss 422 
 
 Sincerity, energy, purpose, per- 
 severance, Pingree 77 
 
 System, Armour 518 
 
 System, good measure, Armour 519 
 Talent, persistence, energy, en- 
 thusiasm, determination, toil, 
 
 Riley 258 
 
 Temperament, energy, Herre- 
 
 shoff 535 
 
 Thoroughness, Maxim 41 
 
 Thrift, Carnegie 69 
 
 Thrift applied to saving, Lipton 115 
 Thrift, hard work, Carnegie... 67 
 
 Truth, Armour 520 
 
 Versatility, Roosevelt 176 
 
 Vigilance, Parent 465 
 
 Wide awake, attention to duty, 
 
 integrity, Strauss 424 
 
 Will, character, determination, 
 
 Nordica 542 
 
 Will power, Wilcox 282 
 
 Willingness, Vreeland 156 
 
 Work, Abbey 319 
 
 Zeal, determination, enterprise, 
 
 Loudon 482 
 
 Swiss ancestors, see Heredity. 
 System, see Success Qualities. 
 System, see Methods. 
 
 Tact, lack of, see Dangers. 
 
 Talent, see Bent. 
 
 Talent, see Success Qualities. 
 
 Teacher, see Careers. 
 
 Telegraphic recorder, see Achieve- 
 ments. 
 
 Telegraphy, see Careers. 
 
 Temperament, see Success Quali- 
 ties. 
 
 Temple College, Conwell 430 
 
 Pag* 
 
 " The Birth of the Opal," poem, 
 
 Wilcox 274 
 
 " The Creed," poem, see Success 
 
 Qualities. 
 "The Empty Saddle," statue, 
 
 Shrady 369 
 
 " The Fair God," see Achieve- 
 ments. 
 
 "The Two Glasses," poem, Wil- 
 cox 274 
 
 Thoroughness, see Success Qauli- 
 
 ties. 
 
 Thought, see Success Qualities. 
 Thrift, see Success Qualities. 
 Time, see Success Qualities. 
 Titles, see Achievements. 
 " To an Astrologer," poem, Wil- 
 cox 274 
 
 Toil, see Success Qualities. 
 Treasury, see Careers. 
 Truth, see Success Qualities. 
 Turning Points: 
 A fortunate misfortune, John- 
 son 236 
 
 Decision to be a sculptor, Ruck- 
 stuhl 360 
 
 Decision to go to college, 
 
 Schurman 246 
 
 Entered telegraph office, Car- 
 negie 54 
 
 I began to save, Armour 520 
 
 I determined to start for Chi- 
 cago, Gage 133 
 
 I must go to America, Collyer. 444 
 I sold my country store, Sage. . 127 
 I went West to Chicago, Field. 83 
 
 Law case, Conwell 429 
 
 Making the first note, Carnegie 62 
 Saving the first five thousand 
 
 dollars, Field 87 
 
 Starting grocery store, Lipton.. in 
 Threw down my pitch-fork, 
 Armour <t ... 515 
 
 Unconventionality, see Success 
 
 Ideals. 
 
 United States Army, see Careers. 
 United States Express Co., see 
 
 Achievements. 
 United States stock, see Heredity.
 
 Topical Index. 
 
 Page 
 
 Upper Union Rolling Mills, see 
 Achievements. 
 
 Usefulness to others, see Success 
 Ideals. 
 
 Usefulness to society, see Suc- 
 cess Ideals. 
 
 Utility boy, see Start in Life. 
 
 Vacation, Van Home 494 
 
 Vanderbilt millions, see Heredity. 
 
 Vanderbilt system, see Achieve- 
 ments. 
 
 Versatility, see Success Quali- 
 ties. 
 
 "Victory," statue, Ruckstuhl 364 
 
 Victories, see Achievements. 
 
 Vigilance, see Success Qualities. 
 
 Vigor, see Health. 
 
 Vitality, see Health. 
 
 Walking, see Health. 
 
 Want, see Poverty. 
 
 Weak points, see Dangers. 
 
 Wealth: 
 
 A sacred trust, Carnegie 67 
 
 Benefactor to mankind, Mills. . 118 
 
 Money his servant, Jones 510 
 
 Never disturbs me, Burroughs. 403 
 
 Responsibility of, Mills 123 
 
 Rich without money, Bur- 
 roughs 412 
 
 Slaves of wealth, Jones 510 
 
 Wealth, see Success Ideals. 
 
 West, Conwell 427 
 
 " Wherever you are," poem, Wil- 
 cox 274 
 
 Wide awake, see Success Quali- 
 ties. 
 
 Will, see Success Qualities. 
 
 Willingness, see Success Quali- 
 ties. 
 
 Will power, see Success Quali- 
 ties. 
 
 " Wisdom," statue, Ruckstuhl 362 
 
 Wives, influence of, see Influence. 
 
 Page 
 
 " Woody Crest," Gould 415 
 
 Women, education for, see Edu- 
 cation. 
 Work: 
 
 Ability to work hard, Roose- 
 velt 176 
 
 Eight-hour work day, Gompers 170 
 
 Heart and soul in, Lipton 113 
 
 I like it, Edison 27, 29 
 
 I must work and perfect my- 
 self, Nordica 545 
 
 Influence of, Markham 269 
 
 Keynote of success, Mills 117 
 
 Let the work show, Herreshoff 532 
 Literary life me.ans work, Riley 260 
 
 Love your work, Mansfield 380 
 
 Making a great voice, Nordica. 542 
 " Man with the Hoe," Mark- 
 ham 264 
 
 Moderate number of hours, 
 
 Depcw 214 
 
 Nobility of work, Collycr 445 
 
 Record of steady work, Abbey. 317 
 
 Short hours, Field 88 
 
 Twenty hours a day, Edison. . . 27 
 
 Work all the time, Gibson 349 
 
 Work hard on long lines, Coll- 
 
 yer 445 
 
 Work incessantly, Gibson 349 
 
 " Work is to my taste," Van- 
 derbilt 140 
 
 Work long time without sleep, 
 
 Wanamaker 105 
 
 Working hours, Gunsaulus. . . . 438 
 Work, see Success Qualities. 
 Work hard, see Success Quali- 
 ties. 
 
 Writers, biographies of, see Ca- 
 reers. 
 
 Yachting, see Recreation. 
 
 Yale College, Conwell 
 
 Young men, see Start in life. 
 
 Zeal, see Success Qualities. 
 
 427 
 
 16
 
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