.#^u?^.-!^ A A r- 1 c; HERN 1 2 6 o 2 8 2 YFACILT 1 ^Ii«ii^' -..*' .^ ._.•-< f^K ■U,'A^.iA!,A. \ ■M. '&Aiiva8n# ^lUBRARYOc. ^^tUBRARYOc. ^cwnvDio'^ ^-yojiivojo^ AMfUNIVERS/A • rs J ^OFCAIIFOR^ ^OFCAllFORj^ .^ ^ ,5MEUNIVER% %a3AiNaaw^ ^>&Aava8n-# '^^Aavaain'^'^ "%uonvsoi^ 5^^^l•UBRARY0/^ AWEUNIVER% ^lOSANCnfj'^ ^i^OJIlVD-jO'^ :lOS•ANCEl% -^IUBRARYOc^ ^tUBRARY^/. ,^V\EUNIVERS'//v. ^i»ojiiv3Jo^ ^^m\m'i^^ U >i-y 7 Location and pliysiral gcograjihy S AV'atcr courses 10 Climate 11 The Hot Springs la Forest growth? 18 Mines and mineral resources -- Agricultural resources -G .State products -0 A gricultural Statistics o 2 Pruit growing .'l J Stock raising and dairy ]n-oducts o'J ^lanufactures 41 Value of laud -iu Government lands 44 State lands 44 Taxes 4G Arkan sas securi t ics 40 Education 47 Benevolent and reformatoi'v institutions :,i State Industrial Un i versit y oo Judsonia College colony , i>S The state exemption and homi'steail law GO Levee bonds G 1 Public debt of the state Gi Animals, birds and insects of tlie state G2 Value of real and p i-rsonal propsrty g;; Price; of labor g;> Profits accruing from hilifn' G4 How to roach Arkansas G4 List of newspapers in Arkansas G6 List of state officers of Arkansas G7 Suffrage 07 Senators and congressmen of Arkansas 67 List of money order offices in Arkansas 6S Eailroads and railroad lands 68 Description of coun tie> 87 The state capital 133 Notices of the press 13j AN ACT TO ENCOUPxAGE IMMIGRATION TO THE STATE OF ARKANSAS. Whereas, The time has arrived when the subject of immi- gration should receive the immediate services and unremitted attention of every well-meaning' citizen of Arkansas, in order to settle our sparsely populated state by the introduction of a people recommended by their loyalty, their industry and intel- ligence ; and Whekeas, That, in order to secure this end, every induce- ment should 1)0 ofrered that class of immigrants, come from what portion of the civilized world they may, and the devel- opment of our agricultural and mineral resources should b« encouraged ; and Whereas, The pamphlet published by James V. Henry, entitled "Eesources of the State of Arkansas," etc., has been indorsed by the leading railway companies of the state, the leading journals of the state and many prominent journals of other states, the commissioner of immigration and state lands and nearly all the other state officers, and the unanimous in- dorsement of the people of this state; and Whereas, Fifteen thousand copies of this pamphlet have been circulated throughout the United States and in Europe, and the attention of the people of other states has been at- tracted to Arkansas by means ot this pamphlet; and Whereas, James P. Henry has distributed over four thou- sand five hundred copies of this pamphlet at his own expense, involving said James P. Henry in a loss over two thousand dollar:^ ; therefore. Be it rnacicd Inj Ihc (ifmral A.^siinbl'j of the State of Arkansas: Section 1. That the sum of fifteen thousand ($15,000) dol- lars is hereby appropriated, out of any money in the treasury EESUUKCE8 OF AlUvxiJStiAS. of the state not otherwise appropriated, for the purpose of pay- ing James P. Henry for a further edition of his pamphlet enti- tled "Resources of the State of Arkansas," etc. Sec. 2. Be it farther enacted., That whenever the said_ James P. Henry shall deliver to the commissioner of immigration and state lands or to the board of immigration tw^enty-five thousand copies of his pamphlet entitled "Resources of the State of Ar- kansas," etc., twenty thousand copies of whioh^shall be pub- lished in the English language and five thousand copies in the German language, he shall present his account to the auditor of the state, and said auditor of the State of Arkansas shall draw his warrant on the treasurer of the state for the sum of fifteen thousand (^15,000) dollars, as provided in the preceding section. Sec. 3. Be itfurtlicr enacted, That it sliall be the duty of the commissioner of immigration and state lands or the secrctar}' of the board of immigration to distribute said pamphlets pur- chased of James P. Henry, wherever, in his opinion, they will be productive in promoting immigration to this state. CIIAS. W. TAMiERSLEY, Speaker of the House of Representatives. Y. Y. SMITH, President of the Senate. Approved April 28, 1873. ELISHA BAXTER, Governor of the State of Arkansas. OFFICE SECllETARY OF STATE, AllKANSAS. I, J. ]M. Johnson, Secretary of State of Arkansas, ccrtif}' that the above and foregoing is a true copy of the original act enti- tled "An act to encourage immigration to the Stale of Arkan- sas," approved April 28, 1873. Ill testimony whereof, I have hereunto set my hand and affixed my seal of office, at Little Rock, this [seal.] twenty ninth day of April, A. D. 1873. J. M. JOUNSOX, Secretary of State. By FKA^'K Strong, Deputy. HISTORICAL. Arkansas formed a part of the Louisiana territory. It was originally settled by the Frencli in 1G70. It was ceded in 130o by France to the United States. According to Rev. F. Banks (reported in his Universal Geography, published during the reign of His Majesty George III.), as exhibited by a map exe- cuted by T. Bowcn, geographer, fob 493, agreeable to treaty of 1784, Louisiana then extended from 20"^ to 40^ north latitude. It was bounded on the north by tlie territory of the (wild) Indians, east by Florida, south by the Gulf of Mexico, and west by New Mexico, which is now known as Texas. In 1720, the French succeeded in making a few settlements, beside the "Isle of Dauphine'' (Mobile), eighty leagues east of the mouth of the Mississippi river. These m part were ceded to England by treaty of 1763; afterv/ard by England (together with Flor- ida) it was ceded to the Spaniards, according to treaty of 1783, including the rivers Mississippi, St. Francis, Black, and the Mobile, Isle of New Orleans, at the mouth of the Mississippi, and the "town of New Orleans," then the capital of Louisiana ; both are names originally given by the French. The early territorial history of Arkansas is as meager in matter of general interest, barren in material properly belong- ing to it, as the circumstances of its growth and development at a later period. Legends and traditions have, in the past, served, with few exceptions, the part of historj'-. Since 1803, when the territory of Louisiana was acquired by purchase from the French republic, it has been separated, and afforded im- p)ortant political territorial divisions. Arkansas remained a part of the Louisiana territory until 1812, when the state of Louisiana was admitted into the Union. It was created a ter- ritory March 2, 1819. Afterward it became a part of the Mis- RESOUKCES OP ARKANSAS. souri territory. ^Missouri was admitted as a state in the ITnioii March 2, 1821, and Arkansas was left alone as a separate terri- tory, organized as such with its present limits. Tt was admit- ted into the Union as a state June 15, 1836. Arkansas, so favored by Nature in latitudinal position, cli- mate, soil, mineral wealth, large tracts of forest, navigable, inland and marginal rivers, medicinal and pure, flowing springs, possessing, physically, good commercial relations and val^iable agricultural advantao-es — all that is iuvitins: — has been overlooked and overleaped, generally, by emigration_ The hardy adventurers, that desirable class of inhabitants, have turned away from the borders of this unknown division to more rigorous climates. Immigration has not been dulv encouraged ; the great, growing, powerful west, northwest and northeast, even in territorial wilds, were rendered more ac- cessible for exploration and more inviting to emigrants. LOCATION ANT) rilYSIC.VL GEOdKAPIIY. Arkansas lies between the parallels of 33'^ and 30° 30' nortii latitude, and extends through five degrees of longitude — from 89° 40' to 94° 42' west longitude. It is bounded on the nortti by the state of Missouri, on the cast by tlic St. Francis and Mississippi rivers, on the south by the states of Louisiana and Texas, on the west by the state of Texas and the Indian terri- tory. The present area of the state is 52,198 square miles, or 33,406,720 acres. The population in 1870 was 484,471. It is computed to be, in area, one sixth larger than New York. The physical configuration of Arkansas presents great varia- tions of surface. The state is one of the great basin states of the Mississippi, on the west for a distance of three and a half degrees of latitude, and five degrees of longitude. Tlie ele- vated parts of the state commence at the undulations of the surface in the southwestern part, soon developing into foot hills and mountains of the Masserne range, and expanding into broad mountain tracts as we course toward the north and oast, until we meet the Ozark mountains, which, commencing near Little Kock, extend north and westerly beyond the limits TvESOURCES OF ARKANSAS. of the state. They obtain an elevation of from 1500 to 2000 feet. It is the elevated part of the state, formed by these mountain ranges, that has made and now makes the strong physical bar- rier to the great basin. It has physically, geologically and climatically almost completely divided the state. A line drawn starting from the southwest and coursing diagonally to the northeast would separate the older formations from the latter, the mineral wealth of the state from the rich agricult- ural lands. Within the limits of the state we find a great variety of minerals in the different tissues of the soil. Vast deposits of valuable minerals are found in the northern divis- ion. The rich formations of tertiary and post-tertiary deposits in the lower divisions are not excelled in fertility by an}- known land. The bottom lands vary in quality and productiveness, yet they are generally remarkably deep and rich. Thus formed by nature, Arkansas is a desirable agricultural and mineral state. Exempt alike from the intense heat of the extreme south and the severe cold of the north, her genial climate and fertile soil produce in abundance the productions of both re- gions. The rich bottom lands will .yield, under favorable culture, from fifty to eighty bushels of Indian corn and about four hundred and fifty pounds of cotton per acre, which is considered a fair average crop. The mountains, table lands and valleys present,, generally, a rich surface, good drainage, romantic and picturesque scenery, and a productiveness re- markable for the formations and latitudes. The staple pro- ductions of that part of the state are more allied to those of the states of Missouri, Tennessee and Kentucky. The paludal region that borders the shore line of the Mississippi river from Mississippi county in difierent parts to Chicot county presents a large tract of surface that would prove immensely valuable bj drainage. The overflowed bottoms are districts where per- nicious climatic diseases usually prevail during the warm season. The products of the basin section of the state are very valuable. The rich alluvial bottoms of this part produce the valuable staples of the southern states, together with the fruits and vegetation of the semi-tropical latitudes. 10 RESOUKCES OF ARKANSAS. WATER COURSES. Arkansas is abundantly supplied with navigable rivers, so distributed as to give access interiorly to all parts of the state. The great boundary on the east is formed by the mighty Mis- sissippi. The St. Francis on the northeast, which rises in southeast Missouri and flows through the low, undulating portions of the northeast, where it intermingles with lakes, ci^eks and paludal surfaces, is a tributary of the Mississippi. The White river, one of the most charming navigable in- land streams on the continent, rises in northwest Arkansas and, leaving the state boundary, flows through the lower south- west countiejs of Missouri, soon to return again to the state to greet its affluent the Black river, which affords, from the coh- fluence, almost at all seasons, navigation for a distance ®f three hundred and fifty miles. White river, with its tribu- taries, gives drainage for a broad expanse of Country from the northwest, middle and southeastern parts of the northern section of the state. The Arkansas river, one of the largest tributaries of the Mississippi, rises in the mountains of Colorado, and flows east- erly for a distance of two thousand miles to join the Missis- sippi. White river is an affluent, flowing into it near its mouth. The Arkansas river bisects and drains this vast coun- try ; it is navigable entirely across the state, and, during high water, beyond it, far up into the Indian tetritory. The Ouach- ita, with its tributaries, drains almost the entire state lying south of the Arkansas river, or all that surface lying between it and the Red river. It is navigable two hundred and fifty miles. The Red river is the southwestern channel of drainage, and is navigable throughout its course in the state. Thus we have the best avenues to afford drainage throughout all parts of the state. The state is divided into seventy-three counties ; fifty-one of that number are watered by navigable streams, which, with their branches, afford a navigable high- way within the state of over three thousand miles, available throughout the year generally, without climatic barriers, for KESOURCES OP ARKANSAS. .11 internal commerce. The evaporation from tlic vast aqueous surface, the condensation and precipitation by rain, plainly demonstrate the peculiarity of climate for the latitudinal posi- tion. The channels of these rivers, the varying temperature of the waters, eiiects of the evaporation from the surfiice, give avenues for atmospheric circulation. These water and wind channels are coursed by the cold and more rarified currents of the air from the more elevated mountain regions of the north and northwestern territory, which are fouad plunging into tfie interior and southern portions of the state, invited thither by the warm air of the littoral regions of the Gulf of Mexieo south of us ; and this circulation, so refreshing, gives to the inhabi- tants the marked peculiarities and advantages in the climata of the state. It is well knowm that a moderately undulating country is, for health, preferable lio one altogether inountaia- 0U8 •r flat. Mountain regions act physically on the climate ©f a country, chiefly by determining the prevailiHg wiads. CLIMATE, BISEASES, ETC. The physical features of a state, the geographical relations of land and water, the general aspect or exposure, are important items in climatology. The diversified surface, presenting mountains and valleys, foot hills and plains, table lands, second bottoms, undulating prairie, rich bottoms and overflowed sec- tions, gives to partifular localities local atmosphere, notable topography, and singular meteorological influences. The tem- perature of the seasons in the diflerent parallels of latitude within the state greatly difl'ers. According to Dr. Jackson's chart of medical climatology, showing climatic lines or iaothermals, we find Arkansas em- braced within the most agreeable latitudes found north of the equator. Between 30° and 40° north latitude is the most de- sirable belt known throughout North America, Europe, Asia and Africa. It is the most temperate, equal and healthful zone of latitude that surrounds the earth. In the precipitation of rain, refreshing showers, dews and wind currents, Blodget gives the same mean, showing it to be the most favored climes 12 KESOUKCES OF AKKANSAS. The precipitation at all seasons throughout the year, owing- to physical causes, is more equal in amount than found elsewhere in adjacent paraMels. The vernal mean temperature at Little Rock, Arkansas, for 1871, was 72'' 32^ Fahr. The summer mean, being the warmest season experienced within the past decade of years, records a temperature of 80° 29^ Fahr. The autumn mean 50° 29^ Fahr. Winter mean 50° 22\ The pre- cipitation is good throughout the winter, with an occasional fall of snow. The mean temperature of the j'^ear 1871 at Little Rock, Ark., is 63° 32^ Fahr. The hyetic relations are among the best to be found in the United States, and are regarded as the most desirable mean that belongs to the hemispheres. The climate in the northern and northwestern portions is, to some extent, allied to that of the northwestern states, though the wint-ors are, as a rule, very much milder and more agreeable, the autumns much longer and more free from cold winds and early frost. In the central and southern parts of the state the climate is superior to that of any state in the union of the same latitude. The summer season in Arkansas is distinguished by no exalted degree of heat. The thermometer exhibits, from the first of June, a temperature varying from 80° to 95° Fahr., until the 20th of August. For a few days in July, particularly during a season of drought, the mercury may rise as high as 100° Fahr. About the 20th of August, the nights begin to grow cool, and no heat worthy of record during the day, save at about noon. Gradually, as September approaches, the heat gives away or disappears, and by the 20th of September the fall has comm.enced, which, in this latitude, is gratefully ac- knowledged, as it is marked by no sudden changes, but, on the contrary, is cool and bracing. About the 20th of Novem- ber, almost invariably, there is a "cold spell," lasting about ten days, when it again moderates to usual fall weather, and winter is not clearly announced until the 20th of December. At this time, and for a week or two, the thermometer indicates a tem- perature varying from 20° to 32° Fahr. The residue of the winter presents no excess of cold — a temperature varying from 32° to 44° Fahr. EESOURCES OF ARKANSAS. 13 The cheerful, romantic, invigorating atmosphere of the mountain regions, with its clear, bright skies, affords an in- viting tonic climate, especially for those suffering with chronic affections of the respiratory organs, digestive forces, or general physical debility. The more equal sedative climate of the southern division of the state is also well suited for diseases of the mucous surface. The temperature, although relaxing during the hot months, is in general genial The vicissitudes or sudden transitions, however, are less frequent than we ffnd in adjacent states. In the lower tier of counties, particularly where the pine in dense forests abounds, a good atmosphere can be found for those chronic sufferers who are afflicted with catarrhal, bron- chial or pulmonary affections. In the low lands in the various parts of the state, where a rank and luxuriant vegetable growth is general, will be found 'those types of malarial diseases which characterize such regions elsewhere. The inhabitants living- adjacent to pijkidal sections, or residing in the rich alluvial and post tertiary parts suffer from miasma, which produces vernal, festival and autumnal climatic ills. Of diseases, those of a malarial origin are by far the most prevalent. Phthisis pulmonalis, typhoid fever, gout and rheumatism, with their complications, are less frequent in Arkansas than iound in the adjacent states. Arkansas is abundantly supplied with pure, delicious water. Her numerous rivers, springs and clear streams flowing from mountain tributaries supply the inhabitants with a super- abundance. The number of valuable mineral springs through- out the state is inviting to health and pleasure- seekers, and, with the climatic advantages, if rendered accessible to visitors, would, throughout the year, make much of the state a sani- tarium. Arkansas has been greatly favored by nature in ter- ritorial characteristics ; nature has been generous in terrestrial endowments ; man alone has been the sluggard and neglected the advantages offered him. One of the second tier of gulf states, belonging to a belt of latitudes the most equal and de- lightful in temperature found in the grand zone of circumfer- 14 KESOURCES OF ARKANSAS. ence upon our planet in all the known divisions of tlie earth, Arkansas, "the Switzerland of America," has remarkable con- ditions as one of the interior — we might add middle — slates of the Federal Union. METEOROLOGflCAL OBSERVATIONS. Amount of rain-fall at Little Rock, Ark., for the year 1871. January 4.1 Februarj 4.6 March G.6 April 9.9 May 5.3 June 3.8 July 4.0 August 1.1 September 9 October 2.1 November 1 .4 December Total 43.80 Thermometer Fahr. at Little Rock, Ark. 1871. 7 A. M. 2 p. M. 9 r. M. Mean for month. January 36.45 43.71 48.96 58.43 65.42 79.86 80.00 81.48 64.06 55.80 40.26 35.38 48.60 56.92 64.09 70.00 77.67 84.60 84.90 91.54 82.83 72.74 52.43 43.93 44.13 51.53 57.48 65.53 70.03 79..33 81.53 84.67 72.00 61.77 48.36 44.64 43.06 50.72 56.88 64.65 71.04 81.26 82.14 85.89 72.87 63.10 47.01 41.31 February March Winter 50.22 April May June Spring 72.32 Julv August September Summer 80.29 October November December Autumn 50.44 Average for year. 63.2;2 Thermometrical observations taken at 7 a. m. and 9 p. m. daily, at Little Rock, Ark., for the year 1870. Months •January February March April May June July August September October November December Date. Maximum. Minimum. Average Tern. 9 to 19 720 26° 45° 15 to 20 69 14 46 4^ 9 to 24 73 26 49 1 16to 22 84 33 61 3 7 to 23 93 52 71 8 8 to 22 94 60 76 5 8 to 16 94 68 81 8 13 to 30 90 69 81 4 6 to 28 96 59 76 6 20 to 30 87 42 63 7 4 to 26 86 31 54 8 7 to 24 73 4 38 5 ltP]SO URGES OF ARKANSAS. Thermometrical observations taken daily, at Dubuque, Iowa, for the year 1870. Months January February March April May June July August September October November Decenaber Date. 16to 17 20 to 26 IGto 28 13 to 24 3 to 22 7 to 29 25 to 30 5 to 20 7 to 19 1 to 31 G to 22 1 to 23 Maximum. 43° 51 52 82 89 102 100 95 88 72 GO 51 Minimum. 6° below do do 7 4 28 48 5G 58 51 51 26 22 12 bolow Average Tern. 21° 25 30 52 G7 74 77 70 65 50 39 24 2' THE HOT SPRINGS. The Hot Springs of Arkansas are among the wonders of the continent. They are situated about sixty miles southwest from Little Rock, and eighteen miles from Malvern sta- tion, on the Cairo and Fulton railroad. A line of four-horse coaches runs from this station to the springs. These springs — fifty-seven in number, ranging in temperature from 93° to 150° Fahr. — discharge over 500,000 gallons of water daily, sufficient in quantity to accommodate, with delightful bathing, 10,000 bathers every day in the year. These natural earth-heated waters hold in solution valuable mineral constituents. Clear, tasteless, inodorous, these springs pour forth, from the novacu- lite ridge, waters as pure, bright and sparkling as the pellucid Neva. The various springs are qualitatively allied, not hold- ing in solution or freighted with too much abusive mineral, and they are free from all noxious gases. It is believed the properties of the waters, especially in the treatment of chronic hsemic diseases, are uuequaled. There are no springs known of superior value, or that can compare with the Hot Springs of Arkansas, as adjuncts in the treatment of that class of chronic diseases. They are more nearly allied to Gastein, in the Noric Alps, than any known springs; but, in regard to climatic advantages, we can justly claim that the climate of Arkansas, throughout the year, far surpasses the European. When hydrotherapy is more generally understood by. the medical profession at large, these natural waters, as remedial adjuncts, 16 RESOURCES OF ARKANSAS. will surely be more appreciated for the virtues they possess. These thermal springs do not belong to that class known as intermittent waters. They flo\v a constant regular current with like temperature. Arising from great d-jpth, the calidity, or gelidncss exteriorly, does not appear to influence them. Many theories exist regarding the cause of heat of all sucb constant springs. We must incline to the views of Humboldt, that it is imparted by the inherent heat of the earth. These superheated waters and gases, with the high electrical condi- tions (as we find, artificially or naturally generated, whenever the temperature is elevated to a certain altitude above ebulli- tion), hold in solution the soluble mineral tissues of the earth, through which the hot water penetrates, and convey it to the surface. The crude materials found by qualitative analysis in these waters are — Silicates with'base. Alumina, wiili oxide "f iron. Bicarbonate of lime. Oxide of manganese. Bicarbonate of magnesia. Sulphate of lime. Carbonate of soda. Arseniate of lime ? Carbonate of potassa. Arseniate of iron ? Carbonate of lithia. Bromine? Sulphate of magnesia. Iodine, a trace. Cliloride of magnesia. Organic matter, a trace. The pure, subtile liquid certainly holds in refinement active mineral ingredients that no chemical analysis can resolve sat- isfactorily its true natural combinations, or reveal the relations. The inherent thermo-electric properties, together with the peculiar chemical formations of the carbonates of the alkalis, alkaline earths, and other mineral substances, give the waters properties that cannot be imitated b^^ art. Their action is strangely unlike artificially prepared waters. Who would sip, gulp or quafl:' down three or four pints of artificially prepared water, at a temperature of 148° or 150° Fahr., at one time, and feel refreshed after the feat ? Here it is given to invalids, as the usual dose, during the process of bathing. The eflicacy of this wonderful fluid, medicated mysteriously in subterranean recesses, by its affinities or powerful combining fiarces, is really a subject worthy of more general study, and of true profes- sional intere^^t. As "correlants," "alterants" and "elirai- KESOURCES OF ARKANSAS. 17 nants," these waters are important adjuncts that will aid the practitiouer with celerity to control many obstinate chronic ills. Now that the Cairo and Fulton railroad is completed, affording greater facilities for travel, this miniature Baden- Baden will be an invalid's resort tliroughout the year. We predict that the period is not remote when these springs will be more famous, and resorted to annually by European tourists for all chronic hoemic diseases. The advantages of the climate throughout the entire year, the pure, rarefied mountain air, the delightful waters — all give promise that these springs will soon be one of the most celebrated resorts for invalids in the United States. Thousands now visit this renowned watering place. That these springs have a great future, and that they are des- tined to become the greatest resort for invalids in the world, I have not the shadow of a doubt. The cures they effect iuthe most inveterate diseases are sirapl}'- miraculous, and I think I am justified in saying that no man down with a chronic com- plaint (except consumption and heart trouble) has an}^ right to despair until he has thoroughly tried their efiicac3\ THE MAMMOTH SPRING. The Mammoth spring, in Fulton county, is a remarkable phenomenon. Its waters, either by compression or from some other peculiar cause, contains apparently, in solution, such a great amount of carbonic acid that its surface is in a continu- ous state of eftervescence or bubbling, resembling the effer- vescence of a fountain of soda-water. The constant tempera- ture of the water (60°) favors apparently the development of animal life, and the number of species of water plants growing near the borders, but still in the waters, such as Indian rice, water cress, marsh speedwell, etc., is the cause of allurement for fowls, especially during the winter months- This place will doubtless in the future acquire great importance as afford- ing a healthy and pleasant place of summer resort. The main body of water issues from a large cavernous open- ing, forty yards in circumference, and boils up with a constant flow, at the rate of 8000 barrels per minute. It affords valu- able water power for general manuiaeturing purposes. THE RESOURCES OF ARKANSAS May be considered under two general beads, as consisting of, first, ber natural productions, with the industries of wbich they afford a basis, and, second, ber actual and possible products of cultivation, with the industries and traffic for which they do or can furnish the raw materials. We will consider first ber nat- ural productions, under the several heads of " Forest Growths," "Mines and Mineral Eesources," "Agricultural Eesources,'' and "Textile Products." FOREST GROWTHS. We need only name ber sister states, Maine, Minnesota and Wisconsin, as familiar instances of the vast wealth to be drawn from the forests alone. Maine with the ocean for ber highway, Minnesota and Wisconsin with the Missis- sippi for theirs, have each reaped their yearly millions of tribute money from regions more favored, perhaps, in other respects, but deficient in this; and they have done it with but two varieties of timber as their capital — the white pine and the hemlock, or spruce pine. Granting that for some uses our pine is inferior to theirs, it is for others as much better; and foot for foot, all uses considered, is equally valuable. If that, seasoning more rapidly and lighter when seasoned than ours, is better adapted to inside ceilings or the manufacture of doors and sash, our native growth is its superior for floors, shipbuild- ing and framing timbers from its greater hardness and strength ; while as to comparative beauty of grain when finished in its native color simply with oil and varnish, either for furniture or interior decorations, the comparison is unquestionably in EESOUKCES OF ARKANSAS. 19 our favor, as specimens of both, manufactured in Little llock, will show. As to their hemlock swamps, our cypress brakes will match them in area and more than match them in the quality and value of the timber they can produce. In our yellow pine and cypress, then, we have the full equiva- lents of their total resources for consumption or export, while we have left, adapted to either purpose, an equal amount of oak, ash, pecan, hickory, sycamore and gum, which are all commercially valuable apart from their home uses. To this list of lumber-producing trees should be added the vast amount of walnut in our state, hardly inferior to mahogany or rose- wood in beauty or value, and the splendid poplar of our north- eastern counties. Nor should we forget our cotton wood, which, if it does not yield merchantable lumber, is largel}' available for fencing, fuel, rough lumber for outbuildings, and other home uses. We need not lengthen the list with cedar, mulberry and a host of others, notwithstanding their value for domestic uses. The mention of our leading growths alone is sufficient to show that in value and variety we have no cause to fear a comparison of our lumber resources with states that have, as already re- marked, grown rich from this one source with but two kinds of timber against our widely-varied list. And if these states choose to claim a value we have not mentioned in their hem- lock — for the uses of its bark in tanning—we can double that in the bark of our oaks for the same purpose, and add its com- mercial value for export as quercitron, which it is when rossed and ground. In that shape it commands a price that will bear transportation to any part of the United States, or even to Europe, which the hemlock bai-k will not. In this connection we ought not to forget another product, M'hich, though too small for consideration as timber, is still entitled to be rankert as a "resource" from its extensive use in the arts and manu- factures, and consequent commercial value. We mean sumac, or"shumake'' as it is generally called, equal to the Sicilian product in quality, and, when properly handled, commanding an equal price in the eastern markets — from $90 to $150 per IIESOURCES OF AEKANSAS. ton; and witli a wide demand, based on its uses in tanning, dyeing and calico printing, there is hardly a county in the state in which a thousand tons do not annually grow and go to waste. Yet its value and salableness are ascertain as those of cotton or corn, as any one can see by consulting the market quotations of drugs a.nd dyestufl's in any of our Atlantic com- mercial cities. It derives additional value as a resource from the fact that it thrives without care or culture in fence corners and waste places, or can be grown to any extent on the southern exposure of hillsides and mountain land, available for few other uses. There are, also, other minor articles indigenous to' our forests from v/hich no small income might be derived, owing to their uses in the preparation of medicines, essential oils, etc. Some of these have long ranked as articles of com- merce, foreign and domestic. Among them we may name ginseng, a staple item of our Chinese trade, blackroot, bood- root or Sanguinarki Canadensis, May apple or Podoplnjllmn jidtatam, suakeroot, prickly ash, and slippery elm — all of which, in their crude state, or in the shape of concentrated ex- tracts, are extensively used in medical preparations of recog- nized value, and still more extensively in patent or quack remedies. From this exhibit it will be seen that our forest resources are of the most ample and varied character. It only remains to consider, in general terms, the area over which the pro- duction of some leading articles extends, with our natural facilities for their conversion into merchantable shapes and their transportation to market, when we may dismiss this branch of our subject. The Arkansas river divides the pine region somewhat une- qually, but from its initial point on either side it extends north, south and up stream to the limits of the state. On the south side, beginning at Pine Bluft*, it extends southwardly to Louisi- ana and Texas, and is limited on the west by the Choctaw line; while north of the river, beginning at Little Rock, and bounded eastwardly by a line running from the capital through Bates- ville to our northern boundary it reaches west to the limits of KESOUECES OF AKKANSAS. 21 the state. It is true that only a small portion of this vast area is exclusively pine land, and equally true that much of it, espe- cially the river bottoms, produce none; but on nearly all the uplands included within these limits it is a prominent growth, and in many sections it is the predominant one. Mingled with the pine, usually, are oak, hickory, dogwood, sumac, sassafras and gum, skirting the small streams, while north of the Arkansas river the elm, beech and sugar maple are found both within and outside the pine regions. The bot- toms, which yield no pine, produce oak, hickory, pecan, ash, walnut, sycamore and cypress in exhaustless quantities, besides mulberry and cottonwood in abundance, and their full share of the medicinal shrubs and plants already mentioned. East, on the lines which bound the pine region, we have the poplar in the northeast, with c^qDress and the other bottom growths in the utmost profusion. A limited area, not exceeding five per cent of the state, including prairie and what are known as "brush barrens," may be considered practically destitute of timber; but this local and limited scarcity only adds value to the general abundance. But while both for extent and value our forest resources may claim a high place, their worth is in- creased by the thousand miles of navigab'e streams which afford them outlets to the Mississippi through the St. Francis, Cache, White, Black, Little Red, Arkansas, Saline, Ouachita, Little Missouri and Red rivers. The lateral tributaries of all these streams afford, at certain seasons, not only the means of floating to the navigable streams a large share of the timber which grows between them, but they furnish also hundreds of mill sites and water powers to drive lumber-manufacturing or other machinery. Considered in all respects, including extent, variety and quality, our forest growths, in connection with the facilities afforded by our navigable streams and their distribu- tion for reaching the great markets of the world, a§ well as the wide extent of country which can be drained through their tributaries and the manufacturing facilities which these tributaries afibrd, we may safely claim, in the combination, a class ot resources hardly surpassed in the world. They are 22 KE90UKCES OF ARKANSAS. ample in themselves, as elements of an export trade in both raw and manufactured materials, vrith the collateral home in- dustries they can sustain, to employ profitably for a generation a larger population than the state contains. To this state the west and northwest must, in time, come for its timber and wood; and one of the great freights in the future will be these forest products. Yet with this variety of excellent timber very little has been done toward turning it to a profitable ac- count in manufacturing. This state pays out annually nearly a quarter of a million dollars for the single article of wagons, every dollar of which should be earned and kept in the state. There are not to-day a dozen wagon factories in the entire state; nor a plow factory at all commensurate with the needs of the people. MINES AND MINERAL RESOURCES. If less in some directions than those of other states, are still ample to give assurance of profitable and divei*sified employment to a considerable population and capital. Even our mountain crystals, intrinsically the least valuable in our list, command, from their beauty and rarity, in other quarters a remunerative and considerable, as well as growing, sale to travelers, geological cabinets and visitors at our springs, which, whether thermal, mineral or saline, seem fairly entitled to notice here, both because of their mineral origin or qualities and their right to rank as natural resources. If our hot springs, and those impregnated with iron, sul- phur or other materials of recognized medical efficiency, send forth noVaters which can be bottled and sold, they are still resources in a two-fold sense: First, for the relief or cure of our own diseases ; and secondly, in the throngs of health and pleasure-seekers they attract, with their attendant disburse- ments of money. KESOURCES OF AEKANSAS. 23 Then, too, our saline waters are of proved capacity for the production of large amounts of that indispensable article the salt of commerce and domestic use. If we cannot in this respect rival the immense production or resulting wealth of New York or Cracow, we are sure at least of a home supply and a respectable quantity for export whenever skill and capi- tal shall be applied, as they can be profitably, to this pursuit. The full extent of our saline resources is by no means ascer- tained; but we do know that brines rich enough to repay evaporation are found abundantly in various portions of the state, and their existence points to that of solid salt deposits, through which the waters must run or from which they must originate. If the only partially-saturated waters from \fhich we aow produce this indispensable article can be made, as they are, a profitable source of supply, what may we laot ©xpejct when capital and experience shall enable us, as at som« future day tbey will, to reach the beds themselves and either mine the solid crystals or use none but saturated brines? Our vast quarries of slate, novuculite or whetstone rock, limestone and marble may be fairly counted as among our permanent and valuable resources. Except the novaculite or whetstone rocks none of these have been worked to any con- siderable extent, but their existence here of good quality, in quantities sufficient for any home or export demand, is too well settled for question. They are here, so many elements of varied and profitable industry. Iron, in difterent kinds of ore, is known to exist in various parts of the state in quantities more than sufficient for any home demand. The existence of coal and lignite is well ascertained over large areas within the state in paying quantities; and they must, at no distant day, become important resources of trade, domestic use and manufactures. The late I>r. Owen, state geologist, says: "Arkansas contains twelve thousand square miles of coal. Coal has already been found and surveyed in twelve counties. The combustible mineral is rendered more valuable because the coal basin is situated along the Arkansas river, and on both sides of it. Washington, Crawford, Sebas- 24 EESOUECES OF ARKANSAS. tian, Franklin, Scott, Sarber, Johnson, Yell, Pope, Perry, Conway, White and Pulaski counties are almost entirely situ- ated in the coal basin of Arkansas, and its productive strata may yet be extended into some of the adjacent counties when the combustible material shall become valuable enough to encourage explorations by boring." Again he says : " The coal region of Sebastian count}^ has the thickest veins of any in the state." The veins are from three to six feet thick, and from six to twenty feet under the surface. And it should be remembered that this comprises the upper coal measure, leav- ing the middle and lower to be yet explored. The following is a chemical analysis of a specimen taken from the upper member of a five-foot vein at Green's bank, in Sebastian county: Volatile matter 13.75 Cok« 86.25 100.00 Water 1.40 Gas 12..35 i'ixed carbon 82.25 Aihes, flesh color 4.00 100.00 This coal swells up considerably in coking. The analysis proves this coal to be semi-bituminous and lar richer in fixtd carbon than most of the coal in the western states, and there- fore, of course, twice as durable in the fire with proper access of air. It contains just enough volatile combustible matter to keep it ignited without the artificial blast required for anthracite. The great lead belt of the United States is known to extend diagonally across the state. Paying deposits are well-settled facts at many points along its course, and some of these are known to be rich enough in silver to leave the lead as a clear profit, after paying all expenses of mining, smelting, separation and marketing. Where the ore has been mined, the lead is represented as lying in pockets, or crevices in the rocks, and not in regular veins. This is the condition in which the ore is also found at the Granby mines in Xewton county, Missouri— the richest lead mines in the west — not only from the manner in which EESOURCES OF ARKANSAS. 25 the ore occurs in the rocks of Missouri, but* it has also the same geological horizon and the same associated minerals. From what is known of this part of the state there is every reason to believe that valuable deposits of lead ore will be found in the counties of AVashington, Benton, Madison, New- ton, Carroll, Marion, Searcy, Izard, Independence, Lawrence and Randolph. A vein of argentiferous galena occurs oni Kellogg creek in Pulaski county. BELLAH LEAD AND SILVER MIKES, Situated in Sevier county — believed to be an extension of the' Kellogg vein in Pulaski county — gives promise of great pro- ductiveness. The argentiferous galena from this mine has been analyzed with the following results : The average yield of lead, 73 per cent. A ton of lead yielded 52|- ounces of silver. Fire, pipe and potter's clay, as well as kaolin, are abundant and unsurpaEsed in quality. And gypsum (or plaster of paris) has been found in quantity sufficient to meet a large demand. The existence of nitre caves and nitrous earths has loug been known, and the recent war proved them rich and exten- sive enough to take high rank among our resources for both war and peace. Copper and zinc is known to be among our minerals, and the presence of tin is more than suspected. Of the extent and value of the last-mentioned deposits we know too little to assign it a high rank. Our manganese deposits are entitled to notice from their known extent and richness, as well as the wide and growing demand for this ore in the arts. Nor should we, for like rea- sons, omit our ochres i;nd pai^u-earths, or forget our vast deposits of white sand — so ,Voil adapted to glass-making. This statement of our mineral resources is far from com- plete, and necessarily lacks exactness from want of sufficient data. So little has been done in the way of ascertaining their extent, and so much less in that of their development, that neither precision nor fullness is yet possible in such an article ; , 3 -26 KESOURCES OF ARKANSAS. but enough is known to warrant the belief that they have not been ov^erstated and may be relied on as sure foundations for industries and commerce ample to support an added popula- tion greater than we have. In the description of the counties of the state will be found the minerals, named, that are known to exist in each county. "We will close this list by reference to our rich and exten- eive marl beds, which, from their value as fertilizers, are enti- tled to mention, and afford a fitting opportunitj* to pass to the ^consideration of our agricultural resources. AGRICULTURAL RESOURCES. Under this head we shall group both our actual and possible productions. These we shall consider as textile growths and food products — discussing the latter first, on the principle that food, as the prime pbysical uecessit}' of the race, outranks by right all other productions. Experience warrants the assumption that we can grow prof- itably almost every variety of food that obtains between Alaska and the tropics. Not only corn, but all the cereals ef the Union — including even rice —have baen grown enough rto prove our ability to m.ake them articles ot export instead of .purchase, if we choose to cultivate them, and the same holds true of all the leading root-crops and fruits ; and with these .as a basis, the production of our meat supply is an assured ;possibiUty. If we cannot grow the cane of the gulf coast, we can supple- -ment it with the sorghum and sugar beet. And — excepting Ktea, cotfoe, spices, and a i'cw tropical or semi-tropical fruits — .almost every edible product between Canada and the equator ds withiR our capacity so far as concerns soil and climate. It is simply a question of economy and convenience whether we shall produce or purchase our food supplies. In the past RESOURCES OF ARKANSAS. 27 it has been considered more convenient, at least, to be pur- chasers than producers, and to devote our attention to other crops At present the tendency — and it is believed a wise one — is toward their production, on the score of both certainty and economy. Time and experience will — as they alone can — decide the point; but pending the solution, we may safely count among our resources the ability to produce — with a wide export nsargin, and without reducing oar cotton produc- tion, food enough to meet every demand of a population ten- fold greater than we posses?. From this topic we pass to the consideration of our TEXTILE PRODUCTS. Of these, it is known tliat we can grow cotton, hemp, jute ramie or China grass, and flax ; and can produce both silk and v/ool. But cotton alone is produced to an extent that enables us to rank it as a resource in hand. Hemp has, in a few eases, been cultivated as a crop, and proved to be no less prof- itable than cotton, as the yield was large and prices generally kept pace with those of cotton. Our ability to grow these products is, however, well settled, and if we cannot count them as resources in hand, we may safely reckon them as within our reach. Nor is the value limited, when we choose to draw on them, to that of the raw products, but includes the diversified pursuits and traffic whicli their manufacture and transportation will employ. Even their cnltivation of the raw product would increase the average yearly value of our growths, by increasing the certainty ot having a surplus of some, even when the sea- son is unfavorable for others. It is folly to stake all on a single crop, subject to numerous causes of failure, when we can as easily divide the risks between half a dozen of equal productiveness and value, no two of which are subject to the same causes of failure. Each additional crop cultivated is at least another chance against disaster, if not for increased profit. The limit of value we can expect to reach in textiles, as raw materials, may be measured in part, but only in part, from what RESOUKCES OF ARKANSAS. we have done in the single staple we do raise as a crop. Of cotton we have produced in a single year over three hundred thousand bales, worth twenty millions of dollars, and this with not over a tenth of onr cotton area in cultivation for that pur- pose ; at least, those lamiliar with the subject assert that four- fifths of our cotton lands are yet in the woods, and it is thought safe to assume that, between scarcity of labor and the necessity as well as growing tendency to cultivate other crops, not more than half the cleared cotton lands are at any one time given to that crop. This estimate would give a yearly producing ca- pacity, when fully developed, of three millions of bales, worth two hundred millions of dollars — surely no small resource for a single state. And it is believed we can reach this enormous ofrowth of the various textiles named, if not of cotton alone, as the money value per acre of the others is little, if any, below that of cotton itself. There yet remains a list of products which, though not be- longing to either of the classes named, are so clearly within our ability to grow, and commercially so valuable, that they can- not be omitted from our list of resources without injustice. Tobacco and the castor bean can be grown at a profit in al- most any portion of the state, and our bottom lands, at least, will produce large and remunerative crops of indigo, madder and broom corn, with the mention of which we close the list. The summing up will show that our lumber and other forest resources, with our facilities for making them available, entitle us to claim rank with any other state in that direction — that our mineral resources will bear comparison with any, and sur- pass those of most of tlie older states in abundancy and variety. That our agricultural resources — including food products, textile materials and a wide range of unclassified but com- mercially valuable articles — are of the highest order; and that, altogether, we may justly feel a loyal pride in the resources of and the prospects which await in the near future oar state. RESOURCES OF ARKANSAS. 29 STATE PRODUCTS, ETC. Iq 1860 the cash value of farms and farming tools was esti- mated at $100,000,000. Live stock was valued at $22,000,000. The state produced, as near as can be ascertained, 367,000 bales of cotton, 1,000,000 pounds of tobacco, 500,000 bushels of oats, 18,000,000 bushels of corn, 80,000 bushels of rye, 1,000,000 bushels of wheat, 600,000 bushels of peas and beans, 500,000 bushels of Irish potatoes, 1,500,000 bushels of sweet potatoes, 4,000,000 pounds of butter, and 1,000,000 pounds of honey. The value of slaughtered animals in the same year amounted to $4,000,000. In the same year Arkansas had 518 manufacturing estab- lishments, with a capital of $1,316,610. The annual product was $2,880,578 ; the cost of labor $554,240, and of raw mate- rial $1,280,503— leaving a profit of $1,055,835, or 80 per cent, on the capital. Over three fourths of this production consisted of lumber, flour, meal and leather. Since which time manu- factures, especially of lumber, have largely increased. From 1850 to 1860 the increase in value of sawed and planed lumber in Arkansas was 1000 per cent. In 1870 there were in the state 1864 manufactories, with a capital of $2,187,738; 700 steam engines of 6980 horse-power ; 134 water-wheels with 1599 horse-power; employing 4133 males above 16 years old, 48 females, adult, and 271 youth. Wages paid during the year, $754 950. Value of materials used, $4,823,651. Of products, $7,699,676. At the same date there were also 283 establishments for ginning cotton, with a capital of $344,825; 35 leather establishments, such as tan- neries, etc., with a capital of $32,100; 312 saw-mills, with a capital of $694,400; 13 wool carding mills— capital, $32,f00; 272 grist-mills— capital, $477,151. 30 KESOURCES OF ARKANSAS. CROPS OF ARKANSAS — 1871. Amount of crop. Av. yield per acre. Value per bushel, ton or pound. Total value of crop. Indian corn bushels 25 000 000 ... 3U ... $ 80 $20,000,000 1,620,300 Wheat bushels 1,500,000 .... 10k... 1 30 Rye bushels 41 600 .... 18^.... 1 00 41,600 Oats, bushels 671,000 Potatoes bushels 450,000 ... 23k... C2 416,020 ....109 .... 1 07 481,500 Tobacco, pounds 2,225,000 Hay, tons 10,200 ... 666 ... 15J 340 425 .... U.... 15 00 153,000 AVERAGE CASH VALUE PER ACRE- Indian corn $25 44 Wheat 14 04 Rye 18 20 Oats 14 63 Cotton, about 60 00 Barley Buckwheat Potatoes $116 G3 Hay 22 50 Tobacco 101 89 Total av. value for all crops excepting cotton in Arkansas, per acre $24 34 Here let ii3 call attention to a comparative table, whicli is significant to all : TOTAL AVERAGE CASH VALUE OF STAPLE CROPS FOR 1870 IN THE FOLLOWING STATES. Per Acre. Maryland $15 71 Virginia 13 55 North Carolina 12 87 South Carolina 10 26 Georgia 12 54 Florida 14 63 Alabama 16 31 Mis.sissippi 16 50 Louisiana 25 49 Per Acre. Texas $18 12 Tennessee 12 25 West Virginia 16 03 Kentucky 15 00 Missouri 14 17 Illinois 12 03 Indiana 13 61 Ohio 17 03 Arkansas 24 34 We might extend this showing still further, but do not deem it necessary, as the table is accessible to all of our readers who are interested to make still further comparisons. Suffice it to say that of the thirty-seven states only eight m?.ke a better showing than Arkansas in the table from which we quote. RESOURCES OF ARKANSAS. 31 STOCK OF ARKANSAS 1871. Descript'uni. Horseg Mules Oxen and other cattle Milch cows Sheep ilogs No. 138,100 07,900 221,900 132,000 135,000 803,000 Average price. $73 98 93 51 11 82 22 14 2 32 3 28 Total Value $10,216,638 6,349,329 2,622,858. 2,935,764 313,200' 2,8;^2,608 TABLE SHOWING THE NUMBER OF ACRES TO* EACH STAFLE IN 1870. Ac7-es. Corn 786,163 Wheat 115,833 Rye 2,285 Oats 28,432 Total number acre* Acre-i. Potatoes 4,1 2H-. Tobacco 3,34(1' Hay 6,800 Cotton — acreage not given. 947,981 CENSUS RErORT. TABLE Showing the A/jrlculiural S^aHsiics of ihe State for the Year 1870. Improved land, number of acres in farms Woodland, number of acres in farms Other unimproved land, number of acres Cash value of farms Implements and machinery Wages paid, inckiding board Total value of farm productions Orchard products Market garden products .Forest products Value of home manufiictures Value of animals slaughtered or sold for slaughter Value of all live stock Number of horses Number of m.ules and asses Number of milch cows Number of working oxen Number of other catde Number of sheep Number of swine AVheat, spring, bushels Wheat, winter, bushels Amount. 1,859.821 .3,910,325 1,827^150 $40,029,698 2,237,409 4,001,962 40,701,099 157,219 55,697 34,235- 807,583 .3,843,923 17,222,506 92.013- 36;202. 128,959 35,387 193,580' 101,077 841,129 72,347 669,389 32 EESOURCES OF ARKANSAS. Table Showing the Agricultural Statistics of the State for the Vear 1870- (Continued.) Amount. Eye, bushels Indian corn, bushels Oats, bushels Barley, bushels Buckwheat, bushels Eice, pounds Tobacco, pounds Wool, pounds Cotton, bales Peas and beans, bushels Potatoes, li-i.'sh, bushels Potatoes, sweet, bu.shels Wine, gallons Butter, pounds ■Cheese, pounds Milk sold, gallons Hay, tons Clover seed, bushels Grass seed, bushels Hops, pounds Plax, pounds Flax seed, bushels Cane sugar, hogsheads Maple sugar, poun ds Cane molasses, gallons Sorghum molasses, gallons JMaple molasses, gallons Beeswax, pounds Honey, pounds ISTumber of acres of improved land in farms in 18.j0 Number of acres of improved land in farms in 1860 Number of acres of improved land in farms in 1870 Number of acres of unimproved land in farms in 1850 Number of acres of unimproved land in farms in 1860 Number of acres of unimproved land in farms in 1870 Total number of farms in 18r>0 Total number of farms in 1860 Total number of farms in 1870 Average size of farms in 1850, acres Average size of farms in 1860, acres Average size of farms in 1870, acres Number of farms, 3 acres and under 10 acres, in 1860 Number of farms, 3 acres and under 10 acres, in 1870 Number of farms, 10 acres and under 20 acres, in 1860 Number of farms, 10 acres and under 20 acres, in 1870 Number of fiirm.s, 20 acres and under 50 acres, in 1860 Number of farms, 20 acres and under 50 acres, in 1870 Number of farms, 50 acie^ and under 100 acres, in 1860 Number of farms, 50 acres and under 100 acres, in 1870 Number of farms, 100 acres and under 500 acres, in 1860... Number of farms, 100 acres and under 500 acres, in 1870.., Number of farms, 500 acres and under 1000 acres, in I860., Number of farms, 500 acres and under 1000 acres, in 1870., Numl)er of farms, 1000 acres and over, in 1860 Number of farms, 1000 acres and over, in 1870 27.645 3,382,145 528,777 1,921 226 73,021 594,886 214,784 248,968 47,376 432,196 890,631 3,743 2,753.931 2^119 31,350 6,839 42 143 25 420 104 92 1,185 72,008 147,203 75 12,789 276,824 781,530 1,983,313 1.859,821 1.816,684 7'590,393 5,737,475 17,758 39,004 49,424 146 245 154 1,823 5,556 6,075 11,744 20,853 6,957 7,640 4,231 3,465 307 133 69 33 RESOURCES OF ARKANSAS. 33 LEADING PRODUCTS. TABLE Showing ihe Cotton, Corn, Wheat and Potato Crops hy Counties- Census Report, 1870. COUNTIES. Cotton, bales. Corn, bush. Wheat, bush. Potatoes, bush. 12,315 7,8.56 5,177 206 2,593 17 10,187 6,531 5,565 3,954 1,298 2,366 6,841 1,719 2,555 8,166 6,661 4,796 276 1,145 983 10,664 843 ■ 5,013 1,568 3,996 18,390 4,489 9,752 1,023 4,966 8 302 3,587 7,334 273 217,450 201,905 222,825 340,046 341,042 102,705 172,696 85,462 356,428 245,388 269,945 122,395 237,702 76,340 77,408 124,449 94,797 222,140 323,444 141,925 105,654 208,352 683,425 196,848 508,005 303,242 11.5,215 303,125 275,185 247,004 47,450 136,500 374,171 115,169 120,700 184,358 93,739 169,825 2 79,859 85,115 293,849 122,358 30,670 75,883 225,152 81,618 516,519 265,990 186,040 304,408 263,812 200 243 4,726 84,779 41,645 255 20,438 45,925 Ashley 38,828 Bradley 53,451 Benton 28,461 Boone 22,421 Calhoun 1.3,756 7,834 Chicot 5,148 Clark 4,832 3,149 9,439 7,619 9,746 36,916 53,324 23,277 18,962 26,078 6,064 Cross 513 435 380 8,828 13,085 18,491 3,658 10,890 1,008 5,796 38,653 20,046 940 232 13,954 74 285 8,696 Dallas 15,135 18,428 36,245 37,009 Fulton 6,447 drant 24,825 20,595 47,802 21,394 Independence 39,057 24,542 9,086 4,507 23,938 Lafayette 24,765 4,510 68,779 12,522 23 381 3,072 9,830 1,311 1,569 3,180 2,700 618 2,186 21,363 886 9,663 16,763 10,890 13,141 21,964 33,722 6,916 Mispissippi 11,196 9,413 6,997 Newton 11,018 •Ouachita 6,467 980 18,002 1,109 892 259 3,070 3,332 14,891 686 G03 678 2,180 23,582 7,566 Phillips .3,025 Pike 13,727 0,679 Polk 10,883 Pope 14,420 Prairie 9,009 Pul aski 67,995 15,086 2l,T73 6,561 8earcy 13,927 34 KESOUKCES OF ARKANSAS. TABLE Showing the Cotton, Corn, Wheat and Potato Crops by Counties- Census Beport, 18T0 — (Continued.) Sebastian .. . . Sevier Sharp St. Francis .. Union Van Buren.. "Washington "White "Woodruff.. .. Yell Total Cotton, bales. 2,215 2,189 1,04G 3,757 6,181 1,038 81 4,925 5,880 3.671 248,968 Corn, bush. 362,019 123,045 200,090 141,911 232,038 165,710 580,687 323,603 145,495 206,075 13,382,145 Wheat, bush. 18,518 1,919 13,443 637 641 3,961 156,521 5,567 160 13,802 741,736 Potatoes, bush. 39,156 14,696 13,660 11,290 G2,273 12,304 48,791 24,429 3,729 22,201 1,312,827 In presenting this statement, it is but just to say that the crop of 1870 — the latest available in the preparation of this article — was much below the crops of 1871-72. VEGETABLES Of nearly all varieties grow to perfection. Gardens are made both in the spring and in the fall. Cabbages, potatoes, tur- nips, peas, beans, cucumbers, etc., are ripe and suitable for the table by the middle of May. Lettuce, spinach, onions and turnips grow finely during the winter months. Large table onions are grown from the seed the first year. Two crops of potatoes can be raised annually. Potatoes for winter use are generally planted the last of July or first of August. Prices of vegetables and small fruits in Little Rock, June 1, 1873 : ISTew potatoes, per peck, .^1 ; peas, per gallon, 50 cents ; cabbage heads, from 20 to 40 cents each ; beans, 50 cents per gallon ; beets, 10 cents each ; strawberries, per quart, 50 to 75 cents ; goosberries, per quart, 25 cents. Arkansas, situated as she is in the most favored parallels of the temperate zone, with a wide diversity of soils, and blessed with a climate for the most part eminently salubrious, she is KESOURCES OF ARKANSAS. 35 capable of meeting the requirements of every variety of rural taste, and of sustaining a dense population. There is fully two weeks' diiFerence in the time of the ripening of vegetables and fruits in the central portions of this state and in the neigh- borhood of St. Louis, Missouri, and the time by the Cairo and Fulton railroad, from Little Rock to that city, is only twenty hours. Vegetable and fruit growers will please make a note of this fact. FRUIT. We are located on the fruit belt of the United States. Ar- kansas has especial attraction in her unfailing fruits. "Fruits large and small never fail, and with, this assurance it will soon become the fruitgrower's paradise. It needs no wisdom to forecast the immense fruit trade of Arkansas, whose beginning has surprised the whole country." With the opening up of railroads north and south, we shall have the advantage of a market north — in Missouri, Kansas, Nebraska and Iowa — for our early fruits, and a market south for fall and winter fruits. It is well known that soutli of us fruits are not successfully grown, and at most are a precarious crop. Arkansas is pecu- liarly a fruit country ; her fruits are numerous, consisting of apples, peaches, pears, plums, apricots, cherries, nectarines^ grapes, blackberries, strawberries, etc. This country is the home of the grape, as is demonstrated by the great number and size of the wild grape vines, which per- mit us to sa}' that grape culture would be most successful — the celebrated muscadine growing here, and many of those wild grapes make good table grapes, and a most excellent quality of wine. It is a fact generally accepted among prac- tical and intelligent fruit-growers, that the soil contains the necessary constituents for the successful growing of fruits. In many portions of Arkansas there are wild grape vines measur- ing three feet in circumference and still growing, and those who have planted the grape are more than satisfied with the result. The hilly portions of this state are destined to become 36 EESOURCES OP ARKANSAS. vine clad, soil and climate being highly favorable — equal, if not superior, to the Herman district, in Missouri. The climatic situation is even more favorable than the limestone hills of the Ohio river. The w arm, fertile soil and natural drainage war- rant the inference that the growing of fruits would be most successful. The following from the Beal Estate Bulletin, of Fort Smith, Sebastian county, published by Carnall & Wheeler, men of undoubted integrity, and who have lived in Arkansas over thirty years, and have much practical experience in fruit growing, says : "Contrary to the expectations of the early set- tlers of this country, it is found to be an excellent climate and soil for fruit generally." APPLES. The trees grow very rapidly on cultivation — too much so. The fall rains grow more wood when the trees are well culti- vated than ripens and becomes firm enough to stand the win- ters. Of pears this is especially so, and it is believed to be one cause of the blight in them. As a rule the winter apples north of thirty-six degrees — though the trees grow as well here as in the north — drop theirfruitin August, from the long con- tinued heat of the sun. They will not answer on and south of the Arkansas river. But we have as great a variety and equally as fine in quality of southern winter seedlings as can be found in the northern states. We have also many good summer and fall apples indigenous to our latitude, though we believe the delicious summer and fall apples of the higher latitudes are, as a rule, equally so here, while the size is much larger. The growth of all fruit trees is much more rapid here than north. We will name some of our best fall and winter apples : The Shannon, for fall and early winter, ranks in size and quality with any apple known in the United States. The Ken- tucky red-streaks, Limbertwig, Ben Davies, Nickojack, Shock- ley, Prior's red, Romantic, Stevenson's winter, Yates, Man- gum, Naverick's sweet, Junaluskee, Chatahoochee, Greening, Hall, Webb's winter and Hughes' crab are all good varieties RESOURCES OF ARKANSAS. 3T for winter — nearly all of them southern seedUngs and are grown and raised here. Summer and fall varieties of fine size and fine quality are too numerous to mention. PEACHES. The first in ripening here is Hale's Early — ripe from the first to the fifteenth of June. Fine specimens this year (1871) are from six-and-a-half to eight inches in circumference and weigh three-and-a-half to five ounces. Early Crawford comes in from the tenth to the fifteenth of July, and is here a most magnificent peach. There are too many fine varieties to enumerate them here. The peach in this country is a very rapid grower and early bearer ; as an instance, a Hale's Early grafted in February, 18G8, and set out in November, 1868, ripened one peach in June, 1869. This is one of the finest peach countries in the world. Plant tansy around the roots to keep off the borer. PEARS. Pears grow to fine size and in quality will compare favorably with those grown anywhere, but the trees — from very rapid growth or something else — are subject to blight. Much more attention is being paid to them, however, now than formerly, and many large and delicious varieties are cultivated. The Bartlett, Flemish Beauty, Duchess d'Angouleme, Winter Nelles and Seekle are the most noted. CHERRIES. Of cherries, the common Morillo, English Morillo, May Duke and Grafiion or Yellow Spanish are at present mostly cultivated, but many other kinds are now being tried. PLUMS. All kinds of plums do well here and there are many wild kinds all over the country. The most cultivated are the Gages. AVe saw them this year six inches in circumference. Damson, Coe's Golden Drop, the Wild Goose or Peach, etc. 38 KESOURCES OF ARKANSAS. Apricots, nectarines, almonds, figs and strawberries do as well here as anywhere. GRAPES. As to grapes, we do not think any country — anle^^s it is California — can beat it. Everybody has a vine or so and seve- ral graperies are in cultivation here. Every climate and soil has its peculiar fruits and produc- tions; but situated as our country is, and with its varied soil, from the richest alkivial bottoms to its clay subsoil uplands, with surface from level to rolling, hilly, rocky, and oven mountainous, with climate so mild in winter that cattle subsist themselvos, we can and do raise almost any fruit, vegetable or farm product that can be raised in the United States, except sugar. Mr. J. F. McKenzie, on his farm four miles from Fort Smith, in Sebastian county', has a bed of exactly one-tenth of an acre in Wilson Albany strawberries, from which last season he sold three hundred gallons, at from seventy -five cents to one dollar and fi.rty cents per gallon — bringing him the snug sum of about three hundred dollars, besides reserving enough for his own use. This bed was planted in the spring of 1870, and all the cultivation it received was simply to keep out the weeds and grass. The hilly and mountainous portions of the state are of volcanic origin ; its soil is similar to the choice wine-producing regions of France, Germany and Italy — with this difference, that the soil of Arkansas is richer, lies better, and easier planted and cultivated. There is no fog, no mist, no long-continued damp weather to rot the growing or matur- ing grape. The latter part of the summer, when the grape needs the ripening sunbeams, we have the desired weather. Viewed in every respect, I am well satisfied that the hilly regions of this state are singularly well adapted to grape cul- ture, and in fact Arkansas will soon become the great fruit- growing state of the Mississippi valley. No crop pays better than a fruit crop, none is surer in this state, neither is there a RESOURCES OF ARKANSAS. 39 state in the Union tlmt has the advantjiges for remunerative pricf^s in the future ; the whole northwest for a market for our early frnit; the whole south for fall and winter; and it is doubtful whether an over-supply can be raised ; at present there is not lialf enough fruits raised in the state to supply the home demand, hence none of our iVuits find their way to a foreign market. While wealth, under onr free civilization, is accun)ulating and diffusing itself through more numerous classes of society, the demand for fruits will keep pace with any increased production that may be made in this branch of business, and for such crops there is no danger of a failing market, all that part of the country south of thirty-lhree degrees north latitude and that portion north of forty two degrees north latitude can offer but slight competition in the fruit growing business of the Uuited States. STOCK RAISING AND DAIRY PRODUCTS. Arkansas is especially adapted to stock raising. The soil of the country is covered by a luxuriant vegetation of grasses, and both na'ural and artilicial meadows ure very fine in the autumnal months, thus lur iiishing a good and abundant pas- ture for horses, cattle, and especially sheep; they keep fat on the grass the entire year. Our beef, in winter, is killed direct from the cane brakes and river bottoms, and make fat. juicy, tender meat, selling at seven cents in summer, and ten cents in winter f)r choice sirloin steaks. Stock ?405,748 00 $242,40© 00 GENERAL SUM.AIARY. Number of children of school age in 1870 Number of children of school age in 1869 Increase Number of children attending school in 1870 Number of children attending school in 1869 Increase 180,274 176,910 3,364 107,908 67,412 40,460 KESOURCES OF ARKANSAS. »] GENERAL SUMMARY — (Continued.) Number of teachers emploj'ed in 1870. Number of teachers employed in 1869. Increase. Number of school-houses built in 182 1,289 $405,748 00 188,397 00 .S2 1 7,351 00 79,544 71,891 7,563 $61,465 00 52,090 00 $9,365 00 $190,402 00 187,427 00 $320,583 79 105,235 00 $21.5,348 79 1,489 1,048 The reports with respect to the number of persons attending school, and num- ber of school-houses, are very meagre and imperfect. BENEVOLENT AN© REFORMATORY INSTITUTIONS. A large and well-ordered state prison, the State Asylum for the Blind, and the Institute for the Deaf and Dumb, are located at Little Rock. These institutions are all under the guardian- ship of the state authorities, and are supplied witli convenient buildings and necessary attendants. ARKANSAS DEAF MUTE INSTITUTE. There are now in the institute males 39, females 33 ; total 72. There was appropriated by the last legislature the sum EESOL'KCES OF ARKANSAS. of $12,000 for salaries and contingent expenses for two years, and the farther sum of $310 per annum for the expenses of each pupil. All the pupils are engaged in manual labor from two to three hours each day — the boys in gardening, improving the grounds, preparing wood, etc. The girls are instructed over an hour each day in sewing, and, beside, engage in other household employments. STATE ASYLUM FOR THE BLIND. The number of pupils in attendance June 29, 1872, was 35, of whom 30 were white and 5 colored Of the whites, 8 were male and 22 females : of the colored, 4 were male and 1 female. The branches of study pursued by the pupils are reading, writing, arithmetic, geography, English grammar, history of the United States, algebra, astronomy, pliysiology, vocal and instrumental music and calisthenics, with the con- stitutiens of the state and United States. In the mechanical department are made mattresses, brooms, cane-seat chairs, bead-work, etc. The institution has a brass band, which is reported as doing well. Applications for admission must be made to Otis Patten, Little Rock, Arkansas. KESOURCES OF ARKANSAS. ARKANSAS INDUSTRIAL UNIVERSITY. i^m" OBJECTS, MANAGEMEis^T, AND STUDIES PURSUED AT THE UNIVERSITY. This institution is established in accordance with an act ot congress making a grant of land as an endowment for its benefit, and in accordance with an act of the general assembly of this state carrying out the object of said grant. According to the language of the grant, "the leading object shall be, without excluding other scientific and classical studies, and including military tactics, to teach such branches of learning as are related to agriculture and the mechanic arts, in order to promote the liberal and practical education of the industrial classes in the several pursuits and professions of life;'' or, changmg the order of the statement, the chief aim of the uni- versity is, "the liberal and pra.ctlcal education of the industrial rlasses in the several pursuits and professions of life;" and in order to reach this end the university is '-to teach such branches of learning as are related to agriculture and the me- chanic arts, without excluding other scientific and classical studies, and including military tactics." The military tactics £54 EESOUKCES OF ARKANSAS. are required, and the sclentiiie and classical studies are per- mitted. Such, at least, we believe, is the comraoH construction of those clauses, though the language ma}' not unreasonablj be understood to imply that the latter studies shall not be ex- cluded from the course. The aim of the university is to com- ply strictly with the acts of congress and the general assembly of this state in providing for and establishing it. It proposes, tlierefore — First. To impart a knovv'ledge of science and its application to the arts of life. Sceo7id. To afford to students — such as mav desire it — tke benefits of daily manual labor. This labor is to some degree remunerative. But its remunerative character is not so much intended to lessen the expenses of studentis as for educational uses, as it is planned and varied for the iUustration of the prin- ciples of science. The preservation of health and a taste for the pursuits of agriculture and the mcclianic arts are two other important objects. Third. To prosecute experiments for the promotioii of agri- culture and horticulture. Fourth. To provide the means of instruction in military science; and to this end skilled instructors and suitable mili- tary implements will be secured and obtained as soon as practicable. Fifth. To afford the means of a general and thorough edu- cation not inferior to those afforded to all elas^es in the best of colleges. LOCATION. The Arkansas Industrial university is pleasantly located within the corporate limits of the town of Fayetteville, Wash- ington county. This location is thought to be unsurpassed by any other locality in the state in salubrity of climate, beauty of surrounding scenery, fertility of soil, variety and perfection of agricultural and horticultural productions, and the morality and intelligence of its people. RESOURCES OF ARKANSAS. BUILDINGS, ETC. The buildings »ow in use are comfortable and convenient. They are well furnished, and could be made to accommodate three hundred students. The contract has been let and work commenced on the per- manent building, which is a brick edifice fire stories high, 214 feet in length, with a .depth in the wings ot 122 feet. It contains five large halls for library, cabinets and museums, thirty class-rooms, and several large halls for literary societies, etc. The building will be completed by September, 1875. TERMS AND VACATIONS. The academical year of the university, v;itli its several de- partments, is divided into three terms, which are denominated autumn, winter and spring; and the year will begin with the opening of the autumn term. The autumn term will continue fourteen weeks, the winter and spring terms will continue thirteen weeks each, and there will be one long vacation com- mencing at the close of the spring term and continuing to the opening of the autumn term, including the whole of August and the greater parts of July and September ; and two short vacations of one week each, one at the close of the autumn term and the other at the close of the winter term. CALENDAR FOR 1873-74, The autumn term vrill commence on the 22d of September, 1873, and close on the 19th of December, 1873. The winter term wall commence on the 29th of December, 1873, and close on the 27th of March, 1874. The spring term will commence on the 6th of April, 1874, and close on the 3d of July, 1874. PROPERTY AND FUNDS. The property of the unvcrsity consists of the proceeds of the munificent grant of land by congress; the bonds of Wash- ington county and town of Fayetteville; the appropriations made by the state; and the university farm and lands, amount- ing in all to $355,000 in value. 56 RESOURCES OF ARKANSAS. EXPERIMENTAL FARM, An experimental farm of excellent character has been pro vided immediately contiguous to the university for agricultural and horticultural purposes. The labor system will be volun- tary, and students will not labor exceeding three hours per day, Saturdays excepted. Compensation for labor will be from five to fifteen cents per hour, according to ability. The present crop, including the orchard and garden, and all mechanical and other work, has been done exclusively by the students under the supervision of the faculty. To such as were painstaking and skillful this labor was remunerative to such a degree as to enable many to pay their way w^hoUy, or ia part, by it; but in this, as in all otker duties, the student is made to feel that his success depends lapon his own thrift and industry. BENEFICIARIES. It is provided in section eighteen of the act of the general assembly establishing the univeraty that the board of trustees shall have power to " prescribe the grade and number of hoH- orary scholarships, and prescribe the rules by which scholars who are to be admitted free shall be elected equally from the various parts of^the state." They have, therefore, made pro- visions for two hundred and thirty-seven beneficiaries, who wdll be entitled to four years' free tuition, and who are appor- tioned among the several counties according to their respective populations by the United States census of 1870. TUITION. Beneficiaries and normal students upon entering the uni- versity will pay a matriculation fee of $5. This entitles them to free tuition for four years if beneficiaries and three if normal students. Students pother than beneficiaries and normal students, whether residents or non-residents of the state, will be charged $10 tuition per term in the collegiate and $7 per term in the preparatory department. RESOURCES OF ARKANSAS. MILITAEY DEPARTMENT. Provisions have been made for instruction in military science and tactics; and all able-bodied male students will be required to drill twice a week. It is expected that an officer of tbe United States army will take charge of this department the coming year. A uniform has been prescribed for the male students, which will consist of a suit of cadet gray mixed cloth, of the same color and quality as that worn at West Point, and manufac- tured by the same establishment, and a cap of dark blue cloth ornamented with the initials A. I. U. and surrounded by a silver wreath in front. This uniform will not be required to be worn the coming year, with the exception of the cap. Arrangements will be made by which students can obtain the uniform cap on their arrival at the university, at or near cost; and also the entire ssit, if desired. KK^OUKCES OF AHKAXSAS. JUDSONIA UNIVERSITY, JUDSONTA, WHITE COUNTY. ARK KES0UKCE8 OF AIIKAXSAS. bi ARKANSAS COLLEGE COLONY, .AT JUDSONIA, NVllITK COLNTV, ARK. This colony was organized iit the University of Chicago in 1870, for educational progress. It prohibits fhe sale and manufacture of ardent spirts, horse- racing, gambling in all its forms, and kindred evils, within three miles of its institution. This institution is chartered as Judsonia Lrniversity, with the usual collegiate powers, and its academic department has been for some time opened in a neat, substantial edifice, and fur- nished with superior philosophical apparatus, organ, maps and the best school furniture made. The institution is controlled by the regular Baptist denomination, but is not sccfarian, and bas among its officers and students members of different evan- gelical denominations. The colony is not denominational. All of good moral character are cordially received, whether church members or not. Young men of energ}', even though of limited means, can here do welL The board of trustees own the town site of Judsonia, comprising 250 acres, which is but slightly encumbered. This site, and several thousand acres of land donated chiefly by old citizens and the commissions from sale of railroads, are all devoted to the founding and equip- ment of the university, and must soon place it among the bet- ter class of colleges of our land. CHAUACTER OF TUH COLON V AND LOCATION". The colony is not, therefore, a company of speculators, since all profits resulting from sale of lots and lands, and all dona- tions, accrue to the university alone. Nor is it a colony of communists. To the contrary, each family is wholly separate, and has its own separate home and separate interests, precisely as in any other community. The location is on the Cairo an Fulton railroad, at the junction with Little Eed river, fifty- three miles northeast of Little Rock. The river is navigabl for large steamboats about four or five months in the 3'ear. eo RESOUECES OF ARKANSAS. THE STATE EXEMPTION AND HOMESTEAD LAW Is perhaps more liberal than any. We quote from slate con- stitution, 1870, Article XH, p. 37 : Bj a wisely designed provision adopted bj' the state consti- tutional convention, 11th of February, 1868, and subsequently ratified by the people, one hundred and sixt}^ acres of land are exempted from execution. The benefits of this exemption, should the head of the family be removed by death, inure to his widow while she remains unmarried; also to his children during their minority. The constitution further provides : " The personal property of any resident citizen of this state, to the value of two thousand dollars, to be selected by such resi- dent^ shsiilhe exempted from sale or execution or other final process of any court, issued lor the collection of any debt con- tracted after the adoption of this constitution. " Hereafter the homestead of any resident of this state, who is a married man, or head of a family, shall not be encumbered in any manner while owned b}'' him, except for taxes, laborers' and mechanics' liens, and securities for the purchase money thereof. Every homestead not exceeding one hundred and sixty acres of land, and the dwelling and appurtenances thereon, to be selected by the owner thereof, and not in any town, city or village; or in lieu thereof, at the option of the ov/ner, any lot in a cit3% town or village, with the dwelling thereon, owned and occupied by any resident of this state, and not exceeding the value of 85000, shall be exempted from sale or execution, or any other final process of any court." Further, it says : " The homestead of a family, after the death of the owner thereof, shall be exempt from the payment of his debts, in all cases during the minority of his children, and also so long as his widow shall remain unmarried, unless she shall be the owner of a homestead in her own right.'' It also provides that the property of a female, before marriage, shall be held by her in her own right as long as she shall so elect, to be disposed of bv her as she shall deem proper. These just provisions of the . constitution, it will be seen, provide against the possibility of any one being distressed or deprived of a home. RESOUJICES OF ARKANSAS. 61 LIMITATION OF CIVIL SUITS. All open accounts are barred in three rears ; all liquidated demands, notes, etc., are barred in five years, except mortgages and judgments. LEVEE BONDS. Authorized issue, $3,000,000, most of which has been issued. About $1,000,000 of this has been located on lands and can- celed in the treasurer's oflice, and there is but little doubt but that the balance will be canceled in that wa}'. The bonds run thirty years, and draw seven per cent, interest. They are convertible into lands owned by the state, but if not so con- verted, they must be paid bj'' the state when due. The interest is paid b}' tlio owner'^ of the lands benefited. PUBLIC DEBT OF THE STATE. .sTATh:\n':\Tsh,„ q i]u- hi(Jrhted>tess of the State of Art:avm>f on t/ir Jirst i.lii!f of October, 187:;. Funded debt, six per cent, bonds Unfunded old debt Levee bonds, seven per cent, swamp land scrip, etc,, outstanding., Auditors warrants and treasurer's certificates outstanding, about.. Total state debt Seven per cent bonds issued to railroads $4,r)r)0,00(> Total contingent debt Total state debt and railroad contingent debt. ASSETS. $3,050,000 2,365,74« 2.146,641.) 1,100,000 ,002,397 4,950,000 .$1.'^,G12,:!97 Heal Estate bank mortgages Swamp and overflowed lands unsold, 390,465 acres, worth about. Lands forfeited for taxes, 135,000 acres, worth Total. $2,250,000 250,000 250,000 $2,750,000 «2 EESOURCES OF ARKANSAS. ANIMALS, BIRDS, INSECTS, ETC. The animals of this state are : The black bear, deer, panther^ wild-cat, fox (rod), rabbit, raccoon, opossnni, skunk, mink, wolf, otter, beaver, squirrel (red, gray and black), rat and mouse. The birds are : The wild turkev (meleagris gallipavo), turkey buzzard (cathartes aura), bald eagle (fjilco leucocephalns), owl (strix Virginiana), meadow lark (alauda magna), black bird (quiscnlus versicolor), crow (corvus Americanus), blue jay (cy- anurus crystatus), thrush (ferdus rufus), robin (terdus migra- torius), blue bird (sialis Wilsonii), snow bird (emberiza nivalis), Avoodpecker (picus auratus), kingfisher (alcedo alcyon), swal- low (rufa dordeorum), whip-poor-will (caprimulgus vociferus),. pigeon (columba migratorius), partridge (ortyx Virginianus), red bird (tanagra aestiva), mocking bird (mimus polyglottus), snipe (scolopax Wilsonii), woodcock (scolopax rusticola). The wild goose (anser Canad.) and several species of the duck, as- the anas brochas and anas sponsa, frequent the watercourses during winter. The rattle-snake, small ground rattle-snake, moccasin, cotton- mouth, viper, copperhead, black-snake, chicken-snake, king- snake, and others, arc quite numerous in the swamps, but are seldom seen in the hills. Among the insects, I will mention the honey-bee, humble- l)ee, yellow-jacket, hornet, wasp, cricket, grasshopper, butter- iiy, house-fly, horse-fly, ant, flea, tick, gnat, mosquito and sand- fly. The three last mentioned are confined almost exclusively to the swamps and low lands, and are never troublesome on the uplands. The rivers, lakes and ei-eeks are abundantly supplied with fisb of a superior quality. The principal varieties are the cat^ buflalo, trout, bass, pike, perch, white perch, gar, drum and .sucker. KESOUKCES OK AKKAl^SAS. 63 REAL AXD PERSON^AL PROPERTY. STA TEMEXT Showing the Asscs.ted Valuation of Real ayid Personal Property, as Equalized in the several Counties of the State, for f/i'' Yrnr 1872. [The Actual Cash Value is about one-third more.) Arkansas Ai^hley Benton Bradloy Boone ("!olumbia Crittenden Calhoun Clark Crawford Carroll Crai2;]iead. Cro?8 Chicot Conwav Dallas!. Desha Drew Franklin Fulton (ireene (irant Hot Spring Hempi^tead Tzard Independence. Jackson Johnson .Tefferson Lafayette Lawrence Little River... i!l, 80.-1,000 1,024|885 2,109,297 1,244,281 905,105 l.;{5n,8.1G i;8G7,010 4.^9,750 1,970,098 1.307,538 498,548 880,379 837,005 3.234,317 l!025,275 508,272 978,135 1.52.5,485 ];277.975 048J507 1,020,094 _ 50.3. 24 4 '700,539 1.907,036 879,500 2.821,190 2^137,587 1,004,037 5,551,501 1,587,040 1,270.228 0.50,131 Lincoln Madison Marion Missi.^sippi ... Monroe Montgomery Newton Nevr.da Ouachita., Terrv Phillips Pike Poinsett Polk Pope Prairie Pulaski Randolph St. Francis Saline Scott Searcy Sevier , Sharp Sarber Sebastian Union Van Buren... Washington.. Woodrufi" White Yell Total. S2,31 7,423 478'240 031,833 915,040 1,996,082 275,821 264,987 1,204,532 2,193J233 557,860 4,209,001 ■457,915 29.3,380 197,983 1,075,888 1,770,558 12,313^152 1,104,843 1,771,678 539,690 020,069 552,465 1,408,046 861,771 1,070,385 2,757,637 1,880,849 636,666 2,415,346 1,749,550 2,984,164 1,876.770 $98,473,840 PRICEtS OF LABOR, Etc. Good black hands, for field labor, can be obtained for $150 and board per year; wbite field hand.-? command from $20 to ^25 and board per month ; black female labor, for house work, 64 KESOUECES OP AEKAXSAS. is in great abundance, and command from $6 to $8 per month ; laborers b}'- the day, from $1 50 to $2 50 ; carpenters get from $3 to $4 per day; stone and brick masons, plasterers, cabinet workmen, blacksmiths and wagonrnakers receive from $3 to $6 per day. House rents are generally high. Farms can usually be rented at easy rates. • • PROFITS ACCKUINi; I'ROM LADOU. Many farmers in this state realized last year a net income from their crops of from live thousand to twenty thousand dollars, and in some ctises even more ; and in manj'^ instances tenants with only the assistance of their families have realized from their portion of the crop from nine hundred to twelve hundred dollars. It must be remembered that about one-third of the cleared land in the state has laid idle since the war, for want of tenants or laborers; and these same idle lands will produce one bale of cotton or fifty to seventy-live bushels of corn to the acre, and in many instances the owners will fur- nish land, stock, tools, seed and feed, receiving at gathering time his part of the crop — absolutely furnishing everything needful to make a crop, labor excepted, for a small compensa- tion, besides giving six to eight months' time to pay that small sum. One man's labor in the northwest ma^' produce two thousand bushels of corn, worth thirty-five cents a bushel, amounting to seven hundred dollars; the same labor here will produce a crop worth one thousand to fifteen hundred dollars, because here corn will bring from seventy -five cents to one dollar per bushel, and other products in proportion. HOW TO UKACII AUKAXSAS. The state is easy of access by boat from any point on the Ohio or Mississippi rivers. Immigrants from the north and east can come via St. Louis or Cairo; either route would brin": liESOUKCES OF AliKANSAS. 65 them into the state on the Cairo and Fulton railroad. Immi- grants from the south and east can come cia Memphis. Immi- grants from Europe will find an easy route either by the Allan line of steamers to !N"orfolk, and thence by rail via Memphis, or by the Bremen or Hamburg line of steamers to Xew Orleans, and thence by IMississippi, Arkansas or Ouachita river steamers to any point. Besides the routes mentioned above, the Atlan- tic and Pacitic railroad, connecting with a line of stages from Pierce City, by which the immigrant will find transportation to almost any part of the northwestern portion of the state. In case the immigrant comes from any of the adjoining states, he will do better to come with a team, if he be a farmer, and bring such of his stock and household goods with him as circumstances will permit. ee KEiJOURCES OF AKKAKtSA8. LIST OF NEWSPAPERS IX ARKANSAS. NAME. WHERE PUBLISHED. Gazette Little Rock, Pulaski Co., Republican Little Rock, Pulai-ki Co. Chronicle Little Rock, Pulaski Co. Ark. &Tex. Advertiser. Little Rock. Pulaski Co. World jHelena, Phillips Co Clarion ! Helena, Pliillips Co.. Shield Standard Ouachita Herald Telegraph Pres.s Republican Helena. Phillips Co Arkadelphia, <;iark Co Arkadelphia, Clark Co Washing-ton, Hempstead (^o Pine Eliiff. .Teffer.son Co Pine Blutt', .lefterson Co rimes iRntesville, Independence Co.. Republican jBatesville, Independence Co Herald IFort Smith, Seba.stian Co New Era jFort Smith, Sebastian Co POLITICS. HOW LSSUED. Conservative... Republican Conservative... Con.^ aid has been awarded to the followinof roads: KESOUHCES OF ARKANSAS. 69 THE CAIRO AND FULTON EAILROAD COMPANY Was organized under a cliarter granted hy the General Assembly of the State of Arkansas on tlie twelfth day of January, 1853, and by subsequent acts. It was fully empow- ered to construct and operate a road, beginning at a p'bint on the Mississippi river opposite the mouth of the Ohio, in the state of Missouri, and thence southwest by way of Little Rock to the Texas boundary line, near Fulton, with all the neces- sary branches, so as to enter the northeastern and northwest- ern portions of Texas. The company was also fully empow- ered to connect ■with any roads of Texas running north of Galveston ; also, at its northern end to connect with the south- ern end of the Missouri roads ; and also, to consolidate with any roads — the most liberal legislative permission, from time to time having been granted to carry out fully all these ©bjects. ROUTE. A reference to the map will show that the Cairo and Fulton railroad occupies an almost direct line between the railroad system of Texas seeking a northern outlet, and those roads on the southern boundarj^ of Missouri which run to the cities ef St. Louis and Chicago. This route was selected after care- ful and minute surveys and a thorough examination of the country — it being at once the shortest, cheapest and most direct line jaetween the termini. In a total length of three hundred and ten miles, it exceeds an air line only six and three-tenths miles ; its grades are nowhere greater than fifteen feet to the mile, and for two hundred miles the road is almost level. The position of the line will be found as valuable for local business as it appears for through business. It puts in communication twenty-eight of the choice counties of the state, running close to most of the county-seats, and passing the capital, Little Rock, it gives railway facilities to about 185,000, or one-third the present population, who have hith- erto been without means of communication except those 70 KES0UKCE8 OP ARKANSAS. afforded by common roads or rivers. The natural advantages of the route, as above detailed, can hardly be over-estimated. The Cairo and Fulton railroad connects as follows: ISTortli with the St. Louis and Iron Mountain railroad, which brings the grgat city of St. Louis within three hundred and thirty- seven miles of Little Rock, and within four hundred and ninety miles of Texas. Northeast with the Illinois Central railroad and with the Cairo and Vincennes railroad, both at Cairo. East and west with the Memphis and Little Kock, the Little Hock and Fort Smith, the Arkansas Central, and the Little liock, Pine Bluff and Isqw Orleans railroads. South with the New Orleans and Little Rock, the Ouachita Valley, and the Mississippi, Ouachita and Red River railroads. South with the Southern (or Texas) Pacific railroad to the Pacific, and the International railroad of Texas to Laredo and the City of Mexico. LOCAL BUSINESS PROSPECTS. The twenty-eight counties which the Cairo and Fulton gives an outlet to are among the most advanced in production in the state. They possess a population of 185,000, a taxable wealtli of $40,000,000, and their yearly products are about ^15,000,000. At Little Rock a valuable business cast and west is done by the road. The Hot Springs are now known so extensively that thousands of invalids are annually attracted to them. The local business will be immense ; the country along its line will rapidly fill up with farmers, miners and manu^eturers, and cities, towns and villages will spring into existence and grow into places of importance. Few of us can now fully realize the effects this will have in giving an increased demand and value to our lands, in increasing more than tenfold the immi- gration to our state, and in developing all the great sources of our wealth and prosperity. THROUGH P.USINKSS. The Cairo and Fulton, with its connections north and south, is destined to be the greatest commercial highway on the coa- KESOUKCKS OF AKKANSA.<. tinent. From Cairo to Fulton is almost an air line; from Fulton to Laredo, on the Rio Grande, the line of the Interna- tional railroad is nearly an air line, and from Laredo to Ma- zatlan, on the Gulf of California, is another air line — thus making nearly an air line from Cairo to Mazatlan. At Laredo the International will form a junction with a branch road to the City of Mexico, and with other roads Icadinir into the interior of the Mexican states. The Cairo and Fulton will be completed to the Texas line by January 1, 1874. By that time the International railvvaj ■will meet the Cairo and Fulton, thus giving the north and east direct communication with San Antonio, and in less than another year with Laredo. Thus the greatest highway on the continent will be completed to the borders of Mexico, there forming connection with the projected railway system of Mex- ico. Nature has made this the greatest highway on the conti- nent. All other roads crossing or branching off from this main lino will be feeders to it. The Cairo and Fulton railway is in the hands oi' a powerful and enterprising corporation. The company is constructing a magnificent iron bridge across the Arkansas river at Little Rock. This structure will have a draw in the center ; the railroad track will be forty-two feet from the water, and tv/enty-Uve feet above this a carriage and footway, thus furnishing unbroken rail transportation from St. Louis. Near the south end of the bridge is located large pas- senger and freight depots, the land commissioner's office, and the offices of all the different departments of the road, being within a few feet of the passenger depot. The general business offices and shops of the company are located at Little Rock. Officer.'^ — Thomas Allen, President; H. W. Marquand, Vice President; D. W. McWilliams, Treasurer ; W. R.Donaldson, Secretary; J. M. Loughborough, Land Commissioner; James H. Morley, Chief P^ngineor. ItESOUIlCES OF AKKAIS'SAS. THE CAIRO AND FULTON RAILROAD LAND GRANT. By act of Congress of the United States, July 28, 1866, a donation of land was confirmed to the company of 6400 acres to each mile of road, extending to twenty miles on each side of the track, thus securing ten full sections of 640 acres to the mile, or 1,926,400 acres upon the 301 miles of road. These lands are exempted from taxation until the road earns ten per cent. For convenience of description we will commence at the northeast end of the grant : From the Missouri border to Newport Station, on White river, a distance of 76 miles, the road passes down the Black river valley ; from Xewport Station to Little Rock, 84 miles, the road passes through the White river valley nearly its en- tire distance. The White and Black rivers are ever-living, clear, bold streams. White river is navigable at all seasons from its mouth to Jaeksonport, a distance of 350 miles. The valleys of these streams range in width from 25 to 80 miles They are the loveliest and fairest of any within the state, and in many respects one of the finest regions on the continent. Great, broad, long reaches of beautiful bottoms flank the road along its length through these valleys. The soil is of unri- valed fertility, the climate is mild and genial, and the bestow- ment of nature liberal in respect to an abundance of timber, springs of pure living water, and numerous creeks flowing from the highlands through the rich level of the valley, thus insuring against droughts and parching blights from a dry summer atmosphere. Fine farms lie along these valleys and in the contiguous uplands that bring an annual rent of ten dollars an acre, and would readily sell for from thirty to fifty dollars per acre, which goes to show the intelligent immigrant how valuable the lands of this company will be when im- proved. The products are the most valuable. Cotton yields from three-fourths to one and a half bales per acre ; corn from forty-five to seventy-five bushels per acre ; wheat from fifteen t© twenty-five bushels per acre, and other cereals and grasses itE.SULKCKS OF AUKAN.SA^ in the same ratio, with inferior cultivation. Tobacco grows far feetter tlian in Tennessee, wliile hemp does us well as in Mis- souri. A good fruit ami stock country. South from Little Kock to Rockport Station, 43 miles, the road passes throucrh the finest fruit and stock country in Central Arkansas. Fine clover fields lie alom;: the road, and numerous fruit farms are being opened up. Xo more inviting region exists anywhere lor small and large fruit. An intelligent farmer of this region, two years since, planted one-tenth of an aci'e in strawberries; this season he sold from this bed 475 quarts of berries at from 50 to lo cents per quart; the variety is the Charles Downing. All varieties of fruit do equally as well, according to the tests made. Thousands of acres of as fine fruit land as can be found anywhere, lie along the road in this -cction, which can bo had ior from S2 5© to $10 per acre. From the fact that cotton has been the chief crop cultivated in this part of the state, these fruit lands have ocen neglected, and every kind of fruit and vegetable bring the highest prices ill the city of Li-ttle Rock. For gardening these lands are equally well suited ; some of them would require manure. From liockporfc station to Arkadelphia, 22 miles, the road passes along the Ouachita valley, a fine c-diu immI small grain regior. The timber is gootl pine on the u'plands, walnut, oak and ash on the bottoms; a fine stock growing country: well adapted for fiuit and grape growing. From Arkadelphia to the Texas boundary line, near Tcxarcam', 78 miles, the road passes across the Little Missouri and the Red river valley. This portion of the state possesses a line cotton and corn soil. The station for Camden is located in Prairie D'Anne, and is • ailed Prescott. The station for Washington, Hempstead county, is located in Prairie D'Rhone, and is called Hope. These are beautilul, Jiigh-rolling, rich prairies, lying on each sid»e of the track. .The Red river valley is celebrated as being the finest cotton region in this portion of the state. Fine farms are to be seen in this section, and many wealthy farmers reside here. The timber is good, and water abundant. The land in this section is equal to any in wide fertile tracts; grain grows 7-1 EESOUECES OF APJvAKSA.S. finely, and fruit is said to do well. The undergrowth of the forests is dense ; grape vines everywliere twist their tendrils around the limbs of trees, and the range is luxuriant. Such are the general outlines of this railroad land grant, the most valuable, for several reasons, ever donated to any railroad: First. Because lyhig aloug the great trunk railroad of the southwest. Second, Because the lands embraced within this grant of 40 miles wide, by 301 miles in length, is, all things considered, the finest of the state. Third. The products of the soil consist of the grains and fruit of the northwestern states, with many of the staples and fruits of the semi-tropics, tlius enabling the producers to reap the fullest reward for their labors, by having a market in the gulf states, and in all the northwestern states. Valuable minerals and metals abound along the line of this road, such as iron, coal, kaolin, potter's clay, etc., etc. The variety ot lands within this grant enables the company to sat- isfy the needs of all classes of buyers, either for bottom, valley or hill land; for cotton, grain, grass, fruit, stock-growing and mineral. These lands were granted to the company in 1853, and have been withheld until the road was completed. They are now offered, for the first time, in forty-acre tracts or more, at low rates and on reasonable terms. For further intorma t;on, pamphlets, maps of each county and each tract, we refer the reader to Col. James M. Loughborough, land commissioner of the company at Little Kock. OUACHITA VALLEY RAILliOAD. This is the most important connection of the Cairo and Ful- ton railroad, extending from the prosperous city of Arkadel- phia, the county seat of Clark county, down the famous Ouachita river valley to Camden, in Ouachita county, and thence by an extension line, at variable distances from the KESOUKCES OF AKAANSAS. river, to Monroe, Louisiana. Wc shall speak, however, of that portion now under process of construction from Arkadel- pliia to Camden, a distance of 40 miles. Arkadelphia and Camden are the largest cities in southern Arkansas, and the centers of the richest cotton -growing sections of this portion of the state. They are places of very active trade, and ship- ping more cotton probably than any other places in the s^tate. Steamboats ascend the river as far as Arkadelphia during the navigable season. Camden, one hundred miles distant further down the river, is accessible for steamboats in nearly all sea- sons of the year. The Ouachita valley has been long known as a great cotton region, the rich alluvial eoil producing that staple in rank luxuriance and of a superior quality. The whole valley \» thickly settkd on either side of the river, from Arkadelphia to Monroe, Louisiana, a distance of twenty miles. The Ouachita Valley railroad also runs through valu-able coal uni. gypsum formations between Arkadelphia and Camden on lands owned by the company. The quality of this coal is good, and will bring large revenues to the company on the con)pletion of the road. The great productiveness of the adjacent and surround- ing lands will render the gypsum beds comparatively valueless for home consumption. On the completion of the Mississippi, Ouachita and lied River railroad to Camden, no road in the state will do a larger aggregate business than the Ouachit.^ Valley railroad ; and indeed its local importance, valuable con- nections and cheapness of construction will render it one of the most remunerative enterprises in the whole countrj'. This road owns 310,000 acres of lands, many of which are very val- uable on account of their agricultural and mineral productive- ness, and impro\;ed condition. Satisfactory arrangemtnts are made with actual settlers. In addition to the above amount of lands, the state has awarded $ )75,0G0to aid in the construc- tion of the road. Work is rapidly progressing, ten miles being nov/ graded and tied, and the whole i^ under contract. A road of so much importance, so short and so cheaply constructed, must promise immediate completion. RP:80UKCE8 of ARKANSAS!. OUACHITA VALLEY RAILROAD COMPANY S LANDS. This railroad has a land grant of over twenty-five thoiisaml acres situated in the counties of Clark, Ouachita, Pike and Johnson. Many of tliese lands are in a highly improved cou- ditiota. In addition to the above, the company owns sixty thousand acres obtained by purchase and donation, making three hundred and ten th.ousand acres. Of these, thirty-five thousand acres are internal improvement lands — donated in 1832 hy congress to the state for the purposes of internal improvements — and arc very valuable. The most of these lauds are contiguous to the road. All of the company's lands bordering ou the Ouachita river are of black loam, alluvial bottom, timbered with oak, hickory, black walnut, gum and ash, ve«iy fertile in their character, and with but little outlay for improvement are cap.ab!e of being made a^? good farms as can be foand in the country. Oa siome of these lands near the railroad large beds of coal and gypsum have recestly been discovered. The uplands of the company, situated in Clark, Pike and Jolin-son, are also in many instances rich in gold, copper, zinc and coal. All information concerning price and terms of occupation can be attained from H. G. Pattillo, the company's land commissioner, at Arkadclphia. Clark county, Arkansas. l.ITTLb: ilOCK AND FORT SMl'llI JiAILROAD. A glance at the map of the United States will show the commanding geographical position which Arkansas occupies in the railway system. On her southwest lie's the great state of Texas, only to be reached from the north and east through her territory ; and on the west lies the Indian territory, the finest region of land on the continent, yet unopened, but soon we trust to be brought under the influences of civilization and cultivation. Here is an empire — in itself larger than all the KKSOUKCES OF ARKANSAS. Tiorthern and eastern states — whose direct connection with those states must bo throngli x\rkansas. Tiie thirty-tifth par- allel passes through the center of the state, and along and near this are found the rivers and valleys which furnish realh' the onl}' natural and direct route betwoeu the Mis^lssipiii river and the Pacific ocean. This road forms a Nccy important link in the route of a thirty fifth parallel road. Commencing on the nori,]) side of the Arkansas river, opposite Little Rock, the line follows the valley of the Arkansas at variable distances from tiie river, touching it at several points, and runs through Lewisburg, Rus- sellvillc and Clarksvillc to Van Bureu and Fort Smith. The di.'=- tance is one hundred and sixty miles. Of this, one hundred miles at the eastern end is in operation, reaching to Clarksville. On the remaining sixty miles the v»-ork is in an advanced state, ten consecutive mik^s near Van Buren being graded. Sur- veys have been made from Fort Smith and Van Buren lor a line intersecting the main branch of the Atlantic and Pacific raih'oad near the point where that road crosses the Canadian, an between the roads west and northwest and makes it ar) unavoidahle link in the i:^reat tliirty-fifth par- allel route to tiie Pacific. The g'eneral offices of the road are at Little Iv0(^k. THK LITTLE ROCK AND iMjUT SMITH KAILRoAD COMPANY'S LAND GRANT. Thi-; roiid lias a gruiif ^^f hmd frrun tiie general government of over a million acres, h>cated in the valley of the Arkansas river, and for jigrienltnrid. fruit-growing and stock-raising pnr- .poses arc not sur[>assed l>y any lands west of the Mississippi river. This valley embraces all that country lying l^etween tlie Ozark range of mountains on the north and the Masserne range on the t-outh side of the river, fropi Little Rock to the western boundary of the state, and may l_)e estimated at about seventy miles u-owi norrh to south ;ind one hundred and ufty miles from east to west. Its area is about 10,500 square miles, or 6,720,000 acres, or oue-fif[h part of the state, and ipcludes all of ten counties atwl portions of several others, with a pop- ulation of about 120,00!) souls. But few countries are so well watered as ihis valley. A glance at the map will show ho'.v admirably every })ortion of it is intersected by rivers, creeks and strcajulets. This part of the state is filling up very rapidly with an enterprising population. New dwellings meet the eye in various places. While on one hand the forests are disappearing before tlie axe of the pio- neer, on the other the prairie is yielding to the plow. Wealth and all its attendant comforts and luxuries are also rapidly in- creasing, as is shown by the assessor-'^' books of these counties. The .surface is broken, the ci>iintry presenting, high and dry, bottoms, large tracts of uplands, beautiful ridges and moun- tain slopes, and, therefore, have g.)od drainage. Numerous bold, clear springs gush froin the foothills and ridges. The timber of the vuiley throughout is much alike. The trees of these forest's are huge, tall and numberless. All the oaks, save live, ash, cottouvvood, wahiut, cherry, pecan, hickory, RESOURCES OF AllKANSAS. 79 mulberiy, sassafras, gum, sycamore, maple, cypress, cedar, pine, (logwood, and other valuable woods abound in a maze of mag- nificence, intertwined with grape, some of which are ten inches in diameter, and other vines, fretted witli reeds and tall grasses, and tufted with a luxuriant and flowing undergrowth. The soil of the river and creek bottoms is very fertile. Its capacity for produce is almost unlimited. Cotton yields from one to one and a half bales per acre, corn from forty-iive to seventy- five bushels per acre, wheat from fifteen to twenty-five bushels per acre, and otlier cereals and grasses in the same ratio, with inferior cultivation. Tobacco grows far better than in Mary- land, while hemp does as well as in Kentucky, according to the few tests made ©f it. Barley and rye yield as heavy as any lands outside of California. Peaches, pears and apples grow as finely as in any region in Iho west. Fine, luscious wild grapes, muscadines, plums, and all the berries abound. The grasses are ver^^ abundant and nutritious, whilst clover, timo- thy, herd and other cultivated grasses do well. Stock of all kinds thi'ive here, little food being required for them in winter. This valley is also remarlcable for its rich mineral deposits of coal and various ores. The noted Kellogg lead mines, and the various coal beds now being successfully worked, but to a limited degree, are all within the lines of this grant; and we venture the opinion that mining capital nowhere in the wdiolo country can be more remuneratively employed than in this valley. The road passes tlirough the heart of tlie coal fields of Arkansas, embracing about 12 000 square miles, for its entire length, and the day is not far distant when the whole Missis- sippi valley will l»e dependent upon these coal fields for its supply. The lands were granted to the company in 1853, and have been reserved from sale to this time. They are now in the midst of good settlements, schools and churches, and are ofiered for sale on exceedingly liberal terms and at very low rates; and we believe that nowhere in the whole country, con- sidering soil, climate, health, productivencfs and accessibility to market, can the immigrant find a more desirable home. RESOURCES OF ARKANSAS. This range of the Ozark mountains is famous for its very rich benches, hill slopes and table land, the soil being enriched bj the limestone therein. It is covered by bottom growth of tinn- ber. It is peculiarly adapted for grain, tobacco, the grape and pastures, the numerous springs affording plenty of watpr. Tha Arkansas valley, all things considered, is the loveliest, fairest? richest and healthie.-t portion of the state, and is destined to become, at no distant day, the wealthiest and n_iost populous part of the state. Through the heart of this valley, along the river, amid fine jarms, thrift}' settlements, good markets and other appliances of civilization, run the railroad lands. They are in alternate sections, on cither side, and within twenty*"' miles of the line of the railroad. Improved farms along the • line of this road, in tliis valley, are held at fioni thirty to fifty dollars per acre, which tends to show the far looking immi- grant how valuable the lands now owned by the company will become when improved ; yet these railroad lauds can be bought on long time at the following prices: LTplands vary in price from $2 50 to $7 per acre, liver bottoms from $9 to S25, and creek bottoms from S-l to $10, depending upon soil, timber, locality, and the other considerations which affect value. For further details and general information we refer the reader to the pamphlet recently issued bj- the land commis- sioner of the company at Little Kock, containing maps of each county, and of each forty-acre tract in the whole grant, wha furni.shes them gratuitously to applicants. TUK MKMPHLS AXD J.ITTLE llOGK KAILKOAD. This road is 131 miles long, completed and in successful operation. It travei'ses a fine section of the state. It gives an outlet to a region rich in agricultural productions. It is of jirime importance not only to local business, but to that through trade v.'ith the cast. This road has received a large grant of imblic lances ; the tract still owned by the compatiy KKSOURCES OF ARKANSAS. 8] contains: about 150,000 acres. These lands are fine lor agricul- ture or stock raising; they are accessible and clieap. Great inducements will be oiiered to actual settlers who will improve the land. P>. D. Williams, land agent, Little Kock." AKKAN\SA8 CENTRAL UAILKOAR Tlie Ai"kansas Central railroad and branches — the main line jrom Helena to Little liock, crossing White river near Aber- deen, witli a bran.ch to Clarendon. Of the main lirje, that por- tion I'rom Helena 1o White river and branch to Clarendon, lifty-two miles, is in successful operation, doing a splendid business. The line from A7hite river to Little Rock, fifty miles, is almost entirely graded; the iron will be laid and tbe road opened through by January 1,1874, Thirty miles west of tbe White river, crossing the branch line to Pine Bluff, iifty miles long, leaves the main line. This branch is under con- tract, to be completed b}' December 1, 1873. The gauge of tiie road is three feet si.\ inches, 'i'liis gauge was adopted so as to be in conformity with the gauge of the great Southern Paciiic line, of which tbe Arkansas Central, b}- its Pine Bluff branch, will tbrni one of the most prominent northern and northeastern outlets. CONKECTION.^. West with the Cairo and Fulton, and Little Rock and Fort Smith railroads ; east with the Helena and Corinth, and Helena and Mobile railroads. I'he Pino P>luif branch connects with the Little Rock, Pine Bluff and Xew Orleans railroad. OFFICERS. The oflicers of the company are as follows: S. W. Dorsey, president; J. M. Peck, secretary; J. J. Horner, treasurer; J. Q. Taylor, land coinmissi(>ncr ; .1. E. (Jre^rg, superintendent of RESOUECES OF ARKANSAS. construction ; C. S. Miller, chief engineer. General oiFices, Helena. ARKANSAS CENTRAL RAILROAD COMPANY'S LANDS. This company has 200,000 acres of as fine lands as can bo found in this state. These lan'^^s were subscribed bv land- owners along the line of the main line and branch to assist in building this important road. In point of value, for agricul- tural or stock growing purposes, they are not excelled by any other portion of the state. They arc now offered, for the first time, at low rat€s and easy terms. The section of country traversed by this railroad is one of the finest cotton-producing localities in the south, but it is as yet only partially developed. It consists of an elevated table- land, every acre of which is susceptible of cultivation. The ordinary yield of cotton is one bale to the acre, ivhich, by proper cultivation, can be increased to one and a half or two bales. This is the natural production of the soil, no manures being u.-ed. TIic demand i'ov lands along this road has largely increased, and business of all kinds has been greatly improved by the building of this important railroad. Some idea of the rich and fertile country opened up by this road may be in- ferred from the fdct that the counties .traversed by the road shipped, last season, nearly ninety thousand bales of cotton alone ; the product of corn was also large, as this soil will yield on new land from eighty to one hundred bushels to the acre. To the agriculluralist and stock grower this is an inviting resrion. LITTLE UOCK, PINK IJLUFF AND NEW ORLEANS RAILROAD. lioginning at tlic city of Little Rock, the line passes through or near the city of Line Bluff, thence centrally through the counties of Drew aiwtl Ashley, and terminates at the Louisiana RESOUKCES OF ARKANSAS. - 8?. line. At Pine Bluff the Cliieot branch (comprehended in the charter of the Little Rock, Pine Bluft" and New Orleans Rail- road company) diverges. This road follows the valley of the Arkansas occupying the site of the Little Rock and Napoleon railroad to near Red Fork bayou; thence the line deflects southward, and touching at a good landing on the Mississippi river, near the mouth of Cypress creek, terminates at Chicot, or at the point of junction or intersection with the Mississippi, Ouachita and Red River railroad. The length of the main stem, from Little Rock to the Louisiana line, is 135 miles. The length of the Chicot branch will be about 75 miles. The line Jrom Little Rock to Pine Bluff, 45 miles in length, passes over undulating, yet ver\' favorable ground. Practically straight between those points, there are no important streams .to be crossed, and using easy gradients, the maximum cuttings or embankments will not exceed eight feet in depth. From Pine Bluff' southward, the route passes over the elevated bottom lands of Bayou Bartholomev/ for a distance of about twenty miles; thence rising l)y an easy ascent to the upland which separates the waters of Bayou Bartholomew from the waters of the Saline river, the line occupies an almost unbroken pla- teau to the Louisiana line. PROGRESS. This road is in active process of construction ; 75 miles from Ohicot to Pine Bluff' is completed and doing a ffne business. Tlie 45 miles from Pine Bluff' to Little Rock will be open for Irade and travel by July 1, 1874. OFFICERS. The officers arc: Powell Clayton, president; J. E. Sickels, chief engineer: G. P. C. Rumbough, consulting engineer. Ceneral offices, Chicot. «4 RESOURCES OF ARKANSAS. THE MISSISSIPPI, OUACHITA AXD RED PJVEPv RAILROAD. The company was organized in 185-2, nndera special charter, veiy liberal in its terms. ROUTE. The road begins a Chicot, a good landing on the Mississippi river, inidway between the month of the Arkansas river and the Louisiana line, and taking nearly a dne west course, termi- nates at orneartl c town of Texarcana, on Red river, just above the raft. Its length is about ISo miles, exceeding an air line in length by a fraction over three miles. Maximum grade, tifty feet per mile. Ninety-five jDer cent, of the route gradesdo not exceed ten feet per mile. Thirty miles of this road are completed, and 100 miles more graded, bridged and ready for the iron. The completed portion of the road is now doing a large and jDrosperous business, transporting over two hundred bales of cotton daily to Chicot duiing the cotton season. The business of this road will he very large and profitable, running as it does through a country second to none in fertility. COXNECTIONS. . At Chicot it connects with the Little Rock, Pine Dhitt* and New Orleans road, which will extend southward to A'icksburg, giving a continuous line to New Orleans; northward with Memphis and the entire west and north. At Texarcana it will connect with the Texas Pacific. The oificers are: Powell Clayton, President; E. AVebstcr, Secretary and Treasurer; J. R. Young, Assistant Secretary and Treasurer ; T. P. Dockery and B. W. IMartin, I^and Com- missioners. Illb; 1,.\N1> C.liAXT, This railroad company has a large grant of land (300,000 acres) for sale, located on l)Oth sides and within twenty miles of the line of the road. These lands are covered witli forests KESOUKCES OF AKKAXSAJ>. of some of the finest pine and oak timber in the Union, and naturally suggest to the mind the immense lumber business that will grow up here when the railroad is completed, finding a remunerative market at Now Orleans and places up the river. In an agricultural point the land throngh which the road runs is one of the richest cotton and corn countries in the state, yielding annually immense crops of those articles, which is a strong inducement for the rapid completion of the road, an KANSAS CITY. From Memphis, Tennessee, through Jacksonport, Bates- vilie, Yellville and into Missouri, and thence to Kansas City. This road is under contract and forty or more miles ready for the iron. It runs through a fine country — the celebrated White river valley — and is in the hands of energetic and inoniod men, who will hurry it through to completion. MEMPHIS, SflREVEPORT A^iD TEXAS. From Memphis, through Devalls Bluff, I*ine Blufi", Camdea and Shreveport, and on into Texas, 8(J KESOUKCES OF ARKANSAS. HELENA AND IRON :M0UNTAIN. From Helena to the Cairo arcl Fulton, near the Missouri state line. This is an important road, running through the best developed grain and fruit counties in eastern Arkansaa. ST. LOUIS AND LITTLE ROCK. From Cuba Citj on the Atlantic and Pacilic railroad, run- ning south through Missouri, entering Arkansas in Fultou county, thence through Batesville to Little Rock. WHITE RIVER VALLEY AND TEXAS. From Batesville, on White river, via Devalls Blufl'to Pine Bluff, and thence direct to Texas via Shreveport and Mar- shall. ARKANSAS AND LOUISIANA. From Little Eock due south through Arkansas to Alex- andria, Louisiana, thence to Opelousas, Berwick's Bay and '^Qsv Orleans. LIT^ILE ROCK AND SHREVEPORT. From Little Rock, via Camden, to Shreveport, Louisiana. NORTH ARKANSAS CENTRAL. From Jacksonport, via Batesville, to Fayetteville, and thence to Venita, Indian territory. DESCRIPTION OF COUNTIES, ARKANS.^S COUNTY Is boiintled on the north by Monroe and Prairie counties, on the cast by White river, on the south by Deslia county and Arkansas river, and on the west by Jetierson and Prairie counties. The surface of this county is gently rolling, with occasional knolls and ridges, and bottom land along the Ark- ansas and White rivers and smaller streams and their tribu- taries. About one-half is prairie land. From one thousand to eighteen hundred pounds (three-fourths to one and one- fourth bales) of seed cotton, and from thirty to fifty bushels of corn per acre, is about the rate of production. Wheat, oats, hay and potatoes produce excellent. Stock-raising is an important branch of industry. The leading varieties of fruit are abundant. Timber in abundance and of good quality. DeWitt, a small town of some two hundred inhabitants, is the county-seat. The population of this county in 1870 was 8268. Some of the very finest land of the state lies in this county which can be had in an unimproved state for from one to six dollars per acre. Improved farms are w^orth from five to twenty five dollars per acre. This county is rapidly filling up with settlers from the northwestern states, and it is destined to sustain a large and prosperous population. The real estate assessment for ]872 tells this story— $1,481,940. The next assessment in 1876 will tell a difibrent tale, if natural advan- tages amount to anything. This county contains twenty-four church buildings, fifteen school-houses and nine steam saw and grist mills. The Arkansas Central railroad passes through the northern border of the county ; this, with White and Arkansas rivers, furnish transportation. 88 RES()L'KCi'>^ OF ARKANSAS. ASHLEY COUNTY Is bounded oti the south by the state of Louisiuiui, east by Chi- cot county, north by Drew, west by Bradley and Union county. In the eastern portion of this county meanders the " Bayou Bartholomew," a stream of considerable importance in an agricultural point of view. The lands on either bank are high and entirely above overflow, and have a gradual descent for the distance of one mile on either side, and are, consequently, well drained. The soil is a rich alluvium, and very produc- tive. Its banks are dotted with numerous and extensive plan- tations. Still, thousands of acres of these magnificent lands are in their wild or virgin state, awaiting the axe and the plow of the sturdy pioneer to develop their resources and make this one of the finest cotton regions of the state. This stream is navigable during the spring rise, for small boats, some threo hundred miles above its junction with the Ouachita river. The principal productions are cotton and corn, sweet potatoes, peas, etc., etc. Various kinds of fruit, as the apple, peach and currant, are very abundant. Timber growth. ]Ano on the up- lands and oak on the bottoms. BENJ'OX COUN'l'N' [s bounded on the north by the state of Missouri, and on the west by the Indian Territory. Thus it will be seen that it lies in the northwest corner of the state. Population in 1870, 13,831, of which 182 were colored. Bentonville, a beautifully located town of 1400 inhabitants, is the county seat. The land is high and rolling, divided into a series of ridges by numerous clear streams of never- failing water. Soil favorable for grain, fruit and stock growing. Tobacco is raised here of the finest quality at the rate of 800 to 1000 pounds to the acre. It is celebrated for its fruit, and for fine cattle and sheep. Timber growth principally oak, black walnut, pine and hickory ; un- dergrowth hazel and grapevines. Water power abundant ; fourteen water-power mills, four of them saw mills ; also, four steam grist and fiour and two steam saw-mills are to be seen here. A railroad from the Atlantic and Pacific, near Spring- liK.soUKCKS oy AKKAMSA.'^. field, j\Io., to Fort Smith, Ark., is promised to the people of this county in eighteen months. Two tobacco factories, one planing mill and six or eight tan-yards are located in tliii* count}-. !!')(» \K c^n■^T^ Is bounded on the north by the state ot" Missouri, east b}' Ma- rion tind west by Carroll counties. Surface is broken, inter- spersed with creek bottoms and prairies. Soil usually fertile, producing cotton, corn, wheat and other grains. Clover, timo- thy and red top grow luxuriantly. This is one of the choice fruit counties. Stock-raising is, also, a profitable avocation. Lead mines of the richest variety are found here, and three smelting furnaces are in operation. Timber abundant, of val- uable varieties. Lumber worth from fifteen to eighteen dol- lars per thousand feet at the mills, of which there are four in the county. Water power abundant. Nine water-]30wer grist- mills are located here. 'J'he Memphis and Kansas City and [N'orth Arkansas Central lailroads are expected to run through this county. The United States land office for the Fayetteville district is located at Harrison, the county seat, a town of about 300 inhabitants. Eellefont, a town of 400 inhabitants, is also in this county, about four miles from Harrison. miADLEY COIN'TV Is bounded on the north by Dorse_\', on the wesc by Calhoun, and on the south by Union and Ashley. Population in 1870, 86-14. Warren, the county seat, has a population of 400. Sur- face rolling for the most part ; the high bottom land of the Saline river will produce a bale of cotton, or from thirty to thirty-five bushels of corn to the acre. In the vicinity of Warren, the soils are of a light chocolate color, underlaid by red clay. The principal growth is post-oak, black-oak and pine, with an undergrowth of dogwood, maple and hazel. It will produce eight hundred pounds of seed cotton, from 25 to 30 bushels of corn, or from 15 to 20 bushels of wheat to the acre. In the southern part of the county, on what is called 7 00 RESOUKCES OF ARKANSAS. the " secoad bottom," or " hummock land," there are many •ancient mounds, with local beds of fresh-water shells. This :soil yields from 1000 to 1500 pounds of seed cotton, or from 30 to 35 bushels of corn to the acre. The principal growth is liickory, pine and oak ; the undergrowth is switch-hazel and sumac. The low bottom land is a white clay, cold and wet, with an abundant growth of palmetto. Lignite is found at many places in this part of the county, in beds from G to 7 feet thick, compact and of a black color. Leading products — cotton, corn, wheat, oats and rve. Muscadine and other wild grapes grow here in abundance, and con?iderablc wine is made in this county. BAXTER COUNTY, Named in honor of our present Governor, Hon. Elisha Baxter, was created by the legislature in 1873, from portions of Ma- rion, Fulton and Izard counties. The surface is rolling and hilly. The lands lying on White, Big North Fork and Ben- nett's rivers are very rich, adapted to cotton and grain. The uplands — or barrens, as they are called — are more or less rough and rolling; this soil is well suited for grain, fruit and sheep raising. Several streams run through this county, affording valuable water power. Timber growtli — oak, hickory, black walnut, pine, etc. Minerals — iron, lead and zinc. For the immigrant that wants a quiet home, where he can raise grain, fruit, stock or cotton, Baxter county will answer. CALHOUN COUNTY Is bounded on the east by Bradley, south by Union, west by Ouachita, north by Dallas county. Surface generally level Soil of medium fertility in the northern portion ; on the Ouachitd" river bottoms, soil very productive. Cotton and corn are the chief products. Wheat, oats and sweet potatoes are raised to a limited extent. Not much land in this county under cultivation. Fruit does well. Timber abundant ; prin- cipally pine, oak, elm, hickory, gum and dogwood. The Mis- sissippi, Ouachita and Red River railroad passes through this county. Population, 3855. Hampton is the county seat; it has a population of some 350 souls. u;;s()Uiu'Ks i)V akkansas. ',»i CARROLL COUNTY Is bouiuled on tlio nortli l>y tlio vState of Missouri, east by Boono, and west by Benton counties. Surface mountainous and billy, witb some prairie in spots. Soil good for all tbe grain crops; excellent for clover, tirnotb^'.or lierd grass. A splendid county for stock, especially for slieep ; a great num- ber of them could be raised here. Fruit ot several varieties thrive well. Fruit and grain cheap for want of a market, the nearest now being Springfield, Missouri, sixty miles distant. When the Memphis and Kansas City or the North Arkansas Central railroad is built to this county, a good market will l)e opened in the southern cities. AVell watered by clear streams, and much valuable water power, on which arc located eleven saw, grist and flouring mills. Timber abundant ; principally walnut, oak, ash, cherry, elm, hickory and hackberry. Popu- lation, 5780. Carrollton, a village of -00 souls, is the county seat. CHICOT COUNTV Is bounded on tlie south by the State of Louisiana, and has the Mississippi river for its entire eastern Ijorder, being the south- east corner county. Population in 1870, 7214. Lake Village is the county seat. The surface of this county is low and level. This county is situated exclusively in the valley of the Missis- sippi. This valley has an average width here of from twenty- five to thirty miles, and is interspersed with numerous lakes and bayous. The liigher lands arc the banks of the i iver and larger bayous. This, with the reclaimed lands, conslituto one of the finest cotton-growing districts in the state; the soil is com- posed of a rich sandy loam, yielding from one to two bales of cotton to the acre. The surface in the western portion, near Bayou Bartholomew, is high and well drained. Hero are numerous and extensive plantations ; the soil is a rich allu- vium, and very productive. Leading products are cotton mid corn. CLARK COUNTY. This county is located in the southern central portion of the RESOURCES OF ARKANSAS. state. Arkadelphia, Rome, Okolono and Antoine are all towns of active trade and promise. Arkadelphia, the county seat of the county, and formerly the seat of government of the state,^ is situated on the Ouachita river at the head of navigation. On account of its commanding location, beauty, health, pleas- ant and prosperous surroundings, next to Little Kock, the capital of the state, it is the most important city on the line of the Cairo and Fulton railroad and in the state. Since the completion of the Cairo and Fulton railroad to this place, making through and direct connection to St. Louis, Mo.,. building has been rapidly pushed forward, new enterprises have sprung up, and population rapidh^ coming in. The Ouachita Valle}^ railroad also runs from this place to Camden, a distance of forty miles southeast, making a direct connection with New Orleans for all the country north of this county. The completion of this road within this year, as is contem- p)lated, wnll greatly enhance the already increasing interests of both Arkadelphia and Camden. The lands in this county are very productive, and are tim- l)ered with oak, hickory, gum, walnut and ash. Fruit is raised here without trouble. The hills are very rich in min- erals. Limestone is abundant, and a large <|uantity of lime is burned. On account of the numerous advantages which this founty affords, it will l)e very attractive. COLUMBIA CCrXTY Is bounded on the south by the state of Louisiana, east by Ouachita and Union, north b}' Ouachita and Nevada, and on the west by Lafayette county. Population, 11,397. The county seat, Magnolia, is a thriving town of 750 inhabitants. It has one paper, the Magnolia Flower. The surface of this county is rolling in the northern portion, level in the southern. Soil produces from one thousand to fifteen hundred pounds of seed cotton to the acre. Corn, oats, rye, sweet potatoes and peas are grown in abundance. In fruits we find here peaches, pears, plums and figs. Timber abundant, such as pine, oak, ash. gum, beech and hickor3\ The St. Louis, Little Rock and Shreveport railroad will pass through this county. RESOURCES OF ARKANSAS. COXWAY COUNTY Is bounded on the east by Faulkner, on the north by \'au Buren, on the ^vest by Pope, and on the south by Perry. The surface of the northern portion is broken and rough, with rock; 3'et Large tracts of tillable land occur. The bottoms of the Arkansas river are fine and wide. The table lands arc level or little broken; they spread out in wide tracts, and skirt the river lowlands. The soil of the lowlands is ver\' fertile. Cotton and corn are the leading products. Wheat and other grains grow well, and the grasses also. The wild grasses are very luxuriant, and the wild grape mats the under- ^row^th, which is rich and dense. The uplands are fertile in all the grains and fruit. The range is good, and springs gusli out along the hillsides and creek valleys. Stock-growing is a leading branch of business with the farmers here. Timothy, herdgrass and clover flourisli. Timber growth, oak, hickory, pine, walnut and cypress. Several creeks and streams run through the county, and aftbrd good water power. Minerals- iron in abundance, and coal. Improved farms are worth as high as fifty dollars per acre, though some can be bought for from ten to twenty. Unimproved land can be had for five to ten dollars per acre. A number of choice farms are here for rent. The Little Rock and Fort Smith railroad passes through the southern portion. The Arkansas river also runs through this portion. Population, 8112. Lewisburg, situated on both the river and railroad, is the county seat. CHAKillKAD COUNTY. Situated in the northeast corner of the state, and lliinl ■county south from Missouri line, though it corners with Dunklin county in the Missouri neck. It was formed in 1858, of portions of Greene, Poinsett and Mississippi counties. Population, five thousand. Taxable propert}-, about one mil- lion dollars. The western i>ortion of the county lies in the AVhite river valley and is watered bv Ciu'be river. Lake Argnillsand T'ayoii KE.SUUKCES OF ARKANSAS. Devieu, with numerous smaller streams ; is mostly timbered Avith iiiie oak and hickory timber, Avith much cypress and some belts of Avalnut and ash : and in the southAvest part of the county is a considerable prairie. This section, though level, is not subject to overflow, and is adapted to the culti- vation of corn, cotton and grass — peculiarly adapted to the growing of timothy. This section is most successful in rais- ing hogs. The middle portion of the county is a part of Crowley Eidge, which is an elevated portion about eight miles Avide in this county. The surface is somewhat broken in places, but is generally undulating and adapted to farming. Tliis soil is good, producing com and wheat and a tair yield of cotton. The timber is A'aried ; all the oaks abound, as Avell as a quan- tity of poplar and gum, Avith hickory and dogwood. This is the most thickly populated portion of the county. The surface of the ridge itself — naturally attractive — is beau- tified by many pleasant homes and comfortable farms, while- churches and school-houses are found in nearly every neigh- borhood. Jonesboro, the county-toAvn, is situated in the center of this section, and is a thriA'ing little town Avith a large trade and a rather energetic class of citizens. Greensboro — in the- northern portion of the county — is also on the ridge, and is a, point of considerable trade. The eastern point of the county lies in the valley ot the St. Francis river, Avhich is ua\'igable into this county by steam- boats. This is the richest part of the county, and is perhaps- unsurpassed in fertility bj' any portion of the Mississippi val- ley. Here are fouiid large bodies of the finest soil, Avhere a bale of cotton per acre can be raised and corn in proportion.. There is a fine range for cattle, Avhich are produced in great ]iumbers, Avith little or no trouble or expense. There are some A'cry fine plantations in this ^lortion of the- county lying along the St. Francis river and tributaries. This- section is level and a i)art of it subject to overflow, but the- greater portion is above the higliest water. The remarkable KKSOURCES OF ARKANSAS. 95 lake made by the earthquake of 1811 is in thi? section. Buf- falo island is in this part of the county — a large island in the lake, of wonderful richness in soil and timber. The timber comprises the most gigantic species of oak, ash, walnut and cypress. A number of settlements have been mu\alnnt, })awpaw, oak, lich under- growt*b, vines and shrubs. It is peculiarly adapted for grape, tobacco and pasture, the numerous 6])rings affording plenty of water. It produces extraordinarily of all the grains, co^n arid 9G KESOUECES OF AKKANSAS. grasses. The Little Rock and Fort Smith raih^oad will pass through this county. Minerals, coal, iron and lead. Popula- tion, 8957. Van Buren, the county seat, is an important com- mercial town of 1200 inhabitants. ClUTTENDEN C0U2n"TY Lies opposite Memphis, on the Mississippi river. It is bounded on the north by Mississippi, south by Lee, west by Cross and St. Francis counties. Population, 3881. Surface flat and low% except that portion known as " Crowley ridge." The soil is very rich, producing cotton and corn chiefly. Many small lakes and bayous are interspersed through the county. A good system of drainage and levees would reclaim a large body of valuable land in this county. Timber growth — large oak, hick- ory and hackberry. Cane abundunt. The Memphis and Lit- tle Pock railroad passes through the county. Marion, the county feat, hrsa populatiriu of oOO. CROSS COliNT^' Lies south ot Craiglieai.l, west <^f Crittenden, north 'of St. Fran- cis and east of Woodrufl". Surface is generally level, e.vceptin the center, wheie ''Crowley's ridge" passes through. Soil productive. Leading crops, cotton, corn, oats and sorghum. Fruit in abundance. " Crowley ridge"' is noted for its fine fruit oichards. Grasses do remarkably well, especially timo- thy and clover. For timber we find several varieties of oak, yellow and white poplar, ash, sycamoie, hackberry, etc. Un- dergrowth — hazel, cane and grapevines. Population, 891-5. Wittsburg, a village of 225 souls, is the county seat. CLAYTON COU.NTV Lies in the northeast corner of the state. It lias the state of Missouri for its northern boundary; on the south is Greene, and on the west lies Pandolph county. This county was cre- ated by the legislature of 1873 from portions of Greene and Randolpih counties. It was named in honor of one of our present United States senators, IToii. Powell Cloy ton. The KE80URCES OF AKKA>'yAt:. 'j7 surface is generally roUini;-. Cache river runs through the central portion. The valleys of this stream are rich and fer- tile, the timber most excellent, the range uneqnaled and the water wholesome. There is no better country inviting the immigrant. Soil is good for cotton, and excellent for corn and grain. Fruits, especially peaches, grow well, and are abundant. The Cairo and Fulton railroad passes through the central poition of the county- DALLAS COUNTY Is situated between the Ouachita and Saline rivers. l'o['ula- tion, 5709. Princeton is the county seat ; population, 350. Surface diversified, consisting of bottoms, uplands and liills. Soil of two characters — the upland, covered either by a sandy alluvial or by a red clay, and the deep alluvial soil of the bot- tom land. The fertility of the upland soil, both of the allu- vial and of the clayed, is the same. Its average product is about eight hundred pounds of seed cotton or twenty bushels of corn, ten to fifteen bushels of wheat to the acre. The growth of timber on this soil is birch, pine, white and black oak, and shell-bark hickory. The bottom lands of the Ouachita and Saline rivers are covered by a very rich and luxuriant vegeta- tion. The trees, especially the red pine, white and chesnut, oak, pecan and sweet gum, become here of enormous size, with an undergrowth of briars, grapevines and cane. This bottom land produces annually 1200 to 1500 pounds of seed cotton, or fifty to sixty bushels of corn. Of course, wheat is not grown in this soil. The county is well watered, with much excellent water power and openings for saw and grist-mills. It is well adapted to grazing and fruit growing, and to the immigrant is desirable to locate in for health and general features, DESK A COUNT V Lies on both sides of the Arkansas river, and has the Missis- - * sippi for its eastern border. Population in 1870, 6125. ISTa- poleon, the county-seat, has a population of 250. Surface of the county level for the most part and subject to overflow KE60UKCES OF AKKA>;SAS. during times of freshets, except where the waters have been, restrained by levees. The land thus reclaimed has become immensely valuable, and in its improved state will sell for ten dollars per acre. Where it lies in large bodies suitable for cultivation, improved and not too far from navigation, it com- mands twenty-tive dollars per acre. It is estimated that there are over twenty -five thousand acres of cleared lands, with houses, for rent. Cotton is the leading product, yielding on the bottoms from ono-and-a-half to two l)ales to the acre. DREW COUNTY Lies north of Ashley and west of Chicot. For a distance of ten or fifteen miles west of the Chicot line the country is com- paratively level, with a gradual elevation towards the center of Drew county, when it swells into a broken mountain ridge^ with an elevation of one hundred and fifty feet above the val- ley of the Mississippi. This ridge runs through the center of the county, from north to south, and abounds with numer- ous springs of pure soft water. Monticello, the county-town, is situated on this ridge within forty miles. of the Mississippi river, and on the line of the Mississippi, Ouachita and Red River railroad, which is nearly completed to tliis point. Mon- ticello has a population of fifteen hundred or two thousand inhabitants, and is rapidly improving. It contains a sub- stantial brick' court-house. Westward of this dividing ridge to the Saline river the country is less elevated and more level, and covered with a thick growth of magnificent pine timber. There are quite a number of small prairies in this count}'. The soil of this upland country is argillaceous, covered with a thick vegetable mould. That of the bottom lands is partly alluvial and is very productive. The principal productions are cotton, corn, wheat, oats, potatoes and tobacco. Culinary vegetables of almost every variety and of superior quality are raised in abundance. Various kinds of fruit — as the apple, peach, pear, ^)lum, nectarine, fig, pome- granate, etc. — are very abundant, attain a large groAvth and are finelv flavoreJ. RESOURCES OF ARKANSAS. 99 DORSEY COUNTY. Created by the legislature in 1873 from portions of Lincoln, Jefferson and Dallas. Surface generally level with occasional knolls and ridges. Soil in the river and creek bottoms is rich and productive. Cotton is the staple product. Corn yields about forty or fifty bushels per acre on the bottoms and from fifteen to twenty on the uplands. Sweet potatoes, peas and beans grow well. Peaches, pears, plums and grapes are plenty and productive. Principal timber — ^oak, ash, elm, hickory and dogwood. Muscadine and other grape vines in abundance. Brown coal, gypsum and marl exist in this county and will soon be valuable. This county was named in honor of one of our United States senators — Hon. Stephen W. Dorsev. FKAXKLIN COUNTY Is bounded on the east by Johnson and Sarber, west by Sebas- tian and Crawford, and north by Crawford and Madison. Surface of the country is broken and, in parts, rocky, yet there are large tracts of fair upland; the lowlands on the small streams are good and the river bottoms are fertile. Limestone exists in quantity in the hills and good lime has been made. A^ery little prairie exists in this county north of the Arkansas. On the south side is a great deal of prairie, generallv fertile, and in and on the boundary of Avhich are many fine farms. 'Jlie Avhole region is underlaid by and betrays coal. "White-oak, Mulberry — both big and little — and Gar creeks and other minor streams run through this county, and will furnish abundant Avater-power for mills. Timber abundant. The valleys of these streams are wide and rich, and the hill-slopes finely fitted for sheep-walks, orchards, tobacco, grain and the grape. The river bottoms are equally as fertile and productive as those of Pope and Johnson, and as broad. Chief products, cotton and corn. A spur of the Bos- ton iQOuntains extends through the northern portion of this county. L^ndoubtcdly lead exists in tliis mountain in quan- tity, as perhaps zinc and copper. Coal and iron exist here in loo IIKSOUKCES OF ARKANSAS. abundance. The Little Rock and Fort Smith railroad i:* being built tlirougli the county ; this, with the Arkansas river, fiirnishe?; transportation. FULiON COUNT^' Is bounded on the north b}' the state of Missouri, east by Sharp county, south by Izard, and west by Baxter county. Surface is broken, with beautiful valleys and ridges and clear, never-failing springs and streanis. Water-power abundant. Timber — oak, hickory, walnut and pine, with an undergrowth of grapevines and hazel. Soil good — known as "■ mulatto bar- rens " — yielding large crojis of corn, wheat, oats and hay. Fruit produces well, This county is well suited for raising stock, and more especially for sheep; a great number could be profitably kept here. Minerals — lead, iron and copper. The " mammoth spring " is here. The St. Louis, Batesville and Little Rock railroad will pass through this county. At pres- ent lanrls are cheap but will ajipreciate in value. I'AULIvNEi; OOT'NTV Is bounded on the east by White, south by Pulaski, west by Conway, and north by Van Buren. The surface is broken — hills, uplands and bottoms. The bottoms are similar to those of Conw-ay in soil, timber, undergrowth and productions. The eastern portion is an almost unbroken upland, penetrated by numerous streamlets, and the land is good : the grass, vines, shrubs and timber are excellent ; the county is or easily can be well watered ; no better region for stock-raising ; small grain also a:rows well. The nearness of this county to the capital makes it an mviting place for the homo-seeker. This is a new county created by the legislature of 1873, from por- tions of White, Pulaski and Conway, and named after the "Arkansas Traveler,'' Col. S. C. Faulkner. Conway, a village on the Little Rock and Fort Smith railroad, is the county- seat. This road passes through the southwestern portion, and the Cairo and Fulton railroad through or near tlio southeast- ern portion of the county. KKSOURCES OF AKKA^'SAS. - 101 (illANT COUNTY Is bounded by Hot Sjjriug vn tljo west and .letterson on the east. Population, 3943. Sheridan is the county town. The surface varies from ])otton;S to hills. It is well watered by line springs and streams, several of them furnishing valuable water power. The bottom lauds are of excellent quality, and the uplands produce fair crops. Much of the hill land is good, and while some is too stony or rocky for cultivation, it is good for timber, for pasturage, or fruit-growing. The hilly and roughest lands are the best iVuit and grape lands. The prin- cipal products are cotton and grain, the yield being from one- half to one bale of cotton, or thirty to forty bushels of corn to the acre. The same minerals a.bounding in Hot Spring and Saline counties are to be found here, the geological formation being about the same. (il!KE-\K Citr.NTV. The population of (Jreene county in 1870 was 7573; amount of taxable property, equalized in 1871, $1,084,292. The prin- cipal products are cotton, corn, tobacco, wheat and cats. The soil produces from one thousand to two thousand pounds of seed cotton per acre. Grass grows very line; also timothy, red-top, blue and Hungarian. Fruit grows well. Peaches, cherries, apples and grapes — peaches especially. Dr. Owen, in his geological survey, says that the climate and soil of this county are naturally adapted to the growth of peaches, oats and potatoes. Very good market at home for corn, hay and pork, as is always the case in cotton-growing countries. Water very line, especially on the west side of Crowley ridge, where there are very line springs. The Sugar creek affords water sufficient for almost any kind of machinery at all seasons of the year. Timber is as good as in any place west of the Mississippi river, consisting of poplar, gum, black and white walnut, hickory, dogwood, sugar maple, oak of many kinds, and cypress. The Cairo and Fulton and Memphis and St. Louis railroads pass through the county. 102 EESOURCES OF ARKANSAS. GARLAND COUNTY, Created by the leg'islature of 1873 from portions of Hot Spring and Montgomery counties. This is the most remarkable county in the state, and probably in the world. Here arc the famed Hot Springs, fitty-seven in number, which iittract so many in- valids. Dr. George TV. Lawrence, in his report on the clima- tology of Arkansas, etc., says: "The surface of this county and the counties adjacent to it is mostly an elevated country, composed of undulations, foothills and mountains. Delightful sprino-s, spring-streams and rivulets abound throughout the area. The rich alluvial bottoms, valleys and vales margining these streams are sparsely inhabited. The settlers are chiefly engaged in husbandry Wa are unacquainted with any country in the same latitudinal relations that has more adv^antages for health. All the attributes that we regard arc here found to contribute to health and longevity. No part of the continent within the same climatic realm is more salubrious than this mountain section of Arkansas. The spring and autumn months are generally pleasant ; tlie summer months are not exhausting by extremes of heat. The nights through- out the hot months are cool and invigorating. The winters are mostly mild and short in duration." Products same as adjoining counties. Timber abundant. Is a rich mineral county. Has iron, lead, copper, oilstone, titantic acid, agate and black garnets. A choice fruit country. Hot Springs, the county seat, has a population of 1200 souls, and supports two weekly papers, the Courier and the Times. This county will soon assume a spirit of animation and advancement heretofore unknown, and the probable speedy building up of a large city at Hot Springs, which will bo the Baden Baden of America, vvill attract to tJiis place thousands of invalids from all parts of the world. HEMPSTEAD COUNTr Is bounded on the south by Lafayette and west by Howard and Little River counties. Population, 13,768. Washington, EESOUKCES OF ARKANSAS. lu.: the county seat, contains a pojiulation of 1100. Surface of -the county beautiful rolling ridges and high bottoms; soil of the bottoms black alluvium, of great richness, producing on an average a bale of cotton or tifty bushels of corn to the acre. The uplands will yield one half a bale of cotton or thirty Ijushels of corn to the acre. Cotton, corn, wheat, oats and barley are the chief crops. In fruits we find the peach, fig and apricot the most cultivated. About one sixth of the area is prairie land, aflbrding iiiic range for horses and cattle. Iron, copper and. lead are reported to exist here. The Cairo and Fulton railroad runs nearly through the center of the county. Principal growth of timber oak, liickory, ash and pine. HOT Sl'RTNft COUNTY Is the next southeast from Saline. Population in 1870, 5877. Rockport, the county town, has a population of 400. This town is situated forty-three miles from Little Rock, on the ■Cairo and Fulton railroad, and distant from the Hot Springs twenty-two miles. At this point visitors to the Springs leave 'the railroad and proceed by stage. In this count}' are some fertile bottoms, well adapted to cotton and grain crops. The uplands and hills are well adapted to stock:- raising. The tim- ber growth is mostly oak, hickory, walnut and dogwood. The principal crops are cotton, corn, wheat, oats, rye and potatoes. Various kinds of fruit are raised in abundance. Tiie Cairo and Fulton railroad rnns veiy nearly through the center of the county. HOWARD COUNTY Was formed from portions of Polk, Pike, Sevier and Hemp- stead counties by the legislature of 1873. Surface irregular — high hills, deep valleys, river and creek bottoms. The valleys and bottoms are fertile, producing cotton and corn in abund- xmce ; grain and fruit succeed best on the hills and slopes. Water abundant, and some good water power on the creeks. Timber growth same as the adjoining counties. Minerals — lead, silver and marl. Land very cheap, ranging from one 104 RE60UKCES OF AlilvANSAS. dollar to ten dollars per acre. Churches and schools abound in every township. Tlie Cairo and Fulton railroad passes through Hempstead near the eastern border of this county. Center Point, a viMage ot" 250 inhabitants, is the county'- seat. INDEPENDENCE COUNTY. Mr. IIenky — I)ear Sir : Through the means of your valu- able book I avail myselt of your kind olier to give a brief state- ment showing sonietliing of tlie resources of our county, and the inducements it holds out to parties wisliing new homes. Minerals. — Tlie mineral deposits are somewhat remarkable, and have attracted, years since, considerable attention, on ac count of their variety and value. With the application of the necessary scientific knowledge, capital for their development, and railroad lacilities, we look forward to the time when they will become no inconsiderable source of revenue to our people. Sandstone, limestone, freestone, and white, black and varie- gated marble are all found here. Area and Population. — In area and population, Independ- ence ranks among the first of north Arkansas. It has an area of about square miles, and a population of some 15,000 or more. The general surface is throughout hilly, and inter- spersed with numerous clear running streams, with Black river in its east, and White river running through the county from northwest to southeast. Products. — The rich bottom land yields large crops of cot- ton and corn. The uplands grow^ cotton also to a limited ex- tent, but are more especially adapted to the raising of wheat, corn, oats, potatoes, tobacco, and such vegetables as are grown in a temperate climate.- Of this latter class, however, we may make particular mention of the sweet potato. Fruits. — All the fruits that thrive throughout the southern states, and many kinds that are adapted to the middle states, do well here. Certain kinds of apples, pears, plums, peaches, cherries and grapes, also blackberries, raspberries and straw- berries, grow in profusion. Stock Raising. — In portions of the county, canebrakes fur- RESOURCES OF ARKANSAS. 105- nish, during almost the entire year, good pasturage for cattle, horses and sheep. The uplands grow wild grass somewhat to a limited extent, but tame grasses grow well and should receive more attention. Mast is generally abundant. Water Power. — This county aftordsample water power, and, together with other counties of north and northwest Arkansas^ is quite noted in this respect. Quite a number of saw and flour mills are already established ; also, two cotton and woolen mills. New mills are being constantly put up. Timber. — A great variety of timber abounds, the principali varieties being oak, ash, hickory, pecan, maple, walnut, elm, hackberry, cottonwood, sycamore, gum, cedar and pine. Educational. — The Presbyterial high school, just finished^ affords fine educational facilities for the youth of city. It is under the direction of Rev. Isaac J. Sorg, with competent assistants. This is the basis for a college which will ulti- mately prove an ornament to this section of the state. Railroads. — The iN'orth Central has a charter and, com- mencing at Jacksonport, in Jackson county, wdll pass north- west and west through the counties of Independence, Izard,. Baxter, Boone, Marion, Carroll, Madison, and to Fayetteville, Washington county. The "forfeited " lands in these and three additional coun- ties are, by a late act of the legislature, donated to this road. It is confidently expected that this aid, with that of subscrip- tions by counties along the route, will go very far towa.rd; raising the necessary means to insure the building of the road within a reasonable time'. This is a new enterprise, and wdth the iN'ew Orleans, Little Rock and St. Louis road — also granted similar aid — will give us an outlet that must event- ually bring ITorth. Arkansas \vithin the line of a pow^erfui immigration, and render this whole section of country of more than ordinary attraction. The ofiice of the North Central road — for the present — will be located at Batesville. At a late meeting of the directory. Judge M. L. Stevenson was elected president, Isaac Saflarans vice-president, and R. W. McChesney secretary. R. W. McCHESNEY. 106 RESOURCES OF ARKANSAS. IZARD COUNTY Joins Independence on the nortliwest, south of Fulton, and east of Marion and Stone. Surface is broken — high hills, deep valleys and river bottoms ; soil produces cotton, corn, small grain and fruit. The county is well watered, aflbrding valuable water-power. The valleys and bottoms support a growth of large timber — ash, sugar-tree, elm, hickory, white- oak and gum. Stock do well — especially sheep, which thrive remarkably, keeping healthy and fat the entire year. Min- erals — lead, nitre earth, buhr stone, equal in quality to French buhr, and magnesian limestone. White river runs along the southern border. A railroad is surveyed through the north- ern portion — the I^orth Arkansas Central — which it is hoped will soon be built. Population in 1870, 6806. The county- seat is Mount Olive, on White river. At LaCrosse, in the northern portion, is a high school in a flourishing condition. JACKvSON COUNTY Is situated on White and Black rivers. The land is level and of rich and alluvial character. Cotton, corn, wheat, oats, hay and tobacco grow and do well ; fruits of all kinds do well, especially apples and peaches ; vegetables of all kinds grow to advantage and yield abundantly. The population of Jackson is about ten thousand ; taxable property is about two millions dollars. The average of cotton — which "is the principal pro- duction — is about three-fourths of a bale to the acre : corn averages about forty bushels per acre : grass can be raised profitably ; the supply of corn and srass gro\vn in this county is never sufficient for home consumption : corn sells from fifty cents to one dollar and ten cents per bushel readily. The health of this county is considered good — with the exception of chills and fever, which prevail generally in the fall of the year. There are but few springs in this county, and wells are mostly used for drinking water: lakes of clear and pure water are numerous, abounding in the finest of all kinds of fish, and in the winter season are covered with wild- EESOURCES OF ARKANSAS. 101 fowl, affording the sportsman rare sport. Timber abounds in all portions of the county — such as ash, oak, hickory, walnut, elm, gum, hackberry and cypref^s — the market for which h excellent and still improving. The greatest need of this and adjoining counties is labor iind capital, and a rich yield awaits the investment of either. There are plenty of vacant lands, with houses, to rent on rea- sonable terms, and a man with a small capital can do well. Stock-raising is one of the most profitable businesses a man of -capital could engage in ; the range of cane is abundant and affords an annual pasturage for horses and cattle, which keep fat the year round without being fed. The Cairo and Fulton railroad runs directly through Jack- son county, and two other roads are projected and will soon be built. White and Black rivers are navigable for small boats the year round, and thousands of bales of cotton are annually shipped out of these rivers. Jacksonport, the county-seat of Jackson county, contains a population of about eleven hundred inhabitants, and is sit- uated on White river at the continence of White and Black. It is a prosperous and growing town an^i ships annually about twelve thousand bales of cotton. There are in this town .about twenty-five business houses, all apparently' doing well. J KFF K nso N CO U NT Y Lies on both sides of the Arkansas river, south of Pulaski and Lonoke counties. Surface generally very level. The wide bottoms of the Arkansas river furnish a very rich soil, pro- ducing from one to two bales of cotton or forty to sixty bushels of corn per acre. The soils of this county are extraordinarily rich in the elements of vegetable food. One of the very best cotton counties in the state. Very little attention has been paid to the raising of small grain. Eed clover produces well ; has yielded successive crops of three tons per acre. Timber growth, black elm, ash, oak, gum, walnut and cypress. Yery well watered. Extensive canebrakes exist along the river, and rings. An almost unbroken pinery stretches along this stream to the hills. This stream affords numbers of eligible lumber and grist-mill sites. Coal is found on it in different localities, and the Fourche Le Fave may be said to flow on the southern confines of the great coal fields. Lead is found in its rock, while iron, as usual, prevails everywhere. All the productions usual to the valley grow here in great quantity and perfection. In addition to pine timber, we find here walnut, ash, hickory and cottonwood, and a demand for more mills, there being only three saw and grist mills in the county. PIIILLIFS COUxVTY Lies south of Lee, east of Monroe and Arkansas, west of the Mississippi river. Surface nearly level, except that portion occupied by " Crowley's ridge." In an agricultural point of view, this county ranks equal to any in the state. The allu- vial bottoms produce a bale of cotton, or fifty to sixty bushels RESOURCES OF ARKANSAS. 117 of corn to the acre ; on " Crowley's Ridge," thirty to forty bushels of corn or three-quarters of a ])ale of cotton per acre. For grass, small grain or fruit the soil of the ridge is well suited. Principal timber, large poplar, beoch, oak, gum, sugar tree and honey locust, with an undergrowth of cane, plum and grapevines. Well watered. Numerous clear, cold springs gush from the base of " Crowley's ridge." The Arkansas Cen- tral railroad passes through the county from Helena due west. The Mississippi river furnishes transportation at all seasons of the year. Population, 15,372. Helena, the county seat, is situated on the Mississippi river. It has a population of about 4000 inhabitants, and rapidly improving. Helena possesses natural advantages which, at no distant day, will make it a large commercial city. PIKE COUNTY Is situated in the southv>^est portion, south of Montgomery and north of Hempstead counties. Population in 1870, 3788. Murfreesboro, with a population of SOO, is the county seat. The land in the northern portion is hilly, in the southern table land and creek bottoms. Soil very good, i>roducing fair crops of cotton, corn, wheat, oats and potatoes. Principal tim- ber, pine, oak and hickory. This is a rich mineral count}-. The minerals consist of iron, lead, limestone, gaseous marl, slate and valuable beds of gypsum. Little river affords splen- did water-power, and years ago a cotton factory (the only one in the state) was built on that stream, and has since been in successful operation. Yruits of several varieties are grown in abundance. POLK COUNIY Lies south of Scott, adjoining the Indian Territory. Surface generally rough and mountainous. The valleys on the creeks are productive. Products, cotton, corn, wheat, oats, barley and sweet potatoes. The timber consists of pine, walnut, cherry, oak, etc. This county is supplied with an abundance of delicious water and much water-power. The upland soil is well suited to fruit and grain growing. For want of trans- 118 RESOURCES OF ARKANSAS. portation, the soil is generally uncultivated, as the assessment of real estate will show, being only ST4,480. POPE COUNTY Is bounded on the east by Conway and Van Buien, south by the Arkansas river, west by Johnson, north by Xewton and Searcy counties. Surface irregular, hills, uplands, creek and river bottoms. The river bottoms are wide, and as fertile as any soil in the valley. Cotton yields from three-fourths to one and a half bales per acre, corn from forty to seventy bushels per acre, wheat from fifteen to twenty-five bushels per acre, and other cereals and grasses in the same ratio, with in- ferior cultivation. The uplands are fine and fertile, adapted best to corn, small grain, fruit, tobacco and the grape. Very many living and cold springs break out along the banks and in the valleys of Point Remove, Galla creek, Whig creek, Il- linois bayou and their affluents. Water-power is abundant on all these streams. A large and perpetual mineral spring wells on the mountain above ISTorristown, and has been a noted resort for invalids for years. The timber of this county is principally large oak, cottonwood, walnut, cherry, pecan, hickory, gum, sycamore, maple, pine, etc. Coal is found in many parts of this county. Iron ore, oxyde, carbonate and kidney abound in the hills. The range is very fine, the most superior, and is very fine for stock raising, especially sheep. Clover, timothy and herd grass grovr well on the lowlands. The Little Rock and Fort Smith railroad passes through the county. Population, 8409. Russellville, a thriving town on the railroad, is the county seat. Galla Rock and IS'orriatown, on the river, are shipping points. POINSETT COLNTV Lies north of Cross, east of Mississip^'i, south of Craighead and west of Jackson. Surface level, except that portion occuj)ied by "Crowley's ridge." One-tenth prairie. There is a peculiar soil of extraordinary fertility occupying the western portion, particularly on Cache bottom. It is sweet gum and red elm KESOUKCES OF ARKANSAS. 119 land, with an undergrowth of slippery elm and dogwood. This soil is best adapted for cotton and corn, producing from forty to sixty bushels of corn or a bale of cotton to the acre. The prairie soil is also good corn land, while the adjacent ridge land produces from thirty to forty bnshels per acre. The growth on the ridge is ash, oak, poplar and walnut in abun- dance. Fruits of several varieties grow finely on this " Crow- ley ridge," as apples, peaches, etc. Minerals undeveloped. PRAIRIE COUNTY. Population is about eight thousand inhabitants ; taxable property, $1,800,000. Soil medium and first-class ; west side of White river it. is medium, and on the east side first quality. The products are corn, cotton and potatoes ; the profit in rais- ing cotton is about thirty dollars per acre ; the price averages about seventeen cents per pound ; many farmers raise a bale to the acre, worth from sevent}^ to one hundred dollars per bale ; corn is worth, on an average, eight}^ cents per bushel. The land is good for grass ; timothy grows tolerably well on the best lands, but is not raised to any extent. Home is the best market for grasses and corn ; New Orleans and Memphis are the cotton markets. The health of the county will compare with any other county in the same latitude ; have some chills and fever in August and September. The market for cotton is permanent, and will be for corn and hay for years to come. Those who have strictly confined themselves to the culture of corn and potatoes and raising stock have succeeded the best. Timber is cypress, gum and white-oak on the rivers ; on the uplands are hickory, post-oak, red-oak and black-oak. A man with a thousand dollars well laid out will in a few years come to be independent. Good upland, well timbered, in the woods, within five to ten miles of White river, that will yield from twenty-five to thirty bushels of corn and one-half to threc- Iburths of a bale of cotton per acre, can be purchased at from one dollar and a half to two dol'ars and a half per acre. Per- sons who are without means who are farmers can get situa- 120 KESOURCES OF ARKANSAS. tions as tenants on the halves — the land-owner furnishing team, laud, tools, houses and supplies — the supplies to be paid for by the tenant when the crop is gathered and sold. Very many persons labor that way for the first and second years, and many who commenced that way since the war now own land and are prospering. There is a great demand for farm labor in the county. The Memphis and Little Rock railroad passes through the center of the county. The "White River Valley and Texas railroad has about twelve miles graded on the east side of White river, running north. This, if completed, will also pass through the center of the county, running from the northeast to the southwest corner of the county. PULASKI COUNTY Lies nearly in the center of the state, on both sides of the Arkansas river. Surface irregular — hills, upland and river bottoms. The bottom lands are high, dry, fertile and highly cultivated, capable of any amount of production of all the grains, corn, cotton, tobacco, grasses and fruits. The uj^lands are good and rich, yielding bountifully of all the products usual to this latitude. The undergrowth is dense, and the grape and muscadine grow in profusion. The timber is good and the grass excellent. Water is abundant in every portion — many springs gush from the hills. Minerals — iron, lead, silver, kaolin, fire-clay, slate and limestone. The Kellogg lead and silver mines are located here. Dr. Owen says, in his Geological Survey of this state, that the iron ores of this county — especially the limonite — are " well worthy the atten- tion of the iron-master." The ores are here — the wood, the w^ater, the navigable river, the railroads, and above, on the Arkansas, is the coal-field. In location and general charac- teristics, this county is desirable. All varieties of land cai^ be found here — the roughest being the best fruit and grape land. There are several large orchards and vineyards established on this soil. Here can be found all the advantages required by the farmer, manufacturer, mechanic or capitalist. The Mem- phis and Little Rock, the Little Rock and Fort Smith, the IIESOUKCES OF AKKA^sSAS. IJl Cairo and Fulton, the Arkansas Central, the Little Rock, Pine Bluff and Xew Orleans, and several other roads passing and to pass through this county, center at Little Rock — the county-seat. The United States land office for the Little Rock district is located here. Pulaski county tells the following gtory in the census tables: 1820, 1923; 1830, 2395; 1840, 5350; 1850, 5657; 18(30, 11,699; 1870, 32,066— not far from 40,000 inhabitants at this time, and growing rapidly. Value of real estate, per assessment of 1872, $9,593,715, Lands range in price from five dollars to one hundred dollars per acre — the latter price being for land adjacent to the city. For description of Little Rock, see under the title of " The State Capital."" RANDOLPH COUNTY Joins Missouri on the south and Clayton county on the west. Lies in the northeast part of the state. Surface in the eastern portion nearly level — alluviums. This rich alluvial soil is very productive and easily cultivated. It is well adapted for corn, wheat, oats, cotton and potatoes. These soils may be especially cited for their productiveness — yielding on an aver- age a bale of cotton or forty to sixty bushels of corn to the acre, llerdsgrass and timothy produce well. The growth of timber is large, and comprises white, black, red and post oak, ash, sycamore, elm and walnut. The western portion is roll- ing and hill}', covered with a growth of valuable timber. The soil is well adapted for grain, fruit and tobacco. Is well watered and possesses many fine water-powers. For stock- raising this county affords admirable facilities, owing to the great number of streams of pure w^ater and the abundant pas- turage at all times available. Minerals — lead, zinc and iron. Land cheap — six dollars is the average price for improved : unimproved is worth three dollars. Population, 7466. Poca- hontas, a town of eight hundred inhabitants, is the county- seat. It is located on Black river, which is navigable during high water to this place. 9 122 RESOURCES OF ARKANSAS. SALINE COUNTY Lies south of Perry and Pulaski, north of Garland and Hot Spring, and is crossed by the Cairo and Fulton railroad in its eastern portion. Surface of the county chiefly rolling. The north, middle and south forks of the Saline river run through this county, furnishing much valuable water-power. The lowlands along these streams are here rich and productive, and are occupied by some l^eautiful farms. The uplands are productive in grain and fruit, and the range good. Water is plentilul and clear springs break out in these rough lands. The timber all through this region is fine. Soapstone or fire- clay is abundant, nnd is probably equal to any soapstone or fire-clay found in Massachusetts and so much used in com- merce. It is also, doubtless, valuable for the manufacture of ware. Great beds of fine porcelain clay are ibund here, which is known to be valuable to manufacturers and from which the finest of ware can be made. Xear Benton, m this county, is a pottery manufacturer doing a prosperous business. The principal products are cotton, corn, grain and potatoes. Iron ore is said to be abundant. Lauds are yet very cheap, but the nearness of this county to Little Rock, the commercial center of the state, will render it attractive to the immigrant and will therefore enhance the value of property. Population, 3911. Benton, the county seat, is situated on the Cairo and Fulton railroad, and contains a population of three hundred inhabitants. SARBER COUNTY Lies south of the Arkansas river, west of Yell, east of Se- bastian and north of Scott and Yell counties. Surface broken and about one-sixteenth of the area prairie, Haguewood prairie, which skirts the river bottom Irom^the base of the two Short mountains southward, is beautiful, broken, rolli^ig, fertile, covered with luxuriant grasses and prairie growth, with springs occasionally gushing out, and is underlaid throughout by coal ; indeed, coal is said to be plentiful in nearly every portion of the count}'. Shoal creek waters the RESOURCES OF ARKANSAS. 123 eastern and Petit Jean the western portion. These streams afford good water-power. A large pinery extends from the mouth of Shoal creek to Dardanelle Rock, some eighteen miles, from five to eight miles wide, and lies immediately along the river all the way. The county is broken and hilly, but there are some tracts of upland tillable, and numerous springs break out. The river bottom, creek valleys and prairies furnish the arable land. A good corn, grass, grain, cotton and tobacco county. Fine timber and fine building stone. Lead, iron and silver have been found at the headwaters of Shoal creek. Population, 3764. Anderson is the county seat. SCOTT COUNTY Lies north of Polk, east of the Indian territory, aud south of Sebastian county. Surface broken — mountains, foothills and valleys. The headwaters of the Poteau, Petit Jean and Fourche La Fave are in this county. These are ever-living, clear, bold streams. Tlie valleys of the streams are very pro- ductive in cotton and corn. The foothills are well adapted to grain, fruit and stock raising. Wheat grows finely. Timber good — pine and cedar abundant. Long reaches of fertile up- lands flank the streams between the hills, and it is exceedingly well watered in both upland and valley by springs, furnishing valuable water power. Lands are remarkably cheap in this county, ranging from one to five dollars an acre. In many por- tions farms are for rent. Population, 7483, Waldron, a town of five hundred souls, i.-; the county seat. •SE.ARCY COUNTY Lies south of Marion, west of Stone, east of Xewton, and north of Van Buren. Surface irregular — high hills, broad table lauds and cl-eek bottoms. Soil of the bottoms produces cotton and corn. Grain and fruit grow on the table lands. Stock of all kinds thrive here. Minerals are lead, coal, iron and marble. Many varieties of fruit are found growing wild.. For the immigrant who wants to raise fruit, stock or grain in a quiet county this would suit him. Railroad prospects not 124 EESOUECES OF AKKANSAS. very bright at present. Population, 5614, Marshall, a village of one hundred and fifty souls, is the county town. Timber abundant ; principal growth — oak, ash, walnut, hickory, etc. Saw and grist mills scarce; there are one steam and two water- power grht and saw mills. Tame grasses do well, and water abundant. SEBASTIAN COUNTY Is bounded on the north by the Arkansas river, west by the Indian territory, south by Scott county, east by Franklin and iSarber, The general character of the county is high and rolling. About one-tenth prairie. The land on the river is equal to any, and lies in wide, fertile tracts. Tlic lowlands of the streams are similar to those of others above described. There are great tracts of level and gently broken upland, a large part of which are rich and productive. All things con- sidered, this must be conceded to be one of the very best counties in the state. The soil not only yields cotton, but corn, wheat, oats, rye and buckwheat. The usual products per acre are: Cotton one bale, corn thirty to sixty bushels, wheat ten to twenty bushels, and oats twenty to forty bushels. A great variety of vegetables are abundant and cheap. Well adapted to fruit growing. The few orchards in bearing yield to the husbandman a rich reward. Especial!}^ suited to stock raising, as the range is as luxuriant as anywhere in the valley below. Timothy, clover and herdgrass flourish, and water is abundant in all parts of the county. The timber consists principally of oak, ash, black walnut, hickory, gum, cherry, cedar and pine. The pinery commences twenty miles south of the Arkansas river, and extends south and southwest to the Red river, and the trees in magnitude are excelled by no country east of California and Oregon, In this section are many mills. The price of pine lumber in Fort Smith is from $17 to $20; at the mills from $10 to |12 per thousand feet. Walnut lumber is worth from $15 to $35. Numerous streams wind through this county, affording great supply for mills. This county is in the heart of the coal field of Arkansas. The KESOUKCES OF ARKANSAS. las late Dr. D. 1). Owen, in his geological report of Arkansas for the years 1859 and 1860, sajs ; "The coal fields of Sebastian county are thicker and ruore extensive than any in the state. The coal is one of the most valuable kinds, especially for maniitacturing purposes, and its thickness must exercise a most important influence on the future prospects of Sebastian county, esp*ecially in tlie location of lines of railroad in the valley ot' the Arkansas river." Ihe veins average in thickness from three to six feet, and vary from six feet to twenty feet frv>m the surface. Thro^B or four railroads are projected through this county, one of which — the Little Kock and Fort Smith, under actual process of construction — will reacli this county by Januar}^ 1874, at its present rate of progress. Only railroads are needed to insure the rapid growth and prosperity of this county. Population in 1870,12 6^0. Greenwood, a village of 200 inhabitants is the county seat. Fort Smith, the commercial town of this count}^, and the largest city in western Arkansas, is beauti- fully located on the Arkansas river, contiguous to the Indian Territory. It contains a population of about 8500 inhabitants, and has nuiny good brick and stone blocks. Many elegant houses adorn tlie suburbs of the town. It supports four weekly newspapers, nine churches and six schools, Tlie United States court for the we^;tern disti'ivt of Arkansas is held at Fort Smith. The businos.-i men are public spirited, enterprising, and wide awake to every enterpiise likely to benefit Fort Smith and the surrounding country. SEVIER COUNTY Is bounded on the west by the Indian Nation, and on the south by the Little river. In 1870 this count}' had 4492 inhabi- tants. The county seat, Locksburg, has a population of 200. Surface mountainous and hilly, with narrow vallc}' in the northern part ; the southern portion is gently rolling. The black lands are exceedingly fertile, producing one bale of cot- ton or sixty bushels of corn to the acre. One field of 250 acres has yielded 825 bales of cotton for several successive years. 12G KESOL'JKCES OF ARKANSA.^. The uplands produce 35 bushels of corn or 20 bushels of wheat to the acre. This county is rich in minerals. The Bellah lead and silver mines are located here, one ton of which assayed 78 per cent, of lead, and one ton of lead yielded 53 ounces of sil- ver. Slate, chalk marl and marly limestone, iron and salt are also found. At tlie Graham salt mines large quantities of salt have been made in times pa&t, but the works have been aban- doned, probably because the borings were not tarried to a suf- ficient great depth. Trincipal timber — hickory, oak, pine, waluut and cherry. The leadiiig fruits are apples, peaches and plums. SHARP COUKTY Lies west of Randolph and Lawrence, east of Fulton and Izard, north ot Independence, and south of Missouri. The geographical character of the country is that of a plateau, di- vided into a series of successive ridges by numerous clear streams and creeks, which aifbrd the finest water powers im- aginable. The chaiacteristic formations of the country west of Black river and on its tributaries are the silurian, either cherty or compact limestone, with some strata of s-andstone. In this county the ridges, mostly of cherty limestone, are covered with trees of small size — the mockernut hickory, the black jack and .post oak. These ridges are covered by a luxuriant vegetation of grasses and numerous species of herbaceous plants, thus fur- nishing a good and abundant pasture for cattle, especially sheep. The soil is the " mulatto barren,"' soft permeable, of a grayish color, producing abundant crops of corn, wheat, rye .and oats. On the creek bottoms, with a timber growth of mulberr}-, walnut, ish, etc., cotton uelds well. Minerals — iron, zinc and lead. The American Zinc company, of New York, is engaged in working the mines of this countj'. Pop- ulation, 5400. Evening Shade, a village of 300 inhabitants, is the county seat. ST. FIIANCI8 COUNTY Lies west of Crittenden, south of Cross, north of Lee, and east -of Monroe and WooJruft". Surface very level, except in the RESOURCES OF ARKANSAS. 121 cenlral portioD, which *is occupied by "Crowley's Ridge." The soils of the levee portions are exceedingly rich, but need draining. This bottom soil, where cultivated, produces a bale of cotton or sixty bushels of corn to the acre. The portion occupied by the ridge is the most thickly settled and healthiest part of the county. This soil produces cotton and corn, grain and fruit. Grasses flourish, and water is abundant. Timber growth — oak, cypress, ash, gum, walnut and elm. .Minerals undeveloped. Improved land worth from $20 to |30 per acre; unimproved from $5 to $10. The Memphis and Little Rock raihoad runs through the county from east to west. Popula- tion, G'iH. Madison, the county seat, is a small village of 250 inhabitants, Forrest City, the chief town, has a population of 1-200 inhabitants. STONE COUNTY Was formed from portionsof Izard, Independence, Van Bureu iind Searcy counties in 1873. Surface is very irregular — high hills, deep valleys and river bottoms. Soil produces cotton, corm grain and fruits. Stock do remarkablv well, and tobacco yields 800 to 1000 pounds per acre. Minerals — iron, lead and marble. Timber abundant, and lumber cheap. "Well watered by Little Red river and its tributaries, which in many places aftbrd valuable water-power. White river borders the north- eastern portion and furnishes transportation. UNION COUNTY lias the State of Louisiana for its southern boundary. l*opu- lation, 10,571. El Dorado, the county seat, has a population of 500. Surface of the country both rolling and level. There are three varieties of soil here: First, yellow silicious soil, on Avhich the principal growth is beech, oak, gum, holly, pine and maple, with an undergrowth of hazel. This is the most pro- ductive soil in the county, and prevails in the northwestern and southeastern parts; this soil yields on an average 800 pounds of seed cotton, 20 bushels of corn or 10 bushels of wheat to the acre The second quality is a light sandy soil, based on the orange-colored sand and clay just above the 128 RESOUKCES OF ARKANSAS. gravel; it will produce on an average from GOO to 800 pounds of seed cotton or 20 to 25 bushels of corn to the acre. The third variety is the flat, wet soil ; not much cultivated. Tim- ber growth — pine, oak, ash, beech, gum and holly. Lignite beds are found in all parts of the county. The leading crops are cotton, corn and sweet potatoes. I'eaches, grapes and apples are grown to some extent. A'AN BUREN COUNTY Lies south of Stone and Searcj', west of AVhite and Independ- ence, north of "White and Conway and east of Pope. Surface irregular, bills, bottoms and table lands. The eastern portion of the county supports a growth of large pine trees. The soil is light, sand}^, permeable, and produces from twenty five to tliirt}^ bushels of corn or ten to fifteen bushels of wheat per acre. It is still better for tobacco, giving on an average one thousand pounds per acre. The valley of Little Red ris'er is the richest portion of the county. It is well watered, and suj>- ports a large grow^th of timber — viz.: gum, elm, ash, maple, oak, hackberry, linden, with an undergrowth of pawpaw, spice and leatherwood. This valley is very productive in cotton, tobacco and all kinds of grain. Well adupted to stock and fruit growing. Several mineral springs exist here — one an ex- cellent chalybeate spring, -which is said to be a good antidote for dyspeps'a. ^Minerals — iron, coal, nitre earth and alum. Population, 5107. Clinton, a small town of about 100 inhabi- tants is the county seat. WASHING! ox COUNl'V Is situated in the northwest corner of the state, adjoining Benton on the south, Madison on the west and the Indian Ter- ritory on the east. The surface is broken, especially' in the eastern and southern portions. In the western part of the county arc several large prairies. Tlie soil is usually very good and productive, of the flint and sandstone varieties. The prairies are excellent for cultivation, as well as the laud bor- dering the streams, and much of that on the top of the moun- KESOURCES OF ARKANSAS. 129 tains. The hills and nionntaiii sides are usually covered with grass, aft'ording good grazing for stock. Orchards and the grape flourish best, as a rule, upon the slopes. The county- has a very good market for most of its produce in Texas and the Indian Territory, as well as on the Arkansas river, the chief difticulty existing in deficient transportation. All kinds of grain do well. This is the apple region, par excellence, of the state. Minerals — good bituminous coal, valuable tire clay, iron and lead. Assayed specimens of the argentiferous galena yielded as high as ^^\y ounces of silver to the ton. Timber growth on the mountains, wdiite oak, cherry, black walnut, yellow pine, hickory, sugar tree, mulberry, locust, etc. On bottoms, elm, maple, hackberry, sycamore, hazel, sumach, plum and pawpaw. The^pine gives employment to several saw-mills, and there is plenty of room for more. ^ The county is abun- dantly supplied with water. Good land can be bought at from $3 to ^35 per acte, according to location and improve- ments. Churches of the various denominations are scattered through the county, and several villages. Cane Hill, Cincin- nati and McGuire's store, do a thriving business. This county is noted for its general healthfulness and picturesque moun- tain scenery. Cotton grows to some extent, and tobacco, po- tatoes and the different grasses are seen to be profitable crops. The fruit and flour of this county have a reputation as wide as the state, and in point of education it is second to none. Besides the Arkansas Industrial University, Cane Hill Col- lege, and several schools of a private character, of more or less merit, the public schools throughout the county are in a bet- ter condition than in most other counties in the state. Whether the settler desires to raise grain, stock, fruit, or all combined, he can hardly find a better county in which to locate. Popu- lation, 17,206. Fayetteville, th'^ county seat, is a town of some 1200 inhabitants, situated upon a hill which commands a magnificent view of the Ozark mountain. Its business houses are generally good, many of them substantially built of brick. Among the best are the two bank buildings of W. II. Etter and Denton D. Stark, both of which are an ornament to the town and state. i;iO RESOURCES OF ARKANSAS. WHITE COUNTY Joins Faulkner on the east and Lonoke on the north. Surface hilly and rolling in the western portion, nearly level in the eastern portion of the county. A good soil is the most useful and enduring wealth of a country. Without the fear of con- tradiction, the White river valley possesses one of the best soils in the state for the cultivation of cotton and corn, and other great staples, liemp and tobacco. The alluvial bottom of White river, which borders the entire eastern portion of this county, and the bottom of Little Red river, which occu- pies the central portion, present a loose vegetable soil, very productive. The timber is a growth of oak, walnut, ash, hickory, buckeje, box-elder and pawpaw. Cotton and corn are the leading products, but the grains and grasses, vegeta- bles and fruits grow well and are remunerative from the prox- imity of this county to the capital — thirty miles. This is one of the best watered counties in the state. Every portion of it is intersected by rivers, creeks and branches. The Little Red and White rivers, Bayou Departy, Bayou Des Arc, Cypress bayou, besides numerous branches, intersect nearly every town- ship in the county. Water power and mill sites are plenty. These streams abound in fish, particularly the bayous. Lands are yet cheap. Searcy, a town of about 1000 inhabitants, is the county seat. It is located four miles from the C. & F. R. R., and fifty miles from Little Rock. Several new towns have recently sprung up along the railroad. WOODRUFF COUNTY Is situated in the northeastern portion of the state, containing, with its eastern portion of the county, a rolling land, whilst the western shows a most productive soil, suitable for cotton, which will jield from one to one and a quarter bales to the acre, and corn from sixty to seventy-five bushels. This por- tion of the county is known as a second bottom. Augusta is the county seat, containing a population of 1000 inhabitants, presenting a most inviting appearance. The public buildings and other improvements are what may be considered much to KEbOUrvCES OF AKKANSAS. 131 the credit of its citizens. Woodruft" county, although not one of the largest or most improved counties in the state, yet has an assessment of upwards of $1,500,000, the equalization being 2.20. The rapidity of public improvements presents it a splen- did inducement to settlers, and it will in time rank second to any other county in the state. The Cairo and Fnlton railroad traverses the western boundary, while White river Hows along the same borders. The Memphis and Little Rock passes along the southern skirt?. Cache river Hows through the central portion of the county, and is navigable for sixty miles nine months in the year. Leading products are cotton, corn, wheat, oats and potatoes. Fruit does well, especially peaches, plums, cherries and grapes. Cultivated grasses grow finely. YELL COUNTY Lies south of Sarber and the Arkajisas river. Surface airree- ably diversified — broad valleys, fruitful uplands and rugged mountains. There are many streams in this county of living- water, and on them are many mills : along them all the tim- ber is fine, and all the luxuriant undergrowth, vines and shrubs peculiar to the valley flourish. The Petit Jean and Fourche la Fave — two of the great tributaries of the Arkan- sas — run through the county. The valleys of these streams are the fairest of any tributaries on the south side. Fine farms lie along these valleys and in the contiguous uplands. The uplands are remarkably good, and the timber superb. All the productions usual to the valley grow here in great quantity and perfection ; indeed, the county of Yell is famous for her fine uplands, to say nothing of her rich lowlands. There are small prairies in this county similar to those in Pope. Mineral springs of health-restoring properties are fre- <{uent and pleasant resorts in summer for the invalid, some of them being high above the level of the valle}-. One of them — a white sulphur — was for many years a fashionable resort, and the water pronounced equal to any in A'irginia or Ken- tucky. It is called Dardanelle Springs, and is about nine miles southeast from the town of Dardanelle. Oxvdes of iron 132 RESOURCES OF ARKANSAS. and lead are here both found. There is no doubt that the hills will, when explored, be found to possess a miaeralogical interest and value second to no range in the state. Coal is found in many places in this county; indeed, this county is a part of the southern boundary of the great coal field. Dan- ville is the county-seat, a small town in the interior. Darda- nelle — on the Arkansas river, about midway between Little Rock and Fort Smith — is a busy, growing town of some twenty-five hundred inhabitants, with commodious ware- houses and substantial business blocks. THE STATE CAPITAL. LITTLE ROCK, The state capital and the county-seat of I'ulaski county, is situated in the central part of the state, on the south bank of the Arkansas river. The location is one of the finest imagin- able. A high rolling- plateau overlooking the river and sur- rounding country for miles in every direction. The drainage is natural and excellent, and its healthfulness a fact long established. Little liock is not only the geographical but the commer^ cial center of the state, and promises to grow rapidly into a large and important place. It is located at a point on the river which steamboats can always reach ; is the terminus of several railroads, and the center of several more, and will be to Arkansas and the southwest what Chicago is to Illinois and the northwest — the largest commercial, manufacturing and important city, located in the heart of a country rich in minerals and forest, surrounded by rich and fertile soil, and connected with every city and harbor in the United States. The facilities to become the great distributing point for a vast inland country are not equaled by any other place in the southwest. Its manufacturing interests are well looked after and encouraged, and are rapidly enlarging. Judging from what has been accomplished in establisliing manufactories during the past few years. Little Rock is destined to become the principal manufacturing cit}' of the southwest. Every natural advantage that may be wished to support manufac- tories are found here. Improvements are continually being made extensive and substantial business houses are rapidly 134 KESOURCES OF ARKANSAS. building to accommodate its fast increasing trade ; elegant and attractive dwelling-houses are appearing in all parts of the city ; large and beautiful churches and school-houses are to be seen, and everything being done to improve and beau- tify the place. It has ten or twelve well sustained churches of the various denominations, and several good schools. St. Johns' College and St. Mary's Academj'^ for girls are located here — the former having collegiate powers and a military department. It has four banks and several hotels, and an able bar. It has several manufacturing establishments, and needs ten times as many more. It has a good and commodious wharf and a chamber of commerce. The city is lighted by gas. Thus it will be seen that the city has a very bright pros- pect, and its natural advantages are such that it cannot -fail to become a thriving city. In 1880 it ought to have at least fifty thousand inhabitants. Xature has endowed Little Rock with vast natural resources which must make her the largest inland city of the great southwest. Population about 20,000. NOTICES OF THE PRESS. A piiniphlet containing about one Imndred and fifty pages, giving a descrip- tion of the counties in the .state, i-ailroads, mines, and indeed all her varied resources, has recently been issued by James P. Henry, of Little Eock. Tlic information it contains is of vast importance, and should be widely circulated abroad. That it will be the means of turning immigration in this direction, wo '•annot doubt. Mr. Henry deserve.-^ the thanks of all for the public .spirit he has thus evinced in issuing this valuable work.— Pine Bhiff Republican. '•Resources of the State of Arkansas'" is the title of a pamphlet compiled by James P. Henry. Besides the usual statistics, we have a very interesting description of counties, railroads, mines, and the city of Little Eock, the com- mercial, manufacturing, political and railroad center of the state. This pamphlet should find general circulation through the land owners of the state, whom it is intended most to benefit. It contains just such information as immigrants need. — Memphis Appeal. . We liave received a copy of the "Eesources of the State of Arkansas,"' l>y James P. Henry. AVe liave examined this work carefully, and unhesitatingly ])ronounce it a very valuable outline of the material resources of our state. "NVe commend it to all seeking liomcs in, or information concerning Arkansas. — Bas- scllnlle Triiivne. A'alxtable PAMrni-KT. — AN'o have received from Mr. James P. Henry, of Little Eock, a pamphlet of 136 pages, entitled "Eesources of the State of Arkansas.'' A similar pamphlet was published by the same gentleman some ■aonths ago, about Sebastian county and Port Smith, j^lr. Henry is deserving great credit in thus advocating the claims of Arkansas upon the attention of ]ieople abroad. We are glad to learn that Mr. Henry meets with great success in this enterprise, most of the business men at Little Eock taking from ten to one hundred copies. — Fort Smith New Era. We have received from Mr. James P. Henry, the author, a copy of the "Ee- -ources of the State of Arkansas,' with description of counties, railroads, mines, • to. It is a very valuable work, containing an immense amount ol exceedingly valuable information. — DarcUmclle Chronicle. A "A'aluablk Book. — We have extracted liberally from Mr. J. P. Henry's book on the resources of our state, and did so the more readily as we esteem it a valuable work, and one that should be sent abroad by all of our citizens, irre- 136 EESOUKCES OP AEKANSAS. spcctive of profession, trade or business. Immigration is what we need, and in his book Mr. Henry expatiates minutely and cleai-ly upon the state's great wealth of mineral, the fertility of our soil, its adaptability to the successful cul- tivation of all cereals and fruit, and the staple, cotton. Our system of railroad-; is elaborated upon, and much of interest to every one is given in neat form and at "a cheap rate. Perhaps the explanatory preface of the author will give a better idea of the volume, and we reproduce it, trusting that Mr. Henry's enter- prise will receive sufficient indorsement to place Arkansas' inducements in the hands of any number of strong and brawny workrrs. ns well as before the eyes of capitalists. — L'dilc Rock Repuhlican. "We are indebted to Mr. James P. Henry, of Little Kock, for a copy of the " Resources of the State of Ai'kansas," with a description of counties, railroads, mines, etc., a pamphlet of 140 pages, filled with a very interesting account of all the resources of the state — just such a book as every one seeking a good country for a home needs. It is thcifirst Avork of the kind ever published, and is calculated to do a great deal of good, and will open the eyes of many who have hitherto been lilind to the riclie- and wealth of Arkansas. — Wi'sirni. Independdd. Arkansas. — Farmers and othei-s residing in Xew England, who are thinking about going west (or, as we used to call all the territory beyond Lake Erie, "out west") would do well to send to James P.Henry, Esq., of Little Rock, Ark., for his work entitled "Resources of the State of Arkansas." It is an in- teresting book, and will give the reader a host of information, which, if he in- tends to go out west to live, will d(j him good. '' .\ W(>rd to tlie wise is suffi- cient." — Wesffield {Mass.) Neics Letter. In our last issue we gave some very interesting statistics from 3Ir. James P. Henry's little work, entitled " Resources of the State of Arkansas." It is the most complete exposition of the advantages of this remarkably rich state tiiat has yet been made, and its extended circulation must be productive of great good to that commonwesilth. — South, New YotI;. "Resources of the State of Arkansas," with descriptions of counties, railroads and mines, and the city of Little Rock, is the title of a pamphlet by James P. Henry. It is a most exhaustive treatise upon Arkansas and all its interest.-^. Valuable tables of statistics are given, and it will prove a vade mccum to thostr interested in the southwest. It contains an accurate railroad and county map. For those seeking homes in tliat section of our country it must be invaluable:. — JSVw York World. . iS ± i\i^^ KICU LANDS IN TlIK UPPKR AKKANSAS VALi-lCY, Tiie Most hMm him in \k SoultaesI! AT 1 .0 \V P i 1 [ ( ' KS A N l!) O \ i , I I •: K ii A' I . T K H M S , THi: LITTLE K(H'K AND FORt SMlTl! K. K. CO. OFFKKS Villi ,SA Li; yi 1,000,000 ACRES OJ' choice Kiver an 1 Creak BottonJS anJ Uplands. The. uiiriviile.l productive- iifiss of the soil ; tlio climate (average annual tein])orature for December, Janu- ary, February and March about A'.P F.) p^n-niitting lagricultural labor about- •'leven months of the year; the unqiieslionu:! health of the valley; "the various and abundant timber, and good water; with the rapid advancement of the state- in railroads, population and geniTa.l im}>rove;m;ntK, combine t^.> render these- lands the garden of the country. They ar^ located as follovsrs: Counties. AcroB. <'(.«n!i s. Franklin, iibi ui Acres. Pulaski, abotU 78,500 lHvS,200 11'!, .100 10(5,700 51,000 i:!l,800^ 1 1,500 135,100' Conway, about ii8,;oo' Perry, about Pope, about Yell, about Crawford, al>)ut 1H2,500' Wiislii ngton, about Sebastian, about 5,000 .^5 300) Johnson, about Van Bureii about ■J, 000 M adisou, about Sal i:u>, ahout 4,500 — '.n alternate sections, ou either side and Avith'.ii twi^nty mih's of the railroad. Uplands from $2 50 to $7; Creelc Bottoms fro:n $7 to $10; and Kiver Bottoms from $10 to ^20 per acre. Send for maps aud paaiphlet. glvluu' fiiU iufdrinalifm ifrrt;), to K. fS. HOWK, t.;iii-i C«uunki>*sii)uer, Jjiftie Rock, Ark. 0'(^ /n^^C (pc^,i^<^ I10ME8 m THE SOUTHWEST. CAIRO AND FULTON R. R. 0:F» -A.3RLI3:-<9L.2XrS-A.S. TWO MILLION ACRES OF FARMING LANDS. THE CAIRO AND FULTOX RAILROAD'" " Runs (?ifi.gonal!y across tho State of Arkansas, from northeast to !:otitliwe?t, having a total length of three hundred and one miles. It cros.sos six navigablo"Rtreams — to-wit : Black river, Wliite river. Little Red river, Arkansas river, Ouachffta river, and Rod River of the South — and will ojxn to market the productis of the rion valleys of those streams above and below the iJointj3 of crossing. ^ ..* CONXECTIOXS. ' At the boundi'.ry line between Arkan=!is and Mi«.sonri it eonnects vrith the Arkansai and Texas railroad of Missouri, which cro;:Hes the Mississippi river at Cairo; al80, with the St. Loui-i andiron Mountain railroad, runnin^r to the city of St. Louis — thus unitins by two linos with the network of railroads of the north, oast and west. At the Texas boundary line it connects with the International railroad and the system ■of railroads in Texas, thus giving outlet to the Gulf of Mexico, the Rio trrando and th« ^Southern Pacific railroad. The Cairo and Fultf)n railroad is the grand trunk line through Arkansas, and ha,« branches building and projected into all portions of the State. It passes within sixteen miles of the celebrated Hot Springs of Arkausua, so well known for their remarkabln curative properties. TIIK LAND GRANT. The Company has ft grant from the government of the United States of two million* of aci'es of land, situated along both sides of the road and extending its entire length. The line of the roa-d runs on a belt of table land dividing the hills of the Ozark range from the rich alluvial formation of the Mississippi valley, thus giving protection against cold northern winds and affording greater variety of soil, climate and production than can be found in any other locality of like area. The lands are covered with large growths of valuable and useful varieties of timber, the lumber from which will find ready sale in the markets. The soil is extremely fertile and easily worked, producing liigh grades of cotton, coroals, grains, grasses and fruits in abundance, and with little labor. No portion of the country is better adapted to profitable and successful stock- raising. The lands of the Company have been carefully examined, and full doscriptiou* wf cacti tract may bo seen at the oQicc of the Company in Little Rock. PRICE AXD TERMS. Lands vary in price from two to five dollars per acre, according to location, quality of soil, etc. The general prices range from three to fiva dollars per aero. The Company will make such terni*; of payment as may bo necessary to enable actual settlors to secura homes. Inlttrost on dofevred payments will bo at the rate of six per ceutuui per annum. EXPLORERS' TICKETS, Author!7/ing parlies to stop over at any station to examine lands, can be procured at tha ticket office of tlie Iron Mountain railroad, No. IftO South Fourth street, St. Louis, Mo., and at the office in Little Rock. If holders of these tickets purchase land from thi* Company, the full fare over this road and half-fare over tlie Iron Mountain road will bn refnnded. Tha railroad fare from New York to St. Louis for immigrants is about $25. For pamphlet.", maps, etc., address — JAMES 31. LOUGHBOROUGH, Land Commissioner Cair» and Fulton Ilatiroad, Little Roek, Ark. L 007 087 922 6 D. P. BELDIN, HHSEIOS AT W AND ca CO CD HOT SPRINGS, ARKANSAS. D. P. BELDIN OP^ALEK IX DBY GOODS, GROCERIES, HARWARE Quesnsware, Stoves ana General Merchandise. ALSO, fMNUFACTURER OF TIN, SHEET-IRON AMD COPPER WARE. itf^^llas now iu store the most coiiiplcle stock oi" the above line of goods south of Little Rock. HOT Sl^RTNGS. ARKANSAS, CO m 2 i ? ^^ojnvDjo^ '^ojiwjo'^ ^.^ UC SOUTHERN REGIONAL LIBRARY FACILITY ^^ojnvj-io-^ \ojnv3-jo-^ 1 AA 001126282 -< ■ ♦» V. V•^••